i nes ni ~ AP fi ‘© Lt ‘ 7 mF -. i ues ae ee ch. sae My! me o ir ae p J - ’ »! mF ; ne na. @ ol ty “a ‘ Zz . ft WA 4 LF j iv 403 ve +49, fot ; <4 : : re ; a reo : oe Ae aes Us A eee = i Meme By 2 elt Nae (1: ors on 7 MARCH 24th, 1894. THE JOURNAL MALACOLOGY Established in 1990 as ‘ Ohe Conchologist, a Journal of fMalacologn.” EDITED BY heli. EE. -COLLINGE, Mason Co.ieGE, BirMINGHAM ; WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF eer. -eC Oily. H. H. CODWINSAUSTEN, FOR:S., ih:GeSs, F.Z.Sa5 ScCs, HascomBe, GODALMING } ioe, Au COOKE, MiA., F.Z.S.,. E. R. SYKES, B.A., F.ZS, KinG’s CoLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE 3 LONDON 3 GHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S., B. By WOODWARD) F:G.S., F.RiM:S:; AUSTRALIAN MusrEum, SypneEy, N.S.W. ; British Museum (NATURAL cade Lonpon. Contents. Note on Veronicella birmanica, Theobald. as xe oy Walter E. Collinge. Dr. Paul Fischer. .. =o a ae se ite =. .. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. Note on two varieties of Arion rufus, L. .. Be ve E. R. Sykes, B.A., F.Z.S. On the validity of Avzox occidentalis, Ckll., a supposed new species~-Walter E, Collinge. Additions and Amendments to the Slug List.. a ao .. Charles Hedley, F.L.S. The Malacological Society. <% ae ive te are a ste is Nores—Pfeiffer’s Dates of Bupieatian, &e. ae we .. Charles Hedley, F.L.S. The Journal de Conchyliologie. vat 5 ae : Walter E. Collinge. f Kew’s “‘ Dispersal of Shells” .. te ee Oe in E.R.S. Current Literature Tr ryon’s ‘‘ Manual of Conchology” .. = AP oN ELRIS: Editor’s Notes. “The Journal of Malacology” is published once a quarter, and issued to subscribers only. The prepaid Annual Subscription is 4s. 4d. LONDON OE ie Messrs. DULAU & CO., 37, SoHo Square. BERLIN ... Messrs. R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, Cait THBRAIN vif ITUC ONAN All communications should be addressed— W. E. COLLINGE, MASON COLLEGE, BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. il. THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY. ae A Check List of the Slugs, by Prof. T. D. A. CocKERELL, F.Z.S., with Appendix and Notes, by Water E. COLLINGE, pp. 60; 2s. 6d. A Catalogue of the Slugs of the British Isles, 1892, pp. 1-4, 6d. ‘‘ The Conchologist,” vol. i., pts. t-4, pp. 1-60, 1 pl.5 3s. 6d. “The Conchologist,” vol. ii., pts. r-8, pp. 1-232, pls. 1-11; 8s. 6d. All Communications to W. E. COLLINGE, Mason College, Birmingham. nee eee —————eae=_=S=S”S A LARGE AND CHOICE Stock of Recent Shells for Sale or Exchange. Collections and Specimens bought. Typical Collections for Museums. EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK., Now on View, PLEUROTOMARIA BEYRICHII, Casts and Photographs in Preparation. Glass-topped Boxes, Card Trays, &c., manufactured on the premises and supplied promptly at moderate prices. Before sending elsewhere send for my Price List. HUGH FULTON, 216, King’s Road, LONDON, S.W. DULAU & CO., 37, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. Férussac et Deshayes.—Hist. Nat. gen. e. part, d. Moll. Paris, 1820-51, 4 vols. Fine copy, bound in Morocco, gilt top, plate mounted on guards. £24. Férussac et D’Orbigny.—Hist. Nat. d. Céphalopodes Acétab. viv. e. fos. Paris, 1835-48, 2 vols., 4to, cloth, with 144 plates (some coloured). 12. Hanley and Theobald.—Conchologica Indica. Illustrations of the L. & F. Shells of British India. London, 1876, 4to, 160 coloured plates, cloth, new (pub. at £8 5s.). 44 14S. 6d. Hudleston and Wilson.—-Catal. of British Jurassic Gasteropoda. 1892. 8vo, cloth. 7s. 6d. Journal de Conchyliogie.—Complete set from the commencement in 1850 to the end of 1881. Paris, 29 vols.. 8vo, numerous plates (mostly coloured). 417. Proc. of the Malacological Society of London.—Vol. i., No. 1, 8vo, with 2 plates. 5/- net, postage extra. J/ Our Catalogue of the Literature on Mullosca, 72 pp., will be sent post free on application. THE JOURNAL OF MARINE ZOOLOCY & MICROSCOPY. A PLAINLY-WORDED BIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY. Edited by JAMES HORNELL. Joint Director of the Jersey Biological Station. The first number now ready, contains among offer articles of general interest, the following :— ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.—(1) The Habits of the Octopus ; (2) The Colouration of Sponges ; (3) Albinism among Marine Animals; (4) Parti-colouration among Cephalopods; (5) The Hunting Tactics of the John Dory; (6) The Dispersion of Ova among Tube-building Worms, &c.. &c. MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.—{1) On Lucernaria octoradiata; (2) On the Pelagic Worm Tomopteris ; (3) On the Pelagic Ascidian Sadga. The three Microscopical Studies deal in pleasant but exact manner with the anatomy, life-history, and habits of the respective animals, and are accompanied by two hand-coloured plates of great excellence. Single numbers, 6d., by post 7d. Annual Subscription (payable in advance to SINEL & HORNELL, Biological Station, JERSEY), 2/-, post free. Jersey: SINEL & HORNELL. Lonpon: ELLIOT STOCK. THE poe RNAL OF MALACOLOGY. Nowra: MARCH 24th, 1894. Von iilk NOTES ON VERONICELLA BIRMANICA, Theobald. BYaWeA Lene. ES (CO LEI NG i, Mason College, Birmingham. In the most recent catalogue of the slugs Professor Cockerell includes under Gray’s family Veronzcellide the following genera :— Veronicella, Leonardia, Othelosoma (?), Rathoutsia, Atopos and ' Prisma, making a total of 140 distinct species. A very large proportion of these have been created by Dr. Simroth and Professor Semper upon good anatomical grounds, but many others have been named upon purely external characters, and sooner or later will have to be removed from the list. The genus and its affinities are but imperfectly understood, and it is to be hoped that those malacologists who have opportunities for studying living material will endeavour to add to our knowledge of the anatomy. Recently I have obtained examples, in alcohol, of V. dcrmanica, Theob., and although not in a good condition for anatomical purposes, they show all the external features as well as could be desired. In comparing them with the published accounts I find the description of the foot-sole is very inadequate, and so venture to re-describe the same. Under the generic title of Vagznulus this species was described by Theobald in 1864,’ later by Nevill,? and in 1873 by Stoliczka.* 1. Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1864, vol. xxxili., p. 243. 2. Mollusca Indian Mus., p. 199. Be) JA 9.).5.20735 Vol. xlil., ps 346 JourNAL oF Macacotocy, Vol. iii., No. 1. 2 COLLINGE : NOTES ON VERONICELLA BIRMANICA. My specimens average from 28 to 38 millim. in length, and to to 18 millim. in breadth. The ground colour is yellowish-brown, minutely marked with a series of black dashes and spots, these being absent in the median line of the dorsum, in which runs a pale yellow line. Stoliczka mentions that “the median dorsal pale stripe generally becomes distinct only in older specimens, and the lower side of the mantle is uniform livid; in very young specimens the pale stripe is absent, and the mantle marked below with dark dots.” It is evident that these characters are hardly likely to be characteristic. I have young examples in which the pale stripe is present, and old ones in which the mantle is marked below with numerous dark dots. Theobald (of. cit.) describes the foot as “ Pede transversim rugoso, tottus corpores longitudinus, sed vix ad quartam partem latitudines altengente.” Nevill states that the sole of the foot is “ nearly white with faint transverse white lines.” Now in the specimens I have the foot is very similar to the ground colour of the dorsal surface— it is certainly not white or even pale yellow. ‘The foot sole may be divided into seven distinct parts. On either side is a plain lateral plane, finely and irregularly marked, next a distinct line separating the lateral plane from, what I shall term, the inner plane, which is divided in a regular manner by a series of transverse lines or grooves at intervals of about $ millim. The two inner planes stand out more prominently than any other portion of the foot, so that the median plane is somewhat concave, but possibly this is only due to the effect of the alcohol. The median plane is also marked by a series of fine transverse lines. In the largest speciinen, measuring 38 millim. in length and 18 millim. in breadth, the lateral planes are 1 millim. broad, the inner planes $ millim., and the median plane 1 millim. The median plane is really the outer wall of the pedal gland, and passes from just beneath the mouth to the posterior end of the body, gradually becoming narrower and terminating about two millim. from the extreme edge of the foot-sole. As to the name of this species, Stoliczka (loc. cit., p. 33) suggested it was the V. hasseltz, Von Mts., 1867, and that both were very probably the Oxchidium molli of Hasselt (= V. mollis, Hasselt). I am not acquainted with the anatomy of either of these two forms, but seeing that V. d¢rmanica has received more attention than any of the three, and is better described, it had better remain irrespective of what is done with the remaining two, which, as yet, are inadequately described. SMITH: DR. PAUL FISCHER. 3 The generic name, I may mention,’should rightly be accredited to Keferstein, as Blainville’s original and corrected descriptions are both wrong and inadequate, and it is quite clear that he did not understand the genus. Keferstein’s* description is much the better, and I think, with Stoliczka, that it should be accepted. DR. PAUL FISCHER. BY EDGAR "A. “SMITH; £.Z.S., Zoological Department, British Museum, London. Ir is with the deepest regret that we have to record the death of this distinguished paleontologist and malacologist. It is a great loss to our favourite science, and France has truly to mourn one of her most illustrious writers on Malacology. Many of Fischer’s fellow-countrymen have been great malacologists or conchologists. Adanson, Cuvier, Lamarck, Draparnaud, Lacaze-Duthiers, Moquin- Tandon and Deshayes, are some of the greatest pioneers in con- chology ; but we may safely say, without fear of contradiction, that Fischer has done as much to advance the study of this subject generally, as most of these. Paul Fischer was born in Paris on the 7th of July, 1835. | For many years he held the office of Aide-naturaliste of the chair of Paleontology at the Jardin des Plantes, and was also a member of the Commission of Sub-marine Dredging. He died on the twenty-ninth of November last year, at the comparatively early age of 58 years. Among his principal works, we may mention—“ The Palzon- tology of Asia Minor,” written in conjunction with MM. d’Archiac and De Verneuil; “The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Mexico and Central America, 1869-92,” in collaboration with M. Crosse ; “The Fossil Animals of Mount Léberon,” in conjunction with MM. Gaudry and Tournouer 1873; ‘The Palzontology of the Isle ot Rhodes, 1877;” ‘The Cetacea of the South-West of France ;” Reports upon the Brachiopoda obtained during the Scientific Expeditions of the ‘“ Travailleur” and ‘‘’Talisman” and the Prince of Monaco’s yacht “ Hirondelle,” in conjunction with oP. Cthlert, 4. Zeit. f. wiss Zool., 1864, vol. xv., pp. 118-26. A2 4 SYKES : NOTE ON TWO VARIETIES OF ARION RUFUS, L. In addition to these more extensive works, Fischer has written no less than three hundred and nine separate papers treating upon all branches of the science of malacology, and as many as one hundred in conjunction with Crosse, Bernardi, Bouvier, Dellesse, Delfortrie, H. Fischer, de Folin, Gassies, Hupé and* Tournier. Very many of these memoirs are of the highest importance, and have thrown much light upon the general classification of the Mollusca. Fischer was a clever anatomist, and many of his most valuable treatises are those devoted to the anatomy of hitherto unknown molluscs. Notwithstanding the very large number of his papers and their importance, there is little doubt but that at present he is most widely known as the author of the ‘ Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paléontologie Conchyliologique,” published in 1880-7. It is indispensable to every worker in the science of which it treats, and, although not perfect in every respect, as a work of general reference it was, at the time of its publication, and even now stands, facile princeps. With regard to Fischer’s personal qualities we can say nothing trom our own experience, but we can state on the evidence of others who have had the advantage of his personal friendship, that he was of a genial and sympathetic nature. He was ever ready to help, and, judging from his writings, was not prone to be severe in his criticisms on the work of others. He was a member of several learned societies at home and abroad, was elected President of the Zoological and Geological Societies of France, and last year honoured us by becoming a member of the Malacological Society of London. NOTE ON TWO VARIETIES OF ARION RUFUS, L. BYE. ROSES, WBeAT EZ s-s London. Mr. CocKERELL has in his ‘‘Check-List of the Slugs” recorded a variety /amarckit, Kal.,' of Arion rufus, L.. (No. 367b), and in a note on this (p. 207) he says, “Gray (Cat. Pulm. B.M., 1885, p- 54) quotes Limax ruber, Drap. I cannot now consult 1 Conchologist, 1893, vol. ii., p. 190. Peart? COLLINGE: ON THE VALIDITY OF ARION OCCIDENTALIS. 5 Draparnaud’s work, but if the present» variety was named ruder, of course /amarckii must fall.” 1885 is of course an error for 2855. ° On referring to Gray’s work I find that he refers to Draparnaud’s Zab. Moll. de France, p. 102, and also to Lamarck’s Ency. Method. pl. 463, f. 2; but on turning to these I find no refer- ence to any vuber at all. How Gray made the error I know not, unless he carelessly copied without verification from Ferussac et Deshayes (//1st. Wat. Afvl/., ii., p. 60, pl. 1, f. 1), where these references appear, as also does a reference to Draparnaud (//zsz¢. Moll. France). This part of the text was written by Ferussac himself and published between 1819q—1832, the remainder of the volume taking twenty years more for its completion. There is then no variety ruber of Draparnaud and there is no variety ruber of Ferussac, as he only named it “‘var. .” and charac- terised it as ‘‘¢otus ruber.” Dyaparnaud referred to a reddish form, but to which I cannot determine. Thus /amarckii, Kaleniczenko, can stand. It was described by him in 185: in a paper called “Description des limaces qui se trouvent dans Ukraine,” which appeared in the Lull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xxiv., No. iil, and was characterised as “totus ruber.” ON “THE VALIDITY OF ARION OCCIDENTALIS, CkIl., A SUPPOSED NEW SPECIES. Bye WAITER iE iCOLEENGE. Mason College, Birmingham. Mr. T. D. A. CocKERELL has recently described’ from a single example what he supposes to be “an apparently new species” of Arion. ‘The specimen, which is now in the British Museum, is from Jurancon, near Pau, Basses Pyrenees. Its state of preservation is such as not to favour a minute examination, but Mr. Cockerell has described it in some detail and figured the more important points. After having made a careful examination of the same I am of opinion that it is nothing more than an example of the well-known A. hortensis, Feér. 1 Journ. Conch., 1893, pp. 192-3. 6 ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE SLUG LIST. I regret that before adding another synonym to the list of this last-mentioned species, Mr. Cockerell did not obtain and examine further specimens, for the practice of describing species from single examples—unless the points of difference are exceedingly well marked—is, in my opinion, one that is strongly to be deprecated for reasons that are obvious. In A. occidentalis I fail to see the peculiarities its author mentions in the reproductive organs. The form of the sperm-duct (Pa/rox enstrecke) agrees with that organ in a typical A. horfensis, as does also the receptaculum seminis and its duct. The retractor muscle is attached to the proximal end of this duct and arises posterior to the pericardial chamber, and not as described by Mr. Cockerell. There are two vestibules and a ‘distinctly swollen” oviduct. Compared with A. ce/ticus, Poll.,—which is but a variety of A. hortensis,—or the var. ceriuleus, Cllge., the anatomical differences are insignificant, and even were these minor variations constant, which still remains to be proved, they are insufficient to separate it from A. hortensis. Of course no two specimens are exactly alike, and unless a reasonable range of variation is allowed, we shall have the hortensis group of Arion in the same condition as the genus Amatia. If A. occidentalis has to take rank as a valid species, further anatomical differences must be shown to exist, as otherwise it cannot be regarded as anything but 4. Aortensis, Fér. The external features may possibly be sufficient to characterise it as a variety ? ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO? THE“ SEUG. EIST, “JT seND herewith a few observations on the Check-List of Slugs. I would again repeat with all emphasis that Zzmax is not a native of Australasia. JI have already said so in my article of February, 1892 (Ann. Mag. NV.77.). Both in species and individuals Zémax is most plentiful in and around the cities, and they grow more numerous in some places than I ever saw them in Europe. Just in proportion as the civilisation of the whites is left behind so do these slugs become scarcer, and, once the untouched bush is reached, all have disappeared. In New Zealand, ‘Tasmania, Australia and New Guinea I have searched the virgin forests where unspoiled by the axe and fire of THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 7 civilisation, and have never, never, seen a Limax there. Only when civilisation has invaded such solitudes, only in company with introduced herbs, grasses, shrubs, &c., do the introduced Zimax appear. I pointed this out to Suter, who at once grasped the significance of the fact and recorded it (Journ. de Conchyl., 1892, XXill., p. 252). If you rank the sparrow, thistle and Zimax as native to Australasia, the whole fabric of geographical distribution is destroyed. I object to several sins of omission and commission in the list. Mr. Cockerell has apparently accepted my correction (Azz. Mag. N.H., February, 1892) ve megalodontes, and withdrawn his reference of it to Axetea. He has also followed me (P.L. S., N.S.W. (2), v. p. 896) in reducing /egrandi to agrestis. Under levis he should have added my guweenslandica, figured and described in the Proc. Roy. Soc., Q’land., vol. v., p. 150, pl. 5 ; which species is, at Dr. Simroth’s advice, withdrawn (P.L.S., N.S.W. (2), v. p. 897). Since Mr. Cockerell accepted my reference of /egrandi to agrestis, he might as well have taken my word for it that fasmantcus is gagates; maura is also gagates.,.—CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S., Australian Museum, Sydney, Nov. 13th, 1893. [The above notes are extracted from a letter of Mr. Hedley’s with his sanction.—W.E.C. ]. THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. LVov. 10th, 1893.—Mr. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., in the chair. The following were elected members of the Society :— Prof. S. Brusina, Prof. Dr. O. Boettger, D. D. Baldwin, J. E. Cooper, W. H. Dall, J. C. Hippolyte Crosse, and the Rev. Prof. H. M. Gwatkin. The following communications were read :—“ Descriptions of twelve new species of Shells, chiefly from the Mauritius,” “Description of a specimen of Xexophora pallidula from the Indian Ocean,” ‘‘ Description of three new species of shells from the Indian Ocean,” by G. B. Sowerby, F.Z.S. “ Note on the possible acclimatization of Crepidula fornicata in the British Seas,” by B. Sturges Dodd. “ On the alteration of the Generic name Clausilia,” by G. F. Harris, F.G.S. ‘‘ Notes on the British Chitons,” by E. R. Sykes, B.A., F.Z.S. 8 THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. Dec. 8th, 1893.—Dr. Henry Woodward, F.F.S., &c., in the chair. The following were elected members of the Society :— J. Crawford, John Brazier, R. Cairns, E. C. Stump, Miss Foster, Rev. G. W. Taylor, Dr. Cox, G. B. Pritchard, F.-B. Billing- hurst, W. T. Bednall, C. E. Beddome, Mass Lodder, Mrs. Waterhouse, Capt. F. W. Hutton, R. Murdoch, J. W. Taylor, Arnold V. Henn, J. R. Ragsdale, Dr. E. von Martens, J. G. Chaplin, H. Burnup, J. F. Quekett, John Farquhar, Cc. A. Wright, H. K. Jordan, Dr. W. Kobelt, J.D. Buttereli, J. H. Vanstone, the Marquis de Monterosato, M. Berthelin, A. Bonnet, and B. Sturges Dodd. The following communications were read :—‘‘On a New Species of Zzgina from Loyalty Islands,” by J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S. ‘Note on Bulimus oblongus and Streptaxis deformis,’ by W. Moss. ‘“ Description of new shells from Mauritius, é&c,,” by G. B. Sowerby, F.Z.S.,.1- ES.) Ay ike Myology of some Pulmonate Molluscs, considered as a feature in generic, &c., distinction,” by Walter E. Collinge. ‘‘ Two new land shells from Tenerife,’ by J. H. Ponsonby, F.Z.S., and E. R. Sykes, B.A., F.Z.S. “Remarks on the suggested alteration of the generic name CVausilia,” by E. R. Sykes, B.A., and G. F: Harris, F:G.S. Jan. 12th, 1894.—Dr. Henry Woodward, F-.R.S., &c., in the chair. The following were elected members of the Society :— Dr. A. Brot, Mons. Caziot, Mrs. Henry Woodward, Miss Skeet, Rev. H. Milnes, A. E. Craven, Langley Kitching, E. H. Mathews, B. Schmacker, and Henry Suter. The following communications were read :—‘‘ Three new species of ) ~ very amusing.—W. E. C. Girard, A.—Révision de la faune malacologique des iles Thome et du Prince. Jorn. d. Sci. Ac. Real d. Sci., Lisbon, 1893, T. 3. Hanham, A.W,—Land Moll. observed in the Gaspe Region. Naut., 1893, vol, vil., pp. 65-6. Hidalgo, J. C.—Obras Malacologicas. Entrega 3. Mem. Real. Ac. de Cien., Madrid, 1893. This part reprints a large portion of the author’s papers on the Mollusca of Central America. : Kennedy, William. —Janthina rotundata at Portrush, Irish Nat., 1893, p. 277. Knight, G. A. F.—Contrib. towards a List of the M. Moll. of the upper portion of L. Linnhe, Argyllshire. Journ. Conch., 1893, pp. 232-7. 18 CURRENT LITERATURE. Latchford, F. R.—Conchology. Ottawa Nat., 1893, p. 182. Milnes, Herbert.—List of the L. and F. S. of Derbyshire. Journ. Conch., 1893, pp. 274-88. Monks, Sarah P.—San Pedro as a Collecting Ground. Naut., 1893, vol. vii., Pp: 74-77: Peck, J. I.—Rpt. on the Pteropoda and Heteropods coll. during the voyage of the ‘* Albatros.” Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1893, vol. xvi., pp. 451-66, pls. liii.-lv. Pteropods were dredged at seven stations and taken in surface collections at six. Those found in dredging are frequently different to the surface species at the same place ; this is probably due to the ocean currents carrying the light shells some distance. Cavolinza was by far the best represented genus found. At the deepest dredging in which pteropods were found, viz., 1,019 fathoms off the E. of Sth. America, a large deposit of ‘‘ pteropod ooze” was discovered ; in which the only Heteropod was Atlanta peronii. A species of Carinaria was also found, but the surface collections are not thoroughly worked out ; and for the curious reason ‘‘of convenience” the Gasteropod J/azthina is included in this report, a circumstance which will probably result in the remarks being overlooked by most students of the Gasteropoda. The outline drawings are poor.—F. R. S. P.[ilsbry], H. A.— (BV). 37 | _Tryon’s ‘‘ Manual of Conchology.”’ He os as E.R.S. 38 Editor’s Notes. | oo —__—__— = “The Journal of Malacology” is published once a quarter, and issued to subscribers only. | The prepaid Annual Subscription is 4s. qd. LONDON re be Messrs. DULAU & CO., 37, SoHo Square. BERLIN ... Messrs. R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLSTRASSE 11. All communications should be addressed— W. E. COLLINGE, MASON COLLEGE, BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. il THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY. Published on the 15th of each Month.—Price Sixpence. NEW SERIES. THE BRITISH NATURALIST. A PWMopular BWagazine of General Biatural SHisfory. EDITED BY JOSEPH SMITH, M.R.1.A., F.L.S., anv LINN-EUS GREENING, M.R.LA., F.L.S. Annual Subscription, 6s. (post free), to The Editors of ‘‘ British Naturalist,” 61, Legh Street, Warrington. Lonpon: E. W. ALLEN, 4, Avemaria Lane. Dustin: EASON & SON. A LARGE AND CHOICE Stock of Recent Shells for Sale or Exchange. Collections and Specimens bought. Typical Collections for Museums. EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK. Now on View, PLEUROTOMARIA BEYRICHII, Casts and Photographs in Preparation. Glass-topped Boxes, Card Trays, &c., manufactured on the premises and supplied promptly at moderate prices. Before sending elsewhere send for my Price List. HUGH FULTON, 216, King’s Road, LONDON, S.W. DULAU & CO., 37, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. Férussac et Deshayes.—Hist. Nat. gen. e. part, d. Moll. Paris, 1820-51, 4 vols. Fine copy, bound in Morocco, gilt top, plate mounted on guards. £24. Férussac et D’Orbigny.—Hist. Nat. d. Céphalopodes Acétab. viv. e. fos. Paris, 1835-48, 2 vols., 4to, cloth, with 144 plates (some coloured). £12. Hanley and Theobald.—Conchologica Indica. Illustrations of the L. & F. Shells of British India. London, 1876, 4to, 160 coloured plates, cloth, new (pub. at £8 5s.). 44 14s. 6d. Hudleston and Wilson.—Catal. of British Jurassic Gasteropoda. 1892. 8vo, cloth. 7s. 6d. Journal de Conchyliogie.—Complete set from the commencement in 1850 to the end of 88x. Paris, 29 vols., 8vo, numerous plates (mostly coloured). 417. Proc. of the Malacological Society of London.—Vol. i., No. 1, 8vo, with 2 plates. s/- net, postage extra. Our Catalogue of the Literature on Mullosca, 72 pp., will be sent post free on application. THE JOURNAL OF MARINE ZOOLOCY & MICROSCOPY. A PLAINLY-WORDED BIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY. Edited by JAMES HORNELL. Joint Director of the Jersey Biological Station. The first number now ready, contains among offer articles of general interest, the following :— ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.—(1) The Habits of the Octopus ; (2) The Colouration of Sponges ; (3) Albinism among Marine Animals; (4) Parti-colouration among Cephalopods ; (5s) The Hunting Tactics of the John Dory; (6) The Dispersion of Ova among Tube-building Worms, &c., &c. MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.—({1) On Lucernaria octoradiata; (2) On the Pelagic Worm Tomopteris ; (3) On the Pelagic Ascidian Sa/pa. The three Microscopical Studies deal in pleasant but exac¢ manner with the anatomy, life-history, and habits of the respective animals, and are accompanied by two hand-coloured plates of great excellence. Single numbers, 6d., by post 7d. Annual Subscription (payable in advance to SINEL & HORNELL, Biological Station, JERSEY), 2/-, post free. Jersey: SINEL & HORNELL. Lonpon: ELLIOT STOCK. ; THE oie NA Ol VM AIAC OLOGY: No., 2. JUNE 25th, 1894. Vor ON A CASE OF PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE AMONG SLUGS. Wye we Arie SSIS IRI DIS Tee CY a Handsworth, Birminghan. I wisH to call attention to the very remarkable likeness existing between Avion hortensis and Agriolimax agrestis, and portions of the bloom sheath of the black poplar (Populus nigra, L.). On April 12th, while in the garden, I noticed what I took to be a number of these slugs lying among what I knew to be the bud- sheaths of the poplar overhanging my fern-house. They were close against the garden tiles along the edge of the lawn ; there had been some rain and the ground was damp. I thought this a fair oppor- tunity for giving our pet thrush and blackbird a treat, so I “ went ” for these slugs, but was surprised to find that I had been deceived— they were poplar bud sheaths. In thinking upon the matter the conclusion was forced upon me that in the slugs we have a strong case of protective mimicry. Not all the sheaths—perhaps 30 per cent.—bear a wonderful, I might almost say an exact likeness of either one or other of the species named, and all bear such a semblance as to act as an efficient concealment to the slugs when ‘lying among them. The fact that only a percentage were so truly sluglike lent greater point to the concealment. Sometimes the smaller portion (lower) of the sheath, which adheres by the gummy secretion of the bud to the larger upper and inner part— giving the mantle to the false slug—falls off, yet even then, for a time at least, until age darkens it, the lighter part where it was inserted carries out the deception. JourNAL oF Matacotocy, Vol. iii., No. 2. 22 TYE: A CASE OF PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE AMONG SLUGS. Where the semblance is most perfect we get the keel, pallial line, sometimes the corrugated surface, occasionally the partly extended tentacles, the darker lines often seen on A. Aortensis, some- times the curve of the body sideways, as in the act of turning, and in one case I noticed a sheath had fallen on the edge of a brick, and it was scarcely possible to believe it to be other than a slug with its head bent over in the act of passing the angle. The natural exudation of resinous gum—which has a somewhat pleasant odour—gives a rather shiny appearance to the sheaths even in dry weather, and when they are wet this slug-like appearance is enhanced. It sometimes happens that the bloom falls off with two parts of the sheath attached, then the husk looks exactly like a slug feeding on the peduncle of the flower. It is perhaps worthy of remark that activity among the slugs is coincident with the fall of these bloom-sheaths, at a time when con- cealment is useful to them on account of the increased energy of their natural enemies, the thrushes, who, after a winter’s abstinence from such dainties, are more than usually alert, having young to provide for. It is true slugs are where poplar trees are not-—but the case I cite is probably one out of many, which further observations will elicit. If we consider the general colours of slugs, sombre greys and browns, we can readily see how curled leaves, sticks, sheaths, &c., help them against their foes—a flash of deception has many a time passed through my mind by seeing some such object which looked like a slug. “ T know a bank,” a sweet bank by Warwick’s “soft flowing Avon,” where, in the gloaming, a pale A. agrestis—a species which is very plentiful there—creeping up a grass stem looks like a cocoon of the five spotted Burnet-moth (Zygena ¢rifolit). At such times when the sun is not shining, the mind, through the eye, is easiest deceived in man, and probably in beast too. The little 4. dourguignati, when you find it under a log or stone “humping itself,” looks like a grey pebble, and the great Zeamax maximus seems at first glance something more villainous than a slug to other eyes than ours, perhaps. These are bald notes on a subject of great charm to a naturalist, showing how life has struggled and worked to one great end—to fit itself to its environment. COCKERELL : ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA, 23 ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA. BMP Ate IDA ANG (COIS IE GIR de/éasio Professor of Entomology and Zoology, AND Ree JEAN, Student of 64, New Mexico Agricultural College, U.S.A. In the Chech-List of Slugs, p. 219, it was stated that descriptions had been made of several Jamaican Veronicel/e, which seemed to be distinguished by not altogether unimportant characters; but these were not published, owing to uncertainty regarding the specific value of the distinctions observed. The present paper results from an attempt to definitely determine the value of these distinctions in the separation of species. The material here discussed is wholly from Jamaica. It consists of 18 specimens recently dissected (numbered 1 to 18), and various others (numbers from 19 to 24, some numbers including more than one specimen) examined in Jamaica—the latter being those referred to in the Check-List. The 18 specimens lately examined were all sexually mature except Nos. 6, 12, and 15, which three, perhaps only by accidental coincidence, were all very dark in colour. Unfortunately the precise locality-records of these specimens have been lost, but it is believed that most came from Kingston, and a few (including No. 2) were sent by Mrs. E. M. Swainson from Bath. The results obtained are quite remarkable, and tend to throw doubt on the validity of several characters hitherto used for the separation of species in the genus; it has therefore seemed well to state them rather fully. In the first place, it may be said that none of the specimens now reported on show the characters of V. dissimilis, nor does it seem possible to associate any of them with V. zamazcensis (Semper’s supposed &raussiz). V. dissimrlis, Ckll., characterised by its very long (12 to 18 mm.) filiform glands, and the form of the penis- retractors is doubtless the same as Semper’s supposed sloantz, although Semper’s slug differs in colour from the types of assémiles. This species is undoubtedly distinct from the true V. sloaniz, Cuv. The specimens show great differences from one another, so that by selecting a few of the most distinct forms, several apparently good species might be described.* Yet we believe that the whole series * As stated above, several supposed species had been indicated by one of usin MS. It may be added that three of these (vizgata, and specimens supposed to be identical with Nos. 22 and 21) were sent to Dr. Simroth, who wrote that he considered them very nearly allied, but still distinct species. Mr. Pilsbry also wrote that he had named a Jamaican /evonicella as new in MS., but whether it was another form of sdeanzé cannot be ascertained, as he mentioned no characters. 24 COCKERELL: ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA. represents the variations of but one species, V. s/oani, and that V. virgata, Ckll., must be reduced to V. séoanii var. virgata. With the details given below, the reader can form his own opinion as to the correctness of these conclusions. Notwithstanding so much variability, the species V. sdoanit, as now defined, should be easy of recognition. The following characters appear to be quite constant and of specific value in . sdoantt -— (1.) The under-side is always free from spots or markings of any kind, whereas true occidentalis, Guild., from the Lesser Antilles, has some spots beneath. (2.) The sole never projects from behind the body, as it does in * one or two of the continental species. (3.) The filiform glands are less than to mm. long, whereas in dissimtlis and floridanus they are considerably longer. (4.) The penis is always long, cylindrical, with the end slightly bulbous and the orifice terminal. It thus entirely differs from that of such species as V. fortoricensis. (5.) The filiform glands are always more than ro in number, thus differing from V. morchit and V. dubia. (6.) The female orifice is always postmedian, thus differing from the continental /. nigra, &c. Aside from these constant characters, we find the most extraordinarily variability, both as to colour, size, and anatomical features. Variable Characters. (1.) Size: sexually mature examples (in alcohol) range from 36 to 71 mm. in length, from which it seems certain that the slugs grow after reaching sexual maturity. a. Nos. 19, 7, 21, 20, 17, 22, and 16 are less than 40 mm. long. b. Nos. 5, 8, 11, 10, 24, 13, 18, and 14 are 4o or over, but less than 50 mm. long. c. Nos. 9, 4, 1,and 3 are 50 or over, but less than 56 mm. long. ad. No. 2 is 71 mm. long. A comparison of the descriptions will show that size cannot be correlated with other characters so as to serve for specific distinction. It is, however, remarkable that the largest specimen (71 mm.) has the shortest (3 mm.) filiform glands. (2.) Shape: the shape varies somewhat in the contracted slugs, but no essential difference is noticed between any of the specimens. (3.) Colour: contrary to the opinion of some authors, colour seems as useful as most other characters in distinguishing species and races of Veronicel/la; but there is great variability, and COCKERELL: ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA. 25 what particular forms of coloration can be used, is only to be learned by experience. Thus, the variety coffee, found at moderately high altitudes, is so far as observed sufficiently constant in colour to be readily recognised. The var. virgata, distinguished by less marked peculiarities of colour, is always constant so far as noticed. Doubtless in both cases intergrades will be found, but it is probable that several such local races of V. sloanit—indicating the first steps toward the formation of species—will be found in Jamaica when a thorough search is made. Such _ local races will present variations among their members, but the average characters of each will be found to be different, though one may intergrade with another where their areas join. Among the specimens lately examined, three (Nos. 18, 2, and 9) were observed to be very conspicuously speckled, and we thought a distinct variety might be indi- cated. ‘They agreed very nearly in the number of filiform glands, but in the length of the glands they disagreed, and after comparing their characters in detail, we gave up all idea of separating them under a distinct name. In this case, apparently, the colour character was of no use for purposes of classification. In the descriptions given below, the colour-characters are often given in italics, to draw attention to contrasts in this respect between anatomically-similar slugs. (4.) Distance of female orifice from head : varying from *51 (Nos. 15 and 8) to ‘60 (No. g) of total length. These variations cannot be correlated with other characters. (5.) Distance of female orifice from sole: varying from } mm. to 2, or (in the specimen of 71 mm. long) 24 mm. It is doubtful whether these variations have much significance. (6.) The penis is quite variously curved and twisted, the position it assumes when the animal is killed being probably acci- dental. Its length varies from 44 (No. 7) to 13 (No. 16) mm. ‘The smaller measurement probably denotes some immaturity, although No. 16, which had the longest penis, was a slug only 1 mm. longer than No. 7. (7. ) The penis retractor may be described as short and thick, but it is commonly attached to a stout transverse fascia, which represents its two divergent tendons. Such a condition is ‘described below as two retractors, though it might be more correct to say retractor two-headed. In certain specimens A2 26 COCKERELL: ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA. (eg. Nos. 8 and g) this condition does not obtain, and the retractor is strictly one. It surprised us to find that this difference (whether one or two retractors) could not be correlated with other characters, and was apparently of no specific value. In V. dissimilis the two penis-retractors are distinct, long, and slender; and here the character has specific value. (8.) The filiform glands vary in number from about 20 (Nos. 20, 22, and 23) to 47 (No. 10), but from 30 to 35 is the usual number. In length they vary from 33 (No. 2) to 9 mm. The alimentary canal was found to be practically the same throughout. Some variation was observed in the foot- nerves, but the nervous system was not studied. We have no doubt that the species is identical with V. sloanii, which is the same as Blainville’s /. devrs—the type of the genus. Mr. C. D. Sherborn was so kind as to ascertain the approximate date of publication of Cuvier’s work, from which it appears certain that the name séoantt antedates devs by some months, though both were pub- lished in 1817. Veronicella sloanit (Cuvier), Zable of Variations. A. Filiform glands 9 mm. long. a. Two retractores penis; filiform glands 36; penisslightly curved, cylindrical, end bulbous, orifice terminal, length 75 mm. Length (in alch.) 453 mm., breadth 14 mm., breadth of sole 5; @ orifice 27 mm. (‘59 of total length) from head, 1 mm. from sole. Ends rounded, head retracted, end of sole not projecting beyond body. Mantle dirty yellow, with 2o well-defined median line and no spots ; slightly warty. Beneath pale yellowish-brown, sole concolorous ; cross- lines of sole numerous and small. = No. 5. é, One retractor penis; filiform glands about 20; @ orifice 56 of total length from head; mantle with a pale median- line and dark subdorsal bands. = virgata, Ckll. B. Filiform glands 84 mm. long, 35 in number, one of them branched ; penis cylindrical, end bulbous, orifice terminal, length ro mm. ; length of slug (in alch.) 55, breadth 15, of sole 8mm.; 9 orifice 33 mm. (‘60 of total length) from head, 2 mm. from sole. Head slightly protruded ; mantle distinctly mottled dark brown and dirty yellow, no median line. Beneath pale yellow, sole concolorous, cross-lines of sole numerous, irregular. = No. 9. COCKERELL: ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA. 27 C. Filiform glands 7 mm. long. ' a. One retractor penis ; filiform glands 28. a’ Penis 11 mm. long, retractor 3 mm. ; footnerves going apart 14 mm. from head; intestine 80 mm. from buccal mass to 2 orifice’; receptaculum seminis globular, dark, 4 mm. diameter, with duct 12 mm. long. Length (in alch.) 37 mm., breadth 114, sole breadth 4, 2 orifice 22 mm. from head, and ? from sole; cross- lines on sole alternating large and small, about 35 to 38 large ones in 10 mm. of sole. Found by Dr. Henderson in Kingston. = No. 19. a’ Penis straight, cylindrical, and bulbous, orifice terminal ; length 9} mm. Length (in alch.) 485 mm., breadth 145 mm., breadth of sole 6 mm.; @ orifice 25 mm. (‘51 of total length) from head, Head retracted, sole not projecting beyond body. Mantle slightly mottled, prevailing colour dirty yellow; an ill-defined pale median line; beneath pale yellow. Cross-lines of sole well-defined and regular; about Tou Samm. of, soles— No.'s. b. ‘Two retractores penis; filiform glands 30 or more. 6' Penis ro mm. long; filiform glands 30. Length (in alch.) 50 mm., breadth 144, of sole 5. Female orifice 28 mm. (‘56 of total length) from head, 1 mm. from sole. Head retracted. JZantle dark brown with a weltl- defined median-line, and an ill-defined dirty yellow mottling. Beneath pale yellowish-brown. About 16 well-defined cross-lines in 5 mm. of sole, with many smaller lines. = No. 4. 4° Penis considerably twisted ; filiform glands 32. Length (in alch.) 49 mm., breadth 16, of sole 6. Female orifice 28°7 (-57 of total length) from head, 2 mm. from sole. Head retracted. Mantle dirty brownish-yellow, wrth an ill-defined median line. Beneath pale yellowish- brown, sole very slightly darker. Cross-lines of sole numerous, regular and well-defined. = No, 11. b* Penis twisted, rr mm. long; filiform glands 47. Length (in alch.) 49} mm., breadth 16, of sole 6. Female orifice 26 mm. (‘52 of total length) from head, 2 mm. from sole. Head retracted. Mantle dirty browntsh-yellow, with a well-defined median-line, and ill- defined darker mottling. Beneath pale yellowish-brown, sole slightly darker. Cross-lines of sole numerous, irregular. = No. 10. 28 COCKERELL: ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA. D. Filiform glands 6 mm. long. a. Length (in alch.) 52 mm., breadth 15 mm., breadth of sole 7 mm. ; female orifice 29 mm. (°55 of total length) from head, from sole 15 mm. Colour—mantle above fale coffee brown, with ill-defined pale median line, dark bands barely indicated towards posterior end. Ill-defined greyish marking all over. Beneath pale coffee brown, paler than above, sole of same colour. Mantle rugulose, finely granular. About 34 cross lines in 10 mm. of sole, intermediate small lines obscure, more than one between each two principal lines. Filiform glands 26 in number. Penis cylindrical, twisted, end bulbous, orifice terminal, length nearly 9 mm., 2 retractors penis. Duct of receptaculum seminis 11 mm. long. == No. 1. 6. Length (in alch.) 36 mm., breadth 144 mm., breadth of sole 6 mm., female orifice 20 mm. (‘55 of total length), from soler mm. Mantle above, mo/tled with dark brown and dirty yellow, no median line. Beneath pale coffee brown, sole same colour. Cross lines of sole deep and well defined, about 10 in ten mm. of sole with many small intermediate lines, lines quite irregular. Filiform glands 34 in number. Penis straight, cylindrical end bulbous, orifice terminal, length 44 mm., retractors 2. =No 9. E. Filiform glands about 5% mm. long, and 24 or 25 in number, the inner ones shorter. Penis retractor single, rather short and stout. Penis much curved, when straightened measuring about 8 mm. Receptaculum seminis with a convoluted duct, about 11 mm. long." Length (in alch.) 37 mm. ; alternating strong and weak cross-lines on sole, 50 strong ones in 10 mm. of sole. Found in Kingston by Mr. J. J. Bowrey. This slug has bands, but no pale middle-line. = No. 21. F. Filiform glands about 5} mm. long, and 24 in number. Length (in alch.) 42 mm. ; sole breadth 4 mm. ; female orifice 24 mm. from head, 1 mm. from sole. J/antle with spots, but no bands. Jaw dark, ribs weak. Found in Kingston by Mr. Bowrey. = No. 24. G. Filiform glands 5 mm. long. a. Filiform glands in a short thick tuft, about 19 in number. Penis 7 mm. long, with a short retractor. Receptaculum seminis globular, dark grey-brown, 5 mm. diam., with a convoluted duct about 10 mm. long. COCKERELL : ON THE JAMAICAN SPECIES OF VERONICELLA. 29 Length 39 mm., breadth 94, breadth of sole 33; female orifice 14 mm. from sole, 21 mm. (*53 of total length) from head. Mantle dark above, with obscured spots, underside whitish, in strong contrast. Apparently viviparous. Found in Kingston by Mr. Bowrey. = No. 20. 4. Filiform glands 36, two of them branched. Penis 8} mm. long. Length (in alch.) 42 mm., breadth r1J, of sole 5 ; female orifice 25 mm. (*59 of total length) from head, 1 from sole. Mantle mottled dirty black and brownish yellow, with an ill-defined median line; beneath pale yellowish-brown, sole concolorous. Cross-lines of sole irregular, small = No. 13. ¢c. Filiform glands 38. Penis 10 mm. long. Length (in alch.) 42 mm., breadth 13, of sole 5; female orifice 23 mm. (‘54 of total length) from head, 1 from sole. Mantle, mottled dirty brown and yellow, with a well-defined median line. Cross-lines of sole regular, about 20 in 5 mm. length of sole. = No. 18. H. Filiform glands 42 mm. long, 31 in number. Length (in alch.) 38 mm., breadth 12 mm., of sole 44 mm. ; female orifice 22} mm. (°56 of total length) from head, from sole 1 mm. Mantle above, dirty brown with a well-defined lighter coloured median line. Beneath pale coffee brown, sole same colour. Sole with the cross lines numerous, small, and fairly regular. Penis somewhat recurved, cylindrical, end bulbous, length 8 mm., two retractors. = No. 17. I. Filiform glands 4 mm. long: no well-defined middle-line on mantle. a. Filiform glands about 20, in a short thick bundle. Penis retractors two, divergent at an angle of about 30 degrees, connected by a membrane; penis about 12 mm. long, cylindrical. Receptaculum seminis with a convoluted duct about ro mm. long. The two footnerves widely apart opposite the female orifice. Length (in alch.) 384 mm., female orifice # to 1 mm. from sole, °54 to ‘58 of total length from head. Mantle above dark, mottling and middle-line obscure. Apparently viviparous. Found in Kingston by Mr. Bowrey. = No. 22. 4. Filiform glands 31, several of them branched ; penis 8 mm. long, retractor single. Length (in alch.) 43 mm., breadth 12 mm., of sole 4 mm. ; . female orifice 24 mm. (*55 of total length) from head, 1 mm. 30 HEDLEY: ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE SLUG LIST. from sole. Mantle mottled blackish and brownish-yellow, with an ill-defined median line. Cross-lines of sole irregular. = No. 14. c. Filiform glands 35, two of them branched ; two penis retractors, penis 13 mm. long. Length (in alch.) 37 mm., breadth ro mm., of sole 44 mm. ; female orifice 21 mm. (56 of total length) from head, r mm. from sole. Colour as in the last. Cross-lines of sole fairly regular. = No. 16. | d. Filiform glands 36 ; two penis retractors, penis much twisted, 9 mm. long. _ Length (in alch.) 50 mm., breadth 17 mm., of sole 6 mm. ; female orifice 28 mm. (*56 of total length) from head, 2 mm. from sole. Colour above dark brown, no well-defined middle-line, but distinct mottling. = No. 3. J. Filiform glands 35 mm. long, number 33. Length (in alch.) 7t mm., breadth 22 mm., of sole 9g mm. ; female orifice from head 38 mm. (*54 total length), from sole 2} mm. Colour of mantle dark brown, with well-defined mottled appearance of greyish yellow and pale median line, beneath pale yellowish brown, sole concolorous. About 14 well-defined cross-lines in 5 mm. of sole, with many smaller intermediate ones. Retractors, penis two, ‘blue in colour. Penis straight cylindrical, end bulbous, orifice terminal, length 105 mm. = No. 2. ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE SLUG LIST. Now ue By €. HEDLEY, FES, Australian Museum, Sydney. THE closing pages of “The Conchologist” invited comments under the above title. So I avail myself of the opportunity to remark that Prof. Cockerell’s exhaustive list of the names that have been applied to various kinds of slugs represents a labour only to be appreciated by those who are used to the search of literature. Its value is considerable and its use to students manifold. Affording another instance of what Mill called the tendency of mankind to mistake words for things, it is to be hoped that this huge and cumbersome mass of synonyms may serve the purpose of an HEDLEY : ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE SLUG LIST. 31 impaled rook in a cornfield, and frighten, by so shocking an example, later naturalists from inventing more names to be thus gibbeted. Every name being but a symbol for the thing it stands for, should be fully explained upon its first appearance. A biological term with- out a definition #s like an unstamped coin. Therefore I refuse recognition to empty names like Cys¢opeltine, Ckll., and Ofoconchine: Ckll., for the reason that I would refuse to accept a blank sheet of paper tendered as a bank note. The high standard set up by Mr. Collinge in the appendix, viz. :— that a species undescribed as to its animal and anatomy be refused recognition, is too lofty an ideal to be practicable and too hard to receive general consent. A lesser reform— that recognition be hence- forth withheld from unfigured species—would be more feasible. Deseending to minor points, I regret that in my note on J. dubia, in the Zrans. MV. Z Inst, 1 did not make my meaning sufficiently clear. I thought and still think that it belongs to “ [one of] the preceding species,’ which one I do not know, though my friend, H. Suter, recognises /. dztentaculata in it. I gather from Prof. Cockerell’s remarks that from Jave//a, Neojanella is distinguished by lack of impressed dorsal grooves and by superior size. Now in badly-prepared /ane//ide, and the shrivelled head of LVeojanella’s type indicates a bad preparation, the dorsal grooves are apt to disappear. Indeed, it was the absence of this fugitive feature which induced Humbert to create his Z7tbontophorus. Maintaining his genus, Mr. Cockerell should logically revive Humbert’s, from which, in fact, no published feature divides his own. As to size, the New Zealand /aned/e attain far larger dimensions than the text books quote. I have before me an undoubted /. papzl/ata, which, even in alcohol, reaches a length of 55 mm. Prof. Cockerell argues that because ‘‘ In Gray’s type of antipodarum the genital organ protrudes . . . the slug is mature,” 7.e., full grown. ‘This seems a debatable point. Is artificial protrusion by death, in media which relax the buccal and genital muscles, a proof of sexual maturity ? Is a slug known to be sexually mature, necessarily full grown ? Of my “enumeration,” Prof. Cockerell says, ‘‘ Indeed the whole paper contains no new fact, except the description of the interesting variety on p. 161.” To defend my friends of the New Zealand Institute from the imputation of having squandered thcir substance on printing an almost worthless essay, I am driven to claim that, inter alia, 1 proposed an original classification of the family. In contrast with the usual grouping of the family as instanced by 32 ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE SLUG LIST. Mr. Cockerell’s scheme in the P. Z. S., 1891, p. 215, /anellide was freed from the Swccineide and amplified by the inclusion of the Fyalimacine. ‘These radical changes seemed improvements to my critic, for he incorporated them in his Check List. It is rightly stated by Prof. Cockerell that 7. maz@Zardi occurs in Bourbon ; in error I had quoted it from the Mauritius. .The date, author, and locality of /. verrucosa and marmorata were transcribed exactly from a separate copy of the paper which the author, Dr. Simroth, had himself presented tome. Though the niceties of authorship and publication are perhaps more correctly distinguished by Mr. Cockerell, yet since the Auckland Islands are politically, geographically, and biologically as much a part of New Zealand as the Isle of Wight is a part of Great Britain, I must still adhere to my ‘‘ mistake” of reckoning these slugs among Novozelanian animals. Species 305 and 328 should be indicated as fossil by square brackets, both date from 1880. In the present edition dates are promiscuously applied or omitted ; should a second edition appear its value would be augmented by the dating of all names. Such dates benefit the reader by showing priority at a glance and also aid a search for description. ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE SEG LIST: Nos I. SINCE the List was published a number of corrections and additions have occurred, which are given below. ‘The three following species are to be added to the List, having been unintentionally omitted :—Zimax natalianus, Mikhaehs, 1892 Lytopelta transcaspia, Rosen., 1892; Ly. boettgert, Rosen., 1892.”— oli. Sage ag, GO Frakes 72 Page 168—For “museum” read “museums.” Page 168—For “varietal character” read “varietal characters.” Page 170—“ Limax: syns. Gestroa, Pini, 1876. Chromolimax, Pini, 1876. Ofzlolimax, Pini, 1876. (The authority and date were omitted in the List.”—T. D. A. C. zm “77) Page 170—Z. fasciatus, Raz. ‘“L. and P. consider, apparently with good reason, that fasciatus, Raz., is a variety of ater; while fasciatus, Moq. (though Moquin-Tandon considered it to be the same as /asciatus, Raz.) is a var. of maximus, and a different thing. I would therefore make the following change :— ADDITIONS AND AMENDMENTS TO THE SLUG LIST. 33 1a. fasciatus, Pic., 1840. cserucevil, Kal. 16, moguint, Ckll. (new name). Jasciatus, Moq. (nec Pic., nec Raz.).”—T.D.A.C. zm litt. Page 171—2d,‘‘authority should be L. and P.” Page 171—5e, pirone has a syn. ¢ypus, L. and P. Page 171—9, syn. cinereus, 1776, should be 1774. Add syn. uvittipes (pars.) Bon. MS. in L. and P. Page 171 —9/, should be pavesiz. Add syn. ? efasctatus, D. and M. Page 171— 102, for “Beth.” read.‘ Bett.” Page 172—10u should be eryfrus. tox is a syn. of geographicus, nota var. 19¢, for ‘‘ stenests” read “ senensis.” 191i, dorie add syn. wittip~es (pars.) Bon. MS. in L. and P. 20, a and ¢ should be subv. of 4, and ea subv. of d. Page 173-442, syn. maculatus for “1856” read ‘6 1855.” Page 175—976 should be in italics. Page 175—For ‘“ Messolimax” read “ Mesolimax.” 106, for “ Pailidula” read ‘“pallidula.” 108, for “barypus” read “daripus.” Page 175—“ 120k is the same as g, and g is practically the same as zw. At all events the same figure (Fér., pl. v, f. 8) is quoted for vufescens, ornatus, and obscurus.” —(T.D. A.C. iz ditt.) Page 176—141, for “‘camane@” read “‘carrone.” 153, for ‘“brinneus” read “‘ drunneus.” Page 187—218, for “‘deccaria” read “ becarit” ; for “ Cryptibyet” read “ Cryptibyct.” 223, should be fadlens. 270, should be comorensis. Page 188—For “‘ Phancroporus” read ‘“‘ Phaneroporus.” 288, syn. should be alfe-rife. 292, syn. should be galloprovincialts. 294, syn. should be drsudcata. Page 189—326, for “ Benout” read ‘ Benoit.” 354 should be aterrima. 363-5, for “Shutll” read ‘‘Shuttl.” Page 190—367u, “olivaceus, Lehm. I expect it is olivaceus, Schm. See 386, f..i., and p. 210.”—T. D. A. C. zm ditt. Page 190—372¢, for ‘ griseus” read ‘‘ flavo-griseus.”—-(W. E. C.) Page 19143762, for “ Kock” read “Koch.” 380, for “18829 read “1822.” 392, syn. should read mottessterianus. Page 192—408, for syn. “ vividus” read “ viridis.” 408, syn. read onguiformis. 422, add a before flavum. It is a var. not a syn. 433 should be hemphillt. Page 193—434, for ‘Booc” read “Bosc.” 467 should read chaudoensis. 34 SYKES: NOTE ON LIMN/A AURICULARIA. Page 194—533-45-66, a should be @. Page 195—Hyalimax, dele. comma after A. (H. and: A. Ad.) 593, Othelosoma symondsit, Gray, to be omitted, see L. v. Graff, Zool. Anz. xv., p. 7. 618, for “ Raug” read “ Rang.” 619 should be per/ucidus. Page 196—Line 6, for ‘‘ Ffr.” read “ Pfr.” Note 7. Am Stein’s v. albus is not an albino, notwithstanding its name. (ToD: A Come ie Page 198-—Line 9, for “1849” read “ 1884.” Page 201—A. agrestis v. ornatus, Moq. ‘I believe this is really L. fulvus, No. 38.”—(T. D. A. C. in tt.) Page 203—V/. gervaisii dele. ‘from Gibraltar.” ‘It was without locality and is not found at Gibraltar.” —(T. D. A. C. zm Zitt.) Page 207—-Line 7, for “1879” read “1789”; line 10, for ‘ duées” read ‘‘Zuteo”; line 26, for “ Pollonero” read ‘ Pollonera.” 3667, for ‘°1812” read “1886.” - 367a, read jonstonit. 3670, fOr .Ee05 . read 1656.” Page 209—For ‘“‘ 372e” read “372f-.” Page 211—Line 2, dele. comma after fide. 385, for ‘‘ Zzmacellus concava” read “ Limacella concava.” Page 213—JL. cinctus, for “‘band and back” read “mantle and back.” Page 218—V. coffew in descr. twice read “ fasciate” for “ fusciate,” and dele. comma after ‘ middle line.” Page 220—V. lucie, for “fitted” read “ pitted.” Page 221—For ‘‘Simper” twice read ‘‘ Semper.” Page 226—V. dubia, line 9 from bottom, after “I have” insert “ examined.” Page 228—First line read dourguignati =fuscus var. NOTE ON LIMNAZEA AURICULARIA. By E. RB. SYKES, B.A., F.Zs. TuHrouGH the kindness of Capt. Turton, R.E., I have had placed in my hands a small collection of freshwater molluscs, which were obtained by him in the Davos Lake, Switzerland, at an altitude of nearly 5,000 feet. ‘They belong to more or less well-known species and their interest lies in the fact that many of the specimens of Limca auricularia show a remarkable deformation. At the edge of the outer lip there is in several cases a notch (occasionally two) with generally a “line of weakness” or well marked line running back half a whorl SYKES: NOTE ON LIMNZA AURICULARIA. 35 or more and cutting the strize of growth at right angles so as to interrupt them. Some specimens show only a line of injury to the striz of growth and no notch, others again have had a notch which has been filled up and the subsequent growth has gradually become of anormal chara¢ter. Mr. Collinge found, some years ago, specimens of Limnea stagnalis which, from sketches he has sent me, appear to have been affected much in the same way. Now how is this to be accounted for? ‘There are too many specimens for the injury to be attributable to accident. Can the deformations then be due to some injury to or disease of the mantle which is common to all? This seems hardly likely as the deformation seems to be spasmodic, sometimes increasing and again decreasing till the growth is normal, while at other times it increases until a notch is found which remains at the edge of the lip. No attachment of weed will explain these in the same manner as sufficed for some Littorina which I examined recently.* They cannot be due to the pseudo-parasitic Vazs or Gordius as these take up their position between the neck and mantle and so would not injure the shell-growth. ‘The following extractt is of interest and suggests a clue. ‘‘M. Brot has observed, in a lake near Geneva, a deformation affecting nine-tenths of the specimens of this species (Z. Aeregra) and consisting in a deformation of the base of the columella. This lake contained at the same time an extraordinary abundance of Hydra viridis. A year later not a single specimen of Zzmnea was abnormal and since then not a deformed shell has been observed in the lake. At the same time Hydra viridis had totally disappeared. Is then the /Zydra the cause of this deformation? One cannot affirm it; nevertheless the coincidence is striking.” The Ajdra theory then seems the most possible though one can- not regard it as proved, and the following may be suggested as the mode of causation. That on the attachment of the ydra its powers of annoyance cause the sensitive mantle to shrink from the spot while * Pro. Dorset N. H. and A. F. Club. xiii. (1892), pp. 191-8, pl. + Pro. Verb. Soc. Mal. Belg. vi. (1887), p. xlviii. 36 THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. on its death or departure the mantle gradually closes up the injury and returns to a normal deposition. I append rough sketches show- ing the appearance of the shell with the notches and interrupted strize of growth. ; THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. feb, oth, 1894.—Dr. Hy. Woodward, F.R.S., in the chair. The Report and Balance-sheet for 1893 were submitted and adopted, and the Officers and Council for the ensuing year elected. The following were elected members of the Society :— Baron Jules de Guerne, R. J. L. Guppy, J. Hi: Hart, Dr: Simroth, and Bryant Walker. The following communications were read .—‘ On the Land Shells of W. Australia and the neighbouring Islands,” by E. A. Smith, F.Z.S.; ‘‘ Description of new Chinese Clausilie,” by Dr. O. Boettger and B. Schmacker. The original collection of Shells formed by Linné was on exhibition. | March 9th, 1894.—Dr. Hy. Woodward, F.R.S., in the chair. The following were elected members of the Society :— Prot. BR, Tate, C; Ouaiie, Dr. JCe Verco: The following communications were read :—‘‘ On the value of Ancylastrum,’ by Charles Hedley, F.L.S.; “ Revision of the British Eocene Cephalopoda,” by R. Bullen Newton and G. F. Harris, F.G.S.; “Description of new Chinese Clausilie,” (Part 2), by Dr. O. Boettger and B. Schmacker; “On: the South African Polyplacophora,” by E. R. Sykes, B.A., F.Z.S. April 13th, 1894.—W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., in the chair. The following were elected members of the Society :— D. J. Adcock, E. W. Bowell, A. H. Christie, S. C. Clapham, R. F. Damon, Major-Gen. L. ‘Tripe. The following communications were read :—‘‘ Notes on the variation and habits of Schizoglossa novoseelandica,” by R. Murdoch; ‘‘ Descriptions of Marine Shells from the neigh- bourhood of Hong Kong ;” ‘‘ Note on Verticordia eburnea ; of which V. oftima, recently published, is a synonym,” by G. B. Sowerby, F.Z.S.; ‘‘ Note on Vatica sordida,” by H. K. Jordan; Notes on Auccinum undatum, by H. Kk. Jordan, G. W. Chaster, G. F. Harris, and E. R. Sykes. May 11th, 1894.—Dr. Hy. Woodward, F.R.S., in the chair. The following were elected members of the Society :— T. H. Haynes, W. L. S. Loat, Rev. G. F. Whidborne. CURRENT LITERATURE. a7 The following communications were read :—‘‘On a small collection of Land and Freshwater Shells from Oman, Arabia,” by E. Smith, F.Z.S.; “On the Anatomy of ¢erocera, with some notes on the Crystalline Style,” by M. F. Woodward : ‘Descriptions of Marine Shells from the neighbourhood of Hong Kong,” by G. B. Sowerby, F.Z.S.; ‘Notes: on the Anatomy of Bulimus glaber,” by S. Pace. NOTES. Limax maximus in the City of Mexico. Dr. A. Duges has just sent me a good specimen of Z. smaxztmus, marked ** Ville de Mexico.” This is a new locality, but of course it is an introduction. The example is of fair size, blackish, with three pale ochreous lines down the back ; the mantle is uniformly blackish except for some pale marbling near its anterior edge; the sole is uniformly pale ochreous. While on the subject of Z. maxzmus, I may draw attention to an error in the Check-List. The peculiar variety éze/z7, with red slime, should be credited to Seibert instead of to Simroth, being the same thing as Z. dze/zz7, Seib., No. 52 of the Check-List.—T. D. A. COCKERELL, Las Cruces, N. Mexico, March 18th. CURRENT LITERATURE. In order to make the following Bibliography as complete as possible, the Editor invites the co-operation of British and foreign authors. All communications should be addressed to the Editor, the “Journal of Malacology,” Mason College, Birmingham, England. MALACOLOGY IN GENERAL. Hickson, Sidney J.—The Fauna of the Deep Sea. London: Kegan Paul. pp. 1.-xil., and 1-169, illustrated. Dr. Hickson’s little book will be read with pleasure by all interested in zoology. It is full of interest, delightfully written, and well printed and illustrated. The references to the Mollusca are as follows :—Pages 62-3 and p. 119, Colour of Deep-sea Molluscs; pp. 71-2, Eyes of Deep-sea Molluscs; p. 83, on the absence of lime in bathybial Molluscs. Pelseneer, Paul.—Introduction a I’Etude des Mollusques, 8°, Bruxelles, 1894, 216 pp., 146 text illust. [Extrait des Mém. Soc. R. Malac. Belgique (1892), xxvii. ] Malacologists generally will be greatly indebted to Dr. Pelseneer for this most admirable text-book, which summarises for them the principal points in the anatomy of the chief groups and even families of the Mollusca. Unfortunately it is only brought down to the beginning of 1892, having been prepared for that year’s volume of the ‘‘ AZemotres de la Société Royale Mala- cologique we Belgique,” which society must be held responsible for the delay, and consequent depreciation of the work, now two years old ; indeed, their volume from which it professes to have been extracted has not yet been issued. Fortunately for the author, this delay has not proved so serious as might have been expected, and any modifications necessary will doubtless be made in future editions ; what these modifications may be, the student can readily gather for himself by consulting the annual volumes of the Zoological Record. The ** Introduction” is, of course, written purely from a zoological and not from a mere conchological point of view. It begins with a summary of the 38 CURRENT LITERATURE. structure, &c., of the Mollusca as a whole, and then deals with each class or sub- class, beginning with the Amphineura and ending with Cephalopoda, and giving a succinct account under each, of its—(1) Morphology, (2) ‘‘ Ethiologie” or, as we should say, Bionomics, (3) Bibliography, and (4) Systematic Arrangement. _ The book abounds in illustrations in the text, very many of them being quite new. In the future editions, which we feel sure will be soon required, they will probably be printed darker and so show to more advantage, while we would suggest that the numbers used to indicate the several parts or organs should be made to correspond ; it is rather trying, when comparing several illustrations, to have to remember that some portion, say the gill, is No. v. in one figure, xi. in the next, xiii. in the third, and so on. It is a work to get and to read carefully before relegating it to one’s shelves for future reference.—(BV?). Pilsbry, H. A.—Tryon’s Manual of Conchology, ser. i., pt. 58; ser. ii., pt. 34. Philadelphia. Academy of Natural Sciences. In the Marine series, part 58 completes the monograph of the Polyplacophora. In noticing the completion we may ask why the group is not called Polyplaxiphora since this was Blainville’s original term? If it is necessary to amend this name, why then should Mr. Pilsbry use Gray’s generic name of Plax7fhora? Either Blainville was right and his name should be used, or he was wrong, and then Gray’s generic name requires emendation. In noticing the Land series, it is impossible in our space to consider the sub- generic names; we shall therefore only note the genera. This part continues Pyramidiula, and Patiula is used only for the North American forms on the ground of the priority of the former. We then pass through Pararhytida to Physanophora, then to Sagda, of which a key is provided ; this would be of more use if S. jayana and S. daminifera did not appear in more than one section of it. Zaphysema is anew genus (type “eléx fenerrima, C. B. Ad.) for some Jamaican species. Next to Praticolella and on to Polygyvrva, with its numerous sections. Then through Polygyrella and Polyzyratia to Pleurondonte, which latter is resurrected to contain Caracolus, Zsomeria, and other groups. Finally through Camena and Oba to Planispira.—E. B.S. STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT. é Vv ° ‘ Babor, J., and Kostal, J.—Prispévky ku poznani poméru pohl u nékterych Limicidu. Sitz. Gesel. d. wiss Math.-Nat. Prag., 1893, pp. 1-7, T. xx. An exceedingly interesting paper and very carefully illustrated. The authors have compared a number of specimens of Agriolimax and Malacolimax ; and figures are given of what are termed new species, but they are as yet unnamed. We would suggest before naming and describing as new species, that the exact form of the’ generative organs should be noted in both in and out of the breeding season, as many of the differences seem capable of being accounted for by distension, &c., rather than true morphological distinctions. —W. E. C. Collinge, Walter E.—The Myology of some Pulmonate Moll. considered as a distinctive feature in the discrimination of genera, &c. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., 1894, vol. I, pp. 52-54. Collinge, Walter E.—The Anatomy and Description of a new Species of Avion. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1894, vol. xili., pp. 66-7, pl. v. A. Description of a new species found at Wainsgrove, Somersetshire, by Mr, E. W. Swanton. Arion elongatus, sp. nov. ‘* Head and tentacles blackish, the latter slightly lighter than the head. Centre of mantle marked with a pyreforme mass of deep black, bounded on either side by a narrow yellowish-grey line, below by a deep black band which gradually shades off into a yellowish-grey. Whole of dorsal surface a deep black, bounded, like the mantle, by a yellowish-grey line, then CURRENT LITERATURE, 39 a deep black band, which shades off into a yellowish-grey. Foot-fringe yellow with sepia lineoles. Sole yellowish; lateral planes distinct from medium plane, which latter is marked in a dendritic manner and'slightly lighter in colour. Rugee large and flat. Respiratory orifice distinct. Keel absent, the back being almost flat. Length alive, 24 mm.; length in alcohol, 15 mm.; length of mantle in alcohol, 5 mm. The principal anatomical characters are :—the absence of any sharp distinction between sperm-duct and vas deferens, the enormous size of the free oviduct, which dilates into a sac-like body at about a third of its length, and then constricting passes into a pouch-like portion to which the retractor muscle is attached. Haller, B.—Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Placophoren. Morph. Jahrb., 1894, xxi., pp. 28-39, T. ii Koford, C. A.—On Some Laws of Cleavage in Zimax. Proc. Acad. N.S., Phil., 1894, pp. 180-203, pls. 1-2 This is a preliminary communication giving the results of a study of cleavage in Zimax. A number of very interesting results have already been obtained, which we regret want of space forbids us recapitulating. Lillie, F. R.—Preliminary account of the Embryology of Undo complanata. Journ. Morph., 1893, vol. vill., pp. 569-78, pl. xxviii. Some preliminary remarks on the segmentation and gastrulation. The work has been undertaken with the two following objects, of which fuller details are promised in a later paper :—(1) *‘ To settle definitely the question of the origin of the germ layers in the Uzzontde, and (2) to extend the cytogenetic method in embryological research to the class of the Lamellibranchs. Nabias, M. B. de.—Recherches Histolog. et Organologiques sur les centres nerveux des Gastropodes. Act. L. Soc. Bordeaux, 1894, xlvii., pp. 11-202, pls. i.-v. Nobre, Augusto.—Observacoes sobre o systema nervoso e affinidades zoologicas de alguns pulmonados terrestres. Ann. de Sci. Nat., Porto, 1894, vol. i., pp- 17-20 and 75-78, pl. ili We shall have occasion at a later date to review this interesting paper in some LLOYD) PRAEGER; B:A., vi ReiAs Contains Articles and Notes on the Geology, Flora, and Fauna of Ireland. Vol. I. (1892), price 8s. 6d., includes ‘‘ The Irish Land and Freshwater Mollusca,” by Dr. R. F. Scharff. Vol. II. (1893), price 5s. Vol. III. (1894) will be sent in monthly parts to any address for 5s. Subscriptions should be sent to the publishers, Messrs. EASON & SON, 40, Lower Sackville Street, Dublin. Printed by MCCorquodale & Co, Limited, Leeds. No. 3. SEPTEMBER 29th, 1894. Vol. Ill. = = = = 7 THE JOURNAL MALAGOLOGY Established in 1890 as “The Conchologist, a Hournal of (#alacology.” EDITED BY WoL DERE Be COleLING.E, Mason CoiieEGe, BIRMINGHAM 3 WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN-SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF LIEUT.-COL. H.-H. GODWIN-AUSTEN, F-R.S., FiG:S:, F.Z.S., &C., HascompBe, GODALMING 3 REVerA.s Hs COOKE, M.A: E-Z.S:, Ba RS MISES» BEA.) EeZ-S:, | Kinc’s CoLLeGeE, CAMBRIDGE; Lonpon ; - CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S., B. B. WOODWARD; F:G.S., F.R.M-S., AUSTRALIAN Museum, Sypney, N.S.W. ; British Museum (Naturat History), Lonpon. Confenfs. PAGE’ | | Note on Avion citrinus, Westerlund. BC oc ae Ar .. Joseph B. Babor. 45 | On two Clausilie from Sangir and Sumbawa Rc ys I. R. Sykes, B.A., F.Z.S. 48 | | Notes on the species of Paludomus inhabiting Borneo. .. Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S. 49 | Note on a species of Zamaa from Ireland. Ne Be Me Walter E. Collinge. 51 | Notres—Description of Uvocyclus flavescens (Keferst.).. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, F.Z.S. 52 | Tryon’s ‘“‘ Manual of Conchology.” ey ae ee E.R.S. 53 | ct agg am Be the Speers a ara Be ss st E.R.S. 53 New species of Vaginula. .. ae on op 53 W.E.C. 55 New Portuguese Slugs. se aD oe ae as Wak.G; 57 Editor's Notes, “The Journal of Malacology” is published once a quarter, and issued to subscribers only. The prepaid Annual Subscription is 4s. qd. | | | LONDON safe 0) (Mussrs: DULAU & CO:, 37; Sono Setsht. BERLIN ... Messrs. R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, CARLsTRASSE, 11. All communications should be addressed— W. E. COLLINGE, MASON COLLEGE, BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND. il THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY, Published on the 15th of each Month.—Price Sixpence. NEW SERIES. THE BRITISH NATURALIST. A Bopular Wagazine of General Bafural Sisforn. EDITED BY JOSEPH SMITH, M.R.1.A., F.L.S., anv LINNEUS GREENING, M.R.1A., F.L.S. Annual Subscription, 6s. (post free), to The Editors of ‘‘ British Naturalist,” 61, Legh Street, Warrington. Lonpon: E. W. ALLEN, 4, Avemaria Lane. Dustin: EASON & SON. A LARGE AND CHOICE Stock of Recent Shells for Sale or Exchange. Collections and Specimens bought. Typical Collections for Museums. EXCHANGES MADE FOR SPECIES NOT IN STOCK. A number of new and rare species of Land Shells recently received from China, India, Borneo, Sula and Natuna Is. Also fine marine species from Aden, &c. Glass-topped Boxes, Glass Tubes, Card Trays, &c., supplied promptly at moderate prices. Plan of sizes and price list on application. HUGH FULTON, 216, King’s Road, LONDON, S.W. DULAU & CO., 37, SOHO SQUARE, LONDON, W. Férussac et Deshayes.—Hist. Nat. gen. e. part, d. Moll. Paris, 1820-51, 4 vols. Fine copy, bound in Morocco, gilt top, plate mounted on guards. £24. Férussac et D’Orbigny.—Hist. Nat. d. Céphalopodes Acétab. viv. e. fos. Paris, 1835-48, 2 vols., 4to, cloth, with 144 plates (some coloured). 412. Hanley and Theobald.—Conchologica Indica. Illustrations of the L. & F. Shells of British India. London, 1876, 4to, 160 coloured plates, cloth, new (pub. at £8 5s.). 44 14s. 6d. Hudleston and Wilson.—-Catal..of British Jurassic Gasteropoda, 1892. 8vo, cloth. 7s. 6d. Journal de Conchyliogie.--Complete set from the commencement in 1850 to the end of 1881. Paris, 29 vols.. 8vo, numerous plates (mostly coloured). 417. Proc. of the Malacological Society of London.—Vol. i., No. 1, Svo, with 2 plates. s/- net, postage extra. Our Catalocue of the Literature on Mollusca, 72 pp., will be sent post free 5 : ¢ 5 Poy ( ) on application. THE JOURNAL OF MARINE ZOOLOCY & MICROSCOPY. A PLAINLY-WORDED BIOLOGICAL QUARTERLY. Edited by JAMES HORNELL Joint Director of the Jersey Biological Station. The first number now ready, contains among o¢/ev articles of general interest, the following :— ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.—(1) The Habits of the Octopus; (2) The Colouration of Sponges ; (3) Albinism among Marine Animals; (4) Parti-colouration among Cephalopods ; (5) The Hunting Tactics of the John Dory; (6) The Dispersion of Ova among Tube-building Worms, &c.. &c. MICROSCOPICAL SECTION.—(1) On Lacernaria octoradiata ;-(2) On the Pelagic Worm Vomopteris ; (3) On the Pelagic Ascidian Sadpa. ‘The three Microscopical Studies deal in pleasant but evac¢ manner with the anatomy, life-history, and habits of the respective animals, and are accompanied by two hand-coloured plates of great excellence. Single numbers, 6d., by post 7d. Annual Subscription (payable in advance to SINEL & HORNELL, Biological Station, JERSEY), 2/-, post free. JersEY: SINEL & HORNELL. Lonpon: ELLIOT STOCK. THE Poitier Ob MALACOLOGY. NOTE ON ARION CITRINUS, WESTERLUND. By JOSEPH F. BABOR, Wy797129-07, Dy > University of Prague. (Pl. I, figs. 1-5.) In August, 1891, I had been in Misdroy on the Wollin Island, and I was fortunate to find amongst numerous specimens of Le i> Sa " ; : ! ; . - ~s f ¢ ; , 7 ‘ . A if il ri , ; 1 7 ; a, “ rs > * ; : 4 ERE: LOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY. No. 4. DECEMBER 12th, 13894. Vor. DM THE JOURNAL OF MALACOLOGY. Arter the present number the control of this paper will pass into the hands of Mr. W. M. Webb, F.L.S., and though Mr. Collinge will continue as co-editor, a page of the history of the “ Journal of Malacology” has been turned, and a brief account of its career may be of interest to the subscribers. It is perhaps most fitting that I should be the person to write it, as I was the first Assistant Editor, aud therefore, probably, am more acquainted with the working of the journal than my colleagues are. The first number of this journal appeared in March 25th, 1891, under the title of ‘The Conchologist,” under which name it continued until the close of 1893, and consisted of 16 pp. of letter- press, the shape being crown 4to. Mr. Collinge bore the whole burden of the editing until the close of that year, when the shape of the journal was altered to its present form, and the “ Assistant Editors” commenced to join the staff. The dates of these additions are as follow: the Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., Dr. R. F. Scharff, and myself prior to March, 1892; Mr. W. Garstang, M.A., June, 1892 ; Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.G.S., June, 1893; Mr. Charles Hedley, F.L.S., September, 1893; and Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin-Austen, F.R.S., March, 1894. The services of Mr. Garstang and Dr. Scharff were lost at the close of 1893. Owing to a generous desire on the part of Mr. Collinge not to clash with the newly-formed Malacological Society, an endeavour was made to confine the papers to those dealing with “the slugs and slug-like genera,” and the title was accordingly altered to “ The Journal of Malacology ” ; this endeavour has in a great measure been carried out. Journat or Maracotocy, Vol. iii., No. 4. 62 WALTER EDWARD ‘COLLINGE. Since the foundation of the paper over forty persons—in addition to the staff—have contributed papers to its columns, thus showing that it met an existing want. These papers have dealt with the Mollusca, both recent and fossil; land, freshwater and marine; and the anatomy-has received special attention. One great feature of the paper has been the exhaustive bibliography which, owing to the kindness of authors, has been carried out. It has dealt with considerably over a thousand books and papers in seven or eight languages: longer notices have by preference been given to those published out of Great Britain. The important ‘Check-List of the Slugs’ will cause the recollection of the journal as a land-mark in the study of those genera. The lack of a paper which should be free and not the mere organ of a society has been long felt in England; papers on mollusca have been scattered among many journals, and the lack of some organ where they could be collected together, has been a hindrance to workers, who were unable, either owing to expense or other causes, * to discover where the papers were and to procure them when traced. We therefore owe a great debt to Mr. Collinge for his pluck and liberality in founding this journal and carrying it on amongst the many troubles and difficulties which must have surrounded such an undertaking. EK. R.. Sykes, BA. eee WALTER EDWARD COLLINGE. By ROBERT MACDONALD, M.A., B.Sc., Madras College, St. Andrews, N.B. Mr. WALTER E. Co.ince, F.Z.S., whose portrait appears in this issue, will cease with this number of the “ Journal of Malacology ” to be its proprietor and editor. Mr. W. M. Webb, F.L.S., will succeed to the active control of the magazine, while Mr. Collinge will be retained as co-editor. Mr. Collinge has been connected with this journal since its commencement as the “Conchologist” in 1890. Engaged at the time in the study of the mollusca, he was led by circumstances to establish a quarterly journal in which he could record his own observations, and those of others, and so present in compact form to his co-workers the most recent research work of all students of WALTER EDWARD COLLINGE. 63 malacology. At first unassisted, and in spite of rivalry, opposition, active misrepresentation, and pecuniary loss, the young editor fought his way into general favour. And*now I can imagine him looking back on those cloudy days with complacency, as he hands over to his colleague the active superintendence of what is now the leading English Journal and Review of its specific subject. Mr. Collinge is a born pioneer. Students of malacology were accustomed in 18go to inefficient and slighting service; and were slow to believe that they need not submit themselves any longer to such. The success of a manual devoted entirely to conchology seemed very doubtful, but against prophecy, reasoning and prejudice, the “ Conchologist ” was produced, and brought out regularly—each number more useful and more valuable than the preceding. The success of the paper was due primarily to the need for it among workers in this field of science, but it was also largely due to the unbounded enthusiasm and capacity for work on the part of its editor. He might be said to have created the need for the journal by publishing it; previously a notice in an odd corner of a magazine of general science, or a long delayed and uncertain publication elsewhere, satisfied the student of Conchology ; but the publication of the “Conchologist” drew together and crystallised the work of all, and many a new student of Zoology was encouraged by it to give more than a mere passing notice to the Mollusca. Mr. Collinge was educated at the Yorkshire College, Leeds (Victoria University). On the completion of his course he was elected Assistant in Biology there under Professor L. C. Miall, F.R.S., and it was during this period that the “ Conchologist” was first produced. In 1891 he became Demonstrator of Zoology in St. Andrews University, under Professor W. C. M’Intosh, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., where he gained the Woodall Fisheries Prize, and turned his attention to the study of Teleostean Fishes. In the Marine Laboratory of St. Andrews—where material is never wanting—in the midst of his routine work of classifying and enumerating large quantities of pelagic ova, he found time for experiments on them in preparation for the microscope, and perfected a method for preserving them. His articles on the Mollusca in Chambers’ Encyclopedia were written by him also at this time; and the ‘“Conchologist” of this year (1892) contains amongst other articles from his pen a work entailing careful and methodical criticism, viz., ‘‘A Review of the British Avionide.” In 1892 he was elected Demonstrator of Biology in Mason College, Birmingham, and here under Professor T. W. Bridge, M.A., he has been enabled to pursue the study of Fishes begun in St. Andrews. A2 64 SMITH: RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS PIRULA, LAMARCK. His researches on the “Relations of the Cranial Nerves to the Sensory Canal System” are published in the ‘Proceedings of the Birmingham Philosophical Society,” the British Association Report for 1893, and are still appearing in the ‘‘ Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.” Mr. Collinge is thus not a faddist in Conchology—but a sound scientific student of Anatomy, who has long been specially interested in this branch of it. Doubtless anyone’s interest in “Snails” begins with his pleasure in contemplating the spiral covering, but it is mere dilettanteism and not science to end as a collector of shells for one’s cabinet. In the ‘ Conchologist” Mr. Collinge has always acted liberally in publishing freely the views of enthusiastic collectors, but his personal contributions to the subject are mainly anatomical, and it is on the anatomy mainly that he relies for identification of species, or for establishment of relationship. I understand that Mr. Collinge has in MS. the first of a series of studies in Vertebrate Morphology. Text-books on types become after a time somewhat Aolarized ; and if for no other reason new books on new selected types should be made welcome. But, although somewhat unkind to prejudice unseen work, we may expect from Mr. Collinge something better than mere text-books on typical animals, which’may replace our present dog’s-eared copies. A LIST OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS PIRULA, LAMARCK, WITH NOTES RESPECTING THE SYNONYMY. By EDGAR A. SMITH, F.2Z.8:, Zoological Department, British Museum, London. THE recent species of the genus Piruda, of which the Bulla ficus of Linné is the type, have been monographed or catalogued by Lamarck,* Deshayes,** Reeve,f the late G. B. Sowerby, ++ Rousseau,{ Kobelt,{{ and Tryon,ttt and reviews of the genus have been given by Petit,! Fischer,” and the present Mr. G. B. Sowerby.’ In describing * Hist. Nat. Anim. Sans. Vert., 1822, vol. vii., p. 137. ** Op. cit., ed. 2, vol. ix., p. 502. t Conch. Icon., vol. iv. +t Thesaurus Conch., vol. iv., p. 109. {Chenu’s Illustr. Conchyl., vol. iii. t{ Conchyl. Cab., ed. 2. ttf Man. Conch., vol. vii., p. 265. 1 Journ. de Conch., vol. iii, p. 140? Op. cit., 1884, p. 5. * The Conchologist vol. ii., P- 73+ SMITH: RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS PIRULA, LAMARCK. 65 a new species recently received from the Bay of Bengal, I took the Opportunity of examining the species contained in the collection of the British Museum and also the literature in connection with the genus. As there appears to be considerable difference of opinion among the authors mentioned with regard to the value of Lamarck’s P. decussata, and also a divergence of opinion respecting the synonymy of some of the other species, I was induced to study the subject somewhat carefully and so put together the following notes :— 1. Pirula ficus (Linn.) Bulla ficus, Linn. Syst. nat., ed. 12, p. 1184, partim. Sycotypus jicus, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Moll., vol. iit, pl. xxi., fig. 1 (animal). Licula levigata, Reeve, Con. Icon., fig. 4; Voy. Samarang, p. 39, pl. ix., fig. 4 (animal). Hab.: Indian Ocean and Moluccas (Lam.); Ceylon, Aden (Brit. Mus.) ; Sooloo Sea, 35 fms. (A. Adams). The identification of this species has been agreed upon by all the monographers ; but Reeve, who employed the generic name Ficu/a, suggested by Swainson in 1835 for the species of this genus, in order “to avoid tautology” proposed another name, Ficula levigata, for this species. In the present day, however, we adopt the generic term /v7u/a, and therefore are at liberty to use the specific term . ficus without being tautological. The genus ‘ Pyruda” of Lamarck included species belonging to several genera as now understood, but it was restricted to its present limitations by Montfort in 1810, by Schumacher in 1817, and again in 1824, by Sowerby, a fact ‘apparently unknown to Swainson or Reeve. Moreover the on/y species quoted by Lamarck, when he originally described the genus, and therefore the type (Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist., Paris 1799, p. 73) was the Bulla ficus of Linn. In the twenty-fourth number of his ‘‘Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,” published in 1824, Sowerby figured three species of “ Pyrula,’ and in the account of the genus observed: ‘The shells which, alone, in our opinion, ought to form the genus Pyvz/a, are oblong, rather thin, and generally, more or less strongly cancellated on the outside; they have a thin epidermis which is scarcely ever sufficiently adhesive to remain on the shells when brought into commerce.” He gives a further careful description of the genus, leaving not the slightest doubt as to its scope and consequently the revival of Swainson’s name by Reeve, Kobelt, and the late G. B. Sowerby was altogether unnecessary. For various reasons the generic 66 SMITH: RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS PIRULA, LAMARCK. terms /icus, Klein 1753, Azcus, Rousseau 1846, Sycotypus, H. and A. » Adams 1853 (non Sycotypus, Browne 1756) and Ovus, Risso 1826 must also be rejected. They are either prelinnean, preoccupied, or proposed after the genus “ Pyru/a” was definitely limited. 2. Pirula papyracea, Say. Pyrula papyratia, Say. J. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 238 (June 1822). Pyrula papyratia, Tryon. Man. Conch., vol. vii., p. 266, pl. vi., f. 35- Pyrula papyracea, Sowerby. Conchologist, vol. il., p. 74. Pyrula reticulata, Lamarck. Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. vii., p. 141 (August 1822). Pyrula reticulata, Deshayes. Ency. Meth. vers., vol. iii., p. 808, please, f 2. Pyrula reticulata, Sowerby. Genera, pl. 221, fig. 1. Pyrula reticulata, Kiener. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 28, pl. xii, f. 1. Pyrula reticulata (partim), Kobelt. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5 ; Illus. Conchylienbuch, pl. xxvi., f. 16. Ficus ventricosa (partim), Rousseau in Chenu’s III. Conch., pl. ii., f. 2. Jun. = Ficus clathrata, Rousseau. Op. cit., pl. ii., figs. 3-3i. ficula gracilis, Philippi. Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1848, p. 97. Ficula gracilis, Kobelt. Conch. Cab., p. 12, pl. 2, figs. 1,2. Pyrula fortior, Morch. Mal. Blat., 1877, p. 43. Hab. : Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Campeche (Philippi) ; Georgia and E. Florida (Say) ; British Honduras (Brit. Mus.). What is the Pyriula reticulata of Lamarck? ‘That author, Deshayes and Kiener consider it distinct from the P. ficotdes. On the contrary, Reeve, Kobelt, Tryon, and G. B. Sowerby (1892) have united them or considered them as varieties of one and the same species. After a careful consideration of the original diagnosis, and the description given by Deshayes and Kiener from Lamarck’s type, also the figures in the Encyclopédie Méthodique and in Kiener’s works I am of opinion that not only is P. vetécudata distinct from P. fcoides, but that it is the same form as that previously named P. fapyratia by Say, and afterwards P. graciZis by Philippi. The size, four inches, considerably exceeds that of average speci- mens of P. ficordes, although that species at times does attain that length, and the colouration is quite different. . reticulata is a pale whitish shell, with very feeble light-brown spotting upon the principal transverse ridges, and the aperture is brownish far within, becoming whitish towards the outer lip. On the contrary, P. jicordes is a species exhibiting a considerable amount of variegation in colour. SMITH: RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS PIRULA, LAMARCK. 67 Five or six transverse pale zones, spotted and blotched with brown or purplish-brown, are more or less distinct in most specimens. In addition to these differences, there is one which, if I am correct in the identification of Lamarck’s P. reticulata with Say’s P. papyratia, at once distinguishes it from P. fcocdes. It is the superior size of the nuclear whorls. ‘This is pointed out both by Philippi and Kobelt in their descriptions of P. gracilis. The locality, Indian Ocean, quoted by Lamarck and repeated by subsequent authors, I regard as a mistake. It is worthy of notice that neither Lamarck, Deshayes, or Kiener have mentioned any other species from the Gulf of Mexico and Florida, or from any other locality in that region. The P. fapyratia is not an uncommon species, and was described by Say in the same year, but a month or two before the publication of P. reticulata. 3. Pirula ficoides, Lamarck. Pyrula ficoides, Lamarck. Hist. Anim. sans Vert., vol. vii., p. 142 (1822). Pyrula ficoides, Kiener. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 29, pl. xiii, f. 2. Ficula reticula, Reeve (non Lamarck). Con. Icon., fig. 1. Ficula decussata, Sowerby (non Wood). Thes. Conch., vol. iv., pl. 423, figs. 1-3. Ficula reticulata, var. Kobelt. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, p. 7, pl. xix, hes, 55.6: ficula reticulata, Adams & Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 39, pl. ix., fig. 5 (animal). Pyrula reticulata (partim), Tryon. Man. Conch., vol. vii., pl. v., f. 28. Ficus ficoides, Chenu. Man. Conch., vol. i., p. 211, f. 1150. Sycotypus ficoides, Troschel. Gebiss der Schnecken, vol. i., p. 238, plc, ligt 2. Hab.: China Sea, W. Borneo, Japan, Red Sea, Mauritius, Madagascar, E. Africa, Ceylon, &c. ‘“‘ A small prettily coloured variety ” from the Mauritius, mentioned by Mr. G. B. Sowerby,” is also remarkable for the coarse cancellation of the surface. 4. Pirula gracilis, Sowerby. Pyrula gracilis, Sowerby. Tankerville Cat. Appendix, p. xvii. (1825). Pyrula elongata, Gray. Zool. Beechey’s Voy., p. 115 (1839). Pyrula Dussumiert (Valenciennes MSS.), Kiener. Icon. Coq. Viv., 255 pl. se * Conchologist, vol. ii., p. 74. 68 SMITH: RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS PIRULA, LAMARCK. Pyrula Dussumieri, Tryon. Man. Conch., vol. vii., p. 266, pl. v., f. 30. Ficula Dussumitert, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 2. Licula Dussumtert, Sowerby. Thes. Conch., vol. iv., p. 110, pl. 423; f. 5: ; Ficula Dussumieri, Kobelt. Conch. Cab., ed. 2, p. 10, pl. i., f. 1. Ficus Dussumiert, Rousseau in Chenu’s Ill. Conch., pl. i., fig. 2a (animal). Hab.: China Sea (Kiener, &c.); Bay of Bengal in 65 fms. (‘‘ Investigator” Coll. in India Mus.). P. testa elongato ficiformt, tenut, albida, brunneonebulosa, strits, longitudinalibus exilissimis, transversis eminentioribus, Pplanulatis ; apertura intus brunned, labio externo albido ; long. Aq’ une. lat. 25°, une. Obs. A shell of more slender proportions than the other Figs., and apparently very distinguishable by the characters given above. There are several specimens in this collection, but the locality has not been preserved with any of them.” Such is the description given by Sowerby of his P. gvaczdis, and it seems to me that it can only apply to the species commonly known as P. Dussumiert. It is catalogued by M. Petit (J. de Conch., 1852, p. 149) as a distinct species with the localfty ‘“ Golfe du Mexique.” The only species at present known from that locality is P. papyracea, and Sowerby’s description does not suit that shell. The term “brunneo-nebulosa” and the flattened ridges are charac- teristeric of Dussumieri and not of papyracea, the only form with which it couid possibly be confounded. The LP. elongata of Gray described a year previous to the publication of P. Dussumieri, is evidently the same species, for the description in Beechey’s Voyage, although brief, is applicable to that form only. 5. Pirula ventricosa, Sowerby. Pirula ventricosa, Sowerby. Tankerville Cat. Appendix, p. xvi. (1825). Bulla decussata, Wood. Index test. supp., p. 9, pl. iil, f. 3 (1828). Pyrula ventricosa, Kiener. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 27, pl. xii, f. 2. Ficula decussata, Reeve. Con. Icon., f. 3. Ficula decussata, Kobelt. Con. Cab., ed. 2, p. 10, pl. xxiv., f. 3. Ficula reticulata, Sowerby. Thes. Con., vol. iv., p. 110, pl. 423, f. 6, 7. Pyrula decussata, Tryon. Man. Conch., vol. vii., p. 266, pl. vi., f. 34. Ficus decussatus, Chenu. Man. Conch., vol. 1., p. 211, f. 1151. Hab.: Gulf of California, Panama, and other localities on the west coast of Central America. SMITH : RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS PIRULA, LAMARCK. 69 With the exception of Kiener all the monographers have designated this species by the name decussa¢a, proposed by Wood in 1828. Three years previously, however, Sowerby had described it as P. ventriéosa, which name on account of priority should be employed. 6. Pirula filosa, Sowerby. Pyrula filosa, Sowerby. Conchologist, vol. ii., p. 74. Hab.: Hong Kong. ‘“This species may readily be recognised by its numerous and regular transverse brown lines,” and “its cancellating ridges are more prominent, regular, and distant” than in other recent species. 7. Pirula pellucida (Deshayes). Ficus pellucidus, Deshayes. Journ. de Conch., 1856, p. 184, pl. vi., AgssoT; 2. Hab. P This species has been regarded by Kobelt and Tryon as a variety of P. ficus. ‘The marked difference of colour and form, besides the opinion of such a master in conchology as Deshayes, seem to me to indicate or almost prove the distinctness of the species. 8. Pirula tessellata (Kobelt). wacug tesstlata, Kobelt. Conch: Cab., ed. 2, p. 12, pl. u., £ 2: Pyrula tessellata, Tryon. Man. Conch., vol. vil., p. 267, pl. v., f. 31 (after Kobelt). Ficula reticulata (partim), Sowerby. Thes. Conch., vol. iv., pl. 423, f. 2. Hab.: Australia (Kobelt) ; Rosemary Is. [ Dampier Archipelago], Australia (Tryon); Swan River (Mus. Cuming). Neither of the three specimens of this species in the British Museum have the two pale brownish bands described by Kobelt- They are quite white excepting the transverse series of subquadrate brownish spots. 9. Pirula investigatoris, Smith. Sycotypus sp., Wood-Mason and Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891, vol. vil., p. 15, cut 2. Sycotypus investigatorts iid. MSS. Pirula investigatoris, Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1894, vol. xiv., Pp: 367. Hab.: Off Ganjam coast, east coast of India, in 98-102 fathoms, on a sandy bottom. A species of thin texture, more ventricose and with a higher spire than any of the other recent forms. It is as smooth and finely sculptured as P. ficus. 70 COLLINGE: GENERATIVE ANATOMY OF AMALIA MARGINATA. ON THE GENERATIVE ANATOMY OF AMALIA MARGINATA, DRAP., AND SOME REMARKS UPON THE GENUS. By WALTER. E. COLLINGE, Demonstrator of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, Mason College, Birmingham. I am indebted to the kindness of Lieut.-Colonel G. S. Parry for a series of examples of Amada collected by him in Tenerife. They are all in beautiful condition. I am therefore able to give an account of the animal and the anatomy of its generative system in some detail. The Amaia which has generally been accredited to Tenerife is the Zzmax (Amalia) carinata, a’ Orb., who in 1839 described and figured this species." As has been pointed out by Cockerell,” the figures ‘suggest at first sight some Parmacella.” The name carvinata being preoccupied, Bourguignat® re-named the species from d’ Orbigny’s figures, terming it Zimax folyptyclus— an eminently scientific and simple method of species making, and thoroughly characteristic of the Bourguignat school ! Mabille in 1868 proposed the new genus La/lemantia, in which he classed it. Later malacologists, content with external appear- ances, only removed the species to the genus Ama/za, classing it as a variety or synonym of gagates. D’ Orbigny states that it is rare and inhabits the mountains near Santa Cruz. I think there can be no doubt but that the slug of d’Orbigny figured, and upon whose figures Bourguignat exercised his ingenious imagination, is the one which Lieut.-Colonel G. S. Parry has recently collected, and which I am here describing. Amalia marginata, Drap. Animal (in alcohol). The whole of the dorsal region of the body is a bluish sepia, shading to an ochreous colour on the sides, which are minutely peppered with fine sepia and grey points. Head and tentacles lighter. The body is more attenuated than gagafes and the mantle is oval with a circular cap-like protuberance in the 1 Moll. Canar., 1839, p. 47, pl. iii., figs. 4 to 8. * Ann. Mag. N. H., 1891, p. 335- * Aménités Malacologiques, T. ii., p. 148. COLLINGE: GENERATIVE ANATOMY OF AMALIA MARGINATA. 71 posterior portion, the anterior lobe so typical of gagates is almost wanting. ‘The posterior portion of the mantle is faintly marked with dark lateral bands. Keel straight and prominent. Foot-fringe yellowish-browh, with darker lineoles, foot-sole yellowish-brown with median plane distinct. Length in alcohol 35 millim. Habitat.—Santa Cruz and Orotava, Tenerife. ‘‘ Fairly abundant under stones.” (Lt.-Col. G. S. Parry). ac. gl. Generative system of Amalia marginata, Drap. ac. gl.—Accessory gland. pr.—Prostate. alb. gl.— Albumen gland. r.—Retractor muscle. h. d.—Hermaphrodite duct. | r. s.—Receptaculum seminis. h. gl.—Hermaphrodite gland. | sp. d.—Sperm duct. ov.—Oviduct. v.—Vestibule. ov’.—Free oviduct. | v. d.—Vas deferens. Anatomy of Generative System. There is a single vestibule to the side of which a large accessory gland is connected. This organ is bilobed, the inner lobe being the smaller of the two. In the example figured by Simroth* (T. x., fig. 1, xill. B.) the two lobes are distinct from one another. These + Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool., 1885, Bd. xlii., pp. 203-366. 72 COLLINGE: GENERATIVE ANATOMY OF AMALIA MARGINATA. accessory glands are very variable in all species of Amalia. Scharff ° records an example of A. gagates, Drap., in which there were as many as four glands. From the ventral surface of the vestibule the free oviduct passes off as a wide tube. Dorsally the receptaculum seminis and sperm-duct pass off. The receptaculum seminis is exceedingly large, it gradually enlarges in size from its commence- ment, and terminates in a blunt point. The sperm duct in all the specimens I have examined differs from that figured by Simroth. It is V-shaped as in gagazes, but the outer arm is the iarger, a series of faintly-coloured rings encircle this, which is expanded in a globose manner. The figure given in Lessona and Pollonera’s Monograph® (T. ii. f. 14) is poor and not at all characteristic of the species, which might be said of most of the drawings of the generative organs of the species of Ama/ia there figured. A short vas deferens passes from the apex of the sperm duct and traverses the side of the free oviduct, opening into the prostate. The common duct is richly convoluted, the oviducal and prostatic portions being very distinct. There is a large albumen gland. _ The hermaphrodite gland is somewhat small and very constant in all the specimens examined, consisting of a series of small glands forming a somewhat triangular mass. ‘lhe hermaphrodite duct is a fine tube, but little convoluted. Respecting the classification of the species of Amalia, I would place the following as well marked and distinct species, both externally and internally they are easily distinguished from one another. Amatia gagates, Drap. Amalia marginata, Drap. Amalia sowerbit, Fer. Amati gracilis, Leyd. Amalia robict, Simr. Amalia cretica, Simr. 7. Amalia cristata, Kal. I do not say that these are all the distinct species of the genus, but only those which at present I am able to express an opinion upon. If the external and internal character of these species were better known we should have far fewer so-called new species. Many of the gagazes group will, as soon as their anatomy is investigated, be found to be simply varieties of that species. I refer to such forms as p/umbea, Mogq., mediterranea, Ckll., maura, Q. & G., Zasmanica and nigricolus, Tate. Am WN 5 Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc., 1891, vol. iv., pp. 513-562, 2 pls. 6 Monog. d. Limacidi Italiani, 1882, pp. 1-82, T. i.-ili. NOTES. 73 The species of the Swbamalia section of Pollonera are well worthy of a much more careful anatomical study than they have yet received. Such forms as 4. cretica and A. robict, Simr., will probably throw much light upon the structure and affinities of the genus which is at present very desirable. Out of seventy adult examples of A. sowerdzi which I dissected the amount of variation was exceedingly small, and by no means so well marked as the differences found in young specimens. In A. gagates even slight variations were not at all common, although one or two occurred in the form and number of the accessory glands and the constrictions in the sperm-duct, neither points of great importance. The constancy in this genus of the generative organs certainly makes these a very safe character for basing specific distinctions on, and as soon as the minor differences are figured and described—if they exist—in the many doubtful forms, the sooner will the limits, &c., of the genus be better understood. NOTES. Mollusca as Purifiers of Water. A use, novel to me, of pond snails by the Chinese silk growers is described in an official work which caught my eye by chance. This waif of malacological information is so certain to escape recorders that I transcribe the passage for the Journal of Malacology. Report on Silk. Imperial Maritime Customs of China, ii., Special Series, No. 3; Shanghai, 1881, p. 57. **The water used for reeling silk is taken from mountain streams, as being the cleanest ; the water from wells is never used ; and if mountain water cannot be had, river water is taken, which is cleaned by putting a pint of live shellfish to one jar of water. There is a special kind of shellfish, called the pure water shell- fish [here follows the vernacular name in Chinese characters] (fg. xxiv.), found everywhere in ponds, wells, and creeks. They first of all sink to the bottom of the jar, and then by degrees make their way up its sides, consuming gradually all impurities in the water within half a day or so. After the clean water has been drawn from the jar, the shellfish are cleansed and put to the same duty again.” As the three coloured figures are drawn in Chinese perspective the species cannot be certainly identified. They are, however, sufficiently like Reeve’s figure (Conch. Icon., vol. xiv., Paludina, pl. iv., f. 18) of Vevipara chinensis, Gray, to assume that this the artist endeavoured to portray.—CHARLES HEDLEY, F.L.S., Australian Museum, Sydney. Note on the Value of Laimodonta. I regret to suggest the alteration of a generic name, but I think for the reasons appearing below that Za/modonta can hardly stand, and therefore propose : Enterodonta, nom. nov. 1855 (Jan.). Lazmodonta, H. and A. Adams, P.Z.S., 1854, p. 34- Non. 1841. Latmodon, G. R. Gray, Genera of Birds, ed. 2, p. 49. Non. 1846. Lemodonta, Philippi, Zeischr. fur Mal., p. 98. Non. 1847. Laimodonta, Bronn, Preisver. Ausl. Konch. Mus. Heidelberg. iv., Pp. 4. Non. ? Laimodonta, Nuttall, MS. 74 NOTES. Gray’s name was only a new name for an already preoccupied genus of the Picide, and so would stand on its bare publication ; it was, however, fully described in his subsequent larger work, which also antedates Messrs. Adams. The paper by these authors appeared in the P.Z.S. eight months prior to the part of their ‘‘ Genera of Recent Mollusca,” which contained the name. Bronn’s Laimodonta was never described, and the name only appeared in a‘sale catalogue, the type is probably Plecotrema striatum, Phil. (sp.). Philippi used, and misspelt, the name in consequence of shells that he received from Bronn ; he did not describe it. I cannot find that Nuttall ever published the name, though most authors seem to have given him credit for it.—E. R. SyKrs, B.A., F.Z.S., London. Reviews of the ‘‘Manual of Conchology.” In looking over the reviews of the Manual of Conchology in the ‘‘ Journal of Malacology,” I have been forcibly struck by the widely different conceptions of the functions of a reviewer held by ‘‘E. R. S.” and myself. I have believed that such notices as these should primarily give an idea of the new or original views advanced in the publications noticed, and the more faithfully these are mirrored, the better the review; typographical errors and misprints being (secondarily) indicated. ‘‘E. R. S.” seems to act on the theory that original views (except in so far as these are expressed in zew names—a very different thing from sew zdeas) are not worth space, which is given up largely to the correction of supposed ‘‘slips” and ‘* printers’ errors.” Even these would be of use were they well founded, but to attempt corrections without being familiar with the subjects treated is dangerous, and should not lightly be essayed. ‘* Don’t monkey with the buzz saw,’ as the sign reads in a Western saw-mill. In the March Journal, ‘‘E. R. S.” says ‘* Hedleyeconcha, a horrible name” ; but was the name as I wrote it as bad as this incorrect spelling? And then ‘‘E. R. S.” adds a syllable to 7haumatodon, making it Zhaemdnatodon, a name I never proposed, and a stumbling-block to future nomenclators. Again, in the June issue he says that the key to Segda would ‘‘be of more use if S. jayana and S. daminifera did not appear in more than one section of it,’ which is not true, as provision had to be made for the wide variation of certain species; and, moreover, ‘‘S. daminifera” is E. R. S.’s name, not mine. I wrote /amellifera. I never heard of ‘* S. daminifera” before. Can it be a ‘‘ slip” of my worthy critic, like ‘‘ Hedleyeconcha,” ‘* Thauminatodon,” &c.? In the September Journal, ‘‘ E. R. S.” says: ‘‘Slips such as ‘ Fischer’ for ‘Fischer de Waldheim,’ and printers’ errors such as ‘ Acteon’ are too numerous.” The first of these was no ‘‘slip,” but an intentional contraction supposed to be allowable in view of the fact that the full name appears in the generic caption on the same page. As to ‘* Acteon,” if **E. R. S.” had looked up the reference in which I use this spelling, he would see that I quote it faithfully. And so I could go on, showing many more errors on the part of ‘‘E. R. S.,” but czz dono? As long as human nature remains what it is, critics will shoot their little arrows ; and if this target of mine affords them amusement, surely I should not complain, but rather be grateful if sometimes a true shot nails error in view of the scientific field.—H. A. Pitspry, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. It is a popular superstition with authors that critics who do not agree with them are incompetent, and Mr. Pilsbry is no exception to the general rule. He complains that I do not refer to his ‘‘new or original views” ; if, however, I consider that there are none ina particular work, I cannot mention them. As to what constitutes ‘‘ original views,” each critic must form his own opinion. A review such as he seems to desire would take up more space than can be spared. Mr. Pilsbry must remember that, saying that 7 am not familiar with subject, does not prove that he is. ‘* No case, abuse your adversary,” is a good old saying. Seriously, however, I have much admiration for the good work Mr. Pilsbry has done and is doing. The point of my remark as to Hedleyoconcha is that a modern surname combined with a Greek word is not a good generic name. The key to Sagda is, in my opinion, founded on an insecure basis ; the two species do undoubtedly occur in more than one section of it, namely in (a a) and (aaa), and, if Mr. Pilsbry cannot fit the species in without this occurring, he can hardly expect me to praise it. That is the point of the criticism to which CURRENT LITERATURE. 75 he should address himself. The deliberate use of ‘‘ Fischer” for ‘‘ Fischer de Waldheim” cannot be right, as it would lead readers to believe that Dr. Paul Fischer was intended ; the contraction could serve no useful purpose, as there is plenty of room at the close of the paragraph in which it occurs. The name of ‘‘ Fischer” occurring after the family name on the page before would increase the confusion. If it were allowable to contract the name, then the full name should be printed’ before the contraction and not after. If readers will refer to the use of ‘* Acteon” (ser. I, part 59, p. 153), they will see that it is not referred to as a quotation, as Mr. Pilsbry states in error; the full sentence is, ‘* This species is the type of the genera Acteonr, Tornatella, and Speo.” Really Mr. Pilsbry should not expect me to be better acquainted with his works than he is himself. I shall not carry on this controversy further, for, as he wisely remarks, Czz dono? It isa pity that this did not occur to him earlier.—E. R. S. CURRENT LITERATURE. In order to make the following Bibliography’ as complete as possible, the Editor invites the co-operation of British and foreign authors. All communications should be addressed to the Editor, the “ Journal of Malacology,” Mason College, Birmingham, England. MALACOLOGY IN GENERAL. Taylor, John W.—A Monograph of the L. and F. M. of the British Isles. Part i., pp. 1-64. 1 pl., 138 figs. ; Leeds: Taylor Bros., Oct. 1894. A work on the L. and F. Mollusca of the British Isles, which would incor- porate the latest views of all schools of workers, has long been wanted, and that the present publication, when complete, will form a valuable addition to the literature of the subject, there can be little doubt. Part 1 deals with the History, Classification, Nomenclature, Synonymy, and Shell. The views of most authors are set forth in a fair and concise manner, a feature which we trust will continue to characterise the work. Even should there be much in the systematic portion to which we shall be unable to assent, or however adversely we regard the same, we feel the amount of time and energy that has been expended, the care and patience with which material has been collected, and the manner in which the same is now arranged, well merit the support of all who are interested in this section of the mollusca. Mr. Taylor is to be congratulated upon the style of production and illustration, which leave nothing to be desired. We trust we shall not have to wait Jong for future parts, but that the support given to the present issue will stimulate the author to a speedy publication. Wie C STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT. Babor, J. F.—Uber den Cyclus der Geschlechtoentwicklung der Stylommato- phoren. Verhandl. d. Deutsch. Zool. Gesell., 1894, pp. 55-61, figs. I-10. This interesting paper details some very valuable observations upon the variation of the generative organs of certain molluscs. A large number of cases are reported where either the male or female organs were absent, ¢.., those of Biétrix (Hi. pomatia), Giard (Pterotrachea), Fewkes and Barrois (Paludina), Collinge (ZH. aspersa and Arion intermedius), Simroth (Vitrvina and Agr. levis). 76 CURRENT LITERATURE. The author describes a number of cases of variation in Agr. devis and many other molluscs. Such observations as these only emphasise how important it is to establish really sound anatomical features for purposes of classification, and the absurdity of making new species upon slight variations. —W.E.C. Baker, F. C.—Further notes on the Embryonic whorls of the Wuricide. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1894, pp. 223-4. Fischer, H.—Note sur le bras hectocolylisé de ? Octopus vulgaris, Lamarck. Journ. de Conchy., 1894, pp. 13-19, I fig. Kishinouyo, K.—Note on the eyes of Cardium muticum, Reeve. Journ. Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Japan., 1894, vol. vi., pp. 279-86, pl. ix. Pace, S.—Notes on the Anatomy of ulimulus auris-scturt, Guppy. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., 1894, vol. i., pp. 151-2, figs. Tocl, K.—Poznamky o Bojanovu organu Trachovky Sphertum rivicola, Leach. Sitz. Gesel. d. wiss! Math.—Nat., Prag., 1894, pp. 1-7, T. vii. Vayssiere, A.—Etude de la Scéssurvella costata, var. levigata. Journ. de Conchy., 1894, pp. 19-29, pl. il. Woodward, M. F.—On the Anatomy of Pterocera. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., 1894, vol. i., pp. 143-50, pl. xi. CLASSIFICATION, NOMENCLATURE, NEW GENERA AND SPECIES. Ancey, C. F.—Résultat des recherches malacologiques de Mgr. Lechaptois sur les bords du lac Nyassa et de la riviére Shire. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1894, T. vii., pp. 217-34. New species of Achatina, Unio, Spathella, and Mute/a. Brot, A.—On some new species of J/e/ania from Palawan and the neighbour- hood. Proc. Malac. Soc., Lond., 1894, vol. 1, pp.,175-77, figs. 1-6. Collinge, Walter E.—Description of a New Species of Slug of the genus Janella. Proce. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1894, pp. 526-30, fig. 5. ‘* Janella maculata, sp. nov. Animal much flatter than /. dztentacedata. Dorso-median groove distinct and continuous to the tip of the tail. Ground-colour dirty yellow, with numerous irregular black spots and dashes ; a large, black, oval-shaped mark immediately behind the pulmonary orifice. Head slightly lighter than the rest of the body. Foot dirty yellow, marginal portions distinct from median plane. Pulmonary orifice small and inconspicuous. Length in alcohol 33 millim. Habitat.—Forty Mile Bush, North Island, New Zealand (H. Suter).” This species differs from /. dtentaculata in the form and length of the free oviduct and penis, the shortness of the common duct, the form and divisions of the hermaphrodite gland, the distinct form of the albumen-gland, and the minor differences in the liver, colour of the animal, and general flattened form of the whole of the body. Coutagne, G.—Les Cyclostomes de la Faune Francaise. Feu. Jeun. Nat., 1894, No. 287, pp. 170-2. The author states there are three species of Cyc/ostoma in France, viz., C. asteum, Bgt., C. elegans, Miill., and C. sudcatum, Drap. [C. asteum appears to be only a smooth form of C. elegans. ] CURRENT LITERATURE. VAs Dautzenberg, Ph.—Descr. d’un Heéliciéen nouv. prov. de la cote occidéntale du Maroc. Bull. Soc. Zool., France, 1894, T. xix, p. 17. Fleck, Ed. ~-Notiz zu Helix (Dorcasia) alexandr?, Gray. Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges. Frankf., 1894, pp. 94-5. Hedley, C.—On some naked Australian Marine Mollusca, pt. i, Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S. W., Vol. ix., pp. 126-8, pl. vii. Oscanius hilli is a new species, most nearly allied to O. tzderculatus from the Mediterranean. Hedley, C.—Calliostoma purpureocinctum, n. sp. Lbid., pp. 35-36. Henn, Arnold U., and Brazier, John.—List of Mollusca found at Green Point, Watson’s Bay, Sydney. Jézd., pp. 165-182, pl. xiv. A very remarkable collection of 1,376 specimens of 155 species, all from one bottle full of shingle and sand! The following are new species: Perzsternza 1, Clathurella 1, Vanikoro 1, Turbonilla 1, Eulimella 1, Odostomia 2 [indistincta is already preoccupied in Odostomia), Brttiun 1, Trzforis 1, Rissoia 2, Homalogyra 1, Glyphis 1, Puncturella 1, and Marginella 1. Jousseaume, F.—Description d’une coquille nouvelle. Le Nat., 1894, p. 186. A new Axina. Jousseaume, F.—Descriptions des coquilles nouvelles. ézd., pp. 201-2. Jousseaume, F.—Descriptions des Mollusques nouveaux. Jd7d., pp. 228-9. Two new Japanese bivalves. Jousseaume, F.—Moll. recueillis a Ceylan per M. E. Simon, et revision générale des espéces terr. e. fluo.-lacustres de cette ile. Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1894, T. vii., pp. 264-300, pl. iv. A general review of the described forms. The following are new: V2trea 1, Trichia 1, Microcystis 1, Euplectella 1, Plectopylis 2, Aygromia 1, Opeas 1, Glessula 1, Phengus 1, and Cyathopoma 1. Kobelt.—Systematisches Conchylien—Cabinet, Lief 409 (Oct. 1894). Contains part of the Achatinide (vol. i., Heft. cxxiv., pp. 73-104, T. 24-29. Melvill, J. C.—Description of a new sp. of Axgina (Z. epidromidea) from Bombay. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., 1894, vol. 1., p. 162, fig. Pilsbry, H. A.—Remarks on the status of species and sub-species. Naut., 1894, vol. vill., pp. 49-52. Pilsbry, H. A.—Descriptive notices of new Chitons. Jdzd., pp. 53-6. Pilsbry, H. A.—The American species of Carychium. Tbid., pp. 61-3. Practically a reprint from Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1891. Pilsbry, H. A.—erostylus, the embryo of Megalatractus. TLbid., pp. 67-9. Mr. Pilsbry candidly withdraws his new genus, admitting it to be only an embryo shell. Pilsbry, H. A.—Fatella kermadecensis. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1894, pp. 208-12, pl. vii.-viii. Mr. Pilsbry insists that, despite Mr. Brazier’s views to the contrary, the species really comes from the Kermadecs, and that 2. pz/sbryz, Brazier, should therefore fall into the synonymy. Schmacker, B., and Boettger, O.—Descrs. of some Chinese Land Shells. Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., pp. 169-74, pt. of pl. viii. 78 CURRENT LITERATURE. Schwarz, E. H. L.—The descent of the Octofoda. Journ. Mar. Zool., 1894,. vol. 1., pp. 87-92. The author proposes ‘‘ the division of the Cephalopoda into the Zxdocochlia and the £c¢ocochfia ; the first including the Belemnitzde, Sepiade, Teuthide, and Spirulide, while the second includes the Maztzloidea, Ammonordea, and the Octopoda.”’ [The names are not very convenient as Axtoconcha and Ectoconcha have already been used in divisions of the Ofzsthobranchiata. | Simpson, C. T.—Types of