AP er oy Vn forage 1X er 54 | LSs7 EST HSON Ly Oe ! Lomen MeN Volume 56 Number 1 fr or bie \ 30 April 2002 MAT 1 7 200% ISSN 0024-0966 ee LID At € vd —JBRARIES = mae, a mene Journal of the Lepidopterists Society . 2 lif: Lo . . 1 } ve A Lf mes d M2 - ~ b2G> ay Sop Bae Nes gS By INE fr: w/9 ee ° Jape “m Fa ATA |! BAPE cg Mg P5944 fy f EIT] oe .:- gi G 4 hy ran Ae eae . [rea 2 he Published quarterly by The Lepidopterists’ Society THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Joun W, Brown, President Susan S. Borin, Vice President » Micnaen J. Smrru, Immediate Past President Mirna M. Casacranbe, Vice President Manuex A. Batcazar-Lara, Vice President Davip C, Irrner, Treasurer Ernest H. Witiiams, Secretary Members at large: Ronald L: Rutowski M. Deane Bowers George L. Balogh Felix A. H. Sperling Ron Leuschner Andrew V. Z. Brower Andrew D. Warren — Michael Toliver Brian Scholtens E\piroriAL Boarp Rosert K. Rossins (Chairman), Joun W. Brown (Member at large) Carta M, Penz (Journal) WixutaM E. Minuer (Memoirs) Puiwuie J, SCHAPPERT (News) Honorary Lir—E MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY Cuares L. Remineton (1966), E. G. Munroe (1973), Ian F. B. Common (1987), Joun G. Francremont (1988), Lincoin P. Brower (1990), Doucias C. Fercuson (1990), Hon. Miriam Roruscump (1991), Craupe Lemaire (1992), Freperick H. Rinpcr (1997) The object of The Lepidopterists’ Society, which was formed in May 1947 and formally constituted in December 1950, is “to pro- mote the science of lepidopterology in all its branches, . . . to issue a periodical and other publications on Lepidoptera, to facilitate the exchange of specimens and ideas by both the professional worker and the amateur in the field; to secure cooperation in all mea- sures” directed towards these aims. Membership in the Society is open to all persons interested in the study of Lepidoptera. All members receive the Journal’and the News of The Lepidopterists’ Society. 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For information about the Society, contact: Ernest H. Williams, Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323. To order back issues of the Memoirs, write for availability and prices to Kelly M. Richers, Asst. Treasurer, 9417 Cavelno Court, Bakers- field, CA 93311. The additional cost for members outside the U.S. is to cover mailing costs. Journal of The Lepidopterists’ Society (ISSN 0024-0966) is published quarterly by The Lepidopterists’ Society, % Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007-4057. Periodicals postage paid at Los Angeles, CA and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Lepidopterists’ Society, % Natural History Museum, 900. Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007-4057. Cover illustration: Computer generated collage by artist Jennifer Clark. Reminiscent of art nouveau, this piece compiles fragments of caterpillars and pupae that illustrate P. J. DeVries’ (1987) Butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history, volume I. Society members are invited to search the original source of the illustrations for species identities. The first individual who provides the editor with correct species identities will receive one complimentary page free of charges in their next publication. JOURNAL OF Tue LepiporreristTs’ SOCIETY Volume 56 2002 Number | Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56(1), 2002, 14 LIFE HISTORY AND IMMATURE STAGES OF CATOCALA ATOCALA (NOCTUIDAE) LAWRENCE F. GALL Entomology Division, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA JOHN W. PEACOCK 185 Benzler Lust Road, Marion, Ohio 43302, USA AND JEFFREY R. SLOTTEN 5421 N.W. 69th Lane, Gainesville, Florida 32653, USA ABSTRACT. The immature stages of Catocala atocala are described and illustrated for the first time. Notes on the biology of the adults and larval foodplants are provided. Additional key words: Catocala atocala Brou (1985) was recognized only recently as a separate species, having been treated in the literature as a variant of C. agrippina Strecker ever since Strecker (1874) provided the first illustration. Such late recognition of a new Nearctic underwing species is unusual given the longstanding interest in the genus, and the existence of several dozen 19th and early 20th century specimens of both sexes of C. ato- cala in institutional collections in North America and Europe (Brou 1985:889 mistakenly believed he had collected the first known females in the 1970's). Ironi- cally, more than 50 years ago the Palearctic lepi- dopterist E. A. Dadd understood that C. atocala was a separate species, as he prominently labeled a male and female in a series of five C. atocala ex Boll collection at the Museum fiir Naturkunde (Berlin) as the types of “Catabapta torfrida Dadd.” However, to our knowl- edge, the name was never published. We are not aware of any previously published infor- mation on the life history of Catocala atocala other than Gall’s (1991) speculation that, based on the exter- nal morphology and wing pattern of the adults, the foodplant would likely prove to be “pecan hickories” (Carya Nutt. Section Apocarya DC.) rather than “hickories” sensu strictu (Carya Section Eucarya DC.) underwing moths, Louisiana, Mississippi, nutmeg hickory, Carya (Section Apocarya) myristicaeformis. (Juglandaceae). Here we report on the successful rear- ing of C. atocala from ova deposited by wild-caught fe- males, present field observations of adults in Louisiana and Mississippi, and suggest a probable natural larval foodplant for this species. DISTRIBUTIONAL AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES In June 1999, LFG and JWP traveled to Louisiana and Mississippi to search for C. atocala and elucidate its biology. At the time, the only lepidopterist with sig- nificant firsthand knowledge of the species was its de- scriber, Vernon Brou. His type series of 35 specimens was collected between 1975 and 1983. Among those specimens, 32 were taken at Edgard, St. John the Bap- tist Parish, Louisiana, two were from Weyanoke, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, and one was from Missis- sippi State, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi. Brou (in. litt., June 1999) described the type locality as follows: “The Edgard . . . location I lived on and collected for about 14 years is not easily accessible. I. . . haven't been back there for about 15 years, and I’m sure it is nearly impossible [now] to get to the pecan tree area. . . this area is primarily agriculture (sugar cane), private property, or mostly impenetrable swamp requiring a pirogue (boat).” The few specimens of C. atocala cap- bo tured in Tennessee, Arkansas, Illinois, and Oklahoma since the 1985 description all came from habitats ap- parently comparable to the type locality—low-lying re- gions within approximately 30 km of either the Missis- sippi River or a major river that drains into it (Brou’s Weyanoke locality was nominally in upland woodlands, but nevertheless, quite close to the Mississippi River). Based on this information, we opted to begin searching in the broad vicinity of Weyanoke, Loui- siana, making transects using local roads that ran largely perpendicular to the Mississippi River, on the assumption that the moth’s primary habitat was not upland woodlands per se. On the first transect run on 28 June 1999, JWP found a number of adult C. atocala just east of the Mississippi River near Saint Fran- cisville, Louisiana. Our further exploration of the Saint Francisville area on 29-30 June 1999 revealed that adult C. atocala appeared to occur only in shaded woodlands in and around the floodplains immediately adjacent to the Mississippi River. We successfully ap- plied this search protocol on 1—2 July 1999 as we drove north along the western border of Mississippi, ulti- mately finding adult C. atocala in the following six parishes and counties: off State Route 10, 1 km S of Saint Francisville, West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana; off Carthage Point Road, 4 km W of Carthage, Adams County, Mississippi; 4 km NW of Magna Vista, Is- saquena County, Mississippi; 5.5 km W of Deeson, Bo- livar County, Mississippi; 8 km WSW of Friar’s Point, Coahoma County, Mississippi; west of Sam’s Town Casino, 12.5 km W of Robinsonville, Tunica County, Mississippi. Despite an extended search on 2 July 1999, we failed to locate adult C. atocala W of Walls in DeSoto County, Mississippi (in that area, on the out- skirts of Memphis, Tennessee, the appropriate habitat appeared significantly more fragmented and less dense than in all counties to the south; but note the prior capture of C. atocala by M. Furr in Meeman Shelby State Forest, Shelby County, Tennessee). On 3-5 July 1999, JRS visited the Saint Francisville locality and made further observations on C. atocala adults. The preferred habitat of C. atocala in Louisiana and Mississippi appears to be shaded, moist woodlands in lowland floodplains adjacent to the Mississippi River with concentrations of box elder (Acer negundo L.) (Aceraceae), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) (Pla- tanaceae), sassafrass (Sassafrass albidum (Nutt.) Nees) (Lauraceae), nutmeg hickory (Carya Section Apo- carya myristicaeformis (Michx. f. Nutt.) (Juglan- daceae), water locust (Gleditsia aquatica Marsh.) (Fabaceae), and various oaks (Quercus sp.) (Fa- gaceae). All our adult C. atocala were taken by flush- ing them from resting sites on tree trunks during day- JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY light hours—none were attracted to our bait traps at night (deployed only one night), and we did not em- ploy MV or UV light traps. Adult C. atocala were com- mon at the West Feliciana Parish, Adams County, and Issaquena County sites, with up to 10-20 moths per hour observed at each. Adults were seen resting head down from 0.5 to 2.0 m above the ground on the trunks of various trees, most often box elder and nut- meg hickory, and usually adjacent to or under vines ca. 1-4 cm in diameter. When startled, adult C. atocala proved to be among the wariest of any Catocala species we have encountered, and displayed a pen- chant for alighting repeatedly on the often inaccessible vines; pursuits of 10-20 minutes per moth were not uncommon. Adult C. atocala were flushed from trees as early as 0715 h at the Saint Francisville locality. Daytime high temperatures throughout the period 28 June to 2 July 1999 ranged from 31—35°C. The only other Catocala species occurring in signif- icant numbers with C. atocala in these wooded flood- plains was C. agrippina. In the Adams County and (es- pecially) Issaquena County localities, adult C. atocala outnumbered adult C. agrippina. The Catocala species encountered at each locality were as follows: Louisiana, West Feliciana Parish: C. amatrix Hiibner, C. agrippina, C. amica Hiibner, C. atocala, C. caris- sima Hulst, C. ilia Cramer, C. insolabilis Guenée, C. maestosa Hulst, C. piatrix Grote, C. vidua J. E. Smith; Mississippi, Adams County: C. agrippina, C. atocala, C. amatrix, C. carissima, C. innubens Guenée; Missis- sippi, Bolivar County: C. atocala, C. agrippina, C. in- nubens; Mississippi, Coahoma County: C. agrippina, C. atocala, C. carissima, C. innubens: Mississippi, Tu- nica County: C. agrippina, C. atocala, C. innubens; Mississippi, DeSoto County: C. maestosa. REARING OBSERVATIONS Ova were secured from two of six moderately worn female C. atocala collected during the day from Saint Francisville, Louisiana, between 30 June and 4 July 1999. The females were confined in paper grocery bags (8 x 13.5 x 27 cm) at near ambient temperature (15-30°C), and were offered a weak sucrose solution daily on small pieces of sponge; a new sponge piece with solution was provided approximately every other day. Although females lived from three to eight days, only two oviposited, and each of these deposited only three ova. One set of ova was overwintered at ambient outside temperatures in Gainesville, Alachua County, Florida by JRS (coldest periods of circa 5 to 10°C), and another in a protected garage in Westport, Fairfield County, Connecticut by LFG (coldest periods of circa —2 to 5°C). Overwintering ova were kept in empty VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 3 Fic. 1. Immature stages and distribution of Catocala atocala. a, lateral view of 6th (last) instar larva. b, closeup of head capsule of 6th in- star larva. ec, dorsal view of egg as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (60x). d, distribution of Catocala atocala in North America; open circles, pre-1950 records; filled circles, post-1950 records; each circle represents a county in which the species has been recorded; shading rep- resents distribution of Carya (Section Apocarya) myristicaeformis (after Little 1977, 1980). plastic film containers and misted lightly once every one emerged on 12 May 2000 from the three ova over- few weeks. wintered in Connecticut. The Florida larva was of- Only one first instar larva emerged on 14 April 2000 fered only water hickory (Carya Section Apocarya from the three ova overwintered in Florida, and only aquatica (Michx. f.) Nutt.), which it accepied. The Connecticut larva was offered an array of potential jungladaceous foodplants in an arena food choice test (see Gall 1991); it accepted black walnut (Juglans ni- gra L.) and butternut (J. cinerea L.), but refused to feed on shagbark hickory (C. Section Eucarya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch), pignut hickory (C. Section Eucarya glabra (Mill.) Sweet), and bitternut hickory (C. Sec- tion Apocarya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch). This larva subsequently was reared on J. nigra. Both larvae were reared indoors at 20-24°C, and each appeared to eat their respective foods equally well, as development times per larval instar differed by one day or less. Both larvae were preserved in alcohol as fully grown last in- stars. The average duration for each stage was as fol- lows (based on n = 2 larvae): Ist instar, 4 days; 2nd in- star, 4 days; 3rd instar, 3.5 days; 4th instar, 4.5 days; Sth instar, 5.5 days; 6th instar >5 days (larvae were pre- served before entering pre-pupal stage). A description of the mature larva is as follows: 6th (final) instar larva (Figs. la, b). Length 6 cm; head capsule width 3-4 mm; body color light mousy grey tinged with pink; dorsal tubercles reddish orange; spiracles black; finely dispersed black to brown specks forming interrupted but nearly complete dorsal and lateral lines along length of body, most apparent in the vicinty of the dorsal tubercles; 5th abdominal segment with slightly elevated, 2 mm wide transverse protuberance, slightly lighter than body color, with a large dark brown lateral “saddle patch” contrasting strongly with the body color, all lines formed by specks being darker and more prominent on this segment; 8th abdominal segment with a pair of ventrally projecting, 1 mm long tubercles; lateral filaments present along entire length of body, whitish pink, dense, 1-2 mm in length, simple (not bifurcate or multifurcate); ventral surface of body segments dirty whitish pink, with black spots on each abdomi- nal segment, edged and overlayed with orange on 4th through 7th abdominal segments; capitad surface of head capsule flattened but not strongly produced addorsally, lacking lateral stripes from anten- nae to dorsal margins; antennae and true legs pinkish; setae on head capsule and body pinkish, sparse; head capsule color same as body color, but with slightly darker striations; based on limited sample sizes, the larva of C. atocala appears to have a more prominent “sad- dle patch” than the larva of C. agrippina, and the first few dorsal tu- bercles behind the head capsule in C. agrippina are usually yellow- ish, as opposed to reddish orange in C. atocala. It is unlikely that Carya aquatica or Juglans nigra are the wild larval foodplants of C. atocala at the Louisiana or Mississippi localities visited during 1999. No Carya aquatica were seen at these localities, and J. nigra, Carya Section Eucarya ovata, and Carya Section Apocarya illinoiensis (Wang.) K. Koch (pecan) occurred only sporadically, and then not in close proximity to the adult moths. However, Carya myristicaeformis, the only other juglandaceous tree species at any of the C. atocala JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY collecting sites, was present and often common where the moths were found, and was one of the tree species on which the adults frequently rested during the day- time. In addition, the overall geographic range of Carya myristicaeformis approximates the known range of C. atocala (Fig. 1d). We thus believe Carya myristicaeformis is the wild foodplant for C. atocala along the Mississippi River in Louisiana and Missis- sippi. Because another global stronghold for Carya myristicaeformis appears to be along the Red River and its tributaries on the border of Oklahoma and Texas, we predict that C. atocala occurs there in greater numbers than the few recent Oklahoma cap- tures (Cleveland, Murray and Tulsa Counties; G. Gier & C. Harp, pers. com.) suggest. In addition, disjunct populations of Carya myristicaeformis that could har- bor C. atocala exist in coastal South Carolina. We en- courage lepidopterists to look for C. atocala and Carya myristicaeformis in these other drainage systems, as well as at greater distances from rivers per se, as our sampling efforts during 1999 were at best inconsistent the farther we were from the Mississippi River. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Vernon Brou for his hospitality in Louisiana during 1999, and for sharing his catocalating experiences in that state. Wol- fram Mey and Wolfgang Speidel provided access to the collections at the Museum fiir Naturkunde in Berlin to LFG. Wayne Miller and Jim Tuttle helped JRS in the field at the Saint Francisville locality. Jeff Cott took the larval photographs, and John Brown provided helpful comments on the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Brou, V. A. 1985. A new species of Catocala (Lepidoptera: Noctu- idae) from the Gulf South, U.S.A. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 87:889-892. GatL, L. F. 1991. Evolutionary ecology of sympatric Catocala moths (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). I. Experiments on larval food- plant specificity. J. Res. Lepid. 29:173-194. LITTLE, E. L. 1977. Atlas of United States trees. Vol. 4. Minor east- em hardwoods. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. No. 1342. Gov- ernment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. . 1980. The Audubon Society field guide to North American trees. Chanticleer Press, New York, New York. 714 pp. STRECKER, F. H. H. 1874. Lepidoptera, Rhophaloceres and Het- eroceres indigenous and exotic; with descriptions and colored illustrations. No. 11. Owen’s Steam Book and Job Printing Of- fice, Reading, Pennsylvania. Pp. 95-100. Received for publication 6 January 2001; revised and accepted 22 November 2001. Journdl of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56(1), 2002, 5-8 DISTRIBUTION AND BIOLOGY OF ANISOTA MANITOBENSIS (SATURNIIDAE) IN SOUTHERN MANITOBA DONALD C. HENNE Department of Entomology, 402 Life Sciences Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA ABSTRACT. The known distribution of the saturniid moth, Anisota manitobensis is limited to southern Manitoba and northern Minnesota, To date, nothing has been reported in the literature about adult emergence times and adult mating activity. In this paper, the known distribu- tion of A. manitobensis in southern Manitoba is summarized, information on larval collection techniques is provided, and new information on adult emergence times and adult mating activities are given. Adults begin emerging at approximately 0600 h (CDT), with a few delaying emer- gence until between 2100 and 2200 h (CDT). Adult females of A. manitobensis call from 0630 to 0900 h (CDT) and, if not mated, again from 0100 to 0300 h (CDT). Additional key words: Anisota stigma, bur oak, calling females, larvae, oakworms. The saturniid moth Anisota manitobensis McDun- nough is known from southern Manitoba, northern Minnesota, and may possibly occur in northeastern North Dakota (McGugan 1958, Tuskes et al. 1996). Anisota manitobensis was reported from Wisconsin by Riotte and Peigler (1981). However, these records have been disputed by Tuskes et al. (1996). The known distribution of A. manitobensis is based largely on very old collection records. There are relatively few collec- tion records for A. manitobensis, and almost none from the last 25 years. Nothing was known about adult emergence times, adult female calling times, the length of the mating period, or oviposition behavior of this species. This paper summarizes most of the available collec- tion records for this moth in southern Manitoba. These locality records were utilized in an attempt to locate this species in the field. In 1996, and again in 1997, A. manitobensis was collected at Fullers, Mani- toba. Larvae were located on very small bur oak (Quer- cus macrocarpa Michaux) trees, in semi-open areas. New information about adult emergence times and fe- male calling times indicate that adults begin emerging at approximately 0600 h (CDT). A few individuals de- layed emergence until between 2100 and 2200 h (CDT). Adult females of A. manitobensis call from 0630 to 0900 h (CDT) and again from 0100 to 0300 h (CDT), if not mated during the morning calling period. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search for colonies of Anisota spp. in southern Manitoba was conducted annually from 1989 to 1996. Using the available collection records, many of the lo- calities in Manitoba where species of this genus have been collected in the past were extensively searched, often on more than one occasion. With the exception of a single locality record for A. virginiensis (Drury) at Belair, Manitoba, efforts at locating Anisota spp. (e.g., black lighting, searching for larvae) yielded no addi- tional colonies. Virgin females of the closely related A. stigma Fabricius (courtesy of Mr. J. P. Tuttle) were also employed in an effort to locate colonies of A. manito- bensis in and around Winnipeg. Anisota manitobensis larvae were maintained on fo- liage of Q. macrocarpa. Pupae were placed in moist peat and overwintered at 5°C. Pupae were removed from cold storage in early May and placed in shaded outdoor cages to ensure exposure to ambient temper- atures and photoperiod. Voucher specimens have been retained in the personal collection of the author. RESULTS Historical distribution (Fig. 1). According to the relevant literature (McDunnough 1921, Brodie 1929, McGugan 1958, Ferguson 1972, Riotte & Peigler 1981, Tuskes et al. 1996), and museum records (J. B. Wallis Museum of Entomology [JBWM], Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature [MMMN], and the Transcona Historical Museum [THM]), A. manitoben- sis has been collected at the following southern Mani- toba localities: Anola: 26 June 1976 (Tuskes et al. 1996), Aweme (8 km north of Treesbank): 23 June 1904 (McDun- nough 1921), 29 June 1907 and 4 July 1907 (McDun- nough 1921), ([larva] August 1912 [JBWM}]), Birds Hill: 20 July 1963 (THM), Brandon: 15 July 1950 (JBWM), Darlingford: (Riotte & Peigler 1981), Kel- wood: (Riotte & Peigler 1981), Killarney: 10 July 1947 (J]BWM), McCreary: (Riotte & Peigler 1981), Middlechurch: July 1954 (J[BWM), Pine Ridge: (Riotte & Peigler 1981), Riding Mountain National Park: 19 June 1936 (Ferguson 1971), Sandilands Provincial Forest: 25 June 1971 (C. S. Quelch field notes—THM), Souris: June 1954 (JBWM), 1 mi. W. Vivian: 30 June 1967 (C. S. Quelch field notes— THM), Winnipeg: July 1920 (JBWM), 10 June 1921 and 16 June 1921 (JBWM), 8 June 1928 (]BWM), 29 June 1928 (Brodie 1929), 3 July 1930 (JBWM), 22 June 1948 (JBWM), 5 July 1949 (BWM), 10 July 1950 (THM), 26 June 1954 and 2 July 1954 (THM), 14 July 1955 (THM). Criddle (1932) reported A. manitobensis from the area south of Carman, where three acres of bur 6 Fic. 1. Distribution of Anisota manitobensis in southern Mani- toba. Locality of most recent collection at Fullers indicated by arrow. oak were severely defoliated in 1931. Criddle also men- tioned Onah and Treesbank as other localities where A. manitobensis larvae were collected that same year. New collection locales. On 20 August 1996, two late fifth-instar A. manitobensis larvae of opposite sex were collected east of Fullers, Manitoba. This locality is approximately 5 km north of East Selkirk, along highway #508. As with other saturniid larvae, larvae of Anisota can be sexed according to the presence or ab- sence of a small dark spot on the venter of the ninth abdominal segment. This spot is associated with the male genital histoblast (Miller 1977). Larvae having this spot are males and those lacking this spot are females. These larvae were found feeding on the foliage of a small bur oak that was approximately 150-180 cm in height. An egg cluster containing 16 eggs was located on the tip of an oak leaf at the end of a branch, ap- proximately 45 cm above ground level and facing south. Of these 16 eggs, 12 had eclosed and the other four contained dead embryos. On 22 August 1996 a second collection consisting of a single late fifth-instar female larva was also made, approximately 1 km west of the first collection. This larva was also collected from a small bur oak tree that was only 75 cm in height and >90% defoliated; no egg cluster was located. It was evident that several other larvae were also present on this tree but had probably wandered away to pu- pate. At both collection points, the oak trees on which these larvae were collected were isolated (i.e., > 150 cm) from other trees, had low surrounding vegetation, and were receiving full sunlight. In the laboratory, all three larvae wandered for approximately two days af- ter feeding was completed, and pupated approxi- mately three days after wandering ceased. All larvae turned a mottled green color several days prior to pu- JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY pation. The same locality was revisited in June 1997. A cluster of 75 second-instar larvae was found on a ter- minal oak leaf, only 30 cm above the ground and fac- ing west, in full sunlight, and along the forest-field in- terface. Sixty-five pupae were obtained from this collection (32 males, 33 females). Morphological comparisons (Fig. 2). According to Brodie (1929) mature A. manitobensis larvae pos- sess pale tan head capsules. Examination of the larvae collected near Fullers revealed that the head capsule is clearly orange, as in mature larvae of the closely re- lated A. stigma (Riotte & Peigler 1981). In addition, the single larva collected on 22 August 1996 differed from the other two in that the dorsal stripe and shad- ing described by Brodie were very faint and barely visible. Color photos of these larvae can be viewed at http:/Avww.lsu.edu/faculty/dhennel/. Brodie (1929) also described the pupa of A. manitobensis as reddish- brown in color. Although this color was observed for the first few days following pupation, the pupae even- tually darkened to a brownish-black color. Confirma- tion of the larval collections as being A. manitobensis was obtained the following June when adults emerged from over wintered pupae. Adults closely resembled museum specimens of A. manitobensis. The speci- mens obtained lacked any heavy spotting of the wings, a trait characteristic of A. stigma. Examination of male genitalia of specimens of A. stigma from Anne Arundle Co., Maryland, compared with those of the specimens collected at Fullers also confirmed the identity of A. manitobensis. Mating activity. Adult emergence times, female calling times, length of pairing, and oviposition habits for A. manitobensis were unknown until this time. Adults obtained from these collections emerged in the morning, around 0600 h (CDT). Females began call- ing as soon as their wings were fully expanded, often within 30 minutes of eclosion. Most females had their ovipositors everted from approximately 0630 to 0900 h (CDT). If unmated during this time these females would exhibit a second calling time, from approxi- mately 0100 to 0300 h (CDT). These calling times are similar to those reported for A. stigma (Tuskes et al. 1996). Some adults delayed emergence until between 2100 and 2200 h (CDT), which is shortly after sunset in southern Manitoba during early June. Length of pairing at night was variable, ranging from one to sev- eral hours. Adults mated during the morning hours re- mained in copula until dusk, at which time females would begin ovipositing. This behavior is very similar to that reported for A. stigma in Tuskes et al. (1996). Oviposition behavior after separation of adults was dif- ficult to observe. Most females placed in paper sacks VOLUME 56, NUMBER I Fic. 2. Fifth-instar larvae of Anisota manitobensis. (A) lateral view, (B) dorsal view after pairing ceased refused to lay eggs. A single female, however, deposited 185 eggs inside a paper sack, over a three-day period. Egg laying activity was not observed. DISCUSSION Anisota manitobensis was a very difficult species to locate in the field. McGugan (1958) reported A. mani- tobensis larvae as locally abundant in some areas of the Red River Valley of southern Manitoba but also stated that it is generally found in small numbers. This would appear to be the case with the population at Fullers, Manitoba. Evidence of bur oak defoliation typical of feeding by larval Anisota was also noted near East Selkirk, and in an area east of Winnipeg, just south of Pine Ridge. No larvae or egg clusters were found at these localities. Gregarious larvae of Datana ministra (Drury) were common in these areas and were noted for the similar method by which they defoliated bur oak. Larvae of Anisota and Datana consume all of the oak leaf, with the exception of the mid vein. Riotte and Peigler (1981:113) also found Datana to be common and similarly interfered/confused their searching for Anisota. It was also noted that agricultural areas now isolate many of the localities where A. manitobensis was collected in the past. Local extirpations of this in- sect have likely occurred on a large scale, but it is be- yond the scope of this paper to speculate on the popu- lation status of this insect. If it is indeed rare, then it needs to be protected. We still know very little, how- ever, about population dynamics of most Anisota spp. The low populations may only be a cyclic phenome- non. Alternatively, it may be possible that this species prefers oak stands of a limited age, i.e., older stands of oak may not be suitable habitat for A. manitobensis. The similarity of calling times of A. manitobensis and A. stigma females may support the notion of Tuskes et al. (1996) that A. manitobensis is only a clinal variant of A. stigma. Unfortunately, there is a huge gap in collection records between A. manitobensis in Man- itoba and the nearest records for A. stigma in Min- nesota and Wisconsin. Material from this region could be useful in solving the question as to whether A. man- itobensis should be recognized as a full species or not. The failure of A. stigma females to attract A. manito- bensis males does not necessarily indicate that some form of prezygotic isolating mechanism isolates the two species. Instead, it may mean that A. manitobensis was simply not present in the localities where A. stigma females were deployed. Unfortunately, live- stock of A. stigma was not available to be tested on a known population of A. manitobensis. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following individuals for their helpful comments, insights, and suggestions in reviewing this manuscript: R. S. Peigler (San Antonio, Texas), J. K. Diehl and R. E. Roughley (University of Manitoba), and to the following institutions for allow- ing me to record specimen label data: J. B. Wallis Museum of Ento- mology (University of Manitoba), Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, and the Transcona Historical Museum. I would also like to thank Mr. Derek Bridgehouse for providing specimens of Anisota stigma from Maryland and Mr. Helios Hernandez (Manitoba De- partment of Natural Resources) for assistance in obtaining necessary scientific research and collecting permits to study Anisota in Mani- toba Provincial Parks. I am also grateful to Ms. Stacy Clayton (LSU Department of Entomology) for assistance in posting the web site. LITERATURE CITED Bropig, H. J. 1929. Notes on the early stages of Anisota manito- bensis (Lepid.). Can. Ent. 61:98-100. CRIDDLE, N. 1932. The Canadian Insect Pest Review—Forest and Shade Tree Insects 10(4):79. FERGUSON, D. C. 1972. Bombycoidea (in part), fasc. 20.2B. In R. B. Dominick et al. (eds.), The moths of America north of Mexico. Curwen Press, London. McDunnoucu, J. H. 1921. A new Anisota species from Manitoba (Lepid.). Can. Ent. 53:75. McGuean, R. M. 1958. Forest Lepidoptera of Canada recorded by the Forest Insect Survey. I. Papilionidae to Arctiidae. Forest Biology Div., Canada Dept. of Agric., Publ. 1034. Ottawa. MILLER, T. A., W. J. COOPER & J. W. HIGHFILL. 1977. Determina- tion of sex in four species of giant silkworm moth larvae (Sat- urniidae). J. Lepid. Soc, 31:144-146. Riorre, J. C. E. & R. S. PEIGLER. 1980 [1981]. A revision of the American genus Anisota (Satumiidae). J. Res. Lepid. 19:101-180. TuskEs, P. M., J. P. Turrte & M. M. Couns. 1996. The wild silk moths of North America: a natural history of the Saturniidae of JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY the United States and Canada. The Cornell Series in Arthropod Biology. Comell University Press, Ithaca. 264 pp. Received for publication 11 April 2000; revised and accepted 4 December 2001. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56(1), 2002, 9-44 THE LARGE MOTHS OF GUANA ISLAND, BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS: A SURVEY OF EFFICIENT COLONIZERS (SPHINGIDAE, NOTODONTIDAE, NOCTUIDAE, ARCTIIDAE, GEOMETRIDAE, HYBLAEIDAE, COSSIDAE) VITOR O. BECKER Research Associate, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasilia, P.O. Box 04525, 70919-970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil, and Department of Systematic Biology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0105, USA AND ScoTT EF. MILLER Department of Systematic Biology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0105, USA “Good boys go to heaven, but the bad boys go everywhere”* Meatloaf 1993 ABSTRACT. An illustrated and annotated list of large moths of Guana, a 297 ha island located on the north side of the Caribbean island of Tortola, British Virgin Islands, is presented. Of the 148 species listed, 98 are distributed throughout the neotropics, 41 throughout the An- tilles, with some ranging into Florida, and 9 endemic to the Puerto Rican Bank, two of them described here: Catabenoides lazelli, new species, and Perigea gloria, new species. The following new synonyms and new combinations are recognized: Leucania solita Walker, new synonym [=L. humidicola Guenée], Kakopoda cincta Smith, new synonym [=K. progenies (Guenée)], Drepanopalpia polycyma Hampson, new synonym [=D. lunifera (Butler), new combination], Sphacelodes fusilineatus Walker, revised status, Idaea fernaria (Schaus), new com- bination, Ptychopoda curtaria Warren, new synonym [=Idaea minuta (Schaus)]. Pterocypha defensata Walker, revised status, is recognized as the senior synonym of P. floridata (Walker), new synonym, reversing a recently published synonymy. A new genus, Catabenoides Poole, new genus, type-species: Laphygma vitrina Walker, is described in an appendix, including C. divisa (Herrich-Schiffer), new combination, C. se- orsa (Todd), new combination, and C. terens (Walker), new combination, all by Robert W. Poole. The palatability to birds of two species, Diphthera festiva and Calidota strigosa, was observed and the species were shown to be distasteful. Additional key words: Caribbean, West Indies, biogeography, taxonomy, palatability. Guana is a small island on the north side of Tortola Schaus 1940, Wolcott 1951), but most have not been in the British Virgin Islands (18°28’N, 64°35’W) (Fig. recorded from the British Virgin Islands due to lack of 1). While it is small, only 297 ha, and the maximum el- previous sampling. The faunal similarity to Puerto evation is 266 m, it supports a relatively rich vegetation Rico is expected, given that the principal islands of the and has sustained less damage by feral animals and Virgin Islands (except Saint Croix) lost their connec- humans than have many adjacent islands (Lazell tion with each other and with Puerto Rico only about 1996). It has most of the floristic associations of the 8000 to 10,000 years ago, due to eustatic rise in sea larger Virgin Islands, with the notable exception of the level (Heatwole et al. 1981). Only scattered records ex- “aridulate rain forest” of Tortola (D’Arcy 1967). De- ist in the literature for moths of the Virgin Islands, spite its small size, Guana has a diverse insect fauna with two of the longest lists being Beatty (1948) for St. (Davies & Smith 1997). For example, Guana has 31 Croix and Greenwood and Greenwood (1971) for Pe- species of butterflies (Becker & Miller 1992), com- ter Island. pared to the larger islands of Anegada (3872 ha) We are treating the Lepidoptera of Guana Island in (Smith et al. 1991) with 24 species and Tortola (5444 parts. Becker and Miller (1992) reported 31 species of ha) with 31 species, and St. Thomas (7660 ha) with 32 butterflies. The present paper reports 148 species of species (Miller 1994). Alminas et al. (1994) review the large moths (Macrolepidoptera, including the unre- geographical setting of the Virgin Islands. lated Cossidae and Hyblaeidae for convenience), rep- This is the first survey of the moth fauna of this is- resented by 1390 specimens. The manuscript was pre- land. John F. G. Clarke was on Guana briefly in 1956 pared using the classification of Noctuidae by Poole and 1958 (see Schmitt 1959), but was unable to collect (1989), before extensive recent changes in higher clas- at lights there. Most of the species reported herein are sification of Lepidoptera (Kristensen 1998, Holloway known from Puerto Rico (e.g., Forbes 1930, 1931, et al. 2001). Future papers will treat Pyraloidea and Microlepidoptera. *We often pejoratively regard widespread species as “weed The moth fauna of Guana is composed primarily of species” or “pests”. Parodying the citation above: “Bad” species go species with wide distributions in the New World trop- everywhere, “good” species [may] go to Heaven [extinct]. But is it : , ; . 3 P fair to consider them bad simply because they are able to get every- ics (Table 1). Of the 148 Speers listed, 50 are endemic where? Perhaps “efficient colonizers” is a better term? to the Caribbean Islands, many of them reaching the 10 MUSKMELON $§ BAY Quail-Dove Ghut WHITE BAY Harris Ghut =, Pinguin Ghut MONKEY POINT NORTH BAY Palm Ghut JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Fic. 1. Map of Guana Island. Contours are 20 m. Bar, bottom right, is 400 m. Inset shows the position of the Virgin Islands in the Antilles. Florida Peninsula, and only nine apparently are re- stricted to the Puerto Rican Bank. These proportions, however, are not the same for the different families. The highest degree of endemism occurs in the Geometridae and Arctiidae, whereas the lowest occurs in the Sphingidae. This is presumably because of the powerful flying capacity of sphingids, while geometrids and arctiids are clumsy flyers. Holloway and Nielsen (1998, following Ferguson et al. 1991) presented a chart of 12 moth genera that are widely recorded from remote islands worldwide. Of these, nine genera (including 20 species) are present on Guana (counting Leucania as Mythimna). It is likely that the remaining three genera, especially Agro- tis, may be found on Guana in the future. Many of the species whose ranges include the southern United States (especially Sphingidae) also occur as vagrants in the Northeast United States and into Canada (e.g., Forbes 1954, 1960). Species recorded from the Gala- pagos Islands by Hayes (1975) are noted as indication of their dispersal ability (note that none of the Geometridae recorded from Galapagos are also known from Guana). MATERIALS AND METHODS The material upon which this list is based was col- lected in July 1984 and 1985 (by S. E. Miller & P. M. Miller), July 1986 (S. E. Miller & M. G. Pogue), July 1987 (S. E. Miller & V. O. Becker), July 1988 (S. E. Miller & C. O’Connell), October 1989 (V. O. Becker), and October-November 1990 (S. E. Miller & T. M. Kuklenski). Collections from 1984-1986 are deposited VOLUME 56, NUMBER | TABLE 1. Geographic range of the species of moths collected at Guana Island. Number of species Puerto Family Neotropical* Antilles Rican Bank Total Sphingidae 20 y) 0 99, Notodontidae 1 0 0 1 Noctuidae 63 16 3 82 Arctiidae 6 5 4 15 Geometridae 6 18 2 26 Hyblaeidae 1 0 0 1 Cossidae 1 0 0 il Total 98 Al 9 148 * Includes Cosmopolitan and Pantropical species. at the National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Washington, those of 1987-1990 are split between first author (VOB), Bishop Museum, Hawaii (BPBM), and USNM. The largest collections were made by both au- thors 9-23 July 1987, with over 2200 specimens repre- senting about 300 morphospecies, and by the first au- thor in October 1989, with over 2000 specimens representing over 350 morphospecies. The list of species by family collected during the 1989 trip (Table 2) gives an impression of the overall fauna, especially the diversity of Microlepidoptera, still under study. Of the 359 species recorded, 243 species (two thirds) are Microlepidoptera and pyraloids, and 163 (nearly one half) are pyraloids and gelechioids. The number of specimens listed in this work under each species does not reflect relative abundance, as our objective was only to list the species occurring on the island. Therefore, in the case of species that are common in other parts of the neotropics only one or a few specimens were collected to voucher the record, independent of their abundance. In contrast, in the case of endemic or rare species, usually all specimens were caught. The results obtained by the first author during the 1989 trip were a surprise, as it was made 20-40 days after Hurricane Hugo had devastated the island on 18 September. The damage was still evident: all buildings without roofs and without most of their doors and win- dows, and fallen trees and torn branches scattered all over the island. According to people who were on the island the day Hugo hit, not a single leaf remained on the trees. At the time of arrival (9 October) the island was completely green again. That same night the col- lecting was fantastic, as were most nights during the next 20 days. Not only the quantity, but also the qual- ity of the material was impressive. It seemed that all specimens had emerged that day. Certainly all cater- pillars that had reached development had to pupate TABLE 2. Moth species collected on Guana Island between 10 and 20 October 1989. Family Number of species Sphingidae 10 Notodontidae ] Noctuidae 69 Arctiidae 12 Geometridae 24 Hyblaeidae 1 Crambidae 51 Pyralidae 36 Pterophoridae 4 Oecophoridae 2 Blastobasidae 13 Gelechiidae 45 Scythrididae 1 Cosmopterigidae 15 Psychidae 1 Tineidae 35 Gracillariidae 13 Yponomeutidae 1 Argyresthiidae 1 Heliodinidae 2 Choreutidae 1 Cossidae 1 Tortricidae 19 Opostegidae 1 Total 359 immediately after the hurricane, and they were all emerging together. Leaf mines were also abundant. As these tiny species usually have shorter life cycles, they had time to emerge and lay eggs in the 20 days that preceded the field work. Torres (1992) documented the impact of Hurricane Hugo on Lepidoptera popu- lations on Puerto Rico. A synoptic collection, containing at least one speci- men representing each form, was taken to the Smith- sonian Institution (USNM), Cornell University (CU), and most importantly, to the Natural History Museum (BMNH), London, by the first author. The list below is a result of the identifications made by comparing this synoptic collection with identified material, especially type specimens (including important voucher speci- mens and types from Forbes 1930, 1931, Schaus 1940). The first author has compiled a synonymic list of Antillean Lepidoptera (Becker in prep.), which has provided further taxonomic background. This report is aimed not only at lepidopterists, but also at biologists and students interested in the fauna of the Virgin Islands. For this reason we give a brief synopsis of each species to provide a context and to suggest what kind of observations should be under- taken. Information on each species is provided under the following headings: ID: Diagnostic characters al- lowing identification of the species in the context of 12 the other species know from Guana Island; DIST: General distribution of the species, as represented in the literature and VOB and USNM collections; GUANA: The Guana Island specimens seen by us in preparing the manuscript (see the introduction for the dates sampled each year); BIO: Known host records, sometimes including notes on immature stages; COM: Any other comments. SPECIES ACCOUNTS SPHINGIDAE Eighty five species of sphingids have been recorded from the Antilles (Becker in prep.), 22 (25%) of them were collected by us in Guana. Color illustrations of adults can be found in Hodges (1971) and D’Abrera (1986): color illustrations of larvae can be found in Moss (1912, 1920). Sphinginae Agrius cingulatus (Fabricius, 1775) (Sweetpotato hornworm, Pink spotted hawk moth) ID: Separated from other hawk moths by the pink dots on the abdomen. DIST: United States south to Argentina, including Galapagos. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: The variable larvae (green to dark brown) feed on various plants belonging to Convolvulaceae, includ- ing sweet potato. Cocytius antaeus (Drury, 1773) (Giant sphinx) ID: Distinguished from other sphingids on the island by the dark green wings and three pairs of yellow dots on the abdomen. DIST: Southern United States to Argentina; not in Galapagos. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Green larvae feed on various Annona species (Annonaceae) such as custard apple. Manduca sexta (Linnaeus, 1763) (Tobacco hornworm, Carolina sphinx) ID: Distinguished from other sphingids on the island by the gray wings and six pairs of yellow dots on the abdomen. DIST: Widespread in the New World, including Gala- pagos. GUANA: 5 specimens, 1984, 1988, 1989. BIO: Pest of cultivated solanaceous plants, such as to- bacco, tomato, potato, etc. Mature larvae are green- JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY yellow with seven pairs of white lateral bands, and red anal horn. Manduca rustica (Fabricius, 1775) (Rustic sphinx) ID: Distinguished from other sphinx moths on the is- land by the dark grayish-brown forewing with trans- verse grayish-white waving bands, and three pairs of yellow dots on the abdomen. DIST: Widespread New World species, present in Galapagos. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1984, 1989. BIO: Larva is greenish-gray, distinguished by its small white nodules on the thoracic segments, mainly on dorsum. They feed on various species of Bignoniaceae, Verbenaceae and Boraginaceae (Hodges 1971). Manduca brontes (Drury, 1773) ID: Distinguished from other species in the genus oc- curring on the island by the absence of yellow dots on the abdomen. DIST: Antillean species occurring northward to Cen- tral Florida. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: The larva is similar to that of the tobacco hornworm but feeds on Tecoma (Bignoniaceae) (Hodges 1971). Macroglossinae Pseudosphinx tetrio (Linnaeus, 1771) (Frangipani hornworm) ID: The largest sphinx on the island; pale gray with ir- regular darker markings. DIST: United States throughout the Antilles to Ar- gentina. GUANA: 7 specimens, 1988, 1990. BIO: The conspicuous bright caterpillars—banded black and yellow with reddish brown head and orange legs—are frequently seen defoliating frangipani (Plumeria spp., Apocynaceae) on the island. Erinnyjis alope (Drury, 1773) (Papaya hornworm) ID: Distinguished from other sphingids on the island by the combination of yellow basal half of hindwing and alternate pairs of light gray and black dots on the abdomen. DIST: Widespread in the New World, including the Galapagos. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Larvae on a variety of plants with milky sap, such as papaya (Carica papaya L., Caricaceae), Jatropha (Eu- phorbiaceae), and Alamanda (Apocynaceae). VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 Fics. 2-3. Genitalia of Catabenoides terminellus. 2, male, ventral view, aedeagus removed; 3, aedeagus, lateral view. Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cassava hornworm) ID: Sexually dimorphic. Male forewing dark gray with a blackish irregular band along the wing from near base to apex. Female forewing light gray with almost no markings. Abdomen with pairs of alternate light gray and black dots dorsally. DIST: The most common species of the genus in trop- ical America; also in Galapagos. GUANA: 5 specimens, 1984, 1990. BIO: Larvae varying in color from yellowish to green and to brownish have been serious pests of cassava (Manihot) in tropical America; feeds on various Eu- phorbiaceae. Erinnyis crameri (Schaus, 1898) ID: Forewing more brownish than those of E. ello; basal area reddish brown and abdomen with indistinct markings. DIST: Southern United States, through the Caribbean south to Brazil. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Grayish brown larva, figured by Moss (1920: pl. 7, figs. 3a, b), has been reared on various members of the Apocynaceae (Hodges 1971). Erinnyis domingonis (Butler, 1875) ID: Same size as E. obscura (see below) but forewing mostly dark gray. 14 DIST: Same as E. obscura, except for Galapagos. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1987. BIO: Unknown. COM: It is very likely that E. obscura and E. domingo- nis are only forms of the same species (Hodges 1971:102, Kitching and Cadiou 2000: note 162). This could be verified by rearing. Erinnyis obscura (Fabricius, 1775) ID: Similar to E. ello, which is also dimorphic, but easily distinguished by its smaller size and absence of dots on abdomen. DIST: Southern United States throughout the Caribbean south to Brazil, including Galapagos. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1984, 1987. BIO: The pale yellowish or pale green larvae have been reared on various milk plants such as Philibertia and Cynanchum (Asclepiadaceae). Pachylia ficus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Large fig hornworm) ID: Large, dull brown with stout body, quite distinct from other sphingids on the island. Easily recognized by the pale, inverted trapezoidal mark on costa near apex. DIST: Widespread throughout the New World, but absent from Galapagos. GUANA: | specimen, 1987. BIO: Moss (1912) figured in color the several forms of the caterpillars, which feed on various species of Ficus (Moraceae). Some are green, banded yellow dorsally, while the others are gray brown ventrally and orange, banded black, dorsally. Callionima falcifera (Gehlen, 1943) ID: Recognized by the orange brown color and the metallic silvery mark near center of forewing. DIST: Southern United States to Argentina. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1987, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Other species in the genus have been reared on some apocynaceous plants (Hodges 1971). COM: Similar to, and frequently confused with, C. parce (Fabricius) (Kitching and Cadiou 2000: note 91). The specimen illustrated as C. parce in Hodges (1971: pl. 10, fig. 8) represents this species. Perigonia lusca (Fabricius, 1777) ID: Medium size dull brown sphinx, recognized by the bright orange area along the middle of hindwing. DIST: Southern Florida to Argentina. GUANA: 27 specimens, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Bluish green larva, figured in color by Moss JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY (1912), was reared by him on coffee (Rubiaceae). Recorded from Gonzalagunia spicata (Lam.) Maza and other Rubiaceae in Puerto Rico by Torres (1992). COM: Kitching and Cadiou (2000: note 448) review names associated with P. lusca. Enyo lugubris (Linnaeus, 1771) ID: Medium size, dark brown; distinguished from other hawk moths on the island by the dentate borders of both wings. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Uruguay and Argentina, including Gala- pagos. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Ampelopsis spp., Cissus spp., and Vi- tis spp. (Vitaceae) (Hodges 1971). Aellopos tantalus (Linnaeus, 1758) ID: Small, dark gray, diurnal, sphinx moth distin- guished by the conspicuous white bar across base of abdomen. DIST: New York south to Argentina. GUANA: One specimen captured in a Malaise trap, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Ixora venulosa Benth. (Rubiaceae) (Biezanko et al. 1949). Eumorpha vitis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Vine sphinx) ID: Forewing dark green crossed with grayish bands and dashes, and hindwing with anal margin pink. A beautiful and showy species. DIST: United States throughout the Caribbean to Ar- gentina (not in Galapagos). GUANA: 2 specimens, 1987, 1990. BIO: The larvae vary in color; some are dark pink, oth- ers are pale green or yellow green (Moss 1912). They feed on grape leaves (Vitis spp.). Cauthetia noctuiformis (Walker, 1856) ID: The smallest sphingid in the New World, with a wing span slightly over 3 cm. Gray, with basal half of hindwing orange yellow. DIST: Caribbean. GUANA: 166 specimens, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown, but larvae of C. grotei have been reared on Chiococca alba (L..) Hitch. (Rubiaceae) (Hodges 1971). COM: Kitching and Cadiou (2000: note 96) discuss the taxonomy and place the Guana population in the subspecies C. noctuiformis bredini Cary, 1970. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 15 Fics. 4-6. Genitalia of Catabenoides lazelli, new species. 4, male, ventral view, aedeagus removed; 5, aedeagus, lateral view; 6, female, ventral view. Xylophanes chiron (Drury, 1770) ID: Green with an oblique grayish brown irregular band on the forewing looking like a leaf with dead areas. DIST: Mexico, throughout the Antilles to Argentina. GUANA: 1 specimen, 1987. BIO: The showy caterpillar, illustrated in color by Moss (1920: pl. 8, figs. 6a—f), was reared by him on Palicourea, Psychotria, and Spermacoce (Rubiaceae). They are glossy green, bearing pairs of red or white red-ringed eye spots on the first two abdominal segments. Xylophanes pluto (Fabricius, 1777) ID: Green with irregular transverse light and dark bands. Recognizable by the wide orange band on the hindwing. DIST: Southern United States to Brazil. GUANA: 8 specimens, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Torres (2000) described larvae from Puerto Rico, reared from Hamelia patens Jacq. (Rubiaceae). Gund- lach (1881), mentioned by Hodges (1971), also de- scribed the larvae, which are of two color forms: one is basically green, the other is black, dark violet and red. Gundlach (1881) recorded the hosts as Chiococca (Ru- biaceae) and Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae). Xylophanes tersa (Linnaeus, 1771) ID: Distinguished from its congeners on the island by the pale greenish gray forewing with several ill-defined, nearly parallel, longitudinal lines, running from base to apex; hindwing black with pale yellow marks in the vein interspaces parallel to the external margin. DIST: Ontario, across the Antilles down to Argentina, including Galapagos. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1986, 1987, 1989. 16 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Fics. 7-9. Genitalia of Perigea gloria, new species. 7, male genitalia, ventral view, aedeagus removed; 8, aedeagus, lateral view; 9, female genitalia, ventral view. BIO: The larvae, beautifully illustrated by Moss (1912: pl. 14, figs. n—q), are yellowish brown with a pair of eye spots laterally on abdominal segments 1-7. The larvae feed on Psychotria berteriana DC, Borreria verticil- lata (L.) Meyer and Diodia sarmentosa Sw. (Rubi- aceae) in Puerto Rico (Torres 1992). Hyles lineata (Fabricius, 1775) (White-lined sphinx) ID: Resembles E. vitis, but is distinguished by its smaller size, shorter, clubbed antennae, and single wide fascia running from near base of dorsum to apex of forewing, crossed by whitish lines following the veins. DIST: This powerful flyer, almost diurnal, has reached all continents, as well as remote islands such as Gala- pagos and Hawaii. GUANA: I specimen, 1988. BIO: Polyphagous. Most commonly used plants are species of Portulaca (Portulacaceae), but includes oth- ers such as Fuchsia (Onagraceae), Boerhavia and Mi- rabilis (Nyctaginaceae), Xantium (Asteraceae), and others. Larvae are highly variable in coloration and somewhat in maculation. Some specimens basically are black with a pattern of yellow; others are mainly yellow with some black pattern (Hodges 1971). NOTODONTIDAE Nystalea nyseus (Cramer, 1775) (Fig. 15) ID: Narrow winged, light gray, mottled with dark brown and black scales; recognized by the long scales on the base of antennae that forms a crest on top of the head when resting. DIST: Mexico, throughout the Caribbean south to Brazil. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1989. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 7 Fics. 10,11. Male genitalia of Anateinoma affabilis. 10, ventral view, left valva and aedeagus removed; 11, aedeagus, lateral view. BIO: Larvae feed on various Myrtaceae especially on species of Psidiwm (Todd 1973:271). COM: This is the only notodontid present on the is- land; less than 30 species have been recorded from the Antilles (Becker in prep.). Notodontidae typically oc- cur in moister forests. NOCTUIDAE Heliothinae Heliothis subflexa (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 16) ID: Medium sized, pale olive green; forewing crossed with three olive bands, edged pale basad. DIST: North America, throughout the Antilles, south to Argentina. GUANA: 2 males, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Solanum nigrum L., Physalis spp. (Solanaceae) (Poole et al. 1993). COM: Easily confused with the tobacco budworm, H. virescens (Fabricius), not collected but certainly oc- curring on the island. Male H. subflexa have white hindwing, while in H. virescens they are bordered olive-gray. More details on both species can be found in Poole et al. (1993). Haile et al. (1975) discuss move- ment of Heliothis spp. among the Virgin Islands. 18 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Fics, 12-14. Genitalia of Eueana simplaria. 12, male, ventral view, left valva and aedeagus removed; 13, aedeagus, lateral view; 14, female, ventral view Noctuinae Anicla infecta (Ochsenheimer, 1816) (Fig. 17) ID: Gray, with forewing reddish brown along external margin; hindwing hyaline. Recognized by blackish an- terior border (patagia) of thorax. DIST: Argentina through Central United States, in- cluding Galapagos and Bermuda. GUANA: 6 specimens, 1986, 1989, 1990. BIO: General feeder, cut worm. The larvae reach nearly 3 cm when fully grown. They are variable in color from gray to yellowish ferrugineous, olivaceous yellow and bright green, to a sordid brown, usually flecked with black. COM: At least three other cut worms should be present in the island: Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), A. subterranea (Fabricius) and Peridroma saucia (Hiibner). Hadeninae Leucania humidicola Guenée, 1852 (Fig. 19) ID: Medium sized, pale moth. Distinguished from other noctuids on the island by its forewing pattern: a long dark dash delimited above by a white line, run- ning from base to middle. DIST: Antilles to Brazil and probably Galapagos; the limits of the distribution of the species remain to be determined (Adams 2001). VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 19 Fics. 15-61. Natural size (1:1). Notodontidae (15) and Noctuidae (16-61) (species from Guana, unless stated otherwise). 15, Nystalea ny- seus, male; 16, Heliothis subflexa, male (USA); 17, Anicla infecta, male; 18, Leucania dorsalis, female (Cuba); 19, L. humidicola, male; 20, Neogalea sunia, male; 21, Catabenoides lazelli, holotype male; 22, C. terminellus, female; 23, Spodoptera albulum, male; 24, S. frugiperda, ie walle (Puerto Rico); 25, S. PS ee male (Brazil); 26, S. latifascia, male; 27, S. latifascia, female (Cuba); 28, S. pulchella, male; 29, dolichos, male (Mexico); 30, Magusa orbifera, female; 31, Condica albigera, rele 32, C. albigera, female; 33, C. mobilis, male (Brazil); C. su- tor, male (Brazil); 35, ee gloria, holotype male; 36, Elaphria agrotina, male; 37, E. aedgalloria, female; 38, E. nucicolora, male (Cuba); 39, Micrathetis triplex, female; 40, M. triplex, male; 41, Bagisara repanda, female; 42, Amyna axis, female; 43, Ponometia exigua, male; 44, P. ex- igua, female; 45, P. exigua, female (Mexico); 46, Cydosia nobilitella, male (Cuba); 47, Caularis undulans, male; 48, Motya Aaa alis, male: 49, Collomena filifera, male; 50, C. filifera, female (Cuba): 51, Paectes obrotunda, male; 52, P. obrotunda, female; 53, Pseudoplusia includens, fe- male; 54, Ptichodis immunis, male (Cuba): 55, P. immunis, female; 56, Mocis antillesia, male; 57, M. antillesia, female; 58, M. latipes, male; 59, M. repanda, male (Cuba); 60, M. repanda, female (Puerto Rico); 61, Ophisma tropicalis, male. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989. BIO: Hayes (1975) [as L. solita, see below] gives Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth. (Poaceae) as food- plant. COM: The Guana specimens were identified as hu- midicola by Morton S. Adams, who has subsequently published a revision of the group in the Caribbean (Adams 2001) although our specimens are not men- tioned in his paper. The name hwmidicola (type-locality: FRENCH GUIANA) has been wrongly applied to a dif- ferent species by most authors (see dorsalis below), fol- lowing the misidentification by Hampson (1905). A specimen collected by the first author in COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, E] Coco (VOB 33636), identical to those from Guana, matches the type of solita (type-locality: HONDURAS) in BMNH, and the specimen figured by Hayes (1975), from Galapagos. Therefore L. solita Walker 1856, new synonym, is a junior synonym of hu- midicola, not of multilinea Walker (sensu Hampson 1905, Poole 1989). We regard multilinea Walker 1856 as a valid species because we believe that Hayes (1975), who had the types of both multilinea and solita at hand, had good reasons to treat the latter as a valid species. Leucania dorsalis Walker, 1856 (Fig. 18) ID: Easily confused with L. humidicola; dash along middle of forewing not as conspicuous. DIST: Antilles, northern South America, Central America, and southern Florida (Adams 2001). GUANA: | specimen, 1988. BIO: Unknown; presumably grasses as for its close rel- atives L. infatuans Franclemont and L. extenuata Guenée. COM: This species belongs to a complex previously treated as humidicola, following a misidentification by Hampson (1905). See Adams (2001:199) for further discussion of the species complex. Amphipyrinae Neogalea sunia (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 20) ID: Medium sized, inconspicuous gray moth resem- bling Spodoptera albulum, but darker. Usually distin- guished from S. albulum by the dark marked veins and, for males, by the abdomen thickly clothed with long scales. DIST: Florida to Argentina, including Galapagos. GUANA: 6 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Lantana (Verbenaceae) (Comstock and Dammers 1935). Introduced to Hawaii and Aus- tralasia to control Lantana (Riotte 1991, Holloway 1996:148). JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY COM: Immature stages described by Comstock and Dammers (1935, as Catabene esula). Although this genus was placed in Cuculliinae by Poole (1989), we place it in Amphipyrinae following the comments by Todd (1972b) and Poole (appendix to this paper) plac- ing it with Catabena and Catabenoides, which Poole (1989) placed as Amphipyrinae. The proper placement of many genera formerly associated with Amphipyri- nae and Cuculliinae requires review. Catabenoides terminellus (Grote, 1883), new combination (Figs. 2, 3, 22) ID: This and the following species are closely related, almost impossible to distinguish with external charac- ters (see C. lazelli below). They resemble small S. al- bulum but are distinguished from it by the gray, irreg- ular dot on tornus of forewing. Females usually have a black line along middle, covering the length of the forewing. DIST: Southern USA, Antilles. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1984. BIO: Unknown. COM: In order to place this and the following species correctly, we include a description of the new genus Catabenoides by Robert Poole as an appendix to this paper. Catabenoides lazelli Becker and Miller, new species (Figs. 4-6, 21) Description. Light gray, 2.2-2.6 cm. This and the former are very closely related species, almost impos- sible to be distinguished from each other on external characters (see terminellus above). They resemble a small S$. albulum but easily recognized from it by the gray, irregular dot on tornus of forewing. Females usu- ally have a black line along middle, covering the whole extension of forewing. The only reliable external fea- ture that distinguishes lazelli from terminellus is the color of patagia. In terminellus there is a transverse line of blackish scales, dividing the patagia along the middle, while in lazelli the line is ochreous. The geni- talia are also distinct. In terminellus the distal processes of the sacculus are simple, nearly straight rods (Fig. 2), while those in lazelli are complex, branched (Fig. 4). DIST: Guana, Anegada, St. Croix. GUANA: 35 specimens, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990. MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype male: BVI: Guana Id., 1-14.vii.1984 (S. E. & PB M. Miller) (USNM). Paratypes: 13 males, 12 females: Same data as holotype (USNM, BMNH, BPBM, MCZ, VOB); 1 VOLUME 56, NUMBER | female: Same locality and collector, 5—23.vii.1985 (USNM); 2 males, 1 female: Same locality, x.1989 (V. O. Becker, 70710) (VOB); 2 males, 3 females: Same locality, 24.x-5.xi.1990 (S. E. Miller & T. M. Kuklen- ski) (BPBM). ANEGADA: 2 males, 1 female: 17-19.vii.1985 (S. E. & BP M. Miller) (USNM). ST. CROIX: 2 males, 2 females, Kingshill, x, xi.1944, v, vi.1945 (H. A. Beatty) (CU); 1 female, same locality, 6-16.vii.1967 (E. L. Todd) (USNM); 1 female, Chris- tiansted, 19. xi.1941 (H. A. Beatty) (USNM); 1 male, 2 females, Mt. Eagle, 6-16.vii.1967 (E. L. Todd) (USNM); 4 males, 1 female, 1 mi W Airport, 6—-16.vii.1967 (E. L. Todd) (USNM); 2 males, 1 fe- male, Orangegrove, W End, 6-16.vii.1967 (E. L. Todd) (USNM): 1 male, Blue Mtn., 6—16.vii.1967 (E. L. Todd) (USNM); 2 males, Rust Up Twist, 6-16.vii.1967 (E. L. Todd) (USNM): 1 male, 1 mi N Great Pond, 6—16.vii.1967 (E. L. Todd) (USNM). BIO: Unknown. COM: This species belongs to a complex formerly con- sidered the single species, C. vitrinus (Walker), a species not found in the Lesser Antilles. The genitalia of C. lazelli (Fig. 4, 5) are very similar, but show con- sistent differences, the most evident is the vesica armed with a single, strong cornutus, whereas in vitri- nus the vesica bears a series of smaller cornuti. The complex will be treated in a forthcoming revision (Becker in prep.). This species is dedicated to our friend Dr. James “Skip” Lazell, who gave us the op- portunity to study this interesting fauna. Spodoptera albulum (Walker, 1857) (Fig. 23) ID: Plain, pale gray, medium sized species, readily dis- tinguished by the presence, on the forewing, of a very fine black line running along the middle from base to one-fourth. Hindwing almost totally translucent whitish. DIST: United States, throughout the Antilles, south to Argentina, but not including Galapagos and Bermuda. GUANA: 5 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthaceae) (Kimball 1965) and cotton (Bruner et al. 1975). Recorded from many crops in Puerto Rico by Arm- strong (1994a). COM: “This is the species previously identified as ‘Spodoptera sunia Guenée’. The real Xylopmyges Su- nia Guenée 1852 is actually the species [formerly] known as Neogalea esula Druce” (Poole 1989) (see N. sunia above). Spodoptera albulum is easily confused with S. eridania, which has not been collected on Guana, but is likely to occur on the island. Spodoptera eridania is dusted brownish, and lacks the forewing line mentioned above. Todd and Poole (1980) give an 2 illustrated key to the New World species of Spo- doptera and distributions of Spodoptera species in the Caribbean are reviewed in Cock (1985:92). Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Fall armyworm) (Figs. 24, 25) ID: Medium sized, sexually dimorphic, gray species. Males have an oblique whitish dash from middle of costa across the cell. Females have indistinct pattern, looking almost plain gray. DIST: Widespread in New World, including Galapa- gos and Bermuda. GUANA: 8 specimens, 1986, 1990. BIO: Polyphagous on herbaceous plants and regarded as a serious pest of maize and other crops (Andrews 1980). In Puerto Rico, it has been recorded as a pest of various crops (Armstrong 1994b) and Eucalyptus seedlings (Myrtaceae) (Torres 1994). Spodoptera latifascia (Walker, 1856) (Figs. 26, 27) ID: Medium sized, sexually dimorphic species. Male forewing with a diffuse pattern of reddish brown and gray on a whitish gray background. Female forewing darker, easily confused with S. dolichos and bearing an oblique elongate whitish mark from middle costa to end of cell, followed by three short whitish lines along veins. DIST: Gulf States of the United States, throughout the Antilles, south to Costa Rica. The population from Costa Rica south to Argentina, previously included un- der S. latifascia, belongs to S. cosmioides (Walker), a closely related but distinct species (Silvain & Lalanne- Cassou 1997, M. Pogue pers. com.). GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Polyphagous on herbaceous plants, sometimes becoming a pest of vegetables and nursery seedlings. Spodoptera pulchella (Herrich-Schiffer, 1868) (Fig. 28) ID: Wing pattern similar in both sexes; easily confused with the females of the former. It can be separated from similar species by the curved whitish line along dorsum, below the anal vein, from basal fourth to just before tornus. DIST: Florida, Greater Antilles. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Unknown. COM: This seems to be the first record of this species to the Puerto Rican Bank. It has either been over- looked because of rarity, or because it was mistaken for the similar S. latifascia, a more common species. bo ins) Spodoptera dolichos (Fabricius, 1794) (Fig. 29) ID: About the same size as S. latifascia; both sexes show- ing similar pattern to that of female S. latifascia. Easily distinguished from the previous two species by the two conspicuous, parallel, dark gray bands along thorax. DIST: Sympatric with S. latifascia, including in Gala- pagos. GUANA: 1 specimen, 1989. BIO: Larvae on a wide variety of plants, both crops and weeds (Ferguson et al. 1991). Magusa orbifera (Walker, 1857) (Fig. 30) ID: An extremely polymorphic, medium sized (3-4 cm), gray to brown species. In the Guana population, some males have a wide pale area along dorsum of forewing, others have a very complex and contrasting maculation, while the females tend to be less marked and more brownish. One constant feature is the con- spicuous round pale dot near the apex of forewing and the very broad dark fuscous hindwing. Anateinoma af- fabilis and E. agrotina also have the pale mark at end of apex of forewing but are at most half the size of M. orbifera. DIST: Widespread throughout the New World, from Canada to Argentina (not reported from Galapagos, but M. erema Hayes (1975) may be a local variety of this species). GUANA: 57 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on various legumes, including Karwin- skia and Condalia (Fabaceae) (Kimball 1965). Condica albigera (Guenée, 1852) (Figs. 31, 32) ID: Medium sized (2.5-3 cm wing span), dark fuscous; forewing with an irregular small white dot at end of cell, followed by a paler, almost straight transverse line. DIST: Mexico, throughout Antilles, south to Paraguay. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1989, 1990 BIO: Unknown. COM: Easily confused with C. circuita (Guenée), not collected but likely to occur on the island. In C. cir- cuita the white dot on forewing is round and has a white lunule just under it. Condica mobilis (Walker, [1857]) (Fig. 33) ID: About same size as C. albigera, but more reddish brown and orange; white dot on cell usually larger than in C. albigera. DIST: Southern United States, throughout Antilles, south to Argentina. JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Unknown. COM: Commonly referred to in the literature as Perigea apameoides Guenée, which is a synonym of C. sutor (Guenée) (Hayes 1975). Condica sutor (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 34) ID: Same size as C. albigera and C. mobilis; fuscous with forewing showing little contrasting pattern. Dis- tinguished from albigera and mobilis by the absence of the whitish mark on cell. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Argentina, including Galapagos. GUANA: | specimen, 1990. BIO: Larvae on several species of herbaceous plants including Wedellia, Tagetis (Asteraceae), and celery (Kimball 1965). Perigea gloria Becker and Miller, new species (Figs. 7-9, 35) Description. Medium sized (3 cm wing span), pale moth; forewing shaded dark fuscous, with a series of small dark marks along costa and small black dots along termen, in the spaces between veins. Similar to C. sutor but with more contrasting pattern, and read- ily separated by the series of black dots along termen. DIST: Guana, Tortola. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989. MATERIAL EXAMINED: Holotype male: BVI: Guana Id., x.1989 (V. O. Becker, 70722) (USNM): Paratypes, 1 female, same data as holotype (VOB); 1 male Tortola, Mt. Sage, 460m, 13—-15.vii.1987 (V. O. Becker & S. E. Miller, 66865) (VOB). BIO: Unknown. COM: Very similar in appearance to P. berinda (Druce), a species from the Greater Antilles and Cen- tral America, but with genitalia (Figs. 7-9) very differ- ent from those of berinda, being very similar to those of P. glaucoptera (Guenée). This species is dedicated to Ms. Gloria Jarecki, for her and her family’s support of The Conservation Agency's biodiversity research on Guana Island over the years. Elaphria agrotina (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 36) ID: Small (2—-2.5 cm wing span); forewing dark fuscous with a paler area along costa and a conspicuous pale dash near apex. Similar to A. affabilis (see below), but larger and with hindwing bordered whitish. DIST: Florida, throughout the Antilles, south to Ar- gentina. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 GUANA: 5 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on cotton and beans (Phaseolus) (Fabaceae) (Silva et al. 1968). Elaphria nucicolora (Guenée, 1852) (Figs. 37, 38) ID: Same size as E. agrotina; forewing dark fuscous, with a broad, ill-defined, darker triangular mark with base on middle of dorsum and vertex at end of cell. Hindwing whitish. DIST: Throughout New World tropics including Bermuda. Immigrant to Hawaii. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Larvae on various herbaceous plants (Ferguson et al. 1991). Anateinoma affabilis Méschler, 1890 (Figs. 10, 11, 151, 152) ID: Small (15 mm wing span); forewing reddish brown with transverse sinuate lines alternating pale and dark, and with a conspicuous whitish dash on apex. Similar to E. agrotina (see above) but smaller, and forewing lacking pale area along costa. Magusa orbifera also has a pale mark on apex, but is almost three times the size of affabilis. DIST: Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. GUANA: 22 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. COM: Despite the accurate color illustration pre- sented by Méschler (1890), who described this species from Puerto Rico, Hampson (1910) treated A. affabilis as an unrecognized taxon in the Erastriinae |=Aconti- inae], where it has remained. One of the reasons for this situation is because no material except for the types, which are supposed to be in MNHU, Berlin, has been available to subsequent authors working on the New World noctuid fauna. No material of this species was found in the BMNH or USNM,; for this reason vouchers from the series studied here have been de- posited there. This species does not belong in Acontiinae, but is related to some species currently placed in Elaphria Hiibner. However, at present we prefer not to syn- onymize Anateinoma under Elaphria as the group needs revision. The male genitalia is illustrated in Figs. 10, 11. Micrathetis triplex (Walker, 1857) (Figs. 39, 40) ID: Small (1.5-2.2 em wing span), slightly dimorphic, variable in color. Males have pale forewing speckled with darker small dots, termen dark brown, and a con- spicuous dark brown dot at end of cell. Females are darker than males. Hindwing whitish, slightly bor- dered with dark gray. Easily recognized by the dot at the end of the cell and by the two rows of small black- ish dots forming two arches, almost parallel to each other, from costa to dorsum. DIST: Southern United States through South America. GUANA: 14 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Agaristinae Caularis undulans Walker, [1858] (Fig. 47) ID: Undoubtedly the most attractive noctuid on the is- land. Forewings white bordered and marked olive; hindwing golden yellow bordered reddish-brown with a lunular blackish mark on tornus. Male genitalia illus- trated by Kiriakoff (1976). DIST: Hispaniola, Jamaica, Puerto Rican Bank (Kiri- akoff 1976). GUANA: 9 specimens, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Bagisarinae Bagisara repanda (Fabricius, 1793) (Fig. 41) ID: Small, 2-2.5 cm wing span, pale yellow, dusted gray. Easily identified by the three pale lines crossing the forewing, more or less equidistant, parallel to each other, and bent basad near costa. DIST: Widespread from Southeast United States to Paraguay, including Galapagos (Hayes 1975, Ferguson 1997). GUANA: 4 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Sida glomerata Cav. (Malvaceae) (Hayes 1975). COM: Very common in disturbed areas where malva- ceous weeds often occur. Acontiinae Amyna axis (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 42) ID: Small, fuscous species, easily confused with some small Condica species. Males are distinguished from Condica by the presence of a round, semitranslucent area near base of forewing. DIST: Pantropical, including Tahiti and Hawaii. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae), Cardiospermum (Sapindaceae), Parasponia (UI- maceae), and Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) (Fergu- son 1991). COM: The large distribution and obscure pattern have contributed to long synonymy: it has been described 94 JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Fics. 62-111. Natural size (1:1). Noctuidae (specimens from Guana, unless stated otherwise). 62, Azeta versicolor, male; 63, A. versicolor, female; 64, 65, Metallata absumens, males; 66, M. absumens, male; 67, Plusiodonta thomae, male; 68, Syllectra erycata, male (Cuba); 69, Lito- prosopus puncticosta, male; 70, Diphthera festiva, male; 71, Gonodonta bidens, male (Puerto Rico); 72, Melipotis acontioides, female; 73, M. fasciolaris, male; 74, M. fasciolaris, female; 75, M. contorta, male; 76, M. famelica, male; 77, M. ochrodes, male; 78, M. ochrodes, female (Puerto Rico); 79, M. januaris, male (Cuba); 80, M. januaris, female (Cuba); 81, Epidromia lienaris, male (Puerto Rico); 82, Ephyrodes cacata, male (Cuba); 83, E. cacata, female; 84, Concana mundissima, female; 85, Massala asema, male; 86, Manbuta pyraliformis, male (Cuba); 87, Lesmone hinna, male (Cuba); 88, L. hinna, female (Cuba); 89, L. hinna, male; 90, L. formularis, male; 91, L. formularis, female (Cuba); 92, Baniana relapsa, male; 93, B. relapsa, female; 94, Eulepidotis modestula, male (Cuba); 95, E. addens, female; 96, Toxonprucha diffundens, male (Mexico); 97, Kakopoda progenies, male; 98, Parachabora abydas, male; 99, Cecharismena abarusalis, male; 100, C. cara, male; 101, Glympis eubolialis, male; 102, Drepanopalpia lunifera, male (Cuba); 103, D. lunifera, female; 104, Lascoria orneodalis, female; 105, L. or- neodalis, male (Cuba); 106, Bleptina caradrinalis, male; 107, B. caradrinalis, female; 108, B. hydrillalis, male; 109, B. menalcasalis, female; 110, B. menalcasalis, male; 111, Hypena lividalis, female. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 25 ‘ é {> * Ss ee Ly a a ™ Se ee FAY ee —< S oon i Coys shi eo aN Fics. 112-150. Natural size (1:1). Arctiidae (112-124), Geometridae (125-146), Cossidae (147-149) and Hyblaeidae (150) (specimens from Guana, unless stated otherwise). 112, Hypercompe simplex, male (Puerto Rico); 113, Composia credula, male; 114, H. simplex, female; 115, Calidota strigosa, male; 116, Eupseudosoma involutum, male (Puerto Rico); 117, Utetheisa ornatrix, male; 118, U. pulchella, female (Brazil); 119, Empyreuma pugione, male; 120, Horama panthalon, male; 121, H. pretus, male; 122, Cosmosoma achemon, male (St. Thomas); 123, Eu- nomia colombina, male; 124, Nyridela chalciope, female (Cuba); 125, Pero rectisectaria, male; 126, P. rectisectaria female; 127, Oxydia vesu- lia, male; 128, Erastria decrepitaria, male (Cuba); 129, E. decrepitaria, female; 130, Sphacelodes fusilineatus, male; 131, S. fusilineatus, fe- male; 132, Macaria paleolata, male; 133, Patalene ephyrata, male; 134, Almodes terraria, male (Bahamas); 135, Semaeopus malefidarius, male; 136, Leptostales noctuata, male; 137, L. noctuata, female; 138, Obila praecurraria, female (Tortola); 139, Pterocypha defensata, male; 140, P. defensata, female; 141, Eueana simplaria male; 142, E. simplaria female; 143, Phrudocentra centrifugarium, male; 144, P. centrifugarium, fe- male (Cuba); 145, 146, P. centrifugarium, females; 147-149, Psychonoctua personalis, males; 150, Hyblaea puera, male (Cuba). 18 times (Poole 1989). Frequently referred to in the literature as A. octo (Guenée), a synonym based on the priority of names established by Nielsen et al. (1996: note 690). Ponometia exigua (Fabricius, 1793) (Figs. 43-45) ID: Small, variable, sexually dimorphic species; males pale yellow with forewing crossed with diffuse, sinuate olivaceous bands. Female forewing dark fuscous with a wide, contrasting, pale fascia along costa. In some fe- males this pattern is less contrasting. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Brazil, including Galapagos. GUANA: 9 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Waltheria ovata Cav. (Sterculiaceae) (Hayes 1975). COM: Commonly referred to in the literature by its junior synonym P. indubitans (Walker). Cydosia nobilitella (Cramer, 1779) (Fig. 46) ID: Small showy moth; one of the most attractive noc- tuids on the island. Forewing with reticulated pattern with white areas enclosed by dark bluish metallic gray and red lines. Hindwing semitranslucent white in males, dark gray in females. Pattern resembles some species of Atteva (Yponomeutidae) and specimens are often found mixed in collections. DIST: Southern United States, throughout Antilles, south to Argentina. GUANA: | specimen, 1984. BIO: Hampson (1910) mentioned “?Spigelia an- thelmia L.” (Loganiaceae) as hostplant, following Cockerell (1897). No species of this plant family known from the island (G. Proctor pers. com.), al- though the species occurs on other Virgin Islands (Acevedo-Rodriguez 1996). Cockerell (1897) and Dyar (1897) described the larvae. Tripudia quadrifera (Zeller, 1874) (Figs. 153, 154) ID: The smallest noctuid on the island (0.7—1.2 cm wing span); resembling Olethreutinae (Tortricidae) and C. metaspilaris (see below). Dark gray; forewing with conspicuous quadrate mark on middle of dorsum. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 22 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Tripudia balteata Smith, 1900 (Fig. 155) JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY ID: Small, on average slightly larger than T. quadrifera. Dark gray. Easily identified by the broad, oblique, yellowish band on forewing. DIST: Southern United States, Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 16 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Ommatochila mundula (Zeller, 1872) (Fig. 156) ID: Small, 1.5—2 cm wing span, dark gray, resembling some Olethreutinae species (Tortricidae). Forewing divided across the middle by a pale, almost straight line, the basal half much darker than outer half. DIST: Southern United States, Antilles, south to Ar- gentina. GUANA: 14 specimens, 1986, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Cobubatha metaspilaris Walker, 1863 (Fig. 157) ID: Small, 1.5 cm wing span, gray; similar to, but larger than T. quadrifera. In the latter the mark on dorsum is quadrate whereas in metaspilaris it is trape- zoidal. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Eumicremma minima (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 158) ID: Very small (1.2-1.5 cm wing span); forewing pale, crossed with olive and dark olive waiving bands, and with some very small, black dots along termen, the most conspicuous the one near apex and the other near tornus. In resting posture it looks like some species of Cochylini (Tortricidae). DIST: Southern United States, Antilles, south to Ar- gentina. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1987. BIO: Larvae on Gnaphalium (Asteraceae). Eublemma rectum (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 161) ID: Small, 1.5 cm wing span; pale yellow; forewing clouded with red brown with oblique pale fascia from middle of dorsum to near apex. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Argentina, including Galapagos and Bermuda. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Ipomoea and Convolvulus (Convolvu- VOLUME 56, NUMBER | 12) ~ Figs. 151-188. Twice natural size (2:1). Noctuidae (151-168), Arctiidae (169-171) and Geometridae (172-188) (specimens from Guana, un- less stated otherwise). 151, 152, Anateinoma affabilis, males; 153, Tripudia quadrifera, female (Mexico); 154, T. quadrifera, female; 155, T. balteata, male; 156, Ommatochila mundula, female; 157, Cobubatha metaspilaris, male; 158, Eumicremma minima, male (Cuba); 159, Spragueia margana, male, (Brazil); 160, S. margana, female (Brazil); 161, Eublemma rectum, male; 162, Thioptera aurifere, male (Brazil); 163, Characoma nilotica, female; 164, 165, C. nilotica, females (Mexico); 166, Hypena minualis, female; 167, Bleptina araealis, male; 168, B. araealis, female; 169, Afrida charientisma, male; 170, Progona pallida, male; 171, Lomuna nigripuncta, female; 172, “Idaea” monata, male, 173, Idaea monata, female; 174, Idaea eupitheciata, female, 175, I. eupitheciata, male; 176, I. minuta, male; 177, I. minuta, female; 178, Scopula laresaria, female; 179, 180, Idaea probably fernaria, females; 181, Leptostales phorcaria, male; 182, Cyclomia mopsaria, male; 183, C. mopsaria, female; 184, Leptostales oblinataria, female; 185, Acratodes suavata, male; 186, Chloropteryx paularia, male; 187, Synchlora frondaria, male; 188, S. cupedinaria, male. laceae) (Forbes 1954) [as E. obliqualis (Fabricius), a homonym]. Spragueia margana (Fabricius, 1794) (Figs. 159, 160) ID: The smallest of the two Spragueia species on the island; dimorphic. Similar to S. perstructana (see be- low). Males easily distinguished from the latter by the absence of orange, by the pale costa, and by the oliva- ceous shades and marks on forewing; females by the olivaceous thorax, which is edged pale yellow in S. per- structana. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the New World tropics, including Galapagos. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1987. BIO: Larvae on Abutilon and Sida (Malvaceae) (Hayes 1975). Spragueia perstructana (Walker, 1865) ID: Similar to, but slightly larger than S. margana (see above); also dimorphic. Illustrated in color in Kimball (1965: PI. IV; figs. 31, 37). DIST: Southern United States, Antilles, south to Costa Rica. GUANA: 1| specimen, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Thioptera aurifere (Walker, [1858]) (Fig. 162) ID: Small, 1.5-1.8 cm wing span; yellow; forewing usually with two very small black dots, an ill defined reddish line beyond the cell from costa to dorsum, and termen edged with gray. DIST: Southern United States, throughout Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown, however Kimball (1965) gives Digi- taria ischaemum [Syntherisma impomoea] (Poaceae) as the food plant for T. nigrofimbria, a closely related species. Sarrothripinae Characoma nilotica (Rogenhofer, 1882) (Figs. 163-165) ID: Small, 1-1.2 cm wing span, highly variable, gray species. Rests flat, looking like some tortricids. DIST: Described from Egypt, hence its name; now Pantropical, including Galapagos, Bermuda, and the Pacific Islands. GUANA: 25 specimens, 1985, 1986, 1990. BIO: Larvae on white mangrove, Laguncularia race- mosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn. (Combe (Hayes 1975); willow, almond, azalea, and “black olive” (Ferguson 1991). Collomena filifera (Walker, 1857) (Figs. 49, 50) ID: Medium sized gray species, similar to female S. frugiperda. Distinguished by the whitish diffused band across the subter saa area of forewing and by the en- tirely whitish, semitranslucent hindwing (narrowly bordered gray in females). DIST: Florida, throughout the Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Motya abseuzalis Walker, 1859 (Fig. 48) ID: Slightly smaller than C. filifera; whitish gray. Easily recognized by the two, almost parallel, rows of small, black dots along termen, with the one near tornus con- spicuously larger. The male abdomen has two paired black dots dorsally, near apex. Hindwing semitranslu- cent white, bordered gray. DIST: Florida, throughout the Antilles, south to Brazil. JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Euteliinae Paectes obrotunda (Guenée, 1852) (Figs. 51, 52) ID: Medium sized, gray, irrorated brown; males have basal half of antennae strongly pectinate, and long slim abdomen; females have filiform antennae and short stout abdomen. Forewing with a conspicuous pale lunular mark near base, delimited externally by a nar- row, double line. DIST: Southern United States, throughout Antilles, south to Paraguay. GUANA: 64 specimens, 1984, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown, however, its larvae should be searched for on Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. (Simarubaceae), as a related species, P. arcigera (Guenée), was reared on B. graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch. in Galapagos (Hayes 1975). Plusiinae Pseudoplusia includens (Walker, [1858]) (Fig. 53) ID: Medium sized, grayish brown with bronze luster. Recognized by the small silver markings near center of forewing. DIST: United States to northern Chile and Argentina, including Galapagos and Bermuda (atone & Poole 1991: 50). GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989. BIO: Polyphagous; Ferguson et al. (1991) lists plants belonging to 14 families as foodplants. Can be a minor pest of beans, soy beans, and other leguminous crops. COM: Generally referred to in the literature as P. 00 (Cramer), a homonym. Other species belonging to this subfamily, such as Trichoplusia ni (Hiibner) and Argy- rogramma verruca (Fabricius), are likely to be col- lected on the island in the future. These also bear sil- ver marks on the forewing. Catocalinae Ptichodis immunis (Guenée, 1852) (Figs. 54, 55) ID: Medium sized, 2.5-3 cm wing span, pale species. Forewing crossed with ill defined olivaceous lines, two of them highly contrasting: the antemedial and the postmedial, both bordered internally with lemon yel- low. DIST: Mexico, throughout the Antilles to Brazil. GUANA: 6 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. VOLUME 56, NUMBER | Mocis latipes (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 58) ID: Medium sized, 3.54 cm wing span, broad winged, dark species. Highly variable in color and pattern. Ground color varies from pale brownish through fus- cous to reddish brown. Females tend to have pattern less contrasting than males, and the paler forms could easily be confused with the darker forms of female M. disseverans, a Neotropical species recorded from the Greater Antilles. Smaller than M. repanda (see below). The males of the species belonging to this genus can be easily distinguished from other noctuids by the thickly hairy hind legs. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Argentina, including Galapagos and Bermuda. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Larvae on several species of grasses, sometimes a pest of grazing land. COM: Generally referred to in the literature as M. repanda, a different species (see below). Mocis antillesia Hampson, 1913 (Figs. 56, 57) ID: Same size and easily confused with M. latipes. Ground color pale brownish to pale yellow. Clothing of hind legs usually yellowish in this whereas grayish in M. latipes. Smaller than M. repanda (see below). DIST: Lesser Antilles, Bahamas. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Mocis repanda (Fabricius, 1794) (Figs. 59, 60) ID: Larger than the former two species in the genus, 4.5-5.5 cm wing span. Smaller specimens of this species are larger than the largest specimens of both M. latipes and M. antillesia. Distinguished from con- geners by shape of postmedial lines in both wings: in the forewing it is bent inwards after the angle near costa, and fades away before tornus, whereas in the former two it is straight and reaches tornus; in the hindwing it is strongly angled outwards before tornus whereas in the others it is straight. DIST: Antilles and Guatemala. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1987, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Mucuna deeringiana (Bort) Merr. [as M. megas] (Fabaceae) (Martorell 1976). COM: Generally known in the literature as M. megas (Guenée), a junior synonym (Poole 1989). Berio (1953) clarified the status of M. repanda and illus- trated the male genitalia. Ophisma tropicalis Guenée, 1852 (Fig. 61) ID: Same size as M. repanda, but with stouter body. Extremely variable in pattern and color. Recognized by the small, conspicuous white dot on base of forewing. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Argentina. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1987. BIO: Larvae on Cupania americana L. (Sapindaceae) (Martorell 1976). Ophiderinae zeta versicolor (Fabricius, 1794) (Figs. 62, 63) ID: Medium sized, polymorphic species; ground color varies from ferrugineous to dark grayish brown. Rec- ognized by the pointed forewing and transverse pale dash at middle of forewing costa. DIST: Throughout the New world tropics from Florida to Argentina. GUANA: 23 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Canavalia (Fabaceae) (Kimball 1965). COM: Commonly referred to in the literature by its junior synonym, A. repugnalis (Hiibner). Metallata absumens (Walker, 1862) (Figs. 64-66) ID: Medium sized, highly variable species. Ground color varies from reddish brown to gray. Similar to E. cacata but readily separated by the dark brown head and anterior border of thorax, by the nearly rounded border of hindwing, and by the filiform antennae in both sexes. Some specimens bear a black reniform mark at the end of forewing cell. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Brazil, including Galapagos. GUANA: 12 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Plusiodonta thomae (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 67) ID: Medium sized, dark brown species with some shinning golden areas on forewing. Recognized by the single dentate expansion on middle of dorsum of forewing. DIST: Described from St. Thomas, considered en- demic to the Antilles. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Unknown. COM: It is very likely that the continental species, P. clavifera (Walker), is conspecific with P. thomae. There 30 is some degree of variation in both the Antillean and the continental populations, and specimens from both regions intergrade into each other. Plusiodonta clav- ifera has been reported from Galapagos (Hayes 1975). Syllectra erycata (Cramer, 1780) (Fig. 68) ID: Medium sized, reddish ferrugineous species. Forewing with three transverse lines, angled basad near costa, and with one or two small, round pale dots on outer side of postmedial line. Males distinguished by unique shape of antenna, which is uncommonly thick throughout its length except for the tip. DIST: Florida, throughout the Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1986, 1987. BIO: Unknown. Litoprosopus puncticosta Hampson, 1926 (Fig. 69) ID: Large, velvet fuscous species. The narrow wings and stout body resemble a small sphingid. Readily dis- tinguished from other noctuids of same size on the is- land by the orbicular black mark at lower edge of hind- wing. DIST: Haiti, Virgin Islands. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Unknown, however, a close relative, L. futilis (Grote & Robinson), has been found boring into the flower stalks of Sabal and Serenoa (Arecaceae) (Fer- guson et al. 1991). Diphthera festiva (Fabricius, 1775) (Fig. 70) ID: Medium sized, bright yellow, with an elaborate pattern of bluish gray lines and three parallel rows of dots parallel to external margin. Hindwing dark gray with pale cilia. DIST: Widespread throughout the New World tropics, from Florida to Argentina. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuari- naceae), Corchorus hirsutus L. (Tiliaceae), Schrankia portoricensis Urb. (Fabaceae), and Waltheria indica L. (Sterculiaceae) (Martorell 1976, Torres 1994). Bright colored larvae reared in Brazil on Sida sp. (Malvaceae) (VOB), acommon weed in disturbed areas on the island. COM: Referred to as Noropsis hieroglyphica (Cramer), the junior synonym, in older literature. Its pattern may be aposematic. One male was tossed towards a gray kingbird, Tyrannus dominicensis (Gmelin), who caught it in the air, returned to its perch, tried to swallow the JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY moth, then spit it out and cleaned its beak against the branch (VOB pers. obs.). Gonodonta bidens Geyer, 1832 (Fig. 71) ID: Showy, medium sized moth; cannot be confused with any other species on the island. Forewing velvet dark brown; basal and postmedial areas paler, crossed with waving dark and reddish brown lines. Hindwing dark gray with a bright elongate yellow area at middle. Head conspicuously white. DIST: Florida, throughout the Antilles, south to Ar- gentina. GUANA: | specimen, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Guarea trichilioides L. (Meliaceae), Cupania (Sapindaceae) and Diospyrus (Ebenaceae) (Todd 1972a). Adults have been reported to damage oranges in northern Mexico by piercing ripening fruits (Todd 1959). Melipotis acontioides (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 72) ID: Medium to large sized, 3.5-5 cm wing span, light gray species. Hindwings semitranslucent white with a broad gray band along external margin not reaching lower angle; often with a small gray dot just before lower angle. DIST: Florida, Antilles, south to Brazil, including Galapagos. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. (royal poinciana) and Parkinsonia aculeata L. (Fabaceae) (Martorell 1976, Torres 1994). COM: Except for M. acontioides, species of Melipotis are difficult to distinguish because they look very sim- ilar to each other and there is a high degree of varia- tion among specimens within each species. Most Melipotis species recorded for Guana also occur in southern United States and were reviewed by Richards (1939) and illustrated in color by Bordelon and Knudsen (1999). The species of this genus are often the most abun- dant moths at lights in dry areas of the New World tropics. One of the reasons is that they feed on various leguminous plants such as Acacia, Cassia, Prosopis, and other species that are abundant in such habitats. During certain collecting trips, especially immediately after the beginning of rainy season, they came to light in such great numbers that the entire sheet was cov- ered, making it impossible to collect any other moths. On some occasions the lights had to be disconnected and collecting discontinued (VOB pers. obs.). VOLUME 56, NUMBER I| Melipotis fasciolaris (Hiibner, [1831]) (Figs. 73, 74) ID: Medium to large sized, 3-4.5 cm wing span, vari- able species—the most variable species of the genus occurring on the island. In some specimens the pat- tern is less contrasting while in others the contrast is strong. Most specimens can be distinguished from those of other species on the island by the antemedial oblique, pale fascia of forewing. In M. fasciolaris the fas- cia is straight and uniform in width throughout. In some specimens the area basad of the fascia is pale olivaceous. DIST: Southern United States, Antilles, south to Uruguay. GUANA: 7 specimens, 1989. BIO: Unknown, however Wolcott (1951) noted “Nu- merous caterpillars hiding under loose bark of trees of Guaiacum officinale L. (Zygophyllaceae), presumably after feeding at night on the foliage”. This observation should be verified because this tree generally grows to- gether with many leguminous species known as food plants of other species of Melipotis. Melipotis contorta (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 75) ID: Same size as larger specimens of M. acontioides and M. fasciolaris, but not as variable. Very similar to M. famelica with which it shares the white basal area of hindwing, and pale head and dorsal area of thorax. Easily separated from M. famelica by the irregular pale area at the end of cell. In the latter this is nearly rounded, whereas in contorta its lower end extends broadly towards the external margin. DIST: Florida, Antilles. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Melipotis famelica (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 76) ID: Very similar to M. contorta in size and pattem. Color pattern not highly variable but sexually dimorphic. Fe- males have pattern less contrasting than males. Some males have antemedial fascia tinged reddish brown. DIST: Southern United States, Antilles, south to Venezuela, including Bermuda (Ferguson et al. 1991). GUANA: 9 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis & Stearn (Fabaceae) (Martorell 1976). Melipotis ochrodes (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 77, 78) ID: Easily confused with M. indomita, a neotropical species also recorded from the Greater Antilles but 31 not collected on Guana. Highly variable. Basal area of hindwing semitranslucent gray, not whitish as in M. contorta or M. famelica, or almost dark gray as in M. januaris. DIST: Antilles, Mexico, south to Brazil. GUANA: | specimen, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. and Schrankia portoricensis Urb. (Fabaceae) (Martorell 1976). COM: The specimen illustrated here, identical to the one collected on Guana, matches the series at BMNH identified as M. ochrodes (type specimen in MNHN, Paris, not examined). This species could represent only a smaller form of M. indomita. Melipotis januaris (Guenée, 1852) (Figs. 79, 80) ID: On average slightly smaller than other Melipotis species on the island; sexually dimorphic. Males have forewing with very contrasting, dark brown pattern; fe- males little contrasting, reddish brown. Easily distin- guished from all other species on the island by almost entirely dark gray hindwing. DIST: Southern United States, throughout Antilles, south to the Guianas and Colombia. GUANA: | specimen, 1987. BIO: Larvae on Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. [as I. fagifo- lia] (Fabaceae) (Martorell 1976). Ascalapha odorata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Witch moth, black witch) ID: Distinguished by very large size and broad wings showing bluish hue. Sexually dimorphic; males black- ish gray, females lighter in color, with more contrasting pattern, and with three close, parallel, zig-zag, white lines crossing the wings. DIST: Originally South American, now Pantropical. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1982 (J. Lazell), 1988, 1989. BIO: Larvae on various leguminous trees, including Acacia, Cassia and Piptadenia (Hayward 1969, Hayes 1975). Comstock (1936), Schreiter (1936) and Bourquin (1947) describe its life history and immature stages. COM: Illustrated in several works, including Covell (1984), Ferguson et al. (1991), Hayes (1975), and Kim- ball (1965). Epidromia lienaris (Hiibner, 1823) (Fig. 81) ID: Large, 5 cm wing span; highly variable, gray fus- cous species; forewing with conspicuous reniform black mark at middle and a postmedial, almost straight, pale line. DIST: New World tropics. GUANA: | specimen, 1990. BIO: The larvae (reported as E. pannosa Guenée) were found on Psidiwm longipes (O. Berg) McVaugh (Myrtaceae), and were fed in the laboratory on P. guajava L., Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd. (Myrtaceae), Metopium toxiferum (L.) Krug & Urb., and Rhus co- pallina L. (Anacardiaceae) (Dickel 1991). COM: This is a widespread and highly polymorphic species, described more than 10 times (Becker 2001), and is commonly known in the literature as E. ze- tophora Guenée (Hayes 1975) and E. pannosa (Solis 1986, Dickel 1991). Manbuta pyraliformis (Walker, 1858) (Fig. 86) ID: Medium sized, gray species. Forewing speckled with small black dots and with an oblique postmedial yellowish fascia; basal area of this fascia light gray, dis- tal area dark gray. Males with pectinate antennae. DIST: Florida and Antilles. GUANA: | specimen, 1956. BIO: Unknown. COM: Poole (1989) listed this species under Epidro- mia Guenée, however, its genitalia and pectinate an- tennae are similar to those of species currently placed in Manbuta Walker (Becker 2001). Ephyrodes cacata Guenée, 1852 (Figs. 82, 83) ID: Resembling M. absumens in size and coloration (see above). Variable in color, from reddish brown to gray, mottled with black scales. Distinguished by the strongly angled termen of both wings, especially of the hindwing, forming a small tail. Male antennae strongly pectinate, female filiform. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Colombia. GUANA: 5 specimens, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. (Fabaceae) (Brunner et al. 1975). Concana mundissima Walker, [1858] (Fig, 84) ID: Medium sized, silky shining gray species; forewing with fine, broken, transverse lines and a dark dot near middle, closer to dorsum. Hindwing semitranslucent white, edged with gray. DIST: Florida, throughout the Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 7 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Massala asema Hampson, 1926 (Fig. 85) ID: Medium sized, 3.5 cm wing span, stout bodied, pale brownish species. Wings shaded brown with ill defined, irregular brownish lines, nearly parallel to each other, from costa to dorsum. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Lesmone formularis (Geyer, 1837) (Figs. 90, 91) ID: Medium sized, gray, sexually dimorphic species; males have two wide ill-defined dark gray bands across the wings; in spread specimens the bands are continu- ous, crossing both forewing and hindwing. Females lack these bands, however, the edge of the postmedial band in the hindwing is replaced by a straight yellow fascia running from apex to tornus. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the New World tropics, including Galapagos. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Cassia and Mimosa (Fabaceae). Lesmone hinna (Geyer, 1837) (Figs. 87-89) ID: Same size and similar to L. formularis, but distin- guished by the conspicuous round, pale dot on the forewing cell. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 5 specimens, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Baniana relapsa (Walker, 1858) (Figs. 92, 93) ID: Small to medium sized, pale ochreous, sexually di- morphic species. Male forewing with conspicuous tri- angular black patch near base, close to dorsum; post- medial area black, fading gradually towards termen. Females lack the triangular patch and have the distal area lighter gray, resembling P. immunis, but readily distinguished by the dark brown anterior edge of tho- rax. DIST: Restricted to the Antilles. GUANA: 18 specimens, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Eulepidotis addens (Walker, 1858) (Fig. 95) ID: Small, grayish brown; forewing with three straight lines across, the medial and postmedial double, en- VOLUME 56, NUMBER | closing a conspicuous ochreous band. Hindwing with diffuse orbicular mark followed by a short tail on the lower part of external margin. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 12 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Inga vera Willd. (Fabaceae) (Mar- torell, 1976). Eulepidotis modestula (Herrich-Schiffer, 1869) (Fig. 94) ID: Small, white tinged yellow species, with lines crossing the forewing and a short tail on the hindwing similar to those of former species. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 1 specimen, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Bom- bacaceae) (Martorell 1976). Toxonprucha diffundens (Walker, 1858) (Fig. 96) ID: Small sized, 1.8-2.2 cm wing span, gray species. Highly variable; most specimens have pattern as in Kakopoda progenies (see below). DIST: Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: | specimen, 1990. BIO: Unknown, however, other species in the genus have been reared on Acacia (Fabaceae) (Crumb 1956). Kakopoda progenies (Guenée, 1852) (Fig. 97) ID: Medium sized, 2.5-3.0 cm wing span; broad winged, dark gray moth. Wings crossed with many fine waving lines alternating black and pale. Very similar to, and easily confused with, T. diffundens (see above), but readily separated by size. Smaller specimens of this species are always larger than the largest of the lat- ter. Males are also separated from T. diffundens by the pale brush at the tip of abdomen. DIST: Florida, throughout the Antilles to Brazil. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Unknown. COM: We consider Kakopoda cincta Smith, 1900, new synonym, described from Florida, to represent the same species. Parachabora abydas (Herrich-Schiffer, [1869]) (Fig. 98) ID: Small to medium sized, cupreous brown species; hindwing semitranslucent white, bordered with a wide, diffuse gray area, and veins contrastingly gray. DIST: Mexico, throughout the Antilles, south to Brazil. 33 GUANA: 3 specimens, 1988, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Cecharismena abarusalis (Walker, 1859) (Fig, 99) ID: Small brown species with forewing tinged copper and ferrugineous; apex of forewing pointed. Very sim- ilar to the following, but easily separated by the oblique straight medial line. DIST: Florida, throughout Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 9 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Unknown, however, C. nectarea Moéschler has been reared in Puerto Rico on Caperonia palustris (L.) A. St.-Hil. (Euphorbiaceae) (Schaus 1940). Cecharismena cara Moschler, 1890 (Fig. 100) ID: Same size and easily confused with C. abarusalis. Forewing with violet hue. Readily distinguished from the former by the medial oblique line curved in C. cara and straight in C. abarusalis. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989. BIO: Unknown (see C. abarusalis). Glympis eubolialis (Walker, [1866]) (Fig. 101) ID: Small gray species with forewing crossed, in the middle, with ill defined, straight dark brown band; area distad to this band usually darker than basal area. Shape, size, and color similar to Bleptina species (be- low). Easily distinguished from Bleptina by the porrect labial palpi, which are long and upturned in Bleptina (see below). DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 22 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown, however, the larvae of G. concors were found feeding on Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. (Fabaceae) in Puerto Rico (Martorell 1976). Herminiinae Drepanopalpia lunifera (Butler, 1878), new combination (Figs. 102, 103) ID: Small to medium sized, 1.5-2 em wing span, di- morphic, dark fuscous species. Males have very long labial palpi thickly covered with long scales, reflexed over the head to the posterior margin of thorax. Fe- males have long, porrect palpi. Male forewing with a reniform, pale mark at end of cell; in females this mark is reduced to small dot. DIST: Antilles. 34 GUANA: 9 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Unknown. COM: The series in VOB, including specimens from Guana Island, Tortola, Puerto Rico and Cuba, was com- pared with material in BMNH. Males match the type of Drepanopalpia polycyma Hampson 1898, new syn- onym, and females match the type of Hypena lunifera Butler 1878. D. polycyma is also curated in BMNH as a synonym of Mastigophorus latipennis Herrich-Schiiffer. There is no specimen of M. latipennis in Coll. Gundlach (IES, Havana) where the type material of the Cuban species described by Herrich-Schiiffer is supposed to be deposited. It is possible that some material is in MNHU, Berlin. It is possible that both M. lunifera and M. polycyma are junior synonyms of M. latipennis. Lascoria orneodalis (Guenée, 1854) (Figs. 104, 105) ID: Small to medium sized, 1.5-2 cm wing span, dark fuscous species, resembling D. lunifera. Males have labial palpi as in the former species, but the forewing has a strong indentation at middle of external margin. Females have long upcurved palpi as in Bleptina. DIST: Florida, Antilles. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1987. BIO: Larvae on tomato leaves (Solanaceae) (Martorell 1976). Bleptina hydrillalis Guenée, 1854 (Fig. 108) ID: Dark brown, 1.8-2.0 em wing span; forewing crossed by three, well defined, pale lines: a straight line near base, and two sinuate lines, one after the reniform mark on cell, the other before external margin. Reni- form mark usually pale, but black in some specimens. DIST: Southern United States, Central America, Antilles. GUANA: 34 specimens, 1986, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Bleptina caradrinalis Guenée, 1854 (Figs. 106, 107) ID: About same size as B. hydrillalis, pale, variable. In those specimens with a dark band across forewing, the band is closer to the middle. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, South to Brazil. GUANA: 6 specimens, 1989. BIO: Larvae reported on dead leaves (Kimball 1965). Bleptina menalcasalis Walker, [1859] (Figs. 109, 110) ID: Medium sized, 2.2—2.7 cm wing span, pale species. Forewing diffusely crossed with ill defined, irregular JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY lines. Distinguished from other noctuids of same size by the long, upcurved labial palpi. DIST: Antilles, south to Venezuela. GUANA: 27 specimens, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown, but likely dead leaves (see B. caradri- nalis). Bleptina araealis (Hampson, 1901) (Figs. 167, 168) ID: Very small, 1-1.3 cm wing span, variable, fuscous to dark fuscous species. Forewing often with a dark gray fascia on basal fourth; area basad to fascia paler than rest of wing. Easily distinguished from other small species on the island by the very long upcurved labial palpi and by three very small, round, pale dots on forewing, the first just outside the basal band and the two others close together at end of cell. DIST: Antilles and Florida (Dickel 1991). The first au- thor recently collected one male and one female in Mexico: Tamaulipas, E] Encino. GUANA: 12 specimens, 1987, 1990. BIO: Unknown (see previous species). Hypeninae Hypena lividalis (Hiibner, 1790) (Fig. 111) ID: Small, gray; forewing with straight, white post- medial line; area basad of line olive, area distad gray. DIST: South Palearctic, Pantropical. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Urtica and Parietaria spp. (Lédl 1994:502). COM: Ina revision of the genus, Lédl (1994) listed six synonyms under H. lividalis, two of them originally de- scribed from material collected in the Antilles. Hypena minualis (Guenée, 1854) (Fig. 166) ID: Small, dark gray species with little contrasting markings. Forewing with a slightly paler basal area, separated from the external dark area by an ill defined oblique, dark gray line from near base of costa to mid- dle of dorsum; a faint dash near apex. The palpi re- semble those of female D. polycyma, but readily sepa- rated from the latter by the absence of the pale dot on cell. DIST: Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 3 specimens, 1989. BIO: Larvae on Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) (Fer- guson et al. 1991). VOLUME 56, NUMBER | ARCTIIDAE Arctiinae Hypercompe simplex (Walker, 1855) (Figs. 112, 114) ID: Large, white; forewing with outer half translucent, basal half with a series of annulate black edged spots. Abdomen orange with subdorsal pairs of dark bluish dots. Females much larger than males; spots on the abdomen white. DIST: Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands and Lesser Antilles. GUANA: 6 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Martorell (1976) lists over a dozen hostplants, in- cluding Cedrela (Meliaceae), Cissus (Vitaceae), Erech- totes (Compositae), Erythrina (Fabaceae), Ipomaea (Convolvulaceae), tomato, banana, beans, guava, egg- plant and Solanum torvum Sw. (Solanaceae). COM: Commonly found in the literature, including in Martorell (1976), as Ecpantheria icasia (Cramer), a similar species from continental South America. Calidota strigosa (Walker, 1855) (Fig. 115) ID: Large, gray moth with pink abdomen. Forewing with veins darker than ground color, shortly inter- rupted with pale. Cannot be confused with any other moth from the island. DIST: Antilles and Southern United States. GUANA: 28 specimens, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Dyar (1901:270) reared this species on Guet- tarda elliptica Sw. (Rubiaceae) and described its lar- vae; Martorell (1976) lists the same plant as its host in Puerto Rico. COM: Franclemont (1983) and Watson & Goodger (1986) resurrected, respectively, C. laqueata (Edwards 1887) (type-locality: USA) and C. cubensis (Grote [1866]) (type-locality: Cuba) from the synonymy of strigosa. We believe they are only geographical forms of the same species. In the resting position, the adult looks cryptic but when touched it opens the wings exposing the bright pink abdomen that seems to be aposematic. A speci- men was picked from the collecting sheet by a pearly- eyed thrasher, Margarops fuscatus (Vieillot), and re- jected. The same specimen was placed back on the wall where the bird often perched. The same bird picked up the moth again and then dropped it again (VOB pers. obs.). Eupseudosoma involutum (Sepp, [1855]) (Fig, 116) ID: Medium sized, white moth, with red abdomen. Cannot be confused with any other species in the island. 35 DIST: Southern United States, throughout Antilles, south to Argentina. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1987. BIO: Larvae on guava (Psidium guineense Sw.), Euge- nia, Eucalyptus, and other Myrtaceae. Utetheisa ornatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 117) ID: Medium sized, variable white moth. Most speci- mens have the forewing white, tinged pink, and a pink costa interrupted regularly by dark gray dots. In other specimens most of the white is replaced by pink and the wing is crossed with transverse rows of dark gray dots. The proportion of gray in the hindwing also varies; in some specimens it is restricted to the bor- ders, while in others it covers most of the area. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to Argentina. GUANA: 5 specimens, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on various species of Crotalaria (Fabaceae). COM: Commonly found flying during the day in open, disturbed areas where its host plants often grow. Pease (1973) discussed the variation of this moth in the Vir- gin Islands. Utetheisa pulchella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Fig. 118) ID: Easily confused with the dotted form of U. orna- trix (see above); easily separated by the dots on dor- sum of thorax. Utetheisa ornatrix has three pairs; U. pulchella has only three dots. DIST: Africa and Asia, now established in the New World tropics, but very rare in collections. The first au- thor collected two specimens in Brazil, one at Pipa Beach, south of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, and one in Planaltina, DF, near Brasilia, which is the southern most record for the species in the New World. GUANA: | specimen, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Myosotis (Boraginaceae) and grasses (Hampson 1901). Pericopinae Composia credula (Fabricius, 1775) (Fig. 113) ID: Large, black, with body and wings dotted white; forewing with deep red markings on basal half below costa. DIST: Endemic to the Antilles, this is the only species of the genus found on the Puerto Rican Bank. GUANA: 10 specimens, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Its closest relative, C. fidelissima 36 Herrich-Schiaffer, from Cuba and Florida, has been reared on Canavalia (Fabaceae), oleander (Nerium), and Echites (Apocynaceae) (Kimball 1965). COM: Commonly referred to in the literature by its junior synonym C. sybaris (Cramer). It is a crepuscu- lar moth, commonly found flying along the trails be- fore dark. Todd (1982) states it “occurs throughout the Greater Antilles, and south to Brazil” but that the “continental distribution needs to be studied.” Previ- ous authors (Forbes 1930, Bates 1933) considered it to be endemic to the Antilles. In the series in USNM there is only one non-Antillean specimen, an old spec- imen labeled only “Brazil,” which we believe to be mislabeled. We are not aware of any other continental records for this large and colorful species, which would not be overlooked by collectors. Ctenuchinae Empyreuma pugione (Linnaeus, 1767) (Fig. 119) ID: Large, wasp-like moth with conspicuous red wings and black body. Wings bordered dark gray, and body tinged iridescent green. DIST: Apparently restricted to the Puerto Rican Bank. GUANA: 9 specimens, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on oleander, Nerium oleander L. (Apocy- naceae) (Gundlach 1881). COM: Day flying; very likely a Miillerian mimic of Pepsis rubra (Drury) (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) (R. Snelling det.), as its larvae feed on a toxic plant. Simi- lar to other arctiids, the larvae presumably sequester alkaloids from the host plant. Referred to in the older literature as E. lichas (Cramer). Horama pretus (Cramer, 1777) (Fig. 121) ID: Large, wasp-like, ochreous brown species, distin- guished by the broad white band across base of ab- domen. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 36 specimens, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Cassine xylocarpa Vent. [as Elaeoden- dron xylocarpum|] (Celastraceae) (Wolcott 1951). COM: Day flying, commonly seen visiting flowers. Pre- sumably a Miillerian mimic of Polistes major Palisot de Beavois (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (R. Snelling det.). Horama panthalon (Fabricius, 1793) (Fig. 120) ID: Similar but smaller than H. pretus. Distinguished by pattern on abdomen: only a small white dash across base, followed by alternating ochreous and black bands. JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY DIST: Southern United States, throughout the An- tilles, south to southern Brazil. GUANA: 13 specimens, 1986, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. COM: Dietz and Duckworth (1976) divided the species into three subspecies, assigning the Antillean population to the nominal form. Very likely a Miiller- ian mimic of Polistes crinitus (Felton) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (R. Snelling det.). Cosmosoma achemon (Fabricius, 1781) (Fig. 122) ID: Small, wasp-like moth with unique combination of colors. Mostly orange with vertex of head and subdor- sal sides of abdomen metallic bluish green; forewing with translucent areas. DIST: Antilles south to Brazil. GUANA: 10 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Eunomia colombina (Fabricius, 1793) (Fig. 123) ID: Medium sized, wasp-like moth with black body and translucent wings. Forewing bordered black with a dark, red mark at end of cell connected with costa. Thorax striped white; abdomen with a carmine red band across the base, expanding laterally, followed by a white band, partially interrupted dorsally; the rest banded with alternating, narrow, red and white lines. DIST: Antilles. Hampson (1898) gives also Honduras and Brazil, but the material studied by him should be checked. GUANA: 1 specimen, 1989. BIO: “Oruga en las convolvulaceas” (Gundlach 1881). COM: Listed as E. columbina, a misspelling, by Wol- cott (1951). Nyridela chalciope (Hiibner, [1831]) (Fig. 124) ID: Medium sized, wasp-like, black moth with trans- parent wings. Head, thorax dorsally, base of wings, legs, and abdomen dorsally and laterally with irides- cent blue. Antennae yellow. Forewing bordered black with an oblique transverse band from middle of costa to tornus. DIST: Described from Havana, occurs throughout the West Indies and Central America, south to Panama. GUANA: | specimen, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Cupania americana L. (Sapindaceae) (Moschler 1890). COM: Some authors regard the Central American VOLUME 56, NUMBER | population as belonging to a separate species, N. xanthocera (Walker). Lithosiinae Afrida charientisma Dyar, 1913 (Fig. 169) ID: Very small, 8-12 mm wing span, slightly variable species. Forewing mostly grayish, slightly tinged with green, crossed by alternating, ill defined whitish and dark gray bands. Easily recognized by the antemedial whitish band across forewing, starting from costa and running obliquely outwards to middle, then bent to base towards dorsum. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 27 specimens, 1985, 1986, 1990. BIO: Unknown, however, most of the species of this subfamily are lichen-feeders (Hampson 1900). Progona pallida (Méschler, 1890) (Fig. 170) ID: Small, pale species, with no markings. Forewing slightly dusted gray. DIST: Previously known only from Puerto Rico. GUANA: 6 specimens, 1986, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Lomuna nigripuncta (Hampson, 1900) (Fig. 171) ID: Small, 1.3-1.7 cm wing span, whitish moth. Forewing dusted gray, conspicuously spotted with small, dark gray dots. DIST: Previously known only from Puerto Rico (Field 1952). GUANA: 29 specimens, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1990, 1991. BIO: Unknown. GEOMETRIDAE Oenochrominae Almodes terraria Guenée, [1858] (Fig. 134) ID: Medium sized, gray species. Wings densely dusted with dark gray scales and crossed with pale and dark ill defined, irregular bands. Males easily recognized by the strongly pectinate antennae nearly the length of forewing. Females have a slight olivaceous tinge, and external margins of both wings more strongly dentate. DIST: Southern United States, throughout the Antilles to Colombia. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1990. BIO: Unknown. OW Ennominae Pero rectisectaria (Herrich-Schiffer, [1855]) (Figs. 125, 126) ID: Medium sized, sexually dimorphic, variable species. Males with ground color varying from pale to dark brown; forewing with antemedial band, when visible, strongly bent to the base near costa, post- medial band nearly straight, with area distad to it much paler than rest of wing. Females more reddish brown. Easily distinguished from other species of same size by the conspicuously scalloped forewing margin near apex. DIST: Puerto Rico, throughout the Lesser Antilles. GUANA: 42 specimens, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. COM: Poole (1987), who revised this large genus, stated that “Either it is rare, or it occurs in areas not commonly collected.” Judging from the long series col- lected by us, it is not rare. It was common in October 1989, just after hurricane Hugo, when the first author had dozens of specimens on the light and selected 10 males and 4 females. Oxydia vesulia (Cramer, [1779]) (Fig, 127) ID: Large, extremely variable species, with no two identical specimens. Ground color of both wings vary- ing from pale yellow, through pale gray to brown, clouded and irrorated in various degrees by gray. Forewing with an oblique post medial band from apex to near middle of dorsum. Easily recognized by the white vertex of head. DIST: Southern United States, Antilles, south to Ar- gentina. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1987. BIO: Larvae on Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae), Cinchona (Rubiaceae), Cissampelos (Menispermaceae), Citrus (Rutaceae), Persea (Lauraceae), Rosa (Rosaceae), and Se- curidaca (Polygalaceae) (Martorell 1976, Torres 1992). Erastria decrepitaria (Hiibner, [1823]) (Figs. 128, 129) ID: Medium sized, yellow moth. Sexually dimorphic: males suffused olive, especially forming a wide bar along external margin; females more yellowish with the external olive area reduced to a faint irregular band, with a conspicuous dark spot on the band near the tornus. DIST: Southern United States, throughout Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 4 specimens, 1987, 1989. BIO: Unknown. 38 Sphacelodes fusilineatus (Walker, 1860), revised status (Figs. 130, 131) ID: Medium sized, dimorphic species. Males dark olive brown; forewing crossed with three equidistant, nearly parallel lines and with a subtriangular gray mark on costa between medial and postmedial line. Females brown with lines same as males, but mark on costa absent. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 25 specimens, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. COM: This species has been confused in the literature with S. vulnerarius (Hiibner). The two differ in many features, the most obvious the color of antenna and costal mark of forewing. In S. fusilineatus the antenna and costal mark are light gray, whereas in vulnerarius the antenna is ochreous and the costal mark reddish brown. Sphacelodes fusilineatus was described from material with no locality label. There is a series in VOB collected in Guana, Tortola, St. Thomas, and Cuba. One of these was compared with and matches the type of S. fusilineatus. It is very likely that this is the species referred to by Kimball (1965:192) as “5221, 1S. SP.”, and listed by Ferguson (1983:95) as S. haitiaria Oberthiir. The series of S. vulnerarius in VOB was col- lected in Cuba, Mexico, and Brazil. In Cuba, S. fusilin- eatus was captured at Pinares de Mayari, Holguin, while those of vulnerarius at Vinales, Pinar del Rio. The first locality is dry, similar to the conditions in St. Thomas and Guana, while the second is humid, similar to those areas on the American continent from where the series of S. vulnerarius came. Macaria paleolata (Guenée, [1858]) (Fig. 132) ID: Small, slightly variable, pale species. Wings crossed by two ill defined, nearly straight bands; area distad to postmedial band darker than rest of the wing. Distinguished by head and anterior margin of thorax ochreous. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 24 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown, however, other species of this large genus feed on leguminous species (Fabaceae). COM: This species was transferred from Semiothisa to Macaria by Scoble (1999). It is very likely that other, similar species of the large genus Macaria occur on the island. Patalene ephyrata (Guenée, [1858]) (Fig. 133) ID: Small, variable, pale yellow to pale brown species. Forewing with antemedial band nearly evenly JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY rounded, postmedial band straight to near apex then strongly angled basad to costa. Hindwing with a single, straight band near middle. Distinguished by pointed apex and the sinuate external margin of forewing. DIST: Antilles (Herbulot 1984). GUANA: 41 specimens, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Ficus (Moraceae) and Ricinus (Eu- phorbiaceae) (Brunner et al. 1975). Cyclomia mopsaria Guenée, [1858] (Figs. 182, 183) ID: Small, extremely variable species. Ground color of- ten pale tinged reddish brown, to dark reddish brown. Forewing varying from unmarked to marked with transverse, ill defined, irregular lines. Hindwing pale to orange, often bordered with reddish brown. Similar to small noctuids such as Eublemma spp., but distinguished by the bipectinate antenna in males. Distinguished from other small geometrids by sharply pointed, porrect labial palpi, unusually long for a geometrid. DIST: Antilles, south to Brazil. GUANA: 11 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown, however, Erythroxylum havanense Jacq. (Erythroxylaceae) has been listed as food plant of “Cyllomia sp. [presumably a misspelling] Un gusano medidor,” in Cuba (Brunner et al. 1975). COM: Its extreme variation led to its description sev- eral times. It is likely that after revision more names will be added to the six junior synonyms currently listed (Becker in prep.). Geometrinae Eueana simplaria Herbulot, 1986 (Figs. 12-14, 141, 142) ID: Small to medium sized, bluish green species. Lines on wings almost indistinct. Vertex of head white; abdomen with traces of a whitish line dorsally. Geni- talia (Figs. 12-14) very similar to those of E. niveoci- liaria (Herrich-Schiffer), illustrated in Ferguson (1985: fig. 25a-e). DIST: Guadaloupe. GUANA: 17 specimens, 1986, 1989. BIO: Unknown, but Scoble (1999) records E. niveocil- iaria from Rhamnaceae. COM: Of all “greens” from the island this is the only bluish species, and it is slightly larger than the other species. The subfamily was revised for North America by Ferguson (1985) and for the neotropics by Pitkin (1996). Phrudocentra centrifugarium (Herrich Schiffer, 1870) (Figs. 143-146) ID: Medium sized, extremely variable, bright green species. Some specimens, usually males, have only VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 small, dark brown dots on wings, one on cell and the others along what would be the antemedial and post- medial lines; others have larger marks, of various sizes and shapes, whitish or brownish, above tornus. Ab- domen has a series of minute, white dots dorsally, one on each segment. DIST: Florida, throughout Greater Antilles to Puerto Rico (Ferguson 1985). GUANA: 4 specimens, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae) (Scoble 1999). Chloropteryx paularia (Méschler, 1886) (Fig. 186) ID: Small, olivaceous species. Wings with antemedial and postmedial rows of minute whitish dots forming irregular lines. This is the only species of the green Geometrinae with this color. DIST: Florida, throughout the Antilles. GUANA: 11 specimens, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae) in Florida (Ferguson 1985). Synchlora frondaria (Guenée, [1858]) (Fig. 187) ID: Small, bright green species. Distinguished from S. cupedinaria by the concolorous fringes. DIST: United States, throughout the Antilles, south to Argentina. GUANA: 29 specimens, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Stilingia (Euphorbiaceae), Pluchea, Bidens, Chrysanthemum, Helianthus (Asteraceae), Rubus (Rosaceae), Glycine max (L.) Merr., and Prosopis (Fabaceae) (Ferguson 1985). Synchlora cupedinaria (Grote, 1880) (Fig. 188) ID: Small, bright green species. Wings thickly bor- dered with brown. Thorax and abdomen brown dor- sally; abdomen usually with white dots dorsally. Easily distinguished from the other green Geometrinae by the brown thorax and abdomen. DIST: Florida, throughout Greater Antilles to Virgin Islands, to Nevis (Herbulot 1984). GUANA: 41 specimens, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) (Scoble 1999). Sterrhinae Of all the moths treated in this paper, the Sterrhinae have proven to be most difficult to identify. We have tried to reflect the species concepts as represented in the BMNH and USNM collections, and have followed the 39 generic placements in Scoble (1999). Our dissections of types, as well as Guana specimens, indicate that many problems exist in the existing classification, and full reso- lution of the names is beyond the scope of this paper. Semaeopus malefidarius (Méschler, 1890) (Fig. 135) ID: Medium sized, pale moth densely irrorated with reddish brown scales. Wings crossed with ill defined, hardly contrasting, irregular bands, slightly darker than ground color. DIST: Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. GUANA: 14 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. COM: Closely related to S. castarium (Guenée) from the Greater Antilles. Leptostales noctuata (Guenée, | 1858]) (Figs. 136, 137) ID: Small to medium sized, pale species, densely irro- rated with olive scales. Forewing with antemedial and postmedial bands darker than ground color, termen sinuate, apex pointed. Males show a dark mark on cell; in females this mark is reduced and faint. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 19 specimens, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Acratodes suavata (Hulst, 1900) (Fig. 185) ID: Small, white species; wings crossed with three ill defined, little contrasting, grayish bands; medial and postmedial closer together. The only white geometrid on the island with no contrasting marks on wings. DIST: Southern United States, Antilles. GUANA: 31 specimens, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Randia aculeata L. (Rubiaceae) (Kim- ball 1965). COM: It is very likely that A. virgotus (Schaus), de- scribed from Jamaica, is a synonym. Our series matches the type of A. virgotus in USNM. Lobocleta nymphidiata (Guenée, [1858]) ID: Small, white species with wings crossed with 4-5 narrow, irregular dark brown lines, consisting of rows of dark dots. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: | specimen, 1985. BIO: Unknown. 40 Scopula laresaria Schaus, 1940 (Fig. 178) ID: Small, pale whitish, irrorated with scattered gray scales; forewing crossed with poorly defined, irregular, narrow pale yellowish lines. Same size and color as L. nymphidiata, but readily distinguished by the blackish vertex of head, white in L. nymphidiata. DIST: Puerto Rican bank. GUANA: 9 specimens, 1985, 1988, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Idaea sp., probably I. fernaria (Schaus, 1940), new combination (Figs. 179, 180) ID: Small, light gray, densely irrorated with dark gray scales; wings crossed with three, ill defined, irregular, narrow, dark gray lines more or less interrupted, giving the impression that they are densely dotted; both wings with black dot on cell. Females slightly lighter than males. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 27 specimens, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1987, 1989. BIO: Unknown. COM: Based on the structure of male genitalia and eigth sternite of a male paratype, this species does not belong in Scopula, so we are provisionally transferring it to Idaea fernaria, new combination, following the generic concept of Holloway (1997). The Guana spec- imens are very similar to the type series of Idaea fernaria, but differ in the size of the long expansion on the juxta. In Guana specimens it is much longer than in a paratype of I. fernaria, nearly the size of the val- vae, expanding beyond the uncus. Idaea fernaria is ex- ternally similar to I. amnesta (Prout, 1922), from Ja- maica, but the male genitalia are very different. “Idaea” monata (Forbes in Ramos, [1947]) (Figs. 172, 173) ID: Very small, gray species; antemedial and post- medial lines dark gray, strongly contrasting, especially in the males; in some males the area between the two lines are dusted dark gray, forming a wide band across the wings. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 29 specimens, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1988, 1990. BIO: Unknown. COM: This species is very similar to Idaea insulensis (Rindge, 1958), from Florida, but differs in the base of the valvae being more expanded in I. insulensis than in I. monata, although study of extensive series could show this to be interspecific variation. Based on the JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY structure of the male genitalia (Rindge 1958:fig. 9), neither I. monata or I. insulensis are properly placed in Idaea (cf. Holloway 1997), but recognition of the proper generic placement is beyond the scope of this paper. Weakly patterned individuals of I. monata are similar externally to Lobocleata nataria (Walker, 1866), but the male genitalia do not match the type of L. nataria in BMNH. Idaea minuta (Schaus, 1901) (Figs. 176, 177) ID: Very small, 8-10 mm wing span, pale species. Wings crossed with several, narrow, ill defined, irregu- lar, light brown lines. One of the smallest geometrid species on the island. DIST: Antilles, USA. GUANA: 19 specimens, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989. BIO: Unknown. COM: Specimens belonging to this series were identi- fied as I. minuta by C. Covell, and also matched the type of Ptychopoda curtaria Warren 1904, new syn- onym, from Jamaica, in BMNH. Idaea eupitheciata (Guenée, [1858]) (Figs. 174, 175) ID: Very small, sexually dimorphic, pale species, with wings crossed with irregular reddish brown bands. Males paler than females; forewing with small tuft of dark scales near dorsum; hindwing with a small tail near tornus. Females darker than males and without the tufts and tails. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 16 specimens, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Leptostales phorcaria (Guenée, [1858]) (Fig. 181) ID: Small, reddish brown; wings crossed with narrow, ill defined, irregular, yellowish lines; thorax dorsally and forewing costa yellow. Cannot be confused with any other species on the island. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989. BIO: Unknown. Leptostales oblinataria Méschler, 1890 (Fig. 184) ID: Small, olivaceous species, with a broad reddish brown band across the forewing, delimited by medial and postmedial bands. Some specimens with this band faded. Cannot be confused with any other species on the island. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 DIST: Southern United States, Antilles, into South America (Covell 1969). GUANA: 15 specimens, 1988, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. Larentiinae Obila praecurraria (Méschler, 1890) (Fig. 138) ID: Large species with velvet moss green forewing and orange ochreous hindwing. Forewing crossed with nu- merous alternating pale and dark gray waving bands. Hindwing with a wide gray band extending inwards, along internal margin, to the base. Female with middle of forewing crossed with a wide, irregular whitish band. DIST: Antilles. GUANA: 1| specimen, 1989. _ BIO: Unknown. COM: Our specimen matches the type of Pterocypha xantholiva Warren, 1895, synonymized with this by Schaus (1940:326). Pterocypha defensata Walker, 1862, revised status (Figs. 139, 140) ID: Medium sized, variable, moss gray. Similar to O. praecurraria, but slightly smaller and lacking the or- ange ochreous hindwing color. DIST: Southem United States, Antilles. GUANA: 20 specimens, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990. BIO: Unknown. COM: Commonly referred to in the literature, includ- ing Scoble (1999), by its synonym P. floridata (Walker), but P. defensata was described in 1862 and P. floridata in 1863, so defensata has priority. HYBLAEIDAE Hyblaea puera (Cramer, 1777) (Fig. 150) ID: Medium sized, fuscous species with hindwing beautifully decorated with yellow to orange patches. Abdomen dorsally crossed with narrow lines behind each segment. DIST: Pantropical. GUANA: 2 specimens, 1989, 1990. BIO: Larvae on Crescentia cujete L., Spatodea cam- panulata P. Beauv., Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Brit- ton (Bignoniaceae), and Petitia domingensis Jacq. (Verbenaceae) (Martorell 1976). Considered as a mi- nor pest of forest trees in Puerto Rico (Torres 1994). Immature stages described by Singh (1995). COM: Taxonomy of the related species discussed by Berio (1967), but H. puera apparently represents a species complex (Shaffer & Nielsen 1996). 41 COSSIDAE Psychonoctua personalis Grote, 1865 (Figs. 147-149) ID: Medium to large, 2-4.5 cm wing span, narrow winged, gray species. The short, strongly pectinate an- tennae, and abdomen thickly clothed with long scales makes it easily recognized from any other large moths on the island. DIST: Antilles and Mexico. GUANA: 5 specimens, 1990. BIO: The larvae are wood borers in many trees, some- times causing severe damage to orange, coffee, white mangle, sea grape, etc. (Wolcott 1951). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sampling on Guana Island was supported by The Conservation Agency, through a grant from the Faleconwood Corporation. We thank James Lazell for providing arrangements to work on the is- land. George Proctor, formerly of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources, provided information on plants. Research facili- ties were provided by the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution and the Natural History Museum, London. We thank Robert W. Poole and Douglas C. Ferguson (both formerly U.S. Dept. Agriculture Systematic Entomology Laboratory), Martin R. Honey (BMNH), Charles Covell (University of Louisville, Ken- tucky), Jean-Marie Cadiou, John Wilterding and Morton S. Adams for assistance with moth identifications. Poole also allowed us to in- clude his generic description in the appendix. Roy Snelling (Los An- geles County Museum) provided identifications of wasps. Liao Wei- Ping identified the birds. The plates were photographed by Chip Clark (Smithsonian), with assistance from Ronald W. Hodges (USDA). John Brown and Michael Pogue reviewed the manuscript. Karolyn Darrow and Maia Vaswani provided assistance at USNM and BMNH, respectively. The line drawings of genitalia were pre- pared by W. Cavalcanti, EMBRAPA-CPAC. 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Because this fascicle will not be published in the foreseeable future, the author has permitted us include the new generic name here, in order to allow us to describe Catabenoides lazelli in the proper place. ] Type-species: Adipsophanes terminellus Grote, 1883 Catabenoides contains the majority of the species previously placed in Catabena. The genus appears to be an outlier of a large group in southern South America, primarily Paraguay and Argentina. The genus is postulated to be closest phylogentically to Catabena and Neogalea, but it has a number of curious synapomorphies making its affinities somewhat prob- lematical. The principle identifying characters are in the male and female genitalia. In the male valve the bottom margin of the sacculus in both the right and left valves is produced into a long process separate from the clasper. The ventral margins of the valvae have strong elongate setae. The sacculus is lightly chi- tinized proximal to the clasper separating off a much more heavily sclerotized plate. In addition to the three species known from North America (the type species, C. vitrina (Walker), new combination, and C. divisa (Herrich-Schiffer), new combination), there is one previously described species; Catabenoides seorsa (Todd) (Catabena seorsa Todd), new combination, from the Galapagos Is- lands. There are two undescribed species in the West Indies [one of these is described herein as C. lazelli], one undescribed species from central Mexico, and at least two unnamed species from Paraguay. The exact affinities of Catabenoides, Catabena, and Neogalea with the Argentina and Chilean faunas remain to be determined. The single remaining described species in “Catabena” of Poole (1989), Laphygma terens Walker, was described from “Venezuela.” The type is rubbed and its abdomen is missing. I have not been able to match it with any specimens from the extensive Venezuela material in the USNM. It appears superfi- cially to be a Catabenoides. Therefore for book-keeping purposes, I place it as Catabenoides terens (Walker), new combination. JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY Description. Head: Lashes absent; eyes large, naked; frons slightly swollen, very closely scaled; an- tenna simple, faintly ciliate; palpi unremarkable for the tribe; proboscis normal; two thin ridges of flattened scales between the bases of the antennae. Thorax: Patagia capable of being raised in a hood; vestiture of dorsum of thorax of flattened scales without hairs; slight metathoracic tuft; vestiture of wings of flattened scales; no sign of sexually modified scales in male. Pro- thoracic leg: Tibia with later ridge of hair giving it a flattened look; no tibial claw; tibia approximately as long as first three tarsal segments; first four tarsal seg- ments with three rows of spines; tarsal claw without a tooth. Mesothoracic and metathoracic legs: Proxi- mal third of tibia with tuft of long hairs and scales; tibia approximately as long as first three tarsal segments. External tympanic region: Approximately as in Supra- lathosea Barnes & Benjamin, however, first tergum much shorter than in Catabena and Supralathosea and with a strong definite proximal lip as in Apharetra Grote; hood strong. Internal tympanic region: Not examined. Abdomen: Very weak tuft on first tergite; male with basal hair pencils and accessory hair pencils in known species. Eighth sternum with strong row of hairs in middle of U-shaped pleurite. Male genitalia (Figs. 2, 3): Valvae characterized by production of ventral mar- gin of sacculus into a process of various shapes; ventral margin of valvae with strong modified setae; a weak un- sclerotized area before origin of clasper; uncus swollen with an apical tooth; juxta a single pointed plate; vesica in type species elongate-ovate, connected by a short neck to body of aedeagus; type species with a group of elongate, fused spines at apex of vesica and with groups of short, stubby spines near the middle and ventral margin of the vesica; vesica variable in other species. Female genitalia: Ovipositor lobes square, unmodified; ductus bursa well sclerotized, elongate, mushroom shaped in type species, separated by a dis- tinct junction from the heavily sclerotized upper part of bursa; bursa bilobed, but lobes not distinctly separate; corpus bursae with stellate ridges, but no signum. Larva and foodplants: Unknown for North American species but recorded as Lantana peduncularis Andersson (Ver- benaceae) in Catabenoides seorsa from the Galapagos. Robert W. Poole Nearctica Rockville, Maryland BOOK REVIEWS Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Societ 56(1), 2002, 45-46 THE FAMILIES OF MALESIAN MOTHS AND BUTTER- FLIES, by J. D. Holloway, G. Kibby and D. Peggie, with contributions by D. Carter and S. E. Miller and photo- graphic color plates by B. D’Abrera. 2001. Brill Aca- demic Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands. ISBN 90-04- 11846-2. List Price: U.S. $124, EUR 118, NLG 222.57 This important treatment of the Lepidoptera is part three of the Fauna Melesiana Handbook series. For those wanting the basic systematics, morphology and biology, and to identify families of butterflies and moths quickly and easily, this is the handbook for you. But it is much more than that. The scholarship and writing style provide historical and current perspec- tives of where interesting research questions lie. Al- though expensive, this well produced, solidly bound book will remain an important resource for research on Lepidoptera for many years to come. Chapter 1 introduces principles and practices of classification, phylogenetic relationships, diversity, and biogeography of Malesian Lepidoptera. The tone is a balance of engaging enthusiasm for the Lepidoptera and a rigorous understanding of their systematics that is at a gentle simmer rather than a furious boil. Al- though the systematic techniques advocated utilize strict methods, they are elegantly interjected such that the reader is drawn in and convinced of their impor- tance rather than bludgeoned in fundamentalist man- ner as in many modern treatments. This chapter also includes a useful section (contributed by D. Carter) on the practicalities of making, studying and managing collections. Chapter 2 is a uniformly excellent summary of early stage and adult morphology supported with lucid, an- notated illustrations. It demystifies the morphology of Lepidoptera such that one is eager to have a look for oneself. As such Chapter 2 is certain to be consulted repeatedly by veterans wanting comparative facts and reminders, and because of its clarity it will also inspire up-and-coming generations of lepidopterists. The di- rect, simple style of enthusiasm is once again more en- gaging than the obfuscated technicalities given in many texts of this type. Chapter 3 is concerned with identification. Rather than simply presenting a key that is logical only to those who wrote it, the authors give a short review of previous identification keys pertinent to the fauna, and provide cautions for the beginning lepidopterist (or re- minders to the veterans) that few specimens that come in for examination are “perfect” —perfection being an implicit assumption in all keys. The authors engender a suspicion that one must develop an appreciation for the variation in specimen condition, and then through practice, a familiarity with the major groups, and even- tually experience will aid the user in identifying the specimen at hand. In essence the authors acknowledge that mistakes are normal in the course of learning, and that one must learn to read between the lines of spec- imens, so to speak. To this end we are shown that cer- tain characters in the key are important: venation, tym- bal organs, head structures, and even resting postures of the live insects, but they may show variation, and this is interesting. Proceed to the keys with confidence. Here we find a no-nonsense approach that not only in- cludes keys to adults, but subsequent treatments of larvae also point to important characters (not just tech- nical ones) that easily separate various groups: prolegs, spines, hairs, filaments and beyond. Finally we are provided a summary of the foods caterpillars in major groups feed upon (leaves, bark, wood, roots, fungus, other insects, etc.), and the major themes of host plant associations in the various families. Chapter 4 provides the banquet: detailed accounts of each family that offer pertinent taxonomic, behav- ioral and ecological characteristics for each group. The experience distilled over a lifetime study of the Lepi- doptera supplies the rhythms, melody, tenor and taste- ful improvisation. The accounts are extremely well done, and here I seem to detect Holloway’s literary stamp—an inherent mixture of classical scholarship and awareness of new horizons. We are offered eight color plates that are uniformly excellent. However, given the thoroughness and scope of the text (and the monetary price), one immediately asks the question, why so few? Whatever the con- straints were during production it is unfortunate that this book was not allocated many more color plates. An increased number of plates would have gained a wider audience and amplified the accessibility of an already impressive work. There are two appendices. The first compares species richness of families among relevant areas, and puts them into context of the world fauna. Those in- terested in comparative diversity will use this section. The second appendix is a comprehensively detailed tabulation of known pest species, thus providing an important resource for those with a leaning toward the agricultural. And then there is the reference section. Admirable. Wonderfully rich. Redolent of quiet, vertical tasting within the cellars of classical scholars. One could, and should get lost within this section for years to come. What more can I say? 46 The two indexes, one to morphological and the sec- ond to the scientific names, are both equally good. However, confining the indexes only to these topics does omit some things in the behavioral and evolution- ary realm that would be of interest to many users. For example, a favorite topic of mine, myrmecophily, is not in either index. Rather, the trait must be sought via browsing with prior suspicion in particular groups (some Lycaenidae and Riodinidae). But the fact that myrmecophily also occurs in other, less well-known groups (e.g., Cyclotornidae) cannot be accessed via the index, it must be stumbled upon. A general index would have been welcome and useful indeed. It may be one of those humorous examples where British and Americans are ‘divided by a common lan- guage’, but I was puzzled by one word choice. In this book the term used to denote the need for experience to develop a “gestalt” to identify various groups has re- peatedly and amusingly sprung unbidden to my mind. The fact that experience imparts the ability to cor- rectly identify butterflies and moths by a “feel” is a very real phenomenon among experts. But using the word “jizz” to describe the result of that mental process (and including it in the index) conjures up dated, but seminal anene an hipster slang that typically means something altogether different. What an interesting ex- periment in linguistic evolution has been set in motion! In sum, I believe this important handbook will in- spire genuine enthusiasm for a hands-on research ap- proach to topics concerned with Lepidoptera. We need more books of this type to counter the facile “look but don’t touch” method of studying the natural world that is advocated by the popular media, and the authors are to be congr: atulated on their ability to rise above this. The serious students of Lepidoptera (cur- rent and future) who will make fundamental contribu- tions toward understanding the natural world will thank the authors for this handbook. P. J. DEVrIES, Center for Biodiversity Studies, Mil- waukee Public Museum, 800 West Wells St., Milwau- kee, Wisconsin 53233, USA. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56(1), 2002, 46-47 THE GEOMETRID MOTHS OF EUROPE, VOLUME 1, IN- TRODUCTION, ARCHIEARINAE, ORTHOSTIXINAE, DESMO- BATHRINAE, ALSOPHILINAE, GEOMETRINAE, by Axel Hausmann. 2001. Apollo Books. Stenstrup, Denmark. 282 pp., 8 color plates. 17 cm by 24 cm. ISBN: 87- 88757-35-8. Retail cost DKK 490,00 (approximately JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY USD 61.00). Hard cover. A 10% discount is offered to subscribers of the series when ordered from Apollo Books. Before the 1968 reprint of Holland’s Moth Book by Dover Press, it was not easy for many average persons in the U.S.A. to study moths, beyond the Golden Na- ture Guide. Shortly following Dover's 1968 reprint, Ronald W. Hodges (1971) gave us the first, Sphingi- dae, of several volumes in the exquisite Moths of America North of Mexico series. Charlie Covell’s ea- gerly awaited Field Guide to Eastern Moths in 1984 was aimed at a general audience. My fellow moth-enthusiast acquaintances often mention their awe at which the Europeans publish smartly produced, high quality, pithy, and easy to use books on moths, not only of a general nature, but also for the specialist. Such are two new books from Apollo Books; The Geometrid Moths of Europe Volume 1, and The Sesiidae of Europe. This is a review of the former. Wow!! What a book! This is terrific. My first impres- sion was “They did it again” or to be more specific “Peder Skou did it again.” Skou’s Apollo Books, long a publishing house of high quality scientific poole is here again with another tome—one that will be refer- enced for many years to come. The European users of this book will have much more to say about the nomenclature and systematics. As a general volume on Geometridae, it is terrific. As a general volume on moths it is terrific. As a general volume on much of Lepidoptera, it is terrific. Axel Hausmann, the author of Volume 1 is the Edi- tor-in-Chief of a project planned to cover 6 volumes. Volume | is full of general information and an appeal for assistance with the remaining volumes. When I first looked at this hoot I liked it. Then I scanned and began to see the goodies. Then I read it in detail, and I was overwhelmed. This is a must read for all persons interested in Geometridae anywhere. The introductory sections are an extremely valuable important read for all persons interested in Lepi- doptera. There are many reasons why I am so enthusiastic: 1. The distribution maps provide two sets of data si- multaneously. Black dots show the exact sites of speci- mens examined for this publication. Gray shading shows where the species might be seen. The gray shading represents extrapolated distributions based on ideal habitats, known dispersal patterns, and previ- ously published distributions. 2. The introductory sections provide information on many ancillary subjects, of interest to persons studying VOLUME 56, NUMBER 1 Lepidoptera, but most often available only in more specialized publications. Do you want to know more about “r-strategists,” “K-strategists,” and the “r-K- continuum” of “bionomic strategy?” Information can be found here. Do you want to know more about the dynamics of Zoogeography including areal expansions and areal re- gressions? Do you want to know more about mor- phology (structures) with definitions and illustrations of the areole, connate and anastomosis veins, sexual and seasonal dichroism, ommatidium, chaetosema, flagellum, tergum, sternum, papillae anales, collicu- lum, hypognathous, holometabolism, and cremaster without the need for several other books? It’s all here. 3. The concept of cladistic analysis, with its own jar- gon (three examples are monophyly, paraphyletic, and | plesiomorphic), often appears in journals and at meet- ings of Lepidopterists. For the initiated, including most persons with an avocational interest in butterflies and moths, the strange language is impenetrable for understanding. Not any more. Hausmann provides a dictionary of many common terms and their meanings followed by the application of the concept to the phy- logeny of the Geometridae. This is not a course on cladistics, but it provides often-used terms in a context providing quick overview. These few paragraphs can be indispensable for understanding what the authors of more complicated papers are saying. 4, Hausmann explains the concepts of variation, sea- sonal variation, sexual variation, normal variation, all of which are richly illustrated with color photos. 5. A combination of photographs and drawing are used to illustrate structural features of adults, anten- nae, legs, genitalia, larvae, pupae, eggs, and other mor- phological characters. We often look at drawings be- cause we understand a picture is worth 1000 words. Hausmann provides all methods of explaining and in- terpreting important features of Lepidoptera and Geometridae. 6. The concepts of species, subspecies, clines, hy- brids, and normal variations are discussed. 7. I really like the sections on Taxonomy and Nomenclature. The taxonomy of the subfamilies of Geometridae is given followed in a few pages with a brief lesson on nomenclature and the Code of Zoolog- ical Nomenclature (1999). Hausmann refers to the newest version of the code and defines terms such as synonymy, homonymy, priority, invalid names, avail- ability of names, and the different kinds of types. We often see and use these terms. Here they are defined for quick reference. The caution that all is not always as it seems is also given in a few Problematic cases. You can have all this for the low price of $61.00 USD, but wait, there’s more. The first 79 pages of the book are worth the purchase price, but when you buy this book you also get 130 pages of very well prepared species accounts, eight color plates, 18 pages of geni- talia drawings, a systematic checklist, 20 pages of bib- liography, and two indices, an Index to subjects and taxa, and an Index to Scientific Names. Hausmann doesn't miss anything. The text is full of literature cita- tions for persons wanting more information. He indi- vidually credits each photographer and artist for the excellent text illustrations. It’s all here. The only thing missing is keys. I like well-prepared keys, and this book has no keys. The well-prepared di- agnoses and discussions of similar species are a good replacement for the keys. Overall the volume is pleasingly and expertly con- structed. The decorative cloth cover is attractive, and the book is Smythe sewn. A Smythe sewn book has threads through the folds of the paper on the inside margin. A Smythe sewn book lies flat when open, and individual pages never fall out. The insides are clean, and clearly written with a comfortable typeface and large font. The color illustrations are very sharp. The production of the book is consistently very high quality. I highly recommend this book for all persons inter- ested in Lepidoptera. For persons studying Geometri- dae the taxonomy presented here is required. For all other persons, this is a great example of the qualities of a very good book. The information within is very valu- able. This book is very good value. Eric H. METZLER, The Ohio Lepidopterists, 1241 Kildale Sq. N., Columbus, Ohio 43229-1306, USA. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56(1), 2002, 48 MANUSCRIPT REVIEWERS FOR 2001 (VOLUME 55) Manuscript reviewers are anonymous contributors to the scientific rigor, clarity and quality of text and illustrations in the papers published by the Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society. The reviewers’ input is always valuable, but their swift response was especially critical during a time when we needed to expedite the publication of volume 55. Let us hope such enthusiastic response continues to allow the Journal to grow in readership. On behalf of all au- thors and editorial staff of this Journal, respectful acknowledgements are given to the reviewers listed here. Aster- isks denote those who reviewed two or more manuscripts. Adamsky, David; Washington, DC Aiello, Annette; Panama City, Panama Austin, George; Las Vegas, NV Balogh, George; Portage, MI *Bowers, Deane; Boulder, CO Brower, Andy; Corvallis, OR *Brown, John; Washington, DC Brown, Richard; Mississippi State, MS Burns, John; Washington, DC Chew, Francie; Medford, MA Debinski, Diane; Ames, IA *DeVries, Phil; Milwaukee, WI *Dirig, Robert; Ithaca, NY Fahrig, Lenore; Ottawa, Canada Hodges, Ronald; Eugene, OR Lafontaine, Don; Ottawa, Canada Land, Michael; Brighton, England Landolt, Peter; Wapato, WA McCabe, Timothy; Albany, NY Metzler , Eric; Columbus, OH Miller, William; Saint Paul, MN Nijhout, Fred; Durham, NC *Oliver, Jeff; Louisville, CO Peigler, Richard; San Antonio, TX *Penz, Carla; Milwaukee, WI Porter, Adam; Medford, MA Powell, Jerry; Berkeley, CA Prudic, Katy; Louisville, CO *Robbins, Robert; Washington, DC Rubinoff, Dan; Berkeley, CA Rutowski, Ron; Tempe, AZ Solis, M. Alma; Washington, DC Sperling, Felix; Edmonton, Canada Wagner, David; Storrs, CT Wahlberg, Niklas; Stockholm, Sweden *Weiss, Martha; Washington, DC Weller, Susan; Saint Paul, MN White, Raymond; Palo Alto, CA Youngstaedt, Elsa; Milwaukee, WI EDITORIAL STAFF OF THE JOURNAL Carta M. Penz, Editor Department of Invertebrate Zoology Milwaukee Public Museum Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 USA flea@mpm.edu Pur DeVries, Book Review Editor Center for Biodiversity Studies Milwaukee Public Museum _ Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233 USA pjd@mpm-edu Associate Editors: Gerrarpo Lamas (Peru), Kenetm W. Pump (USA), Roserr K. Roppins (USA), Fe.ix Spertinc (Canada), Davin L. Wacner (USA), Curister WikLunp (Sweden) sa NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Contributions to the Journal may deal with any aspect of Lepidoptera study. Categories are Articles, Profiles, General Notes, Techni- cal Comments, Book Reviews, Obituaries, Feature Photographs, and Cover Illustrations. Obituaries must be authorized by the president of the society. Requirements for Feature Photographs and Cover Illustrations are stated in Volume 44(2):111 and on the Society's web site at http://www-furman.edu/~snyder/snyder/lep/. Send Journal submissions to the editor at the above address (or electronically to: flea@mpm.edu). Contributors should feel free to recommend one or two reviewers upon submission of their manuscript. Send requests to review books for the Journal and book re- view manuscripts to Phil DeVries at the above address (or electronically to: pj}d@mpm.edu). Short manuscripts concerning new state records, current events, and notices should be sent to the News, Phil Schappert, Dept. Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA (or electronically to: philjs@mail.utexas.edu). Before submitting manuscripts or electronic files, consult instructions in vol- ume 55(1):46—-49 or the Society's web site at http://www.furman.edu/~snyder/snyder/lep/. Submit manuscripts in triplicate, typewritten, entirely double-spaced, with wide margins, on one side only of white letter-sized pa- per. Prepare manuscript according to the following instructions, and submit them flat, not folded. Submit original illustrations only af- ter the manuscript has been revised and accepted. Authors should provide a diskette copy of the final accepted manuscript in a stan- dard PC or Macintosh-based word processing format. Abstract: Include an informative abstract for Articles, Profiles, and Technical Comments. Additional key words: Up to five key words or terms not in the title should accompany Articles, Profiles, General Notes, and ‘Technical Comments. Text: Write with precision, clarity and economy, and use the active voice and the first person whenever appropriate. Make title explicit, descriptive, and as short as possible. The first mention of a plant or animal in the text should include the full scientific name with author, and family. Use metric units for measurements, and a 24-h clock (0930 h, not 9:30 AM) to express time. Underline only where italics are intended. Literature cited: References to Articles, Profiles, General Notes, and Technical Comments should be given as Sheppard (1959) or (Sheppard 1959, 1961a,b) and listed alphabetically under the heading Liverature Crtep, in the following format and without un- derlining: a Sueprarp, P. M. 1959. Natural selection and heredity. 2nd ed. Hutchinson, London. 209 pp. 196la. Some contributions to population genetics resulting from the study of the Lepidoptera. Adv. Genet. 10:165-216. Illustrations: Illustrate only half of symmetrical objects such as adults with wings spread, unless whole illustration is crucial. Mount photographs and drawings on stiff, white backing, arranged in the desired format. Bear in mind that your illustrations will be reduced to fit a Journal page (plan to make lettering sufficiently large) and that the figure legend will appear at the bottom of the page (Journal page: 16.5 cm width, 22.5 em height). Ilustrations larger than letter-size are not acceptable and should be reduced photographically to that size or smaller, On the back of each illustration, print the author's name and figure numbers as cited in the text. Figures, both line drawings and photographs, should be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals; do not use “plate.” Type » figure legends double-spaced, on a separate sheet (not attached to the illustrations), headed Exp.anation or Ficures. Use a separate paragraph for each legend. Color illustrations are encouraged; contact editor for submission requirements and cost. Tables: Number tables consecutively in Arabic numerals. Label them in small caps (e.g., Tate 1.) and use a concise and infor- mative heading. Type each table on a separate sheet and place after the Literature Cited section, with the approximate desired po- sition indicated in the text. Avoid vertical lines and vertical writing. Voucher specimens; When appropriate, manuscripts must namie a public repository where specimens documenting the iden- tity of organisms can be found. Kinds of reports that require vouchering include descriptions of new taxa, life histories, host associ- ations, immature morphology, and some experimental studies. Proofs: The edited manuscript and galley proofs will be mailed to the author for correction of printer's errors. Excessive author's changes will be charged to authors at the rate of $3.00 per line. A purchase order for reprints will accompany proofs. Page charges: For authors affiliated with institutions, page charges are $50 per Journal page. For authors without institutional support, page charges are $25 per Journal page. For authors who are not members of the Society, page charges are $75 per Journal page. Authors unable to pay page charges for any reason should apply to the editor at the time of submission for a reduced rate or free publication. Authors of Book Reviews and Obituaries are exempt from page charges. Correspondence: Address all matters relating to the Journal to the editor. Address book reviews directly to the book review editor. PRINTED BY THE ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044 U.S.A. Lire ais MATURE STAGES O] _. W. Peacock and Jeffrey R. Slotte: a eee a MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES VoLuME 1, © This paper meets the require Techie } Volume 56 Number 2 , 30 April 2002 ISSN 0024-0966 Journal af the Lepidopterists’ Society oe Published quarterly by The Lepidopterists’ Society THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Joun W. Brown, President Susan S. Borkxin, Vice President Micuaet J. Smrru, Immediate Past President Mirna M. Casacranbe, Vice President Manue. A: Batcazar-Lara, Vice President Davin C. Irrner, Treasurer Ernest H, Wittiams, Secretary Members at large: Ronald L. Rutowski M. Deane Bowers George L. Balogh Felix A. H. Sperling Ron Leuschner Andrew V. Z. Brower > Andrew D. Warren Michael Toliver Brian Scholtens EDITORIAL BOARD Rozert K. Rossins (Chairman), Joun W. Brown (Member at large) Carta M. Penz (Journal) Wirwtam E. Minter (Memoirs) Puiture J. Scuappert (News) Honorary Lir—E MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY Cuarves L. Remincton (1966), E. G. Munroe (19783), Ian F. B. Common (1987), Joun G. FRancLEmMont (1988), Lincoin P. Brower (1990), Doucias C. Fercuson (1990), Hon. Miriam Rotuscuitp (1991), Cuaupe Lemaire (1992), Frepericx H. Rinpce (1997) The object of The Lepidopterists’ Society, which was formed in May 1947 and formally constituted in December 1950, is “to pro- mote the science of lepidopterology in all its branches, .. . to issue a periodical and other publications on Lepidoptera, to facilitate the exchange of specimens and ideas by both the professional worker and the amateur in the field; to secure cooperation in all mea- sures” directed towards these aims. Membership in the Society is open to all persons interested in the study of Lepidoptera. All members receive the Journal and the News of The Lepidopterists’ Society. Prospective members should send to the Assistant Treasurer full dues for the current year, to- gether with their full name, address, and special lepidopterological interests. In alternate years a list of members of the Society is is- _ sued, with addresses and special interests. Active members—annual dues $45.00 within the U.S., $50.00 outside the U.S. Affiliated members—annual dues $10.00 within the U.S., $15.00 outside the U.S. Student members—annual dues $20.00 within the U.S., $25.00 outside the U.S. Sustaining members—annual dues $60.00 within the U.S., $65.00 outside the U.S. Life members—single sum $1,800.00 Institutional subscriptions—annual $60.00 Airmail postage for the News $15.00 Send remittances, payable to The Lepidopterists’ Society, to: Kelly M. Richers, Asst. Treasurer, 9417 Carvalho Court, Bakersfield, CA 93311; and address changes to: Julian P. Donahue, Natural History Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007-4057. se For information about the Society, contact: Ernest H. Williams, Department of Biology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY 13323. To order back issues of the Memoirs, write for availability and prices to Kelly M. Richers, Asst. Treasurer, 9417 Carvalho Court, Bakers- field, CA 93311. The additional cost for members outside the U-S. is to cover mailing costs. Journal of The Lepidopterists’ Society (ISSN 0024-0966) is published quarterly by The Lepidopterists’ Society, % Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007-4057. Periodicals postage paid at Los Angeles, CA and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Lepidopterists’ Society, % Natural History Museum, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007-4057. Cover illustration: Euphaedra edwardsi (Nymphalidae), occurring from Sierra Leone to Nigeria and Cameroon. This specimen was _ photographed in Uganda by P. J. DeVries. JOURNAL OF Toe LeEpiporpTeEeRiIsts’ SOCIETY Volume 56 Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56(2), 2002, 49-52 2002 Number 2 WINSLOW J. HOWARD: PIONEER NEW MEXICO NATURALIST STEVEN J. CARY 202 Solana Drive, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA ABSTRACT. Winslow J. Howard arrived in Santa Fe, New Mexico in 1858. He helped found the original New Mexico Historical Society in 1859. Over the next 30 years Howard moved between mining towns, operating jewelry, watch-making and assay businesses in several states throughout the West. His longest stay in any one place may have been in Silver City, New Mexico, from 1880 to 1887. Howard's natural history interests included minerals, fossils, plants and insects. He collected some of the oldest documented butterfly specimens from Colorado and New Mexico. Howard was an important early amateur naturalist in the western United States and the first resident butterfly collector in New Mexico. Additional key words: _assayer, jeweler, history, naturalist, genealogy, patronym, natural history. To modern New Mexico lepidopterists, W. J. Howard has been little more than a footnote associ- ated with a few late 19th century butterfly records from southwestern New Mexico (e.g., Toliver et al. 1994:401). His role was preserved by Cockerell (1899), who discussed several New Mexico butterflies includ- ing “14 species collected by Mr. W. J. Howard in Grant County, N. M.” Howard's modest lot consisted of Adel- pha bredowii Geyer, Eurema nicippe (Cramer), Colias eurytheme Boisduval, Zerene cesonia (Stoll), Chlosyne lacinia (Geyer), Euptoieta claudia (Cramer), Vanessa virginiensis (Drury), Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus), Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus), Thessalia theona (Ménétriés), Thessalia fulvia (W. H. Edwards), Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus), and Cercyonis pegala (Fabricius). His specimen of T. theona is in the collec- tion of the Biology Department at New Mexico State University. Most of these taxa are routine in south- western New Mexico. Cockerell (1899) offered no clues about Howard’s whereabouts, when Howard’s specimens were collected, or how they came into Cockerell’s possession. This author remained curious about Howard's identity and collecting activities in frontier New Mexico. MATERIALS AND METHODS Howard provoked mild curiosity among historians and scientists over the years. Rocky Mountain biolo- gists (i.e., Brown 1957, 1966) were curious about Howard's role as an early collector of specimens, some of which became types. New Mexico historians (e.¢., Bloom 1943, Torrez 1997) were curious because he helped to found the original New Mexico Historical Society. Though neither group benefited from the ef- forts of the other, their publications represent a collec- tion of secondary sources that, when taken together, opened doors to valuable primary resources. Old newspapers, originally noted by Brown as a key resource about Howards activities, also proved vital in this present study. Microfiche copies of old newspa- pers were examined at the Museum of New Mexico's History Library (MNMHL) in Santa Fe, the New Mexico Records and Archives Center (NMRAC) in Santa Fe, and the Silver City Museum (SCM) in Silver City. Minutes of the New Mexico Historical Society were an important primary resource cited in Bloom (1943) and Torrez (1997). A third major primary source was the Special Territorial Census, conducted by the U.S. government in 1885 in preparation for eventual New Mexico statehood. This was reviewed on microfiche at the NMRAC. Information about Howard's early professional years in New York could not be lo- cated because Tiffany & Co. did not retain employee records of that vintage (L. Bann pers. com. 1999). Information about Howard from the Special Census provided an entry point to genealogical records. Ge- nealogical inquiries first were made through various internet sites. These led the author to the Reference and Genealogy Section of the New Hampshire State Library, which led to that state’s Bureau of Vital Statis- 50 tics. Detailed research into New Hampshire files was not practical from the author's home in New Mexico, but that resource warrants future attention. RESULTS Winslow J. Howard first came to the West in 1858 (Table 1). His arrival in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is doc- umented by the following advertisement, which he submitted on 18 December 1858, and which was pub- lished in the Santa Fe Weekly Gazette of 5 February 1859. “Mr. W. J. Howard begs leave most respectfully to inform the citizens of Santa Fe and the public in general that he has taken a room in the placita of the Exchange Hotel for the purpose of repairing fine Watches of every description, also Clocks, Music Boxes, Jewelry, and other mechanical contrivances. By the practical experience of thirteen years in the busi- ness, and with the recommendation of the largest Jew- elry Establishment in this country—the house of Tiffany & Co., New York city—he hopes to merit a share of public patronage in his line.” Howard's broad interests revealed themselves soon thereafter. On 15 December 1859, he was one of 25 people who met in Santa Fe, the territorial capitol, to found the New Mexico Historical Society. Comment- ing on the minutes of that meeting, Bloom (1943:242) remarked that Howard “was one of the prime movers in organizing the Society . . . he himself was made sec- retary of the meeting—and it was he who stated the object for which they had gathered . .. He was the first one named in the charter of incorporation.” On 26 De- cember Howard was elected Curator and Librarian and was asked to “take charge of and classify all Indian antiquities and curiosities; geological and mineralogi- cal specimens; geographical maps, and objects of nat- ural history” (Torrez 1997). Society records indicate that Howard resigned his office on 17 April 1860, and left Santa Fe to pursue business interests elsewhere (Torrez 1997). His destination and activities for the next six years were illuminated by Brown (1957:45-47). While re- searching pioneer entomologists in Colorado, Brown found scattered references to specimens collected by Howard. Piecing clues together, Brown deduced that Howard was associated with mining camps. By reading old newspapers, Brown found an announcement in The Western Mountaineer of 19 July 1860, promoting Howard’s new business in Denver. By 1862 Howard was in Central City, Colorado, where he and a partner manufactured jewelry under the name of Howard and Colony, whose newspaper advertisements continued until January 1865. Brown reported that Howard moved back East in late 1865, married, and took up JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY residence in Brooklyn, New York. He returned west in October 1866, traveling by stagecoach to Montana via Denver. After that, Brown found the trail of his “jeweler-naturalist’ more difficult to trace. He re- ported evidence of Howard in Prescott, Arizona, in the 1870's and in Leadville, Colorado, in 1879 (Brown 1966:127), but he never found Howards trail again. Howard's life after 1866 remained a mystery until Torrez (1997) placed him in the mining town of Silver City, New Mexico, in 1880. Further research by SCM staff showed that Howard advertised frequently in lo- cal newspapers to promote his assay, jewelry and watch-making services (S. Berry, SCM, pers. com. 1997). He was sufficiently newsworthy to be the sub- ject of at least two feature stories. One appeared on 10 June 1882, in The New Southwest, one of several newspapers then operating in Silver City: “[A] collec- tion to which we would call special attention is that of W. J. Howard, assayer and jeweler, who has spent twenty-three years in the Rocky Mountains, and has devoted his leisure time to the study of metallurgy and natural history and who is a member of several scien- tific institutions.” This article detailed his “rare and choice selections of crystallizations of metals and min- erals.” His was “the largest and finest collection of fos- sil shells ever collected in New Mexico from various localities, cemented on cards with their generic species named, besides butterflies and other insects, pressed flowers, leaves, etc.” The year 1883 witnessed the arrival in Silver City of telephones, electric streetlights and a branch railroad from the main line at Deming (Berry & Russell 1995:24-25). One newspaper article that year featured Howard as a prominent collector and dealer of ancient coins, which he occasionally sold in New York. Other details of Howard's life in Silver City were docu- mented in the Special Territorial Census of 1885 (NMARC archives). A Silver City census-taker recorded “Howard, W.J.,” as a married, literate, white male whose profession was assayer. The Census found Howard living in a boarding house with predominantly younger, unmarried men including a miner, a tinsmith, a laborer, a merchant, a butcher and three saloonkeep- ers. This arrangement was routine in frontier mining towns and was consistent with having a permanent home and wife in the East. The Census listed Howard’s birthplace as New Hampshire and the birthplaces of his father and mother as Massachusetts and New York, respectively. Howard's age was stated as 57 years, indicating he was born ca. 1828. This information provided a starting point for researching genealogical records. Searches for a Winslow J. Howard born in New Hampshire ca. VOLUME 56, NUMBER 2 1828 were conducted on the internet in October 2001, but hours of automated searching through these con- siderable genealogical resources and databases pro- duced no match. The Reference and Genealogy Sec- tion of New Hampshire State Library (NMSL) searched some of their files at the author's request. Li- brary staff found no reference to Winslow Howard in the New Hampshire federal census for 1850, in Stearns’ “Genealogy of New Hampshire,” or in pub- lished Howard genealogies in the Library’s collection (Z. Moore pers. com. 23 October 2001). Similarly, the New Hampshire Bureau of Vital Statistics (NHBVS) found no birth record for Winslow J. Howard (NHBVS pers. com. 8 November 2001). Failure to locate Winslow J. Howard in New Hamp- shire genealogical records reflects two basic obstacles. First, genealogical records are incomplete. The NHBVS reported that many vital events of that era were never recorded (W. R. Bolton pers. com. 8 No- vember 2001). Second, “Howard” and “Winslow” were popular family names in New England. Internet searches revealed one intermarriage between the two families, and there likely were others. The NHSL re- ported Howard surnames in 34 different New Hamp- shire towns in the early 19th century (Z. Moore pers. com. 23 October 2001). Howards financial fortunes waxed and waned with Silver City’s mining-based economy. In 1886, he was tax delinquent on property worth $400 (SCM archives 1998). Economic troubles worsened in 1887, causing one of Silver City’s three banks to fail (Berry & Russell 1995:35). That year, Howard’s regular newspaper no- tices assumed a different tone, stating in July 1887 that he sold his Silver City business and, in August, that he began a professional association with George Williams & Co. in Deming. There, Howard’s newspaper trail ended. The author tried to trace Howard through the Deming Headlight, a newspaper that began publishing in 1882, but issues from 1883 to August 1888 could not be located in archives. Review of issues from Septem- ber 1888 to April 1889 (MNMHL archives) disclosed no ads by Howard or by George Williams & Co. DISCUSSION Despite living on the western frontier, far from most professional scientists, Howard did not conduct his natural history work in a vacuum. He was a member of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia (Brown 1957) which later became the American Entomologi- cal Society. He collected the Colorado specimen used to describe a new species of bee (Cresson 1863) and he supplied Montana plant specimens to Asa Gray at Harvard (Brown 1957). Butterflies collected by 51 Howard were among the oldest documented Colorado specimens used by Tryon Reakirt to compile the first list of Colorado butterflies in 1866 (Brown 1957). During Howard's time in New Mexico, he was linked to University of Kansas entomologist Francis H. Snow. In August 1884, Prof. Snow and his students vis- ited Silver City to collect insects (S. J. Cary & R. Hol- land in prep.). Reporting on this expedition, Snow (1885:65) acknowledged “Mr. W. J. Howard of Silver City for many favors.” Snow reported 13 butterflies and long lists of moths and beetles, remarking that the “electric lights at Silver City were very attractive to in- sects” (Snow 1885:69). One particular moth was listed as “Daritis sp. a superb species obtained from Mr. W. J. Howard, Silver City” (Snow 1885:66). For identi- fication of unfamiliar Lepidoptera collected on this Bexpedition, Snow (1885:65) relied on Henry Ed- wards. In describing the new moth as “Daritis thetis, Klug, var. Howardi” (Arctiidae: Pericopinae), Edwards (1886[1887]:165) noted that “About 2 years ago, I re- ceived from Mr. Wilson [sic] Howard, two specimens of this magnificent moth, which had been taken by him in New Mexico.” Linkage of the type specimens from their collection by Howard, through Snow, to Edwards’ description of D. howardi now warrants re- striction of its type locality to Silver City, Grant County, New Mexico. No other patronyms were traced to Winslow J. Howard. It has been suggested that Howard may have col- lected other specimens that survive today as anecdotal frontier New Mexico butterfly reports, for example from the Sacramento Mountains. While the timing of Howard's presence in New Mexico makes this connec- tion theoretically possible, the author is unaware of any specific information to support it. Mining was not a big part of the frontier economy in the Sacramentos, making it is difficult to imagine what would have at- tracted Howard to the area or how he could have sup- ported himself as an assayer. Similarly, the author is not aware of any insect specimens collected by Howard during his 1859 sojourn in Santa Fe. Never- theless, it is clear that more remains to be learned about Howard; additional research may disclose spec- imens and relationships that are not apparent today. CONCLUSIONS In addition to being a professional jeweler and as- sayer, Howard was an active naturalist who collected specimens that helped scientists describe the flora and fauna of the West. Howard appreciated the scientific value of his specimens, researched their identities and recorded generally where they were collected. Speci- mens collected by Howard ca. 1884 are among the earliest reliable butterfly reports from southwestern New Mexico (Cockerell 1899). He helped University of Kansas Prof. F. H. Snow collect insects in Silver City in 1884 (Snow 1885). Although genealogical inquiries bore no fruit in this study and no evidence was found that he fathered any children, Howard’s name lives on in the beautiful arctiid moth, Daritis howardi (Ed- wards 1886 [1887]). The activities, contributions and lives of professional scientists of the historical period are documented in their publications and through records at their aca- demic institutions. In comparison, the lives of most amateur naturalists and collectors usually were not sys- tematically recorded, even though they supplied much of the raw material with which their professional con- temporaries worked. It has been challenging to assem- ble the story of Winslow J. Howard because his faint footprints are scattered across several states, several decades and several scientific disciplines. Though his origins remain obscure, it is hoped that the above in- formation contributes to the record of this important naturalist in New Mexico and the West. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is grateful to former New Mexico State Historian Robert Torrez, who catalyzed this article by providing the clue that parted the fog surrounding W. J. Howard in New Mexico. Susan Berry and Jim Carlson of the Silver City Museum were very helpful in review of Museum archives. Charles Martinez, of the New Mex- ico Archives and Records Center, helped identify, retrieve and in- terpret historical material. Tomas Jaehn assisted in research of files JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS’ SOCIETY in the Museum of New Mexico’s History Library. Jane Ruffin looked for evidence of Howard at the Library of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Greg Forbes found one extant Howard butterfly specimen in the collections of New Mexico State Univer- sity. Richard Holland flagged Daritis howardi as a potential W. J. Howard patronym and Ron Hodges helped track down its original description. Ray Stanford shared his library. Tim Cary and Susan Berry critiqued early versions of the manuscript. The author is grateful to Richard Holland and an anonymous reviewer for con- structive comments. LITERATURE CITED Berry, S. & S. A. RUSSELL. 1995. Built to last; an architectural his- tory of Silver City. Revised 2nd ed. Silver City Museum Society. 132 pp. Bioom, L. B. 1943. Historical Society minutes, 1859-1863. NM Hist. Rev. 18(2):247-311. Brown, F. M. 1957. Two early entomological collectors in Col- orado. Entomological News 68:41-47. . 1966. David Bruce (1833-1903) and other entomological collectors in Colorado. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 74(3):126-133. COCKERELL, T. D. A. 1899. Notes on some New Mexico butterflies. Canadian Entomol. 31:65-66. CRESSON, E. T. 1863. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Phila. Vol. 2. Epwarbs, H. 1886 [1887]. Apparently new forms of N. American Heterocera. Entomologica Americana 2(9):165-166. SNow, F. H. 1885. Lists of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera collected in New Mexico by the Kansas University scientific expeditions of 1883 and 1884. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. [X:65-69. TOLIVER, M. E., R. HOLLAND & S. J. Cary. 1994. Distribution of butterflies in New Mexico (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Pa- pilionoidea). 2nd ed. Publ. by R. Holland. 399 pp. TorREZ, R. J. 1997. “Voices from the Past.” Newspaper column in Round the Roundhouse. Issue of June 19, 1997.6. Received for publication 6 January 2001; revised and accepted 17 November 2001. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 56(2), 2002, 53-61 FIVE NEW SPECIES OF DALLA FROM COLOMBIA AND ECUADOR (HESPERIIDAE) STEPHEN R. STEINHAUSER 4715 26th Avenue East, Bradenton, Florida 34208, USA ABSTRACT. Five new species of the Heteropterine genus Dalla Mabille, 1904 are described and their male (and female where available) genitalia illustrated. Three of these species, Dalla disconnexa, new species, D. vista, new species, and D. celsus, new species aré from Ecuador, the other two, D. wardi, new species and D. pedro, new species, from northeastern Colombia. Additional key words: _ genitalia, transtilla, harpe, Heteropterini, cypselus group, caenides group. When Evans compiled his catalog of the Hesperi- inae of America (Evans 1955), there were in the BMNH collection 1949 Dalla specimens representing 71 of the then known 75 species and 41 subspecies. Of these, only 29 specimens were females from 15 differ- ent species, and two of these females are the unique types of their species. He divided these 75 species into seven species groups, based on wing and leg charac- ters, but not genitalia, resulting in some very unrealis- tic associations. Since the publication of Evans’ mas- terpiece, 20 new species and two new subspecies have been described (D. pota and D. cola Bell, 1959; D. ramirezi Freeman, 1969; D. roeveri, Miller & Miller, 1972; D. nubes, D. pincha, D. xantha, D. bos, D. pura, D. simplicis, D. puracensis, D. puracensis quindio, D. puracensis cotopa and D. calima Steinhauser, 1991a; D. kemneri Steinhauser, 1991b; D. steinhauseri Free- man, 1991; D. freemani, Warren, 1997 and the five de- scribed below). Two subspecies, D. epiphanaeus supe- rior Draudt, 1923 and D. lalage lethaea (Schaus, 1913) have been raised to specific rank by Steinhauser (1991a:5, 13), and one species, D. dividuum (Dyar, 1913) raised from synonymy with D. ligilla (Hewitson, 1877) by Freeman (1968:61) bringing the totals to 98 species and 41 subspecies. In human-disturbed sites, males of the genus Dalla frequently gather on vertical or near vertical wet con- crete surfaces, especially recently set concrete to feed on the mineral rich moisture exuding therefrom. They also congregate on wet soils where cattle have gath- ered, feeding on the nitrogen rich urine. I have found that urine added to vertical steep faces is a good bait, but I have never found females at any of these sites. They are either very rare or keep themselves well hid- den, probably busy laying eggs to raise the next gener- ation of males. Dalla species are not often found below 1500 m elevation, and usually above 2500 m. I know nothing of Dalla life history, food plants or immature stages, but it is probable that the larvae may feed on various grasses as recorded for Carterocephalus palae- mon (Pallas, 1771) by Tietz (1972:501) and Scott (1986:425), and for Piruna pirus (Edwards, 1878) and P. aea (Dyar, 1912) by Opler (1999:415-416). While curating Hesperiid material at the Allyn Mu- seum of Entomology, comparative genitalic examina- tion with superficially similar taxa in conjunction with previous studies indicated that several of the many unidentified hesperiids specimens were indeed new species. As stated by Judith E. Winston (1999:115), “Once you have . . . satisfied yourself that the organism you are studying does indeed represent an unde- scribed species, your aim is publication. Only if it is named and described acceptably in a scientific publi- cation will the species name be available for you and others to use. Descriptions of new species are still an important part of publication in the field of taxonomy.” Therefore, in an effort to better document the Neo- tropical lepidopteran fauna, five new species in the genus Dalla Mabille, 1904, are described below. Nine other new species and two new subspecies in the genus were described earlier (Steinhauser 1991a, b). DALLA MABILLE, 1904 Diagnosis. The genus Dalla is one of the six het- eropterine genera occuring in the New World. Most of its 98 species (this includes the five new ones herein described) are essentially montane in habitat and cen- tered primarily in the Andes of South America, but ex- tending also into Central America and Mexico. Evans (1955), the most recent reviser of the genus, used ten characters, unfortunately none of them genitalic, to distinguish among the six genera of the New World Heteropterini, which he included in the Hesperiinae as the Carterocephalus group. He distinguished Dalla from the other five (Carterocephalus, Piruna, Darda- rina, Butleria and Argopteron) by the apiculus of the antennae being “gradual, sharply pointed” rather than “blunt, more or less flattened and compressed at tip” as in the other five (Evans 1955:9-10). The other nine characters were used in various combinations to dis- tinguish among the other five genera. None of their various states pertains uniquely to Dalla, which shares a relatively long antenna (equal or greater than half the forewing costa) with Argopteron, Butleria and Darda- rina; spined midtibiae shared with Carterocephalus, 54 Piruna, Dardarina and Butleria; relatively short palpi (equal to head, rather than longer) shared with Darda- rina; antennal nudum usually of more than 11 seg- ments rather than less, shared with Butleria; nudum longer than half the antennal club, shared with Dar- darina and Butleria; antennal club not grooved, shared with all but Argopteron. I found the other three char- acters used by Evans to apply inconsistently. For fur- ther comments on Evans’ classification see Stein- hauser (1991b:40-42). MATERIALS AND METHODS I have followed Evans’ arrangement of the genus into groups in the placement of these new species, de- spite its unreality. Wing measurements are given to the nearest 0.5 millimeter, since I find it impossible to de- termine the exact wing base position on a mounted specimen more closely. Genitalic dissection tech- niques and terminology are the same as used by Stein- hauser (1989). Wing venation follows the system of Miller (1972). The male genitalia of all five and the fe- male genitalia of the one with a known (or probable) female are illustrated. Two of these new species are from the Santa Marta region of northeastern Colom- bia. The other three, two of which I had previously misidentified as Dalla connexa Draudt, 1923, are from Ecuador. All of these specimens are deposited in the Allyn Museum of Entomology. Dalla wardi Steinhauser, new species (Figs. 1, 2, 15) Male. Head: Blackish brown above; palpi hairy, grizzled black and white, third segment (missing in holotype) slender, porrect, black, nearly hidden in hairs of second segment. Antennae about half costa, shaft prominently checkered black and yellow, club black, yellow at base, nudum brown, 11 segments in holotype (right an- tenna glued to paper triangle on pin), 12 segments in paratype; ter- minal segment short, pointed. Thorax: Blackish brown above, ful- vous beneath. Thoracic appendages: Legs fulvous; foretibiae with long slender, brown epiphyses reaching and slightly overlapping tarsi; mid and hindtibiae spined, midtibiae with single pair of spurs, hindtibiae with two, the upper smaller. Wings: Dorsal surface: Forewing dark blackish brown, a few scattered yellowish hairs in basal third; yellowish white hyaline spots as follows: three contigu- ous, subequal subapical spots separated by dark veins in R,-R,, R,-R, (smallest) and R-M, (largest), their inner edges in an arc cone ex proximad; triangular lower cell spot nearly reaching radius, centered between origins of R, and R,; large nora anel spot in Cu,-Cu,, its edges in line with those of the cell spot and separated Gan it only by the dark cubital vein; small (circular in the holotype, rhomboid in the paratype) spot in mid M,—Cu,, somewhat larger than the largest subapical spot. These hyaline spots are bordered by a very narrow line of orange yellow scales. In addition to the hyaline spots, there is an opaque rhomboid-to-near-triangular yellow spot in mid Cu2—2A, not reaching Cu, and separated by about half its width from the spot in Cu,—Cu,, its outer edge about in line with the inner edge of the eon’ cell plus Cu,—Cu, spot. Fringes concolorous, JOURNAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS SOCIETY shading to paler brown and somewhat ochreous at torus. Hindwing same dark brown as forewing, with a few orange yellow hairs in the basal quarter, and bearing a prominent, sharply defined, somewhat ovoid central orange spot, ee by dark veins, in the cell, ex- treme base of Rs—M,, M,— ,-M,,, extreme base of M,—Cu,, base of Cu,—Cu, and Cu ee fae Sah of the spot in Cu, Cis Hal Cu,-1A is shifted slightly basad from the rest of the 5p Fringes ochreous to orange, slightly paler at tornus. Ventral surface: Forewing centrally blackish brown, costa and apex broadly reddish brown, more or less heavily scaled yellowish in distal half of costal cell. Hyaline spots as above; opaque spot in Cu2—2A much larger than above, clear pale yellow, shares entire caudal edge of spot in Cu,-Cu,, concave distally, convex proximally. Fringes reddish brown, shading to greyish at tomus. Hindwing reddish brown, dark grey in 2A—3A and anal cell. Central spot as above, clear orange yel- low, sharply defined. Additional rather obscure opaque yellow spots in Sc+R,—Rs about one third way from base, and subtornally in Cu2-2A. Fringes concolorous at apex, shading to ochreous at tornus. Abdomen: Blackish brown above, fulvous beneath. Genitalia: Very similar to D. mesoxantha (Pl6tz, 1884), D. xantha Steinhauser, 1991, D. merida Evans, 1955 and D. frater (Mabille, [1879]). Tegumen slender, oval, not hollowed above; uncus rather short, subequal to tegumen, slender and narrowly and shallowly bifurcate in dorsal view; in lateral view, not projecting dorsad at juncture with tegumen, slightly hooked at distal end, bearing prominent dorsal hair tuft. Gnathos well sclerotized, smooth, extends distad to about mid uncus. Valvae symmetrical, 2.4 times longer than wide, 1.8 times length of combined tegumen and uncus; harpe projects prominently cephalad as a slender dentate process with a straight rather than concave dor- sal edge, completely overlapping the obliquely uptummed distal por- tion of the ampulla which does not extend dorsad beyond harpe and bears a slender, inwardly projecting curved flange at its base. Penis slender, slightly shorter than valvae, distally broadened and dentate on left side; phallobase extremely short; single small, doubly dentate cornutus. Saccus very short, triangular; juxta and transtilla prominent. Female. Unknown. Wing measurements. Male forewing 13 x 7 mm (paratype) to 13.5 x 7.5 mm (holotype). Type material. Holotype ¢, Colombia: Magdalena; § km E of San Pedro, 2550 m, 13-XII-1973, P. Ward & A. Forsyth, bearing the following labels: printed and hand printed white label, COLOM- BIA: 8 km E of San Pedro Dept. Magdalena 10°55’N, 73°58’W 2550 m. 13.X1I.1973 P. Ward, A. Forsyth; hand printed yellow label, [P.S. Ward photo slide No.] 7-19; white paper triangle with right antenna glued thereupon; printed and hand printed white label, Allyn Mu- seum Acc. 1999-9; printed and hand printed red label, HOLOTYPE 3 Dalla wardi S.R. Steinhauser; printed and hand printed white la- bel Allyn Museum Photo No. 990724-13,14. There is one male paratype, same data as holotype; both of which are deposited in the Allyn Museum of Entomology. Etymology. This handsome skipper is named for its discoverer, Dr. Philip S. Ward. Discussion. Dalla wardi keys out to D. mesoxantha in Evans’ (1955) key to the species of Dalla. It is a member of Evans’ cypselus group and is most closely related to D. mesoxantha, D. xantha, D. frater and D. merida, but is smaller: 13-13.5 mm for D.wardi, 14-15 mm for D. frater, 15-15.5 mm for D. mesoxan- tha and D. xantha. The ventral hindwing reddish brown ground color of D. wardi is like that of D. merida and similar to that of D. frater and D. meso- VOLUME 56, NUMBER 2 D. wardi & HT D. disconnexa & PT ee D. vista & HT 59 D. disconnexa 6 HT D. disconnexa 2 PT D. pedro d HT UL 1 cm D. celsus & HT Fics. 1-14. New Dalla species (odd numbers dorsal, even numbers ventral): 1, 2—Dalla wardi, new species, 3 holotype; 3, 4—Dalla dis- connexa, new species, 3 holotype; 5, 6—Dalla disconnexa, new species, ¢ paratype; 7, 8—Dalla disconnexa, new species, 2 paratype; 9, 10— Dalla vista, new species, 3 holotype; 11, 12—Dalla pedro, new species, 3 holotype; 13, 14—Dalla celsus, new species, 3 holotype. xantha, but unlike the dark brown of D. xantha. There is some question about the identity of D. mesoxantha (see Steinhauser 1991a:10), but until proven other- wise, I use the BMNH specimen from the Kaden col- lection marked “Type” as its model, though I have not seen its genitalia. The ventral hindwing maculation of D. wardi is like that of D. mesoxantha and D. merida, but the color of the central spot, both ventral and dor- sal is more orange in D. wardi than in D. mesoxantha but not as deep orange as in D. merida. There is a more or less complete row of postdiscal pale spots in D. frater, lacking in D. wardi. In the male genitalia, the uncus of D. wardi, viewed dorsally, is considerably more slender than in D. mesoxantha and D. xantha, but not as slender as D. frater; I have not seen the genitalia of D. merida, and Evans’ sketch does not make this feature clear. The forward edge of the uncus in D. wardi and D. frater does not project over the tegumen as it does in D. mesoxantha and D. xantha. The penis of D. wardi, like that of D. frater, is more slender than in D. xantha and D. mesoxantha, but, like them, much shorter relative to the valva length than D. frater (0.89 times valva for D. wardi and D. mesoxantha, 0.93 times for D. xantha, but 1.13 times for D. frater; the penis length of D. merida is not known). The dentate dorsal process of the harpe is very slender and slightly concave dorsally in D. mesoxantha, somewhat thicker in D. xantha, D. frater and D. wardi, strongly concave in D. frater, very strongly concave in D. merida according to Evans’ sketch, only slightly concave in D. xantha, but straight in D. wardi. Only in D. wardi is the ampulla com- 56 pletely overlapped by the harpe, it projects dorsad be- yond the harpe in the others. Dalla disconnexa Steinhauser, new species (Figs. 3-8, 16, 17) Male. Head: Blackish brown; palpi missing in type series of four males. Antennae (broken in holotype) slightly longer than half costa, shaft prominently checkered black and yellow, club black above, yel- low beneath, nudum dark brown, 12 segments in two male paratypes with complete antenna, terminal segment long, pointed. Thorax: Blackish brown above, fulvous beneath. Thoracic ap- pendages: Legs pale fulvous; foretibiae with minute brown central epiphyses; mid and hindtibiae spined, midtibiae with single pair of spurs, hindtibiae with two. Wings: Dorsal surface: Forewing dark blackish brown, a few scattered yellowish hairs in basal third; opaque yellow-orange (holotype) to pale yellowish white spots as fol- lows: three contiguous, subequal subapical spots not separated by dark veins in R,—R,, R,-R, and R,-M.,, their outer edges in a line di- rected toward ail ener a more or ees triangular lower cell spot, centered approximately between origins of R, and R,; large rhom- boid spot in Cu,—Cu,, its inner edge in line with that of ey cell spot and separated froin it only by the dark cubital vein; small, more or less quadrate spot in M,—Cu,, subequal to the subapical spots. These spots are slightly paler yellow-orange in one paratype and pale yel- lowish white in the other two. Fringes basally concolorous, distally paler brown, still paler at tomus. Hindwing same dark brown as forewing, with a few orange yellow (holotype) hairs in the basal quarter (pale yellow or missing in the paratypes), and bearing a prominent, fairly well defined, elongate ovoid central yellow-orange spot, undivided by dark veins and narrowed at its proximal end which nearly reaches the wing base, in the cell, M,—M,, M,—M,, ex- treme base of M,-Cu,, base of Cu,—Cu, and Cu,