; pete tat ‘ \ sere « ' yeh epee | 5 ‘ Yi " t . * ; re o/ “ 4 4 Aina Dain aay tie nd THE FOr Ute NA OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. ZOOLOGY. VOL. XVI. LONDON: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON HOUSE, AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DYER, AND WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. 1883. ' c 3 \ 5 Dates of Publication of the several Numbers included in this Volume. No. 89, pp. 1- 88, published December 23, 1881. ve 90, » 99-183, Be January 26, 1882. 5 91, », 183-254, re March 8, 1882. ‘ 92, 3» 200-3828, ra April 6, 1882. 0 93; 3 BEB June 12, 1882. a 94, » 393-478, e July 31, 1882. A 95, » 479-545, bs September 26, 1882. 43 96, » 546-611, 5 March 10, 1888. Norr.—The Title-page, Index, and Contents to Vol. XVI. were published March 24, 1883, in No. 97, commencement of Vol. XVIT. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. LIST OF PAPERS. Page ALiMaN, Professor G. J., M.D., F.R.S. Anniversary Address of the President for 1881.—Recent Pro- egress in our Knowledge of the Development of the Cteno- FUND EANM tortiraftel coord thet Sieh eres ci eve a ' Wings moégerately broad, the anterior scarcely acute at the extreme apex, the posterior more decidedly acute. In the ante- rior there is a conspicuous black spot near the base of the costa, another at the extreme base of the radius, another (sometimes in- distinct) in the small anal area, and another (triangular and very distinct) near the base of the inner margin at the termination of the first postcostal nervule, which is somewhat incrassate ; all the longitudinal nervures pale, the reticulation otherwise wholly black ; the partition nervule of the third cubital cellule ending only slightly beyond the nervule above it; 5 nervules in the inner gradate series, 7 in the outer; short black hairs on all the reticulation ; pterostigma slightly dusky. Posterior wings with a small blackish spot near the base of the costa; reticulation coloured as in the anterior. Expanse 30-31 mm. Breadth of anterior wing 5-54 mm. Canaries: Santa Cruz de Las Palmas (island), 1800 feet, 29th December (Haton, 2 2). Amongst European species this is decidedly nearest to Ch. Genez*, * In Schneider’s monograph Ch. Genei is placed in a section (p. 63) charac- terized by the words “Secundo antennarum articulo brunneo aut nigro colore cincto.” In order to prevent misapprehension, it is necessary to state that this character is not constant in Genci. On the other hand, there are indications that the second joint of the antennee may sometimes be blackish or brownish in fortunata. The character fails as sectional (even if applied to its most typical 166 MR. RB. MSLACHLAN ON THE NEUROPTERA OF Rambur, of South Italy and Sardinia, and agrees with it in the simple claws, and also in the general system of coloration, and in form. It is larger, and distinct, especially in consequence of the spots at the base of the anterior wings. It also has affinity with Chrysopa dorsalis, Burmeister. Var.? Smaller. Brighter green. All the markings on the head and thorax only faintly indicated; the pronotum without dark margins, but only with sublateral obscure lines; the meso- and metanotum with obscure lateral spots. Wings with the basal spots and colour of reticulation as in the type form; reticulation open ; only 3 nervules in the inner and 5 in the outer gradate series in the anterior wings; the partition nervule of the third cubital cellule interstitiate with the nervule above it. Expanse 234 mm. One @ taken in company with the type form. I believe this is only a dwarf pale condition of fortunata; but the point can hardly be decided without further materials and local obser- vation. CHRYSOPA SUBCOSTALIS, ND. sp. Closely allied to C. fortunata. Ditters as follows :—The two lines on the crown of the head reduced to dots, or absent alto- gether. The blackish margins of the pronotum very broad, and complete (not enclosing spots of the pale ground-colour); on the meso- and metanotum they are more or less broken up into spots. In the anterior wings the subcosta is conspicuously black for about half its length from the base, the longitudinal nervures otherwise green; the rest of the reticulation dusky, not so decidedly blackish as in fortunata, and (with the exception of the costal nervules) appearing almost green in certain lights ; basal spots as in fortu- nata; but that in the anal area is not indicated, and that on the first postcostal nervule is still more distinct, and the nervule itself much thickened, the spot forming a raised shining black blister ; partition nervule of the third cubital cellule rather more extended; 8 nervules in the inner gradate series, and 5-6 in the species). AJl that can be said in its favour is that it is the uswal condition in a series of species that otherwise agree in general form. But in this same series we find what ought to be a far more important character in the form of the tarsal claws, represented in both conditions, and to an extent that, without consideration of it, much confusion is likely to exist (ex. gr. Ch. abbreviata and phyllochroma). fg See: Nie. Vote IwES SS _ z MADEIRA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS. 167 outer. In the posterior wings the subcosta occasionally presents the same colour-peculiarity as in the anterior, but not constantly so; the costal nervules conspicuously black. [According to notes on the living insect, the eyes are metallic green. Abdomen having the spiracular line, and a series of oblique linear marks above it, black ; venter green and spotless. | Expanse 25-29 mm. Breadth of anterior wing 45-5 mm. Canaries: in the botanic garden at Orotava, 15th December, on a carob-tree at Santa Cruz, 27th and 28th December, Tene- riffe (Haton, 5 2). It may justly be suspected that Ch. fortunata and subcostalis are only insular forms one of the other, but maintaining their dis- tinctive characters. Ch. subcostalis is considerably more like dor- salis, a resemblance heightened by the dark subcostal nervure. The black spot at the termination of the first postcostal nervule ig @ conspicuous character both in fortunata and subcostalis. CHRYSOPA ATLANTICA, 0. sp. Full dark leaf-green (becoming dusky yellowish in old dry examples). Antenne slender, yellowish ; basal joint bulbose, green like the body, with indications of a dark longitudinal line above; the second joint also indistinctly marked by a dark spot above. Fuce spotted with black as follows :—a lunate spot under each antenna, a large oval spot on each cheek, and a line on each side of the clypeus. Labrum reddish. Crown of head with a narrow biar- cuate line limiting the elevated triangular portion, extended inan expanded manner between the antennz, and forming a triangular mark in front at the summit of the face; the insertions of the antenne indicated by a blackish transverse line. Palpi green, slightly marked with blackish externally; the terminal joint tipped with reddish-piceous. Pronotum scarcely longer than broad, the sides parallel ; on the disk is a blackish mark formed of lines, and indicating a triangle in which is a longitudinal line, thus af | Se ; lateral edges with a narrow blackish line somewhat furcate in front below the eyes. Mesonotum with a broad transverse black band in front at the junction with the pronotum, somewhat dilated on each side; all the sutures marking the divisions of the lobes narrowly black, with a short transverse black line between the lateral lobes; on each lateral lobe are two small black spots ; a dusky longitu- 168 MR. RB. M‘LAGHLAN ON THE NEUROPTERA OF dinal line on the scutellum, continuous with the black median line of the anterior lobe. Metanotwm likewise with black lines in the sutures, and spots on the lateral lobes. Pectus and plewre un- spotted. Abdomen marked with black (indistinctly in the dry insect). Legs green, with microscopic black hairs; tarsi dusky; claws much dilated internally at the base, the apical portion slender and strongly curved. Wings broad, acute and almost angulate at the extreme tips. In the anterior pair there is a small blackish line close to the base of the costa, in front of a black tubercle at the extreme base ; another blackish tubercle at the extreme base of the radius; reti- culation dark green, with short black hairs; most of the trans- verse nervules &c. marked with blackish at each end (as also in the posterior); gradate nervules wholly black, 8 in the inner, 9 in the outer series; partition nervule of the third cubital cellule ending far beyond the nervule above it: pterostigma dusky. [In the living insect the eyes are noted as coppery-green. The abdomen is intricately marked with black, each segment having a transverse fascia angulated on each side, and a lateral line emitting from the middle a finer line directed forwards and in- wards, &c. | Expanse 32-33 mm. Breadth of anterior wing 5-6 mm. Madeira (Wollaston, one in my collection). Canaries: about pine trees near Aguamansa, Teneriffe, 4000 feet, 16th December (Haton, one @). The example given to me by Wollaston is much discoloured. It is difficult to assign to this a position with regard to Huro- pean species; perhaps in some respects it might be placed near Ch. formosa. Currsopa FLAVICEPRS, Brullé. (Hemerobius flaviceps, Brullé, Hist. Canar. ii. pt. 2, p. 83*.) * The following is a copy of Brullé’s description :—“ De la grandeur de I’Z. chrysops, dont il se distingue, ainsi que des espéces voisines, par la couleur fauve de sa téte et du premier article de ses antennes. On distingue sur la téte deux rangées transversales de points noirs. Le prothorax est d’un vert pale avec quelques taches noires sur les cétés, et une ligne transversale et interrompue de la méme couleur. Le reste du thorax est jaune avec des taches brunes sur les cotés. L’abdomen et les pattes sont jaunes. Les antennes sont obscures, a a MADEIRA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS. 169 Brullé’s type is before me, discoloured by age. From it I have drawn up the following description :—Body wholly yel- lowish ; the head scarcely paler, but more shining. Anteane wholly fuliginous (almost blackish) with the exception of the basal and second joints, which are yellow ; basal joint strongly bulbose ; the second almost entirely occupied by a black ring. ace with black markings as follows:—a large oval spot between the antennz ; a broad lunate spot below the antenne ; a short thick black line on each cheek. Crown of head marked with black as follows:—two median spots at the apex of the inflated portion, continued externally as lines margining the an- tennal cavities, and almost confluent, on the sides, with the lunate spots below the antenne ; a transverse series of 6 rather large (and unconnected) spots on the posterior margin, whereof the outer, on each side, is on the orbits. Palpi fuscous, with pale articulations ; the terminal joint almost wholly black. Pronotum (much damaged) longer than broad, apparently con- siderably narrowed in front, with black markings (compare Brullé’s description). Mesonotum marked with black as follows:—two large sub- median spots on the front of the anterior lobe ; lateral lobes with a large blotch posteriorly, and three spots anteriorly, the poste- rior sutures black; scutellum without markings. detanotum with a black line in the suture between it and the pronotum ; lateral lobes with two small black spots, and a large irregular curved black line, which is much dilated posteriorly. Pleure with black lines on the sutures, and a black spot at the insertion of the coxe. Pectus spotted with black. Abdomen apparently without markings, excepting a black lateral line on each side ; rather densely clothed with black hairs. Legs yellow, with microscopic black hairs; tarsi dusky ; claws much dilated internally at the base. Wings moderately broad, scarcely acute at the extreme tips, highly iridescent. In the anterior pair there is a black line near the base of the radius; longitudinal nervures wholly pale ; costal lVexception de leur premier article. Les ailes sont brillantes et irisées, avec les neryures en partie jaunes et en partie brunes. Les quatre ailes ont le parastig- mate ou point épais trés-distinct et colorié jaune-roux.” “Oette espéce doit se trouver en France, comme le témoigne un individu de la collection du Muséum, quoique sa description ne se trouye dans aucun auteur. Elle semble se rapprocher de I’. capitatus, Fab.” LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 12 170 MR. R. M'LACHLAN ON THE NEUROPLERA OF nervules, those near the base of the wing, those between the radius and sector, and the gradate series wholly black, the others mostly only black at each end: all the neuration and the costal edge with long black hairs; 4 nervules in the inner gradate series, 7 in the outer; partition nervule of the third cubital cellule extending considerably beyond the nervule above it; pterostigma (in both pairs) long and conspicuously reddish-ochreous, more strongly de- fined than is usual, and extending into the subcostal area. In the posterior pair the costal, radial, and gradate nervules are black, but the others are almost wholly pale. Expanse 32 mm. Breadth of anterior wing 54 mm. I think Brullé must have been mistaken in supposing that an individual of this species had been found in France. I know of no Hurepean species in any way allied to it (perhaps the nearest is Chrysopa formosa, Brauer) ; the blackish antenne, disposition of tle black markings on head and thorax, and the strongly defined pterostigma are opposed to all European forms. Neither do I, at present, know of any closely allied extra-European species. Brullé’s description is good, only not sufficiently precise. Heme- robius capitatus, Fab., is very different, and pertains to the genus Nothochrysa, M‘Lach. MyYRMELEONIDS. ? PaLparns Hispanus, Hagen. (Myrmeleon libelluloides, L. ?, Bory de St. Vincent, Essai, p. 369.) Madeira (a larva in my collection). Canaries (Bory de St. Vincent). I have seen no imago of Palpares from the islands. A larva from Madeira in my collection (obtained from a dealer) agrees with others from Tangier in Marocco, found there with the per- fect insects of P. hispanus, which is possibly only a marked local variety of /bellulocdes. On the other hand, it is quite possible the Canarian species may be different, and perhaps identical with one of those from West Africa. Neither Webb and Berthelot, Wollaston, nor any modern traveller has noticed the existence of this conspicuous genus in the islands. Formicateo catta, Fab. (Myr. catta, F. Syst. Ent. p.312 ; Brullé, Hist. Canar. 11. pt. 2, p. 83, pl. 111. fig. 3 ; Hag. Ent. Month. Mag. 1. p. 61.—. lituratus, Brullé, loc. cit., nee Oliy.) Madeira (Banks, Wollaston). Canaries (Webb et Berthelot). MADEIRA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS. IE Apparently the insular representative of F. te¢ragrammicus, maintaining slight distinctive features. The type of Uituratus, Brullé, is before me, and appears to be only a small example of catta, which is virtually acknowledged by Brullé ; Olivier’s species of same name is certainly different. MYRMELEON aLTeRNANS, Brullé (Hist. Canar. ii. pt. 2, p. 82, pl. i. fig. 4; Hag. Ent. Month, Mag. ii. p. 61, redescribed). Madeira (Wollaston). Canaries (Webb et Berthelot). I have not seen this species from the African continent nor from Europe, and do not think the synonymy suggested by Hagen (Ent. Month. Mag.) will hold good. Neither was my former coupling of alternans with secretus, Walker (cf. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zoology, ix. p. 279, and Aun. Soc. Ent. Belg. xvi. p. 138), justi- fiable. JL. alternans is a broader-winged species, with more dense reticulation, the transverse nervules being faintly margined with greyish, bringing out the network very conspicuously. Brullé’s type is before me. The existence of several small species of Wyrmeleon with the abdomen yellow-banded occasions much confusion. MYRMELEON DISTINGUENDUS, Rambur. (IZ. hyalinus, Olivier ??; Brullé, Hist. Canar. i. pt. 2, p. 82, pl. iii. fig. 5.) Canaries (Webb et Berthelot). Thave examined Brullé’stype. JL hyalinus, Oliv., isan Arabian species, and its identity with the Canarian insect scarcely pro- bable. In the Brussels Museum and in my collection is a species collected by the late M. Camille Van Volxem, presumably in Portugal, that appears to me identical with the Canarian; both these and Brullé’s types are ¢. Furthermore I have re-examined two 2 types of JZ. distin- guendus, Ramb., from Malaga (in De Selys’s collection). These are larger (expanse about 50 mm.) ; but otherwise they appear to me to agree; the only difference (other than size) is aslight varia- tion in the form of the dark space on the head about the base of the antenne, which has a triangular excision on the face in the types, not noticeable in the others; but in Rambur’s description this character is given as an exception rather than as the rule. In Brullé’s type the dark markings on the head and thorax are 12* 172 MR. R. M‘'LACHLAN ON THE NEUROPTERA OF faint (principally owing to the age of the specimen), but are dis- tinctly traceable. I have a specimen from Damara Land, S.W. Africa, scarcely separable (Rambur states that distinguendus was known to him from Senegal); and MWyrmeleon ochroneurus, Ramb., also from S. Africa, is clearly allied, but much larger. As the examples from (presumably) Portugal are the most recent, I subjoin a description :— Antenne brownish, basal joint yellow; short and stout, the club gradually formed, broad, and much flattened. Head and thorax pale yellow. On the head the space surrounding the base of the antenne is occupied by a large piceous band, descending on to the face; on the crown of the head are five raised transverse brown spots, three on the posterior margin, two on the disk, and between these latter a similar longitudinal twin-spot; two faint brownish spots on the clypeus. Palpi yellow; the terminal joint of the labial pair much inflated, acuminate and acute, nearly wholly shining piceous. Pronotwm with a blackish line on either side (only visible late- rally); on the surface are five blackish spots, viz. four sublateral (the posterior pair oblique) and one in the middle. Mesonotum and metanotum with an irregular interrupted sublateral blackish band on either side ; some of the sutures narrowly blackish ; and there are two spots ou the anterior lobe of the megothorax. Plewre and pectus with black lines and spots. Abdomen black, slightly clothed with short cinerous hairs ; the lateral sutures and the divisions of the segments narrowly yellow; the apex nearly wholly yellow; superior appendages oblique if viewed laterally, in the form of two closely applied ‘plates, open in front, furnished with long black hairs, and also with strong short black spines on the lower end; the inferior appendage forms a boat-shaped lobe (very concave above), not extending beyond the apex of the superior, and provided with long black hairs (¢). Legs pale yellow, with black spines and shorter pale hairs; apex of tibiz and of each tarsal joint blackish ; first joint of tarsi equal to the second and third together, terminal joint equal to the second, third, and fourth united; spurs testaceous, shorter than the first joint ; claws testaceous, slender, divaricate. Wings narrow, hyaline, only slightly dilated in the middle, acute ; reticulation wholly pale (the faintest trace of short brown spaces on the subcosta), set with short blackish hairs; ptero- MADETRA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS. 173 stigma scarcely indicated ; the corneous knob (“ pelote”’) at the base of the inner margin of the posterior wings (¢ ) large, yellow. Length of body 19 mm, Expanse of wings 88 mm. Breadth of anterior wings 43 mm. CoNIOPTERYGID &, CoNIOPTERYX, Sp. ? Canaries: about pine trees near Aguamansa, Teneriffe, 4000 feet, 12th December, one example, apparently @ (Eaton). Ido not, at this moment, feel satisfied that this is identical with a British species. The example has about thirty-five joints in the antennz, and ample posterior wings; two forks in the apical neuration of both pairs of wings ; expanse of wings about 8 mm. Tt should be remarked that this family requires a thorough generic and specific revision, which I hope soon to effect. In- cluded in it are several very well-marked and distinct generic groups. CoNIOPTERYX PULCHELLA, D. sp. Body fuscous, very densely clothed with the usual white waxy secretion. Antenne whitish, 33-jointed. Legs whitish; femora at the tips fuscous, and there is sometimes an indication of a fuscous line above, especially on the posterior. Wings of equal form, the posterior ample, very densely covered with white secretion (so that they scarcely transmit light), but with nume- rous dark-grey spots (on which the secretion appears to be less dense), as follows: on the basal half of each wing are about 6 to 8 small spots (less on the posterior); on the apical half are about 9 large spots; all the spots are placed in the areas between the veins, and those round the apical and inner margin, between each apical sector, are very large, and triangular in outline ; two forks in the apical neuration in both pairs of wings. Expanse about 6 mm. Canaries: Montafias de Nordeste, Teneriffe, 2300 feet, under Erica arborea, 26th December, 2 examples, probably 2 (Haton). So much is it the rule for the insects of this family to be uni- formly covered with white or greyish secretion, that the existence of a species in which the wings were conspicuously spotted with darker might pardonably have been doubted, 174 MR. B. M‘DACHLAN ON THE NEUROPTERA OF The two examples of Coniopteryx pulchella are in very fine con- dition, and are beautiful little creatures. PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA. TERMITID &. CALOTERMES PRECOX (Wollaston), Hagen (Linn, Ent. xu. p. 51, Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 8). Madeira (Hetnecken). TERMES LUCIFUGUS, Rossi. (Hagen, Linn. Ent. xii. p. 174, Ent. Month. Mag. 11. p. 9.) Madeira (Hartung, Wollaston, Heer, Eaton). Hartung says it © is very common near Arrabento, 3500 feet, and near Palheiro, 2000 feet. In the former locality the winged imago appeared on the 25th April, in the latter on the 9th May. Eaton found only larvee in November. N.B. I can find no record of any species of Termitide having been observed in the Canaries, but think some must certainly occur there. Psoc1p Zz. Psocus apustus, Hagen (Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 10). Madeira (Wollaston). This and the next species form a distinct group of the genus Psocus (as restricted), characterized by the very elongate narrow pterostigma. Psocus PERsonatTuS, Hagen (Ent. Month, Mag. ii. p. 11). Madeira (Wollaston). Canaries: near Las Palmas, Grand Canary, on an olive-tree, 6th December; near Aguamansa, Teneriffe, on Zaurus, 16th December (aton). In the few examples I have seen there appears to be consider- abie variation in the white markings on the top of the head. Mr. | Eaton notes that in fresh examples the abdomen is whitish green, ~ with a median blackish dorsal stripe dilated on each of the hinder segments, and with a blackish blotch on each side of it in its linear anterior portion : in the ¢ the belly is pale mingled with greyish black, in the 2 wholly pale excepting along the spiracular region and at the apex, MADETRA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS. 175 SrENoPsocUS cRUCcIATUS, L. Madeira: near the Poizo, 4100-4300 fect, on Laurus, 23rd November, common (£ufoi). A very common and generally distributed European species. Some of the Madeiran examples are in a brachypterous condition, In England this condition is most frequent in early spring (as early as February in Cornwall), and is, I think, peculiar to the. Although it is a species excessively likely to be introduced with shrubs &e., I think that, from the altitude and the conditions under which it was found, it is in all probability endemic in Madeira. Moreover the examples from this island appear to present some slight peculiarities, the body, and especially the head, being paler (almost whitish yellow), with the markings of the head less distinct, though one should see others, taken ata warmer time of year, before deciding on this point. Occasion- ally the body of the brachypterous form is beautifully suffused with rosy. Cmornius MaARMoRaATUS, Hagen. (Psocus marmoratus, Hag, Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 9.) Madeira (Wollaston). Cacizius Dani, A‘ Lachlan. Madeira ( Wollaston, in the British Museum, but not enumerated by Hagen): Sant’ Anna, in the hotel garden, 30th November (Eaton). Canaries: near Las Palmas, Grand Canary, amongst olive, 6th December (Katon). In Europe this species has only been discovered in Dorset- shire, England, amongst Buxus in Mr. Dale’s garden, and at Florence, in Italy, amongst Quercus ilev. PeRIPSOcUS ALBOGUTTATUS, Dalman. (Psocus pupillatus, Dale, Hagen, Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 9.) Madeira (Wollaston, 1 example). I have some suspicion that two species are mixed under this name, but have not completed my observations. In England I find what appear to be two forms. One of these is common amongst pine and other trees, and is larger and paler, with the markings on the wings less distinct than in the other, which I find amongst Calluna vulgaris. The Madeiran example seems to per- tain to this latter form. 176 MR. B. M‘LDACHLAN ON THE NEUROPTERA OF Yet another species of this family, from Madeira, probably exists in Mr. Wollaston’s collection in the British Museum ; but it is not in a condition for minute examination, principally owing to its haying been gummed on ecard, a practice to which Mr. Wollaston was so particularly attached. EPHEMERID. Croton piprerum, L. (Cloé diptera, Hag. Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 25.—Cloéon dipterwm, Baton, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 102.) Madeira (Wollaston, Eaton). Canaries: Teneriffe (atom). Frequents the pools formed by the streams at their lower portions, and adjacent localities where the water is warm. Bairrs RHODANI, Pictet. (Cloé maderensis, Hag. Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 25.—B. rhodani, Eaton, Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1871, p. 114.) Madeira (Wollaston, Eaton). Canaries: Grand Canary and Teneriffe (Hafon). Frequents cool streams up to 3000 feet, or more. N.B, I think it may be safely assumed that no other Ephe- meride inhabit the islands. The acquisition of the subaquatic stages of insects of this family was above every other entomolo- gical consideration with Mr. Eaton during his visit, and no larva or nymph pertaining to other than these two species was dis- covered. Both are notorious for wide distribution. ODONATA., T am indebted to my friend Baron de Selys-Longchamps for haying examined some Dragonflies concerning which I was uncertain, and for the loan of a series of examples bearing upon the identification of the species found in the islands. Libellulina. PALPOPLEURA MARGINATA, Hab. (Libellula variegata, F., Bory — de St. Vincent, Essai, p. 869.—Z. Lucia, Drury, 9.) Canaries (Bory de St. Vincent). T have not seen this common African species from the islands ; possibly it occasionally flies over from the mainland, MADEIRA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS. ay 7/ SYMPETRUM STRIOLATUM, Charp. (Libellula striolata, Hag. Ent. Month. Mag. u. p. 27.—Z. vulgata, Brullé, Hist. Canar. ii. pt. 2, p. 82.) Madeira (Wollaston, several examples ; Eaton, 1 very adult 2, 23rd December). Canaries (Webb e¢ Berthelot; but there isa possibility that the next species was intended by Brullé). Although I use the name strvolatwm, it is now, I think, gene- rally believed that the species so smnad and the vulgata of Linné are not separable. Symprrrum Fonscotomsi, Selys. (Libellula rubella, Hag. Ent. Month. Mag. u. p. 26, nec Brullé.) Madeira ( Wollaston). Canaries: near Las Palmas, Grand Canary, 6th December (Haton, 3 2). A widely distributed species, which (notwithstanding its occa- sional appearance in England) must be regarded as pertaining to the Mediterranean fauna. OntTHETRUM (?) cHRysosTiIGMa, Burm. (Libellula Olympia, Brullé, Hist. Canar. ii. pt. 2, p. 82, nee Fonse.—L. chrysostigma, Burm. Handbuch, p. 857.) Canaries: Teneriffe (according to Burmeister; ¢ 2 in the British Museum, Wollaston [the ¢ indicated as received from Heer|; Montafias de Nordeste, 26th December, Haton, 1 very adult 3.) This insect has occasioned great perplexity with me, and has necessitated an extended review of Libellula trinacria, Selys, L. barbara, Selys, and allied forms, in which I have been aided by the temporary possession of materials communicated by Baron de Selys. I have also been able to examine the (now mutilated) 2 type of Olympia, Brullé, which is certainly distinct from Boyer de Fonscolombe’s French insect (=cerulescens, Fab.) of that name. Not only specific, but also generic perplexity has been the result. It has been considered probable that chrysostigma, Burm., might be identical with ¢rinacria, Selys, which, if well founded, would necessitate the deposition of the latter name as a synonym. Libellula trinacria has been referred to the genus Lepthemis, Hagen, which is especially characterized by the much inflated base of the abdomen in both sexes. The type of Lepthemis is the 178 MR. &. M‘LACHLAN ON THE NEUROPTERA OF American Libellula vesiculosa, Fab., and other American insects agree therewith in points of generic structure; but the Old- World species associated with them are divergent in several points (yet agree in having the base of the abdomen inflated iz both sexes) ; and on a minute revision (a thing hoped for!) of the subfamily Libellulina they would have to be separated from their American allies. Let us now turn to a familiar group of Old- World forms, of which the British LZ. cancellata, L., and cerulescens, Fab., may be considered typical,—forms for which Newman, in 1833, pro- posed the generic term Orthetrum (= Libella, Brauer, 1868, a name otherwise inadmissible, because Selys had previously used it, andin Odonata). In the more typical forms of Orthetrum, neither $ nor 2 has the base of the abdomen conspicuously dilated in comparison with the rest. But when we come to Libellula barbara, Selys, (and some others,) we are concerned with an insect the very adult male of which, in a thoroughly blue-pulverulent condition, is difficult to separate from LZ. ¢rinacria in a similar condition, but in which the @ has the base of the abdomen in no way dilated. Therefore I should be disposed to consider LZ. bar- bara an Orthetrum, and to place L. trinacria (and immediate allies) in a distinct group (on account of the female characters), more related to Orthetrum than to Lepthemis typically. Now, as to the specific question involved in the Canarian Z. chrysostigma. The materials examined by me are as follows :— (1) The mutilated 2 type of Olympia, Brullé (remarkable for the presence of-only two rows of discoidal areoles in the anterior wings for the greater part, an accidental condition, of which traces are frequently discernible in other species of the group) ; (2) the semiadult ¢ and very immature @ in the collection of the British Museum ; (3) the very adult $ captured by Eaton, in my collection. The two females and the semiadult ¢ prove in- contestably that chrysostigma is not conspecific with trinacria, But they show very close connection with barbara, yet are larger (about as large as small examples of trinacria); and, at this moment, the size is almost the only tangible point of difference apparent ; for I fail to appreciate any striking differences in the genitalia of the second segment in the ¢, or in the vulvar scale (insufficiently examined on account of condition) of the 2. From trinacria the immature or semiadult g of chrysostigma (and also of barbara) may be at once separated by the thoracic markings (combined with the much smaller pterostigma) ; from highly adult MADEIRA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS. 179 3 of trinacria (wholly blue-pulverulent) the same sex of chryso- stigma (and also of barbara) may be separated by the presence of a small yellow marking at the base of the posterior wing margining he membranule. I have entered at length into this subject on account of the dificult points involved. The summing-up is as follows :—(1) Libellula trinacria (and therefore L. Sabina, &c.) is not a true Lepthemis, but is more allied to Orthetrum ; (2) L. chrysostigma is not identical with trnacria, but is very closely allied to barbara (? distinct therefrom *, cf. Hagen, Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 27), and is probably not to be generically separated from Orthetrum. 2? PraTeTRUM DEPREssuM, L. (Libellula depressa, L. ?, Bory de St. Vincent, Essai, p. 369.) I regard this avowedly doubtful identification as erroneous ; but in a synopsis such as this the citation should not be lost sight of. TRITHEMIS ARTERIOSA, Burmeister. (Libellula distincta, Ramb. —L. rubella, Brullé, Hist. Canar. ii. pt. 2, p. 82.) Canaries (Webb et Berthelot); Montafias de Nordeste, Tene- riffe, 26th December (Haton, 1 $ and 2 9, all very adult). A widely distributed African species. Hagen referred rubella of Brullé to Fonscolombii, Selys, but certainly in error. The de- tailed description given by Brullé suits arferiosa admirably ; and the identification therewith is confirmed by the much damaged g type in the Paris Museum. A question of priority might be raised as regards the names arteriosa and rubella. The former was published in 1839; the volume of Zoology in Webb and Ber- thelot’s work bears the dates 1836-44. Although this work was published in Paris, it is certain that Rambur was not aware of its existence (or, at any rate, of the portion treating on Neuroptera) when his own volume in the ‘Suites 4 Buffon’ appeared in 1842 ; and Burmeister’s description had been published at least three * The types of chrysostigma (“go Q in cop, capt.”) are in the possession of Dr. Hagen ; and while this paper was being printed I received information from him to the effect that he considers them certainly identical with barbara (the former name having priority). He calls my attention to a supplementary note in the ‘ Reyue des Odonates,’ p. 398, as to an example of darbara from the south of Spain, said to exist in the Museum of the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, so that the species may therefore be considered European. [am not aware of any recent confirmation of this. 180 MR. B. M‘LACHLAN ON THE NEUROPTERA OF years previously. Rambur applied the name arteriosa as a doubt- ful synonym of hematina, which latter seems to have been a somewhat collective name, but not including the species under consideration. The adult 2 (so determined by De Selys) bears but little re- semblance to the male. Iam not aware that this sex has been described. The front is pale olivaceous; the side lobes of the labium rather distinctly margined with blackish on their conti- guous edges. Thorax olivaceous, with an appearance of darker humeral lines, each side with three distinct black lines ; pectus blackish, with three yellowish spots (as in the ¢), somewhat pulverulent. Legs black; tibiex brownish externally; femora yellowish at the base, this colour more extended internally. Abdomen considerably shorter than in the ¢ (23 mm. as against 26 mm.), olivaceous, glaucous pulverulent beneath, the black lateral markings as in the 3, but more extended; vulvar scale triangular. Wings hyaline; the anterior scarcely tinged with yellow at the extreme base; two very small yellow spots at the base of the posterior; pterostigma reddish brown; neuration brownish black, some of the costal and subcostal nervules paler ; 11-12 antecubital nervules in the anterior. CrocoTHEMis ERYTHoRmMA, Brullée. (Libellula ferruginea, Brullé, Hist. Canar. ii. pt. 2, p. 82.—L. rubicunda, Bory de St. Vincent, Essai, p. 362, nec L.). Canaries (Bory de St. Vincent, Webb et Berthelot); Orotava, Teneriffe, about 1650 feet, December 16th (Haton). Eaton remarks that this handsome insect breeds in the reser- voirs. The ¢ examples taken by him are very adult, and are slightly larger than those in my collection from various parts of the south of Europe, Africa, India, &e. I incline to refer here an immature 2 from near Las Palmas, Grand Canary, 6th December (Eaton), although De Selys ex- presses himself doubtful; the pale and dark humeral lines on the thorax of this example are very distinct *. * Bruilé says:—“ Parmi les Libellules des Canaries se trouvent les deux sexes d’une jolie variété de cette espéce, dont la collection du Muséum renferme plusieurs indiyidus provenant des Indes Orientales. lle est d’un jaune roux, les cdtés et le dessous de son corselet plus pales, et chaque cdté du corselet pré- sente une bande brune étendue depuis Vorigine de l’aile jusqu’au bord anté- rieur et bordée intérieurement d’une ligne d'un jaune clair.” Probably the same form. a? ns ad a’ oe 4 ; nf ; ; MADEIRA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS, 181 The erythrea group is one of extreme difficulty. It is probable that a solution may be found in the form of the genital parts of the second segment in the ¢ ; but it should be remarked that I find slight variation in this respect in series of individuals from the same locality, even in three ¢ before me from Orotava. De Selys has kindly lent me, for comparison, the types of ferru- garia (which he considers a synonym of sanguinolenta, Bur- meister) and inquinata, Rambur. The ¢ of the former would seem to have the abdomen less broad, and with very considerable difference in the genitals of the second segment; but these latter are probably distorted. As for inguinata, the type isa 2, and colour appears to be the principal character, the wings being more broadly yellow at the base, which colour is continued along the costal margin as far as the pterostigma. Gomphina. GoMPHUS, sp. ? Madeira (Hartung). Hagen (Ent. Month. Mag. 11. p. 27) says a species from Madeira is in the collection of Prof. Heer, but he had not seen it; he suggests that it is possibly G. simillimus, Selys. Probably it is the same species to which De Selys refers under Gomphus Lucasii in the ‘ Monographie des Gomphines,’ p. 138. dischnina. Awax ForMosUS, Van der Linden. (dischna formosa, Brullé, Hist. Canar. 1. pt. 2, p. 82.— A. formosus, Hag. Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 27.) Madeira (Wollaston, &c.). Canaries (Webb et Berthelot, &c.); Tafira, 1500 feet, 8th December, and near Palmas, 10th December, Grand Canary (Haton) ; Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, 28th December (Eaton). In all probability this is the large Dragonfly referred to by most writers who have mentioned the insects of the islands; and I think it isa true native. Hagen (Ent. Month. Mag. 7. c.) suggests that it may have been introduced with eggs of Rana esculenta in the same manner as there appears to be some reason to believe it was introduced into Sweden (ef. Hagen, Reyue des Odonates, p. 394), But there is no necessity to suppose accidental or intentional introduction ; an insect of such great power of wing could easily pass over from the mainland, or vice versa. I do not find any 182 MR. R. M‘LACHLAN ON THE NEUROPTERA OF tangible differences in the examples from the islands, as compared with others from Europe &c. A ¢ in De Selys’s collection cer- tainly seems to have the superior appendages more attenuate at the apex ; but I think it is owing to the turn they have taken in drying, and hence illusory. ? ANAX MAURICIANUS, Rambur. Madeira. I possess one ¢ Anawx obtained from a dealer, and indicated from Madeira, that is probably referable to mauricianus ; other insects accompanying it were certainly Madeiran. Hagen (Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xvii. p. 44) doubts the distinctness of mauricianus from formosus ; possibly it is only a case of slight variation ; still there are certain structural pecu- liarities. Rambur, in describing his maurictanus (Névropteres, p: 184), alludes to several colour-differences that are probably illusory for the greater part. As to structure, he mentions, znter alia, the following points :—“ Abdomen plus long, plus gréle;” superior appendages internally “ plus profondément sinueux en approchant de l’extrémité, qui est plus étroite ;”” inferior appen- dage “un peu plus court ;” “ pterostigma beaucoup plus petit ;” also “ nervure costale chez le male n’etait pas jaune antérieure- ment.” Inall these points my example fully agrees; but in some others—such, for instance, as the absence of little tubercles on the margin of the tenth segment—it does not accord. De Selys has kindly lent me a series of examples bearing upon the question, including one of Rambur’s types from Mauritius *. This agrees with the description in most of the points mentioned, but disagrees in others (as does my example). The costal nervure is yellow externally in this, black im mine (I do not think I have seen a true formosus in which this nervure is black externally ; but it may occur in very adult examples). The inferior appendage is still shorter in mine, scarcely longer than broad ; in this it appears to agree with examples from De Selys, labelled by him “ mauri- cianus, race brevistigma,” received from Madagascar and Bourbon; and even the pterostigma in my example more approaches these. Probably it would be safer to refer formosus, mauricianus, and its race brevistigma, all to one species (formosus) ; but we yet require more extended local information *. * Probably other types are in the Oxford Museum; but that in De Selys’s collection should be from the same souree, 7. ¢. “‘M. Marchal.” t+ Hagen (Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien) alludes to the condition of the median + 2 3 § MADEIRA AND TILE CANARY ISLANDS. 183 — Awyax Partuenors, Selys. Canaries: Teneriffe (according to Brauer, Reise der ‘ Novara,’ Neuroptera, p. 61). Not seen by me from the islands. CYRTOSOMA EPHIPPIGERUM, Burmeister. Canaries. Hagen (Verh. z.-b. Gesellsch. Wien, xvii. p. 31) says he pos- sesses an example indicated “im atlantischen Meere drei Meilen * von den canarischen Inseln, von Afrika kommend gefangen.”’ This is a well-known migratory species, which occasionally appears on the European shores of the Mediterranean in great numbers, though I think there is as yet no evidence that it breeds in Kurope. I have an example indicated as found on the shore at Mogador during a storm in January. This species may safely be given as Canarian on the evidence of Hagen’s specimen. Agrionina. Iscunvra BUMILIO, Charpentier. (Agrion pumilio, Ramb. Neévrop. p. 277; Selys, Revue des Odonates, p. 182 ; Hag. Ent. Month. Mag. ii. p. 27.—L. pumilio, Selys, Synops. Agrion., Légion 5, p. 23.) Madeira (according to Rambur, in Selys’s collection; Wollaston); near Funchal, 20th November (Zaton). All the females that I have seen from Madeira pertain to the dimorphic orange-coloured condition. IscuNURA SENEGALENSIS, Rambur. Madeira. My knowledge of this African species as Madeiran is based solely on 1 ¢ and1 @ in De Selys’s collection. The -dis from Rambur’s collection, and is labelled by him “Agrion madere,” an unpublished name ; it isin bad condition, but is certified as sene- galensis by De Selys. suture (“ Quergriite”) of the second segment of formosus, so far as the angle formed by it in its middle is concerned; I find all intermediate conditions in the long series before me, independent of locality. * German miles must be understood. LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 18 184 DR. T. S. COBBOLD ON A New Entozoon from the Ostrich. By T. Spencer Cozszozp, M.D., F.R.S., F.LS. [Read November 17, 1881.] [Puate IV.] On the 23rd of March 1880 I received from South Africa two bottles, the larger one containing part of the proventriculus of a young Ostrich preserved in spirit, and the smaller one a quantity of loose vegetable débris, in which were several Nematode worms. These were sent by Mr. Arthur Douglass, of Heatherton Towers, near Grahamstown ; and, by letter, I was informed that the bird yielding the parasites had not died in consequence of the disease from which it was actually suffering, but had been purposely destroyed on account of a broken leg. Speaking of the proventriculus as the “ paunch corresponding with the crop of other birds,’ Mr. Douglass says to me in his letter :—“ You will find vast numbers of small Entozoa in the mucus. A medical gentleman who examined them believes them to be a totally unknown worm.” Mr. Douglass’s statement and his friend’s inference are correct. The parasite represents a new species ; and in my reply to the discoverer, I provisionally named it Strongylus Douglassii. Judging from the materials sent, the number of parasites in this bird must have amounted to several thousand. For diagnosis I give the following characters :— STRONGYLUS DouGLassII, sp. nov.—Body smooth, transversely striated, nearly uniform in thickness, rather suddenly narrowed in front ; head minute, often spirally folded inwards; mouth simple, unarmed ; @so- phagus long, gradually thickening below; tail of the male with a broad, two-lobed hood and simple ray-arrangement ; spicules short, stout, closely applied ; tail of the female directed inwards, suddenly narrowing below the anus, which is subterminal. Length of male 2 inch, breadth about 51, of an inch. Length of female 4 inch, breadth about 51; of an inch. Hab. Proventriculus of Struthio camelus. The transparency of the body enables one to ascertain the general structure of this little nematode without dissection. The mouth and intestinal tract offer no marked peculiarity; but in many of the preserved specimens the integuments about the head are so inflated by endosmosis that they are frequently inverted. NEW ENTOZOON FROM THE OSTRICH. 185 From this cause an inexperienced observer might readily mistake the cup-shaped inverted portion for the lining membrane of a large buccal cavity. The oral opening leads to a small esophageal tube, which for a short distance is strengthened by chitinous thieken- ing. The head itself is something less than >; inch in breadth, the extremity of the tail in the female being less than ts79 inch in diameter. The internal reproductive organs of the male show a simple vas deferens or tubal prolongation from the seminal receptacle ; but the short, broad, and uncleft spicules are to some extent cha- racteristic of the species. They present an average length of shy inch by 4 inch in breadth. The accessory appendages are especially noteworthy. In general configuration and ray-distribution, the hood approaches the pattern found in Strongylus ventricosus ; but this latter strongyle is very much larger. In breadth the hood of Strongylus Douglassii measures ++; inch, whilst its vertical diameter is about 54, inch. In this species the anterior ray is split into two widely diverging branches, the lower being paramount. A similar peculiarity is found in the anterior ray of 8. ventricosus of the ox and deer, in S. nodularis of ducks and geese, and in S. retorteformis of the hare; at least Schneider has so represented the character of the anterior ray in these species. In §. Douwglassii both the ray- divisions are papillated at their points; but I did not notice papillary terminations in any of the succeeding rays. The thumb- and-finger-like appearance of these upper ray-divisions is very striking. The antero-lateral ray is comparatively large. The middle ray is divided to the base, its portions being nearly equal. The postero-lateral ray is narrow, and does not extend to the border of the hood. The posterior ray is united to its fellow of the opposite side; it is long and narrow, bifurcated at the lower third, the inner branch being also forked. All the divisions of the posterior ray extend to the circumferential margin of the hood, which at this (the lowermost) point slightly projects, as if forming a rudimentary third lobe. The hood-membrane itself displays the usual radiating strie, bespeaking its integumentary origin; and above it the ventral surface of the body is marked by several undulating lines or ridges directed obliquely outwards. The internal reproductive organs of the female worm, while conforming to the nematode type generally, show the uterine and ovarian portions very distinctly. The vulva is situated y; inch 13* 186 DR. T. §. COBBOLD ON A above the point of the tail. The narrow cecal end of the upper ovary passes into the superior third of the body, and usually folds upon itself once or twice. The lower uterine horn, after passing downwards to very near the anus, suddenly bends up- ward, and terminates in a narrow ovarian cecum, which occupies a position corresponding with that of the tubal portion of the superior uterine horn. The most striking feature, however, is that which relates to the small number and comparatively large size of the eggs. Ane their separate measurement averages ziy inch in length by ;45 inch in breadth. The more perfect eggs contain incompletely rome embryos. As hitherto we have been accustomed to find the Strongyles supporting a very large number of ova, this paucity of eggs is, so far as my experience goes, altogether peculiar. Amongst the free Nematodes one con- stantly encounters females with only one, two, or several perfect ova; but I know of no Strongyle carrying so few as twenty to thirty eges; yet that peculiarity obtains in this Strongyle from the Ostrich. When, recently, Dr. Orley, the Hungarian hel- minthologist, visited this country, I had an opportunity of show- ing him §. Dowglasszz under the microscope. He at once re- cognized the exceptional character of this phenomenon. Practical Considerations.—Some useful and interesting particulars are related in the communication received from Mr. Douglass. The victi- mized bird was 18 months old, being one of a flock. On opening it, the worms, he says, ‘‘ were all alive, although the flock had had salt with their food daily for a month, and a week before one ounce of sulphur each.”” My informant’s surprise was not unnatural, seeing that agricul- turists have long appreciated the value of salt and sulphur as a prophylactic and parasiticide. Many years ago Professor Simonds conducted a simple experiment, which showed that salines proved fatal to a worm infesting the stomach of a lamb. He called the parasite Filaria hamata; but I subsequently identified it with Strongylus contortus of Rudolphi. Mr. Douglass says that he first discovered these Ostrich-Entozoa in December 1879, “when a flock of 200 Ostriches, running in a camp of 4000 acres, suddenly fell off in condition, and three died.’ He examined the dead birds, and adds :—“ I found the mucus of about half the paunch to have acquired a fungus growth of an inch or more in length, under which the paunch was red with millions of these worms. Shortly after, three more of the flock were worried to death by dogs, and they were all affected [by the parasite]. From the appearance of the others, I knew the whole to be so; and from reports of the mortality in birds from all parts of South eric, I believe the disease to be general.” Spaihcgiiuni: pees NEW ENTOZOON FROM THE OSTRICH. 187 From experiences long ago gathered by myself in the investigation of Grouse and Pigeon epidemies, respectively, and from what I have also discovered to obtain in the ease of certain animal epidemics not hitherto judged to be of parasitic origin, I was in no way surprised at this announce- ment of a new avian epizooty due to parasitism. All the helminthic out- breaks present certain features in common. As fatal epidemics or plagues they come and go; and although the parasites that cause them are never really altogether absent, the evil results of invasion are only manifested and recorded when the parasites are sufficiently numerous to make their presence felt—that is, epidemiologically speaking. All epizootics of this character are immediately due to excessive multiplication of worms, the unusual prevalence being itself due to exceptionally favourable conditions. When the Grouse-disease prevailed, alarmists predicted that these valuable game-birds would soon share the fate of the Dodo; yet, as I pointed out at the time, this conclusion was based upon an entire mis- understanding as to the nature of the disorder. If it could not be shown that the Grouse epidemics of former years were due to parasitism, I at least demonstrated that the outbreak of 1872-73 was principally caused by a Nematode not then known to science. This worm I named Strongylus pergracilis*. Upwards of thirty Grouse were examined by me during the epidemic, most of the diseased birds having been either captured alive or shot on the Earl of Cawdor’s moors. ‘The Grouse and Ostrich Strongyles bear a considerable resemblance to one another; but the Grouse worms are much longer and otherwise differ. Not improbably the mode of develop- ment is similar, both requiring a change of hosts. Be that as it may, and in absence of special researches upon this point, I may observe that the method of dealing with the Ostrich epidemic was in the right direction. Had the salines been combixed with lime-water, I think the treatment would have proved more or less effective. What is really wanted is some drug that is known to exert a special action on Nematode worms without injuriously affecting the host. It seems to me that the so-called milk of Papaw (Carica papaya) is likely to answer the purpose. The remark- able properties of the active principle of this drug (as made known by M. Wurtz, and referred to at a former Meeting of this Society) would at once suggest the use of Papaw in any form of nematelminthiasis; and the practical efficiency of the drug as an oxyurifuge has been attested by Dr. Peckolt +. Several years ago Dr. Marcet showed that the perivisceral fluid of the larger Nematodes closely corresponded with the ordinary juice of flesh; and without doubt this fluid is mainly concerned in sustaining the life of the worms}. Since, therefore, Papaine possesses the power of * «The Grouse Disease; a statement of facts tending to prove the parasitic origin of the epidemic.’ ‘The Field’ Office, London, 1873. + Pharmaceutical Journal, yol.x. See also Mr. Christy’s ‘ New Commercial Plants and Drugs,’ No. iv. p. 88: London, 1881. t Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. xiv. p. 69 (1861). 188 DR. T. §S. COBBOLD ON A NEW ENTOZOON. dissolving fibrine, it is likely that its absorption by endosmose when brought into contact with the worms would destroy them. It is not probable that any difference of action would result by employing the drug for the destruction alike of Strongyles, Ascarides, Oxyurides, or even Filarize. I would strongly advise the Ostrich-farmers to give Pawpaw a fair trial. To some it will naturally occur to recommend santonine; but seeing how injuriously this agent has acted upon puppies, and also how in- effective for good it has proved in our hands in cases of Oxyurides, its employment in young Ostriches seems contra-indicated. But there is another practical phase of this question of great interest. It appears to me that these epidemics form, as it were, by-way phenomena of the “ struggle for existence.” In this view they are most instructive. This Ostrich epizodty is a kind of strongylosis; and as such it has its counterpart in the ¢richinosis of swine, in the olulanosis of cats, in the fila- riasis of man, and so forth—all these disorders representing so many special forms of helminthiasis. In every case we see a multitude of lili- putian creatures battling for their own existence. The war is carried on at the expense of the victims infested ; and when, as in the instance before us, the parasites become abnormally prodigious in number, then the bearer or victim is injured. In other words, the invaded territory suffers from overcrowding and multiplied wounds. Of course, amongst avian, as also among mammalian victims, the smaller and younger hosts suffer more readily than adults. Thus lambs perish more quickly than sheep, colts than horses, chicks than their parent birds. In extreme cases no animal, whatever its size or age, can long withstand the assaults of certain kinds of internal parasites, armed as they not unfrequently are with boring weapons. Thus also, as has been recently shown in my paper on the para- sites of Elephants, comparatively small Entozoa are often as effective for mischief as the larger species. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE IY. Figs. 1 & 2. Male and female Strongylus Douglassit. x 65 diameters. 3 & 4, Caudal extremities of thesame. 260 diam. c, head; 6, esophagus; c, chylous intestine, ce’; middle, and c", lower ends of the same; d, rectum; ¢, anus; f, hood and rays of the male; g, spicules ; h, sheath; 7, vas deferens; 7, testis; /, #', anterior ray-divisions; /, antero- lateral ray ; m, m', middle ray-divisions; 2, posterior lateral ray; 0, posterior ray of the right lobe; o', branches of the posterior ray of the left lobe ; p, vulva of the female; g, upper uterine horn ; 7, tuba; s, ovarium, and s’, upper ovarian cecum ; ¢, fold of lower uterine horn; w, cxcal end of the lower oyarium ; v, ovuin; w, embryo; x, caudal papilla of the female; vy, oblique skin-folds of the male; 2, transverse cutaneous strie; 2’, longitudinal muscle-cells; 2’, re- tractor muscle of the sheath of the male spicule. ror) ON THE ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 189 The Asteroidea of H.M.S. ‘ Challenger’ Expedition.—Part I, By W. Percy Srapen, F.L.S., F.G.S. [Read January 19, 1882.] [Published by permission of the Lords Commissioners of tho Treasury, | Part I, PTERASTERIDA. Tar Asteroidea collected during the expedition of H.M.S. ‘ Chal- lenger’ were kindly intrusted to my care by Sir C. Wyville Thom- son in the early part of the past year (1881), to report upon and describe. As might naturally be expected in a group of animals of such universal occurrence, the amount of material is very great, and furnishes additions of the highest importance to our knowledge of the geographical and bathymetrical distribution of species, of variations of form within areas of occurrence, and of growth-stages ; whilst the number of species new to science is also very considerable. These circumstances, together with the fact that comparatively little has hitherto been known respecting the Asterid fauna of abyssal depths, are sufficient to indicate the interesting and important character of the collection under notice. It is my intention to lay before this Society an account of the species obtained, with descriptions where necessary, and to pre- sent the same by instalments during the course of the prepara- tion of the detailed Report, which will ultimately form a part of the Official Report of the Voyage now in process of publication. In the issue of the proposed preliminary lists I shall not feel called upon to adhere rigidly to the sequence in which families or genera are classified by systematists. The parts will more pro- bably be issued as soon as my examination of special groups is completed; and this, for obvious reasons, will be determined in a great measure by conveniences of study and comparison. By this means I hope to be able to lay more speedily before specialists an outline of the results of the Expedition as far as the Asteroidea are concerned, and thus render them available for general consul- tation and reference. All questions of anatomy, development, variations, and general deductions will be reserved for the Report above mentioned, 190 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE Fam. PTERASTERID. Synopsis of Genera included therein. (Muscular bands not reticu- | lated. gous tome] membrane wich | Membrane usually contain- muscular rous . I ing spicules. Actino-lateral spines form- 4 ing a free independent late- | Muscular bands regularly ral fringe; not merged in | -ticulated. RETASTER. | the actinal floor. \ No spicules in membrane. PTERASTER. Ambulacral spines forming trans- verse combs. Spines united by 4 web. ( Paxille-spinelets (15-30), \ long and hair-like, protru- ding freely through the membrane. Ambulacral spines part hori- ' Marsipaster. zontal. No muscular fibrous bands | 1 pair of secondary mouth- in the supradorsal mem-! spines; united by web to brane. < J mouth-spine series. | Actino-lateral spines merged | in the actinal floor. | Paxillee-spinelets (5 or 6)) | No lateral fringe. short, robust, not protru- | ding. | i i- | pete spines perpendi Wolisainnence. 3 pairs of secondary mouth- spines, free and indepen- { dent. ( Nidamental cavity spacious. Supradorsal membrane well- developed. Muscular fibres present. Spiracula present. Spinelets of paxillz short, not protruding through, but supporting, the membrane. Ambulacral spines HiyMENASTER. not forming trans- verse combs. Spines indepen- dent, and not united by web. Nidamental cavity aborted. Supradorsal membrane re mentary. No muscular fibres. No spiracula. Spinelets of paxillz fascicular, protruding a great portion of their \. length naked through the membrane. { BENTHASTER, Hitherto this family has been represented by a very limited number of forms, only nine species being on record. Eight of these belonged to the genera Pteraster and Retaster ; and the ninth was the type and solitary representative of Hymenaster, a genus established by Sir Wyville Thomson for a remarkable Asterid dis- covered during the cruise of H.M.S. ‘ Porcupine.’ Thirty-four species of Pterasteride have been obtained by the ‘ Challenger, only two of which were previously known. Of the thirty-two new species, three belong to Pteraster, four to Retaster, and the remarkable number of twenty to Hymenaster, a genus which is now found to possess a world-wide distribution in . deep waters. The remaining five species are representatives of ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 191 three new genera, viz.:—IMarsipaster, two species ; Benthaster, two; and Calyptraster, one. Note on Terminology.—For the sake of brevity and to avoid verbose repetition, several terms are employed in the following descriptions which have not previously been used in their present special signification. The introduction of these terms is necessi- tated by structural peculiarities in the forms comprised in the family Pterasteridx, several of which have hitherto been unob- served, whilst others have been ignored or passed over by previous systematists. The application of the terms will, in most cases, be self-evident. The following is a brief definition. The swpradorsal membrane is the veil-like’ covering or external independent tissue whereby the dorsal nidamental cavity is formed. The membrane is supported above the true dorsal sur- face of the animal by the paxille, which consist of a long columnar pedicel surmounted by a “crown”? of fine, more or less elongate spinelets. In the majority of forms belonging to this family, fine muscular fibrous bands extend between the tips of the spine- lets, and constitute a more or less regular fibrous network; and the general tissue of the dorsal membrane which fills in the inter- spaces or meshes is usually perforated by small contractile pores, styled spiracula by Sars. A large aperture occurs in the supra- dorsal membrane, situated over the centre of the disk and opening directly into the dorsal cavity, to which it affords the common means of ingress and egress; it is named the osewlar orvfice. This aperture may be closed by five more or less regular fan-like valves, or simply by a number of webbed or papillose spinelets. A number of small apertures open into the nidamental cavity on the actinal surface of the Starfish, an aperture being situated at the base of each of the long actino-lateral spines and close up to the adambulacral plate. There is consequently an opening into the cavity on either side of the furrow corresponding with each seg- ment of the ray; hence these are spoken of as segmental aper- tures. The openings are guarded, and can be closed, by a small spinelet or papilla articulated on the adambulacral plate, and termed the aperture-papilla. In some genera these appendages are partially hidden in the actinal membrane, and are free on one side only; in others they are perfectly free, and covered with a more or less expansive investing membrane of their own. The long spines articulated on the body-frame close to the adam- bulacral plates, and which form the lateral or marginal web in 192 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE Pteraster, and support the whole actinal floor in Hymenaster, are designated the actino-lateral spines. Finally, in the armature of the mouth-plates distinction is made between (1) the mouth-spines proper, which are situated upon the horizontal margins of the plates, and which are usually directed over the actinostome ; and (2) the secondary or superficial mouth-spines, which are borne upon the surface of the plate, and usually stand perpendicular to its plane—these latter spinelets being also frequently larger and more robust than the mouth-spines proper. ~ PrerastEer, Miller § Troschel. Species enumerated. P. militaris (O. F. Miull.), Mull. P. rugatus, n. sp. & Trosch. P. stellifer, n. sp. P. affinis, HK. A. Smith. P. semireticulatus, n. sp. PYERASTER MILITARIS (O. F. Miill.), Mill. § Trosch. Station 49. Lat. 48° 3' N., long. 63° 39’ W. mepe 83 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°'8 C. ; jane stones. PreRASTER AFFINIS, HL. A. Sinith. Pteraster affinis, H. A. Smith, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (1876), vol. xvii. p- 108; Trans. Venus Exped., Zool. Kerguelen Is. p. 6, pl. xvi. fig. 5. Station 149. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Islands. Depth 25 fins. PLERASTER RUGATUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour subpentagonal, interradial angles scarcely in- dented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 68°4 per cent. ; R=9°5 millim., r=6°5 millim. Interradial margin rounded, extremities of the radii slightly upturned, exposing the end of the furrow. Dorsal profile rounded, not high, tapering but little towards the extremities of the radii. Abactinal surface flat or slightly convex. Lateral fringe very slightly produced beyond the margin of the test. Supradorsal membrane subcorrugated, not reticulated. Pax- ille-spinelets fine, about 5 or 6 in number; tips slightly protu- berant, and producing a slight papillate appearance on the dorsal surface; no regularity of arrangement perceptible. Membrane indurated with minute spicules averaging ‘03-04 millim. in length—small, irregular and angularly branching bodies, sub- ~ ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 193 dendriform in appearance, fairly well spaced. The spiracula are rather large, not numerous, and are irregularly placed. Ambulacral furrows narrow, uniform in breadth till near the extremity, not petaloid. Ambulacral suckers in regular simple pairs. Ambulacral spinelets short and rather robust, 3 to 4 in each comb, 3 only on the outer part of the ray. Innermost spine nearly as long as the others, or, if a small inner one is present, it is so aborted as to be invisible without dissection. "Web remarkably thick and fleshy, subsaccular over the spinelets, passing off from the outermost spine with a long gentle sweep far out on to the lateral fringe. Mouth-plates each bear on their margin about three rather short, robust mouth-spines webbed together. Secondary super- ficial mouth-spines one on each plate, perpendicular to the plane, longer than any of the other spines, exceedingly thick, trian- gular, translucent, sharply pointed, and covered with a thick fleshy investment. Aperture-papille large, prominent, subtriangular. Actino- lateral spines directed horizontally, comparatively long, especi- ally in the interbrachial space. Web rather thick and fibrous. Colour, in alcohol, greyish white. Station 150. Lat. 52° 4’ 8., long. 71° 22’. Depth 150 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°°8 C.; rock. PTERASTER STELLIFER, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellato-pentagonoid, interradial angles slightly indented, the minor radial proportion being 67°6 per cent.; A=34 milim., r=23 millim. Radii very broad at the base, and tapering to a fine extremity, which is slightly recurved, margins of the rays not curved out- ward. Dorsal surface depressed and flatly convex. Lateral fringe scarcely extending beyond the margin. Actinal surface flat. Supradorsal membrane rather thick, regularly papillose in ap- pearance, not reticulated, composed of closely interlacing fibrous tissue. Paxille numerous and closely placed, with crowns of usually six spinelets radiating round a central one ; expansion of spinelets slight, all uniformly protuberant. The tips of the spinelets elevate the membrane into little conical papille, which, in consequence of the regularity of the crowns of the paxille, have the appearance of forming six-rayed stars with a central papilla, raised slightly in relief above the general superficies. 194 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE The crowns are closely placed, the interspaces rather deep; and the stars often appear to overlap. A more or less distinct lineal arrangement of this ornamentation may be observed upon the rays, although here and there irregular paxille-crowns, with fewer or more minute spinelets as the case may be, are interspersed. The “ stars” diminish in size as they proceed outward on the ray. Spiracula small and rather widely spaced. Oscular orifice small ; spinelets of the valves short and crowded. Ambulacral furrows narrow, straight, not petaloid, converging gradually towards the extremity. Suckers arranged in simple pairs. The borders formed by the transverse combs of ambulacral spine- lets rather broad. Each comb with 5 spinelets, comparatively short, the innermost one diminutive, not half the length of the others, and placed aboral to them on the plate, the comb being thus curved round aborally at the margin of the furrow; the ‘Spine next to the outermost is usually the longest. Web mode- rately thick and semitransparent, rather deeply incurved between the spinelets, somewhat thickened round them, and slightly sac- culate over their extremities ; continued from the outermost spine of the comb far out on the actino-lateral spines. Segmental apertures rather large and conspicuous for this genus. The papilla is comparatively large, and free on its aboral side only, forming a regular semicircular lip, the remainder of the papilla being entirely hidden in membrane. Mouth-plates short, but widely expanded laterally, rising by a gradual slope into a high and angular median keel, and forming a prominent peak aborally. Hach plate bears one moderately robust secondary superficial spine placed rather nearer the anterior margin of the plate than the middle. These spines are shorter than the mouth-spines proper, and are covered with a thick in- vesting-membrane slightly sacculate at the extremity. Five mouth-spines are situated on the horizontal margin of each plate, the innermost the longest, the next slightly smaller, and the outer three much smaller. Hach of the spines is covered with a mode- rately thick subsacculate investing membrane; and no web is de- veloped, except in one single abnornal instance, where a secondary spine is united with the inner or first mouth-spine proper. The first or most adoral transverse ambulacral combs of two neighbouring rays touch one another at their bases behind the aboral peak of the mouth-plates, but are not joined together. The actino-lateral spines are long, delicate, closely placed, and ‘ a Sota ia oa ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 195 extend to the margin of the actinal surface; the web faintly rounded over their extremities and slightly festooned between. The spines are horizontal in their disposition, forming a flat ven- tral surface to the disk; and the fringe extends very slightly beyond the margin ; and the spines diminish to quite microscopic proportions at the extremities of the ray. Colour, in alcohol :—The actino-lateral spines, the ambulacral spines, the mouth-plates, and the mouth-spines are all of a deli- cate rosy-pink colour ; and this, seen through the semitransparent light-flesh-coloured investing tissue, gives an exquisitely beautiful appearance to the underside of the Starfish. The general colour of the dorsal area is a pinkish white, verging on flesh-colour. Station 311. Lat. 52° 50'S., long. 73° 53'W. Depth 245 fms. ; bottom temperature 7°7 C.; mud. PTERASTER SEMIRETICULATUS, 0. Sp. Marginal contour substellate ; interradial angles well indented, the minor radial proportion being 57 per cent.; R=14 miilim., 7=8 millim. The sides of the rays slightly and gracefully curved outwards, the tips naturally upturned and incised, bringing the extremity of the ambulacral furrow on to the dorsal area. Dorsal profile rather high and bombous over the disk, tapering off rather steeply to the extremity of the rays. Actinal surface slightly concave. Supradorsal membrane marked out with conspicuous reticu- lated lines of membrane, although no regular divisional fibres or independent tendinous network can be made out—the fibres present being fine, and only distinguishable when highly mag- nified. Paxille moderately long, with the spinelets radiating well outwards, about 6 to 8 or even more in number; the corrugated membrane which they support lying thick and baggy over their tips, and forming the regular lines and cross lines whereby the character above noted is produced. None of the spinelets are more prominent than the rest; and although a central one appears to be normally present in the centre of the mesh, this is very frequently absent towards the end of the rays. The membrane is semitransparent, and contains no spicules; 6 to 10 large-sized, irregularly disposed spiracula occur in each mesh- like area Ambulacral furrows moderately wide’ and sublanceolate; the sucker-feet more or less alternate, and showing distinctly a ten- 196 | MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE dency towards quadruple arrangement. Ambulacral suckers mo- derately long and slender, each comb having 8 to 4 (or occasionally 5) spinelets, the innermost not more than one third of the size of the next spinelet, and placed in advance of, or aboral to, the rest of the comb; the outer spinelet usually rather longer than the others. The web-membrane is semitransparent, moderately indented, and, after passing from the outermost spinelet of the comb, is attached to the web of the actino-lateral spine, slightly in advance of the actino-lateral spine belonging to its own adain- bulacral plate—the spinelet hanging right over the terminal piece of web, which does not reach far out as in P. rugatus. A rather long saccular prolongation of the web-membrane occurs at the tip of each of the ambulacral spines. ‘Towards the extremity of the rays the combs sometimes show a tendency to separate into component spines, each being still clothed with membrane. The aperture-papille are somewhat jawbone-shaped, the thickened extremity being directed adorally.’ The mouth-plates bear 4 to 5 spines on each side, long, and stouter than the ambulacral spines, both series being webbed together, the outer spine being sometimes very small and rudi- mentary. The secondary superficial spines are small, not so long as the innermost mouth-spines, but rather more robust. In one or two plates of the specimen under notice there is a single irre- gular secondary spinelet, smaller than and accompanying those just referred to. The first ambulacral comb after the mouth- plate series has its web continued on to the aboral extremity of the mouth-plate ; hence these two combs meet. The actino-lateral spines are of moderate length and slender; the fringe extending a short distance free beyond the margin of the test, and directed horizontally or in the plane of the ventral surface. Colour, in alcohol, greyish white. Station, “ off Marion Island.” Depth 50 fms. Retaster, Perrier. Species enumerated. R. verrucosus, n. sp. R. gibber, n. sp. R. peregrinator, n. sp. R. insignis, n. sp. RETASTER VERRUCOSUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour moderately indented in the riboneastiad which sag URE aioe ae? temad 22 ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 197 are angular and not rounded ; outline of the rays gracefull y curved outwards. The lesser radius in the proportion of 59:5 per cent. ; R=47 willim., ,=28 millim. Dorsal profile moderately high and rounded, tapering gradually to the extremity of the rays, which are slightly upturned and expose the ambulacral furrow on the dorsal area. Actinal surface flat. Supradorsal membrane very regularly and uniformly reticu- lated. The paxille have long pedicels, and bear a crown of about 15 spinelets, nearly as long as the pedicel. The central spinelet is very much more robust and longer than any of the rest, and stands perpendicular, rising in the centre of the mesh, whilst the others, which are slender and delicate, radiate round it and out- wards to the fibrous bands that form the outline of the mesh. The median spinelet is much more prominent than any of the others; and the thick fleshy cap formed upon it by the dorsal membrane.imparts a very conspicuous papillate appearance to the Starfish, assuming in large old specimens almost a semituberculate character of great regularity and evenness of disposition. In large, fully-grown specimens the whole membrane becomes very thick and wrinkly, rendering it difficult to trace the radiating bands ; in moderate-sized specimens, however, they may be clearly distinguished without removing the epidermis. From the central spinelet 6 to 8 secondary muscular fibres radiate up to the main fibres of the mesh ; they are of considerable thickness, and leave only narrow interspaces, in which four or five small spiracula occur. Ambulacral furrows very broad and petaloid in outline, with sucker-feet arranged in quadruple series. Transverse combs of ambulacral spines numerous and closely placed, with five mo- derately long and robust spines, the uniting web being thick, fleshy, and with long saccular prolongations extending beyond the tips of the spines. The ambulacral spinelets are nearly equal in length, except the innermost, which is shorter and more deli- cate. Each alternate row is somewhat retired from the furrow- margin ; and in these combs the innermost spinelet is very much smaller than its companions, in some cases almost aborted; and this spine is usually placed rather in advance of its row. Mouth-plates with long mouth-spines, 4 on each plate, all the eight webbed together, not radiating apart, but forming a narrow scoop-like fan, the inner three spines on each plate about equal in length, the outermost spine very small and short. The secon- 198 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE dary or superficial mouth-spines (one on each plate) not longer than the mouth-spines, scarcely if at all stouter, subcylindrical and not pointed, covered rather thickly with membrane. Actino-lateral spines completely hidden in a very thick fleshy membrane, which extends as a saccular prolongation beyond their extremities, forming an aborted lateral fringe that projects slightly beyond the margin of the disk and rays. Colour, in alcohol, varying from light warm brown to purplish grey. Station 3138. Lat. 52° 20' S., long. 68° 0’ W. Depth 55 fms. ; bottom temperature 8°°8 C.; sand. ReETASTER PEREGRINATOR, 0. Sp. Marginal contour not greatly indented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 65°85 per cent.; =41 millim., r=27 millim. Interradial angles subangular or faintly rounded. Radi short, thick, blunt and rounded at the extremities, which are slightly upturned. Dorsal profile bombous and rather high. Actinal area flat or subconvex. Supradorsal membrane thick and regularly reticulated. Pax- illee with a crown of 5 to 10 spinelets, one directed to the centre of the mesh, the rest expanded very slightly ; six radiating fibrous bands pass from the central spinelet to the mesh-fibres; and the interspaces include 2 or 38 large spiracula. All the spinelets are uniformly protuberant, and that only to a slight degree ; they are rather closely placed ; and the whole dorsal area is thickly covered with rather fleshy wrinkly skin, presenting a somewhat spongy and subpapillose appearance, and a slightly scabrous feel- ing to the touch. The primary meshes are not very distinctly marked out superficially ; and the hexagons consequently appear to overlap or run into one another in many cases. Oscular ori- fice small and inconspicuous. Ambulacral furrows broad and more or less petaloid, the closely placed and prominent transverse spine-combs adding greatly to the appearance of breadth. Sucker-feet arranged in quadruple series. The combs of ambulacral spines are broad, a feature further enhanced by their method of arrangement. Lach alter- nate comb has usually two spines less: in this way combs of 7 to 8 spinelets alternate regularly with combs of 5. The larger combs radiate well over the furrow, whilst the smailer ones, on the other hand, are considerably retired from the margin; the ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 199 innermost spine standing perpendicular, or even directed slightly outwards. Hence, when seen from above, the smaller combs ap- pear to have little more than one half, or at most two thirds, the space of the larger combs. In the larger combs the innermost spine is smaller and shorter than the rest, frequently not more than half the length. In the smaller combs the innermost spine is much smaller still, often quite aborted and apparently absent. The other spines are nearly equal in length; and both combs are uniform with one another in this respect. The combs are thickly webbed, and have large and elongate saccular extensions developed over the extremities of the spinelets. Mouth-armature resembling that of R. verrucosus. Mouth- spines 8 to 10 in number, 4 or 5 on each plate, both series webbed together, forming a narrow scoop-like fan. Secondary superficial mouth-spines, one on each plate, thin, cylindrical, not tapering, no longer than the mouth-spines, covered with mem- brane. Actino-lateral spines of moderate length, reaching up to the margin of the test; hidden in membrane, of which a saccular but not indented prolongation extends beyond the extremities as a fleshy marginal fringe. Segmental apertures of the dorsal chamber very large and elongate, situated well within the trans- verse combs, and quite hidden thereby. Colour, in alcohol, purplish grey. Station 149. Off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Islands. Depth 120 fms. RETASTER GIBBER, 0. sp. Marginal contour substellate, interradial angles acute, not rounded. Minor radial proportion about 50 per cent.; R=25 millim., r=14 millim. MRadii 5, well rounded, tapering con- tinuously from the angle to the extremity, with sides rounded, tumid, and curving over on to the actinal area as in Echinaster’. Dorsal profile high, gibbous, rounded. On the actinal area the mouth and surrounding portions are deeply sunken. Supradorsal membrane with reticulated fibrous bands, marking it off into square or rhomboid meshes of great regularity. In the centre of each, 8 to 4 paxille-spinelet-tips are visible; and other spinelets radiate to the mesh-fibres, one (or occasionally two) spiracula being situated in the interspaces. The white fibres of the meshes form a conspicuous feature ; and the slightly LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL, XVI. 14 200 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE protrusive tips of the spinelets impart a granulose appearance to the dorsal area, the whole being covered with a thin fleshy mem- brane. The oscular orifice is small, closed by a number of sub- papillate spinelets, rather longer, more prominent, and more robust than those of the paxille proper. Ambulacral furrows narrow and deeply sunken. Ambulacral combs quite within the furrow and below the level of the test, with 3 to 5 spinelets, which are short, rather robust, webbed together,—the membrane being very slightly indented and with a slight knob over the end of each spinelet. Ambulacral suckers completely hidden by the overarching combs. Mouth-plates deeply sunken; mouth-spines longer than the ambulacral spines, 8 on each plate, the whole six being webbed together into a continuous comb. Lach plate bears one large isolated secondary or superficial spine, longer than the mouth- spines, very robust, covered with a thick membrane, except at the tip, which is translucent and sharply pointed. Segmental apertures elongate and narrow; papillee free on the aboral side only. Actino-lateral spines very short and robust, almost hidden within the furrow, of which they appear to form the sides, and only protrude a short way beyond the level of the test, standing nearly perpendicular to the plane of the ray, and in some parts showing a tendency even to arch over the furrow slightly. This disposition, together with the aborted character of the fringe, imparts a feature very different from that usually presented by this structure in Pterasteride. In the immediate angle, near the peristome, the actino-lateral spines are somewhat longer, and are laid over upon the rounded surface of the interbrachial area, their web being continuous and forming a smooth fleshy triangular area leading up to the mouth-angle. Colour, in alcohol, yellowish or greyish white. Station 311. Lat. 52°50’ S., long. 73° 53’ W. Depth 245 tms.; bottom temperature 7°7 C.; mud. RETASTER INSIGNIS, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellate, five-rayed. Interradial angles well rounded. Minor radial proportion 444 per cent. ; R=45 millim., ‘-=20 millim. (in another example &:7 as 70:31). Rays very slightly tapering, obtusely rounded at the extremities. Dorsal surface moderately convex, rays uniformly rouuded from the a a dia ao OE ie ite DF. , Sa eS ep ee ees hh ees ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 201 margin. Under surface flat or subconcave, somewhat impressed round the actinostome. Supradorsal membrane very conspicuously reticulated. Paxillie- spinelets prominent, arranged in regular lines, joined by fibres forming large uniform rhomboid meshes, which are rendered still more distinct by the lines and the investment of the spinelets being of a dark purple or black colour, whilst the dorsal mem- brane generally is ashy white. The meshes are filled in with a closely and regularly reticulated tissue, the interspaces of which are small, equally spaced, and each punctured with a minute spi- raculum. The opposite angles of the rhomboid areas are usually joined by fibres rather more robust than the rest, forming a right- angled cross in the centre, and marking off the reticulated area of the mesh into four more or less easily distinguishable sections. There are 80 to 100 or more spiracula in each mesh. The spine- lets that stand at the angles of the meshes protrude more than the others, and appear like well-developed thornlets springing from the general surface. Oscular orifice small and constricted, the spinelets of the pseudo-valves slightly prominent, their extre- mities tipped with the same dark colour as the lines of reticula- tion above mentioned. Ambulacral furrows narrow, straight, and sunken—their appa- rent depth being further increased by the position of the pro- minent fringe of the actino-lateral spines, which stands vertical on either side of the furrow. Ambulacral spines 5, united together by a web; three standing on the margin of the plate parallel with the furrow, the next (more adoral) placed more out- wards and away from the furrow, and the fifth more outwards still. The innermost (7.e. aboral) spine is very small, each suc- ceeding one in the comb increasing in length; all are compara- tively short, delicate, and tapering. The membrane that unites the spinelets is very fine, semitransparent, and deeply festooned between the spinelets, and is continued from the outermost spine of the comb on to the adjacent actino-lateral spine. The small spines placed on the margin detract very slightly from the general transverse aspect of the combs, their smallness rendering them inconspicuous; they have, however, the peculiarity of closing the space between their own and the next aboral comb at the margin of the furrow. Aperture-papille small and sublan- ceolate in form, hidden in the general membrane, excepting their 14* 202 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE aboral side, which alone is free, which closes the aperture, shut- ting close up to the next aboral actino-lateral spine. The mouth and parts surrounding it are much sunken—a feature further emphasized by the deep wall of the continuous marginal fringe. Mouth-plates elongate, with their aboral ex- tremities produced into a rather prominent peak, suggestive of that in Hymenaster. About five mouth-spines are borne on the outer margin of each plate, the innermost much longer and more robust than the others, all webbed together, forming an elegant marginal comb conformable to the contour of the plate. The innermost spines of the two adjoining plates stand close together, but are not united by web. On the superficies of each plate, and nearer the mouth than midway, is a long, robust, cylindrical, rapidly tapering, pointed secondary spine, standing isolate and perpendicular, covered with membrane, but with no web-attach- ments. Actino-lateral spines short and robust, not more than one third longer than the outermost ambulacral spine, and tapering only very slightly. They are united by a close fibrous web, the margin of which and the tips of the spines (as well as the tips of the ambulacral spinelets in the transverse combs) are tipped with dark purple. The lateral fringe thus formed stands perpendi- cular on the margin of the furrow; and the spines comprising it would at first sight be thought to belong to the comb-series. The fringe of the adjacent sides of two neighbouring rays is merged together at their adoral extremity, forming a continuous fringe, which runs close past the aboral end of the mouth- plates. Station 189. Lat. 9° 36’ §., long. 137° 50' E. Depth 25-29 fms.; mud. Also off Booby Island. MAaRsIPASTER, 0. gen. Form depressed, marginal contour pentagonoid, dorsal area flatly con- vex, actinal area plane. Supradorsal membrane an irregularly developed, somewhat spongiform tissue. No muscular fibrous bands. No spicules. Paxillee with moderately expanded crowns composed of a great number of fine, long, hair-like spinelets (15-80), their extremities protruding freely through the membrane. Paxille invested with a well-developed mem- branous envelope. Ambulacral spines webbed together, forming trans- verse combs ; spinelets more or less horizontal in position, overspanning the furrow. Mouth-plates with one secondary surface-spine, connected ‘ % : & ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 203 with the mouth-spine series by a continuation of the web. Mouth-spines three on each plate, webbed together. Actino-lateral spines merged in the actinal floor; no independent marginal fringe. This genus is nearly related to Pteraster,—from which, how- ever, it is distinguished by the rudimentary character of the supradorsal membrane, devoid of muscular fibrous bands; by the actino-lateral spines being merged in the actinal floor; and by the absence of a marginal fringe. Furthermore, the numerous hair-like spinelets of the paxille protruding through the mem- brane give a peculiar character to the dorsal area; and the am- bulacral spines, from their high position in the furrow and from their more or less horizontal direction, present a feature unknown in the other members of the group. MARSIPASTER SPINOSISSIMUS, 0. Sp. Marginal contour pentagonoid ; radii somewhat produced ; in- terradial angles widely rounded, forming a continuous curve from tip to tip. Lesser radius in the proportion of 62:5 per cent. ; R=16 millim., r=10 millim. General form depressed; dorsal area slightly convex, tapering off gently to the extremity of the rays. Supradorsal membrane very fine and thin, somewhat irregular, and forming a continuous spongiose mass, rather than a definite membranous sheet, through which the spinelets of the paxille protrude freely. No specialized muscular fibrous bands present. Spiracula very few, widely and irregularly spaced. The paxille have long pedicels and a crown consisting of a great number (20-30 at least upon the disk) of very fine hair- like spinelets, which radiate at a small angle from the perpen- dicular, crown and pedicel alike being invested with a delicate membranous tissue, the whole appendage seen in profile bearing a fanciful resemblance to an umbrella when turned inside out. The investing membrane merges into the general spongy tissue above mentioned ; and a considerable length of the extremities of the spinelets protrudes free and naked. The paxille are nume- rous; and their crowns join up close together. Owing to these circumstances and to the great number of the spinelets, the dorsal surface presents the appearance of a coarse, irregular velvet pile. Oscular orifice small and quite inconspicuous ; valves consisting of a flattened crown of rather more robust spinelets, 204: MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE Ambulacral furrows rather broad, not petaloid, tapering towards the extremity. Sucker-feet arranged in simple pairs. Ambu- lacral spinelets 5, long, acicular, webbed together into trans- verse or obliquely curved combs, and remarkable for their posi- tion more than half within the furrow. Spines of unequal length, the innermost much smaller than any of the others, and placed somewhat in advance of, or aboral to, the series; the longest spine usually the middle one, or sometimes the second from the outside, in length nearly equal to the breadth of the furrow, across which it stretches horizontally, whilst the two outer spines radiate downward and aborally. Consequent on this position of the median spine, the spinelets which compose the outer half of the comb radiate very widely apart. The connecting web is fine and semitransparent, very deeply indented between the spinelets, the combs receiving thereby a remarkable appearance ; and the web is continued from the outer spine of the comb down to the base of the aperture-papilla, and not out along the actino-lateral spine. The aperture-papilla is represented by a small conical spinelet placed on the outer edge of the adambulacral plate and between the bases of the actino-lateral spines; it is covered with membrane, that of the ventral area being stretched over it, giving it the form of a small subtriangular or conical peak. Mouth-plates of moderate length, with widely expanded lateral flanges. Keel along the line of junction prominent, forming a well-developed peak aborally, hidden beneath the tissue of the ventral membrane, produced into a point adorally. On either side of this, and placed on the horizontal margin of the plates, are three mouth-spines, webbed together, about equal in size with the ambulacral spines, but rather more robust, the inner- most spine on each plate longest, and the other two decreasing in series. Immediately behind the three mouth-spines stands a small secondary superfical mouth-spine, about the same size as, or smaller than, the innermost mouth-spine, with which itis con- nected by a continuation of the web; the pseudo-comb being thus bent upon itself at a sharp angle, gives a very striking cha- racter to the armature of the mouth-plates. The ambulacral spines that form the comb belonging to the first adambulacral plate have their bases arranged in a semicircular curve, and the spines radiate at equal distances apart and are directed down- wards and adorally, the middle spine being longest. The spines are all webbed together; and a continuation of the tissue from ores 4 ‘ x } b "t ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S, ‘OHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 205 the outermost spine is attached to the prominent posterior or aboral portion of the median keel of the mouth-plates, and there coalesces with the web of the corresponding comb of the neigh - bouring ray, thus forming an elegant compound pair of fans that arch over the aboral peak of the plate. Actino-lateral spines rather short and robust, not extending, or only to the very slightest degree, beyond the margin. They are united by a fine semitransparent membrane, slightly indented between the tips, which also forms the actinal floor of the test. Probably in this species there is no free extension of the lateral or marginal fringe, such as occurs in more shallow-water forms, but unfortunately the preservation of the specimens in this por- tion of their structure is imperfect. For the same reason it is difficult to determine with accuracy the number of actino-lateral spines, but probably about 20 to 22 were present: 17+ may be counted in natural position ; the sixth from the mouth appears to have been the longest. Colour, in alcohol, brownish grey. Station 286. Lat. 33° 29’ S., long. 133° 22’ W. Depth 2335 fms. ; bottom temperature 0°'8 C.; red clay. MARSIPASTER HIRSUTUS, 0. Sp. Marginal contour substellate, interradial angles well indented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 60:2 per cent. ; #=13°5 millim., 7=8'5 millim. Radii broad at the base, bounded by lines running direct from the arm-angle, with little if any curve or rounding, Dorsal area moderately convex, radii slightly upturned at the extremities. Supradorsal membrane a fine, irregular, and somewhat spon- giose tissue continuous over the whole area, through which the extremities of the spinelets of the paxille protrude freely. No definite membrane ; no muscular fibrous bands. Paxille with long robust pedicels bearing 10 to 15 fine, long, acicular spinelets ; investing membrane of the crown merging into the general supra-dorsal tissue; the naked tips of the spinelets which pass through the tissue giving the surface a somewhat hirsute or prickly appearance. Spiracula comparatively large, very few in number, and very widely spaced. Oscular aperture inconspicuous ; valves formed of spines similar to the rest of the paxillz, and with no specialized external characteristics. Ambulacral furrows broad and straight, not petaloid. Sucker- 206 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE feet arranged in simple pairs. Ambulacral spinelets 5, forming transverse combs.. The two innermost spines much smaller than the rest, and standing parallel with the furrow, rather in advance of, or aboral to, the other three, which are disposed across the broad adambulacral plate, articulated on more or less definite tubercles, and forming a series at right angles to the furrow. The middle spine is longest. The whole series webbed together with membrane deeply indented between the radiating spinelets, but not nearly so much as in Marsipaster spinosissomus. Mouth-plates broad, having wide lateral expansions, and with an elevated ridge along their line of junction, developing a pro- minent peak aborally and a rounded point inward. The arma- ture consists of three long, robust mouth-spines placed on the horizontal margin of each plate, the innermost spine largest and longer than the ambulacral spinelets, the outermost less than half its size, and sometimes accompanied by an additional dimi- nutive spinelet. The inner spines stand well away from the adoral point of the united mouth-plates, which becomes in consequence rather conspicuous. Immediately behind or aboral to the mouth- spines proper is a single superficial or secondary mouth-spine, smaller than the long mouth-spines. The three mouth-gspines of each plate are webbed together by a semitransparent membrane deeply indented between ; and the secondary spine is united to the innermost spine by a continuation of the web. The long, inner- most spines are directed towards the centre of the mouth, where they almost meet, the other spines radiating slightly outward from this. The first, or most adoral, comb-series forms a widely ex- panded semicircular fan, the web being continued and attached to the prominent aboral peak of the mouth-plates. Actino-lateral spines robust, but short; character of the fringe destroyed, probably more or less distinct along the rays; spines not reaching to the margin in the interbrachial angle, but merged in the membrane of the ventral floor. The margins of the rays. and disk are well rounded and regularly covered with the intra- paxillar tissue continuous from the disk; indeed the greater part of the ventral portion of the interradial space is thus pro- vided. Colour, in alcohol, brownish grey. Station 299. Lat. 38° 31' S., long. 74° 43’ W. Depth 2160 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°1 C.; grey mud. & ’ ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 207 CALYPTRASTER, 0. gen. Form depressed, marginal contour pentagonal, dorsal area plane, actinal area convex. Supradorsal membrane very delicate, perfectly transparent. No muscular fibrous bands. Spiracula present. No spicules. Paxille with short robust spinelets (5 or 6 in the type species), usually flaring at the extremity, crown widely expanded, not protruding through, or even elevating, the membrane, simply supporting it. Ambulacral spines forming transverse combs ; spinelets perpendicular im position, webbed together. Segmental apertures present. Aperture-papille not free, open- ing laterally only. Mouth-plates with two or three pairs of superficial secondary spines. Mouth-spines proper 2, or occasionally 3. Actino- lateral spines merged in the actinal floor. No independent lateral fringe. This genus is established for the reception of a very elegant little form which presents certain resemblances to Hymenaster and certain to Pteraster. It resembles Hymenaster in the ab- sence of a marginal fringe, and in the merging of the actino- lateral spines in the actinal floor, and resembles Pteraster in its transverse combs of ambulacral spines united by web-tissue. It differs from both genera in its transparent supradorsal membrane devoid of muscular fibrous bands, by the possession of three pairs of free secondary superficial mouth-spines, and by its true pen- tagonal form. CALYPTRASTER COA, 0. Sp. Marginal contour pentagonal, interradial angles very slightly incurved. Minor radial proportion 68 per cent.; A=11 millim., g=75 millim. Dorsal surface flat, or even somewhat concave in consequence of the rays being slightly curved upward; radial areas not specialized externally, the dorsal membrane forming a plane area. No marginal fringe. Actinal surface convex. Supradorsal membrane extremely thin and perfectly hyaline, a clean specimen appearing to the eye as transparent as glass. No muscular bands present, although a fibrillar structure may be seen in the tissue under high magnification. Spiracula rather large, numerous, and uniformly distributed. Paxille with long pedicels, moderately delicate, evenly and equidistantly placed, usually with five spinelets, which are short in comparison with the pedicel, and rather delicate. A few of the spinelets taper a little at their extremity ; but usually they are slightly flaring. The supradorsal membrane is literally supported upon the tips of these spinelets. About nine longitudinal rows of paxille- crowns are discernible at the base of a ray. The oscular 208 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE ; orifice is small but very conspicuous, in consequence of the well-developed bosses upon which the valves are articulated, and which are visible through the transparent membrane. The valves are very regular, and composed of 18 or 14 spines— the outer one or two on either side being almost aborted and hidden in the general membrane by which the whole series is webbed together, whilst the two innermost spines are longer than the others, which decrease gradually on either side and form a regular triangular fan, the base of which is articu- lated on the elongate boss or modified pedicel above mentioned. The bosses stand transverse and regularly central in the median line of each ray; in consequence of their breadth the distance between two neighbouring bosses is yery small, and is bridged over by two or three spinelets, whilst a few short spinelets spring from the surface of the boss, and in this manner mark out a pentagonal outline round the orifice. The valves when closed lie flat over the opening, and do not form a pyramid. Ambulacral furrows wide, lanceolate, scarcely petaloid. Am- bulacral spines 4 (in a small specimen 3), of moderate length, rather robust at the base and sharply tapering, arranged at an angle of such great obliquity that, roughly speaking, the series may be described as transverse, although the innermost spine, which is somewhat smaller than the others, is usually more aboral than the rest of its series. The spines are not individually invested with membrane, but are webbed together into combs on at least the inner half of the ray. The web-tissue is extremely thin and very deeply indented between the spinelets; indeed it is only possible to make it out by means of favourable illumi- nation. This character seems to be less general in some specimens than in others. The aperture-papille are small, short, and elongately oval, more or less squamous, but often developing a small thornlet from the surface. They are more or less hidden in membrane, and free only on the aboral side. Mouth-plates small, but rather elongate and prominent, as if compressed together laterally. Aboral extremity prominent. Adoral peak almost obliterated by the expansion of the lateral flanges. Each plate bears 3 superficial secondary spines (in a small specimen 2), not longer than the ambulacral spines, but nearly twice as robust, thick at the base, and tapering to a fine extremity. They are somewhat bowed or geniculate at right ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 209 angles to the line of junction of the mouth-plates. The anterior pair are situated at a little distance from the adoral extremity of the plates; and the second pair, which are slightly larger and rather wider apart, stand midway between them and the aboral extremity of the mouth-plates. Immediately above the anterior pair and placed on the innermost part of the lateral flanges, are a pair of mouth-spines (7. e. one on each plate), similar in every respect to the secondary spines just described, only slightly smaller and rather wider apart; indeed, in some specimens one is almost inclined to class them along with the secondary series. Midway on the horizontal margin of the flange is one small pointed mouth-spine ; and in a large specimen a second and rather larger spinelet occurs between this and the innermost mouth-gspine, and nearer to the latter. Actino-lateral spines rather robust, well-spaced, tapering slightly at the tips, excepting those spines included within the inter- brachial angle, which are slightly thickened and do not meet their corresponding spines from the neighbouring ray in the median interradial line. There are 25 to 27 actino-lateral spines on each side of a furrow, the 7th or 8th from the mouth being longest ; after this they gradually diminish in size as they pro- ceed outward, maintaining, however, a fair length even at the extremity, where they are little shorter than the first (or adoral) spine of the series, thus forming a conspicuous little fringe round the extremity of the ray. The ambulacral furrow is extended vertically up the extreme tip of the ray, but is not exposed on the dorsal surface, being arched over by the terminal spinelets just described. Immediately inside this ocular fringe on the dorsal surface is a little ridge of 8 to 10 minute conical spinelets or papille, forming a semicircular collaret at the extreme tip. The actinal membrane is as transparent as the dorsal membrane, the actino-lateral spinelets forming the floor of the test and pro- jecting only their pointed tips beyond the sharp margin, to which they impart a delicate serrate character. Colour, in alcohol, a light straw-colour, verging towards golden brown. Station 122. Lat. 9° 5’ 8S. to 9°10'S.; long. 34° 49’ W. to 34° 53' W. Depth 350, 120, 32, and 400fms.; mud. (Unfor- tunately only the station number is indicated on the label accompanying these specimens ; and no record is given as to the particular dredging in which they were obtained.) 210 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE HymeEnastEer, Wyville Thomson. Synopsis of Species herein described. A. One ambulacral spinelet. { Paxillz-crowns forming raised areas of membrane... Spiracula small, numerous, equidistantly spaced ... DOES. tt Paxille-crowns not forming raised areas. 1. Spiracula single, large, uniformly spaced ........ formosus. 2. Spiracula in groups of 6-10, small, irregularly GSE OMbEM 0%. reyereina aiken ee eee pergamen- [taceus. B. Two ambulacral spinelets. + Muscular fibrous bands of dorsal membrane coherently reticulated. * Paxillee-crowns forming definite areas. | Spinelets not prominent. rreessee Sacculatus. ** Paxille-crowns not forming definite areas. Spinelets very prominent. 1. Spinelets forming a raised keel over each radius. Rinne Spiracula large, single, distributed. Pen CT US 2, Spinelets not forming a raised keel. l Spiracula microscopic, in groups of 10 or more. { +t Muscular fibrous bands of dorsal membrane simply intercrossing. * Radial areas elevated in relief above the inter- brachial tissue. glaucus, Paxillz with three spinelets. ** Radial areas not elevated above the interbrachial carnosus. tissue. Paxille with more than three spinelets. 1. Radii broad. Aperture-papille simple........ vicarius. 2. Radii attenuate. Aperture-papille comb-like.. infernalis. C. Three ambulacral spinelets. + Muscular fibrous bands close, subdiffused, coherently _- reticulated. * Paxille-crowns forming definite areas in relief. 1. Paxillar elevations closely crowded. bee Spiracula uniformly distributed, not in Beh Wt 2. Paxillar elevations widely spaced. [ lines. eee Spiracula confined to interspaces, arranged mt MEE y- ** Paxillee-crowns not forming definite elevated areas. a. Ambulacral spines partially webbed. Three pairs of secondary mouth-spines. 8. Ambulacral spines not webbed. Two pairs of secondary mouth-spines. 1. Meshes of dorsal membrane irregular and not uniform. latebrosus. Ambulacral spines unequal. 2. Meshes of dorsal membrane small and uniform. porosissimus. Ambulacral spines equal. tt Muscular fibrous bands fine, definite, widely spaced, simply intercrossing. * Dorsal membrane with granular bodies ........ graniferus. ** Dorsal membrane devoid of granular bodies. #. Ambulacral spines long and needle-shaped.. geometricus. .. anomalus. ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 211 8. Ambulacral spines short and compressed. 1. Muscular fibres very numerous in dorsal | membrane. | Web of actinal floor with cross muscular }pullatus. fibres. f Longest actino-lateral spine 12th. } . Muscular fibres not very numerous in dorsal membrane. membranaceus. Nomuscular fibresin web of actinal floor. Longest actino-lateral spine 17th. D. More than three ambulacral spinelets. 1. Ambulacral spinelets 3-4. Aperture-papilla 5-7-rayed, comb-like, ne | »» coccinatus. 1 pair of secondary mouth-spines. 2, Ambulacral spinelets 3-5. Aperture-papilla simple, small and tum. sees precoquis. 2 or 3 pairs of secondary mouth-spines. to HYMENASTER NOBILIS, Wyville Thomson. Hymenaster nobilis, Wyv. Thoms. (1876), Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. vol. xiii. p- 73, fig. 11; Voy. of ‘ Challenger,’ Atlantic, vol. ii. p. 238, fig. 48. Marginal contour pentagonal, interradial angles very slightly indented, the margin forming a continuous curve of small degree from tip to tip. Radi not produced, and tapering very slightly beyond the natural angle of a pentagon. ‘The lesser radius is in the proportion of 71 per cent.; R=138 millim., 7=98 millim. General form much depressed, slightly elevated in the centre of the dorsal area. Radial’areas very conspicuously defined, the paxillar spinelets being exclusively confined to those areas, which consequently appear to stand at a higher level than the wide interbrachial areas, which are destitute of spinelets and covered with a thick fleshy membrane. Actinal surface flat, the margins of the furrows being rather tumid or convex. Supradorsal membrane comparatively thin over the radial areas, and rather parchment-like in appearance. The paxille usually bear three spines, which are long, prominent, and arranged in triangle. -Each spinelet raises the membrane into a sharp conical elevation, each maintaining its individuality, the subtriangular area in the centre of the paxillar crown remaining, however, more or less elevated above the general level. The paxille are arranged in regular longitudinal lines along the rays, three on each side of the median line, which is left free. The spinelets that compose the crowns are likewise remarkably uniform in disposition, two standing aboral to the third, which is opposite to their interspace ; the base of the triangular crown-area thus formed is consequently at right angles to the median line of the ray, and the apex is 212 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE directed adorally. In the outermost row, however, on each side of a ray, this arrangement is more or less modified in consequence of lateral compression of the paxille-crowns—these being more compact and with the spinelets less regular in their disposition. The oscular orifice is large and very conspicuous, the valves composed of about a dozen moderately long, rather fine spinelets, all of which are webbed together; the valves expanding fan-like when opened, and forming a prominent vertical wall to the ori- fice. The spiracula are small, very numerous, closely and equi- distantly placed, occupying the whole interspace between adjacent paxillar crowns. Very remarkable elongated tracts or lines of spiracula and an accompanying wrinkled membrane extend from the paxilliferous radial areas out upon the fleshy interbrachial membrane, which has the appearance of being inlaid with them. These lines are slightly curved, nearly equal in length to the half of the radial area, placed regularly parallel with one another and directed at an angle inward in relation to the direction of the ray. Ambulacra] furrows broad, almost straight, very slightly peta- loid. Ambulacral suckers large and robust, arranged in simple pairs. Ambulacral spinelets, one to each plate, rather short, invested with a wide membrane which extends beyond the tip as a saccular prolongation twice as long as the spinelet itself. Aper- ture-papille large, fleshy, subspatulate or oval, occupying nearly the whole space between the bases of the actino-lateral spines. Mouth-plates forming a broad rounded ridge at their line of junction, prominent aborally. Hach plate bears one short secon- dary surface-spine with wide investing sacculus, placed about midway on the plate, quite behind the mouth-spines, the pair being very widely separated. Mouth-spines 3, short, conical, placed on the margin of the lateral flange of the plate, with sac- cular investments. Actino-lateral spines about 45-++ in number on each side of a furrow, hidden in the thick fleshy tissue, which forms little chan- nels or wrinkles between each, giving a fluted appearance to the interbrachial area on the underside of the Starfish. The longest spines are little more than the extreme breadth of the ambulacral furrow—a wide space, greater at the margin than the length of the © spines themselves, intervening in the interbrachial area between their extremities and those of the spines of the neighbouring ray The spines are directed slightly backward (¢. e. adorally in relation to the direction of the ray); and the series of those spines whose ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 213 extremities terminate in the a argin diminish very rapidly in length. Colour in alcohol: Dorsal surface greyish-white, tinged with purple on the radial areas, the interradial areas and fringe being purplish grey. Actinal surface livid purple. Ambulacral suckers yellowish grey. Station 158. Lat. 50° 1'S., long. 123° 4' E. Depth 1800 fms. ; bottom temperature 0°°3 C. ; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER FORMOSUS, 0. Sp. Marginal contour subpentagonal, interbrachial angles very slightly indented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 73 per cent. ; R=19 millim., 7=14 millim. General form depressed, dorsal area rising slightly conoid in the centre. Radial areas not specially defined, although to a certain extent indicated, the pa- pille-spinelets being confined to the rays and not encroaching on the median interbrachial portion of the membrane. Marginal fringe very narrow, faintly crenulated, tips of spines rounded and thickened. Supradorsal membrane semitransparent, with closely and regularly reticulated muscular fibrous bands, the bands (which are robust and massively coherent) forming definite meshes over the entire area. The disposition of the tendons is not in any definable relation to the spinelets. Each mesh is filled up with a fine transparent tissue, in the centre of which is a single large spira- culum, surrounded by a conspicuous white ring. Consequent on the number and regularity of the meshes, the whole area is closely and uniformly covered with spiracula. The paxille are few in number and bear 8 to 5 (or more) robust spinelets, which are well expanded and distributed pretty uni- formly over the area, excepting the median interbrachial space. The rounded tips of the spinelets do not protrude, but simply elevate the dorsal membrane into little rounded tubercles, which rise directly from the surface like warts, and, owing to their somewhat sparse distribution, impart a very characteristic ap- pearance to the dorsal area of the Starfish. Over the median portion of the radii and towards their extremities the tubercles are very much smaller in size and are more closely placed. A conspicuous subpentagonal ring of tubercles surrounds the centre of the disk at the base of the valves of the oscular orifice, the spinelets of fifteen paxille contributing to its formation. The 214 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE paxille stand at the base of each valve, one forming the actual support of the valve, and the other two being placed external to this, one on either side. Usually two of the spinelets of each of the outer pairs of paxille radiate outwards and produce a very striking appearance on the dorsal area, as their whole outline and method of arrangement are perfectly discernible in consequence of the semitransparency of the membrane. The oscular orifice is of moderate size, the valves being subregular and closely reticu- lated. The ambulacral furrows are narrow and more or less uniform in breadth, except at the extremity, where they taper rapidly, and near the actinostome, where they are also constricted. There is only one ambulacral spinelet to each plate, which is comparatively long and cylindrical, and invested with membrane which develops a more or less extended sacculus at the extremity. Aperture- papille elongate, not tapering, nearly uniform in breadth, rounded at the extremity, almost as long as the ambulacral spinelets, and ~ presenting a robust appearance in consequence of the investing membrane. The mouth-plates are comparatively small, short, and incon- spicuous ; and the small secondary surface-spine which stands on the median portion of each plate is moderately long and robust. The rest of the armature is indeterminable without damaging the specimen, in consequence of the extrusion of the stomach and other organs. Actino-lateral spines regular and delicate, the twelfth from the mouth being longest. The spines preceding this one do not meetin the median interbrachial line, but are separated from those of the neighbouring ray by a uniform narrow space, across which mus- cular fibres pass from side to side, uniting the tips of the corre- sponding spines on either side. The tissue of the lateral web is thickened along the margin, especially over the extremity of each spine, to which it gives a rounded capitate appearance, the web having the very faintest trace of incurving between the spinelets. The thickening of the membrane just mentioned is much more pronounced in the arm-angle, where ali indentation of the web is obliterated and indications are present of a tendency to excrescent growth. A further faint line of thickening can-be made out at the union of the dorsal and ventral tissues, which occurs just within the margin, especially round the shaft of the spies. Colour, in alcohol, greyish white. ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S, ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 215 Station 158. Lat. 50° 1'S., long. 128° 4! E. Depth 1800 fms.; bottom temperature 0°3 C. ; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER PERGAMENTACEUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellato-pentagonal ; interradial angles mo- derately indented, although the actual angle is masked by an abnormal development of the actino-lateral spines, which meet there and form a peak, and an irregular excrescence of the web. The minor radial proportion is about 60°5 per cent.; R=66millim., 7=40 millim. approx. The radial areas are well defined from the lateral fringe, and taper rapidly at the extreme tip to a fine, slightly produced extremity, which is recurved. The “fringe” is more or less irregular, owing to the thickening at the margin and abnormal growth, and is only slightly indented or festooned between the spinelets, the tips of which are rounded and thickened. Supradorsal membrane thin, smooth and vellum-like. Paxilla comparatively few in number, bearing 5 to 8 spinelets, which are robust and widely expanded. Although these are in a certain sense regular in their distribution over the area, no definite pat- tern of arrangement 1s produced. The extremities of the spine- lets do not protrude through the membrane, but simply elevate it into small eminences ; and, owing to the thinness of the supra- dorsal membrane, the outlines of the spinelets which form each paxilla may be more or less clearly discerned. The radii are well defined ; and no paxille-spinelets occur in the immediate inter- brachial portion of the lateral fringe, nor do any spinelets encroach upon a narrow clear space which runs down the median line of each radins. The fibrous bands are very numerous and closely massed together ; indeed so great is their development that nearly all individuality of fascicular character is obliterated and they appear to form a compact muscular tissue. In certain lines, how- ever, along the sides of the rays there seems to be a tendency towards a greater and more definite development of fibres in a lineal direction, parallel with the median line of the ray. The spiracula are very few in number, quite microscopic, and occur in little groups of 6 to 10 which are widely and irregularly distri- buted. The oscular orifice is large, the valves when closed forming » a cone of small elevation; and the spines which compose them are somewhat irregular both in number and gradation in size. LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 15 ” 216 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE At the base of each valve is a rather close aggregation of paxille- spinelets, whereby a more or less complete annulus is formed around the orifice; and from each of the five groups in question proceed a number of spinelets, which radiate outward from the centre and constitute a conspicuous feature. Ambulacral furrows very wide, subpetaloid, tapering to a fine extremity, and constricted slightly near the actinostome. Ambu- lacral spines, only one to each plate, long, cylindrical, tapering to a fine point, and placed on a small process projecting into the furrow. Aperture-papilla elongate, covered with very widely ex- panded membrane, imparting an acumino-spatulate form. The mouth-plates are long and thin, the pair having the ap- pearance of being pressed together laterally, projecting aborally in a prominent rounded keel, and sloping off somewhat plough- share-like towards the mouth. Two spinelets, similar to the general ambulacral series, only perhaps rather shorter, stand on the superficies of each plate, one on the sloping curve leading to the adoral margin, and one aboral to this and more outward in relation to the median suture-line of the plates. These spinelets appear greatly modified both in character and position from the usual robust secondary spinelets of the genus. The mouth-spines are represented by two spinelets, similar in all respects to the ambulacral spines, only rather shorter, placed on the horizontal margin of each plate, and close up to the junction with the first adambulacral plate. 3 Actino-lateral spines very Jong, the longest being about the 15th from the mouth. In the inner part of the ray they are comparatively delicate, when regard is had to the size of the spe- cimen—increasing, however, in robustness as they proceed along the ray, those near the angle and the succeeding ones being strong and thick. The spines reach quite up to the median line of the interbrachial area ; indeed in the outer half they pass beyond and overlap ; whilst the longest spines, which fall in the actual arm- angle, are much longer than the distance between the median interbrachial line and the margin of the furrow. In consequence a prominent outward peak is produced in the place of the angle, the web being much contorted, and an abnormal growth not un- _ frequently taking place, which produces an unsightly excrescence as well as an irregular thickening of the tissue. The outer ex- tremities of the actino-lateral spines are not pointed, but rounded ; and the web-tissue is scarcely indented. Owing to the abnormal ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 217 growth both of spines and tissue in the interbrachial angle, and the tension produced thereby, the majority of the spines at the extremity of the ray are made to radiate inwards towards the angle, and the web appears considerably stretched. Colour, in alcohol, yellowish grey. Station 325. Lat. 36°44! S., long. 46°16' W. Depth 2650 fms.; bottom temperature —0°'4 C.; grey mud. HYMENASTER SACCULATUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellato-pentagonoid ; interradial indentation small; rays usually recurved dorsally, making the dorsal area deeply concave, the ventral being convex. Minor radial pro- portion 66°6 per cent.; R=42 millim., r=28 millim. Radii tapering somewhat sharply at the extremities; marginal fringe distinct and well-developed. Supradorsal membrane thick and coriaceous in appearance. Papillw numerous, crowns with rarely more than 4 or 5 spine- lets, which are prominently protrusive of the membrane,—that portion lying between the tips of each individual crown being thick, devoid of spiracula, and forming a slightly distended saccular area. Thick bands of tissue, with fibres, radiate between the crowns ; and the narrow interspaces are occupied by numerous small spiracula, generally three or four, or even more, in line together, separated only by very fine, thin dissepiments. Oscular orifice large; valves 5 in number, regular, and forming, when closed, a compact exactly fitted pyramid, rising as a small cone in the centre of the concave dorsal area. The spinelets of the valves are of moderate length, thickly webbed, and with numerous Spiracula in the interspaces. Ambulacral furrows moderately wide, very uniform in breadth, except towards the extremity, where they taper rapidly, and near the mouth, where they are also somewhat constricted. Ambu- lacral spines 2, of moderate length, but with a very long sac- culate investing membrane; the pairs standing slightly oblique to the median line of the ray. Aperture-papille large, thickly invested, subspatulate, slightly constricted near the outer third. Mouth-plates elongate, largely keeled, prominent aborally, each plate bearing two short, thick, dumpy secondary surface-s pines— one near the adoral extremity, and the other, of similar size and character, standing behind this, about midway on the surface of the plate. Mouth-spines 4, small, short, conical, on the lateral 15* 218 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE margin of the plate, ranged serially above and behind the anterior pair of spines just mentioned, and interlocking with the cor- responding spines of the neighbouring mouth-angle. Actino-lateral spines numerous and very closely placed, the longest spine far out upon the ray,—a much greater number being included within the disk-angle than usual. About 40 Spines stand on each side of a ray, the 20th or 21st from the mouth being longest. The spines within the disk are compara- tively short and uniform in length, and do not quite meet in the median interbrachial line; muscular fibres, however, may frequently be seen underlying the outer tissue, passing from the tips of the lateral spines to the corresponding ones of the neigh- bouring ray. In the immediate arm-angle, however, the spines are longer than the space between the angle and the furrow; so that a considerable overlap takes place, and a consequent puckering and deformity of the tissue ensues, which appears to develop frequently into an unsightly exerescence. The spinelets succeeding to the long ones taper very rapidly in size towards the extremity of the ray. Colour, in alcohol, brownish white or grey. Station 158. Lat. 50° 1' S., long. 123° 4’ E. Depth 1800 fms. ; bottom temperature 0°°3 C.; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER ECHINULATUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour pentagonoid ; interradial angles moderately indented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 72°7 per cent.; #=22 millim.,r=16 millim. The radii are sharply tapered at the extremity, although when seen from above the angles of the pentagon have the appearance of being well-rounded, in con- sequence of the outspreading and graceful curve of the marginal fringe; this is nipped together laterally at the extreme tip, and a slight upward continuation of the furrow is produced thereby. Form depressed, dorsal area slightly conoid, interradial spaces considerably sunkev. Supradorsal membrane thick and opaque, with very robust broad muscular fibrous bands, closely but irregularly reticulated, the interspaces being small, usually oval, and each occupied by a single spiraculum. Paxille rather widely spaced, the tips of the spinelets forming prominent little conical peaks or elevations of the membrane, which on certain parts of the area conform themselves to a regular definite order of arrangement. A curyed ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 219 row or ridge of these spinelets stands on either side of the median line of a ray, forming a petaloid elevated area, which corresponds with the position of the underlying ray, and imparts a very characteristic facies to the species. A prominent circle surrounds the oscular orifice, marking out in a subpentagonal outline the place of the attachment of the valve-spines. The oscular valves are five in number, composed of rather short radiating spines, forming regular triangular fans, the web which unites them being reticulated in a similar manner to the rest of the dorsal membrane, The valves, when closed, form a prominent pyramidal peak in the centre of the disk. The reticulated dorsal membrane reaches close up to the margin of the lateral fringe. Ambulacral furrows distinctly petaloid. Ambulacral spines 2, rather short, placed side by side well up in the furrow, and forming a straight line parallel therewith. The spines of a pair radiate slightly apart from one another in the plane of their position ; and each is covered with a thick semitransparent mem- brane, which is somewhat expanded opposite the outer third of the spine, imparting thereby an elongate subspatulate form, the adoral spine of a pair being more robustly so than its companion. Aperture-papillz small and short, suboval in form on the inner portion of the ray, but becoming more elongate as they recede from the mouth. Mouth-plates small, with strongly developed ridge at the line of junction, and prominent peak aborally. Hach plate bears two short, robust, conical secondary surface-spines, one placed near the adoral extremity, and the other about midway along the ridge ; both spines are nearly equal in length, not longer than the ambu- lacral spines, very wide at the base, and taper to a blunt extremity, faintly bowed outward, and the tip approximated to the tip of the corresponding spine on the companion plate. Mouth-spines 3, small; two situated at the extreme outer portion of the lateral margin, one more inward. Actino-lateral spines about 24 on each side, 8th or 9th from the mouth longest. The spines anterior to this are included within the disk, their extremities reaching almost, but not quite, up to the median interbrachial line. The succeeding spines diminish in length gradually as they proceed outward, and even towards the extremity remain comparatively long in comparison with those of the other members of the genus. The actino-lateral spines are very robust, and taper slightly to the tips, which project 220 - MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE well beyond the membrane, and give the appearance of a sharply indented margin. The web of the actino-lateral spines, which also forms the ventral floor, is made up of very thickly packed, fine, delicate crossing fibres. Colour, in alcohol, light brown above, pure white beneath. Station 286. Lat. 33° 29'S., long. 133° 22' W. Depth 2335 fms.; bottom temperature 0°°8 C.; red clay. HYMENASTER CARNOSUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour substellate ; interradial angles well defined, the lesser radius in the proportion of 58-2 per cent.; R=103 millim., r=60 millim. MRadii tapering regularly to the extremity. Dorsal area slightly convex, rising somewhat conoid in the centre, radii rather roundly arched. Actinal area flat or convex. A narrow, thick, fleshy conspicuous fringe surrounds the entire margin. Supradorsal membrane thick, fleshy, opaque. Paxille-spine- lets uniformly and closely distributed over the whole area, greatly protruding and covered with membrane, which gives them the appearance of broad-based, robust, conical thornlets, about 3 to 4 millim. in height, springing from the general sur- face. They are very uniform in size; and no definite order of arrangement is perceptible, nor is it possible to distinguish the individual crowns to which the spinelets belong. A more or less homogeneous muscular layer overspreads the whole area; and no specialized bands or fibres are superficially apparent. The spiracula are quite microscopic, and confined to small round groups, con- taining ten or more very closely crowded together, placed in the hollow interspaces between the spinelets, and the whole quite invisible to the naked eye. Oscular orifice large, with valves broad and squarely truncate at the extremity, all webbed together ; the prominent thorn-like spinelets above mentioned marking out a circle at their bases of attachment 24 millim. in diameter. Ambulacral furrows wide (8°5 millim.), nearly uniform in breadth until near the extremity, where they gradually converge. Sucker-feet numerous and closely crowded, but maintaining the regular biserial arrangement. Ambulacral spinelets 2, long and needle-shaped, placed side by side in line with the margin of the furrow, or the very slightest trace obliqne. The adoral spinelet is somewhat the longest; and both are invested with an extensive saccular membrane, extending beyond the extremity, ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION, 221 often to a length equal to that of the spinelet itself. Aper- ture-papille moderately large, elongate and suboval. A fleshy thickening or pad is developed on the surface that fits over the aperture, upon which it closes like a valve. The mouth-plates are of moderate size, widely expanded laterally, the keel along the junction being well developed, prominent aborally, and with a rather produced peak adorally. Two secondary surface-spines on each. plate—one near the adoral extremity, the other, shorter and more robust, midway on the plate and with wide-flarig investment. It is a question whether the anterior pair ought not, from their position, to be ranked with the true mouth-spines. Mouth-spines proper 8 to 4 in number, acicular, and placed on the margin of the lateral flange. Actino-lateral spines closely placed, and entirely hidden in the thick fleshy membrane with which the ventral interbrachial areas are uniformly covered. 50 to 60 spinelets on each side of a ray. Colour, in aleohol—dorsal surface purplish grey, actinal surface pinkish purple. Station 295. Lat. 38° 7' S., long. 94° 4’ W. Depth 1500 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°°4 C.; red clay. HYMENASTER GLAUCUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellato-pentagonal ; interradial angles well indented, forming a distinct angle, except in very large specimens, where the web has become somewhat overgrown and abnormally thickened. Minor radial proportion from 68 to 76 per cent. ; R=46 willim.,r=35 millim. The rays taper to a fine extremity ; and the web is rather full on the margins, and somewhat irregular in consequence. General form very depressed. On the dorsal surface the radial areas are well marked out, distinct from the fringe and interbrachial membrane, by a regular linear arrange- ment of paxille-spinelets, the radial areas being elevated above the general surface. The pseudo-sides of the rays are short and perpendicular; the rays themselves having the appearance of standing in relief above the superficies of the marginal and inter- brachial web, tapering to a fine point, and maintaining their dis- tinctness up to the very extremity. The lateral web or fringe is largely developed, and, being rather full, is in consequence some- what irregular. Supradorsal membrane with very numerous muscular fibres, 222 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE which radiate from the tips of the spinelets and pass to those standing in close proximity around, the bands crossing at various angles, overlying and underlying one other, and forming an interlacing tissue rather than a truly reticulated structure. Spiracula moderately large, irregularly placed, and not numerous. Paxille with seldom more than three spinelets, which are usually ageregated close together, and especially so along the median line of the ray and at the extremity, forming a crown of small expansion. ‘Towards the disk the spinelets are more widely spaced; and the paxille, which form the pseudo-sides of the ray, are disposed in a perfectly straight line, no stragglers encroach- ing on the web or interbrachial area. Oscular aperture large and conspicuous; valves regular and formed of comparatively few spinelets, seldom more than a dozen in each. The outer margin of the oscular ring is very strikingly marked out by short, prominently protruding, pointed spinelets, excentrically directed, very regularly disposed, and from the tips of which the membrane hangs in graceful folds. Ambulacral furrows moderately broad, sublanceolate in outline, fairly uniform in width, except near the mouth, where they are constricted, and along the outer fifth, where they taper rapidly up to the extremity. Ambulacral spinelets 2, short, acicular, pointed, covered with membrane forming a moderately developed terminal sacculus. In some specimens this appears to be much more developed in the adoral spine of the pair than in the aboral, which seems frequently to be smaller than the other. The aboral spine is also placed higher in the furrow than the adoral. Aperture-papille large, and, with their investment, broadly lan- ceolate or acumino-spatulate in form. Mouth-plates short and rather broad ; aboral prominence blunt and well-rounded. Each plate with two very short, robust, stumpy secondary surface-spines ; the adoral one (which is placed forward on the plate) shorter even than the mouth-spines proper, but much more robust. Mouth-spines proper 4 or 5 on each plate, rather long, fine, and nearly equal in length. Actino-lateral spines robust, well-spaced, the 14th or 15th from the mouth being longest. None meet in the interbrachial median line, not even the longest, the space being filled in with fleshy membrane. Colour. in aleohol—dirty white in large specimens, greenish grey in those of smaller size. ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 223 Station 235. Lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0' E. Depth 565 fms. ;: bottom temperature 3°3 C.; mud. HYMENASTER VICARIUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour subpentagonal; interradial angles well in- dented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 69:2 per cent. ; R=39 millim., ,=27 millim. The lateral fringe is more or less distinct ; and its margin forms a line that curves outwards after passing the middle of the ray, adding greatly to the appearance of its breadth; the margin then suddenly contracts and empha- sizes the rapid tapering of the ray at the extremity. Supradorsal membrane thin and papyraceous in appearance. Muscular fibres numerous and irregular, rather thick, closely placed, radiating from the tips of each spinelet to those around, and thus forming an interlacing web with moderately large meshes of rhomboid or quadrate form. The interspaces are filled in with transparent membrane, punctured in the centre by a spi- raculum ; these are moderately large, well-spaced, and uniformly though irregularly distributed over the dorsal area. Paxille numerous,—carry 4, 5, or 6 spinelets, which are rather short, pointed—their tips elevating the membrane into small pointed papille, which are very evenly spaced over the dorsal area and appear to rise sharply from the surface, whilst their small size and comparative closeness of position give an easily recognizable character to the Starfish. Ambulacral areas moderately broad, lanceolate in outline, tapering rather rapidly before they reach the extremity, which is in consequence somewhat produced. Ambulacral spines two, rather short, cylindrical and pointed, covered with an extensive investing membrane, which forms an elongate sacculus at the tip, and also adds greatly to the apparent robustness of the spinelets. Aperture-papille large, acumino-spatulate, wide and rotund at the base, often contracting rapidly to a point at the free extre- mity, or simply rounded. Mouth-plates small, elongate, narrow, keeled, prominent ab- orally, each bearing two short robust secondary surface-spines, one near the adoral extremity, and the other placed more aborally, near the middle of the plate. The horizontal margins of the plate which fall into the actinostome are expanded into a rather wide flange, upon the edge of which are situated 4 or 5 short 224 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE cylindrical mouth-spines, slightly curved, rounded at the tips but not tapering. Actino-lateral spines delicate, those included within the disk being short and not reaching up to the median interradial line, but leaving a rather wide space. The longest spine is about the fifteenth from the mouth; but even these do not meet in the arm-angle, where a considerable amount of thickening and de- formity of the membrane occurs. The tips of the spinelets are rather tapering, and not thickened or nobbed. Margin of the web slightly thickened, not indented or festooned. Colour in alcohol, white, tinged with yellow where the mem- brane is thickened in the arm-angles. Sucker-feet yellow. Station 3800. Lat. 33° 42'S., long. 78° 18’ W. Depth 1875 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°5 C.; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER INFERNALIS, nN. sp. Marginal contour substellate ; interradial angles well indented and somewhat angular, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 43 per cent.; R=28 millim., r=12 millim. approximately. Radii broad at the base, but greatly attenuated outwardly. General form depressed. Supradorsal membrane very thin. Paxille haying long pe- dicels, with 8 to 10 elongate delicate spinelets. Muscular fibres extremely fine and thread-like, rather numerous, radiating from the tips, which are more or less prominent, suggesting the cha- racter of the same structure in H. pullatus, the fibres, however, being much more delicate and less numerous. Spinelets forming the valves of the oscular orifice rather robust. Ambulacral furrows narrow. Ambulacral spines 2, long and needle-shaped, placed slightly oblique to the line of the furrow. Innermost aperture-papille very large and comb-formed, com- posed of a number of radiating shafts. Adambulacral. plates elongate. Mouth-plates with prominent and rather angular keel along line of juncture, and bearing two short and moderately robust super- ficial secondary mouth-spines, the anterior pair close to the adoral margin. Several (three or more) mouth-spines on the margin of | the lateral expansions. Actino-lateral spines short, robust, and placed wide apart, the Gth or 7th from the mouth being longest. Character ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S, ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 225 ~ along the free portion of the ray indeterminable. Actinal mem- brane with numerous fine muscular fibres. Unfortunately this delicate specimen has been so shattered and distorted that its present state of preservation will not admit of a satisfactory description. This difficulty of study is the more to be regretted as the form is one of the deepest-dwelling Asterids obtained during the Expedition. The characters above enumerated are sufficient, however, to indicate that the species under notice is clearly distinct from any other in the group. The attenuation of the rays, the number and delicacy of the paxille-spinelets, and the characters of the actinal surface readily distinguish the form. On these grounds I have deemed it advisable to establish the species, although loth to do so on such imperfect material. Station 244, Lat. 35° 22! N., long. 169° 53’ E. Depth 2900 fms.; bottom temperature 1°-2 C.; red clay. HYMENASTER CHLATUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellato-pentagonoid ; interradial angles sharply indented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 63°3 per cent. ; #=30 millim., ,=19 milim. The dorsal area is concave, the radu being curved upward and their extremities recurved and quite turned over; actinal area very convex. The radial areas are well marked out, the lateral margins converging gradually to the tip, which is not attenuated or produced. A secondary mem- brane extending beyond the actino-lateral spines forms a conspi- cuous fleshy fringe. Supradorsal membrane rather thick. Paxille with 4 to 5 spinelets, forming regular crowns, which elevate the membrane into rhomboid or pentagonal areas, raised in relief as it were, and closely placed, the margins of the tabule being more or less in- curved, and the interspaces between deep and furrow-like. Muscular fibres closely interwoven, bands ill-defined, and meshes irregular; spiracula small, and frequently two or more together— this structure being uniform over elevated areas and interspaces alike. Tips of the paxille-spinelets only slightly protuberant ; the relief-areas which fall in the margin of the ray are smaller, more compressed, and somewhat moditied in form from the others. About 7 longitudinal rows of elevated areas or tabule may be counted at the base of a ray. Oscular orifice small, circumference at the base of the valves pentagonal, 9°25 millim. in diameter, and marked out by spinelets. 226 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE Valves 5, very regularly triangular, apices sharply pointed, all webbed together, the whole forming a regular pyramid when closed. The two innermost spines of each valve stand somewhat apart, and the membrane is rather deeply drawn in between, pro- ducing a well-defined furrow along the median line. The projecting tips of spinelets are prominent at the sides of the valves. At the base of each valve are two large elevated areas, formed by paxille- crowns of 6-8 spinelets, and thus nearly twice the size of the other elevated tabulz upon the dorsal surface: they are subpentagonal in shape; and the ten form a conspicuous and well-defined circlet round the oscular pyramid. Ambulacral furrows rather wide, straight, uniform in breadth, except at the extremity, where they rapidly converge. Ambu- lacral spines 8, very short, cylindrical, slightly tapering, covered with membrane, placed in line oblique to the furrow. Ayerture- papille large and subcircular, with its investing membrane some- what Japanese fan-shaped. The calcareous portion of the papilla is very flaring in habit, sometimes appearing as if made up of a comb of radiating spinelets. Mouth-plates small, short but broad, with widely-expanded lateral flanges, broadly rounded in front, keel along line of junc- tion feebly developed, aboral extremity only slightly prominent. Two secondary surface-spines borne on sligbt tubercles, one near the adoral extremity, and the other near the middle of the plate. These spines are short, comparatively small, broad at base, and taper slightly at the tip—the adoral pair being rather the smaller, and not much larger than the ambulacral spines. Mouth-spines 38, similar in size and form to the ambulacral spines, arranged on the lateral margin of the plate and away from the adoral peak of the keel. Actino-lateral spines widely spaced, the difference in the length being comparatively small along the inner two thirds of the ray. About 27 spines on each side of a ray, the 6th or 7th from the mouth slightly longest. None of the spines meet in the inter- brachial median line, but are widely separate; they are covered with a thick fleshy tissue, which is slightly turned over the tips of those spinelets that fall beyond the arm-angle, and is then ex- tended in the form of a fleshy supplementary web or fringe, which is very conspicuous in the arm-angle, and extends up to within a short distance of the extremity of the ray, gradually diminishing in breadth as it proceeds outwards. The margin of ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 227 this supplementary fringe is thickened, and furnished with a powerful muscular band. Colour, in alcohol, a rather livid pink; ambulacral furrows and sucker-feet a yellowish white. Station 158. Lat. 50°1'S., long. 128° 4’ E. Depth 1800 fms. ; bottom temperature 0°3 C.; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER CRUCIFER, 0. sp. Marginal contour subpentagonal ; interradial anglesvery slightly indented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 66°6 per cent. ; #=51millim.,7=34millim. Radii tapering to a fine extremity, which is somewhat attenuated and produced. Marginal fringe comparatively insignificant as seen from above, and narrowing rapidly towards the extremity of the rays. Form depressed, more convex on the actinal than on the abactinal surface. Supradorsal membrane rather thin, muscular fibres numerous, thick, and radiating regularly from ihe tips of the spinelets. Paxille numerous, though somewhat widely spaced, bearing a crown of four or sometimes five spinelets, which usually elevate the membrane into slightiy raised, Maltese-cross-shaped areas. The spinelets are sharply prominent; and the fibres for a short distance around the tip are merged together and form a homo- geneous “cap;” the caps of each of the spinelets of a crown coalesce, and thus produce the subcruciform or rhomboid eleva- tions above mentioned. The paxille are well spaced, and are arranged in longitudinal lines along the rays. No spiracula occur on the raised areas; but in the intermediate spaces they are very numerous and closely placed, the intervals between the thick radiating bands being very narrow, and occupied by a great number of small spiracula placed close together in line, 4 to 8, or even more in each, and separated from one another by only the finest dissepiment. The numerous spiracula and the isolated unpunctured cruciform areas give a striking character to the dorsal surface. The oscular orifice is large, the valves all webbed together, and the spinelets quite hidden in membrane, the whole of which is uniformly punctured with a great number of small spiracula, not quite so closely placed as those on the disk, and not arranged in lines. Ambulacral furrows rather widely petaloid, rapidly constricted at the extremity. Ambulacral spines three, short, nearly uniform in length, pointed, and covered with a membrane expanded into 228 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE a lanceolate shape, but with no terminal saccular prolongation. Each series of spines is placed diagonally upon its plate, or oblique to the line of the furrow. Aperture-papille large and broadly subspatulate or even subrhomboid, expanded somewhat obliquely, the pedicel seeming to be attached rather on one side. Mouth-plates rather broad, prominent aborally, having 5 or 6 short mouth-spines attached to the lateral aliform extensions, and directed horizontally. Two short, robust, subconical secondary mouth-spines are borne on the superficies of each plate—one near the adoral extremity, and the other, which is thickest, placed mid- way between this spine and the aboral extremity of the mouth- plate. Actino-lateral spines long and well spaced, about 40 on each side of a furrow, the 11th or 12th from the mouth being longest. The spines within the disk do not quite meet in the median inter- radial line ; and those along the outer third of the ray diminish in length very rapidly ; they are, however, rather irregular in their length throughout, which gives a ragged appearance to the fringe. The spines are pointed at their extremity ; and the web is very slightly indented between. Colour, in alcohol, yellowish grey. Station 158. Lat. 50° 1'S., long. 123°4’ E. Depth 1800 fms. ; bottom temperature 0°°3 C.; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER ANOMALDS, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellato-pentagonal; interradial angles wide and rather sharply and angularly indented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 63-65 per cent.; R=15 millim., r=9°5 millim. approximately. Radi subtriangular in outline, and tapering to a fine extremity. Form very depressed, only slightly elevated in the centre of the disk. Marginal fringe quite incon- spicuous when seen from above. Supradorsal membrane with uniformly thick fibrous bands closely reticulated, the network exhibiting a certain incipient re- gularity of construction. The meshes or interspaces are large and equidistant; and a more or less distinct grouping round centres is distinguishable, where the fibres become massed together— these thickened portions corresponding usually with the tips of the spinelets, upon which they form acap. Six to eight bands usually radiate from these centres; and if the plan just indicated were regularly carried out, an arrangement of more or less dis- ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 229 tinetly hexagonal compound meshes, divided by fibres radiating from their centre, would be produced—one primary mesh around each spinelet, and secondary meshes within this, formed by each of the radiating fibres. This disposition of reticulation, how- ever, is by no means regular, as numerous supplementary meshes and centres occur. The meshes are usually circular, oval, or sub- triangular in outline, and are filled in with a fine semitransparent membrane, punctured in the centre with a minute spiraculum, which is surrounded by an opaque whitish ring. The dorsal membrane and its system of reticulated fibres extends almost up to the extreme edge of the lateral fringe. The tips of the paxille- spinelets produce slight, uniform, rounded elevations of the mem- brane, distributed over the whole dorsal area, to which they give a papillose or coarsely granulate appearance when seen by the naked eye. Oscular orifice small, the circumference at the base of the valves being circular and well marked out. The spines of the valves are webbed together by an investing membrane, with reticulated fibres, into five regular, triangular fans, the margins slightly overlapping, and, when shut down, completely closing the oscular orifice. Ambulacral furrows lanceolate, scarcely, if at all, expanded in the middle, and gradually tapering to the extremity. Ambulacral spinelets 3, short, and placed obliquely—the two outermost stand- ing almost at right angles to the furrow, the innermost, which is slightly smaller, being placed rather in advance of, or aboral to, these latter. The spines are invested with an extensive trans- parent membrane ; and frequently two, or even all the three, are webbed together. When single, the covering gives them a broadly lanceolate shape. The aperture-papille are very small and elon- gately oval in form. Mouth-plates small, the pair forming a prominent though nar- row ridge. Each plate carries three very robust, blunt, secon- dary superficial spinelets placed in line along either side of the keel, the anterior pair near to the adoral extremity, and the pos- terior pair near the aboral extremity of the mouth-plate. They differ slightly in size, the adoral being smallest and the aboral largest. On the horizontal margin of each plate are two mouth- spines, the innermost pair immediately above the anterior se- condary spinelets, of which series they seem to form the con- tinuation, being directed downwards and centripetally. The aboral pair of secondary spinelets are directed centrifugally. The 230 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE second, or outer, mouth-spine is very much smaller, and placed away from the inner mouth-spine, somewhat isolately on the margin of the plate, and is directed horizontally. Actino-lateral spines about 21 on each side (of fairly large ones only 18), the 6th from the mouth being longest; this and all the spines preceding it join close up in the median interradial line with the corresponding spine of the neighbouring ray, whilst the succeeding spines diminish by regular steps. Spines tapering and pointed. Membrane made up of very fine fibres ; margin very slightly festooned between the tips of the spines. Colour, in alcohol, white; ambulacral furrows and sucker-feet yellowish brown. Station 335. Lat. 32° 24' S., long. 18° 5’ W. Depth 1425 fms. ; bottom temperature 2°3 C.; Globigerina-ooze. Also off coast of Portugal; label marked ‘ Station I.-VII.’ HYMENASTER LATEBROSUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour substellate; interradial angles sharply in- dented, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 63°6 per cent.; #=22 millim., r=14 milim. Arm-angle acute; rays broad and subtriangular, with their margins gracefully curved outward. General form depressed ; dorsal surface over the radii more or less bombous ; radial areas not specially defined. Dorsal membrane continuous up to the margin ; lateral fringe narrow, regular, and sharply indented. Supradorsal membrane fine and semitransparent. Paxille- spinelets uniformly distributed over the entire area, but present- ing no definite order of arrangement. Paxillz with few spinelets, 4 to 5 being the general number. Muscular fibres numerous and closely, though rather coarsely and irregularly, reticulated (inter- crossed). Interspaces filled in with a delicate semitransparent membrane, punctured with spiracula, usually one to a mesh, and consequently rather widely spaced. Oscular orifice compara- tively small, the valves lying almost level with the surface of the dorsal membrane. Ambulacral furrows moderately broad, and subpetaloid in out- line, tapering gradually to the extremity along the outer third of the ray, and slightly constricted towards the actinostome. Ambu- lacral spines 3 in number, short, cylindrical, rapidly tapering to a fine point, and covered with thin membrane. Each series is placed high in the furrow, and very oblique to the median line of ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. “CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 23] the ray ; the aboral spinelet is much smaller than the other two of which the adoral is slightly the longest. Aperture-papille small and oval or subcircular in form, sometimes expanded late- rally to such an extent that the breadth is greater than the length. Mouth-plates comparatively small and short ; keel prominent, having a rhomboid outline when seen from above, and inclined upwards into the mouth-cavity, with rather widely'expanded lateral flanges, straight and square infront. ach plate bears two robust secondary spines, one on the middle of its surface, standing in the lateral angle of the rhomb, and another, comparatively smaller and thinner, placed near the adoral extremity. Mouth-spines proper are represented by three small tapering spinelets placed on the lateral margin of each plate. Actino-lateral spines robust and of moderate length, the 7th to 9th from the mouth being longest. The spines of two adjacent rays do not quite meet in the median interradial line, a little narrow channel or wrinkle of the membrane being maintained between their tips. The spines diminish regularly in length after the angle is passed, until they become microscopicat the end of the ray ; they are pointed at their outward extremity; and the web being well indented between gives a serrate appearance to the margin. Station 157. Lat. 58° 55'S., long. 108° 35’ E. Depth 1950 fms.; diatom-ooze. HYMENASTER POROSISSIMUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour subpentagonal; interradial angle scarcely in- dented, forming simply a slight curve inward. The lesser radius is in the proportion of 75°5 per cent.; R=45 millim., 7=34 millim. The radu do not taper beyond the extent of a true pentagon, and are slightly rounded at the extremity, which is somewhat feebly upturned. Supradorsal membrane very uniformly reticulated; the muscular fibres so closely and regularly placed that their radiation from the spinelet-tips as centres is scarcely apparent; meshes very small and regularly spaced, each with one small spiraculum. Paxillx- spinelets 3, 4, or 5 in number, evenly spaced, rounded at the tips, very slightly prominent, and producing a uniformly papillate _ appearance on the dorsal area, no general pattern of arrangement being discernible. The crowns of a great number of the paxill LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 16 232 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE form a more or less distinctly visible Maltese cross, in consequence of two prominent fibres joining the tips of the opposite spinelets. Oscular orifice moderately large; circumference at the base of the valves very clearly marked out by prominent spinelets. Valves triangular, 5 in number, forming a regular pyramid; the whole series webbed together with a membrane closely punctured with spiracula like the rest of the dorsal area, and with 2 or 3 promi- nent spinelets projecting along the sides of each valve. Ambulacral furrows rather wide, subpetaloid, or gracefully lanceolate. Ambulacral spines 3, short, delicate, slightly tapering, nearly equal in length, covered thinly with membrane, but with no saccular extension present. Hach series placed slightly ob- lique to the median line of the ray. Aperture~papille large and squarely oval, with a thick plump sacculus, and attached close up to the outer extremity of the diagonal series of ambulacral spinelets. Mouth-plates very elongate and remarkably narrow, the pair together forming a prominent, elevated, rounded ridge, tapering and roundly pointed at either extremity. Near the adoral extre- mity of each plate stands a single, rather large spine, subconical, becoming attenuated towards the extremity, but not pointed. These spines are directed horizontally over the peristome, the pair in each mouth-angle diverging slightly apart from one another and away from the median line of the mouth-plates; these are the anterior pair of secondary mouth-spines, placed unusually forward. From the superficies of each mouth-plate, and about one third from the inner or adoral extremity, rises a second, robust, subconical, and moderately long spinelet, directed downwards and slightly inwards. Both these pairs of secondary superficial spine- lets are about equal in length to the ambulacral spinelets, but are more robust, the aboral being stouter but rather shorter than the companion pair. Mouth-spines 4 or 5, short, subcylindrical, thickened at their bases, placed on the margin of the plates, and directed horizontally. These spines are much smaller and shorter than the secondary superficial spines above noted, and are attached to a wide lateral extension or flange of the mouth-plate. Actino-lateral spines long and rather widely spaced, the longest about midway out on the ray (the eleventh from the mouth); about 40 in all. The spines within the disk come nearly up to the median interradial line, but do not meet. The spines whose free extremities fall in the marginal fringe diminish gradually ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 233 and with regularity up to the extremity, the few last maintaining, however, a nearly uniform length, which gives a rounded appear- ance to the fringe at the ray-tips. The actino-lateral spines are finely pointed at their extremities; and the web-membrane is moderately indented between them. The marginal fringe is per- fectly even and regular, forming a conspicuous marginal border when seen from the upper suface, although the reticulated dorsal membrane is continued close up to the margin. Colour, in alcohol, greyish white. Station 3800. Lat. 38° 42'S., long. 78° 18’ W. Depth 1875 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°5 C.; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER GRANIFERUS, D. sp. Marginal contour almost pentagonal, the interradial angles being very slightly incurved. The radii are more or less attenu- ated or produced at the extremity, which is upturned; and their effect on the contour is consequently inconspicuous. Minor radial proportion about 69-73 per cent.; #=30 millim., y=22 millim. Radial areas not specially defined externaily from the rest of the dorsal surface. Lateral fringe or web thickened at the margin and little conspicuous. Supradorsal membrane delicate. Paxille-spinelets delicate, with fine sharp extremities protruding well through the dorsal membrane, evenly distributed over the area, but presenting no definite pattern of arrangement. The fibrous bands are rather thin but clearly defined, comparatively few in number, well isolated, and radiate not only to those spinelets which form the immediate circle, but some also pass through the interspaces and reach to the spinelets beyond. In this manner a more or less irregular and very open network is produced, in which, however, a tendency to an interpenetrant hexagonal pattern is discernible as the general plan, here and there—the whole being overlain by a very delicate semitransparent membrane, in which a number of small, round, closely-placed granule-like bodies occur. The spira- cula are small and sporadically placed, very frequently two or even three together in a mesh; but the groups are well isolated, and the apertures by no means numerous. Oscular orifice large, with 5 regular valves fitting evenly together, each with about a dozen spines, the two innermost being longest, and the others diminishing regularly and gradually, the articulatory base being prominent. 16* 934 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE Ambulacral furrows narrow, much constricted towards the actinostome and at the extremity of the ray. Ambulacral spines 3, acicular, unequal in length, rather short, placed in line parallel to the median line of the furrow, excepting towards the extre- mity, where the series become rather oblique. The aboral spine is almost aborted, and the middle one less than the adoral spine of the trio ; this latter is invested with a widely expanded sacculus, which makes the spine appear many times thicker than its com- panion and nearly twice as long, the large sacculus usually taking a pointed or sublanceolate form, whilst the small investment of the aborted aboral spine is generally rounded and somewhat knobbed. The aperture-papilla is remarkably large, elongately oval, and with its membrane acumino-spatulate in shape, much broader than the sacculated ambulacral spinelets, and often nearly as long. Mouth-plates short and comparatively broad, with widely ex- panded lateral flanges. No prominent keel at the line of junc- tion, which is flatiy rounded. Two robustly clothed, rather short, obtuse secondary surface-spines on each plate, one near the adoral edge, the other near the middle of the plate, both main- taining a wide space between their corresponding spines on the adjoining plate. About four mouth-spines proper on the hori- zontal margin of each plate, moderately long, very wide at the base, and sharply tapering ; the external one sometimes redu- plified. Actino-lateral spines delicate, well spaced, the longest about 15th from the mouth; none meet in the interradial line, but are widely separate even at the angle; the spines vary but little in length up to this point, but diminish very rapidly beyond. Colour, in alcohol, white. Station 146. Lat. 46° 46’ S., long. 45° 31’ EH. Depth 1375 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°°5 C.; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER GEOMETRICUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour substellate ; interradial angles well rounded, the lesser radius being in the proportion of 52'3 percent.; R=42 millim., 7=22 millim., approximately. Radii greatly attenuated and tapering, with the fringe almost, if not quite, aborted towards the extremities. Dorsal surface uniformly flat; under surface prominently convex. Supradorsal membrane thin and semitransparent, supported ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION, 235 by extremely delicate thread-like fibres, which form a regular pattern upon the disk. Usually six fibres proceed from the tip of each paxilla-spinelet, and pass to the tips of the neighbouring spinelets ; and as these are all equidistant, it follows that a series of regular interpenetrant hexagons is produced. The fibres are all of uniform length, and do not cross over or under one another asin H. pullatus. The spaces marked out or bounded by the fibres form regular triangular meshes, and enclose several small spiracula, generally 3 to 5. Sometimes the fibres are doubled, and the tips of the spinelets protrude prominently. The valves of the oscular orifice are not conspicuous, the general tissue of the dorsal area just described seeming to be continued up to the extremities of the valves, whilst their bases of attach- ment, which are usually well marked out by spinelets on promi- nent bosses, are undistinguishable in the present example. Ambulacral furrows rather narrow, not petaloid. Ambulacral spines 3, long and needle-shaped, placed in line parallel with the median line of the ray ; the adoral spine longer than the breadth of the furrow. Aperture-papille of moderate size, subquadrate or rather elon- gate in shape, when invested with membrane. Mouth-plates short, with wide lateral flanges ; the keel along the line of junction very prominent aborally. Mouth-spines 5 to 6 on each plate, moderately long and subaciculate, the middle one longest; the innermost one ought perhaps to be ranked as a secondary or superficial mouth-spine, although similar in form and serial in position with the true mouth-spines. Midway on the superficies of the plate and well away from the median keel isa longer and slightly more robust secondary spinelet, similar in character to the rest of the armature. Actino-lateral spines very wide apart, probably not more than 20 on a side, although the rays are so long, the 4th or 5th from the mouth being longest; these and the preceding spines, which are included within the disk, all converge towards the interradial angle, instead of running parallel to one another as in nearly all the species of this genus. Station 286. Lat. 33° 29’ S., long. 188° 22' W. Depth 2335 fms. ; bottom temperature 0°°8 C.; red clay. HYMENASTER PULLATUS, 0. Sp. Marginal contour more decidedly stellate than pentagonoid. 236 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE The interradial angles appear to have been well rounded, with the lesser radius probably in the proportion of about 57 per cent. ; R=35 millim., y=about 20; but the specimen is unfortunately so much damaged in each of the arm-angles that it is impossible to give the smaller dimension exactly. Radii well produced, fine and tapering at the extremities. Dorsally the centre of the disk is elevated into a sharp conoid, and the radii are prominently arched. Supradorsal membrane very delicate. Spinelets of the paxille prominently projecting, very delicate, and tapering towards their extremity, distributed regularly at uniform intervals apart over the whole dorsal area. Numerous very fine thread-like fibrous bands pass between the tips of the spinelets, crossing over and under one another, but not merging or forming a coherent reti- culated structure. The fibres are not tightly stretched between the tips of the spinelets, but slope downward at a high angle, like slackened ropes round a tent-pole; in consequence of this and of their great prominence, the spinelets appear to superficial exa- mination to stand like well-spaced conical prickles upon the dorsal area. The oscular orifice is of moderate size, the outer margin (from which the valves take their rise) being marked off by pro- minent sharp spinelets into a pentagon, 9°5 millim. in diameter, the angles opposite to the radii. The valves are very regularly subtriangular, composed of 10 to 12 radiating spines, and when closed form a pyramidal peak in the centre of the disk. Ambulacral furrows narrow and deeply sunken, constricted near the mouth, widest about the outer third, and then sharply tapering to the extremity. Ambulacral spinelets 3, short, stout, tapering, compressed, placed in line oblique to the direction of the furrow and also to the horizontal plane of the ray. The ambulacral spines are quite hidden in the furrow, not webbed together, but probably invested with a rather long membrane. Aperture-papille large and squarely oval. Mouth-plates somewhat broad, short, almost perpendicular in position ; keel flattened. ach plate bears two short thick secon- dary superficial spinelets, the aboral one most robust. One mouth-spine stands above the innermost secondary ; and another, much smaller, is placed isolately on the horizontal lateral margin of the plate. Actino-lateral spines 27 +, perhaps about 30, robust at the extre- mity of attachment, but very delicate and taperin outward, not meeting in the interradium. ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ OHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 237 Colour, in alcohol, dark purple; the fibrous bands on the dorsal surface being white, giving a very elegant effect. The suckers very dark purple, almost black, with white tips. Station 218. Lat. 2° 33'S., long. 144° 4’ E. Depth 1070 fms.; bottom temperature 2°1 C.; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER MEMBRANACEUS, Wyville Thomson. Hymenaster membranaceus, Wyv. Thoms. (1877), Voy. of ‘ Challenger,’ Atlantic, vol. i. p. 108. Marginal contour subpentagonal ; interradial angles wide and flat, the lesser radius in the proportion of 62 per cent. or less; R= 35 millim. approximately, 7=22 millim. Radii very narrow, and tapering on their outer portions. Dorsal area almost flat, actinal slightly convex, but deeply incurved along the median interbra- chial lines. Supradorsal membrane thin and transparent, with a great num- ber of fine muscular fibrous bands extended between the tips of the paxille-spinelets, passing from one to each of these in the vicinity and crossing one another in all directions, but without merging or forming a reticulated tissue in the true sense of the word. Tissue semitransparent, with a few isolated spiracula here and there. The tips of the spinelets produce slight prominences but there is no massing of the tissue or the fibres upon their extremities, Which are consequently quite sharp and little con- spicuous. Oscular orifice very large, the outer or basal circum- ference measuring 12°5 millim. in diameter. ach valve is com- posed of at least ten radiating spines, their bases of articulation forming a prominent semicircular boss in each radius. Ambulacral furrows narrow and deep, scarcely petaloid ~ although much narrower near the mouth and rapidly tapering at the extremity ; adambulacral plates high Ambulacral spines 3, very short, stout, slightly tapering and slightly compressed, placed high in the furrow, and each series standing in line slightly oblique to the median line of the ray, and oblique also to the horizontal plane of the furrow, the innermost spine being highest up in the furrow and most aboral. Not webbed. Aper- ture-papille very large, covered with widely expanded membrane, giving them a squarely oval or subquadrate shape, often with a slight peak. Mouth-plates rather small, sloping upward into the mouth, aboral extremity tilted downward, prominent keel along the line 238 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE of junction, internal peak rounded and very little produced. Each mouth-plate carries two secondary superficial spines—one short, dumpy, obtuse, compressed, standing on the surface of the plate at about one third the distance from the adoral extremity, and directed somewhat outwards and away from the mouth ; the other, rather longer but much less robust, placed quite at the adoral extremity and rather geniculated sideways; in fact this spinelet might almost be ranked as a mouth-spine proper, except that it stands at a slightly lower level, more on the plate itself. On the horizontal margin of the plate, and situated on the widely expanded lateral flange, are 4 to 5 small compressed mouth- spines, very much smaller than those just described, and similar to the ambulacral spines, only smaller in size. The actino-lateral spines, although long, do not meet in the interradium ; indeed the dorsal and ventral membranes coalesce, apparently normally, in the outer portion of the median inter- radial line, thereby forming a partition in the interbrachial cham- ber. The spines which come near the interbrachial margin are much thickened and knobbed at their extremity; indeed all of them are more or less so except the most outward ofall. There are about 32 to 86 actino-lateral spines, the 15th to 17th from the mouth being longest ; beyond this they diminish very rapidly in size. Colour, in alcohol, white. Station I. Lat. 41°57'N., long. 9°42’ W. Depth 1125 fms. ; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER COCOINATUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellato-pentagonoid, interradial angle well rounded; radii tapering to a fine point, with lateral margins almost straight. Minor radial proportion 55:5 per cent.; R=18 millim., ,=10 millim. Form very depressed, slightly convex and rising in the centre. No definite marginal fringe. Supradorsal membrane very fine ; muscular fibres thin, filiform and well defined, forming a rather wide and irregular reticulation, resembling to a large degree the venation of. certain leaves more than the characteristic intercrossing of fibres radiating from neighbouring spinelets which is generally noticeable throughout the genus. This peculiarity arises from the frequent bifurcations, bendings, and sudden terminations to which the fibres are gsub- ject, and which, together with the presence of small secondary ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 239 fibres, modify the normal arrangement of radiation from tip to tip, which is, after all, the principle of the disposition of this structure even in the species under notice. The meshes are filled in with an almost hyaline tissue, punctured with two, three, or even more small spiracula, each surrounded with a definite white ring. The spinelets of the paxille are not numerous, and are but slightly protuberant, the tips being covered with a little cap of membrane which gives them rather a knobby appearance. The oscular ori- fice is moderately large, its outer circumference at the base of the valves being well defined by a pentagonal outline formed of thick- ened or fibrous tissue. The five valves are regular and triangular, with about 8 spines in each; and the whole series are webbed together and form a very slightly elevated pyramid when closed. Ambulacral furrows wide and open, very slightly petaloid opposite the commencement of the outer third, and rather rapidly constricted towards the tip. Ambulacral spines 4 (but often towards the extremity only 3), short, delicate, acicular, and well spaced. Three stand on the margin of the plate parallel to the furrow, the aboral smallest, the adoral nearly twice as long. The fourth spine—equal in length to the last named, or even longer—is placed close to it, but on the outer side and away from the furrow. These two spines are present throughout the ray, and maintain this position. The three marginal spines usually stretch horizontally over the furrow; but the fourth spine is almost perpendicular, frequently radiating at an angle away (outward) from the furrow. The spines are covered with an investing membrane, which in the three marginal spines is ex- panded towards the tip and gives them a claviform appearance, the most adoral one of the three being more robust than the others; in the fourth or outward spine the investment is even more developed, and the covered spine presents a somewhat more lanceolate shape than those just referred to. The aperture-papille are very singular in form, and consist of a comb of about 5 to 7 radiating spinelets which spring from a common base, the central spinelet being straight and much longer than the others, which are curved, the two outer ones forming together a regular semi- circular span, and the rest radiating within this curve, at gra- dually lessening angles of divergence from the central spinelet. The investing membrane by which the papilla is covered owes its form in a great measure to this skeleton. It is ovate or oblate 240 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE basally, with an elongate acicular prominence in its outward prolongation. Near the extremity of the ray this central shaft of the papilla is greatly lengthened, being little shorter than the lateral spines. Mouth-plates short but extraordinarily broad, the lateral flanges being developed to an abnormal extent. The keel at thejunction is feebly represented, only flatly rounded, slightly prominent aborally, adoral peak well developed. One mederately robust, short, conical spinelet, very wide at the base, sharply pointed, and covered with membrane, is placed near to the adoral extremity of each plate and rather above the actual margin. No other secon- dary surface-spine present. Mouth-spines 3, about equal in size to the ambulacral spines, placed on the extreme outer portion of the margin of the lateral flange; and sometimes the outer one is doubled. Actino-lateral spines delicate and well spaced, 16 on each side of aray, the third or the fourth from the mouth usually the longest, the rest gradually diminishing in size as they approach the extremity of the ray. Colour, in aleohol—dorsal surface white with the faintest shade of pink, actinal surface scarlet, the suckers white. Station 146. Lat. 46° 46’ S., long. 45° 31' E. Depth 1375 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°5 C.; Globigerina-ooze. HYMENASTER PRECOQUIS, Nn. Sp. Marginal contour subpentagonal, interradial angles very feebly incurved, the radii slightly attenuated at their extremity. Minor radial proportion 65 per cent.; A=10 millim., ,=6°5 millim. The dorsal surface forms a uniform convex curve of low elevation, the membrane arching over from margin to margin, and the radial areas being in no way specially defined externally. No lateral fringe. Actinal surface flat. Supradorsal membrane very fine and semitransparent. Mus- cular tissue very feebly developed, no definite series of fibrous bands being present, although under considerable magnification the existence of aggregated fibres may be discerned. Spiracula comparatively large, numerous and equally distributed, with con- spicuous white ring. Paxille large, robust, closely placed, usually with five (sometimes six or seven) spinelets, which are thick and widely expanded from the pedicel. The spinelets do not taper at their extremities, but expand somewhat and are flaring, elevating ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 241 the membrane very slightly. The paxille are clearly visible through the transparent membrane; and about nine longitudinal rows may be counted across the base of the ray. The oscular orifice is small, with the spines of the valves long and slightly tapering. Ambulacral furrows narrow, lanceolate, maintaining a nearly uniform breadth till near the extremity. Ambulacral spines 3 to 5 in number, rather long, delicate and acicular, arranged on the adambulacral plate in a semicircular curve when the larger num- ber are present—three usually being on the margin of the furrow, and the two adoral ones standing successively more outward (away from the furrow) on the plate. These two obliquely placed spinelets maintain their position throughout the ray; and any diminution which takes place in the number towards the extre- mity is manifest in the marginal or aborally placed members of the series. The most aboral spine is rather shorter than the others, which are nearly uniform in length; and each of them is invested with a very thin membrane, and no sacculus is produced. The first adambulacral plates (nearest the mouth) bear only two spines; and these sometimes are webbed together. The aperture-papille are small and dumpy, the calcareous por- tion being little more than twice (or at most three times) as long as broad ; and very frequently this is bulged out somewhat at the side. The papilla is not free as usual in this genus, but is clothed with the general tissue of the actinal area, the aboral lateral margin alone being free and forming the actual lip of the segmental aperture as in Pteraster; the papilla fits close up to the spine, aboral to it, and slants rather obliquely in consequence. The mouth-plates are small, short, narrow, both plates elevated prominently rather than forming a true keel at the junction ; aboral extremity gently rounded, not prominent. Each plate bears two large, robust, conical secondary superficial spinelets, longer than the plates themselves, tapering to a fine point, and their bases occupying nearly the whole of the length of the short plate. These spines stand perpendicular to the superficies, the aboral pair radiating rather wider apart and more outward than the adoral pair. Mouth-spines 2 (or 3?), delicate, pointed, rather wide apart, and placed on the lateral margin of the plates opening into the peristomial circle. Actino-lateral spines comparatively robust and well spaced, 16 to 17 on each side of a ray, the fifth from the mouth being 24:2 MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE longest; they are slightly tapered at their extremity, and just protrude beyond the margin, which is feebly festooned between. Colour, in alcohol, greyish white, nearly transparent. Station 146. Lat. 46° 46'S., long. 45° 31! E. Depth 1375 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°°5 C.; Globigerina-ooze. Station 147. Lat. 46° 16' S., long. 48° 27! E. Depth 1600 fms. ; bottom temperature 0°'8 C.; Globsgerina-ooze. In a specimen from Station 147 four seems to be the normal number of ambulacral spinelets, the adoral one being relatively smaller, and the transverse tendency of the series upon the plate being even more marked than in the specimen from which this description is taken. In this specimen (from Station 147) an additional pair of superficial secondary mouth-spines is present, making three pairs, and the innermost pair of mouth-spines proper are nearly as large as the adoral pair of secondaries. BENTHASTER, 0. gen. Form depressed, marginal contour stellato-pentagonoid, dorsal area convex, actinal area plane. Supradorsal canopy rudimentary. No mus- cular fibrous bands. No spiracula. Nidamental cavity more or less aborted. Paxille with subfascicular crowns; spinelets trilaminate, of extraordinary length, delicacy, and number, protruding the greater portion of their length naked beyond the supradorsal membrane. Paxille probably devoid of investing membrane. Papule simple globular sessile sacs, comparatively large. Special dorso-lateral plates at the extremity of the rays. Ossicles of the dorsal surface cruciform, greatly attenuated; the whole calcareous framework being reduced to a minimum. Ambulacral spinelets one or two, long, needle-shaped, independent, not united by membrane. Aperture- papillee more or less modified. (?) Segmental apertures aborted. Mouth- plates of the Hymenaster type. Two pairs of secondary mouth-spines, robust, clavate, thorny, probably without saccular membrane. Mouth- spines proper 2 or 3, the innermost resembling the anterior pair of secondaries, only rather smaller, the others pointed. Actino-lateral spines merged in the actinal floor. The superficial aspect of this genus recalls, to a certain extent, that of Korethraster, from which, however, it is structurally widely separate. The rudimentary supradorsal membrane and the long fasciculated naked paxillar spinelets, protruding far beyond the membrane, readily characterize the genus from Hymenaster ; whilst the simple, independent ambulacral spines, not forming combs and not webbed, at once distinguish it from Marsipaster, the only other form to which it can be compared. a = ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 243 BENTHASTER WYVILLE-THOMSONI, 0. sp. Marginal contour substellate ; rays broad at base, and tapering to avery fine extremity; interradial angle well indented, not rounded; the lesser radius in the proportion of 50 per cent. ; R=18 millim., 7=9 millim. General body-profile much depressd, slightly elevated in the centre of the disk. The dorsal aspect is very remarkable, recalling at first sight the appearance of Korethraster. This resemblance, however, is merely illusory, and arises from the presence of prominent tufts of long spinelets that project free beyond the dorsal membrane. The pedicels of the paxille are comparatively short, reduced almost to tubercles on the outer part of the rays, bearing about 8 to 10 spinelets, which are of great length and expand very slightly apart from one another. Paxille standing on cruciform ossicula, the prolongations of which are very long and thin, and the central portion where they cross little, if at all, widened. Supradorsal membrane represented by a loose irregular spongi- form tissue, which fills up the paxille-crowns near their bases, and extends over the whole dorsal area. This spongy mass is not uniform in thickness or density, and nowhere forms a definite membrane. The paxille-spinelets protrude a great portion of their Jength through this tissue, and have the appearance of being entangled amongst it—a conventional definition of their character expressing more than any rigid description of this part of the structure. No muscular fibrous bands, and no spiracula present. The spinelets are transparent and vitreous in appearance, regu- larly trilaminate (which may be distinctly seen in every broken section), and taper to a fine sharp point. No trace apparent of any true membranous envelope to the paxille. The spinelets on the disk are much longer and more robust than elsewhere, attaining their greatest size in the neighbourhood of the centre. Oscular orifice rather indistinct, margined by five somewhat irre- gular tufts of spinelets, longer and more robust than any of the others. No definite or regular valves appear to be formed. It is doubtful to what extent the dermal chamber is developed; but probably its character is greatly modified: the specimen under notice leads to the inference that it is almost aborted in the present instance. At the extremity of the rays there is on either side an elon- gate dorso-marginal plate, equal in length to about 7 or 8 segments of the ray, becoming thicker at the aboral end and 244: MR. W. PERCY SLADEN ON THE developing more or less of a knob.’ These expansions join at the extremity of the ray, and form an arch over the termination of the ambulacral furrow, the knobs bearing several prominent spine- lets stouter than any of those in the vicinity. Ambulacral furrows broad and rather petaloid. Sucker-feet arranged in simple pairs. Adambulacral plates very narrow and spaced widely apart, the margin of the furrow being simply a narrow ridge. Ambulacral spines normally two, placed trans- versely and very slightly oblique; but frequently only one is present. They are long, thickened at the base, tapering to the point ; and when two are present, the outer one is often much larger than its companion. No trace of any investing mem- brane. Squamous plates are present on the outer margin of the adambulacral plates, which doubtless are the representatives of the aperture-papille. They seem to be more or less aborted fune- tionally in the specimen under notice, and are apparently anky- losed, at any rate on the inner half of the ray, to the general body- skeleton ; they are large, and broadly oval or subspatulate in shape. The mouth-plates resemble in character those of Hymenaster. Median keel along suture very prominent adorally and sharply rounded. Two short, robust, curved, slightly clavate, and rather thorny spinelets stand on either side of the keel near the middle of the plates. Owing to the bad state of preservation of this specimen, the rest of the armature is unfortunately undistin- euishable. Actino-lateral spines 15 to 20, or perhaps rather more; com- paratively short, delicate, and widely spaced; the longest about fourth from the mouth, and rather shorter than the breadth of the ambulacral furrow, measured from the base of this spine to the base of its correspondent on the opposite side. The actino- lateral spines do not diminish very rapidly in length as they approach the extremity. A fibrillar tissue of very loose construc- tion forms the web uniting the spines, and at the same time con- stitutes the actinal floor of the test, beyond the margin of which the spines project considerably. In places where the acti- nal web has been removed in the interradial space, no papille are to be seen for supporting the pseudo-supradorsal membrane from the sides of the rays, the cavity appearing to be very feebly developed there. Station 244. Lat. 35° 22' N., long. 169° 53’ E. Depth 2900 fms. ; bottom temperature 1°-2 C.; red clay. Hr eeeaH lye ASTEROIDEA OF H.M.S. ‘CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 245 BENTHASTER PENICILLATUS, 0. sp. Marginal contour stellato-pentagonoid ; interradial angles mode- rately indented and well rounded. Minor radial proportion 65:2 per cent.; R=11°5 millim., 7v=7'5 millim. The radii taper gradually, and their extremities are somewhat upturned. Supradorsal membrane exceedingly delicate and rudimentary, appearing little more than a thin mucous film over the inter- brachial areas, becoming, however, rather spongiform over the rays. Pedicels of the paxille very thin and delicate, bearing a crown of extremely long, thin, needle-like spines seven or eight times the length of the pedicel; about 20 spinelets in a crown on the disk, and about half that number, or less, towards the extre- mity of the rays. The spinelets are of the most delicate descrip- tion, vitreous in appearance, trilaminate, the transverse section representing three cylindrical rods placed together, instead of three flattened laminz asin the previous species. The spinelets are widened at their proximal extremity into a condyloid articu- tory base, all fitting close together, each moulded to the form of its fellows, the whole forming a compact basement to the crown. The spinelets constituting a crown expand very slightly apart, and protrude the greater portion of their length free and naked through the supradorsal membrane. The cruciform ossicles of the dorsal surface upon which the paxille are borne are very delicate, the prolongations being attenuated in aremarkable degree, here and there almost aborted, and the central portion of the ossicle manifesting a tendency to become rotund and squamiform. ‘This modification is so far car- ‘ried out, that in the centre of the disk the whole of the dorsal surface that can be seen under the oscular orifice is simply covered with subcircular imbedded scales. The oscular orifice is very large. The valves (or their repre- sentatives) consist of a compressed paxilla-crown composed of rather more robust spinelets than the rest. The pedicels of these modified paxille are very much enlarged, compressed laterally, and expanded at the top, upon which the spinelets are articulated in a more or less regular double row, the pedicels standing in the median radial line. Powerful muscular bands run between _ the bases of the pedicels of the valves and form a regular pentagon, near the centre of which the periproctal aperture is situate. Close to the periproct and less than its own breadth away is the remarkably small, round, insignificant, madreporiform body. 246 ASTEROIDFA OF H.M.S. ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION... The papule are simple round sacs, as broad as long, and im- mensely large in proportion to the pedicels by which they stand. Dorso-marginal plates are present at the extremity of the ray, and form a terminal arch or ocular guard ; but they are not half the length of the similar pieces in the preceding species. Ambulacral furrows wide, not petaloid; margins of the furrow very narrow. Ambulacral spines 2 or 3, placed very obliquely, the inner or aboral spine the smallest; whilst the outermost spine is probably the representative of the aperture-papilla, of which it occupies the place, although it differs in no way from the other two spinelets; sometimes a small additional spinelet is present. The spines are long, delicate, and needle- shaped; and there are traces of a fine investing membrane. The mouth-plates are of the Hymenaster type, and present a prominent peak aborally, sloping adorally, and little promi- nent in front. Hach plate bears two, long, clavate, thorny, somewhat curved secondary surface-spines, nearly equidistant from one another and from the extremities, and rather wide away from the keel or median suture, the posterior spinelets being longest. Two mouth-spines proper are situated on the horizontal margin of each plate, the innermost one being slightly smaller than the anterior secondary (surface) spine, which it resembles exactly both in form and character; whilst the outer spinelet is very much smaller, and slightly tapering and smooth, instead of being clavate and thorny. Actino-lateral spines delicate, rather widely spaced, about 15 on either side of a furrow, the 4th or 5th from the mouth being longest. The spines diminish slowly in size as they proceed out- ward, and maintain a fair length even at the extremity of the ray. The actinal membrane is perfectly transparent, and composed of very fine and widely spaced fibres, reticulated ather rectangu- larly. No marginal fringe is formed; and the actinal tissue appears to pass over the margin continuous with the dorsal tissue. The actino-lateral spines project considerably beyond the margin, and are naked. | Colour, in alcohol, greyish white. Station 218. Lat. 2°383'S., long. 144° 4’ E. Depth 1070 fms. ; bottom temperature 2°'1 C.; Globsgerina-ooze. MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 247 Mottvsca oF H.M.S. ‘ CoHattencer’ Exprpirron.—Part XI. By the Rey. Ropert Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.LS. [Published by permission of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury.] [Read December 15, 1881.] Fam. PLEUROTOMID# (continued from Vol. XV. p. 475). Prevrotoma, Lam. 65. Pleurotoma (Drillia) exsculpta, | 68. Pleurotoma (Drillia) aglaopha- n. sp. nes, 0. Sp. 66. P. (D.) tholoides, n. sp. 69. P. (D.) lophoéssa, n. sp., with 67. P. (D.) amblia, u. sp. var. platia. 70. P. (Chonella) quadruplez, n. sp. These six species, of which the description follows, have fallen out of place from the difficulty of deciding where they should go. After much and contradictory advice, they are classed here tenta- tively. In all of them the style of the shell is rather that of a Pleurotoma than of any thing else ; but they can hardly be said to have a labral sinus. 65. Prevroroma (DRILLIA) EXSCULPTA, n. sp. St. 24. March 25,1873. Lat. 18° 38’ 30" N., long. 65° 5'30" W. North of Culebra Island, St. Thomas, Danish W. Indies. 390 fms. Coral-mud. Shell.—High, narrow, conical, scalar, ribbed, with a short conical base, a bluntish apex, and having the colour of thin pale flint. Sculpture. Longitudinals—on the last whorl there are about 20 (on the first regular whorl about 12) narrow rounded ribs, which originate in the suture ; just below this they rise into little rounded tubercles; at the periphery they project in larger and slightly elongated tubercles, below this point they incline to the right, become feebler on the base, and disappear on the snout: the lines of growth are fine, but irregular and somewhat indistinct. Spirals —hbelow the suture a slight rounded thread connects the costal tubercles; at the peripheral row of tubercles isa keel; feeble, remote, rounded threads appear on the whole surface, becoming LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. iy; 248 REV. BR. BOOG WATSON ON THE stronger on the base, and still more so on the snout. Colour that of pale fmt when seen in thin flakes. Spzre high, narrow, conical, scalar. Apew consists of 13 embryonic whorls, which form a blunt, smooth, small top, with the extreme tip somewhat im- mersed ; these whorls are very finely, but not quite regularly, microscopically spirally scratched. Whorls nearly 9, rather short, with a drooping shoulder and a blunt carination, from which they contract with a scarcely convex profile to the lower suture; the base is conical, very lop-sided, scarcely convex, and prolonged into a very short snout. Suture sharp and well-defined by the swelling of the whorl above, and by the row of tubercies round the top of the whorl below. Mouth oblong, a little oblique, pointed above, prolonged into a shortish oblique canal below. Outer lip well arched, with a very slight and open sinus above. Inner lip—a very thin glaze runs across the concave line of the body and down the pillar, which is obliquely cut off in front and has a twisted and slightly patulous inner edge. H.0°65. B.0:21. Penultimate whorl, height 0-11. Mouth, height 0:25, breadth 0'1. In general form this species is slightly like a large Plewrotoma cerinum, Stimp. and Kurtz, but is obviously quite distinct. It is a good deal like P. (D.) tholotdes, Wats., but is more scalar, is smaller in the apex, longer in the base, and different in sculpture. 66. PrevRotomMaA (DRILLIA) THOLOIDES, n. sp. (OoAcedHs, dome- shaped, see the apex.) St. 122. Sept. 10, 1873. Lat. 9° 5'S., long. 34° 50' W. Off Pernambuco. 350 fms. Mud. Shell High, narrow, conical, ribbed, strong, with a rather short conical base, a very blunt dome-shaped apex, and having the texture and colour of flint. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are on each whorl about 17 not very distinct, narrow, slightly swoln ribs, which are a little convex backwards ; they run from suture to suture, but die out on the base, and toward the mouth they become a little crowded and indefinite; besides these there are a great many fine, regular, hair-like lines of growth. Spirals— there is on each whorl, above the middle, an angulated carination, bearing a thread on its top, which rises into rounded low tuber- cles where it crosses the ribs ; below this, a little above the middle, is another thread, finer, less prominent, and with feebler tubercles, which also marks a slight keel; three other threads of about the MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 249 same strength as this last, and at very nearly equal distances, appear on the base: there are faint indications of others besides, as also of microscopic scratches. Colour like pale flint in thin flakes; but the apex is white. Spire high, narrow, conical. Apex consists of 2; embryonic whorls, which form a blunt, smooth, round dome, with the extreme tip immersed but not hid. Whorls 9-10, pretty high, angulated, a little constricted and concave above the keel, and very slightly convex below it ; the base is conical, very slightly concave and prolonged into a short, slightly reverted snout. Swtwre sharp, and slightly canaliculated in consequence of the squarish edge of the inferior whorl not quite reaching the first basal thread; between these two the suture lies in a minute square-cut depression. Mouth club-shaped, being oval above, with a short, somewhat oblique canal in front. Outer lip well arched, with an extremely slight shallow and open sinus. Inner lip—a very narrow glaze spreads across the slightly concave body, and down the pillar, which is short, rather narrow, and somewhat bent to the left in front; and here the inner edge is strong, sharp, a little twisted, and runs out to asharp point at the end of the pillar. H. 066. B. 0-23. Penultimate whorl, height 012. Mouth, height 0°23, breadth 0:11. The place of this shell is very doubtful ; but there is a very slight upward and backward drawing of the lip below the suture; and this is further prolonged in a slight concavity, which may be reckoned as a sinus. 67. Prevrotoma (DRILTIA) AMBLIA, n. sp. (adds, blunt.) St. 24. March 25. Lat. 18° 38°80" N., long.65°5'30" W. Culebra Asland, St. Thomas, Danish W. Indies. 390 fms. Coral-mud. Shell.— High, narrow, conically cylindrical, with a blunt bulbous apex, a contracted base, and an elongated snout, bluntly angu- lated, ribbed, an impressed suture; porcellaneous. Sculpture. Longitudinals—the whorls are crossed from suture to suture by slightly curved, hardly oblique ribs, whose convexity is to the left ; they do not extend to the base of the last whorl; they are narrow, rounded on the top, feeble above and below, and prominent in the middle ; they are parted by unequal furrows broader than themselves ; there are 17 on the last whorl, and they decrease up the spire, only 12 being found on the first and second regular whorls ; the lines of growth, which agree with the ribs, are fine, 250 ‘REV. RB. BOOG WATSON ON THE smooth, and unequal. Spirals—there are none but fine, regular, very faint microscopic scratches ; though a few regular equidistant impressed lines cross the snout. Colour siliceous yellowish-white. Spire conically cylindrical, the body-whorl being narrow, and the highest whorls rather broad; the profile-lines are very much in- terrupted by the prominence of the keels and the contraction of the sutures. Apex consists of 17 swoln rounded smooth whorls, of which the extreme tip lies over on one side, but, though some- what compressed, is still a little prominent, and is well defined by the impressed suture. Whorls 83, of very slow increase, rather high, the last small; the projection on the longitudinal ribs forms a sharpish keel above the middle of the whorls; but the whorls themselves are not really carinated; the base contracts rather slowly, and runs out into a longish snout. Suture fine, superficial, well marked from the contraction in which it lies. Mouth club-shaped, small; but it and the pillar are a good deal broken in the only specimen. Outer lip very regularly convex to the canal-edge, where it becomes concave and then straight ; it retreats on leaving the body ; but the sinus is excessively shallow, open, and slight. nner lip narrow ; it is slightly concave on the body, and then straight on the singularly strong pillar. H. 0-45. B. 014. Penultimate whorl, height 0°06. Mouth, height 0°17, breadth 0:1. For both height and breadth I have had here to make allow- ance, in consequence of the broken condition of the last whorl. 68. Prevrotoma (DRILLIA) AGLAOPHANES, DL. sp. (ayAaogarijs, bright.) St.24. March 25,1873. Lat. 18°38’ 30” N., long. 65° 5'30” W. Culebra Island, St. Thomas, Danish W. Indies. 3890fms. Coral- mud. Shell_—High, narrow, conically cylindrical, with a blunt, flatly rounded apex, a short conical base, and scarcely any snout, hardly angulated, ribbed, contracted in the sinus-area, but barely so at the suture; grey, with a silvery sheen. Sculpture. Longitudinals —the whorls are crossed from suture to suture by low, sharpish, subangulately projecting, sinistrally convex, hardly oblique ribs, which run continuously, but slightly dimimishing in number, up the spire, there being about 15 on the last and 11 on the first regular whorl; on the base they bend strongly to the left, and MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 251 die out at the point of the snout; they are parted by hollowed furrows which are rather broader than they; both ribs and furrows are scratched with very fine, almost microscopic lines of growth, which coincide with the course of the ribs ; in the furrows a few of these lines are slightly stronger than the rest. Spirals— below the sinus-area is a very slight angular projection of the whorls, which is made more marked by a thickening and elevation of the ribs at this point; this is a feature which on the earlier whorls is very distinct, the whole rib being individualized by the central nodule into which it rises; but further on these nodules lose in importance. At the top of each whorl and close to the suture les asmall flattened thread, rising into minute longitudinal nodules at the ribs; below this and above the angulation is a slight furrow where the scars of the old sinuses occur. In all this part the surface of the shell is covered by minute spiral threads which lower down become stronger; they are parted by minute furrows of about the same breadth as the threads; these are all exquisitely fretted by the longitudinal scratches. Colour greyish, polished with a very beautiful silvery sheen on the whole surface. Spire conically cylindrical, the body-whorl being small and the apex broad in proportion to the size of the shell; the profile-lines are hardly interrupted by the sutures. Apex consists of 1q broad, depressed, and flatly rounded, smooth whorls. Whorls 8, of very slow increase, short, the last very small, being scarcely at all more tumid than the rest, and having a short conical base ; the snout is very short; there is a small constriction round the top of each whorl; and the profile-lines are faintly angulated, but are very slightly convex. Suture fine, but well marked, being slightly impressed and defined by the slight swelling round the top of the inferior whorl ; the superior whorl scarcely contracts towards it. Douth pear-shaped, with a slight angulation at the top and a very short canal below. Outer lip evidently thickened, but chipped in the only specimen present ; it runs with an almost continuous slightly convex curve from the body to the canal, where the curve is slightly and shortly flattened; the sinus is very shallow and open. nner lip thickened and raised on a small but defined callus ; it runs straight across the body to the base of the short, thick pillar, down which it proceeds direct and parallel to the slightly prominent callus- edge on the left; the point of the pillar is rounded and blunt, 252 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE and hardly advances to the end of the snout, the canal-edge being thick and rounded, cut off obliquely upwards, but not at all reverted. H. 03. 3B. 0-1. Penultimate whorl, height 0-03. Mouth, height 0:1, breadth 0:06. This is an extremely peculiar little shell, remarkable in its narrow cylindrical and compact form, its sculpture, and its slight silvery sheen, from which last feature its name is derived. 69. Prevrortoma (DRILLIA) LoPHOHSSA, n. sp. (Aodoers, crested.) St. 120. Sept. 9, 1873. Lat. 8° 37’ S., long. 34° 28’ W. Pernambuco. 675 fms. Mud. St. 122. Sept. 10, 1873. Tat. 9° 5’ S., long. 34° 50) Wi Pernambuco. 3850fms. Mud. Var. puatra (ards). Shell—High, narrow, conically cylindrical, with a blunt round apex, a contracted conical base, and shortish snout; it is angu- lated, and the angulation crested with little conical points ; there are feeble ribs and an impressed suture. Sculptwre. Lon- gitudinals—there are 12-13 ribs on each whorl from the second regular whorl onwards; but they are in no way connected from whorl to whorl; they originate below the sinus-area in a little sharpish rounded nodule; crowning an angulation of the whorl at that point, they run forward direct but obliquely to the inferior suture; on the base they die out with a backward curve to the left, and do not reach the snout; in the sinus-area above the nodule they are just traceable in a slight irregularity of the surface and a minute nodule at the suture; the lines of growth are quite independent of the ribs, and are very faint except towards the point of the base. Spirals—at the top of each whorl is a minute projecting band beset by very small conical nodules corresponding to the longitudinal ribs. About one third down the whorls there is an angulation accentuated by the rib-nodules ; halfway between this and the inferior suture a minute sharpish thread appears on the penultimate whorl, while other four, similar and equally parted, appear on the base; all these five threads rise on the ribs into minute sharpish nodules. On the snout there are neither ribs nor spiral threads, only obsolete lines of growth. Colour pale greyish-white. Spire conically cylindrical, the last whorl being very small and the earlier ones broad; the profile- lines are interrupted by the nodulous angulation and the im- MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 253 pressed suture. Apex consists of 13 smooth, globularly rounded whorls, the extreme point of which has the slightest possible prominence. Whorls 73-8, of very slow increase, short, the last scarcely more tumid than the rest, with a contracted conical base and a shortish snout; they are angularly convex, with a slight contraction into the suture both at the top and bottom of each whorl. Suwtwre: there is a minute angular impression at the line of suture, which is marginated below and is made yet more distinct by the contraction of the whorls above and below. Mouth pear- shaped, small, with a slight angulation above and a rather wide and open canal below. Outer lip forms a regular curve, steeper aboye, and more drawn out below towards the point of the shell ; on leaving the body it retreats, at once and very much, to the left ; after forming a shallow, open, rounded sinus, it advances to the right and forward as a small low-shouldered pinion, re- treating along the edge of the canal to the point of the shell. Inner lip narrow, slightly sunken, so that the surface of the shell slightly projects at the edge of it; its line across the body is straight, being neither convex norconcave. The pillar is narrow, strong, and very short, being obliquely cut off early, with an angularly rounded, slightly twisted edge and a backward trun- cated point. H.03. B.011. Penultimate whorl, height 0°05. Mouth, height 0-1, breadth 0:07. This is another of that curious group which havea tendency to a cylindrical form, a long spire, many short whorls, a broad apex, and a short base. I have with some hesitation united to this species as a var. PLATIA (wharvs, broad) the specimens from St. 122. As the name indi- cates, they are broader in proportion to height; they are also less cylindrical, the embryonic whorls in particular, the tip being rather smaller and the basal part of the apex broader; the threads on the base of the shell are weaker. On the other hand, the whole form of the whorls and the details of sculpture are identical. In these circumstances it is probably wiser to unite them all in one species, attributing the differences partly to habitat and partly to the specimens of the variety being not fully grown. 70. PrevrRotoma (CLIONELLA) QUADRUPLEX, 0. sp. St. 73. June 30, 1873. Lat. 30° 30' N., long. 31° 14’ W. 254. MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. W. of Azores. 1000 fms. Globigerina-ooze. Bottom-tempe- rature 39°°4. Shell.—Very high and narrow, conical, scalar, ribbed, bluntly keeled, with a very short conical base. Sculpture. Longitudinals —below the suture is a double collar of small close-set tubercles prolonged downward into folds; below these at the keel are swellings, whence descend flat, rounded, rather feeble ribs, which die out before they reach the lower suture ; the surface is closely scored with unequal straight lines of growth. Spirals—there are very many strongish rounded threads parted by fine shallow rows of equal width; these are crowded on the shoulder. On the middle of the body-whorl a feebler thread appears, like a shadow in thefurrows. Colour: it is bleached dead white. Spire very high and narrow, scalar. Apex broken. Whorls: only 5 remain ; they are high and narrow, droopingly shouldered above, bluntly keeled, cylindrical, but contracting from the keel to the lower suture; the last is narrow, small, and cylindrical, but a very little swoln, with a short very one-sided conical base. Sutwre strong, irregular, a little constricted. Mouth narrowly oval, small, bluntly pointed above. Outer lip flatly arched. nner lip slightly excavated, concave above, with a straight, shortish, and strong pillar. H.1:9. B.057. Penultimate whorl, height 0:38. Mouth, height 0°8, breadth 0°35. This is a singularly attenuated form of great beauty, unhappily much broken. The generic sinus exists merely in the form of a very slight retreat of the lip from the suture to the keel. In classing it with Clionella I have followed the advice and example of Mr. E. A. Smith, while Adams regards that group as freshwater and allied to Melania. The name is derived from the very remarkable structure of the shell, which consists of 4 layers: the inmost of these is porcellaneous and very thin; the next is made up of spiral fibres; the third consists of longitudinal fibres (both of these being comparatively thick), while the outside is membranaceously cretaceous. A ee eee MR. E. A. SMITH ON FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 255 On the Freshwater Shells of Australia. By Epaar A. Surru. (Communicated by Dr. J. Murie, F.L.S.) [Read April 21, 1881.] (Puates V.—-VII.) Our knowledge with respect to the freshwater shells of the Australian continent is comparatively in its infancy. Although more than one hundred and fifty species are now known (many of these but unsatisfactorily), this, in comparison with the extent of the country, is but a small number, probably not a moiety of those existing; and there is but little doubt that, in the course of time, when the known rivers and lakes and those as yet un- explored have been thoroughly investigated, many new species will be discovered. Judging from those with which we are now acquainted, no very strange forms are to be expected ; for, with the exception of the elongate Unio nove hollandie, with its tuberculose surface and black epidermis, there are scarcely any except very ordinary types among them. The existence of a species apparently be- longing to the African genus Physopsis is certainly remarkable ; and another shell, described as a Mycetopus, if truly belonging to that genus, is interesting as the representative of a South- American group. However, it is not at all improbable that, whenever the animals inhabiting these two shells are examined, they will prove very different from those belonging to the genera to which they have been referred. A few of the species hereafter enumerated are not peculiar to Australia; and among them may be instanced the ubiquitous Melania tuberculata, M. amarula, Neritina crepidularia, and NV. pulligera. The most numerously-represented genus is Physa. Of this group no less than 52 distinct forms have been de- scribed. Some of these may eventually prove to be mere varieties, possessing no essential constant specific characters ; but others new to science will in all probability ere long be added to the list. Unio is the next most important group in point of numbers, being represented by 17 different species. Then follows Melania with 12, Neritina with 10, Limnea with 11, Paludina and Corbicula each having 9 species, Hydrobia? 6, Planorbis 6, Spherium and Bithynia 4, Pisidium 3, Segmentina 2 ; and, finally, Zwtea, Amnicola?, Paludinella?, Larina, Gabbia, LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL, XVI. 18 256 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE Ancylus, Physopsis, Mycetopus, and Navicella have but single representatives. The great uncertainty and difficulty in determining the limits of most freshwater shells is well known. On this account, and considering the insufficient amount of material to work with, 1 trust that great allowance will be made for those errors which undoubtedly exist in the following account. However, I am con- fident that my labour has not altogether been expended in vain ; for to bring together a list of the known species and to correct and amplify some of the descriptions will, it is hoped, be of some use to those who may hereafter study this particular group, and have not access to the types preserved in the British Museum. In conclusion, I have to thank, on behalf of that institution, Mr. John Brazier of Sydney, who some time ago presented a large series of shells from the Australian rivers, especially valuable, as to each specimen its particular locality is attached. To Mr. Taylor, editor of the ‘Journal of Conchology,’ my thanks are also due for the loan of another set, including three species of Physa, described in that publication by himself and Mr. Nelson. I should also state that I have not included in this account the freshwater shells of Tasmania, as this subject has been investi- gated by more competent naturalists resident in that island. Mr. Tenison- Woods, Mr. Johnston, Mr. Brazier, Mr. Petterd, and others have written many valuable contributions to the knowledge of that subject. Considering the ease with which the ova of most species can be carried from place to place, it is very probable that some of the Tasmanian species will hereafter be proved to be the same as others from the mainland; and this is a subject to which I call the attention of Australian concho- logists. Genus Menanta. 1. Menanta aMARuULA, Linn. Hab. Amboina (Rumph): Sumatra, Fiji Islands, Solomon Islands, Mauritius, Madagascar, Nicobar Islands, &e. (Brit. Mus.): Saltwater Creek, Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, Queens- land (Brazier and Beddome). Mr. Beddome remarks that the creek is always freshwater where these are found. The specimens from Australia have the form of the variety FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 257 ‘known as JM. cybele of Gould, and the whorls are crowned with numerous acute denticles. They are coated with a black earthy deposit, but exhibit sufficient traces of the epidermis to show that it has been of the same villose character peculiar to this species. The columella is stained reddish, and the aperture is a little paler. The M. amarula of the twelfth edition of the ‘Systema Nature’ was founded upon Rumph’s description and figure, the latter being apparently roughly copied by Argenville. Rumph’s speci- mens were from Amboina, by the natives of which island they are called Laholun, Lahorun, and Papeyte, which signifies bitterish (amarula), the name adopted by Linné. If his figure be correct, the shell delineated was of rather short proportions, had the short spines at the top of the whorls well developed, and about twelve on a whorl. The specimen in the Museum which most nearly resembles the figure is Sumatran, and approximates much more closely to it than that figured by Reeve from the Mauritius. His figure (175 a), representing the dorsal view of what he calls Melania mitra, is much more like Rumph’s figure than his fig. 177. In the ‘ Conchylien-Cabinet’ Brot gives seven figures in illus- tration of this species, of which fig. 1d appears to me to repre- sent very closely the general proportions of Rumph’s specimens. As far as my present knowledge of these forms extends, I am unable to distinguish any constant differences in several so-called species, such as Jf. mitra (Meuschen), Reeve, I. villosa, Philippi, M. cybele, Gould, I. erenularis, Deshayes, I. thiarella, Lamarck, MM. cornuta and I. diadema, Lea; the two latter, however, may differ somewhat in the character of the epidermis. 2. MuLantIa BALONNENSIS, Conrad. (Plate V.fi_s. 1-3.) Melania balonnensis, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1850, vol. v. p. LL; id. American Journ. Conch. vol. ii. p. 80, pl. 1. fig. 10; Brot, Kiister’s Con.-Cab. p. 287, pl. xxviii. figs. 14-146 & 15. Melania tetrica, Conrad, P. A. N. S. Phil. 1850, vol. v. p. 11; id. Am. Journ. Conch. vol. ii. p. 80, pl. i. fig. 9; Brot, Am. Journ. Conch. vol. vi. Append. p. 303. Melania incerta, Brot, Matériauz,i. p.52; id. Am. Journ. Conch. vol. vi. Append. p. 303. Melania lirata, Menke (non Benson), Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 9. Hab. Balonne River and rivers of S.E. Australia (Conrad): Port Curtis, Queensland; Upper Clarence River and Paterson 18* 258 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE River, New South Wales, and Murray River (Brazier): North Australia (J. R. Hlsey): Mackenzie River ( Port-Essington Bx- pedition 1845): Burdekin River, Queensland (Brazier and Port- Essington Expedition 1845): Victoria; S. Australia (Brit. Mus.). Dr. Brot appears to me quite correct in uniting W. tetrica, Conrad, with this species. The colour, as well as the sculpture, is subject to considerable variation. Some specimens are uniformly olivaceous, whilst others are closely spotted with small streaks and minute dots of a dark red, the latter being pretty constantly upon the spiral raised ridges. Two or three of the latter, around the middle of the whorls of the spire and at the upper part of the last volution, become more or less tubercular on crossing the plice. Some of the specimens from the Burdekin River are remark- able for their large size and their general resemblance to J. seabra of Miiller. The largest is 34 millim. long and 12 wide. The cost are more numerous and less prominent than in the normal form, the tuberculation in consequence being hkewise more feebly expressed, and the last volution is large and ventricose. To give an idea of the great variation in the number of longitudinal plice, I may note that the specimen bearing the fewest has but seven on the last whorl, whilst one (from Limestone Creek, Burdekin River) has just double that number. WW. scabrella of Philippi, said to come from Java, is very like this species, and may eventually prove to be the same. 3. MELANIA AUSTRALIS, Lea. Melania australis, Lea, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 185; Brot in Kiister’s Con.-Cab. p. 285, pl. xxviii. fig. 17 (copied from Reeve) & 17a, pl. xxxi. fig. 3; id. Amer. Journ. Conch. vi. Append. p. 303. Melania australis, Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 82; Smith, Voy. Erebus & Terror, pl. iv. fig. 3. Melania decussata, Brot, Matériauz, i. p. 55. Melania cerea, Brot, Rev. Zool. 1860, pl. xvii. fig. 13; td. Con.-Cab. pl. xxviii. fig. 16; id. Amer. Journ. Conch. vi. Append. p. 303. Hab. Victoria River, N. Australia (Lea and Reeve): Fitzroy River, Swan River, Port Essington, and River-head, Dampier’s Archipelago (British Museum). The most common form of this species is that figured by Brot under the name of MW. cerea. The ribs on the body-whorl are not usually so much developed as they appear to be in the speci- men figured in the ‘Conchologia Iconica.’ In this respect it ict he st FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALTA. 259 rather agrees with Lea’s description of them, “ plicis numerosis, erebris,”’ than with Reeve’s, “‘ plicis varicosis, distantibus.” There are several specimens in the Museum, received from Mr. J. R. Elsey from N. Australia, which differ from the normal form in haying the last whorl less ventricose, streaked and spotted with reddish brown, and the whorls of the spire a little angulated at the upper part. These differences, however, are scarcely suf- ficient to distinguish them specifically. 4. MEnANIA CARBONATA, Reeve. Melania carbonata, Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 88; Brot, Con.-Cab. p. 153, pl. xix. fig. 3. Hab. Port Essington (J. B. Jukes and Gould). The mouth of this species is usually not quite so broad as Reeve’s figure represents it, and the colour rather browner. 5. Meranra tuperconata, Miller. Hab. Upper Brisbane River, Queensland ( Brazier). IT am not aware that this very widely-distributed species has been before recorded from Australia. 6. Metantza onca, A. Adams & Angas. Melania (Melasma) onca, A. Ad. & Ang. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 415; Brot, Con.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 330, pl. xxxiv. fig. 7. Hab. Adelaide River, N. Australia. 7. MELANIA DENISONIENSIS, Brot. (Plate V. figs. 4-8.) Melania denisoniensis, Brot, Con.-Cab. p. 234, pl. xxv. fig. 6 a-b. Hab. Port Denison, Queensland (Brot); Burdekin River, Cardwell and Rockhampton (Brazier). The series of this species sent to the Museum by Mr. Brazier exhibits very considerable variation. The specimens, with one exception, described by Brot, on the other hand, were very similar, exhibiting only a difference in the prominence of the keel or angulation on the last whorl, and in the amount of the transverse striation. The largest shell in the series before me is very minutely spirally striated, with rather high whorls, and the aper- ture longer than usual. It would, if complete, have been about 60 millim. in length and 16 in diameter. It is of a very dark, almost black, colour, and traces of spots beneath the thick epidermis can be detected below the suture of some of the upper 260 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE whorls. It has no angulation whatever on the body-whorl. On the other hand, another example, equally large, and of the same dark tint, is very strongly carinate about two millim. from the suture, thus producing a conspicuous oblique tabulation. This, however, only extends as far as the penultimate volution, the rest of the whorls being merely slightly convex. A fairly constant character, judging from the series before me, appears to be in the upper whorls of the spire being spirally striated throughout, whilst those lower down are more or less devoid of striae at the upper part. The colour of the aperture also differs, sometimes being of a dirty pale bluish, and at others brownish. The basal brown band, too, is scarcely observable in large specimens, whereas in younger shells it is usually quite conspicuous; but even in some of these it is absent. 8. Mrtania oncorpEs, Tenison -Woods. Melania oncoides, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. i. 1878, p. 5. Hab. In creeks near Bourke, Darling River (Zenison - Woods). The author describes this species as very close in form and colouring to Jf. onca, Angas. It is, however, smaller, conspicu- ously lirate, and scarcely plicated, except upon the upper whorls. The colour, too, is described as very pale yellow, marked longi- tudinally with red undulating lines. On the contrary, WZ. onca is clothed with a pale olive epidermis, and the dark-red markings consist of dots forming transverse longitudinal series. 9. MeLANIA VENUSTULA, Brot. (Plate V. figs. 9-10.) Melania venustula, Brot, Con.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 331, pl. xxxiv. figs. 5-5 a. Hab. Port Denison (Brot); Victoria River, N. Australia (J. &. Hlsey) ; Cape Upstart (Brazier). One specimen from North Australia, presented to the Museum by J. R. Elsey, Esq. (vide fig. 10), is of a much more elongated form than that described by Brot, or either of the two specimens received from Mr. Brazier. Itis acuminate, greenish yellow, without spots, obliquely longitudinally closely ribbed, and transversely sulcated upon the lower half of the body-whorl; spire acute. Whorls about 10, nearly flat, or scarcely convex ; body-whorl rounded at the middle, at which point the coste abruptly terminate and the spiral sulci commence. Aperture rather livid within, occupying a little less than one third of the entire length of the specimen. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 261 Lip broadly sinuated at the upper part and prominent below. Columella covered with a whitish callus. Length 31 millim., diam. 9, aperture 9 long and 43 broad. 10. MELANIA QUEENSLANDICA, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 11.) Shell ovately subfusiform, thick, decollated, greenish olive, smooth; sculptured with lines of growth, and a few revolving striz at the base of the body-whorl. Volutions P10; four or five remaining ones flat at the sides, divided by a deepish and slightly oblique suture. Spire apparently rather sharply conical. Last whorl long, flattish at the upper part, very little rounded at the middle and below. Aperture bluish, elongately subpyriform, occupying about three eighths of the probable length of the shell. Lip thin; viewed laterally, it appears broadly sinuated at the upper part, and very much produced at and below the middle. Columella thickened with a white callus below the middle where it joins the base, only a little arcuate. Parietal callosity thin, bluish. Probable total length 40 millim., actual length of four whorls 33, diam. 12, aperture 144 long and 6 wide. Hab. Saltwater Creek, Cardwell, Queensland, near the coast ; and Paroo River, Queensland (Brazier). This is very distinct from any other of the Australian species. The smooth surface, the greenish-olive colour, the decollated spire, and especially the long body-whorl are the principal charac- teristics. 11. Menanra Exseyt, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 12.) Shell elongate, acuminate, olivaceous (probably), spotted and streaked with reddish brown. Whorls 10, somewhat convex, fur- nished with slightly oblique and arcuate plice (about 12 on the penultimate whorl), crossed by a few spiral striz, which are most conspicuous near the suture, both above and below. Plice upon the last volution obsolete about the middle, the transverse strie extending to the base. Aperture ovate,acute above. Columella coated with a callosity. Length 31 millim., width 103. Hab. Australia (J. &. Elsey). This species is more elongated than I. australis, with finer spiral striation and differently coloured. Unfortunately the only specimens in the Museum are in a dead condition and have lost the epidermis. This probably was of an olivaceous tint. The 262 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE shells in their present state are white, with reddish-brown streaks between the plice; these being more or less interrupted at the middle, form two series of oblong spots, one at the upper part of the whorls and one beneath. Upon the last volution the lower series are prolonged into wavy streaks extending to the base. The striw are coarser upon the upper whorls than upon the last three or four, and, cutting across the plica, give the latter a nodu- lous appearance. 12. MELANIA SUBSIMILIS, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 18.) Shell elongate, turreted, yellow, streaked and dotted with red. Whorls about 10, shallowly excavated at the upper part, and slightly convex beneath the depression, obliquely plicated and spirally grooved. Plice about 12 in number upon a whorl, fre- quently almost obsolete upon the last, most conspicuous near the middle, and scarcely attaining to the suture either above or below ; upon the upper whorls they are decidedly granose, through being cut across by the spiral grooves. Upon the last and pen- ultimate volutions the nodules are one or two in number upon the plice ; but further up the spire they are three or four; the uppermost ones mark the extent of the shallow depression, and stand outa paler colour than the rest of the surface. Last whorl grooved and ridged throughout. Ridges about 14 in number, those near the middle rather the coarsest. Aperture ovate, about one third the length of the shell, exhibiting the spotting of the exterior. Columella arcuate. Length 25 millim., diam. 8. Hab. Australia (J. Gould.) M. balonnensis is the nearest ally of the present species. The latter is more elongated and narrower, has a less decided angula- tion near the middle of the whorls, anda general smoother appear- ance owing to the transverse grooves being shallower. The painting of the two species is very similar; but the epidermis of that described by Conrad, judging from the series in the Museum, is not so yellow as that which clothes ‘the eight’ specimens of M. subsimilis. Genus VIVIPARA. Two peculiarities are constant in all the Australian species of this genus. Every example that has come under my examination exhibits spiral sculpture; and in none of them are colour-bands FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 263 found below the periphery. Mr. Brazier, however, has described one, V. Alisoni, as “smooth.” I shall be glad to know whether in reality minute spiral sculpture is altogether absent in that species. 13, VIVIPARA SUBLINEATA, Conrad. Paludina sublineata, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1850, = Ut. Vivipara sublineata, Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch. vol. 1. p. 79, pl. i. fig. 8. Paludina polita, Martens, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, vol. xvi. p. 256 (non Viv. polita, Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-botan. Ver. Wien, 1862, p- 1163). Hab. Darling River (Conrad); Balonne River (A Gillivray) ; Lake Alexandria (Strange); Bogie River, Queensland (Brazier). The subcarination near the periphery of the body-whorl men- tioned by Conrad is also present in some of the specimens described by Martens. 14, VIvIPARA ESSINGTONENSIS, Shuttleworth. Vivipara essingtonensis, Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-botan. Vereins Wien, 1862, p. 1162. Vivipara suprafasciata, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. ii. 1866, p. 8, pl. ii. fig. 7. Hab. Port Essington (Frauenfeld); tropical Australia (Tryon and I/‘Gillivray); Victoria River, North Australia (J. R. Elsey); Cleveland Bay, Queensland (Brazier). There appears to me no difference between the V. suprafasciata of Tryon and this species, except that the former, judging by the figure, seems rather broad. Possibly this may be an exaggera- tion and incorrectly drawn; for it is certainly broader than the dimensions given in the text. Three specimens from Cleveland Bay, presented to the Museum by Mr. Brazier, are remarkable on account of their bright olive- green colour and the blackness of the transverse lines. Of these, the three principal ones on the body-whorl occupy the positions always observable in this species—namely, the lowermost being at the periphery and terminating in front just above the aperture, the uppermost one distant 2 to 3 millim. from the suture, and the intermediate one more or less equidistant between the others. Besides these, there are at times finer interjacent lines, which, however, are more frequently above the uppermost, or between that and the next beneath than between the latter and the lower- most principal bands. The peristome in these three examples is unusually stained with black. 264, MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE 15. VIVIPARA AMPULLAROIDES, Hanley. Vivipara ampullaroides, Hanley, Con. Icon. (Paludina), fig. 30. Paludina australis, Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 71; Martens, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1865, xvi. p. 255; Smith, Voy. Erebus § Terror, p. 3, pl. iv. fig. 19. Paludina affinis, Martens, 1. c. p. 256. Hab. ? and Victoria River, N. Australia (Reeve); Fitzroy River and Port Essington (Capt. Wickham). It is difficult satisfactorily to draw a line of separation between this species and V. essingtonensis. It has rather less of an um- bilicus and less convex whorls. The aperture, too, is a little acu- minate at the base at a point where an obtuse angulation around the umbilical region terminates on the peritreme. The latter is somewhat, asit were, pressed down on the columellar side, reflexed and bordered with dark olive. The typical specimens of V. am- pullaroides, V. australis, and V. affinis are all in the Museum collection, so that I can state with certainty that they are iden- tical. Reeves describes the sculpture of V. ampullaroides as “minutely punctured,” and that of V. australis as “ minutely striated.”” On examining the shells figured, their sculpture proves to be of precisely the same character. 16. Vivipara WatErnovustit, A. Adams & Angas. (Plate VII. fig. 14.) Vivipara Waterhousii, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p- 414. Hab. Newcastle waters, Arnheim’s Land, N. Australia. 17. Vivipara Krnot, A. Adams § Angas. (Plate VII. fig. 15.) Vivipara Kingi, A. Adams § Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 415. Hab. King’s Ponds, Arnheim’s Land. This species resembles to some extent V. intermedia; but is distinguished by its larger umbilicus and the paler colour of the aperture. 18. VivIPARA INTERMEDIA, Hanley. Vivipara intermedia, Hanley, Conchol. Icon. (Paludina), fig. 57 (1863). Paludina purpurea, Martens, Ann. § Mag. Nat. HES 1865, xvi. p. 428 ; id. Mal. Blat. 1865, p. 150. Hab. ? (Reeve); Murray River, Australia (Martens). The specimens described by Martens were received from Mr. Krefft. The British Museum is also indebted to the same gen- tleman for three examples from the same river with the follow- es FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 265 ing remark :—“ Under water and old dead logs, and embedded in mud.” On comparing these with the type of V. intermedia, I cannot trace any specific distinction. 19. Vivipara Aisoni, Brazier. Vivipara Alisoni, Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1879, vol. iii. p. 221. Hab. Dalmatia River, Queensland. From the brief description of this species, it appears to differ from V. swblineata in the whorls being only “slightly convex”’ and “smooth.” The latter character, if it apply to the absence of spiral striation, at once distinguishes this species from all the other known forms inhabiting Australia. 20. Vivipara TRIcINCTA, n. sp. (Plate VII. fig. 16.) Shell globosely conical, narrowly rimate, moderately solid, greenish yellow, encircled with three slightly raised, dark brown, subequidistant thickish lines, sculptured by the lines of growth and minute ‘spiral lirulz visible only under a lens, most conspi- cuous upon the spire and unequal in strength. Whorls 5, mode- rately convex, the penultimate somewhat bicarinated by the two raised brown lines, which are considerably paler, yet more promi- nent than upon the last volution; upon this the uppermost and lowermost lines are more raised than the intermediate one. Aperture ovately circular, bluish white, the exterior bands being visible only far within, occupying rather more than half the entire length of the shell. Peristome simple, thin; coiumellar margin narrowly reflexed and depressed, united to the termination of the outer lip by a thin bluish-white callus. Length 22 millim., greatest diameter 18, above aperture 14; aperture 12 long, 10 broad. Hab. North Australia (J. R. EHlsey). This species, of which there are eleven specimens in the Museum, has the bands in the same position as the three chief ones in V. essingtonensis. In the latter, however, they are not raised. The whorls are less convex, the umbilicus much smaller, and the substance stouter. The prominence of the lines upon the penul- timate volution, amounting almost to keels, is very peculiar. The apex also is not purplish to the extent it is in V. essingtonensis. 21. Vivieara DIMIDIATA, n. sp. (Plate VII. fig. 17.) Shell ovately conical, thinnish, umbilicated, olivaceous above 266 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE the periphery, greenish beneath it. Spire livid, purplish. Whorls 5, moderately convex, minutely spirally striated. Strie raised, subgranular through being crossed by fine lines of growth. Last volution not particularly swollen, exhibiting in some specimens a faint obtuse angulation at the middle. Aperture irregularly broadly ovate, somewhat acute above, and a trifle effuse or pointed at the base, occupying about five ninths of the whole length; the lower half of it is whitish, with a red stain at the base near the columella and at some distance from the basal margin of the peri- stome; the upper half corresponding with the exterior is darker in colour. Peristome but very little reflexed on the columellar side. Callus uniting the upper extremity and the columella very thin. Length 19 millim., diam. above aperture 12; mouth 10 long, 74 wide. Hab. Victoria River, N. Australia (J. R. Hisey). This species may be known from V. sublineata by its rather narrower form, more conical spire, difference of colour, little wider umbilicus, narrower aperture and the red stain within it. The division of colour on the upper and lower part of the last whorl is more marked in some specimens than in others. The upper or dark colour in some examples exhibits faint indications of ab- scure narrow bands. The operculum is reddish, darker at the nucleus. Genus LariIna. 22. Larina Strana@et, A. Adams. Larina Strangei, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 41, pl. xxvii. fig. 3. Hab. Moreton Bay (Adams); Mackenzie River (Brit. Mus.). This genus was supposed by Adams to be marine. It has, however, very close relationship with Vivipara on account of the similarity of the opercula; and it is undoubtedly a freshwater form, as is clearly proved by the Museum specimen, obtained in the Mackenzie River by the Port-Hssington Expedition during the year 1845. Genus Brruinta. 23. Brruinta vERTIGINOSA, Frauenfeld. Bithinia vertiginosa, Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zooi.-bot. Vereins Wien, 1862, p. 1152, 1864, p. 665, 1865, p. 527, pl. ix. Hab. New Holland (Frfid.). FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 2967 24. Brrarnta Scuravert, Frauenfeld. Bithinia Schraderi, Frauenfeld, 1. c. 1862, p. 1153, 1864, p. 665, 1865, p- 527, pl. viii. Hab. Australia? (Frfid.). 25. BirHInta HYALINA, Brazier. Bithinia hyalina, Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1875, vol. i. peo. “Shell turbinated, thin, glossy, shining, whitish under a brown epidermis. Whorls 5, roundly convex; the last large, equalling half the length of the whole shell. Aperture somewhat lunate ; peri- stome thickish ; margins continuous. Length 4 lines, breadth 23. “Hab. Eastern Creek, N. S. Wales. “ Found in various parts of New South Wales, about Parra- matta and Chatsworth.” — Brazier. 26. BITHINIA AUSTRALIS, n. sp. (Plate VII. fig. 18.) Shell small, white, not perforate. Whorls 4-5, very convex, very finely striated by the lines of growth. Suture deep, scarcely oblique. Aperture small, obliquely oval, somewhat acute above, occupying less than half the entire length. Peristome continuous, a little prominent on the columellar side, thus producing a false umbi- lical rimation and somewhat thickened, thin elsewhere. Oper- culum normal, shelly. Length 5 millim., diam. 3; aperture 24 long, 14 wide. Hab. Victoria River, N- Australia. Besides the striz or lines of growth, by the aid of a compound microscope very fine transverse lines are observable. Under the name of B. affinis, Brazier, two specimens found at Hillgrove Limestone Creek, Burdekin River, Queensland, have come under my observation, sent to Mr. J. Taylor of Leeds by Mr. C. E. Beddome of Hobart Town, Tasmania. They differ from those here described in having the last whorl smaller, the increase of the volutions appears to be less rapid, and the oper- culum is much more distinctly concentrically rmged by the lines of growth. Genus GAaBBIA. 27. GaBBIA ausTRALIS, Tryon. Gabbia australis, Tryon, American Journal of Conchol. vol. i. p. 220, pl. xxii. fig. 7. Hab. New South Wales. 268 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE “The operculum is somewhat calcareous, like Bithinia tenta- culata”’ (Tryon). This genus requires further investigation in order to demon- strate its distinctness from Brthinia. Genus PALUDINELLA ? 28. PALUDINELLA GILESI, Angas. Paludinella Gilesi, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 170, pl. xxvi. fig. 2. Hab. Lake Eyre, South Australia. The operculum of this species is described by Angasas “horny, paucispiral, with the nucleus subcentral.”” I have examined the only operculum accompanying four specimens, among them being the type, liberally presented to the British Museum by Mr. G. F. Angas; and it proves to be more of a concentric character, as in the genus Vivipara, with the exception of the subcentral nucleus, which exhibits about two spiral turns. Genus AMNICOLA ? 29. AmNiIcoLA GRANUM, Menke. Paludina granum, Menke, Mall. Nov. Holl. p.8; Philippi, Abbild. i. p- 6, pl. i. fig. 16; Kiister, Con.-Cab. p. 64, pl. xi. figs. 37-38. Amnicola granum, Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-botan. Vereins Wien, 1864, pp. 611 & 663. Hab. Among white quartz-sand on the banks of the Swan River (Menke). The generic position of this little shell is at present doubtful, and it is unknown whether it is a marine or fluviatile form. Genus TATEA. 30. TaTEA RUFILABRIS, A. Adams. (Plate VII. fig. 19.) Diala rufilabris, A. Ad. Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 298. Hydrobia rufilabris, Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 538. Bythivia huonensis, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 71; id. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1878, vol. xiv. p. 62; Petterd, Journ. Conch. vol. ii. p. 93 (Bithynia). Tatea huonensis, Tenison-Woods, op. cit. 1878, p. 72. Hab. Port Lincoln (Adams); South Grafton, Clarence River, New South Wales (Brazier); Huon River, Tasmania (Zenison- Woods § Beddome); Melbourne, Victoria (Petterd; also Teni- son- Woods). il FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALTA, 269 Adams’s description was founded on old worn specimens, void of the dark brown epidermis which everywhere covers the sur- face. The operculum is said to be “ calcareous, with a vertical submarginal claw” (Zenison- Woods, l.c. p. 71). As far as I can discover, judging from an external view, it appears to be thin, horny, paucispiral, with the nucleus subcentral, but rather towards the base or lower end. Lieut. C. E. Beddome, I.N., kindly presented to the British Museum some examples of Zatea huonensis, which, on comparison, prove to be identical with the Diala rufilabris of A. Adams. Genus Hyproera. 31. Hypropia* BuccinoIDES, Quoy J Gaimard. Paludina buccinoides, Quoy § Gaim. Voy. Astrolabe, vol. iii. p. 175, Atlas pl. lvui. figs. 13-15. Hydrobia buccinoides, Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-botan. Vereins Wien, 1864, pp. 582 & 665. Hab. “es marais saumatres du port Weston,’ New Hol- land. 32. Hypropia Pretssit, Philippi. Paludina Preissii, Ph. Abbild. u. p. 137, pl. ii. fig. 12. Hydrobia Preissii, Frauenfeld, op. cit. supra pp. 637 & 667. Hab. West Australia. 33. Hypropia Braziert, n.sp. (Plate VII. fig. 21.) Shell trochoidal, subrimate, small, brown, coated generally with an earthy deposit, acutely keeled at the periphery. Whorls 5, moderately convex, striated by the lines of growth. Keel on body-whorl prominent, acute, falling just above the suture, and visible upon the upper whorls, obsolete on approaching the aper- ture. Basea little convex. Aperture broadly ovate. Peritreme continuous, a little thickened on the columellar side, and feebly expanded on the labral margin. Length 3 millim., diam. 2; aperture 14 long, 14 wide. Hab. South Grafton, Clarence River, New South Wales, in a freshwater creek (Brazier). This species is well characterized by the sharp prominent keel which encircles the middle of the last volution. It does not, however, extend quite to the aperture, which consequently is not * The generic position of this and the following nine species will remain in doubt until the animals have been carefully studied. 270 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE angular on the right or labral side. Its operculum is horny, brown, and littorinoid in character, consisting of about two and a half whorls. I have much pleasure in associating this interesting form with the name of Mr. Brazier, who has sent a large series of it to the Museum. 34. Hyprosra victorim, Tenison-Woods. (Plate VII. fig. 20.) Bythinia victorie, Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1878, vol. xiv. p. 65. Bythinella victorie, Tenison-Woods, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1878, (Ds Ae Shell small, ovately conical, narrowly rimate, horn-colour, lon- gitudinally striated, covered with a blackish earthy deposit. Whorls 5, smooth, very convex, separated by a deep suture. Apex rather obtuse. Aperture small, obliquely ovate, a trifle nar- rower above than below, but not acuminate, occupying about two fifths of the whole length of the shell. Peristome continuous and free from the whorl. Operculum horny, paucispiral. Length 3 millim., diam. 14; aperture 14 long, ? wide. Hab. St. Kitts, South Australia (Angas); Lake Connewarre, Geelong (Zenison- Woods). I do not feel quite certain that the operculum is not slightly shelly ; if so, the calcareous deposit is very thin indeed. Several specimens have been presented to the Museum by Mr. G. F. Angas. I am not absolutely certain that the specimens, the description of which is given above, are, without doubt, the By- thinia victorie of Woods. However, the diagnoses agree in many respects ; and I prefer to leave the question to be decided by com- parison of specimens to giving a new and possibly unnecessary name. 35. Hypropia Perrerpt, n. sp. (Plate VII. fig. 23.) Shell very small, pale horn-colour, rimate, subpupiform, semi- transparent, rather glossy, smooth. Whorls 4-5, very convex, and divided by a very deep suture; body-whorl only a trifle broader than the preceding. Aperture small, ovately circular, a little oblique, occupying about two sevenths of the entire length. Peristome continuous, free from the whorl. Opereulum horny, thin, paucispiral. Length 2 millim., diam. 12. —— FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 271 Hab. Richmond River, New South Wales, and Alert River, Queensland (W. F. Petterd). 36. Hypropra Aneast, n. sp. (Plate VII. fig. 22.) Shell ovately conical, narrowly rimate, smooth, yellowish olive, shining, covered with a blackish earthy deposit. Whorls 5, convex. Aperture ovate, oblique. Peristome continuous, free from the last whorl, the right margin being very slightly expanded. Length 33 millim., diam. 12; aperture 14 long, 1 broad. Operculum with a subcentral nucleus, paucispiral, horny, with a callosity on the inner surface, from the centre of which arises an apophysis which is directed towards the inner or columellar edge. Hab. Compasely River, Victoria. The operculum differs from that in Hatoniella kerquelenensis in having the nucleus more central; and notwithstanding its differing from the normal or typical form of the operculum in Hydrobia, at present I deem it advisable not to separate the species generically on that account alone. Genus Limyn ma. 37. Limnma (Amputipeevea ?) Lussonr, Deshayes. Limnea Lessoni, Deshayes, Magasin de Zool. 1830, p. 16, figs. 1-2; Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. pl. xv. fig. 1; id. Centurie Zoologique, pl. xliv. ; Kiister, Con.-Cab. pl. v. figs. 16-17. Lymnzxa Lessonu, Desh., Lesson, Centurie Zoologique, 1830, p. 120, pl. xliv. (shell and animal). Neristoma Lessoni, Desh., Chenu, Man. de Conch. vol. i. fig. 3542. Lymnea perlevis, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. 1850, vol. v. Probe Amphipeplea perlevis, Conrad, American Journ. Conch. vol. ii. p. 80, pl. i. fig. 5. Amphipeplea Strangei, Pfeiffer, Malak. Biitt. 1854, p. 64; Novitat. Conch. 1854, p. 6, pl. i. figs. 5 & 6; Kuster, Con.-Cab. p. 60; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 40 (Limnza). Amphipeplea melbournensis, Pfr.*, Novitat. Conch. p. 70, pl. xix. figs. 14-15; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 38 a—b (Limnza). Limnza globosa, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 84. Hab. New Holland (Deshayes); Macquarie River (Lesson); Salamanca and Balonne Rivers, New South Wales (Conrad); Moreton Bay, Queensland (Pfeifer); Melbourne, Victoria (Pfr.) ; * Pfeiffer, in the ‘ Novitates,’ /.c., gives a reference to Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856; but I have carefully searched the volume in question, indeed the entire series of the ‘ Proceedings,’ but cannot find.any mention whatsoever of an A. melbournensis. LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. rg 272 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE Douglas River, Brisbane and Ipswich, Queensland, and Eastern Creek near Chatsworth, N. 8. Wales (Brazier). This species, like most others in the genus, is subject to consi- derable variation in form. The typical shell figured in the ‘Magasin de Zoologie’ appears unusually globose, and exhibits very regularly curved outlines, whilst the majority of the speci- mens which have come under my observation display a tendency to somewhat flattened sides. ‘This difference was considered sufficient by Conrad for specific distinction; hence he described his Z. perlevis. It is very doubtful whether this species is a true Amphipeplea, upon which subject Martens (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, vol. xvi. p. 212) offers some very interesting remarks. 38. Limn#a (AmPHIPEPLEA ?) Puriripst, 4. Adams & Angas. Amphipeplea Phillipsi, A. dd. § Ang. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 416; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 41 a—b. Limnza Deshayesii (Adams), Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 95 a—b. Hab. Cornet Creek and Roper’s Lake, N. Australia (Port- Essington Expedition, 1845); Arnheim’s Land (Stuarts Hupe- dition). Itis difficult to draw a line between this species and L. Lessoni. The typical forms are very different, the latter having a very short spire, whilst that of the former is comparatively long and acumi- nate. But there are some varieties which appear almost inter- - mediate with regard to the height of the spire. The specimens described by Adams and Angas have been liberally presented to the British Museum by the latter gentleman. They are, I believe, . the young state of the large L. Deshayesii. Both were obtained from North Australia, and both exhibit the same strong spiral striation, a character entirely overlooked by Sowerby in his slovenly monograph of this genus. 39. Limnmwa (AmputpreLEea ?) Aneast, Sowerby. Limnza Angasi, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 11 a-b, species 12. Hab. Port Darwin, North Australia. This is closely allied to LZ. Phillipsi, but has a shorter spire, is rather more globose, more glossy, although exhibiting spiral stria- tion, and of'a brownish horny colour. Sowerby says it is “ varie- gated by opaque white interrupted stripes. In this respect the species differs from all the other known species.” This is an inac- FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. ie curacy of observation; for the “opaque white interrupted stripes” are merely accidental blemishes where the shell has been eaten into avd the coloured surface removed. Of this I speak with certainty, as the actual type is in the Museum, presented by Mr. Angas. 40, Limynzs (AMPHIPEPLEA ?) vinosa, 4. Adams & Angas. Amphipeplea vinosa, A. Ad. & Ang. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 415; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 37. Hab. Adelaide River, North Australia (Stwart’s Expedition). This is remarkable for the depth of its colour. It is less acu- minate in the spire and more shouldered in the body-whorl than LD. Angasi, agreeing rather in these respects with LZ. Lessoni; but that is a larger species, somewhat more globose, and of a pale tint. It appears to me a matter of considerable doubt whether this and the three preceding forms have, or have not, any real specific differences. In the Museum series, consisting of over a hundred and fifty specimens, I cannot draw any quite satisfactory limits. L. vinosa perhaps is the most easily distinguishable ; for, judging from the ten examples before me, it appears to be always of a uniform vinous tint. L. Lessoni is the most globose of the four species, LZ. Phillips: the most elongate, and L. Angasi somewhat intermediate between the two latter, and of a rather brighter colour. All exhibit more or less spiral striation. Scarcely two specimens are precisely alike, and the form of the aperture, the height of the spire, and the character of the columellar twist are subject to the greatest variation. 41. Limnma AFFINIS, Parreyss. (Plate V. fig. 14.) Limneus affinis, Parreyss, Kiister, Con.-Cab. p. 55, pl. xii. figs. 5-6. Hab. New Holland. Of this species the British Museum possesses examples pur- chased of Parreyss under the above name. It is of a narrower and more ovate form than the preceding species. 42. LimnzA BREVIcAUDA, Sowerby. (Plate V. figs. 17-18.) Limnea brevicauda (Parreyss MS.), Sowb. Con. Icon. fig. 135 ; Theobald & Hanley, Conchol. Indica, p. 64, pl. elviii. fig. 7. Hab. Australia (Parreyss in Brit. Mus.); Cashmere (W. Blan- ford). This species calls to mind the European LZ. auricularia. Sowerby 19% 274 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE represents the columella decidedly too sinuated, and his figure is unlike the shell he copied. 43. LIMNHA SUBAQUATILIS, Tute. Limnza subaquatilis, Tate, Trans. § Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. ili. p. 103, pl. iv. fig. 6 a—6. Hab. River Torrens at Adelaide. 44. Limnzea papyracna, Tate. Limnza papyracea, Tate, 1. c. supra, pl. iv. fig. 5 a-c. Hab. Near Penola, South Australia. 45. Limnma Braziert,n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 15.) Shell ovate, acuminate above, glossy, brownish horn-colour, somewhat strongly striated longitudinally by the lines of incre- ment, without spiral or transverse sculpture. Whorls 4, very convex, separated by a simple deepish suture. Aperture ovately pyriform, occupying about two thirds of the entire length of the shell. Columella obliquely arcuate, spirally contorted, with a flattish or even excavated margin, reflexed in the umbilical region, and connected with the lip above by a thin whitish callosity. Length 9 millim., diam. 53 ; aperture 6 long, 45 broad. Hab. Glebe Point, Sydney, New South Wales. On a flat rock with clear water running over them (Brazier). I have much pleasure in naming this species after Mr. John Brazier of Sydney, by whom the specimens were collected, and to whom the British Museum is indebted for a very valuable series of Physe and Limnee from Australia, besides a collection of Melanie from several of the Pacific islands, and various other shells, all of which have special localities attached to them, which circumstance adds very materially to their interest. 46. Limn ZA sPrruLata, MJousson. Limnezea spirulata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 106 a-b. Hab. Australia. This species is said by Sowerby to be described in the ‘ Journal de Conchyliogie,’ but I fail to find the description. 47, LIMN@HA VICTORIA, n. sp. (Plate V. fig. 16.) Shell narrowly ovate, turreted, brownish corneous. Whorls 4-5, convex, striated both longitudinally by the lines of growth, and transversely by somewhat indistinct spiral striez. Spire FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALTA. 275 turreted; apex not very acute. Last whorl elongate. Aperture inversely subauriform, about half the length of the shell. Colu- mella not much contorted, brownish, reflexed over the umbilical region, and joined to the upper lip by a thin brownish callosity. Labrum tinged with brown. Length 6 millim., diam. 21. Hab. Barnsdale, Victoria, South Australia (W. F. Petterd). Of this interesting little species I have seen but two specimens, kindly placed in my hands for examination by Mr. J. W. Taylor, editor of the ‘ Journal of Conchology.’ It is much narrower than LL. Braziert or any of the Australian species of this genus. Of course it is impossible to say if either of these shells be adult; but, judging from the appearance of the columella and the callo- sity upon it, I am inclined to believe that such is the case. Besides the eight species above mentioned, there are in the Museum three others with the locality “‘ Australia”? attached to them ; but as I am not absolutely certain that they are without doubt Australian forms, I think it advisable to await further in- formation before describing them. Genus Prysa. The Australian species of this genus are numerous, some of them being very interesting forms. It is excessively difficult, I may say impossible, for one residing in England, and with com- paratively small collections, to arrange the specimens in specific groups, and still more difficult, either by words or figures, to convey to others the characters which mark the various forms. Therefore I hope that some resident conchologist, who has the opportunity of collecting the shells in large numbers, will take up the study of this neglected group, and, by examination of the animals and large series of shells, endeavour to discover such con- stant distinctions as may enable us to know the limits of the different species. Fifty-two species, including those now de- scribed for the first time, have already been characterized; but some of these are undoubtedly synonymous with others; and there is every probability that some of those now admitted as distinct would fall in the category of synonyms if I had an opportunity of examining the type specimens. 276 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE List of Australian Physe arranged chronologically. 1825. Physa nove hollandiz, Blainville. 1826-30. Physa nove hollandiz, Lesson, = Lessonii, Smith. 1832. Physa georgiana, Quoy § Gaimard. 1834. nove hollandiz, Gray, = Grayi, Smith. isseh == , Anton, = P. marginata, Kuster. 1844. marginata, Kuster. australis, Koch. —— Ludwign, Arauss. 1847. —— gibbosa, Gould. 1850. pectorosa, Conrad. australiana, Conrad. carinata, H. Adams. truncata, H. Adams. obesa, H. Adams. — Cuming, H. Adams. aliciz, Reeve. 1863. —— Newcombi, A. Adams & Angas. ferruginea, A. Adams § Angas. badia, A. Adams & Angas. a olivacea, A. Adams &§ Angas. ss councinna, A. Adams § Angas. — Reevei, A. Adams & Angas. borus-henricus, A. Adams § Angas. inflata, A. Adams § Angas. 1866. —— Hainesu, Tryon. acutispira, Tryon. tenuistriata, Sowerby. —— pyramidata, Sowerby. latilabiata, Sowerby, = Wainesii, Tryon. —— dispar, Sowerby. proteus, Sowerby. aciculata, Sowerby. subundata, Sowerby. —— Adamsiana, Canefri, = gibbosa, var. pinguis, Sowerby, = pectorosa, Conrad. texturata, Scwerby. —— bullata, Sowerby. —— duplicata, Sowerby. puncturata, Sowerby. subinflata, Sowerby. pilosa, Tenison-Woods. crebriciliata, Tenison- Woods. arachnoidea, Tenison- Woods. yarraensis, Tenison- Woods. i Kershawi, Tenison- Woods. 1879. —— brisbanica, Nelson & Tuylor, = proteus, var. Beddomei, Nelson & Taylor. , fusiformis, Nelson § Taylor. 1861. Physopsis Jukesu, H. Adams. 33 1861. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. some 4 i ( 48, Poysa NoV@-HOLLANDI®, Blainville. (Plate V. figs. 19- 20.) Physa novee-hollandiz, B7. Man. de Malacol. 1825, p. 450, pl. xxxvii. figs. 3-3a. Hab. New Holland. © Blainville’s figures, now reproduced, which are evidently very inaccurately drawn, represent a shell of unusually large size, with a much prolonged columella and aperture. A specimen in the Museum collection, which approaches the figure considerably in form, is a variety of P. proteus, Sowerby (Con. Icon. fig. 43 a). However, the mouth is more oblique and not so prolonged in- feriorly, and the apex of the spire is more acute. Another species which bears a closer resemblance to Blainville’s figure is the Aplexa aurantia of Carpenter ; but this is an inhabitant of Cali- fornia, and consequently, if the locality given by Blainville be correct, it is very remarkable that Australia and North America should possess species so very similar. 49. Puysa Lessont. (Plate V. figs. 21-22, after Lesson.) Physa nove hollandiz, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, vol. ii. p. 332, pl. xvi. figs. 5-5''; ister, Con.-Cab. p. 18, pl. il. figs. 20-22. Hab. Macquarie River. The name employed by Lesson having already been assigned to a species by Blainville, I here substitute that of Zessonzi. Ihave not been able satisfactorily to identify any specimens in the Museum with this species; but certain forms of P. proteus approach it rather closely. 50. Puysa GEoR@IANA, Quoy § Gaimard. (Plate V. figs. 23-24.) Physa georgiana, Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. de l’ Astrolabe, vol. u. p. 207, pl. lvii. figs. 23-24; Kiister, Con.-Cab. p. 25, pl. iv. figs. 13-14. Hab. “ Le port du Roi-Georges, 4 la Nouvelle-Hollande.” The figures here given are copied from the ‘ Astrolabe.’ 51. Puysa Grari. (Plate V. fig. 25.) Physa nove-hollandie, Gray, Griffith’s ed. Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, pl. xxvil. fig. 4; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 10. Hab. New Holland. In this instance Sowerby figures Gray’s P. nove-hollandia, and gives the reference to that described by Blainville under the same name. The species may eventually prove a variety of the variable P. gibbosa. 278 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE 52. Puysa marainata, Kuster. (Plate VI. figs. 1-2, after Kister.) Physa marginata, Kiister, Con.-Cab. p. 10, pl. ui. figs. 1-2. Physa novee-hollandiz, Anton, Verzeichn. p. 49. no. 1789. “ Ph. testa elongato-ovata, acuminata, nitidiuscula, striata, pel- lucida, tenuiuscula, corneo-lutescens, vertice obscuro; anfractibus 6, convexiusculis, ultimis marginibus rufis; apertura semiovata ; columella alba, uniplicata.”’ Length 22 millim. Hab. New Holland (Koch). 58. Puysa austrais, Koch. (Plate VI. figs. 7-8.) Physa australis, Kiister, Con.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 9, pl. i. figs. 15-17. “ Ph. testa oblongo-ovata, subdiaphana, levi, nitidiuscula, lutescens; spira exserta, obtusa; anfractibus subito majoribus, convexis; apertura ovata, alba, peristomate acuto, intus sublabiato; columella recta, subplicata.”’ Hab. West Australia. Spire almost half the length of the shell. Lip with a thin white thickening within. The figures now given are copied from Kiister. 54. Puysa Lupwiei, Arauss. (Plate VI. figs. 9-10, after Kiister.) Physa Ludwigii, Kiister, Con.-Cab. p. 21, pl. ii. figs. 14-16. “ Ph. testa irregulariter ovata, ventricosa, diaphana, tenera, corneo-lutescens ; spira elongata, turrita, acuminata ; anfractibus 6, subito accrescentibus, convexis, ultimo superne subplano ; aper- tura oblonga; columella subconcava, alba, peristomate simplice, acuto, intus sanguineo-limbato.” Hab. New Holland. Peculiar for its pointed spire and the flattened upper part of the body-whorl. This species may hereafter be identified with P. gibbosa. If so, the latter name must be abandoned. The figure of P. Ludwigit appeared in Lieferung 47 of the ‘ Conchylien-Cabinet, published in 1844; but the description was not given until 1850, in the ninetieth part. Gould’s description appeared in the Boston Soe. Nat. Hist. Proceedings for 1847. 55. Puyss erpposa, Gould. (Plate VI. figs. 3-6.) Physa gibbosa, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol.ii. 1847, p. 214 ; id. Wilkes’s Explor. Exped., Atlas, fig. 137; Otia Conchol. p. 42; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 27. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 279 Var. = Aplexa Adamsiana, Canefri, Viag. Magenta, p. 103, pl. ii. fig. 3. Physa proteus (part.), Sowerby, l. c. fig. 43e. Hab. New South Wales. This species, judging from the specimens in the Museum which I consider belong to it, is very variable. The typical form has rather a short spire; but this in certain examples is much pro- duced, so that the length above the aperture equals half the shell. The Museum specimens are from Cook’s River near Sydney, from Denbigh, Liverpool, and Parramatta. New Zealand is given by Sowerby, and is evidently incorrect. The large form named Adamsiana by Canefri, of which there are several specimens in the Museum, does not, I think, exhibit any constant specific differences. It certainly presents a very diffe- rent appearance to the normal gibbosa, lacking the shouldering or gibbosity of the last whorl, and exhibiting a comparatively elongated spire; still, in a large series, such as that before me, there are many intermediate forms ; so that the conspecific rela- tionship is apparent, and it becomes impossible to draw a line of limitation. 56. Puysa pectorosa, Conrad. (Plate VI. fig. 11.) Physa pectorosa, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1850, vol. v. p- ll; id. American Journ. Conch. ii. p. 81, pl.1. fig. 6. Var. = Physa pinguis, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 93 a-b. Hab. Bogan River (Conrad) ; Balonne River (McGillivray) ; South Australia (Sowerby). The figure of this species in the ‘American Journal’ does not show the ventricosity of the penultimate whorl at all satisfactorily. The double fold on the columella is not peculiar to this species ; for the same character, by no means a constant one, is met with in some specimens of P. gibbosa, P. proteus, and other species. P. pinguis differs from the typical form in having a shorter spire, which is subject to much variation in this genus. 57. Puysa AUSTRALIANA, Conrad. (Plate VI. fig. 12, after Conrad.) Physa australiana, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1850, vol. v. p: 81; id. American Journ. Conch. ii. p. 81, pl. i. fig. 7. “ Elliptical, thin, diaphanous ; volutions 4 or 5, regularly con- vex; spire short; epidermis amber-coloured ; columella with a 280 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE slender prominent fold, which revolves within to the apex; margin of labrum regularly curved and rounded.” Hab. Bogan River, N. 8. Wales. 58. Puysa Newcompt, A. Adams § Angas. Physa Newcombi, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 416; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 21. Hab. Pond near Mount Margaret, Central Australia (Angas). This species is remarkable for the rapid enlargement of the body-whorl and the large size of the aperture. It is also umbi- licated, and the great development of the labium is very unusual in this genus. 59. Puysa inFuata, A. Adams & Angas. Physa inflata, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p.39; Sowerky, Con. Icon. fig. 4 a-b. Hab. Wakefield River, 8. Australia (Angas). The types of this species, presented to the British Museum by Mr. G. F. Angas, display even greater inflation of the whorls than is represented in the figure in the ‘ Conchslogia Iconica.’ P. Newcombi is very like this species, but it is rather longer, has a higher spire, a shallower suture, and the whorls are less swollen. The aperture, too, is not so broad and rounded, and the colour is different, being of a brownish tint, whilst that of P. inflata is greenish olive. 60. Puysa Bapra, A. Adams & Angas. Physa badia, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 416; Sowerby, Con. Icon. tig. 51 a-b. Hab. A tributary of the Adelaide River, Arnheim’s Land, N. Australia (Angas). This dull heavy-looking species is not unlike an elongate form of P. pectorosa. 61. Puysa Ferrveinea, A. Adams & Angas. Physa ferruginea, 4. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1863, p. 416; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 25. Hab. Same as the preceding species. This species is readily distinguished from all others in the genus by the deep vinous-red colour, a character but very indifferently rendered in the figure by Sowerby. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 281 62. Puysa concinna, A. Adams § Angas. (Plate VI. figs. 13-14.) Physa concinna, A. Adams § Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 417; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 35. Hab. Arnheim’s Laud, N. Australia (Angas). Sowerby’s figure, taken from the type presented to the Museum by Mr. Angas, is not atall good. Thesomewhat flattened dextral outline of the body-whorl is incorrect. It should be curved, and the upper volutions are also couvex. The columella, too, does not exhibit the broad white callosity portrayed inthe figure. The surface is minutely decussated, the apex brownish, and the suture generally bordered by a narrow brownish line. 63. Puysa oxivacea, 4. Adams § Angas. (Plate VI. fig. 15.) Physa olivacea, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 416; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 34. Hab. Arnheim’s Land, N. Australia (Angas). The description in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica’ is very mislead- ing. Sowerby there describes the “whorls rather angular, the apical one mamillated; last whorl posteriorly angular; aperture chestnut within.” On the contrary, the single specimen in the Museum, which is the type and the shell he figured, has slightly convex whorls, without the faintest indication of angula- tion. As the apex is eroded, a fact mentioned by Angas in his description, it is absurd to state that the apical whorl is mamil- lated. I presume he did not examine the specimen with a lens, but merely described the appearance to the naked eye. The last whorl alyo is not the least angular, and the aperture is of the same olivaceous tint as the exterior, and not chestnut. In the ficure the columellar fold is placed too high up, and is much too prominent. 64. Paysa (Istpora) Haines, Tryon. Physa Hainesii, Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch. ii. p. 9, pl. ii. fig. 9. Physa latilabiata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 33 a-b. Hab. Victoria River and Depuch Island, N. Australia. This is a very distinct species, and readily recognized by its pallid colour and the great expansion of the peristome over the umbilicus. 282 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE 65. Puysa (BuLinvs) acurtsprra, Zryon. (Plate VI. fig. 16, after Tryon.) Physa (Bulinus) acutispira, Tryon, American Journ. Conch. vol. ii. p. 9, pl. u. fig. 10. “Shell cylindrically ovate, elongated, very thin, transparent, highly polished ; spire elevated, very acute, suture slightly im- pressed ; whorls 5, oblique, slightly convex; aperture narrow- ovate, two thirds the total length ; columella a little folded, and somewhat turned back at the base. Very light horn-colour.” Length 12 millim., diam. 6. Hab. Australia. 66. Puysa prramipata, Sowerby. (Plate VI. fig. 17.) Physa pyramidata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 62. Hab. Flinder’s Island, Bass’s Straits (J. Milligan); Victoria, S. Australia (Brazier). Both the figure and description of this species are bad. The former represents the penultimate whorl not sufficiently convex, the aperture too large, and the columellar fold too prominent. The description may thus be emended :— Shell solid, livid horn-colour, pyramidal ; spire produced ; whorls 7, rather convex, the penultimate somewhat inflated, the last, elongate, a little ventricose. Aperture auriform, of the same colour within as the exterior, but with a broad purplish-brown stain within the lip, which extends along the base and gradually becomes broader. Columellar fold not at all prominent, unless the shell is turned so that the eye sees far within the aperture. 67. Puysa pispan, Sowerby. Physa dispar, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 66 a—b. Hab. Sydney (Sowerby); Swan River (Mus. Cuming): 68. Puysa acrouLata, Sowerby. Physa aciculata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 59. Hab. New South Wales. A very distinct species, on account of the great length of the spire. 69. PHysa SUBINFLATA, Sowerby. Physa subinflata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 6 a, species 5. Hab. South Australia (Sowerby). FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 283 70. Puysa proteus, Sowerby. Physa proteus, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 43 .a-b (non c, = gibbosa, Gould). Var. jun. = P. brisbanica, Nelson § Taylor, Journ. Conch. ii. p. 288, pl. i. fig. 7 (bad). Hab. North, East, and South Australia. This species seems to be pretty generally distributed; for in the Museum there are specimens from the River Isaacs, Moreton Bay, Adelaide, Brisbane, Adelaide River, Murray River, and Rock- hampton. It is extremely variable in form, and the length of the spire differs most remarkably in series of specimens from the same loca- lity. Very probably certain varieties will eventually prove to be the P. nove-hollandie of Blainyille and the P. Lessoniz (nove- hollandie, Lesson). The shell described under the name of P. brisbanica, which has been submitted to me for examination, appears to be the young state of a variety of this species. ‘The figure of it represents the spire too long and much stouter. 71. Puysa suBpunDaTA, Sowerby. Physa subundata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 61. Hab. St. Margarets, South Australia (Sowerby); Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, Queensland (Brazier). The colour of this species, judging by the figure and speci- mens sent by Mr. Brazier to the Museum, is rather pale horn- colour than “ olive-brown ”’ as described by Sowerby. The spiral striation will distinguish this species from P. pectorosa, which it somewhat resembles in form. 72, Puysa TENUISTRIaTA, Sowerby. Physa tenuistriata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 85. Hab. Torrens River, South Australia (Sowerby). 73. Puysa TEXTURATA, Sowerby. Physa texturata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 95. Hab. South Australia (Sowerby) ; Sutton Grange, Victoria (R. Etheridge). The extreme upper margin of the whorls is bordered with a fine white thread-like line, beneath which there is a narrow dark band. The light brownish stripe within the aperture is an internal thickening. 284 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE 74, PHysa BULLATA, Sowerby. Physa bullata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 97. Hab. South Australia (Sowd.); Botanic Gardens, Sydney (Brazier). The whorls are 54 in number, whereof the three or four upper ones are conspicuously small. Perhaps only a variety of P. gibbosa. 75. Puysa DuPLIcATA, Sowerby. Physa duplicata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 100. Hab. Wide Bay, Australia (Sowd.). 76. Puysa puncrurata, Sowerby. Physa puncturata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 91 a-b. Hab. Australia (Sowd.). 77. Puysa rustrormis, Welson § Taylor. (Plate VI. fig. 18.) Physa fusiformis, Nelson § Taylor, Journal of Conchology, vol. ii. p. 289, pl. i. fig. 9. Hab. Richmond River, New South Wales. This species, the types of which have been kindly submitted to me for examization, exhibits the usual striz of growth, and trans- verse rather remote puncture-lines. The whorls are six in number, slightly convex, and separated by a very oblique suture. The lip, viewed laterally, appears arched and prominent in the middle, and feebly sinuated near the suture. The figure in the ‘Journal of Conchology’ represents the body-whorl too convex on the left side and the aperture a trifle too long. 78. Puysa Beppomet, Nelson & Taylor. (Plate VI. fig. 19.) Physa Beddomei, Nelson & Taylor, Journal of Conchology, 1879, vol. ii. p- 289, pl. i. fig. 8. Shell elongate, slender, semitransparent, pale horn-colour, at long intervals with yellowish stripes marking stages of growth, generally coated with a very black earthy deposit. Spire slender, regular; apex acute, brown. Whorls 7-8, moderately convex, regularly increasing, divided by a rather oblique suture, bordered above by a very narrow thread-like white line, rather coarsely striated by the lines of increment, which are minutely decussated by excessively fine spiral striz. Last whorl but little inflated, stained with rich brown within the aperture at the base of the columella. Aperture narrow, sometimes hardly about as long as, or a little longer than, half the shell; labrum, viewed laterally, FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 285 arcuate and prominent in the middle, a little sinuated near the suture, and receding towards the base. Columellar twist thin- nish, moderately prominent, covered with a greyish callosity, which is reflexed in the umbilical region and extends to the lip above. Length 18 millim., greatest diam. 75; aperture 84 long, 34 wide. Hab. Townsville, Queensland (Pettard); Cleveland Bay, Queensland (Brazier); Clarence River, N. 8. Wales (Strange). Both those from the latter locality in the Cumingian Collec- tion and the three specimens sent by Mr. Brazier are covered with a very black earthy deposit. P. acutispira, Tryon, is a smaller species with a much shorter spire. The spiral strie vary in distinctness, in some examples being scarcely observable. In Messrs. Taylor and Nelson’s figure the whorls are rather too convex. 79. PHYSA GRACILENTA,n. sp. (Plate VI. fig. 20.) Shell narrow, elongate, yellowish horn-colour, sometimes striped at intervals with opaque yellow periodic marks of growth upon the last whorl. Volutions 6, a little convex, regularly but rapidly enlarging, very faintly constricted beneath the suture, striated by the lines of growth and minute interrupted strie in the same direction, which give the surface a very finely wrinkled appear- ance, visible only under a lens. Aperture narrow, inversely auri- form, pale bluish or pinkish white within, generally less than half the length of the shell. Columellar fold distinct, thickish, united to the upper termination of the outer lip by a thin callosity. Labrum, viewed laterally, much curved in the middle, slightly sinuated close to the suture, and very receding at the lower part. Length 16 millim., greatest width 6. Hab, Endeavour Creek or River, Queensland. This species is of a more opaque texture than P. Beddomez, and has fewer and more rapidly enlarging whorls. It is also of a different colour, has a less shining surface, lacks the brown stain at the base of the last whorl seen within the aperture, and the columella is thicker. Five out of six specimens before me have the apex of the spire broken or naturally eroded, leaving but four of the whorls remaining. 286 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE 80. Paysa PropucTa, n. sp. (Plate VI. fig. 21.) Shell elongate, of a yellowish olivaceous colour, somewhat strongly striated by the lines of growth; spire elongate, acumi- nate. Whorls 6-7, convex, regularly increasing, the last some- times faintly constricted beneath the suture, which is very oblique and occasionally narrowly marginate. Last volution elongate, a little inflated. Aperture obliquely inversely auriform, acute above, generally less than half the entire length of the shell, but sometimes longer. Columellar fold thin, moderately prominent, white. Callus on the paries thin, extending to the lip above. Labrum, viewed laterally, obliquely arcuate, very slightly sinuated near the suture. Length 26 millim., diam. 10; aperture 12} long, 5 broad. Hab. South Grafton, Clarence River (Brazier); Hunter River (Dr. A. Sinclair, RN.). This species is rather narrower in the body-whorl than P. gib- bosa, var. Adamsiana, Canefri, and those of the spire are perhaps more regular in their enlargement. The colour, too, is not so olivaceous, being rather yellower in tint. P. attenuata, Sowerby, from Tasmania, has a less acuminate spire, and the body-whorl is conspicuously narrow in proportion to the preceding whorls. P. gibbosa, however, may eventually include this species, as certain slender forms approach it very closely. 81. Puysa Braztert, n. sp. (Plate VI. fig. 22.) Shell short, ovate, subglobose, glossy, pellucid, horny brown, striated feebly by the lines of growth, and crossed by spiral, more or less punctate striee, some of which are rather remote. Whorls 4, rapidly enlarging, convex ; last large, subglobose. Aperture broadly subauriform, acutish above, rounded below, occupying about two thirds of the whole length. Columella simple, arcuate, exhibiting no fold, covered with a greyish callosity extending to the lip above and reflexed in the umbilical region, thus producing a narrow rimation. Labrum, viewed laterally, almost straight, not arcuate in the middle. Length 12 millim., greatest diameter 7}; aperture 75 long, 4 broad. Var. a. Shell of a pale horn-colour. Var. 6. Shell larger than type, spire a little shorter, aperture a little longer. Colour of a pale horn tint. Hab. Asbfield, near Sydney (Brazier). FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 287 a. Var. pallida. Rvooty Hill, near Chatsworth, N. 8. Wales (Brazier). b. Var. major. Burnett River, Queensland (Brazier). This is a pretty glossy species, of a bright horn-brown colour, and, like P. inflata, characterized by the absence of a twist or fold on the columella. However, it is less inflated than that species, of a different colour, has a longer spire, and the suture is not so deep. I feel much pleasure in naming this interest- ing form after Mr. John Brazier of Sydney, to whom the British Museum is indebted for a very valuable series of freshwater shells from Australia and some of the Pacific islands, besides many curious marine species from these localities. P. subinflata of Sowerby is very like this species ; but the columella presents a slight twist, and its dimensions are greater. 82. PHYSA QUEENSLANDICA, n.sp. (Plate VI. fig. 23.) Shell small, semitransparent, acuminate above, light horn- colour, not very glossy, somewhat coarsely striated by the lines of growth, and exhibiting at times indications of spiral striae, chiefly at the upper part of the whorls near the suture. Spire acute; apex small, brown. Whorls 6, narrowly bordered with white, rather convex, pretty regularly increasing ; last long, only a little inflated. Aperture narrow, occupying rather less than three fifths of the entire length, acute above, with a brown stain at the base, sometimes extending parallel with the lip to its junction with the whorl, and a little thickened. Columellar fold incon- spicuous, narrowly reflexed, whitish. Lip like that of P. Bed- domet. Length 124 millim., greatest diameter 64; aperture 7 long, 23 wide. Hab. Dawson River, Queensland (Brazier). This species differs from P. Beddomet in being smaller, in having a shorter and more suddenly acute spire and a less pro- nounced columellar twist. The colour is similar, but the black pseudo-epidermis is wanting. Tryou’s P. acutispira appears to be more “highly polished,” without the basal brown mark, and alittle longer in the aperture ; ' still, on comparison, it may eventually prove to be the same as the present species. P. fusiformis, Nelson & Taylor, has a narrower body-whorl, and is sculptured with strongly punctured strie. LINN. JOUBN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 20 288 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE 83. Prysa Quoyi,n.sp. (Plate VI. fig. 24.) Shell elongate, narrow, pale horn-colour, scarcely semitrans- parent, not very glossy, striated moderately distinctly by the lines of growth. Spire somewhat produced, rather suddenly diminish- ing, and becoming acute above the penultimate whorl. Apex brown, smali. Whorls 6, convex, penultimate inflated, very oblique; last subcylindrical, narrow, convex, rather rapidly de- scending near the lip. Aperture small, inversely subauriform, narrow, less than half the soell in length, feebly stained with brown within at the base. Lip, viewed laterally, very oblique, having an almost straight edge, and exhibiting scarcely any arcua- tion or sinuosity. Columellar fold rather high up, not prominent, reflexed, thus producing an umbilical rimation. Length 15 millim., greatest diameter 6; aperture 7 long, 3 broad. Hab. King George’s Sound, South-west Australia (Brazier). This species is remarkable for the cylmdrical body-whorl and manner in which it descends on approaching the aperture; the latter, too, is small, and the sutural line very oblique. The spe- — cies is named after one of the authors of the molluscan portion of the ‘ Voyage de l’Astrolabe,’ who has described the only other species hitherto known from the south-western part of Australia. 84. Puysa Erneripert, n.sp. (Plate VI. fig. 25.) Shell small, ovate, acute, very pale horn-colour and transparent, streaked at intervals longitudinally with opaque creamy stripes, brownish at the apex. Spire rather acute, frequently eroded at the tip. Whorls 4-44, convex, rapidly increasing; last narrow, ovate, somewhat attenuated at the base. Aperture elongate, auriform, narrow, occupying nearly three fourths of the entire length of the shell. Columellar twist rather high up, thin. Labrum oblique, arcuate in the middle, and feebly sinuated beneath the suture. Sculpture consisting of fine lines of growth and more or less indistinct spiral striz. Length 11 wmillim., greatest diameter 6; aperture 7 long, 3 wide. Hab. Yan-Yean Reservoir, Plenty district, Victoria, 8. Aus- tralia (Ztheridge). This species resembles in some respects P. acutispira, Tryon. The spire, however, appears to be not so slender, and the colour also is different. The opaque creamy stripes seem to be a character FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 289 not met with in P. aeutispira; there are three or four of them on the last whorl. I name this species after my friend and colleague Mr. Etheridge, by whom the specimens were collected and presented to the Museum. 85. Puysa prnosa, Tenison-Woods. Physa pilosa, Tentson-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1878, vol. xiv. p- 63. Shell subumbilicated, thin, glossy, inflated, obliquely broadly ovate, milky white or fulvous, subpellucid; whorls 3, last in- flated and oblique, two apical ones small, acute, regularly longi- tudinally striated; periostraca luteous, with regular pilose or punctate lines; suture coronated; aperture oblique, ovate, pro- duced anteriorly ; labrum thin; labium reflexed. Lat. 6 mill., long. 11. Hab. Melbourne. “This may possibly be only a variety of P. crebriciliata. It differs from it in being thinner, hghter in colour, with a very thin periostraca—the extremely small spire, with the oblique and inferiorly produced aperture.” 86. PHysA ARACHNOIDEA, Tenison- Woods. Physa arachnoidea, Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1878, vol. xiv. p. 63. Shell elongately ovate, or subcyiindrical, rather solid, opaque, shining or clothed with a periostraca; shell brown or yellow, with white spots; apex acute. Whaorls 6, rapidly decreasing, slightly convex and sloping, striate lengthwise and transversely ; strie granularly dotted, which is only visible under the lens, dots disposed in spiral lines. Aperture oblique, pyriform, produced anteriorly, chalky white inside; plait thick, but visible only by looking, as it were, upwards through the umbilicus. Long. 12 mill., lat. 54; long. apert. 7, lat. 33. Hab. Mordialloe, Victoria. “This species is probably ciliated in the young or fine con- dition.”’ 87. Puysa YARRAENSIS, Tenison- Woods. Physa yarraensis, Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1878, vol. xiv. p. 64. “Shell subumbilicate, thin, diaphanous, pale horny, eEniaat 20* 290 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE spire acute ; whorls 4, convex, sloping, two spiral ones small, finely striate lengthwise ; aperture elongate, pyriform ; labrum very thin, produced anteriorly ; lip inconspicuous; plait a little thickened.” Hab. Upper Yarra, Victoria. “A shell with no very determinate characters, of small size, and thin.” 88. Puysa Kersuawt, Zenison-Woods. Physa Kershawi, Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1878, vol. xiv. p. 64. Shell small, narrowly ovate, clothed with a sordid rugose periostraca, slightly diaphanous, dusky in colour; whorls 3} to 4, conspicuously angulate, and flattened above, at the angle (and on the last whorl distinctly) keeled ; keels rounded, raised; at the suture narrowly canaliculate; aperture oval, produced anteriorly ; labrum thin, sinuous at the keels; inner lip reflexed, subum- bilicate. Long. 8 mill,, lat. 43. Hab. Upper Yarra, Victoria. “There is a faint resemblance between this shell and the New- Zealand P. tabulata of Gould.” 89. PHYSA CREBRECILIATA, Woods. Physa crebreciliata, Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, 1878, vol. xiv. p. 63. “Shell umbilicate, thin, inflated, broadly ovate, horny, dusky, or whitish, and diaphanous, completely covered with a ciliated periostraca ; whorls 33, the two apical ones small, the penulti- mate very oblique, thickly striate lengthwise, and furnished with close spiral ciliated lines; sutures crowned by the periostraca ; aperture broadly ovate, eal thickened or bilabiate ; lips con- spicuously reflexed.” Long. 7 mill., lat. 15. Hab: Caulfield, Melbourne. “The cilia in this shell are in regular equidistant spiral lines, and at the sutures the periostraca seems to mass itself in small rough folds, so as to make a spinous ridge.” 90. PHYSA BREVICULMEN, n.sp. (Plate VI. fig. 26.) Shell narrowly ovate, semitransparent, sometimes more opaque, light brownish horn-colour, with two or three periodical opaque creamy stripes on the last whorl. Apex minute, dark brown. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 291 Suture with a fine white line beneath. Whorls 44-5; three first very small, only a little convex, penultimate very swollen ; last rather inflated above, subcylindrical. Sculpture consisting of lines of growth strongly decussated by spiral, more or less punc- tured, strie. Aperture narrow, occupying rather less than two thirds the entire length of the shell, broadly margined with brown within the lip; the latter is oblique, a little arched in the middle, and faintly sinuated towards the suture. Columella oblique, straightish, with only a slight and not prominent twist. Length 15 millim., greatest diameter 8; aperture 84 long, 34 wide. Hab. King George’s Sound, South-west Australia (Brazier). This species is peculiar on account of its remarkably small apex, the bulging nature of the penultimate whorl, and the dis- tinct decussated sculpture. The latter characteristic and the smaller size separate it from the P. proteus. P. tenuistriata appears to be similarly sculptured; but broader, longer in the aperture, and the whorls are said to be “slightly angular,” a feature entirely absent in the present species. 91. PHysa TENUILIRATA, n. sp. (Plate VI. fig. 27.) Shell acuminately ovate, olivaceous horn-colour, usually with one or more periodic yellowish stripes upon the last whorl. Volutions 5, convex; three apical ones small, stained with dark brown, penultimate suddenly and comparatively larger; last elongate, rapidly descending. Sculpture consisting of lines of growth, and very distinct and elevated spiral wavy lines, which vary considerably in number in different specimens. Aperture narrow, exhibiting a buff or yellowish thickened ridge within the labrum, and generally another further within, occupying about five eighths of the entire length of the shell. Columeilar fold scarcely defined; the callosity reflexed, whitish. Length 12 millim., greatest diameter 6. Hab. Swan River, W. Australia (Hus. Cuming.) ; Perth (Pet- terd). There are several specimens of this species in the Museum, all exhibiting about the same relative proportions with regard to the length of the aperture and the total length. An example from Perth sent to me for examination by Mr. J. W. Taylor of Leeds has, however, the spire unusually elongated, so that the aperture occupies scarcely more than half the entire length. 292 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE The distinct elevated spiral lines are far less raised than in the P. alicie of Reeve, yet more so than in several other Austra- lian forms. I¢ is in reality a link connecting the genus Gilypto- physa of Crosse with Physa proper. The lines of growth are very distinct, and, crossing the spiral lirule, give the surface a minutely cancellated appearance. Two specimens from Bunyip River, Victoria, sent by Mr. Petterd to Mr. Taylor, who has submitted them to me, appear to belong to this species. They differ in being of a brownish oliva- ceous colour, and in having much fewer spiral lines. Neither of them present the yellowish stripe or mark of periodic growth on the last volution, which occurs in most of the examples from Western Australia. 92. Puysa EXARATA, n.sp. (Plate VI. fig. 28.) Shell ovately fusiform, pale horn-colour, marked with very dis- tinct spiral strie and lines of growth. Whorls 4, convex. Apex rather large, not acute. Last volution elongate, attenuated at the base. Aperture narrow, acute above, and rather so inferiorly. Columellar fold very slightly promineut. Length 6 millim., diam. 3. Hab. Depuch Island, Port Essington, N. Australia. The specimens here described may not be adult. The species is remarkable for the comparatively large apex and the deep hori- zontal strie; these are about four in number on the penulti- mate whorl, and eighteen on the last. 93. Puysa (AmMErta) cartnata, H. Adams. Physa (Ameria) carinata, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 143; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 18 a—b. Hab. Boyne River, Queensland. The aperture is feebly, mdeed nerealy perceptibly, tinted . with rose, and certainly not the deep rosy colour represented by Sowerby’s figure. It is meeionanle whether this and the four following so- -called species are more than varieties of one form. 94. Puysa (AMERTA) TRUNCATA, H. Adams. Physa (Ameria) truncata, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p- 144; Sowerby, l. c. fig. 20. Hab. Calliope River, Burdekin River, and Rockhampton, Queensland. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA, 293 95. Puysa (Amur) opEsa, H. Adams. Physa (Ameria) obesa, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 144; Sowerby, 1. c. fig. 24 a-b. Hab. Fitzroy River, Queensland. 96. Puysa (Ameria) Cumrinett, H. Adams. Physa (Ameria) Cumingii, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 144;- Sowerby, 1. c. fig. 44. Hab. Port Essington and Queensland. 97. Puysa (Ameria) Rurvu, A. Adams & Angas. Physa (Ameria) Reevii, 4. Adams 8 Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863,. p-417; Sowerby, J. c. fig. 40. Hab. Arnheim’s Land. The colour of this species is light olive, and not reddish as it is coloured in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica.’ 98. Puysa (AMERIA) BoNUS-HENRICUS, A. Adams & Angas. (Plate VI. fig. 29.) Physa (Ameria) bonus-henricus, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 417; Sowerby, l.c. fig. 38 a, h. Hab. Arnheim’s Land, N. Australia. Like the majority of the figures in Sowerby’s monograph of this genus, that of the present species is altogether different from nature. The type is of a pale clivaceous horn-colour, and not the vivid red represented in the work referred to. The form, too, is incor- rectly drawn ; for in neither of the two specimens in the Museum are the sides of the last whorl flattened as there delineated. 99. Puysa (GLYPTOPHYSA) ALICIH, Peeve. Physa alicia, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 106, woodcut; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 6 b. Hab. Murray and Gawler rivers, South Australia; River Onka- paringa, at Noarlunga (Molineuz). The description of this species by Sowerby is incorrect with regard to colour; and the locality “India” is also wrong. The shell is whitish, clothed with a pale dirty straw-coloured epidermis. The Museum possesses two specimens of an interesting variety presented by Mr. Gerard Krefft; they differ from the normal form of the species in having the spiral ridges both fewer and less elevated. 294 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE Genus PHysopsis. 100. Puysopsis Juxest1, H. Adams. Physopsis Jukesii, H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p.144; Sowerby, d. c. fig. 71 a—b. Hab. Port Essington, N. Australia (Jukes). Sowerby incorrectly quotes A. Adams as the author of this interesting species. Genus PLANORBIS. 101. Pranorgis GriBerti, Dunker. (Plate VI. figs. 30-32.) Planorbis Gilberti, Dunker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 40; Sowerby, Con. ‘Icon. fig. 37 a-b. Hab. Kast Australia (us. Cuming); Brisbane, Queensland (Petterd). Dunker describes this species as having the whorls obtusely angular both on the upper and under sides. This} feature is decidedly more conspicuous in the latter place. He also states that the acute keel is situated below the middle of the whorls; but on very careful examination of the three typical specimens in the Cumingian collection, I can affirm with certainty that it is central upon the upper whorls, and becomes a little subcentral upon the last, especially towards the aperture. All three speci- mens exhibit, to a small extent, fine, but not close, spiral striz. The whorls are 85 in number, whereof the first two are sunken above, the last and the penultimate being almost on the same level. 102. PranorBis FRAGILIS, Brazier. (Plate VII. figs. 1-3.) This species is more compressed than P. Gilberti and more acutely keeled. Being flatter, the lower surface is less sunken in the middle. — ; Hab. Ipswich, Queensland (Brazier). The above name I have seen attached to specimens of this spe- cies sent by Mr. C. E. Beddome, of Hobart Town, to Mr. J. Taylor, of Leeds ; but as yet I have not seen the published description of such a species. This form is spirally striated, in which respect it differs from P. essingtonensis and P. macquariensis, than either of which species it is more sharply carinated. 108. PLANORBIS ESSINGTONENSIS, n.sp. (Plate VI. figs. 33- 35.) Shell white, discoid, compressed, striated by lines of growth. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 295 Spire sunken a little below the last whorl. Volutions 4, equally convex above and beneath; the last in adult specimens carinated, not very acutely, a little below or at the middle. Lower surface sunken in the centre about as much as the upper. Aperture almost horizontal. Greatest diameter 5 millim., height 13. Hab. Freshwater lagoons, Point Smitb, Port Essington (Brit. Mus.). This species is flatter than P. Gilberti, has no spiral striation, is not so much sunken beneath, and the whorls have no indication of the feeble angulation observable in that species. 104. PLANORBIS MACQUARIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate VII. figs. 4-6.) Shell smaller than P. essingtonensis, not quite so compressed, more sunken in the umbilical region, less acutely keeled and cor- ' neous. Whorls 34. Aperture not so narrow perpendicularly as in the above-named species, and scarcely as horizontal. Greatest diameter 44 millim., height 11. Hab. Macquarie River, New South Wales (Rev. D. Lands- borough). This species is smaller than P. Gilberti, has no faint angulation on the lower side of the last whorl, is a little less acutely keeled, and has not spiral strie. 105. Pranorzis onrusts, Deshayes. Planorbis obtusus, Desh. MS. Mus. Cuming; Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 39 a-b. Hab. Adelaide (Mus. Cuming). Although stated by Sowerby to be described in the Proce. Zool. Soc., I have searched in vain for any description of this species in that publication. Neither can I find that Deshayes has described it elsewhere. Indeed the only ground for including it in the Australian fauna rests upon the fact that four specimens in Cuming’s cellection have a label “Adelaide ” attached to them. Sowerby’s figure 396 is very incorrect. The shell is repre- sented as acutely keeled at the base, the keel terminating at the aperture, which appears flat beneath. Thisis not the case in any of the four shells inthe Museum. The whorl also on the left- hand side appears to slope very much, forming a somewhat acute angle at the base. The last whorl in reality has aslight and not prominent carina 296 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE a little above the base, and beneath it is convex ; and on the left the lateral outline is less oblique than Sowerby represents it. The aperture is equally curved at the base and above, and the subbasal keel scarcely affects the curve of the right margin. 106. Puanorsis sprrorsis, Willer. Hab. Great Britain and Europe. North Australia (Mus. Cuming). There are two tablets containing several specimens of this spe- cies in the Cumingian collection labelled North Australia; and it is for this reason that I include it in the Australian list. If there had been but a single set of them, I should have been inclined to think that possibly the label had been misplaced ; but since there are two series, it becomes more probable that they are indeed Australian examples. Genus SEGMENTINA. 107. SEGMENTINA AUSTRALIENSIS, n. sp. (Plate VII. fies. 7-10.) Shell dextral, glossy, chestnut, rather acutely keeled a little below the middle of the last whorl, obliquely convex above the keel, and rather flattened at the base. Spire sunken in the middle. Whorls 4, convex, separated by a deep suture. Umbi- licus deepish, occupying about one third of the diameter of the base. Aperture horizontal, much encroached upon by the whorl, flat at the base, rather acute on the right. Greatest diameter 5 millim., smallest diameter 4, height 14. Hab. Penrith, N. 8. Wales (I Gillivray, Voyage of the ‘fattle- snake’). The internal lamellae are somewhat difficult of observation through the shell. Those nearest the aperture are situated at about one third of the extent of the whorl from the peristome ; they are three in number, whereof the basal one is the largest, that upon the paricties next in size, and the third (upon the outer wall of the whorl above the keel) the smallest. The rich chestnut colour, the very glossy surface, and especially _ the flat under-surface are the chief characteristic points of this interesting species. 108. SEGMENTINA VICTORIA, n.sp. (Plate VII. figs. 11-18.) Shell like 8. australiensis, but not so flattened beneath ; last FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 297 whorl proportionally larger, and the sunken spire smaller; umbi- licus narrower ; internal lamellz none. Greatest diameter 4 millim., smallest diam. 33, height 14. Hab. Victoria; S. Australia. Tn colour and general aspect this species closely resembles the preceding. On careful comparison, however, it proves to ditfer in the particulars above referred to. It appears inconsistent to place a shell in the genus Segmentina lacking the essential cha- racter of internal lamelle. However, its towt-ensemble is so Seg- mentinoid, that I feel sure it is an abnormal form of that group. Genus ANCYLUS. 109. AncyLus ausTraLicus, Tate? (Plate VII. figs. 86-37.) Ancylus australicus, Tate ?, Trans. § Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. iii. 1880, p. 102, pl. iv. fig. 4 a-0. Hab. North Australia: collected during the Port-Essington Expedition, October 14th, 1844. River Torres, Adelaide (ute). The two specimens in the British Museum from North Aus- tralia (vide figs. 86-37) appear to agree fairly with Mr. Tate’s description; but a comparison with authentic examples of the species will be necessary to prove their identity. Genus NERITINA. Of this genus, as far as I can ascertain, only two species undoubtedly live in fresh water, namely WV. erepidularia and NV. pulligera. 110. NerIvTINA CREPIDULARIA, Lamarck. For the synonymy of this species see Martens, Conch.-Cab. p: 37. Hab. “Inlet next to Percival Bay, fresh water” (Dr. Richard- son); Port Essington (Capt. Wickham, R.N., and J. B. Jukes) ; Swan River (Brit. Mus.); swamp two miles north of Cardwell, Queensland (Brazier). O-Taiti (Lesson); Katow River, New Guinea, on trees and roots (Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 1875, p. 22). 111. Nertrina PULLIGERA, Linn., var. SULCATA, Ten.- Woods. Neritina pulligera, Linn., var. suleata, Ten.-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soe. N. S. Wales, 1878, ii. p. 3. Hab. {n the mountain-streams of the Bellenden Kerr ranges, North Queensland. 298 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE 112. NeRITINA OUVALANIENSIS, Lesson. Neritina oualaniensis, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zoologie, vol. ii. p. 379. For synonymy see Martens in Kiister’s Con.-Cab. p. 193. Hab. Port Essington (J. B. Jukes). This species is widely distributed from the Indian Ocean to the South Pacific, and is a marine form. 113. Neritimna Drinett, Récluz*. Neritina Dringii, Récluz;. Reeve, Con. Icon. pl. xxix. fig. 132 a-b. Nerita Doingii, Récluz, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1845, p. 121. Hab. Hanover Bay, N. Australia (2. #. Dring). This species may be only a variety of the preceding, and is pro- bably marine. 114. Neritina Ranerana, Récluz. Nerita Rangiana, Récluz, Revue Zoologique Soc. Cuvier, 1841, p. 339; Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 142 a—-b (Neritina); Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 95. Nerita viridis, var. major, Rang, Bull. Sci. Férus. 1827, vol. x. p.412. Hab. Port Jackson harbour (Angas, 1. c.); Darnley Island, Torres Straits, 25-80 fms., and New Hebrides (Brazier); island of Negros, Philippines (Cuming); Madagascar (Récluz). 115. Neririvna Souversrana, Montrouzier. Neritina Souverbiana, Montrouzier, Journ. Conch. 1863, vol. xi. pp. 7 & 175, pl. v. fig. 5; Martens, Con. Cab. p. 251, pl. xxiii. figs. 29-31. Neritina (Vitta) pulcherrima, Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 19, pl. i. fig. 25. Hab. New Caledonia (Montrouzier); Port Jackson (Angas) ; Cape Grenville, N.H. Australia, 20 fms., Cape York, 7 fms., and Darnley Island, 5-30 fms. (Brazier). 116. Neritina rrironensts, Le Guillow. Neritina tritonensis, Le Guillou; Reeve, Con. Icon. fig, 68 a-b. Hab. North Australia. 117. Nertrina Bacont, Reeve. Neritina Baconi, Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 127. Hab. Swan River (Dr. Bacon). * Although Récluz in P. Z.S. 1845 quotes the collector and names the species VV, Doingii, we have reason to suspect this to be a clerical error. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 299 118. Neririna auricuLtata, Lamarck. The species is quoted by Reeve as Australian, but without any authority; and it is probably not an inhabitant of the con- tinent. 119. Neritrya Pricuarpt, Dohrn. Neritina Prichardi, Dohrn, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 206, pl. xxvi. fig.2; Martens, Con. Cab. p. 159, pl. xvi. figs. 24-26. Hab. North Australia (Mus. Cuming); Fiji Islands (Dohrn). There are three specimens of this species in the Cumingian collection marked North Australia. They are much eroded on the spire, and present only a slight indication of the raised ridge from which the tubulous spines arise in the normal form, and only one of them exhibits a single short spine. In other respects they are identical. 120. Neritina Leacut, Récluz. Neritina Leachii, Récluz, Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 312 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p- 199. Hab. New Holland. Genus NavICcELLA. 121. NavVICELLA ENTRECASTAUXI, Récluz. Navicella entrecastauxi, Récluz, Revue Zoologique, 1841, p.380; Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 32 ab. Hab. Point Entrecastaux, King George’s harbour, S.W. Aus- tralia. Genus CoRBICULA. The species of this genus are excessively difficult of determina- tion; and without accurate knowledge of exact localities and a good series of specimens, it is very troublesome to define with any degree of precision what may be the essential characters of the different forms. Of the nine species enumerated, two (C. debilis of Gould and ©. baronialis of Prime) are known to me only by description or a figure. 122. Corpicuna ovaLina, Deshayes. (Plate VII. figs. 24-25.) Corbicula ovalina, Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 343 ; Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus. p. 229; Prime, Cat. Corb., Amer. J. Conch. vol. y. p. 134; Clessin, Conch. Cab. p. 203. Cyrina ovalina, Desh., Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 77. Hab. Port Essington. 3800 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE Sowerby’s figure is both badly drawn and coloured, and the de- scription is also incorrect. The sulci are coarser than there repre- sented, the epidermis is blacker, and the posterior side is not ‘“ broadly truncated,” but curved. 123. CorBicULA PROLONGATA, Prime. Corbicula prolongata, Prime, Journal de Conch. vol. ix. p. 356, vol. x. p- 389, pl. xiv. fig. 6 ; Cat. Corbic., Amer. Journ. Conch. vol. v. p. 135 ; Clessin, Con. Cab. ed. 2, p. 191, pl. 38. fig. 1. Cyrena prolongata, Prime, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 94. Hab. Wide Bay, Hast Australia. This species, published in 1861, figured and redescribed in the following year, and since twice quoted in catalogues of the genus by Prime, is stated by Sowerby to be “—? MS. Hanley’s collee- tion,” a statement characteristic of this careless monograph. 124. CorgicuLA NEPEANENSIS, Lesson. (Plate VII. figs. 26- 27.) Cyclas nepeanensis, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zoologie, vol. ii. p. 428, Atlas, pl. xiii. fig. 14; Sowerby, Con. Icon. (Cyrena), fig. 75 (bad). Cyrena australis, Deshayes, Ency. Méthod. 1830, Vert. ii. no. 12, p. 50; Anim. sans Vert. ed. 2, vol. vi. p. 278. Corbicula australis, Desh. Cat. Conchifera Brit. Mus. p. 230; Prime, Americ. Journ. Conch. vol. v. Appendix, p. 128, part. Non Cyrena australis, Desh., Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 82 a, b. Hab. Nepean River, N.S. Wales (Lesson and Brazier); Lochin- var, Hunter River, and Port Curtis (Brit. Mus.); Peel River and Mulgoa, New South Wales, also Brisbane River, Queensland (Brazier). This species, regarding which there is much confusion, was described by Lesson in the ‘ Voyage of the ‘ Coquille,” the volume (vol. ii.) which contains the description bearing the date 1830 on the titlepage. The description, however, was evidently written before this, as Lesson’s preface bears the date January 1828. I think there can be no doubt that Deshayes likewise described the same shell in the ‘ Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ which also is dated 1830, notwithstanding that he himself subsequently, in the British-Museum Catalogue, holds his species distinct. In his original description he says :—“ Jolie petite coquille qui nous a été généreusement communiquée par notre ami, M. Lesson, qui l’a recueillie & la Nouvelle Hollande.” From this it appears that eeids ks FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 801 Lesson must have given him some specimens of his species pro- bably before he had named it nepeanensis ; for had it belonged to another species, we should expect to find it also mentioned in the ‘ Voyage of the ‘ Coquille.’ The two descriptions display cer- tain discrepancies, however; but this is pardonable in so difficult and variable a genus. Deshayes says it is subdepressed, brown- green in the Latin diagnosis, and black-brown in the French description, with a broad orange spot within; hinge with three very small cardinal teeth. On the other hand, Lesson describes the form as swollen, the colour brownish fawn (“faune brunatre ’’), the interior rosy white at the bottom, bluish on the margins, and the hinge possessing two cardinal teeth. One character, not mentioned by either author, consists of two purplish stains or rays which are seen in the interior, one on each side beneath the lateral teeth. Still, although not referred to in his description, Lesson depicts them, though feebly, in his figure. Prime* and Clessint appear to have erroneously united the Cyrena australis of Deshayes with the Cyclas australis of Lamarck. The Australian variety of the latter is, according to Lamarck, a shell only 2 or 3 millim. in diameter. It belongs to the genus Pisum. The species may be described as follows :— Shell subequilateral, transversely ovate, somewhat prominent at the umbones, and compressed at the lateral and lower margin, equally curved at both ends. Epidermis normally brownish straw- colour, sometimes darker and olive-brown; generally rather eroded at the beaks, which are reddish and a little prominent beyond the dorsal marginal curve. Concentric sculpture fine, becoming more or less obsolete on the posterior side, where the epidermis exhi- bits a less glossy appearance, and a number of very fine filaments crossing the concentric striz obliquely. Ligament small, light brown. Interior of the valves bluish white, somewhat reddish or rosy towards the umbones, especially in young specimens, and at times bluish or purplish towards the margins, besides which there are two purplish stains or rays, varying in intensity in dif- ferent specimens, one on each side beneath the lateral teeeth. Hinge with a large double central cardinal tooth in the right valve, with a deep triangular pit on each side of it, with a small * Cat. Corbiculade, Amer. Journ. Conch. vy. Append. p. 128. t Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 140. 302 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE simple tooth on the right of one pit, and a more oblique and thinner one to the left of the other, almost joining the posterior lateral tooth ; the latter is about equal in length to the anterior one, both being finely serrated at the edge and striated on both sides. The left valve has a large triangular deep central pit, with a prominent tooth on each side of it, somewhat grooved or double at their apices, these again having a pit on their outsides, that on the posterior side being narrow and very oblique. Lateral teeth double, separated by a groove for the reception of the simple teeth of the opposing valve. Largest specimen 20 millim. in width, 154 long, 11 in thick- ness. An average example is 15 millim. wide, 12 long, 7 in thickness. 125. CorBicuLA MInoR, Prime. Corbicula minor, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 127; Cat. Corbiculade, 1863, p. 4; Annals Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. York, vol. vill. p. 80, fig. 29; Cat. Corb., Amer. J. Conch. v. p. 133, no. 63; Clessin, Kiister’s Con.-Cab. p. 176, pl. 30. fig. 24. Hab. New Holland (Prime); Richmond River and Burnett River (Brazier). 126. Corzsicuta Ana@ast, Prime. Corbicula Angasi, Prime, Journ. de Conch. 1864, vol. xii. p. 151, pl. vii. fig. 6; Cat. Corb., Americ. J. Conch. vy. p. 128, no. 6; Clessin in Kiister’s Con.-Cab. p. 205, pl. xxxvili. fig. 3; Sowerby, Con. Icon. Cyrena, fig. 90 (coarse) ! Corbicula rivina, Clessin, Con.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 139, pl. xxv. figs. 3, 4. Hab. Murray River, S. Australia (Angas); River Onkaparinga, at Noarlunga (Molineucz). Mr. Angas has liberally placed a series of this species in the British Museum. On removing the rust-red earthy deposit which covers them, the epidermis is of a straw-colour. The interior of the valves varies considerably in painting. Prime describesit as pale orange, and sometimes whitish; but three specimens which I have opened are of a pinkish tint, two of them being much stained with deep purple. The latter colour takes the form of a somewhat triangular spot situated in the deepest part or bottom of the valve, besides which there is a broad concentric band across the middle of the valves. The specimens described by Clessin under the name of C. rivina were also collected by Angas in the Murray River. , BES nt FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 503 127. CoxBicULA BARONIALIS, Prime. Corbicula baronialis, Prime, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York, 1870, vol. ix. p. 300; Clessin, Conch.-Cab. ed. 2, p. 200. Hab. Port Morton, Australia. This species is described as ovately transverse, somewhat com- pressed, subequilateral, with the anterior end rounded, the poste- rior subtruncate. The umbones are short, the epidermis yel- lowish, the sulci irregular, more or less obsolete, the valves thin and white within. The length is 17 millim., width 14, diam. 9. 128. CorBIcULA DEBILIS, Gould. Cyrena debilis, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1850, Dap2o3)5 2: U.S. Explor. Exped. vol. xii. p. 427, Atlas, fig. 529 a-b; id. Otia Conch. p. 86; Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1878, vol. il. p. 255. Corbicula debilis, Gould, Deshayes, Cat. Conch. Brit. Mus. p- 234; Gould, Otia, p. 246; Prime, Cat. Corbic., Am. J. Conch. vol. v. p- 131. Hab. New Holland? (Gould, ‘Otia’) ; Hunter River, New Holland (Prime). This species 1s remarkable on account of the depressed umbones and its cycladiform appearance. 129. CorpicuLa Drsnayest. (Plate VII. figs. 28-29.) Shell transverse, subtriangularly ovate, inequilateral, rather prominent at the umbones ; anterior end shorter, rounded at the margin; posterior a little broader than in front, frequently exhi- biting aslightly acute curve at its junction with the basal curved margin. Epidermis more or less zoned with olive, bluish olive, and darker bands, with the outer edge of an orange colour. Umbones eroded, when wetted exhibiting a dark purple or violet ray. Concentric sculpture coarse on the anterior part of the valves, becoming obsolete from the middle posteriorly. Interior whitish in the umbonal region with a violet spot, pale violet at the lower margin, with a spot on the posterior edge beneath the lateral teeth, all of which and the cardinals are almost white; rest of interior dark violet zoned with a paler tint. Besides the central subtrigonal ray, many specimens exhibit two others, one on each side beneath the side teeth radiating from the apex. Variety. Shell covered with a yellowish epidermis, zoned with light reddish bands. Interior pinkish at the margin and umbo, bluish white with darker zones elsewhere. LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. A 304 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE Width 17 millim., length 18, diameter 93. Hab. Victoria River and Port Essington, North Australia. The specimens here described were named by Deshayes C. aus- tralis when he compiled the British-Museum Catalogue of Cor- biculide. They are, however, quite distinct from that species, which is the same as C. nepeanensis of Lesson, and in no way answer the description of C. australis. The peculiar colour of the epidermis, the pale lower edge of the interior, and the poste- rior whitish spot are very characteristic features of this species. It is more inequilateral than ©. minor, Prime, more coarsely and regularly sculptured and differently coloured. Figures 82a and 826 in the ‘ Conchologia Iconica’ may possibly be intended to represent the variety of this species clothed with a yellowish epidermis. The locality given by Sowerby, “ Isl. of Timor,’’ applies to the Cyclas australis of Lamarck, and not to Cyrena australis of Deshayes. 130. CoRBICULA SUBLEVIGATA,n.sp. (Plate VIL. figs. 30-31.) Shell equilateral, transversely regularly ovate, with moderately prominent beaks. Ends subequally rounded, if at all, the ante- rior the more sharply curved. Epidermis pale straw-colour, inclining to brown at the lower margin, and especially on the posterior dorsal slope, where there are one or two irregular cor- rugated ridges radiating in an irregular manner from the apex. Umbones white, not eroded, smooth. est of the surface finely striated ; the striz most regular and strongest anteriorly, becoming fainter upon the middle and hinder portions of the valves. Inte- rior altogether white. Lateral teeth fine. Width 20 millim., length 15, diameter 10. Hab. Uochinvar, Australia (Dr. Sinclair, R.N.). This species may be recognized among the Australian forms by its simplicity of colouring, its smooth white umbones, the general obsolete character of the concentric sculpture, and the one or two wrinkled ridges down the posterior dorsal slope. C. nepeanensis is more regularly and decidedly sculptured, scarcely as equilateral, and exhibits considerable variety of painting. C. baronialis agrees in colour; but, from Prime’s very brief description, that species appears to be of a different form, having the posterior end sub- truncated, whilst there is no trace of such a peculiarity in the present species. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 305 Genus SPHERIUM. 131. SpHw=RiuM EGREGIUM, Gould. Cyclas egregia, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1850, vol. iti. p. 292 ; id. Otia Conch. p. 86; Wilkes, Explor. Exped. p. 245, Atlas, figs. 526- 5266; Prime, Append., Am. J. Conch. vy. p. 153; Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1878, vol. ii. p. 255. Hab. New South Wales ? (Gould, ‘Otia’). This is a very large species, being seven eighths of an inch in length ; and it is doubtfully Australian. 132. SpumriumM TRANSLUCIDUM, Sowerby. (Plate VIL. fig. 32.) Spherium translucidum, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. fig. 46. Spherium novyze-zelandiz, part., Deshayes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854; id. Cat. Corbiculide Brit. Mus. p. 273. Hab. Palm-tree Creek, Australia. The specimens which received the name translucidum were cou- sidered by Deshayes to belong to his S. nove-zelandie ; and hence it is that the locality New Holland is given in his ‘ Mono- graph of Corbiculide in the British Museum.’ I must here state that the figure in Mr. Sowerby’s mono- graph is not only utterly useless, but altogether misleading. His description of the form, with the exception of the dorsal margin, which slopes on each side of the umbones, is fairly correct ; but where is the acuminated anterior end in the figure? The colour is hyaline white, and the mixture of red and yellow observable in the illustration has no existence in reality. 133. SPHHRIUM QUEENSLANDICUM,nu.sp. (Plate VII. fig. 33.) Shell hyaline white, rather inequilateral, somewhat inflated, obliquely subcircular, only a little wider than long; anterior end longer, slightly acuminated ; posterior shorter, broader, obtusely curved. Ventral margin much curved. Concentric strie very minute. Length 34 millim., width 4. Hab. Limestone Creek, Burdekin River, Queensland (Brazier). More inequilateral than S. transluctdum, longer, with more prominent umbones, more circular, with the anterior end less acuminate, and the posterior not so decidedly truncated. 134. Spuartum Macernitvrayi, n.sp. (Plate VII. fig. 34.) Shell nearly equilateral, not much inflated, transversely oyate, transparent white ; anteriorly a little narrower and more acumi- 21* 306 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE nate than at the opposite extremity, which is broadly arcuate ; lower margin regularly widely arcuate. Lines of growth very fine. Levgtk 5 millim., width 6. Hab. Penrith, New South Wales (MacGillivray, Voyage of the ‘Rattlesnake ’). This species is less narrow and acuminated anteriorly than S. translucidum, and not truncated at the hinder end. It is more ovate and less oblique than S. gueenslandicum. Genus PrsipIvM. 135. Prstptum austRALb, Lamarck, var. Cyclas australis, Lamk. Anim. s. Vert. vol. v. p. 560; Deshayes, ed. 2, vol. vi. p. 270; id. Cat. Corbiculide Brit. Mus. p. 285 (as Pisum). Hab. Port King George, New Holland. The typical form of this species is said by Lamarck to come from the island of Timor, Hence it seems most probable that what he considered a variety from Australia is in fact a distinct species. Carpenter*, on the authority of Gray, quotes Lamarck’s species as synonymous with Lasea rubra, Montagu. It has been confused with the Cyrena australis of Deshayes by Prime; but that species is a Corbicula and synonymous with C. nepeanensis, as I have already shown. 136. Prstprum sEMEN, Venke. Pisidium semen, Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 40; Deshayes, Cat. Corbi- culide in Brit. Mus. p. 284 (as Pisum) ; Prime, Appendia, Am. J.Conch. v. p. 173. Hab. On the sand-bank of Swan River. This species, only alittle more than a line in length, is described by Menke as obliquely ovate, ventricose, with turgid umbones, clothed with a yellow corneous epidermis, paler at the margin, very finely transversely striated, and, when decorticated, white or lilae. 137. Prsrptum Erueripets, n.sp. (Plate VII. fig. 35.) Shell slightly inequilateral, a little oblique, subcordiform, tumid, whitish, covered with a greyish cuticle ; anterior end the longer, acuminated and sharply curved ; posterior broadly rounded. Ventral margin regularly curved. Umbones rather prominent, with the * ‘Mazatlan Cat.’ p. 108. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALTA. 307 young shell forming a more or less distinct apical cap. Concen- tric strize very fine. Width 65 millim., length 54, diam. 34. Hab. Yau-Yean Reservoir, Plenty District, Victoria, South Australia (2. Etheridge). Not unlike the European P. casertanum, but rather less inequi- lateral. Genus Unto. Chronological List of described Species. 1818. Unio australis, Lamarck. ve depressus, Lamarck. 1834. —— nove-hollandie, Gray. 1842 eratiosus, Parreyss. 1843 cucumoides. Lea, = novee-hollandiz. 1848 ambiguus, Parreyss. s —— wultidentatus, Parreyss. re Sulmineus, Parreyss,= multidentatus, var, 1850 nepeanensis, Conrad. cultelliformis, Conrad,= depressus. » — balonnensis, Conrad,= ambiguus. ss —— profugus, Gould. 1852. Cumingianus, Dunker, = nove-hollandiz. 1855. ——— Lessoni, Kiister,= nepeanensis. rugulosus, Charpentier. s —— Shuttleworthi, Charpentier. 1856. —— Shuttleworthi, Léa,= Angasi. 1859. —— mutabilis, Lea,= depressus. vittatus, Lea, = ambiguus. — Wilsonii, Lea. 39 33 33 1861. —— philippianus, Kiister,= ambiguus. 1862. semiplicatus, Kiister. 1863. —— Stuarti, Adams § Angas. 1864. Evansi, Adams & Angas. 1865. moretonicus, Reeve, = australis, var. ~ 1867. —— Angasi (Lea), Reeve. 1871. —— Danellii, Villa. 1874. —— Jeffreysianus, Lea. 138. Unto Aneast, Lea. Unio Shuttleworthii, Lea (non Charpentier), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1856, p. 94; id. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. 1858, vol. ii. p. 304, pl. xxviii. fig. 19; Reeve’s Conchol. Icon. fig. 167. Unio Angasi, Lea, MS.; Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. 282. Anodon Angasii, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 127. Hab. Balonne River, Brisbane River, and River Isaacs (Brit. Mus.); Strangeways River, N. Australia (Angas). This, the largest of the Australian species, is very elongate transversely, although in this respect it is subject to considerable 808 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE variation, as the following measurements of two specimens show. One is 127 millim. long and 65 wide, the other 124 millim. in length and 69 in width. Specimens from the river Isaacs are remark- able for having the hinder half considerably tuberculose. The nacre is sometimes entirely white, bluish, or purplish; but in nearly every instance is more or less stained at the upper part and posteriorly with livid purple, olive, or a combination of these colours, difficult to define. The name Shuttleworthi, which Lea in 1856 imposed upon this species, was in the year previous employed by Kister for another species of this genus, also coming from Australia. The figure and name only of the latter appeared in 1855 in Part 147 of the ‘Conchylien-Cabinet,’ and the description in the following year. In his “Synopsis of the Family Unionide,’ Lea makes no mention of Kiister’s species. U. Angasi, Lea, which name can be conveniently employed for this species, was described by Reeve from what I take to be the rather young state of this form. 139. Unto pepressus, Lamarck. Unio depressus, Lamarck, An. s. Vert. ed. 2, vol. vi. p.544; Delessert, Recueil des Coq. pl. xii. fig. 5; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 200; Conrad, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, 1854, vol. il. part 4, p. 295. NonUnio depressus, Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. 81. Unio mutabilis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 152; Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 112. Unio cultelliformis, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1850, p- 10; Journ. Acad. N. S. Phil. 1854, p. 295, pl. xxvi. fig. 2. Hab. Bogan River (Conrad and Brit. Mus.); River Nepean (MacGillivray) ; Brisbane Water and Murray River. Conrad is right, I think, in uniting his U. eultelliformis with , Lamarck’s U. depressus. The figure in Delessert cannot, how- ever, represent the actual type, which is described as 52 millim. long, for that delineated is ouly 40. Conrad’s specimen is said to be 60 millim. in length, and the largest in the Museum is 77. Allthe examples which I have seen have a slight sinuation near the middle of the ventral margin, and a depression radiating from the umbo to that part of the outline. The anterior muscular scar is comparatively deep for so thina shell, and of an irregular form. A second small, Lut very deep pit is seid just beneath the anterior or cardinal teeth. This is shown in Delessert’s figure, and also pointed out by Conrad (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 309 p. 295). The U. mutabilis of Lea has this peculiarity also. The U. depressus of the ‘ Conchologia Iconiea,’ fig. 81, is a very dis- tinct species, and approaches certain varieties of U. ambiguus, the specimen figured being from Tasmania. 140. Unto austratis (Lamarck), Philippi. Unio australis, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. ed. 2, vol. vi. p. 546; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 192, pl. xxi. fig. 25; Philippi, Abbild. vol. iii. p- 81, pl. v. fig. 5. Non Unio australis, Lamk., Kiister, Con.-Cab. p. 230, pl. Ixxvii. fig. 6. Var.=Unio moretonicus, Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 118. Hab. Australia. This species, U. balonnensis, Conrad, U. ambiguus, Parreyss, U. vittatus, Lea, U. Danellii, Villa, and U. profugus, Gould, are very difficult to define. The second and third, I think, are cer- tainly the same. JU. australis, as determined by Philippi, is very like the U. Shuttleworthii of Lea, but rather less elongate, agreeing with it, however, in the slight ventral sinuation and the narrower anterior end. Lamarck’s diagnosis is so brief, that it is utterly impossible to know what species he had before him. I therefore adopt Philippi’s idea of it. He was the first to describe and figure a shell which he believed to be the U. australis. Subsequently Kiister, in the ‘ Conchylien-Cabinet,’ describes and figures under this name a shell which appears to me different from that repre- sented by Philippi. Kuster makes no reference to the latter author’s work. The figure in the ‘ Conchylien-Cabinet’ repre- sents a specimen with a coarsely concentrically striated surface and scarcely attenuating anteriorly. On the contrary, Philippi’s figure is more finely striated, and the hinder end is considerably broader than the anterior. 141. Unto ameieuus, Parreyss. Unio ambiguus, Parreyss, Philippi, Abbild. vol. ii. Lieferung 2, 1848, p- 47, pl. ii. fig. 2; Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. pon Ciister’s Con.-Cab. pl. Ixxix. fig. 2. Unio balonnensis, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1850, p. 10; id. Journ, Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 295, pl. xxvi. fig. 3; Lea, Synopsis, ed. 1870, p. 103, as var. of depressus, Lamk. Unio philippianus, Kuster, Con.-Cab. p. 235. Unio vittatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1859, p. 153; Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 83. 310 MR. BE. A. SMITH ON THE Hab. Balonne and Bogan rivers (Conrad); River Onka-paringa, at Noarlunga (Molineux, U. vittatus). The name ambiguus was published by Philippi in the second part of the third volume of his ‘ Abbildungen,’ which was com- pleted in 1851. The Lieferung in question, however, appears to be undated ; but a private mark upon the copy in the British- Museum library shows that it was obtained during the year 1848, or two years previous to the publication of Conrad’s U. balonnensis. Philippi’s figure does not represent the full size to which the species attains, for one specimen in the Museum from Melbourne has an extreme diameter of 4} inches. The nacre is described as bluish, becoming in the umbonal region brassy or flesh- coloured, or pale flesh-colour with brass-coloured stains. Judg- ing from the Museum series, as a rule, the lower or ventral half of the shell is bluish white, and the umbonal region, and, indeed, frequently the upper half of the shell, is stamed with a brassy- brown colour. The posterior end, especially upon the muscular scar, displays the greatest iridescence. I fail to discover any essential difference in the U. vittatus of Lea. The types in the Museum from Cuming’s collection are of a paler and yellower colour than usual ; and consequently two or three of the dark concentric zones marking periods of growth contrast more conspicuously than in deeper-coloured specimens. The form is the same, the sculpture perhaps a trifle finer, and the surface therefore rather smooth. The teeth offer no dif- ferences ; and the interior, although described by Lea as white, is in reality bluish white on the lower half and brassy brown towards the umbonal region, just as it is in the normal form represented by Philippi. Kuster changed the name ambiguus to philippianus, because the former had been employed for another species which he in- cludes in the genus Unio, although described by Lamarck as a Castalia. 142. Unto prorucus, Gould. Unio profugus, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1850, vol. iii. p. 295 ; id. Explor. Exped. p. 429, Atlas, pl. xxxviii. fig. 54306; id. Otia Conch. p. 88. Hab. Hunter River, N. 8. Wales. This species appears to be rather narrower than U. ambiguus, in which respect it approaches U. Shuttleworthi of Lea, but it does not FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. dll narrow anteriorly like that species. The bifid cardinal tooth of the right valve, remarked upon by Gould, appears to be a cha- racter common to most of the Australian species of this genus. 143. Unto Danewtutt, Villa. Unio Danellii, Villa, Journ. de Conch. 1871, vol. xix. p. 328. Hab. Brunswick, 8. Australia (Villa) ; Yarra River, Victoria (Crosse, l. c. p. 329). This species is known to me only by a brief diagnosis. It may be a form of U. ambiguus. 144. Unto Saurriewortut, Charpentier. Unio Shuttleworthii, Charpentier, Kiister’s Conch.-Cab. Lieferung 147, 1855, explanation of plates on cover, pl. xliv. fig. 2. Unio Shuttleworthii, Kwster, description 7. ¢., Lieferung 150, 1856, p. 152. Hab. New Holland. This species appears to be very closely allied to the U. am- biguus, Parreyss, but differs chiefly in being proportionally much narrower in front. 145. Unto Jnrrreysianus, Lea. Unio Jeffreysianus, Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vol. viii. 1874, p. 23, pl. vii. fig. 20. Hab. Australia. The remarkable peculiarity of this species consists in the lateral teeth in both valves being single. In all other respects it agrees with U. ambiguus. One specimen of the latter in the British Museum has this irregularity. It is the largest example, and is stated to have been found at Melbourne. 146. Unto Witsont, Lea. Unio Wilsonii, Lea,Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.Philad. 1859, p.153 ; id. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. ser. 2, vol. iv. p. 256, pl. xl. fig. 137; Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. 472 (Lea’s figure reversed). Hab. “ Eastern branch of Isaac’s plain, New South Wales.” — Lea. 147. Unto Stvarrt. Unio (Alasmodon) Stuarti, A. Adams & Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 417; Reeve’s Con. Icon. pl. xliv. fig. 279, pl. xlv. fig. 279 a. Anodon Stuarti, Sowerby, Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. 136 a-b. Hab. Lagoon near Mt. Margaret, Central Australia (Angas) ; Umbun, forty miles south of Peake (J. Chandler). 312 MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE It is in keeping with Mr. Sowerby’s work that this species should appear in 1866 as a Unio and in 1870 as an Anodon. 148. Unio rueuLosus, Charpentier. Unio rugulosus, Charpentier, Kiister’s Con.-Cab. 1855, part 147, pl. xliv. fig. 5; id. 1. c. 1856, part 150, p. 154. Hab. New Holland. 149. Unio NEPEANENSIS, Conrad. Unio nepeanensis, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1850, vol. v. p- 10; id. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sct. Philad. ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 296, pl. xxvi. fig. 4; Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. 110. Unio depressus, Lesson, non Lamarck, Voy. Coquille, p. 427, pl. xv. figs. 5-5 a. Unio Lessonii, Aiister, 1855, Con.-Cab. p. 135, pl. xxxvi. fig. 4 (copy of Lesson’s figure). Hab. Nepean River, N. 8. Wales (Conrad, Lesson, and Mac- Gillivray). This species is readily distinguished by the coarse wrinkles upon the umbones. These in Lesson’s specimen appear to be much eroded ; hence this peculiarity probably escaped his notice. The form of his shell, however, with the comparatively square or truncated anterior end, corresponds with that of U. nepeanensis ; and since the locality quoted by him and Conrad is identical, I am inclined, with the latter, to consider them belonging to the same species. 150. Unto Evanst, A. Adams § Angas. Unio (Alasmodon) Evansi, A. Adams § Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p- 39; Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. 285. Hab. Lagoons of Lower Murray River, South Australia (Angas). 151. Unio NovH-HOLLANDIA, Gray. Unio nove-hollandiz, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 57; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 182. Unio cucumoides, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1843, vol. viii. pl. vii- fig. 2; Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. 89 ; Kiister’s Con.-Cab. p. 219, pl. Ixxiy. fig. 1. Tks Cumingianus, Dunker, Zeitsch. f. Mal. 1852, vol. ix. p. 53. Hab. Richmond River and Hunter River (coll. Cuming); Brisbane River, N. S. Wales (J. MacGillivray); Macquarrie River (Gray). I can positively affirm the identity of the U. cuwcumoides of Lea FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 313 and this species, as the two valves upon which Gray founded his description are now in the Museum, having been presented by him afew years ago. Upon one the locality Macquarrie River is written, and upon the other the name is in his own hand- writing. 152. Unto MULTIDENTATUS, Parreyss. Unio multidentatus, Parreyss, Philippi, Abbild. vol. iii. p. 46, pl. iii. fig. 4; Kiister’s Con.-Cab. pl. xxxvi. fig. 5. Var.=Unio fulmineus, Parreyss, Philippi, 1. ¢. figs. 5-6 ; Kiister, p. 286, pl. xevi. figs. 2, 3. Hab. Australia (Parreyss). The differences in outline and dentition pointed out by Philippi in the two forms which he considered specific are not, I think, more than individual variations. The Museum purchased of Parreyss, in 1841, four specimens labelled U. fulmineus, which represent both types. The older the shell, the more multidentate becomes the cardinal tooth. 153. Unto eratiosus, Parreyss. Unio gratiosus, Parreyss, Philippi, Abbild. vol. i. pl. i. fig. 5; Kiister’s Con,-Cab. p. 239, pl. Ixxx. fig. 3. Hab. Australia (Parreyss). - his species has amore finely corrugated surface than U. mul- tidentatus, and is narrow. 154. Unto semipiicatus, Kiister. Unio semiplicatus, Kuster, Con.-Cab. p. 279, pl. xciv. fig. 4. Hab. Australia. A narrow form with the posterior end coarsely wrinkled. Genus Mycrrtoprvs. 155. Mycertorus rucatus, Sowerby. Mycetopus rugatus, Sowerby, Conchol. Iconica, vol. xvi. fig. 7; Smith, Voy. Erebus & Terror, pl. iv. fig. 1; Clessin, Kuster’s Con.-Cab. p- 205, pl. Ixvii. fig. 3; Lea, Synopsis, ed. 4, pp. 90 & 147. Hab. Victoria River, N. Australia (Capt. Wickham, R.N., and mus. Cuming.). It is very remarkable that Australia and South America should possess species so much alike as IZ. szliguosus and the above. Olt MR. E. A. SMITH ON THE Pseudo- Australian Species. The following species have, erroneously I think, been quoted as inhabiting Australia. 1. Puysa Brunyiensis, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 99 a-b. Hab. Brunni Island, Australia. This island is situated near the south coast of Tasmania, and therefore I do not include this species among the Australian Physe. 2. Paysa aperta, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 88 a-b. Hab. “ Near Hamilton, Australia.” This species, too, like the preceding, is not Australian, the town of Hamilton being in Tasmania. 3. PHysa sInvATA, Gould. Hab. “ New South Wales” (Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 55 a—b). This species is described by Gould as having been brought from the Fiji Islands; and the locality assigned to it by Sowerby is apparently one of very many errors of this description occur- ring in the ‘ Conchologica Iconiea.’ 4. Puysa Toneana, Quoy J Gaimard. Hab. “Australia’’ (Con. Icon. fig. 54). The authors of this species give the Tonga or Friendly Islands as the locality of this species; and Sowerby is most probably again in error in citing Australia as the habitat; for it is unlikely that the same species of this genus occurs both in Tonga and Australia. — 5. PHYSA AURICULATA, Glassies. Hab. Australia (Sow. Con. Icon. pl. ix. fig. 67, pl. xii. fig. 67 0). I must here correct Sowerby in stating that his figure was drawn from a specimen in the British Museum. This species was not in the National Collection at the time when his monograph was published. The locality, too, given by Sowerby is incorrect, unless he considers New Caledonia, whence the species was described by M. Gassies, to be in Australia. 6. PHYSA KANAKINA, Gassies. Hab. “ Kanakina,” Australia (Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 68). Like the preceding, this species also is an inhabitant of New Caledonia. M. Gassies imposed this name (Aanakina) upon the species because it was met with in a locality peopled by a tribe called the “ kanakas.’”’ The fact of Mr. Sowerby giving “kanakina”’ (an adjective) as a place situated in Australia, shows the entire FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. 315 absence of care in the preparation of his monograph. The ‘Journal de Conchyliologie’ must have been in his hand, for the figure there given is copied, though badly as regards colour; and yet the text could not have been consulted, or such an unpardon- able error could never have been committed, and such an ab- surdity as “the Kanakina Physa”’ would never have appeared. 7. PHYSA CASTANEA, Sowerby. Hab. Australia (Sowb. Con. Icon. fig. 86). The shell here figured was formerly considered by Sowerby (‘Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,’ Limnea, pl. ii. fig. 7) the Physa castanea of Lamarck. This is European in its distribution. As Sowerby has merely copied the original figure, and does not know in whose possession the shell now is, it appears to me un- justifiable on his part to state that it is Australian. The de- scription of the figure, too, is incorrect, for neither in the original nor the copy of it do the whorls appear “ angular.” Physa cas- tanea of Sowerby’s * Conchological Manual,’ pl. xiv. f. 310, is, again, a distinct species. 8. Puysa arrenvata, Sowerby, Con. Icon. fig. 94. Hab. Dulverton Lake, Australia. This is a Tasmanian species, and not from Australia. Lake Dulverton is quoted by the Rev. Tenison-Woods, in his “ Mono- graph of the Freshwater Shells of Tasmania,” as the locality for P. mamillata, Sowerby (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1875, p. 73). AMPULLARIA. The two following species are not considered Australian, as the authenticity of the localities rests solely upon the statement m the ‘Conchologia Iconica, a work notable for incorrect or erroneous habitats. 9. AmpuLLARTA PoLita, Deshayes ; Con. Icon. fig. 35. Hab. Port Jackson, Australia. 10. AMPULLARIA TURBINOIDES, eeve, Con. Icon. fig. 37. 11. Unto supersus, Lea. Unio superbus, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1846, vol. ix. p. 281, pl. xli. fig. 11; Reeve’s Con. Icon. fig. 281. Unio velaris, Benson, Hanley, Bivalve Shells, Appendiz, p. 385, pl. xxiii. fig. 42. 316 ON THE FRESHWATER SHELLS OF AUSTRALIA. Hab. New Holland (Lea), Danu-Luar River, Sumatra (Dunker, teste Lea); Bugis, Celebes (Hanley). This species is erroneously considered Australian by Lea. 12. ANODONTA PURPUREA, Valenciennes. Anodonta purpurea, Valenciennes, Humboldt § Bonpland’s Voyage, Zoologie, vol. ii. pl. xviii. bis, fig.3 ; Hanley, Cat. Recent Shells, p.218 Lea, Synops. ed. 4, p. 106; Clessin in Kiuster’s Conch.-Cab, p. 77, pl. xix. fig. 1. Hab. Philippines (Valenciennes, Hanley, Clessin); Australia (Lea). 13. CorpicuLa semisuLcata, Deshayes, P. Z, 8. 1854, p. 343. Hab. Victoria River (Deshayes). Prime has pointed out that this species is the same as C. limosa of Maton, a South-American form ; and in this decision I fully concur. 14. CorBIcuLA OBLONGA, Clessin. Hab. “Apparently Australia.” This species is merely supposed to be Australian by Clessin (Con.-Cab. p. 261), on account of its similarity in outline to other forms from that continent. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Puate V. Figs. 1-3. Melania balonnensis. Figs. 15. Limnea Brazieri. 4-8. M. denisoniensis. 16. L. victorie. 9-10. M. venustula. 17-18, L. brevicauda. 11. M. queenslandica. 19-20, Physa novee-hollandiz. 12. M. Elseyi. 21-22. P. Lessoni. 13. M. subsimilis. 23-24. P. georgiana. 14. Limnea affinis. 25. P. Grayi. PuatE VI. Figs. 1-2. Physa marginata. Figs. 20. Physa gracilenta. 3-6. P. gibbosa. 21. P. producta. 7-8. P. australis. 22. P. Brazieri. 9-10. P. Ludwigii. 23. P. queenslandica. 11. P. pectorosa. 24, P. Quoyi. 12. P. australiana. 25. P. Etheridgii. 13-14. P. concinna. 26. P. breviculmen. 15. P. olivacea. 27. P. tenuilirata. 16. P. acutispira. 28. P. exarata. 17. P. pyramidata. 29. P. bonus-henricus. 18. P. fusiformis. 30-32. Planorbis Gilberti. 19. P. Beddomei. 33-35. P. essingtonensis. pric ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. 317 Puate VII. Figs. 1-3. Planorbis fragilis. Figs. 21. Hydrobia Brazieri. 4-6. P. macquariensis. 22. H. Angasi. 7-10. Segmentina austra- 23. H. Petterdi. liensis. 24-25. Corbicula ovalina. 11-13. 8S. victorise. 26-27. O. nepeanensis. 14, Vivipara Waterhousei. 28-29. C. Deshayesii. 15. V. Kingi. 380-81. C. subleevigata. 16. V. tricincta. 32. Sphzrium translucidum. 17. VY. dimidiata. 33. 8. queenslandicum. 18. Bithinia australis. 34. S. Macgillivrayi, 19. Tatea rufilabris. 35. Pisidium Htheridgii. 20. Hydrobia victoriz. 36-37. Ancylus australicus ? Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea. By R. Bowprrr Suarez, F.LS8., F.Z.S. Part VII.— Diagnoses of new Species of Birds from the back of the Astrolabe Range, S.E. New Guinea. [Read March 2, 1882.] I am indebted to my friends Messrs. Osbert Salvin and F. Du Cane Godman for the opportunity of examining a very inter- esting collection of birds lately received by them from their cor- respondent Mr. A. Goldie. The name of this collector is well known in connexion with the natural history of South-eastern New Guinea; and in the present instance, having visited fresh ground, he has procured several very striking species of birds, some of which appear to be new to science. I am preparing for the Society a detailed account of the collection; and in the meautime content myself with supplying diagnoses of some species which seem to me to be undescribed. Order PSITTACI. TRICHOGLOSSUS GOLDIEI, sp. n. Supra viridis, collo postico flavo vario; pileo purpurascente ; fronte et sincipite et facie laterali scarlatinus, hac purpureo lavata ; remigibus rectricibusque viridibus, intus pallide flavis ; corpore subtus toto viridi-flavicante, plumis late saturatiore viridi distincte striatis ; abdomine imo viridiore et vix striolato; sub- alaribus et subcaudalibus tamen distincte viridi striatis. Long. tot. 6°5, ale 4, caudex 3, tarsi 0°5. 318 ON THE ORNITHOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA. CYCLOPSITTACUS COCCINEIFRONS, Sp. 0. Similis C. diophthalmo, sed fascia frontali, loris, genis et regione parotica sordide coccineis nec scarlatinis distinguendus. Long. tot. 5°6, ale 3°65, tarsi 0°3. Order PASSERIFORMES. Fam. MUSCICAPIDAE. P@CILODRYAS ALBIFACIES, sp. 0. Similis P. Jewcopi, sed regione periophthalmica tota alba dis- tinguenda. Long. tot. 4°5, ale 2°85, tarsi 0°8. MonarcCHA PERIOPHTHALMICUS, Sp. 0. Affinis WZ. fratro, sed regione periophthalmica tota nigra dis- tinguendus. Long. tot. 5°5, ale 3:4, tarsi 0°75. Fam. CAMPOPHAGIDZ. EDOLIISOMA POLIOPSA, Sp. 0. Q. E. schisticipiti Q affinis, sed mento, genis antieis et re- gione parotica tota schistaceis distinguenda. Fam. LANIIDS. PACHYCEPHALOPSIS POLIOSOMA, Sp. 0. Supra omnino cinerea, pileo vix obscuriore ; tectricibus alarum dorso concoloribus ; remigibus caudaque brunnescentioribus ; loris et superciliis cum regione parotica cinerascentibus ; regione anteoculari et fascia suboculari nigris ; subtus cinerea; abdomine imo et subcaudalibus albicantibus ; gula albicanti-brunnea, late- raliter cinereo lavata; genis albidis, fasciam indicantibus; axil- laribus et subalaribus cinerascentibus ; remigibus infra sepiariis, intus pallide brunneo limbatis. Long. tot. 6°3, ale 4-2, tarsi 1:2. Fam. MEpLIPHAGID®. ZosTEROPS DELICATULA, Sp. 0. Affinis Z. frontali, sed genis anticis cum loris et sincipite nigris, et precipue pectore lateribusque delicate cinereo distinguenda. Long. tot. 3°8, alz 2°83, caude 1°55, tarsi 0°65. MELILESTES POLIOPTERDS, sp. 0. Affinis I. nove guinee, sed alis et pileo plumbeis et macula gutturali flava distinguendus. Long. tot. 44, culmen 1:2, ale 2°05, caude 1°55, tarsi 0°7. ON A NEW GENUS OF INSECTIVOBA. 319 PTILOTIS MARMORATA, sp. n. Similis P. cineree, Sclater, sed minor et plumis gutturis et pra- pectoris albido marginatis distinguenda. Long. tot. 7, culm. 1:05, alz 3°8, caudex 3°7, tarsi 1:05. Fam, TIMELIID #&. EUPETES PULCHER, sp. n. Affinis #. castanonoto, Salvad., sed pileo rufescenti-brunneo nec dorso concolori, et fascia gutturali nigra gulam albam cingente absente. Fam. FRINGILLIDS. MUnIA GRANDIS, sp. n. Similis I. jagori, sed multo major et pileo colloque totis cum corpore subtus toto nigerrimis, hypochondriis castanéis exceptis, distinguenda. Long. tot. 4, ale 2°2, tarsi 0°65. Description of a new Genus and two new Species of Insecti- vora from Madagascar. By Oxuprienp Tuomas, F.ZS., Zool. Depart. British Museum. (Communicated by Dr. J. Morte, F.L.S.) [Read March 2, 1882.] In the collection of Mammalia recently brought by the Rev. W. Deans Cowan from Eastern Betsileo there occur a large number of two small shrew-like animals—one, of which there are no less than thirty-nine examples, having a most extraordinarily long tail, from two to three times the length of the head and body ; and the other, represented by eight specimens, with a tail rather shorter than the trunk. These two species, at first sight so different, prove, on a closer examination, to belong to the same genus, and that a hitherto undescribed one. It belongs to the well-known Madagascar family Centetide. I propose to call it MicroGaLe, gen. nov. Dentition :—I. 3, C. }, P.M. 3, M. $x2=40. Upper incisors small, the first two slightly exceeding the third in height, each with one posterior secondary cusp, and the second one with two anterior secondary cusps of equal height, one internal and the other ex- ternal. Canines very slightly larger than the first incisors, with minute anterior and posterior secondary cusps. Premolars small, the first linear, the second and third triangular, ull with anterior and posterior secondary cusps. Molars triangular, somewhat like those of Centetes on a small scale, but each with a well-marked internal basal ledge, and along the outer side three or four variously proportioned minute cusps. LINN. JOURN. VOL.—ZOOLOGY, XVI. 22 320 MR. O. THOMAS ON NEW SPECIES In the lower jaw the incisors are very small, the two middle ones nearly horizontal, slightly spatulate, and each with one external secondary cusp ; second and third pairs, and the canines, each consisting of one large an- terior and one small posterior cusp. Premolars and molars all about equal in height, and very similar in general form to those of Centetes; but the posterior ledge of the last molar has a well developed cusp, half the height of the main anterior one, so that externally this tooth appears to be twice the size of any of the others. Skull with united nasals, a ring-shaped tympanic bone, and a well- marked lacrymal canal. Clavicles well-developed. Tibi and fibule anchylosed together for their distal halves. Vertebral formula—cervical 7, dorsal 16, lumbar 5, sacral 2, and 44 in M. longicaudata. caudal {34 35 a7 Cowani. Fur soft, not spiny. Ears.large. Muzzle with a naked tract from nose to upper lip. Toes 5—5, not fossorial. Tail well developed. MicRoGALE LONGICAUDATA, sp. nov. (Type of genus.) Fur long and soft, in colour very much as in Mus musculus, namely dark slaty blue, the tips of the hairs above brown, below fawn. Lips and upperside of feet lighter. Tail more than twice the length of the body and head combined (see dimensions below), covered with seales and short hairs, slate- above, pale flesh-colour below. Feet and claws small; soles nearly or quite naked, minutely granulated, with six pads on both fore and hind limbs. Ears very large, laid for- ward they quite cover the eyes. Naked tract from muzzle to lips with a median groove, in addition to the two faint grooves which form its boundaries. Microgale longicaudata:—A, Side view of skull, twice nat. size. Microcare Cowant, sp. n. Teeth (B) of upper jaw, (C) of Very similar to J. longicaudata lower jaw, three times nat. size. in its cranial and dental characters ; 7” Deielog © ent a ges . about nat. size. but externally, though its colour is pS OF INSECTIVORA FROM MADAGASCAR, 321 quite the same, it is readily distinguishable from that species by its larger size, smaller ears, very much shorter tail (see dimensions below), and its proportionally shorter feet and shorter fifth toes. The naked line on the underside of the muzzle is also narrower than in IL longicaudata, and has no additional median groove. Dimensions. Forearm LHar- Head Hind and conch, Muzzle M. longicaudata: ead. andbody. Tail. foot. hand. length. to ear. a. Spec. figd. and in. in. in. in. in. in. in, described ... 1:03 2-65 62 “71 92 “60 “75 d SEnOcCa SHEE DERE 98 2-40 58 “70 89 52 72 Oy gcccul athens 91 2:15 4:7 64 78 55 65 The ss in sa RE ee 92 2:05 4-6 ‘61 75 56 62 Oceana cn eee ae 93 2-20 4-4 63 77 57 65 Ee Sic as cones 98 2:27 4:45 65 77 56 68 M. Cowani: a. Spec.described 1:10 3:0 2°5 64 82 50 85 BP ee em dak, Soc: 1:05 2-65 2:15 56 76 46 78 Coe eae dacs cee 92 2-45 1:95 D4 68 46 70 d. (imm.).....°... 92 2-25 1:7 "DD 72 “40 69 Skulls. Breadth Between Length of across maxillary upper Lower brain- zygomatic dental dental Length of Length. case. processes. series. series. lower jaw. M. longicaudata. ‘78 33 26 36 35 52 M. Cowani* ... 84 35 32 “40 36 9)9) All the specimens of both species were obtained by Mr. Cowan in the Ankdfana forest, Eastern Betsileo, between the middle of February and the middle of March, 1880. This time of year being, in Madagascar, the autumn, and therefore not the breeding- season, I have been unable to make out the number of mamma, or any other characters connected with the sexual organs. WMicrogale differs from Geogale, a genus recently described by Prof. A. Milne-Edwards +, by the quite different shape of its skull and teeth, and by the much larger number of the latter. This genus is an extremely interesting one, as adding another connecting link between Centetes and Potamogale, agreeing with the former in the possession of a clavicle and lacrymal canal, and with the latter by its long tail, soft fur, and united tibia and fibula. Iam indebted for a knowledge of the correct position of * Anterior milk-incisors still remaining. t Aun. Se. Nat. 1872. 322 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON A NEW SPECIES this genus to Dr. G. E. Dobson, who has had the advantage of seeing in Paris the types of Geogale awrita, the form to which, merely from Prof. Milne-Edwards’s description, I had originally thought it most nearly allied. ; With regard to the arrangement of the flexor tendons of the hind feet, on which Dr. Dobson* has recently laid much stress, it would appear that this part in Mierogale is still in a rather early and undifferentiated condition, the two muscles in question, the flexor hallucis longus and the flexor digitorwm longus, not haying become fully separated, as their tendons are united in the sole of the foot, and form but one broad tendinous mass, which splits up again into five digital slips. On a new Species of Sand-Martin (Cottle) from Madagascar. By BR. Bowpuzr Suarrz, F.LS., F.Z.8., &c., Department of Zoology, British Museum. [Read March 2, 1882.] Tur Rev. Deans Cowan has lately been exploring the Forest of Ankéfana in the Betsileo country, Madagascar, and has brought thence a very large and interesting collection in all branches of natural history. Amongst the birds there is an apparently un- described species of Cotile, which I propose to call, after its discoverer, Corite CowaNI, sp. n. Adult female. General colour above dark sooty brown, slightly paler on the lower back and rump; wing-coverts like the back, the inner greater coverts and inner secondaries rather lighter and with slightly paler margins ; primary-coverts and quills very dark brown; tail-feathers very dark brown, with narrow paler edgings, the outermost feathers very narrowly fringed with white ; lores blackish ; ear-coverts and sides of face dark sooty brown, the cheeks and throat ashy brown; remainder of under surface of body dark ashy brown, including the thighs ; lower abdomen whitish ; under tail-coverts pure white; axillaries and under wing-coverts dark ashy brown like the breast, the edge of the wing with paler ashy margins to the feathers ; quills dark brown * Monograph of the Insectivora, p. 67 &c. (1882). OF SAND-MARTIN FROM MADAGASCAR. 320 below, rather more ashy along the inner web. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0°25, wing 3°65, tail 1:9, tarsus 0°4. Hab. Ankafana Forest, Betsileo, S.H. Madagascar. Native name ‘ Firizinga.”’ This species comes nearest to Cotile paludicola of South Africa, but differs in the following particulars :— 1. The general colour above is altogether darker, and ap- proaches more to blackish brown. 2. In the adult South-African bird the brown colour com- mences at the chin and spreads over the whole fore neck and breast in one uniform tint, the lower breast and entire abdomen and under tail-coverts being pure white. In the Madagascar species the general aspect of the under surface is uniform ashy brown, with a little white on the lower abdomen, and the under tail-coverts are white. The throat, however, is light ashy, con- trasting with the dark colour of the rest of the under surface ; and in this contrast consists the principal distinguishing character of Cotile Cowani. I may add that Mr. Deans Cowan brought a large series of this new Martin, and I have carefully compared them with a series of C. paludicola. The young bird differs from the adult in having rufous margins to the feathers of the upper surface, wing-coverts, and secondaries, while the throat and breast are also suffused with rufous. There is no difference in colouring in the sexes. The male measures, total length 4°7 inches, wing 3°65, tail 1°9, tarsus 0°4. eee LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 23 24 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE Mo.urusca or H.M.S. ‘ Coattencer’ Exprepition,—Part XII. By the Rey. Ropert Boog Watson, B.A., F.R.S.E., ELS. [Published by permission of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. | [Read December 15, 1881.] Fam. CANCELLARIID&. Fam. CoLUMBELLIDA. VOLUTIDA. OLIVIDZ. FASCIOLARIID&. The Volutes are the most interesting of the ‘ Challenger ’ Mollusca. In particular I may mention Volutilithes abyssicola, Adams and Reeve, known hitherto only in the form of a single, very young shell, got by the ‘ Samarang’ off the Cape of Good Hope in 132 fathoms. Of this the ‘ Challenger’ got three specimens from the same locality, presenting in their full-grown form fea- tures of so much importance as to require a complete revision of the species, especially in its relations to the Miocene forms of the genus. Even more interesting is the new Volute form of Provocator from Kerguelen Island, 105 fms., presenting the apex of an Ancillaria, the suture of a Bullia, the pillar-plaits of a Voluta, and the lip-sinus of a Plewrotoma. The gem of the whole collection, however, is the very remark- able and beautiful Wyvillea alabastrina, from 1600 fms., or nearly 10,000 feet, in the Antarctic Sea, which very much exceeds in size any thing yet obtained from the great ocean-depths. The specimen haying been secured in life, Professor Huxley has under- taken the minute dissection and description of the animal, which was preserved in spirit. There are many other forms of interest embraced in this part of my Report which I need not enumerate here. I may add, how- ever, in this place that the exigencies of the official Report and the embarrassments of my own professional work compel me to deal more summarily with the material entrusted to me than I have hitherto thought it right to do. This will explain the omis- sion of many groups which, embracing only very small or badly preserved specimens, require a greater amount of minute study than time allows me now to give. These may possibly be over- taken afterwards, but must be neglected now. MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 325 Fam. CANCELLARIIDSD, Addams. CANCELLARIA, Lam. 1. Cancellaria imbricata, n. sp. 3. Cancellaria (Admete) carinata, 2. C. (Admete) specularis, un. sp. ni. Sp. 1. CANCELLARIA IMBRICATA, 0. Sp. St. 142. Dec. 18, 1873. Lat. 35° 4’ §., long. 18° 87’ E. Off Cape of Good Hope. 150 fms. Sand. Bottom tempera- ture 47°. Shell.—Ovyal, with a smallish, high, subscalar, blunt spire, a semicircular mouth, and a rough spirally striated surface; yel- lowish white. Sculptwre. Longitudinals—on the upper whorls there are some slight rather distant ribs, which pass over on the later whorls into rough imbricated adpressed laminz covering the whole surface. Spirals—there are flatly rounded threads parted by intervals of twice their breadth ; below the suture 2 are feeble, 4in the middle are strong, 5 on the base are narrow and sparse, and 5 to 6 on the snout are slight and close: besides these, there are minute spirals and lines of growth which reticulate crisply the whole surface. Colour porcellaneous white beneath a yel- lowish surface, which is quite stripped of epidermis. Spzre high, rather small, conical, subscalar. Apex blunt and globose, con- sisting of 1? rounded embryonic whorls, of which the extreme tip is very much depressed on one side. Whorls 5 in all, well rounded, the earlier small and of slow increase, the last large, with a short base and a small snout. Swtwre impressed. Mouth rather large, semicircular. Outer lip regularly rounded and open, strongly seamed within by the spirals of the surface. Inner lip: avery thin glaze spreads broadly over the body, but nar- rows and thickens on the small hollowed and twisted pillar, leaving a very minute chink in front; there are below the middle of the pillar two strongish, very oblique white teeth; and the twisted edge of the pillar is prominent and sharp. H. 08. B. 0. Penultimate whorl, height 0:16. Mouth, height 0°46, breadth 0°3. The specimen of this species is perhaps not quite full-grown. The whole aspect of the shell suggests an Admete ; but the teeth on the pillar are stronger than is usual in that group. Itismuch shorter in the spire, broader in the whorls, and more delicately sculptured than C. twrrita, Sow. 2. CANCELLARIA (ADMETE) SPECULARIS, 0. Sp. St. 149b. Jan. 17, 1874. Lat. 49° 28' S., long. 70° 30’ E. Near entrance of Royal Sound, Kerguelen. 30 fms. Mud. 95% 326 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE St.151. Feb. 7, 1874. Lat. 52° 59’ 30" S., long. 73° 83’ 80” E. Off Heard Island. 75 fms. Mud. Shell_—Smail, ovate, striated, with a shortish, scalar, blunt- tipped apex, a rounded base, very small snout, and semicircular mouth. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are strongish numerous hair-like lines of growth. Spirals—below the suture is a shoulder marked by an angulation carrying a thread; the shoulder is in- distinctly scored with spiral threads: from the angulation to the snout there are several well-marked threads parted by shallow broader furrows ; toward the point of the snout is a twisted scar. The whole surface is scored by fine, almost microscopic lines. Colour porcellaneous white under the thin dirtyish yellow epi- ‘dermis. Spire rather short and broad, conical, scalar. Apes blunt, round, a little bent in at the tip. Whorls 53, rounded, slightly angulated near the top, with a slight shoulder above the angle, of rather regular increase; the last has a somewhat produced base and avery smallsnout. Swtwreimpressed. Mouth rather large, semicircular. Outer lip regularly rounded and open; seamed within by the spirals ofthe surface. Inner lip well defined, nar- row, haying a talc-like iridescence*, very straight on the pillar, on the front of which the glaze turns sharply over to the inner side, and leaves there a very slight chink in front: at the point of the pillar the edge is twisted and is bluntly prominent, and above this are one or two faint folds. H.045. B. 027. Penultimate whorl, height 0:1. Mouth, height 0:22, breadth 0°16. In form this species resembles A. viridula, Fabr.,=Couthouyt, Jay, of the British Museum ; but that species has not the talc- like inner lip, is not so well shouldered, nor is the shoulder defined by a spiral thread, and the spirals in general are much stronger ; the body-whorl is larger, more tumid, and more contracted on the base. Dr. Kobelt very kindly copied out and sent me the dia- - enoses of two species of Cancellaria from the Straits of Magellan, with which he thought I might wish to compare this of the ‘Challenger.’ These are C. (Admete) australis, Philippi, and CO. (A.) Schythet, Phil. I have not, I think, seen either of these ; but they both seem to be very much more strongly ribbed and ‘spiralled than the present or following species. One of the specimens from Kerguelen contains the animal: but I failed to extract it, and only ascertained that there was no operculum. * From this feature I haye derived the name of the species. MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 327 In this specimen the folds on the pillar-lip are more distinct than on the Heard-Island specimen. There is an Admete from St. 149 c, Kerguelen, Royal Sound, 60 fms., which is too much broken for identification, but which is probably this species. 3. CANCELLARIA (ADMETE) CARINATA, Nl. sp. St. 149d. Jan. 20, 1874. Lat. 49° 28' S., long. 70° 13’ E, Royal Sound, Kerguelen. 28 fms. Mud. Shell_—Broadly ovate, carinate, spiralled, with a very short, blunt, scalar spire. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are only fine, sharp, unequal puckerings on the lines of growth. Spirals— a sharp flanged keel lies about the middle of the whorls ; above this is the horizontal, slightly concave shoulder, on which are no spirals; below the keel the whole surface is scored with fine prominent rounded unequal threads, parted by broader intervals ; those on the snout are feeble. Colowr white. Spire very short and depressed, but rising in broad shallow steps. -dper small, raised. Whorls 5, flattened or even slightly concave above, strongly keeled and angulated in the middle, of regular increase ; the last is very large and ventricose, with an elongated but convex base and a very small snout. Swéwre impressed, very horizontal. Mouth fully half the size of the shell, oval, angulated at the keel and at the base of the pillar. Owter ip rounded and open, advan- cing a little in front of the point of the pillar. Inner lip thinly spread on the body, with a small chink in front behind the pillar, the edge of which is narrow and twisted, with two indistinct folds above it. H. 0-4. B. 0:28. Penultimate whorl, height 0:07. Mouth, height 0°3, breadth 0:17. I failed to extract the animal from the shell; but plainly it had no operculum. The extreme bluntness and tabulation of the spire give a very peculiar aspect to this species. Fam. VoLuripa, Gray. Gen. VotuTinituns, Swains. VoLUTILITHES ABYSSICOLA, Ad. & Reeve. Adams & Reeve, Zool. Samarang, Moll. p. 25, pl. vii. fig. 6 (Voluta) ; Adams, Genera, I. p. 167, 11. p. 618, 111. pl. xvii. fig. 8; Chenu, Man. f. 980; Reeve, C. I. 1849, pl. xxii. fig. 58; Fischer, Journ. de Conch. 1871, p- 305; v. Martens, Jahrbiicher d. malak, Gesell. 1874, p. 140; Kobelt, Jahr. d. malak, Gesell, 1877, p. 312, 328 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE St. 141. Dec. 17, 1878. Lat. 34° 41’ S., long. 18° 36’ E. 25 miles 8.8.E. from Cape of Good Hope. 98 fms. Sand and gravel. Bottom temperature 49°'5 F. St. 142. Dec. 18, 1873. Lat. 35° 4' §., long. 18° 37’ E. 45 miles $.S.E. from Cape of Good Hope. 150 fms. Sand. Bottom temperature 47° F. Shell.—Fusiform, thin, with a rather high subscalar spire, a small rounded apex, a very long base, a slightly thickened, reverted, and toothed outer lip, a long narrowish mouth, a twisted many-toothed pillar,and an expanded inner lip. Sculpture. Lon- gitudinals—there are on the lasti whorl about 70 riblets or flatly rounded threads following the lines of growth, which last roughly and closely score the whole surface. Spirals—there are from 30 to 40 rather higher and broader threads covering the whole surface ; those below the suture are slightly stronger than the others ; the first in particular is so, and is followed by a deeper furrow ; all these in crossing the longitudinals tend to rise into small tubercles: below the suture isa very small flattened shoulder with an outward droop; this on the upper whorls is slightly ex- cavated. The whole surface is fretted with fine microscopic scratches. Colowr pale ashy brown, glossy. Spire subscalar, high, its height being to its breadth in the proportion of 18 to 6. Apex small, eroded. Whorls 8, flatly convex, very slightly shoul- dered below the suture. Suture very oblique and strongly marked. Mouth very small for the genus, long and narrow, with a small open canal in front. Outer lip very slightly sinuated and ascending above, narrowly reversed, and a little thickened, with many close-set, equal, short, narrow teeth; at the point it is very slightly sinuated and patulous, but not reversed. Inner lip spreads in a broad thin glaze across the body; it is slightly oblique, hardly concave, a little twisted and bent back in front, with (about the middle) 8 to 10 larger or smaller teeth somewhat irregularly distributed. H. 3:8. B. 1:5. Penultimate whorl, height 0°6. Mouth, height 2°6, breadth 0°75. This interesting species has hitherto been known only in the solitary type specimen obtained by Sir E. Belcher in H.M.S. ‘Sama- rang, 1848, off the Cape at a depth of 132 fms., and described by A. Adams and L. Reeve in the Mollusca of the Expedition. That specimen being a very young shell, a redescription from the specimens of the ‘Challenger’ was necessary. Of these there are three—one, the largest, described above; the second MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 329 with 6? whorls, but with a fully developed outer lip, itself an aftergrowth on an earlier lip-edge still existing within the mouth ; the third has 6 whorls, but has the sharp thin edge and undeveloped pillar-teeth of the ‘Samarang’ specimen, The later development of the shell greatly detracts from the “ sharply defined pattern of lattice-work,” the sculpture becoming much less crisp, the elongation and contraction of the body-whorl dimi- nishes the relative breadth, the increasing obliquity of the whorls elevates the spire, and the subsutural canal ceases to be excavated and becomes merely a small oblique shelf. All these changes modify considerably the relations of this Volute to the Hocene species referred to by Adams and Reeve, and also by Mr, Edwards in his ‘ Hocene Mollusca’ (Paleont. Soc.), pp. 146, 155, and in particular to V. crenulata, Lam. (see Edwards, p. 154, pl. xx. f.1.); but while diminishing some features of distinction dwelt on by these authors, they so strongly develop others, that the differ- ence between the living and the fossil species stands out more strongly than ever. Thesize and form are, indeed, so utterly dis- similar, as at once to constitute a marked distinction. At the same time, the species does interestingly represent the older forms, in shape and sculpiure recalling V. digitalina, Lam., V. crenulata, Lam., and V. elevata, Sow., perhaps in particular ; the thickening and toothing of the outer lip resembles exactly that of V. luctatriv, Solander, and V. ambiqua, Sol., while the toothing of the pillar is like that of V. nodosa, Sow. Of course whatever generic value ‘“ Volutilithes”’ of Swainson may have, Adams’s definition of the genus as having a “columella with numerous faint rudimentary or obsolete plaits; outer lip thin, simple,” must be modified. It never suited more than one or two of the fossil species, perhaps not even these; it proves inaccurate for the one liying representative of the group except in its immature state, PROVOCATOR, 0, gen, Shell smooth, fusiform; having the apex of Ancillaria, the enamelled suture of Bullia, the pillar-folds of Voluta, and the sinus of Plewrotoma. I believe this very curious form to be essentially a Volute, in which genus the group of Cymbiwm, and forms like V. scapha, Gmel., V. imperialis, Lam., and many others present the sutural sinus, while Zidona has the enamelled spire. The name of Challen- 300 REV. RB. BOOG WATSON ON THE geria being preoccupied, I have been obliged to reproduce it as I could in Latin. PROVOCATOR PULCHER, 0. sp. St. 149 j. Jan. 29, 1874. Lat. 48° 43’ S., long. 69° 15! E. West Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen. 105 fms. Mud. St. 150. Feb. 2, 1874. Lat. 52°4’S., long. 71° 22' E. Between Kerguelen and Heard Island. 150 fms. Rock. Bottom tem- perature 35°2 F. Shell.—Smooth, fusiform, rather thin, with a high, sharp, slightly enamelled apex, a contracted and elongated base, a straight two- toothed pillar, a large mouth, a prominent angulated and patu- lous outer lip, and a strongly marked sinus at the enamelled suture. Sewlpture. Longitudinals—the smooth surface is scored with fine hair-like flexuous lines of growth. Spirals—there are some lines in the substance of the shell which are best recognized without a lens: there are also some irregular white lines con- nected with some slight thickening of the glaze; below the scar of the sutural sinus is an obsolete angulation. Besides all this, the surface of the enamel of the shell is obsoletely tubercled obliquely. Colour rich buff, thinly overlaid with a whitish glaze ; this for some distance below the suture is covered with a dullish buff enaniel. Spire high, conical, subscalar. Apew small and sharp, being originally mamillated, but subsequently eroded and enamelled. Whorls 7 to 8, at the top very slightly shouldered and angulated, then flatly convex. Swtwre oblique, completely buried in a thick coat of glaze which fills the sutural angle, and which embraces the whole apex. Mouth large, pear- shaped, with a shallow, broad, obliquely truncated canal in front. Outer lip thin and rounded on the edge; it is cut off from the body by a strongly marked sinus, below which it advances pro- minently into a rounded angle, retreating slightly, but steadily, from this point throughout its whole course; it is straight and slightly contracted above, roundly angulated and patulous below the middle, straight and patulous and cut off backwards from this point to the edge of the canal. Inner lip scarcely convex above, little concave in the middle, direct with a very slight twist and no swelling below ; near the edge are two narrow, slight, white, very oblique teeth, of which the upper is sometimes absent: the narrow sharp lamina of the pillar-edge in front is the extreme point of the shell. H.8°6. B.1'8. Penultimate whorl, height 08. Mouth, height 2, breadth 0:95, 3 MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 301 This is an extremely peculiar form of great beauty. It is higher and narrower than the measurements would suggest, the outthrow of the outer lip being great, but of short continuance. Tt has a strong general resemblance to Ancillaria glabrata, L., or A. Vernedet, Sow., or other smaller species of that form, of which it simulates the subperipheral band. In Voluta pallida, Gray, some of the peculiar features of this species—such as the sutural sinus, the enamelled spire, and the outthrow of the outer lip at its lower corner—are found, though in a much feebler form. The swelling on the pillar which is characteristic of the Volutes, and is really the scar of the old columellar sinus, is in this species quite absent in front, but is just recognizable on the back of the shell in the flexure of the lines of growth. CyMBIOLA, Swans. CYMBIOLA LUTEA, 0. sp. St. 166. June 28, 1874. Lat. 38° 52’ S., long. 169° 20’ E. About 200 miles west of Cape Farewell, New Zealand. 275 fms. -Globigerina-ooze. Bottom temperature 50°°8. Shell. Fusiform, strongish, pale buff, with a high blunt spire, largish mouth, slightly reverted outer lip, and four teeth on the pillar. Sculpture. Longitudinals—On the upper whorls there are a few slight narrow ribs, which are almost obsolete on the later whorls ; the lines of growth are many and hair-like. Spirals quite obsolete. The columellar swelling in front is very small and slight. Colowr ashy white over pale buff, entirely with- out gloss; the outer lip and the body-glaze are rich buff, paler inwards. Spire high, a little irregularly bent, subscalar. Apex blunt, mamillary, impressed. Whorls 62: they are convex, above contracted into the suture, perpendicular below; after the _ first three they increase rapidly ; the last is slightly ventricose, long, attenuated in front. Suture oblique, slightly impressed, irregular. Mouth long, but not wide, oblique, with its two sides nearly parallel, bluntly pointed above, ending below im a broad, shallow, slightly emarginated, minutely bordered canal. Outer lip patulous, thin, but expanded and rounded on the edge; it rises on the penultimate whorl at its junction, and is here drawn back into a slight sinus with a very reverted edge. nner lip spreads widely as a thin glaze on the body ; above it is scarcely convex, hardly concave in the middle, perpendicular below, where are four, -not strong, equal, concealed, pale-coloured, very oblique teeth ; 302 REV. B. BOOG WATSON ON THE obliquely cut off, twisted and rounded in front into a prominent thin point. H. 2°75. B. 1:25. Penultimate whorl, height 0°53. Mouth, height 1°78, breadth 0°6. This species is suggestive of many others, and may be com- pared with Voluta rupestris, Gm., V. pacifica, Sol., V. lyriformis, Vigors, and V. fulminata, Lam. ; but resembles most V. megaspira, Sow., having the same long thickened lip and form of body-whorl, but in that species the spire is higher and is fine. WYVILLEA, n. gen. Animal a typical Volute. Shell ovate, cymbiform, thin, rough; spire high scalar ; apex mamillate and irregular ; suture canaliculate ; mouth large, ovate; inner lip with a widespread thinnish callus; pillar perpendicular, with a very slight turn ; it has no teeth, but an abrupt break of the edge about the middle of its length. This genus differs from Cymbiola of Swainson (the description of which by Adams I have nearly followed) notably in the tex- ture of the shell, which is extremely delicate but rough on the surface, in the suture, which is canaliculate, and in the straight pillar, which is without teeth, but has an abrupt break on the edge. In all the Volutes the last tooth consists of a lamina attached to, or consisting of, the edge of the pillar, the twist on which throws this lamina out as an oblique fold whose abrupt slope looks up the pillar. In Wyvillea, on the other hand, the lamina has scarcely a turn at all, and only presents a tooth in consequence of being suddenly arrested and diminished in size; from this results a tooth whose abrupt slope looks down the pillar. Tn connexion with this genus it may be well to recall the Halia of Risso, which has some vague features of superficial resemblance; but in that genus the columellar tooth, which is almost terminal, results from the extreme and sudden twisting of the pillar. I have not given a detailed description of the animal, as Prof. Huxley has undertaken the dissection and full representation of it in all its parts. WYVILLEA ALABASTRINA, D. sp. St. 147. Dec. 80, 1878. Lat. 46°16! S., long. 48° 27! E. Off Marion Island and the Crozets. Bottom temperature 34°-2. Globigerina-ooze. 1600 fms. Animal has an enormous bifid foot, square in front, pointed MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 300 and high behind ; compared to this part the head, mantle, and body are small; the snout is largish and subcylindrical, above it the great velum extends widely, and is collected into a subconical protu- berance at the corners, from which rise the rounded conical ten- tacles; no trace of eyes exists. Above the head is the mantle, ex- panded on the left into the rather short, stumpy, and proboscis-like siphon, which is open below. The reproductive organs, possibly to some extent everted at death, appear like a large tumour on the neck, a considerable way behind the right tentacle. The skin is not tubercled. There is no operculum. Shell.—Large, high, thin, white, alabaster-like in texture, with an oval body, a smallish high scalar spire, ending in an irregular, blunt but pointed, twisted apex ; it has a large oval mouth, a nar- row, patulous, not reverted, outer lip, a broad, shallow, truncated canal in front, a broadly spread inner lip, and a'straight, toothless, but interrupted pillar. Scalpture. The whole surface is minutely granulated, and has the appearance of having been dipped in thin, rather sandy whitewash, and then roughly wiped, especially round the suture. Longitudinals—there are rounded irregular lines of growth, which are generally slight, but all round the mouth-edge a few become somewhat strong. Spirals—there are a few unequal and irregular, broad, scarcely raised threads; near the suture are a few irregular, sharper, quite superficial lines like the marks of rough wiping. Colowr alabaster-white, with a roughened, dead, eroded surface. Spire high, rather small, scalar. Apex is blunt, but projects sharply to one side in an excentric and irregular manner. Whorls 5z, of rapid increase, droopingly shouldered above, then convex, perpendicular below, with a slight tendency to contraction above the suture; the last especially is ventricose and oval, with very regular curves. Suture very oblique, deeply impressed, and a little canaliculate. Mouth oval, straight, rounded above, and not at all sinuated ; it ends below in a broad, open, shallow, scarcely emarginated canal. Outer lip very regularly curved, with a narrow straight edge, which is pro- minent and patulous, but not in the least reverted ; it does not rise at all on the body-whorl. nner lip spreads on the body very widely, but somewhat thinly, as a straw-coloured glaze ; above it is very oblique, but scarcely convex; it forms an angle at its junction with the pillar, which is perpendicular and scarcely twisted; the rounded edge is formed by a narrowish thickened white callus, which about halfway down is suddenly contracted and 304 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE slightly turned round so as to form a kind of tooth or projecting corner, below which the whole edge is smaller. H. 6:6, B. 3:15. Penultimate whorl, height 1:3. Mouth, height 4-1, breadth 2. Bowdich’s figure (‘Conchology,’ pt. 1. p. 68, pl. xviii. f. 2) of Vo- luta (Cymbium) ethiopica, Linn., is the best representation I know of the animal of Voluta, and might almost be taken to represent the ‘Challenger’ species. It is copied by Gray m Moll. Anim. 1. xxvil. 4. Of all the mollusks got by the Expedition, this is cer- tainly the most valuable. It is large; the shell is singularly beautiful in form and colour; it comes froma great depth and an unknown sea; and its generic features are very peculiar. It is unfortunate that it is somewhat broken. In the act of its cap- ture, or in the extraction of the animal, the shell must have been slightly crushed, and the fragments lost. To me it came most carefully packed in cotton-wadding ; but one or two small pieces of shell were found loose in the box, and these I could replace. Under my care, however, in spite of the most extreme solicitude, it met with sore disaster, probably in landing from the continent, when the sailors handle luggage more roughly than even at Suez in days of old. The breaking was so bad that the shell looked like a wreck; the bits, however, were got into their places and fixed with cement, and some professional restorer may finish the work more delicately than I could do it. In any case this unique treasure is not lost. . VoLuToMITRA, Gray. VoLUTOMITRA FRAGILLIMA, N. sp. St. 149 d. Jan. 20, 1874. Lat. 49° 28’S., long. 70°13 EK. Royal Sound, Kerguelen. 28 fms. Mud. Shell —Ovate-ventricose, thin, smooth, with a short spire, a long base, a large oblong mouth, and 4 teeth on the pillar. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are many fine hair-like lines of growth. Spirals—there are very many broadish, but obsolete, rounded threads ; the front of the snout is obliquely crossed by about 15 stronger and more regular threads. Colowr subpellucid white under a very thin yellowish smooth epidermis. Spdre short and broad. Apes bluntly mamillate, not elevated, but rising a little on one side. Whorls nearly 6, convex, rounded above, sloping below. Swtwre a little impressed and strongly marked. Mouth oblong, somewhat oblique, rather large, pointed above, prolonged into a longish, open, truncated, but not emarginated canal. Outer ee MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 300 lip thin, sharp, regularly curved, quite straight above, where it is slightly and widely hollowed back on the edge, prominent and patulous below, a little pinched in at the canal. Inner lip scarcely convex above, and very little concave at the base of the pillar, which is somewhat oblique and direct; there are four oblique, rather strong teeth, of which the two in the middle are the strong- est ; a very thin, narrow, definite-edged glaze extends down the edge of the mouth. H. 0°57. 3B. 03. Penultimate whorl, height 0:1. Mouth, height 0°39, breadth 0°12. Without the animal it is, of course, not easy to distinguish between this form and Admefe, but the apex is larger and the pillar-teeth stronger than they are in that genus. The generic features are well marked in this species, which, however, resembles no other known to me. Fam. FascroLarimp#, Adams. Fascronarta, Lam. 1. F. rutila, un. sp. | 2. F. maderensis, u. sp. FascIoLARIA RUTILA, 0. sp. St. 142. Dec. 18,1878. Lat. 35° 4’ S., long. 18° 37' BE. Off the Cape of Good Hope. 150fms. Sand. Bottom temperature 47° F. Shell_— Long, narrow, fusiform, not ribbed, finely spiralled, with a high, narrow spire of rounded whorls, a blunt mamillary apex, a contracted rounded base, prolonged into along, lop-sided, slightly reversed snout. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are none but small, rude lines of-growth. Spirals—there are very many small, rounded, pretty equal threads parted by shallow rounded furrows of about their own breadth; on the snout these threads are feebler, sharper, and more remote. Colour white under a thin, brown, smooth, persistent epidermis; the inside of the mouth is tinged with buff, which is deeper on the inner lip than elsewhere. Spire very high, narrow, conical, but alittle bent. Apex consists of 1 to 2, large, mamillary, but cylindrical whorls. Whorls 8 in all, high, narrow, of rapid increase, convex, rounded, contracted below as well as above, where they slightly lap up on the pre- ceding whorl ; the last whorl is larger than all the rest, is slightly tumid, rounded on the base, which is contracted, especially on the left, and is produced into a very long, narrow, lop-sided bent, and slightly reversed snout. Swtwre deep, but very open. 336 REY. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE Mouth oval, direct, pointed above, prolonged into a long, oblique, narrow, open, twisted canal, which isa good deal reverted in front. Outer lip narrow, blunt, very finely crenulated on the edge ; it is very regularly arched, and not at all patulous till it approaches the canal, where it is increasingly patulous to the point; in this part of its course its curve is concave. nner lip—there is a diffuse white callus above ; its whole curve is concave to the edge of the canal, where it is obliquely truncate, sharp, and twisted ; its edge in front is extremely narrow and sharp; there are two slight, oblique, white teeth close to the pillar-edge. Opereulwm oval, with a pointed, almost claw-like apex ; it is thinnish, horny, sharp-edged, strongly marked with lines of growth on its outer face, and having on its inner face a broad, flat, glossy swelling along its outer margin. H.4in. B.1:44. Penultimate whorl, height 0°7. Mouth, height 2°2, breadth 0°78. This is an exceptional form, having the apex of a Fusus (a feature shared by Fus. coronata, Lam.), and having a long, thin, bent canal and no longitudinal ribs or tubercles,—features which, though present in some species (as, for instance, Has. tulipa, L., and 7. papillosa, Sow.), are uncommon, especially united. It is also peculiar from the slimness of its form and the thinness of its shell. It is not a Yurbinella, for its pillar-teeth are only two, are slight and very oblique; the operculum, too, is small and thin. No Volute has so high a spire, so small a mouth, so long and narrow a canal, nor an operculum of the form which this presents (see Journ. de Conch. 1877, p. 97). FAscIoLARIA MADERENSIS, n. sp. St. VII. p. Feb. 10, 1873. Lat. 28° 35’ N., long. 16° 5! W. Off Teneriffe. 78 fms. Coral. Shell_—Biconical, fusiform; as the shell lies on its mouth, the periphery in the centre of the back is exactly in the middle of the shell’s length ; solid, angulated, rough and opaque; ribbed and spirally ridged, with an umbilical chink. Mouth angularly pear- shaped, with a long, narrow, slightly oblique canal; toothed on the pillar and within the outer lip. Epidermis strong and horny. Operculum dark brown and claw-shaped. Sculpture. Longitu- dinals—there are 8 to 10 broad, low, rounded, irregular ribs ; they diminish in number up the spire ; they scarcely appear above the suture or on the base; the lines of growth are numerous, unequal, sharpish, but rather coarse. Spirals—there are spiral MOLLUSOA OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 307 ridges which, in crossing the ribs, rise into narrow blunt prickles, which are vaulted but scarcely open in front; of these ridges there is one on the upper whorls, three on the body-whorl, each accompanied below by its shadow, which is sometimes double ; of these the highest and strongest is remote from the suture, and forms a marked shoulder ; on the snout are two strongish threads, and towards its point four or five much smaller ones. The whole surface is covered with feeble microscopic striz. Colour a rich buff below a darker epidermis, which is strong, horny, and per- sistent. Spzre high, scalar, conical. Apex small and prominent. Whorls 9 to 10, angular, with a long, sloping, slightly concave shoulder defined by the prominent and sharp keel, below which the whorls contract a little to the inferior suture; the body- whorl is short, and contracts into a long, conical, straight, narrow snout. Swéwre slight, irregular, impressed, oblique. Mouth bluish white, with a narrow dirty yellowish edge; small, deep, oval, angulated above and at the keel, with a long, narrow, deep, slightly oblique canal in front; exclusive of the canal, the mouth is nearly one third of the whole length of the shell. Outer lip— sharp and wrinkled on the edge, patulous, with many small, close- set, deep-stretching, ridge-like teeth within; it is straight above, angulated at the keel, convex in the middle, concave as it approaches the canal, along which it is straight. Inner lip—a thick patulous glaze with a sharp and prominent edge, behind which is a long narrow umbilical chink ; close to the upper angle of the mouth is a long feeble tooth, and in the front of the mouth and deep within are three very slight pillar-folds; the beginning of the canal is defined by a sharp little tubercle, answering to which is the lowest of the outer lip-teeth. Opereulum thick, horny, dark brown, claw-like, with curved lines of growth; on its inner face are many concentric fine lines, with a broad, thick, rounded, polished, exterior border. H.1°7. B.095. Penultimate whorl, height 0°3. Mouth, height 1, breadth 0°5. This species is not at all uncommon in museums under the name of F. (or Turbinella) carinifera, Lam., and is the species figured by Reeve as that of Lamarck, which is from the Pacific, and, though similar, is certainly different. In spite of the absence from the Geneva Museum of Lamarck’s own specimens, of which (teste his own entry on the margin of his copy of the ‘ Animaux s. Vert.,’ 1st edition, vit. 108, sp. 16, preserved at Geneva) he had three, and in spite of his omitting to mention the strong basal 308 REY. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE carina of 7. carinifera, I am persuaded that Lamarck had before him the Pacific species. That species differs from F. maderensis in being ruddy inside and outside; it lacks the two little teeth on outer and inner lip at the origin of the canal; the junction of snout and base is much more strangulated; there is a much stronger basal carina; the mouth is more open, the outer lip being much more patulous; the snout is not so regularly attenuated; the longitudinal ribs are more numerous and rise more roundly, not being flattened horizontally and pointed ; the shoulder below the suture is less drooping, and the outer lip joins the body at the third, not at the second carinal spiral, thus leaving two, not merely one, spiral threads on the earlier whorls. F. lignaria, L., a Mediterranean species, is a much narrower form, of stouter build, broader in the snout, and quite differently ribbed and spiralled. Ishould have liked to compare this Atlantic species with Zurbinella recuvirostra, Wagner. The differences are obvious enough on the surface ; but I do not know the species well enough to judge how far these are constant. I have with - much hesitation described this as a new species, thinking so well known a form must have been already published ; but, after much inquiry, I have quite failed to identify it. My reason for calling it maderensis is that I have long had it from Madeira, and I am not quite sure whether my Chascax maderensis is not a very aber- rant variety. The enormous umbilicus of that species is certainly very striking ; and the total absence of teeth, not only on the outer lip, but even on the pillar, is a further notable feature of difference —a feature so notable that I think my friend Dr. Kobelt, had the shell itself been before him, would hardly have suppressed Chascax as a mere Fasciolaria. Still, withal, while protesting against hasty judgment, I feel it is possible that Chascax maderensis and the present form may ultimately prove to be one species; and in that case it will be an advantage that they have the same specific name. Fam. CouUMBELLID A, Ad. CoLUMBELLA, Lam. 1. C. (Pyrene) striz, nu. sp. | 2. C. (Pyrene) stricta, n. sp. COLUMBELLA (PYRENE) STRIX, n. sp. (Strix, a chamfre.) St. 24. March 25,1878. Lat. 18° 38’ 30" N., long. 65° 5’ 30" W. North of Culenee Island, St. Thomas, Tach West Indies. 390 fms. Coral-mud, MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 339 St.122. Sept. 10,1873. Lat. 9° 5’ S., long. 34° 50' W. Off Pernambuco. 350 fms. Mud. Var. suBpacta. St. 23. March 15, 1873. Lat. 18° 24! N., long. 63° 28’ W. Sombrero Island, St. Thomas, Danish West Indies. 450 fms. Globigerina-ooze. St. 24. As above. Shell.—Rather small, short, and dumpy, with a high blunt Spire, a small last whorl, a very contracted base, from which projects a small, slightly reverted snout; the whorls are lon- gitudinally chamfred and have a small beaded thread round the top. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are on each whorl about 18, straight, narrow, ridge-like, but low riblets, separated by shallow furrows of two to three times their breadth; these ribs and furrows run pretty continuously down the spire, with a slight sinistral twist ; toward the mouth and on the base they become feeble, but are faintly traceable on the snout. The whole surface is finely scored with lines of growth. Spirals—the suture is in- feriorly margined by a slight thread, which rises into small beads in crossing the riblets; in the longitudinal furrows a faint tendency to spiral scratches is visible, which on the base arrange themselves into narrow and very superficial furrows with broadish flat threads between ; these become strongish and narrower on the base of the snout, but feebler again towards its front. Colour glossy porcellaneous white. Spire rather high, narrow and conical. Apex a small round dome of two glossy embryonic whorls, of which the extreme tip is both immersed and flattened down with scarcely any suture. Whorls 8 in all, conical, with straight sides, short and broad ; at the top each projects very shortly and horizontally ; the last is small, with a rapidly contracted base, from which projects the small slightly reverted snout. Suture a very little impressed, but strongly marked by the projection of the whorl below it. Mouth small, rather rhomboidal, pointed above, and produced below into a short open squarish canal. Outer lip very straight to the corner of the base, from which it is patu- lous and curved ; in the middle one small round tubercle projects ; a little way below the suture the edge is drawn back, so as to form a very slight open false sinus. Inner lip: there is a thin glaze on the *body, the line across which is very straight, as is also the line down the pillar, where the glaze (without teeth) forms a thickish prominent border ; this border is early cut off on LINN. JOURN.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 24, 340 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE the sharp oblique twisted edge of the pillar in front; the pillar is short and straight, with a slightly bent-over point. H. 0-4. B. 015. Penultimate whorl, height 0°08. Mouth, height 0:13, breadth 0:07: The variety subacta has less developed and less regular ribs, is a little longer and smaller, and has a very slightly larger apex. This species is closely connected with the group represented on our coasts by C. costulata, Cant., and of which Binney, in his edition of Gould’s Moll. of Massachusetts, gives several species. It is, however, very markedly different from all of these. CoLUMBELLA (PYRENE) STRICTA, 0. Sp. St. 24. March 25, 1873. Lat. 18° 38’ 30" N., long. 65° 5! 30” W. North of Culebra Island, St. Thomas, Danish West Indies. 890 fms. Coral-mud. Shell—Small, short, and dumpy, with a rather high, scalar, blunt spire, a short but broadish last whorl, a very contracted base, and a small slightly reverted snout; the whorls are longi- tudinally chamfred, have a small keel round the top, and rather broad spiral threads. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are on the last whorl about 12, low ridge-shaped, straight ribs, which are not continuous from whorl to whorl, but increase rapidly in number up the spire; they are parted by furrows about three times their width; the last one, whichis remote from the edge of the lip, is varicose ; they become obsolete towards the point of the base. Spirals—below the suture are two well-marked furrows interrupted by the ribs and parted by a strongish thread, which forms a keel, and rises on the ribs into little tubercles; below this the whorls are more or less obsoletely scored by broad flat threads ; these on the base and pillar are very distinct, though narrow, and are parted by broad, shallow, square-cut furrows. Colour smooth, porcellaneous white. Spzre rather high, scalar, conical. Apex a blunt, round, smooth, glossy dome of 14 embryonic whorls, whose tip is both immersed and flattened down, witha scarcely perceptible suture. W horls 6, cylindrical, scarcely convex, angulated and flatly shouldered at the top; the last is short, slightly tumid, with a rapidly contracted base, from which projects the short, broad, conical, abruptly truncated snout. Suture angular and well marked by the projection of the shoulder below it. Mouth small, short, but broadish, angulated above, obliquely prolonged below into the square, open, slightly reverted MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 341 eanal. Outer lip contracted and very slightly curved above, very patulous where the bend comes, and below this direct and oblique; it has about 10 small teeth within, of which the highest is remote from the top, and is larger than the others ; just at this point is a slight open false sinus. Inner lip: there is a thin glaze on the body, the line across which is very straight, as is also the line down the pillar where the glaze forms a projecting border (without teeth), which runs out sharp and narrow to the very point ; the point of the pillar is very obliquely cut off with a twist; the pillar itself is short, strong, and conical. H. 0°25. B. 0:18. Penultimate whorl, height 0:05. Mouth, height 0-11, breadth 0:06. This belongs to the same group as C. (P.) striae Fam. Onivip 2, D’ Orb. Oxtva, Brug. 1. O. (Olivella) amblia, nu. sp. 3. O. (Olivella) vitilia, un. sp. 2. O. (Olivella) ephamilla, n: sp. 1. Outva (OLIVELLA) AMBLIA, nD. sp. (dpBdds, blunt.) St. 122. Sept. 10,1873. Lat. 9° 5'S., long. 34° 50' W. Off Pernambuco, 350 fms. Mud. Shell.—Small, oval-oblong, glossy, white, with a short blunt spire, a conical base, and a smalloval mouth. Sewlptwre. Longi- tudinals—lines of growth very faint. Spirals microscopic and obsolete. Colowr porcellaneous white, more or less transparent. Spire short, convexly conical. Apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 44, conical, barely convex, with a minute sharp scalar projection below the suture. Swtwre minutely channelled. Mouth oval, pointed and channelled above, slightly narrowed below. Ouéer lip sharp and thin, patulous; below, it projects in a blunt point on the right side, between which and the pillaris the broad, open, shallowcanal. Inner lip: there is a thick, narrow, irregular-edged pad; this in front coils round the pillar, which is bent, twisted, short, truncated, and toothless. H.015. B.011. Penultimate whorl, height 0:06. Mouth, height 0:1, breadth 0:07. In general size and proportions this a good deal resembles O. spreta, Gould; but that is lower in the spire, the peripheral breadth lies higher, the shell is more attenuated in front, the mouth is longer, and the pillar is more defined by a pad crossed at the point by two teeth. 24% 3842 ON THE MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 2. OLtva (OLIVELLA) EPHAMILLA, D. Sp. (€¢apuddos, a match for another.) St. 122. Sept. 10, 1873. Lat. 9° 5'S., long. 34° 50' W. Off Pernambuco. 350 fms. Mud. Shell.—Very small, oblong, glossy, white, with a high blunt spire, a conical base, and along narrow mouth. Sculpture. Longi- tudinals—the lines of growth are barely recognizable. Spirals —there is scarcely a faint appearance of these. Colows probably porcellaneous white in the living specimen. Spire high, convexly conical, minutely scalar from a very small projection below the suture. Apex bluntly rounded. Whorls 43, with a minute pro- jection below the suture, very slightly convex at the sides. Sw- ture minutely perpendicularly * channelled. Mouth oblong, small, pointed and deeply channelled above, slightly narrowed below. Outer lip sharp, prominent, regularly arched from the body to the point of the pillar, not being in the slightest degree emarginate infront. Inner lip: there is a thick, irregular-edged pad, which in front scarcely coils round the front of the bent, twisted, short, truncated, and toothless pillar. H.016. B.0:07. Penultimate whorl, height 0°04. Mouth, height 0°09, breadth 0:03. The name of this little species is meant to signalize its remark- able resemblance to some of the minute Achatinas, such as Otonella acicula, Mill., or something between that and Lovea leacociana Lowe. Thinking it approached O. tehuelchana, d’Orb., I asked Mr. E. A. Smith to compare it with the type of that species preserved in the British Museum. He replies :—‘‘T am sure that your shell is not O. tehuelchana, d’Orb. This has the whorls flat at the sides and separated by a sharply defined groove at the sutures; yours has the whorls a little convex in outline and differently canaliculate at the sutures.” Than O. myridiana, Duclos, this ‘ Challenger’ shell is much larger, is different in colour and texture, and has a much coarser spire and apex. 3. OLIVA (OLIVELLA) VITILIA, 0. sp. St.24. Mar. 25,1874. Lat. 18° 38’ 30” N., long. 65° 5’ 30" W, N. of Culebra Island, St. Thomas, Danish W. Indies. 390 fms. Coral-mud. Shell.—Small, oval, glossy, with a short, blunt, subscalar spire, and in front blunt and rather deeply sinuated. Sculpture scarcely * T.e. parallel to the axis, in which sense I would propose to use the word “ axially.’ ON THE TEST OF THE TEMNOPLEURIDA. 343 any. Colour porcellaneous. Spire very short, roundedly conical, subscalar from the cylindrical rise of the whorls out of the per- pendicularly sunk sutural channel. Apew very blunt and rather large, impressed. Whorls 5, very short, except the last, which occupies nearly the whole shell, rounded above, cylindrical below in the channel of the sutwre, which is axially impressed. Mouth oblong, pointed and channelled above, slightly narrowed below. Outer lip thin, scarcely prominent or arched, running out to a blunt point in front to the right, whence it is obliquely truncated backwards to the point of the pillar with a deepish cut. Inner lip: there is on the body a very thick prominent and irregular pad of glaze, which curves round the straight point of the pillar and there is 4-plaited, and, with a sharply defined edge, encircles the point of the shell. H. 0°26. B.0:13. Penultimate whorl, height 0-035. Mouth, height 0°19, breadth 0:07. The low spire, very blunt apex, and four plaits on the pillar- pad distinguish this species from O. rosalina, Duclos, or O. rufi- fasciata, Reeve (which Dr. Kobelt holds as=O. mutica, Say), or O. inconspicua, OC. B. Ad. It is perhaps most like O. pusilla, C. B. Ad., which it resembles in lowness of spire and angularity at suture ; but the spire is even lower than in that species, and the body-whorl is more tumid. On some Points in the Morphology of the Test of the Temnopleu- ride. By Prof. P. Martin Duncan, M.B. Lond., F.RS. [Read December 15, 1881.] (Prats VIII.) Contmnts :—I. Introductory Remarks on the Subfamily Temnopleuride. TI. Morphology of the Pits of Salmacis sulcata, Agass. III. The Sutures of Salmacis sulcata. IV. The Morphology of the pits, sutural marginal grooves, and of the sutures of Adult Temnopleurus foreumaticus, Agass., and of the Young form. V. The Pits and Sutures of Salmacis bicolor and Amblypneustes ovum. VI. Remarks on the pits, sutural grooves, and sutures. VII. Classificatory Conclusions, I. Introductory Remarks on the Temnopleuride. Desor, in his ‘ Synopsis des Echinides Fossiles’ (1858), divided his tribe of Latistellate Regular Echini into the Oligopores and Polypores ; and he separated the Oligopores—that is to say, the Bchini with three pairs of pores to each ambulacral plate—into 844 PROF. P. M. DUNCAN ON THE MORPHOLOGY three types. The second type he made to comprehend the genus Temnopleurus, Agass., and its allies, they being Echini with sculp- tured tests and ornamented with fossettes, or little cavities, at the angles of the plates. Their pores might be unigeminate or bige- minate*. This type has been called a subfamily of the family Echinide by A. Agassiz, and the name of Desor has been appended to it. It has received much attention from nearly every naturalist who has studied the Echinoidea, and especially because some of the genera have persisted from the commencement of the Tertiary ages to the present day. There have been ten genera associated with the subfamily, some of which belong to it without doubt; and the clagsificatory posi- tion of the others has been debated or enlarged upon by Desor, Liitken, and A. Agassiz. These authors, and also L. Agassiz, EH. Forbes, Jules Haime, D’Archiac, Lovén, and Bell, have contri- buted to our knowledge of the superficies of the test of many of the species of the subfamily. During the last twelvemonth a very large collection of fossil Hehinoidea from Sind has been entrusted to Mr. Sladen, F.L.S., and myself, by the Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, for description ; and amongst those specimens which had been derived from the Eocene rocks there were many which would be called Temnopleuride, and some forms which required very careful consideration before they could be classified therein— such, for instance, which had a ribbed ornamentation around the primary tubercles and extending across the median space of the interradials, the spaces between the ribs resembling those drawn by A. Agassiz in Trigonocidaris. But the spaces were not really, to my mind, either sutural impressions or little cavities at the angles of the plates. In fact, I found the classificatory difficulties great. Wishing to have some definite information concerning the morphology of the cavities at the angles of the plates and the meaning of the sutural depressions, I sought for information in the writings of my predecessors, and obtained recent specimens from the southern coast of Sind. The desired information has been found exceedingly meagre. In fact, so far as I have been - able to discover, no one has examined the deeper connexion of * Desor, ‘Syn. Hch. Foss.’ p. 50. } A, Agassiz, ‘Revision of the Genera of Hchini,’ p. 460, OF THE TEST OF THE TEMNOPLEURID 2. 345 the pits (as the cavities at the angles of the plates are properly called), or has satisfactorily explained the nature of a sutural depression. I was impressed that the classification would be rendered more satisfactory by a careful examination of the nature of the cavities or pits at the angles of the plates, and of the so-called sutural depressions or furrowings. II. Morphology of the Pits of Salmacis sulcata. In order to be exact, it is necessary to call the openings and cavities at the angles of plates “ pits,’ and not pores. The suture of two adjoining plates is really the whole junction of their edges ; so that the superficial line denoting this on the surface of the test should be catled the margin of the suture. Specimens of Salmacis sulcata, Agassiz, of many dimensions and ages were examined in the first instance. On referring to the ‘Revision of the Hchini’ by A. Agassiz (p. 471), in reference to the genus it is noticed, “ angular pores at junction of plates.” With regard to the specific diagnosis, it is stated that the sutural pores are slightly larger than those of the species Salmacis bicolor, Agass. On turning to the descrip- tion of that species, it will be found stated, “The pores at the median junction are small, and the horizontal sutures of the coronal plates slightly furrowed.” In other words, the pits are small and the margin of the suture is slightly furrowed. On examining the specimens before and after fracture, it wag evident that in Salmacis sulcata the pits at the angles of the sutures, in the median interradial and ambulacral areas, occupied what might have been the point of one plate and part of the line between the edges of the adjoining plates, and that at the junction of the tentaculiferous plates with the interradials there was a vertical series of pits also interfering with the perfect shape of the interradial plates. In fact, in some specimens the pits, as a whole, seem to interfere considerably with the continuity of the test, and would also seem to leave but little edge to some plates on which sutural junction could take place. A Notice of the Nature of the Pits and Sutures of Salmacis suleata, Agass.—The pits of the test of Salmacis sulcata are in the median lines of the ambulacral and interradial areas, and algo at the junction of the interradial plates with the tentaculiferous 346 PROF. P. M. DUNCAN ON THE MORPHOLOGY plates ofthe ambulacra. The external dimensions of the pits along the median lines are much smaller than and afford no indication of their inner development. These pits pass deeply into the test and enlarge within, especially actinally and abactinally, or in the vertical direction, and less so laterally. In the interradial areas each pit leads to a compressed flask- shaped cavity with a broad bottom. It does not perforate the inner part of the test, but reaches inwards to within a very short distance of the inner part of the edge of the plates, where there is a layer of the usual reticulate, calcareous structure of the test. Hach pit occupies space in the edges of the approximated plates, and is surrounded, except superficially, by more or less project- ing reticulate tissue, and is separated by it from the pits above and below on the same line (Plate VIII. fig. 3). In some instances the pits unite deeply with a neighbour ; so that if the outline of the flat flask-shaped hollow were marked on the outside of the test, to show its relation in point of size to the opening of the pit, it would occupy an elliptical space three times the dimen- sions of the orifice. As each plate is in relation with three median pits, a considerable part of its edge is hollowed out, the surface of the test being undermined. In the median line of the ambulacral areas the pits enlarge as they pass inwards, are deep, flat flask-shaped, elongate verti- cally, narrow from side to side, and frequently have a projection on their floor. They occupy less space than the interradial series, but undermine the plates close to their edges. It is perfectly evident that the interradial, as well as the ambulacral pits of the median lines are depressions on the faces of the opposed edges of adjoiming plates (Plate VIII. figs. 3 & 8). The small pits between the tentaculiferous ambulacral plates and the interradials pass inwards as cylindrical spaces ending in cul de sacs ; some bend in their course, and others enlarge slightly (Plate VIII. figs. 6 &7). Tt is evident that in Salmacis sulcata the pits, which are of moderate dimensions at the surface of the test, occupy much more space within it, They are lined with a continuation of the ordinary derm of the outside of the test, and do not appear to contain any special structures. They sometimes communicate, within, with one another. On examining one of the interradial .plates, the apex of its angle, which is received between two corresponding interradials, OF THE TEST OF THE TEMNOPLEURID.Z. 347 will be found to be bluntand even slightly concave; and this loss of substance is to accommodate the pit (Plate VIII. figs. 1&2, a,b). Opposite to this concavity is the horizontal suture between the as- sociated interradials ; and there is loss of test on their edges close to the commencement of the suture. The margins of the sutures, both vertical and horizontal in direction, are faintly grooved; and in large specimens there is a distinct shallow pit on the vertical series, between each larger pair of pits (fig. 2, ¢). The shallow pit is a mere depression ; yet it occupies what might have been solid test, and it diminishes the amount of plate- edge available for junction or suturing with its fellow. The line of junction between the interradials and the tentaculi- ferous plates of the ambulacra is marked, not only by a pit at the commencement of the horizontal interradial suture, but also by four, and sometimes five, well-developed and deep pits at the junction of the sutures of the small ambulacral plates. Hence on the surface of the test the interradial area is attached to the ambulacral by a series of very small processes, across which a faint vertical sutural line can be seen. III. Phe Sutures of Salmacis suleata. This development of the pits appears to relate to the very re- markable sutures of the species. The sutures of the interradial plates are fourin number. Each plate is jomed by its abactinal edge to the plate above; by its actinal edge to the plate below; by a lateral median angular suture to the plate at its side; and by a lateral suture to the plates of the ambulacrum close by. The first two sutures are horizontal, and the others are more or less vertical in direction. On carefully separating two interradial plates of a vertical series, along the horizontal suture, the tissue connecting their edges (that is to say, the suture) is seen. The abactinal edge of the lower plate is minutely, but very distinctly, marked with from two to four rows (from without inwards in the normal position of the test) of hollows or sockets. The rows are separate, and extend over the breadth of the edge not quite close to the ends. The sockets are limited, deep, and are special structures in the reticulate calcareous tissue of the plate (Plate VIII. fig. 5). The test is brilliantly white; and although the sockets can be seen with a hand-lens without difficulty, some careful arrangement of the light transmitted by the bull’s-eye, or reflected from 348 PROF. P. M. DUNCAN ON THE MORPHOLOGY the stage-reflector, is necessary. ‘The specimen, fixed on wax, should be moved on its axis by the rotating-siage so as to cast shadows in different directions. This proceeding is especially necessary in carrying out some of the following observations. On looking at the actinal edge of the interradial plate next in vertical succession to that just mentioned, it will be found to be covered with a considerable number of minute, well-defined, blunt, conical projections of the reticulate calcareous tissue of the test. These knobs can be seen from the outer surface of the plate, extending beyond it. They are inrows; and when the two plates are in accurate and normal contact, the knobs fit into the sockets of the lower plate (Plate VIII. fig. 4). The only place where this knob-and-socket arrangement is deficient is quite at the end of the edge of the plates, where the pit runs in for a short dis- tance. ach interradial plate has a series of knobs on its actinal edge, and sockets on the abactinal edge. The ambulacral areas are occupied by two vertical series of plates, separated by a zigzag vertical suture along the median line, and they are flanked by the numerous small, pored plates of the tentaculiferous series. Hach large ambulacral plate has an actinal and abactinal horizontal edge, an angular suture uniting it with two neighbouring plates along the median line, and an opposite end, to which are attached the small plates of the poriferous zone. The abactinal edge of each of the large ambulacral plates is covered with minute knobs of the reticulate tissue, and its actinal edge has rows of sockets; so that the lower or actinal edge of one plate receives the knobs of the abactinal edge of the plate below, an arrangement exactly the reverse of that which exists in the interradial areas. The pits interfere but slightly with this arrangement, as they are almost out of the way and close to the outer angle. The vertical sutures of both areas being in relation to the large pits of the median lines, are very different in their construction to those just noticed, and must be considered in detail. First. The median zigzag suture of the interradial area, which unites the broad interradial plates side by side. The edge of a plate in this position forms the sides of an angle ; and, as before noticed, these large pits excavate its surface. Hach expanded pit is separated from its neighbour on the same plate- edge by a projection, which is broad toward the outer surface of the plate and narrower inwards. There is also a shelflike pro- OF THE TEST OF THE TEMNOPLEURIDE. 349 cess along the inner part of the edge, bounding the expanded part of the pit inwardly. There are knobs of reticulate tissue on alter- nate projections and sockets on the others. Moreover, on one projection along its broadest part is an elliptical shallow cavity, and on the next a convexity occurs in the corresponding position. Knobs are found on the shelf-like process in little groups, and then hollow sockets in groups,andsoon. The knobs and sockets, grooves and convexities of one plate-edge correspond with sockets, knobs, conyexities, and grooves in the edge of the opposed plate. These are the sutural structures ; and they also limit the dimen- sions of the pits (Plate VIII. fig. 3). A very similar series of structures is seen on the median angular edges of the ambulacral plates. The pits are separated by dis- tinct pillars enlarging outwards, and merging inwards into a shelf- like structure, on which the pit ends inwardly. The knobs and sockets are on alternate pillars; and the enlargement of the one carries a long convex mass, and that of the other an elliptical cavity. Usually there is a projection at the bottom of each pit, from the shelf-like process. The knobs and sockets of one ambu- lacral plate fit into sockets and knobs on the edge of the opposite plate normally in contact, and act as sutural processes (Plate VIII. fig. 8). Finally, there are sutures between each interradial plate and the small tentaculiferous plates of the ambulacra. The small pits are more or less in vertical series. On the interradial plate-edge, sections of the pits are seen separated by broad processes running inwards, and merging into a well-developed inner reticulate tissue. The processes and this tissue are studded with well-developed sockets (Plate VIII. fig. 6). But on the corresponding edges of the ambulacral plates the similar processes and inner shelf-like tissue are covered with knobs which stand out well (Plate VIII. fig. 7); these fit into the sockets of the corresponding interradial plate, and constitute the suture. There is very slight and probably no absolute junction between any plates by continuity of reticulate tissue; but the suturing consists of these elaborately alternate systems of knobs and sockets, and of projections and corresponding grooves. The breadth of one of the knobs is commonly =}, inch, and the height is rather more, The sockets correspond in size. 350 PROF. P. M. DUNCAN ON THE MORPHOLOGY IV. The Morphology of the Pits, sutural marginal Grooves, and Sutures of Temnopleurus toreumaticus, Agass., 1841. The pits of all the areas are very visible in this typical species of the genus Zemnopleurus ; and there are marginal sutural grooves of a very distinct kind. The pits have a considerable inward oblique and vertical extension within the test ; their inner dimen- sion varies according to position ; and they occupy depressions in the edges of adjoining plates. At the ambitus especially the principal tubercle of each inter- radial plate, or a process of its scrobicule, comes close to the actinal edge and covers and obliterates, to a greater or less extent, the marginal grooving. So that when the plate is separated from the one below, or that which is placed orally to it, the base of the tubercle, or a prolongation of its subscrobicular structure, is seen to project into a concavity on the outer surface of this lower plate close to the abactinal sutural part. This deep grooving of the sutural margin and of the superficies of the test close to it, coupled with the existence of the great primary tubercle with its basal structure, interferes with the thickness of the actinal and abactinal edge of the plates. The thickness is greatest in the central part of the edge, and thence there is a gradual thinning on either side. The actinal edge of each interradial plate is covered with numerous knobs, rounded at the end, and of the same character as those noticed in Salmacis sulcata. Sometimes the knobs are placed irregularly ; and in some places they are in lines, and then one knob runs into another, and a line of elevation is produced and is more or less continuous. On the abactinal edge of the plates there are sockets which cor- respond with the knobs and lines of elevation of the adjoining plate. (Plate VIII. figs. 10 & 11.) Inthe ambulacral areas the median pits are deep, oblique, and not much expanded within. The grooving of the margin of the suture is very decided towards the median line, and less so towards the poriferous zone ; and, in the first place, the thickness of the plate is greatly reduced. Hence the outline of the horizontal sutural edges of the ambulacral plates is irregular. The actinal edge of each plate has numerous sockets, which receive the knobs of the abactinal edge of the plate below. Thus there is the same reversal of the direction of the knobs and sockets, with regard to those of the interradial areas, as was noticed in Salmacis sul- OF THE TEST OF THE TEMNOPLEURIDA. 851 cata. The tentaculiferous plates, or the poriferous parts of the ambulacral plates, have knobs and sockets arranged like those of the main plate. On examining the edges of the interradial plates along the median line the succession of pits is very distinct. They enlarge, as has been stated already, slightly at their inner end in the vertical direction, and reach inwards very close to the inner margin of the edge. On either side of a pit, that is to say actinally and abacti- nally in vertical succession, there is a curved process passing from the inner part of the edge outwards, and then bending close to the outer part of the edge towards the angle of the plate (Plate VIII. fig. 12). These processes, two to each plate, enclose a space ; and one of them has one series of sockets, and the other one series of knobs on it. The space is shallow and oblique, and is part of a pit. On the inner part of the edge, below the space and the end of the pit, there are groups of minute knobs and sockets. On the corre- sponding edge of the contiguous plate the same structures are found ; but the position of the knobs and sockets is reversed, and there isa slight projection which fits partly into the space. The suturing is by the reception of the knobs by the sockets of the approximated plate-edges. A similar arrangement occurs on the median edges of the plates of the ambulacral area; but there is more variation in the extent of the processes with knobs and sockets. In parts of the test where the pits are unusually large, there is more than one series of processes, and a set of knobs and sockets bound the space or projection, asthe case may be. On the other hand, near the peristome, where the pits are small, cylindrical, and yet pass far inwards, the suturing is by nearly straight lines of pits and sockets, which are parallel with the pits and are small. The junction of the outer edge of the interradial plate with the poriferous plates of the ambulacrum is complicated by the presence of the pits at the end of the horizontal marginal grooves (actinal and abactinal), and by occasional pits at the junction of the sutural lines of the small plates with the interradial. But the suturing is by two to four processes, separated or not by pits, and passing from the inner part ofthe edge of the plate to the outer, just below the surface. The processes consist of two lamine of the reticulate tissue of the test ; and between them are sockets in a series, or they may 352 PROF. P. M. DUNCAN ON THE MORPHOLOGY run together and form linear depressions. The inner part of the edge internal to the base of the processes is crowded with sockets (Plate VIII. fig. 13). Finally, the edge of the poriferous ache in contact with the interradial is marked by series of knobs which fit into the sockets in the corresponding interradial edge (Plate VIII. fig. 14). The plates of the apical disk do not join the coronal and ambu- lacral plates by any knob-and-socket suture, but by a slight over- lapping. It is perfectly evident that the union of the edges of the plates of Temnopleurus torewmaticus and of Salmacis suleata only ‘differ in matters of slight detail. In both there is a reversal of the arrangement seen in the interradial area in the ambulacral ; and in both the poriferous plates have knobs and join the interradial plates which are socketed. Young Forms of Temnopleurus toreumaticus.—Several specimens of from 3 to Linch in diameter were examined. ‘There are round, widely open shallow pits, the bottom of which can be seen from the surface of the test above the ambitus in both areas, and the marginal sutural grooving is slight. At the ambitus in some, but not in all, the pits and grooves diminish in size, and are often very small; and below the ambitus, in all, the pits of the ambulacral area are not so large as they are near the apex, and those of the interradials are very minute. The edges of the interradial plates, along the vertical median line, show that the pits barely pass within the test near the peristome, and that they are deeper near the apical system; but they do not excavate the point of the angle ofthe plates. Where largest, they do not pass inwards more thanin Amblypneustes. In fact, the flask-shape is not seen. The suturing is different to thatin the adult form; and it con= sists, where the pit is very insignificant, of well-developed rows of knobs, parallel with the outside of the test, or slightly irregular in their distribution, and of sockets arranged in similar order. The knobs are on one side of the pit and the sockets on the other; and they correspond with sockets and knobs on the op- posed plates. Where the pits are larger and the sutural marginal groove is more pronounced, the knobs and sockets are in ares, and frequently there are lines of knobs run together to form a linear elevation ; and there are corresponding lines of depression. Here and there one of these lines has a distinctly inward track, OF THE TEST OF THE TEMNOPLEURIDA. 303 and passes from close to the outside of the test to the inner part of the edge. The edge of the interradial plates in contact with the pori- ferous plates of the ambulacrum has two rows of large sockets parallel with the surface of the test. There are no other pits to be seen there, except those at the ends of the horizontal sutural margins between the interradial plates. A more confused knob-and-socket arrangement is seen on the median edge of the ambulacral plates than on the corresponding edge of theinterradials. But thereisa general resemblance. The deepest pits are near the peristome ; and on either side of them, on the edge of the plate, are confused nodules and depressions rather than well-defined knobs and sockets. Moreover, the run- ning together of the knobs and sockets, respectively, in lines occurs, and the solitary lines passing from without inwards are visible. The deepest pits near the peristome, four or five in number, hold spheridia of considerable dimensions. The edge of the poriferous plates in contact with the inter- radium has two large rows of knobs; and here and there they run together to form rounded-off wedges. This arrangement is much more simple than in the adult form; and is seen less dis- tinctly towards the apical part of the ambulacrum. Finally, the actinal and abactinal edges of the interradial and ambulacral plates have a small number of knobs and sockets. V. The Pits and Sutures of Salmacis bicolor and Amblypneustes ovum. Salmacis bicolor.—The pits in this species are small externally ; but they pass down far towards the inner part of the test, as cylin- drical tubes (Plate VIII. figs. 15-17). A very considerable development of knobs and sockets is found on the median inter- ambulacral and ambulacral plate-edges, and lines of more or less continuous depression and elevation also occur. The suturing is slighter than in the other species, but the knobs are often larger. The same kind of suture is found between the interradial plates and the ambulacral poriferous plates as in the species already mentioned. But the knob-and-socket suturing of the actinal and abactinal horizontal edges of the plates, coronal and ambulacral, although it exists, is slight and often difficult to see. Here and there it is replaced by linear elevated tracts and corresponding long depressions. 354: PROF. P. M. DUNCAN ON THE MORPHOLOGY Amblypneustes ovum.—A small specimen of this species, in which the pits are mere depressions and barely pass inwards, was examined. There are traces of the peculiar suturing to be detected here and there; but a more bulky convexity enters an irregular concavity on the edges, in most parts. It is the faintest expression of the very marked structures of Salmacis sulcata. VI. Remarks on the Pits, Sutural Grooves, and Sutures. The pits are more than simple depressions of the marginal sutural lines; and when fully developed, as in Salmacis suleata and Temnopleurus torewmaticus, they occupy space in the edges of contiguous plates and portions of the test at the angles. They commence, in the young form, as depressions on the sutural margin; and as the test increases in thickness the pit becomes deeper, not only from the outward growth of the test, but also from the inward growth and extension of the base of the cavity. Each pit is a hollow in the approximated edges of two joiing plates, and some pits certainly communicate by their expanded bases. The pits undermine considerably, close to the edges of the test in some instances, and are lined with a continuation of the outer derm of the test. Lovén found spheridia in those nearest the peristome in the median ambulacral areas; and I can testify to their occurring as high as the sixth pit in the young form. Elsewhere no special structures are in relation to the pits. Similar developments are not known in any other subfamily of the Echinoidea. The groovings and depressions along the line of the sutures, so visible in Zemnopleurus, and of much less significance in Salmacis, increase with the age of the individual in the first-mentioned genus; and it is evident that they add in the first genus to the extent of the superficies of the test. They may be broad or narrow, deep or shallow, and their continuity may be interfered with by vertical dissepiments or tubercles. They have an importance in the economy of the animal; and they may be slight, and yet the pits may be large. They are absolutely depressions between ridges on which tubercles are placed above the normal level of the plate, and which are ornamental elevations, as in Zemnechinus, which has no true pits, and T'vigonocidaris. The sutures are composed of the ordinary reticulate transparent calcareous tissue of the test. The knobs are more or less hemi- OF THE TEST OF THE TEMNOPLEURID®. 355 spherical ; and their free surface is not one of fracture, but is perfect. Some are elongate, and others are elliptical and even very long at their base. The size varies in the species; and 3} inch may be taken as a common diameter and height. The sockets are corresponding depressions in the edges of the plates; | and their surface shows an even, unbroken, calcareous reticulation. They receive the knobs; and no derm passes down, from without inwards, in the line of suture to separate them. The processes on and between which the knobs and sockets are placed in adult forms, are boundaries of the sides of the pits; and I think that now and then there is continuity between the opposed processes of the two adjoining plates. The number of the knobs and sockets is immense; and they are found on all the plates, which may amount to more than 1500 in a well-developed Salmacis sulcata. The test, as a whole, has no other bonds of union than these sutures ; but the gene- rative and ocular plates are not sutured with the others. When whole, the tests will stand considerable pressure; but when partly broken, they fall readily to pieces. The suturing is of a kind which is used in carpentry in making tables, and especially in uniting hollow spheres made up of pieces, when outer and inner bracing is not possible. It is called dowelling. I have not found this method of suturing in other genera; but irregula- rities of surface on the edges of plates are seen in some. Thus, in Diadema setoswm there is a faint trace of an irregular suturing by processes. VII. Classificatory Conclusions. It would appear, from what has been written concerning the sutural depressions and pits, that it is not unreasonable to sepa- rate those Echinoidea with true pits from those which have only sutural grooves or depressions between raised ornamentation, and to consider the grooved forms, which are not pitted, more embryonic than the others. The species which were described by MM. D’Archiac and Jules Haime from the Nummulitic rocks of Sind were placed by them under the genus Zemnopleurus. But they have no true pits, only well-marked broad grooves over the margins of the sutures; and these grooves are really parts where the raised ornamentation of the test does not exist. LINN. JOULN.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 25 306 PROF. P. M. DUNCAN ON THE MORPHOLOGY Desor states, in his ‘Synopsis des Echinides,’ p. 105, with reference to Temnopleurus:—“ C’ est par erreur aussi que M. Forbes prétend qu’il existe des pores aux angles des plaques coronales comme dans les Salmacis.” Now typical Temnopleuri certainly have pits at the angles of the plates, and something more than deep sutural impressions there. Hence the Nummulitic forms are not true members of the genus Temnopleurus. The numerous members of the subfamily Temnopleuride which Mr. Sladen and myself are now describing from the lowest Nummulitic rocks have very decided rib-like ornamentation, and, of course, what are called grooves; but they are not pitted. So that all these Eocene forms from Sind must come under one or more genera with a raised rib-like ornamentation, without pits. They re- semble in many points Lrigonocidaris, Agass., and Paradoxechinus, Laube. With regard to forms having pits, Zemnoplewrus is typical. The generic differentiation of Salmacis sulcata and a typical species of Temnoplewrus is insufficient. Amblypneustes is approached through Salmacis bicolor. Ido not think it possible toadmit Temnechinus maculatus, A. Agass., amongst the Temnopleuride with pits until Agassiz has examined the sutures. If the subfamily is to be rearranged according to these views, the oldest forms will form the group with depressions on the test in the line of the sutures, or, rather, with raised ribs. The second group will consist of the genera Yemnopleurus, Salmacis, and Amblypneustes and others with true pits. It is interesting to note that the earlier forms of the Temno- pleuride resemble the immature individuals of recent species, and. that the immature individuals of Zemnopleurus toreumaticus might be associated with some species of Salmacis. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VIII. Fig. 1. Salmacis suicata. Swperficial view of the pits on the interradial median line. The sutural markings are distinct; and each pit transgresses on the substance of the angle of a plate especially. Magnified. Fig. 2. An older specimen. Thesutural marginal lines are more distinct. The pits are about the same size as in fig. 1; but there are depressions or semi-pits on the vertical sutures between the others a and 6 OF THE TEST OF THE TEMNOPLEURID &. 357 are pits in relation to the angles of plate; ¢ are the semi-pits. Mag- nified. Fig. 3. The edge of an interradial plate along the vertical or median series of sutures. @ and 6 are the parts of the pits pertaining to the plate, the rest being in the adjoining interradial. c¢ is the semi-pit. The great development of the pits below the surface is seen; and they are sepa- rated by projections of the plate’s edge, broad above, narrow below. These projections carry the sockets and knobs of the suture. Below ¢ there is a long socket followed by three pits; and below the large tubercle a long projection is seen, and below it more knobs. Beneath the expansion of the pits, on the reticulate tissue of the test, are some knobs and sockets. Magnified. Fig. 4. The actinal edge of the same plate, A series of knobs projects, Mag- nified, Fig. 5. The aboral edge of an interradial plate, showing three or more irregular rows of sockets. Magnified. Fig. 6. View along the line of suture of the ambulacral tentaculiferous plate and the interradial plate; the edge of the ambulacral plates is drawn. The deep and narrow pits (in section), some expanding, are shown ; and between them are numerous knobs. These fit into the sockets in the interradial plate (fig. 7). Magnified. Fig. 7. An interradial plate, ambulacral edge: the portions of pits correspond with others on the ambulacral edge, the raised lines between the pits carry sockets. Magnified. Fig. 8. View of the edge of a median ambulacral plate along the line of vertical suture. The pits are large, and they extend on the edge of the plates They are separated by ridges, some knobbed and others with sockets. A process arises on the floor of the pit which is sutural. Mag- nified. Fig. 9. An ambulacral series from within the test. The tentaculiferous pores “are seen, and on the edge a number of minute knobs. Magnified. Fig. 10. Abactinal edge of a coronal plate of Temnopleurus torewmaticus, show- ing sockets, some in linear series. Magnified. Fig. 11. An actinal edge of an interradial plate near the apical system, showing knobs. Magnified. Fig. 12. The median interradial suture and pits. Magnified. Fig. 13. The suture and pits of the interradial plates adjoining an ambulacral area: sockets and pits. Magnified. 25* 358 REV. BR. BOOG WATSON ON THE Fig. 14. Knobs on the ambulacral plate-edges in relation with sockets on the corresponding interradials. Pits are shown. Magnified. Figs. 15-17. Salmacis bicolor. The median interradial suture, showing pits and knobs, sockets, elevations, and depressions. Magnified. Mo.tirsca oF H.M.S. ‘ CoattEencer’ Expepirion.—Part XIIT. By the Rey. R. Boog Warsoy, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.LS. [Published by permission of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. ] [Read March 16, 1882.] Fam. Buccinip 4s, Flem. Buccinum, L. Nassa, Lam. Puos, Montf. Buccrnum, L. 1. B. albozonatum,n. sp. | 2. B. aquilarum, n. sp. 1, BUCCINUM ALBOZONATUM, 0. sp. St.155 p. Jan. 20,1874. Lat. 49° 28’ S., long. 70° 13! E. Royal Sound, Kerguelen. 28 fms. Mud. Shell.—Small, thin, fusiform, with a high spire, a short base, and a small snout, of a ruddy brown, tipped and banded with white; it has spiral threads. Sculpture. Longitudinals—on the earlier whorls there are some feeble folds below the suture ; only sharpish hair-like lines of growth elsewhere. Spirals —over the whole surface there are flat threads with furrows of equal breadth between them: of these, on the penultimate whorl there are about 10; on the snout they are finer and closer. Colowr muddy brown, with a transparent white-tipped pillar and central band on each whorl. pyre high, rather narrow. Apex blunt, rounded, with a slightly immersed tip. Whorls 6, regularly convex; the last contracts slowly on the base, and is produced into a short, one-sided, slightly ex- panded, truncated snout. Swtwre rather deeply impressed. Mouth largisk, oval, open, ‘straight, bluntly pointed above, pro- MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 359 duced into a small, short, oblique canal below. Outer lip thin, blunt, rather patulous, slightly sinuated and angulated a little way below the suture, and below this flatly arched. Inner lip: a very thin and narrow glaze coyers the arched body and the straight pillar, which is not thickened or twisted, but is obliquely cut off in front. Operculum is intermediate in form between that of Buccinum and Cominella ; for, as in the latter, the nucleus is at the lower end, but it is not apical but is within the edge towards the outer margin as in the former. H. 0-4. B.0-18. Penultimate whorl, height 0-1. Mouth, height 0°19, breadth 0-11. 2. Buccrnum (?) AQUILARUM, Nn. sp. St. 78. July 10, 1873. Lat. 39° 26’ N., long. 25° 13’ W. Off San Miguel, Azores. 1000 fms. Globigerina-ooze. Shell.—Small, thin, white, ventricose, biconical, oval, subscalar, with an oval, slightly oblique mouth, anda short canal. Sculp- ture. Longitudinals—on the upper whorls there are many feeble, close-set, straight riblets, which are very faint and merge into the lines of growth on the last whorl. Spirals—on the whole sur- face are fine, rounded, spiral threadlets parted by shallow furrows which are broader than the ribs. Colour semitransparent white, under a thin yellow membranaceous epidermis. Spzre short, broad, conical, subscalar. Apex small, butrounded. Whorls6, slightly flattened above ; below this there is a very blunt angulation, and the lower part of each whorl is subcylindrical ; the last whorl is yentricose, contracting on the base to a very short, rather lop-sided snout. Suwtwre impressed. Mouth rather large, oval, rounded at the top, and prolonged below into an oblique, short, open canal. Outer lip thin, but not sharp, very bluntly angulated near the top, of regular curve, open, with a very slight basal cut at the point of the pillar. nner lip: a thick layer of glaze, with a pro- minent edge continuous with the outer lip, runs down parallel to the belly-margin, and is cut off by the oblique canal at the point of the pillar, which is neither swoln nor thickened. H. 0°33. B. 0-21. Penultimate whorl, height 0°07. Mouth, height 0°22, breadth 0:18. This is a perplexing form, in general aspect very like several Admetea. Than A. ovata, E. Sm., from Japan, it is very much higher and more attenuated in the spire ; than A. erispa, Moller, it is much more tumid, and lower in the spire; than A. wridula, 360 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE Fabr., it is more delicately sculptured, is higher in the spire, and is of slower increase. The absence of the generic teeth on the pillar and the presence of the slight basal sinus are both features not without parallel in the genus Admete ; but in all Admete so far as known to me there is a varicose twist at the point of the pillar, between which and the edge of the inner lip lies a more or less distinct umbilical chink or furrow. In this ‘Challenger’ shell there ig no swelling whatever, and scarcely any twist even in the sculp- ture, and not the slightest approach to an umbilical chink. The absence of the varicose twist is, indeed, rather an objection to putting this species under Buccinwm; but that genus already accommodates forms still more exceptional than the present one. Volutharpa is perhaps nearer ; but I do not sufficiently know the limits of that genus to take liberties with it ; the absence of an operculum, which seems its only positive claim to generic stand- ing, is a feature out of recognition in the present case. Puos, Montf. 1. P. naucratoros, n. sp. | 2. P. bathyketes, n. sp. 1. PHOS NAUCRATOROS, n. sp. (vavxpdrwp, master of the fleet, Admiralty.) St. 219. March 10,1875. Lat. 1°54’ S., long. 146° 39’ 40" EB. Admiralty Islands, N.E. of Papua. 150 fms. Mud. Shell.Strong, smooth but not polished, yellowish white, with some pale ruddy bands, with a high conical spire, small sharp apex, and a slightly impressed suture. Whorls rounded, with narrow ribs and spiral threads, a short contracted base, and a twisted pil- lar. Sculpture. Longitudinals—on the last whorl there are about 15, on the earlier about 18, rather narrow, raised, rounded, flex- uous ribs, of which one on each whorl is a little larger than the rest; they extend to the upper suture and also to the point of the base, they are parted by rounded furrows of twice their breadth ; the lines of growth are extremely numerous and sharp, Spirals—the whole surface is densely packed with strongish, but very unequal, rounded threads parted by fine small furrows ; there is a broad shallow furrow round the upper part of the pillar, and in it the spiral threads are sharper and sparser than elsewhere. Oolour porcellaneous white, stained with yellow on the surface, banded with palish rufous and white. Spire high, narrow, conical. Apex small and sharp, consisting of four bicarinated, conically shaped, MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 3861 conical whorls. Whorls 10, rounded, constricted below and con- tracted above ; the last is alittle tumid, with a short rounded base, which is produced into a short, broad, lop-sided scoop-like snout. Sutwre small, impressed, rather oblique. Jouth irregularly oval, pointed above, subangulated at the pillar, and produced in front into the short, open, oblique canal. Outer lip thickened by the external callus, in advance of whichit is thin; within, itis scored with long narrow teeth ; there is a slight open sinus near the body, its curve is a little angulated in front, from which point in parti- cular it is patulous; the broad notch of the canal has a slightly reverted lip. Inner lip flat on the body, bluntly angulated at the base of the short pillar, which is swoln and twisted in front, and coarsely flanged on the edge; the extreme point of the pillar is very small and sharp, and is as prominent as the point of the outer lip; the labial pad is very thin and undefined. H. 1. B. 05. Penultimate whorl, height 02. Mouth, height 0°5, breadth 0°27. The extreme tip of the apex in the only specimen present is broken. The species presents that feature which is peculiar to the whole genus, of strong family resemblance, but is quite distinct from all the species so far as known to me. 2. PHOS BATHYKETES, 0. sp. St. 210. Jan. 25, 1875. Lat. 9° 26’ N., long. 123° 45’ E. Philippines. 375 fms. Mud. Bottom temperature 54°:1. Shell.—Thinnish, porcellaneous, without lustre, brownish yellow, with a high conical spire, small turbinated apex, short rounded whorls having feeble ribs and spiral threads, deep suture, small body-whorl, short contracted base, and a broad, deeply nicked snout. Sewlpture. Longitudinals—on the first regular whorl there are 11 or 12, on the body-whorl about twice as many, narrow, slightly prominent, rounded riblets, which extend from the suture to the point of the base; they have a sinistral trend, which igs very marked on the base; they are parted by shallow furrows two or three times their breadth; the lines of growth are fine, sharp, and equal. Spirals—on the penultimate whorl there are about 6, on the body about 12, narrow rounded threads, which rise into sharpish little tubercles in crossing the riblets ; the fourth of these lies about the periphery, and the furrow be- tween it and the third is wider than the others; in all of these fur- rows are feebler threadlets. The front of the pillar has a strong 362 REV. BR. BOOG WATSON ON THE twisted swelling. Colowr dull brownish yellow, which is a little deeper on the tubercles. Spire high, narrow, conical. Apex slightly abrupt, consisting of 33 turbinated embryonic whorls, of which the extreme tip is very small; they are smooth and rounded, but slightly keeled above the suture; towards the first regular whorl the carinating thread becomes double or triple, and a few very oblique riblets appear. Whorls 93, short, rounded, being pretty equally constricted above and below; the last is small, being neither broad nor long; the base is short and conical, being drawn out into a broad, lop-sided, slightly reverted snout, in which lies the deep, wide, rounded nick of the anterior canal. Suture very deeply impressed, rather oblique. Mouth semioval, obliquely produced in front and abruptly truncated at the point; it is hardly angulated above. Outer lip has a feeble varix outside, formed by a crowding at that point of the longitudinal riblets ; the edge is sharp, flatly arched, scored internally with long nar- row teeth, which are alternately stronger and weaker ; it is slightly emarginated below the suture, prominent in front, and then re- treats to the edge of the canal, and here alone it is patulous. Inner lip short across the body, where the labial callus spreads somewhat; and there in the middle is a strongish little tooth; the junction of body and pillar is rather concave; the pillar, which is longish and somewhat swoln, is very obliquely cut off and twisted, with a narrow rounded edge; two strongish and one or two feeble teeth cross it almost horizontally ; and it runs out in front to avery fine, attenuated, but blunted point. H. 09. B. 0°35. Penultimate whorl, height 0:16. Mouth, height 0°36, breadth 0°17. This species is a good deal like P. borneensis, Sow., from Borneo, but is slightly slimmer; the first whorls here are larger, the suture is deeper, and between the spirals the shell is smoother. In Sowerby’s species, too, the upper angle of the mouth is much | more deeply sinuated, and behind this canal is an angulated callus, the pillar is shorter and less sharply pointed, and there is no tooth on the body ; the ribs in that species are stronger and closer set, and are frequently developed into varices, of which, with the exception of the feeble labral swelling, there are none in the ‘Challenger’ species. MOLLUSOA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 363 Nassa, Lam. 1, N. levukensis, n. sp. 5. NN. agapeta, n. sp. 2. N. psila, n. sp. 6. NV. capillaris, n. sp. 3. WN. brychia, nu. sp. 7. N. ephamilla, nu. sp. 4. N. babylonica, n. sp. 1, Nassa LEVUKENSIS, 0. sp. July 29,1874. Levuka, Fiji. 12 fms. Shell—Thin, rather smooth, brownish livid, ovate, subfusiform, scarcely oblique, with a short, subscalar spire, and a small but bluntish apex ; the anterior canal is very shortly but sharply mar- gined, with scarcely any snout. Sculpture. Longitudinals—the earlier whorls are crossed by numerous rather fine straight riblets parted by similar furrows; these ribs and furrows increase in strength, but not proportionally so, down the spire, and tend to become obsolete on the body-whorl ; the lines of growth are fine, smooth and unequal. Spirals—a strongish furrow below the suture cuts off the top of the ribs as a row of nodules; the middles of the whorls are scored, especially in the intercostal furrows, with remote impressed lines, which are more or less obsolete; on the front of the base are 4: to 6 strongish, flat, subimbricated threads : coiling round the base of the pillar is a broad shallow furrow, in which the longitudinal ribs are visible ; below this is a prominent thread, while the point of the pillar is scored by about 4 sharpish threads with broader furrows. Colour livid, with more or less of brown; the point of the pillar is white, as are two bands, one at the suture and the other above the periphery. Spzre short, conical, subsealar. Apex small but blunt, the three smooth, rounded, glo- bose embryonic whorls being somewhat depressed; they are also markedly smaller than the succeeding regular whorl. Whorls 9, conical, slightly convex, the last a little tumid. Swtwre impressed and slightly canaliculate. Mouth oval, pointed, channelled and nicked above, with a short oblique canalin front. Outer lip sin- uated above, straight, and rather contracted to the point of the base, where it is patulous; it is toothed within, serrated on the anterior edge, right-angled at the canal, the edge of which is sharply margined by the infrabasal thread. Jnner lip concave and toothed above, straight and bluntly tubercled on the pillar, the point of which is flanged, and down which the edge of the labial callus projects prominently, leaving ashallow chink behind it. Operculum thin, yellow, oval, triangular, with a slightly ser- 864 - REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE rated outer and inner edge. H.0'8. B. 0:45. Penultimate whorl, 0:18. Mouth, height 0°33, breadth 0°24. Mr. Marrat, of Liverpool, whose labours on the genus Wassa in particular are well known, and who has had the goodness carefully to examine the whole of the ‘ Challenger’ species of the group, considers this species to be his VV. levigata (=glabella, Marr. nee Sow.), an opinion which I am not able to accept. With a con- siderable general resemblance, the form of the shell is very dif- ferent. In WV. levigata the shortness and breadth of the last whorl gives a contour-line totally unlike that of IV. levukensis, which is narrow at the periphery and comparatively long in the base. It has points of resemblance to WV. monile, Kien., to WV. algida, Reeve, to N. coronata, Lam., and to W. crenulata, Brug., but is certainly distinct from them all. It most of all resembles one of the depauperated forms of WV. canaliculata, Lam., in some of which the canaliculation of the suture becomes very obsolete ; but in none of these is there so sharp a flange round the anterior canal, none have so deep a furrow at the origin of the pillar, nor so sharp a thread in front of that furrow, and in all the apex has a broader base, and is higher, sharper, more conical. The operculum, too, is quite unlike, being in these very much smaller, more oyal, and without serrated edges. 2. Nassa PSILA, n. sp. (Ads, rubbed.) St. 1853. August 31,1874. Lat. 11° 38' 15” S., long. 143° 59! 38" W. Off Raine Island, Torres Straits. 155 fms. Sand and shells. Shell—Very thin, glassy, polished, white, with some brown stains ; conical, scarcely oblique, with a high scalar spire, a small blunt apex, a short truncate base, a sharply flanged canal, and avery small snout. Sculpture. Longitudimals—the earlier whorls are crossed by numerous regular fine riblets parted by very similar furrows ; they are straight, but incline a little obliquely to the left ; they hardly increase in size, but on the last 13 whorls become obso- lete; the lines of growth are yery fine. Spirals—below the suture is a narrow horizontal shelf, whose sharp edge is ornamented with an expressed row of blunt tubercles ; these are formed by a deepish furrow isolating the tops of the ribs; narrow shallow furrows stipple the interstices of the riblets ; these become faint on the last whorl, but increase in strength and become more continuous as they approach the outer lip; they also increase in strength towards the point of the base. Colowr horny or translucent MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION, 365 glassy white, with some brown stains vaguely linear. Spire high, conical, scalar. Apex small, consisting of 33 depressedly globose, glossy, keeled, embryonic whorls. Whorls 9 to 10, horizontally shouldered, angulated, cylindrical, with a short, rounded, and con- tracted base. Suture marginated and slightly constricted. Mouth round, sharply pointed above. Outer lip rounded on the edge and narrowly reverted, straight above, rounded at the base, more or less patulous throughout ; the canal has a reverted, flanged margin. Inner lip convex on the body, concave in the middle, straight on the pillar; the labial glaze, which is very glassy, spreads broadly and undefinedly on the body, and projects with a narrow prominent edge down the pillar, which has a flanged and twisted point. H. 0-78. 3B. 0°39. Penultimate whorl, height 0:16. Mouth, height 0°38, breadth 0°22. It is quite possible this may prove to be only a deep-water variety of that very variable species, V. glans, L.; but it so dif- ferent that it is impossible to place it in that group, and, indeed, Mr. Marrat connects it with a different section altogether. There is no form which unites the polish and the exquisite sculp- ture of this species. 3. NasSA BRYCHTA, n.sp. (Gpuxu0ds, belonging to the deep sca.) -St. VIII. Feb. 12,1873. Lat. 28° 3’ 15" N., long. 17° 27' W. Off Gomera, Azores. 620 fms. Mud, shells. Shell.—NStrong, coarse, dirty white, ovate, rather stumpy, with a conical subscalar spire, a small blunt apex, a round truncated base, a very short pillar, and scarcely any snout. Sculpture. Longitudinals—the whorls are crossed by blunt, narrow, sparse, sinistrally oblique riblets, which continue to the snout; the last forms a strong varix on the edge of the lip; the lines of growth are fine, but towards the mouth become coarse. Spirals—below the suture is a slight shoulder formed by arow of coarse, depressed tubercles marking the upper end of the riblets; on the upper whorls there are 2 to 3, on the body about 5, coarse, shallow furrows parted by broadish flat bands; on the base there are 6 of these furrows with narrower bands; round the base of the pillar winds obliquely a shallow furrow, with a slight sharpish band in front ; the short pillar is scored with the old contorted canal-scars. Colour a dirty porcellaneous yellowish white. Spzre rather short, conical, subscalar. Apex blunt and rounded, consisting of 33 smooth, depressedly turbinate whorls, of which the tip is very small. Whorls 9, conical, scarcely convex, not constricted below, 366 REY. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE with a short rounded base. Suture marginated, and this margin tubercled. Mouth oval, open, bluntly pointed above. Outer lip sharp on the edge, sparsely toothed, patulous, almost straight, slightly advancing below, but not prominent on the base ; the canal has a slightly reverted flange. Inner lip straight; on the body it is a little hollowed into the pillar, which is very short, and has in front a thickened (but not flanged) twisted edge ; the pad of glaze is not thick, and has a sharply defined outer edge throughout its whole length. H. 0°65. B.037. Penultimate whorl, height 0:14. Mouth, height 0°35, breadth 0:2. This resembles WV. reticulata, L., more than any other Atlantic form ; but, besides being much smaller, the form of spire is much more scalar; the ribs and spiral threads are much fewer, and their intersections are flattened, not tubercled ; the callus on the lip is not indefinitely spread on the body ; the junction of the pillar and the body is not so deeply furrowed ; and the front of the pillar has no threads, only scars. It somewhat approaches a variety of WV. trivittata, Say ; but that has a much more conical, less scalar Spire, with more rounded whorls; the last whorl is much less broad, is higher, is more extended in front, and is covered with raised rounded threads. Mr. Marrat, in his most curious and interesting study ‘ On the Varieties of the Shells of the Genus WVassa,’ p. 52, puts this species into a group very remote from either of the above. 4, Nassa BABYLONICA, 0. sp. St. 210. Jan. 25, 1875. Lat. 9° 26’ N., long. 123° 45! EB. Philippines. 375 fms. Mud. Bottom temperature 54° 1. Shell.—Small, thin, porcellaneous, high and narrow, scalar, ribbed, with a sharp tubercle at the top of each rib, a small blunt apex, and avery short stumpy base. Sculpture. Longitudinals— there are rounded, rather high, narrow, straight, sparsely-set ribs, almost mucronate at the top of the whorls and tubercled on the base ; the lines of growth are fine, close, and hair-like. Sp below the narrow, flat, horizontal shoulder are two or three threads, which rise into sharp points in crossing the ribs; in the middle of the whorls there are some faint traces of raised threads ; those on the base are sharper, and rise into tubercles in crossing the ribs; all these, as well as the ribs, die out at the extreme point of the base; beyond this the pillar is defined by a strong broad furrow, and the short twisted pillar is scored with rounded MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 367 threads. Colour porcellaneous white. Spire high, scalar, conical. Apex a blunt little cone of 33 depressed rounded whorls, out of which the minute tip just rises into view; the last of these embryonic whorls is keeled. Whorls 93, with a flat horizontal shoulder, from which the higher whorl rises like a cylindrical tower; at the outer edge of the shoulder the whorls are sharply angled ; they are all very short ; and the last, which is small, has a very truncate rounded base. Suture marginated and very flexuous in consequence of the tubercles on the margin. J/outh round, patulous, bluntly pointed above, prolonged across the front of the very short pillar into a little round hole of a canal. Outer lip well arched, retiring, with a rounded edge, and thickened both outside andin; on the internal varix there are in front a few small blunt tubercles; round the canal the edge is thickened, reverted, and emarginate. Inner lip straight across the body, concave in the middle, and straight on the very short pillar: the labial pad is rather narrow, thick, with a raised and rounded edge; it has a biggish tubercle near the top, and 3 or 4 others, smaller, on the body and pillar, the point of which is twisted and patulous, but not flanged. Operculum very small, triangular or claw-shaped, being long and narrow; the edges are not serrated. H.0°45. B.023. Penultimate whorl, height 01. Mouth, height 0:16, breadth 0:11. I do not know with what to compare this curiously shaped species, in which the whorls, tubercled round the top, rise one above the other in terraces or small towers. There is a fossil species, WV. turbinelloides, described and figured by Prof. Seguenza in his great work ‘Le formazioni terziarie nella Provincia di Reggio, p. 261, pl. xvi. fig. 23, which seems to resemble it more than any thing I know; but it is markedly different in the more elongated base. Mr. Marrat, in his ‘ Varieties of Wassa,’ p. 59, no. 992, puts the ‘Challenger’ species between NV. plebecula, Gould, and WV. luteola, E. Sm. 5. NASSA AGAPETA, nD. sp. (ayamnros, beloved.) July 29,1874. Levuka, Fiji. 12 fms. Shell.—Small, thin, translucent, ovate, with a short spire, a small, conical, rather abrupt apex, an impressed suture, a rounded, rather tumid base, and a largish snout. Sculpture. Longitu- dinals—there are smooth, rounded, narrow, sinuous ribs, parted by shallow rounded furrows of double their width ; they originate in a row of largish tubercles close to the suture, are somewhat 868 REV. B. BOOG WATSON ON THE irrecularly continuous from whorl to whorl, and die out at the extreme point of the base; the last forms a large white varix a little remote from the lip-edge. Spirals—there is a continuous thread of largish tubercles close below the suture, with a strongish furrow on its underside; the interstices of the ribs are scored by narrow furrows and flat threads, which latter on the base rise into small tubercles in crossing the ribs: there is no special fur- row round the base of the pillar, which is scored with fine close- set threads up to the sharp-topped swelling which is continuous with the canal; the small point beyond this swelling has 3 or 4 coarser irregular threads and furrows. Colour faintly yellow, with traces of a sutural, median, and basal band of brown. Spire stumpy, conical. Apex a short, broad, blunt cone of 33 whorls, the two last of which are sharply keeled; the union-line of this embryo to the first regular whorl has a deep round sinus with a blunt brown- stained lip. Whorls 7, slightly convex, conical, beaded round the top; the last whorl is large compared with the others, is a little elongated, and has a rounded base produced into a snout, which is broadish and somewhat larger than is usual in the genus. Suture impressed. Mouth oval, pointed above, and continued below into the large oblique funnel-mouthed canal. Outer lip thin and sharp in front of the labral varix, straight above, arched and patulous below, with about 12 long little teeth within ; it does not form a flange round the very patulous canal-mouth. Inner lip concave, with a broad, thick labial glaze, behind the prominent round edge of which is a minute chink; on this glaze there is one large long tooth near the upper corner of the mouth, some 2 or 3 small round tubercles on the body, and 4 larger ones on the very short pillar, whose point is flanged, twisted and very abruptly cut off. H. 0:24. B. 0:12. Penultimate whorl, 0°05. Mouth, height 0:13, breadth 0-07. This dainty little species, with some very obvious superficial differences, closely approaches WV. pusio, A. Ad.; but the embryonie whorl has half a whorl fewer, and the sculpture and form are really different. In particular, the pillar is not isolated by a strong basal furrow, and the spiral furrows on the base, though strong, have nothing like the depth they have in that species ; nor has the pillar in that the little teeth which are very marked | in the ‘Challenger’ species. Marrat in his monograph on the Varieties in Nassa, p. 97, no. 1337, places it between JV. splen- didula, Dunker, and WV trinodosa, H. Sm. MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 369 6. Nassa CAPILLARIS, 0. sp. St. 118 a. Sept. 1, 1873. Lat. 3°47'S., long. 32° 24’ 30” W. Anchorage at Fernando Noronha. 25 fms. Sheli.— Rather small, thick, porcellaneous, stumpy, with rounded whorls, a conical subscalar spire, a short conical apex, a rounded, truncate, oblique base, and a short, very oblique snout defined by a strong furrow. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are about 12 coarse rounded ribs and furrows ; the last rib forms a strong varix behind the lip ;.these ribs are very feeble in the suture, and die out on the base; there are hair-like, sharp, close- set lmes of growth. Spirals—on the penultimate whorl] there are about 6 strongish rounded threads, above these and below the suture are two or three finer and weaker; those on the base are rather stronger than the others; the base of the pillar is defined by a strong furrow, with a sharp thread in front of it; the pillar is somewhat weakly scored by coarse flat spirals. Colour some- what glossy white, with more or less of a rich chestnut band in the middle of the whorls, which colour is strongest in the inter- stices of the ribs. Spire rather high, conical, subscalar. Apex small, consisting of three turbinate rounded whorls. Whorls 10, short, subcylindrical, constricted at the top; the last is hunchy, very short, round, with a very oblique contracted base. Swtwre a little impressed, and slightly marginated in consequence of the comparative feebleness of the ribs immediately below. Jouth round, open, very bluntly pointed above, and produced below into the oblique, narrow, funnel-mouthed canal. Outer lip thickened outside and in by a white varix, of which the one inside is scored by 10or 12 long, close-set, sharpish teeth ; it is arched throughout, is very slightly retreating, and very patulous on the forward-arching base, Inner lip semicircular, with a thick white pad of glaze, which has a sharp, prominent and defined edge with a slight chink behind it; there is a strong blunt tooth above, several irregular and inde- finite tubercles on the body, and four or five round and biggish tubercles on the very short pillar, whose twisted patulous and abruptly cut-off point is not flanged. H.05. B.0°25. Penul- timate whorl, height 0°'1. Mouth, height 0°21, breadth 0°17. Mr. Marrat thinks I have mixed up two species here, he regards the largest specimen as IV. proxima, C. B. Ad. (= WU. versicolor, C. B. Ad., fide Carp.), a Panama species, and holds the rest as NV. incrassata, Miller, a North-Atlantic and British species. Dr, Gwyn Jeffreys agrees with me in considering all the specimens 370 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE to belong to one species, and that not WV. incrassata. Compared with WV. proxima this species differs in being more contracted at the suture; the whorls are rounder and less flat, and lack the peculiar infrasutural contraction and flattening and the solitary strong remote thread which lies there; the spirals are stronger and more regular, while that species is nearly smooth; the em- bryonic apex is larger, its whorls being in that other species more minute, while they are at the same time depressed or immersed. The longitudinal ribs, too, in VV. proxima are fewer and weaker the mouth is larger, more oval, more produced at the lower outer corner ; the outer lip is thinner, with fewer, narrower, less regular teeth ; the inner lip is much more widely spread out on the body ; the pillar, too,is shorter. It has resemblances to WV. sancte helene, A. Ad., to MW. cinctilla, Gould, to NV. coccinella, Lam., to IV. an- tillarum, @Orb., to NV. ambigua, Pult., to WV. pygmea, Lam., to N. nucleolus, Phil., and to WV. acuta, Say, with all of which this spe- cies has been very carefully and fully compared; but it is need- less to detail the points of distinction. As regards JV. inerassata, Miiller, that very variable species has a very constant stain in the canal; seen from above, the whole canal and pillar are broader ; the longitudinal ribs are more regular, and these, like the spirals, are stronger, being both rounder and higher; and they run flex- uously indeed, but with a distinct trend from left to right, while in the ‘ Challenger’ species the trend is from right to left. In Miiller’s species the apical whorls are more rounded, and are parted from each other by adeeper suture; the labial pad, too, is undefined. 7, NASSA EPHAMILLA, n. sp. (€¢dpeddos, a match for another, viz. V. Woodwardi, Forb.) St. 169. ‘July 10, 1874. Lat. 37° 34’ S., long. 179° 22! E. N.E. from New Zealand. 700 fms. Grey ooze. Bottom tem- perature 40°. Shell.—Rather small, thin, chalkily porcellaneous, ovate, with a shortish scalar spire, a rounded apex, a marginated suture, whorls rounded and beset with small prickles, a tumid base and a very short pillar. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are on each whorl about 20 narrow feeble ribs, which do not extend to the upper whorl and die out on the base; the lines of growth are fine, flexuous, and close-set. Spirals—there are on the penultimate whorl four broadish but very slightly raised threads; in crossing the longitudinal riblets these rise into small prickles, or pointed MOLLUSACA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 371 tubercles ; on the body-whorl there are 5 or 6 of these, and 4 or 5 more on the base, which latter are sharper, higher, and less tuber- cled ; below the suture is ashort, bare, more or less flat shoulder ; round the base of the pillar is a small sharp spiral, which is con- tinuous with the upper edge of the canal; the back of the pillar is scored with very undulating lines, the scars of the old canal. Colour chalky white. Spire rather short, more or less scalar, with a convex outline. Apex blunt and rounded, consisting of nearly 4 largish, smooth, turbinate, convex whorls, of which the highest is immersed. Whorls 7, stumpy, convexly cylindrical, flatly shouldered above; the last is tumid, with a very rounded, almost inflated, and short base, on which, looked at from behind, the point of the pillar is barely discernible, and the edge of the canal does not project at all. Swtwre impressed, flatly marginated be- low, very horizontal. Mouth: a perfect oval all round, having no angulation above, and though cut on the edge, yet being in its sweep quite uninterrupted by the canal in front. Outer lp thin, sharp, and patulous, very prominent but barely angulated at the point of the base in advance of the pillar; the canal is shallow and open, with a very reverted funnel-edge. Inner lip concave, with a thick, narrow, defined labial pad, running down the very short pillar, whose point is sharp and expanded, but not flanged. Operculum plain-edged, small, triangular, slightly subspiral, having its apex terminal and bent in towards the left. H. 0°57. B. 0°33. Penultimate whorl, height 0:14. Mouth, height 0:25, breadth 02. Mr, Marrat considers this species “very closely allied to NV. Woodwardi, Forbes” and from this fact I have derived its name. It is certainly liker that than any thing else I know, but is very markedly distinct. That species has a conical spire, a long, narrow, oblique body-whorl, with a short penultimate whorl, and a pro- duced base, on which the pillar and canal-edge project promi- nently ; the whorls are conical; the suture is not marginated so much by a bare shoulder below, as by a row of coarse blunt tu- bercles ; its ribs and spirals are broad and square ; and their inter- section produces square and very blunt tubercles, of which there are about 80 in each whorl; the outer lip is thick and toothed, and the pillar is comparatively long. The absence of the crim- son-brown bands of that species proves nothing ; for these might quite naturally be absent in deep-sea specimens. Buceinum spinulosum, Phil. (Enum. 1. 191, xxvii. 13) seems LINN. JOURN.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 26 372 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE to have many points of resemblance. In shape as well as in sculpture it is very like; only both ribs and spirals are much stronger ; the mouth, too, is oval, but it is pointed above and is longer below, JV. ephamilla having a broader and more truncate base. My estimate on all these points, however, is based on Philippi’s description and figure, the species itself being unknown to me. Mouuvusca oF H.M.S. ‘ Coattenger’ Expeprrion.—Part XIV. By the Rey. Rozert Boog Warson, B.A., F.R.S.E., F.L.S. [Published by permission of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury. ] [Read March 16, 1882.] Fam. Muricipa, Flem. Gen. Fusus, Lam. | Gen. TropHon, de Montf. In the following group are several interesting forms, especially some of the Siphos and Trophons; but of them all, probably the most remarkable is one which, for the present, I have called Fusus (Colus) pagodoides. 1 have no doubt that in the long run it, with the two species of Fusus which here precede it, and many of the Zrophons will be classed with the Fusus pagoda, Less., and the Pleurotoma spinicincta, v. Mart., for which last Prof. v. Martens has lately proposed a subgenus (Columbarium), based chiefly on the radula. Of this organ Mr. G. Schacko describes >and figures two very curious teeth, which were the only ones -he was able to obtain from the dried-up specimen in his hands. If I have not adopted Prof. vy. Martens’s classification here, it is because his paper reached me only a very few days ago, and time has not sufficed to consider the matter in all its bearings. Gen. Fusus, Lam. Subgen. Metuua, H. & A. Ad. Subgen. Nepruna, Bolten. SrpHo (Klein), Morch. Co.us, Gray. 1. Fusus (Metula) phiippmarum, | Fusu :(Sipho) edwardiensis, n. sp. | n. sp. 2. F. (Sipho) > i. Sp: _ 9. F. (Neptunea) Dalli, n. sp. 3. F.(S.) pyrrhostoma, n. sp. - 10. F. (N.) futile, n. sp. 4. F.(S.) calathiscus, n. sp. | Ll. F. (Colus) radialis, n. sp. 5. F.(S.) setosus, n. sp. | 12. F.(C.) sarissophorus, n. sp. 6. F.(S.) scalaris, n. sp. | 13. F. (C.) pagodoides, n. sp. 7. F.(S.) regulus, n. sp. ‘ MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 373 1. Fusus (MrtvLa) PHILIPPINARUM, 0. sp. St. 210. Jan. 25, 1875. Lat. 9° 26’ N., long. 123° 45’ E. Philippines. 375 fms. Mud. Bottom temperature 54° 1 F. Shell.Strong, porcellaneous, pale ruddy brown, fusiform, long, subscalar, with feeble ribs and with spiral threads; the whorls are slightly angulated; the mouth long, with a slight emar- gination above, and an open triangular canal in front. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are on the upper whorls about 15 small, sharpish, straight, bluntly mucronated ribs, which are feeble on the shoulder beneath the suture, but stronger below; on the later whorls these are less distinct and more oblique, becoming flexuous on the base ; these correspond exactly with the delicate erimpings of the lines of growth. Spirals—the whole surface is covered with fine, regular, and equal narrow threads and broader furrows ; of these, on the penultimate whorl there are about 15, the centre one of which is thrown into prominence by a slight angulation, very marked on the earlier but feeble on the later whorls. Colour pale ruddy brown, with a flinty pellucidness, especially toward the apex, and more of whiteness toward the point of the snout. Spire high, conical, subscalar. dpex con- tracting abruptly to a small raised point, formed by about three smooth rounded embryonic whorls, which are not sharply distin- guished from those which follow, the regular sculpture making its appearance gradually. Whorls 8 in all; the upper ones have a sloping shoulder, are angulated in the middle, and are cylindrical or slightly contracted below ; the last is more rounded, and is produced into a long and pointed base ending in a triangular conical snout. Suture slightly channelled. Mouth long and pear-shaped. Outer lip thickened internally with a strongish white varix, between which and the sharp patulous edge the spiral threads of the exterior sculpture are just visible; it is very slightly emarginated above near the body, and well arched throughout, till along the canal, where it is straight but oblique. Inner lip straight across the body, hollow in the middle, and straight but unusually oblique down the whole pillar, which is not in the least twisted: a thin layer of glaze narrowly spreads along its whole length. Operculwm thin, subtriangular, poimted behind, and bluntly so in front at the apex, which is subterminal, but slightly coiled in to the inner side. H.0-9. B.0°39. Penul- timate whorl, height 0:16. Mouth, height 0°52, breadth 0:2. This specimen is classed as a Metula with considerable doubt : 26* 374 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE the outer lip is not thickened externally, nor distinctly toothed internally ; but these features are perhaps due to the shell not being quite full-crown ; the mouth, too, is a little broad for the genus. The operculum of Metulais unknown to me; but Adams’s — figure of the operculum of Cantharus is in form very similar (only _ that in the ‘ Challenger’ species the apex is a little more turned in subspirally), and Troschel confirms Adams’s classification here, and puts the two genera in closest collocation. The shell has some faint resemblance to Pisania reticulata, A. Ad. 2. Fusus (SrrpHo) ——, n. sp. ? St. 47. May 7,1873. Lat. 41° 15’ N., long. 65° 45’ W. Off Halifax. 13840 fms. Mud. The four specimens of this species are in bad condition, being dead, broken, and not full-grown. It resembles /. cinereus, Say (see Binney, Gould’s Invert. Mass. p. 370, fig. 637),—= Buccimum plicosum, Menke (see Philippi, Abbild. &c. 1. p. 109, pl. xxvi. fig. 8). but its longitudinal ribs are more numerous, and, instead of being convex to the right as in that species, they are convex to the left. The corresponding whorls here are smaller ; and it has no approach to an umbilicus. It has also some resemblance to B. obsoletum, Say,=WVassa noveboracensis, Wood, Index, p. 214, SopEe pl. iv. fig. 26, but is very obviously APs cae 3. Fusus (StPHo) PYRRHOSTOMA, U. Sp. St. 141. Dec. 17,1873. Lat. 34° 41'S., long. 18° 36’ E. 20 miles 8.S.E. of Cape of Good Hope. 98 fms. Sand and mud. Bottom temperature 49°°5 F. Shell.—F usiform, with a shortish base, a high spire, and a bent mamillary apex ; ribbed, and with rather fine spiral threads ; light brown and thin. Seulptwre. Longitudinals—each whorl is crossed by about 15 concave, sinuous, narrow, and little-raised ribs, which on the last whorl die out on the base. The fine hair-like lines of growth correspond with the curves of the ribs. Spirals— below the suture there is a slightly constricted area, as in the Pleurotomide ; below this is a very blunt indistinct carination. The whole surface is covered with slight rounded spiral threads, which are markedly stronger and wider parted on the base and snout. Colour a ruddy brownish yellow, with a very thin, hard, smooth, persistent epidermis. Spzre high, conical. Apes bent, cylindrical, the first and second whorls being nearly of a size, and both rather swoln. Whorls 7, convex, slightly constricted MOLLUSOA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 375 ubove, very faintly and obtusely angulated above the middle, and contracted below ; the last is slightly ventricose, with a rounded base, produced into a very lop-sided triangular snout. Suture small but distinct, being slightly impressed. Mouth crescentic, pointed above, and prolonged below into a short oblique canal. Outer lip thin and sharp, slightly sinuated above, rounded and prominent in the middle, and retreating along the canal. Inner lip flat above, concave at the base of the pillar, which is straight, longish, conical, and obliquely cut off in front: a thinnish, narrow, sharply-defined pad of glaze extends along the whole length of the lip. Operculum subtriangular, with the apex at the lower inner point, thin but strong, brownish yellow. H. 1°55. B.0°6. Penultimate whorl, height 0°28. Mouth, height 0°78 breadth 0°33. This species greatly resembles Fusus (Sipho) Kréyert, Moller ; but is smaller, and has a contraction below the suture absent in that, the whorls are less tumid, the longitudinal ribs are much smaller and less curved ; the lines of growth correspond with the ribs instead of cutting obliquely across them ; the spiral sculpture, too, is more raised and less regular. The apex in the ‘ Challenger’ specimen is somewhat eroded, but is distinctly more cylindrical, the first and second whorls being much more nearly equal than in Moller’s species. 4, Fusus (StpHO) CALATHISCUS, n. sp. St. 147. Dec. 30, 1873. Lat. 46° 16’ S., long. 48° 27' E. Off Marion Island and the Crozets. 1600 fms. Globigerina-ooze. Bottom temperature 32°°2 F. Shell.—Thin, white, tumid, fusiform, with a high scalar spire, and a rounded base prolonged into a short, small-pointed, lop-sided snout. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are very many close-set lines of growth; the surface of the thin membranaceous epi- dermis is very finely and sharply wrinkled, so as to project in very fine lamelle. Spirals—there are on the upper whorls 7 to 8 narrow, rounded threads, parted by wider furrows which are very shallow. The spirals become feebler and sparser on the last whorl, with fainter threads in the intervals. Colowr porcellaneous white under the pale yellowish-white epidermis. Spire high, blunt, scalar. Apex eroded. Whorls about 6, well rounded, slightly flattened at the top, and a little contracted toward the bottom; the last is rather tumid. Swtwre strong and impressed, 876 REV. RB. BOOG WATSON ON THE ~ Mouth oval, rounded above, pointed at the canal, which is very short, wide, and a little oblique. Outer lip thin, well rounded, patulous and straight along the canal. Inner lip concave from the top of the mouth to the point of the pillar, which is straight, short, rather narrow, and obliquely cut off in front. A very thin glaze runs across the body and down the pillar. Operculwm thin, pale yellow, with very regular curves of growth arching from side to side; in form it resembles along narrow wedge with a terminal apex. H.1:25. B.0:7. Penultimate whorl, height 0°3. Mouth height 0°77, breadth 0°4. This species strongly resembles Buccinopsis canaliculata, Dall, of which he kindly sent me a specimen from Behring’s Straits. It has, in particular, the deeply impressed or canaliculated suture of that form ; but it is much thinner, has higher and more tumid whorls, with much finer sculpture, and it has not the lanuginous epidermis of that species. 5. Fusus (StpHo) sETOSUS, n. sp. St.146. Dec. 29, 1873. Lat. 46° 46’ §., long. 45° 31’ EH. Off Marion Island. 1375 fms. Globigerina-ooze. Bottom tempe- rature 35°°6. St. 147. Dec. 30, 1873. Lat. 46° 16’S., long. 48° 27’ E. Off Marion Island and the Crozets. 1600 fms. Globigerina-ooze. Bottom temperature 34°2. Shell.—Thin, white, setose, with longitudinal and spiral threads, fusiform, with a scalar spire, and a rounded base produced into a short, prominent, lop-sided snout. Sculpture. Longitudinals— there are on the upper whorls many, very regular, rounded threads, which become fainter on the later whorls ; besides these, the epi- dermis is closely wrinkled in minute sharp lamellx. Spirals—there are on the upper whorls 5 to 6 rounded threads parted by wider in- terstices ; these are of about the same strength as the longitudinals; and their intersection forms a very regular lattice-work, with a short stiff bristle at their crossing-points ; on the last whorl these bristles are crowded close together so as to be contiguous. Colour porcellaneous white under the greyish-yellow epidermis. Spire high, blunt, scalar. Apes eroded. Whorls about 6, well rounded, slightly flattened at the top, and constricted below; the last is rather tumid. Suéwre strong and impressed. Wouth rounded above, with a slight angle at the top, and a short open canal below that runs out obliquely across the point of the pillar. Outer lip MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 377 thin, well rounded, straight and patulous along the canal. Inner lip concave, with a very short direct pillar, which is obliquely cut off and twisted in front; a very thin narrow glaze lies on body and pillar. H. 11. B. 06. Penultimate whorl, height 0-22. Mouth, height 0°44, breadth 0°33. It is very possible this and the preceding may be the same species, and may be ultimately united to Buceinopsis canaliculata, Dall; but the differences in form and in epidermis make their separation inevitable till a fuller series of specimens perhaps supply links of connection. 6. Fusus (SrpHo) scaLaRIs, n. sp. St. 305 a. Jan. 1, 1876. Lat. 47° 48’ 30"'S., long. 70° 47' W. N.W. Patagonia. 125 fms. Maud. Shell.—Small, thin, porcellaneous white, with feeble longitu- dinals and faint spirals, a high, conical, scalar spire, small mamil- lary apex, a short, rounded, contracted base, anda small, lop-sided, shghtly reverted, emarginate snout. Sculpture. Longitudinals— there are about 15 rounded, slightly tumid ribs, which originate below the upper suture, and hardly reach the lower, and on the base die out; they are parted by broad, rounded, shallow furrows ; the surface is all scored with sharp unequal lines of growth, Spirals—near the top of the whorls is a blunt angulation; above this obsoletely, and below it not very strongly, the surface is scored by broad, flatly rounded threads parted by narrow, very slightly depressed furrows; these threads and furrows do not appear on the snout. Colowr porcellaneous white. Spire high, conical and scalar. Apex small, mamillate, with a very small, slightly depressed tip ; it consists of about two smooth, rounded embryonic whorls. Whorls 7, witha high, slightly declining, and rounded shoulder, defined by a blunt angulation, below which the whorls are somewhat cylindrically conical, contracting slightly into the lower whorl. Swtwre impressed, but rounded and open, the lower whorl lapping up on the upper, and the true suture being linear. Mouth oval, bluntly pointed above, and produced below into the short, open, oblique canal. Outer lip a little receding above on the shoulder, bluntly angulated at the keel, below which point it is arched, with a very slight constriction at the short, open, and slightly reverted snout. Inner lip very slightly concave above, straight on the short pillar, and oblique along the canal, where there is a twist on the point of the pillar; itis bordered by a nar- row thin glaze, which runs out almost to the extreme point of 378 REV. RB. BOOG WATSON ON THE the shell. H.0'5. B. 0:22. Penultimate whorl, height O:L. Mouth, height 0:23, breadth 0°12. The generic place of this and the three following species is very doubtful; but the mouth is rather too wide to justify their being classed with the Pyrene group of Columbella, which the general aspect of the shell suggests as their place. 7. Fusus (StPHO) REGULUS, Nn. sp. St.149p. Jan. 20, 1874. Lat. 49° 28’ S., long. 70° 13’ E. Royal Sound, Kerguelen. 28 fms. Mud. Shell.—Small, thin, porcellaneous white, with fine riblets and delicate spirals, a rather high, subscalar spire, a large blunt mamil- lary apex, deep suture, small body, a short rounded contracted base, and a small, lop-sided, emarginate snout. Sculpture. Longitu- dinals—there are on the last whorl about 25 narrow, sharply raised, flexuous, little ribs, parted by flat furrows of twice their breadth; these decrease in number up the spire; they die out toward the point of the base ; they bend quickly to the left below the suture, advancing to the right lower down: the furrows and snout are scored with fine lines of growth. Spirals—there are feeble, rounded, sparsely-set threads, of which about eight on the penultimate whorl ; immediately below the suture they are very faint, but are present. Oolowr yellowish porcellaneous white. Spire high, rather cylindrically conical. Apes blunt, mamillary, with an exceedingly small impressed tip; it consists of two globose, smooth, embryonic whorls. W horls 5} to 6 in all, with arounded shoulder defined by a very slight angulation, below which the whorls are subcylindrical; the last is scarcely tumid, with a rounded contracted base prolonged into a stumpy, slightly re- verted, emarginate snout. Suture sharp, impressed, rather deep, horizontal. Mouth oval, slightly angulated above, and produced below into a short, broad, open, and somewhat oblique canal Outer lip thin, a little expanded, arched, advancing below, con- tracted at the canal; there is at the top a faint approach to a sinus. Inner lip concave above, straight on the pillar, which is in front little oblique, but has a slight twist ; a thin narrow glaze defines it throughout. H.0:28. B.0:18. Penultimate whorl, height 0:08. Mouth, height 0:14, breadth 0:09. This species has some faint resemblance to Colwmbella ( Pyrene) costulata, Cantr., but is less compact, has a more impressed suture and more rounded whorls, wants the densely set minute spirals, and has a longer snout ; the apex, too, differs from that species, MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 379 in which the tip rises in a minute point, while here it is im- pressed. 8. Fusus (SrPHO) EDWARDIENSIS, 0. sp. St. 145. Dec. 27, 1873. Lat. 46° 43'S., long. 38° 4' 30’ E. Between Marion Island and Prince Edward Island. 140 fms. Grey sand. Shell.—Small, thin, porcellaneous white, feebly ribbed and faintly spiralled, with high spire, blunt apex, rounded whorls, a short contracted base, and a small snout. Sculpture. There are on the penultimate whorl over 20 rounded, oblique, and rather straight riblets, parted by similar, rounded furrows; these are ob- solete on the last whorl, and are much fewer in number higher up the spire: the lines of growth are very fine. Spirals—the surface is covered with very faint, rounded, close-set threads. Colour porcellaneous white with a dead surface. Spire high, conical, subscalar. Apes blunt, rounded, mamillary, with an im- mersed tip ; 1t consists of two smooth, globose, embryonic whorls. Whorls 53; they are suddenly contracted above into the suture, below this they are convexly cylindrical, with a very slight con- traction at the bottom; the last is a very little tumid, with a rounded conical base produced into a very short, lop-sided, emar- ginate spout. Suture rather deep and sharp. Mouth oval, hardly angulated above, and produced below into the short, oblique, open canal. Outer lip well arched; there is a feeble sinus near the suture, and a slight prominence in front. Inner lip concave above, straight on the pillar, the poimt of which is twisted and obliquely truncate ; it is defined by athin narrow glaze. H. 0°25. B. 0:11. Penultimate whorl, height 0:06. Mouth, height 0°12. breadth 0°05. The half-grown shells of Colwmbella (P.) Holbdlli, Moller, which often present feeble riblets, have some faint resemblance to this species, but these have a much sharper apex and a less im- pressed suture. 9. Fusus (Nepruneza) Dati, n. sp. St. 173. July 24,1874. Lat. 19°9'S., long. 179°41' E. Off Matuka, Fiji. 315 fms. Coral. Shell.—Thin, porcellaneous, pale ruddyish yellow, fusiform, long, finely ribbed and spiralled, with compressed and constricted whorls and a club-shaped mouth. Sculpture. Longitudinals—the whorls are crossed by narrow little ribs and furrows, of which 380. REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE there are about 11 on the upper whorls and 19-20 on the penul- timate, becoming increasingly feeble as they approach the mouth ; they harmonize completely with the course of the dense, clear, and sharp hair-like lines of growth. Spirals—there are narrow, prominent spiral threads, of which two near the bottom of the _whorls are somewhat stronger than the others; the furrow which parts them is also a little wider and deeper than the rest; below this is a small but rather sudden constriction of the whorls into the suture; the spirals in crossing the longitudinal ribs are thrown out into blunt white linear points; the spirals on the base and snout are more regular and equal than the others. Colour a pale ruddyish yellow, with a fine roughened surface. Spire high and conical. Apex broken, but apparently very small, sharp, and smooth. Whorls,8 remain; probably the broken em- bryonic apex consisted of two more; they are convex, with a slight slow contraction above and a small sudden constriction below ; the last is small, long, with rounded outlines, and produced into a long, rather lop-sided and slightly twisted snout. Suture fine, sharp, impressed. Mouth long, club-shaped, being oblong, pointed above and produced in front into a longish canal. Outer lip thin, with a slight, white, internal varix, not much arched, patulous in front, where its line is concave, and then straight along the canal. Inner lip short and scarcely convex on the body, hollowed at the base of the pillar, which is narrow, straight, and cut off in front, on a long, slightly oblique, and somewhat twisted line; the glazing which edges it is very thin and narrow. H. 1:27. B. 05. Penultimate whorl, height 0°2. Mouth, height 0°7, breadth 0°24. The general aspect of this shell is very much that of a Fascio- laria; but the pillar has no plaits. It is not in form unlike the young of F. rostratus, Olivi; but the base is much longer, and the snout shorter, and the constriction at the bottom of the whorls . is not found in that species; in these respects it has more resem- blance to F. syracusanus, Lam., in which, however, the whole sculp- ture is very unlike. It resembles perhaps most of all & filosus, A. Ad., from the Chinese seas, but is still slimmer in its outlines. I have called this species after my friend Mr. W. H. Dall, of the Smithsonian Museum, Washington, who has give me much good counsel and valuable information. MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 381 10. Fusus (NEPTUNEA) FUTILE, 0. sp. St.150. Feb. 2,1874. Lat. 52°4'S., long. 71°22’ EK. Between Kerguelen and Heard Islands. 150 fms. Rock. Bottom tem- perature 35° 2. Shell.—Thin, pale, fusiform, long, very bluntly ribbed and with equal spiral threads ; the whorls are rounded, the suture rather deep and oblique, the mouth club-shaped, the pillar small and somewhat twisted. Seulptwre. In the middle of the whorls are low rounded riblets, which extend to neither suture; they are parted by shallow rounded furrows broader than the ribs; the surface is scored with strongish hair-like lines of growth. Spirals —there are clear well-rounded threads, about 9 on the penulti- mate, and fewer on each preceding whorl ; on the last whorl they are not so equal as on the others, being somewhat stronger in the middle of the whorl ; they are parted by squarish shallow furrows. Colour pale greyish white; but the specimen is bleached. Spire high and conical. Apes small, smooth, rounded and slightly de- pressed. Whorls 7, of slow increase, rounded, contracted above, slightly so below; the last is small, rounded on the base, and pro- longed into a small and somewhat twisted snout. Swtwre oblique, impressed, minutely channelled. Mouth club-shaped, being oval above, and produced into a longish canal below. Outer ip much broken. Inner lip: there is a very narrow thin glaze on the body and pillar, of which the point is bent upwards and twisted. H. 0:74. B. 0:3. Penultimate whorl, height 0°15. Mouth, height 0:36, breadth 0:17. This species has some resemblance to the young of F. (W.) lachesis, Mérch, but has the apex much smaller, is in form more conical, has the suture more oblique, possesses longitudinal ribs, and has the spirals stronger. Compared with &. (UV.) latericeus, Moll., the apex is much smaller, the whorls are of much slower increase, are more rounded, and are more contracted above, the suture is deeper and more oblique, the ribs are weaker, the spirals are stronger, and the snout is longer and more twisted than in that species. Compared with F. (V.) undulata, Friele (which I only know by the admirable plate, kindly sent me by the author), this F. futile is smaller in the apex, less cylindrical and more conical, the whorls are less rounded, and difference in breadth below and above is much greater; the suture, too, is much less impressed and more oblique. 382 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE 11. Fusvs (CoLvs) RADIALTIS, n. sp. St. 142. Dec. 18, 1873. Lat. 35° 4! S., long. 18° 37' E. Off the Cape of Good Hope. 150fms. Sand. Bottom temperature 47° F. Sheli.—Thin, fusiform, high, narrow, with rounded whorls bi- sected by asharp radiatingly tubercled keel, and parted by a deep open suture ; the rounded and contracted base is produced into a long narrow snout. Sculpture. Longitudinals—the surface is scored by sharp, high, close-set, unequal, hair-like lines of growth. Spirals—in the middle of each whorl is a sharp expressed keel running out into rays of horizontal blunt tubercles * ; above this there are two rounded threads, and below it one, parted by flat furrows three times their breadth; on the last whorl below the keel there are of these threads, on the base three, at the root of the snout one, and on the snout about ten. The whole surface is further scratched with fine sharp lines. Colour: the specimen is dead and bleached. Spire scalar, high and conical. Apex eroded. Whorls 6 to 7, well rounded but for the prominent sharp keel which angulates them; they are very much contracted above and markedly so below; the last is a little tumid, with a round much contracted base, produced into a long, straight, narrow snout. Suture a minute line at the bottom of the deep broad hollow in which the superior and inferior whorls meet. Mouth irregularly circular, and produced into a long, straight, narrow canal. Outer lip thin. Inner lip shortly concave above, and then very straight. H. 1:47. 3B. 0°62. Penultimate whorl, height 0:2. Mouth, height 0°87, breadth 0°3. This species, the only specimen of which is unfortunately in very bad condition, slightly resembles F. spiralis, A. Ad., but is broader, the suture is deeper, the upper part of the whorls is much more sculptured, and the keel is much sharper and more expressed. 12. Fusus (CoLts) SsARISSOPHORUS f, 0. Sp. St. 122. Sept. 10,1873. Lat. 9° 5'S., long. 34° 50' W. Off Pernambuco. 350 fms. Mud. Shell.—Thin, porcellaneous, white, acutely, substellately cari- nated, with a short, conical, subscalar spire, mamillate apex, deep suture, contracted base, and long, sharp, and fine snout. Sculp- * Hence the name. t So called from the long pike-like snout which it bears. MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 383 ture. Longitudinals—fine hair-like lines of growth closely cover the surface. Spirals—near the bottom of each whorl there is a very sharply expressed but not narrow keel, which is closely beset on the edge with rounded compressed little tubercles ; the whole surface of the whorls is scored with fine rounded threads and broader furrows, which are more delicate above than below the keel ; these become obsolete toward the point of the snout. Colour porcellaneous white. Spire short and conical. Apex mamillate, but small; it consists of nearly two glossy, keelless, eylindrical whorls, of which the extreme tip is flattened down on one side. Whorls 7, sharply angulate and biconical, being con- tracted above and below. Swutwre deep and sharp. Mouth cla- vate, being oval above and produced below into a very long and minute canal. Outer lip sharp, rounded, pinched in at the origin of the canal, down the side of which the line runs straight, and parallel to the pillar. Inner lip slightly hollowed above and very straight in front; it is defined by a very thin and narrow glaze. H. 0°77. B. 0:28. Penultimate whorl, height 0:08. Mouth, height 0°55, breadth 0:11. This very beautiful little shell is probably not full-grown, but possesses very marked features in the short conical spire, sharp stellate keel, and enormously long snout. The only form which seems to approach it is the Fusus spiralis, Ad., which has a curious geminately carinated and flattened form of whorls and a long canal ; but the keel is median, the suture wide and deep, and the apex is broad and blunt, while the spire is much less broadly conical. 13. Fusus (Conus) PAGODOIDES*, n. sp. St. 1643. June 13,1874. Lat. 34°13’ 8., long. 151° 88’ E. Off Sydney. 410 fms. Grey ooze. Shell.—Rather thin, chalky to porcellaneous, pale, oval, with a high scalar spire made up of small sharp-flanged whorls, with a mamillate apex and a very long fine snout, down which from the round mouth runs a thread-like cleft. Sculptwre. The surface is scored with extremely sinuous fine lines of growth formed by the subimbricated edges of scarcely raised lamelle. Spirals—in the middle of each whorl is a sharp keel, which runs out into an excessively sharp, prominent, compressed, and up-turned flange ; though so sharp and compressed, this flange is really double, and * So called from its likeness to Ff’, pagoda, Less. 384 REY. BR. BOOG WATSON ON THE consists of a multitude of very minute hollow arches, imbricated on one another. On the base of the body-whorl, coincident with the upper corner of the mouth, is a small cord-like keel closely beset with minute arched points. The upper third to half of the snout is obliquely scored with remote raised threads rising into high, sharp, arched scales. There are a few faint microscopic spiral scratches. Colour a dead, faintly yellowish, semiporcellaneous white. Spire high and conical. -dpex smooth, small, but very blunt and mamillate, consisting of little more than one embry- onic whorl, which is turned up on end, bent right over and spread out on the next, in which the characteristic keel appears almost immediately. Wehorls 7, small, of very slow increase, excessively keeled, with a hollowed shoulder above, rounded and constricted below ; the last is contracted very much to the middle of the base, which is produced into a very long and very narrow, slightly flexuous, conical snout. Swtwre small but distinct, and sharp, in the bottom of the wide constriction between the keels. Mouth angularly rounded, running out into a small canal at the keel, and prolonged below into the long, narrow, sinuous slit of the front canal. Outer lip thin, roundly arched, sharply cut by the carinal canal, and again on the base by a little canal on the basal thread ; it is very much pinched-in in front, and then runs down straight along the edge of the slit of the front canal. Inner lip rounded at the very top; it then runs straight to the point of the pillar ; somewhat thickened above; it joims the outer lip, and stands out prominently from the body, with a deep cleft behind it; it is continued down the whole pillar, standing out as a sharp thin lamina. Operculum large for the aperture, thin, yellow, roundedly triangular, with a terminal apex, and scored across with many fine curved lines of increase, altogether much like that of many of the Pleurotomide. H.2°18. B.0-9. Penul- timate whorl, height 0°19. Mouth, height 1:72 (aperture 0°34, canal 1°38), breadth 0:3. I have described this as a distinct species in obedience to the advice of all competent judges who have been consulted ; but my own belief remains unaltered that it is a mere variety of F. pagoda, Less. Than that, this is a smaller shell, with a shorter spire ; its carinal crown is a continuous flange, not a series of hollow flat spikes, the whorls are higher between keel and suture, the base is more contracted and compressed, the prickles on the spiral threads of base and snout are much closer, sharper, and MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 385 higher, the canal in front is much narrower; finally, Lesson’s species has two embryonic whorls, and these stand up much higher than in this. The Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods, in a very interesting paper (read before the Royal Society of N. 8. Wales, July 4, 1877, and of which he obligingly sent me a copy) on the Tertiary deposits of Australia, p. 8, refers to a fossil Fusws occurring in the lowest clays of the Australian Tertiary deposits of lower Miocene, or perhaps Hocene, age. Of this Fusus he says that “it is so like the beautiful and delicately spined #. pagodus of the Philippines, that it has I believe been named F. pagodoides by Prof. M‘Coy.” I have not been able to ascertain that this spcies has ever been published, and having already, before Mr. Woods’s paper reached me, selected this name for the ‘ Challenger’ species, I have thought it better to retain it, the more so that, should the Australian fossil prove to be the same as the species living in deep water off Sydney, the substitution of another name would be a pity and would tend to create confusion. Since writing the above, and just as this paper is leaving my hands, I have received from Prot. y. Martens with his accus- tomed kindness the number of his ‘Conchologische Mittheilungen’ (vol. 11. pts. 1 & 2), issued for December 1881, containing his beautifully illustrated description of Fusus pagoda, Lesson (p. 106, pl. xxi. f. 4.), which he attaches to anew subgenus of Pleu- rotoma under the name of Columbarium, enriching the group with a new species P. (C.) spinicincta (p. 105, pl. xxi. f. 1-3), got by the German war-vessel ‘ Gazelle’ in 76 fathoms, from (apparently) a spot some 500 miles N. by E., on the same east coast of Australia from which the ‘ Challenger’ specimens come. At p. 122, Mr. G. Schacko (pl. xxiv. f. 1, 2) gives details of the radula, on the peculiarities of which the subgenus is mainly based. The opinion of Prof. v. Martens is of course of commanding weight; and if I have not followed him here, it is merely because I see that not F, pagodoides alone, but many of the forms grouped under Zio- phon will have to share the fate of /. pagoda, Less., whatever that may ultimately be. In the meantime | content cereelt with calling attention to this increase in the number of those forms which gather round Lesson’s remarkable and beautiful species. With this increase in their number, however, there comes no link of connexion be- tween them; for not one of the three species helps to unite the 386 REY. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE other two, though the ‘ Challenger’ species stands on the whole nearer to Lesson’s than v. Martens’s species does to either. P. (C.) spinicincta, v. Mart.,is distinguished by its high conical spire, its small apex, its more numerous carinal spines, its double basal keel, and the sparseness of the muricated threads on its snout. TropHon, de Montfort. 1. T. acanthodes, n. sp. 4, T. aculeatus, n. sp. 2. T. carduelis, nu. sp. 5. T. septus, nu. sp. 3. T. declinans, n. sp. 6. T. scolopaz, nu. sp. 1. TROPHON ACANTHODES, n. sp. (dakavOwdys, prickly.) St. 308. Jan. 5, 1876. Lat. 50° 8’ 30” S., long. 74° 41’ W. W. Patagonia. 125 fms. Mud. Shell.—Strongish, chalkily porcellaneous, yellowish, fusiform, with a high scalar spire, small apex, sharply keeled and radia- tingly spiked whorls, a rounded contracted base, and a long, nar- row, but strong snout. Sculptwre. Longitudinals—the surface is scored with close, very irregular lines formed by the slightly raised edges of thin imbricated procumbent lamelle, between which there are almost microscopic scratches in the lines of growth ; there are 8 or 9 feeble oblique riblets on the lower part of the whorls; these die out on the base. Spirals—toward the upper part of each whorl there is an acute angulation with an expressed rounded keel, from which projects a coronal of longish rays or pointed, up-turned, retroverted vaulted spikes, each of which forms the origin of one of the longitudinal riblets ; below this keel there are feeble, irregular, rounded threads, which may be recognized on the snout. The whole surface is covered with very fine, close-set rounded threadlets. Colour yellowish, with a singularly harsh surface. Spire high, scalar. Apex mamillate, but small, consist- ing of nearly three smooth, cylindrical, embryonic whorls, of which the extreme tip is slightlyimmersed. W horls 7 to 8, flat above, sharply angulated, keeled and coronated, conically con- tracted to the lower suture; they are all small, but the last, which is a little tumid, with a rounded base, very much con- tracted and produced into a long, straight, spike-like snout. Suture sharp and deep, in the bottom of the broad depression be- tween the keels. Mouth club-shaped, being rather small and oval above, and contracted below into the long, narrow, but patulous canal. Outer lip roundly arched, angulated at the keel, where MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 387 the vaulted spikes present a canal; it is patulous below and down the whole anterior canal. Inner lip rounded above, where it ex- pands on the body, joining the outer lip without any angulation ; at the top of the canal it projects in a slight blunt tooth ; from this point it becomes much narrower, and only the excessively nar- row edge of the glaze can be recognized, almost hiding behind the long straight pillar. H.1°5. B. (exclusive of the spines) 0°64. Penultimate whorl, height 0°22. Mouth, height 1, breadth 0°32. This species resembles Z. vaginatus, Jan, but is much more tumid on the base, is more constricted at the anterior canal, has a straighter snout, a less contracted suture, and a lower spire. 2. TROPHON CARDUELIS*, n. sp. St. 164 B. June 18,1873. Lat. 34° 18’ S., long. 151° 38’ E. Off Sydney. 410fms. Grey ooze. Shell.—Thin, porcellaneous white, fusiform, with a high scalar spire, very small apex, long, small snout, angulated whorls, scored by thin, sharp, procumbent lamelle rising on the keel into high vaulted spikes. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are on each whorl 9 or 10 thin, sharp, vaulted, and procumbent lamelle, the old lip- edges; they are pretty prominent, cross the whole whorls, are obliquely continuous from whorl to whorl, rise on the upper part of the whorls into hollow, vaulted, upturned, and reverted spikes, and are traceable to the point of the snout; between these lamelle are slight lines of growth. Spirals—above the middle of each whorl there is an angulation, the effect of which is greatly increased by the coronal of spikes which project at this point ; one or two very depressed rounded threads, parted by minute linear furrows, are also found onthis angulation; similar but feebler and very irre- gular threads and furrows cover the rest of the surface. Colour porcellaneous white, with a smooth but not polished surface. Spire high, scalar. Apew small, consisting of two smooth rounded, globose, embryonic whorls, the extreme tip of which is very small and is slightly turned over and immersed. Whorls about 10, flatly sloping above, angulated and coronated, conically con- tracted to the lower suture ; they are all small but the last, which is slightly tumid, with a rounded and shortly produced base pro- * T have failed to approach the idea of “ thistly ” nearer than by this, the name of the Thistle-Finch, which really ought to have had the same latitude as its Greek equivalent dkayv@is. The prickles on this species of Zrophon recall strongly those of the involucre of some thistles, LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 27 388 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE longed into a projecting, narrow, slightly reverted snout, which is a little bent at the point. Swtwre small and sharp, interrupted by the lamelle, but very strongly marked by the deep constriction of the whorls. J/outh club-shaped, being oval above and pro- duced into the long narrow canal. Outer lip sharp and thin, leaves the body at a right angle, advances straight to the keel, where a patulous canal is formed in the spike; below this the lip is extremely patulous, and well arched to the origin of the canal, where the lip is sharply pinched-in, and from this point runs direct, but a little obliquely, to the point of the snout, where it is squarely cut off. nner lip is a little concave above, straight on the pillar, slightly oblique down the canal ; it is defined on the body and pillar by a thin, narrow, patulous pad; this pad crosses the pillar, and runs into the canal, along the side of which it shows only a thin sharp edge, with a small chink behindit. Opereulum thin, yellow, ovate, acute, with a terminal apex, and corrugations and strie in the curves of growth. H.1:27. B. (spines included) 0°8, (excluded) 0°5. Penultimate whorl, height 0:19. Mouth, height 0°8, breadth 0°31. This is a species beautiful in form and in texture. With some superficial resemblance, it differs from 7. acanthodes, Wats., in its continuous longitudinal lamelle, the thinness of its shell, the delicacy of its surface-texture, and the form of the base. In the latter respects it recalls 7. vaginatus, Jan; but, than that species, it is less carinated, has a more contracted shorter base, a finer snout, and the spines are much more distinctly connected with the continuous lamelle. TZ. coronatus, H. & A. Ad., a New-Zea- land form, and which extremely resembles 7. Goodridgit, For., has a much longer canal, a more tumid body, more numerous varices, with shorter spines not rising, as here, in a coronal round the spire. . laciniatus, Martyn, from Vancouver’s Island, presents a variety slightly resembling the ‘Challenger’ species; but the snout is much shorter, the base more produced ; the spines, too, are very much shorter, and, rising near the suture, project upwards parallel to the spire. 3. TROPHON DECLINANS, 0. sp. St. 144.4. Dec. 26,1873. Lat. 46°48'S., long. 37° 89’ 30" E. Off Marion Island. 100 fms.(?) Grey sand. St. 150. Feb. 2, 1873. Lat. 52° 4’ S., long. 71° 22' H. Be- tween Kerguelen and Heard islands. 150 fms. Rock. Bottom temperature 35° 2. MOLLUSCA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 389 Shell.—Thin, chalky white with a tinge of buff, fusiform, with a high subscalar spire, small mamillary apex, long small snout, rounded whorls scored by thin procumbent lamelle. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are on the later whorls from 15 to 20 procumbent lamelle, between these are slight lines of growth. Spirals—there are a few quite irregular and obsolete rounded threads. Colour chalky white with a tinge of buff. Spzre high, subscalar. Apex small, consisting of barely two smooth, globose, embryonic whorls, of which the extreme tip is slightly turned down on one side and immersed. Whorls 7, slightly flattened above, convexly cylindrical below, with a very slight contraction above the suture; the last is a little tumid, with a produced conical base running out into a long, small, twisted, and upturned snout. Suture slightly impressed, oblique. JZouth oval, bluntly pointed above, drawn out into the long, narrow, and oblique canal in front. Outer lip thin, arched, slightly reverted and patulous ; very obliquely cut off and emarginated at the point of the canal. Inner lip very concave above, convex at the entrance to the canal, from which it runs with a twist and very obliquely to the left ; the labial glaze is thin and somewhat indefinite. H.0°8. B.0°32. Penultimate whorl, height 0°17. Mouth, height 0°48, breadth 0-2. T have described this as a new species with very great reluc- tance. My own opinion is that it is a large thin variety of 7. trun- catus, Strém; and that opinion is shared by Mr. E. A. Smith. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, however, and Prof. G. O. Sars decidedly hold it as distinet; and their extensive acquaintance with the large northern variety of 7. truncatus makes their judgment of great weight. Along with the specimen of this species which I submitted to Prof. Sars I forwarded another shell, sadly broken, which I con- sider different and new, and have named Z auditus, from St. 150, and which I sent thinking it might be his Z. clavatus. Prof. Sars’s own letter will best convey his opinion regarding both of these forms:—“I have examined your shells very closely; they show a very perplexing similarity in form and sculpture to nor- thern Trophons. . . . . The one specimen is certainly very nearly related to 7. truncatus, Strém ; but still I find, on comparing it with Norwegian specimens of the species, some differences. Thus the shell, though larger, is less solid, and the longitudinal ribs are also somewhat different both in number and in form; in all my specimens of 7. truncatus they are distinctly lamellar and 390 REV. R. BOOG WATSON ON THE reflexed; but in your specimen they have more the appearance of simple sharp folds or keels*. The other specimen somewhat resembles my 7. clavatus—thus far at least, that the ribs are pro- duced in similar tooth-like protuberances ; but the ribs are more numerous, the spire somewhat more elongated, and the form of the “cauda’’ cannot be ascertained. After all, I must consider your specimens distinct from Northern forms. But, on the other hand, I should not be unwilling to regard both specimens as belonging to one species, and thus mere varieties analogous to the forms Z. clathratus and Gunneri. Your specimens from Kerguelen are in any case very interesting as representing, even if not in my opinion an identical, yet at least a very similar and strictly representative form of Zvophon belonging to the Southern hemisphere.”’ 4, TROPHON ACULEATUS, 0. sp. St. 122. Sept. 10,1873. Lat. 9° 5'S., long. 34° 50' W. Off Pernambuco. 350fms. Mud. Shell.—Small, thin, porcellaneous white, fusiform, with a high scalar spire, a blunt, mamillate, one-sided apex, a short conical base, a long small snout, and angulated whorls crossed by con- tinous thin, vaulted lamelle, projecting on the angulation of the whorls into small sharp points. Sculpture. Longitudinals—there are on each whorl about 12 vaulted lamelle, which run contin- uously from below the apex to the snout; between these are a few fine lines of growth. Spirals—an angulation, strongly marked by the projecting points of the longitudinal lamelle, is in the middle of the whorls. Colour porcellaneous white. Spire high, scalar. Apex small, blunt, mamillate, with the extreme tip very much turned down on one side; the 12 embryonic whorls are tumid, rounded, and smooth. Whorls 6 to 7, with a straight declining shoulder, angulated in the middle and conically con- tracted below; the conical base is produced into a narrow longish snout. Sutwre deep and angular. Mouth club-shaped, being angulated above, and produced into the long narrow canal below. Outer lip sharp, thin, and patulous on the edge ; it leaves the body at a right angle, and is right-angled at the keel. nner lip is slightly concave above, straight on the very short pillar, and oblique down the edge of the long canal; a thin narrow glaze lies * Ido not admit the distinction which Prof. Sars here makes. I consider the longitudinal ribs in 7. declinans to be quite as certainly procumbent lamelle; only this feature issomewhat obscured by their being much chipped.—R. B. W- MOLLUSOA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER ’ EXPEDITION. 391 on the edge of the body and pillar, at the point of which it crosses and lies hidden behind the sharp canal-edge. H. 0°45. B. 0-2. Penultimate whorl, height 0°08. Mouth, height 0°28, breadth 0:09. This pretty little species perhaps resembles 7. barvicensis, Johnston, more than any other, but, besides being more attenuated, is markedly differentiated by the median angulation of the whorls and the absence of the spiral threads of that species. 5. TROPHON SEPTUS, u. sp. St.149p. Jan. 20, 1874. Lat. 49° 28’S., long. 70° 13’ E. Royal Sound, Kerguelen. 28 fms. Mud. Shell.—Thin, porcellaneous white, club-shaped, with a low scalar spire, blunt apex, high-shouldered sharply expressly and spinously keeled whorls, a tumid body, and a long thin flex- uous snout. Sculpture. Longitudinals—the whorls are scored by feeble lamella and by coarsish lines of growth. Spirals—at the top of each whorl, but separated from the suture by a broad tabulation, is a right-angled keel, from which, nearly parallel to the axis of the shell, project a series of hollow, vaulted, compressed triangular spines; besides this coronal there is no other spiral sculpture except some irregular lines on the base. Colowr por- cellaneous white, with some chalkiness on the surface. Apex rather small, mamillate, and a little turned down on one side. Whorls 5 or 6, flatly tabulated above, with a rectangular keel, below which they are cylindrical; the last is a little tumid on ,the base, which contracts rapidly and is drawn out into a long, thin, flexuous snout. Swtwre almost rectangular. Mouth round, with a blunt angle at the top anda siphon at the keel, and suddenly prolonged into the narrow canal. Outer lip sharp, thin, direct, well arched, not prominent. nner lip is concave above, slightly oblique on the very short pillar, and much more so on the long, bent, and slightly reverted snout; a thin narrow glaze defines it to the point of the pillar, where it crosses to the canal, leaving a minute chink on its outer edge above. Oper- culum thin, yellow, oval, with a blunt apex, where the nucleus is terminal. H. 091. B. 0°48. Penultimate whorl, height 0:1. Mouth, height 0°67, breadth 0°16. The upturned coronal of hollow spines and the more contracted base differentiate this from T. Goodridgii, Forbes. It has some faint resemblance to the Plewrotoma cedo-nulli, Reeve. 392 oN THE MOLLUSOA OF THE ‘ CHALLENGER’ EXPEDITION. 6. TROPHON SCOLOPAX, 0. Sp. St. 150. Feb. 2, 1874. Lat. 52° 4’ S., long. 71° 22’ BH. Be- tween Kerguelen and Heard Islands. 150 fms. Rock. Bot- tom temperature 35°°2. Shell.—Thin, chalkily porcellaneous white, club-shaped, with a low, scalar, small-pointed spire, high-shouldered, right-angled whorls on which are some small prickles, a tumid body, and a long, thin, straightsnout. Scwlptwre. Longitudinals—the whorls are crossed by feeble, procumbent, almost appressed lamelle, be- tween which are a few rounded lines of growth. Spirals—near the top of each whorl, but separated from the suture by a broad, roun- ded, but hardly declining shoulder, is a rectangular keel; below this, and widely apart, there are on the body-whorl three feeble rounded threads; on these, as on the keel, the longitudinal lamellz rige into small, blunt, vaulted scales. Thewhole surface of the shell is covered with submicroscopic scratches. Colowr porcellaneous under a thin chalky surface. Apes small, but too much eroded for description. Whorls 6 to 7 (?), roundly tabulated above, with a subrectangular keel, below which they are cylindrical ; the last is a little tumid, rounded and rapidly contracted on the base, which is produced into a long, thin, straight snout. Swtwre almost rect- angular. Mouth almost round above, and entirely without angles, funnel-shaped below, where it is drawn out into the long narrow canal. Outer lip sharp, thin, well arched, direct till near the canal, where it is very patulous. Inner lip concave above, and then quite straight to the point of the shell; a very thin and narrow glaze covers the body to the beginning of the canal. Oper- culum small, thin, yellow, oval, with a terminal but slightly in- turned nucleus. H. 0:95. B. 042. Penultimate whorl, height 0:12. Mouth, height 0:7, breadth 02. I have named this species from some likeness it has to a Wood- cock’s head. Itresembles 7. Goodridgii, Forbes, but has the body smaller and squarer, the base more contracted, the canal much longer and finer, and the whorls are tabulated below the suture. It is larger than Z. septus, the snout is straighter, and the whole ornamentation is different. ON THE STRUCTURE AND HABITS OF PALOLO VIRIDIS. 398 Remarks on the Structure and Habits of the Coral-reef Annelid, Palolo viridis. By the Rev. THomas Powett, F.L.S., of Upolu, Samoa. [Abstract, read March 2, 1882.] THE palolo* vary in length from 1 to 20 inches, and are in diameter from 54; to j of aninch. They are of four colours— white, light brown or ochre, greyish indigo, and dark green. Those of the two former colours are males, and amongst these the darker-coloured varieties are of much greater length, and are also far more abundant than the white or cream-coloured ones. The greyish-indigo and dark-green varieties are females ; and of these the dark-green are similarly far longer in measurement and far more abundant than the others. Whilst watching the living animals under the microscope, I have noticed that the sete move up and down and backwards and forwards with great rapidity, so as almost to recall to one’s mind the motion of the cilia of a rotifer. JI observed that this motion was attended by the rapid liberation of the eggs of the female and the sperm of the male, through oviducts and seminal ducts which extend on each side from the centre of the back, between each pair of somites, and terminate on the under- side between each pair of lateral appendages. I observed that these ducts are smaller in the male than in the female. The notion that, in order to-effect the liberation of the eggs and of the sperm, the animals break up into small pieces is pro- bably incorrect; for I saw under the microscope, as above narrated, the copious emission of the ova through the oviducts without any breaking-up into parts of the parent annelid. Moreover, on the very last occasion, viz. October 1880, when I had an opportunity of visiting the palolo-ground, I saw great numbers of very long both light and dark palolo (¢. e. males and females) almost destitute of sperm and ova. These, when caught, broke up into small cyst-like segments, from which the greater part of the contents had apparently already been discharged. Furthermore, when considerable quantities of the worms have been brought to my house in a vessel, and kept a day or two, they have emitted large quantities of eggs and sperm, and yet have not broken up into small portions. That they should be broken up into small portions on the fishing-ground is not to be wondered at, seeing that the sieves are constantly plying. At * See Trans, Linn, Soe. vol. xxii. p. 237, pl. xli. LINN. JOURN.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 29 394: REV. T. POWELL ON THE STRUCTURE AND. the time of spawning the sea becomes discoloured with the eggs for a long way around; and yet there is no corresponding appearance of broken cysts: there are some such cysts to be seen, but nothing comparable to what there should be on the supposition which I am challenging. That the sight of these annelids is perfect is evident from the way in which a single specimen will endeavour to escape the sieve with which it is the custom to catch them. Often, when seeing a fine single specimen approaching, I have put down my sieve, hoping to take it, but generally in vain; for no sooner has my sieve been put into the water, than the animal has made off rapidly in an opposite direction ; and when I have attempted to intercept its flight, it has immediately dodged again and escaped. The palolo move through the water in different ways: some- times they.are extended nearly at their full length, with but little curvature of their bodies; their progress is then slow. At other times they assume a more serpentine form of progression, and then move more rapidly, and it is by this method of movement that they seek to escape the sieve. In rising from the bottom to the surface, they assume a more spiral form. The tail of the palolo is furnished with a disk, or with the power of forming itself into one. When examining some speci- mens under the microscope, in 1876, I observed one fix itself by a circular disk to the plate upon which I had placed it. It remained fast for some little time. On my touching it, it let go its hold and wriggled about; but it soon attached itself again, as before. The circular disk was very conspicuous when thus fixed, but was imperceptible when the animal was free. This power of attachment explains how these worms can remain so long as they generally do concealed among the coral. It may also suggest an explanation of the phenomenon recorded in the ‘Samoa Times’ of 16th April, 1881, viz. that, on the previous 21st of March, large quantities had appeared on the reef near the village of Gagaemalae, on Savaii—the appearance at such a time, instead of during the month of October, having never before been observed by the oldest inhabitants. The explanation ~ may be this: some unusual local occurrence affecting the reef may have detached the worms from their holding-places, and caused their untimely appearance. The worms have never been known to appear either at the nnmediate end of September or beginning of October. No doubt they adhere to the coral, in situations in which they cannot be HABITS OF PALOLO VIRIDIS. 395 seen, till the time of spawning. When the season for this process arrives, they ascend to the surface of the water, inside the lagoon, near the outer reef, often in prodigious numbers; and the natives flock in their canoes, just before daylight, to catch them by dipping them up in sieves of various kinds. (See an interesting account of the scene on such occasions in Seemann’s ‘Mission to Viti,’ pp. 59-61.) The time of their appearance is the day of the last quartering of the moon in each October, wnless that fall at the beginning of the month, in which case there will intervene another lunar month. This indicates that the moon exercises some mysterious influence on their reproduction. This, however, is not without analogy in nature, especially in reference to the Crustacea e.g. ;-—1it is re- corded in Hood’s ‘ Cruise of the Fawn,’ p. 127, that in Savaii, “three days before the arrival of the palolo, the malio or land- crabs (Gecarcinus) are seen marching down from the mountains to the sea in myriads,” The observations of many years, made by many old European inhabitants as well as by the natives, show that, if from the time of spawning in October we reckon 354 or 355 days, that will bring us to another spawning, unless such reckoning terminate at the end of September or the beginning of October, say from the 1st to the 4th day. In that case the reckoning must extend to 383 or 384 days, when the palolo will appear. Thus, instead of an interval of only twelve lunar months, one of thirteen will occur. The Rey. G. J. Whitmee has shown, in a paper published in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ June 1875, that it is pro- bable that this longer interval occurs every third year. The period appears to agree not so much with “solar time,” as with the Metonic cycle “of the moon, of 19 years or 235 months, in which time the lunations return (nearly) and begin as they were before.” The natives are generally correct in their calculations as to the time of the appearance of palolo. They take, as the first indica- tion of the approach of the season, the appearance of the scarlet flowers (called Aloalo) of the Gatae (Erythrina mdica). Then, as a nearer approach, the general budding of the trees, and espe- cially the flowering of the Tavai (Rhus taitensis), of the Lagaali (Aglia edulis, Asa Gray), and of the Seasea (Hugenia, sp.). When this last is in bloom, the men look out for the moon’s being just above the western horizon at the dawn of day, and on the 29* 396 MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. tenth morning from that they look for the appearance of the palolo; but the extra lunar month sometimes puts them wrong. Others watch with equal success, for the indication of the season, the sinking below the horizon of various constellations, com- mencing with Orion. I should mention that there is a second appearance of palolo each year, occurring a month after the first, consisting of such worms, probably, as were not sufficiently mature to spawn in October—or, it may be, of another species. The palolo is by no means confined to Samoa and Viti. Our Samoan missionaries in the Gilbert Group have informed me that they also are found at those atolls. One of the missionaries caught some of both the grey and green varieties there. The worms are found near the outer reefs, in from 4 to 8 feet of water. The natives of the Gilbert Islands hold that the palolo ig a production of the coral—grows out of it; they call it “Te Nmatamata,” i.e. the Glistener. It appears there m June and July. How is this? Why there in June, but here in October? Perhaps it may be because those atolls are nearly on the line, while Samoa is 14° more to the south. Samoa, May 14th, 1881. P.S.—If the above calculations and statements are correct, the palolo should appear in Samoa on October 15th or 16th, 1881, October 5th or 6th, 1882, and October 25th or 26th, 1883. Observations on British Salmones.—I. Trout. By Francts Day, F.L.S. [Read March 16, 1882.] Av the early part of 1880 I exhibited some Salmonide before the Linnean Society*, in order to demonstrate how local causes may induce temporary or even permanent changes among members belonging to this family of fishes. The first example I showed was an American charr (Salmo jfontinalis). The specimen was nine inches in length, of good condition, and with brilliant colours ; it had been reared by the late Mr. Frank Buckland in his tanks at the Horticultural Gardens, South Kensington, from eges received direct from Lake Huron. He presented some of the fry to the authorities of the Westminster Aquarium soon after that institu- tion was first opened; and the example under consideration was the last survivor, having met with its death in October 1879, when * For brief notice of which see the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Meeting 5th Feb- ruary 1880, p. li. MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. 397 it was kindly sent to me by Mr. Carrington, F.L.S., the natu- ralist in charge. Here no question respecting the parentage of the fish could arise, no crossing with European trout could have occurred ; but a single glance at the specimen sufficed to show great differences from what may be considered to be its normal form. The head had much elongated in proportion to the length of its body; and the very form of the subopercle had changed, being twice as long as deep, instead of nearly square, as observed in this species when in a state of nature. I had also two other examples of this fish reared from eggs derived from the same source ; they were turned out in Cardiganshire in 1876, and cap- tured in the middle of 1877: in them the head was not elongated, and the form of the subopercle was normal. It appeared to me that these facts were very suggestive: certain unnatural condi- tions had caused unnatural changes of certain parts; and it did not appear improbable that, were other examples similarly reared, they might in like manner differ from the primitive stock. Neither could I see why, if such forms were transferred to ponds or streams, they should not retain such abnormal variations through succeeding generations or return to what normally existed among their ancestors. I also showed four examples of young salmon (Salmo salar). reared by Mr. Frank Buckland from eggs received from Huningen, and which were collected from salmon captured for this purpose from below the falls of Schaffhausen. As year after year passed by, and these fish were still retained in the comparatively small amount of fresh water which was sufficient to fill the tanks in the Horticultural Gardens, the same results developed themselves which have usually attended the retaining of salmon parr in freshwater ponds. The lanky half-starved body became identical with that of Salmo gracilis, Couch, and S. argentews*, Ginther. As this subject has been well treated of by Dr. Muriey, I do not propose considering it further at this time. Since the period (1880) first alluded to, I have received extensive collections of Salmonide, more especially from Sir Pryse Pryse, of Gogerden, Cardiganshire, a beautiful variety{ obtained for me in Yorkshire by Mr. G. Brooks, F.L.S., Loch-Leven trout from our late Secretary, Mr. E. R. Alston, examples from Water- ford and elsewhere; while I have visited the Eastern counties, the museums of the North and Scotland, personally captured examples * Drawing exhibited. ¢ Figure exhibited. t Proc, Zool, Soe, 1868, p. 247, pl. xxiii, and 1870, p. 30, pl. ii, 398 MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. in Gloucestershire and in Cornwall (S. cornubiensis), irrespective of investigating the beautiful series in the British Museum. The various forms indigenous to this country, and usually considered as pertaining to the genus Salmo, have been thus divided :— (1) Trutta, Nilsson ; Salmo and Fario, Cuvier. Salmon. Anadromous forms, possessing at some period of their lives deciduous teeth on the vomer, which teeth are usually shed com- mencing from behind forwards. (2) Salar, Cuvier. Trout. Freshwater non-migratory forms, possessing at some period of their lives teeth on the vomer which are to a certain extent deci- duous, the shedding of which commences from before backwards. (3) Salvelint, Nilsson. Charr. Freshwater non-migratory forms, in which the vomerine teeth are restricted to the head of that bone. The remarks which I have to make will refer to the second eroup or subgenus of the genus Salmo, or Fario, our freshwater non-migratory trout, respecting which I will commence by observing that (excluding the Loch-Leven trout) we have only one form, the S. fario, Linn.,—S. ferox, Jardine & Selby, S. nigri- pinnis, Giinther, S. stomachicus, Giinther, S. gallivensis, Giinther, and S. oreadensis, Giinther, being simply varieties which, due to local circumstances, have developed certain changes, some of which appear at first sight to be permanent, others to be transitory. If we examine into the history of these fishes as given by our various British authors, we find as follows :— Donovan, in his ‘ British Fishes’ (1802-1808), refers to the common trout (Salmo fario), which he observed was subject to many varieties, differing in appearance according to the season of the year and also the nature of the water it inhabited. He commented on a form existing at Llyndivi, a lake in South Wales, where it was termed ‘“ Coch y dail” (it was marked with black spots as large as sixpences) ; to a crooked-tailed variety in the Hynion, a river not far from Machynlleth, as well as to its being found in the Snowdon lakes; to the Gillaroo trout of Ireland, remarkable for the great thickness of its stomach, though it does not differ in other respects from the common trout; and, lastly, to some in the Scotch lakes that are very differently coloured externally from the common sort, and which he suspected might be a distinct species. He next alluded to the variation of trout MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. 399 in size,—veferring to the Fordwich form in Kent, which attains nearly to the weight of salmon; to the Buddaghs of Lough Neagh, in Ireland, some of which weighed nearly 30lb. He finally drew attention to the colour internally, or that of the flesh, remarking upon having taken both the red and the white kind at the same season in two contiguous streams in Cardiganshire, one of which invariably produced the red and the other the white variety. Turton admitted into the ‘ British Fauna,’ 1807, the common trout and the parr. Fleming, in his ‘History of British Animals,’ recognized the same, remarking of the Gillaroo variety that when it feeds on shellfish the coats of its stomach acquire a thickness causing it to resemble the gizzard of birds. Jenyns, in his ‘Manual of British Vertebrate Animals,’ 1835, recorded the common trout with its variety the Gillaroo; the great lake- trout, S. ferox, which he believed to be identical with the SV. lacustris of Berkenhout. Yarrell (‘ History of British Fishes,’ 1836) at first admitted the parr or samlet, the common trout, and great lake-trout, and, in a later edition, the Loch-Leven trout. Parnell, in 1838, in his prize essay on the Fishes of the Firth of Forth, gave the same as Yarrell did. Jardine, in his ‘British Salmonide,’ figured the great lake-trout, the common trout, and varieties. Thompson (‘ Natural History of Ireland,’ 1856) gives the common trout, including the Gillaroo, which variety he recorded having met with in most freshwater races, and the great lake-trout. White, in the ‘ List of the Specimens of British Animals in the British Museum’ (1851), enumerated the common trout and the great lake-trout. In 1865-66 Dr. Giinther bestowed a large amount of research upon this family of fishes, and brought together a beautiful col- lection of specimens in the British Museum; and if I am unable to agree with his conclusions, it must be remembered that the Tasmanian experiment, so fatal to the validity of his reputed species, did not commence until subsequent to the publication of vol. vi. of the ‘ Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum.’ Init, in 1866, he described the following forms :—Salmo levenensis : yertebree 57 to 59, cecal appendages 49 to90*. Salmo fario, var. fario: vert. 59-60, cee. pyl. 33-46; var. ausonit: vert. 57-58, cee. pyl. 88-47. Salmo ferow: vert. 56-57, cee. pyl. 43-49. * These numbers are distinctly recorded in the pages of the sixth volume of the ‘Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum,’ by Dr. Giinther, as existing in specimens present in the collection of that institution, 400 MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. Salmo stomachicus: vert. 59-60, cee. pyl. 44. Salmo gallivensis: vert. 59, cxe. pyl. 44. Salmo orcadensis: vert. 56-57, cee. pyl. 50. Salmo nigripinnis: vert. 57-59, cece. pyl. 86-42. The fore- going show an extreme range as follows :—S. Jevenensis, vertebre 57-59, cecal appendages 49-90; the remaining six, enumerated as species, vertebre 56-60, cecal appendages 33-50. In the year 1880, Wallace, ‘Island Life’ (p. 321), on the authority of Dr. Giinther, introduced these forms as distinct species, ob- serving, “They are in fact, as Dr. Giinther assures me, just as eood and distinct species as any other recognized species of fish; ”’ while Dr. Giinther, ‘Introduction to the Study of Fishes’ (p. 644) reiterates, with but slight variations, his con- clusions come to in 1866. Thus, as in the former work he observed “ that at least some of the species interbreed, and it is probable, although at present not confirmed by direct obser- vation, that such hybrids mix again with one of the parent species, thereby producing an offspring more or less similar to the pure breed”’ (Catal. vi. p. 3), he asserts in his later work that “some of the species interbreed, and the hybrids mix again with one of the parent breed, thus producing an offspring more or less similar to the pure breed’’ (Introd. Stud. Fish. 1880, p. 631). This exceedingly interesting conclusion, unfortunately, is unsupported by reference to the results of any experiments or observations made by competent individuals, leaving one in doubt as to whether it is an opinion founded upon conjecture or fact. From our very earliest authors on ichthyology down to the present period, the existence of hybrid fishes has been insisted upon; and of late years artificial propagation has clearly proved that such can occur; but it is open to grave doubt whether among the Salmonide they are as numerous in a wild state as some authors would have us believe; while, so far as my inquiries tend, the fertility of hybrids still remains to be proved *, Experiments have been instituted to test this question of hybrids ; and Professor Rasch, in 1867, recorded the result of his inyesti- gations. He found that the ova of the sea- and river-trout are developed regularly whichever form were the parent, and the offspring are fertile; that, of the ova of the charr fertilized by the milt of the trout, 30 to 40 per cent. are developed, but many young fish perish after being hatched; trout-ova fertilized by the milt of the cbarr gave only 10 per cent. developed, and many of the young were misshapen ; salmon-ova fertilized with trout- * Professor Rasch refers to the ova of a hybrid between a trout and a charr. MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. 401 milt yielded 40 per cent. of young fish, but none if the milt of the charr were used; that the ova of a hybrid between a trout and a charr could not be fertilized with trout milt. I saw at Berlin lovely hybrids between trout and charr, but was unable to obtain satisfactory evidence that such were fertile forms. I will now briefly record the results which I have arrived at in testing the interesting conclusions, given in Dr. Giinther’s ‘Catalogue,’ as to what constitutes a species of trout. I took first what are termed constant characters, as the number of the vertebre as well as of the cecal appendages, as they appeared to be considered among the most important factors in affording a guide to specific differences. 1 obtained leave from Mr. Elwes to use his trout-preserves at Colesbourne, on the summit of the Cotteswold Hills, where no new races of trout have been intro- duced, and consequently the original local form remains un- changed. According to Dr. Ginther’s investigations, the variety of brook-trout termed S. fario, distributed in the northern parts of Europe and Scotland (Catal. vi. p. 59), has vertebrae 59-60 and ceca pylorica 33-46 ; whereas the variety Ausoniz is stated to possess vertebra 57-58 and ceca pylorica 88-47. The latter “is found in Central Europe and the southern parts of England” (vi. p. 59). Certain varieties of distribution are alluded to; ana it is asserted that the northern form “ extends as far southward as Shropshire, where both forms are met with.” I captured a considerable number of trout at Colesbourne, which from its locality should have produced the variety Ausonzi, and found that they had the number of vertebre stated to belong to that form, or 57-58, but that their cecal appendages were 34-39, or apper- taining to the northern race. This rendered it clear that reliance could not be placed on these figures ; the proposed formula of vertebre and cecal appendages were not found correlated at Colesbourne on investigation, and therefore could not be depended upon as invariable in other places. The next locality from which the examples came that I minutely investigated were from Car- diganshire, already referred to; and here again an anomaly was found. The number of vertebre were from 57 to 60, but the cecal appendages from 35 to 44. Tabulated, they would be ag follows :— Salmo fario, northern form (Giinther), Vert. 59-60, cee. append. 33-46, 23 southern ,, ; » 90/-58, is 38-47, A from Gloucestershire Aerie oa OZ SOme of 34-39, oS » Cardiganshire .,.. ,, 57-60, SH 35-44, 402 MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. _ The foregoimg results threw strong doubts upon the validity, first, of how the species had been subdivided, and, secondly, as to their distribution ; while, if the number of vertebre in all the seven forms of non-migratory freshwater trout inhabiting our islands merely varies between 56 and 60, I possess examples from one locality (Cardiganshire) in which they differed from 57 to 60, and in an example of the same variety from Penzance I have only found 56. Dr. Cobbold likewise gives an instance of a Scotch trout (S.fario) that he examined, and which had only 56 vertebre. It is evident that too much stress has been attached to the number of vertebre in trout; and no confidence can be placed on such as affording evidence of specific difference. We thus arrive at the remarkable fact that the form considered by Dr. Giinther as S. fario may possess from 56 to 60 vertebre, which are exactly the extreme limits he ascertained existed among all the freshwater non-migratory trout of the British Isles. Then, as to the number of these bones which are present, some other facts should not be overlooked. This family of fish is exceedingly prone to affections of the spinal column. Ocea- sionally two small vertebre take the place of one large one, as if a division had occurred; while in others may be observed an abnormally large one, as if two had coalesced, as shown by the normal number of hemal spines for two vertebre being present. Dr. Giinther, in his interesting volume, even instances a case “where three vertebre were united.” The number of cecal appendages has been adduced as a cha- racter which may materially assist in fixing a species; and if unexpected variations occur, their cause, it is asserted, may be found in the partial confluence of the ceca. Dr. Giinther gives the extreme limits of variation in his six species of non-migratory freshwater trout (excluding the Loch-Leven) as being between 33 and 50. But it appears to me that the difficulty does not appear so much in discovering variations, as in determining within what fixed number they exist in a given form: thus in Gloucestershire I found them at least from 34 to 39, and in Cardiganshire from 35 to 44. The question first requiring solution is, whether the number of these appendages is per- sistent or inconstant, and whether change of climate and food may occasion any variation. I must here refer to the Tasmanian experiment, wherein it appears that the common brook-trout of the Thames and the MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. 408 south of England has so altered since its introduction into the waters of the Antipodes that the breed has increased in size, while, food being abundant, certain organic changes have occurred. Dr. Giinther, in an interesting manner, ignores the facts thus obtained by observing that “it is a fact that numerous cross-breeds have been introduced into and reared in Tasmania,which must more or less interfere with the character of the pure breeds” (Introd. p. 642). Neither does this view agree with his theory that “the hybrids mix again with one of the parent species, thus producing an offspring more or less similar to the pure breed”’ (7. ¢. p. 631)*. I therefore prefer accepting the statements of Mr. Allport and Mr. Arthur, more especially as their correctness as to whence the ova came is capable of being verified, and with respect to this I have been at some considerable pains. The trout-ova (1200 to 1500) sent by Buckland in 1864 came from fish taken “in a branch of the Itchen which runs through the garden of Admiral Keppel, at Bishopstoke, near Winchester ” (Buckland, Brit. Fishes, p. 317); while the readers of the ‘Field’ have been informed, upon what appears to be reliable evidence, that the remainder, which were sent by Mr. Francis Francis, were obtained from brook-trout inhabiting streams that are affluents of the Thames. To obviate errors, I will trace as briefly as possible the whole of this interesting experiment (except as to the collection of the ova, which has already been referred to)—when the eggs were sent out, and what became of them. From at least 1200 to 1500 trout-ova were despatched in the ship ‘ Norfolk,’ which left Falmouth on January 28th, 1864, anchored at Hobart Town on April 20th, and on the 21st reached the ponds, about 800 trout- ova arriving alive. In Mr. Allport’s account, ‘‘on the 8th day of February, 1866, the ship ‘ Lincolnshire’ left Plymouth bound for Melbourne, having on board about 103,000 ova of salmon (Salmo fariot) and 15,000 ova of sea-trout (S. tutta), stowed in an ice-house,” reaching Hobson’s Bay on the 80th April, 1866 (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 23); but he alludes to the ova * Fxamined from a different point of view, it may be asked to what original breed of British freshwater non-migratory trout have these fish reverted, if the British-Museum Catalogue is correct that none, except the Loch-Leyen, have more than 50 cecal appendages ? for the Otago ones (New Zealand, distributed from Tasmania) show as many as 54. + This probably means S. salar, but may refer to both. 404: MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. subsequently as those of the salmon. Anyhow, any trout-ova received came from Mr. Francis Francis, who obtained them from an affluent of the Thames. On July 8rd, 1866, the first pair of trout matured in Tasmania had the ova and milt taken from them. “The ova shipped to Tasmania consisted of three* batches of eggs, supplied through the kind offices of Mr. Frank Buckland and Mr. Francis Francis,” and were obtained from the localities alluded to. Mr. Arthur} informs us that the first successful trout-hatching in Otago occurred in October 1868, from 800 ova obtained from the natural spawning-beds of S. fario in Tasmania; these and a second lot the subsequent year formed the whole of their original stock, some of which were first liberated in the streams in November 1869. As these New-Zealand fish are clearly descendants from our brook-trout (S. fario), it is evident that they might be expected to correspond in structural characters with their ancestral stock. But results show that they have not done so. Without entering minutely into Mr. Arthur’s interesting paper, which should be studied in the ‘Transactions’ of the Society in which it was published, I will restrict myself to his conclusions. Scotch trout, according to Stoddart, show a yearly increase of about one third of a pound in weight ; while in Otago they grow so rapidly and are so fat that they have reached an average yearly increment of from 1lb. to 221b. Already the various streams have stamped the trout with local peculiarities: in some they are plump almost to deformity ; their proportions are not constant, neither are their colours; while examples are said to have been seen up to 20 1b. in weight. What is of extreme interest, however, is, as already remarked, that these fat fast-growing fish have not the number of cecal appendages of their ancestors, but with increased necessities, due to a superabundant supply of food, they have augmented im number—not varying between 33 and 47, the extreme limits Dr. Giinther assigns to the Salmo fario, but from 43 to 54; while among the entire six British species he described (Loch-Leven trout not included) he limited these appendages to between 33 and 50. Thus the brook-trout, transported to a climate where food is abundant, has taken on structural changes affording a most conclusive proof that the * Buckland says he believes Mr. Francis Francis sent some trout-eggs obtained from Hungerford at the same time as his were forwarded. + Transactions of the Otago Institute, July 9th, 1878. MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. 405 number of cecal appendages is no more a criterion of species than are the number of the vertebre. Had these New-Zealand examples been submitted to Dr. Giinther prior to 1865, they would undoubtedly have formed at least another new species for the British-Museum Catalogue; while his views, as given in his late work, appear to have undergone but little, if any, modifi- cation*. Respecting the form of the preopercle, the size of the head, and the dentition, wide differences exist in this fish, in accordance with age, sex, and other causes, and which do not eall for a detailed examination in this place. I will therefore pass on to variations in colour—first, internally, and, secondly, externally. The flesh of trout may be of a red or of a white tint, due, it has been frequently shown, to the food which the fish consumes. And this difference in the food may be consequent either on necessity or choice. Thus, in one river, as at Alresford in Hampshire, crustaceans may be obtained in the lower portion of the stream, not so in the upper; in the former the cooked fish cuts pink, in the latter nearly white. It would also appear that, even if the necessary food for occasioning the pink appearance is present it does not follow that the fish selects it, as there are rivers in which some of the brook-trout are red while the others are white, both forms being in good condition and equally excel- lent when served at table. Reverting to the Salmo fontinalis, or American charr, which undergoes the same changes in this country as S. fario does in New Zealand, what do we find? The young, as I observed, have been turned out and acclimatized here, and with the following result as regards this question. Those which have been liberated in the streams in Cardiganshire are, as food, observes Sir P. Pryse, “very good, the flesh having a peculiar gamboge colour, and rich;” while Mr. Francis Francis tells us, respecting others from Sir James Maitland’s, in Perthshire, that their condition left nothing to be desired: they were fat and firm ; the flesh was of a beautiful pearly white (‘ Field,’ March 11th, 1882). A subsequent correspondent (Coracle, ‘ Field,’ March 18th, 1882) states that he has also seen it in this fish perfectly * Tt is difficult to admit that all non-migratory trout not agreeing in their fin-formula, their number of vertebra, and czcal appendages with the descrip- tions given in the British-Museum Catalogue, are to be termed hybrids. It seems more rational to surmise that Nature's limits of variation are more exten+ sive than those admitted by Dr, Ginther. 4.06 Mk. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. pink. It is clear, from the foregoing differences in colour in the flesh of an unquestionably single species of Salmo, that it may be pearly white, perfectly pink, or of a gamboge colour, but equally good for the table, the fish being in good condition in all the several forms. The external colours of these fish (omitting such as are due to age, condition of health, or the breeding-season) vary in a very wide manner, in accordance with the localities they inhabit, the nature of the soil or bottom of the water, the rapidity or the reverse of the current, the extent and depth of the water, as well as the food, light, and temperature. Clear water in rapid rivers or lakes, especially when the bottom is pebbly, often con- tains somewhat silvery fishes with black X-shaped marks. Many experiments have been made, showing how rapidly one of these fishes may change colour. ‘ Puta living black burn-trout into a white bason, and it becomes within half an hour of alight colour. Keep the fish living in a white jar for some days, and it becomes absolutely white; but put it into a dark-coloured or black vessel, and although on first being placed there the white-coloured fish shows most conspicuously on the black ground, in a quarter of an hour it becomes as dark-coloured as the bottom of the jar, and consequently difficult to be seen” (St. John, ‘ Natural History and Sports in Moray,’ p. 25). Ali practical anglers know how trout of very different colours may be captured from contiguous streams, or from ponds into which they have been introduced, from what they were when originally placed there. “ Unques- ‘tionably,” observes Stoddart (‘ Angler’s Companion,’ 1847, p. 3), “there exists no species of fish which, judging of it by the exter- nal marks, holds claim to so many varieties as the common fresh- water trout. In Scotland almost every lake, river, and streamlet possesses a breed peculiar in outward appearance to itself.” Jurine, respecting the fishes of the Lake of Geneva, observes that the common trout, salmon-trout, lake-trout, river-trout, the alpine trout, &c. are all referable to differences of sex, age, season, the nature of the water, food, light, &c. (Mém. de la Soe. de Phys. et d’ Hist. Nat. de Geneve), If some trout esteem food which causes their flesh to be tinged with red, while others in the same water appreciate a different sustenance, and consequently are not thus tinged, if the Gillaroo eats shells, occasioning thickening of the middle coat of its stomach, MR. F. DAY ON BRITIST. SALMONES. 407 while such diet, as a rule, is rejected by the common variety of Salmo fario, it appears to point out that the tastes of some differ from those of their companions; while it is a well-known fact that certain forms of food promote fish-growth more rapidly than others. Mr. Stoddart gives the result of an interesting experi- ment on trout :—‘‘ Tish were placed in three separate tanks, one of which was supplied daily with worms, another with live minnows, and the third with those small dark-coloured water-flies which are to be found moving about on the surface under banks and sheltered places. The trout fed on worms grew slowly, and had a lean appearance; those nourished on minnows (which, it was observed, they darted at with great voracity) became much larger ; while such as were fattened upon flies only, attained in a short time prodigious dimensions, weighing twice as much as both the others together, although the quantity of food swallowed by them was in nowise so great.” If a trout, normally belonging to a small race, as S. cornu- biensis, is transferred to a reservoir or lake where food is plen- tiful, it attains a size to which it never reaches in its ancestral stream, showing capacity for growth to be inherent, and called into action by luxuriant living. In Scotland the largest ex- amples are in lochs, so also in Wales and Ireland—although occasionally a large one may be found existing in a sluggish stream, especially if such passes over a rich soil. Should food be plentiful, a brook-trout may attain to many pounds weight in suitable localities—in fact, to as large a size as the great lake- trout, which I hold to be merely a form of S. fario which indulges in luxurious living or cannibal propensities. The first so-called species which I propose alluding to is Salmo nigripinnis, Gunther, 1865, or S. cornubiensis as described by Borlase, Artedi, &c., and which for many reasons may be con- sidered the young of S. ferox. I have been most liberally supplied with specimens from Cardiganshire, through the kind- ness of Sir Pryse Pryse; and among them is one form which was alluded to by Barrington, in the ‘ Transactions of the Royal Society’ for 1774, as the “ Hog-backed Trout of Plinlimmon,” which Dr. Ginther, as I believe correctly, considered identical with his S. nigripinnis. My example is a peculiarly interesting one, as showing a link between S. nigripinnis and SN. feroa’, per- taining partially to one form and partially to the other. The 408 MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. following are the differences noted in the British-Museum Cata- logue :— Salmo nigripinnis. DASA. 12, P. 13, LL. 1. 120-125, Cee. 36-42; Vert. 57-59. Head small. Preopercle with an in- distinct lower limb. Snout not much produced in males. No mandibular hook observed. Head of vomer with a transverse band of teeth, on body generally a single series. Female mature at 7 inches. Largest example Salmo ferox. D.13, A10=110 PB. 1G) aa Cee. 44-49; Vert. 58-59. Head of moderate size. Pre- opercle crescent-shaped, without any angle (or distinct lower limb). Snout much produced in males. Mandibular hook when spawning. Head of vomer small, toothless ; body with a double or zigzag line of teeth. Caudal truncated at 18 inches, in larger examples rounded. Female mature at 14inches. Largest example observed, 31 inches. observed, 16 inches. These reputed two species have been found residing in nearly or quite the same localities* in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. The size of the specimens is important, as modifying the conformation of the opercular pieces, as well as of the fins, the character of the scaling, the proportional diameter of the eye, and the existence, or the reverse, of teeth on the head of the vomer, so frequently partially or entirely absent in the non- migratory freshwater trout, more especially after attaiming to a large size. The teeth being present on the head of the vomer in the smaller (S. nigripinnis), but absent from the same place in the larger ones (S.ferow), is merely symptomatic of edentulation due to age. The same argument applies to the mandibular hook, it being well known that among the Salmonide this production is absent in young males, as may be readily observed in the parr which possess milt ready for exudation and which has been stated so long ago as by Willughby, and proved by Shaw, to be capable of fertilizing the ova of the salmon. The number of pec- toral rays is of no consequence, as I find, even in the British- Museum specimens, examples of S. nigripinnis, S. ferox, and S. fario possessing from 18 to 15. The foregoing leaves the following as Dr. Giinther’s primary reasons for dividing these two so-called species :—S. nigripinnis has D. 14, A. 12, head of the vomer toothed, and generally a * Wallace (‘Island Life,’ p. 322) observes that it is not found in Ireland, but acknowledges Dr. Ginther as his informant; while Irish examples exist in the British Museum, and that habitat is admitted in the ‘ Introduction to the Study of Fishes,’ as well as in the British-Museum Catalogue. MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. 409 single row along the body ofthat bone; caudal fin with pointed lobes. S. ferox: D. 18, A. 10-11; no teeth on the head of the vomer, but a double row along the body of the bone; caudal fin truncated*. The example of the “ hog-backed trout” (which I exhibit) has D. 14, teeth on the head of the vomer, and a distinct lower limb to the preopercle, thus belonging to S. nigripinnis. Likewise A. 11, a double line of teeth along the body of the vomer, and the caudal fin truncated, which is given as diagnostic of S. feroz. I have likewise six smaller examples of S. nigripinnis in which teeth are present on the head of the vomer and in a zigzag line along the body of that bone; the caudal fin in the smallest has pointed lobes, which have become rounded in larger specimens ; the cxcal appendages varied from 85 to 44. In some of these fish the posterior margin of the preopercle was rounded, and had no distinct lower limb. The maxilla was much feebler than seen in some other local races of brook-trout, which was remarkably the case on comparing it with a beautiful Yorkshire variety sent me by Mr. G. Brooks, F.L.8.; but among these Yorkshire spe- cimens I found great differences to exist. I now determined to go to Cornwall and ascertain whether the S. cornubiensis really differed from a young S, nigripinnis; and the first thing I ascertained at Penzance was, that the little brook- form, if placed in large pieces of water, attained to several pounds in weight. I obtained a considerable number which externally only differed from S. nigripinnis in colour, the parr-marks of the young stage being continued throughout life in these small trout taken from the streams. The brook-trout from the Cotteswolds has as weak a maxilla as the S. nigripinnis, although it is clearly a typically-coloured S. fario. Salmo orcadensis, Giinther, 1865.—In the ‘ Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum,’ vi. p. 91, it is observed that “ Sir J. Richardson mentions this trout in the Fauna Bor.-Amer. Fish. p. 142, referring it to the ‘ Frith-trout ;’ but this appears to have the maxillaries feebler and the scales smaller.’ In examining this question, we undoubtedly find that in the third edition of Yarrell’s ‘ British Fishes,’ edited by Sir J. Richardson, allusion is made to the Loch-Stennes trout under the head of the * “The caudal fin (in Salmonoids) especially undergoes considerable changes with age, and dependently upon the sexual development. Young specimens of all species have this fin more or less deeply excised,” (Gimther, Cat. vi. p. 5.) LINN. JOURN.—ZOOLOGY, VOL, XVI. 30 410 MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. grey trout, Salmo eriox. At vol. ii. p. 236, it is stated, “ Mr. Low says it is found in the Loch of Stennes, Orkneys.” But this is not, I think, the form Dr. Giinther terms S. orcadensis ; for at p. 288 (Yarrell, 7. c.) it will be seen that another race of trout is recorded as existing at the Orkneys, and which is con- sidered S. ferov. “The Rev. Mr. Low, ‘Fauna Orcadensis,’ mentions a trout of 36 lb. weight or more, which, along with the common trout, occurs both there and in Zetland.” Thus it clearly appears that three forms were considered to exist in the Orkneys—the grey trout, great lake-trout, and common trout. Now Low expressly said that there are salmon in the sea, although he had only heard of four instances of such; and three (if they were salmon) were _killed and brought on shore by otters from the sea, and picked up subsequently by the country people ; while the fourth stuck in a mill-wheel, and was caught by the miller. In his time (prior to 1795) Low had been informed of a salmon-fishing that had formerly existed at the mouth of the Loch of Stennes, and of heritors who had such a fishing in their charters, the old people still showing a place where cruives were placed ; but such had long since been given up. Vast quantities of salmon, he continues, were caught in the rivers of Caithness, which are right against and only separated from the Orkneys by the Pentland Frith, and from thence he supposed the stragglers came. It will thus be seen that probably 8S. orcadensis, Gunther, a non-migratory form of trout from Loch Stennes, is identical with the “large trout’? mentioned by Low as existing in that locality, and which has been referred to S. ferox by Yarrell and Richardson. Dr. Giinther most justly compares his examples to S. nigripinnis, to which he observes “it is very similar,” but dis- tinguished from it “ by a broader and stronger maxillary, larger scales on the tail, and a greater number (50) of cecal appen- dages.”” The same author, and also Thompson, found 49 in the great lake-trout. About two years since I obtained from Waterford two examples of trout exactly similar in shape &c. to the types of S. orcadensis ; they are respectively 18 and 14 inches in length. Some of the spots on the head are ocellated, as seen in freshwater forms ; whereas others are X-shaped, as is frequently perceived in such as are taken in the sea. The teething is complete, having a row across the head of the vomer, and a double zigzag line along the body of that bone. MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. 411 It now becomes necessary to consider the relationship existing between 8. nigripinnis, S. oreadensis, S. ferox, and S. fario. Among our earlier British ichthyologists we find that Berken- hout (Sym. 1795, p. 79. sp. 3) termed the “ great lake-trout” 8. lacustris, supposing it to be identical with the continental variety ; but of late years differences have been asserted to exist between the British and foreign race. Jardine and Selby termed ours S. ferox, as will be seen in the ‘ Encyclopedia Britan.’ (edi- tion vil, art. “Angling,” p. 142) and in the‘ Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal’ (xviii. p. 55), the specific name having been chosen to characterize its size and voracious babits. I have already alluded to Jurine’s opinion of the specific identity of all these forms in the Lake of Geneva; and it would be but reason- able to expect that if the British S. fario under favourable con- ditions could attain the size of S. ferox, the continental S. fario, which is the same species, would, under like conditions, also arrive at being a great lake-trout. Collett (1875) m Norway, Feddersin in Denmark, Moreau (1881) in France, can only see in the numerous races of freshwater trout varieties, and not species ; while the last author (vol. i. p. 584) places among the syno- nyms of Trutta (or Salmo) fario, “ La Forelle du Lac Léman, Fario Lemanus ;” and at p. 536 observes, “ La Truite feroce, Trutta ferox, Valenc., des eaux du Foretz est une simple variété de la Truite ulgaire, et nullement une espéce particulicre.” Although these authors have, in my opinion, been perfectly correct in their views, still there existed this fact, that Dr. Ginther had given structural differences existing among the specimens in the British Museum, showing that S. feror pos- sessed 56 to 57 vertebre and 43 to 49 ceca, while S. fario had 57 to 60 vertebre and 33 to 47 ceca. I have, however, now shown that examples of S. fario may have from 56 to 60 vertebra, and likewise from 33 to 54 ceca, thus overlapping the entire amount of variations as described. What differences have been brought forward to differentiate S. ferox from large examples of S. fario? Sir William Jardine stated that “the dorsal fin contains 15 rays, and appears to be constant in that number,’ and that “in form it is generally shorter proportionally and deeper than large specimens of S. fario.” Sir J. Richardson distinguished between the great lake- trout and brook-trout by the size it attains. The tail “in adults is perfectly square, or might even be described as slightly rouuded 412 MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. at its extremity ; in the young it is slightly forked, and appears to fill up gradually as the fish advances in age.” The relative position of the fins is different; the number of rays in the dorsal varies from 2-4/11 or 13 to 15; and the scales along the lateral line are of a different form. Thompson observes that he found from 33 to 49 ceca in various examples of S. ferow from 12 to 17 inches in length. T possess undoubted examples of the common brook-trout haying from 18 to 15 dorsal rays; while as to the caudal fin beg square in adults, so it is also in large examples of the brook-trout. Yarrell (ed. 3, i. p. 281) gives an illustration of a large Thames trout (a locality not frequented by S.ferox according to authors), in which the caudal fin is as rounded as in any examples of great lake-trout of similar size. It was a male, 28 inches long, having a hooked lower jaw, while it weighed 11lb. The comparative length of the head and height of the body are almost identical with what obtains in an example of “8. ferox, 20 inches long, from ‘Lianberris, and which is in the British Museum. I examined afew years since a specimen (which is still preserved) of trout, weigh- ing upwards of 18 Ib., taken from a large sheet of water at Alres- ford in Hampshire, which is well stocked with coarse fish. This was one of about a dozen that some years previously had been trans- ferred from the contiguous stream, to which they could not subse- quently obtain access. Itis believed that in such situations trout do not breed, but, if food is plentiful, they attain to a large size. Without a history of whence this fish came, I maintain that no ichthyologist could be certain whether it is or is not a great lake-trout. “ The trout,” says Dr. J. Davy, ‘“‘ when it feeds principally upon fish must be extremely active and strong ; consequently, from its predatory mobile habits, acquires large teeth, large fleshy fins, thick skin, and great pectoral fins for turning. When it feeds on shell-fish, it gets the stomach of the charr and its TES as in the Gillaroo trout.” A race of trout’ found in Ireland has from time immemorial been known as the Gillaroo, distinguished by the thickness of the middle coat of its stomach. The first mention of this fish is in a paper by the Hon. D. Barrington, read at the Royal Society, December 23, 1773, when ke observed “there are no exterior marks by which the species on the table can be distinguished from the common trout.” The fishermen observed that “ the MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. ~ 413 largest Gillaroo is 124 1b.; the smallest 21b. There is a red Gillaroo and a white ; the last is the smallest and the better eat- ing. It is white with black spots on it; the red Gillaroo is red with black spots on it.” Trout, as already remarked, are exceedingly liable to variation, whether such is due to local or constitutional causes. Some of these abnormal productions would seem to be hereditary ; in others the same exciting cause continuing in action occasions the same results as in previous generations. Giraldus Cambrensis, lib. ui. ¢. x., the traveller and Archdeacon of Brecon, who attended Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, in a progress through Wales in 1188, tells us of trout existing in the lakes of Snowdon which possessed only oneeye. The Fischau, near Mandorf in Germany, was reputed to contain blind trout (Fr. Ern. Bruckmanni Epist. Itin. xxxvi. Wolfenb. 1734, p. 10). A deformed race of trout is asserted to exist in a small loch in Inverness-shire near Pitmain : among them there appears to be an arrest of development in the upper jaw, giving their heads a slight resemblance to those of bulldogs, due to the projection of the lower jaw (Encye. Brit. 7th ed., art. Ang.). In Loch Islay is a race of tailless trout. At Malham Tarn, in Yorkshire, the trout are distinguished by a deficiency or malformation of the gill-covers. On Plinlimmon, and in adjacent parts of Wales, are “‘hunch-backed” trout, having deformed vertebral columns, as already alluded to. There are likewise races in which some local cause has set up local action, as of the stomach alone. This variety, due to the food it indulges in, has the muscular coat of its stomach thickened, which ab- normal structure has been reproduced in succeeding generations. For it must not be assumed, because in certain examples we are unable to find Limnea and other shells, that the fish has never consumed any; they may have been digested, or it may have varied its food, or the shells may have been temporarily unobtain- able. But prior to considering this modification as of a specific character, it may be worth while to ask whether such is solely restricted to the Gillaroo, which, in the British-Museum Cata- logue, vi. 1865, is termed Salmo stomachicus, Giinther. Thompson (‘ Natural History of Ireland,’ iv. 1856) justly ob- serves that “the coats of other species of Salmones than S. fario (of which only the Gillaroo is set down as a variety) become muscular from the same cause. I have seen S. ferowx, from dif- ferent localities, with a muscular stomach; and these examples ALA MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. were called Gillaroo trout by persons who distinguish these from the ordinary state of the fish, believing them to be a distinct species.” Sir Humphry Davy remarked that if they are the common trout which have gained the habit of feeding on shell- fish, “they have altered in a succession of generations. The common trout of this lake have stomachs like other trout, which never, as far as my experience has gone, contain shell-fish; but of the Gillaroo trout I have caught with a fly some not longer than my finger, which have had as perfect a hard stomach as the larger ones, with the coats as thick in proportion and the same shells within ; so that this animal is at least now a distinct species, and is a sort of link between the trout and charr, which has a stomach of the same kind with the Gillaroo, but not quite so thick, and which feeds at the bottom in the same way.” Sir J. Richardson observes:—‘“ We may here note the existence of a strongly-marked and peculiar variety, called the Gillaroo trout of Galway. It is remarkable for feeding on shell-fish, in consequence of which (it is supposed) the coats of the stomach acquire a great degree of thickness, from which peculiarity it is sometimes called the gizzard trout.” Sir H. Davy remarks that “the charr of the lakes of Southern Austria feeding similarly (to the Gillaroo trout) have a like thick stomach.” I must confess being unable to understand by what process of reasoning any ichthyologist who considers the common trout and the great lake-trout distinct species can admit that, if both Salmo fario and S. ferov have thickened walls to their stomach, the first is to be constituted a distinct species as S. stomachicus, whereas in the latter it is merely to be deemed a variety. Salmo gillivensis, Giinther, 1865, or S. estuarius, Knox (‘ Zoo- logist,’ 1855, xii. p. 4662), is similarly coloured to freshwater forms; while the young (in the National collection) so exactly resembles the S. cornubiensis, that it is impossible to doubt their specific identity. Kmnox’s example had 60 vertebre, similar to the number present in the British-Museum specimen. The last British form which I propose briefly alluding to is the Loch-Leven trout, Salmo levenensis, that appears, at least from the specimens I have examined, to possess a considerably shorter head than any of the varieties of the freshwater non- migratory brook-trout ; while the number of its ceca has been observed to vary from 49 to 90. This appears to be probably a descendant from some marine form which, having obtained MR. F, DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. 415 access from the sea, has had its retreat to the ocean cut off, and has consequently now taken on a freshwater existence. Its numerous cecal appendages seem to show its affinities are more related to marine than freshwater forms; while its grey colour and black spots are also what are seen in salt-water residents. It may be that the theory I heard in Scotland is correct, and that the anadromous Salmo albus* was the ancestor of this, a now freshwater non-migratory trout. Before concluding this paper I must remark upon what ana- dromous species of Salmonide I allude to when using the term Salmo albus. It is the fish known as the White Salmon, Pen- nant (1776), Salmo albus, Artedi, S. phinok, Turton (1807), S. brachypoma, Giinther (1866); but by the majority of recent authors placed as a synonym to SN. trutta. Pennant, in his ‘ British Zoology’ (ed. 1776), iii. p. 302, de- scribed a white salmon from the Esk in Cumberland, where he observed that it was obtained from July until September, that it never exceeded a foot in length, and that “ this is the fish called by the Scots Phinoc.” Bonnaterre, ‘ Encyclopédique Ich- thyologie’ (1788), p. 161, referred to Pennant’s fish as Salmo albus; in Schneider’s edition of Bloch (1801), p. 409, and in Lacépéde’s ‘ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,’ v. p. 219, this term was continued; so likewise in Fleming, ‘ British Animals’ (1828), p. 180, where he also called it the “ Whitling, Hirling. Common in the sea and rivers of Scotland and the north of England,” and that it spawned in August and September. Jardine described it in the ‘Edimburgh New Philosophical Journal,’ xvii. p. 40; and likewise gives an excellent figure of it (No. III.) in his Plates of Salmonide, appending the name Salo albus, Fleming, but which he considered a synonym of S. trutta, of which likewise he gives a recognizable illustration. It was about this time that S. albus began to be suppressed under the belief that it was the young or a variety of the salmon- or sea-trout. Jenyns placed it as Salmo trutta in his ‘ Manual of British Vertebrate Animals’ (1835), p. 424, observing that neither he nor Yarrell could see any appreciable difference between them. Parnell, ‘ Wernerian Memoirs,’ vii. (18388), p. 295, White, in his ‘List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the British Museum’ (1851), p. 75, * TI leave to a future date the consideration of whether S. albus is or is not a synonym of S. ¢rutfa, and also further remarks on S. devenensis. 416 MR. F. DAY ON BRITISH SALMONES. and Thompson, ‘ Natural History of Ireland’ (1856), iv. p. 151, adopted the same view ; while it is worthy of note that examples of the species here referred to are still in the National museum received from the collections of Yarrell and Parnell. Lastly, Dr. Ginther, in the ‘ Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum’ (1866), vi. p. 23, with a more extended collection, re- verted to the opinion of Pennant, and remarked how the species differed from S. trutta, five out of seven of his types being from Yarrell’s and Parnell’s collections. But, probably due to some oversight, he placed all the synonyms of S. albws under the head of S. trutta, even when the authors had referred to both. It thus came to pass that this northern species, or S. albus, has since 1866 been known as S. brachypoma, Giinther, which is the more remarkable, as, prior to the publication of the volume referred to, the author was able to record in the Addenda, p. 357, that he had received examples from the Beauly, “and that they are named there ‘ Phinok.’ ”’ Finally, I may observe that now we possess absolute proof of what previously has been supposed by most practical anglers and ichthyologists—a change of habitat may eventuate in a structural change in trout so marked, that either the New- Zealand forms, all descended from our brook-trout, must be allowed specific rank, or the six various species of non-migra- tory freshwater forms admitted into the British-Museum Cata- logue must be relegated to Salmo fario. We find the number of vertebre in all six may undoubtedly exist in one form; while the cecal appendages may be augmented in number to an extent unknown in this country. That the size of the great lake-trout may be attained by the brook-trout indulging in luxurious food and resident in a suitable habitat is also evident; while the largest races may become dwarfed by insuflicient or inappropriate food and unsuitable localities. This question of whether our non-migratory freshwater trout (excluding the Loch-Leven) are local races or distinct species is not merely a curious one or of passing interest, but has, I believe, a practical bearing upon pisciculture. If all these races are distinct species and they were interbred, hybridswould result ; and hybrids have a tendency towards sterility: but we are told they are as prolific as the parent stock. This last fact goes towards corroborating my contention, which is, that we are not dealing with species and obtaming hybrids, but we are crossing MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A MARINE CADDIS-FLY. 417 varieties or local races, and mongrels are the result. Conse- quently sterility need not be anticipated ; but, on the contrary, improvement is more likely to ensue (should there be no defi- ciency in food) than when the stock is bred in and in. It also tends to show that where small, but not malformed, breeds of trout exist, riparian proprietors had far better investi- gate the condition of the food-supply and nature of the waters in their streams than rely upon the introduction of larger races. They may be assured that the Gillaroo, when it cannot obtain shellfish, will in time lose its thickened stomach ; and descendants of the various malformed varieties which I have alluded to will revert to common brook-trout—that, in short, sooner or later new stock will become indistinguishable from the original local breed in colour, form, and size. On a Marine Caddis-fly (Philanisus, Walker, = Anomalostoma, Brauer) from New Zealand. By R. M*Lacutan, F.R.S., F.L.S., Hon. Memb. N.-Z. Institute. [Read June 15, 1882.] Iy April of this year I received a letter from Prof. F. W. Hutton of Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand, in which was the startling announcement that the larva of a Caddis-fly lives habitually in rock-pools, between high and low water-marks, in Lyttleton Harbour in that colony, and forms its case of coral- line seaweed. He had often attempted to rear the perfect insect, but only once succeeded, and then when he was away from home; so that only the dead remains were obtainable*, Prof. Hutton gave me the welcome intelligence that these re- mains, with larva and case, were on their way to this country in charge of a friend who was coming home. This gentleman (Mr. C. C. Bowen, Governor of the Canterbury Province) recently arrived, and the materials are now in my hands. We are so accustomed to associate Caddis-worms with fresh water, that the arrival of these materials was awaited by me with not unnatural impatience. We are already acquainted with a terrestrial species (Hnoicyla); but no truly marine form had * A short notice to this effect was published by me in the ‘ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine,’ vol. xviil. p. 278 (May 1882). LINN. JOURN.— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 3l 418 MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A been recorded. It is, I believe, known that at least one species can exist in the brackish water of the shores of the Baltic, at any rate in the vicinity of the mouths of large rivers. Others cer- tainly manage to exist in marshes that are liable to the oeca- sional influx of salt water during high tides, and in pools near the sea-shore into which sea-water sometimes enters in large quantities during storms. These instances, however, scarcely affect the matter now under consideration. So far as I can ascertain, these New-Zealand larve are quite outside the influ- ence of river-water ; and the materials of which the case is chiefly composed appear to prove this. The specimens before me are not in good condition on the whole. They consist of :— G.) A straight tubular cylindrical case (fig. 1, A), 10 millim. long by nearly 3 millim. in diameter, which is nearly equal throughout. To the inner silken tube are attached fragments of some white coralline seaweed (with a few quartz? |fragments &e.), arranged in no special order. In one or two instances the fragments are larger, showing the jointed nature of the alga; but mostly they consist of single joints. The case is empty; but I think it was a pupa- case, one end showing A. Case. B. Larva. C. Terminal claw of larva. signs of having been closed in a manner that is usual when the inmate is in the pupal condition. (.) A larva (probably young), mounted as a transparent object on a microscopic slide, crushed and a good dealdamaged. This larva (fig. 1, B) is 6 millim. long. The head is rounded oval in form, blackish above, but with three pale spots, one posteriorly, the two others (smaller) on each side of the disk ; there are also pale dots round the small eye-spots; the anterior margin and labrum are provided with long hairs. Viewed from beneath, the mouth-parts MARINE CADDIS-FLY FROM NEW ZEALAND. 419 are not discernible. The pronotum is narrow and transverse, but with the anterior angles Fig. 2. much produced; the colour is testaceous, mottled with paler; fringed with long hairs. Mesonotum similar in form, but somewhat & broader, and the angles less produced; almost entirely pale yellowish, slightly mot- tled with testaceous; less chitinous than either the head or pronotum. Meta- notum the broadest segment of the thorax, scarcely chiti- nous; the sides apparently witha hair-bearing tubercle. Legs wholly bright yellow; A: Head of pupa, above. B. Same, beneath, the anterior pair short, the two other pairs longer (not extra- ordinarily long) and nearly equal. All the legs are simple (without teeth or spines), and present nothing Fi unusual in form ; the claw very long and curved. Abdominal segments having the sides nearly parallel, apparently bright yellow in life; ter- minal segment dilated, its posterior margin angular and notched in the middle. Anal claw (fig. 1, C) very short, piceous, much curved, and seated on a strong protuberance; on either (A) = side of the posterior margin of the anal segment 4 Mesonotum. is a tuft of very long black hairs. I can dis- 3B. Metanotum. cover no trace of stigmata in the larva in its Of pupa. present condition ; and the respiratory filaments are rather uncer- tain ; but there are distinct traces of bundles composed of three or four short filaments on either side of the ventral surface of the first and second abdominal segments; on the other segments I cannot define traces of filaments. (iii.) On the same slide are disconnected fragments (figs. 2, 3, and 4. Fig. 2. A, B, head above and beneath: fig.3. A, B, meso- notum and metanotum: fig. 4. A, maxillary and labial palpi; B, portions of tarsus; C, mandibles) of what Prof. Hutton assumed to be the perfect insect. Here he was alittle mistaken. The frag- 420 _ MR. R. MSLACHLAN ON A ments are those of a male pupa which had died before transforma- tion, probably from being without any thing in the jar of water up which it could crawl into the open air for metamorphosis. All the fragments show the transparent pupa integument enveloping the perfect inseet, which was fully formed and ready to emerge. Ordinarily it would be almost impossible to identify a species from such fragments. The man- dibles are very long and strong, sickle-shaped, but considerably dilated at the basal articulation (they are more formidable struc- tures than are often seen in Tri- A. Maxillary and labial palpi. B. Por- chopterous pups). But neither tions of tarsus. CO. Mandibles. these, the antenna, nor the unexpanded wings would have given any clue had the maxillary palpi not rendered identification both possible and certain. These organs prove that the New-Zealand marine Caddis-fly is no other than Philanisus plebejus, Walker (= Anomalostoma allonewra, Brauer), a species in which the maxil- lary palpi of the male present a remarkable and unique conforma- tion of the second joint, which is very long, curved, and having the insertion of the third joint placed considerably before its apex. (In the female the second joint is also long; but the third joint is in- serted, as is usual, at its apex.) So far this is a very satisfactory conclusion to arrive at. But Philanisus plebejus is already known from several localities in New Zealand; and one would like to know if it is always found on the sea-shore. The other locality-records give us no informa- tion on this point. The insect was first noticed (I can scarcely say “ described”) by Walker in 1852, in Part I. of the ‘ Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum,’ p- 115, as a new genus and species which he termed Philanisus plebejus, indicated as from “New Zealand, Dr. Sinclair.” Walker made no mention of the extraordinary formation of the palpi; his diagnosis is very vague; and he placed the insect in the family Hydropsychide. In the Neuropterous portion of the ‘Reise der Novara,’ published in 1866, Dr. Brauer gave a very detailed and full description, with excellent figures, of the MARINE CADDIS-FLY FROM NEW ZEALAND. 421 same insect under the name Anomalostoma alloneura (pp. 15-20, pl. i. figs. 64, 6B), worked out with that care for which he is so well known, the examples having been taken at Auckland by Frauenfeld. Brauer evidently had suspicions that Anomalostoma might be identical with Philanisus, as is indicated at p. 16, and entered a protest against the adoption of Walker’s name in case the insects should prove the same. Itis not my intention here to enter into a discussion on the application of the rule of priority ; suffice it to say that I agree with Brauer on principle, but sometimes doubt the practicability of his suggestions. He placed the insect in the family Rhyacophilide, in which he was followed by me in the Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool. vol. x. p. 214. Now that we know the habits of the insect, it is clear that it cannot remain either amongst the Hydropsychidew or the Rhya- cophilide. In both these families the larve construct perma- nently fixed cases, not movable tubes. The anomalous structure of the palpi, and also the neuration, would suggest the Seri- costomatide as a position; but in this family the maxillary palpi of the male are not only differently formed to those of the female, but have also fewer joints. In Philanisus the joints are five in both sexes ; therefore I see no alternative other than to consider it an anomalous form of the family Leptoceridx, to which the structure of the larva is not opposed. Perhaps the point on which it is most divergent from any other described species of this family is the structure of the apex of the abdomen in the female, which is produced into a very long, straight, pointed, horny ovipositor (fig. 5) (as in many Hydro- psychide andRhyacophilide,but more pronounced) ; in what way this struc- ture may perhaps be in correlation with the presumably constant marine (a habitat remains to be seen. The importance of Prof. Hutton’s discovery rendered it desirable that a detailed account should be given so far as the materials would permit. Now that the connexion of this marine larva with Phi- lanisus is proved, I hope he, or some other entomologist in New Zealand, may be able to give us fuller details; examples of the larva and pup® preserved in alcohol are also desirable. Fig. 5. Ovipositor of female. 422 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. Postscripr. In the same package with the materials for the marine Caddis- fly Prof. Hutton forwarded specimens illustrating the economy of two other species of New-Zealand Trichoptera, from the Weka Pass, Canterbury. (i.) Helicopsyche—Numerous cases regularly formed, con- structed of fine sand, 34-4 millim. in diameter by 13-24 millim. high, with nearly three complete whorls. Some are empty; others contain larve and pups. Accompanying them were two female pup emerged from the cases, and ready for the final metamorphosis. So far as can be judged, the perfect insect should be congeneric with the species that have been reared in Europe and in North and South America. I refrain from bestowing names upon cases only *. (i.) Fixed cases, probably constructed by the larve of some unknown genus and species of Rhyacophilide, which should be of about the size of some of the smaller European species of Rhyaco- phila. The pupa is enveloped in a special cocoon, as is usual in the family, and does not agree with the genus Rhyacophila either in spurs or palpi. Philanisus having been removed from the family, the latter is now without any described representative in New Zealand. Of two cases, one is wholly composed of stony (? gra- nitic) fragments; the other partially of similar fragments, par- tially of shells (of two or three species), and partially of the cases of the Helicopsyche referred to above. Contributions to the Ornithology of New Guinea. By R. Bowpter Suarpe, F.L.S.—Part VIII. [Read May 4, 1882.] THE present paper contains notes on collections made by Mr. A. Goldie in districts at the back of the Astrolabe range, in South-eastern New Guinea, and by Mr. Charles Hunstein on Normanby Island, on the south shore of the mainland of the China Straits, and on the banks of a river at the end of Milne Bay. In a communication which I recently made to this Society (antea, p. 317), I gave diagnoses of certain undescribed species of birds which had been forwarded to my friends Messrs. Osbert * Helicopsyche-cases from New Zealand have long been in the British Museum, and have several times been alluded to by me in various published notes. MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. 423 Salvin and F. DuCane Godman, by their correspondent Mr. Goldie ; and I have again to thank them, as likewise Mr. Edward Gerrard, Jun., into whose hands the collections subsequently passed, for the favour of permitting me to make a complete list of their contents before their dispersal. Two collections have been received from Mr. Goldie, the first being a very large one, full of interesting birds, though the number of novelties was comparatively small. The second was less in extent, but nevertheless contained a few species which were not in the former consignment. The point of most parti- cular interest appears to me to be the discovery, in South-eastern New Guinea, of several birds hitherto supposed to be peculiar to the Arfak mountains, in the north-west part of the island, and the disappearance, in the Astrolabe range, of much of the Austra- hian and Aru-Islands element, to which one has got accustomed in the collections made on the coast of South-eastern New Guinea. The nearest approach to the character of the present collections is afforded by the one obtained by Signor d’Albertis up the Fly River; and it would appear that the same type of bird-life extends down the entire mountain-range which traverses the length of New Guinea. T have also thought it well to include in the present paper some notes on a collection of birds forwarded to the British Museum by Mr. Charles Hunstein, the discoverer of the wonder- ful Clytoceyx rex described by me in 1880. I had prepared a short report on Mr. Hunstein’s collection, but was unable to finish it, owing to domestic affliction ; and the collection was un- fortunately dispersed before I was able to communicate to the Society a connected account of its contents. I have, however, carefully preserved the notes that I copied from Mr. Hunstein’s MSS.; and, as several new localities are recorded, it seems worth while to publish them in the interests of geographical zoology. Lastly, I cannot conclude this brief introduction without re- ferring to the splendid work on the ornithology of Papuasia, which has been produced by Count Salvadoriin 1881*. The great diffi- culty in determining species of New-Guinea birds has been ren- dered comparatively easy by the publication of Count Salvadori’s volumes, which are remarkable for the erudition and care which has accompanied their production. I have followed his classification * Published separately in two volumes, and aiso printed in Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, ser. 2, tom. xxxili., xxxiv. 424. MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. throughout, and have adopted his nomenclature in nearly every instance. NisAETUS MORPHNOIDES (Gould); Sharpe, Cat. B. 1. p. 254. No. 198. Chogeri district. ‘‘ Worrowa.” [A4. G.] New to the avifauna of New Guinea. The two birds sent are in fine plu- mage, with very dark streaks on the breast, and are apparently fully adult. HALIAETUS LEUCOGASTER (Gm.).— Cuncuma leucogaster, Salvad. Ornitologia della Papuasia e delle Molucche, 1. p.7. Sent by Mr. Charles Hunstein, who shot one on the mainland in China Straits. “Iris dark yellowish brown; bill black; cere, eyelids, and feet orange.” HENICOPERNIS LONGICAUDA (Garn.); Salvad. t. ¢. 1. p. 22. No. 96. Chogeri district. “ Duna.’ Legs light stone-colour. (4. G.] Procured also by Mr. Hunstein in Milne Bay. Mach ®RORHAMPHUS ALcINUS (Westerm.) ; Salvad. t. c. 1. p. 25. No. 168. Morocco district. “ Gigitokka.” [d. G.] Baza Rernwarprit (Mull. & Schl.); Salvad. t. c. i. p. 26. No. 171. Morocco district. “‘ Boraggi.”” The difference between some of the specimens now sent and Baza subcristata of Queens- land consists principally in the larger size of the latter. In plumage one specimen of B. Reinwardti seems to be identical with a Queensland skin. Milne Bay (Hunstein). Fatco severus (Horsf.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. i. p. 397. —Hypotriorchis severus, Salvad. t. c.1. p. 33. No.201. Goldie’s second collection. This is the first occurrence of the species in New Guinea; and I am glad to be able to record the fact, because I erroneously entered it some years ago as an inhabitant of New Guinea, not considering the fact that Salawati was an island of itself, and not an integral part of the great Papuan island. HARPYOPSIS NOVH GUINEA, Salvad.; id. t. c. i. p. 40. No. 176. Chogeri district. “ Duna.” (4. G.] Mr. Goldie has sent two eggs said to be of this species, which are pure white. They came in the second collection, which had no list accompanying it; but the numbers on the eggs correspond with those attached to the birds. At the same time, the eggs look to me like those of a Hornbill, and not of a bird of prey. One specimen was sent by Mr. Hun- stein, shot in a “small island off Hast Cape.” MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. 4.25 ASTUR POLIOCEPHALUS (Gray) ; Salvad. t. c. i. p. 45. No. 200. Chogeri range. “ Yahato.” [4. G.] A beautiful adult speci- men in full plumage. AstuR EToRQUES, Salvad.—Urospizias etorques, 7d. t. ¢. i. p. 49. No. 199. Chogeri district. “ Keki-Keki.” [4. G.] AstuUR LEUCOsomus, Skarpe.—Leucospizias leucosomus, Salvad. ¢.¢.i.p.42. Shot on Heath Island by Mr. Hunstein. Niyox tHEomacua (Bp.); Salvad. t. c. i. p. 79. No. 169. “Meoori.”” Morocco district. [A. G.] Nrinox asstmiis, Salvad. § D’ Albert.; Salvad. Orn. Papuas. i. p. 81. No. 110. Chogeri district. “ Mamakaka.” Eyes bright yellow; feet chrome-yellow. [4. G.] Though agreeing with the description given by Count Salvadori, the measurements are not the same, equalling, in fact, the dimensions of LV. rujistrigata, the wing being 11 inches in length. Strix arFAKI (Schl.) ; Salvad. t.c.i.p.91. No. 197. Chogeri range. “ Mamakaka.” [A. G.| This form of Owl is not new to New Guinea, having been discovered in the Arfak Mountains by Dr. Meyer; and a specimen from Atam is in the Leiden Museum. As with the Arfak specimens, Mr. Goldie’s bird is rather smaller than Australian ones, measuring only 10°9 inches in the wing. In his second collection was a remark- ably dark-coloured individual, which I can hardly consider iden- tical with the Australian bird. StRIx DELICATULA, Gould ; Salvad. t.c.1. p.92. Shot by Mr. Hunstein at East Cape. Nasrrerna pusinua, Ramsay; Salvad. t. c. i. p. 128. No. 46. “Oiguri.” Chogeri district. [4. G.] The differences be- _ tween this little Parrot and WV. pusio, Sclater, from the Solomon Islands, seem to me to be very slightly pronounced; but I do not like to judge decisively concerning the species, as our type of JV. pusio was originally preserved in spirit, and the colours have doubtless somewhat faded. APROSMICTUS CHLOROPTERUS, Ramsay; Salvad. t. c. 1. p. 136. No. 37. Taburi district. “ Kiula.” Eyes yellow; legs dark grey. (AG LINN. JOURN. 2 ZOOLOGY, VOL. XVI. 3 4.26 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. CYCLOPSITTACUS COCCINEIFRONS, Sharpe, anted, p.318. No. 50. Morocco district. “ Ciguri.”? (4. G.] CycLopsiTTacus suavisstmus, Sclater; Saivad. t. c. i. p. 165. No. 45. Chogeri district. ‘‘Ciguri.” (4. G.] Loricutus avranrirFrons, Schlegel; Salvad. t. c. i. p. 171. A single specimen procured by Mr. Hunstein in Milne Bay appears to belong to this species. I have, however, no Arfak specimens with which to compare it, though I have little doubt as to the correctness of the identification. GEOFFROYIUS ARUENSIS (Gray) ; Salvad. t.c.i. p.175. No.40. Morocco district. ‘ Kiroki.” [4A. G.] Procured also at Hast Cape by Mr. Hunstein. Dasypritus Pesgueti (Less.) ; Salvad. t.c.i. p. 216. No.51. Morocco district. “Ugiava.” Legs very dark slate-colour ; eyes dark brown. Very rare bird, found on high ranges im couples. The call somewhat resembles that of the Black Cock- atoo. [A. G.] Lortus HypzNocHrous, Gray; Salvad. t. c. 1. p. 221. Mr. Hunstein sent a considerable series of this Lory, some of which, he states, were shot on an island south of the Woodlark Islands, some on Hast Cape, and some on the mainland in China Straits. He says that this bird resorts mostly to cocoanut-palms. “Iris yellowish brown; beak rosy red; cere snowy white; feet dark brown.” Lorius ERYTHROTHORAX, Salvad.; id. t. c.1. p. 230. No. 38. Taburi district. ‘ Tori.” [A. G.] Eos Fuscata, Blyth; Salvad. t.c.i. p. 263, No. 39. Morocco district. ‘“Arrero.” yes pink; legs dark. [4. G.] TRICHOGLOSSUS MASSENA, Bp.; Salvad. t. c.i. p. 288. No. 53. Morocco district. ‘“ Kifon.” [A. G.] Shot at Hast Cape by Mr. Hunstein. “Iris yellow.” TrrcwoaLossus GorpiEt, Sharpe, anted, p.317. No.52. Mo- rocco district. ‘‘ I-I-hawa.” . Adult male. General colour above green, the hind neck mottled with yellow edges to the feathers, extending a little on the mantle; wing-coverts like the back; primary-coverts and quills dusky blackish, externally brighter green ; the secondaries like the MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. 427 back ; tail-feathers greenish brown, edged with bright green like the back, the tips fringed with yellow; forehead and sinciput scarlet, tending towards a point in the middle of the crown; from behind the eye a broad purplish-blue band extends round the occiput to behind the opposite eye; the nape-feathers brown, washed with lilac and faintly streaked with dull scarlet; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts lilac-red, with a bluish shade along the upper margin of the latter ; below the eye the feathers rather lighter in colour and having indistinct tiny streaks of dull blue; under surface of body yellowish green, streaked with dark green down the centre of the feathers, more narrowly on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts like the breast and streaked with dark green in the same manner; quills dusky below, all but the outer primaries oily yellow for two thirds of the inner web, forming a conspicuous diagonal patch across the wing when uplifted. Total length 6°5 inches, culmen 0:6, wing 4°2, tail 3°1, tarsus 0°5. The type first described was either a female or a young male, as in the second collection Mr. Goldie has sent two fully adult birds, evidently males in full plumage. I have therefore given a more complete description above. CoripHitus WILHELMINE (Meyer); Salvad. t. c. i. p. 302. No. 42. Morocco district. ‘ Ciguri.”’ In the first collection two specimens were sent, which looked so different from Gould’s plate of C. Wilhelmine, that I was at first disposed to consider them as belonging to a distinct species. In the second collection there was an adult male, which leaves no doubt of the species ; so that this pretty little Parrakeet extends from the Arfak Mountains down to the Astrolabe range. Both the specimens first sent by Mr. Goldie appear to be immature males. One has the occipital streaks purplish blue and very indistinct, has no trace of red on the lower back, and the streaks on the breast emerald-green. In the second the striz on the breast are pale yellow, and there is a slight appearance of scarlet on the back; but there is no indication of any streaks on the occiput at all. CorIPHILUS SUBPLACENS, Sclater ; Salvad.t.c.i. p.310. No. 41. Taburi district. “ Keci.” [A. G.] CHARMOSYNOPSIS PULCHELLA (Gray); Salvad. t.c. i. p. 317. No. 49. Morocco district. ‘“ Oilama.” [A4. G.] 32* 428 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. CHarmMosyna JosEPHINE (Finsch); Salvad. t. ¢. i. p. 325. No. 2. Morocco district.‘ Divu.” [A. G.] Two skins of native preparation in Mr. Goldie’s collection. The species was previously known only from Arfak. “The feathers from the tail have been frequently obtained along the coast. The natives said that the bird was only to be obtained at a considerable distance from Morocco inland on the mountains.” [A. 4] CACOMANTIS ASSIMILIS (Gray) ; Salvad. f. c.i. p. 837. No. 115. Chogeri district. ‘“ Quoitatirito.” LA. G.] CACOMANTIS CASTANEIVENTRIS, Gould ; Salvad. t. c. i. p. 334. No. 118. Morocco district. ‘“ Quoitatirito.” [4. G.] Lamprococcyx Mryertt (Salwad.) ; Salvad. t.c.1. p. 346. No. 116. “ Barrumgbatte.” Morocco district. (A. G.] Only known before from the Arfak Mountains. EUDYNAMIS RUFIVENTER (Less.); Salvad. t. c. 1. p. 368. No. 119. Morocco district. “ Gididda.” [A. G.] New to South-eastern New Guinea. Only a male is sent, but the dimensions refer it to the present species. ScyTHROPS NOVH-HOLLANDIA, Lath.; Salvad. t. c. i. p. 872. | Shot by Mr. Hunstein on Dinner Island. “Iris yellow-brown ; feet grey ; base of bill and ring round eyes red.” PoLoPHILUS NI@RICANS, Salvad.; id. t. c. 1. p. 390. Shot at East Cape by Mr. Hunstein. “Iris brown; feet - black.” Ruyrrpoceros Pricatus (Penn.); Salvad. t. c.i. p. 892. No. 97. Chogeri district. “Ure.” [A. G.] Mr. Hunstein procured this species on the mountain-ranges of East Cape. “Iris yellowish red; eyelids rosy red; skin from the base of the bill and under the throat bluish white.” Merors ornatus, Lath.; Salvad. t.¢. i. p. 401. Hast Cape (Hunstein). ALcEDo 1sprporpEs, Less.; Salvad. t. c.i. p. 408. East Cape, and on the mainland in China Straits (Hunstein). Axcyone Lussont, Cass.; Salvad. t.c.i. p.410. No.69. Taburi district. “ Domoya.” [4. G.] Procured also in Milne Bay by Mr. Hunstein. rates MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. 429 Cryx sourrarta, Temm.; Salvad. t.c.i. p.420. No.70. Taburi district. ‘ Kikkebedi.” [4. G.] Milne Bay (Hunstein). TANYSIPTERA MICRORHYNCHA, Sharpe.—T. galatea, pt., Salvad. t.c. i. p. 438. No. 66. Morocco district. “ Dogeri.” [4. G.] East Cape (Hunstem). TaNYsIPTERA SaLVvapoRIANA, Ramsay; Salvad. t. c. 1. p. 453. No. 67. Morocco district. ‘‘ Mimiori.” [A. G.] TanystetEera Dana, Sharpe, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 231 (1880)—T. nympha, juv., Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. iv. p. 467 (1879). No.61. Taburi district. ‘ Mimiori.” Hyes dark; legs orange. [A. G.] Mr. Charles Hunstein, who discovered this species, sent a large series procured on the ranges in Milne Bay and China Straits. “‘ Tris red-brown ; feet red.” Haxtcyon Mactreaytit, Jard. § Selby —Cyanalcyon Macleayii, Salvad. t.c.i. p.465. No.71. Taburi district. “ Kiokereri.” [4.4] HALcyon savRopHaca, Gould—Sauropatis saurophaga, Salvad. t.c.i.p.468. HeathIsland. Iris dark brown; feet grey. (Hun- stein.) ’ Hancyon sanctus.—Sauropatis sancta (Vig. § Horsf.) ; Salvad. t.c.i. p. 476. Hast Cape and on the mainland in China Straits ( Hunstein). Syma torororo, Less.; Salvad. t. c.i. p. 482. No.63. Taburi district. ‘“Kororro.” [A. G.] Milne Bay. Iris brown; feet red. (Hunstein.) Daceto GaupicHaupI, Quoy J, Gaim.—Sauromarptis Gau- dichaudi, Salvad. t. c. i. p. 487. No. 65. Morocco district. “ Kiokereri.” [A. G.] Hast Cape (Humstein). Cryrocnyx REx, Sharpe, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vi. p. 231 (1880) ; Gould, B. New Guinea, part xii. Several specimens of this remarkable Kingfisher were in Mr. Goldie’s collection from the Taburi district. Merrpora macrorutna (Less.); Salvad.t.c.i. p.500. No. 63. Taburi district. ‘“ Varrara Kin-Kin.” (4. G.] East Cape. Feet red. (Hunstevn.) PopaRG@us OCELLATUS, Quoy F Gaim. ; Salvad. t. c. i. p. 517. No. 111. “Ennubers.” Night-bird.. Morocco district. Four specimens, all differing in plumage, three rufescent and one dark. \ 430 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. JE@oTHELES Bennerri, Salvad. § D’Alb.; Salvad. t. ¢. 1. p- 525. No. 86. ‘‘ Bowshukker.”’ Taburi district. [4. G.] Macropreryx mystacea (ZLess.); Salvad. t. ¢. i. p. 537. No. 137. Morocco district. “ Oiloya.” [.4. G.] Hast Cape. Iris umber-brown ; beak and feet black. (Huwnstein.) Cottocatia EscULENTA (L.) ; Salvad. t.c.i. p. 540. No. 190. Chogeri district. “ Winbiago.” [A. G.] Cottocatia FucIPHAGA (Thunb.); Salvad. t. c. 1. p. 544. No. 191. Chogeri district. “ Winbiago.” [A. G.] Hrrunvo Javanica, Sparrm.; Salwad. op. cit. i. p.38. No. 165. Morocco district. ‘“ Urubiago.”’ [A4. G.] Prttors Brarnvitier (Less. § Garn.) ; Salvad. op. cit. ii. p. 8. No. 112. Chogeri district. ‘“Torri-iba.”” Eyes deep crimson ; legs black. [4. G.] Monarcua mevanopsis (Vieill.) ; Salvad. t.c. ii. p. 16. No. 100. Chogeri district. ‘‘ Nageoa.” [A. G.] Agrees with the description of Australian birds given in my Catalogue (vol, iv. p. 430), and with specimens in the Museum from the continent of Australia and South-eastern New Guinea. Mr. Goldie does not seem to have considered it distinct from IW. periophthalmicus; and until we know the coloration of both sexes of the latter bird, it is possible to imagine that it may have a female indistinguishable from the male of I. melanopsis of Australia. I think this is scarcely likely to be the case ; and as we know that IL melanopsis is by no means uncommon in South- eastern New Guinea, it is most likely that Mr. Goldie procured both species in the same locality, but did not notice the differences between them. MonarcHAa PERIOPHTHALMICUS, Sharpe, anted, p.318. No. 100. ““Nageoa.”’? Morocco district. [A. G.] At first sight this species would appear to be the same as MM. frater of Sclater from the Arfak Mountains; but in the de- scription of the type given by me in my ‘ Catalogue,’ the feathers round and in front of the eye are described as “hoary white, the black colour confined to the chin and upper part of the eds lores, and feathers at the angle of the mouth.” In the species from the Astrolabe Mountains the whole of the feathers round the eye and-below it are also black. I add a de- tailed description :—General colour above pearly grey, a little MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW QUINEA. 431 darker on the upper tail-coverts, which have concealed black bases ; lesser and inner median and greater coverts pearly grey like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, as well as the outer median and greater series and the quills black, only the inner- most secondaries externally pearly grey ; tail-feathers black ; fore- head and sinciput, lores, fore part of cheeks, feathers below the eye, and a broad ring round the eye black ; chin and upper throat black ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest pearly grey, as also the sides of the neck; remainder of under surface of body as well as the thighs and under tail-coverts, also the axillaries and under wing-coyerts, cinnamon-buff; quills blackish below. Total length 5°5 inches, culmen 0°75, wing 3:4, tail 2°75, tarsus 0°75. It is possible that, if the specimens could be compared, other differences would appear between J. frater and the present species, as I see that I have described the former as having a broad band of blue-black across the forehead, In M. periophthalmicus the fore part of the crown is also black. PIEZORHYNCHUS GUTTULATUS (Garn.); Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 422—Monarcha guttulatus, Salvad. ¢t.c. ii. p. 22. No. 92. Chogeri district. ‘ Haw-hawduridu.” Legs black. [4. G.] PIEZORHYNCHUS CHALYBEOCEPHALUS (Garn.).—Monarcha chalybeocephalus, Salvad. t. c. 11. p. 30. Hast Cape ( Hunstein). PIEZORHYNCHUS ARUENSIS (Salvad.); Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 428.—Monarcha aruensis, Salvad. op. cit. u. p. 40. No. 139. Morocco district. “Iriacowowo.” [A. G.] ARSES ARUENSIS, Sharpe ; Salvad.t.c.ii. p.45. In Mr. Goldie’s second collection. Hast Cape (Hunstein). RarpimpurA THRENOTHORAX, S. Mull.; Salvad. t. c. ii. p. 54.— Rhipidura ambusta, Ramsay; Salvad. t. c. p. 55. No. 164. Morocco district. ‘“ Owasush.” Found generally on ground. rae G | Count Salvadori has already suggested that &. ambusta of Ramsay would prove to be &. threnothorax, and on comparing the specimens in the Museum I find this to be the case. Rurpmvura seTosa (Quoy g Gaim.); Salvad. t. @. iis p. 61 No. 192. Chogeri district. ‘“ Neberakikki.” [4. G.] RHIPIDURA HYPERYTHRA (Gray); Salvad. t.c.u. p. 65. No. 172. “ Urabiagga.”” Morocco district. [A. G.] A new locality for the species. 432 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. Mownacuetta Mveniertana (Schl.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 83.—M. saxicolina, Salvad. t. c. 11. p. 838. No. 167. Morocco district. “Jada.” Found with Grallina Bruajni. [A. G.] Pa@crnopRyas ALBIFACIES, Sharpe, anted, p. 318. No. 90. Chogeri district. ‘“Iddimattamatta.” Legs yellow. [4. G.] Adult. General colour above olive-green, with a concealed spot of silky white on the sides of the rump; lesser and median wing- coverts like the back ; primary-coverts and greater series dusky brown, edged witn olive-green, the latter slightly tinged- with rufous-brown near the tips ; quills dusky brown, externally olive, a little more yellow in colour than the back; tail-feathers light brown edged with olive, and having a small tip of ashy white at the end of the inner web ; forehead blackish, extending over the eye; top of head dark slaty grey, with blackish shaft-streaks to the feathers, which are also very faintly tinged with olive ; lores, feathers in front of the eye impinging on the forehead, feathers above and around the eye, as well as the space below the eye, pure white; ear-coverts slaty black; cheeks and chin white, faintly washed with yellow ; throat and under surface of body bright yellow, the sides of the breast and flanks olive-greenish, a tinge of which is also on the centre of the breast; axillaries bright yellow; under wing-coverts white washed with yellow, with a dusky patch near the edge of the wing which is also yellow ; quills ashy brown below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 4°5 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 2°85, tail 1:9, tarsus 08. Micr@Ca FLAVOVIRESCENS (Gray); Salvad. t.c. ii. p.92. No. 143. Morocco district. ‘‘ Bimadamada.” [A. G.] PSEUDOGERYGONE PALPEBROSA (Wallace) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. iv. p. 280.—Gerygone palpebrosa, Salvad. t. c. ii. p. 96. No. 103. Chogeri district. ‘“ Chioile.” [4. G.] Hitherto known from the Aru Islands and the Arfak Mountains in North-western New Guinea. AMTHOMYIas gurTaTa, sp. n. No. 179. Chogeri district. « Domida.” [A. G.] General colour above olive-green, a little clearer and lighter on the lower back and rump, the head rather more dusky olive; least wing-coverts like the back, the greater series dull ashy brown, externally washed with olive-green ; quills dull ashy brown, MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. 433 externally edged with olive-green, inclining to olive-brown on the margins of the primaries; upper tail-coverts olive-brown; quills brown, externally edged with olive-brown, with a slight subter- minal shade of blackish; lores whitish, tinged with brown at the base of the forehead; eyelid and ear-coverts light brown, with indistinct paler shaft-lines on the latter ; cheeks and throat white ; the remainder of the under surface of body pale yellow ; the fore neck and chest washed with dusky, the sides of the breast and flanks dull olive-green, the breast rather broadly streaked with dusky brown; the cheeks mottled with dusky tips to the feathers, the throat covered with distinct ovate blackish spots; thighs dull olive ; under tail-coverts pale yellow, with pale centres of dusky brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries olive-greenish ; quills ashy brown below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web ; bill light brown, paler on the lower mandible; legs dark brown (in skin). Total length 4:2 inches, culmen 0:55, wing 274, tail 1:9, tarsus 0°75. This species is very like 4. spilodera (Gray), with the type of which I have compared it. A young bird described by me in the Brit. Mus. Cat. (iv. p. 271) resembles 4. guttata in having the head like the back, but has no spots on the throat. 4H). spilodera has the head blackish brown, as also the feathers of the eye and ear-coverts, whereas in 4. guttata the head is olive-brown, only a little darker than the back, and the ear-coverts and feathers round the eye are light brown; the bill, too, is light horn-brown, and the legs brown, not yellow as in &. spilodera. Mavurvs aLBoscaPuLatus, Meyer; Salvad. t.c.ii.p.119. No, 193. Chogeri district. ‘“ Metotorri.” [A. G.] ARTAMIDES CHRULEOGRISEUS (Gray); Sharpe, Cat. B.iv. p. 15. —Graucalus ceruleogriseus (Gray); Salvad. t. ¢. 1. p. 122. In Mr. Goldie’s second collection. GRavcaLUS HYPOLEUCUS, Could; Salvad. t. c. 11. p. 186. No. 87. Taburi district. “ Vija-vija.”’ (A. G.] GravcaLus AxILLaRis, Salvad.; id. t.c.ii.p.1388. Nos. 80,88. Taburi district. “Shorara.” (A. G.] A pair of this interesting species, hitherto known only from the Arfak Mountains. Epottsoma potiopsa, Sharpe, anted, p. 318. No. 145. Mo- rocco district. ‘ Nagioa.” [A. G.] | General colour above dark chestnut, more dusky on the mantle and upper back, where the feathers are obscurely dark-shafted ; ABA MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. the scapulars like the mantle; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts lighter and more maroon-brown; two centre tail- feathers chestnut, with a subterminal mark of blackish; remainder of tail-feathers black, tipped with chestnut, increasing in extent towards the outermost, which is also chestnut along the outer web ; wing-coverts chestnut ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black; quills black, externally chestnut, broader on the secondaries, the innermost of which are entirely chestnut; entire head and nape as well as the sides of the face and ear-coverts slaty grey, blackish on the lores and on extreme base of forehead and below the eye, the ear-coverts also blackish; fore part of cheeks and chin ashy erey ; hinder cheeks and throat chestnut barred with grey; re- mainder of under surface rich chestnut, becoming paler towards the flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts like the breast, as also the axillaries; quills black below, rufous along the inner web. Total length 6°8 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 42, tail 34, tarsus 0°85. Apparently only females of this new species have been sent ; and on comparing them with the hen of Z. schisticeps, it is evident that they do not belong to the same species, as in the bird now sent the ear-coverts and cheeks are dark ashy grey instead of being rufous. I have compared them carefully with our specimens in the British Museum. EpontisoMa MELAS (Miill.); Salvad. t. c. ii. p. 1438. No. 140 [¢ ad.]. Morocco district. “ Nagioa.” Nos. 81 [d juv.], 82 [@ ad.]. Taburi district. “Toato.” [A. G.] Latace Karu (Less.); Salvad.t.c.ti.p.161. No.117. Chogeri district. ‘“ Dellorrome.” [A. G.] The characters mentioned by Count Salvadori seem to be constant ; and it is perhaps better to separate L. karu from L. leucomela. CampocH Ra Stoetit (Schl.) ; Salvad. t. c.ii. p. 165. No. 120. Chogeri district. “ Jannao.” [A. G.] Arramus LEUcoGASTER (Val.) ; Salvad.t.c. ii. p. 167. No. 125. Morocco district. “ Ya-ito.” [A. G.] Cuipra carponaria (8. Mill.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. ui. p. 238.— Dicruropsis carbonaria, Salvad. t.c. ti. p.177. No. 83. Taburi district. ‘“ Kekkacino.” [A. G.] Cumrorayncnus papuunsts, Meyer; Salvad. t.c. ii. p. 183. No. 102. Chogeri district. “ Kecio,” [4. G.]_ MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. 435 With much searching J found a little tuft of white feathers concealed on one shoulder in one specimen sent. Can it be that the white shoulder-patch, which, it will be remembered, was at first entirely overlooked by Dr. Meyer in his original description and by me in the ‘Catalogue of Birds,’ is only a seasonal orna- ment ? In the second example the white spot is a little plainer. CRAcTICUS MENTALIS, Salvad. & D’ Alb.; Salvad. t. ¢. 1. p. 189. No. 134. In Mr. Goldie’s collection. Gratiina Broursni, Salvad.; id. t.c. u. p. 191. No. 166. Morocco district. “‘ Tada.” These birds are found flying about creeks and hopping amongst stones. They seem to feed on insects obtained there. [A. G.] Count Salvadori seems to be acquainted with the hen bird only. The males sent by Mr. Goldie differ in having the entire breast black, leaving only the abdomen and under tail-coverts pale creamy buff. The lores and sides of face are entirely black, leaving only a streak behind the eye anda patch on the sides of the neck white. This difference in the colour of the sexes is apparently usual in the genus Gallina. Ruectes cristatus, Salvad.; id. t. c. i. p. 202. No. 194. Chogeri district. ‘‘ Chobea.” [4. G.] RueEctEes picurovus, Bp.; Salvad. t. c. i. p. 195. No. 85. Morocco district. ‘“‘Queoco.” This bird during the process of skinning causes a violent sneezing fit. It is the only bird we have yet found that the natives will not eat. [A. G.] Mainland of China Straits (Hunstei). PsEUDORECTES FERRUGINEUS (S. Mull.) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. in. p. 287.—Rhectes ferrugineus, Salvad. t. ¢. 11. p. 203. No. 128. Morocco district. ‘‘Towolo.” [A. G.] Mainland in China Straits (Hunstein). PINAROLESTES RUFIGASTER (Gould) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. iu. p. 296. No. 91. Chogeri district. ‘“ Ebbote.” Legs slate-colour. [A4. G.] PACHYCEPHALOPSIS POLIOSOMA, Sharpe, anted, p.318. No.173. Taburi district. ‘‘ Uradaroro.” [A. G.] Above uniform dull ashy grey, the head slightly duller; wing- coverts like the back; quills and tail-feathers rather browner ; lores and eyebrows as well as the ear-coverts ashy, the feathers before the eye and a streak below the latter black ; under surface 436 MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. of body ashy grey, with the lower abdomen and the under tail- coverts slightly whitish ; throat whitish brown, the sides washed with ashy ; cheeks whitish, lighter than the throat, and forming an indistinct moustache; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy ; quills sepia-brown below, edged with pale brown along the inner web. Total length 6°3 inches, culmen 0°8, wing 4°2, tail 2°5, tarsus 1:2. Of the same form as P. hattamensis, but very dif- ferent in colour. PacHYcEPHALA soroR, Sclater; Salvad. t. c. ii. p. 222. No. 177. Chogeri district. “ Ehito.” [4A. G.] Found plentifully in the Arfak Mountains, but new to South-eastern New Guinea. PACHYCEPHALA DUBIA, Ramsay; Salvad. t.c. ii. p. 228. No. 144. Morocco district. ‘“ Cribata.” [A.G.] This species seems to be perfectly distinct, and to agree thoroughly with the charac- ters laid down by Salvadori in his work above quoted. PACHYCEPHALA HYPERYTHRA, Salvad.; id. ¢. ¢. . p. 232. No. 99. Chogeri district. ‘‘ Godomeda.”’ |A. G.] New to South- eastern New Guinea, having only been found before in the Arfak Mountains. PacHycaRE FLAvoGRISEA (Meyer); Salvad. t. c. i. p. 238. No. 126. Morocco district. “ Iffifanafo.”” [A. G.] I have compared the two specimens sent by Mr. Goldie with an Arfak bird, and find the two identical. It was previously only known from the Arfak Mountains. Hermorir1a aspasta (Less.) ; Salvad. t.c.ii. p.247. No. 149. Morocco district. ‘‘Chomadubu.” [A. G.] Hast Cape (Hun- stein). DicmumM ruBRocoronatuUM, Sharpe; Salvad. t. c. il. p. 276. No. 152. Morocco district. ‘ Borrioavia.”’ [A. G.] MELANOCHARIS BICOLOR, Ramsay; Salvad. t. c. i. p. 288. No.95. Chogeri district. ‘“‘Chomadubu.” Legs black. [A. G.] Count Salvadori does not seem to be convinced about the dis- tinctness of this southern species; but both the adult males now sent have the white on the under tail-coverts as mentioned by Mr. Ramsay. OREOCHARIS ARFAKI (Meyer) ; Salvad. t. c.i. p. 289. No. 141. Morocco district. “ Inacawawo.” Legs dark drown. (A. G.] Only known before from the Arfak Mountains. The single MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. 437 specimen sent by Mr. Goldie is a fully adult bird, which agrees . exactly with the figure in Gould’s ‘ Birds of New Guinea’ (part iv.). It does not agree so well with Count Salvadori’s description, which appears to me to be taken from a slightly immature bird. Myzometa niertta, Gray; Salvad. t.c. ii. p. 291. No. 150. Chogeri district. ‘“ Chomadubu.” [A. G.] Hast Cape (Hun- stein). Myzometa Rosrnzerett, Schl.; Saivad. t. c. ii. p. 294. No. 151. Chogeri district. ‘“Chomadubu.” [4. G.] An adult and immature female are sent. Many specimens are enumerated by Count Salvadori from the Arfak Mountains ; and he also mentions that two skins of native preparation were procured by Signor D’Albertis from the mountains near Hall Bay. These skins, though mutilated, were pronounced by Count Salvadori to be identical with others from North-western New Guinea, and the same may be said of the present birds. MyzomeEta opscura, Gould; Forbes, P. Z. S.1879, p. 268; Salvad. t. ¢. i. p. 303. Hast Cape (Hwnstein). MELILESTES ILIOLOPHUS, Salvad.; id. t.c. ii. p. 3816. No. 104. Chogeri district. “ Biriuta.” [A. G.] General colour above dull olive-green, the head a little duller than the back; feathers of the lower back and rump very long and silky, and a little lighter than the rest of the back; wing- coverts like the back, the primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, edged with olive-green like the back, the secondaries more broadly ; tail dusky black; lores and feathers round the eye ashy olive ; ear-coverts lighter olive; under surface of body very pale yellowish, ashy on the cheeks and throat; sides of the body with long silky plumes of paler yellow ; under tail-coverts like the abdomen, and washed with pale olive-green; axillaries light yellow like the sides of the body; under wing-coverts light ashy brown, washed with yellowish olive; quills dusky below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Total length 3°9 inches, culmen 0°85, wing 2°7, tail 1°45, tarsus 0°85. MELILESTES MEGARHYNOHUS (Gray); Salvad. t. c. ii. p. 318. No. 132. Morocco district. ‘Cheta.” Eyes light red; legs dark [A. G.] Procured by Signor D’Albertis on the Fly River. The bird sent by Mr. Goldie has a slight streak of yellowish 438 MR. BR. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. white, as well as the eyelid and a spot at the base of the cheeks. This yellowish eyelid may be the remains of young plumage, though Count Salvadori gives it as a characteristic of the adult. In the Museum we have a large series of this species; and the birds without the above characters seem to me to be the older ones. Mrtitestes PoLIoprerus, Sharpe, anted, p. 318. No. 153. Chogeri district. ‘‘ Bererita.” [A. G.] General colour above green, the whole of the crown and nape dark slaty grey; wing-coverts slaty grey ; quills dusky, externally slaty grey, rather lighter along the edge of the primaries, the secondaries with a very faint olive tint on the outer webs; tail- feathers dusky, externally edged with slaty grey, and having a small white spot at the tip of the inner web ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts dull slaty grey, with a slight wash of green; under surface of body olive-yellow, the chin dusky grey washed with yellow, the lower throat bright yellow; thighs ashy, washed with yellow; under tail-coverts yellow, ashy grey along the centre; ander wing-coverts and axillaries white, the latter washed with yellow ; quills dusky brown, edged with white along the inner web. Total length 4:4 inches, culmen 1°2, wing 2°85, tail 1°55, tarsus 0°7. MeE.rivecteEs ToRQUATUS, Sclater ; Salvad. t.c. i. p. 319. No. 130. Morocco district. “ Ugirru.” Eyes dark brown; legs bluish slate-colour; bare patch above eye bright yellow, deepening to rich orange around the eye. The wattles under the eye are also edged orange. The skin at the junction of the beak with the head is flesh-colour. [4. G.] Agrees with the figure given by Gould (B. N. Guin. part iv.). The species was only known before from the Arfak Mountains. PritoTis ANALOGA (Rezchenb.) ; Salvad. t.c. ii. p. 327. No. 148. Morocco district. ‘‘ Haga.” Legs dark slate. [A. G.] Prinoris MARMORATA, Sharpe, antea, p. 319. No. 146. Mo- rocco district. “Haga.” Legs dark. [A. G.] General colour above dusky brown, the feathers margined with olive, rather lighter on the head, which has a mottled appearance ; on the forehead and over the eye a slight shade of ashy ; wing- coverts like the back, but the outer median and greater coverts edged with paler olive, inclining to whity brown near the tips; MR. R. B. SHARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. 439 quills and tail dusky, externally edged with yellowish olive, the tail-feathers margined with light rufous on the inner web; sides of face and ear-coverts dusky blackish, with a slight shade of silvery whitish on the ear-coverts, and a streak of dull white from behind the lores under the eye; cheeks dusky blackish, with a slight indication of ashy tips to the feathers; a narrow malar streak of dull yellowish white ; throat yellowish white, mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; remainder of under surface of body ashy, the feathers tipped with a white bar and slightly washed with olive; the whole appearance of the under surface mottled, excepting on the lower flanks, which are uniform olive ; thighs dusky ; under tail-coverts light rufous with dusky bases, the outer ones externally yellowish white, mottled with dusky bases to the feathers; axillaries pale olive-yellowish; under wing-coverts light rufous-buff; quills dusky below, pale rufous along the inner web. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1°05, wing 3'8, tail 3°7, tarsus 1:05. This new species is very close to P. cinerea, but is recognized by the whitish edging to the breast-feathers, which gives it a mottled appearance. PLECTORHYNCHA FULVIVENTRIS, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1882, p. 718. No. 202. In Mr. Goldie’s second eol- lection. Mr. Ramsay has had the courtesy to send me a proof of a paper recently published by him in the ‘ Proceedings of the Lin- nean Society of New South Wales,’ which, he informs me, was read on the 31st of August, 1881, and published on the 11th of January, 1882; and I find the description of the present species, which I was about to publish as new. Considering the mass of synonymy which one has to wade through now-a-days in the pre- paration of such a work as the ‘ Catalogue of Birds,’ Mr. Ramsay’s action in letting us know as early as possible of the publication of his new species cannot be too highly appreciated, as an unneces- sary name has been saved thereby ; and it has hitherto been a great drawback to describing many New-Guinea species which have been in my hands, to think that probably at the same moment Mr. Ramsay has received a similar consignment, and is at the time bestowing a second title upon them. The difficulty is greatly increased by the fact that we have no positive information as to the real date of publication of the ‘ Proceedings of the Linnean 4.40 MR. R. B. SUARPE ON THE BIRDS OF NEW GUINEA. Society of New South Wales, and thus questions of priority of nomenclature often arise. XANTHOTIS POLYGRAMMA (Gray); Salvad. t.c. i. p. 843. No. 101. Chogeri district. ‘‘ Baromori.” [4.G.] Known from the Arfak Mountains, and procured by Signor D’Albertis on the Fly River. XANTHOTIS FILIGHRA (Gould); Salvad. t.c. ii. p.344. No. 131. Morocco district. ‘“Tamorri.” Bare patch around eye flesh- colour. [.A. G.]