Re ee ee ee

ane

The: Moulrial

PEAUNAM ES FORM
OF” THE»

FEBRUARY, 1920.

PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.
(For Complete List of Contents see page xv.)

Agricultural Education and Research ; The Petryeernens

of Grass Land - - = - = a
Land Settlement in Denmark. J. G. Bioeber M.A., B. So. ‘
Farm Drainage Machinery. Major J. G. Merrison Bats
Land Drainage -- -

| _ ‘The White Rot Disease of Onion Bulbs. A. D. Cotton and

: - MLN. Owen - cet a ama 8S - - “ us
Pea and Oat Hay. Jas. O. Brown = . - = 2 ut
The Quality of Farm and Garden Seeds - - - =
Notes on Agriculture Abroad - = - - - aie

_ Notes on Manures for aya at From the Rothamsted Experi-

mental Station = = i Fi

moa Report of the Ni alla Products Comuittes - =

- Notes on Feeding Stuffs for March. From the Animal
| Nutrition Institute, Cambridge University = - = .
- Land Settlement through Local Authorities -~ -
- Poultry Laying Trials. at He Bar ReR apna Agricultural
College - - - -
- Employment of Women in ‘Murigdtine - - - -
Farming of Land Broken up during the War - - -
- ~Official Notices and Circulars - : - ~ - ~

LONDON:
PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE,
ann PUBLISHED sy tHe MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES.

(To be obtained from the Ministry's Offices, 3, St. James's Square, London, 8.W. 1.)

\

EDITORIAL AND ‘ MONTHLY.
PUBLISHING OFFICES

INO.

. C VERNON @ SONS Lt :
> 3, ST. JAMES'S SQUARE, ae SIXPENCE. ] yt Holborn Viaduot, B.C. 1;

Post free. e Street, Liverpool.

.

ii.

Ministry of Agriculture

ERT AQ:

THE JOURNAL OF THE yrstsTR OF Acnroourone Advertisements 5 a

MU AeuM

McDOUGAL Ls

PATE NT

KU R-MANGE.

PARAS! T Co M Al \ G E 1

HORSES, cies poas, Etc. ee

tAY

(2

—

KUR-MANGE also destroys Lice, Fleas and other Parasites: ih, :
and leaves the Skin and Coat in a clean and healthy condition.

A SPLENDID CURE FOR RINGWORM,

McDOUGALL’S | _ NON-POISONOUS. :

PATENT | IS NON-CARBOLIC.
KUR-MANGE Beanies fo

SUPPLIED BY THE LEADING CHEMISTS.

IN | PACKETS at 1/6 each, and T-lb. TINS at 15h each. )

Write for special nied on Parasitic Wenge 4 Dent. eS . A ; Ee
06/68, PORT STREET, MANCH ESTER. ;

For Seventy Years Specialists in the Manufacture of
SHEEP DIPS, CATTLE DRESSINGS, :
INSECTICIDES AND DISINFECTANTS.

Telegrams—DISINFECT, Mawoneeren.

Telephone—$7 cent, MANCHESTER, es i iH

eA Se etn eS, ivyPr ; ,
aa ig) ty De thes ey ou aad ; -
, ae <i +P 2 , \
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te? ; ;
_ THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. i

>
~~

rms

Scientifically Bred to the Highest Standard of Productivity.

GARTONS

New and Regenerated Breeds

of Farm Plants, including

Oats, Barleys, Grasses,
Clovers, Mangels,
Swedes, Turnips, Etc.

are fully described and quoted in their large Illustrated Catalogue,
which can be had post free on application to bona-fide buyers from

GARTONS LTD. <=" WARRINGTON

be \» [ Tr 2A
a N Wi by y ji : AS

S,
linn

|

rc. ae
Lubricant of?
Outstanding merit

Dick's I.L.0. Tractroil is acknowledged to
be the best lubricant for Tractors and other

mee NT

‘S

A

WK
NY

+4
ENB! ON h
RL be 4,
\y

' "ap, tie
s \Y, Agricultural ayer ret Stesucnes - EZ
I on a | i YS I ES Pomme NE 4 iil PS evidenced by the fact that it is used excla- Hyer
ee 14 Be sively and recommended by the Crawley is
ABH | Si, Agrimotor Co., whose machines attained 4 Ts
Ny ii remarkable results at the Lincola trials. Ee,
A" 77, I.L.0. Lubricants ensore efficiency in Bf?
4 He running aud economy in cost. They are og
2's Mg PES (Rix te EN ¢ Sa guaranteed to lubricate more and carbouise Lig
=| et Paw E rt feos a 2774, ae es x Y! if! less than any other similar lubricants. ty
| es | WBDICKECOnD fig
x ‘lf 90, Fenchurch St.,London. EC3 i 7,
3 i Jelephone. AVENUE 7854 (2lines)_ De
a 2 Telegrams. DICOTTO.FEN, LONDON [44y
7 vas 8
<4
§

ii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

COUNTRY HOUSE AND ESTATE LICHTING.

“ACETYLENE”

WHICH COMBINES EFFICIENCY AND SIMPLICITY WITH ECONOMY. |

We have successfully Installed several thousand
plants during the last 25 years, and will be pleased
to advise and estimate for any contemplated work.

The best light for the farmhouse. Write for particulars of The Atoz Lighting Sets: —
10 Lights... £16 0 0 | 20 Lights ... £84 0 0

The above prices include Plant, Brackets and Pendants.

PORTABLE LAMPS SUITABLE FOR FARM WORK.

| ATOZ CARBIDE |

SUPPLIES NOW AVAILABLE. WRITE FOR QUOTATION,

The ACETYLENE CORPORATION, Limited,

49, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER,
LONDON, S.WYv.1.

The Oil that is backed with Manufacturers? guarantee to
giwe Perfect Lubrication. Entire absence of Wear and
Tear on your Tractor ensured by use of

eb
STERNTRAG

fe Swale
STERNTRAG
5

Grades specially prepared
FOR ALL MAKES OF TRACTORS.
ga@y- N.B.—Send for price list and handbook on Tractor Management.
Sole Makers, STERNS Limited, A.D. 28, Royal London House, Finsbury Square, London, E.C.2,

; e THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. iti

_| BEST QUALITY and VALUE.

|| weBBs’ WEBBS’
Bee ms yo
a
if Seed Root
q Corn. Seeds.
f MANGEL, | |F
ea WEBBs' from 1/3 Ib.
ity
a = wt.
% Grasses & 130/78
“ SWEDE,
oF Clovers from 2/6 Ib.
% for 120/= bushel.
Ai ALTERNATE TURNIP,
oS ae. from 1/6 Ib.
it PASTURES. . H.M. THE KING’S 20 GUINEA CUP 70/- bushel.
FOR BEST ROOT CROPS.
PERMANENT THE WINNER, Mr. R. R. PURSER, Sutton Farm, WEBBS’ FARM
PASTURES. Slough, writes :—‘‘ Good Seeds at the start make a CATALOGUE '
ee’ big difference. Your Mangel were a fine plant; the
a) judges said they had not seen a better lot for a large (64 large pages)
byes _ Estimates on request. | number of years. post free.

WEBB & SONS, Ltd., The King’s Seedsmen, STOURBRIDGE.

SCOTTISH

GO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY

LIMITED
Registered Offices—95, Morrison Street, GLASGOW.

| Established 1868. Annual Turnover—19} MILLIONS,
2 | SEED AND WARE

| Potato Merchants and Growers.
:

: Potato Departments:

hy 95, Morrison Street, CLASCOW,

‘B | Links Place, LEITH, and
ast. Woodstock Street, KILMARNOCK,

Extensive Buyers of all classes of Potatoes.
Principal Markets Attended. Enquiries Solicited.

wa Eyre ae yes tre abe ee

gt api pap
jy THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. be
? cS

The Great Factor

in

C.C.WAKEFIELD & Co., Ld. 1 R A C T O R :
Wakefield Holse, 4
CHEAPSIDE,. LONDON, E.C 2. D U R A B I L. I T ¥ F:
4

The Farmer’s Costly Guest. ©

The Wages the Rat Extorts. i

Farmers’ and agriculturists’ indignation is aroused by the Lescher & Webb Ltd. It is virulent and particularly active, —
announcement that rats are causing damaye to the extent of and when infection is introduced amongst a colony of rats
over one million pounds per annum in the British Isles on by applying the Virus to suitable bait, the whole colony is
farms alone. affected and exterminated, the rats communicating a fatal va
‘ me intestinal disease to one another and in most cases being
In our huge granaries, stores, and provision shops, as speedily obliterated. The Virus has no effect upon human ta
well as on board nearly every cargo vessel, scores beings or domestic animals, and the disease uy
of millions of rats are nibbling and gnawing at produced is of a nature that compels the rats :
food stores. or mice to come into the open air to die, thus |

Every day thousands of rats are added to the causing no unpleasant smells.

hordes that are continually gnawing at the heart
of the nation, and at the present moment there
are probably over 50 million rats in the Britisu
Isles alone.

‘‘ Liverpool’ Virus for Rats is supplied on bait —
ready for use in 2,6 and 6/- tins, for Mice in 1/6 :
tins. In this form the Virus involves no trouble
in use, it can, however, be obtained without bait i
if required, in 2/6 and 8/- tubes for Rats, and ‘ee
1/6 tubes for Mice. ' :

They are everywhere, nibbling not only grain,
but cheese, butter, eggs, fowls, and meat, and
also gnawing and utterly destroying textiles and
clothing and damaging thousands of pounds

worth of property. Evans Sons Lescher & Webb Ltd., 56, Han. ~ if

over Street, Liverpool, will supply at the above
prices postage paid, and will gladly advise

The only means to employ that will ensure

a wholesale destruction is the use of a disease- any large users or institutions on any matter —
producing germ such as has been proved effective, in innymer- connected with the extermination of rodents, and welcome
able tests made at the Runcorn Laboratories of Evans Sons Correspondence as to procedure in special circumstances. ~

Lescher & Webb Ltd. d t
The Virus may also be obtained from Chemists. ‘£‘Liverpool’’

These germs or disease-producing bacteria are known as the Virus is not a poison and therefore overcomes the acknow=
**Liverpool’’ Virusfor Rats and Mice, produced by Evans Sons ledged difficulty with other exterminators. FI

“The ' Glasgow’ undergoing the dynamometer test.”

The Lincoln Tractor Trials

Gxtraa from the ‘COMMERCIAL MOTOR,” 30/9/19.

“Some of the Tractors attracted more attention than others judging
by the crowds following them, among them was the ‘GLASGOW’
which pulled very well indeed. It was noted in the case of the
‘GLASGOW’ Tradtor that owing to its three-wheel drive no slip
whatever occurred. This will tend to show that, especially in the
case of small and light tractors, the all-wheel drive has certain
advantages if properly designed, so that the effect of the
skidding of one wheel will not. take all the power from
the others.”

“GLASGOW

The “Gtascow” will climb and pull a plough anywhere.
It cannot turn over. It will not dig in, tip up, slip or skid
—points of superiority, due to all its three wheels being
driven. It is made by an old established British engineer-
ing firm who have long been associated with agriculture.

Write for illustrated descriptive booklet L2 to the Sole Concessionaires
for the British Empire (excepting Canada):

BRITISH-MOTOR-TRADING

CORPORATION [1D

20, 21, 22, KING STREET, ST. JAMES,” LONDON, S.W. 1

AND AT BIRMINGHAM, MANCHESTER, NEWCASTLE AND GLASGOW.

SVEN SI SNe UDO

ys Tne, be in eS Oe US emily ie Aer de URNS Pande Pat tie AMAR. 4 |,
Vortman hte ¥i Chie bal Wi) ihe r ne wet ang

f i : pe et) EN

) \ See too: a

vi THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements,

For Agricultural Tractors, | —
Oil Engines, &c. |

THE BEST RESULTS OBTAINED BY USING

ANGLO’S YAPORISING QIL. |

TAXIBUS SPIRIT

(in the Silver Can).

For Motor Cars.

PRATT’S PERFECTION SPIRIT

(in the Green Can).

ANGLO-AMERIGAN OIL GO. |

LIMITED,

36, QUEEN ANNE’S GATE, 4
WESTMINSTER, S.W. I. “4

BRANCHES AND DEPOTS EVERYWHERE.

A ,

_ THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. vii

Eb,

Na

ae

:

th.

ae

fia

a ib

heat

BA FARM TRACTOR. |

ig {

oT ; Because it works faster, better and more continuously ; .
eins; because expense stops when the machine stops; because it is :
ae a one man (or girl) outfit ; and because it goes wherever a .
i horse can, and does the work of 6 or 7 horses into the bargain 7
Lae —the Austin Tractor is prime favourite with those farmers
a who know efficient equipment means better crops at lower cost. ]
en Head Office: - NURTHFIELD BIRMINGHAM.

te: Telephone: Telegrams;

‘ my King’s Norton 230. ** Speedily, Northfield.”’

Bie LONDON : 479-483, OXFORD ST. W.1 | And at PARIS

MANCHESTER: 130, DEANSGATE. | and BRUSSELS.

—— ~*~

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

The Fertiliser “par exceilence.” — | |

NITRATE OF SODA.

Importers and Merchants,

W. MONTGOMERY & C0., LTD.,|

63, Mark Lane, London, E.C. 3,
AND
ST. STEPHEN’S CHAMBERS, BRISTOL.

STOCKS IN VARIOUS ENGLISH PORTS. |

TELEGRAMS:

TELEPHONE No. |
‘* MARTABAN, FEN, LONDON.”

254 AVENUE.

SACKS & BAGS
AND JUTE GOODS

OF ALL DESGRIPTIONS.

For all purposes. For Home and Foreign Markets.!!

J. DE PAIVA & CO.,

(Principal—P. PARNHAM.)

1ik, Drury Lane, LIVERPOOL, England.

Telegrams: ‘‘ Depaiva, Liverpool.” Telephone: 1343 and 1363 Central.

London Office:
(65, Mansion House Chambers, II, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. e

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. ix

TRADE SF MARK.
SPECIAL

(COMPOUND)

FERTILISERS

SUPPLY
Ammonia, Phosphates & Potash

in suitable proportions for the various crops.

CONCENTRATED FERTILISER

COMPOUND ‘ (FOR ALL CROPS).
MANGOLD .

POTATO e:

CORN, OAT & BARLEY ,,

TURNIP a

GRASS .

WE ARE ALSO OFFERING :—
DISSOLVED BONE COMPOUND
SUPERPHOSPHATES
POTASSIC SUPERPHOSPHATE
BONE MEAL
BONE FLOUR
BASIC SLAG (ANCHOR BRAND) |
SYLVINITE (FRENCH KAINIT)

OUR OWN
CRINDING.

APPLY TO AGENTS, OR TO—

THE ANGLO-CONTINENTAL GUANO WORKS,

LIMITED,
DOCK HOUSE, BILLITER STREET, LONDON, E.C. 3.

~ et eae aE ow nee
RRA a AAT Maat. step id
oh PLS ae Pall Th 8
he h { Og Pe | ARC
eh Ry) aa
be yh PAN SBS
a Ay PaO
Bi Ns
\

x THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

VEGETABLE SEEDS |:

ALLOTMENT HOLDERS;
SMALLHOLDERS,
FARMERS,

_ THE GENTLEMAN’S GARDEN

AND

THE COTTAGER’S GARDEN. |

AGRICULTURAL |
WHOLESALE}
SOCIETY, Ltd.

Invites enquiries from any Co-operative Society in .

xe
Se ae =F

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——-_ 7

te aS at
eS ee

eee aw

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a EO Rahn ge te
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Sa
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pa
9 “

ee ee ae ee
SS SS ee as

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[Pe a ee on ea eee

Pf.

a

England and Wales whose members require Seeds of
the very highest quality.

Bg SS SN pe EEE 5 ae FES OEE oe ee OG I Ee ane
a Ee eS a ge EE IPE EO PI TST a ee I

ag es
Sgr

A.VWV.S:,;

ST. LAWRENCE HOUSE,

48, MARK LANE, LONDON, E.C. 3. |

= = Saas ea 5
ne Paes, pi ae
a5 ae

; i) oy Va ee
ne eae NK:
Pe Ate MORO UMERNE (RCN ites el eat)

_ THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xi

THE SUPER

LIME-SULPHUR [lcqmemmmnsssnscserrsmmmemmean:

WASH.
| THE BEST WINTER

“STICTITE” WASH.
TREE-BANDING Always of Uniform Strength,
COMPOUND Clear and of Standard

| " 5 eee. b' a0... 517
Henlleaxienveeman AGENTS EVERYWHERE.

request. .. Write to Sole Proprietors

and Manufacturers

30, Beltring, Paddock Wood, Kent

~ LIMSUL”

| BRITAIN’S BEST BINDER TWINES

“ROBIN HOOD” ano

“ROB ROY”

First Class Always
Quality. Reliable.

BRANDS.

British
Make.

Try our Famous
‘‘ROBIN HOOD” MANILLA HAY BAND.

ALSO

Manilla, Hemp and Wire Ropes for all purposes.

R. HOOD HAGGIE & SON, Litd.,

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.

(Established 1789.)

xii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF ACHICULTOEE ae

SAVE TIME and Labour by Plowing with the
No. 40x Oliver Chilled Plow.

= (LIVERS)
PatentChilled Plow @
\\\ — x =S

Supplied with either Maple Neel or double ieelay Knife coulter or Jointer

SAVE SEED by putting in your Crops with the
Hoosier Disc Grain Drill.

IZ Row 6 in. apart. All steel Frame.
13 Row 7 in. apart.

15 Row 6 in. apart. Land Marker.

Geared on both sides,

allowing one half of

the box to be in use
if required.

Can sow up to 7

bushels per acre

without changing
sprockets

SAVE POWER by hitching a No. 78 Oliver

Plow to your Tractor. 1a
F 3 4
Positive Self 4
Lift. sg
Makes an E
Ideal Easy 4
Draught. 4
ONE-MAN
Sits to its
Outfit with Wile
ANY
Tractor. Three furrow

or
Two furrow.

The 3 Furrow Plow is easily converted into a 2 Furrow.

ania

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY OF ANY OF THE ABOVE IMPLEMENTS.

JOHN WALLACE & SONS, Ltd., |
Dennistoun, GLASGOW. i

rae

iy 7 rt eee, wy iN
Tee clan eas es wa mae Ya 8 i
SEN Ee ee EE RU an a ee OP Cree ee ee

Sey ES Me

Xill

=

NEW PUBLICATIONS.

REPORT ON INSECT AND FUNGUS PESTS OF
PLANTS IN 1918.

The second of a new series of Annual Reports on the distribu-

tion of insect and fungus pests of plants in England and Wales
has just been published by the Ministry. It has been chiefly
compiled from the records contained in Monthly Reports sent in
by qualified observers stationed in different parts of the country,
and it forms a comprehensive survey of the distribution and
economic importance of plant pests during the year 1918. The
Report is somewhat technical in character and is intended
primarily for scientific workers on plant diseases and perhaps even
more for those who will be engaged in this work in future. In
___ addition to notes on the most important pests the Report gives
the records in tabular form, so facilitating reference. For the
“¥ convenience of readers weather charts have also been added.

Price 6d. net. Post free.

WART DISEASE OF POTATOES ORDER, 1919.

List of Growers of Immune Varieties of Potatoes in England

and Wales.

The object of this list is to indicate to purchasers of seed
potatoes the sources of supply in England and Wales of potatoes
of varieties immune from Wart Disease. The crops of all the
growers given in the list were examined in the field in 1919 by
Inspectors of the Ministry of Agriculture and Tisheries, and
certified as true to type and reasonably free from “ rogues.”

Price 6d. net. Post free.

:- The above publications are obtainable from the Offices of the
Bt Ministry, 3, St. James’s Square, Westminster, London, S.W. 1.

xiv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. —

LET US PAY THE POSTAGE

on our Big Farm Seed Book to YOU.

Do you want to buy your Seeds from the actual SEED-GROW ERS, so saving money in the first
cost, and getting THE MOST POSSIBLE PROFIT out of every square foot of YOUR land? Is it
worth a postcard? If so, write to-day for a FREE copy of our Big Farm Seed Book, containing 80
large pages of information that is indispensable to YOU ?

Is it worth a postcard to learn the reasons why 50,000 of the most prosperous Farmers in the
Kingdom grow

TOOGOOD’S GRASS AND CLOVER SEEDS?

All these Seeds are carefully re-cleaned by the most up-to-date machinery, are guaranteed new and
of warranted germinating power. They never fail for lack of vigour or vitality ; and they are guaran-
teed free from dodder. Better ask for full and free particulars and samples to-day.

WE sell directly from our own Seed Farms and Cleaning Warehouses, and supply all Seeds on
approval. If they'don’t look good to you on receipt, return them at ourexpense. YOU keep all the
middle profits—you take no risk—everything is accurately described, and the germinating power of
all Seeds is guaranteed. Why not get our Big Farm Seed Book to-day and compare with others? We
pay postage if you write us a letter or postcard ; and there’s no obligation to buy anything. /

Free Samples also.
Ask for Free Samples and a Free Book on Seed Testing at Home at the same time.

i!

“-_

. ~ *
oe ae —
Se ee Nee eS

ro

Address us personally:

ToOdOGOoOO Dp &S Sons:

The King’s Seedsmen, and Growers of “ Better Crops” only,

SOUTHAMPTON.

|CuHas. |N Hs}
|PAGE P.0.

ee. Coc Ea.

47-51, King William St. 2 ©
LONDON, E.C. 4.

s

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aT ee

a,
So

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verte eS bene ee ee a

ea a!

Aes yp Cs i
er ae ee

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* : TeX ;
Sey ee

Stee
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_—s S

TELEGRAMS: TELEPHONE: a

bi

inland: ‘‘ Paganini, Cannon, London.”’ Avenue 1729 | oh
Foreign: “ Paganini, London.” (3 lines). ¥

ego a Rai 2

a 4 3

CONTENTS.

: PAGE

NOTES... eee eee see eee eee eee eee eee eee 1057
Agricultural Education and Research—The Improvement of Grass
Land—The Growth of Rural Industries—The World Campaign

against Rats.

LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. Jd. G. Stewart, M.A., B.Sc.... ove eke

FarM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. Major Jd. G. Mrrrison ... es --» 1080

LAND DRAINAGE .. , bile ey Sod es Ota ae --- 1088
THE WHITE RoT rere oF ONION BuLBs. A. D. Cotton and

M. N. Owen ... Sale vA a yt aus vd whe «- 1098

PEA AND OAT Hay. Jas. C; Fein eek val A a wos eat TC

_ THE QUALITY OF FARM AND GARDEN SEEDS ae ses ave --» 1102

NOTES ON AGRICULTURE ABROAD we ae Bie se Bes see LACS
Norges oN MANvRES FOR MARCH. From the Rothamsted Eaperi-

mental Station ne be Rak + # Sine es om. Oe

FINAL REPORT OF THE NITROGEN eee. COMMITTEE aud se AM
NOTES ON FEEDING STUFFS FOR MARCH, From the Animal

Nutrition Institute, Cambridge University ee ey Es os TS

LAND SETTLEMENT THROUGH LOCAL AUTHORITIES bane sen eRe
PouLTRY LAYING TRIALS AT THE HARPER ADAMS AGRICULTURAL

. COLLEGE fA irae ae: oud pees is cel oO Te)

EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN 7 Sa een oa bs Be 48. aet ee soe’ 1123

FARMING OF LAND BROKEN UP DURING THE WAR rer avd own. RADE

OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS ... see eee eee see we 1129

Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act, 1919 —Potato Trials—List
of Growers of Immune Varieties of Potatoes in England and Wales—
Decontrol of Home Cheese—L¢ gal Decisions under the Corn Produc- |
tion Act—Profiteering on Hay and Straw—Revocation of Oils, Oil
Cakes and Mrals Order, 1917—The Control of Hides—Seed Produc-
tion in Denmark and United States of America—Budget of the
United Siates Department of Agriculture, 1919-20—A new United
States Government Stallion Farm—Agricultural Credit Facilities for
Devastated Regions in France—Legal Decisions affecting Minimum
Wages—Foot-and-Mouth Disease—Rabies—Revocation of the Milk
(Licensing) Order, 1918—The National Egg Distribution Scheme—
January Journal : Errata.

Notices of Books ‘ve ae aria it AS a ree aa ae TA

Notes on Crop Prospects Abroad .., Sa He aie ww» 1142

ep of the International Institute "of Agriculture—Sowing of
inter Cereals in the Northern Hemisphere—Crops in the Southern
Hemisphere—Prussia—Sweden— France—India— Canada.

Agricultural Conditions in England and Wales on Ist February ... aie aa
_ Agricultural Labour in England and Wales during January jaa out RSE
Prices of Corn and Agricultural Produce.,. ay nee ae ee sow LESS
Diseases of Animals Acts... m vie a i dda ae oe Leow
Weather in England during sate ine 444 — nhs dibs ovat URED
Selected Contents of Periodicals ... one “ai vis ome We scm, hue

Any of the Articles in this Journal may be reproduced in any registered
newspaper or public periodical without special permission, provided that the source
is acknowledged in each case.

: The Ministry do not accept responsibility for the views expressed and the
_ statements made by contributors, nor for any statements made in the advertisement
columns of this Journal,

oe: 2"

xvi THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

LAMBING! |

TURNER’S
CRUSHING ano
GRINDING MILLS

FOR. REE

ESTATE,
FARM,
STABLE etc.

The most dependable
Mills on the market |.
for dealing with all
kinds of grain.

esd C: Seine
and Grinding Mill.

Catalogues free

Two Processes in on application.

One Miil.

E.R.«F. TURNER, L ‘et, IPSWICH,

USE

The Creosoted Stave

SILO —

and produce

Particulars and Prices of—

JEWSON & SONS,

Head Office—_NORW7 ICH.

NORFOLK

MILK t/-

©) so

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THE JOURNAL

OF THE

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

Vol. XXVI. No. 11.

FEBRUARY, 1920.

NOTES.

Lorp LEE OF FAREHAM, Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries,
addressing representatives of agricultural education on the
: ; 15th January last, in the Hall of the Civil
Agricultural = }engineers’ Institute, outlined proposals for
Education and
Bédietch: the extension of agricultural education and
research throughout the country.

In view of our limited area of land, the increased production of
foodstuffs on which our future security depends can only .be
obtained by far more intensive cultivation. This involves a
great increase of understanding of modern agriculture,’ and a
far wider spread of agricultural education. In educational
affairs, as in all other matters connected with agricultural pro-
gress, the motto of the Ministry is ‘‘ Trust the Counties.’ In
the main, the Ministry will confine its responsibilities to co-
ordinating the efforts of the Local Authorities, giving them
every assistance it can. It will become the source from which
central technical advice on’ agricultural matters will issue.
After explaining the organisation of the Intelligence Depart-
ment recently set up at the Ministry under the control of Sir
Daniel Hall, K.C.B., F.R.S., Lord Lee touched on the question
of the local organisation for providing agricultural education
and advice. The immediate question which arises out of the
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act, 191g, is this: Is
agricultural education to be entrusted to the Education Com-
mittee of the County Council, or transferred to the Agricultural
Committee? The Act gives the option to each county to
exercise its discretion, and the Ministry does not intend to use
its influence on one side or the other. If agricultural education
goes. over to the Agricultural Committee, the Ministry is in
complete agreement with the Board of Education in wishing
to see an adequate representation of the main Education

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1058 NOTES. : [FEB., -

Committee on the Sub-Committee which would doubtless be
set up by the Agricultural Committee to deal with agricultural
education.

The Minister emphasised the importance of securing the
best men for the work and of fixing salaries commensurate

with the services required of them, since, however urgent the -

need for economy, inefficiency is dear at any price. He stated
that forty-two counties had already appointed Agricultural
Organisers, and he hoped that the delay in the remaining
counties was due solely to the difficulty of finding the very
best men for the posts. |
In addition to the Organiser and the Horticultural Superin-
tendent in such counties as possess a considerable development
of horticulture, the appointment of specialist instructors in
dairying and poultry-keeping is recommended, and perhaps a
still larger staff will be needed, but the Ministry does not
propose to hamper the Councils and will leave local conditions
to decide local requirements. Farmers requiring advice should
apply in the first instance to their County Agricultural
Organiser, who will turn if necessary to the advisers attached
to the provincial Agricultural College. If the College staf

cannot deal with the question, it will be referred to the Ministry, |

which will call in such expert opinion as may be necessary.
Farm Institutes, defined in general terms as agricultural
schools, providing courses in agriculture for the sons of
farmers, together with summer and other special courses for
women and others, are regarded as of great importance to
counties, but in view of the building difficulties Councils will
be well advised to lease rather than to buy land for such
Institutes and to adapt existing buildings rather than seek to
erect new ones. The chief object of the Ministry is to give a
general stimulus to educational effort and to ensure that the
educational work is carried on in close touch with the other
activities of the County Agricultural Committees, such as
land settlement and the improvement of cultivation.

* 6 *% % * *

In the middle of January a Conference of Agricultural
Organisers and Principals of Agricultural Colleges and Research
Institutions was held at the Ministry of
Agriculture to consider the Ministry’s
scheme for the improvement of grass land.
Sir Daniel Hall, K.C.B., F.R.S., in an opening address, outlined
proposals and explained how enormously the produce of grass

The Improvement of
Grass Land.

land would be increased by the aid of a little knowledge and

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1920 | | } NOTES. 1059

expenditure. He went on to say that the time was considered
ripe for a wide extension of demonstration work and for a
campaign of enlightenment among farmers. Jt is proposed to
establish grass plots as far and wide as possible, preferably by
the road-side. Demonstrations will so be carried on that the
most casual passer can see, almost at a glance, the improve-
ments that a little skill and care may bring about. Professor
Somerville of Oxford, and Professor Stapledon of Aberystwyth,
two of our greatest authorities on grass land improvement, will
deliver a series of lectures in different parts of the country
and will place their knowledgé at the disposal not only of the
Ministry, but of all Local Authorities throughout the country.
The trials to be carried out will be regulated by the conditions
that obtain in each county, and the work will be left in the
hands of the County and College Authorities. Dr. Somerville,
who followed Sir Daniel Hall in addressing the Conference,
stated that after nearly thitty years’ work on grass land
improvement he had come to the conclusion that there was no
form of experiment and expenditure likely to bring about
such important results. He reminded the audience that we
have in this country at present over sixteen million acres
of grass land, by far the greater part of which can be very
considerably improved. The plans as outlined met with general
approval, a scheme of demonstration and experiment was con-
sidered, and the details have since been-published (see p. 1133).
* * * o * *

A Kura Industries Branch has been established at the

Ministry of Agriculture for the purpose of propaganda and for

The Growth of

Reval Tadusthes, the keeping of pigs, poultry, goats, rabbits

and bees, and the preservation of fruit and
vegetables. The Branch will also deal with schemes for the
development of Rural Industries and social life in rural places
and for the co-ordination of action by Local Authorities and
other bodies by which such development may be effected.
The establishment of this Branch, which has been placed in
charge of Sir John Green, late of the Rural League, marks a
definite effort on the part of the Ministry to give a measure of
permanence to conditions that arose during the War, when
the submarine campaign became so great a menace that it
was necessary to stimulate production, not only on the large

_ farms, but on the smallest of small holdings and allotments.

In the opinion of those best qualified to judge, the agricultural
labourer and other dwellers in rural areas will have better
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1060 NOTES. | | [FEB., a
SiRiRenmeaee sm Sa a
opportunities in the future than they have enjoyed in the past £f. ef
for keeping live stock and developing home production. At a ‘oe
a time when the Village Clubs Association and the Women’s iat sigg
Institutes and other social forces are stimulating life in the Ne i
countryside, the villager finds himself in the possession of a ag
higher wage and larger leisure than he has ever known; it es
follows that he may be expected to take an active interest in : * 4
the improvement of his own position. <a mf
‘ONE of thé most encouraging results of the National Rat Be
Week in this country is the interest aroused abroad. In- Re
iS (x e sie : , “a
iia World Cambaien quiries sa come Bay ape a
NaS a in many far-away lands—from Meso- ee

potamia, from Accra on the Gold Coast,
from Shanghai, from New Zealand, and from Nigeria, India, and
_ the West Indies. The authorities have written to the Board to
inquire precisely what is being done to.abate the rat menace,
asking for literature and for the results of experiments with
various poisons, stating the special needs of their own country
and asking how these can best be met. Inasmuch as the rat
menace is universal in its scope, and is most deadly in some of
those parts of the world that are under British control, it is
indeed encouraging to find that the handling of the problem in
the Mother Country has stimulated so much interest and inquiry
elsewhere. It is unnecessary, perhaps, to say that all possible
information has been sent and that a careful record of all
experiments that are possible under the existing conditions is
being kept and will be published in due course. It may be
mentioned that inquiries have not been limited to Africa,
Asia and Australasia, Both the Swiss and the Danish
authorities are keenly interested in all that is being done.
These countries have been active in the past and are busy to-day
in doing what they can to destroy their rats. It may be
hoped that facilities for scientific inquiry will soon be pro-
vided under Government auspices in this country.

1920.) LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. 1061

LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK.*
J. G. STEWART, M.A., B.Sc.,

a Superintending Inspector, Intelligence Department, Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries.
at In so far as it is possible to judge in the course of a short
| visit, Denmark would appear to have satisfactorily solved the
3 problem of settling people on the land.
B.° As regards women in agriculture, Denmark, so far, cannot be
said to offer any special object lessons. Women naturally find
_ employment upon the land, but chiefly in side lines, gardening,
poultry keeping, etc. ; we saw no instances of women actually
farming on their own account. Still, conditions such as prevail
in Denmark seem particularly favourable for independent
agricultural enterprise on the part of women.
| Denmark is, pre-eminently, a country of small farmers.
@ The question, therefore, as to how success has been achieved
2 with small farms or holdings in that country is of prime
ae importance to us at the present time.
In any scheme of land settlement, whether in this country
or elsewhere, it is generally agreed that provision must be made
to secure, on the one hand, that all persons placed on holdings
shall have adequate capital (through loan facilities or other-
wise), practical experience, and a sound general education; and,
on the other hand, that the holdings shall be such as in size,
character of soil, situation with regard to markets and facilities
for co-operation, will ensure a good prospect of a comfortable

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he How are these conditions fulfilled in Denmark ?

Be I. Capital.—According to the law of 1909, landed property
aly may be purchased to the value of 6,500 kroner (£360) or,
age where the local values of land are exceptionally high, up to
az 8,000 kroner (£450), in respect of which the State will advance
ih a loan in cash to the extent of nine-tenths of the value of the
be. property.

Re, ° A yearly interest of 3 per cent. is paid on the State loan, which
é. is secured upon the, property with its buildings, live and dead
pr stock, etc. For the first five years the loan is free from part
ys.” payments: after that period the loan has to be repaid in
ie. yearly instalments, including interest on the loan. The total

loan will be liquidated in 98 years.

* This report was prepared by Mr. Stewart as a result of a visit to Denmark
in 1919, with a delegation of women, who desired to study Danish conditions
in relation to women’s work on the land at first hand.

1062 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. [FEB.,

So long as the loan from the State amounts to more than
one-half of the original lendable value of the property, no other
mortgage can be raised upon it. The ordinary banks, the
savings banks, and credit unions lend money on the security
of land and stock.

There is no provision for compulsory purchase: the land
must be bought by voluntary agreement with a willing seller.
A Bill at present before the Danish Parliament seems to aim
at the expropriation, on the basis of taxation value, of glebe
lands, entailed estates, and the largest farms, for division among
small holders. In this way it is hoped to secure about 100,000
acres, which will be parcelled out during the next 16 years.
Parcelling-out societies formed to counter the activities of land
speculators have been in existence for some years.

2. Practical Experience.x—An applicant for a small holding
under the Act (who may bea woman), must be a Danish subject,
be over 25 and, as a rule, under 50 years of age, and must be
unable, without financial assistance, to acquire a small holding.
He must be of good character, sober, industrious and thrifty,

and for the five years immediately preceding his app

must have had practical agricultural experience.

3. Education.—The scheme of education for fm life in
Denmark includes—

(t) Rural Elementary Schools.

(2) Folk High Schools.

(3) Agricultural Schools.
_ (4) Rural Schools of Household Economics.
_ (5) Special Schools for Small Holders.

The Rural Elementary Schools are'very similar to the parish
schools in Scotland. They are attended ‘by children of all
classes of the community. Education is compulsory from
7 to 14 years of age. There are no fees. The management is
in the hands of the local communes or parish councils under
State supervision. The teachers are well trained and exercise
considerable local influence. The usual fundamental subjects
are taught, together with nature study and a language other
than Danish—usually English or German. Danish and bible
history, songs and hymns, gymnastics, etc., hold high place in
the school curriculum. The children are bright, healthy,
courteous and less self-conscious than our rural children. The
school week is a six-day one, but as a rule the older children
spend more time in school in winter than do the younger ones,
while the reverse is the case in summer. During the busy

1920.) _ LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. 1063

seasons the older children, therefore, are free to assist in farm
work.

In general, the course is primarily designed to inculcate in
the minds of the pupils a love for rural life and their native
land.

After leaving the free elementary schools, a few of the
children enter the middle schools, which are found in the
larger towns. The majority remain on the land. Evening
continuation schools are available for further study, but it is
not till pupils reach the age of 18 years that admittance is
given, as arule, to any of the other schools referred to. Danish
thinkers contend that the years of adolescence should be
devoted to physical development and to gaining experience of
life rather than to class-room routine. Almost every rural
community has its local gymnasium where instruction in
physical exercises is given, and its assembly hall where the
people meet for self-improvement. |

The Folk High Schools, so called because their aim is “‘ high,”’
are attended by pupils of both sexes from 18 to 25 and upwards.
They are not as a rule co-educational—they are attended by
men for five months in winter and by women for three months
insummer. The chief subjects are history, literature, sociology,
song practice, and gymnastics, but a certain amount of time is

also devoted to natural science, mathematics, physics, geo-

graphy, accounting, hygiene and sanitation, and to sewing and
embroidery for women. The work is mainly based on lectures,
and the success of the school consequently depends largely on
the ability of the teacher to hold and inspire his pupils.

It is very difficult for the uninitiated to gauge the value of
the high school teaching, but that it has exerted considerable
influence in the intellectual advancement of the Danish nation
ean scarcely be doubted. It is claimed to have contributed
to the making of a broad-minded, moral citizenship, to have
fostered a deep-seated love of the soil and native land, to have
freed the people from class domination and shown them how
to utilise their political power, and to have laid a broad, cultural
foundation for the successful tackling of the diverse problems
of life.

About 50 per cent. of the students attending the agricultural
schools have first passed through a high school; in some
agricultural schools this is insisted on as a necessary preliminary.
Most of the leaders in social and political life have graduated
at the high school.

1064 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. [FEB..,

Agricultural Schools—These are attended by young men of
18 to 20 or over (occasionally by a girl or two). The require-
ments for admission, which, however, are not strictly enforced,
are usually (1) practical knowledge of farm work; (2) completion
of a course at a high school. In regard to the former a system
of apprenticeship prevails whereby a youth may spend three
years on three selected farms—one year on each.

The main course of instruction is one of six months in winter
with an extension course of three months in summer for more
advanced study. In addition a special course of one month is
usually provided for older men and women of experience who
desire to become control assistants.

The longer courses embrace most of the subjects taught at
our own farm institutes, but are more theoretical. Laboratory
equipment is almost entirely lacking.

The course for control assistants includes lectures on
dairying, accounting, feeding, manuring, and the testing of
soils for acidity, milk recording and the use of the Gerber
tester.

Each school has its farm or small holding attached, which
is run mainly on commercial lines. Dalum School Farm
extends to about I09 acres and carries 35 cows; that at Lyngby
is about 32 acres and carries at present 11 cows, though the

normal number is 16. Both farms are extremely well managed, |

and more than pay their way.

The agricultural school is intended to train practical farmers.
Students desirous of becoming teachers must proceed to the
Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College at Copenhagen,
where a more advanced course is given, extending over 24 years.

Schools for Small Holders—Three schools have been estab-
lished for the sons and daughters of small holders, with special

short courses for small holders themselves and their wives.

Two such schools were visited. Both are well equipped with
buildings, comprising lecture rooms, gymnasia, dormitories,
kitchens, and the usual accommodation for live stock and
implements. Considerable areas of land, attached to each
school, are used for general farming and horticulture.

The land attached to Koerehave School comprises about
200 acres, consisting of 100 acres of farm land, of which 20 acres
are rented at 54s. an acre, 66 acres of wood, and 33 acres of
garden and orchard. With the exception of the 20 acres
referred to, the whole is the private property of the Principal.
One of the agricultural teachers, rents a 13-acre holding from

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Ig20.| LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. 1065

_ the school at 84s. per acre. An instructor in horticulture, a

part-time member of the staff, has purchased a holding of
27 acres from the school for close upon {100 an acre and is
running it for nursery purposes, fruit and milk production.
The Principal intends to cut off one more small holding, to be
let to another teacher on what are conceived to be improved
lines.

The school farm is relatively understocked, carrying only
II cows, a few calves and about a score of pigs.

Fruit-growing in Denmark is still in its infancy, and, in
general, receives little attention. The school orchards have
been carefully planned and are full of lessons for future growers.
Most of the better known varieties of apples, pears and plums
grown in England are represented, but only in respect of pears
have the imported kinds attained any appreciable success.
Even in pears the Danish “‘ Greve A. V. Moltke’ is much the
most reliable and the most prolific cropper. This pear should
be worth a trial in England if not already grown here; it is
sold to the French as King Christian of Denmark.

Apple culture, so far, is not a success: most of the varieties
are badly cankered.

Of the bush fruits, red currants are the best ; gooseberries

are badly affected with the American mildew.
_ The woods, which are the special care of the Principal, have
been laid out with much taste and originality. The scheme
includes shady walks, secluded open-air theatres and sports
grounds. Here visitors congregate on high days and holidays
to hear the leaders of Danish thought discourse on history,
literature, art and sociology.

The Odense School Farm is 85 acres in area, and cost £4,500
six years ago (about £53 per acre, including bui'dings). The
farm is let to the lecturer on agriculture at a rental of 84s. 4d.
per acre, and consists, for the most part, of poor, light, black
sand overlying an equally light subsoil. The cropping is as
follows: one-third roots and potatoes, one-third lucerne and
grass (two years), one-third corn and peas. The cows
number 12, about half the normal head, and there are 14
head of other stock.

The courses of instruction at both places are similar in
character. They comprise, winter and summer, five- or six-
month courses in agriculture and horticulture for men, and
corresponding courses in household economics for women. In
addition, several short courses of eleven days each are held
throughout the year for older men and women.

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1066 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. ) [PERE

The longer winter courses are similar in scope to those given
at the agricultural schools. The summer course provides for
a class of pupil who works on the school land and who, in
addition to free tuition, board and lodging, receives pay from
the State. The special 11-day courses are devoted to lectures,
visits to farms, factories, etc., recreation, song and social

enjoyment. Such a course affords rest and change from the

routine work and isolation of a small holding and provides the
benefits which arise from contact with fresh people and fresh
problems. a

These schools are of comparatively recent origin and were

intended to devote special attention to side-lines, such as
poultry-keeping, bee-keeping, and rabbit-breeding ; but except
for some useful poultry and poultry-houses at one centre nothing
of note was seen in this connection.

The Danes are out for Education rather than Technical
instruction.

As compared with our institutions, the instruction given at
the higher educational centres in Denmark is, in general, more
elementary, more theoretical, and takes the form mainly of
lectures. The “living word,” without embellishment in the
form of illustrations or lantern slides, is the chief instructional
means employed. On the other hand, the students, as a rule,
are better versed than ours in practical farm work before they
enter the schools. There is, however, just a danger of the
Danes becoming, as one educationist expressed it, a i; ation of
listeners rather than thinkers.

The schools in Denmark are practically all residential, and
at some of them, ¢.g., the Small Holders’ Schools, men and
women attend together to their mutual advantage. More
attention is also paid in Denmark to the “ humanities,’’ recrea-
tion and social life.

In contrast with Britain, most of the agricultural educational
institutions in Denmark are privately owned, either by the
Principal or by groups of farmers or small holders. The farms
are utilised chiefly as a means of supplying produce to, and
helping to finance, the school: they play little, if any, part
in the teaching.

The State contribution towards the annual cost is usually
from 2,500 K. (£140 12s. 6d.) to 3,000 K. (£168 15s.). Fees
(including board and lodgiug) are usually 75 K. (£4 4s. 5d.)
per month, or 450 K. (£25 6s. 3d.) for five months (includin
exiras). Half of this sum may be paid by the State.

; i. ey 2 > “i e
¢ 4 3 *
1g920.] LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. , 1067
4. Size of Holding and its Equipment.—
Size. Number. Total Area.
7 acres and under hie --@ 316,614 239,604 acres.
7 » to Titpacres te ay 16,988 159,832 ,,
11t,, 224 ;, 7 a 28,992 473,598 5,
a) ae ae 332 1 . ve 17,723 496,962 __,,
SAP is 674 ,, s 7 oreo? © 4,752,125. 4)
674, i ee > ze 25,615 2,346,295 sy
135 e 2 |) as i> 6,502 1,169,484 ,,
270 i 540 ,, aie - 1,570 574,946 ,,

540 ,, and over ras ae 822 | 964327. «;,

® 250,083 8,177,169 acres,
Average size of holding = 30 acres (approx.)

In the old days Denmark was divided into large estates,
much the same as in this country, The process of sub-division
had begun in the 18th century, and the disastrous war of 1864,
followed by the disappearance of profit from corn-growing,
accentuated the process. At the present time over 90 per cent.
of the Danish farmers own the land they farm.

Of State small holdings there appear to be about 9,000 of an
average size of about g acres.

We were able to visit a colony of 17 State small holdings near
Ringsted, in Seeland, which had been parcelled out of a farm

12 years ago. In size they vary from 5} to 27 acres, with an

average of about 12 acres.

Each holding is a separate unit with its own complete set of
buildings, and the land is conveniently arranged around the
buildings. Each has access to a good road.

The Buildings are substantial and well kept up; they are

built of brick and roofed with tiles or, occasionally, thatch.

The dwelling-house consists, as a rule, of two sitting-rooms,
kitchen, scullery, and two bedrooms, with floor above. Water
is laid on from a supply on the estate worked by a windmill,
and in charge of one of the small holders. The outbuildings
consist of two, sometimes three, wings situated behind the
dwelling-house, and comprise cow-house, stable, piggery, barn
and store. The cow-house and stable and sometimes the
piggery are usually under one roof. All are provided with
concrete tanks for liquid manure, and most of them with open,
concrete dung-steads.

Stock—A typical t1-acre holding possesses 3 cows (4 in
normal times), 3 to 6 young stock (calves and heifers), i sow or
2 or 3 store pigs (before the War such a holding delivered to
the bacon factory from 10 to 20 pigs annually), from ro to 40

oy .
outa» Ain’ Y4l 2

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1068 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. [FEB.,

hens, and up to 80 chickens, and 1 or 2 horses. In some cases
neighbouring holders each keep a strong, active horse and work
together, usually carting milk to the factory as well, but in
most cases each holder possesses 2 ponies, usually Icelanders,
about the size of our pit ponies. The Iceland pony is believed
to be an important factor in the successful working of a small
holding. Before the War such a pony cost about £8 10s., now
he is worth £42. He is very hardy, active and willing, and, it
is claimed, two cost only about as much to keep as one big
horse.

The main source of income is milk, which is collected at the
door by the co-operative dairy. The cows—Red Danish— a
are smaller than our milch cows and not so shapely, but they
have all the points of good milkers. No milk records, as such,
are kept on the holdings in question, the returns from the
co-operative dairy being considered sufficient. One holder x
delivered last year 14,000 Ib. from 3 cows, as compared with
28,000 lb. from 4 cows before the War. Another milking
4 cows gave the yield per day at the date of our visit

(3rd June), as follows :— sh
t heifer, calved Christmas = 20 lb. ete i
I COW » Oweeks.. = 20,, i?
Lidivogs. 3. pazne March —— ee. ge
rag a Sm Uo ha - CORB alse? ss nes

About 700 gal. per cow per annum is considered a good
average. Be
A bull is usually hired from a bigger farmer: one, owned
co-operatively, died, and as he was not insured, funds were ae
lacking wherewith to purchase another. a

The pigs are of white Danish breed, very similar to our
Large White Yorkshires, to which they are closely related.
Boars belonging to neighbouring farmers are used; in one es
case the boar at the small holders’ school.

Implements——The holdings are invariably well equipped
with implements of the small-holder type. A light plough of
the “‘ Oliver” pattern and a Danish horse hoe, convertible into ae
a root drill, are perhaps the most noteworthy. The latter is
adapted for cleaning roots on the flat—two rows being taken
at one time: a pair of discs fixed about 3 in. apart straddles
each row of plants, and flat cutting-shares operate between and at
the outside. The discs protect the plants from being covered
up by the working of the shares. One-horse is required to
pull this excellent tool. Many of the holdings have their own

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(Maker: Christopherson, Holeby.)

threshing machine. It is a simple affair, driven by horses, and
consists mainly of a drum to beat out the grain; winnowing
is done afterwards. It is capable of threshing 600—7o00 lb.
per hour, and cost (pre-war) 300 kroner ({16 17s. 6d.). Some
possess chaff-cutters, root-pulpers, corn-drills and mowing
machines. Co-operation in regard to implements is rare, but
one or two holders may share a threshing machine.

The small holder schools are endeavouring to encourage,
in combination with milk production, the growing of flowers
and roots for seed, and the cultivation of fruit, but such examples
_ as we were able to see were not very promising.

.

- = PP ON aa <<

1070 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. | [FEB., —

Larger Holdings.—A visit was also paid to four farms in the
same locality. In size these run from 75 to 85 acres (average 80
acres) and, with one exception, are owned by the occupiers.
The exception is the case of a son renting from his father: the
son entered the farm before the War, and pays a pre-war rent
of 33s. od. per acre, although it is generally acknowledged to
be worth 67s. 6d. at the present time. (Not far away, and on
soil of similar character, an occupant of a ro-acre, holding is
paying 84s. 4d. per acre pent Rates, in general, come to
7s. or 8s. an acre.

The land is mainly arable and is worked on a seven- or eight-
course rotation. Hay is usually taken from the second year
grass, and the land is subsequently dunged and half-fallowed in
preparation for wheat. Crops in general were good, particu-

larly rye and roots, though “‘ seeds ”’ in some cases were thin

and lacking in clover.

Red Danish cows are the main class of stock kept: these
are bigger and in better condition than the small holder’s cows,
and are probably producing more milk. A usual yield is
stated to be about 800 gal. per cow per annum. . Records are
mostly kept, monthly weighings being made by the Control
Assistant.

The cows are tethered at grass from May to the end of
September, are moved several times a day, and milked thrice.
Only one collection of milk is made daily by the factory, but

the different milkings are kept separate, and during hot weather.

the milk is cooled by standing the cans in cold water.

Winter feed during the War has consisted mainly of roots,
straw, and sometimes hay, with either no concentrated
food in addition or from 2 to 4 lb. daily per head, according
to the supplies which the farmer has himself been able to
produce.

All rye and wheat were taken over by the State, and most
of the oats and barley. In regard to the last-named cereals,
the Government fixed a quota which it was considered the
holding should be able to spare after retaining sufficient for
seed purposes and for the horses. Nothing was allowed for other
stock, but such quantity as might be produced in excess of the
Government requirements could be disposed of by the farmer
at his discretion. This provision operated greatly to the
disadvantage of occupiers of the lightest soils where rye is the
principal crop.

In 1egard to cow-carrying capacity, it was found that the
average number of cows maintained was 28, approximately

¥

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en eee oe ee Ae eg ae thee Reta Tee ee,
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sian 1920.] LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. 1072

Se : ‘one cow to three acres, about the same as in the cas> of small
- holdings. (An ordinary cow is worth about £45; a cow of
special milking pedigree will make {90 or more.)

iene
ae Ag In addition to cows, young stock—calves and heifers—to
_. the number of about 20 are maintained on each holding.
These comprise from three to eight bull calves, worth at present
from £90 to £225 each (the latter out of a cow that gave 500 Ib.
of butter-fat annually for four years).

Horses are invariably good and are mostly of the vanner
type. A lighter-limbed horse is also used, somewhat resembling
the English hackney. One of this class, a four-year-old mare
that had won several prizes locally, was said to be worth
about £340.

An 80-acre farm usually carries five working and three other
younger horses and nags. This relatively heavy stocking is
said to be due to the necessity for keeping the land constantly
stirred, but a further explanation is the keen trade in horses
during the War and the demand for horse-flesh for human
consumption.

Pig stocks have been much reduced of late. On one farm
there were 24 pigs, as compared with a pre-war figure of 200.
The average number per farm at the time of the visit was
about twelve of all ages.

| As regards labour on these farms, about four men are

- employed continuously throughout the year, and two extra
men for singling and lifting mangolds and beet. As a rule the
foreman occupies a cottage on the farm, and his wife assists in
milking. The hired men are accommodated and fed at the
farm in much the same way as in Scotland. Adults (males)

are paid about £56 5s., and women for housework about
{23 12s. 6d. per annum, in addition to food and lodging.

‘tale
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The farm-steading is usually arranged in the form of a square
the farm house occupying one detache1 wing, and the out-
buildings three wings joined together. The steading is usually
built of brick and roofed with slates or thatch, and is invariably
ck, substantial and kept in good repair. The main feature of the
Bry outbuildings is the cow-shed, usually consisting of a double
_—~—~—,-—srow of stalls arranged tail to tail, with feeding passages in
front. Connected up with this is a large concrete tank for
a the urine. The stalls are not washed down with water, con-
sequently the manure is preserved pure. To obviate the passage
of the solid excrement into the tank and to prevent it damming

2 a * ys
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1072 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. [FEB 87 fe

up water in the grip, the latter is constructed with a depression
-at one side covered with a wooden plank, thus :—

There is ample barn accommodation—in one case the whole

of the corn crop is stored under cover as it comes from the
field—and a good stock of implements and food-preparing
machinery.

The farm house is well furnished and scrupulously clean,
and displays a degree of comfort and prosperity that one does
not find as a rule in this country on farms of the same size.

The farmers’ children, and in some cases the farmers them-
selves, have attended the high school and the agricultural
school. :

As compared with the small holdings it cannot be said that
the crops are heavier or the land better managed ; the cattle,
how ver, are bigger and in better condition, and more attention
is paid to the use of better sires in breeding.

5. Climate, Soit and Crops.—The climate of Denmark is charac-
terised by comparatively mild winters and cool summers.
The rainfall is, on the average, about 24 in., but is very variable
in the different years. The country is flat to undulating,
sparsely wooded, and subject to winds.

The soil for the most part is drift, consisting mainly of fine
sand or gravel with a little clay. It is light, free-working and
hungry, but responds readily to good treatment and plentiful
applications of farmyard manure. Over the islands the soil
closely resembles the fine black sandy soil found in the neigh-
bourhood of Ormskirk; in the centre of Jutland it is mainly
stony sand and very poor, similar to the “ Bagshot ’’ districts
of England.

The character of the soil—light, free-working, yet responsive
—is probably one of the main factors in the success of the Danish
small holder. Light implements and light horses suffice, and
the Dane has solved the problem of the cultivation of roots—
the foundation of his scheme of cropping. |

An eight-year rotation is almost universally adopted. On
the colony previously referred to the cropping is, generally,
as follows :—

1920.| LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. 1073

Rye (or wheat),

Roots,

Barley,

Roots,

Légume and cereal mixture,
Grass,

Grass (with half fallow),
Oats (or wheat).

There is no permanent grass on this colony, and except for
some low-lying meadows in the islands and the marshes of
Jutland there is very little permanent grass in the country.

Very little artificial manure seems to be used by sma | holders:
the roots may get some nitrate of soda and superphosphate, but
in the main reliance is placed on farmyard manure. Dung is
spread on the second year grass about mid ummer after once
grazing or mowing ; the grass is then half-fallowed for autumn
corn ; a proportion of the dung is applied, usually in early
winter, for roots.

Liquid manure is used on the grass and is applied without
dilution when the grass is wet, chiefly in autumn and spring.

Excellent crops of rye are grown.

Roots consist of mango!ds, sometimes sugar beet or sugar
mangold, swedes and turnips. The land is well worked; the use
of the roller and horse hoe for conserving moisture is thoroughly
understood. There is a saying in Denmark to the effect that
if it is possible to walk over a root field without getting one’s
sabots filled with soil it is not in a proper condition of tilth.

Roots are usually sown on the flat in 18 to 20-in. rows and
are thinned out 8 in. apart. Good yields are obtained: in
one case a small holder’s crop last year worked out at 35 tons
per acre. It is a remarkable fact that throughout the whole
of our tour not a single root failure was seen, even on the very
light lands of Jutland—this notwithstanding the fact that
the rainfall for May was only I mm. as compared with a
40 mm. average, and that there was practically no rain during
our visit in the first half of June.

The grass crops consisted of approximately equal proportions
of rye-grass, cocksfoot and tall oat grass, with lesser amounts
of Timothy, red clover and alsike. Obviously a mixture of
this kind cannot form a close bottom, and most of the fields
which, at the time of our visit, were in full flower, were thinner
than we like to see in this country. On small holdings and in
the islands generally all cattle are tethered at grass. In
Jutland where the holdings run larger and where there are
numerous low-lying meadows the cattle often graze at large.

4C

1074 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. [FEB.,

The system of tethering stock is prompted by the belief
prevalent in Denmark, and supported, it may be remarked, by
experiments in Ireland, that more feed is obtained by allowing
grass in any given pasture periods, here and there, of uninter-
rupted growth than by grazing continually over the whole
extent. Itis admitted that the milk yield begins to drop when
the flowering stage is reached and at the same time more of
the grass is wasted. Toreduce waste, small holders sometimes
bring their cows in about midsummer and feed the grass in the
stalls.

Where tethering is practised, the bulk of the grass becomes
well established before the dry weather sets in and is thus able
to hold its own even during a spell of drought. So much are
the effects of drought feared that farmers hesitate to cut their
hay before the drought has broken, and an aftermath is
as: ured.

Lucerne is less grown than might be expected, and winter
beans are not cultivated at all. Intensive cultivation in the
form of continuous cropping is unknown, and as regards
rotations, generally, it is doubtful if Denmark can teach us
much. i

6. Returns.—We were unable to examine actual balance
sheets, but the small holders freely disclosed, so far as they
were able, their financialcondition. One holding of 11 acres cost,
twelve years ago, 500 kroner per tondeland (£20 14s. per acre),
buildings cost 4,000 kroner (£225) ; 6,300 kroner (£354 7s. 6d.)
are still owing. In the case of a holding of 134 acres the land
cost 600 kroner per tondeland (£25 per acre), buildings cost
5,500 kroner (£309 7s. 6d.). The holder is paying interest on
6,700 kroner (£376 17s. 6d.). In another case 12,500 kroner
(£703 2s. 6d.) were paid for a holding of 11 acres, five years
ago. This included land, buildings and equipment. About five-
sixths of this is still owing. Another paid 10,000 kroner
(£562 ros.) for an 11-acre holding six years ago, and still owed
seven-tenths of the amount.

One holder transferred in 1918 to a bigger holding (11 acres)
for which the full purchase price was 22,000 kroner (£1,237 I0s.);
of this amount he paid down 13,000 kroner (£731 5s.). This
small holder expressed the opinion that the would-be purchaser
should possess not less than one-third of the total purchase
price.

The general impression conveyed was that the small holders
were making a comfortable living and had not much anxiety

1920. | LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. 1075

for the future. They are content to live soberly and thriftily,
they do not have to work hard, and they are content if there
is a small balance left over after paying interest and household
expenses. This balance naturally varies: from £28 to £56 on
a holding of 13 acres is considered reasonable.

The worst conducted holding of those inspected was one of
about 54 acres, and in this case the small holder earned part of
his living by working for other people ‘carting, etc.). In the
case of another holding of the same size the small holder kept
3 cows, I horse, 1 pig and 1 calf (12 weeks old, just sold for
220 kroner (£12 7s. 6d.). Two of the cows were at grass on
another holding; the small holder earned 800 kroner (£45)
independently of his holding. The crops in this case were
' good. We had no further opportunities of inspecting the
smallest type of holding; there appears, however, to be a
general consensus of opinion that the minimum size should be
big enough to provide a living in itself.

7. Farming in Jutland.—A visit was paid to Herning, the
“Capital of the Jutland Heath,’’ and some time was spent in
exploring the country around that centre. Approaching
Herning from the south one passes through an extremely poor,
sandy country closely resembling our Bagshot Heaths, with
this difference, that the Jutland Heath is closely settled and
mostly cultivated. As seen from the central Jutland railway
the land is much poorer than in the islands, the holdings are
bigger and more scattered, and the cattle are not tethered to
the same extent. Very little rain had fallen during the previous
two months and the country as a whole was obviously suffering
severely from drought. In this connection it was noticeable
that where tethering was practised the grass was green and
vigorous, whereas in the fenced fields where the cattle grazed
at liberty the herbage was short, poor and “ burned.”’

One was struck with the newness of the small towns or
villages through which the railway passes, and the large
numbers of new farmsteads along the line side. It would
appear that the railway was laid through a barren heath and
that gradually the stations and approaches to the railway
became centres of human habitation and industry. Herning,
a flourishing looking town of 7,000 inhabitants, has grown up
within the last 30 years. It contains a bacon factory, two
dairies, and excellent elementary, middle, high and technical
schools. There are two brick factories and several large peat
“banks ’”’ on the outskirts. During the War the cutting of

4C2

1076 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. [FEB.,

peat has developed into an important industry in Jutland.
Herning is entirely dependent on peat for its fuel, and large
quantities have been transported to the principal centres of
population in Denmark, where peat fuel was unknown
before the War, at a cost of 33s. gd. to 40s. per ton delivered.
The peat is sold on its analysis: a good sample will contain
25 per cent. of water and 2 to 3 per cent. of ash.

One typical small holding, about 1 mile from Herning, was
visited. This consisted of 9 acres and cost £23 4s. Id. per acre
before the War. Buildings consisting of cow-house, stable,
piggery, and dwelling-house—all in one block—cost £135.
The soil is black peaty sand, deeper and richer than typical
heath soil, and is cropped as follows :—

Roots,

Oats,

Grass,

Grass,

Cereal and legume mixture (ripened),

Rye.
There is, also, a small, well-managed garden from which some
produce is sold. The stock at present consists of two horses
and two cows. Both crops and stock are only moderate.
The land is in need of lime and will be dressed with clay mar]
obtainable lccally (pre-war price = Is. 4d. a load). Normally
a few pigs and other stock are kept, and the holding is said to
be entirely self-supporting. Latterly, however, the occupier
has had to engage in carting and other outside work in order
to make ends meet. For carting peat, for example, a man and
two horses will earn from 50s. to 55s.a day. On poorer heath
soil—farther from NHerning—about 40 acres is considered
necessary for a living.

West of Herning many of the holdings range between 60 and
100 acres. Except roots and rye, crops generally were poor.
Some of the best crops in the district were to be seen on the
Government Experiment Station at Studsgaard.

Here the soil is extremely light, black sand, on which experi-
ments are being conducted to determine the best crops and the
b st varieties of such crops to grow. Rye, oats, barley, roots,
potatoes, carrots, grasses, clover and miscellaneous forage
plants are included in the trials. Rye and potatoes are very
good; carrots also do well ; and of the forage plants tall oat grass
and red clover seem to be about the best. Lucerne is poor
alone, but moderately good along with tall oat grass.

1920.]| LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. 1077

A usual rotation is :—

Lupins—ploughed in,

Rye,

Potatoes,

Oats,

Sugar beet,

Rye,

Grass,

Grass,
Lupins have been sown at different times, and, judging by
the appearance of the succeeding rye crop, the earliest-sown
‘upins have answered best, due to the greater bulk of crop
ploughed in.

One of the most successful experimental rotations, judging
by the crop yields, is lupins followed by rye followed by
potatoes. Lupins are ploughed in, and never fed to stock.

A trial is being made of pit ensilage.

In an easterly direction from Herning, towards Silkeborg
and Skandeborg, the railway passes through a peat country
containing wide stretches of flat, grass marshes used for ’
grazing both dairy (Black and White Danish) and store cattle.
The latter are mainly Shorthorns or Shorthorn crosses bred
from English bulls. Farther on, blocks of large holdings, less
well equipped with the cleaning implements seen on the
islands, alternate with clusters of small holdings and some fine
belts of spruce and pine. Then come treeless stretches of
boggy land cultivated on 8-yd. “‘ stitches,’ with intervening
open ditches 2 ft. deep, and again more black sandy heath and
small ro-or 12-acre holdings, with heaps of marl lying about
ready for application. This so-called marl is mostly clay with
about 30 per cent. of lime, and costs about 3s. 6d. a ton. So
light is the soil that to prevent blocking by blown sand the
railway is protected by close ‘‘sleeper’”’ fences. The soil is
still cultivated, however, «ven when so poor that the coarse
white sand shows through the growing crops: only the flat,
intractable bogs remain uncultivated and these are being
worked for peat.

One then reaches the Lake District of Denmark—a poor
stretch of country, little cultivated, but beautified by heath
and pine. Silkeborg is the centre of the wood-pulp paper
industry.

8. Forestry In Jutland—A good deal of tree-planting appears
to have been done in recent years : however poor the soil, small
belts of spruce and pine were everywhere seen in flourishing
condition ; many of the fields, too, are hedged around with

1078 LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. [FEB.,

pine as in the light land districts of Norfolk. The health and
vigour of these conifers, even where scarcely a green blade
was visible, and where the land was red with sorrel, greatly
impressed the onlooker.

A visit was paid to the plantations of Hjortsballehoeje in
central Jutland. On this bleak and barren stretch of light
sandy moorland the Danish Heath Society started planting in
1866. The land was ploughed over roughly in furrows 12 in.
wide by 6 in. deep, and left for a season. Afterwards it was
knocked about and finally thrown up in 5-ft. “ stitches”’ and
planted with spruce (Picia excelsa). This did not flourish and
trials were made with Mountain Pine (Pinus montana), which
is more of the nature of a shrub than a tree, stooling out into
four or six main stems and reaching a height of ro ft. or so.
The spruce and pine grow well inmixture, and the method now
adopted is to cut out the pines at from 20 to 40 years’ growth,
by which time the spruce is thoroughly established. The latter
remains and makes quite useful timber. The pine is used
mainly for firewood and in the production of charcoal and tar.
There seems little doubt that much of our own “heath ”
country could be similarly afforested, providing useful employ-
ment jor large numbers of men or women and helping out by
means of casual work the small holder located on the borders
of the forest. .

Q. Remarks.—Jo sum up, a small holder in the Islands of
Denmark is able to make a comfortable living with no great
exertion from about 11 acres, provided, of course, he employs
no extra labour. It was suggested to us by one of the most
capable small holders we met that 16 acres would be a more
economic unit and that one man would still be able to undertake
all of the work. In the lighter districts of Jutland an economic
unit is rather larger than in the Islands (from 20 to 30 acres
or more according to the soil) ; in these districts the land is
worked in much the same way as in the Islands, and sometimes
the smaller men eke out their living by cutting and selling peat
and by work in the woods. Rye and potatoes are the most
reliable crops on the lightest soils, the latter being grown more
extensively in Jutland than in the Islands, where a small holder
rarely grows more than is sufficient for his own household.

The sale 0 milk, the price of which in June last was about
the same as in this country, brings an assured and regular
income. The cows, especially the Red Danish, are uniformly
good milkers and would appear to require rather less food than
ours. During the War the small holder’s cow has suffered

1920.] LAND SETTLEMENT IN DENMARK. 1079

more than that of the bigger farmer, and it is doubtful if, at
present at all events, the small holding, acre for acre, produces
as much milk as does the larger holding. There is less difference
between the two classes of holding in regard to crop production.
While the numbers of cattle (not cows in milk) have practically
been maintained, pigs have fallen off during the War, from a
total of about 24 millions to half a million. The Dane had
become accustomed to fatten his pigs on separated milk and
barley meal or millers’ offals, and when the supplies of these
fell off (separated milk being used largely in cheesemaking, etc.)
he seems to have been at a loss to find a satisfactory substitute.

In regard to education, the Danish small holder is perhaps
shghtly better equipped on the average than the small ho’der
in this country, and he values it more highly. Whether as a
result of education or temperament or some other cause difficult
to define, the Danes are imbued with a spirit of helpfulness,
neighbourliness, and frankness in regard to their private
affairs that makes the path to co-operation easy. The
progressive majority adopt it and the others have to follow
suit, or fail to find a market for their produce. The chief
reason, however, for the success of co-operation is, probably,
the dense concentration of small holdings and small farms, all
turning out the same products. This is a result of uniformity
in soil conditions, the fact that agriculture is the main industry
of importance, and the popular love of soil and native land.
Added to this is the fact that everything possible is done by the
legislature, composed largely of farmers, and by the rural
councils to help the small holder in his task. Financial
assistance is obtainable on easy terms ; while the holdings are
excellently equipped with buildings and each is a self-contained
unit. There is no such thing as the sharing of buildings ;
there are no disjoined holdings; and the joint use of horses,
implements and machinery is rare.

The same combination of circumstances in this country is
seldom met with ; but the wide stretches of light, free-working
soil capable of improvement by liberal applications of farmyard
manure, which are to be found in many districts, would seem
to make likely centres for trials of small arable dairy holdings.
In Denmark the milk goes to the co-operative creamery, which,
on the average, has a membership of about 140 and deals with
the produce of about 700 cows. The cream is used for butter-
making and the bulk of the separated milk is returned to the
farms for pig-feeding. In this country the milk would probably
be destined for sale in the towns, and the only form of co-

1080 FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. [FEB.,

operation directly called for would be the collection of the milk
at the holdings for dispatch to the nearest station or depot.
In the event of a surplus the additional organisation required
to run a cheese factory, with the principle of co-operation
already to hand, would necessarily be more easily provided.

A further reflection was suggested by the marked similarity
between much of the land in Denmark with land in Norfolk
and Suffolk. In these counties large tracts of light land are
now devoted mainly to sheep-farming and sport. Similar land
in a small country like Denmark would probably be carrying a
cow to every 3 ecres and contributing more largely to the wealth
of the country and the re-instatement of a healthy rural
population.

FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY.

Major J. G. MERRISON.

FARM drainage by mechanical means is recognised to be
a subject of pressing and increasing importance to the British
farmer, but little is known in the United Kingdom of the
methods employed elsewhere, particularly in Canada and the
United States. In those two countries high wages and a
scarcity of skilled labour gave rise long ago to conditions very
similar to those obtaining to-day in the United Kingdom,
where manual Jabour is now in a great many cases so expensive
as to be prohibitive. ‘This article is not intended to explain
the benefits to be derived from draining, or to discuss the
methods to be followed in particular circumstances, but to
describe and illustrate the various classes and types of machine
successfully employed in this country and abroad.

Drainage machinery ranges from small ploughs and scoops,
costing but a few pounds, to elaborate machines costing
thousands. Many and widely different conditions require
to be met in drainage, and machines have been designed
for practically all possible conditions; but for purposes of
classification it will be convenient to divide the machines into
four definite groups :—

1. Ploughs and scoops.

2. Wheel excavators and endless chain excavators.
3. Steam tackle.

4. Scraper excavators.

1920.| FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. 1081

I. Ploughs and Scoops.—This class includes the smallest and
least expensive type of implement or machine. The main
advantage of machines of this class is their low cost ; they meet
the requirements of the farmer who has only a small amount
of drainage work to do, which he will fit in with the general
work of the farm, employing men and a team or tractor when
they are not required for other operations. A heavy initial
outlay on speedier and, mechanically, more efficient machines,
would be clearly false economy for the farmer with only a little
drainage work to perform : if such machines are to be employed
for his work they will be owned by a contractor or some local
authority.

Fic. 1.—The Dawson Ditching Digger (Toronto).

(a) The Ditching Digger.—Fig. 1 shows a very simple device
used to deepen existing open ditches, and to loosen the
soil preparatory to shovelling when excavating trenches
for tile drains. The implement is constructed on the lines of
a plough, to the beam of which are attached vertical standards
with a cutting edge, and a coulter which splits the ground ahead
of these cutting knives. At the end of the knives are fixed
spade feet to loosen the earth at the bottom of the trench.
The depth of cut is regulated by a shoe at the head. With the
exception of a wooden stay the implement is constructed
throughout of iron and steel, thus ensuring the maximum
strength and stability. The weight of this machine is approxi-
mately 180 lb. Two men and two horses are required to work
the machine, which costs about £8.

(0) The Ditching Scoop.—Fig. 2 illustrates an implement
known as the ditching scoop. It consists of a heavy U-shaped

1082 FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. [FEB.,

cutter which loosens the earth, and a bucket in the rear for
collecting the soil. The cutter is mounted on a steel frame.
The bucket is fixed to the cutter frame by steel straps. The
wooden handle is hinged to the bucket and is used to keep the
machine upright when entering the trench. The bucket is
filled by being drawn up the sloping end of the uncompleted
part of the trench. The depth of each cut is controlled by an
adjustable shoe in front of the cutting knife. The bucket is
34 ft. long, 17 in. high, and Io in. wide at the top, and will
hold about 5 cub. ft. of soil. When charged the bucket slides
out of the trench, the handle is disengaged and the bucket falls
onits side. A loop on the bottom of the bucket offers a
hold for turning it, and perforation in the bottom prevents
the soil from being held in the bucket by suction. Two
men and a team of horses are required to operate this scoop.
The implement costs about fIo.

(c) Soil Scrapers and Scoops.—Figs. 3 and 4 show respectively
a scraper and a scoop, used for removing the soil from open
ditches after it has been loosened by a plough. Fig. 3 shows
the type of scraper used when the soil has to be deposited
-on the side ; the scraper works across the ditch and deposits
the soil on the edge of the bank, leaving sloping sides.
Fig. 4 shows the type used when the soil has to be carried
some distance. It will work either crossways or lengthways
according to the size of the ditch and the nature of the soil.
Two men and two horses are needed to operate these scoops,
the cost of which is from £3 or £4 upwards, according to size.

(d) Farm Ditcher.—Fig. 5 shows a handy machine for making
drainage ditches, grading and building roads, terracing, back-
filling tile ditches and filling gulleys. As a.ditcher the machine
cuts a V-shaped ditch with sloping sides from 4 ft. to 6 ft. in
depth, according to the nature of the soil in which it is used.
The machine is built in two sizes, a 300-Ib. machine equipped
with a 5-ft. cutting blade and a 375-lb. machine with a 7-ft.
cutting blade: the former requires two horses on light soil
and four on heavier soils; the latter requires from four to
eight horses, or can be used with a tractor.

(e) The Swedish Excavator—Figs. 6 and 7 show two sizes
of a Swedish machine, the “‘ Revolt ’’ excavator, which has been
imported for use in this country. The U-shaped share serves
to scoop up a layer of soil : the loosened soil enters the lower
part of an inclined conveyer that carries it to the top of the
machine, where a discharge chute returns it to the ground on
the side of the trench. An adjustable shoe in front regulates

Scoop.

2.—Ditching

FIG.

Fic. 3.—Soil Scraper.

Fic. 4.—Soil Scoop.

Fic. 5——Austin Farm Ditcher, Terracer and Road Grader.

Fic. 6.—Swedish Excavator and Fordson Tractor.

Fic. 6A.—Swedish Excavator and Fordson Tractor,
Rear View.

1920.] FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. 1083
a
the depth of the cut. The conveyer is driven direct by a com-
bined cog and carrying wheel that runs along the bottom of the
ditch. Itis claimed that the smaller machine (Fig. 6) with two
men and two horses will dig 300 to 400 yards of ditch per day
(7 in. wide, 3 ft. 7 in. to 4 ft. deep) ; and the larger machine
(Fig. 7) with four horses and three men, 400 to 600 yards per day
(12 in. wide, 4 ft. deep). The smaller machine has been tried
very successfully in England, both under easy conditions and
in stiffclay. Itis understood that near Boston, Lincs, working
in light, loamy soil with a sandy bottom, the machine with
two horses cut a trench 130 yards long and 3 ft. 6 in. deep in
14 hours, and with a Fordson tractor cut 100 yards 3 ft. deep in

Fic. 7.—Swedish Excavator (large size).

half an hour. The present price of the smaller machine in
this country is about {40.

2. Wheel and Endless Chain Excavators,—T[hese machines are
used by contractors and persons having a large amount of
farm tile-drainage to do. To meet successfully varying soil
and other conditions and to avoid breakage and loss of time,
machines must be capable of digging exactly to a determined
gradient, be free from mechanical trouble and resistant to
heavy overload. The machines consist of a strong, rigid
frame and platform carrying the engine and gears, and are
so designed as to be self-propelling. Internal combustion
engines are generally used, though steam engines and boilers
are often preferred. The digging attachments are so mounted
and hinged to the moving platform that they may be raised
or lowered by the operator in securing the depth desired.
Levers are so arranged that the depth of excavation can be
accurately controlled by the person operating the machine.
An arm or gauge is attached to the digging frame in order

1084 FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. ~ [FEB.;

that the operator can sight across it to targets set along the
line of trench at a known height above the desired bottom,
and the machines thus cut true to a given gradient.
Manufacturers now fit these machines, especially the heavier
ones, with multipedal or caterpillar tracks, although some of
the lighter machines are still mounted on four wheels. The
machines are moved by applying the power directly to turn
the wheels or tracks. The speed at which the machine moves
forward can be regulated by the traction gears, which may be
changed at will. Shields are fitted to the machine to prevent
the sides of the trenches from caving in when ditching in very
soft soil. The shields are usually about 8 ft. long, or sufficient
to permit the tiles being laid properly. The machines vary
in size and weight—from a machine capable of digging trenches
10 in. wide by 44 ft. deep and weighing 7 tons, to machines
that will dig trenches 36 in. wide by 73 ft. deep, and weighing
about 22 tons.

(a) Wheel Excavator.—Fig. 8 illustrates a machine used
extensively by contractors for tile drainage on the farms of
Ontario and Eastern Canada. The machine weighs about
7 tons ; its length over all is 25 ft., and its width over all is
8 ft. 6 in. The power is supplied by an internal combustion
14-h.p. single-cylinder engine. The digging is done by buckets
on the rim of a wheel which is revolved in the trench : as each
bucket reaches the top of the circle, the soil falls upon a conveyer
belt : the belt can be adjusted to deposit on either side of the
trench. Cleaning devices are furnished to remove sticky earth
from the buckets. Digging wheels are supplied to take buckets
in sizes from 114 to 14 in. wide and to dig 43 to 54 ft. deep.
Two men are required to operate the machine and to lay and
blind* the tile. The fuel required for ordinary tile drains
averaging 3 ft. deep and 12 in. wide is 5 to 8 gal. of petrol
per 10-hour day. Upon this class of work the machine will do
So to 200 rods a day, depending principally upon the nature
of the soil. The cost of this machine is about £750.

(b) Endless Chain Excavator.—Fig. 9 shows a machine of the
endless chain elevator class. Machines of this kind are built
in a greater range of sizes, so far as chain and buckets are con-
cerned, than wheel excavators of the same weight. They
also seem to be better adapted for work where there is need of
14in. and larger tiles, and generally where there is a heavier
task to perform. The digging apparatus (Fig. 10) is operated

* 7.e. to fill in sufficient earth to hold the tile in place.

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Fic. 12.—Fowler Trenching Machine at Work.

Fic. 13.—Marion Mode] 28. Drag-line.

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dasoeemenntensneners

Pleat carer crn iy Sl ta ay OMAR RO ERT

1920.| FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. 1085

by a sprocket wheel at the upper end of the frame, receiving
power through a drive chain from the engine. At the end of
their upward movement the buckets empty their loads upon
an endless belt, which conveys the soil far enough to the side,
so that it will not fall back into the trench. Cutting knives or
teeth on the lip of the bucket are often used in hard ground.
An attachment is also manufactured that will cut open ditches
with a sloping bank, having a maximum depth of 5 ft. and
width of 74 ft. Devices for cleaning buckets are attached to
the machine. The machine illustrated in Fig. 9 weighs about
13 tons: its length over all is 33 ft. plus boom 18 ft.; its
width over all is g ft. 4 in.; and its height over all is ro ft.

Fic. 10.—Endless Chain Excavator—Digging Apparatus (for larger
machine than Fig. 9).

The power is supplied by an internal combustion 4-cylinder
engine rated at 22 to 25 h.p. Two men are required to
operate the machine, to lay and blind the tile. The fuel
required for tile drains averaging 3 ft. deep and 12 in. wide
is 20 gal. of petrol per 10-hour day: the minimum amount
of work done per day is about 300 yards.

3. Steam Tackle.—Steam tackle is too well known to need
description. Mole drainage and open ditching have been
successfully practised by this system for many years, and very
suitable implements are provided for that purpose.

(2) Mole Draining Machines.—Mole ploughs (Fig. 11) are
used to form channels in the subsoil to drain the land. The
machine forms a duct with smooth sides (similar to a mole
track) into which the surface water drains and is carried
away to the main drain. Stiff, clay soils are best suited to this
method of drainage, since there is less likelihood of the soil
filling the channels and blocking the water than in the case of
loose soil. Land lying on a fair incline gives better results
than flat land, as the rapid flow of the water tends to keep the

1086 FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. _FEB.,

channel open. The plough consists of a steel cone carried on
a coulter attached toa stout beam. The frame of the machine
is mounted on two large hind wheels and one or two smaller
wheels in front. Means are provided for regulating the depth
of the bore to a maximum of 3 ft.

FIG. 11.—Fowler Double-frame Mole Draining Machine, fitted with
Hand Lifting Gear.

(b) Trench or Ditching Machines.—Fig. 12 shows an example
of a Fowler implement of a type little used in this country.
lt is designed for opening trench or irrigation ditches. The
front of the frame is provided with a rope sheave round which
a rope from one of the ploughing engines passes, the other
end of the rope being fixed to the hind wheel of the same engine.
The front coulter splits the mass of earth to be removed into
two halves, which are conveyed upwards by suitable mould-
boards and deposited on both sides of the finished ditch. The
machine is manufactured in several sizes, making trenches up
to 2 ft. in depth and 3 ft. in width.

4. Scraper Excavators with Drag Lines.—These machines are
designed for open ditching work and are specially useful in
digging by lateral excavation ditches not exceeding 16 ft.
over the top. By substituting additional booms the machines
can be converted to do four different kinds of work :—

(a) Drag line work.

(b) Digging and steam shovel work.

(c) Grab work with slush.

(zd) Grading work.
The power unit of these machines may be either internal
combustion or steam. The class of work undertaken by these

1920.] FARM DRAINAGE MACHINERY. 1087

types is very heavy, and steam power is advocated wherever
coal is procurable. The swinging boom is mounted on a bed
frame and the upper end of the boom is supported by a cable.
The bucket or scoop hangs on a cable from the upper end of the
boom and is filled by being dragged along the ditch. The
loaded bucket is raised by a cable from the boom, which then
dumps it on the waste bank.

Figs. 13 and 14 show two types of drag-line machine, the
first driven by steam and the second by an internal combustion
engine. The first is the ‘“ Marion’’ Model No. 28. This is
equipped with a 32-ft. boom, weighs about 21 tons, and will
cut from 200 to 400 cubic yards of soil a day. The multipedal
tracks are 5 ft. 8 in. by 2 ft. One ton of coal is required a
day. ‘The second is the “ Austin’’ Combination No. 5, which
has a 4-cylinder engine of 45 h.p. requiring 30 gal. of paraffin
a day. It has a boom length of 30 ft., weighs 17 tons, and will

cut a minimum of 300 cubic yards a day. Both machines | ©

require two men to operate them. The cost of the former is
about £2,500 and the latter £2,750.

Conclusion.—It has already been indicated that only the
very large farmer can afford to buy a machine other than one
of those in the first class described above. There would
appear to be ample scope for local authorities (such as Drainage
Boards) and for contractors in carrying out by mechanical
means the various classes of drainage work requiring to be
done. In this connection it may be of interest to set out
briefly a scheme in operation in parts of Canada where drainage
machinery is largely used.

The actual work is undertaken by contractors, but the
Provincial Departments of Agriculture assist farmers and
contractors in the following way. Provincial Drainage Officers
get the farmers together in a district which needs draining, and
endeavour to secure an undertaking from them to proceed with
the work, with the object of arranging for sufficient work to
make it worth the while of a contractor to come into the district.
Clearly a contractor cannot pay his expenses if the only work
in prospect is an odd field here and there. Drainage Advisers
. are sent during the summer months to farmers who desire to
have their farms drained, and who require technical assistance
in preparing plans, etc. The Adviser surveys the farm, pre-
pares a scheme and advises the farmers generally on the best
methods to be adopted. No charge is made for the services
of the Adviser, but the farmer pays his travelling expenses,
defrays the carriage of his implements, boards him while at

1088 LAND DRAINAGE [FEB.,

work, and furnishes any necessary information. Loans are
granted by the Provincial Government to any farmer requiring
financial assistance to enable him to put in a system of tile
drains. Such loans are repaid in the form of an addition to
the Land Tax.

Although such a scheme may not be applicable to the con-
ditions in England and Wales, yet it appears to the writer that
there 1s a paramount necessity for mapping out the work to
be done, and for so organising it that it will be efficiently and
cheaply performed either by contractors or public authorities.
At the same time it is desirable to give a word of warning :
the conditions which have to be faced in any country or in any
area are complex, and differ from those in other countries and
other areas: the machinery suitable for a new country will
not necessarily prove suitable for an old one. Careful investi-
gation and experiment are an essential preliminary before any
. particular types of machines can be recommended for the various
classes of work requiring to be carried out in this country.

LAND DRAINAGE.

IT is now possible to review the land drainage work which
was commenced under the Defence of the Realm Regulations
and is being continued under the provisions of the Land
Drainage Act of 1918, with a view to increasing the food-
producing capacity of the country by means of the improve-
ment of the rivers and arterial drains. ‘‘ Land drainage’’ must
be distinguished on the one hand from ‘‘ farm drainage,’’ which,
though it depends for its full effectiveness upon the efficiency
of the rivers and main arteries, involves entirely difierent
administrative and technical questions, and, on the other hand,
from works of ‘land reclamation” which have for their object
the making of agricultural land out of tidal marsh, heath,
bog, or other waste areas.

Under the Defence of the Realm Regulations power was
given to the Ministry of Agriculture to enforce the liability
of any riparian occupier of agricultural land to clear any
watercourse in or adjoining his land, in cases where his neglect
to do so rendered other land liable to be damaged by flooding.

Further power was given to the Ministry to take over and
exercise any drainage powers which were being ignored, or
inadequately exercised, by any drainage authority. These
powers were exercised by the Ministry through the Agricultural
Executive Committees or counties, who dealt with the matter

LAND DRAINAGE. 108g
on broad lines and organised comprehensive schemes for the
improvement of whole rivers and large areas of land.

The cost of the work done under the Regulations was either
met voluntarily by the riparian owners or occupiers themselves
in the first instance, or, where the work was carried out by the
Executive Committees, was advanced by the Ministry, to be
recovered from the riparian occupiers on the completion of
the work. To obviate the injustice of compelling a riparian
occupier or owner to pay for work which benefited other land
besides his own, all such work, if it could not be paid for out
of the rates of a drainage authority, was done by prisoner
labour, which was given free. The official action of county
committees under the Regulations naturally aroused widespread
interest in land drainage, and led to a vast amount of voluntary

_ work being done by landowners. A return rendered recently

to the Ministry by county committees shows that the acreage
which has been benefited by drainage work done by or at the

instance of County Executive Committees reaches the sub-

stantial total of 405,500 acres in England and Wales. The
advances made by the Ministry of Agriculture to pay for the

‘work amounted approximately to £90,000, of which about

£20,000 has been recovered. Owing to changes of tenancy
and other causes, it may not be possible to recover the whole

of the balance, but it is estimated that the ultimate cost to the

State of the whole work will not exceed an average of 2s. per

acre.

The return above referred to is a document of great interest,
not only as showing the districts in which the greatest energy
has been displayed, but as indicating the difierent nature of the
problems with which the county committees had to deal.
For example, in Norfolk nine schemes were carried out, and the
total area benefited was 34,000 acres, an average of 8,500 acres
for each scheme.* In Cumberland 10,000 acres were improved,
but this involved the carrying out of no less than gg separate
schemes, of which 74 werecarried out voluntarily by landowners,
at the instance of the county committee, without any advance
of money being made by the Ministry. Another typical scheme,
of which some account may be of interest, was carried out in
East Suffolk on the Dove. The length of river which was
taken in hand was about Io miles. The area drained by it
is 20,000 acres, and the total cost of the work (the prisoner
labour being free) was £1,050. The average width of the river

* An account of the work done in Norfolk on the River Waveney was

_ published in this Journal, July, 1919, p. 381, and December, 1919, p. 922.

4 D

7A.

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RE eM aaa A Ne a Nt au eeu pias Sh

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i) Fad a A se

1090 LAND DRAINAGE.

varies from about 12 ft. in the highest reaches to about 30 ft.
in the lowest reach, but in places it was so badly silted up and
overgrown that its course could only be traced with some
difficulty. No constructive engineering works were attempted ;
it was simply a matter of digging, and of removing numberless
old roots, fallen trees, and similar obstructions. The river, as
improved by the clearances, should now be fully capable of
carrying off all the water that drains into it. Very notable
work has been done in Essex (89,000 acres), the West Riding
(82,700 acres), and Lindsey (Lincs.) (44,700 acres).

It was of course clear from the beginning that the effect of
the work carried out under war-time regulations would be only
temporary, unless some statutory provision could be made for
perpetuating it. Such provision has been made by the passing
of the Land Drainage Act of 1918.*

Part I. of this Act enables drainage boards to be established,
or the boundaries of existing drainage authorities to be altered,
by an Order of the Ministry of Agriculture, which does not,
unless it is opposed, require confirmation by Parliament; and
such Orders can now be made by the Ministry either on its
own initiative, or on receipt of a petition from persons or.
autorities intherested. Thus there is provided a short and
inexpensive procedure, and a means of carrying out a con-
sidered and homogeneous policy with regard to all the drainage
areas in the country.

Drainage authorities established before 1918 were either
ancient Commissions of Sewers (some of them established as
early as the thirteenth century), or authorities established by
local Acts or under the Land Drainage Act, 1861. The former
class have, generally speaking, a wide and indefinite area, and
only axercise jurisdiction over parts of it.. Authorities of the
latter class have generally been established to meet purely local
needs, and are the outcome of Parliamentary bargains. Their
areas bear no relation, as a rule, to the requirements of the
whole of the area drained by any river or artery. The policy
adopted by the Ministry of Agriculture since 1918 has been to
form drainage boards for whole river valleys or basins, wherever
possible, which shall control the main channels and their banks,
while retaining “internal drainage ’’ authorities where these
exist, and creating new authorities for internal drainage where
desirable.

It may be of interest to set out theStages which have to be >
gone through, from the first proposal or petition for the forma-

~* See this Journal, November, 1918, p. 961, and December, 1918, p. 1121.

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aS M aaaat ar ; a
ee 1920.} LAND DRAINAGE. IOQL 3

| ae tion of a drainage board, to the board’s final establishment. y ;
The first stage is the making of a survey of the area concerned, ve
in order to settle the boundaries of the proposed district. ae,

- These boundaries are usually fixed at a line approximately nes
8 ft. above the highest recorded flood level. The boundaries nt
are plotted on 6-in. Ordnance maps, and a draft Order is He
prepared which provides (where necessary) for differential pat
rating, and for the representation on the board of the several ae
component parts of the area. The draft Order and the map Oe
are discussed with the County Councils, existing drainage is
authorities, and other persons or bodies interested. Wher cy us
necessary, local conferences are held for this purpose. No Tre.
Order can be made affecting the area of an existing authority mes
without that authority’s consent. The draft Order and map og
are then deposited for public inspection for a month, during “a ea
which objections may be lodged with the Ministry of Agri- Bes:
culture. When the objections have been dealt with (a public " i)
inquiry being held if necessary), the Order receives any aa
necessary revision, and is then sealed and again deposited for ae
public inspection for a month, during which period persons ae
having a prescribed interest may present memorials to the ee
Ministry of Agriculture praying that the Order shall not become ie
law without confirmation by Parliament. If no memorials be ey
presented, or only such as can be met by slight alterations, the ae ;
Order is confirmed by the Ministry and becomes law. Other- fi
wise, it becomes a Provisional Order requiring confirmation by ae
_ Parliament. ae
At the end of 1919 the Ministry had confirmed eight Orders My oM
establishing drainage authorities or extending their areas, and ie
had in hand, at various stages, from the initial survey to the ae
final deposit, 39 others. The total area affected by all these ) e
Orders (made or in course of preparation) is approximately ( ae
1,206,000 acres. par
_. The Ministry are also enabled by Part I. of the Act of r918 | “fh
to extend the powers of drainage authorities constituted under ae
local Acts. The local Acts frequently imposed limits of rates ie
which make it impossible for the authority to carry on its work, re iad
having regard to the ruling prices of material and labour. a
But for this power to alter the local Acts it is probable that Ra
several small drainage districts would have become derelict .
during the past year. Ten Orders of this nature were con- ae
firmed in rgr9. 3 ‘ig
ae The second part of the Act of 1918 confers two very useful e
Se ; powers pen the Ministry. The first is the power to take over ae
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1092 LAND DRAINAGE.

temporarily the duties of any drainage authority which is not

carrying out those duties satisfactorily, and the second is to Ly
carry out schemes for the improvement of small areas of oe
agricultural land by clearing or improving the watercourses. ee
Both these powers are delegated by the Ministry to county a
committees established for the purpose. Schemes for the im- | zy
provement of areas which are not suitable for administration : s

by drainage boards are prepared by the county committees,
approved by the Ministry, and deposited in draft for a month
for public inspection. After any objections which may be
made have been dealt with, the schemes are carried out by the
county committees, the cost being advanced by the Ministry
of Agriculture, and recovered from the owners of all lands

fom :

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benefited by the work. After the completion of the work, a a
county committee (acting as the Ministry’s delegate) has the a
powers of a drainage board for the purpose of the maintenance ae

of the works. The drainage of all the small detached areas in fe
any county can thus be maintained by a single authority, ce
instead of being either neglected or maintained by small local
drainage boards which are necessarily uneconomical and have
tended in the past to become inefficient. Schemes of this
nature can be put into operation in places where there are
ancient Awards which have fallen into abeyance on account of
the vagueness of their terms or for want of any properly con-
stituted authority to carry out their provisions.

The measures referred to above have led to a fairly general o
appreciation of the great harm which has been done to |
agriculture in the past by the neglect of the rivers and brooks
throughout the country. The damage does not arise only a
from actual floods, but arises to an even greater extent from :
the perpetual waterlogging which has rendered a great quantity %
ef land entirely useless for corn-growing or for any of the . rs
deep-rooting crops, of which the value is now generally i”
admitted. There is no doubt. that much money has been
wasted in the past by attempting to drain fields without
providing an efficient outfall, and that the effect of much farm Re:
draining which was carried out years ago at great expense has =
been entirely lost through the outfalls having become choked. =
There seems now to be some ground for hope that the campaign
which has been carried on during the last two years for the
clearing of watercourses may result in widespread and
permanent benefit to agriculture.

~

oe
«1920. +=THE WuITE Rot DISEASE OF ONION BULBS. 1093
¢ ag ‘ Dp pus ate es LA Ea ee ld Vien 9 No” A i eee

THE WHITE ROT DISEASE OF
ONION BULBS.
A. D. CoTTon,
Mycologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,
AND
M. N. OWEN,

Botany School, University of Cambridge.
THE disease here described causes considerable damage to

» the onion crop, especially in market gardens and allotments.

Until recently, however, it has not attracted serious attention,
and, except in one isolated instance, it has never been the
subject of scientific investigation. During the past two years
the disease has been studied at the Ministry’s Pathological
Laboratory at Kew, and experimental work has been carried
out in gardens and market gardens in that neighbourhood
in which it had been found to occur. The fungus causing the
disease has been isolated, grown artificially in pure culture,
and the nature of its life-cycle determined. As a result of
these studies the White Rot of onions has been clearly differen-
tiated from certain diseases with which it has hitherto been
confused by almost all writers. Furthermore, the fungus
itself has been found to be quite distinct from two fungi
(namely, Sclerotinia bulborum and Botrytis cinerea) both of which
have, at one time or another, been regarded as the cause of the
trouble in question, and to be identical with another parasite

_ detected and described many years ago, but in more recent

times almost entirely overlooked. |

_Now that the life-history of the causative organism is pro-
perly known it is possible to suggest methods for controlling
the spread of the White Rot disease, although there is still
room for further investigation in this direction, especially with
regard to soil fungicides and trials as to the susceptibility and
resistance of different varieties of onions.

The only previous account which deals in any way clearly
with the White Rot disease is that* by the Italian botanist
Voglino, who records its occurrence on garlic in various parts
of Italy, and gives a description of the microscopic characters
of the fungus. This being the case a fairly full general account

of the disease and the fungus causing it is given below, though

* Le Stazioni sperimentati agrarieitaliane, 1902. Vol. XXXVI, fasc.IL.,
pp. 89-106.

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1094 THE WHITE Rot DiIsEASE OF ONION BuLgs. [FEB.,
technical details and other matter of purely scientific interest
are omitted from the present paper.

Historical.—The destruction of onion bulbs by a fungus
producing a white mould was observed by Berkeley as long ago
as 1841. He described the fungus and gave it the name of
Sclerottum cepivorum.* He states that the fungus is ‘‘ very
common on onions at the point from which the roots spring,
and often very destructive.’’ His description is meagre, it is
true, but sufficient, nevertheless, to distinguish it from allied
fungi. Berkeley’s specimens, moreover, are preserved in the
Herbarium at Kew ; and examination of these shows that they
are precisely identical with the White Rot fungus so prevalent
to-day.

Since that date other forms of rotting in onion bulbs have

been described, and great confusion has arisen as to the various,

diseases and also as to the fungi causing them. Much has been
written, both in Britain and on the Continent, but with the
exception of Voglino and a few quite recent writers, Berkeley’s
S. cepivorum has been more or less confused with the onion
disease caused by Botrytis. No doubt the presence of the two
fungi on one and the same bulb (as sometimes occurs late in the
season) may partly account for this.

As a specific disease, quite distinct from Botrytis, White Rot
was first correctly distinguished in this country in the Annual
Report of the Plant Disease Survey of the Ministry of Agricul-
ture for 1917 (p. 20). The popular name there employed was
“Dry Rot,” from the dry nature of the decay which the fungus
produces. Since the term dry rot is usually associated with
forms of decay occurring in storage, and as the present disease
attacks the growing crops and seldom, if ever, causes trouble
in storage, this term appears to be somewhat inappropriate.
For this reason, therefore, another popular name, viz., “‘ White
Rot ”’ (derived from the abundance of white mould at the base
of diseased bulbs in the early stages) has been adopted, and the
same name is employed in the Ministry’s Plant Disease Survey
Report for 1918. In Bedfordshire, where this disease 1s wide-
spread, it is termed ‘“‘ Mouldy Nose,” and in the north it is
often, though erroneously, termed Mildew (see later, p. 1098).

Description of the Disease.—Onions become attacked with
White Rot when the soil in which they are sown or planted is
contaminated with the fungus. They usually first ‘show
symptoms of attack at the end of May or early in June. As
might be expected in the case of a disease contracted from the

* Ann. and! Mag. Nat. Hist., VI., January, 1841, Po 359

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Fic. 2.—Spring-sown Onion Plant attacked by White Rot, showing
the white mycelium around the base of the bulb.

Fic. 3.—A pure culture of the White Rot fungus grown on potato
agar in a test tube. The culture is about a fortnight old, and shows
the production of numerous black sclerotia amongst the white mycelium.

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1920.) Tue WuitE Rot DISEASE OF ONION BULBS. 1095
soil, the attack commences with individual plants located
indiscriminately over the beds, but if the soil is heavily con-
taminated practically all the plants will be affected. Autumn-
sown plants appear to be the earliest to suffer, but spring-sown
onions suffer equally and, being smaller, are more quickly
killed and are sometimes destroyed in large numbers.

The earliest visible symptom is one of wilting and yellowing
of the foliage. The oldest leaves turn yellow and fall over,
and later the other leaves also collapse. If the diseased plants
are gently pulled they will be found to come up very readily,
and closer examination will show that the roots have been
invaded by fungus mycelium or spawn, and have been almost
entirely destroyed (Figs. 1 and 2). It is probable that in all
cases the roots are attacked before the bulb. Warm, damp
weather appears to be specially favourable to the growth of
the parasite, and when these conditions exist the fungus
dévelops rapidly round the base of the bulb and soon covers
it with a mass of fluffy white fungus-spawn or mycelium
(Fig. x (c)). This white mycelium is very characteristic of
the White Rot disease, and distinguishes it at once from all
other diseases of the onion. When the disease is still
further advanced it will be found that the fluffy mycelium has
largely disappeared or has been replaced by a more closely
fitting weft which penetrates also into the tissues of the bulb
(Fig. x (a)). At this stage the surface of the bulb shows the
presence of numerous, black, spherical bodies about the size of
small poppy seed (0.5 mm. diam.) and termed sclerotia. The
sclerotia are the resting bodies of the fungus (corresponding
in a rough way with seeds), and it is by means of these that the
parasite persists in the soil from year to year. The fungal
threads continue to penetrate the tissues of the bulb, devouring
the cell-contents, and forming numerous sclerotia, until finally
the bulb becomes shrunken and dried up. The sclerotia are
produced in large numbers on the diseased plants, and it is
obvious that if the bulbs are left in the ground the soil becomes
thoroughly contaminated with the fungus.

White Rot is most in evidence from the beginning of June to
early August. By August it has mostly killed or destroyed the
affected plants, and comparatively few new infections appear
to take place after that date.

Method of Reproduction and Over-wintering.—In order to combat
the disease intelligently it is essential to know the life-
history of the parasite and its methods of propagation and
perpetuation.

ST ae
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Siena) ¥ nag Re

10g6 THE WHITE RoT DISEASE OF ONION BULBS. _ [FEB.,

Notwithstanding the most careful search during the last
two years the only method of reproduction which has been
observed is the germination of the above-described sclerotia.
It has been found, by means of artificial cultures in test-tubes,
that under suitable conditions of warmth and moisture these
bodies put forth ordinary vegetative filaments which develop
into a new growth of mycelium. The same method of germina-
tion, without doubt, takes place in the soil where the mycelium
produced would invade the roots of any onion plants which
were present.. It would appear, therefore, that under natural
conditions the sclerotia formed on the diseased bulbs in the
summer remain dormant in the soil during winter, germinate
in the late spring, and thus bring about the infection of the
new crop.

Shortly after germination the mycelium of the fungus pro-
duces minute conidia or so-called microspores.* They are
developed very freely in test-tube cultures, and were observed
also on diseased onions grown under field conditions. All
efforts to induce these conidia to germinate, however, failed.
Similar conidia are found in certain related fungi, and these
also have not been observed to germinate. Should they be
capable of germination under the influence of such conditions
as exist in the soil they would be of importance in that the fungus
would be provided with another and partially aerial method
of propagation:

In certain allied fungi (e.g., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on
potatoes, etc., S. trifoliorum on clover, and S. bulborum on
hyacinths and other ornamental bulbs), stalked, cup-shaped
bodies known as ascophores, producing spores which are
actively discharged into the surrounding air, are developed
from the sclerotia. These bodies have not been observed, or
induced to develop, in the case of the onion fungus. In order
to encourage their development the usual method of subjecting
the sclerotia to artificial freezing, in this way simulating
winter conditions, was repeatedly tried but without effect.
It would appear, therefore, that the disease is not spread by
air-borne spores, but solely through the agency of sclerotia.f

Another point of great practical importance is the length
of time the sclerotia retain their vitality. It is impossible

* Voglino also desctibed these bodies, but in spite of the most critical search
no trace of the sphacelial stage described and figured by him as occurring on
the sclerotia themselves was observed. Dr. G. H. Pethybridge informs us
that this stage could not be detected in the material he examined in Ireland.

+ It is for this reason that the authors prefer to retain Berkeley’s generic
name Sclerotium rather than to transfer the species to the ascomycetous genus
Sclerotinia. ‘

1920.] THE WHITE Rot DISEASE OF ONION BULBS. 1097

to make an exact statement as to this, since infected soil has
not been long enough under examination. From accounts
collected from market gardeners and others it would appear
that the fungus persists in the soil for a considerable period,
at least three or four years, and, judging by analogy with
allied species, the sclerotia may survive considerably longer.

Method of Spread.— The introduction of the disease into new
localities obviously takes place through such means as the
distribution of soil containing sclerotia, the planting of diseased
plants and sets, or through the careless disposal of contaminated
refuse or manure. Local spread is probably chiefly accounted
for through the use of contaminated manure and rubbish,
or the scattering of affected soil. For the spreading over larger
areas the distribution of diseased seedlings is no doubt mainly
responsible. Seedling onions for planting are brought to market
in quantities in April and May. These are often reared on in-

‘fected land, and on more than one occasion the white mycelium

of the White Rot has been noted on retail supplies. The
diseased plants are distributed to gardens and allotments ;
and, though seedling plants probably produce but relatively
few sclerotia, a sufficient number are developed to contaminate
the soil, so that with subsequent crops of onions the tendency
is for the disease to increase year by year. This is especially
the case when onions are repeatedly grown in the same land,
and very much less so when a long interval is allowed. The
disease may also be spread by the use of slightly diseased
“ sets,’’ when the attack is so slight as not materially to injure
the bulb or to attract attention.

Susceptibility of Varieties and other Crops.—As far as the
present observations go, most of the common varieties of
onions appear to be subject to White Rot. Shallots, as a rule,
are markedly resistant, and have been observed growing side
by side with diseased onions, but remaining perfectly free from
attack. On one occasion, however, shallots grown at Kew
were afiected and a number of bulbs were completely killed,
and one other case of this crop being diseased has been observed.

Leeks also do not appear to suffer as a rule, but two instances

of slight attacks on leeks have been noted.

Distinctions between White Rot and other Diseasee.—The effect
of White Rot as seen in the foliage somewhat resembles an
attack by the maggot of the Onion Fly. That disease, however,
is distinguished by the presence of the maggots in the bulbs,

and the absence of the white fungus mycelium and the black

1098 THE WHITE Rot DIsEASE OF ONION BuLss. [FEB.,

sclerotia. The decay, moreover, is usually of the nature of a
wet rather than a dry rot (see Leaflet No. 31.)

Of fungus diseases the most generally distributed is Mildew.

This occurs as a whitish-lilac or grey mildew on the leaves,
the bulb remaining free from attack (see Leaflet No. 178).
Onion Smut, a recently introduced and serious disease, is
distinguished by the presence of streaks of black spore-masses
in the-leaves and outer scales.*

The disease with which White Rot is most likely to be con-
fused, except by expert mycologists, is that caused by the
fungus named by the American botanist, M. T. Munn, Botrytis
alli. In its typical form, however, the Botrytis disease is
easy to distinguish by the fact that (1) it is the leaves and the
top of the bulb rather than the roots and base of bulbs that
suffer ; (2) the mould which is present is grey and not white,
and (3) the disease usually commences later in the year, namely,
in late summer and autumn. Botrytis is particularly prevalent
in wet seasons, and on poorly ripened bulbs. It is, indeed,
often responsible for very serious losses in storage. Botrytis
agrees with the White Rot fungus in producing sclerotia, but
these are usually larger and flatter than in White Rot.
Occasionally the two diseases are found in the same bulb.
A full account of the Botrytis disease as it occurs in America

has recently been published by M. T. Munn (New York Agric.

Expt. Station (Geneva), Bull. 437, 1917).

Distribution of the Disease.—In England White Rot is very
widespread, and is found especially in gardens, market gardens
and allotments. Inthe Report of the Ministry of Agriculture’s
Plant Disease Survey for 1918 it is listed from 15 counties;
it doubtless occurs in all parts of England. Mr. G. P. Berry,
of the Ministry of Agriculture, has observed the disease near
Edinburgh, and Dr. G. H. Pethybridge, of the Irish Depart-
ment of Agriculture, states in a letter that it is plentiful around
Dublin, but no published record exists of its occurrence in
either of these countries. In some of the market gardens near
London it is prevalent over extensive areas and causes much
trouble, especially amongst spring onions. Near Manchester

_ also it is said to cause very serious losses. From Voglino’s

account the disease is evidently serious in Italy, but owing to
the confusion existing between White Rot and the Botrytis
disease little is known as to its exact distribution on the
Continent. No record appears to exist of its occurrence in
America.

* See this Journal, May, 1919, pp. 168-174.

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1g20.} THE WHITE Rot DIsEASE OF ONION BULBS. 1099

Methods of Control.—The only means at present known of
exterminating White Rot, once it becomes established in any
part of a garden or field, is by starving out the fungus from the
soil. This can only be effected by keeping the ground free
from onions and allied crops for a number of years. The exact
length of time that is necessary cannot be stated, but judging
by analogy eight or even ten years may not be too long. During
this period the soil should be ‘“‘ worked’ as much as possible,
although the utmost care should be taken that contaminated
soil is not conveyed to clean land. It would be advisable to
make any new onion beds at a considerable distance from the
infested land.

When once the bulbs become attacked practically nothing
can be done to save them; the disease will gradually work
through and destroy the whole bulb. As a general rule and
when practicable the diseased plants should be removed as
early as possible before the formation of sclerotia takes place.
The plants should be carefully dug up, removed from the
ground and burned. If this is persisted in during the entire
' season further infestation of the soil by sclerotia will be
prevented.

In the case of small beds in private gardens and allotments
when large bulbs are affected and the attack appears to be
general it may even pay to lift the entire crop at once before
the whole bed becomes infected. The healthy bulbs, being
immature, should not be stored but put aside for immediate
consumption; the diseased bulbs (or at any rate the diseased
portions of them) should be burned at once.

Up to the present no success has been obtained with the
use of soil fungicides, the hard coat of the sclerotia being
probably as resistant to chemicals as the spores of the Potato
Wart Disease.

No varieties of onions can be recommended at present as
immune. Shallots are usually resistant, and leeks are not
commonly affected. These crops might, therefore, in pressing
cases be grown on infested land, but it would be preferable
not to doso.

White Rot is not a disease which is liable to be introduced
with the seed.

Se a ee

PS ry St STS Sa! le
~
.

II0O PEA AND OaT Hay. [FEB.,.

PEA AND OAT HAV:

Jas. C. Brown,

Vice-Principal and Lecturer in Agriculture, Harper Adams
Agricultural College, Newport, Salop.

Need for the Crop,—If the return to grass of the newly-

ploughed land is to be avoided, new methods of cropping must
be introduced, as the addition made to the arable land during
the War cannot be absorbed into the established farming
system. The pre-war balance between winter and summer
keep has been upset, and the area under root crops will be much
too great if the new arable land is added to the existing system.
This land has, in most cases, borne two crops of cereals, and it
is undesirable that it should be cropped continuously with
straw crops until its stored fertility is exhausted. At this
period a mixture of peas and oats grown for hay should prove
a valuable addition to the crops available to the farmer. If
this mixture be grown on some of the newly-ploughed land
which has carried two grain crops, the stock-carrying capacity
of the farm can be maintained, and it is suggested that part of
the grass land, usually mown, should be pastured, the loss of
the hay crop being repaired by growing the hay required on the
arable land. Further, in cases where the seeds plant failed
last year the land might very profitably be sown, in spring,
with the pea and oat mixture.

Soil suitable—This crop can be grown on the poorest land,
but the best yields are obtained on fairly strong land, low-lying
moist soils giving better crops than the drier soils.

Sowing.— Early sowing is desirable, on dry soils. February
is not too early, on average soils. March is the best month,
and under any conditions the seed should be in the ground by
the middle of April. On light scils the seed mixture should be
sown broadcast and ploughed in about 3 in. deep; on heavier
soils it should be broadcasted over the ploughing, and harrowed
in with the spring-tined harrow, the land being rolled after-
wards with a heavy roller, Broadcasting is preferable to
drilling as it is equally effective and much less costly. The
seed should be mixed at the rate of 2 bush. of oats to 1 bush.
of peas, and the mixture should be sown at the rate of 3 to
4 bush. per acre.

Varieties suitable.-—The large-seeded oats are quite unsuitable

for this purpose, as the total weight of crop is much smaller.

than that of the straw-producing types, although their grain
yield is heavier. Clemrotheray is the best variety of oats
available for making into hay; it is very hardy, produces fine

if

FE:

‘:

sh WE, cor Ni a ‘ y x
2 oo Se > rs,

1920.] | PEA AND OAT Hay. IIOL

long straw, grows very densely on the ground, and yields a
Jarge bulk. If this variety cannot be obtained, Sandy, Blainslie
or Welsh Grey may be used. As regards peas, there is little to
choose between the maple and dun varieties ; if anything, the
maple variety has the advantage. The effect of mixing is. to
increase considerably the growth of the oats; when oats are
mixed with peas they may grow from 6 in. to 1 ft. taller than
in the case of a pure oat crop.

Effect on the Soil—Jhe mixture, under suitable conditions,
makes such a dense growth that practically no weeds can exist
underneath the crop. The pea roots act as pulverisers of the
soil, leaving it in particularly good condition to receive the
following crop. The mixture could quite safely be grown
several years in succession, as its character is such that the
effect on the soil is quite different from that which 1esults from
growing of unmixed grain crop.

Manuring.—If the land is in poor condition a dressing of
farmyard manure should be given, if possible, but on land which
has recently been in grass no such application is necessary.
The yield will, however, be considerably increased if, at the time
of sowing, a dressing of from 3 to 5 cwt. of superphosphate per
acre is given. Top-dressing the crop with nitrate of soda is
effective in increasing the yield, but very little benefit is found
to result from applications of sulphate of ammonia.

Harvesting and Stacking. — Many farmers who have grown
this crop have cut it much too early, and in consequence have
lost a considerable percentage of the possible yield. The correct
time for cutting is when pods have formed on the peas but have
not become filled with seeds. The oats are at this time—-when
Clemrotheray is grown—in the milk stage. Some difficulty in
cutting the crop may be experienced on account of its great

_ weight and length, and it will be necessary for a man to follow

the mowing machine with a fork in order to clear the path.

After the cutting operation the swaths should lie undisturbed

until the surface is well dried ; they should then be turned with
a hay turner and again be allowed to dry, and afterwards made
into large cocks. Some care is necessary in making the cocks,
as the straw is very long and difficult to handle. It is not easy
to form the heaps in a neat manner. Ordinary hay is most
effectively cocked with the hand rake, but the pea and oat
mixture can only be satisfactorily handled with a fork. Every
cock should consist of at least two forkfuls of hay, the size of
the heap depending on the dryness of the crop. Care must be
taken to see that the straw lies in the cock as near as possible

ee ee a aS eS Pe ae ee

1102 THE QUALITY OF FARM AND GARDEN SEEDS. [FEB.,

horizontally, and that each cock is trimmed free from all loose

straw. If much of the heap is composed of straw standing
vertically the cock will tend to split open and so enable rain
to pass right through. Peas and oats need different treatment
in the making from other kinds of hay, in order to secure the
best results. Such hay is not easily spoiled by bad weather
in the early stages of making, but, as in the case of all other
kinds, if long exposed to rain after the sap has gone from the
stems, it will be seriously injured. It should be allowed to
cure in the cocks for a considerable time, and it may be advisable
to put two cocks into one to complete the curing process.
Meadow hay may be improved by heating mildly in the stack,
but pea and oat hay should not heat at all. It should be
completely cured before being stacked, and it is of the greatest
importance that it should be quite free from rain-water, other-
wise the peas will become mouldy. The stacks must be
thatched as soon as possible, as the open nature of the hay
readily admits rain into the interior, and much harm to the
produce may result.

Feeding. — Pea and oat hay is very nutritious, containing
the materials that would have gone to form the highly nutritious
seeds of the crop if ripening had been permitted, and in practice
it is found to be a better food than meadow hay. It should not
be expected, however, that such hay will eliminate the need for
the feeding of concentrated foods. Pea and oat hay may be
chaffed and used to improve inferior fodder, or it may be fed
uncut; but animals which have been accustomed to feed on cut
chaff and roots will, at first, leave a quantity of the rougher
part of the oat straw. From 7 to 14 lb. may be fed per day.
The hay is excellent for feeding with large quantities of roots,
as it counteracts the tendency to scour caused by the excessive
feeding of succulent fodder.

Yields. When suitable varieties are grown heavy yields are
obtained. On average soils the yield should be about 3 tons
per acre, while even poor soils should give 2 tons per acre.

THE following tables and notes embody the results of tests
made at the Official Seed Testing Station from ist August,
1919, to about the middle of January, 1920.

ae pian] The publication of these results should
Sasie. serve to indicate to growers the probable
quality of the seed available for sowing

this season. In the tables the average figures for the previous

year are given for purposes of comparison :—

PR ue ero ee ey s)he pi TU ee ale os
J - Kites “ Bk oes £ ¢ 5
ys < eb + bow ;

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1920.] THE QUALITY OF FARM AND GARDEN SEEDS. 1103

TABLE SHOWING THE QUALITY OF CLOVER AND

GRASS SEED.
No. of
Samples
on Percentage—Germination Percentage
which (a) and Hard Seed (8). Purity.
Average
Kinds of Seed. | is based.

ats. \ rey 3 ah a

a I9QI9— | r9r19Q-1920. | 1918—r9I9. hee ee,

be I920, 20. IQ.

aS e a 0 | @ © |” a
ky ¢)

E: Red Clover a 500 sf. 3 MS Set 5 45 95°7 95:9
een 5” Alsike Clover .. 120 78'°5; 10°0 | 84°0; 7°5 94°5 96°5
| White Clover .. 180 Teo ae. |) 70°53 72 94°2 QI°7
ae Wild White Clover 50 | 74:2; 12°65 | 74°03 12°12 85°3 85°1
ae Trefoill =. Shs 150 Ge trie a Oe 295“) 2°6 938°8 98°I
aan Lucerne .. 36 So:2-; G6) 87°22". 4°7 97°7 97°7
a Crimson Clover . 100 | 90:2; trace! 87°1; 2| 97:0 95°8
.. Perennial © Rye. - |
ae grass... ae 200 84:4; — 82°77; — 97°9 97°6
a Italian Rye-grass 250 855; — | 824; — 98°6 97.9
2 Cocksfoot i — 80 82:1; — | 738°0; — 97°3 97°I
— Timothy rf 60 92°2; — | 888; — 99:0 | 98°7

Meadow Fescue.. 50 84:3; — | 84°53; — 98-2 | 98°I
Dogstail .. o% 30 59°99; — | 7o'2; — 98:1 | 97°4
{

TABLE SHOWING THE QUALITY OF CEREAL, ROOT
AND VEGETABLE SEED.

|
No. of |

Samples} Standard of Germination
on which} Specified in Testing of Germination }
Average Seeds Order. . per Cent.

Kinds of Seed. /|is based.

IQIQ— I9QIQ— 1918—

1920. Per Cent. 1920. IQTgQ. |
Wheat 924 go 96°2 97°3
Barley 118 go 96°2 95°7
Oats : 480 85 | 95°7 95°I
Rye SAN I ota te 60 80 92°4 96°5
Turnip .. “D! 250 Field, 75. Garden, 70. 90'S 88°8
Swede... : 150 75 82:7 84°9
16 80 83°2 83°0

100 Field, 70. Garden, 65. 79°7 77°4
400 Field, 70. Garden, 65. 78°6 75°8

Brussels Sprouts 90 65 78°5 84°3
Cauliflower and Cauliflower, 60. ] d

Broccoli es 300 Broccoli, 65. 5, 8 751
Peas es J4 750 65 84°7 78°7
Vetches .. ag 93°8 92°7
Mangold.. <i 123°5 | 125°7
Beet re Hes 120°8 I09°2
Parsnip .. ag 67°8 63°8
Carrot “2 66°7 64°4
Onion 4

SSS Oe ree 2 eS ere -* ——~

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Piping te

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— a ee

P~- SN
eS Sa
.

ee

eae a
.

1104. THE QUALITY OF FARM AND GARDEN SEEDS. [FEB.,

The figures indicate that good quality seed of most crops is |

obtainable, though stocks are doubtless very short in some
cases. In nearly all cases seeds. harvested in the British Isles
are showing higher germination than in the previous year.
The fine weather experienced in the late summer no doubt
largely accounts for this. Another factor, the full influence
of which it is not easy for the Seed Testing Station to estimate,
is the amount of seed held over from the previous season. The
germination of such held-over seed may not deteriorate very
greatly in most cases, provided:the seed has been stored under
favourable conditions, yet the presence of large held-over
stocks always seems to lower the average germination more
than would be expected. It is probable that such stocks are
this year very small, except in the case of some of the vegetable
seeds.

In the case of most of the cereal, pulse and vegetable seeds
there is no very great difference between the two seasons’
figures. Beet, however, shows an increase of II per cent., and
reaches a figure almost as high as that of mangolds. The
erowth of the latter seed is rather disappointing, as it was
expected that last year’s average would have been improved
upon. Peas show an improvement of 6 per cent., which may
probably be increased when the whole of the season’s results
are averaged.

Among the clovers the outstanding feature is an increase of
13 per cent. in the germination of trefoil. There are some
exceptionally good samples of this seed procurable this
season.

Red clover shows the slight increase of 2 per cent., but the
improvement in the growth of English seed this season is
probably greater than this. There is a marked decrease in
the amount of dodder found. Last season seeds of this weed
occurred in.27°3 per cent. of red clover samples, whereas the
corresponding figure this season is 21°2 per cent.

Alsike does not appear to be of quite such good quality as
usual, both purity and germination being lower.

All the grasses, with the exception of crested dogstail, show
improved figures. Though only a comparatively few samples
of this seed have yet been tested, it appears that much of the
new seed is of poor growth. Italian rye-grass shows a slightly
higher germination than perennial rye-grass. |

Farmers, allotment holders and others desiring to send seeds
to the Station to be tested should comply with the following
regulations :—

1920.] NOTES ON AGRICULTURE ABROAD. II05

1, The Weight of Seed sent must be as follows :—Broad beans

~ and Scarlet Runner beans, 8 oz.; peas and dwarf French
beans, 6 oz.; wheat, barley, oats, rye, vetches, red clover,
crimson clover, trefoil, lucerne, and sainfoin, 4 oz. ; all grasses,
alsike clover, white clover, all roots, beet and mangold, 2 oz. ;
all vegetable seeds, other than beet and mangold, } oz.

2. Fees must be sent at the same time as the sample. The fees
are as follows: (a) In the case of tests which a farmer requires
for his own information only, 3d. per sample; (5) in the case
of tests needed for the purpose of a declaration for sale, 1s.
per sample for cereals, 1s. 6d. per sample for roots, vegetables
and vetches, and 2s. per sample for grasses, clovers, mangold

% and beet. Postage need not be prepaid when packages are
ky properly addressed and sent by letter post.

Z 3. Packages should be addressed to: The Director, Seed Testing
a Station, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, 18, Leigham
2 Court Road, Streatham Hill, S.W. 16.

e 4. Special envelopes may be obtained by farmers, free of cost, on
application to the above address.

. Mechanical Pressure Sllage.—In I913 Samarani published
- an account* of experiments with artificially weighted silage
made in containers. The pressure, at first

Notes on Agriculture obtained with weights (about 5-6 cwt. per

q Abroad.

square yard), applied immediately after
ss filling, was in subsequent experiments obtained by means
- of a screw press. From these latter experiments the writer
a draws the following among other conclusions :—
a (rt) That as a result of the greatest possible exclusion of
air “‘a check is given to the intercellular fermentation which
| --~—~-_- tends to produce acetic acid through the formation of alcohol,

and thus a larger quantity of saccharine matter is left at the
disposal of the lactic acid fermentation, with an enhanced acid
z production.”

Bi” (2) That silage so prepared, being poorer in acetic and butyric
acids, provides forage of a less intense odour than ordinary
a sour silage.

| He supports his conclusions by numerous analyses. In these
experiments the thermometer during the first ten days never
rose higher than 23° €. (74° F.), having recorded 19° C. (67° F.)
on the day of filling. Any rise of temperature, says the writer,
should be checked by the exertion of greater pressure. It is
in this possibility of graduated pressure that the advantage
of the screw press lies.

* Samarani : Studi intorno alla conservazione dei foraggi allo stato verde.
(Boll. del Ministero di Agricoltura, etc., Italy, Aug.—Dec., 1913, pp. 87-103.)

4 E

T106 NOTES ON AGRICULTURE ABROAD. [FEB.,

The method described by Wirz* in 1918 and Wencksternt
in 1919, though requiring similar apparatus, is quite different
in principle. It is a method of producing sweet silage under
pressure that has lately come much into vogue in Switzerland.
The-system generally adopted, though numerous modifications
are in use, is that of the Herba Co., Rapperswil. As regards
Wirz, the chief point of interest is that he traces the progress
of the movement from the stack silo to the container. He is
not, however, very explicit as to the methods adopted in the
latter process. From Wenckstern, however, we learn that the
silos, which are erected under cover, should not be more than
about 15 ft. high by about 14 ft. square, with a capacity of about
3,000 cubic ft. The corners inside are rounded. The press
has a pressure of about 8 to 10 cwt. per square yard, some-
times as much as 16 cwt. being applied with good results.

The most explicit directions are iven as to every stage in
the process. The grass must be wilted but not really dry,
though dry enough to exude no moisture when twisted in the
hand ; the correct moisture content is about 74 per cent. The
wilted grass must be loosely spread in the silo, about 14 to 2
yards deep at a time, andallowed to rise quickly to a temperature
of 50° to 60°C. (122° to 140° F.) ; the temperature must then be
checked by compression either by means of a fresh layer or
with the press. The material must never at any time be
trodden ; when pressed there must be no interstices or hollows
in any part of the mass. The reasons given for these directions |
are that the slight drying of the grass assists loose layering,
which in turn admits air and oxygen, thus inducing plant
respiration which leads to rapid heating. Acetic acid fer-
mentation is active between the bem pprtaie of 18° and 35°C.
(65° and 95° F.) and is quite checked at 50°C. sca F.). , Butyris
acid fermentation is most active between 35° and 37° C. (95°
and 99° F.) and ceases at the latter temperature. Lactic acid
fermentation begins at from 30° to 35° C. and can go on after
50° C. (122° F.) is reached. This, then, is the right stage at
which to check any further development and to secure the lactic
acid described by Wenckstern as “ the farmer’s friend.”” The
impression left after reading the directions is that the success
of the system depends on too many minute observances—too
much thermometer reading and sampling by taste and smell.
The system, as Wenckstern suggests, is more likely to be used

* Wirz: Die -Siissfutterbereitung.—Zurich, r1o18.
+ Wenckstern ;: Das neue Siisspressfutter verfahren in Silos mit Selbsttatiger
Pressvorrichtung.—Berlin, 1919.

eres Ay:
A had eS ol
eer ey

é

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aul ere hat 4 Kerry - 7 P 5

; ie hel

J.

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. K fe f i -
- 4 q Y

-1920.] | NOTES ON AGRICULTURE ABROAD. 1107
AN

by the small holder, who would attend personally to all the
details, and for whom also it is adapted as allowing of the
conservation of small quantities of fodder. Doubts are raised
as to the suitability of this silage for meat and cheese pro-

duction. Wenckstern gives numerous analyses both of acid

contents and statements as to feeding value. The books of
Wirz and Wenckstern are both usefully illustrated.

Economic Results of Drainage.—In a small volume by
Griinert* most interesting figures are given as to the economic
results of drainage systems in various parts of Germany and
Austria. The following average percentage increases in crop
production are calculated on the basis of returns from drained
lands in Germany, Bohemia and Moravia: Wheat, 40-81 ;
Oats, 44-45; Barley, 41-64; Clover, 30-100; Sugar beet,
80-136; Potatoes, go—180.

Average increased returns for the I0 years, I905-I19I4,
from drainage on twenty-two estates in the Rhine Province
ate as follows :—

Crop. lb. per acre. Increase per cent.
Rye <p eg a 435 sie 37
Oats Be ie Se 670 ef 42
Wheat ie foiiita Geen ae 535 =f 30
EGta POCS «= ae iA 3,560 es 50

The average percentage increase is 40 per cent. estimated
at a value (on German pre-war prices) of 46s. 6d. per acre.

In the thirty years 1887-1917 the average increases in yields
attributable to drainage in the Archduchy of Austria are
worked out in a publication of the Lower-Austrian Land Com-
mittee as follows :—

Cereals: 7 a2 a 803 lb. per acre.
Potatoes... af ESAT tae »
Roots ae ae bs $0,000 />\: be
Hay iS a se fe cig
Straw ae ar E, 2AG »

The writer directs attention to the figures for roots and te
the increased yield of straw.
_ Agricultural Costings.— Results of the Danish C ostings Bureau
for the second year (1917-18) have now been published.
They are based on a total of 235 accounts, 182 of which were
available for the first time for the year in question. As regards
the pig industry the report points out that the state of affairs
brought about by the introduction in February, 1917, of un-

restricted U-boat warfare culminated in the summer of that

* Griinert : Anleitung zur Draakne .—Berlin, 1919
+ Denmark: Underségelser over Landbrugets Driftsforhold IJ, r9r7-18.

4E2
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Oh | “ ONT he? 7 5 OU ,* OF tev ite Ain

\

T108 NOTES ON AGRICULTURE ABROAD. [FEB.,

year in an almost national catastrophe. An analysis of accounts
furnished by 158 pig keepers bears out this comment. The
average takings on an average fat pig were 149 kroner (roughly
£8) and the average expense 168 kroner (roughly £9), thus
leaving an average deficit of rg kroner (or, say, £1).

An interesting table is given showing the average deficit in
the 158 holdings grouped according to size.. From this it
appears that in holdings under 25 acres the average amount
of food needed to produce an average fat pig was 477 “‘ food

units’ (a ‘food unit’’ is taken as roughly equal to a kilo, or

2°2 lb., of concentrated food), and the deficit was 7 kroner (or,
say, 7s. 6d.) per pig. In the next four groups—ranging from over
25 to under 250 acres—the average amount fed was 551 “ food
units’ and the average deficit 19 kroner (say, £1), corresponding
more or less with the total average. On the group of large
farms, however, of over 250 acres, the amount fed was 614
“food units ’’ and the loss 40 kroner, or rather over {2. “ These
results,’ the report states, ““ may be regarded as emphasising
the importance of the care and attention which pigs usually
receive on small holdings, as a result of which the consumption
of food per lb. of live-weight increase is reduced.”’

Another significant set of figures deals with the question of
horse labour on farms of various sizes. The table is as follows,
with substitution of English equivalents :—

Cost of Horse Labour.
Working
: No. of | Hours Food |_
Size of Bolas per Units *
Holdings. ; : per er
wed ie 5) Horse. Ki co Per |Working
’ Orns (oA Aere. |" Horse
Hour. per Year.
S.1d. Songiths S:
Under. 25 acres 10 609 1,675 O- 0731249) 3:7 442
25= "50s 29 1,097 2,394 o SI] 40 oO 665*
mee ee 43 1,274 | 2,579 | © 76) 44 8 595,
75-125)" 55 48 L377 1 237L 0. 1 oO, 84 ao sO 696
I25-250 ,, 7 D527 74s 7 OU Oe AGRA 944
Over 250. 9 1,825 3, FI OL ST IAS es 1,104

On this table the report comments: “ The most noticeable
points are the working hours and the consumption of food per
horse in the various groups. . . . with increasing size
of holdings the working hours increase, so that on the largest

* There appears to be some misprint in the original, with one or both of
these figures. Possibly they should be transposed.
+ Normal rate of exchange.

‘

1920.] NoTES ON MANURES. I10g

they are three times as long as on the smallest holdings. Con-
sumption of fodder per horse is nearly twice as great on the
large as on the small holdings. As against this the costs per
working hour and per acre (“ hectare ”’ in original) are heaviest
in the smallest holdings, but the difference is not nearly so great
as might be expected, owing to some extent to the fact that on
small holdings ponies, which are considerably cheaper to keep,
are employed, and also because the land in the small-holder
group is, taken all through, of a somewhat lighter character.

. The total cost per horse per year increases with absolute
_ regularity from group I to group 6 ; this is due to the increase in
food consumed, which again is the result partly of the increasing
size of the horses and partly of the increased number of working
hours per horse.”’

Time for Spring Dressings.—It is now time to begin the appli-
cation of spring dressings to the winter corn crops. Sulphate
of ammonia can go on wherever the lendis

Notes on Manures in suitable condition for the distribution,
for March: but nitrate of soda need not be applied
From the Rothamsted for another month or six weeks if circum-
Experimental Station. stances compel delay. Owing to the
favourable conditions-at the time of sowing

and the dryness of the winter, the corn is in better condition
than usual, and there was less washing out of nitrate than
appeared likely during the wet month of December. Conse-
quently, the need for spring dressings is less than it might
have been, and probably in few cases will more than 1 cwt.
per acre of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia be given,
even to a second cern crop. Corn following roots fed off or

is clover ley ploughed in last autumn is not likely to need any-
: thing this year.

Lime on heavy Soils.—It is generally found that on heavy
soils lime gives better results on arable land than almost any
other manure, but it does not produce nearly such striking
results on the grass land, where it is much out-distanced by
basic slag. Farmers on heavy land with only a limited amount
of lime or ground limestone will therefore be better advised
to use it on their arable rather than on their grass land. It
can still be applied to land which is being prepared for
roots.

IIIO NOTES ON MANURES. [FEB., ie

Use of Gas Lime.— A correspondent asks if he can safely use
gas lime on his soil. This course would have been perfectly 4
safe in the autumn or early winter, but it is rather risky now, .
especially if the sample smells strongly. Really evil-smelling
gas lime is a potent insecticide which can be used with considera-
ble effect in a pest-ridden field. It is also, however, poisonous
to crops, and the effect takes some time to wear off, although
it disappears in the course of a few weeks.

Use of Broken Straw or Dust from threshing on Grass Land,— During
threshing there is a certain amount of broken straw, cavings,
dust, etc., which can hardly go into the yards because it contains
arable weed seeds and is, therefore, sometimes carried on to
the grass land. If the distance is not great this may
be worth doing, but the material is not really very good and
does not justify any great expense in carting. At Rothamsted
the effect of chopped wheat straw on grass land was studied for
a number of years. Applied at the rate of nearly one ton a
per acre, along with artificial manures, it gave increases varying 3
from 3 to 10 cwt. of hay per acre on the plots receiving
artificials only. The results were :—

ae

Average Yield of Hay. Cwt. per Acre.
18 56-65. 1866-75. 1876-97.
Artificials only ix he -. 483 .. 58%
Artificials + 2,000 lb. chopped 55k .. 592 sii OGr
wheat straw.
For the first ten years the results were hardly worth the
labour involved, though subsequent effects were more marked.

The Use of City Refuse as Fertiliser— During the War
numerous attempts were made to utilise city refuse as fertiliser,
and dumps located in various districts were carefully examined.
In many cases, however, the material was of only low value ;
it usually contained only about :—

4 per cent. of nitrogen.
ie », phosphates.

NPY ,, potash.
On heavy land it has advantages which these figures do not
show, as it makes the soil lighter and more workable. These
advantages are often more important to allotment holders
than to farmers, who tend to lay down heavy land to grass.
Farmers who are situated near the dumps, however, would
be well advised to secure samples for analysis and then
determine whether it would be worth their while to use this
material.

1920.] NOTES ON MANURES. : IIII

Fresh material delivered direct from the city depots is
probably somewhat more valuable. A sample recently ex-
amined. from a London Borough Council contained :—
| 31°2 per cent. of organic matter ;

0'5 per cent. of phosphoric acid (equivalent to 1} per cent, of
calcium phosphate) ;
H 0°5 per cent. of potash, and, in addition, nearly 3 per cent. of lime.
As it stands this material is poor, but its phosphate content
ie... is to be increased by the inclusion of offal from the fried fish
shops and markets. The material is sent out in good condition,
and its value to the farmer corresponds with its analysis.

The question is sometimes asked, however, whether it is
safe to use such material where potatoes are grown. Any
danger that arose would be from spores of disease organisms
adhering to the potato peelings which have gone through the
ash-pit and so got into the refuse. The danger is only slight,
but it exists, and where there is reason to fear the prevalence of
wart disease among potatoes it could hardly be overlooked.
On grass land or farms where there is no intention of growing
potatoes the risk may quite well be taken.

Effect of Fertilisers in Overcoming the bad Effecte of Climate.—

Farmers are now thoroughly familiar with the fact that
artificial fertilisers increase the growth of crops. There is,
however, another aspect of their use which in many instances
is highly important.

Chief among the many difficulties arising out of natural con-
ditions with which the farmer has to deal is climate, and par-
ticularly rainfall. There is, unfortunately, no known way in
which the rainfall can be controlled, nor can the possibilities
of rain even be forecasted for more than a short period. Its
effects, however, can be mitigated to some extent in two ways:

(1) By using appropriate varieties of crops.
(2) By suitable treatment with artificial manures.

The most effective way of mitigating the effects of heavy
} rainfall is to give a small dressing of nitrogenous manure
aa ae at the time of sowing, or as soon as possible after the plant
be is up, in order to secure an early start, and to accompany
this by a relatively large dressing of superphosphate, or, on
acid soils, of basic slag. Thus, in a high moorland district
where oats are required for cattle, the following might be
tried :—

Vaneties : Golden Rain, Yielder, Victory.

Manuring : 4 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, 3 or 4 cwt. super-

phosphate.

he a Se ee xa : .
bo ge ed bh oe PA on ~~ = er ae

at i
eS

~ i -
| tte © wie =

at,

ay 2 ti Mh 4

III2 REPORTOF THE NITROGEN PRODUCTS COMMITTEE. [FEB.,

The effect of the phosphate is to hasten the ripening processes
and thus bring on the harvest some days before it would other-
wise be ready. This use of phosphates is well seen in some of
the northern counties where cereals liberally treated with
superphosphate are ready sometimes as much as ten days in
advance of the untreated crops.

In dry conditions, or where the plant tends to ripen off soon,
another course must be adopted. Potassic fertilisers should
be here used, or failing them, salt. The effect is to continue
the growing processes longer than would otherwise happen,
with the result that yields are increased. This is probably one
of the reasons for the beneficial effect of salt or potassic fertilisers
on light sandy or chalky soils ; but no doubt other factors are
concerned as well.

In June, 1916, a Committee, known as the Nitrogen Products
Committee of the Munitions Inventions Department, was
appointed with the sanction of the
Final Report of the \finister of Munitions to deal with the

. Pp \ a °
gt mc oot matters comprised in the following terms
of reference :—

To consider the relative advantages for this country and for the
Empire of the various methods for the fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen, from the point of view both of war and peace
purposes ; to ascertain their relative costs, and to advise on
proposals relevant thereto, which may be submitted to the
Department.

To examine into the supply of the raw materials required, e@.g.,
pure nitrogen and hydrogen, and into the utilisation of the
by-products obtained.

Since some of the processes employed depend for their success
on the provision of large supplies of cheap power, to ascertain
where and how this can best be obtained.

To consider what steps can with advantage be taken to conserve
and increase the national resources in nitrogen-bearing com-
pounds and to limit their wastage.

To carry out the experimental work necessary to arrive at
definite conclusions as to the practicability and efficiency
of such processes as may appear to the Committee to be of
value.

As a result of the foregoing steps, to advise as to starting opera-

tions on an industrial scale. t
The Committee consisted of a number of eminent scientists
and representatives of Government Departments, and was
under the chairmanship of Colonel Sir Henry E. F. Goold-
Adams, K.B.B34C:B." CeGa® ReAS

* I920.] REPORT OF THE NITROGEN PRODUCTS COMMITTEE. III3

It was considered desirable at the end of 1916 that the Com-
mittee should submit practical proposals at an early date,
and an Interim Report was accordingly issued in February,
1917. A note on the main recommendations of this Report
was published in the issue of this Journal for February, 1918,
page 1254.

The Committee have now issued their Final Report (Cmd. 482,
I920),* a comprehensive document of some 350 pages. They
review in some detail the general situation of the nitrogen
products industry before and during the War, and express
opinions as to the post-war prospects. A large portion of
the Report is devoted to the industry in its relation to agricul-
ture, and in view of the increasing use of nitrogen as a fertiliser
some of the statements made are deserving of special notice.

Influence of the War.—In their opening remarks the Com-

- mittee state that the last years of the war situation have been

responsible for a fundamental alteration in the status of agricul-
ture in the United Kingdom. The present policy of food
production has already had the effect of increasing the home
demand for nitrogenous fertilisers to an extent far exceeding
the pre-war consumption, and the maintenance of this policy
after the War, or its further development, is vitally intercon-
nected with the future of the nitrogen industry. The importance
of combined nitrogen in agriculture has long been recognised,
but under war conditions a very large proportion of the world’s
supplies of combined nitrogen had been diverted from
agriculture to the production of munitions, thus affording a
significant lesson as to the extent to which the security of a
nation may depend upon its ability to procure or produce an
adequate supply of essential nitrogen products. The con-
tinuous increase in the world’s demand and the constant
upward trend of the price of combined nitrogen, however,
have led to the invention and development of processes for
fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thus opening up a practically
unlimited source of supply. The Committee enumerate and
deal in detail with the four principal processes, viz., the by-
product ammonia process, the retort process, nitrogen fixation
processes, and the ammonia oxidation process.

Post-war Position.—In regard to the post-war demand the
Committee express the opinion that the requirements of agricul-
ture are certain to be much larger than formerly, the imperative
need for maintaining and extending the world’s production of

* Obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office, Imperial House, Kingsway,
. Londen, W.C. 2

III4. REPORT OF THE NITROGEN PRODUCTS COMMITTEE. [FEB., is at

food, and the vital importance of combined nitrogen for this
purpose, having emerged as one of the salient lessons of the \
later stages of the War. Ws

They state that the consumption of combined nitrogen
practically doubled in the ten.years before the War. In
evidence given before the Committee it was stated that owing
to advances upon the former backward state of scientific
knowledge concerning the use of nitrogenous fertilisers, the
future consumption could not be expected to continue to increase a
at the same rate. The Committee are unable to agree with ©
this view for the following reasons: When account is taken of
the relative areas under cultivation in the food-producing
countries of the world, of the pre-war consumption of nitro-
genous fertilisers in the most progressive of the agricultural
countries, and of the corresponding consumption in the remain-
ing countries, it is abundantly clear that the quantities of
nitrogenous manures employed were in many cases below the
most advantageous or profitable level. The difficulties ex-
perienced during the War period in obtaining supplies have
already provided a salutary lesson as to the importance of
fertilisation, and the resulting wider recognition of the value
of fertilisers will lead to a large increase in the demand for
nitrogenous manures in countries where the consumption has
hitherto been very small in proportion to the area under
cultivation. In the opinion of the Committee, the provision
of a really cheap supply of fixed nitrogen, say, at £40 to £45
per metric ton, or 8s. to gs. per unit, would lead to a greatly
extended consumption of nitrogenous fertilisers.

Estimating the post-war requirements of the United Kingdom
the Committee state that, owing to the war policy of food pro-
duction, the agricultural demand for fixed nitrogen in the
form of ammonium sulphate and nitrates has attained at the
present time a figure of 60,000 tons per annum, as compared
with a pre-war consumption of 25,000 tons, and that there is
every prospect of a further increase in the immediate future.
From a general consideration of the prospects under a pro-
gressive agricultural policy and of a number of other factors
bearing on the question, they are of opinion that the future
consumption of artificial nitrogenous fertilisers in the United
Kingdom might amount to the equivalent of about half a
million tons of ammonium sulphate per annum, or 100,000
tons of fixed nitrogen.

The Report concludes with a number of recommendations
as a minimum provision for safeguarding the future and for

1920.] NOTES ON FEEDING STUFFS. ° III5

meeting a portion of the growing home demand for various
nitrogen products. The recommendations are mainly concerned
with the development of the various processes by which nitrogen
is obtained, the encouragement of research, and the safeguarding
of imperial supplies.

Ir has recently been decided to remove maximum prices
from all oil cakes and meals. Prices are not at present
sufficiently stable to make it possible to
Notes on Feeding compile a table of prices for any con-
Stuffs for March: ciderable number of feeding stuffs. The
py i eye None tion Dl possible course for guiding purchasers
Institute, Cambridge ot the present time is to advise them to
University. make use of the annexed table, which

_ gives the feeding value of a number of
the more common feeding Stuffs classified according to
their relative richness in proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
Column (i) of the table gives the name of the feeding
stuff. In this connection it should be noted that the
table does not include all the feeding stuffs on the market.
This is best explained by a few examples. The first feeding
stuff on the list is ground-nut cake. The cake referred to
under this name is a decorticated cake from which the husks
of the ground nuts have been removed. Two other kinds of
ground-nut cake are now on the market, known respectively
as undecorticated and semi-decorticated. The latter of these
has only come on to the market recently, and the writer is not
at present.in possession of figures for the composition of this
cake. Before next month it is hoped that a number of samples
_ may be collected and analysed so that figures for the compos-
ition and feeding value may be added to next month’s table.
Readers of these Notes will confer a favour on the writer if
they will inform him of any common feeding stuffs on the
market which are not included in the table, so that samples
of these may be collected and examined with a view to their
future inclusion.

Column (2) of the table gives the nutritive ratio, that is to
say, the relative proportions in which protein or flesh-forming
constituents, and carbohydrates and fats or heat-forming
constituents, are present in the food.

Se Me BI Pe Ae Ss oe ee

Se ne
ae >

. “ies ‘
ne hay "=r aS iw a s % =
ee ee ee ae es eee oe

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Re tir St
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“III6 NOTES ON FEEDING STUFFS. [FEB.,

FEEDING VALUE OF COMMON FEEDING STUFES. s:

Per . digestible.
Sieent digesHEEe Digesti- Linseed
Ratitvers. © a) feel ble Starch Cake
Name of Feeding Stuff. | Nuttitive) Food equiv. | equiv.
Ratio. Carbo- Units per
Protein. | Fat. | hydrates ” too Ib. per
and Fibre. Pet ton. | 100 Ib. .
|
Foods Rich in both Protein and Oil or Fat.
Ground nut cake I: 0°8 45°2 023-50) toner glo Gry 78 | 102
Soya bean cake Teer 34°O 6°5 2I°o 122 67 88
Decort. cotton cake ..| 1: 1°2 34°O 85 20°O 126 71 93
Linseed cake, Indian T2276 27°8 0232 23|_S30er 123 77 IoI
Linseed cake, English I: 2°0 26°7 9°3 30 °I 120 76 100
Cotton cake, Egyptian 122k SAN TSes 5°3 20*O 72 405519 53
Cotton cake, Bombay I: 2°5 I3°I 4°4 > b, 215 65 38 >=) 49
Distillers’ grains Tst2*9 eo 7 Io*2 29°0 Ior 57 75
Maize gluten feed I: 3°0 20 *4 8-8 48 +4 122 87 II5
+ Brewers’ grains, dried | 3: 3°5 | I4°I 6°6 2°7 85 50 66
Coconut cake . s I: 3°8 16°3 8*2, | 414 103 77 | Ior
Palm kernel cake T3,4°5 5], r4er 6°r | 48°9 96 77. Rl re EOL
Linseed I: 5°9 18°r 34°7 20 °I 154 119 | 157
Bombay cotton seed . 1: 6°6 II‘o 16°8 30°I 100 78 102
Fairly Rich in Protein, Rich in Oil.
Maize germ meal oc f sot? 835 9°0 6°2 61°2 99 | 81 I07
Rice meal a5 | I: 9*4 6:8 | I0°2 | 38°2 | 79571 68 | go
| |
‘ Rich in Protein, Poor in Oil.
Fish meal Fe I: o'r 54°O 2°O — 12 56 74
Peas, Calcutta white . I: 2% | 23°3 I‘I 45°9 97 70 88
Beans, English PY tees aor ga BP os I*2 48°2 100 67 88
Beans, Chinese se] eso I9°6 I°7 47°0.))|"—s 102 67 88
Peas, English maple ..| I: 3°I 170 I°o 50°0 =| 97 70 92
Palm-nut meal as
tracted) .. -| 13% =| 15°6 r9 | 24897 4 92 66 87
Brewers’ grains, wet . Es 3°54 3°53 res. | 8 +6 21 13 17
Malt culms .. Sa rengs6 Ir-4 | 1 RS 38-6 7° 39 51
Cereals, Rich in Starch, not Rich in Protein or O1l.
Barley, feeding o¢ |) sass8se° = 380 2°r> 1678 Ss." 68 | 89
Oats, English .. ea] a osOr| 7*2 4°0 47°4 75 60 » 79
Oats, Argentine exif: ks B20. 7°2 4°O 47°4 75 ol 60 79
Maize, American ye eee 6°7 4°5 65°8 94 81 107
Maize, Argentine so | airs 4 F658 4°5 65°8 94 «| 84 IIo
Maize meal .. so] HsIg*6 2}. * 2545 3°5 63°9 86 | 79 102
Wheat middlings elf ted pea 8 4°I 52°5 95 73 96 t
Wheat sharps .. Be tao a Ir°6 3°4 51°6 90 62 80
Wheat pollards ey Tea 5 13°6 3°7 52°5 97 62 82
Wheat bran .. eae gee of = 3xeg 3°O 45° 78 *50 65
Wheat bran, bread eae 7, II°3 3°0 45°4 80 48 63
Locust bean meal 1:22°E 420 1415 "07, 69°2 80 71 94

Columns (3), (4) and (5) give the percentages of digestible
proteins, fats and carbohydrates respectively. :

Column (6), which is calculated from Columns (3), (4) and
(5), gives the number of digestible food units in a ton of each
feeding stuff.

Columns (7) and (8) give the starch equivalent and the linseed
cake equivalent respectively of 100 lb. of the feeding stuff.

The table can be used both as a guide to purchasing, and as
an indication of the feeding value of the different feeding stufts.
To use it as a guide to purchasing, the procedure is as follows :

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1920.] NOTES ON FEEDING STUFFS. III7

First ascertain the price at which several suitable feeding stuffs

can be purchased locally. To these figures add the estimated
cost of railway carriage, cartage, grinding or other method of
preparation. This will give the cost of the feeding stuffs as
fed to.the animals. Next look up in the table the number of
digestible food units contained in a ton of the feeding stuffs,
and divide the cost per ton of the feeding stuff as fed to the animals
by this figure. A few instances will make this plain. The
price of bran at the present time is about {12 10s. per ton at
the mill; to this must be added, say, 1os. per ton for carriage
and other expenses, so that the cost of bran as fed to the
animals would be, say, £13 per ton. Looking up bran in the
table, Column (6) states that it contains 78 food units per ton.
The price per food unit is therefore {13 divided by 78, or 3s. 4d.
per food unit. Dried grains at the present time cost about
£14 I0s. per ton at the factory or wharf. Again, adding, say
ros. per ton for railway and other expenses, the cost of dried
grains as fed to the animals would be £15 per ton. According
to Column (6) of the table, dried brewers’ grains contain 85
food units per ton. Dividing £15 by 85 the cost per food unit
is 3s.6d. Bran and dried grains are quite similar feeding stufis
suitable to replace each other. At present prices bran is
cheaper than dried grains by about 2d. per food unit. Cal-
culated in the same way, palm kernel cake at about £12 Ios.
per ton at the mill would cost as fed to the animals about
2s. gd. per food unit, and linseed cake at £25 per ton at the mill
about 4s. 3d. per food unit.

As soon as prices have settled down it will be possible to give
comparative tables of costs per food unit worked out from the
standard prices by this method. In the meantime, while
prices are so variable, it is hoped that purchasers may be able

_to determine the price per food unit for themselves as indicated

above.

The table is also useful as an indicator of the relative feeding
value of different feeding stuffs. The number of digestible
food units per ton is not an exact measure of the feeding value,
because it includes an allowance for the manurial value of the
feeding stuff. Columns (7) and (8) give a much more reliable
estimate of the relative feeding value. Column (7) gives the
number of pounds of starch which has the same feeding value
as 100 lb. of the feeding stuff ; similarly Column (8) gives the
number of pounds of linseed cake equivalent in feeding value
to 100 Ib. of the feeding stuff. Live-stock owners should buy
according to the number of digestible food units given in

1118 NOTES ON FEEDING STUFFS. [FEB.,

Column (6), and should be guided in using feeding stuffs by
the starch equivalent or linseed cake equivalent as given in
Columns (7) and (8).

It may perhaps be useful to give some idea as to the prospect
of supplies of feeding stuffs in the future. It appears likely
that the supply of millers’ offals, which was so short during
the War, will be considerably increased in the coming season.
The prospects for supplies of feeding barley are, however, not
so good, and this feeding stuff is likely to be scarce and dear for
some time There has been during the last few years a
considerable change in the importation of barley. Countries
which used to send considerable quantities of barley to the
United Kingdom have been prevented from doing so by war
and post-war conditions. North America has less than
the usual quantity of barley to export, and the exchange
between the United Kingdom and the States at the present
time makes the importation of American barley extremely
expensive. The supplies of home-grown oats seem to be
fairly satisfactory, but the prospect of importing normal
quantities of oats is not good. As regards maize, several
countries which used to supply large quantities are no longer
able to do so. Last year’s maize crop, however, was quite
good, both in North and South America, but, as in the case of
barley, the exchange makes the importation of maize from these
countries extremely expensive. The importation of oil seeds
during the last year has increased very largely, resulting in the
production of very large quantities of cakes of all kinds.
Consumption of cakes, probably on account of the high prices,
and possibly, too, because farmers have discovered during
the War that they could keep their animals quite satisfactorily
on much smaller cake rations than they were accustomed to
use before the War, has not increased so rapidly as the pro-
duction. There is consequently a large stock of cakes in the
country at the present time, and it is quite likely that prices
will decrease. For some time past cakes have sold considerably
under the maximum prices; so much so, that the maximum
prices have now been removed, as well as almost all restrictions
on their use.

1g20.] PouLTRY LayING TRIALS. III9g

THE present ‘time (5th February) seems a fitting time to
review, very briefly, the work accomplished by County Councils
and Councils of County Boroughs on
behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries, with regard to the work of the
settlement of ex-Service men on the land.

Councils have on their lists 25,905 ex-Service applicants, who
have applied for 450,603 acres. Of these applicants 16,017
4 have so far been approved as suitable for 269,025 acres.

7 Councils have actually acquired, or agreed to acquire,

Land Settlement
through Local ©
Authorities.

es on =
/

162,247 acres, and in addition the councils have 75,000
acres under consideration, the bulk of which, it is hoped, will
_ be acquired at an early date. Of this area 11,620 acres are

proposed to be acquired in the exercise of the compulsory
powers entrusted to the councils by Parliament.

The London County Council have up to the present not
acquired any land for ex-Service men. |

Up to date 4,250 men have actually been provided with
holdings, on a total area of 59,136 acres. The figures given
show that a substantial beginning has been made in the
direction of carrying out the promises of the Government with
regard to the provision of land for men who have fought for
their country.

THE poultry laying trials at the Harper Adams Agricultural
College for the 12 months 1918-19 ended on 29th October
last, and a Report has recently been
Poultry Laying Trials jssued. This Report sums up the work
‘phe Harper Adams Which is being done for poultry breeders
gricultural College, :
Newport, Salop.* nd others who are interested in the im-
provement of egg production.
a The general interest taken in the trials, as evidenced by the
increasing number of other trials held since the College com-
_ menced this branch of work in 1912, is not confined to the
owners of the pens, as the information obtained and fullv.
described in the reports is of considerable value, not only to all
who are engaged in improving stock, but also to those who are
concerned with egg production. The breeders of utility
poultry must remain at a disadvantage compared with the
exhibition or “‘ fancy’’ breeder until a definite standard of
points can be agreed upon, and, though steps are being taken
to arrive at some agreement in this direction, it is now only

* Contributed by the Harper Adams Agricultural College.

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II20 PouLtTry LAYING TRIALS. [FEB.,

by actual performance at these 12 months’ laying trials that
the owner of utility birds can prove the quality of his stock.

The results of the College trials for 1918-19 are conclusive
in demonstrating the improvement which is taking place in
the quality of the utility poultry stock of this country, and it
is satisfactory to note that, not only is the standard attained
higher, but the general average shows a distinct improvement.
Thus, contrasting the results of the first 12 months’ trials with
those just concluded, the figures are extremely interesting :—

1912-13. IgIS-I9.
Best pen (6 birds) 12 1) E389, e2es. 1,444 eggs.
Worst pen (6 birds) Fe B26 Kast ee GL sty a
Average per pen (100 pens) QII‘I5 eggs. I,121°51 eggs.
z ,, bird (600) aN L5I*One 3 E86:020 si.

The pens were representative of the leading poultry yards,
and also included birds from a number of less well-known people
who have not yet established their reputations as breeders of
utility stock. The birds competing comprised :—

Light Breeds— E Heavy Breeds—
Leghorns. Wyandottes.
Campines. Rhode Island Reds.
Anconas. Buff Rocks.
Minorcas. Sussex.

Orpingtons.

The comparison of the breeds is particularly interesting in
view of the details obtained as regards the size and weight of
the eggs produced, and brings out the fact that a marked
improvement is taking place in the hitherto less-favoured
breeds such as Rhode Island Reds, Rocks and Sussex, as com-
pared with the more numerous White Leghorn and White
Wyandotte breeds :—

| Egg Average, 1918-19.

WARES Mo wee Weight | Value of
a per Egg | Eggs per
; per Bird.| Bird.

. 02. Sod
Leghorns ais wit od egy pais 3) 0g BOA Po PO NOS a.
Wyandottes aie af 55 ss le OMA 2°03.) GIS: 68 5k
Rhode Island Reds bila pls: sais), SE O4CAE 2°09.~—C | 69. 4k
Rocks 24. aie xs es ‘i's 72725 2°06 59 54
Orpingtons and Sussex aa . sea) Oe 2°08 61 10}
Other Light Breeds ae a oe 172°66 7D OY 60 34
Average of all Breeds .. <p Fe 186°92 2°06 65 44

tr
Sn Ka

1920. | PouLTRY LAyING TRIALS. 1121
~

: In comparing the quality of the output the total weight of
< eggs produced by the birds has been ascertained, but for the
_ purpose of valuation the standard of 2 oz. has been taken as
§ the size of grade A egg, and here again the less well-known or
: favoured breeds show a high standard of output, as will be seen
“Ss by the following table :—
4 . Percentage
3 Staal Worst, |No. of Eggs Laid.| Proportion of
a pee Grades.
( Bes
a . )
7 02. 202.and| under |202.and under
:. over. 2 02. over. 2 02.
Leghorns (32 pens) ae” be Fag FOr’ 20205 8,147 | 77°64 22°34
Wyandottes (33 pens) .. | 78,1603 | 29,579 8,801 | 76°95 23°05
Rhode Island Reds (8 pens) | 19,564 8,172 1,160 | 87°57 12 43
Rocks (8 pens) .. wath SZeOe 6,255 2,061 | 75°21 | 24°79
Orpingtons and Sussex (I
DENS) ss ree é a .P.22j030 8,864 1,519 | 85°37 14°63
Other Light Breeds (10
pens) .. dis beri 22,502 9,877 483 | 95°34 | 4°66
All the Birds (101 pens) .. | 233,330 | 91,042 | 22,231 | 80°38 | 19°62

The number of eggs produced has naturally varied with the
season, and it is of interest to compare the number, weight
and value of eggs produced during the year. The relationship
of these three factors is not very apparent. The figures are
given for periods of four weeks commencing with the first
period from 3rd to 30th November, 1918 :—

eet : Period.

Ist, 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. | 6th. | 7th.

No. of Eggs ..]| 3°44 RED. BS 24 PIR 25 | T7°OR |. 20778, | 20°68
Value .. .. | 1/83 3/0 6/84 6/8} 714 5/10 | 5/64
Weight in oz. 6°4 14°O 215 31°2 37°1 43°0 | 43°8

8th. oth. Both; :/> rrth.. | r2th. |: 13ths
No. of Eggs .. | 17°88 FO-7G TS ES). r4°06| *12%47 | . 5°95
Value .. -- | 4/6% | 5/2 5lot | 4/102} 4/52 | 2/64
Weight in oz. 36°4 34°5 352 : 29°24] 26°0 | 12°64
To poultry keepers the question of cost of feeding is all-
important, and the results of the trials, where an accurate
record is kept of the amount consumed, as well as the cost,
are of great comparative value. The quantity of food consumed
per bird in lb. during the year was: Compound meal, 13°7;
bran, 4°7; fish meal, 61; clover meal, 2°6; pig meal, o'r;
crushed oats, 5°0; wheat, 1473; oats, I°'9; mixture, 290;
sharps, 6°6; maize meal, 3°5 ; palm kernel meal, 1°4.

4 F

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TX22) PouLtry LaAyInG TRIALS. [FEB.,

The cost of feeding has varied slightly month by month and
may be stated as under :—

Cost per Bird. Cost per Bird,

Seite : By as
ist Period I 3}* 8th Period Ciqies
2nd Tans oth iiy 7 AN 0
Seis I 42 BOC i) L.)/3%
Ata ice, aE) is TELE %, I 44
Sti", I 5} TOC i nA et
es 05 aie TCR Was I 52
78 OAR I «rf

During the trials a varied food sheet was possible, though at
times it was necessary to use such foodstuffs as were available,
as against what was really required. The values as between
eggs produced and food consumed seem to have been in an
inverse ratio, the cost dropping sharply as the value of eggs
increased and vice versa. Thus cost of food dropped sharply
from £6 11s. 14d. per 100 birds for the period ending 30th Nov-
ember to £5 12s. 5d. for that ending 19th April, and then rose
steadily until £7 12s. 54d. was recorded for the final period.
On the other hand, egg values only reached £8 ros. during the

first period, but rose steadily until the March period, when

£36 17s. 84d. was the value of the output per 100 birds. From
this highest value the decline was gradual until October, but
fell sharply to £12 14s. 2d. for the final month. The weight of
food consumed was more constant, and fluctuated between a
minimum of 640 Ib. and a maximum of 727 lb. per 100 birds
per four weeks, the average per period being—cost of food,
£6 15s. I1d.; amount consumed, 692 lb.; and value of eggs
produced, {24 8s. 6d. per 100 birds. Such figures very clearly
bring out the fact that flocks which are showing a low flock
average output must be yielding a very low profit, and in many
cases are probably being kept at a loss.

The need for egg records is thus obvious. In this connection
the question whether a bird can be classed satisfactorily at the
end of its first three months’ laying as a good or bad layer
seems to be decided in the affirmative by the comparison of the
best and worst layers in the flocks under trial. It is noted that
almost without exception the birds that produced a total of
over 200 eggs in the pullet year averaged a 47-egg output
during the first three months, whereas the poor layers—of less
than 100 in the pullet year—showed an average of only 15°8
during ths first three months. Whether or not this .test of

* Price carried to nearest farthing. Another 3d. per period should be added
to cover cost of grit and vegetables.

1920.} EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE. II23

output can be regarded as sufficient in itself may seem doubttul,
but taken in conjunction with other indications it should cere
__.._ tainly be possible to weed out the wasters before any serious
loss is incurred on their behalf.

a The College trials during the year I1g18-1g also included
a Single Pen Test—a form of trial not previously known in
this country—and the results fully justify the claims which
have been made in Australia for this method of comparison of
breed and strain. The highest output was that of a White
3 Leghorn pullet, which laid in the 12 months 271 eggs, of which
ql 267 were first grade and the total weight was 588 oz.

je The full Report of the College trials has been published, and
2S contains a summary of the results of other competitions which
have been held in this and other countries,

THE increased employment of women in agriculture during
the War has involved the consideration of a number of questions
relative to their continued employment in
BY Employment of the different branches of the industry
4 Women say" ;
a in Agriculture. when more normal conditions of rural
labour were restored. It was felt that
a numbers of women who had been working on the land during
a. the War would wish to remain in agricultural occupations and
_____ to avail themselves of open'ngs which might be offered, either
on farms or in industries allied to agriculture. A Gommittee
composed mainly of representatives of the Ministry of Agri-
culture was appointed under the chairmanship of Mrs. Roland
Wilkins in November, 1917, to consider what economic part
women can take in agriculture, and to recommend what steps
should be taken to give practical effect to such conclusions as
might be drawn.

The Report of the Committee has recently been issued.*
It sets out in some detail the prospects open to women in
arable farming, stock farming and dairying, small holdings,
market gardening, flax growing and various rural industries.
A chapter on the history of the employment of women in
agriculture should be of special interest to the agricultural
student. After touching on a number of other subjects
bearing on the problem of the employment of women in agri-

* Report of Sub-Committee appointed to consider the Employment of
__ Women in Agriculture in England and Wales. _ Obtainable from H.M.

eC Onery Office, Imperial House, Kingsway, London, W.C. 2, price 1s. 6d.
net.

4 F2

I124 EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE. {FEB.,.

culture, such as voluntary associations and women’s institutes,
. the Report concludes with a summary of the Committee’s
conclusions and recommendations.
The conclusions of the Committee can be briefly summarised
as follows :—
The Supply of Women Workers.

(r) There is a large unsatisfied demand for the domestic
farm servant in certain areas; this type of worker
appears to be an essential factor in the economy of
small hill farms of the stock-raising and dairy type.

(2) There is a very slightly increased demand over pre-war
times for full-time milkers and stock women, dairy-
maids who milk, and poultry workers.

(3) It is likely that the demand for part-time milkers will
increase substantially.

(4) An increase in the women dependents of small holders
will naturally follow that of the men established under
the Government scheme, and these women being an
important factor in the success of the small holding,
every consideration should be given to all local possi-
bilities of their education, organisation, and social life.

(5) A demand for certain types of workers is conditional on
the extension ‘of certain branches of farming which
may be encouraged by Government policy; some
again, such as the casual field workers on arable farms,
depend on the general condition of other trades.

(6p The present supply of local seasonal workers in market
gardens and in afforestation is likely to prove adequate :
the increased demand due to any extension in the areas
devoted to these branches of cultivation during the
next few years balancing the reversion of the substitution
of women for men which took place during the War. ~

In the case of teachers of dairying similar conditions
are anticipated.
The Retention of Local Women in Rural Areas.

(7) The establishment of certain industries such as fruit-
canning, jam-making, fruit-bottling and milk-drying
in rural areas has caused a small demand for workers
drawn from the locality. Should these undertakings
spread the number of workers required would be corre-
spondingly greater. The Committee have pointed out :
that this would act advantageously in retaining women |
in rural areas, owing to the variety of interest offered .
in employment. The retention of these local women

1920.) EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE. 1125

is an important factor in the development of rural

areas.
(8) Further, bacon factories and those dealing with fruit,
a while only offering in themselves a small demand for
- women’s work, indirectly influence the permanent
a settlement of women in the district by encouraging

the development of small holdings in the immediate
area for the supply of their raw materials.

x Actions vequired.—The specific recommendations of the
Committee are :—
2 (1) That fuller immediate action be taken along the lines

recommended by the Report of the Education Con-
ee) ference on the Agticultural Education of Women with
regard to local instruction by County Authorities.*
These recommendations are :—

a. Itinerant instruction should take the form of
organised classes rather than that of lectures
and every part of a county should be covered in

p a definite cycle of years.

4 b. Farm schools, or fixed courses of instruction taking

% their place, should be increased, so as to provide
one for every county or two counties.

c. Domestic economy should form part of the curri-
culum in every organised course.

E d. Provision of scholarships—

s (2) from itinerant classes to farm schools.

4 (b) from farm schools to collegiate institutions.

(2) That the curriculum of Farm Institutes should provide
special domestic economy classes dealing mainly with

‘ labour-saving methods and the use and preservation of

a home-grown produce; and that, in those areas where

| _ the system of domestic farm servants exists, the Farm
Institutes should organise local demonstiation classes
and simple trials on the above subjects.

(3) That a number of scholarships for the best of the farm
servants themselves should be established at the Farm
Institutes for the counties in which farm servants are
numerous.

(4) That all measures for the simplification and acceleration

of methods of working in the home and byres should

be considered by those responsible for agricultural
education and manual training in the local areas.

* See this Journal, December, 1915, p. 859.

I126 EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE. _ [FEB.,

(5) That Women’s Institutes should develop as fully as
possible the experiments they have begun in organising ©

demonstrations in labour-saving methods and in the
various branches of household economy ; and that local

Education Authorities should give them every facility —

for classes in connection with these subjects.

(6) That Women’s Institutes should endeavour to extend
their organisation as widely as possible amongst wives
of farmers and small holders and amongst farm servants.

(7) That the attention of farmers and landowners be
_ directed to the desirability of improvements in byres,
- yards and homes with a view to curtailing unnecessary
labour.

(8) That in dairying districts Local Education Authorities
should organise milking classes.

That Local Agricultural Associations should consider
the advisability of offering prizes for women milkers at
local shows.

(9) That short courses should be provided for training

women as stock-women at Farm Institutes as long as the
demand for their services exist ; and that scholarships
or financial assistance should be given in connection
with the short courses.

(10) Scholarships or assisted Studentships for training for
skilled posts in dairying and cheese factories should
be provided so as to place these posts within the reach
of the small farmer’s daughter and the farm servant.

(11) That the recommendations of the Agricultural Educa-
tion Conference as regards poultry be acted on. (These
recommendations are (a) the formation at one of the
existing Agricultural Colleges of a training course for
poultry keepers, (b) the institution of a national ex-
amination in poultry in connection with the above.)

(12) That the present system of itinerant instruction in
poultry keeping be extended and supplemented by the
establishment of demonstration centres.

(13) That the system of supplying stock poultry and eggs

through approved stations be extended.

(14) That demonstration centres should be established in
market-gardening districts in which small holders are
numerous ; and that instruction in all kinds of skilled
work in connection with fruit be provided for women.

(15) That the duty of obtaining accurate statistics relating

to women engaged in agriculture, and of maintaining

1920.] LAND BROKEN UP DURING THE WAR. 1127

adequate information upon any changes in the number
of women so engaged, be urged upon the appropriate
authority.
A detailed statement of the Committee’s conclusions and
recommendations, taking each type of industry separately, is
given in tabulated form.

THE question of the future cropping of the land recently
broken out of grass is seriously exercising the minds of many
farmers. There are at least four different

Farming of Land ways in which such land can be treated,

Broken up during

the War. deans ies
1. The land may be worked in with

the rotational system hitherto in force.
_ 2. A proportion of the root shift may be devoted to silage
De crops.

3. Temporary leys of several years’ duration may be
ia introduced into the rotation.
4 4. The land may be sown down to permanent grass.

_ 1.—With the introduction of the Norfolk or 4-course rotation,
a in which roots occupied 25 per cent. of the arable land, it was
x possible to keep the land clean, and, by feeding cattle and

sheep, to maintain a reasonable level of fertility without

A - recourse to artificial manures. As such manures, however,
= came more and more into use, a smaller area of roots sufficed
to maintain the land in good condition, and roots came to
occupy 20 per cent. or less of the arable land. (In the case
of heavy land the proportion may be as low as 5 per cent.)
_ Even before the War, roots were commonly regarded as an
expensive crop. Under present conditions they are still more
so. It seems clear, therefore, that the extra arable area arising
out of war conditions will not generally be maintained on a
short rotational system, in which roots requiring singling,
lifting and storing would take the same prominent place as of
_ old. If the rotation hitherto practised is adopted, crops such
- as rape and kale will probably, in part, replace the ordinary
_ root crops.
_ 2,—In recent years farmers have begun to look to ensilage
as a means of reducing the root shift, particularly under
_ conditions where roots are a specially risky crop. An autumn-
sown silage crop is largely independent of weather, does not
need a fine tilth, keeps down weeds, and is ready for removal
in July, thus affording opportunities for a half fallow, or, if
___ required, a second green crop.

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1128 LAND BROKEN UP DURING THE War. [FEB.,

In the absence of a silo, a mixed crop of oats and vetches, or
oats and peas, may be made into hay or ripened, and so reduce
the root shift and the winter bill for feeding stuffs. (In suitable
circumstances lucerne might be tried.)

3.—A third possibility is the lengthening of the rotation by
the introduction of temporary leys. If these were of three
years’ duration, then in a rotation of seven years there might
be three shifts in corn, or 43 per cent. as compared with 50
per cent. in a 4-course rotation. The production of about an
extra quarter per acre, which might reasonably be expected
in the case of the longer rotation, would bring the yield of
corn per 100 acres arable up to that of the shorter rotation.
Thus, from the standpoint of corn production, the country
would not lose by the change ; indeed, it might well gain con-
siderably. The root and.clover crops would probably be
healthier.

There remains the doubt that will arise in many minds as to
whether temporary leys can be successfully established under
all conditions. In Scotland, in Wales, and generally in districts
with considerable rainfall, the practice is already common.
Trials have been made in other districts, but further experiments
on this point in such districts are necessary. In experiments
carried out in the Eastern Counties under the auspices of
Cambridge University it would appear that such leys can be
successfully laid down, particularly if the seed mixture adopted
is on the lines of the Clifton Park system, that is to say, if it
consists of a variety of pasture plants including those of a
deep rooting and drought-resisting character.

Many of the heavier and of the lighter lands, too, are to-day
suffering from lack of organic matter. The former are con-
sequently difficult to work and both are apt to dry out. The
ploughing-under of a three-years’-old tur would go far to
mitigate this state of affairs.

4.—The last resort is a return to permanent grass. In the
case of difficult, inaccessible, or inadequately drained land, or
land adjoining the homestead, which has recently been ploughed
out, a return to permanent grass may be justified, but care
should be taken to choose a suitable seed mixture. The
present cost and scarcity of seed makes such care all the more
necessary. Farmers with no experience to guide them should
consult the Agricultural Organiser of their county, with a view
to being supplied with all available data on the subject.

»?

4

1920. | OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. 1129

OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS.

N.B.—The Orders mentioned in this section of the JOURNAL
may usually be obtained at the price of td. each from
H.M. Stationery Office, Imperial House, Kingsway, London,
W.C. 2, and 28, Abingdon Street, London, S.W.1; 37, Peter
Street, Manchester, and 1, St. Andrew’s Crescent, Cardiff.

THE following Circular Letter (No. C.L. 276/C.1) was addressed to

County Councils in England and Wales, except the London County

Council, by the Ministry on 15th January :—

Ministry Str,—I am directed by the Minister of

of Agriculture and Agriculture and Fisheries to invite the atten-

Fisheries Act, tion of your Council to the provisions of the

1919, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Act,

, I919,* which received the Royal Assent on
23rd December, 1919. '

This Act is not concerned in any way with agricultural policy, but
is simply a measure for rendering more efficient the existing machinery
for dealing with agricultural matters. It marks an epoch in the history
of County administration, for it enables the numerous powers and duties
of the County Council, in regard to agriculture, to be brought within
the range of a single Committee. Furthermore, it brings formally within
the County organisation the work now done by the Agricultural Executive
Committees.

It cannot be emphasised too clearly that the Act is not designed
to supersede any Committee of the County Council now dealing with
a particular branch of administration. On the contrary, it is the
intention of the Act that so far as possible the existing Committees
should be linked together and fitted into a general scheme, which will
give to agriculture in the work of the County Councils a position
appropriate to its importance. Certain changes may be needed in order
to obtain a workable scheme, but, broadly speaking, no efficient
machinery need be scrapped, and no existing Committee of the County
Council dealing with agriculture need be placed in a position of less
authority in consequence of the passing of the Act.

The Minister would like to take this opportunity of expressing his
high appreciation of the admirable and efficient work done by those
who undertake, often at the cost of much personal sacrifice, the ever
increasing burden imposed on Local Authorites in connection with the
local adminstration of matters affecting the agricultural industry.
Lord Lee feels confident that under the new legislation the authority
of County Councils in dealing with agricultural matters will be
strengthened and that the cordial relationship which has always existed
between Councils and the Ministry will be maintained.

The Act makes provision for setting up Councils of Agriculture and
an Agricultural Advisory Committee for England and Wales, and also
an Agricultural Committee for each Administrative County and County
Borough. This Circular deals only with the County Committees pro-
vided for in Part III. of the Act, and its object is to set forth as
concisely as possible the main provisions of that Part of the Act and
to indicate their effect on county administration.

* See also this Journal, January, 1920, p. 962.

E 1130 OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. [FEB.,

Every County Council (except the London County Council) is re-
quired to establish an Agricultural Committee to be appointed in
’ part by the County Council and in part by the Minister. The County
.Council is to nominate not less than two-thirds of the members, and
i persons so nominated need not be members of the Council if the Council
so determine. Each Council must make a scheme establishing an
| Agricultural Committee to be approved by the Minister before 23rd
| June, I920, and if by that date a scheme has not been approved, the
| | Minister may make a scheme after consultation with the Council.

‘ Powers of the new Commuittees.—To the Agricultural Committee a
" and its Sub-Committees in each county will stand referred all matters. .
| relating to the exercise of the Council’s powers under :—

(1) The Destructive Insects and Pests Acts, 1877 and 1907.

(2) The Diseases of Animals Acts, 1894 to 1914.

(3) The Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1.906.

(4) The Land Drainage Act, 1918.

(5) The Small Holdings and Allotments Acts, 1908 to I9I19;

ri : and also all other matters relating to agriculture except {a)

such matters as under the Education Act, 1902, stand referred ‘i
to the Education Committee, and (6) the raising of a rate or
borrowing. |

With regard to education, provision is made for arranging that
matters relating to agricultural education, which otherwise would
stand referred to the Education Committee, may be referred to the
mt Agricultural Committee.
: A County Council may delegate to the Agricultural Committee any
: of their powers in relation to the matters specified above It will,
however, obviously be impossible for an Agricultural Committee itself
to deal with the whole of the matters brought within its range, and the
Act therefore provides for the appointment of Sub-Committees and
for delegation to those Sub-Committees of any of the powers of the
Agricultural Committee. The scheme should provide the necessary
authority for such delegation of powers to Sub-Committees. i
The Act authorises payment as part of the expenses of the Agricul- tte
tural Committee of travelling expenses and subsistence allowance of
members of that Committee or of any of its Sub-Committees if the
scheme so provides.
It is obligatory for the Agricultural Committee to appoint :—
(t) A Small Holdings and Allotments Sub-Committee.
(2) A Diseases of Animals Sub-Committee.

These Sub-Committees will act as the Statutory Committees under
the Small Holdings and Allotments Acts, 1908-1919, and the Diseases
of Animals Act, 1894, respectively. The Small Holdings and Allot-
ments Sub-Committee will, until 31st March, 1926, have full executive
powers (except the power to raise a rate or loan) without special delega-
tion of powers by the County Council or the Agricultural Committee. |
vit The Act provides that this Sub-Committee shall comprise one or more
members to represent tenants of small holdings and allotments. Ba

The Minister may authorise the Agricultural Committee or a Sub-
Committee to exercise on his behalf any of his powers under Part IV.
of the Corn Production Act, 1917, or Part II. of the Land Drainage
Act, r918.*

* See article on Land Drainage in this issue, p. 1088.

1920.] OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. II3I

It will be seen from these provisions that the County Council may so
constitute their Agricultural Committee that the Small Holdings and
Allotments Committee and the Agricultural Executive Committee
shall become, without substantial alteration, component parts of the
new committee, and carry on without interruption the work of which
their members have acquired an intimate knowledge.

Attention is, however, called to Sub-section (4) (a) of Section 7 of
the Act, which requires that a scheme shall provide for the appointment
by the Minister of not more than one-third of the members of the
Agricultural Committee or of any Sub-Committee to which the powers
of that Committee are delegated. ‘Lhe Minister will expect to appoint
the full quota of members of the Small Holdings and Allotments Sub-
Committee, the Agricultural Executive Committee and any other
Sub-Committee whose operations entail actual or contingent liabilities
for expenditure from State funds.

A further Circular will be issued shortly containing suggestions as
to the lines on which a scheme for constituting an Agricultural Com-
mittee should be prepared and enclosing a Model Scheme. In the
meantime any County Council is at liberty to formulate its scheme,
and it may, therefore, be useful to remind the Council that schemes
must provide for the appointment of such persons only as have practical.
commercial, technical or scientific knowledge of agriculture, or an
interest in agricultural land, and for the inclusion of women as well as
men, ‘

I am to add that the further circular referred to above will deal not
only with matters of organisation but also with the question of finance
and accounts.

am, €fc.,
(Signed) LAWRENCE WEAVER,
Director-General of Land Seitlement.

TuHE following information was contained in a Memorandum recently
issued to County Horticultural Sub-Committees by the Ministry :—
Introduction.—The important part played

Potato Trials. by the potato crop makes it desirable that
growers should be able to obtain adequate

_and reliable information on all matters relating to potato culture,

the many phases of which may best be brought to the growers’ notice
through demonstration plots instituted for the purpose of finding out
those varieties best suited to the different districts and of demonstrating
the approved methods of potato culture.

Wart Disease Note.—The Ministry require the planting of immune
varieties in those areas in which Wart Disease is known to be common
and widespread, and in such areas committees should use immune
varieties only for their trials; whilst those committees in the clean
districts should demonstrate the value of these immune varieties and
test their comparative merits with well-known susceptible “kinds.

Supply of Seed.—The source of the seed potato influences the resulting
crop to such an extent that all the seed should be obtained from the
same source, It is advisable, therefore, that the seed should be pur-
chased in bulk by the Ministry and distributed to the various com-
mittees. The seed potatoes will be invoiced at cost price to the
committees.

nN, es ne Se

I1I32 OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. [FEB.,

Quantity of Seed.—In carrying out these trials 14 lb. of each variety
should be planted on land which has been prepared according to the
instructions given below. _

Preparation of Land.—The land used in all allotment trials should
be bastard trenched.

Manures.—The land should receive farmyard manure at the rate
of 10-15 tons per acre, and, preferably, to be applied in the drills at the
time of planting.

Artificial Manures.—These should be applied as follows :—

Superphosphate,* 26 percent. .. -- 4 Cwt. per acre.
Sulphate of Ammonia ei Bs Poeued ys Af
i Potash,* 49 per cent. FSD t Fe

In making these suggestions regarding manuring, it must be borne
in mind it may be necessary to modify them in accordance with the
local customs and conditions,

Varieties.—In 1920 it is proposed that the trials should be divided
into two main sections :— |

Part 1.—Demonstration of the cropping powers of the well-known
immune kinds, such as :—

1st Earlies—Snowdrop, Dargill Early.

2nd Earlies.—Great Scott, Arran Comrade.

Main Cvrops.—Majestic, Kerr’s Pink, Golden Wonder, Tinwald

Perfection, Abundance.

Part 2.—Early Varieties——During 1920 it is considered important
to institute trials to test the earliness of cropping qualities of certain
early varieties. It must be realised that certain varieties are grown
and marketed as earlies, which are not really earlies, if regarded from
the point of view of maturity. ‘‘Epicure’’ is a good example of this
It is a variety which “ bulks”’ early, and can be marketed early, yet
if judged by its date of maturity, it isa second early. The same remark
applies to ‘“‘ Eclipse’ or ‘‘ Sir John Llewellyn.”’

It has been maintained that ‘‘ King George ’”’ is a variety which, if
treated as an early, will be ready for lifting quite as soon as ‘‘ Epicure.”’
Last season, in many districts ‘‘ Arran Comrade ’”’ matured earlier than
‘‘ Epicure.’ It is, therefore, of the greatest importance that this year
this problem of earliness should be tested in a thorough manner in all
those districts where early potatoes are grown.

Note.—The trials of early varieties are for the express purpose of
comparing the earliness of some particular varieties. To obtain reliable
results it is obvious that the seed of the many kinds must all come from
the same source, be treated in a similar way, planted on the same date,
and the crop given equal opportunities for development. The important
point is not merely the determination of a date when the crop matures,
but of a»period when the crop may be profitably marketed. This isa
point that should be well considered.

The instructions regarding supply of seed, manuring, etc., are the
same as for the cropping trials, but the varieties may be different, as
below :— »

Varieties for 1920.—Three of the leading well-known first earlies
should be grown as controls with which the new varieties may be
compared. ‘The three varieties which should be used for this purpose
are ‘‘ Duke of York,’ ‘“‘ Ninetyfold,’’ and ‘‘ Epicure.”

* If other grades are used, such quantity should be applied as will provide
the same amounts of phosphate or potash as those indicated.

+

1920.| OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. 1133

To summarise, the varieties to be included in this year’s trials are :—
3 Duke of York
_ Ninetyfold. For clean lands only.
4 Epicure. J
- Dargill Early.
4 Arran Rose.
= King George.
& Nithsdale.
, Arran Comrade.
Snowdrop,
3 Planting.—The time of planting will vary slightly according to the
gg district. The trial plots should be planted at what is considered a
suitable time for planting potatoes in the district. It is further sug-
gested that a distance of 26 in. between the drills and 12 in.
between the sets should be adopted throughout all the trials. Any
| departure from these distances should be noted in the reports of the
ei, trials.
. Reports.—The committees will, of course, prepare full reports for
the instruction of farmers and allotment holders in their own districts.
x The Ministry will, however, also require a brief report drawn up on
‘4 certain definite lines in order that they may issue a summarised report
} of all the trials in the country. ;
y In previous years trials of potatoes were carried out for the Ministry
. by a few people in various parts of England, and, where satisfactory,
committees should continue the trials at the old centres and institute
fresh trials in other districts.

In dealing with Wart Disease of potatoes it is essential that only
true stocks of immune varieties of potatoes should be planted in infected
areas. To assist growers in these areas in

List of Growers of obtaining suitable stocks for planting this
Immune Varieties of season the Ministry last year arranged for
Potatoes in their Inspectors to examine growing crops’ of

a oe

x England and Wales. immune varieties and to certify those which
@ were true to type and reasonably free from
q ‘‘rogues.” <A list of the growers whose crops were inspected and certi-
= fied has been prepared and is now published as Miscellaneous Publication
my’. No. 26. Copies of this publication may be obtained from the Ministry,

. 3, St. James’s Square, London, S.W.1, price 6d., post free.

In accordance with the decontrol of British- and Irish-made cheese,
already announced (see Note in last month’s issue, p. 1041), the Food
Controller has issued an Order (No. 98) revoking
; Decontrol of Home as on Ist February, 1920, the following
a Cheese. Orders :—
1. The British Cheese Order, r9t7.
2. British Cheese (Requisition) Order, 1918.
3. Cheese (Export from Ireland) Order, 19r8.
4. Caerphilly Cheese (Retail Prices) Order, rgrg.
As already announced, the Ministry of Food will purchase the
suitable varieties of whole-milk hard cheese manufactured in Great
Britain and Ireland up to and including 31st January, 1920, and

1134 OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. [FEB.,

delivered or advised to the Government Factors up to and including
29th February, 1920. Such cheese not advised or delivered to the
Government Factors on or before 29th February, 1920, will not be
accepted as Government purchase. The cheese accumulated in the
Government Pool will be distributed during the months of January
February and March, 1920, under Government Control.

At the Lambeth County Court his Honour Judge Parry gave his
reserved judgment in the case of Deering v. Watney, in which John
Deering, of Plaxtol, claimed at the Sevenoaks

Legal Decisions under County Court, from Colonel Charles F. Watney,
the Corn of Ivy Hatch Court, £24 3s., being the difference

Production Act. between wages received by him as gardener

and the minimum wage allowed by the Agricul-
tural Wages Board (under the Corn Production Act) for odd time
that he alleged he was engaged in agriculture.

‘‘ The defendant,’’ said his Honour, ‘‘ has about 20 acres of land
attached to his house, about five or six lawns and gardens, of which
an acre anda half is kitchen garden. Thereare five acres of plantation,
five acres of grazing and five acres of cherry and apple orchard. The
defendant does not carry on the business of agriculture. He has sold
surplus fruit, but this year there was no surplus fruit. The applicant
was employed to work in the gardens, especially the kitchen garden,
and to do odd labouring jobs when not wanted in the garden. There
is no doubt that he did work in the plantation pruning the nut bushes.
The evidence is conflicting as’ to how long he worked there! The
defendant was at the War, and his wife left matters to the bailiff. No
objection was taken or claim made at the time, and no record of hours
kept by either party. He also cut some bracken for bedding. I find,
as a fact, that he was employed on these jobs for four weeks in all and
not more, and during the rest of his time he was employed on his main
and proper work in the kitchen gardens,

‘‘ The applicant contends that he is entitled to the minimum wage
during the whole of his employment. Clause 4 of the Act says that
‘ Any person who employs a person in agriculture,’ shall pay the mini-
mum wagerate. Clause 17 says that agriculture includes the use of land
as orchard or woodland or market garden. I think the main work of
the applicant was in the kitchen gardens, and I hold that the applicant
cannot claim the minimum wage when so employed. I think for about
four weeks he was employed in agriculture within the meaning of the
Act. I see nothing in the Act to prevent a man employed in another
capacity claiming a minimum wage, during such time as he is actually
employed in agriculture. He putinaclaim fora fortnight’s haymaking.
He could not swing a scythe, but he helped to pitch the hay. Everyone
in the house, from the visitors downward, did the same. It isan almost
universal practice in English country life for all the household, in-
cluding domestic servants and visitors, to help in the hay-field during
the hay harvest.

‘‘T do not think, if a man’s butler helped to pitch hay, he would be
a workman employed in agriculture within the Act, and I have not
allowed the applicant anything on this part of his claim. In my view
the mere fact, in an estate of this kind, that a man does an odd job of
an agricultural character does not entitle him to the minimum wage,

\,

1920.] OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. 1135

but when he is taken away from his usual work and put for a sub-
stantial time in real agricultural work he is entitled to the minimum
wage. The actual orders of the Wages Board were not produced,
but the applicant is entitled to the difference between the minimum
wage and the actual wage paid to him for four weeks. If this is not
agreed, I remit to the Registrar to assess the amount.” (Wages Board
Gazette, 15th January, 1920.)

Aw Order applying the Profiteering Act to
hay and straw has been made by the Board
of Trade. The text of this Order was
and Straw. published in the issue of the London

Gazette for 6th January.

Profiteering on Hay

THE Food Controller has issued an Order revoking, as from Ist
February, 1920, the Oils, Oil Cakes and Meals (Requisition) Order, r917.
: : ., Previous references to this Order were pub-
Revocation of Oils, Oil ji-hed in the issues of this Journal for December,

Cakes ee Order, yor7, p. 1046, and May, 1919, p. 211.

Ir was announced by the Food Controller on the 31st January, that

the administration of the regulations affecting the control of hides

hitherto exercised by the Ministry of Munitions

The Control of Hides. will be vested in the Ministry of Food for the
remainder of the period of meat control.

AccorpD1nGc to the issue of the Seed World (United States) for roth
December last, it would appear from information furnished by the
Agricultural Adviser to the Danish Government

Seed Production in that Denmark must now be regarded as a

Denmark and United serious competitor in the world market for
States of America. certain kinds of seed, the supply of which
before the War was practically the monopoly
of English growers. In 1916 the acreage under turnips for seed in
Denmark was less than 3,500 acres; last year it had increased to
16,677 acres. Swede seed showed an increase from 2,372 to 7,790
acres, and mangold from 3,410 to 5,310 acres in the same period.
The remarkable extension of seed growing in Denmark has been
caused by the rapid rise in seed prices during the War. Many Danish
farmers took up the growing of seeds, who, lacking the knowledge
and experience of old growers and frequently unable to obtain satis-
factory stock seed for planting, could not maintain the high quality
which has characterised Danish-grown seeds in the past; nevertheless,
the increased production must affect the hold that the English growers
have had on the world market for such seeds.

Attention is also being given to the growing of root seeds in the
United States of America. Before the War the production was
negligible, but last year the States produced 123,000 lb. of swede and
456,000 lb. of turnip seed.

r Vode ¢ ;
Ww tS aan .s bs e =| °

1136 OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS.

[FEB.,

THE amount provided for in the Budget of the United States.
Department of Agriculture for the year I9I9Q-I920 is £7,060,000, or
and increase of {1,250,000 over the amount

Budget of the United provided for in the previous year 1918-1919.
States Department of The {following are the amounts* allotted to
Agriculture for 1919-20. the principal Bureaus in the two years.

IgI9—1920. I9g18-I919,
£
Office of Secretary 167,000 160,000
Weather Bureau ; 392,000 399,000
Animal Industry Bureau. 1,205,000 850,000
Plant Industry Bureau .. 704,000 653,000
Forest Service I ,244,000 I ,I95,000
Chemistry Bureau 290,000 259,000
Soils Bureau 102,000 102,000
Entomology Bureau 286,000 206,000
Biological Survey : I 55,000 123,000
Division of Paplications. 50,009 45,000
Crop Estimates Bureau ... 77,000 72,000
State Relation Service.... I ,023,000 657,000
Public Roads Bureau 124,000 124,000
. Markets Bureau .. 586,000 422,000

ee a. ee ee SL Le a

The largest increases during the year are shown by the Bureau of
Animal Industry (£355,000), the Bureau of Plant Industry (£51,000),
the Forest Service (£49,000), the Bureau of Entomology (£80,000), the
States Relation Service (£366,000), and the Bureau of Markets (£164,000).
The States Relation Service consists of federal contributions to the
experiment stations, demonstrations and extension wo:k of the States.

A NEw Stallion farm, the only one of its kind in the country, was
established by the United States Department of Agriculture in co-
operation with the Wyoming Agricultural
New United States College, at Buffalo, Wyo., early in July. It
Government is to be known as the United States-Wyoming
Stallion Farm. Horse-breeding Station, where the work that
has been done for the past 15 years by the
Department in co-operation with the Colorado Agricultural College
will be continued. The object of the work at this station will be to
produce high-class stallions suitable for the production of utility horses
adapted to western range and farm conditions. Stallions at this station
are available for use by mare owners in the community, and from
time to time they will be sent for service to different parts of Wyoming
and Colorado. Stallions developed for the range weigh from 1,200 to
1,400 pounds. A standard-bred stallion, Harvest Aid, has recently
been purchased. He is by the champion trotting stallion, The Har-
vestor, and his dam is Santos Maid, a mare which holds the trotting
record of 2°083, and a daughter of Peter the Great, the leading sire of
speed in America. It is not the purpose at the horse-breeding station
to develop speed animals, but it is well understood that a good stallion
from a family noted for its speed is highly desirable for the production
of active utility horses.— (The Breeder’s Gazette, 25th September,
1919). |

* The amounts are “ par values.”
Pp

q :

U 2
ae

Ce hens - -
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)20.] OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. 1137

A NOTE published in the issue of the Journal Officiel for the 14th
October, 1919, gives particulars of an Act passed by the French Govern-
ment respecting the formation in France of

Agricultural Credit different kinds of agricultural benefit societies,

Facilities for with a view to assisting the population in
Devastated Regions districts devastated by the War. The con-
in France. ditions of formation of these Societies are to

be decided by the Ministries of Agriculture
and Food,and Finance. The Societies may receive State loans through
local banks. All people connected with agricultural development, in
any way, may form themselves into credit societies. Rural artisans,
who do not employ more than two men continuously, such as shoeing-
smiths, smiths, implement repairers, harness-makers, shoemakers, and
charcoal burners, also come within the provisions of this Act.

DeEcISIONS have recently been given by the High Court on two
points of importance in connection with the administration of Part II.
7 of the Corn Production Act. One case was

Legal Decisions heard on the 21st and the other on the 22nd
affecting January before the Lord Chief Justice and

Minimum Wages. Justices Avory and Sankey.

In the first case the Agricultural Wages
Board appealed against a decision of the Knaresborough Bench.
The Board had proceeded against an employer for the non-payment
of the minimum to a horseman who was engaged on a contract of
service for one year, which was still running, at a wage of 20
per annum, in addition to board and lodging. The Court have
decided that while the contract is void as regards the amount
mentioned therein, it was still a contract for service for a year, and that
the liability to pay the worker not less than the minimum wages did
not arise—and in fact that no legal liability to make any payment
arose—until the end of the term. If then the employer failed to pay a
sum which for the whole term of service amounted to less than the
minimum rates fixed, he would commit an offence, but until that time
no offence could, in fact, be proved. The effect of this judgment appears
to be far-reaching, as it seems to imply that any man engaged for a year
is dependent on the good-will of his employer for any payments during
his year of service.

In the case heard on the 22nd January, the Agricultural Wages
Board appealed against a decision of the Warwick Bench, the point at
issue being whether a private garden from which a certain amount of
produce is sold comes within the definition of a market garden under
the Corn Production Act. The judgment lays down that a market
garden is a holding cultivated wholly or mainly for the purpose of the
trade or business of market gardening. The decision of the High Court
clears up a question about which there has been much discussion, and
the appeal was taken by the Wages Board so that uncertainty might
be removed for the future.

Both decisions were given in full in the issue of the Wages Board
Gazette for 2nd February.

_—_—_-—----_----- «xkw@vqYvT\@qrFrROWS

4G

‘ a Oe Cate
1138 OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. [FEB., é

| SINCE the last issue of the Journal (p. 1044), outbreaks of Foot-
E and-Mouth Disease have been confirmed in six fresh centres, and the.
r position in the districts concerned is- as : KS!
, Foot-and-Mouth follows :— i
| Disease. Wiltshive.—The initial outbreak was con- |
firmed at Grittenham, Brinkworth, on the
a> 15th January, since which date six further outbreaks have occurred,
the latest being on the 11th February. The usual Order prohibiting |
movement over a wide area was issued on the 15th January, and on the Me
4s 29th January the Scheduled District was extended on the eastern side |
owing to the spread of disease in that direction. Restrictions have
| now been modified except as regards the Prohibited Area around the
j scenes of the outbreaks.

Bedford, Northumberland and Flint.—Isolated outbreaks were con-
firmed at Willington (Beds.), Amble, Acklington (Northumberland),
and Rhuddlan (Flints.) on the 24th January, 21st January, and 31st
) January respectively. No further developments occurred, and in all
4 cases restrictions have been modified in respect of considerable portions

of the Scheduled Districts.

: Lancashive.—TIwo outbreaks of disease were confirmed in Lancashire 4
on premises near Newton in Cartmel, the first being on 24th January

and the second on the following day. Since the latter date there has ©
been no extension of disease, and the restrictions have been modified ae
except in a small area surrounding the Infected Places. i

Devonshive-—An outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease occurred at —
Dean Prior near Buckfastleigh on the 28th January, and the usual
Order prohibiting movement was issued accordingly. On the 5th
February an outbreak occurred near Bow, some six miles outside the
| Scheduled District, and the Scheduled District had to be extended
* northwards for about 15 miles. A further outbreak occurred on the
adjoining farm on the 7th February. The restrictions imposed have
since been modified in the outer portions of the original Scheduled
District.

All restrictions on movement of animals imposed in connection with
the outbreaks in Durham, West Sussex, Yorkshire (West Riding),
| Hampshire, Dorset and Essex have been withdrawn and modifications
of the restrictions have been made in the East Kent district.

SINCE th* note which appeared in the last issue of the Jouynal was
written, a further case of Rabies has been confirmed (on 13th January)
at Addlestone, Surrey, in the Inner or danger- ;

Rabies. ous Zone of the London, Middlesex, and

District Muzzling Area, The inquiries which is

were made by the Inspectors of the Ministry show that the infected dog "4
was apparently bitten by what is known as the ‘“ Ealing dog,’’ that is, a
the animal which ran between Ealing and Weybridge in April last. It. i
is fortunate that this case occurred well within the dangerous Zone, ae
which was specially scheduled to catch up any cases of this kind. The
result of this outbreak is that it has not been possible entirely to revoke
the Muzzling Orders affecting the London, Middlesex, and District

1920.) © OFFICIAL NOTICES AND CIRCULARS. 1139

Area, as had been hoped, by the end of January. The Ministry, how-
ever, have felt justified in contracting the existing Area so as to exclude
from the Muzzling Order the whole of the County of London, the whole
of Middlesex (except the portion lying to the south-west of a line from
_ Uxbridge to Twickenham), that part of Hertfordshire which was
previously subject to the Order, a small part of Buckinghamshire, and
the south-eastern half of Surrey. An Order to this effect came into
operation on the 2nd February.

This Order does not withdraw the restrictions on the movement of
dogs out of the contracted Muzzling Area, nor the restrictions on the
movement of dogs out of the Inner or Dangerous Zone. This last
includes the western portion of Surrey and small parts of Berkshire and
Hampshire. 3

The outbreak at Addlestone on the 13th January has rendered the
maintenance of restrictions in this dangerous Area; for a further period,
essential.

THE Food Controller issued an Order dated the 24th January,
1920, which revoked as on the Ist. February,
Revocation of the Use of Milk (Licensing) Order, 1918.
the Milk (Licensing) A note on the provisions of this Order
Order, 1918. was published in the issue of this Journal

for June, 1918, p. 354. ’

IN 1916, as a war measure, with a view to increasing food production
by a rapid improvement of our poultry stock, the Ministry of Agriculture
. made arrangements for the distribution of
The National Egg sittings of eggs, day-old chicks, and adult
Distribution Scheme. stock birds, to small holders and cottagers.
The schetne has been worked through Egg
Stations, which sent out sittings from January to May ; day-old Chick
Stations, distributing chicks between February and June; and
Incubating Stations, from which eggs, chickens, and stock birds could
be obtained. The egg and chick stations are selected annually for
seasonal work ; the incubating stations are more permanently established
for work throughout the year.

The scheme has accomplished valuable work, and it is now arranged
that Local Authorities shall take it over as part of their ordinary
activities. Two-thirds of the cost will be borne by the Ministry of
Agriculture. One hundred and forty-four Egg Stations and t9 Chick
Stations have been approved in 26 counties to date; returns from the
remaining counties have not yet been received. Distribution from the
Incubating Stations in Anglesey, Cornwall, Cheshire and Denbigh is to
continue. Four hundred and twenty-seven thousand three hundred
and seventy-four eggs and 16,233 chickens have been distributed from
the Egg and Chick Stations since 1916 at reduced rates. This year
the subsidy to station holders will be 2s. per dozen for sittings of
eggs, and up to 5s. per dozen for chickens. The price charged to
ap 4° G\2

Tro Ls Notices oF Books. [FEB.,

applicants for sittings and chicks is fixed by the County Authority for
the area in which the Station is situated, to whom application should
be made for particulars regarding the scheme.

January Journal: Errata. ON p. 963, lines 3 and 15 from the
bottom, in the Editorial Note, ‘‘The Forestry Act, 1919,”
for “a Forest Station ’”’ read ‘‘ afforestation.”

NOTICES OF BOOKS.

A Course of Practical Chemistry for Agricultural Students, Vol, 2,
Part I—H. A. Neville and L. F. Newman (Cambridge: University
Press, 1919, 5s. net). Primarily designed for the use of students taking
the degree n agricultural science at Cambridge, this series of laboratory
exercises should also prove useful to agricultural students who have
not taken a course in organic chemistry. The directions for practical
work are accompanied by simple explanatory notes.

Land Drainage from Field to Sea.—C. H. J. Clayton, M.B.E.,
A.M.UMLE.’(London:: “Country Life,” Itd., 10919) +6s.>net).3 Eas
work has been designed to convey in as popular and untechnical
manner as possible some of the leading principles and items of practice
which underlie the operations necessary to prevent the flooding and
waterlogging of agricultural land. Although the sub-title ‘‘ From
Field to Sea ’’ suggests the course naturally followed by drainage water,
the subject is dealt with in the inverse order, with the object of
emphasising the prime necessity of improving and maintaining the main
outfall channels. The book contains an introduction by Sir Ailwyn
Fellowes and a brief history of drainage legislation, and should appeal
not only to agriculturists and landowners but to members of Drainage
Boards, Commissioners of Sewers and County Drainage Committees.

Botany for Agricultural Students.—John N. Martin (New York,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: London, Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 12s. 6d. net).
The author, who is Professor of Botany in the Iowa State College of
Agriculture, states that this book is intended for elementary courses in
botany in colleges and universities. In its preparation the aim has been
to present the fundamental principles of botany, with emphasis upon the
practical application of these principles from the point of view of
agriculture. The subject matter is presented in two parts. Part I.
is devoted to the study of the structures and functions chiefly of
flowering plants, and Part II. deals with the kinds of plants, relationships,
evolution, heredity, and plant breeding.

Physiology of Farm Animals (Part I. General), T. B. Wood, C.B.E.,
and F. H. A. Marshall (Cambridge: University Press, 1920, 16s. net).
This first volume, which is by Dr. Marshall, is addressed primarily to
students of agriculture who may wish to obtain some knowledge of
the simpler physiological processes as they occur in farm animals, but

1920.]. Notices OF Books. II4I

it should be vseful also to veterinary students. The animal organism
is dealt with in successive chapters, commencing with the digestive
organs and finishing with the female generative organs and the mam-
mary glands. The book contains numerous diagrams and illustrations,
The second volume, by Prof. Wood, on the subject of animal nutrition,
will be published shortly.

_” Cattle and the Future of Beef Production in England.—K. J. J.

* Mackenzie (London: Cambridge University Press, 1919, 7s. 6d. net).
= In this book the author makes a strong plea for agricultural reform.
= He drives home the lesson, taught by the War, of the folly of relying
upon other countries for food that might be produced at home. He
specially urges the need of co-operation amongst farmers, of the develop-
ment of ‘ dual-purpose ’”’ cattle, and above all of systematic research
on the part of scientists into the many problems of modern agriculture.
z Detailed descriptions of the principal breeds of cattle are given, while
ae Dr. F. H. A. Marshall contributes a preface and a chapter on the
physiological aspects of breeding.

It may be recalled that a résumé of a Report on “ Beef Production,”’

> by Messrs. Mackenzie and Marshall, appeared in the issue of this

Journal for September, 1918. It is hoped shortly to publish the full
Report in the form of a Journal ‘ Supplement.’

= Commercial Poultry Farming : being a description of the King’s

= _ Langley Poultry Farm.—T. W. Toovey (London: Crosby Lockwood and

Son, 1919, 7s. 6d. net). The purpose of this book is to give a plain,

unvarnished account of the system of management and also, so far as

ce possible, a detailed description of the plant of a large commercial poultry

; farm devoted to egg production. The system adopted is that known

as the “‘ semi-intensive,’’ and the number of adult stock kept on the

farm is 5,000 head, but the author states that it is not necessary that

» the operations should be so large, as the system is perfectly suitable to
-. a small farm.

The World’s Meat Future: an account of the live stock position
and meat prospects of all leading stock countries of the world, with
full list of freezing works.—A. W. Pearse (London: Constable & Co.,
Ltd., 1920, 21s. net). The author, who is editor of the Pastoral Review,
deals in a comprehensive manner with the present position and future

* prospects of the meat industry. Principal attention is naturally
a devoted to the chief producing countries, Australasia, Argentina and
the United States, but the author also examines the situation in the
case of the smaller producers, especially those countries where the
ee industry offers possibilities of expansion. Numerous illustrations of
a) typical animals are given.

Report on Insect and Fungus Pests of Plants in 1918, Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries, 3, .St. James’s Square, London, S.W.1,
price 6d., post free—The second of a new series of Annual Reports
on the distribution of insect and fungus pests of plants in England
and Wales has just been published by the Ministry. It has been
chiefly compiled from the records contained in Monthly Reports
sent in by qualified observers stationed in different parts of the country,
and it forms a comprehensive survey of the distribution and economic
importance of plant pests during the year 1918, The Report is some-

‘ ‘
+i
‘ II 42 NOTES ON CROP PROSPECTS ABROAD. [FEB., <

what technical in character and is intended primarily for scientific
workers on plant diseases and perhaps even more for those who will
be engaged in this work in future. In addition to notes on the most ‘
important pests the Report gives the records in tabular form, so facili- ey
tating reference. For the convenience of readers weather charts have ie
also been added.

A Handbook on the Law of Allotments.—E. Lawrence Mitchell
a (London ; The Cable Printing and Publishing Co,, Ltd., 1920, 6s. net).
| This book sets out in a concise manner the duties and powers :
of local authorities with regard to the provision of allotments. | It ;
contains the Rules and Regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture is
7 and Fisheries, the Provisions of the Small Holdings and Allotments | v4
ry Act, 1908, the Land Settlement (Facilities) Act, 1919, and the Acquisi-
| tion of Land (Assessment of Compensation) Act, I919, so far as these © .
Acts relate to allotments. The book also contains an excellent index,

|

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. i.

THE International Crop Report and Agricultural Statistics'for January,

1920, published by the International Institute of Agriculture, gives

particulars concerning the production of the is

Notes on Crop cereal crops of 1919 in the Narthern Hemis- aye

Prospects Abroad. phere. :

Wheat.—For a group of countries repre- | a

senting about 60 per cent. of the world’s yield, the production is estimated

at 261,908,000 qr., or a decrease of 6'7 per cent. compared with 1918,
the area sown being larger by 1°6 per cent.

Rye.—In respect of countries representing about 10 per cent. of the aay
world’s yield the estimated production is placed at 24,689,000 qr. in is ‘
1919, Or an increase of 1°7 per cent. compared with 1918, the area sown ec
showing an increase of 8°2 per cent.

Barley.—For a group of countries representing about 40 per cent,
of the world’s yield the production is estimated to amount to 68,087,000
qr., or a decrease of 20°4 per cent. compared with 1918, the area sown
being smaller by 18°9 per cent.

Oats.—For a group of countries representing about 50 per cent.
of the world’s yield the production is estimated at 227,868,000 qr., or
a decrease of 12°6 per cent. compared, with 1918, the area sown showing
a decrease of 2°9 per cent.

Maize.—For a group of countries representing about 75 per cent.
of the world’s yield the total production in 191g is placed at 365,773,000
qr., or an'increase of 15:2 per cent. compared with 1918, the area sown
being smaller by 4°1 per cent.

} Sowing of Winter Cereals in the Northern Hemisphere.—The areas i
estimated to have been sown with winter corn in I919—20, compared with fei

the areas sown during the corresponding period of I918—-19, ex- oe F
pressed as percentages, are as follows :—Wheait: Belgium 99, England ae
‘ a

fate Mf ‘ ht
ay me ey V? mg
LSE Dies O00) Fay a ea ah A SRS heed ea Ld

1920.| NOTES ON Crop PROSPECTS ABROAD. II43

hy and Wales 98, Canada (area sown up to November) 109, United States
77, Guatemala Io1; rye: Belgium t1o1, United States 76; barley:
Belgium 102.

Crops in the Southern Hemisphere.—The production of wheat in
Australia in -I919—20 is estimated at 5,499,000 qr., against 10,102,000
qr. in 1918-19, or a decrease of 45°6 per cent., while the area sown with
wheat in Argentina in 1919-20 is 11°9 per cent. less than in the previous
year.

- Prussia,— According to the Prussian Statistical Bureau the average
condition of the grain crops in Prussia at the beginning of December
was as follows (z2=good, 3=average, 4=poor) :—Wheat 3°2 (3’0, 2°6) ;
spelt, 2°8 (2°6, 2°7) ; rye, 3°2 (2°9, 2°4) ; and barley, 2°9 (2°7, 2°3). The
condition at the beginning of November, 1919, and December, 1918,
respectively, is given in brackets. (Broomhall’s Corn Trade News,
19th January, 1920.)

Sweden.—H.M. Minister at Stockholm reports that the production
of the principal crops in Sweden, in 1919, is officially estimated (final
figures) as follows (1918 figures in brackets) :—Autumn wheat,
10,112,000 qr. (9,919,000 qr.) ; spring wheat, 1,771,000 qr. (1,331,000 qr.) ;
autumn rye, 25,836,000 qr. (22,088,000 qr.) ; spring rye, 1,075,000 qr.
_ (999,000 qr.) ; barley, 15,763,000 qr. (14,000,000 qr.) ; oats, 78,534,000 qr.

(59,348,000 qr.) ; potatoes, 20,792,000 tons (19,047,000 tons); sugar
- beet, 8,985,000 tons (7,992,000 tons) ; hay, 42,318,000 tons (27,170,000
tons). The production of spring wheat and potatoes in I9iIg is the
largest on record. |

France,—According to an estimate issued by the Ministry of Agri-
culture, the condition of the crops on 1st January, I920, was as follows
(figures for January, 1919 and 1918, in brackets) :—Wheat, 68 (71 and
70); meslin, 69 (72 and 72) ; rye, 69 (73 and 72); barley, 68 (72 and
71); and oats, 69(72and 70). (80 = good, and 60 = fair.) Theaverages
under the crops are as follows :—Rye, 1,958,000 acres; winter oats,
1,932,000 acres; winter barley, 346,000 acres; and meslin, 232,000
_acres. (Broomhall’s Corn Trade News, 9th February, 1920.)

- According to the issue of the Journal Officiel of 5th February, the area
sown with maize in France in 1919 was 739,794 acres, compared with
753,374 acres in 1918 and 1,126,567 acres in 1914, and the yield was
299,040 tons, as against 247,907 tons in 1918 and 572,294 in1914. The
area under buckwheat was 744,514 acres in I919, compared with
768,812 acres in 1918 and 1,116,612 acres in 1914, and the crop amounted
to 267,531, tons in I9gI9, as against 224,780 tons in 1918 and 532,401
tons in 1914. (London Grain, Seed and Oil Reporter, 9th February,
1920.)

india.—According to the first preliminary estimate, the area sown
with wheat in India in 1919-20 is 27,429,000 acres, as compared with
23,403,000 acres, the first forecast last year, 23,764,000 acres, the final
return last year, and 35,497,000 acres, the total area sown in the
season 1917-18. (London Grain, Seed and Oil Reporter, 9th February,
1920,)

Canada.—The finally-revised official estimates of the production of
the grain crops in Canada in 191g are as follows :—Wheat, 193,260,000

-

II44 AGRICULTURAL LABOUR DURING JANUARY. [FEB.,

bush. compared with 189,075,000 bush. in 1918; and _ oats,
394,387,000 bush. compared with 426,312,000 bush. (London
Grain, Seed and Oil Reporter, 26th January, 1920.)

THE monthly crop report of the Ministry on 1st February was as
follows :—The weather of January was mild but wet, and the rains
hindered field work in all parts of the country.

Agricultural In the west little cultivation was- possible,
Conditions in England except on the lightest lands, but in the
and Wales east conditions were rather more favourable,

on ist February. and fair progress was made, though heavy land

was generally unfit to work. Cultivation is

still fairly well forward for the time of year. Young crops have done

well during the mild weather, though occasionally they have suffered

from the wet on low-lying, heavy lands. Wheat is very promising,

being regular and ,jhealthy, and oats are also satisfactory. Beans are
a good plant, but are often backward.

Ewes are healthy, but they are not in good condition as a ‘tule ;
they have generally suffered somewhat owing to the scarcity of keep
and the wet weather, and have frequently lost condition during January.
Lambing prospects are, however, considered favourable. The fall of
lambs among early flocks has been satisfactory, and the young lambs
are healthy and doing well.

The scarcity of winter keep is telling on other live stock also, and they
are usually only in fair condition. The mild weather, which has
allowed cattle to be kept in the fields to a greater extent than usual,
has helped to conserve the small stocks of fodder, but supplies are still
short, though the position in this respect is relatively easier than a month
ago. ;
There is a sufficient supply of labour in practically all districts, but
skilled men, more especially horsemen, cattlemen and hedge cutters,
are not always available.

The following local summaries give details regarding agricultural
labour in the different districts of England and Wales :— i
Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland,
Agricultural Labour and Westmorland.—The supply of labour is
in England and Wales generally equal to the demand, but skilled
during January. men are still required in some areas.
Lancashive and Cheshive-—The supply of
labour is on the whole about sufficient for requirements, though in
some districts skilled men are scarce.

Yorkshive.—The supply of labour is, as a rule, sufficient ; but horse-
men, shepherds and cattlemen are in demand in some areas, and in
one or two districts of the West Riding more casual labour is wanted.

Shropshire and Stafford.—The supply of labour is, as a rule, sufficient,
but skilled men are still difficult to obtain in some areas of both counties.

Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, and Rutland.—The supply of casual
and unskilled labour appears to be adequate, but there is still a shortage
of skilled men.

‘ me a SF fd << Oe re an on
r? BS on Rey ef 4 > les

-

«
*.

1920.) PRICES OF BRITISH WHEAT, BARLEY, OATS. 1145

Lincoln and Norfolk.—The supply of labour is generally regarded as
adequate and only in a few districts is complaint made of the shortage
of skilled men.

Suffolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdon.—The supply of labour is almost
everywhere equal to the demand, and sometimes plentiful, though
occasionally there is a shortage of skilled men.

_ Bedford, Northampton, and Warwick.—The supply of ordinary
labour is sufficient, but skilled men are scarce in most districts,
cattlemen, horsemen and hedge cutters being in demand.

Buckingham, Oxford, and Berkshive.—As a rule there is a sufficient
supply of labour, but good cattlemen are difficult to obtain in some
‘districts.

Worcester, Hereford, and Gloucestey.—Labour is generally sufficient
to meet present requirements, although in a few districts there is some

_ difficulty in obtaining skilled men.

Cornwall, Devon, and Somerset.—Labour is now fairly plentiful,
though there is still a demand for skilled men in most districts.

Dorset, Wiltshire, and Hampshive.—The supply of labour seems to
be fairly abundant now, but skilled men, such as hedgers, and to a lesser
extent milkers, are still scarce.

Surrey, Kent, and Sussex.—The supply of labour is generally sufficient,
or but in some districts skilled men, horsemen and cattlemen in particular,
y are in demand.

| Essex, Hertford, and Middlesex.—The supply of labour is sufficient
_ to meet requirements, but skilled men are still needed in some parts
of Essex and Middlesex.

North Wales.—The supply of labour is, as a rule, sufficient, but
skilled men, horsemen and stockmen particularly, are still in demand.

Mid Wales.—The supply of labour is considered sufficient in most
districts, although skilled men are scarce in a few districts.

South Wales.—In some districts the supply of labour is sufficient for
requirements, but in others there is a scarcity, especially of skilled men.

AVERAGE Prices of British Wheat, Barley, and Oats at
certain Markets during the Month of January, rg18,
1919, and 1920.

WHEAT. | BARLEY. OaTs.

! |
Ig18.| 1919. 1920. | I918.| I919.| I920.| 1918. Pett 1920.
i} 95s Wel Se Oe Sa Giics. a.) S. a el St arate a. ose
London | 74 4173 1) 72 10) 59 2} 62 SirII 4ii 54 2| 62 5] 62 §
Norwich _...: || 70 10} 72 6] 72 6) 57 3| 61 10110 2) 47 81 55 9) 60 3
Peterborough | Jo 11] 72 si 72 Gil 58 | 62 3,106 2|| 44 o| 51 6 59 O
Lincoln... || 71 2} 72 4) 72 8|| 58 r0| 62 6j108 3/| 52 3] 51 8 57 3
Doncaster ... | 70 10; 72 3/ 7% 7|| 58 2| 61 4|106 4 42 oO] 46 8 56 5
Salisbury : “foro F2: 23) 92) “8-58 4 62 5] 96 8) 47 4) 49 2) 56 8

} \

39 lb. per Imperial Bushel. 4 asses
NotE.—The above prices are based on returns received from Inspectors during

the week named. They represent on the whole the average prices ruling in the —

preceding week.

tA te Rak te f anh RADON ECE TAR Sees oo
a) ye : , ‘ " ; is y ‘ 4 oe
| ; ae
Ria i atte:
1146 PRICES OF CORN. [FEB., a
AVERAGE Prices of British Corn per Quarter of 8 Imperial oe
Bushels, computed from the Returns received under the Corn eh
Returns Act, 1882, in each Week in 1918, 1919 and 1q20. ae
| rh)
Weeks WHEAT. BARLEY. OaTs. if
ended (¢n ||_———_____—_ | at
coat 1918. | I9Ig. | 1920, || 1918. | T9I19. | 1920. || 1918: | 1919. | 1920. }. om
| 7 ei
SoM Soh Be SILAS AE Say MEL MNS. Sata nn Cigar na Ln
Jan. 23.17 824.72. 292° 71158 0} 62> 3 107 W455 48 Shee Ue My
67 AO all ZH 2 |72 6) 72) 6 58 2) 62°05 toes 7 |h4o Od aoe aa akg Ae
29) ARPES 3 | 72°07 yas Py 58 11, 62" 3 11 IG) Gl ay yOu Gen lO hgh O ‘ae
oy) 2H Ee | 72) re Se 587 OR TO" TOR F |) 48) 8 | 40. Greg no ie
poh Sh PFE 2172) 8 lee ll 58 ton) 62's alte) 250.02 | an azu gsc a
Feb.) '°71...1)92 | 72.7 |) 7a. N61) $9 1) 62) Sitesi ox! 5O:F 0) MOneealine, te ma
BASE is WN rc gC PA 50) TE (Oza 52. CAG 10 a
Ba eT ale FAts Scie ee 58 9] 62 6 52) 31, 40: 4 ty
bots SB pe a tigete wg 57: 91622408 52 0/48 8 is
Mary: Or sett'7 2:0 S022) ee 59,75.) 620-F 52 2148 6 U9)
pa Mak te dad rt oe 56 10| 62 5 5I 0/46 8 ree.
5 20, INS vila 72 bog BOTS bie ook 50) -3ebaGn.Ag an
29 27 sell 72. 4172. 7 56 7 62 8 48 10 46 II e
FAT. 23) oN ee. Le ge «6 56 7| 62° 8 49 10|47 2 hs
59h) SEO. TNS ges AO 56 6) 62 «9 47 2147 1 a
SPAMS ANCE [Gre Ye he WW ee 56 6| 62 9 47 0147 3 :
sph iy, SAL seth VOUS ua ee 56 10} 62 g 46 8/48 1 <i
14 Eh, Ga RS | ey de Sa. My oe a 56 5| 62 8 47 4148 7 Of
eel hes LOR NPG NR a 156. 6| 63 1 47 6147 5 |
eB 2 VtRr yk fie. a Wy eee: | 56 6) 62° 4 46 4/47 11 Ps
Sl Ve tlh 23 Bes hee 56 6/| 62 7 47 8|47 11 ue
on) POTS ONES! iS 60 0/| 62 7 44 9/48 3 9
june Sia /b73e1 B73 2 SQ 2162 6 (45 5147 10 ae
pose LS, shell FONE eg 57 9/| 62 8 45 7|48 11 we
si SO PAA 7a 58) Kol 02 7.8 47 8|48 7 i
Be Oke Tay 4 ng 57 10| 63 4 46 4/49 4 Wy
July 3.1174 4173 4 61 7 | 62 4 46 10/49 oO vs
po LO hall 74 473 403 PSP iOS. & 47 0} 49 II Ri
Pe Tiescly 4 ASH 73) 60 5| 62 9 45 4/49 11 iy
Py eA oe PANS 1735). |56 11) 63 4 46 2) 48 11 A
od Ren T4131 73.8 | 57 «| 62 10 45 10/50 3 5
SSN Te Oy AER Bird Seay dl de ee HSH Fl 738 46 3/55 6 ae
oot) SRE RSA ass 2 ae Se OL Ast 75 a2 55 11} 61 4 i
9) SMe dee 173 TO 62 6| 83 4 56 9|62 0 .,
spk G28 OL MOT ANT Beh nal 2 60.0) 8607 57 11 |, 61 10 ”
Sept. 4). F2°) 3.9354 60 4! 89 3 SO OW OL HE ny
obi, EE DT MOSM ASA 60 1/92 5 49 2/62 4 i
59 VRS IE Zerg tel 60 4|94 7 }49 11} 61 3 if
99 ir Shel 20 WTS sO ||60 3/95 2 /50 3/60 2 a.
ein At yoo ns) mane 60 3194 4 50 9/59 6 Oe
s Osecliz2t Olapstm 6023 459505 Sr @| 58.50 a.
es Stee aly ay /60 3) 93 Io 50 9157 9 ae
93 23/172. 5,|.73 0 OO 3. [OR a BOP Sa Sans ~ ie
pee Ree Meine | pe Onl 60 3] 96 o 50 8/56 4 Bi:
Novy 2350). .72 4| 72 8 | 60 3] 97 Io 49 11/55 3 “a
9 1 TBM 72 5 72 7 | 60 3100 7 49 10/55 7 a
pi ZO eG 2 aus yen aR | 60 10 104 II ST oh 5b) at A
3 27udi72 3172 7 "62 2/107 9 '50 4/56 0 oe
Dec. 4. ay! Askin oe |} 62 6/|108 11 '51 41]55 10 i)
EN ay RN A Be aN ee ea | 62 FLOR 2.) 51 4|56 9 4
3 Walle 4/72 6 '62 3|103 6 | 50 5 |56 3 a
95 25.4.1 72 3 | 72 6 | 62 3,|105 Io 50 6157 2
i

So eT ee

-1g20.] PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. _ 1147

PRICES. OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE.

AVERAGE PrickEs of Live Stock in ENGLAND and WALES
a - in January, 1920, and December, rgro.
(Compiled from Reports received from the Ministry's Market
has Reporters.)

“IEA JANUARY. DECEMBER.
Description. Wg 1 TCI Co MR” Ge 8 RECA Y
First Second First | Second
Grade. Grade. Grade. | Grade.
eS percwt. | percwt. | per cwt. | per cwt.
ae ws ar Stock :— live weight, live weight.|live weight. |live weight.
ae Cattle :— | S, td: Set ae Seiathe ,'le) (Ser Gs

Polled Seats hia says} BR: BO oO I 3
Herefords ... ve Bs OY ba 3 5 4
Shorthorns ... ay ls Sache TO 19 82 5 77 4
Devons bate sa he [tae (3 9 I I
Welsh Runtsssi) \.00 5 fas | 984) 8 6 I 8
ie, Paw COwe Ulacs oad: OE IDS 71 8 77 4 69 3

Ba! First Second First Second
, Quality. | Quality. | Quality. | Quality.
per Ib.*.,; per lb.* |. per lb,* “| per Ib.*

- °

; ; d da.
Veal Calves... MN FP 19 163 174 15 iy
Sheep :—
Downs a mh Tt 16 16 154 15}
i Longwools ... a ahs 16 16 154 154
aya EF 2 Cheviots ue ae a 16 16 154 154
Bins Blackfaced ... a e 16 16 15} 151
I Welsh... ees viva as 16 16 154 151
Hi? LOR Cross-breds ... ae ee 16 16 15} 15}
Bh per score. | per score, | per score. | per score.
i live weight. |live weight.|live weight. live weight.
oi Pigs :— Ss.) dy s. a. s. d. «Se
’ Bacon Pigs ... Se ere oe Peed Ae CAN) 23) .0 23 0
Porkers see a Bp a oe RAL 2, B30 23) 0 23.10
LEAN STOCK :— per head. | per head. | per head. | per head. :
Milking Cows :— Te RS Wa es Peat Nh ee 4S ‘ae
f Shorthorns—In Milk Pr ad ON | 43 17 58 17 44 2 f
Baahd ) 3 —Calvers os | 54 10 40 I 53 «I 39 13 it
e Calves for Rearing... ay 4 9 a6 views 3 0 oy
2 Store Cattle :— We, *
GUL. Shorthorns—Yearlings ...| 15 7 12 16 15 1 I2 4 . i
Brut . Y —Two-year-olds | 27 3 22).'6 26 194.'|| 238
Bh af Pa —Three-year-olds| 35 12 an) 3 37 Os he Bate
coe, . Herefords —Two-year-olds 27 Th Zain 29 16 23 17 Ne
nm Devons— ” a 22 16 DY, ae Tatas Wie oe 2
Welsh Runts— gy — as 25 10 20 10 y
Store Sheep :— vy,
xe) Hoes, Hoggets, Tegs, and 6
oF ambs— gH a: Sy od, S..) avi Nl VS: Fhe
J Downs or Longwools. ...| 87 II. 66 6 yi ee | 56 11
; Store Pigs :— . ;
, 8 to 12 weeks old..." ...| 56 7 41 8 47. 0 33 10 ;
SiN Pat TO hays Rs FLOO..-'9 8o 10 92 10 72 II
* Estimated carcass weight.
a Norte.—The prices per Ib, for sheep do not include the value of the skins, which during
ae _ January, 1920, made prices equivalent to an additional 34d. per |b. of the carcass
ky weight for Downs, Longwools and Crossbreds, 234. for Welsh, 3§d@. for Cheviots, and '
Pea. | during December, 1919, 2$d@. per lb. for Downs and Blackfaced, 2$@. for Welsh and
: hy. Ry 5a rt 3d. for Longwools, Cheviots and Crossbreds, 5
Ay, ?
om y £peh
Bey ke . y
pais Yyaghs 8 \
yy yesh te y. bs t
Ma ahi ae Nee AM iat Ve oe et as , , vial: te
RRs hn en tlsihs one on a
(EO Nn Cae a 7 Be tae p Ate fk tae tee ; eh ae
‘i I SEIT SE PL ee BP oe Oa AOR ROS Do a a ee | vr

148 PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. ‘[FEB.,

AVERAGE Prices of PROVISIONS, PoTaToEs and Hay at .
certain MARKETS in ENGLAND in January, 1920.

(Compiled from Reports received from the Ministry's Market

Reporters.)
BRISTOL. LIVERPOOL. LONDON.
Description.
First | Second | First | Second First | Second
Quality. | Quality. are Quality. | Quality. | Quality.
Sod \els. (a,b 8. 0, || So a oe Le oe
BUTTER :— per 12 1b.|per 12 lb./per 12 lb.|per 12 lb.|per 12 1b.|per 12 ib.
British Ree x — pe ts ey aa — fo
|
per cwt. | per cwt.| per cwt. | per cwt. | per cwt. ;, per cwt.
Irish Creamery—Fresh — — ; = E = = —*
“y Pactory = cae — — = ait — ie
Imported (Controlled) | 259 0 = 259 O — 259" 0 oy
CHEESE— |
British—
Cheddar ... 163 6 — — ee 163 6); —
120 lb. | 120 Ib. |
Cheshire = = 175 0 - 175 0 Lg
percwt per cwr.
Canadian 163 6 — LO3540 — TOR6 OW ea
BACON :—
Irish (Green) ... each 205 1 O a 205 6 _ 205 6) —
Canadian (Green sides) | 192 0 — I92 0 — LOZ 2ON hears
HAMS :—
York (Dried or
Smoked) ... 1 — a — _ — | —
Irish (Dried or Smoked) — — - — —
American (Green)

(long cut) 195 O —_ 195 O _— 195 Oo —
EGGs :— per 120. | per 120. | per. 120. | per 120. | per 120. | per 120
British... —_ —— — — 50 oO Ps peers
Irish ad eo 50 oO ane 50/01 *.49, 20
American 39 0 he Qe! 37 10| 40 0; 38 0

|

POTATOES :— per ton. | per ton. | per ton. | per ton. | per ton. | per ton.

Arran Chief ... 2507. OF1220 XOU1L)2432/6 — 260 0 | 247

Edward VII.... 290. © | 268 6 | 280:-0 |).268 “67)+275 0") 262) 26

Other Late Varieties... | 282 6 | 257 6] 206 6] 186 6] 260 0 | 245 O
Hay :—

Clover... _ — — — 312 6| 286 oO

Meadow — — — — 306 0 282 6

1920. | PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE. 1149

AVERAGE PRICES OF DEAD MEAT at certain MARKETS in
ENGLAND in JANUARY, 1920.

% (Compiled from Reports received from the Ministry's Market
4g . Reporters.)
, = Birmi M
N Description. ‘a | Late Leeds. | London. thesiee
= OP ke
ay |
" pat cwt. | per cwt.| per cwt.| per cwt.
| BEEF :— OY Mel ay ay CREE ANe a OU Sar
af English abe 4 ous Ist 140 0| 140 O| 140 0} 140 O
a 2nd 140 0| 140 0| 140 0| 140 0
i Cow and Bull Sak ae Ist 140 0] 140 0O| 140 0| 140 O
“ 2nd 14@’) O |. 140. Q@ | 1215 G-} 121, 6
Irish: Port Killed... ee Ist 140 Oo —- 140 O —
; 2nd 140 0 — 140 O _—
es Argentine Frozen—
~ Hind Quarters) ©)... 7 °... Ist 126 0| 126 0] 126 0] 126 oO
| Fore fe i a Ist 95°10 |. 98-07} 98.04} (98 Oo
‘ Australian Frozen—
Si Hind Quarters... or Ist £26: 0. 326) °@2} 3262768. 1 126.° 0
Fore e ee Bry Isto. \|- 198° o1|= -08)-o: | _98 ie.) 98~0
3 New Zealand Frozen—
oe Hind Quarters... vas Ist — — 126 oO —
as Fore » ee sve i aed |e _ 9 o| —
VEAL :— |
British 98 o| 98 0} 98 0} 98 Oo
. — 98 9} 98 o| 98 oO
MUTTON :—
a Scotch TAZ. OV B75 OP 47 -0°| 347° 0
ae 147 0| 147 0| 147 0| 147 0
fay i English BAT OXM\EAT. O 1 E47 O|.T47' <0
ia 147 0| 147 0| 147 0| 147 ©
ee Pesivs..Port Killed‘... #... — — — —
“4 Argentifie Frozen 98 o| 98 of 98 o| 98
New Zealand ,,

|

|
Xe)
1°.)
°
Ne)
Co

000

Australian _,,

LAMB :—
British

: New Zealand ... 98 Oo — 98 OQ} 98 o
; Australian — 98 Oo 98 oO 98 oO
Argentine 98 Oo] 98 O| 98 o —
Ww
w= PORK :—
British ... Lt ee sire Ist a oo 163 6 _
: 2nd — — — con
Frozen ... = wes gas Ist 133 O| 133.9] 133 O —
oS

IL50 DISEASES OF ANIMALS. aera i 2

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS 18094 to 1914.

NUMBER OF OUTBREAKS, and of ANIMALS Attacked or Slaughtered.

GREAT BRITAIN.
(From the Returns of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.) .

JANUARY.
DISEASE.
1920. 1919.

Anthrax :— has aie
Outbreaks se es ey 43 | 23 | Py
Animals attacked... ae Vege | 24 7 a

Foot-and-Mouth Disease :— | | Bs
Outbreaks we 24 . 12 ov a
Animals slaughtered as diseased ary A

or exposed to infection ... 1,277 744 i

Glanders (including Farey) — . re
Outbreaks De vel 3 — aie
Animals attacked ee ah 6 > ee

Parasitic Mange :— | | ft
Outbreaks na fn aiid 837 868 | ure
Animals attacked ax ee 1,582 1,885 i

MAIC Ee 2 CU TR Pah ie

Rabies :— meet

Number of cases iss a 2 16 a):
i 5, Dogs affected -... 2 15 i

Os SHOMMET, Mann aL Ss ai |
affected as —. ase I x

Sheep-scab :—
Outbreaks a eh si 140 103 Baie

Swine Fever :— | |
Outbreaks ste 223 Asi 89 amt
Swine slaughtered as ‘diseased Ms K

or exposed to infection ... 82 34 : a
IRELAND. Ris
(From the Returns of the Department of Agriculture and Technical etary:
Instruction for Iveland.) ae
;
* JANUARY. a
DISEASE. {
1920.
Anthrax :—
Outbre iks pig sa oe a
Animals attacked... bc a
Glanders (including F pics —
Outbreaks dis ae ae
Animals attacked set au) _—
Parasitic Mange :—
Outbreaks way ne aoe 21
Sheep-scab : —
Outbreaks ae nM vibe 51
Swine Fever :—
Outbreaks qu, I
Swine slaughtered as ‘diseased |
or exposed to infection ... 4

&

WEATHER IN ENGLAND DURING JANUARY. IL51

The Weather in England during January.

: ;
Temperature. Rainfall. | eancthes
District, oe eg |es| 8 | 8¢
| s | ao EM|O¢g| g | & 3
re Amount. te | es Z -
m& |as we | os| & | es
‘a | me le i en a mae
OG & IF: st In. | Mm.*| Mm.* Hours, | Hours.
Week ending 3rd Jan.; \ |
Sea i engldnd, N.B, ' ... }38°l {|— ot) 0-75:| 19 |} +7) 4 | 10 | —or
oe 4 England, E. | 40°2 | 42:1] 0179 | 2014+ 8] 5 HO |r 02
gk Midland Counties oe 1395 | +1°6| 0°82 |, 21 +6} 5 08 | —0'3
D- «| England, S.E. 2. | 40-7} 41-8] 1-21] 31 | 416] 6 | og | —o4
BRI % England, N.W.: ... | 40°0 | OI eOOd | o23 (se a 5 Ir | +o!
Be, England, S.W. _.... | 41°4. +0°9| 2°02 | 51 | +26] 7 o9 | —0%4
A English Channel ... | 46°0 ; +0°9} 2:01 51 +30. 7 I't —0O'7
i Week ending roth Jan.;
ee England, N.E. ..- | 37°4 |—0'5 | 0°66 17 +4) 4 1°5 +0°4
he England, E.... ... | 37°4|—0°3| 0°55 | 14 ee 3 18 | +04
i ‘ | Midland Counties ... | 37°4 | —o°3| 0799} 25 | +10| 4 I°3 | +0°2
ery: England, S.E. 3. | 39°3-|) 12 |, 0°93 | 24 | +10 | 4 18 | +0°3
| a England, N.W._... | 38°6 | —o°7| ror | 26 | mt ee 0-7 | —o-4
me ‘| England,S.W.... | 39°3 | —1°9| 1°70 | 43 | +20] 4 2°72 | +0°7
ae | English Channel ... | 43°0 | —1°8] 0°68 | 17 | — 3] 4 2°4 | +0°6
re | Week ending 17th Jan.:
ES England, N.E. -- | 43°5 | +5°7| 0°39 | 10 oo | 4 17 | +0°6
ies. England, E. ... .... | 45°3 | +8°r| o°50 | 13 | +31 5 10 | —o6
| Midland Counties ... | 46°0 | +9°0| 0°44 I1 oo] 5 I-4: | “hott
|, England, S.E. - | 46°9 | +81] 0°67] 17 | 4+ 57) 5 0'9 ar oe
4 England, N.W. . ... | 44°7 |} 4+5°7| 0°72] 18 [+31] 5 I'4 | +0°2
Berto England, S.W. .« | 46°9 | +64] 1°16] 29 +10/ 6 0°9 —O'7
aie English Channel ... | 480 | +4°1 rig} 29 |-+11 | 6 I'ro | —o'9
sy Week ending 24th Bes |
OS England, N.E. 42°2/+3°9| 040; ro | +2) 5 2'0 +or5
er _ England, E. -» | 42°4 | +3'7| 0°29 7 |—2| 4 I'4 | —o'l
Beene ‘ Midland Counties ... 43°3 | +5°4| 0°24 SG eee 38 a I°3 orl
ge England, S.E. «-- | 43°38 | +:4°5]| 0°22 6 |—6] § I'¢ | —o'2
east England, NW. J. '| 43°7 | £41) 093,| 24. (48 § 16 | +0%3
An England, S.W. - | 45°2 | +4°1 | 0°36 9 |—9]| § 1°7 +0°2
English Channel ... | 46°5 | +2°3/ 0°39 eat ey oy a 2°33. +0°3
te _ [Week ending 31st ah: :| |
Picy es, England, N.E. - | 39°77 |4+1°2| 0°86) 22 | 413] 6 | 25 | 408
Powe England, E. -- | 41°3 | +3°0| 0°82 | 21 | +12} 5 | 24 | +073
Midland Kouaties nt) SiR hae pay foe | tes |]. 6 25 | +0°9
England, S.E. _... aes Pee T esr 33° | 2K | & | ae.) +o
England, N.W. ) 40°5 | +1°8| 1:24 | 32 | +14/ 6 | FF oo
; England, S.W. |. 43°5 | +295] t'99| 50 | +29} 7 | 22 | +03
SY) English Channel | 45°8 |+1°6| 1°42 | 36 | +20} 6 | rg | —0%4

* 1 inch = 25°4 millimetres.

P

7

Sh ee 2 a oe

~ “2

1152 SELECTED CONTENTS OF PERIODICALS. [FEB., 1920.

SELECTED CONTENTS OF PERIODICALS.

Agriculture, General and Miscellaneous—

The Use of Electricity in Agriculture, with special reference to its De velop-
ment in Germany, J. F. Crawley. (Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 26th
September, 3rd and toth October, 1919.) [63.17(64).]

Further Studies on the Soils of N. Wales, G. W. Robinson and C. F. Hill.
(Jour. Agric. Sci., September, r919.) [63.111.]

Untersuchungen tiber die Konservierung der Jauche durch verschiedene
Zusatzmittel, O. Lemmermann und H. Wiessmann. (Landw. Jahrb.
LiL eds, ‘Heft 3; 1091S. [63-1631]

The Amount and Composition of Rain Falling at Rothamsted, E. J.
Russell and E. H. Richards. (Jour. Agric. Sci., October, 1919.) [551°5.]

The Effect of Potassium Salts on the Anatomy of Dactylis glomerata,
O. N. Purvis. (Jour. Agric. Sci., October, r919.) [63.1673.]

Observations on Soil Protozoa, D. W. Cutler. (Jour. Agric. Sci., October,
1919.) [63.115.] :

A Note on the Capillary Rise of Water in Soils, B. A Keen. (Jour.
Agric. Sci., October, 1919.) [63°112.]

A Quantitative Relation Between Soil and the Soil Solution brought
out by Freezing-Point Determinations, B. A. Keen. (Jour. Agric.
Sci., October, 1919.) [63.112.]

Zur Methodik der physikalischen Bodenanalyse, P. Koettgen. (Internat.
Mitt. Bodenkunde, Bd. VII., Heft 5/6, 1917.) [63.113.]

Nitrogen Losses in Urine, F. E. Bear and J. R. Royston. (Jour. Amer.
Soc. Agronomy, November, 1919.) [63.163.]

Vorschriften fiir das Entnehmen und Einsenden von Untersuchungsproben
landw. wichtiger Stoffe. (Land. Versuchs-Stationen, Band XCIV.,
Heft 3 & 4, 1919.) [343-53(d).]

Field Crops—

The Value of Lupins in the Cultivation of poor, light Land, A. W.
Oldershaw. (Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 26th September, 1919.) [63.165.]
The Distribution of Dry Matter and Nitrogen in the Potato Tuber ;
variety, King Edward. M. D. Glynne and V. G. Jackson. (Jour.

Agric. Sci., September, 1919.) [63.512(04).]

Die Verluste bei der Diirrheubereitung und die Sauerfutterherstellung,
Dr. Aly and Dr. Mayr. (Fihling’s Land. Zeitung, 1/15 Mai, 1917.)
[63.198.] bs

Breeding Timothy at Svaléf, H. Witte. (Jour. Heredity, October, 1919.)
[63-33(@).]

Oat Growing Experiments in Scotland, J. A. Szmon. (Scott. Jour. Agric.,
October, 1919.) [63.314.]

The Composition of Linseed recovered from Home-Grown Flax, T. W.
Fagan. (Scott. Jour. Agric., October, 1919.) [63.3421.]

@he “ Jerusalem Artichoke,’ C. C. Lacaita. (Roy. Bot. Gard., Kew,
Bull. Misc. Inform., No. 9, 1919.) [63.511.]

Trecknungsverfahren bei Getreidegarben, R. Steppes. (Deutsche Landw.
Presse, 20th September, 1919.) [63.198.]

Das Problem der Akklimatisation der Sojabohne in Deutschland, Dr.
Baumann. (Fihling’s Land. Zeit., 1/15, Oktober, t919.) [63.321.]
The Future of Wheat Production with special reference to the Empire.

(Bull. Imp. Inst., Vol. XVII., No. 2, April-June, 1919.) [63.311:31.]
Dairying and Food, General— ;

Variation of Ayrshire Cows in the Quantity and Fat Content of their
Milk, R. Pearland J. R. Miner. (Jour. Agric. Research, 15th September,
1919.) [63-711(2).]

Veterinary Science—

Some Cases of Buttercup Poisoning in Cattle, W. S. Mulvey. (Vet.
Jour., August, 1919.) [63.255.]

Influence of Mines upon Land and Livestock in Cardiganshire, J. J.
Griffith. (Jour. Agric. Sci., October, 1919.) [614.7.]

Birds, Poultry and Bees—

Nosema Apis in Hive Bees, J. Rennie and Elsie J. Harvey. (Scott.

Jour. Agric., October, 1919.) [63.81.09.]

Printed under the authority of His MAjESTy’s STATIONERY OFFICE,
By Jas. Truscott and Son, Ltd., Suffolk Lane, E.C. 4.

Ne:
7

B THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xvii

jar «VVARDEN” pouiey

FOR INSURANCE OF
HORSES and CATTLE.
STALLIONS, BROOD MARES, FOALS.
EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY.
FIRE. DRIVERS’ ACCIDENTS.
MOTOR CARS, FARM TRACTORS,
and GENERAL INDEMNITIES.

For Best Kates and Terms apply—

WARDEN

INSURANCE COMPANY, LTD.

FORMERLY KNOWN AS

The Horse, Carriage and General Insurance Company, Ltd.
ESTABLISHED 1877.
Honoured with the Patronage of H.M. THE KING.

Chief Ofice—21, IRONMONGER LANE, LONDON ELC. 2.

MANAGER AND SEcRETARY: R. R. WILSON.

MINIATURE MEDALS. |

HE Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Company

have available, or can supply to order,

Miniature Medals and Orders of every
description.

The Company’s Miniature Medals are
correct in every detail, and are of highest
quality and finest workmanship.

WARNING.

The Goldsmiths and Silversmiths Company have
no branch establishments in Regent Street, Oxford
Street or elsewhere in London—only one address—

GOLDSMITHS & & SILVERSMITHS
Company [7 [ie Goddsinlfis Woe B 8)
112, Regent Street, London, W. |.

xviii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

BREEDERS’ ANNOUNCEMENTS.
—_3e¢e—

FIORSES.

SHIRES.
JACKSON, J. C., Askern.—Breeder of Shires. Stallions: Severn Secundus 36070 by Babingley Nulli Secundus; Tandridge
Tip-Top 28851 by King of Tandridge 24351; Champion’s Comrade 31298 by Childwick Champion 22215. Thirty other —

Stallions and Colts by fashionable sires kept for sale or hire. Fillies for sale. —Apply, FauLKner, Smallages, Sy keno
Goole, Yorks. Telegrams: Smallages, Stainforth, Doncaster. Stations; Askern, Mose and Stainforth.

CLYDESDALES.

@RAHAM, ROBERT, Katmruat Farm, Kextso.—Breeder and owner of high-class Clydesdale Stallions, Colts, and Fillies; —
most fashionable blood ; large selection. Oommissions executed. Station: Kelso.

PONIES.

RING, Maus. A. 0., BratsurizLp Pony Stup, Romsry, Hants.—Hackney Ponies of the best blood always on sale. To view stud
and for further particulars, apply Stud Groom., Telegrams; Braishfield. Station; Romsey.

~
¥,

it)

CATTLE:

DEVONS.

STANTON, HARWICH.—REGISTERED HERD RED DEVON DAIRY CATTLE. Devons are the best English Dairy
Cattle under all conditions and in any climate.

FRIESIANS.

E. R. DEBENHAM, Buiaven Darry Farms, BRIANTSPUDDLE, DorcHESTER. Pure imported and imported bred bulls (sound fi
tuberculin test). Services to approved females. Apply the Manager.

GILSTON PARK HERD OF PEDIGREE BRITISH FRIESIANS, property of A. S. Bowlby, Esq. Bulls and Bull Calves.
generally for sale by Imported and other leading sires. Apply H. Scuoriexp, Gilston Park Estate Office, Harlow, Essex.

JERSEYS.
FEROME, MRS., Brrron HAtt, Tookwitu, Yorks. Pedigree Jerseys. Heifers and young Bulls for Sale.

SHORTHORNS.

E. R. DEBENHAM, Biapen Dairy Farms, BRIANTSPUDDLE, DorcursTeR. Herd typical dual purpose Shorthorns. Bull
Thornby Duke (sound tuberculin test), sire Drusus with 15, 791 lbs. milk in pedigree. Services to approved females. Apply -

to the Manager.
HOBBS, 0. H., Otprort, Oswestry. Shorthorn herd; good families. Bulls forsale. Station: Oswestry (one mile).

WELBECK HERD OF PEDIGREE SHORTHORNS, the property of the Duke of Porrtann, K.G. Young bulls and hesfers
fer sale, from the best strains.— Apply, ALEx. GALBRAITH, Norton, Cuckney, Mansfield.

DAIRY SHORTHORNS.

GHIVERS & SONS, LTD., Histon, Camps. Long pedigree Dairy Shorthorns, best milking families; daily milk records.
Young stock for sale. |

HOBBS, R. W., & SONS, Kelmscott, Lechlade.—500 Dairy Shorthorns; milk records kept; many firsts Royal and London Dairy —
Shows. Pedigree Bulls and Bull Calves, 4-cross Bull Calves at moderate prices, suitable for non-pedigree dairy herds.

PLAYFORD HERD OF PEDIGREE DAIRY SHORTHORNS. Deep-Milking Strains of robust constitution. Bulls in
service: Thornby Don (133918), Hermit IT. (120697). Milk reeords kept, inspected by Dairy Shorthorn Associatien and
Board of Agriculture Recorder. Young Bulls and Bull Calves for sale. Also Breader of Pedigree Suffolk Sheep and Large

Black Pigs.—S. R. SHErwoop, Playford, Ipswich.

SILOCOOK, R., & SONS, LTD., Poutron-1Lx-Fyipx, LancasHiee.—Herd of Pedigree Dairy Shorthorns. Milk records i
(Inspected by the Dairy Shorthorn Association.) Young Bulls for sale from deep milking cows.

GRAIN SACKS]

FOR SALE & LENT ON HIRE. |
CHISHOLM & CO., Ltd. |

is, JAMES STREET, LIVERPOOL.

Also HULL, MANCHESTER, GLASGOW, BELFAST, Etc. ; a

4 ees ee) ry oe BF ED, ie 2
(0 NRG eee

ine +) Ee St *
ek eet .

Peat :

a 4

ge (E JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.— Advertisements. xix

aww. ag) Se
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¥ k

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AND OTHER

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Special policies covering Bloodstock and other Live Stock
against accident, disease, and practically every other serious
risk are issued by the “‘ British Dominions” at lowest rates
eonsistent with soundness and financial stability. Prospec-
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}

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Special attention is directed to the Farmers’ Series of Policies
—The Farmers’ “ Compleat”? Indemnity Policy—The Farmers’
“Compleat” Fire Policy—The Farmers’ Life Assurance and
Children’s Educational Policies—The Farmers’ “ Tractor” Policy.

All Classes of Insurance Business Transacted

INCLUDING

Annuities — Boilers — Burglary — Contingency — Disease
and Sickness—Electrical and Engineering Plant—
Fidelity Guarantee—Fire—Indemnity—Leasehold Re-
demption — Lifts — Life—-Loss of Profits— Marine —
Motor Car—Personal Accident— Plate Glass— Public
Liability—Securities in Transit—Sprinkler Leakage—
The ‘‘ALL-IN” Policy for Householders and Houseowners.

Detailed particulars of any of the above classes free on application.

Head Office: British Dominions House, Royal Exchange Avenue, London,'E.C, 3;

32, Moorgate St., E.C.2 44 & 52, Threadneedle St., E.C.2; 79, Pall Mall, S.W.14;
296, High Holborn, W.C.1; 37, Queen Victoria St., E.C. 4.

Branches and Agents throughout the United Kingdom.
Application for Agencies invited.

ASSETS EXCEED £17,000,000.

XX THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.- q

CATTLE continued, i oe

LINCOLN RED SHORTHORNS.
FHE STAPLEFORD PARK HERD. A few young Bulls always for sale from oarefully tested milking straint only.

Apply 0. 8. Harvey, Wymondham, Oakham.
KERRY AND DEXTERS. .
BRAISHFIELD MANOR HERD of Vexter Cattle. Prizes won 1915 include Championship R.A.8.E., Nottingham, first
London Dairy Show.—Apply, Mr. W. A. Owen, Elm Grove, Braishfield, Romsey.
PALMER, R. E. Pure Pedigree Kerry Cattle, Oaklands Park, Newdigate, Surrey.

HEREFORDS.
WHITE, W. J.S., Zeats, Wiitts.—Old-established Herd of Milking Herefords, Bulls and Calves, for Sale.

Site Er. .

LINCOLN LONGWOOL. :

HOYLES, GEO., Skimpy Manor, near Huxii.—Pure Lincoln Longwool Sheep; true type, sound conditions, lustrous long y
wool, give satisfaction at home and abroad. ,

OXFORD DOWN.
AKERS & 00O., Brack Bourton, Oxon.—Registered Oxford Downs, Rams and Ewe Lambs on Sale; inspection invited.

PiGsS.

BERKSHIRE. e

BRAISHFIELD MANOR HERD OF BERKSHIRE PIGS. Boars in use: Little John, Champion R.A.8.E., 1915, ete.; alse
Hugo, whose stock sold so well at Mr. Hiscock’s Sale. Young stock of the best blood always for Sale.—Apply, Mr. W. A.
Owen. Elm Grove, Braishfield, Romsey.

. LARGE WHITE.

i Meg & SONS, LTD.,, Histon, Oamns.—Pedigree Large White rigs, fine quality, good type, best strains. Young Stock
or Sale.

DENNY, E. H. M., Srapierizip Piace, STAPLEFIELD, SussEx.—Large White Yorkshire Pedigree Pigs. Station : Haywards
Heath. Telegrams: Handcross.

GREENALL, SIR GILBERT, BART., C.V.0., Watton Hatt, Warrineton. The Walton and Worsley Herd of Pedigree
Large White Pigs. Selections of all ages for sale at moderate prices. Apply to RicuMonD DayBEEL, Manager, Rowswood
Farm, Higher Walton, near Warrington. Station: Warrington. Telegrams: Daybell, Higher Walton, Warrington.

MIDDLE WHITE.

ARCADIAN HERD MIDDLE WHITE PEDIGREE PIGS. Best winning strains. Prolific breeders. Hardy grasing pigs
out all the year round. Particulars from Epear H. Ropinson, Brompton House, Scarborough. aie

CHIVERS, JOHN, Histon, Oamps.—Pedigree Middle White Herd, containing best possible strains, including Royal champions,
Young Stock for Sale.

EDGE, 8. F., Gattors HomestgaD, Ditcuiine, Sussex.—Albany Herd of Pedigree Middle Whites. Bred on open air system.
Wonderful doers and breeders, Will thrive anywhere.

KESTON HERD OF PEDIGREE MIDDLE WHITE PIGS, owner Dr. M. J. Rowlands. Strains from ali the best known
herds. Reared on open-air system, out winter and snmmer; the only way to breed pigs free from tuberculosis. All
pigs guaranteed true to type, size, and, above all, health. Prices from 2 guineas per month. Apply Nash Farm,
Keston, Kent.

JEROME, Mzs., Bitton Hati, Yorx.—Pedigree Middle White Pigs, prize-winners. Boars and Gilts for sale.

[ai ha

Guaranteed Pure and LAND SALT

free from adulteration. (cleaned and soiled) in
es by the leading Dairies at Truck loads (7 to 10
ome and Abroad, including nearly i

all the winners of the Cheshire Sea any. Railway
Cheese and Butter Honours, and z ‘|

the Affiliated Dairy Association
of New Zealand. , We manufacture Salt

Packed in Bags. for all purposes.
Send for prices, &c., and for Leaflet on “ The Use of Salt in Agriculture,” to

THE PREMIER SALT CO., WINSFORD, CHESHIRE.

ee eee ee Oe
© A” 4 Fi
\ aan
* OO

3 THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. } xxi

¢

| BAXENDALES

can supply from Stock

| Overtime Tractors, Manual Delivery Reapers,
ia BEST BINDER TWINE, TURNIP THINNERS.

ORDERS NOW BEING BOOKED FOR

AUSTIN TRACTORS

ND

Silver Medal (Cardiff) Unchokable Manure Distributors.

THE PLASTIC COMPOUND FOR REPAIRING

LEAKY ROOFS

ON ALL FARM BUILDINGS.

Easily applied with a trowel—Sticks anywhere and makes roofs
permanently watertight.

-~“BEANCOLITE”

THE SURE PREVENTATIVE OF DECAY, DRY ROT,
& FUNGOID GROWTHS IN ALL KINDS OF TIMBER,

: Invaluable for Fences, Hoardings, Sheds and Wooden
Erections of every description.

ee Tere Se

+, **

eR oe Me
-
yy

:
_

2 -Baxendales, Miller Street, Manchester.

piskous

@
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oo
AS

Ties. *
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7 al <> ¢

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Bae os
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. 2

ee THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE. Advertisements. “

PISS—econtinued.
MIDDLE WHITE—continued.
STAPLEFORD HERD OF MIDDLE WHITE PIGS. A few choice gilts and boars always for sale at reasonable prices.

0. 8. Harvey, Wymondham, Oakham.

THE WHARFEDALE HERD OF PEDIGREE MIDDLE WHITE PI%S.—Royal Show record :—Won Cham pious 1908,
1909, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1915, and 1919. Also First Prize for pen of three gilts at ten successive Shows. Well-known
characteristics of the Herd are true type and fine quality combined with size and sound constitution. Prompt and careful
attention to all enquiries and orders.—Apply Lropotp C. Pacer, Middlethorpe Hall, York. oe

LARGE BLACK.

EDGE, 8. F., Gattops HomustTeaD, DiToHtine, Sussex.—Pedigree Large Blacks, marvellous epen air strain. Ey

BUDLOW HERD OF LARGE BLACK and ASHFORD HERD OF MIDDLE WHITE PIGS.—Pedigree Boars and Gilts for i ,
sale; bred on open air system from unrelated stock; eligible for Herdbooks.—Apply ManaceR, Woodlands Pig Farm, —
Ludlow, Shropshire. Hh

NEWHOUSE HERD of Pedigree Large Black Pigs. Boars and Gilts from best strains.—RoBErt Fortunr, Newhouse et
Oranleigh, Surrey. 1 an

PICKWELL HERD of Pedigree Large Pigs. Boars and Gilts from best strains at reasonable prices. Captain CLaupE i
W. Hemp, Pickwell, Bolney, Sussex.

DUNSTALL HERD of Pedigree Large Blacks, bred from prize strains under natural conditions. Prolific, hardy, grand doers
and of choice type. Young Boars and Gilts. Prices Moderate——Lionzt E. Horn E, Moreton-in-Marsh, Glos.

GLOUCESTER OLD SPOT. ;

THE FAIRFIELD HERD OF GLOUCESTER OLD SPOT PIGS for Sale. 100 to choose from, including winners at Hereford —
and Worcester Show. Gilts. Boars, and S ws with litters; also, owing to change of blood, several Boars by Berkeley Fore-
man.—J. B. Downina, Fairfield, Leominster.

THORNBURY HERD GLOUCESTER OLD SPOTS, comprising Berkley, Gilslake, Oaklands and other noted strains. Gilts
and Boars always for sale.-—Apply Bennet & Howarp, Quarry Farm, Thornbury, Glos.

LINCOLNSHIRE CURLY-COATED.

CHARNWOOD HERD.—A grand lot of young Boars ready for service, all descended from Royal winners, Inspection invited.

—G. Simpson, Oharnwood, Lowdham, Notts.

POULTRY. |

MAJOR, ARTHUR C.—Breeder and Exhibitor thi years, Obampion Dark and Silver Grey Dorkings, ‘‘ England’s beat

fowl.’’ Prizes at all Shows, and exported all over the world. Prices moderate. Eggs, 1s. each.—ArtTHuR 0. Masor, Dittomay
Langley, Bucks.

ATICTION EE RS... Dive SBTloOckh, Ble Loh aa

POPE & SMITH (OC. T. SMITH, F.A.I.), Auctioneers, Valuers and Estate Agents, LEpBuRY, HEREFORDSHIRE. Sales of
Live and Dead Farming Stock. Commissions carefully executed. Oorrespondence invited.

WATERS & RAWLENCE, Satiszury. h

i

MISCELLANEOUS ADVERTISEMENTS (Cheap Prepaid).
For Oleft Chestnut Unclimbable Fencing, apply to Tue Stantey UnpERrwoop Company, LIMITED, Shottermilt, “
Haslemere, Surrey.
64 Page Book about Herbs and How to Use Them, 24.—TRIMNELL, THE HERBALIST, RicHMoND Roap, Oaxpirr.

All applications for Advertisements in ‘‘The Journal of the Board of Agriculture”? should be addressed to 0. VERNON *
Sons, Lrp., 38, Helborn Viaduct, London, E.C. 1.

DUNNS FARM SEEDS. PERTHSHIRE AND
Jace amen FORFARSHIRE

Temporary and Permanent
cistiee. Sanoe SEED POTATOES.

No better stocks of leading varieties

with Botanical Analysis of obtainable. |
each lot to suit the soil Inquiries invited. 4
and climate. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, |)
QUOTATIONS POST FREE. Seed Potato Growers, t

DUNNSEED CHAMBERS, SALISBURY, PERTHEH.

sath
Se ee

a i JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxiii *

THE WORLD'S BEST

I PEDIGREE
f SEEDS

Raised, Perpetuated and Grown on the
GREAT ESSEX SEED FARMS of

| JOHN K. KING & SONS,

SEED EXPERTS AND GROWERS,

COGGESHALL, ESSEX.
LISTS FREE.

‘Telegrams ; *‘ PACKAGE, FEN, LONDON.’ Telephone : AVENUE 3470 (3 lines).

| LEVY BROS. & KNOWLES,

Sack and Bag Manufacturers,
Home and Export Merchants,

| 26, Mark Lane, LONDON, England,

and at

. 1, Brunswick Street, LIVERPOOL, England.
160, High Street, HULL, England,
36, Queen’s Square, BRISTOL, England.
19, Waterloo Street, GLASGOW, Scotland,
27, Victoria Street, BELFAST, Ireland,

| New and Second-hand Sacks and Bags of every description.

“xxiv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

Agricultural 1, BALLOON STREET,

Department MANCHESTER.
of the

C.W.S.

This Department supplies everything |
for the Farm, Estate, Small Holding, |
Allotment and Garden

THROUGH
Agricultural and other Distributive
Co-operative Societies in all parts
of the country. :

PO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY,

LIMITED,
In addition to—

Owning Farms,
Flour Mills,
Oil Mills, etc.

SUPPLIES EVERYTHING FOR THE FARM.

SEEDS OF THE HIGHEST STANDARD, ||

a
eS

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oa)
>.
Paty
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4

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: rT

E JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

he PIE GBS SOR CoE SOM SOOKE anew GOsrcueee a8 Ce ECD

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i ie

§
bs:
fa

IT a es
ee es 72 OEE
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ob
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> eat. 2 8,.°.% @.*? 38,5.
ho oltce = Ah aS %e AY AD

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RG aE OTR + RSPR OC eT nS tae eee

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a et
rw .
\- tive ®

Cow -houses

““ ASGIS” Asbestos-Cement Building materials are super-
seding corrugated iron and boards and felt for all
agricultural purposes.

td

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( >

©'¢C'a

_~ >
£3 « *e'n

a
CeBand

Farm Buildings of all kinds quickly and cheaply erected ;
—with local labour.

7

wae’

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<c~

‘ZEGIS” Sheets and Slates require no tarring nor paint- ¥

Ma.

i: ing—they improve with exposure. 3
we ty
BR Invaluable for Dutch Barns, covered Stock Yards, Cart *,
; WY and Implement Sheds, and all outhouses. y;
3 3 For inside work—lining walls and underdrawing roofings, fh
i replacing lath and plaster. | es
Ys 2
fy = Also suitable for Bungalows, Shooting Boxes, Farm 4
ft Cottages, Garages, &c. rs
af 5 ate Ms
Ry ~—Ss« WWrrriitee us if you cannot obtain readily. a
mo :
\ €
@ TURNER BROTHERS ASBESTOS _ }
i CO, LTD. vs

ROCHDALE

*. 42 ee

of GUARANTEED PURITY
and PERFECT CONDITION.

NOT A COMPOUND CAKE.

MOTHER NATURE’S OWN
Food for increasing Milk Supply.

EASY OF DIGESTION.
Suitable for all kinds of Young Stock.

4 Postcard will bring you Samples and Booklets from
Sole Manufacturers :—

LODERS & NUCOLINE, Limited,

Cake and Meal Dept.,
1, Crutched Friars, LONDON, E.C. 3.

ee

(><)
& C< + +>
eoscatececocececonocsescocene .

“FAULTLESS”

Galvanized Rabbit and Sheep
| Netting is of
GUARANTEED QUALITY.

HE old bugbear of curvy and bulgy netting has
been overcome in “‘ FAULTLESS.” When un-
rolled it lies DEAD FLAT—like a carpet.

It is made of the finest grade wire, specially
selected for its high tensile strain, and is heavily
coated with purest virgin spelter, thus ensuring
durability. ie
~~ “ FAULTLESS” NETTING IS OF THE
HIGHEST POSSIBLE QUALITY AT THE
LOWEST POSSIBLE PRICE.

Send us particulars of your requirements and
we will gladly quote carriage paid prices for large
or small quantities direct from works.

DAVID & Coe,

Taff Vale Ironworks,
: CARDIFF .

xxvyi THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

ae. * S vos TN SPN were 0) we ee I

Mai FE Ret eon CD Linea 1 OM Ceo aa

) ron Nan y Pan C MNT)»
Th

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| British
Made §

For Preserving,
Softening &
Waterproofing —
BOOTS, |
LEGGINGS, "d
HARNESS,
SADDLERY,
LEATHER
APRONS &
COVERS,
and all kinds of
Leather Articles
AS SUPPLIED TO THE MINISTRY OF MUNI-
TIONS, H.M. DOCKYARDS, THE MILITARY,
AND FARMERS, Etc.

NO “RUBBING IN” REQUIRED.

a \

yh ls
>)

In Tins with Brush complete, at 1/6, 3/- & 6/- each, or

2/-, 3/6 and 6/9, post free, be
1 gallon Cans 18/= carriage forward. ir

THE MARS OIL (B.A.) Co.
(Proprietor: F. GREINER),
10 & 12, MILTON STREET LONDON, E. .

KEINFORCED CONCRETE SILOS.

BETTER AND CHEAPER THAN TIMBER.

No Slackening
and
Tightening of
Hoops and Stays.

No Painting
| or Tarring
Required.

indestructible |
even by fire.

| No Upkeep.

Water Tower on
| top if necessary
i for Farm use.

We have these
, SILOS in
—eigi course Of Con-
Ss struction in
hi ‘4 England and
77". , Scotland.

ma shill
Pinay

ig

TTT.

Bstimates and References on Application.
JAMES SCOTT & SON (Aberdeen),
Limited, . |

GEORGE STREET and JOHN STREET, —
ABERDEEN.

TE. : | JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxvii

Every Farmer who

q | becomes possessed of
ia Wh at a copy of HUNTER’S
ia FARM SEED CATA-
LOGUE for 1920 has

Ever | areal guide and
y friendly counsellor in

the matter of Seed

hs =
aes Vie ec
x

) v

Selection.
F armer Recognised by all com-

petent authorities as

the Standard Work on

Wants f Seeds, Hunter’s Farm
° Seed Catalogue is the

one book which every

practical and Progres-
sive Farmer wants and must have.

The 1920 Edition is big—bigger and more informative and valuable
BY than ever, The demand also is bigger than ever.

_THE EDITION IS NOW READY AND A COPY
IS YOURS FREE FOR THE ASKING.

| We have printed more than ever, but the eagerness of Farmers to
_ possess a copy makes it necessary, on account of the heavy cost of
| | production, that

ss Sa ET gt a cee re ee Se = ‘ =" = 3 *
eG Si en eg dace a a i gis Si Pan 5 ee le ge SS
— 6 = 7 = S, es ee a el al
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Sais

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You should apply for your copy NOW.
| Better be safe than disappointed. Send your name and
| address while you think of it to—

Manager, Department ‘B,”’

| JAMES HUNTER, Limited,

FARM SEED SPECIALISTS,
CHESTER.

RATS

THE NEW ACT.

E. WELSH & CO., RC, SEB,

Victoria Chambers,
Bowlalley Lane, Hull.

Tel: Cent. 82 Hull,

Ship Sanitary Experts

| Vermin Exterminators.

ALL WORK GUARANTEED.

EXECUTED BY SKILLED OPERATORS.

Sole Contractors to—
Ellerman Shipping Lines,
Elder Dempster Line,
North Eastern Railway,
Hellyers and Great Northern
Steam Fishing Co.,
etc., etc., etc.

Cattle Cant Escape

to damage crops from fields fenced with
this rigid, rapidly-fixed, reliable wire fence.

EMPIRE ste

STEEL

WIRE FENCE

Each wire tested to 2,240 lbs. strain. No. 9 gauge
throughout, heavily galvanised to prevent rust. Patent
knot Can’t slip or tear cattle. Once erected requires
no attention. Saves its cost over and over again.
Two men can erect a mile per day, when posts are set,
as easily on hilly as level land. SEND FOR LIST
TO-DAY and SEE WHAT USERS SAY and how
you can cut your costs.

ASK FOR CATALOGUE E.F. 25.
PARKER, WINDER 2 ACHURCH,Ltd.
BROAD STREET, BIRMINGHAM.
SE

DICKSONS |
SEEDS

for Farm and Garden.|

Genuine and Reliable.

Catalogues free on application. |

DIGKSONS,

Seed Growers,

CHESTER.

LIME.

BUY ONLY THE BEST. |
The BUXTON LIME FIRMS |
COMPANY, Ltd.

Royal Exchange, Buxton.

| 4
Telegrams—Buzton Lime, Buxton. ’Phone—312 Buxton. | |

THE PUREST LIME KNOWN
IN COMMERCE ' & THE
LARGEST OUTPUT OF LIME & |
LIMESTONE IN THE WORLD. |

i
LIME BURNT IN | Agriculturists, Florists |
SPECIAL KILNS FOR| and Fruit Growers I
SPECIAL TRADES. | catered for specially. mf

ha

te
AGENTS THROUGHOUT GREAT SRA ;
ba
|

Lime in any Form, in any Quantity to suit Users

Byte ra 5
my -“

. JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxix

| PESTITE [Lanes

Bpestroys Wireworms, Eelworms, MAN U R ES

i: } Julus oo. Se ae aa Ants, CANNOT BE BEATEN FOR
4 ey as QUALITY AND PRICE.

8 s i penal baa. ee ioe . Send for analyses and note these

prices, f.0.7.
: ; ie apes e: GOs. WHEAT, OAT and Perton. Per ewt.
1 Dig or plough in ‘‘PESTITE” at | BARLEY £8 -4. 0 2 Bae
/ once before sowing or planting | POTATO... ... 915 38 10 9
} and note results. There is nothing Al ai ve ne ; : :
so good as ‘‘ PESTITE ” for improv- TOMATO ... AB. 0” 49 o8
| ing the sanitation of the soil. ONION... 910 3 1010
| . | GABBAGESS ) 3/28 91.0. 9.8
| Price (with full particulars), 8/8 per | GENERAL ESS Teg 9 3
} cwt., £6 18/- per ton, Carriage | ROOT CROP 900 10 0
a forward, from— MANGOLD SOs (Or Ate

LANG & SONS, LTD.,

PEARS ROAD, HOUNSLOW, MIDDx.

BLUNDELL’S
B.S. PAINTS rv,

Mixed ready for use. Elastic and durable.
Recommended for the highest class of decorative work.
Made in 20 colours. gs. d.
Prices—General colours “et b. ieeh . E per in
White... EE: a 7 wet Lie 4
Cardinal . aud ‘6
14 Ib. tins free.

IMPLEMENT PAINTS

Specially recommended for Agricultural Implements.
Bright-drying. Durable.
Price—24s. per gallon, i-gallon tins free.

PETRIFYING LIQUIDS

For all Wall Surfaces and for the cure of Damp Walls.
Prices—24s. per gallon for White and general colours.
Packed in 1-gallon tins free.

/ Orders and enquiries receive prompt attention. Send for Colour Cards.

4 BLUNDELL, SPENCE & Co., LIMITED,
HULL, and 9, nae Thames Street, London, E. C. 4,

Xxx

NDON JOINT olTy F MIDLAND BAN

. | LIMITED.
ESTABLISHED 1886.

Authorised Capital = = £45,200,000 0O
Paid-up Capital = -= = £8,417,335 0
Subscribed Capital = = £35,673,585 10
Reserve Fund ms = - £8,417,335 0

DIRECTORS.
THE RIGHT Hon. REGINALD McKENNA, Chairman. |
WILLIAM GRAHAM BRADSHAW, Esq., London

ALEXANDER H. GOSCHEN, Esq., London ! Deputy oneee

Tue Rieut Hon. LORD AIREDALE, Leeds. Sir HARRY CASSIE HOLDEN, Bart., London.
Sir PERCY ELLY BATES, Bart., Liverpool. Lr.-Cor. CHARLES E. JOHNSTON, D.S.0. M.C.,
ROBERT CLOVER BEAZLEY, ai .» Liverpool. London.
| WILLIAM BENNETT, Esq., London. | CHARLES THOMAS MILBURN, Esq., London.
| WILLIAM T. BRAND, Esq., London. FREDERICK WILLIAM NASH, Esq., Birminzham.
: WALTER S. M. BURNS, Esq., London. THE Ricut Hon. LORD PIRRIE, K.P.. London.
; Tur Ricut Hon. LORD CARNOOK, G.C.B., London. EMMANUEL MICHEL RODOCANACHI, Esq.,
| } STANLEY CHRISTOPHERSON, Esq., London. London.
DAVID DAVIES, Esq., M.P., Llandinam. Str THOMAS ROYDEN, Bart., C.H., M.P., Liverpool.
ij 7] Tue Ricut Hon. Tor EARL OF DENBIGH, C.V.O., | SiR EDWARD D. STERN, D.L., London.
, London. EDMUND R. TURTON, Esq., M.P., Thirsk.
FRANK DUDLEY DOCKER, Esq., C.B., Birmingham. LEWIS H. WALTERS, Esq., Pee
FREDERICK HYNDE FOX, Esq., Liverpool. THe Ricut Hon. Sir GUY FLEETWOOD WILSON,
_ 4 H. SIMPSON GER, Esq., Leicester. K.C.B., K.0.M.G., G.C.I.E., London.
é JOHN GLASBROOK, Esq., Swansea. WILLIAM FITZTHOMAS WYLEY, _Esq. -» Coventry.
] OHARLES GOW, Esq., London. Sirk DAVID YULE, London.
| Joint Managing Directors:
SAMUEL B. MURRAY, Esq., FREDERICK HYDE, Esq., JOHN F. DARLING, Esq., C.B.E.

HEAD OFFICE: 5, THREADNEEDLE STREET, LONDON, E.C. 2.
Joint General Managers :—E. W. WOOLLEY, R. RICHARDS, H. MARE, J. G. BUCHANAN.

eae BALANCE SHEET, 31st December, 1919.

| LIABILITIES. | ASSETS.

i | RT Ra MT re a apes
Capital Paid up, viz. :— | ash in hand (including Go oin i
2,869,079 Shares of £12 each £8,000.000) and Cash at Bank of };
i + i , England in .- 60,216,796 0 II

£2 10s. Od. paid 7,172,697 10 90 |
497,855 Fully paid Shares of Cheques on other Banks in Footie . 8.050,607 8 4 a jt

£2 10s. Od. each 1,244,637 10 0 | Money at Call and at Short Notice ... 18,439,151 14 ee

—_—- Investments :— ‘ | a |
. 8,417,335 0 0 | ok boats, jiaet cast es rick a |
| s. is lodged for Public |
( ; Reserve Fund... He ett LN SeAldsoao 7. 0.710) 4h dnd. offer Acédunts) and iother ie i
Dividend oe on 2nd an British Government Securities ... 64,216,943 4 of e
. he ; F Augie ee Stocks Guaranteed by the British : ae
4 Balance of Profit sal Loss | Kecouat, Government and Indian aoe a
; as below ies a si 726,852 6 2 Debentures ... aa fe, 405,383 7 9 |
ey ea sil British Railway Debenture oul Pre- i
. 18,091,814 8 3 ference Siscke British papatra | a
| tion Stocks.. Mi. ae 942,274 9 ‘Diet Fg
Current, Deposit and other Accounts... 371,742,389 0 I | Colonial and Berelon Gaverkinent it
; Ry Acceptances on Account of Customers 29,014,568 4 5 Stocks and Bonds... =... —..._—‘1,011,600 5 2
| ee Sundry Investments .. ... ... 727,227 «1 2
eas | Billsof Exchange... ~~... 52,889,521 6 IE
¥ f
: 206, 899,504 18 ca
Carried forward... «.._ 418,848,771 12 9 Carried forward ... sae 206,899,504 18 |

. yrees 72, SA Yer a: Sees Se eee wo 4 » ) + eee os 7). 7 ¥ 7... ao
1 ie A a OS a” A a

: 4
ON Mae o
7 ‘ ?

WE | JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxxi
; :

By,
|
t
f 4
ts LIMITED.
BALANCE SHEET, 31st December, 1919—
continued. ;
LIABILITIES. | ASSETS.
£ g. da. £ 3s. ad. j
Brought forward ... ... 418,848,771 12 9 Brought forward ... ... 206,899,504 18 7 r
Advances on Current and other : ”
Advances on War Loans... a, oc. 15,589,208. 55.2
Liabilities of Customers ioe Acceptances 29,014,568 4 5

Bank Premises, at Head Office and ,
Branches sw : A ,618,960 8 7

Belfast Bank Shares :—

Accounts rey F ws eee 162,966,744 16
50,000 £12 10 0 Old Shares

£2 10 0 paid
i ; | 150,000 £12 10 0 New Shares
r | £2 10 0 paid |
. Cost ... dis ... £1,237,500

Less part premium
on Shares issued... 477,810 0 0
2 — 759,690 0 6

e
me! £418,848,771 12 9 £418,848.771 12 9 a

“a PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT for the year ending
aiid 31st December, 1919. Cr.

£ 3h & Por y

To. Interim Dividend at the rate of 18 | per
cent. per annum. less Income Tax, By Balance from last Account Sins i 675,097 14 7

4g paid 15th July, 1919 . , 522,211 11 4 ,» Net profits for the year ending 31st
cf -99 5 ‘Dividend at the rate of 18 per coal ae December, 1919, after providing for

a oe deeccerr 1926 as cane 530,292 2 all Bad and Doubtful Debts... ... 3,079,460 19 8

is os Salaries and Bonus to Staff with H.M.

4 Forces and Bonus to other Members

Py, Par. . Ot the Stall... ee 475,202 14
¥ <5 -yy Special *‘ Peace” Bonus to Staff e 250,000 0
sy Reserve for Depreciation of War Loans . re

meaty and Future Contingencies ... .-- 1,600,000 8 0

, ny _» Bank Premises Redemption Fund... 250,000 @

0

0

.y, Balance carried sptpatat to next

| account... ... Gade ni ccbsl! a ARG: 6 2
3

| “£3,154,558 14

oS oo

ee

£3,754, 558 14 3

cae
¥

\j

W. G. BRADSHAW, rf DEPUTY S. B. MURRAY, JOINT 7%
Rk. McKENNA, CHAIRMAN. A. H. GOSCHEN, CHAIRMEN. F. HYDE, MANAGING
F, W. NASH, DIRECTOR, J. F. DARLING, | DirEeorors.

REPORT OF THE AUDITORS TO THE SHAREHOLDERS OF THE LONDON JOINT CITY |

& MIDLAND BANK LIMITED.

‘ In accordance with the provisions of Sub-section 2 of Section 113 of the Companies (Consolidation) Act, 1908, i

‘ ep as follows :— Pe us |

e have examin e above ance Sheet in detail with the Books at Head Office and with the certifi ;
from the Branches. We have satisfied ourselves as to the correctness of the Cash Balances, Cheques on uae Baake ue ;
‘transitu, and the Bills of Exchange, and have verified the correctness of the Money at Cali and Short Notice. We have x

id verified the Securities representing the Investments of the Bank, and having obtained all the information and y,

tplanations we have required, we are of opinion that such RaJance Sheet is properly drawn up so as to exhibita true

and correct view of the state of the Company’s affairs according to the best of our information and the explanations given

to us and as shown by the books of the Company.
WHINNEY, SMITH & WHI
_ Loxnos, 13th Jannary, 1920. NNEY, CHARTERED ray i ate

THIS BANK IS THE PROPRIETOR OF THE BELFAST
BANKING COMPANY, LIMITED. ‘

xxxii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

- |WE SAY “BUY A FIAT”’|
because we know it’s good.

THE TRACTOR with TALENTS@

Obtained 2 first- places at the Lincoln Tractor

Trials last September, one of which was ‘“‘ Acreage
Capacity per 8-hour Day on Heavy Land,” the
. other being “Cost of Fuel per Acre.” Don’t these
points mean—just everything? Mechanically, too,
it’s simplicity and strength banish worry. Your
| man need not have expert mechanical knowledge.
| The FIAT is built for service—built to earn.

AND IN ADDITION

We would welcome your enquiries for farm
machinery of all kinds. We'd like you to know
more about us, For instance, we ‘specialize in
pumping and lighting sets, mill and other equip-
ment. We send skilled men to any; distance:
to install new or repair existing plant.

NICHOLSON BROS. 7

Agricultural Engineers,

| NIBROMO WORKS ano
GARDEN ST. AUTO DEPOT
GHIMISe

sy jal BN alr ewan gs r "
Bi rapid a
RSP a eae es . 3
“THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxxiii ;
a
.
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©
es

Telegrams: Telephone:

~

>. > + en PP “« . @
ey beet ee ee eee tr et UP pee

McHartir, No. 74,

SAVE- The- HORSE.

- OESTER, CHESTER.

MCHATTIE & Co.

. SEEDSMEN & NURSERYMEN,

CHESTER.
Specialists in
AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,

GRASSES. CLOVERS, SWEDES,
MANGELS. SCOTCH SEED GRAIN,

GUARANTEED PuRITY AND GERMINATION.

(Trade Mark, Registered)

is sold with a signed Guarantee to
cure Ringbone, Thoropin, SPAVIN or
Shoulder, Knee, Ankle, Hoof or Tendon
Disease or money back. Try it, no

matter how stubborn or supposedly
incurable—hundreds of such cases cured
every year for 22 years. Write for FREE
Save-the-Horse BOOK that tells how to
diagnose and treat—also a copy of Guar-
antee and expert veterinary advice—all
FREE. Always keep a bottle on hand
for emergencies.

Mr. A. Smart, Leith, writes :—‘ We are highly
satisfied with the results obtained by the wse of
your Remedy, and we shall certainly always
keep a bottle on hand for emergency.”

Address PREMIER SALES, Limited,
25a, MANESTY’S LANE, LIVERPOOL,

Sole Distributors of

SAVE-THE-HORSE in the U.K. for the Troy
Chemical Co. .

| | THOS. BOAG & Co., Lid.,

_ Sack Manufacturers & Merchants,
Bree GREENOCK, SCOTLAND.

|SACKS AND BAGS.

New Bags, Second-hand Bags, and New

« P
——-

—

ee ee oe

New introduction for 1920, -
‘ “VICTORY SWEDE”
: (Stock limited).

Our Farm Seed List, when ready, will be posted free
on application. Issued February lst.

erin a ae -

—_ ion = al

phd? <: TE Tyee e rN 2 ; 7 S — Ss

———E

| Calcutta Bags of all kinds, suitable for Seeds, Ne
| Produce, Fertilisers, and Feeding Stuffs. »
| SEWING AND TYING TWINES. ie
4 ’ Stocks always available for prompt delivery. :
} --—S« BUYERS OF EMPTY BAGS _OF ALL CLASSES. | a
Ww : Prices c.i.f. any port in the world quoted on application. . ey
Telephones: 225, 826, and 827, Greenock. Telegrams: Jute Greenock. ,
A . 302 (Central), Glasgow. Bags Glasgow. 4
me, 813, Aberdeen. Twiils Aberdeen, ‘ “4
- Aberdeen Branch: 12, Virginia Street. Clasgow Branch: 38, Elliot Street. Fs

| Codes Used: A. B. C. 4th & 5th Editions, Western Union, Marconi International & Private. |

xxxiv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE. — Advertisements,

SACKS AND BaCS|| HALL & 6O.,

"Phone: Purley 10, fers B fee” |
Lime Burners, 4
COULSDON, L.B. & S.C. Rly. |

GROUND

CARBONATE OF LIME

(For Agricultural Purposes)

17/6 per Ton loaded in Bulk F.O.R. Coulsdon

Orders should be booked at once to secure
prompt delivery.

Telegrams : Telephenes :
“ TARPAULINS,” 1054 CENTRAL
LIVERP@OL. (3 lines).

PETER MARSH & SONS,

17, BRUNSWICK STREET,
Aaidmvalid a

|BUYERS S of USED

| Grain, Flour, Thirds,
Bran, &c., Sacks and
Old Bagging.

WHITE LUMP & GROUND LIME |

For Agricultural Purpcses.

All kinds of CHALK supplied from Lump.
Chalk for road making down to extremely
Fine Powdered Chalk for
Pharmaceutical purposes. ae

SELLERS

of every description,

NEW and pew and USED. |

Head Offiee:

Victoria Wharf, E. croydon

ao. TELEGRAMS: "PH
CEMENT, CROYDON.’ is a ey “i048 s

Milk | wail Semmix Wooo sok seca ee is so much less labour than
Butter-making and will prove more

| THE ORIGINAL BLUE STONE ee nals

ie M | MILK K

“<p The Wilts United Dairies, Ltd., |
93, Albert Embankment, London, S.E. I1,

are buyers at any London Station.
Correspondents should state Quantity and Prices,

MACCLESFIELD BRAND. OS

The Oldest. The Best.

Sela Eee tet _,Cleap Albuminoids for Poultry. |
nae TT wi 8

Manufactured by " ER E. RS OX a

(Registered.) nh,

JAMES H. DENNIS & Co, La. Prepared aise fresh, sweet 4
Established 1860. sterilised blood. 3

ALL FOOD. PURE FOOD. 2

LIVERPOOL: 24, Chapel Street. ‘ Rentox” contains about $6 ‘serunate v
Albuminoids.

LONDON: 49, Queen Victoria Street, E.C.4. lend for sample box ‘and printeacmatéer Naveen eee

ol
free, to Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers— Mf:

_ Works: WIDNES, LANCASHIRE. MIDLAND CATTLE PRODUGTS, Ltd, | —

§sRentox’ Departrmont,
DIGBETH, BIRMINGHAM.

‘ ' Ft ee >= =
ms a! ss ! i =F ax . * z

4 4 i .. Jy er .

See Os 4 as

THREE HUNDRED CANDLE POWER
Olt VAPOR LAMP

Safety Guaranteed.
Satisfaction Guaranteed.

ADOPTED BY
U.S.A. GOVERNMENT.

Srorm PROoF.
Cannot CLOG.
Burns 15 hours to one
Charge, costs #d. per hour,

Gives the strongest
Whitest Light existing

and beats
every other light,
including electricity.

It will illuminate a
Barn Yard 600 ft. square,

Height . 14 inches.
Weight: : 4l1bs.

The Lantern proves its
worth best in the wild
winter storm. Itis the one
great light not affected
by wind or snow, or sleet
orcold. It’s brilliant rays
penetrate the deepest
gloom on a stormy night.
Tt is steady as the sun
under the most trying
conditions.

oe
IT’S THE LIGHT
THAT NEVER FAILS.

Ask your Ironmonger for
One or send your 44/6
and Name and Address

[stamens (Stratfortl) Limited, London, £.15 |

z (Feeding with sweetmess.)

In 6 cwt. barrels on rail Liverpool, London, Hull.

Used by many well-known farmers and

: Institutions.

Compound Cakes, Indian Corn, Indian Meal,

| Barley Meal, Dried Grains, Locust Beans, Fish

| Meal, Meat Meal, Clover Meal, Linseed Cake, &e,

Farm Engines, Incubators, Breeders
Poultry Houses.

J. R. GODFREY SMITH,
Bishops Castie, Salop.

*
Bankers :—
| Manchester & Liverpool District, Market Drayton, Salop.

a

Se

Oe edie ewe je ee tt

ee

SHROPSHIRE.
‘SHREWSBURY, WELLINGTON WEM, AND |OSWESTRY.
Messrs. HALL, WATERIDGE & OWEN,

Auctioneers, Valuers, Surveyors, and Estate Agents-
| Offices—High St., Shrewsbury; Market St., Wellington ;
. 19, High St., Wem; Bank Chambers, Oswestry.

Sales of Landed Estates, ‘Residential and Business Properties,
Standing Timber, Machinery, Agricultural and Pedigree Stock,
|} and Furniture. Agricultural Valuers and Arbitrators.

Monthly Horse Sales at the Raven Horse Repository and
rial Grounds, Shrewsbury.

THE WEST OF SCOTLAND
- AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
_Blythswood Square, Glasgow.
Dairy School, Farm, and Poultry
a Department at Kilmarnock.

PROSPECTUS FREE.

AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

WALLWORTH’S
PATENT POTATO SORTER.

FEEDING

XXXV

A GREAT LABOUR SAVER.

Light in weight, easily worked, and
adjustable bag-holders.

Write for list and copies of testimonials.

HENRY WALLWORTH,
Tytherington, MACCLESFIELD.

Pure Cane. Now very cheap,
Nutritious, great conditioner.
Lowest spot prices. Insist on
‘Utility’ Brand. Red label
casks.

‘UTILITY’

All classes feeding stuffs sup-
plied. Write: FEED DEPT.,
ARGYLE MILLS, ARGYLE
STREET, LIVERPOOL,

TREAGLE

Oheap parcels of game feed
always an offer.

ABSURDLY
CHEAP.

FxPS O84 AMon

Lancashire, Cheshire, Shropshire & North Wales.

Messrs. BOULT, SON & MAPLES,
VALUERS, SURVEYORS, ESTATE AGENTS, AND
PROPERTY AUCTIONEERS.

Offices: 5, Cook Street, Liverpool.
Telegrams—“ Acres ’’ LivEeRroot.
Telephones—187 and 188 Cunrrat.

Estates, Farms, Residential and Business Properties only.
Periodical Sales of Property at Liverpool, Chester and Preston

J. D. CAMPBELL,

Manufacturer of NICOTINE in Bond from duty-
free Tobacco.
Nicotine makes the very finest Insecticide for fumi-
garing, _Vapourising, or spraying to destroy insects
infesting vegetation. Your Diseiias solicited.

LUND STREET, CORNBROOK, MANCHESTER.

ae

THE POTASH SALTS 7 ALSACE.

Sylvinite 14 per cent. (French Kainit)
Sylvinite 20 per cent. (French Manure Salts)
Muriate of Potash 50 per cent. to 60 per cent. |

ee a Sen Se At iy eat _< Se a ee ee eee
a Ce ee a a al eee eee
4 ee aie Spe ne ie .

| LARGE SUPPLIES ARE NOW AVAILABLE.
i 4,000 tons per day are being produced by the
: Potash Mines in Alsace.

4

THE ALSACE-LORRAINE

| DEVELOPMENT AND TRADING CO.,

54, GRESHAM STREET, LONDON, E.C. 2.

Bn Ten ee oe Me

Sole Agents in the British Isles and Colonies, for Potash Mines of Alsace,

| SCOTCH SEED oaTs.

Saree

" in — Ss
F Se k —— : : = = ;
: s = - irs: os nieces . ? . ae nenees _ . paceman a : "
Lis ses a ay 2 og ee ji $ A - —- Fat: a - es FOG >: 2
eo 52a Tac Sets porte Soh = > a ae oe ar Seo c: Pe ie Sar Ree eee ry Ee ees > See SR aoe en Rae AT
ae Se 22 Fate ae ee Se ES BE 5 ee aed Ty “>, Tee SSS a ee See =S saree ‘tat % 2 Se ee

Abundance, Beselers Prolific, Crown,
, Hero, Yielder, Record, Newmarket,
Leader, Banner, Waverley, Rival Black, :
Black Tartarian, Scotch Potato, a
4 Early Hamilton, Victory, The Captain, 4
4 Tartar King, and practically all other = | |
3 varieties. ;

All from Selected Stocks theroughly recleaned.

State varieties and quantities required and samples with prices — a
will be sent. ty

FARM SEEDS.—Ryegrasses, Clovers, Natural Grasses, | |

OF GUARANTEED PURITY AND GERMINATION. a

Samples and prices on application.

AUSTIN & McASLAN, Seed Merchants, GLASGOW. i
ESTABLISHED OVER 200 YEARS. }

OAD ae iat
ey ey ee
ee
«< a .*
\ pele J
_ THE
ee har hs

.
+

JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

LINCOLN TRACTOR TRIALS

_ The first official Tractor Trials were held at Lincoln
_ from September 24th to September 27th, IQI9Q.
_ There were 57 entrants: representing 34 different
makes. The FIAT Tractor obtained the highest
award, carrying off (in six competitive events)

_ TWO FIRST PLACES
ONE SECOND PLACE
‘ONE THIRD PLACE

_ The event was thoroughly International in character,
so that the supremacy of the FIAT Tractor is so
_ pronounced as to render further comment unnecessary
3 _ except, perhaps, to add that the same success has

_ just been attained in the Belgian official International
_ Tractor Trials. The same measure of superiority
__ Obtains in regard to the FIAT one, one-and-a-half
and three-and-a-half ton commercial vehicles: and
also in FIAT cars.

aon

i.

Es i ge f A full range of FIAT products will be exhibited at the
ue GLASGOW MOTOR SHOW
«BS STANDS 15 & 24

_ FIAT MOTORS LTD., 5, Albemarle St., London, W. I.

et

iz } Telegrams :“ Fiatism, Piccy, London,” Telephone: Gerrard 7946.

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BEST KNOWN.

TRACTOR

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Farm Tractor

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