~The Journal

OF THE

fa PTE A Ea 8 a ee ed EE ee NS ee ee ee

NOVEMBER, 1920.

_ PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.

| (For Complete List of Contents see page xxiii.) | PAGE
‘The Dincoks Tractor Trials, 1920. Thompson Close, B. J. Owen,
: BSc, and H. G. Richardson, M:A;, B.So. °°). > = i A
The Use of Soiling Crops in Coneral Farming. te a Brown,
MG of Ao a a Ce oly dite aalicen? FOG
Name f paxpiaton and Restoration. | Maxwell Ayrton, |
i | as oo ae) ml at gS Fata

Ht. oe OTe, | ieee ;
i ne AROS, peeriae gs | i 733
aes * step Work at ; Aberystwyth Proper R. HF ege

sna tation in » Foulty Keeping. Pevy A. x aneis Ve Gee y 753

ee he Dorset ‘Arts and Crafts Miciintion: Dies I. B: Mansdl 769

and Fungus Pests during the Winter: The

fag € _ Importance of Plant Hygiene Geo. C, Gough, A.R.C.Se ay

Professor T. B. Tees CB. E.,
ee PRS. ee ». ae *h -— ait al Namek ees - a 776

A pire Abroad a ee as See Gn craity i}.

nate PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY. OF HIS” “MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE,
okt “AND PUBLISHED *BY, THE ‘MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE ANDY -PISHERIES,

a (To be obtained pon the Ministry's Offices, 3, St. ‘James's Square, London, ‘Ss W. 1. LD

"MONTHLY. - ; » AGENTS FOR: ADVERTISEMENTS :

38, Holborn Viaduct, E. C. i;
Ua on oe mats Lac fe = Luca Castle p Steeet Liverpoc

ini istry of Agriculture |

: Ae re 3

(rn SHPENCE,] ¢. VERNON & SONS, Ltd., |

FORLIGEED, MONTHLY. No.8.

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of

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dea tone ee OU aig SAC ROPE Nt oe gine 2

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_ ‘THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY ee oe

rei rai fa!

: NON-POISONOUS

all over the World.

First 60 years ago.

MARE ie

THE CERTAIN REMEDY FOR

PARASITIC MANGE IN HORSES,
: CATTLE AND DOGS.

Destroys Lice and : other Insect Pairdsites, (eet S

Sole Manutacturers—_

66/68, PORT STREET, ‘MANCHESTER.

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The Standaed of Quality - q

- Foremost to- ody. :

KUR-MANGE a

McDOUGALL BROS., tas |

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

GARTONS (LTD.) sis WARRINGTON.

GARTONS

New and Regenerated Breeds

of Farm Plants, including

OATS, BARLEYS, GRASSES, CLOVERS,
ee eaNGELS, TURNIPS, etc. etc., —

will be exhibited on the Stands of

Wiessrs. Gartons Ltd., at the Great

Smithfield Show tn London, the

Scottish National Show in Edinburgh,
| elc., CLC,

i

G33 SSSA SESH SE SSS HESS EHS SSS SSS SSS SSS

PEE ES EHH ES ESS HSH SS HS HHS SHG CH

‘- = ‘ae Be, Se = Oy 2 = S = os S5e. 9

Sie At gaan SS SS a S —£ = & = ~s : ES y
Dick’s I.L.0. Tractroif

is acknowledged to be the best

Lubricant for Tractors and

other Agricultural Machinery

€
yet produced, as evidenced by T i/
the fact that it is used by r ac rol >
many of the leading manu-
facturers of Tractors. Re ips ae
riction an
— O. So ang Cive S more
efficiency in
ciency 1 running an =) oO VV Ee ae

economy in cost. They are

guaranteed to lubricate more |
and carbonise less than any WB. DICKS C, [TD
other similar lubricant, 26, GROSVENOR GARDENS,

VICTORIA, LONDON, S.W.1.
Telephone Victoria 7533 (4 lines).
Telegranis “ DicotTo, Vic, Lonpon.”

. Cv&éS 22

Lst Fists EXH SHS SH HEHSIHH HH HH HHH SHH HHHHH HHH HH HH FH:

PF SF 3 PE 934 HEHEHE

PC SE Pe TE He HM et Ht Te Te

ee © ew

tse t7£} 39 Se

u THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

COUNTRY HOUSE AND ESTATE LIGHTING.

“ACETYLENE

WHICH COMBINES EFFICIENCY AND SIMPLICITY WITH ECONOMY.

We have successfully installed several thousand
plants during the last 25 years, and will be pleased
to advise and estimate for any contemplated work.

The best light for the farmhouse, Write for particulars of The Atoz Lighting Sets:
FOR NOVEMBER.
10 Lights .. £2515 0 | 20 Lights .. £5410 0

The above prices include Plant, Brackets and Pendants.

PORTABLE LAMPS SUITABLE FOR FARM WORK.

ATOZ CARBIDE |

SUPPLIES NOW AVAILABLE. WRITE FOR QUOTATION.

The ACETYLENE CORPORATION, Limited,
49, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER.
LONDON, S.W.1.

The Oil that is backed with Manufacturers’ guarantee to
give Perfect Lubrication. Entire absence of Wear and|
Tear on your Tractor ensured by use of |

j

a ae

STERNTRAG|

ae
oe

Ip

G
¢

Grades specially prepared
FOR ALL MIAKES OF TRACTORS.
t= N.B.—Send for price list and handbook on Tractor Management.

Sole Makers, STERNS Limited, A.D. 28, pelea 25 London House, a ge London, E.C. 2.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. lil

The Toll of the
RAT.

He invades our homes—penetrating into pantry
and store room: bores holes in floors and doors ;
makes runs in roofs and walls; eats our food ;
destroys our clothing. In all costs us £40,000,000
a year for hiskeep. That is the toll the rat takes.

Exterminate HIM.

A thoroughly reliable way is the use of Where to obtain “ Liverpool’’ Virus.
*LIVERPOOL” VIRUS—a _ micro-organism a Ea Se epee one
which causes an intestinal disease in the rodent. Lin rage yr 26 Line TINS = for
death resulting in from seven to ten days. The 07 bait ready TINS. is Snag a i Eat
rats leave the affected area when stricken, and MICE " 1/6 able 3 - Tt Ee < RS =
thus spread the disease to other colonies farther ras Sy rar pry ate a hag 016 ase 3. TUBES
afield The occupiers of all buildings which are meget sak ig & TUBES f MICE ;
rat infested are urged to set the Virus bait in the pete ee ar eS asi a pear a. Ee rs
haunts and runs of the rat pests. com EVANS SONS LESCHER & WEBB, LTD.,

It has been proved beyond doubt that the 56, Hanover Street, Liverpool ; and 60, Bar-
Virus is harmless to humans, farm and domestic tholomew Close, London, E.C.1. S.

i : ~ : The manufacturers will be pleased to give any advice p
a ate Wig = x : anufac DED Ss y
animals, and thus can be used with perfect safety fccuiia: the cpi-reinataan Oficats, and cores
anywhere. ast dure in special circumstances Iss

O proce
b]

“LIVERPOOL” VIRUS

WARNING,—The undoubted success of “Liverpool” Virus has caused a good
deal of misrepresentation, When buying “‘Liverpool” Virus be sure
that it is marked “LIVERPOOL” Virus. J/t is your safeguard.

SCotTrsSs Fri

CO-OPERATIVE WHOLESALE SOCIETY

LIMmMitTrTEeED.
Registered Offices—95, Morrison Street, GLASGOW.
Established i868. Annual Turnover—27? MILLIONS.

SEED AND WARE
Potato Merchants and Growers.

Potato Departments:

95, Morrison Street, GLASGOW,
Links Piace, LEITH, and
Woodstock Street, KILMARNOCK.

Extensive Buyers of ali classes of Potatoes.
Principal Markets Attended. Enquiries Solicited.

iv «=«-/s THE, JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements.

TO. Se

AIRY FARMERS.

Offers of COOL, CLEAN MILK, for their

Town and Country Depots delivered at

Liverpool Street, King’s Cross, St. Pancras,

Euston, Southend and Gravesend Stations,
are invited by

ABBOTT BROS. DAIRIES.

ESTABLISHED 1786.
Head Office: GRENADE ST., LONDON, E.14.

*Phone: East 4628. Tel.: ‘‘ Creameries, phone, London.’’

Payments made fortnightly or as required.

Yy rs
LZ

ZZ
WHEE

ii WX FANNY NS
« QA \\

AMAA WN)
“Tht
‘ EEN, \ \

PRS Way to Clip aHorse|
It’s only a matter of turning a |
handle, and guiding the clipper
over his coat. But it’s more than
the easiest way—it’s a quicker and
better one. It needs only one-
fourth the time taken in hand-
clipping and it clips with perfect
ease, regularity and evenness. The

° HORSE

will give a lifetime’s service and needs no attention
beyond an occasional spot of oil.

Every good point in clipper design and construc-
tion is in the Stewart and the price is no more than
that of inferior machines.

Yay S| dah - There are 150,000 Stewart Clippers in use in this country alone,
YY 2 Ne aha and during the War 20,000 were supplied to the War Office.

Lge The Cooper Stewart Engineering Co., Ltd.,

_— 11, Bread Street, Bloomsbury, London, W.C.2.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

Ploug Ta: 56 Ac res { cs
in 8 a

ory ll ian. ray WM tho =| (ha i Ma AV. Stbeeae ttm 2, aI ii

6
| a / q
i
Oh

ips

enersnenee
pesneereeesstsy
eeceoeneesen®

<a il = z ee pens — gE ve i
oe aeawee % Fa ea tat a Al) al

_ ieee " ne se en ea : i" Hi \ itt at aT He
: *, m qt TE any ait yt al TA i
ay ow =e ; u vl ain i ot i ir fl Hel | i:
yl dal ay ant “il \ ally

oe My i i ci
"sa *.. ery ca eu il ii il
with a team Pi horses is impossible, as you
know. With a “Glasgow” Tractor —an
ordinary performance, as many enthusiastic
users can testify. In speed the “Glasgow”
is all that can be desired, and it also has
wonderful capacity for continuous work For
ploughing, discing, harrowing, and in all
kinds of stationary work, the “Glasgow”
proves itself the most’ valuable “ power-for-
work” British Engineering has yet given to
agriculture.

——

————
——<—————
—
—————
———
—————

ge ce eee
AT) gs ee ae ee ae ae Ee eee la
a oe ae a) ee Ae Re oe a ae ee

—

ti

wil!" a’

THE

a Accia 9 ro

Think of the saving T R A C T O Re
in labour.
Write for specification, &c., to the Sole Distributors for the
British Empire (excepting Canada )—

ee woes BRITISH-MOTOR: TRADING

: We are now negotiating <
: Agency agreements for large : CORPO RATI ON [7D
> territories throughout the : : ;
+ British Isles. Willthosein- + DEPOTS: LONDON—20, 21 & 22, KING STREET, St. JAMES’S, S.W.1;
+ terested communicate with ; MANCHESTER—23), Deansgate; BIRMINGHAM-—Coventry Road, Yardley ;
: Agricultural Dept., : LEEDS—4, Duncan Street; NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE—St. Pion Street ;
British Motor Trading. s GLASGOW British Meme Bpatliaes (actly. Zoe), New City Read: PARIS—29,
Corporation, Lt : Rue de la Chaussée d’Antin.
roy Pall Mall, Siw. £
: HEAD OFFICE: 50, PALL MALL, LONDON, S.W.1.

ce eee eee eee eee ea eeeeeeeneeees Telegrams—‘ Brimotrade, Charles, London.” Telephone —Gerrard 8300.

St. James’s 19

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements.

The Official Fuel at the
Lincoln Tractor Trials.

mi uth PMA
Wifi CHM

ANGLO-AMERICAN OIL Co., Ltd.,
36, Queen Anne’s Gate, London, S.W.41.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. vii

ye aS my N mrt ay,

———— a —

xa ip

ROT

————
800006 SS. «amen 5

, F Rs

7 , SM <
} WAL

We i ; ;

= °
a Be eer

EHCONOMY.

S asensible man there is only one kind

of cheapness which appeals to you—
the kind that is born of excellence.

The Austin Farm Tractor is moderate in
price asa direct result of adopting the right
production principles. In every detail it
conforms to the well-known Austinstandard.
The Austin Tractor on your farm means
economy of time, labour, energy and
Write for list of Agents.

expense.

THE AUSTIN
MOTOR CO. | 4 fF @FOre = -2

HEAD OFFICE : 3 a F Ae ZEARM

emebescas
teteeures -
so

Northfield, Birmingham. P-: pHi a T R ACTOR

Telephone - - King’s Norton 250. S:2!755:
Telegrams - “Speedily, Northfield.”’ y : sg

London : 479-483, Oxford St., W. 1.
Manchester : 130, Deansgate.
And at Liancourt and Brussels.

vii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

The Fertiliser “par excellence.”

Importers and Merchants,

W. MONTGOMERY & CO., LTD..

63, Mark Lane, London, E.C. 3,

AND
ST. STEPHEN’S CHAMBERS, BRISTOL.

STOCKS IN VARIOUS ENGLISH PORTS.

TELEPHONE NO. AMS:
254 AVENUE. “*“MARTABAN FEN, LONDON.”

SACKS AND BAGS
AND JUTE GOODS

OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS.

For all purposes. For Home and Foreign Markets.

J. DE PAIVA & CO.,

(Principal—P. PARNHAM.)
lik, Drury Lane, LIVERPOOL, England.

Telegrams: ‘‘ Depaiva, Liverpool.” Telephone: Bank 1348 (2 lines).

London Office:
165, Mansion House Chambers, 11, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C.4.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. 1X

To avoid the etd ale is SE gels aol eda of Savas use :—

For Chicken runs, citer, tees Farmbuildings,
Garages, etc.,

‘““SPONDITE”’

triumphs over G ASS on account of its

LIGHT WEIGHT. FLEXIBILITY. ‘DURABILITY.
TRANSPARENCY AND PORTABILITY.

tisanisesr GU BOTITUTE, tor aiase

For particulars of this fine-mesh copper wire netting, embodied
in a thin transparent film, apply to the Sole Manufacturers :—

BRITISH CELLULOSE & CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING CO. LYD.,

8, Waterloo Place, S.W.I. (Telephone: Regent 4045.)
N.B.—For quantities under 1 roll (25 sq. yds.) apply to—
Messrs. A. W. GAMAGE, Ltd., Holborn, E.C. (Telephone: Holborn 2700.)

TMe DESTRUCTION OF RATS & Mice
by
The Well-known Preparations

MALLERS EXTRACT of SQUILL,

Write for particulars to the Proprietors,
MALLER LABORATORIES’ LIMITED
(formerly Danysz Virus Limited ),

325, Borough High Street, London, S.E.1.
SPECIALISTS in Preparations for the Destruction of Rats, Mice and

other Vermin.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

to be beneficial to the fullest degree should be done
with “Biggs” Dips. Best in cold or wet weather, and

a guarantee of clean and healthy fiocks at all times,
they are proven the most effective and economical. |

BIGGS

SHEEP DIPS

have been commended by stock breeders all over the world. Made |
from the formula of Thos. Bigg since 1833,in Paste, Liquid and |
Cakes, they are the oldest cure in the world for Tick, Lice
and Scab. They also improve the quality and quantity of the wool.
Obtainable of all Dealers, or particulars and prices direct from

THOS. BIGG, LIMITED, Chemical Works,
Chureh Street, Deptford, London, S.E.8.

SUPERPHOSPHATE

All grades,j including

DoUVU DSL|:

““ BASIC SLAG

Colthurst, Jules Eloy & Co. Ltd.,

193, Regent Street,
PHONE :

GERRARD 7506. London, W.1.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—A dvertisements. xi

FERTILISERS

i Puri J)

FAAMAVNO™

SUPERPHOSPHATES &
COMPOUND MANURES

Manufactured by the most up-to-date machinery.
Available for delivery during the present Season.

ENQUIRIES SOLICITED.

: —— ALSO —
NITRATE OF SODA BONEMEAL
ORGANIC MEAL GUANOS, etc., etc.

POT ASH.

Sole Selling Agents for Alsatian Potash for Ireland
and Scottish Chemical Trade
For the Afsace-Lorraine Development & Trading Co. Lid.

FEEDING-STUFFS

LINSEED CAKE FISH FEEDING MEAL
BRAN WHALE CATTLE FOODS
POLLARD

ROBERT A. MUNRO & Co., Ltd.,

Head Office: 140, WEST GEORGE STREET, GLASGOW.
Also at LONDON: 13, Edinburgh Mansions, Howick Place, S.W.1.

DUBLIN: 102-103, Grafton Street. CODES—

NEW YORK: 94, Fulton Street. A.B.C. 4th, 5th & 6th Edition.
MONTREAL: 30, St. John Street. Liebers Standard.

ANTWERP: 99, Avenue de France. Bentley's & Marconi.

Telegraphic Addres:—** STRONGHOLD, GLASGOW.”

xin «=THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

IMPROVED

“Boby” Disc Harrows

(Proctor Patent).

FITTED WITldl AWPEGAL DEV

BY MEANS OF WHICH

DEPTH OF CULTIVATION can be CONTROLLED

AND

Easy Transport Assured.

sft
—— 0 om
: Tm
Ot Lo a
APS Se te 7

ta By =

. Iw —s

GREAT SAVING IN TIME AND LABOUR.

MANUFACTURED IN 30 DIFFERENT SIZES.

For full particulars and prices apply to :—

Robert Boby, Lid.

(Associated with Vickers, Ltd.),

63, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, E.C.4.

Telegrams : Telephone :
Bobielon, Cent. London. City 6989.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Adverlisemenis. xi
eee — a2 YG. 'T'”: -

LATEST DESIGN.

‘Boby Hedgehog Harrows

(Proctor Patent).

SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR
Breaking up SOIL, TURF, etc.
SMES SAS let lhl la

HIGHEST APPROVAL.

Supplied Singly and in Tandem.

For full partieulars and prices apply to :—

Robert Boby, Lid.

(Associated with Vickers, Ltd.),

63, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, LONDON E.C.4.

Telegrams : Telephone :
Bobieion, Cent. London. City 6980.

ziv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

THE* CELEBRATED _

“NORTH DEVON HUNT” WATERPROOF

One of the best and most durable
GUARANTEED WATERPROOFS
for Hunting, Driving, Motoring and General Use.

The material
is superfine light

The latest
improved model,
made in twenty fawn, closely

regular stock ; 2. ree 9 de woven Twill, the
sizes so that {49/ et rubber proofing
practically every ge SF 2 is guaranteed
figure can be for any climate,
fitted & supplied weight about
immediately. 5 pounds.

5

‘)
’

WATERPROOF
Rminc APRONS
to match the above

WHEN ORDERING
PLEASE STATE
Heicut & CHEST
MEASURE OVER
CLOTHING.

30" long, 25/—each

30> eres,

PRICE FOR: 7™. CARRIAGE PAID

a :5: 0%.
ALL SIZES e e IN THE!U.K.

a < . -o; ee = pov 4 _ . -
50 in number. 5%, discount for cash,with order,

~

Can be obtamed from the
highest class Outfitters
throughout the world or
direct from

THE MANUFACTURERS.

| There are many lnitations but
| every “North Devon Hunt”

Nosredna Waterproof i
Tuis LABEL 2
which

Ime are ceni)iil
3 none are genuine.

ANDERSON’S BRISTOL RUBBER Co., Ltd.
( we connec o BRIS TOL... Getter te

;any other firm

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. KV

SOUND SENS
ARMER

The question often asked is :—Supposing I insure my life and am overtaken
by some disablement, what will happen if I am unable to continue to pay
my premium, by reason of loss of income through this disablement.

This is where the New Disability Benefit Policy of the Confederation Life
Association comes to your assistance.

BEFORE INSURING

it will be greatly to your advantage to write for full particulars of this
UNIQUE POLICY which may truly be regarded as the latest and most
liberal advance in the Science of Life Insurance.

IT GUARANTEES

that in the event of TOTAL and PERMANENT DISABILITY from any
cause whatever, the following Benefits come into operation immediately :—
Ist. All future Premiums are cancelled during continuance of Total
disability, and, in addition,
znd. A Monthly Payment of £10 for £1,000 of Insurance during such
disability, and
3rd. The full amount of the Policy and Profs is paid at death or
maturity, without any deductions whatever.
Another great advantage of a Policy with the

CONFEDERATION

LIFE ASSOCIATION

Is that CASH SURRENDER VALUES, CASH LOAN VALUES, and
PAID-UP POLICY VALUES of a most LIBERAL NATURE ARE
GUARANTEED IN THE POLICY for each and every year after the
second.

Write to-day (stating age) for full particulars to the CHIEF OFFICE
for the UNITED KINGDOM, TEMPLE BAR
HOUSE, 23-28, FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.

Cut this out. Journal of Ministry of Agriculture om

To the Manager, Confederation Life Association, 23- 28, Fleet St., London, E.C. 4).
Please forward to me particulars of the New Dis sility Benefit Policy.

Name

Address Age i

Manchester— 2, Mosley St. | Birmingham— 22, Temple Row.

Liverpool—41, North Join St. | Leeds—1, Albion St.
Glasgow—154, St. Vineent St.

New Business, 1919 - £6,298,510

xvi THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

Buy ALSATIAN POTASH.

It is the produce of our French Allies
and is the cheapest per unit of Potash.
Ask your Local Manure Merchant.

TO RECEIVE
The Potash salts

of Alsace contain
guaranteed water
soluble Potash.
Sylvinite gives ex-
cellent results on
all crops and on
all soils.

FULL VALUE FOR
Scientific progress
is not an accident,

LABOUR AND CAPITAL | it is a necessity.

Sylvinites
USE (French Kainit) 14-16 °/
(French Potash Manure Salts) 20-22 %

c ( 99 9 99 9 ) 30-327
Alsatian Potash | muviate of Potash 50 & 60% (K.0)

The Alsace-Lorraine Development & Trading Oo., Ltd.,

. Pinners Hall, Austin Friars, Old Broad Street, B.C.2.
For Particulars and List of Sub-Agents apply to the above.

To FARMERS!

For prevention or cure of Foot and Mouth
Disease, Tuberculosis, Ringworm, Parasitic
..+ Mange and Destruction of Lice . .

USE

JEYES’ FLUID.

Best and Safest Disinfectant
for Farm, Stable, Kennel.

JSEVES’ SHEEP DIFP.
FREE FROM ARSENIC OR NICOTINE.

Approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for the purposes of the

Orders of the Minister relating tc SHEEP SCAB and SHEEP DIPPING in

Great Britain, and by the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction

for Ireland for the purposes of their Orders relating to SHEEP SCAB and SHEEP

DIPPING in Ireland, in the proportion of one gallon of Dip to sixty gallons of water.
Jeyes’ Animal Pamphlet sent free on application to—

JEYES’ SANITARY COMPOUNDS CO., Ltd., 64, Cannon Street, London, E.C.4.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xvii

LIMEWASHING — DISINFECTING —
SPRAYING.

Vermorel “ Eclair”

MACHINES ARE MADE TO MEET EVERY NEED.
TO APPLY WINTER WASHES TO FRUIT TREES,
TO DISINFECT STABLES, STOCK YARDS, ETC.

SPRAY—THE CHEAPEST AND QUICKEST METHOD.

Catalogues and full particulars from Sole Agents :—

COOPER, PEGLER & CO., LTD.,
24B, Christopher Street,
London, £E.C.2.

PILCHERS STOPROT |

The Finest Wood Preservative for all Purposes.

Treating Sections of Army Huts with PILCHERS STOPROT.
(Contractors, W. PATTINSON & SONS, Ltd., Ruskington, near Sleaford).

PILCHERS, Ltd.. MORGAN’S LANE, LONDON, S.E.

xvul THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.
a aa ae

VEGETABLE SEEDS

FOR
Allotment Holders,

Smaliholders, Farmers,

THE GENTLEMAN'S GARDEN
THE COTTAGER’S .GARDEN.

Ea EE:

Apricaltural
Wholesale Society,

Lid.

Invites enquiries from any Co-operative Society in
England and Wales whose members require Seeds of
the very highest quality.

A.W3S.,

ST. LAWRENCE HOUSE,

43, MARK LANE, LONDON, E.C.3.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Adverlisements. X1X

Reduce Your Labour Bill

|

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zx THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

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XXi

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES.

ORMSKIRK POTATO TRIALS.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1919 OF THE TRIALS
OF VARIETIES OF POTATOES IMMUNE
FROM WART DISEASE.

Sgorion I.

Section II.

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION
Weather ;

Manures; Planting; Condition of Seed
MIscELLANEOUS NOTES

(a) Purity of Stocks... sn = =

(6) Incidence and Intensity of Wart Disease in 1919

(c) Degrees of Susceptibility

(72) The Question of Types ... aor

(e) List of Cummercial Types and their Varieties ..

(7) Soil Fungicides

(y) Steam Sterilization

(k) Report on Cooking Qualities =
Section III. Reports on Ormskirk TrRrALs, 1919

(a) Report on Small Stocks of Seedlings (Table I)

(2) 55
(c) »

(dy,
()
(7) 3?

(g) ss

Section LV.

Section V.

,, Immune Varieties previously tested (Table I)

», Varieties tested in 1919 and showing no trace of Wart
Disease (Table IIL)

5, Susceptible Varieties again tested in 1919 (Table LV)
,, Susceptible Varieties not previously tested (Table V)
., Varieties of Doubtful Immunity (Table V1)
55 Summary of Trials undertaken in 1919
Descriptive List oF CERTAIN IwMUNE VARIETIES
CoMPLETE List oF NAMED VARIETIES TESTED AT ORMSKIRK

FROM 1915-1919 ...
(a) Immune Varieties
(b) Susceptible Varieties .
(c) Varieties of Doubtful Immunity..

Section VI.

REporRT ON LOCAL ees V ARIETY Risser In 1919.

Copies of this publication may be hain from the Office of the
Ministry, 3, St. James’s Square, London, S.W.1. Price Is. 6d. net,

post free.

xxii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

MORE MONEY
from your Wheat Crop

SAVE; HALF THE COST OF HARVEST AND DOUBLES YOUR PROFITS WITH
Toogood’s Squarehead Success
STIFF-STRAWED=WHEAT.i

If YOU are still buying the same old stocks of ‘‘seed ” Wheats you always
have, and so are getting 10 to 15 bushels Jess than the best possible return for
every acré of land you sow, if YOU are dissatisfied with crops that often lodge
and rust, and that give 15 light grains to the ear instead of 40 heavy ones, write
to-day for ABSOLUTELY FREE particulars and sample of our SQUAREHEAD
SUCCESS STIFF-STRAWED WHEAT. Ask for free samples and prices of
other Seed Wheats, Seed Barleys, Seed Oats and Seed Ryes also if they interest
you. Postcard, will do. No obligation of any sort, but address us personally:

TOOGOOD « SONS, Earp.

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Foreign: ‘‘ Paganini, London.’’ (3 lines).

NXill

CONTENTS.

Nores FOR THE Montu—

Prices for British Wheat—Trials of New Varieties of Winter Wheat in
1919—Soiling Crops in General Farming as ae - vu

The Ormskirk Potato Trials: Report for the Year 1919—Planting of
Susceptible Vurieties of Potatoes in Wart Disease Infected Areas—
Corky Scab of Potatoes

Restocking of Bees Scheme—I- oirdation of ( Canadite Store C ‘attle—The
Humane Slaughter of Animals—The Export of Decrepit Horses

The Keeping of Small Live Stock by Allotment Holders and Householders—

Agricultural Wages Board—National Rat Week—Importance of

Sowing Clean Cereal Seed : ae -e :

NotTEs ON THE LINCOLN TRAcTOR TrIArs, 1920. Thompson Close, B. J.
Owen, B.Sc., and H. G. Richardson, M.A., B.Sc. ...

THE USE oF ater Crops IN GENERAL Farmine. J. C. Brown, P. A.S.T.

CoTTAGE ADAPTATION AND RESTORATION. Maxwell Ayrton, F.R.T.B.A.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF WaArRT DisEsseE. A. JV. Taylor, M.B.E., A.R.C.Se..

PLANT BREEDING WorK AT ABERYSTWYTH. Professor R. G. Stapledon,
M.A. =< a: be

LICENSING OF STALLIONS UNDER THE HorsE BREEDING ACT, 1918 :
Season 1920 ... - de Se 5

EpvcaTIoN IN PotttTry KEEPING. Percy A. Francis

PROFITABLE PEARS FOR MARKET

Lanp DRAINAGE oa a cae a mes ett =

Tue Dorset ARTS AND CRAFTS ASSOCIATION. Miss M. B. Mansel

INSECT AND FUNGUS PESTS DURING THE WINTER: THE IMPORTANCE OF
PLANT HYGIENE. (Geo. C. Gough, A.R.C.Sc. .

FEEDING StuFFs IN NoveMBER. Professor T. B. Wood, C.B.E., ak
FLRLS.

AGRICULTURE ABROAD :
The Cinema as an Aid to Agriculture—the Hoyberg Process of testing the

Fat Content of Milk—the Economics of Small Farming

Application for Licences under the Horse Breeding Act, 1918

Imported Seed Potatoes from Scotland

Export of Potatoes to Holland

Leaflets issued by the Ministry ...

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Rabies

Importation of aps: ;

Free Entry for certain ae ee Macks s into Tunis

Selected Contents of Periodicals ..,

PAGE

693

“JI sT SI ONT
Co Cc @ NT
Or Sr Or @w

Any of the Articles in this Journal may be reproduced in any registered

newspaper or public periodical without special permission, provided that the source

is acknowledged in each case.

The Ministry does not accept responsibility for the views expressed and the
statements made by contributors, nor for any statements made in the advertisement

columns of ee is Journal,

xxiv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

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Write for samples to—

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Dept. J. iIPSW
Manufacturers to H.M. The King:

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Particulars and Prices of— a

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TIMBER IMPORTERS AND CREOSOTERS.
Head Office—NORWICH.

THE JOURNAL

OF THE

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

owe Vs. Nos.

NOVEMBER, 1920.

NOTES FOR THE MONTH.

Ir would seem that some misapprehension still prevails
regarding the present and future prices of wheat. In the cir-
Deac-tos cumstances it is desirable to recapitulate

British Wheat here the precise position as it was stated

‘in the House of Commons by Sir Arthur
Griffith-Boscawen, Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry,
on 15th June, 1920. It is not proposed to make any change in
the maximum price for home-grown wheat of the present
(1920) harvest. This price, as already announced, wiil remain
at 95s. per quarter of 504 lb.

The crop of 1921 is the first which comes under the opera-
tion of a free market. Home-grown wheat harvested next
year, that is, wheat sown in the autumn of 1920 or the spring
of 1921, will not be subject to a maximum price. The effect
of this will be that if, and so long as, the import of wheat is
still controlled and the farmer is thereby deprived of the full
benefit of a free market, he will receive for his home-grown
wheat of sound milling quality, harvested in 192i, an amount
equal to the average c.i.f. cost price of imported wheat of
similar or comparable quality. If wheat is not controlled,
he will, of course, obtain the full economic price in a free
market. He will thus be entitled in any case to the parity
price of imported wheat, while, if there is any big break in
prices, the Agriculture Bill proposes to give him a guarantee
wgainst serious loss.

As the Minister of Agriculture stated in his speech at
Rothamsted in June last* : ‘‘ At whatever price imported wheat

* The speech was published in this Jowrnal, July, 1920, p. 320,
(33798) P.6/198. 11,000. 10/20. M.&S. A

694 TRIALS or New VARIETIES OF WINTER WHEAT. [ Nov.,

comes into this country, the farmer will get the equivalent of
that price for his wheat harvested in 1921, instead of being
tied down, as he has been recently, to a controlled maximum
(of 95s.).’’ What the average world price may be for wheat
harvested next year it is impossible to forecast, but, as
the Minister remarked, if the farmer is_ protected on the
one hand against serious loss, if he grows wheat, by the
minimum price contained in the Agriculture Bill, and on the
other, if he is to have the chance of making his profit up to
the average world’s price, this should prove a sufficient induce-
ment to bring about a largely increased sowing of wheat this
autumn. He would be animated not merely by motives of
patriotism, but by the fact that it will be well worth his while
to do it, which, after all, is the best inducement.

* * * * * *

(1) Warwickshire Farm Institute —Trials with Yeoman and
Svalof Iron have been carried out on New Red Sandstone at the
Trials of New County Farm Institute, Marton, Warwick-
i . shire, in the three years 1917-1919, and an
Varieties of Winter ane:
Wheat in1919, 2Vverase yield in the three years of 45}
bushels (of 63 Ib.) of grain per acre has
been obtained for Yeoman and 48} bushels of grain for Svalof
Iron, as compared with 331 bushels of grain over the average of
six years for Browick. The plot land in 1919 was very poor,
and the results in that year depressed the averages of the previcus
two years, which were for Yeoman 53} bushels and for Svalof
Iron 59 bushels of grain per acre. Yeoman has stood up well in
these trials.

(2) Cockle Park, Northumberland.—About 5 acres of Iron
wheat were sown with a disc coulter drill in the autumn of 1917
on land ploughed out for oats in 1917 ; it was previously an excel-
lent meadow which had received repeated applications of dung
and basic slag. This variety threshed out at 654 bushels per
acre. The result showed that a good second corn crop can be
grown without manure after ploughing out old turf which has
been liberally treated, especially with basic slag.

About 75 acres of poor clay soil which had failed for roots in
1918 and had received 15 tons of dung to the acre was summer-
fallowed and sown with Iron, Yeoman and Benefactor wheats.
No further manure was applied. The crops of grain were (per

1920.] Trraus or New Varieties or WINTER WHEAT. 695

acre) Iron 59 bushels, Yeoman 673 bushels and Benefactor 663
bushels. |

(3) The Harper Adams Agricultural College, Shropshire.—
Seventeen varieties of wheat were sown in the autumn of 1918
on a sandy loam; 10 tons of dung per acre were applied on clover
before ploughing, and a top dressing of 1 cwt. of sulphate of
ammonia per acre was given to the wheat in the spring of 1919.
The highest yields per acre proved to be Svalof Iron (own seed)
54 bushels of grain, 52 ewt..of straw; Victor (own seed) 523.
bushels of grain, 40 cwt. of straw; Fox (second growing) 52
bushels of grain, 45 cwt. of straw; Fenman (second growing) 50
bushels of grain, 50 ewt. of straw; Hawk (second growing) 49
bushels of grain, 474 ewt. of straw; Marshal Foch 48 bushels of
erain, 45 ewt. of straw; Browick 48 bushels of grain, 42) cwt.
of straw ; and Yeoman (third growing) 47 bushels of grain, 40 cwt.
of straw. |

(4) Garforth, Leeds.—HKight varieties of wheat have been
tested continuously at this centre for the four years 1916 to 1919.
‘The crops per acre over the average of the four years were :—
Victor 50 bushels grain, 34 cwt. straw; Fenman 48 bushels grain,
36 cwt. straw; Standard Red 48 bushels grain, 85 cwt. straw;
Squarehead Master 474 bushels grain, 35 cwt. straw; Benefactor
471 bushels grain, 34 ewt. straw; Inttle Joss 46 bushels grain,
35 ewt. straw; Browick 46 bushels. grain, 34 cwt. straw; and
White Standup 45 bushels grain, 33 cwt. straw.

Svalof Iron has been tested in three years, and gave a yield of
grain per acre of 523 bushels in 1916, 52 bushels in 1918, and
42 bushels in 1919 (when yields were lower).

Yeoman has similarly been tested in three years, and the
yields of grain per acre from this variety have been 474 bushels
in 1917, 51 bushels in 1918 and 40 bushels in 1919.

(5) Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Sutton Boning-
ton, Loughborough.—Two tests were made on Keuper Marl with
respectively 10 and 5 varieties of wheat. Seed was sown at
the rate of 24 bushels per acre early in October, 1918, and the
crop was harvested on.the 15th August in the following year.

In one test no manure was applied; the previous crop had
been seeds, of which the aftermath was grazed by dairy cows,
on land which had been top-dressed with 1 ewt. of nitrate of
soda per acre. Of the varieties sown Fenman and Champion.
yielded each 48 bushels per acre, Svalof Iron, Victor and Yeoman
each 32 bushels, and Browick 31 bushels. The order of ripening
was :—Yeoman, Browick, Fenman, Champion, Victor.

AY

696 Sominc Crops IN GENERAL FARMING. [ Nov.,

In the other test a top dressing of 1 ewt. of sulphate of
ammonia was given to land on which seeds had previously been
similarly manured, the aftermath ploughed in and lime applied
at the rate of 1 ton of shell lime per acre. The results of the
four best varieties in this case were:—Yeoman 48 bushels,
Fenman 42 bushels, Svalof Iron 39 bushels, and Rivetts 37
bushels.

(6) South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye.—Twelve varie-
ties of wheat were sown at the rate of 4 bushels per acre on a
calcareous loam which had previously been cropped with man-
golds which received 15 tons of dung plus artificials. The best
yields in these trials were (per acre) :—Marshal Foch 49 bushels,
Yeoman 47 bushels, Hawk 46 bushels, Benefactor 45 bushels,
Browick 44 bushels, Victor 85 bushels, Red Standard 33 bushels,
Squarehead Master and Svalof Iron 30 bushels.

* * * * * *

Tue use of soiling crops in general farming is dealt with by
Mr. J. C. Brown in this issue in a short article (p. 725) that will
arrest the attention of all thoughtful and
progressive farmers intent on making the
most of the land. The experience of the
war years has clearly shown that sound, well-drained land is
capable of producing more food under arable cultivation than
under grass, and with this as his text the author outlines a
system of cropping calculated not only to raise the aggregate
returns over a period of years, but to maintain the fertility of
the land at relatively small cost.

The system is specially recommended for heavy land where a
succession of forage “*‘ smother’’ ereps would take the place of
the bare fallow, and the speculative roots would serve to rein-
force the pastures at the beginning and end of the grazing season,
and liberate for pasturage grass land but ill adapted for hay
production. Crops of pea and oat hay superior in yield and
quality to average meadow hay can be obtained from arable land.

Previous articles and notes on the soiling system have appeared
in this Journal as follows :—Farming on the Soiling System,
August, 1919; Pea and Oat Hay, February, 1920; The Harper
Adams Soiling Experiment, March, 1920.

* * *

*

Soiling Crops in
General Farming.

* *

1920. | THe Ormskirk Potato Trraus : Reporr. 697

THE Potato Trials at Ormskirk, now famous in the farming
world, were first instituted by the Ministry in 1908 in con-
; sequence of the discovery made in that.
The Ormskirk “ ie ,
; vear that certain potatoes are immune
Potato Trials: . ieee
from Wart Disease. The first trials held
Report for the Bi <<. 3
were of different varieties of potatoes and
Year 1919. | eee.”
j of the action of chemicals on the disease.
In 1999 and 1910 trials were also begun by the Lancashire
County Council on the grounds of the Ormskirk Union, but
were discontinued after the immunity of certain varieties had
been proved. In 1915 the late Mr. Sneil, with the help of.the
Lancashire Farmers’ Association, began similar trials on the
same ground, and these have developed into what are now
known as the Ormskirk Trials. Hitherto they have been
chiefly tests for immunity, but in future cropping and other
qualities of immune varieties, as well as potato diseases other
than Wart Disease, will be investigated at the Potato Testing
Station at Ormskirk, under the auspices of the Ministry and
the National Institute of Agricultural Botany.

The Ministry has just issued the Annual Report of thé
Trials for 1919*—a most interesting publication, compiled by
the late Mr. John Snell, Director of the Ormskirk Potato
Station, and by Miss Evelyn Johnson, his Assistant. The
Report notes that through the kindness of the Ormskirk
Board of Guardians, the farm attached to the Poor Law Insti-
tution was lent once more for the 1919 trials. This land has
shown itself to be thoroughly infested with the spores of the
fungus causing Wart Disease. In 1919, owing to the great
increase in the number of varieties sent for trial and the
limited amount of land available, it was _ necessary,
unfortunately, to conduct the trials on land which had been
cropped with potatoes the previous year. Great care was taken,
however, to remove any tubers left in the soil from the cop
of 1918.

The light sandy loam of the trial grounds is such that, in
order to obtain the best results, the soil should be moist at the
time of planting. If the soil is dry at this time, subsequent
rains do not penetrate, but run off the surface into the bottom
of the ridges. In,1919 practically no rain fell until the end of
June, and many early. varieties gave very low yields, while
second early varieties, such as Arran Comrade, matured

--* Ormskirk Potato Trials. Annual Report for 1919 of the Trials of Potatoes
Immune from Wart.Disease. London : H.M. Stationery Office, 1s. 6d. net., post-free.

693 T's Ormskirk Potato Triaus : Report. [ Nov.,

abnormally early. In the last days of June a very strong north-
west gale caused considerable damage to a number of plots.
It must be clearly recognised, therefore, that in many instances
the yields recorded in the Report may be due to adverse
weather conditions, and are not characteristic of the variety.

The land was ploughed only once, and rotted stable manure
was applied at the rate of 15 tons per acre. Superphosphate at
the rate of 4 cwt. to the acre. and sulphate of ammonia 1} cwt.
to the acre were also used. No potash was available. All the
manures were applied in the drills at the time of planting.

The work of putting in the seed had begun during the second
week of April, 1919, but certain of the plots were not complete
until June, owing to delay on the part of growers in sending
in their stocks. Some specimens, in fact, were not received
‘until the third week in June. Such delay in planting does not
jpermit the varieties to show their cropping qualities to
advantage, and in future it may be necessary to fix a date
after which no potatoes can be received.

Ali varieties were planted at a distance of 28 inches between
the drills and 15 inches between the seeds, and all large tubers
were cut. The Report states that the number of weak stocks
sent in was very noticeable. The sprouts broke late, and were
feeble and spindley. ‘The seed did not decay in the ground,
but remained hard and firm throughout the entire season.
The haulm was weak and the foliage often curled, with the
result that there was a poor crop of small tubers. At lifting
time, some of the susceptible varieties showed undecayed sets
with masses of wart attached to them, a condition not pre-
viously observed on the trial grounds. The reason of this may
be that the sprouts being so late in breaking were not through
the ground before the spores of the disease had become active.
The sprouts were consequently attacked, and warty tissue was
formed on them. As the 1918 crop was harvested under very
adverse weather conditions, it is more than probable that much
seed was unavoidably sweated in the clamps.

An encouraging feature of the 1919 trials was that in spite
of the disadvantages under which growers have worked for the
last few years, the majority of the stocks of the leading immune
varieties were remarkably free from ‘‘ rogues.’’ Growers will
recognise that if Wart Disease is to be combated successfully,
the immune stocks must be kept free from _ susceptible
** rogues.’’ Stocks can be most easily ‘‘ rogued ’’ in the seed
boxes when the potatoes are being sprouted ready for planting.

1920. ] Tae Ormskirk Potato TRIALS : Report. 699

The badly mixed stock of Great Scot, for instance, could have
been purified on the trial grounds, as it was evident at planting
time that tubers with deep purple sprouts were Arran Chief,
but they were deliberately planted as sent. Growers should
refer to the descriptive list of the immune varieties for the
colour of the sprouts. Although the degree of purity in the
immune stocks was high, it was surprising to find that many
of the new varieties sent for the first time consisted of very
mixed stocks. The greatest care is necessary to prevent new
varieties from becoming contaminated with others already in
cultivation.

A notable point in the Report is the fact that during 1919,
for the first time since the trials had been carried out at
Ormskirk, it was observed that the climatic conditions of the
season had a marked effect on the intensity of the disease. In
previous years many of the more highly susceptible varieties
have produced warted tubers in excess of clean tubers. During
the season under review, in practically every case, the propor-
tion of visibly clean tubers was far in excess of the warted
specimens. In those varieties where the proportion of clean
tubers has been, as a rule, greater than that of warted
specimens, a crop of the latter was relatively much less than in
previous years. The Epicure variety, for instance, of which
the warted tubers gave in 1918 1 ton 12 cwt., yielded in 1919
only 3 cwt., and in another case 1 cwt. The yield of President
for warted tubers fell from 3 tons 6 cwt. to 15 cwt.

During the year the Ormskirk experiments in steam sterilisa-
tion of infected soil were continued, but results were indefinite.
It should be noted, however, that Professor Barker has obtained
a clean crop in soil sterilised at 100°C. for 13 hours.

The Report contains a large body of valuable infor-
mation which should be of great assistance to potato
growers. Among the principal features are notes on immune
varieties previously tested and comparative tables showing the
difference between the yield of immune and _ susceptible
varieties, as well as an illuminating paragraph on types and
synonyms. A subsidiary, but not less valuable, report is that
on the cooking qualities of nine well-known varieties, but in
this connection it is to be noted that the quality of a potato is
largely dependent on soil. The flavour of the varieties
mentioned would in all probability be different if the tubers

were grown on other soils.
; * * * * * *

700 PLANTING PoTATOES IN INFECTED AREAS. [ Nov.,

THE Ministry desires to call the attention of potato growers
and dealers in “‘ seed ’’ potatoes to the Ministry’s general
policy with regard to the planting of
first early varieties of potatoes which are
susceptible to Wart Disease in Wart
Disease Infected Areas.

The Ministry has now issued a general
licence authorising the planting of seed
potatoes of any true first early varieties, and also of the variety
‘“ Echpse ’’ and others of that type, in land situated within
any Wart Disease Infected Area, except on land on which
Wart Disease has been known to occur and on condition that
the produce will be used within the Infected Areas only. It
will not be necessary for growers to apply to the Ministry for
individual licences for this purpose.

Licences will, however, be necessary before “‘ seed ’’ of
these varieties may be introduced into an Infected Area,
whether the introducer be the actual grower or is a dealer in
“seed ’’ potatoes. Applications for such licences should be
made to the Ministry at 72, Victoria Street, London, S.W.1,
and should state (1) varieties of potatoes for which licence is
required, (2) the quantity of each variety, and (3) the source
of supply. The Ministry desires it to be clearly understood
that this concession will operate until the 30th April, 1924.

The following varieties are recognised by the Ministry for
planting under this concession:—Duke of York (or Midlothian
Early or Victory); May Queen; Ninetyfold; Epicure; Sharpes
Express; Ringleader; Eclipse; Sir John Llewellyn; Puritan.
Growers wishing to plant any other varieties of true first
early types susceptible to Wart Disease should apply to
the Ministry for permission to do so. No other susceptible
varieties of potatoes may be planted in any Infected Area in
any circumstances.

Planting of
Susceptible Varieties
of Potatoes in
Wart Disease
infected Areas.

ce

Owr1ne to the great loss caused in certain districts by “‘ Corky
Scab,’’ the Ministry undertook a series of small trials this
Corky Scab of season to ascertain if there were any
Potathes: varieties which did not contract this
disease. Most of the varieties tested were

those which are known to be immune from Wart Disease.
‘“ Sharpes Express,’’ a susceptible variety, was also tried at
one of the centres. It is to be regretted that in no case did the
variety fail to take the disease. Although the resistance to it

1920. ] Corky Scas or PoraTors. 701

varied somewhat at one centre, the intensity of the attack was
very severe, and every tuber of ‘“‘ Great Scot ’’ was attacked;
‘“ Golden Wonder ’”’ and “‘ Flourball ’’ were almost as badly
affected, only two or three of the tubers being visibly free. In
this test ‘‘ King George ’’ was not so badly attacked, but even
here the disease was serious, 80 per cent. of the tubers being
affected, but not severely. On another plot where ‘‘ Great
Scot ’’ was attacked to the extent of 95 per cent., “‘ Templar ”’
had 60 per cent. of tubers affected.

The above trials took place in Derbyshire, but a trial at
Gisburn in the West Riding gave a lower percentage of disease.
In this case, however, it was evident that the soil was not
infected to such a great extent as in Derbyshire. All varieties
were attacked, varving from ‘* Edzell Blue ’’ with 30 per cent.,
down to *‘ Ally ’’ with 5 per cent., and ‘‘ Templar ’’ with 4 per
cent. of tubers affected.

In each case the soil was heavy and constantly damp, and
it is known that under these conditions, more especially when
lime is present, the scab has its greatest opportunities of
development.

Further experiments are contemplated next season, when it
is hoped that both drainage and chemical trials may be
undertaken.

* * * * tS *

THE outstanding feature of the bee-keeping industry during
the past few years has been the serious depletion of the
number of stocks of bees in the country,
owing to the so-called ‘‘ Isle of Wight ”’
disease. This disease was first noticed in
_ the Isle of Wight in 1904, and in 1909 it spread to Hampshire
and to the mainland generally. By the year 1918 the stocks
had dwindled to such a serious extent that the Ministry decided
to inaugurate a scheme to re-establish bee-keepine, and, if
possible, to increase its extent. In order to do this it was
essential not only to replace the stocks that had been lost, but
to introduce a race of bees possessing some degree of resistance
to Isle of Wight disease. Fixperiments which had already been
carried out demonstrated that the Italian Bee possessed this
power of resistance to a large extent. Investigations into the
results of these experiments were undertaken by the Ministry's
Technical Adviser on bee-keeping, and, these proving satis-
factory, the Ministry decided that the main feature of the

Restocking of
Bees Scheme.

702 RESTOCKING OF BEES SCHEME. [ Nov.,

Restocking Scheme should be the introduction of the Italian
Bee.

Owing to regulations in force in Italy, however, the expor-
tation of stocks of bees from that country was prohibited, and
it was possible only to introduce Italian Queen Bees. It was
therefore necessary to import from another country the stocks
of bees required for the production of nuclei, or miniature
stocks, to which the Italian blood would subsequently be intro-
duced. Dutch bees were chosen for this purpose for two
reasons—(1) because of their great powers of increase, bv
reason of which the production of nuclei would be accelerated,
and (2) because they were the survivors of a serious attack of
bee disease in Holland some seventy years ago, and therefore
were possessed of a certain immunity from Isle of Wight
disease.

To assist in the work of restocking, County Horticultural
Sub-Committees were asked to form Bee Committees for their
counties, to deal with the establishment of Restocking Apiaries
for the rearing of nuclei and the subsequent introduction of
the Italian blood. This request was responded to by 28 of
the counties in England and Wales.

268 Dutch stocks were ordered, and these were brought
to this country in April, 1919, without the loss of a single
colony. The bees were not in modern movable comb hives,
but in conical straw skeps about 2 ft. high. . 251 were distri-
buted to the above-mentioned Bee Committees, and the
remainder were forwarded, also for restocking purposes, to
the Irish Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruc-
tion, and to private bee-keepers, who, having heard of the
proposed scheme, desired to participate, if the Ministry should
have any surplus stocks in hand. In some cases the bee-
keepers transferred the bees to movable comb hives, but in
others the original straw skeps were retained and are still
being used.

700 pure fertile Ttalian queen bees were ordered from a
reliable queen rearer, and were delivered in consignments by
registered post during the period May-August. Each queen
bee travelled in a small wooden mailing cage having a chamber
for bee-food, and was accompanied by a few worker bees for
the purpose of feeding the queen during the journey and the
period of segregation necessary before actual introduction to a
new hive. 408 queens were despatched to the Restocking
Apiaries, and the remainder to private bee-keepers.

During the summer, a total of 1,171 nuclei, each of which

1920. | RESTOCKING OF BEES SCHEME. 708

was headed by an Italian queen reared from the imported
queens, were raised at these Restocking Apiaries, and, with the
exception of a few that were reserved for the following season’s
work, were distributed to participators in the scheme. This
means that during 1919 the stocks of bees in this country had
been renewed to the extent of about 1,500. These Restocking
Apiaries were examined during the summer by the Ministry’s
Technical Adviser, and, with the exception of three only, were
found to be well managed.

This initial success was a_ sufficient indication of the
advisability of continuing the scheme in the future. for this
to be successful, however, it would be necessary to continue,
year by year, the importation of Italian queen bees for dis-
tribution to the Restocking Apiaries, in order that the stamina
and disease-resisting quality should be maintained. Subse-
quent in-breeding would considerably weaken this strain, and
would ultimately annul the good results already achieved.

Arrangements were accordingly made for the importation
of a supply of Italian queen bees during the summer of 1920.
The demand proved considerably greater than was the case the
previous year, and it was found necessary to order a total of
1,600 queens.

Five additional counties agreed to carry out the Ministry’s
Scheme, owing to the successes achieved elsewhere. It was
decided that no Dutch stocks should be requisitioned for these
counties, but that the Committees should be asked to make
their own arrangements for procuring the necessary stocks to
form the basis of the Scheme.

The deliverv of the queen bees this year commenced some-
what later than was expected, owing to postal and railway
difficulties in Italy, and as a consequence, it was necessary to
reduce the order to 1,555, a number of bee-keepers wishing to
cancel their applications. The queens were received at
intervals and re-despatched from the Ministry during the period
May-September.

The results of this season’s work at the Restocking Apiaries
are not vet reported, but it is anticipated that a larger number
of nuclei will have been disributed than was the case in 1919.
A proportion of the nuclei sent out wiil be kept under observa-
tion, and it is hoped that in this way valuable information will
be obtained as to the manner in which the imported bees have
been able to adapt themselves to the climatic conditions of this
country.

704 ImporTATION OF CANADIAN StoRE Carrie. [ Nov.,

ae ee

The scheme provides for the continued rearing and distri-
bution of nuclei, and, with the annual importation of Italian
queen bees, it is hoped that in a few years’ time the bee-
keeping industry of this country will have been re-established
on a sound basis.

* ok: * = * *

THe Rt. Hon. The Lord Lee of Fareham, G.B.E., K.C.B.,
Minister. ot Agriculture and Fisheries, received, on the
Importation of 30th peuvent a joint St aac from
anadton the Scottish Chamber of Agriculture and

the National Federation of Meat Traders’

Store Cattle. A ad

Associations, urging the removal of the
existing embargo on the importation of store cattle from
Canada.

Sir Isaac Connell, Secretary of the Scottish Chamber, briefly
introduced the deputation, and observed that since the War
there had been a distinct change of view on this important
question.

Mr. J. EK. Esslemont, a Director of the Chamber, in stating
the case for the deputation, recailed the fact that the existing
prohibition was imposed by legislation in 1896, with the express.
purpose of preventing the spread of disease in the herds of this
country. At the present time, however, not only was the
position with regard to disease entirely changed, but also the
situation with regard to meat. Though, hitherto, this subject
had been debated from the contending points of view of the
feeder and breeder, it had now become a consumer’s question.
As disease was non-existent in Canada, it was unfair to main-
tain any longer what was, in effect, preferential or protective
treatment in favour of one branch of the agricultural industry, -
under cover of an Act to keep out disease.

It was admitted that the Canadian frontier of 2,000 miles
was no barrier against disease from the United States, chough

cottish breeders, who were disposed to press this point, were
oblivious of their own protests when an outbreak of disease in
Yorkshire was considered likely to affect the export of pure
bred cattle from Scotland. Moreover, all pedigree bulls.
exported to Canada had to pass the tuberculin test, leaving
bulls that did not pass the test to breed from in this country.
By removing the embargo we would therefore be importing
_an even healthier class of cattle than our own. The supply of
beef would be increased, and an increased output in this, as.

1920. | ImporTATION OF CANADIAN Store Carte. 705

in other commodities, would mean a reduction of prices to the
benefit of the consumer. There was, further, no better way
of maintaining the fertility of the land which had been brought
under the plough during the War than in consuming the
increased crop by feeding cattle. Assuming freights remain
as they are, imported stores would cost less than the present
price of the home-grown animal, and, when finished in this
country, would mean much better beef than the imported dead
meat, whilst the subsidiary occupations connected with
slaughter and the hides would result in material benefit io the
country in general. Finally, and most important of all, there
was the Imperial aspect of the question, which demanded the
removal of the existing restrictions in the interests of the good
relationship between Canada and the Mother Country.

Councillor I’. Masheter, J.P., President, National Federation.
of Meat Traders’ Association, in supporting, drew attention to
the great demand for fresh meat in contrast to that for the
imported article, and submitted that the existing shortage of
cattle and sheep in this country was abundant necessity for
increasing the supply of store cattle. There was reason to
believe that freights would. in future, be considerably lower
than at the present time.

Alderman F. A. Cox, President-elect of the Federation,
observed that it had been stated that the embargo was main-
tained in the interests of Irish exporters, and contended that
any such preferential treatment was unjustifiable. The
principle of the importation of cattle from Canada had, how-
ever, already been accepted by the Ministrv in connection with
Friesian cattle, and he submitted that the period of quarantine
then imposed might be considerabiy reduced in favour of stores.
The requirements of the United States for Canadian store
cattle would probably grow less and less, which would stimulate
the desire of Canadian exporters to find a market in the Mother
Country.

Mr. 1. A. Adoms (Hixecutive Committee of the Federation) ,
reminded the Minister that it had been understood that the
embargo would in any case be removed at the termination of
the War.

Councillor J. Edwards (Executive Committee of the Federa-
tion), drew attention to the great and increasing demand for
milk, on the one hand, and for fresh meat on the other, and
submitted that these demands were irreconcilable and could
not be met without the liberal importation of store cattle.

Sd

706 IMPORTATION OF CANADIAN STORE CaTTLe. [ Nov.,

Lord Lee, in reply, reminded the deputation that there was
very far from being agreement on this important question
amongst the societies and interests concerned, in Scotland as
well as in iingland and Wales. There had been, however,
no political representations of any sort or kind, the issue being
decided purely on its merits as it affected the interests of the
country, and particularly the agricultural interest. It would,
admittedly, be wrong to take advantage of legislation, passed
to protect the flocks and herds of this country against disease,
for fiscal or other purposes at other times, but the statemené
that the position as regards disease had now entirely changed
could not be accepted in view of the facts. While there was no
specific charge against Canadian cattle, the record of which
was one of the cleanest in the whole world, yet the incidence of
the various diseases was so obscure, their vagaries so infinite
and surrounded with mystery in every shape and form, that it
was not possible to import live stock from any quarter of the
globe without, at the same time, incurring a certain definite
risk of disease. The recent outbreak of rinderpest in Belgium
was a case in point, due to live cattle from America in transit,
and actually at the docks at Antwerp, coming into contact with
a cargo of Zebu cattle passing from India to the Argentine.
So far as foot-and-mouth disease in this country was con-
cerned, a scientific inquiry of the most thorough kind had been
recently set on foot by the Ministry to endeavour to discover
the real nature of this disease and its means of communication.

Meanwhile, among those who held the opposite view to that
of the deputation, there was the strongest possible feeling that
the only real protection that we had at present was our insular
position and the maintenance of the isolation it afforded. The
permission given by the Department some time ago for the
importation of certain exceptional Friesian cattle from Canada
did not bear on the main question. In that case the conditions
imposed, including prolonged quarantine, were not only so
severe that no cattle had vet come in, but they were such as
would make the proposal to import store cattle economically
impossible and even ridiculous if a similar procedure were
applied.

Mr. Esslemont had urged that, owing to the increased acre-
age under crop, it was essential that there should be more
stores. The facts, however, were that, owing to existing
labour conditions, the arable acreage was rapidly shrinking in
Scotland as well as in England, and the war-time increase

1920. | Tur HuMANE SLAUGHTER OF ANIMALS. TOT

was not being maintained. In these circumstances, it was to
be regretted that, on its own merits, this argument could not be
accepted. The claim had also been made that imported stores
would mean better and more beef and the advantage of the
offals and subsidiary occupations. With regard to better beef,
that was open to argument, but with regard to the other points
there was, of course, nothing to prevent the importation of
Canadian cattle for immediate slaughter at the ports, which
would increase the suppiy of fresh meat and secure the other
advantages referred to. ‘The statement that Canadian stores
could be imported economicaily in competition with the home
article Was, In any case, open to considerable doubt. Apart,
however, from these considerations, the main point to be
realised was that the existing embargo could only be removed
by fresh legislation, and there was little chance, under
present circumstances, of Parhament giving its consent to any
such measure. With regard to the Imperial aspect »f the
question, this had been taken up by the Canadian Government,
but though no one could be more anxious than he, not merely
to maintain, but to strengthen the ties which bound Canada to
the Mother Country, it would not really help matters to eratify
Western Canadian sentiment at the expense of injuring and
antagonising the British farmer.

After the.most careful and impartial consideration he felt
bound to agree that, in view of the risk involved, the best
possible security was that same moat which had surrounded
these Islands and protected them from every kind of invader,
including disease, for so many centuries, and he regretted to
have to sav that, in his judgment, the arguments that had been
put forward, in favour of removing the existing safeguards,
were far outweighed by the gravity of the objections which
would be urged by the other side.

* * * * * *

Tue Ministry desires to impress upon all concerned the
importance of ensuring that animals are slaughtered in a
humane manner. Since the Commission,
over which the present Minister of Agricul-
ture presided, sat in 1904, there has been
a steady awakening of the public conscience
and a definite improvement in methods of slaughter, but there
is still room for improvement, and the efforts of associations tht
seek to deal with the matter have not availed to introduce into
this country the abattoir system which prevails on the Continent

The Humane
Siaughter of
Animals.

708 Tar HuMANE SLAUGHTER OF ANIMALS. | New

and has done so much to make slaughtering humane. ‘There
are many private slaughter-houses over which the supervision
is unsatisfactory and incomplete, and the Ministry is urging upon
butchers throughout the country the advisability of killing b~
humane methods.

While the pole-axe in the hands of a skilled man is admittedly
most effective, the requisite skill can only be acquired by
practice. Young animals should always be stunned. The
ordinary methods of killing, especially in the case of calves
and pigs, leave much to be desired, and instructions have
recently been issued to the Ministry’s Inspectors to take
steps to ensure that slaughtering on account of outbreaks
of disease is carried out humanely, and by the aid of either
humane killers or, in suitable cases, shot-guns. Officers who
are compelled to slaughter animals (as in cases of foot-and-mouth
disease) are also instructed to employ the most humane methods,
and are further charged to see that any butchers employed by
them are to observe the same principles. The Minister has in
addition given instructions that all officers of the Ministry are to
regard themselves as propagandists of humane methods of
slaughter throughout the country, and laid it down that the
main principle to be kept in view by all concerned is that every
animal should be properly stunned before it is bled.

There are several humane killers on the market, and the
Ministry has adopted one by Messrs. Greener, of Birmingham,
which takes the form of a pistol firing a 0.22 hollow-nosed bullet,
in cartridges both long and short, and is, generally speaking,
capable of stunning sheep and pigs up to 24 stone in weight.
Tn the case of small pigs or lambs, where the charge may
emerge from the skull, or where the animal is being killed for
food, it should be stunned with a suitable hammer or mallet.
Where affected cattle are to be destroyed in the preliminary
stage of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, veterinary
surgeons are advised to employ a shot-gun, because the effect of
a charge of shot is immediate, the charge entering the brain as
a solid mass and immediately spreading, thereby destroying all
sensation.

The widest publicity is sought for these principles of humane
treatment of animals, so long neglected in this country, and
it is hoped that people who find themselves in agreement
with the view taken by the Ministry will do ell in their power
to urge the cause of humane treatment in the slaughter of
animals. It is only by the united action of all who are concerned

1920. | Tue Export or Decrerir Horszs. 709

_with the proper treatment of our livestock that improvement in
the existing conditions can be brought about.

* * * * * *

Some misapprehension still appears to exist as to the
character of the present trade in the export of horses. Before
The Export of the outbreak of war in 1914, the only
Decrepit Horses. control exercised was that provided by the
Diseases of Animals Act, 1910, which pro-
hibited the shipment from any port in Great Britain to the Con-
tinent of Europe of any horse, ass or mule, unless it had been
examined by a veterinary inspector appointed by the Ministry
and certified in writing by him to be capable of being con-
veyed and disembarked without cruelty. It must not be
supposed, however, that the veterinary examination of horses
for export, under the Act of 1910, was indifferently carried out;
on the contrary the examination was rigorous and a high
standard of fitness was enforced, with the result that complaints
from the Continent as to the condition in which the animals
reached the port of debarkation had practically ceased.
Nevertheless, many of those interested in the humane treat-
ment of animals considered that the trade in worn-out horses
should be prohibited altogether. This view was embodied and
made law in the Exportation of Horses Act, 1914, which took
effect on the 1st October of that year.

In view, however, of the Royal Proclamation of the
8rd August, 1914, which prohibited the exportation of animals
{including horses) on the outbreak of war, the general export
trade in horses ceased for the time being. It was not until
October, 1919, in response to demands from the Continent for
horses suitable for agricultural and other work, that the trade
in horses was resumed. Not until the latter date, therefore, did
the Act of 1914 come into active operation. That Act pro-
hibited the shipment of horses from any port in this country
unless certified by a veterinary inspector of the Ministry, after
examination immediately before shipment, to be capable of
being conveyed and disembarked without cruelty, and also of
being worked without suffering. The Act also empowers the
veterinary inspector to slaughter, without the consent of the
owner, any horse presented for examination and found by the
inspector to be in such a physical condition that it is cruel
to keep it alive, or that it is permanently incapable of being
worked without suffering.

B

710 THe Keepinc or Smauu Live Stock. [ Nov.,

Arrangements have been made by the Ministry at the follow-
ing ports for the veterinary examination of horses before
export, namely :—London, Folkestone, Harwich, Hull, Grimsby,
Goole, Leith and Southampton. Explicit instructions have
‘been issued by the Ministry to its veterinary inspectors, in
order to secure that in no case are horses to be shipped unless
their standard of fitness for work fully complies with the
requirements laid down by the Act of 1914. When the trade
-was first resumed in the autumn of last year, a number of
horses were brought forward for shipment which were
obviously below the standard required. These were rejected,
and a large number of them at once slaughtered at the ports.

It is perhaps not generally known that the Horses (Importa-
tion and Transit) Order of 1916, made by the Ministry,
prohibits the carriage by railway or by water of any horse, ass
or mule which, owing to infirmity, illness, injury, fatigue, or
any other cause, cannot be so carried without unnecessary
suffering. Local authorities and police are empowered to
detain any unfit horses which are intended to be so carried,
and both these authorities and the railway companies are
fulfilling the requirements of the law in this connection.

* * * * * *

THE experience of recent years has proved the value to the
nation both of small cultivation and of small live stock keeping.
The latter industry, combined with allot-
ment work, has proved itself to be a most
valuable auxiliary; and even where the
breeder has no other accommodation than
his backyard, the keeping of poultry and
rabbits can be successfully undertaken, where the accommoda-_
tion provided for the animals is in accordance with the require- .
~ ments of the Local Sanitary Authority. Where space is suffi-
cient and other conditions are satisfactory, the keeping of pigs
has also proved profitable. The necessities arising from the
food shortage both in this country and throughout the world
make it urgently advisable to encourage to the utmost both
~ small cultivation and live stock keeping. There is the further
‘point that, in view of the enormous imports into this country
‘of poultry, eggs and bacon, there is an economic opening for
an immediate increase in the home production. The imports
last year of poultry produce alone, for instance, are valued
approximately at £35,000,000. .

The Keeping of
Small Live Stock by
Allotment Holders
and Householders.

1920. | THe Keepinc oF Smauu Live Srocx. 711

Where live stock is kept, it is of course essential that local
sanitary requirements shall be observed. When cultivators
fulfil these requirements, which should be ascertained in cases
of doubt by application to the Local Sanitary Authority, no
objection can be taken to their pursuits on the grounds of
hygiene.

Recently, however, a question has arisen in connection with
the keeping of live stock by private persons which calls for
some clearer public information. It would appear from a
number of letters received by the Ministry, that cases occur in
which landlords do not view favourably the maintenance of
small live stock by their tenants. Provided, however, that the
stock can be kept under suitable sanitary conditions and with-
out danger to public health or interference with the amenities
of the district, proprietors can hardly have sufficient reason for
objection in view of the present needs of the country.

The question is admittedly delicate, and as investigation imto
particular cases is entirely a matter for the Local Authorities
and landlords concerned, the Ministry does not consider that
the matter calls for any official intervention on its part. It
desires, however, to clear away any possible misunderstanding
that may stand in the way of increased production of food
supples. Recognising the importance of private effort in this
direction, the Ministry would remind owners of property of
the importance of increasing the supplies of home-grown food,
and desires to point out that the keeping of live stock not only
replenishes the national larder and reduces imports, but is a
great preventive of waste, as the stock converts much kitchen
and garden refuse into valuable human food. It is therefore
hoped that where tenants of houses and allotments maintain
or are prepared to maintain poultry and small live stock under
sanitary conditions, the owners of such property will give their
tenants every reasonable opportunity of doing so. ‘Tenants on
their part are advised urgently to take all proper care to keep
their stock in sanitary condition, and to do nothing to warrant
any restrictive action on the part éither of their landlord or the
local Health Authorities. The Ministry seeks to afford poultry
keepers and small live stock breeders all possible support .and
encouragement. |

Wide publicity is being given to its wishes in this matter,
and the Ministry, in putting the case before Local Authorities
and property owners, asks that they will not definitely prohibit
the keeping of pigs, poultry and -rabbits, but will permit it

RQ

712 AGRICULTURAL WaGES Boarp. [ Nov.,

when and where it can be carried out under suitable sanitary
conditions and without danger to public health or interference
with the amenities of the district.

* * * * * *

At a meeting of the Agricultural Wages Board on the 23rd
September, Mr. Acland presented a report from the Board’s
Committee on ‘‘ Cottages,’’ which was
unanimously adopted. This report had been
specially prepared in consequence of the
request of the Minister of Agriculture that the Board should
reconsider their policy of allowing the provision of a cottage to
a worker by his employer to be recognised as a “‘ benefit or
advantage ’’ in part payment of minimum wages in lieu of pay-
ment in cash. It gives a considered presentation of the whole
position from the Board’s point of view, and recommends that
the Board adhere to their previous policy in the matter.

The report sets out, in some detail, the action which the Board
has taken, with the reasons which influenced them, and also
gives reasons for their adherence at the present time to the
same policy. It will probably be cf use to many persons through-
out the country who have failed to appreciate the exact effect
cf the Board’s Order, and its relation to the provisions of the
Increase of Rent and Mortgage Interest (Restrictions) Act. It
brings out clearly the point which is sometimes overlooked,
namely, that the Orders of the Board have no direct bearing on
the rents of cottages other than cottages which are provided by
the employer to the worker as part of the contract for his ser-
vices. Where farm workers live in cottages which are not held
from the employer, such cottages do not, of course, come within
the scope of the Board’s Order. The report is published in full
in the issue of the Wages Board Gazette for 1st October, 1920.

Agricultural
Wages Board.

* * * * * *

It has been decided to hold a fourth National Rat Week
from the Ist to 6th Novembér. The object of these rat weeks,
National as may be generally known, is to secure,
Rat Week. by organised and _ simultaneous action
throughout the country, the largest possible

destruction of rats. The responsibility for the destruction of
rats rests by Statute upon the occupiers of premises, and it is
hoped that farmers will take part in these periodical rat weeks,
which should, if supported by the united action of the com-

1920. ] ~ Natronan Rar WEEx. 713

munity, do much to remove or greatly reduce the — caused
by the depredations of these vermin. ~ ~

Previous references to National Rat: Baie held in thé
country appeared in this Journal, September, 1919, pp. 579 and
628 ; November, 1919, p. 770; December, 1919, pp. 867, 987 and
933; and March, pe p. ae ]

* * * * * *
- In the present need “for increased wheat supplies, it is
important to aim ata larger yield per acre. To attain this end,
. - =~ not only should improved varieties be

ad pornave Ohin sown and adequate manuring and cultiva-

Sowing Clean _ ,. ll .

eae | tion methods be adopted, but care should
Cereal Seed, -

~ be taken to sow clean seed in order to

avoid as far’as ‘smile ‘subsequent trouble from weeds.

~-In- this -connection a report has -been- forwarded to the
Ministry by: Mr. John Porter, Agricultural Organiser for
Buckingham, in-which it is pointed out that rye-like brome
grass (Bromus secalinus) is overlooked by many farmers, and
by others is considered to be a species of wild cereal. This
. obnoxious weed has made its appearance in winter cereals
both in‘ Buckingham and Hereford, very possibly owing to the
seed having been present in the seed grain.
~My. Porter points out that where farmers who eTow cereal
srain for seed have this weed in a crop, they should open the
screen of their threshing mill a little wider when threshing;
the seeds of this weed, being of about the same size as tail
wheat, would be sifted out ae the latter. The sample of grain
would be improved and a higher price obtained, and the weed
seeds could either be ground down for feed or fed to poultry.

Farmers.who are in the slightest doubt as to the purity of
their seed grain should consult“their County -Agricultural
Organiser. — we hide .

714 Tae Lincotn Tractor Triars, 1920. [ Nov.,

NOTES ON THE LINCOLN TRACTOR
: TRIALS, 1920.

Tompson Cuiosz, B. J. OwrEn, B.Sc. (Hing.), and
H. G. Ricuarpson, M.A., B.Sc.

Tue recent trials of farm tractors at Lincoln were organised
by the Royal Agricultural Society of England in conjunction
with the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, who
were responsible for the highly successful trials of last year.
The trial ground was in close proximity to that chosen in
1919, and presented very similar features. The chief difference
between the two trials was the method adopted by the Royal
Agricultural Society of placing machines in a definite order
of merit and awarding gold and bronze medals. In certain
classes where the competitors numbered only three (some
reduced to a single tractor), two and one, this method had an
air of unreality, and the competition was in effect restricted
to classes 1, 2 and 7.

Hntries were accepted under seven classes, which are set
out below. It will be observed that there were three classes
for internal-combustion tractors, one for steam tractors, one
for “‘ self-propelled ploughs,’’ and two for cable sets; the last-
named, it will be recalled, did not figure in the 1919 trials.

Class 1.—Internal Combustion Direct Traction, not exceeding 24 H.P.,

. suitable for ploughing two furrows 10 inches wide by 6 inches deep.

Class 2.—Internal Combustion Direct Traction, not exceeding 30 H.P.,
suitable for ploughing three furrows 10 inches wide by 6 inches deep.

Class 3.—Internal Combustion Direct Traction, over 30 H.P., suitable
for ploughing four furrows 10 inches wide by 8 inches deep.

Class 4.—Direct Traction Steam Engine, suitable for ploughing four
furrows 10 inches wide by 8 inches deep. Engines to comply with Light
Road Locomotive Acts.

Class 5.—Internal Combustion Double Engine Set, with wire rope
haulage for ploughing three or four furrows 10 inches wide by 8 inches
deep. Engines to comply with Light Road Locomotive Acts.

Class 6.—Double Steam Engine Set, with wire irope haulage for
ploughing three or four furrows 10 inches wide by 8 inches deep.
Engines to comply with Light Road Locomotive Acts.

Class 7.—Self-propelled plough for ploughing not more than four
furrows of not more than 10 inches wide by not more than 8 inches deep.

Design.—Among the machines competing in the various
classes there was striking uniformity in design and construc-

1920. ] THe Lincoutn Tractor Trias, 1920. 715

tion, although it is possible to divide the whole of classes 1, 2,
3 and 7 into two main types:—

(a) Those in which the whole of the machinery is built

up in one block of casting, t.e., there is no frame;

(b) Those in which there are separate units on a frame.
Broadly speaking, very little difference was observed between
the machines which competed this year and last year. It
would seem as if for the time being the manufacturers regard
design as having reached finality, and are content with minor
improvements. In this connection it may be remarked that
manufacturers and designers have naturally been strongly
influenced by the example of horse ploughing, and have
regarded the tractor as a substitute for the horse. This, and
the fact that the motor car and tractor industries are closely
linked, may have led to the neglect of the possibilities of the
conversion of power into rotary motion; the problem is
engaging the attention of French manufacturers and will
require close investigation in this country. It is one, how-
ever, in which the question of the act of cultivation cannot
be separated from the question of the tractor, a point to which
reference is made later.

Weight in Relation to Horse-power.—In the more recent
designs of tractor there has been a tendency to reduce weight
per horse-power, and it was worth noting that the Fordson
Tractor—the lightest of all—is only 1 cwt. per horse-power, as
compared with 3 and 4 cwt. per horse-power in the case of
heavier machines. It is evident, however, that the whole
question of weight in relation to horse-power is at present
little understood. Weight per horse-power should be, and
undoubtedly will be, universally regarded as a necessary
element in the selection of a machine for any particular class
of work, and though this factor is already ascertainable and
will presumably be indicated in the report to be issued on the
trials, farmers in general have no idea of what it means in
actual practice or its relation to their problems.

Caterpillar-track Machines.—Another problem is that of the
relative efficiency of wheels and caterpillar track. Reference
was made to this subject in the comments on last year’s
trials in the issue of this Journal for October, 1919. No
definite opinion can be stated until a very protracted test is
made under more varying conditions than those which pre-
vailed this year. The caterpillar type is intended to avoid
undue weight on the land. The general features of the

716 : Tae Lincoin Tractor Trias, 1920. [Nov.,

design are too familiar to need description. ‘The principle is
to reduce the insistent weight* on each square inch of the’
land on which the. creeper stands, and also to: present a very
large area for gripping or adhering to the ground. Results
so far have demonstrated the superiority of the caterpillar
tractor over the wheeled tractor ‘on wet soils, where the track
machine, with its low intensity of pressure upon the soil,
shows itself to greater advantage than on a dry light soil. The
wheeled machines practically group themselves in efficiency
more or less in proportion to the weight per square inch
carried, on the contact with the ground. It was clearly demon-:
strated in last year’s trials that heavy weight is not necessary:
to provide tractive effort, and that, with efficient forms of:
grip, light machines. are successful.

Many designs of caterpillar track exist, and a discussion of.
the merits and demerits of each would require a very lengthy
statement. There is, however, considerable room for improve-
ment in the chain track itself, as well as in its supports and.
anti-friction devices. The variation in resistance to haulage and
to work is as great as exists between one system and another,
not merely in static resistance to starting but in dynamic
resistance to haulage. There is ample scope here for investiga-
tion and comparative tests at the hands of any research associa-
tion or institute that may be established in connection with
agricultural machinery.

Adhesion.— Adhesion depends for its effectiveness on three
conditions: (1) the amount of wheel or track in contact with
the ground; (2) the kind of gripping devices attached to the
wheels or track; and (3) the weight of the machine. The
second point, to which attention was drawn last year,
especially needs further investigation.. Various methods are
now employed to obtain ap adhesion necessary. Thev fall into
three classes:— |

(1) Angle i iron at an acute eal on the rim of. the wheels;

(2) Projecting angle iron at-an acute angle to the wheels;

(3) Variously shaped spuds or spikes. -
Each class employed at the trials seemed to do its work fairly
efficiently, but sufficient data are not at present obtainable for
comparison. There is undoubtedly considerable variation both
in the adhering power of and the resistance exerted by the
different devices, and a searching test shold be carried out to
ascertain the effectiveness of each type.

1920. ] | THe Lincoun Tractor Trias, 1920. 3 3

Tractor Wheels in Furrow.—While it may be-doubted whether
it is In every way desirable to have one of the tractor wheels
running in the furrow, it was observed that when this is the
case the tractor is more or less self-steering, and allows the
operator to direct more attention to the plough. The furrow
wheels, however, should be of such a width as not to
necessitate the making of too wide a furrow.

New Improvements and New Machines.—lt is not necessary
to give a detailed description of the machines which took
part in the ‘trials, particularly since the great majority were
competing last year. It may be remarked generally that a
good deal of attention has evidently been given to points of
detail with a view to ease in handling and saving of wear-
and-tear.

With one or two exceptions all machines included brakes,
and attention has been paid to springing. There were very
few exposed gear drives, and in most instances vital parts were
fully enclosed, although with due regard to the need for
accessibility. In most machines provision had been made for
alteration of drawbar connection in a horizontal direction, but
all had not been provided with easy adjustment in a vertical
direction, and those not so provided suffered in consequence.

- Another point to which some manufacturers had paid attention
was the application of a spring appliance for minimising the strain
on the machine when the plough struck an earth-fast stone.
A release device might have been incorporated with this
appliance, to detach completely the plough under the strain
of a heavy shock. Such an appliance should, however, be an
integral part of the tractor, and not merely a casual device
inserted in the drawbar connection. |
* Many machines were obviously too complicated for the
- ordinary farm hand, and the advice given last year, by a
well-known farmer, that tractors should be made simple to
suit the simple folk in the country, may well be repeated. - A
remarkable feature possessed: by a self-contained machine may
be mentioned: it had an electric outfit of a complicated design,
which would necessitate handling by an expert mechanic, and
the ordinary farm 7 would: be > helpless at the slightest
ase

Certain of the machines competing for the first time call
for a few words of comment. In this connection it may be
remarked that a well-known name is no evidence that a
machine is designed on the same lines as a namesake of

718 Tue Lincoin Tractor Triais, 1920. [Nov.,

earlier years; a poet change of design has been adopted
in several instances where the old name has been retained.

In Class 1 the new machines were the British Wallis, the
new Saunderson, the Case and the Samson—two British and
two American.

The British Wallis is a modified and considerably improved
pattern of the old three-wheeled American Wallis. The most
obvious alteration has been the addition “of another wheel,
making it a four-wheeler, but there are many other detailed
modifications, which add to its usefulness. The other British
machine, the Saunderson, is, as regards the general principles
of its design, a replica on a smaller scale of the standard model
‘““G@”’ tractor of the Saunderson Company. It has the same
two-cylinder vertical engine and arrangement of clutch, gear-
box and final drive.

The Case comes from a well-known American firm, and the
machine is very original in detail design from front to rear.
One-piece cast frames have been used previously, but never on
the style of this machine, in which an extremely strong cast-
iron member runs from front to rear, carrying on its front end
the radiator; the engine is disposed midway across the frame
which, at the rear, serves also to support a gear box and axle
case. The Sylphon Thermostat is a useful feature of the Case.
It is a device, controlled directly by the heat of the engine and
cooling water, which operates to bring the engine itself, when
starting from cold, rapidly to the temperature at which it will
best vaporise fuel, and maintains it at that temperature
throughout the whole period of its working. This effect is
attained by means of a valve, which is opened or closed as
the temperature of the cooling water rises and falls, and which,
when closed, throttles the circulating water pipe between
engine and radiator, and thus controls the amount of cooling ~
water which passes to the engine.

The other new American machine in Class 1, the Samson,
resembles externally the Fordson. An interesting feature in
this machine is the lubricating arrangement. There are only
a couple of holes through which oil need be poured occasionally ;
no other attention of that kind is necessary. The Samson is
of the type of machine in which the engine and transmission
case are bolted together to form one complete unit which acts
as the frame of a chassis.

In Class 2 there were twenty-one machines, and of these
no fewer than eight were making their first appearance in

1920. ] THe Lincotn Tractor Triaus, 1920. 719

— — —

trials in this country. Of the eight, three were of British
manufacture, one was Canadian and the remaining four were
American.

The British machines were the British Wallis, the Peter-
boro and the Pick. The first has already been referred
to in Class 1. The Peterborough is designed and constructed
on excellent lines. The Pick resembles, in general design,
the Austin and Fordson types. The most noticeable feature
is the overlapping strakes which are embodied in the back
wheel construction. This arrangement is cast solid with the
main body of the wheel. So designed, the wheel, even on
sticky soil, remained unchoked.

The Canadian machine, the Chase, has several interesting
features. It is three-wheeled, without the disadvantages
usual in that class of machine: it is easily manceuvred on
the headlands by eliminating the differential gear and putting
the drive on the two rear wheels under the control of the
operator, who can, therefore, when turning the headlands,
declutch the inside wheel and drive only on the outer.

Among the American machines, the Case is a larger edition
of the model entered in Class 1. The Hart Parr is entirely
new. The principal point of interest is in the engine, which
is a two-cylinder, slow-running horizontal unit, transmitting
through a clutch and series of plain spur wheels to the
differential on the rear axle. The frame of this machine is
also, in the main, a casting made extremely strong with the
object of eliminating any risk of distortion.

The Twin City, another new machine, is an American
product with an unusual feature in the engine; it has four
valves to each cylinder, two for induction and two for exhaust.
In designing the frame the manufacturers have made an
interesting departure; the frame serves as a casing for the
transmission gear, but does not actually form a part of the
engine, which is suspended within it.

The Parrett tractor attracted considerable attention, mainly
on account of its somewhat unusual appearance, caused by the
large diameter and.the wide spread of its wheels. This con-
struction has a decided advantage at the headlands, since it
considerably facilitates the turning operation.

Performance.—A detailed review of. the trials must
necessarily await the report of the Judges, but the present
opportunity may be taken to give the impressions that were
received in watching the machines at work.

720 Tue Lincoun Tractor Triars, 1920. [Nov.,

The ploughing tests were easily performed on the ight land
by all classes of machines. Every machine appeared to com-
plete its work in practically the same time, and the result
approached a fairly high standard. In the case of the
ploughing on heavy land the large number of competitors
did not permit of each class working the same field. The com-
peting tractors were put to work in three fields, ‘and there was
a considerable difference between them in the strength of the
soil. The light machines in Class 1 found the work difficult,
and, in fact, failed to plough at the required depth. The water
in their radiators appeared to be constantly at boiling point,
and often the draught registered per furrow in this land was
as heavy as 9001b., sometimes reaching 1,0001b. The machines
were incapable of pulling a constant load of over 600 lb. per
furrow with three furrows. Undue strain was evident upon
the machines, and the representatives in this class certainly
took a serious risk in attempting this heavy task. The per-
formance of other classes in the ploughing competition ‘calls
for no special comment, and will be discussed in the article
which it is proposed to publish after the Judges’ Report is
issued.

The trial included a barn-yard machinery test, which
appeared, however, to be limited to a brake load test equivalent
to the power necessary to drive a 4 ft. 6 in. threshing drum.
The object was clearly to ascertain roughly whether a machine
was capable of driving farmyard machinery. To give results
of real value, however, it would be necessary to arrange a
comprehensive brake horse power test, including the determina-
tion of rated load, varying load, maximum load and half load,
in relation to fuel consumption, horse-power, hours per
gallon, &c. It must be recognised, however, that such a
test would require more equipment than was on the ground.

A hauling test was conducted on a hilly road of good surface
with a cael sharp gradient. Many failures occurred, due
invariably to the wheels slipping, and not to lack of power.
Many of the machines were not equipped for such a test, and
ran on smooth wheels, sometimes failing on a gradient of
1 in 9.8. Machines equipped with wood blocks and rubber
treads found no difficulty in ascending the hill. y
. Various other tests were made to show the efieney of. the
machines under all conditions.

* Self-contained Machines.—It_ was bearvSe that sd
machines were regarded very favourably by many attending

1920. | Tue Lixcotn Tractor Trias, 1920. 721

the trials. The extreme facility with which they can be
steered and handled makes them suitable for short headlands
and small fields. Last year the report of the judges showed
a very high fuel consumption; which was disappointing, and
it is to be hoped that an improvement will be indicated in the
forthcoming report.

Cable Sets.—Comment has been reserved on the cable sets,
which provided a new feature for this year’s trials. The steam
set does not require special description, but the two internal
combustion sets, one manufactured by Messrs. Fowler and
the other by Messrs. McLaren, deserve notice. The former
is a powerful machine, each unit being a 60 H.P. petrol engine
of conventional type, mounted in the usual position in front,
with the shaft longitudinal. The winding drum is underneath,
as in the familar steam model, and the whole plant is very
substantially built. The Mclaren set is a lighter machine
embodying a different design; a form of windlass at the rear
did the duty of the customary suspended drum.

These equipments are likely to be highly favoured in
countries where difficulties are met with in providing coal or
wood fuel and a suitable water supply, and where there is
an ample supply of oil fuel. It will be interesting to observe
whether there is any tendency for oil to displace steam in
cable ploughing in this country, but it is understood that the
manufacturers have the foreign market in view, at least to
a very large extent. In any case, no comparison can be
drawn between the cable sets and the mobile tractor, as their
work falls in entirely different classes, and only very exception-
ally can they ever be in competition.

Costs.—It is to be hoped that in their report the judges
will remark upon the relation of cost to units of power. The
prices of tractors and self-propelled ploughs vary from about
£300 to £600; but the capital expenditure is only one factor,
and fuel consumption and general upkeep are points to which
farmers need to pay the closest attention. It is true that
in a trial of brief duration running costs cannot be estimated
with any close degree of accuracy, but the facts elicited over
the nine days of the trials may yet be of some assistance in
establishing a basis of comparison between machines.

Conclusions.—The awards of gold and bronze medals were-
announced at the conclusion of the trials, and have been
published in the press. Without disparaging in any way

722 Tne Lincotn Tractor Triars, 1920. [ Nov.,

the machines which were distinguished by the judges, it may _
be questioned whether the awards will in any way assist either
prospective purchasers of tractors or the tractor. industry.
Until the judges’ report is published it is, of course, impossible
to know what were the precise points of superiority upon
which. the awards were based, but from the nature of the
regulations and tests and the duration of the trials it is
certain that factors which are of supreme importance could
not be taken into consideration. It is very questionable
whether under any conditions the competitive element is a
desirable ingredient in scientific trials, but until design and
construction have attained some definite standard anything in
the nature of a competition appears positively undesirable,
since uniformity of tests or conditions cannot be obtained.
Last year’s report demonstrated that even machines of the
same make could not be effectively compared and contrasted
under the present trial regulations. The statistics showed
that identical machines ploughed aitogether different acreages
per hour at different ccst for fuel. From this fact it may be
hazarded that if similar machines underwent a similar trial
to-day a series of results would be obtained substantially
different from those recorded last year.

Apart from these considerations, it must be emphasised that
a test of a carefully tuned machine over a few days only, and
in the hands of an expert operator, affords no criterion what-
soever of the reliability or the durability of the machine in
farming practice; and if this is not demonstrated, any test
is robbed of the greater part of its value.

To turn to a more technical point, it may be suggested that
the method of classification by the formula adopted to measure
horse-power is also open to criticism. ‘This formula was
based upon the declared revolutions, the piston area and
stroke. Classification by such a formula is clearly open to
improvement, as it is impossible to ensure that the competitor
will actually run his engine at the revolutions declared. A
competitor may, on this account, put identically the same
machine in two different classes, the description of the
machine being similar, with the exception of the revolutions.
In practice this may not be serious, and it will afford makers
a chance of putting their machines into the class most suitable
for them. The whole question is admittedly difficult. Based
on cylinder dimension, only the extreme high speed can give
the best results, although, obviously, this is the least suitable

1920. | Tse Lincotn Tractor Triaus, 1920. 723

for practical work. A suggested alternative is to classify by
weight, which would give a fair standard of comparison.

The decision of the Royal Agricultural Society to require
the use of similar ploughs for identical tests has met with
_ considerable criticism, not, it may be suggested, without sub-
stance. It is understood that the object was to discover which
tractor did the greatest acreage on the least fuel with a given
kind of plough. The implied premise is surely a false one.
Power to plough two or more furrows, is no criterion of the capa-
city of a machine, for conditions vary with the same plough,
even with the same setting—if that is possible to obtain, which
is very doubtful.

There seems no practical reason why all kinds of ploughs
should not be allowed. No tractor can be tested for efficiency
in ploughing if it has not a plough suited to it. As foreign
ploughs were excluded, some machines were handicapped; the
best results could not be obtained with the ploughs supplied,
and it is evident that the results are less valuable than they
would have been if every machine had the option of using
the plough to which it was best suited. Drawbar pull can be
stated in definite figures, and the capacity of the tractor thus
ascertained. It would be better if each machine were allowed
its own particular plough and if a lengthy dynamometer test,
giving definite figures, were adopted. The comparison would
be placed on a scientific and easily calculable basis.

With regard to the actual ploughs used, it may be remarked
that they were efficient, although, as compared with American
types, on the heavy side. Considerable trouble was experienced
with the “ self-lift ’’ device, but this appeared to be due to
adjustment and not to weakness in design. ‘The decision to
insist upon uniformity of type had the advantage of bringing
home to every spectator the need for further research in the
design of ploughs. It was shown without question that a
plough of the same design and setting will turn a very different
furrow at different speeds.

The economical speed of mechanical traction is more than
double that of the horse, and the mould boards which will
need to be developed are those which will perform the work
with greater speed and equal excellence. To the disappoint-
ment of many tractor manufacturers, and to the loss of agri-
culture, plough designers have not yet put upon the market
implements which will take into account the requirements of
mechanical traction. | Undoubtedly a great deal of patient

724 Tue Lincotn Tractor Triaus, 1920. [ Nov.,

scientific work is called for, and it will be necessary to examine
the question whether the type of furrow at present favoured
by farmers is essential.

A word may finally be said in reference to the com- .
mercial aspect of the trials, which it may be suggested is the
sphere in which they will be of the greatest use. As com-
pared with: last year, the attendance and interest appeared to
be markedly smaller, and it may be attributed, at least in
large measure, to the decision not to have an exhibition of
machinery in connection with the trials. The exhibition was
undoubtedly a great attraction last year, and it does not seem
unreasonable to suggest that agricultural machinery should
be displayed for exhibition purpose where there are facilities
for observing it at work as well as on the stand. In future
trials it is to be hoped that this feature will reappear.

1920.] THe Use or Somine Crops in GenpRaL FarMInG. 725

fae. USE. OF SOILING CROPS “IN
GENERAL FARMING.

Jas. C. Brown, P.A.S.I.,

Vice-Principal and Lecturer in Agriculiure, Harper Adams
Agricultural College, Newport, Salop.

Iv is probable that the twentieth century will see great
changes in the existing agricultural practice of this country.
The early nineteenth century witnessed the perfection of the
four-course system of farming, and during the later years of
that century it was accepted, with local modifications, as the
system best suited to the conditions of this country; indeed,
tenants were often tied by agreement to make no changes. In
many cases the British farmer was expected to accept the practice
of his fathers without question, and to strugele against low
prices as best he could. New ideas, however, prompted by
scientific investigation and the changed economic conditions
existing throughout the world, have of late years forced the
farmer to review his methods. The four-course system was estab-
lished during a period of cheap labour and high prices. With the
increased cost of labour and shorter hours, the farmer will be
obliged either to cut down his costs per acre, or increase his
yield of produce. This problem faces all those connected with
the farming of land with compelling insistence. The profits of
the war period are passing, and with-the high costs of production
and the inevitable fall in prices profits are not likely to be as
creat in the immediate future.

That farmers are apprehensive of the future is shown by the
increased tendency to put land under grass; yet it is of the
greatest importance that, in the interests of maintaining the
national food supplies, all suitable land should be kept under the
plough and made to yield an economic return.

Of the two methods referred to by which farmers may meet
the situation, viz. (1) either to increase the value of the produce
per acre above the cost of production, or (2) to lower the cost of
production while maintaining the yields at the existing level, the
latter alternative is the more attractive. The immediate need
is the application of new and less costly processes without
reducing returns, so that the new arable land may not revert
to the less productive grass.

Cc

726 THe Use or Sominc Crops 1x Generat Farmine. [Nov.,

There are many scientific reasons which can be given in
favour of the four-course rotation ,but other methods of preparing
land to receive a particular crop are known which are found to
give quite satisfactory results. Cereals following grass are pro-
verbially good, especially when the grass has been down for
several years. Cereals also give good yields after fallow crops.

In this connection the results obtained on the Harper Adams
Agricultural College Soiling Farm offer food for thought.
Methods of cultivation have been tested which may have wide- |
spread application to English farming, especially in relation to
economical production. One method has been established of pre-
paring land for cereals by preceding the cereals with a soiling
crop known as the Harper Adams Soiling Crop No. VI. This
crop 1s a mixture of :—

Beans ; or gut <i 1 bushel
Maple field peas 3
Vetches ass 4
Clemrotheray or pane oats.. Ge. 2

This mixture cleans the land rte entirely of weet and pul-
verises the soil to a fineness which cannot be equalled by any
form of mechanical cultivation. The ground is also fertilised as
effectively as when farmyard or artificial manures are ordinarily
employed. The effect of this crop on the succeeding one was
clearly noticeable in the trials when the results were compared
with those obtained from crops dressed with farmyard manure
and preceded by rye without the leguminous plant.

The mixture gives the heaviest yields when sown in March or
early April, but, in Shropshire, it has been found to give very
heavy yields when sown as late as the 5th May: 20 tons per
acre of green fodder can be obtained from this mixture on good
land.

The possibility of growing this mixture as a grain crop suggests
itself, but it is doubtful whether, in this case. the fertilising effect
on the land would be equally good. There is little doubt that
when a crop is allowed to ripen its seed, the land is left more
impoverished than when the same crop is cut green. Fresh
swede or mangold tops, when ploughed in, greatly enrich the
soil for the succeeding corn crop, but little result is noticed if
this green manure is allowed to decay on the surface. In the
same way the unexhausted roots of the beans, peas and vetches,
when the mixture is cut green, may have a greater manurial

value than when the same plants are harvested ripe. The results
obtained at the Harper Adams College suggest that, on heavy

1920.] THe Use or Sorninc Crops tv GENERAL FARMING. 127

clays, the bare fallow might be eliminated by growing Soiling
Crop No. VI and wheat in alternate years. These crops would
keep the land quite clean and in good condition without the need
of any expenditure on manures, while the mechanical texture of
the soil would be improved. The processes of cultivation, except
ploughing and harrowing, would be performed by the crops
themselves. If the crop were cut for green fodder, sowing wheat
with the mixture in the spring to obviate the difficulty of autumn
ploughing is worth consideration. Autumn wheat sown late
in the spring stools only the first year, producing ears the second
year. If the Soiling Crop No. VI is to be cut for seed this
practice could not, of course, be adopted. The method is worth
experiment, not only on clay land but on any land which is
likely to go down to grass just at the time when wheat is urgently
needed.

Soiling crops may also be grown to reinforce the pastures in
early summer and in autumn, and also to produce part of the
hay crop on arable land instead of obtaining the hay entirely
from existing grassland. It is an established fact that average
permanent grass is much more valuable for grazing than for
mowing for hay, as its yield of hay is small and the quality of
the produce is not always of the highest, while the land may
be needed for pasturing. Instead of increasing the area of the
farm under grass a much better practice would be to use the
permanent grass to a greater extent for pasture, and to obtain
the hay required from part of the new arable land. Heavy
crops of pea and oat hay* of much superior quality to and of
considerably higher yield than average meadow hay can be
obtained from arable jand. The crop also makes an excellent
preparation for a cereal seed bed, as it leaves the soil clean
and enriched.

In districts where the annual rainfall is less than about
85 inches, this method of keeping the arable land in cultiva-
tion is probably preferable to laying down new temporary
pastures. In the drier districts temporary grass may fail to
give a profitable return after the first vear, while there is a
risk that the pasture may fail to establish itself. In general.
the period of high value of permanent grass is very short, and
occurs between about the middle of May and the end of July.
During these months the stock-carrying capacity of the land
is relatively high, and if the land is stocked to its full capacity

* An account of this crop was published in this Journal, February, 1920,
p. 1100
c 2

728 THE Uses oF Somninc Crops In GENERAL FARMING. [ Nov.,

at this period there will not be enough pasture for the animals
when the grass begins to deteriorate in July, while if the farm
is lightly stocked much inferior growth accumulates on the
land. It is suggested that a great increase in the stock-
carrying capacity of the country could be made by using the
grass land to a greater extent for pasture, and devoting the
excess of arable land to the cultivation of three of the soiling
crops which have been found suitable at the Harper Adams
Agricultural College. These crops may be fed to stock of all
kinds on the grass land after the summer flush of grass is over.
The three soiling crops referred to are:—

(1) Crop VII, a mixture of field peas 1 bushel, buckwheat

1 bushel, and rape 4 |b. per acre.

(2) Crop I, a mixture of giant rye and winter vetches.

(3) Crop VI (see p. 726).
Crop VII may be sown after Crop I, while Crop VI will be off
the ground in time for the land to be sown with wheat or rye,
for which it is an excellent preparation. A rotation of (1)
Crop I, (2) Crop VII, (8) Wheat, (4) Crop V1, could be
practised successfully, giving four crops in three years with
one-third of the land under wheat. Crops I and VII could be
used as green fodder, and Crop VI and the wheat crop allowed
to ripen their seed.

Last year the experiment of planting a second crop on land
which had carried a crop of pea and oat hay was tried. Several
kinds of hardy kale were tested, Russian kale proving to be
the best for the purpose. The kale plants were ploughed in
every furrow early in August, and were not further cultivated;
they rooted readily, and continued to grow until November,
when growth ceased. The winter conditions were favourable,
and the plants commenced to grow again about the beginning
of February. In April flowering commenced, the crop being
then about 4 feet high. ‘The cows were pastured on the crop
and consumed the succulent growth greedily. This plan of
erazing off the crop, however, proved to be a mistake, as the
land, being of a heavy nature, was badly “‘ poached ’’ by the
treading of the animals, and difficulty was experienced in
preparing it for the succeeding crop. On suitable soils, how-
ever, the practice might be worth adopting where the pea and
oat hay mixture is grown. One drawback to the practice of
growing green fodder crops for consumption on grass land is
the cost of handling the produce, but this may be greatly
reduced by using a mower, instead of the scythe, for cutting the
crop, and employing a hay ‘‘ bogey ’’ with a low platform,

%

yt 18
ei he res
% #,.. /

3th June.

The mixture was sown on 1

o

Showing Crop VII one month before the time for cuttin

e

The mixture was sown on 6th May.

Neighbouring portions of the crop are shown side by side.

Showing Crop VI at the time of cutting.

6 the Ci ee ete ee cw wee Oe.

a

-

° =

ae Pa Ce “ak = p

1920.] Tae Usz or Somine Crops In GENERAL FARMING. 729

instead of a cart or wagon, for carrying the produce. It has
been suggested to the writer that the operation of unloading in
the field might be avoided if feeding racks carried on large
wheels were constructed so that they could be filled with the
green fodder and-drawn to the grass field, and when emptied
returned to the fodder crop to be refilled, the rack taking the
place of the ordinary cart or wagon. The practice of
tethering, so common on the Continent, does not seem suitable
in this country, and the “‘ poaching ’’ of land in wet weather
would undo much of the good brought about by the pulverising
effect of the roots of the leguminous crops.

In conclusion, the writer would earnestly urge agriculturists
to consider the suggestions here outlined. Peas, beans, and
vetches are neglected crops to-day, although they figured promi-
nently in British agriculture before the era of the turnip. They
enrich the soil, and perform the work of the harrow and the
cultivator. When mixed with cereals, they make a growth so
dense as to destroy practically all weeds, and so make hoeing
unnecessary.

We may perhaps hope that, just as in the eighteenth century
the cultivation of the turnip increased the productiveness of the
agriculture of this country, so may the general adoption of soiling
crops on our farms mark the commencement of a new period of
prosperity in the era which les before us.

730 CotTTAGE RESTORATION AND ADAPTATION. [ Nov.,

COTTAGE RESTORATION AND
ADAPTATION.
MaxwELL AyYRTON, F.RI.B.A.

Prior to the War the repair and adaptation of old cottages
to modern requirements for the accommodation of the land
worker, for whom they were originally built, had practically
ceased. Cottages and farm buildings were allowed to become
derelict by the hundred, and only here and there a more
thoughtful landlord called in expert advice to restore them to
life. More often, however, such restoration was undertaken
by enterprising townsmen for conversion to that creation of
the last thirty years, the ‘‘ week-end ’’ cottage.

The reason for this apathy towards the improvement of old
buildings is not far to seek. In the great majority of cases
where labourers’ cottages were wanted the work was entrusted
to the estate agent, bailiff or local builder. In such circum-
stances it was undoubtedly cheaper to abandon the old
cottages and build entirely afresh. A brick box, slate roof,
imported doors and windows, and a blind eye for defects
coverable by paint made it possible to satisfy the needs of the
moment very cheaply in those days. The erection of new
cottages also involved little trouble and less skill. The art of
planning alterations and additions and the repair of existing
buildings, on the other hand, is an exacting one, calling for
hard brain work, experience, ingenuity and skill.

The architect, however, is rapidly coming into hisown. The
general public has realised the importance of his profession .
more in the last twelve months than in the same number of
years before the War. Publications, exhibitions and the
interest shown by the daily press have raised the standard of
cottage planning and developed the public appreciation of
good work.

It is difficult for those unacquainted with design in build-
ings to grasp the possibilities which lie in an old tumble-down
building. To them the first solution of a problem appears the
only one. How frequently dreadful botches of planning and
impractical and uneconomical additions or alterations are
excused on the ground that ‘‘ this was the ‘ only possible ’
way in which the work could be done! ”’

It may be taken as a sound axiom that any old building
which has been built on reasonably good constructive lines

1920. | CotrTaGE RESTORATION AND ADAPTATION. 791

lends itself to additions or alterations on at least as good lines
as the original.

Such problems may be likened to a jig-saw puzzle, and
should be entered upon in much the same spirit—that of
certainty that, given the necessary patience and time, it can
be solved—and that ideas must be as easily put aside as the
pieces that do not fit, until the general lines are established,
when the remainder will fall into place to make a complete
and perfect whole.

The extremity in which the country finds itself through
lack of housing has to be met by every means conceivable.
The necessity for preserving every buiding fit for human
habitation, if only temporarily, was obvious as soon as the
acuteness of the present situation was realised, with the result
that the work of restoration, addition, conversion and alteration
is now being carried out on a much larger scale than ever
before. }

The importance of preserving existing houses becomes
ereater as each month passes, and the difficulties of the pre-
sent scheme for housing become more apparent.

It cannot be urged too strongly that such work should be placed
in the hands of sound architects. Without wishing in any way
to detract from the capabilities of the estate agent, bailiff or
builder, it must be clear that architecture is not part of their
work, and they should not be expected to undertake duties
obviously outside their own province.

The chief difficulty which has to be overcome in dealing
with old cottages, and probably the one most frequently
encountered, is dampness, and, in its worst form, rising damp
due to the lack of a damp course! ‘To cut out for and insert’
a damp course of slate or other impervious material is a
laborious and consequentiv expensive operation, and also is
unsatisfactory to the layman, who has nothing to show for the
expense incurred, while the result can only be fully appre-
ciated by the occupier. The man who pays perhaps naturally
feels happier at the sight of a new roof, even though such an
addition may not be necessary.

Much may be done, however, to remove dampness in walls
by clearing away banks of earth, so often found round the
sides of cottages above the ground-floor level, and by forming
open brick or cement channels against the walls to carry sur-
face water quickly away from the buiiding. A cottage nestling
deep in a group of trees, while very possibly picturesque, may

732 CoTTaGE RESTORATION AND ADAPTATION. [ Nov.,

be much improved as a habitation by judicious felling, since
trees hold the damp to an extraordinary extent.

Heavy creepers, on the other hand, should not be too readily
condemned. Walls which, when overgrown with ivy, may be
perfectly dry, are often found to be pervious to wet when stripped
of their clothing.

In selecting a site for a cottage our forefathers had not the
circumspection of to-day. Light, air and the natural benefits of
the sun were not recognised; in fact it would appear that they
were almost avoided, snugness, in a spot well protected from the
force of the prevailing wind, usually being the principal con-
sideration. In reconstructing a cottage it 1s sometimes advan-
tageous to reverse the aspect so as to bring the sun into the
‘‘ heart ’’ of the house.

Much has been said about cottage planning in the last few
years, but the variety of plans on which buildings may be con-
structed appears inexhaustible, and where one is limited by the
existence of the “‘ shell’’ of the house in which to plan a new
interior, the problem becomes the more fascinating.

To get full accommodation and yet to keep within a strictly
limited cubic capacity, in order to save in every detail of con-
struction throughout, to provide the greatest comfort, to incur
the jeast labour in upkeep, and at the same time to practise
economy in every detail are matters which can only be handled
in the light of experience.

In the actual carrying out of the work the country builder, if
he is a good man (and he so often is), can be most valuable. It
is a mistake often made to think that, because certain details
have been drawn or specified nothing should therefore be allowed
to alter them. The rural builder of the proper type is up to a
thousand dodges and tips in matters of small construction and
repair, not to be learned in architectural] schools or offices.
He will respect, and help you if you use him and his knowledge ;
but if he is treated merely as a means of carrying out to the
exact letter what is shown upon the drawings, much good advice
may be missed.

The Ministry is indebted to the Editor of ‘‘ Country Life ”’
for the loan of the illustrations which accompany this article.
The illustrations are taken from ‘‘ The Country Life Book of
Cottages,’’ by Sir Lawrence Weaver, who kindly permitted

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Fic. 7.—Ground:and First Floor Plans
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Fia@, 8.—“* Wests” Before Renovation,

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Fig. 12,—“ Jones’s” After Renovation.

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1920: | THE DistRInuTION oF Warr DISEASE. 733

THE DISTRIBUTION OF WART
DISEASE.*

Ay 5) Paver iM Be. .-AR CC Se:, 'B.8e.,

Deputy Controller of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture
and Fisheries.

Ty the early history of potato growing, limited cultivation had
to a great extent kept the plant healthy, but when the natural
and necessarily distributed culture was superseded by extensive
field culture, the plant soon developed a tendency to diseases
of various kinds. Owing to forced cultivation and unnatural
propagation the plants were weakened, and their resistance to
disease became less and less.

One reads of one disease after another attacking the crops
until in the disastrous year of 1845 there occurred the great
outbreak of potato disease (‘‘ Bight ’’) in the British Isles. It
was not until much later, however, that another and now con-
sidered serious disease of the potato, viz., Wart Disease, made
its appearance to any great extent in this country.

Characteristics of Wart Disease.—It has been proved that
Wart Disease of potatoes is caused by the fungus Synchytriwm
endobioticum. The characteristics of the disease are irregular
warts or cauliflower-like protuberances, which grow from the
eyes of the tubers and from buds on the rhizomes below ground.
These warts may be less than a pea in size, or as large or larger
than the tuber on which they grow.

Appearance of Plant.—A erowing plant badly affected with
Wart Disease generally shows no special features to distinguish
it from other unaffected plants; though occasionally some of
the lower leaves near the surface of the ground may be found
to have developed into spongy-like, yellowish-green masses.
These are modified leaves, and all stages are sometimes present,
from a distorted warty lump, to a thickened spongy leaf, still
bearing the unaltered leaf outline. On lifting a badly affected
plant some or all of the tubers are found to have similar warty
outgrowths, but the colour is yellowish, like the skin of the
potato. In the case of potatoes growing near the surface of
the soil, however, the wart may be pushed outside and develop
chlorophyll; and so become greenish.

* Report of a paper read before the British Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, at Cardiff, on 24th August, 1920.

7384 Tue Disrripution or Wart Drsnase. [ Nov.,

tho intensity of an attack of Wart Disease depends to some
extent on the amount of water in the soil. In a dry season
non-immune tubers are often found with few or no warts,
even though the soil is known to be infected. The nature of -the
soil itself appears, however, to have little influence on the
intensity of attack. Ail kinds of soil—sandy, clay, or medium
loam—produce diseased plants, if the soil has become infected
with the spores of the disease.

Origin of Disease.—The early history of Wart Disease is not
known, and how the causal organism, Synchytriwm endobioticum,
came to attack the potato in this country has still to be
discovered.

There is no evidence of the introduction of Wart Disease
into the British Isies at any period, nor do we know if
it is indigenous, living perhaps on fibrous or woody plants
other than potatoes, without showing any outward sign of
its presence in the form of a visible warty growth. The disease
has never been found in nature on any plant other than
the cultivated potato, and though in pot experiments it was
found (by Mr. Cotton) on Solanwm Nigrum and on Solanum
dulcamara, its presence was not very marked, and might have
been easily overlooked if these plants had been growing under
natural conditions.

Another suggestion which may be put forward is that S. endo-
bioticum (which belongs to a group of organisms of the lower
fungi class, the spores of which are dispersed in the soil) may |
have existed in the earlier stages of its life history as a partial
saprophyte, living on dead matter or plant residues and also
on plant juices which had passed into the soil, and that in the
course of time it may have gradually adapted itself to the potato,
when certain highly susceptible varieties came into commerce.

This is, of course, only a matter of conjecture, but, if
S. endobioticum is indigenous, and was present either on some
wild plant without producing any deformation, which would call
attention to it, or living in the soil, it is strange that the disease
did not develop on the potato until after more than a century
and a half of extensive cultivation, for field cultivation of the
potato was general in England from 1728, and the earliest defi-
nite record of the presence of Wart Disease was made in 1898,
though statements have been made by many that it existed for
some considerable time before this date.

In support of the ‘‘ indigenous ’’ theory, cae Oine: we must
assume that. if S. endobioticwm was present at the time on other

1920. | Tae Disrripution or Warr Disease. 735

host plants without being noticeable, or if it completed its life
eycle in the soil as a soil organism without attacking any plant,
the varieties of potato then cultivated must have possessed
the characters of immunity from the disease—or that the fungus
only acclimatised itself to live on these potatoes at a later date—
but that, as these old resistant varieties were displaced by newer
kinds, the fungus, finding in the newer varieties suitable hosts,
gradually adapted itself to these and commenced a period of
its life on the potato. .

ff, on the other hand, S. endobioticum is not indigenous, how
was it introduced into this country? It is hardly possible that
it could have been brought with the original potato from South
America, as all the varieties from Chili which have been tested
have been found to be immune, and in any case, if the disease
had been introduced with the original potato, it is probable that
the fungus would have made itself evident at a much earlier
date, both in this country and in Germany, Spain, Austria and
Belgium.

It is a matter of common belief in certain districts that Wart
Disease was introduced into this country (with potatoes) from
Germany. but there is little evidence in support of this state-
ment. Wart Disease is present in Germany to a limited extent.
It is found chiefly in West Germany (Rhine Provinces), and to
some extent near Hamburg, and in Holstein. There are scat-
tered cases elsewhere, but there is no evidence that it has been
prevalent in the fields until recent years. All the available
records go to prove that Wart Disease is more prevalent in the
British Tsles than elsewhere.

Early History of Disease.—Manv gardeners and farmers in
Leneashire and Cheshire have stated that Wart Disease was
present in England in the ’seventies, and a number of people
appear to have recognised it about that time.

Tt is not always wise to accept statements as to the presence
of a disease many years-before, unless the statements can be
supported by facts. Wart Disease, however, is so characteristic,
and is so different in appearance from other potato diseases, that
more value than usual may be placed on the truth of these state-
ments. If the statements are correct, it means that long before
the scientific world knew of the existence of this disease, it had
probably firmly established itself in cottage gardens in Lanca-
' ghire, Cheshire and Shropshire, in North Wales, and in certain
parts of the South of Scotland.

736 THE DistRIpuTion oF Wart DISEASE. [ Nov.,

On very reliable authority the disease is said to have been
present in potato crops in Haddington (Scotland) as far back
as 1876.

One of the earliest reliable statements is that of Professor
Newstead, who states that he remembers seeing it at Upwell,
near Wisbech, in 1878: this is curious, since no disease has
been discovered there since.

The first scientific record of the disease is that given by
Schilbersky in 1896 (Hungary), but it has not been proved
that it was actually present in Hungary at that time. A curious
tact, however, is that one of the earliest definite records of the
presence of the disease in potatoes in England is that published
by Mr. Arthur Sutton (of Reading), who stated that his
firm in 1898 received a specimen of potato affected in a peculiar
way from the late Mr. W. Kerr of Dumfries. The specimen
was stated to have come from Birkenhead, the variety being
Imperator, grown from seed imported from Hungary. The
disease was not recognised at that time, and was referred to by
Mr. Sutton as ‘‘ rust.’’

Mr. Nield, of the Holmes Chapel Agricultural College,
Cheshire, first learnt of Wart Disease in 1895, and records that
it was commonly believed in Cheshire that the disease was
introduced by cattle boats arriving at Birkenhead.

Dr. MacDougall, in ‘“‘ The Transactions of the Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland ’’ (1903), writes that Wart
Disease was first brought to his notice in 1899, among new
seed potatoes sent from Cheshire.

The late Dr. Wilson, of St. Andrews, was the first to publish
a record of the appearance of Wart Disease in Scotland. He
states in his paper that a specimen was sent to him from
Colinsburgh, Fife, in 1901, but, as previously stated, its exist-
ence in the Lothian districts of Scotland probably dates back
to a much earlier period.

The disease was reported from Wales in 1901, and from
Treland in 1908.

From these scattered data we may safely conclude that Wart
Disease has been present in this country for many years. The
slow spread of the disease in these early days is a matter of
some surprise, but it must be remembered that in the earlier
stages of its history it spread locally, and when one takes into
consideration the fact of a four years’ rotation, it is easily
understood how the disease would take some time to make ©
itself evident to any extent.

1920. | THe DistrisuTion oF Wart DISEASE. 737

It was not until 1907 that the serious nature of Wart Disease
was generally realised by scientists. It became obvious at that
time that 1t was increasing in intensity in infected districts,
although growers were not inclined to believe that the disease
would cause any commercial loss in the crop.

In 1908 an inquiry made by the Board of Agriculture into the
nature and extent of the disease in England, Wales, and Scot-
land revealed that in certain areas, especially Lancashire,
Cheshire, Staffordshire and South Scotland, the disease was
extensive, and had been present for many years, and that
certain varieties, viz., Conquest, Snowdrop, Golden Wonder,
and Langworthy, appeared to resist the disease, although
Up-to-Date growing alongside suffered severely.

Before dealing with the wav in which this second discovery
was made use of, it is necessary to pursue the history of the
spread of the disease.

Spread in Recent Years.—In 1910, as in 1908, Wart Disease
was chiefly confined to the counties of Lancashire, Cheshire,
Staffordshire (and certain other counties in the Midlands),
South Scotland, with a few cases in North and in South Wales,
and isolated outbreaks in other parts, e.g., Huntingdon,
Cambridge, Middlesex, Berkshire, Cumberland and Yorkshire
(West Riding).

Although, after a further period of three years, considerably
more Wart Disease cases were known to exist in the country,
the disease being more widespread in the old infected parts
than hitherto, its actual spread to other parts of England was
limited to a few outbreaks in counties which had hitherto been
supposed free from disease, viz., Northumberland, Durham,
and Westmorland in the North, and Somerset and Wiltshire
in the South West.

By the end of 1916 Wart Disease had attained a firmer hold
throughout the country and had spread in the former infected
districts, especially in Wales and the West (the result it is said
of planting seed from the infected districts of Lancashire).
Outbreaks of the disease had also appeared in the extreme.
South, viz., in Dorset and Hampshire, and also in the South
East (Kent), but generally the Eastern and Southern potato dis-
tricts still remained clean.

A survey made at the end of 1919 shows that Wart Disease
is now widely spread throughout the whole country, and that
there is probably no county free from this disease. There is
no doubt that the disease has made steady progress east-

733 THe DistarpuTion or Wart DIskase. | Nov.,

wards at an alarming rate since 1916, several fresh cases
having been notified from Lincolnshire and the East Riding of
Yorkshire.

It had also spread in a south-easterly direction, outbreaks of
importance having occurred in Surrey, the Home Counties and
Kent.

Any explanation of the spread of infection must seis for
three essential facts:—

_ (1) The appearance of the disease as of economic
importance from 1907 onwards.

(2) The greater concentration of the disease in the
North and West, and the comparative freedom of the East
and South.

(3) The relative suddenness of the spread of infection
on the Eastern and Southern side since 1914.

The only possible explanation which will account for this
geographical distribution of Wart Disease is that the main
agent in the distribution of the disease is “‘ seed’; although the
variety of potato commonly grown at different periods may have
determined the economic importance or otherwise of the disease.

(To be continued.)

1920. | Puant Breepinc ar ABERYSTWYTH. 739

PLANT BREEDING WORK AT
ABERYSTWYTH.

Proressor R. G. Stapnepon, M.A.,

Plant Breeding Institution, Aberystwyth.

The first part of this article, published in last month’s issue,

contained a description of the Plant Breeding Station which
has been formed at Aberystwyth for the purpose of improving
and breeding strains of agricultural plants suitable for Welsh
conditions. An account was given of mvestiqations which
have been conducted as necessary preliminaries to the actual
breeding work with herbage plants. The writer pointed out
that.two methods are now being employed at Aberystwyth,
namely, the collection of seed and the digging up of plants
in toto and planting them in gardens. As a first step the
seed of indigenous grasses is being collected more or less’
m bulk from several different districts, in order to ascertain
how indigenous seed (without special selection) compares
with the ordinary commercial and imported stocks. Cocks-
foot, tall oat grass, crested dog’s tail, meadow foxtail and
Timothy were in the first instance collected and sown, and
perenmal ryegrass, tall fescue and rough-stalked meadow
grass have since been added to the species under preliminary

investigation.

InvestiIcaTions relative to the improvement of grassland, con-

ducted by the writer, have led him to formulate the following
hypothesis as a guide to the selection of herbage plants.
First, it is desirable that the plants should be late in flowering ;
even our native herbage plants flower and mature too early,
with the result that the maximum grazing season is restricted.
This evil has been well expressed by Brown,* who states, for

* Brown, Jas. C. “ Dairy Farming on Arable Land.”

740 Puant BREEDING at ABERYSTWYTH. [ Nov.,

example, that ‘* grassiand dairving is not a very perfect prac-
tice, owing to the rapid falling off in the milk-producing
qualities of the grass after the month of June.’’ For hay,
early maturity is a great drawback, especially in districts
where the hav is habitually cut too late. Gilchrist has
advocated New Zealand cocksfoot on account of its later
maturity. The value of meadow foxtail as a meadow grass,
also, is much reduced by its particularly early maturity.
Secondly, all the available evidence goes to show that a leafy
herbage 1s more nutritious than is a stemmy herbage; it is only
necessary to cite Hall’s and Russell’s work in this connection.*
Thirdly, it would seem evident that the plan of selecting for
maximum output of dry matter per acre as opposed to gross
produce per acre would be applicable to grass improvement
just as to roots. Thus the aim must be to produce grasses
which flower and mature late and which vield the maximum
of leafy (as opposed to stemmy) dry matter per acre per
annum; and since the temporary ley of 4-6 years’ duration is
an important feature of grass land management in the West,
the ideal grass must also be capable of uniform productivity
over a 4-6 vear period.

Up to the present experiments have been conducted more
fully with cocksfoot than with any other grass. ‘T'wenty-four
different lots, representing indigenous, Danish, American and
French stocks were sown in small beds in the spring of 1919.t
Each bed consisted of four rows 9 in. apart and 56 im. long.
During the past spring and summer hay was cut from the rows
on different dates, and the aftermaths cut at regular intervals.
It is not necessary here to enter into details of the interesting
results obtained, but reference to Table I, which gives the
average gross produce from the beds of each nationality, and
to Table IIT, which gives the gross produce of the best and
worst lots, will reveal important facts.

* See Jour. of Agric. Science, Vol. IV. (4), June, 1912. It is obvious, of
course, that “leafiness ” is much influenced by habitat, but Hall’s and Russell’s
data do not preclude the possibility of strains existing with a potentiality for
leafiness.

+ It was unfortunately not possible to obtain New Zealand seed for inclu-
sion in these trials ; seed from New Zealand has, however, been procured for
subsequent sowing.

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1920. ]

742 © PLANT BREEDING aT ABERYSTWYTH. [Nov.,

Taste IT.—Showing the results given by the 9 (out of 24)
lots of cocksfoot with a total yield of over 100 oz. per bed; the
figures for the poorest sample of each nationality are also given.

SS SS

Total | Weight of
mig Weight of | Hay and Average
Reference and Weight Eeterntain Aftermath eeeesiitac
Nationality. oF oe cuttings | cuttings of Leaf
sua ¢ (green) | (green) in Hay.
in Uz, in Oz,
The nine |best yields.

Be. 20 Indigenous mm 65°50 74:00 139°50 35°5
Be. 21 Indigenous 2 60°00 - | + 55°70 11570 26°8
Be. 15 Danish ... os 59°75 54°55 114°30 23°7
Bet.17 aay Ss ots 57:25 57°U0 114°25 26°4
Be. 13 Danish ... a8 61°75 52°50 114°25 31°0
Be. 19 Danish, ..3 she 56°50 57°50 114-00 28°0
Bee. lp (U,. Seay a... ees 38°00 |... 5O'25 108-25 23°9
Be. 24 Indigenous pe: 51°50 52°50 104-00 46°8
Bede Ue. ae aot 52-00 51°50 103°50 23°6
The poorest yields o/f each natijonality.

Be. 2 Indigenous en 35°50 47-50 83°00 43°00
Dé, 41 Us ae fs, eis 40-00 33°00 73°00 21:90
Be. 10. Danish. —..: int 38°25 30°25 68-50 22°30
Be: .4 French. ... oe 38°25 28°75 67-00 23°90

It will be noticed that the indigenous plants were on the
average very decidedly more leafy* than the fcreign, and also |
appeared to possess the ability of greater tiller production. Of
the twenty-four lots only one indigenous bed gave less than
30 per cent. leaf, and onlv one foreign (Bc. 13 Danish) gave
over 30 per cent. leaf. Selected ciumps put out in spaced rows
showed similar results,t the foreign giving an average leafi-
ness of 88 per cent. and the indigenous 49 per cent.
Plate VIII shows the average difference in leafiness between
an indigenous (Bc. 115) and commercial Danish (Be. 75)
clump.¢

In the matter of lateness, also, the advantage was entirely
with the indigenous plants. ‘his was confirmed by the
behaviour of the selections, onlv one or two clumps being as

* The leaves were cut off from the stem at the ligule, so that, strictly
speaking, “ leaf” as here understood means the lamina only, and not lamina
and sheath.

+ Transplanting appears on all occasions to add to the relative leafiness
of grasses,

+It cannot be asserted with certainty that the “ plants” in each pot
are definitely single plants, although when dug up from the beds in which
they were sown and put out in “selection rows” they were thought to be
so. They were only potted for the purpose of being photographed.

Be. 75=Danish).

PLATE VIII.—Contrasting the leafiness of an indigenous Cocksfoot (=Be. 115)
with that of a foreign one (

‘yderso0j0yd oy} ut yrep AfOaAtelor smoys of1 944
{spoq oy} UooMgoq syyeg of SUIPLAIp 04} OJON “ploy oY} WO sJOTT 9VO 9} Jo yUOUTOSURIIY OY SUIMOYS—YX] ALVTT

1920. | Piant BREEDING aT ABERYSTWYTH. 743

early as some of the later foreign selections, both the beds and
the selections tending to show that the average order of
maturity is:—France, Denmark, United States, indigenous.
T'he gross produce from the indigenous, furthermore, averaged
better than that from the foreign. The greatest gain, how-
ever, was in the aftermath cuttings, the samples from the
United States giving a slightly higher hay figure than the
indigenous. None the less, the heaviest hay yield was
obtained from an indigenous pilot.

These results are, of course, only to be regarded as tentative,
but they have been referred to as showing the great difference
that undoubtedly exists as between different lots of the same
grass, and also in order to emphasise the fact that there is an
undoubted potential usefulness in the selected seed of our
indigenous herbage plants. The poorness of the French
samples is striking, but it must be noted that these figures are
based on the results of only two samples. T'he range of pro-
ductivity of all the iots is a sufficient commentary on the need
for devoting to herbage piants the same care as is given ta
cereals and roots, as even adjacent beds showed a disparity of
over 18 per cent. Timothy and tall oat grass appeared to
behave in a similar manner to cocksfoot, although the com-
parisons in the case of these two grasses have not yet been
conducted on an extensive scale, and the two lots (only) of.
indigenous Timothy tried did not bulk as heavily as the com-
mercial. It has not yet been possible to make numerous dry-
weight estimations, and the degree of perenniality of the lots
under investigation can only be arrived at after a lapse of a
number of years.* The preliminary trials with crested dog’s
tail did not show such marked differences as those referred to
above; indeed, the commercial lots have tended to bulk the
heaviest, but the highest percentage of dry matter was obtained
from an indigenous sample.

Meadow foxtail was not compared with commercial strains
during the first year. The various indigenous lots, however,
exhibited considerable differences in, inter alia, the matter of

* It would seem likely, however, that grasses grown. from indigenous
seed, like the seed of wild white clover, would prove to be longer-lived than ~
plants from imported stocks. This would seem to have been so in the case
of some of the ryegrass strains referred to by Peter Lawson and Son, and
which were apparently so built up. Stapledon and Jenkin (‘‘ Pasture
Problems,” Jour. of Agric. Science, Vol. VIII. (1), September, 1916) have
shown, moreover, that perennial ryegrass as an indigenous self-sown plant is
usually much longer lived than’ are the plants derived from the sowing of
commercial seed.

D 2

744 Piant BREEDING AT ABERYSTWYTH. [ Nov.,

time of maturity, so that the selection of late strains may prove
to be a possibility.

Data are naturally not yet available to indicate whether the
generalisations that it haus been possible to make between
indigenous and commercial cocksfoot will apply equally when
the plants are two or more years old, or whether ‘* once-
grown ’’ commercial cocksfoot will behave in a manner more
like indigenous. ‘The preliminary work, however, would seem
to suggest that, despite the undoubted influence of habitat on
such characters as leafiness, time of maturity and tillering,
it may nevertheless be possible to isolate strains with
inheritable strong potentialities in the directions most desired.
This season, as a natural outcome of the work, numerous
selections have been made from local indigenous cocksfoot
plants, and plants have aiso been obtained from several
English counties. Hindeavours will be made to ascertain the
degree of stability of the various morphological characters of
the plants by growing separated tillers of characteristic plants
under different controlled conditions of habitat. In this con-
nection it may be remarked that, although perennial wind-
pollinated grasses present numerous difficulties to the breeder
not experienced in the case of the annual and not readily
naturally crossing cereals, the perennials at least have the
advantage that one and the same plant can be divided into
numerous tillers, and that groups of plants so produced can,
if necessary, be moved from one habitat to another. Thus
selections can be conducted under conditions of extreme
rigour, while the actual plants selected can be brought to a
more congenial habitat for the purposes of controlled pollina-
tion and seed production. ©

An important economic aspect of herbage work is the ques-
tion of seed production. Experience must show whether
reasonably good crops of clover and grass seeds can be grown
and harvested with sufficient certainty under the climatic con-
ditions prevailing in the College area. Small-scale garden
trials have proved hopeful in this direction, and these have
been followed up this season by the sowing of about five acres
with the commoner grasses and clovers on the Danish plan
with seed production lines (about 2 ft. apart).

Cereals.—In Wales oats must be regarded as the most
important grain crop, and investigations with this cereal are
therefore being started. Two distinct types of oats are
required, the one for cultivation at high elevations near the

1920. | Puant BREEDING AT ABERYSTWYTH. 745

extreme limits of oat cultivation, and the other at lower eleva-
tions under general conditions of high rainfall.

At the higher altitudes Avena strigosa, known as ‘‘ Ceirch
Llwyd’’ or ‘‘ Teify’’ Oat, is extensively grown, and the
grain and straw obtained is chaffed together for horse feed;
the usual practice is only to thresh enough grain for. seed
purposes. The local black oat, ‘‘ Ceirch du Bach,’’ is also
grown under similar conditions in Cardiganshire and parts of
Pembrokeshire, its place being taken in Radnorshire by the
Radnorshire Sprig or Welsh Sprig Oat. Potato, Tartar, with
the local black oats and some of the newer varieties, especially
Abundance, are grown at the lower elevations. Karly maturity
and an ability to stand are essentials in an oat grown under the
conditions prevailing, while a straw of good feeding value is
also necessary, since the great majority of the oats grown, at
all events in West and Central Wales, are for consumption on
the farm. Preliminary work is being undertaken in three
directions: first, a critical study and analysis of the local or
““land ’’ oats; secondly, a svstematic study of oat varieties in
general; and thirdly, yield trials with the varieties in com-
moner use in comparison with the local oats. It has
been found, for instance, that samples of Ceirch du
Bach, in addition to containing the grain of other varieties
(chiefly the Teify Oat and Potato) also give rise to several
forms which are to be regarded as different types of this
“land ’’ oat. It is probable that five forms will be isolated
from the current ‘lots. The most interesting is perhaps a
grey grained type similar in other respects to the commonest
black type, and which appears to breed true to greyness.

It cannot vet be said whether the grey and other forms that
have been identified will prove to be of economic significance;
these are, of course, being isolated with a view to the
possibility of ultimately working up pure lines from those
forms which preliminary mass selection proves to be of the
greatest value.

The most important aspect of this season’s work has been
the critical study of varieties. This has been undertaken
with two ends in view: (1) to prepare a key to the identifica-
tion of oat varieties, and (2) to contrast and study the earli-
ness or the reverse and other agricultural properties of the
varieties, with the ultimate object of making judicious
selections of parents for hybridization.

It has been the endeavour at the Station to grow as many

746 PLANT BREEDING aT ABERYSTWYTH. [ Nov.,

varieties as possible, and as a result of valuable help given
from numerous sources, as many as 154 varieties have been
included in these trials.* In order to test the purity and
trueness to type of the varieties as obtainable on the market,
several ** lots ’’ of all the more important varieties have been
grown. ‘The oats were sown in the field in thin drills 20 ft.
long and 14 in. apart, all the beds being divided by rye paths.
This trial was set up in the middle of about a 3-acre breadth
allocated to oat experiments, and the rye paths made the
whole a homogeneous cereal field. The effects of edges were
thus obviated and damage from birds lessened.t As an
additional safeguard a small patch of each variety was sown
in the cage, but this has proved not to have been necessary,
for the ‘‘ take ’’ in the field has been excellent, and birds
have not proved unduly troublesome.

This is not the place to anticipate the results that have been
derived from the work. The systematic study of oat varieties is
being undertaken by Mr. C. V. B. Marquand, who has approached
the problem not only from the point of view of the systematist,
but also with regard to the agricultural potentialities of the
several varieties. It is hoped to publish a full report of the work
in due course. ‘

It is interesting to remark, however, that the cultivated
varieties of Avena sterilis have proved to be considerably earlier
than the A. sativa varieties grown in this country. Thus, the
* Algerian oat sown on 8th December came into ear 21 days earlier
than both winter and spring varieties sown on 6th November.
Burt, Red Rust Proof and the Algerian oat sown with the other
varieties in drills in the field on 22nd March were the first to
come into ear and ripen, being at least six days earlier than any
of the A. sativa varieties normally grown in this country.

The yield trials were conducted on the small plot plan. Rod
plots sown at the rate of 3,000,000 grains per acre have been
employed, with rye-dividing paths. About 40 varieties, involving
150 rod plots, have been tested this season. The American

“Thanks are due in particular to Dr. Taylor, Chief of the Bureau of
Plant Industry, Washington ; Professor Zavitz, of the Agricultural College,
Ontario; Dr. Dorph Petersen, of Copenhagen; Dr. Trabut, of Algiers; to
Messrs. Vilmorin, of Paris, and Messrs. Haage Schmidt, of Erfurt, for help
in the collection of foreign samples ; to Dr. W. G. Smith, Mr. T. Anderson,
Mr. C. B. Saunders, Professor White, and Mr.. G. Miln, of Gartons, War-
rington ; and to the following seedsmen :—Messrs. Temperley, Dunn, Toogood,
Webb and Carter, for assistance in the collection of both foreign and British
samples.

+The cereal path plan-is largely adopted at Svaléf, and the experience
of the present season has proved it to be an excellent procedure.

1920. | Piant BREEDING AT ABERYSTWYTH. 747

Sixty Day* came into ear 12 daysearlier than any other variety. t
It did not actually ripen, however, any sooner than Dala or
Yielder, but shared first place about equally with these.} The
Irish Tan oat§ has evoked favourable comment from hill farmers ;
it is very decidedly earlier than Ceirch du Bach, and would seem
to produce an abundance of straw, and it may well be worth
consideration for our hilly districts. Of ‘* grain producers ’’ but.
slightly or never grown in the district Victory, Crown, Banner
and the Danish Oat, Gul Naesgaards, have the appearance of
yielding heavy crops.||

It has been noticed that the potato and closely related varieties
have been attacked by both smut and rust to a greater extent
than any other group of allied varieties.

Yield trials will be conducted on a greatly reduced number of
varieties next spring, and will be followed up for several years;
the duplicated small plot will form the basis of all the trials.
One object of the trials set up during the present season has
been to experiment with the management and technique of small
plots, as it is intended to conduct all trials at Headquarters on
this plan.

The general arrangement of the cereal plots is shown in
Plate IX. It may be remarked that the sowing of these numerous
small plots did not prove to. be such a serious undertaking as
was anticipated. All the beds and plots were measured out
some time before sowing commenced, and the drills for the
oat rows were drawn from three weeks to a fortnight before the
grain was sown. About three-quarters of the 1,080 rows were
actually sown in one long day by a party consisting of four of
the scientific staff and five of the garden staff. The paths were
largely sown during adverse weather conditions.

The preliminary work on oats has shown that in normal
circumstances the average hybridization season will be a very
short one at Aberystwyth. The effective flowering period will

* The seed of this variety was obtained direct from America by the
Ministry of Agriculture, which was able to place a portion of the grain at the
disposal] of the Station. .

+ It was not possible to procure a sufficiency of seed of any A. sterilis
variety for inclusion in the rod plot yield trials.

t The slow ripening was doubtless in part due to wet weather, of which these
early exserted panicles had a longer period than the later produced panicles of
Duala and Yielder.

§ This oat was included in the trials on the advice of Mr. P. G. Dallinger,
of the Ministry of Agriculture, and samples were obtained through the kind-
ness of Mr. Pimlott, of the Irish Department.

|| A full report of the yield trials will be published as a College Bulletin

early next year. The plots will be threshed on the field. Practically all of the
plots have been cut at the time of writing this article (September 14th).

748 PLANT BREEDING AT ABERYSTWYTH. [ Nov.,

consequently have to be lengthened by every means possible.
Three plans are under experiment, viz., (1) resort to glass;
(2) sowing spring varieties in a sheltered cage in the autumn;
and (3) starting the seed in boxes in gentle heat or in cool
frames and planting out. A certain proportion of all the spring
varieties sown in the garden last autumn came well through the
winter, and flowered very appreciably earlier than the spring-
sown plants; those sown in boxes did not transplant particularly

well, but with greater experience this method may prove of
assistance.

In conclusion a word may be said as to the general arrange-
ment of the gardens. These are three in number, and are used
for more or less definite purposes.

The Nurseries.—This is the headquarters garden, and contains
the large cage and box culture trenches and also the glass houses,
stores, potting shed and a small field laboratory. It is used
chiefly for the collection of indigenous plants dug up in toto,
for the first growing of collected seeds, and for grouping
selections.

The Terraces.—This is used for small scale nationality and
place-of-origin trials and for the first multiplication of selected
plants.

The Triangle, which is more sheltered than the other gardens,
is intended primarily for hybridization work, for all investigations
bearing upon the fertility affinities of the grasses and clovers,
and for experiments generally as opposed to pedigree cultures.
This garden is also equipped with a small cage.

It is hoped to bring the farmers of the adjoining counties into
the closest possible touch with the work of the Station. During
the present season, despite the difficulties connected with the
harvest, two parties have visited the trial grounds from Mont-
gomeryshire, a large party from Cardiganshire, and a small
party from Pembrokeshire, and it may be taken as a hopeful
augury for the future that as much interest was shown in the
small-scale—from the farmers’ point of view one might almost
think ridiculously small-scale—trials conducted in the gardens
as in the oat variety and other larger and more obvious experi-
ments in the field.

1920. | LicENSING oF STALLIons: Season 1920. 749

LICENSING OF STALLIONS UNDER
THE HORSE BREEDING ACT, 1918;
SEASON 1920.

As part of its operations for the improvement of the horse-
breeding industry the Ministry introduced in 1911 a scheme for
the voluntary registration of stallions with a view to the
gradual elimination of unsound stallions in England and Wales.
Owners of ‘‘ Pedigree’’ sires were invited to submit their
stallions for examination by veterinary surgeons appointed by
the Ministry, and certificates of soundness for breeding pur-
poses were issued in respect of those stallions that passed
the examination. In the year 1911, 313 certificates were issued,
and the number increased each year until 1919, the last year
of voluntary registration, when 2,334 certificates were granted.
The steady increase in the number of stallions registered each
year indicated clearly that owners recognised the advantage of
having the Ministry’s certificates of soundness for their
stallions.

With the support of the Horse Breeding Societies, and with
a view to protect the owners of registered stallions from the
unfair competition of unsound animals, and to give mare
owners a larger number of sound sires from which to select,
it was decided to go a step further and to require by statute
the compulsory licensing or certification of all travelling
stallions, pedigree and non-pedigree. ‘The necessary legisia-
tion, the Horse Breeding Act, was passed in 1918. Under
this Act, and the Horse Breeding (England and Wales)
Regulation, 1919, it is illegal for a stallion of two years of age
or over to be travelled after lst January, 1920, for service, or
exhibited on premises not in the occupation of the owner of
the stallion with a view to its use for service, unless the
stallion is at the time licensed under the Act.

_ It may be of interest to those who are endeavouring to secure
improvement in the horse-breeding industry by the elimination
of unsound travelling stallions and by other means, to know
the results of the first year of operation of the Horse Breeding
Act. Up to the close of the past season, 4,153 stallions were
examined, and of these 3,749 were licensed by the Ministry.
The remainder (404) were refused licences. Of the 3,749
which were licensed, 3,370 were pedigree stallions and 379 were
horses not entered or accepted for entry in any recognised Stud

750

LicEnsInG or Statuions: Season, 1920.

| Nov.,

Book. As evidence of the popularity of the Shire it will be
seen from the following table that of the 8,870 licensed pedigree
stallions no fewer than 2,258 were of that breed, and that
172 of the 379 licensed non-pedigree animals were also of that

type.

TABLE I.

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2,258
262
2,520

The following diseases or

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Licensed
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defects are prescribed in the
Regulations as rendering a stallion unsuitable for service of

1920. | LICENSING oF STauuions: Season 1920. T51

mares, namely: cataract, roaring, whistling, ringbone (high or
low), sidebone, bone spavin, navicular disease, shivering, string-
halt and defective genital organs.

The table hereunder gives the number of horses in respect
of which licences were refused, and the diseases on account of
which they were refused :—

TABLE II.

REASONS FOR REFUSAL.

Stringhalt.
: unsuitability.
Navicular

Defective Geni-
Disea se.

Cataract,
Bone Spavin.
tal Organs.
Defective
General

Shivering.
Conformation.

Se

Percentage of
Ringbone.

No. examined.
No. refused.
Roaring.
Whistling.
Sidebone,

Pedigree. |
Shire.. os ~- | 2,520 | 262 | lod
Clydesdale .. y
Suffolk
Percheron .
Hackney...
Thoroughbred
Hunter :
Polo Pony ..
Fell Pony
Shetland Pony
Welsh Cob ..

. . 0
ace a ee

DCO Ne Here SS lS
SE AASw HW<

Non-Pedigree. |

Heavy ie | 284 She T2A9o:) Has) td 2) bee a2

Light We --| 90 7) FSi. 2 | ee es ae 2

Pony and Cob 50 3 SOF .. | ig eee [ *2a4

Lotals of xefusals.. | .. 404} .. [102 |101 | 94 | 24 | 22 | 20] 18] 8 | gittle Liat. a

Seventy-seven appeals were made against refusals of licences,
and in 27 cases these were successful. The 27 cases are not
included in the table.

Attention is drawn to the fact that persons who are in
charge of stallions travelling for service are liable to be called
upon to produce their licences, and in this connection the pro-
visions of Section 3 (Sub-section 3) of the Act cannot be too
widely known. Under that Sub-section a licence granted under
the Act or certified copy thereof shall be produced :—

(a) at the time of or before the service by the stallion of a mare, if so
required by the owner or person in charge of the mare ; and

(6) at any time, if so required by an officer of the Ministry or a
police officer or any person authorised by regulation under this
Act ; :

and if the person for the time being in charge of or having
control of the stallion fails to produce the licence or certified
copy when so required he and also the owner of the stallion,
if the failure is due to his default, shall be hable on summary
conviction to a fine not exceeding £5. The Ministry this
year instructed their Inspectors to require the production

752 LIcENSING oF STaLLions: SEAson, 1920. [ Nov.,

of licences for stallions they met on the road and also
invited the co-operation of the police in this direction. The
necessity for having the licence available for production by
the groom did not seem to be generally understood at first,
but fewer contraventions in this respect were reported towards
the close of the travelling season, and it is hoped that next
year owners will not fail to send out the licences with the
stallions. The policy of the Ministry this year—the first of
the operation of the Horse Breeding Act—has been to warn
stallion owners and others of the requirements of the Act, and
prosecutions have only been instituted in those cases where
deliberate contraventions of the Act have occurred.

It should be added that licences issued for the lcensing
year 1920 expired on the 3lst October, 1920, and should be
returned to the Ministry as soon as possible after that date.
Failure to comply with this requirement renders an owner
liable to a fine not exceeding £5. From the lst November,
1920, applications may be made for licences for the year
ending 3lst October, 1921, and as the Ministry cannot
undertake to examine stallions at short notice, owners are
advised to send in their applications at the earliest possible
date. If many defer doing so till the service season approaches
it will not be possible to deal with all applications before the
season actually commences.

1920. | Epucation in Pouttry KEEPING. 753

EDUCATION IN POULTRY KEEPING.

Percy A. FRANCIS,

Technical Head of the Small Live-Stock Branch, Ministry of
Agriculture and Fisheries.

Tue chief objects of education in poultry keeping are to
improve generally the methods practised by persons engaged
in the poultry industry, so as to enable them to obtain the best
possible financial results from their efforts and to compete
successfully with foreign producers.

It is obvious, therefore, that education in poultry keeping
must be, as a rule, directly vocational in character, though
the importance of developing the student’s powers of observa-
tion and clear thinking should be borne in mind. Persons who
have received a good general education before studying the
special problems involved in poultry keeping are undoubtedly
in a favourable position to assimilate readily vocational instruc-
tion, and can bring to bear trained powers of observation and
deduction upon the methods adopted in an industry which is
new to them.

In other words, a trained and cultivated mind has always
an advantage over the untrained, given equal natural ability
at the outset, and thus the possession of a good general educa-
tion is always of great value to students of poultry keeping,
and enables them to attack more easily the various practical,
commercial, and scientific problems which arise from time to
time in connection with their work.

It is no doubt true that skill in controlling labour, shrewd-
ness in buying and selling, soundness and quickness of judg-
ment on the various points of difficulty—met with in poultry
keeping as in every other industry—are, to a large extent,
inherent in the characters of successful poultry farmers, or are
only acquired as a result of long and sometimes expensive
experience. At the same time technical instruction is
obviously of great value to the beginner, and is also the means
by which the more experienced poultry keepers are kept
informed of the results of the work and investigations of others.

Need of Education in Poultry Keeping.—It is well known to
those of us who have worked for many years as itinerant
poultry instructors how often poultry keepers, living a com-
paratively short distance apart, know little or nothing of each
other’s methods, though of recent years the work of poultry

T54 EpucaTion IN Pouutry Keepine. [ Nov.,

societies, itinerant instructors, and the poultry press has done
much to promote interchange of ideas and experience. There
is still, however, a wide field for the dissemination of know-
ledge. How few farmers, for example, have ever seriously
studied the lessons to be drawn from the numerous laying trials
conducted for many years past in this and in other countries!
How many poultry keepers still use and erect poultry houses
of uneconomic types and pursue methods of breeding, feeding,
and general management which, in the hght of up-to-date
knowledge, are known to be inefficient !

These are some of the causes which compelled Great Britain
last year to pay approximately £35,000,000 to other countries
for eggs and poultry, though we know there are, in this country,
large quantities of waste food from households, and natural
poultry foods on wide areas of land, which could be profitably
converted into poultry products if poultry were more generally
kept, and kept on efficient methods.

It may be true that we have in this country breeders of
poultry whose skill is not excelled in any other part of the
world, but it is equally true that the methods practised by many
of our poultry keepers leave much to be desired. There are
also many beginners every year, probably more this year than
ever before, and the continued and extended dissemination of
technical knowledge is essential to successful progress.

Poultry Clubs and Societies.—For many years the poultry
clubs and societies have been doing valuable work in this direc-
tion, but their activities have been limited to some extent by
the funds at their disposal. Much of their work, however, is
of a voluntary nature, and the industry owes a debt of gratitude
to the men and women who have given so freely of their time >
and energy to this work.

State Assistance.—State-aided poultry instruction has also
been provided for many years in this country, partly in direct
form, but mainly through local authorities and educational
institutions. The majority of the county councils in England
-and Wales now employ whole or part-time poultry instructors
of either sex, the expenditure involved being met usually from
a joint fund made up as to one-third from the local rates and
as to two-thirds by a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture.

In a number of counties the instructor acts as both dairy
and poultry instructor, though this combination of duties is
not desirable, since pressure of seasonal work in both is to a
large extent simultaneous, and one or both branches are lable

1920. | EpucatTion In Pouutry KEEpinc. 755

to suffer. The financial economy derived trom such an arrange-
ment is, therefore, of doubtful value, especially in view of
the urgent need of building up the British poultry imdustry
before foreign competitors produce again exportable surpiusses
to the same extent as in pre-war days.

At the present time there are 57 whole or part-time itinerant
poultry instructors emploved in England and Wales. In a
few counties it has been found necessary to appoint assistant
poultry instructors, as, for example, in Yorkshire, where there
is an increasing demand for instruction from industrial areas.
There are, however, eight counties which employ no poultry
instructor, 1.e., Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Isle of Ely,
Huntingdon, Isle of Wight, Norfolk, Somersetshire, and Soke
of Peterborough.

Owing to the extension of poultry keeping in industrial
areas and the increasing demand for instruction manifested in
some of the county boroughs, the Hull County Borough
Council have informed the Ministry that they desire to set up a
scheme for the provision of instruction in poultry keeping which
would include the provision of an egg-distributing centre, and
have inquired whether a grant could be made as in the case of
county education authorities. This is the first case of a county
borough desiring to inaugurate a scheme apart from the county
scheme. Owing to the size of the population and the large
number of allotments, the borough council consider there is
sufficient work for a whole-time poultry instructor.

In addition to provision made for itinerant instruction by
county councils, poultry instructors are also employed by some
20 or more agricultural colleges, farm institutes, and farm
schools,- most of which receive grants from the Ministry for
their general agricultural work, including instruction in poultry
keeping. In several instances these institutional instructors
also do a certain amount of itinerant work in the adjoining
counties.

Importance of Co-ordination and Co-operation.— It is desir-
able that in future these various educational activities should
be more closely co-ordinated and organised on more efficient
lines, and that there should be more effective co-operation
between local authorities and the local poultry societies and
clubs. This co-operation ought not to be difficult of achieve-
ment if the societies would show active interest in the work of
their county councils and educational institutions, and would
endeavour to obtain representation on the committee of the

756 Epucation In Pouutry KEEPinc. [ Nov.,

council which is charged with the supervision of the county
poultry schemes.

There is no reason why representation for -local poultry
keepers’ interests should not be obtained in this way, and
societies and clubs would then have a direct voice in the
administration of county council poultry schemes, and much
more efficient co-operation between State-aided and voluntary
effort would be possible. In too many instances in the past
the county poultry instructor has been doing isolated and com-
paratively unknown work with little public support. Let the
societies and clubs see that this is changed; that the county
councils, colleges, and their instructors are given the fullest
measure of support and assistance, and that thereby the
greatest possible efficiency is obtained in carrying out the
schemes for which only a very limited amount of public money
is available.

The societies and clubs can help in so many ways—by sug-
gesting centres for lectures, classes, and the establishment of
egg-and-chick-distributing centres; by keeping their members
informed as to lectures, &c., and the dates when the county
instructor is expected to visit the various districts; by distribut-
ing leaflets and bulletins; and by generally assisting the
instructor to perform his many duties efficiently and without
undue delay.

Various Needs to be Met.—The problem of providing suitable
forms of education in poultry keeping to meet the needs of all
is not an easy one. ‘There are those who cannot spare more
time from their work than’ is occupied in attending an
occasional public lecture, and persons of this type may be
country, urban, or city dwellers. There are the sons and
daughters of farmers and small holders who will be occupied
ultimately, as a rule, in poultry keeping as a branch of agri-
culture or horticulture. Others may desire instruction to enable
them to make poultry keeping their main source of livelihood;
and, finally, there are those who desire a complete scientific
and practical training to equip them as qualified teachers of
poultry keeping.

Itinerant Instruction.—For the mass of poultry keepers all
the evidence available in this and other countries goes to
show that itinerant instruction by competent instructors is by
far the most effective form of education. This includes
lectures, visits to poultry keepers in their homes, and
peripatetic classes.

1920. | Epucation In Pouutry KEEprna. T57

Public lectures usually constitute the preliminary stages
of itinerant instruction, and though the actual teaching value
of these lectures is necessarily somewhat circumscribed, they
serve to arouse interest, and have been the means of creating
large numbers of new poultry keepers, and assisting many
others. Visits by the instructor, if properly carried out, pro-
bably constitute the most effective method of conveying
information to those who are the producers at the moment
and who do not, for various reasons, attend lectures or classes,
nor, to any extent, read poultry papers.

When the itinerant instructor has gained the confidence
and respect of these people, he can be of help to them in
many ways. He is able to advise them on the spot in a
manner suitable to their particular circumstances and aims.
He can give help not only in ptrely technical matters—and
in a young industry, where improved methods are frequently
being evolved, it is important that knowledge of these should
be spread as quickly and widely as possible—but he can
often give valuable advice as to marketing produce and pur-
chasing feeding stuffs, appliances, &c. It is astonishing how
often poultry keepers buy their requirements in the dearest
markets and sell their produce in the cheapest.

Itinerant lectures and visits are stili the basis of instruction
in most counties, but in order to meet the increasing demand
for more systematic instruction a few counties have com-
menced peripatetic classes for younger people who can only
leave their homes or employment for a few hours daily. These
classes, which are held for short periods of three or four
weeks at various centres, provide not only theoretical teaching,
but also practical instruction in artificial and natural methods
of hatching and rearing; testing, grading and packing poultry
produce; killing, plucking and trussing poultry; construction
of simple appliances, &c. The courses are usually held daily
at hours suitable to the seasonal work of the district, and at
the end of the course the equipment is moved to a fresh
centre, so that the instruction is conveyed, in time, over the
whole county. Thus, in Shropshire, for the year ended
31st March last, the poultry instructress, in addition to her
other duties, conducted six four-week courses at various
centres, at which an average of eight pupils attended right
through. It is obvious that if those pupils, as is probable,
put into practice at home the information gained at the classes,
they will not only benefit themselves, but they will also

E

758 Epucation 1x Pouutry Krsprna. [ Nov.,

exercise a good influence over other poultry keepers who may
live near them.

schools of Instruction.—Then, as distinct from itinerant
instruction, regular courses are provided at the farm institutes
and farm schools, which have been set up in some counties
and are under consideration for many others. A number of
these will be in operation during the next 18 months. At
these institutes or farm schools, which are intended to pro-
vide instruction on a lower plane than that of an agricultural
college, young men and women of 16 and upwards are
instructed in the various subjects of rural economy, including
poultry keeping. Poultry stock and plant on modern lines
usually form part of the educational equipment, and regular
instruction is provided. Students take part in the routine
practical work, and thus become familiar with the various
appliances in use, and with the points and economic qualities
of the breeds maintained. Thus, at the Farm School, Newton
Rigg, Cumberland, 64 pupils received general instruction in
poultry keeping last year.

Higher Education at Colleges.—Finally, the provincial
agricultural colleges, in addition to providing instruction in
poultry keeping to their agricultural and dairying students,
provide also, in some cases, special courses in poultry keeping
for students who desire to obtain a more specialised knowledge
of the subject, e.g., the Harper-Adams College provides special
courses extending over one session of three terms. These
courses include instruction in anatomy, physiology, and
diseases of poultry, natural and artificial incubation and brood.
ing, foods, feeding, and general management, parasites, and
the various enemies of poultry, water-fowl, and turkeys, book-
keeping and carpentry. Lectures are also provided on
elementary agriculture and on the economic relationship
between poultry keeping on the one hand and agriculture,
horticulture, and market gardening on the other. Practical
work is provided for the students on the college poultry plant.
Demonstrations are given in connection with the college lay-
ing trials, and visits are paid to well-managed poultry farms
within easy reach of the college.

Possibilities of Extension of Poultry Education.—lFrom the
foregoing it will be gathered that considerable provision for
instruction in poultry keeping is already made in this country,
and there is no doubt as to the beneficial effect which has

1920. | Epucation in Pouutry KEEPING. 759

accrued from this work. There is, however, considerable
room for further extension, especialiy as regards higher
instruction for those who desire to become teachers of poultry
keeping. This is an age of specialisation, and when regard
is had to the amount of educational, investigational, and
research work carried on in connection with the poultry keep-
ing industry in America it is obvious, particularly in regard
to investigation and research, that much more requires to be
done in this country if home production is to be substantially
increased and future foreign competition successfully met.

Unlike agriculture, the poultry industry, regarded as a com-
mercial venture, is of comparatively recent growth. Methods
are far from being perfected or standardised, and the com-
parative values of different practices in feeding, housing, and
general management require investigation. Our knowledge as
to the best methods of combining poultry keeping with either
horticulture, market gardening, or agriculture, is still limited.
The efficiency of present methods of artificial hatching and
rearing leaves much to be desired; whilst our knowledge of
poultry diseases and their prevention is still very imperfect.

The poultry institute, which it is hoped may be established
before long, will have a wide sphere of work, much of which
will be on virgin soil so far as this country is concerned, and
should prove of immense value to all poultry keepers. The
poultry industry means more to this country than many
people imagine. No definite figures are available as to the
quantity or value of the poultry and eggs produced annually
in Great Britain, but it is practically certain that poultry
produce to the value of well over 50 millions sterling was
consumed in this country last vear, though, unfortunately,
Great Britain paid 35 millions of this sum to other countries.

When it is remembered that poultry keeping offers a profit-
able spare time occupation to many classes of people, that
poultry can be kept in a large degree as an added crop on the
land, and that under proper management they can be fed to
a considerable extent on waste materials and by-products, it
will be realised that the possibilities of expanding home pro-
duction are very great. There is also no doubt that home-
produced poultry and eggs are infinitely better for the health
of the nation than imported frozen poultry, and preserved
dried or liquid eggs from China.

E 2

760 PROFITABLE Pears FoR MARKET. [ Nov.,

PROFITABLE PEARS FOR MARKET.

In successful pear-growing, great care is required in selection
of varieties suitable both for the locality and the class of trade
to be supplied. Mistakes in this direction are easily made from
failure to appreciate the difference between garden and planta-
tion conditions. The object of this article is to point out both
the good and bad points of the varieties commonly grown, and
to assist the grower generally in choosing those most suitable
for the purpose he has in view.

In many parts of the country where the climate is mild,
the growing of pears under plantation conditions, either as
‘* fillers ’’ or in blocks, is a paying investment. The area
devoted to this class of fruit is on the increase, but the
demand for good quality pears, especially from October to
December, is very great, and there is room for a considerable
increase in production.

Factors influencing the Choice of Varieties.—(1) Marketing.
—The quality of different pears varies very considerably, but
the very high-quality kinds do not as a rule prove the most
profitable commercially, as they are generally shy croppers. It
is unfortunate that there are few varieties combining the cha-
racteristics of high quality and fruitfulness together with
‘hardiness, and in selecting varieties one is often obliged to
sacrifice quality in order to obtain a paying quantity. Roughly
the chief pear varieties may be divided into three classes:—

(a) Very high quality pears, shy in bearing and requiring
exceptionally favourable conditions. The culture of
these in this country is almost entirely confined to pri-
vate gardens, where quality is of prime importance and
monetary return a secondary consideration. A small
part of the trade is supplied from home sources and the
bulk comes from abroad.

(6b) Medium quality kinds which crop well and thrive over
a fairly wide range of soil and climatic conditions.
These are the varieties chiefly grown for market in the
southern fruit districts, and are suitable for the general
retail trade. Taken as a whole, they usually bring very
fair returns. |

(c) Poor quality early pears, very hardy and usually heavy
cropping. These usually are sold for the cheap retail,
coster and seaside trades. On account of their earliness
and their heavy crops they are often very profitable in

1920. } PROFITABLE PEARS FOR MARKET. 761

spite of their poor quality. This is especially the case
where growers are near seaside towns and can supply
the retail trade direct.

A succession of varieties should be selected, so that picking
and marketing are spread over as long a period as possible, and
—in the case of the grower who sells direct to retailers—a
continuous supply should be maintained.

(2) Method of Cultivation.—Standard and half-standard trees
which are grafted on pear stocks are not generally recom-
mended. They are so slow in bearing that often a profitable
crop is not obtained until 20 years have elapsed after planting,
and the fruit from this form of tree is not of such good quality
as that from bushes or cordons, owing to the greater attention
which the latter receive.

Bush pears on quince stock are preferable, for their habit
of growth is generally upright and the trees come into bearing
a very few years after planting. As “‘ fillers ’’ they are ideal,
as they are somewhat short-lived and are usually past their
prime by the time their removal is necessary. Unlike many
apples, pears crop well on a system of close spur pruning and
restrictions, and they are, therefore, particularly suitable for
cordons. This system entails a high cost of production, and
should only be adopted for the best of the commercial varieties,
where locality and situation are favourable, on suitable land in
good heart, and when it is quite certain that the trees will
receive the necessary amount of attention.

(3) Locality and Soils —Pear growing—especially of high
quality varieties—is mostly confined to districts with a mild
climate, and for this reason the South Western Counties and
many districts with suitable soils bordermg on the English
Channel are particularly suitable.

Pears worked on Quince require particular soil conditions,
but as a general rule it can be taken that in their likes and
dislikes they follow closely apples worked on the weaker types
of Paradise. The ideal soil is a sandy retentive loam with good
natural drainage; brickearth with a slight mixture of sand is
particularly suitable. They require good land and do not thrive
on extreme types of soil such as cold wei clays or thin soils on
chalk or gravel, but there is a wide range between these on
which they can be profitably grown. Local information as
to the suitability of a district and the soils therein can usually
be obtained and should be given due consideration, especially
in relation to the fruitfulness of a variety and its power to resist
disease.

7162

PROFITABLE PRARS FoR MaRKaBT.

[ Nov.,

Deserrption of Market Varieties of Peurs.

Variety and Season.

Description.

EURRE
CLAIRGEAU-

Nov.

-BEURRE DE
CAPIAUMONT

Oct.
CAILLOT ROSAT

Aug.

HALK
(CRAWFORD)
Aug.
CONFERENCE ...
Oct.—Nov.

CLAPP’S
FAVOURITE

Mid. Aug.—Sept.

CATILLAC
Dec.— April.

Dr. JULES
GUYOT

Early Sept.

DOYENNE
DU COMICE
Noy.
DURONDEALU ....
Oct.—Noy.
EMILE d’HEYST
Oct. —Nov.
FERTILITY
Oct.

Culinary. Large, lemon yellow tinged with orange
red. Strong and upright grower. Said to bear
profitably in the North.

Dessert, medium quality. Medium size, pale yellow
covered with russet tinged with red. Succeeds in
the North.

Dessert, good quality. Medium size. Greenish yéllow
with brownish red cheek streaked with red. An
excellent bearer where at home, as it is said to be
in the North.

Poor quality dessert, but fairly regular cropper. Often
planted as a standard for a windbreak. Too many
should not be planted, as it must be marketed just
before it is ripe.

Dessert of good quality. Medium size, and very long
necked, yellowish green, much russeted. Growth
upright and strong in good soils, but should be
grown on pear stock on poorer land. Owing to its
regular and heavy cropping powers a popular and
reliable market variety.

Dessert, of good quality, but becomes mealy if kept
too long or allowed to ripen completely on the tree.
Medium size, shape uneven. Bright yellow with
bronze or crimson cheek and deep crimson stripes.
Growth moderately strong and upright. Crops well,
and is a valuable market variety. Responds to
double working.

Culinary, good quality. Large, dull green with brown
red flush. Growth strong and spreading, somewhat
pendulous. A hardy and useful variety, but a little
uncertain on some soils.

Dessert, very similar to Williams in appearance and
quality, but must not be allowed to ripen on the
tree, and does not keep long. Large, lemon yellow
with black dots and generally a red cheek. Regular
cropper. Growth weak and compact. Responds well
to double working.

The finest and highest priced dessert pear grown. It
frequently fails to crop well. Should only be planted
experimentally at first.

Dessert, good quality. Large, a deep russet brown
with a crimson flush. A regular and free cropper.
Growth strong and upright. A good market variety.

A valuable dessert variety of very good quality. Light
yellow with patches of russet. A fairly good cropper,
but not reliable in all situations. Moderate and
irregular growth.

Fair quality dessert. Medium size, russet with an

orange tinged cheek. Regular and heavy bearer.

Growth moderate and upright. Makes an excellent

bush. Should be grown on pear stock on the poorer

soils. Has immense cropping powers. Liable to
canker.

1920. ]

|
Variety and Season. |

PROFITABLE PEARS FOR MARKET.

763

Description.

HAZEL OR
HESSLE

Oct.

LAMMAS
Aug,

LOUISE BONNE
OF JERSEY

Oct,

MARGUERITE
MARILLAT

Sept.

MARIE LOUISE
d’UCCLE

Oct.

MOOR FOWL’S
; EGG
(Muirfowl’s Egg)
Oct.

One of the most profitable of the small pears; a very
heavy cropper and vigorous grower. Especially
useful where more tender varieties will not succeed.

May be described in the same terms as Hazel, but too
many should not be planted as it must be marketed
as soon as ready. A long time coming into bearing.

A dessert pear of high quality and somewhat unusual
flavour. Medium size; yellowish green with a dark
red cheek. Growth medium and upright. A very
valuable variety in a congenial situation, when it is
a heavy and regular bearer, but in other situations is
liable to suffer from frost.

A dessert pear of quite good quality. Very large;
orange yellow with red flush and patches of russet.
Growth strong and upright. Bears freely in a warm
and sheltered situation.

Large dessert of quite good quality if not left too long
on the tree, but does not keep long. Skin marked
with pale cinnamon russet. Tree of good growth
and shape. Generally a very heavy cropper, but care
should be taken to market before ripe.

An old Scotch dessert pear of fair quality, and rather
below medium size. Yellowish green, with a mottled
red cheek and covered with pale russet dots. A
reliable cropper and vigorous grower; is hardy in
Scotland and the North country.

( This article is also issued as Leaflet No. 347.)

764 LanD DRAINAGE. [ Nov.,

LAND DRAINAGE.

The Improvement of Watercourses.—The Land Drainage
(Ouse) Provisional Order Act, which has now become law, is
@ measure of great importance, and is one of the first concrete
results of the passing of the Land Drainage Act in 1918.

In all low-lying districts the prosperity of agriculturs
depends essentially upon the maintenance of the main water-
courses in such a condition that floods can be controlled to
the greatest possible extent, and flood-water prevented from
lying on the land long enough to impair its fertility.

The present condition of most of the great rivers in England
is lamentable, and it has arisen in almost every case from the
absence of a Central Authority possessing the power to control
the whole river and to hold a fair balance between conflicting
interests. The Ministry has long felt that the Great Ouse is
a case where the need for such an Authority is the most
urgent. It was clear from the beginning that, owing to the
number of important local Drainage Authorities—some of
them upwards of 300 years old—which already existed to
look after local interests, and to the number of divergent
interests which had to be safeguarded, the establishment of a
Central Authority for the Great Ouse would present very.
serious difficulties. At the same time, it was thought that if
the soundness of the Ministry’s policy could be established
in such a case, an example would be set which could hardly
fail to be followed on the other great river systems throughout
the country.

The Ouse Provisional Order was settled by the Ministry
with the loyal help of the majority of the drainage and other
Local Authorities concerned, but was very strenuously opposed
by a small minority .of “Authorities and individuals. This
opposition led to a debate in the House of Commons, and to
a most exhaustive discussion before Committees of both
Houses of Parliament. The result has been that the policy;
of placing the whole of each river system under a Central
Authority, responsible for all sections of the main channels, has
been completely vindicated. The principles embodied in the
Ouse Provisional Order were upheld in their entirety by Parlia-
ment, and the alterations made by the Committees were in
matters of detail only, and were all made, with one exception,
either at the instance or with the consent of the Ministry.

Besides the main principle of policy already referred to, certain

1920. | Lanp DratnacE. 765

other vital principles of general application were discussed and
upheld by the Parliamentary Committees. The two most
important are the following :—

(1) No Taxation without Benefit.—The general law does not
permit of the rating, for the maintenance of a river, of the whole
of the high lands within the watershed. Only such lands as may
suffer from the bad condition of some part of the river can be
taxed. Whether any alteration of this law is desirable or not,
both Committees held strongly that the establishment of Drain-
age Authorities is a matter which should not be delayed upon
any pretext.

(2) No Benefit without Taxation.—Wherever land is benefited
by drainage works, it is proper that it should contribute to the
carriage, right down to the sea, of the water from which it is
freed by those works. This principle was discussed at very great
length before both Parliamentary Committees, and was
emphatically endorsed by them. The Committees also upheld
the contention that the benefit derived from the maintenance of
main channels is not confined to ‘‘ land liable to flooding.’’

Of the principles, which are embodied in the Ouse Act and
which were not disputed before Parliament, the most important
are (1) that there should be no qualification for voting at Drain-
age Board elections except the owning or occupying of lands in
the district and the payment of all rates due; (2) that member-
ship of the Drainage Board should be open to all owners of not
less than 10 acres and to all occupiers of not less than 20 acres
within the district; and (3) that the Drainage Board and the
County Councils should be kept in close touch with one
another, by a small proportion of members of the Drainage
‘Board nominated by the County Councils.

Tt is essential for the welfare of agriculture that in setting
up Drainage Authorities the river should be regarded as the
unit of administration, regardless of the fact that it may flow
through a number of counties. In many cases a river is itself
the boundary between counties, or is crossed and recrossed by
the county boundary in many places. In all such cases it is
obvious that the county boundary must be disregarded, and
the problem must be viewed as if counties, as such, did not
exist. Indeed, there is only one case in England—the York-
shire Ouse—of a great river being in one county only, and
even there, owing to the administrative division of the county
into Ridings, false issues are raised and differences of a non-
essential nature appear at first sight as serious difficulties.

766 Lanp DRAINAGE. | Nov.,

Having obtained, by the passing of the Ouse Drainage:
Order into law, the establishment of so important a principle,
it would hardly be possible for the Ministry to stand still in
its task. The improvement of the Yorkshire Ouse and
Derwent, and the plains through which those rivers flow, is
an equally pressing work which is receiving the attention of
the Ministry. A measure creating a Drainage Board for that
purpose is already under discussion, and it is hoped that before
long all those who are interested in the improvement of
agricultural conditions in Yorkshire will have full opportuni-
ties of considering its provisions. It is also to be hoped that.
those provisions wili command such a measure of general
assent, in the light of the recent discussion of the Ouse Bill,.
that no further reference to Parliament will be necessary.

It must be plain to all who will consider the question
impartially that if farming in the low-lying districts of
England (which are also the most fertile) is to prosper as it
should, some active and immediate measures must be taken:
to improve the condition of the rivers. No such measures are
possible without full co-operation, and a certain amount of
‘“oive and take,’’ between the various interests in the
drainage area of the whole river.

The Powers and Conditions of Drainage Boards.—The
powers of Drainage Boards cannot be better summarised than
in the words of the Land Drainage Act of 1861, which lays
down that they extend to the following undertakings:—

(1) ‘‘ To cleansing, repairing or otherwise maintaining in
‘a state of efficiency any existing watercourse, out-
‘* fall, or defence against water;’’
This is called technically “‘ The maintenance of existing
works.”’

(2) ‘‘ To deepening, widening, straightening, or otherwise
‘“improving any existing watercourse or outfall,
‘‘ removing weirs or other obstructions, or raising or
‘“‘ altering any defence against water.”’
This is called technically ‘‘ Improvement of existing
works.”’

(3) ‘‘ To making any new watercourse, outfall, or defence
‘‘ against water, or erecting pumping or other
‘* machinery. ’’
This is called technically ‘‘ the construction of new
works.”’

1920. ] LAND DRAINAGE. 767

All these powers are subject to various restrictions for the
protection of property and other interests, and new works or
improvements of existing works can only be carried out after
due notice has been published and opportunities given for
ratepayers to object. Any such works which would cost over
£1,000, or over £1 per acre of the lands which would be rated
for them, can.be vetoed by the objections of the owners of one
half of such lands.

To pay for the expenses incurred by a Drainage Board, the
Board levies rates on all lands in its district which derive any
degree of benefit from its works. Rates for ‘‘ maintenance ’”’
are levied on occupiers, and rates for ‘‘ new works’’ or
‘“improvements’’ fall upon owners. Payment for ‘‘ new
works ’’ or ‘‘ improvements ’’ is frequently spread over a
period not exceeding thirty years.

No rates can be levied on lands which derive no benefit from
the Board’s operations, but as there are limits to the amount
of sub-division which can be made, it is usual to ‘‘ pool ”’
expenses to a considerable extent.

The only kind of Drainage Authority which can be
established by the Ministry of Agriculture is that known as an
‘* Elected Drainage Board.’’

The first members of the Drainage Board are obliged by
statute to be named in the Order which establishes the Board.
They only remain in office, however, until an election can be held,
which is usually from twelve to eighteen months after the date of
the Order. During that time they are mainly engaged in prepar-
ing the rate-books and registers of electors, determining the
staff required, and beginning such work as may be obviously
Necessary and urgent. When the first members retire, at
least a majority—usually about two-thirds—of the members
must be directly elected by the ratepayers (owners and occu-
piers) in the several areas which they represent. Thus the
policy of the Drainage Board depends upon the views of the
electors. A small number of members are appointed by
County Councils or other authorities or corporations who have
special interest, and with which it is desirable that the
Drainage Board should keep in close touch.

It has frequently happened that inquiries have been held as
to the steps which should be taken to put some river into
perfect order, and as to the cost which would be involved.
Distinguished engineers have elaborated schemes of works,
usually involving very heavy expenditure, and nothing further

3

768 Lanp DRAINAGE. [ Nov.,

has been heard of the matter for many years. It is sometimes
thought that the Ministry, in endeavouring to establish a
Drainage Board, is conspiring to force the carrying out of one
or other of these elaborate engineering schemes, and that on
the establishment of such a board the district will suddenly
be burdened with intolerable expense. It must be stated with
the greatest emphasis that this is not the case. A Drainage
Board at the outset of’ its career is faced with the heavy task
of preparing the way for its successors, and must necessarily
feel its way slowly in the matter of works. Its ultimate policy
and the amount of money it spends will depend (as has already
been pointed out) upon its electors. So long as a board makes
reasonable use of its powers it is subject to no outside interfer-
ence from any quarter. The object of the Ministry is to
establish on each river system an authority which will view
the problems presented by the whole system as a whole, and
will have legal powers to deal with them.

1920.| THe Dorset ARTS AND CraFrs ASSOCIATION. 769

THE DORSET ARTS AND CRAFTS
ASSOCIATION :

A SUSTAINED AND SUCCESSFUL EFFORT.
Miss M. B. ManseEt,
Secretary to the Association.

THE Dorset Arts and Crafts Association was started in 1905,
with the object of encouraging handicrafts work in the county.
An Executive Committee was formed, and lists of articles, the
manufacture of which it was intended to promote, were drawn
up. ‘These were adapted from those in use by the Wiltshire
and Somerset Associations, which had been in existence for
some years. From the first there was no doubt of the
popularity of the movement. Exhibits of all kinds and qualities
poured in, the result of many years work of ‘‘ home industry.’’
It was considered desirable at the commencement not to be too
drastic in disqualifying any exhibit, and so possibly damping
the enthusiasm of an exhibitor, but rather to encourage every
kind of effort until the exhibitors gradually learnt the type
of article which would be most useful and likely to command a
sale. Exhibitions are held annually in the county, and inferior
work has dropped out, in consequence, and the exhibits have
become less numerous, but the quality and workmanship have
improved. |

In the early days of the movement there were not many
organised classes in the villages, and only a few in the towns,
but, with the assistance of grants from the Association to
meet the initial expense of starting classes, and to cover
such incidental expenses as material, tools, lighting and heat-
ing, and the holding of the annual Exhibition, instruction is
now being given on a large scale, and much pleasant and profit-
able employment is provided. Basket, leather and metal work,
and ornamental and useful needlecraft classes were organised
in the villages and small towns, and in a short time were
working well and soon became self-supporting.

Class work and co-operation among the members are
essential to the success of an Association. A number of
exhibits of the same kind from one class promotes competition,
and results in the work being more skilfully executed.. A class
will soon acquire a reputation for good work, and if reliance
can be placed on the goods made, orders for large quantities may
‘be received. When several members of one class work together

770 Tue Dorset Arts AND Crarrs Association. [Nov.,

production is increased in greater proportion. Individual con-
tributions to any section of the schedule of articles are admitted
from any resident in the county (residence is the only qualifi-
cation), and much that is beautiful is sent. Professional indus-
tries also have their place, and serve to advertise work done in
the county; pottery, gloves and, occasionally, toys being
conspicuous exhibits.

At first the various awards in the section were competitive,
first and second-class certificates being offered, but it was
found that this system was impracticable when there was a
large number of exhibits. The Association therefore adopted
the Home Arts Association’s principle of merely awarding a
certificate of merit to articles which attained a certain standard.
A high standard was required, but when it was not quite
reached ‘‘ commended’’ cards were allowed occasionally,
where the judges considered that some recognition was deserved.
It is a condition of the Association that no member is eligible
to teach in the industry she wishes to take*up unless she |»
gained an award at an Exhibition.

At the outbreak of war, several of the boys’ and men’s
classes were necessarily suspended, and difficulty has been
experienced in resuming them, owing to the large increase in
cost of raw material. In time, however, it is hoped that some
of the difficulties may be overcome. The birth of the
‘‘ Women’s Institute ’’ movement* during the War provided
a fresh outlet for co-operative work, the objects of these Insti-
tutes being to a certain extent similar to those of the Arts and
Crafts Association. They have their own “‘ instructors ’’ in the
various forms of handicraft, and have sent much good work to
the Dorset Arts and Crafts Exhibition; chiefly toys, rush work
and gloves. The qualification of the Instructors consists in their
work having received distinctive notice from the judges at the
Arts and Crafts Exhibition.

By means of the annual Exhibition members are able to
see the result of the year’s work. Different centres are chosen
every year, so as to stimulate local interest as much as possible.
‘The Exhibitions have been held for fourteen consecutive years
since the inception of the Association, and during the War a
special ‘‘ Red Cross ’’ stall was included, containing the work
of wounded soldiers. In 1917 Her Majesty the Queen presented
an ‘‘ American home canner ’’ to the Dorset Arts and Crafts

* Notes on Women’s Institutes have appeared in this Jowrnal, January, 1917,
p. 966, October, 1918, p. 827, December, 1919, p. 939, and June, 1920, p, 206,

1920.] ‘Tue Dorser Arts anp Crarrs ASSOCIATION. 771

Association as a token of her appreciation of work carried on in
difficult times.

Hach succeeding year the Association has grown in its useful-
ness to the county. Many of the handicrafts travel far, even
to America and Canada, while awards have been gained at the
Home Arts Association’s Exhibition in London and at other
centres. The joy of creation is becoming a real stimulus in
the minds of the workers, who take a delight in producing a
new toy or in designing a fresh pattern, and eagerly look for-
ward to the judges’ ‘‘ reports ’’ upon the meritorious articles. To
advertise the dignity of labour and self-help and to encourage
- neatness in execution are the aims of the Association, and each
year shows considerable advance in this direction. The happi-
ness of those who produce and also of those who work with and
for them has a moral influence which all must feel who are
really interested in what concerns the good of others, and what
certainly contributes to the prosperity of a Nation.

772 Insect anp Funcus Pests purine Winter. [Nov.,

INSECT AND FUNGUS PESTS
DURING THE WINTER:
THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANT HYGIENE.

Gro. C. Goucu, A.R.C:Sc.,

Horticultural Inspector, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.

Wir very few exceptions, such as the winter moths, one
species or another of which is in evidence about this time
in the adult moth stage, pests are in a dormant or semi-
dormant condition during the winter months. Many of
these pests are to be found among the refuse of the
crops, and it is therefore essential that the grower should
be hygienic in his methods. Plant hygiene or sanitation is
increasingly necessary in these days of high cost of labour,
and growers are recognising that it is in the end more economical
to spend money on improving hygienic methods and so kill a
smaller number of parasites while in a dormant condition than
to delay action in the hope that the pests may be effectively
removed later.

Fungus Pests.—A large number of the pests are associated
with the soil, and, more especially the fungus spores, are
extremely difficult to kill. In the case of some, such as those
causing Wart Disease of potatoes, no practical method of killing
by treatment of the soil has been discovered. Another potato
disease, Corky Scab, is also perpetuated by infected soil, and no
varieties of potatoes are known to be immune from the disease.
In the latter case, however, there is good reason to believe that
the disease is due largely to wet soils and that drainage may be a
remedy, while it is possible that investigations may reveal a
chemical which will prove an effective fungicide. Another very
common soil pest is Club Root (or Finger-and-Toe) of turnips and
cabbages. On many soils this disease may be kept in check
by liming, as the fungus propagates itself best on acid soils. In
most instances a heavy dressing of lime is needed, even up to
4 tons per acre. Curiously enough, the fungus causing Corky
Scab requires the opposite conditions, the disease being more
evident in limy soils,

Insect Pests.—Animal pests in the soil are most effectively
controlled by working the land frequently so as to give the birds
every opportunity of discovering the insects. It has been noted
that grease bands on trees on arable land have caught fewer
moths than those on trees growing in grass.

1920.] Insect anp Funcus Pests purtna WINTER. 773

The idea of ridging up the land in winter to allow frost to kill
insect pests, although excellent from a cultural standpoint, does
not seem to stand the test of experience, for insect pests, even
when in a dormant condition, can apparently endure the frost,
while many fungus spores germinate better after being frozen.
Soil fumigants containing a basis of napthaline are far from
being successful generally, although they may enable a crop to
become established and so to withstand injury.

Infected Crops should be Removed.—Growers, whether on a
large or small scale, should realise that vegetables such as
turnips, potatoes, and mangolds which have suffered from fungus
disease contain thousands of spores, and it is important that
these crops should not be left about to rot or be fed unboiled to
animals, as in both cases the spores are by such means returned
to the land. Stubble frequently contains the pup of flies from
the preceding crop. To destroy the pests the stubble should be
ploughed in very deeply, or preferably burnt, even though extra
trouble may be involved.

Weeds.— Weeds should not be overlooked in this connection.
Grasses and weeds on the headlands and weeds in the field are
constantly the alternate hosts of pests which would otherwise
starve in the interval between the crops.

Fruit and Garden Pests.—The need for the adoption of
sanitary methods is perhaps more important to the fruit grower,
commercial gardener and allotment holder than to the farmer,
since a large number of fruit and garden pests, both insect and
fungus, hibernate on the refuse. The refuse heap and manure
heap are equally the resort of these parasites, and become a
hotbed of disease. A long list might be made of pests of garden
crops which could be found in most heaps of unburnt refuse and
which will ultimately find their way to the new crop, unless
destroyed.

The refuse of the fruit grower largely takes the form of dead
wood, although diseased leaves and fruit are common. Except
in cases of high wind, fruit which falls prematurely is usually
diseased, and should be gathered and burnt or fed to pigs. Very
few fruits bear fungus spores which are not destroyed by passing
through animals, so that the danger of infecting manure is
very slight. Insect pests are readily destroyed, and where
possible, fowls should be allowed the run of the orchards, as
they are fond of insects and prevent many caterpillars and other
larve from entering the soil to pupate.

F

774 INsEcT AND Funcus Prests purine Winter. [Nov.,

Many leaf spots and other leaf diseases which cause premature
loss of foliage are carried through the winter by the fallen
leaves. Such leaves should be raked up and burnt.

The pruning of trees and bushes is usually undertaken for the
purpose of shaping the growth and allowing light and air to
penetrate the foliage, but where the operation is done properly
the spread of disease is effectively checked. Wounds, however,
should be treated antiseptically to prevent further disease. It
is now known that reinfection in several fruit and leaf diseases,
such as Brown Rot of plums and apples and Apple and Pear
Scab, takes place from infected twigs and spurs, as well as from
‘“mummied ’’ fruit, so that these should be carefully cut away.
Dead wood should be removed from plum trees, as Silver
Leaf is often caused by such remaining on the tree.
Stereum pupureum, which causes the disease, only produces its
spores after the wood has been killed. It is for this reason,
and also because dead wood on a tree is useless and a danger,
that the Ministry’s Order compelling the removal of dead wood
from plum trees before the 1st April of each year was made.
It is important that the dead and diseased wood removed should
be burnt, as many of the destructive fungi continue to develop
after the wood has been removed from the tree. Before the
Silver Leaf Order came into operation piles of wood, and even
posts and fences, could commonly be seen, on which the causal
fungus was breeding and reinfecting hitherto clean trees.

Spraying.—Spraying is an effective means of controlling the
ravages of pests. A norma! winter spray usually has as its
basis caustic soda. A caustic soda spray will remove lichen,
moss and other parasites on the bark of trees which serve as a
place of refuge for insect pests. A solution of copper sulphate
is sometimes used to kill fungus spores. Lime-sulphur
solution has the merit of being a cleansing agent as well as a
fungicide, and is much in favour at the present time. This
spray can also, if necessary, be used every year without injuring
the bark, whereas the use annually of a wash made of caustic —
soda has an injurious effect on the trees.

Spraying should be done after pruning, although not
necessarily immediately afterwards. The best results are
obtained when the operation is deferred as late as possible. It
is commonly stated that the solution should be applied “* before
the buds swell,’’ but in practice it is better to wait until the buds
have swollen, or even after they have commenced to open,

1920.| Insect anp Funcus Pests purtinc WINTER. 775

although a slight scorching of the edges of any exposed leaf may
follow. The reason appears to be that the eggs of insects or
resting spores are but little affected by the wash. The pests
are most vulnerable and are easily killed. The best results
are obtained when the spores have germinated or the eggs
have hatched, which is usually about February.

Lime spraying done late is often effective, and not only
cleans the trees but, when properly done, encases insect eggs
and so prevents hatching. Even when hatching takes place
the insects have difficulty in moving about in the particles of
lime.

In conclusion, attention should be paid to the general health
of trees. Too little care is given to the roots of trees, although
the branches may be well attended to. Many growers appreciate
the fact that the leaves breathe and must have light and air
to do their work properly, but few realise that the roots also
respire and cannot function properly unless the soil is well
drained and kept open, so as to allow the air to circulate between
the particles of soil. It has sometimes been held in the past
that old-established trees require no manure, but it is now recog-
nised that a tree cannot do its best unless it is supplied from time
to time with sufficient food which the manure supplies. In this
connection it should be remembered that plums in particular
require lime, and that probably other fruits néed similar special
constituents, although little is known at present as to the require-
ments of particular plants.

“I
~I
ror)

FEEDING StuFFs In NOVEMBER. | Nov.,

FEEDING STUFFS IN NOVEMBER.
Proressor T. B. Woop, C.B.E., M.A., F.B.S.,

Animal Nutrition Institute, Cambridge University.

THERE is a slight downward tendency in prices since last
month, and reports at the present time seem to indicate the
probability of an appreciable fall in the price cf many com-
modities, which may extend to feeding stuffs. Some feeding
stuffs have advanced in price, notably palm kernel cake, which
is, however, still cheap as compared with other materials.”

Several correspondents have asked for particulars of the prices
quoted in these notes. These prices are quoted from the Weekly
Return of Market Prices issued by the Ministry of Agriculture.
They represent prices at which actual wholesale transactions
have taken place on the larger markets, usually London, and
refer to the price ex mill or store. They are as a rule con-
siderably lower than the prices on local country markets. the
difference being due to carriage and dealer’s commission.

Buyers can, however, easily compare the relative prices of the
feeding stufis on offer at their local market by the method of
calculation used in these notes. Thus, suppose paim kernel cake
is offered locally at £15 per ton. Its manurial value is £2 1s.
per ton. The food value per ton is therefore £12 19s. per ton.
Dividing this figure by 75, the starch equivalent of palm kernel
cake as given in the table, the cost per unit of starch equivalent
is 8s. 6d. Dividing this again by 22-4, the number of pounds
of starch equivalent in 1 unit, the cost per lb. of starch equiva-
lent is 1-88d. A similar calculation will show the relative cost
per lb. of starch equivalent of other feeding stuffs on the same
local market. From the results of such calculations a buyer can
determine which feeding stuff gives him the best value at the
prices quoted on his own market.

At the request of another correspondent particulars of the
relative food value and prices of potatoes, swedes and man-
golds have been added to the table. The figures given have
been worked out backwards from the assumption that the starch
equivalent of these foods is worth about the same as that of
starchy foods such as maize, namely, 2d. per lb. The figures
show that with maize at its present price, the value of potatoes
for feeding is about £4 17s. per ton, and of swedes or mangolds
about £1 10s. per ton.

1920. ] FEEDING STUFFS IN NOVEMBER. 177

Potatoes being very starchy in composition are quite suitable
for replacing maize meal or other cereal products. Since the
starch equivalent of potatoes is 18 and that of most cereal
meals about 70, the replacement should be made in the propor-
tion of 4 parts of potatoes for,1 part of meal.

Nore.—Beginning with the December issue of this Journal
the notes on Feeding Stuffs will no longer be written by Professor
Wood, but will be prepared in the Intelligence Department of
the Ministry.

Price

: i Manurial Food : Starch| per Price
NAME. teal rae in: Value per, Equiv. Unit ue ib.
Ton. Ton. — B48 au, Equiv.
s Ib. £os fac8: : A s. d.
Barley, English Feeding] 78/- 400] 2115| 1 6|20 9|71 |5/10| 3-14
, Foreign - -| 75/-|400|21 0| 1 6|19 14/71 |35/7 | 3-00
Oats, English - ~-| 57/-| 336/19 @| 1 9] 1711 | 595|6/0 | 3-22
, Foreign - -| 54/-|32011815| 1 9]17 6 | 595/5/10| 3-14
Maize - : - -| 75/-- 480 | 1710] 1 5/|16 5| 81 |4/- 2°14
Beans, English spring -| 98/-| 532 | 2010] 3 1/117 9) 66 |5/4 | 2°86
* a winter i 96/-| 532 | 20 0] 3 1)1619) 66 | 5/2 | 2-78
Chinese - -| 19/-] i12}19 O| 3 11]15 19 | 66 |4/10| 2-60
Peas, English blue —-| 105/-| 504 | 23 5 | 213 | 2012 | 69 |6/- | 3°22
. dun -103/-| 504 | 2215] 213] 20 2] 69 | 5/10} 3-14
» maple -|113/-| 504 | 25 0 | 213) 22 7 | 69 | 6/6 | 3-50
Japanese - - eer) 504 | 33 0) 213) 30 7| 69 | 8/10) 4:75
Buckwheat - - - — | — | —~— | — | —j — —
Rye, Engiish - -| 84/-| 480/19 10| 1 8 | 18 21/72 |5/1 | 2-73
Millers’ offals—Bran -| — | — 11410) 210/712 0; 45 | 5/4 2°86
Coarse | | / )
middlings)s — | — | 1510] 210] 13 0] 64 /4/1 | 2-20
Barley meal- - -| — | — | 24 0| 1 6/2214) 71 [6/5 | 3-45
Mame => | — ] 21 0] 1 6) 1915] 81 | 4f1| 2-65
Bean) -_-= + — | — 122 0} 38 1/]18 19] 66 |5/9 | 3-09
eee ee es 2-10 | 18} 16 18 |:53. [6/5 | 3-45
Cakes, Linseed - -| — | — | 23 10 | 312]}19 18} 74 15/5 | 2°90
Soya - - -- — | — | 24 0; 5 4/18 16] 69 (5/6 2-95
Cotton seed -| — | — | 14 O| 3 5/1015] 42 {5/2 | 2-78
Cotton seed de-| |
corticated| —| —|19 | 5 6/1314! 71 3/10 2-06
) | | : |
"2 , decorticated |
meal} = | — | 20 0| 5 6/1414] 71 [4/2 | 2-24
Coconut cake - | —j|— |16 0} 3 0/13 0; 79 |3/4 1°80
Groundnut cake - —}— | 16 10 228 P13 1 ae Ia7 2°16
an itaicd — | — | 21 0O| 5 5] 1515} 73 | 4/4 2°33
Palm kerneleake- -| — | — | 13 i 2 1 Pas faa | 2/11 |} 1-57
» Meal- i Gen iis |} — | 21 _ ae ae —
Brewers’ grains, dry ta fen eed 2 8) 49 13/5 | 1-83
Wet i —|— | 017] 012] VU 5/15 |{O/4 0718
Distillers’ ;. dry -| —| — |1210| 216| 914/57 |3/5 | 1-83
- eee 5) Hake ae 13} 0 8/16 lo | 0-27
Maltcums- - -| —{—|10 5| 3 6| 619/43 [3/3 | 1-75
Potatoes - - nn er. 8) 3S. 9 | IS S/O. 2-00
Cee eet be rie tO tPF | 7 T3710}. 3-00
Mangold - = ae ae oO 0 6 i pte 6 (3/10; 2-00

~I]
~I
PD

AGRICULTURE ABROAD. [ Nov.,

AGRICULTURE ABROAD.

THE CINEMA IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION—-A
NEW METHOD OF TESTING MILK—SMALL
HOLDING FARMING.

In every branch of education the cinema promises to play
an important and ever-developing part. This means of pro-
whe eiioaae ee viding instruction in agriculture and
ait ANA tn horticulture has received the attention of
the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, and a scheme of circulating films
illustrating agricultural methods and subjects has been devised,
which has already met with a large measure of success. At
present well over 100 films have been prepared for circulation.
The number of reels available for distribution is 460, repre-
senting more than 460,000 feet of film. All the pictures are
in circulation, most of them constantly, and it is calculated that
in the last twelve months more than 700,000 persons have
witnessed exhibitions of one or more of the Departmental
films. The authorities are assured that their enterprise in this
direction is making for better farming.

The official films are intended primarily for the instruction
of “‘ extension ’’ students, field workers and co-operative agri-
cultural institutions. The Department is at present unable to
meet all the demands made from outside sources upon its
supply, but where reels are not actually in use, every endeavour
is made to lend them to societies not directly connected with
the Department. No charge is made for the loan of the film,
but the borrower is expected to pay the cost of carriage.

Among the subjects illustrated in this manner are the keep-
ing of live stock, the life history of injurious parasites, dairy-
ing operations, the raising of crops, gardening, forestry,
market operations, agricultural chemistry, biology, farm
management and building construction. The spectators are,
for example, shown the entire process of the wool industry—
the flocks grazing in the national forests, the separating of
lambs from ewes, feeding, shearing and marketing; the after
history of the fleece, sorting and weighing, until it reaches the
factory, where the cleaning, grading, spinning, winding and
Weaving processes carry on to the finished web of cloth.

The whole organisation of the poultry farm is shown, and
the scientific side of the question is treated in a most interest-

Agriculture.

1920. } AGRICULTURE ABROAD. 779

ing series depicting the embryology of the egg. A film entitled
“* The Construction of a Wooden Hoop Silo ’’ shows in fifteen
minutes an operation that would require a full day to demon-
strate if the class were taken to a farm where such «
building was in progress. An excellent film, devised as a
pleasant story, has been prepared as an auxiliary to the promo-
tion of rural industries. While it imparts instruction, this
film introduces the personal element, and so maintains the
kinship of the cmema with recreation. The picture is entitled
*‘ The Home Demonstration Agent **—a United States official
whose duty corresponds to that of one of the county organisers
in domestic science in this country. This lady’s work among
women and girls in outlying country districts is faithfully
traced, and its effects on the whole community are brought
home to the audience. The little drama introduces the work
of the egg-circle, the communal kitchen, the county encamp-
ment and picnic, and the exhibition of club work at the county
fair. i

* * * * * *

Tue large development of the milk trade, and also the estab-
lishment of butter factories and creameries, call for great care
in ensuring that the milk purchased or
The Hoyberg = jd is pure and of good quality. The
Se ae 3 percentage of non-fatty solids in milk is
=e ae fairly constant, but the fat or cream con-
ea tent varies, and it is necessary for tests to
be made from time to time to determine whether the amount
of fat in the milk is or is not below the “ standard.”’
Such tests are commonly made with an apparatus known
as the butyrometer, invented by Dr. Gerber. This
apparatus consists of a number of test tubes in which the
milk can be specially treated for testing. Definite quantities
of milk and acid are mixed in a specially constructed test tube,
and the tube is rotated at high speed. The fat is in this way
separated from the remainder of the milk, and driven into a
narrow tube graduated so as to enable the percentage of fat
contained in the sample to be measured.

A method of testing the fat content of milk on somewhat
similar lines has recently been designed by Mr. Hoyberg,
Veterinary Officer to the Commune of Frederiksberg, Copen-
hagen, and has attracted some attention in dairy circles.
Observations on this process have been made by three

780 AGRICULTURE ABROAD. | Nov.,

authorities on dairying™, and an account of their investigations
and conclusions was published in the issue of the Milchwirt-
schaftliches Zentralblatt for 15th April, 1920. The results
suggest the possible value of the Hoyberg process as compared
with the Gerber process, although it should be. stated that
Hoyberg’s investigations are not yet complete.

Each butyrometer in the Hoyberg process is filled with
9.7 cc. of milk, to which are added 3.4 cc. of one and 0.6 ce.
of a second fluid (both of secret composition), carefully
measured, and the tube then closed with a rubber stopper.
The contents are mixed by turning the butyrometers five or
six times, shaking for + minute, and again turning as before.
The tubes are afterwards allowed to stand in a water bath at a
temperature of 60° to 62°C., stoppers uppermost, for 6 or 7
minutes, after which the previous operation of turning and
shaking is repeated. The butyrometers are finally again placed
in water, stoppers uppermost, for 8 to 10 minutes, and then in
a reverse position for a further period of 5 to 10 minutes.

As a result of this treatment the fat is separated from the
rest of the milk. The amount can be read off on the graduated
scale.

The whole apparatus and fluids can be packed in a well-fitted
tin box, which is easily portable.

In the account given by the three investigators, the results
of five samples of milk so treated are tabulated, and it is shown
that they correspond very closely with those obtained by the
Gerber process. One-half of the milk used was preserved with
formalin (one drop to 50 cc. of milk), and the other half
cooled, and further tests were made on the following day.
These results showed differences in some cases up to 15 per
cent., and in one case (in the milk preserved with formalin)
20 per cent. Further tests with other samples of both whole
and thin milk were made later, and generally confirmed the
results previously obtained.

Mr. Hoyberg mentioned the following three points with
regard to his process:—

(1) Investigations are not yet complete as to whether the
process is suitable for milk from cows just calved, for milk
from dry cows, or other abnormal milks.

(2) The process is unsuitable for skim-milk, as the results
given are too low.

*B. Van der Burg, Professor of the Agricultural High School of
Wageningen ; W. Keestra, Director of the State Dairy School, Bolsward ; and
D. C. de Vaal, Director of the Cheese Central Station, Alkmaar.

1920. | AGRICULTURE ABROAD. 781

(3) When milk samples have to be kept, the preservative
to be used must be formalin. It would appear that bichromate
of potassium is ill adapted for this purpose, but investigations
on this point are not yet complete.

In discussing the results of their observations from the
experiments, the writers state :—

(1) With fresh milk the agreement between the Hoyberg
and the Gerber provess is fairly accurate, provided that the
fat determination process develops according to Mr. Hoy-
berg’s desire, although differences up to 15 per cent., and in
one case 20 per cent., occurred, and in general the Hoyberg
method gives too low a figure.

(2) The process is easy to carry out and the rules are
simple, although in spite of this simplicity some peculiarities
occur which are difficult of explanation.

(3) In arranging the submersion in the water bath as a
means for doing the necessary shaking, the inventor has
made the shaking and turning portion of the process much
less troublesome, although this was not borne out with the
apparatus for six samples placed at the disposal of the
investigators.

(4) In some experiments, in which three samples were
tested, one sample in two butyrometers showed a dark fat
layer or a flocculent serum, or both, whilst the other two
samples remained perfect. In the course of the process of
fat determination, also, more or less serious deviation in the
readings was found. ‘The investigators consider it quite
possible that anyone making constant use of the Hoyberg
method would find means of avoiding such undesirable
occurrences; at the same time, it must always be a disad-
vantage that the investigator can, unconsciously, make small
errors which could lead to a partial failure of the experiment
and,to erroneous conclusions.

(5) Reckoning up the time spent in carrying out Hoy-
berg’s process in accordance with his rules, the investigators
state that 25 minutes are required from the moment of
closing the butyrometer until the time of reading off. This
period is longer than with the Gerber process.

(6) The great advantage of Hoyberg’s method over
Gerber’s is the omission of the shaking. The full advantage

of this is not felt when the milk experiments are being made
in a laboratory fitted up for this purpose, but it is a different
matter if the experimenter has to go from one place to
another to carry out his investigations.

782 AGRICULTURE ABROAD. [ Nov.,

(7) Milk tests for checking the yields of cows could be
carried out on the spot more easily by the Hoyberg than by
the Gerber method, and this, in certain circumstances, would
mean a considerable simplification from the point of view of
the milk tester.

(8) If, in regard to accuracy and reliability of results,
the Hoyberg method fulfilled reasonable requirements—
which the writers state as a result of their investigations
they are not in a position to confirm—then it might perhaps
replace the Gerber method in localities where it is extremely
difficult and, at the same time, causes great loss of time,
to collect all milk samples for investigation in a laboratory.
The writers sum up as follows:—

On account of its simplicity Hoyberg’s method might be
preferable to Gerber’s in certain circumstances. This
simplicity, however, gives rise to no saving in time, and on
balance, does not outweigh the disadvantage that his process
is less reliable.

* * * * * *

At the present time, when the advantage of small holdings
is so much discussed, it is instructive to turn to a report on the
economics of small farms issued by the
United States Department of Agricul-
ture.“ The Bulletin referred to presents
the results of a study of the organisation of small farms in the
neighbourhood of Washington, D.C. Information was
obtained regarding the important and outstanding agricultural
practices followed on 152 small farms, and an analysis was
made of the business of each of these farms to ascertain the
amount of capital used, the kind and quantity of crops raised,
and of live stock kept, and the details of the financial position.
Under the last head the investigator examined the nature and
volume of receipts, the expenses incurred, the return realised,
and other facts bearing on the organisation and operation of
the holding.

The farmers visited were men whose main source of income
was obtained from the produce of their farms. Each operator
devoted most of his time to labour and supervision. Men who
had a regular occupation elsewhere, and whose farming was
merely recreative, did not come into the survey, as their work
was manifestly not comparable with that of men who gave

The Economics of
Smali Farming.

*Bull. No. 848, United States Dept. of Agriculture, ‘‘ An Economic Study
of Small Farms near Washington, D.C.”

1920. | AGRICULTURE ABROAD. 783

their whole time to the land. The data presented apply to
the crop year of 1916. The general conditions of yield and
prices were fairly normal, as the effects of the European War
had not yet materially changed farming profits or farm
management in the region under consideration.

All the farms in question were devoted to market gardening.
Over 50 per cent. of their total crop area consisted of vege-
tables and fruits, and 90 per cent. of the receipts were from
this source. It was found that, judged by the farm standard,
land values were high. The farm produce was disposed of by
conveying it to the city and selling it either in the public
market or through commission agents. As the farms increased
in area the proportion of land used for general crops (corn, hay
and grain) increased, but on many of the small holdings no
corn or grain was raised, so that feed had to be bought. The
live stock was limited to the horses required for farm work
and to the cows, pigs and chickens kept for the production of
food for the family. With the exception of poultry, sales of live
stock were negligible.

The average flock was 33 chickens. In the area examined
there were no green-houses for raising market vegetables. Of
the farms inspected, the 45 showing the lowest investment
had also the lowest income. ‘The average crop area on these
was 6 acres. In this group only five of the farmers made a
labour income of over £80. labour income is the amount of
money left over after paving all business expenses and deduct-
ing interest on money invested. Farms under 10 acres in the
region under consideration did not afford any great chances of
large income, and it was noted that only the exceptional farmer
can make more than a living on such small farms without any
outside source of revenue. Incomes, however, rise very rapidly
with the increase in the tillage area. A second group of hold-
ings of 11-20 acres each make an average labour income of
about £45, while two out of every five make over £80. Farms
between 21-30 acres yielded incomes averaging over £80, and
the same applied proportionately to the farms of over 30 acres.

The report points out that a farmer of 10 acresand under need
not assume that he could not do better than the average, but
must bear in mind that if he is to obtain more than the average
income the most careful management and a considerable know-
ledge of farm practice and markets are necessary, while most
of the farm work will have to be done by himself and his
family. The small farmer has to buy nearly all his stock feed,

784 AGRICULTURE ABROAD. [ Nov.,

as he has not land enough to produce the more cheaply raised
foods, such as hay, corn and green fodder. The larger farmer
must spend relatively more money than the smaller for labour,
fertilisers and marketing, but the costs for food are less.

One great source of profit is double cropping. The import-
ance of having continuous cropping cannot be over emphasised.
Many market-garden products reach maturity in less than a
season. If it is not possible to follow or precede a short-grow-
ing crop with another market-garden crop, a winter cover crop
or summer legume should be sown to be ploughed in for the
improvement of the soil. Inter-cropping is also advantageous.

T'wo-fifths of the farms inspected had less than half their
area in crops, the remainder being woodland, scrub and a
negligible part in pasture. The half of the farms in crop had
to pay interest and taxes on the non-productive part. As the
tillage area decreased in proportion to the total farm area, the
business became smaller, and in addition was burdened increas-
ingly with idle capital.

When all the farms having 30 acres and under of tillable
land are classified into two groups, (A) those in which the till-
able area is 60 per cent. and less of the farm area, and (B) those
in which it is over 60 per cent. of the farm area, it is found
that the former group returned an average income of about
£15, and the latter an average of £93. The disadvantage of
leaving waste land idle is thus obvious.

The occupiers of the farms under consideration require a
relatively small amount of capital. The farm income of the
tenants was less than that of the owners, but if the net interest
of the capital invested be deducted, the net income is about the
same for both groups. The prospective farmer with the
necessary experience but with little capital can do better by
renting than by buying until he can afford to get a farm of
sufficient size for profitable cultivation.

* * * - * * *

1920. | Export or Porarors to Houuanp. 785

Application for Licences under the Horse Breeding Act,
1918.—Owners of stallions who intend to travel their horses next season are
reminded that they will require licences to enable them to do so.

Applications for licences in England and Wales may be sent to the
Ministry on or after the Ist November, by which date the licences for the
season of 1920 expire and should be returned to the Ministry. Failure to
return any expired licence renders an owner liable to a fine of five pounds.

Forms of application for licences can be obtained from The General
Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Whitehall Place, London,
S.W.1, and, as the Ministry cannot undertake to arrange for the veterinary
examination of stallions at short notice, owners are advised to send in their
applications as soon as possible after the Ist November. If many defer
doing so until the service season approaches it will not be possible to deal
with all applications before the season commences.

Imported Seed Potatoes from Scotland.--The Ministry desires
to bring to the notice of potato growers and merchants the revised regulations
which are now in force with respect to the importation of seed potatoes from
Scotland into England and Wales.

. The Board of Agriculture for Scotland have recently issued an Order under
which, in every case ‘of a consignment of seed potatoes (other than certified
stocks of immune varieties) to this country, the exporter. in Scotland is
required to obtain a certificate from the Board of Agriculture for Scotland to
the effect that Wart Disease has not existed on or within one mile of the place
in which the potatoes were grown. Further, the exporter must send with
each consignment a declaration correctly stating the reference number of the
relative certificate. In the case of certified stocks of approved immune
varieties, the exporter must send with the consignment a declaration correctly
stating the serial number of the certificate of purity issued in respect of the
growing crop. The Ministry proposes now to supplement the Order of the
Scottish Board by requiring that any importer who receives ‘“‘seed”’ potatoes
from Scotland which are not accompanied by the necessary declaration shall
report the fact to the Ministry within seven days of the receipt of the potatoes.
Any person desiring further information on this subject should communicate
with the Ministry at 72, Victoria Street, London, 8.W.1.

Export of Potatoes to Holland.—'Phe Ministry has received official
notice that the Netherlands Government have introduced regulations govern-
ing the importation of potatoes into Holland. These regulations require
that potatoes grown in England and Wales shall be imported only in bags
which have been sealed by an Inspector of the Ministry, and that at the time
of importation a certificate must be produced from the Ministry stating that
the potatoes were grown in land on which Wart Disease has not occurred.
Growers and exporters of potatoes are warned, therefore, that they should not-
export to Holland any potatoes other than those which have been inspected by
the Ministry. Immediate notification should be made to the Ministry by any
persons desiring to export potatoes to Holland, in order that arrangements may
be made for the inspection of such potatoes at the time of lifting.

786 Foor-anp-Moutu Diszass. [ Nov.,

Leaflets issued by the Ministry.—Since the date of the list given
on page 690 of last month’s issue of this Journal, the following leaflets have
been issued :-—

No. 346.—Gooseberries.
347.—Profitable Pears for Market.
355.—Growing Wild White Clover and Late-Flowering Red Clover
for Seed.
359.—Bracken as Litter. (Previously issued as Food Production
Leaflet No. 16.)

In addition, the information in the following leaflets has been revised and

brought up to date :—
No. 44.—Lapwing, Green Plover or Peewit.

80.—The Use of Artificial Manures.
151.—Cleanliness in the Dairy.
161.—The Vapourer Moth.
180.—Dodder.

187.—The Selection and Milking of Dairy Cattle.
197.—Agricultural Education and Research in England and Wales.
250.—Domestic Fruit Bottling with or without Sugar.
254.—The Use of Seaweed as Manure.
274.—Parasitic Mange in Horses, Asses and Mules.
314.—The Manurial Value of Shoddy.
334.—How to Increase Stocks of Bees.

”?

Foot-and-Mouth Disease.—Sussex (East)—No further develop-
ment has occurred in this district, and the whole of the general restrictions
imposed on account of the outbreaks near Uckfield in August last were
removed as from the 26th September last.

Kent (Faversham District).—Two outbreaks occurred in this district on
the 20th and 30th September at Baddlesmere, near Faversham, but no
further extensions having occurred, the restrictions were removed as from
6th October from all but an area having a radius of about 5 miles from the
outbreaks, in which movement remained prohibited. The restrictions appli-
cable to this area were subsequently modified on the 13th October and removed
as from the 21st October, except from two smaller prohibited areas around the
actual premises on which disease existed. At the time of geing to press
(25th October) it is hoped that in the absence of any unforeseen developments
it will be possible to withdraw all general restrictions from this district as
from the 28th October.

Rabies.— Wiltshire-—One further outbreak of Rabies has occurred, at
Salisbury, since the last issue of this Journal.

As a consequence of the confirination of the case in the stray dog at
Potterne, near Devizes, previously referred to, it was deemed necessary to
extend the limits of the scheduled district on the West and North-eastern
sides of the existing district, and at the same time to enlarge the limits
of the inner controlled area.

Glamorgan.—No developments have occurred in this district, and the
restrictions remain in force without modification.

Berkshire.—On the 23rd September, the existence of Rabies was confirmed
at Reading. The dog, an aged fox terrier, first showed symptoms of illness

ce

1920. | RABIES. 787

on the 19th September, and was taken to the premises of a Veterinary Surgeon,
where it died two days later. In view of the suspicious symptoms, the case
was reported to the Police and the dog’s head sent to the Ministry’s laboratory,
where examination confirmed the existence of Rabies.

An Order imposing the usual muzzling and movement restrictions over a
wide area around Reading was accordingly issued on the following day.
This area comprises portions of the counties of Berkshire, Oxfordshire,
Buckinghamshire, Surrey and Southampton, As from the 30th September, an
inner or dangerous area having a radius of about 5 miles around Reading was
prescribed. Within this inner area all dogs in a public place are required to
be led as well as muzzled, and in any other place, not being a public place, to
be muzzled at all times unless they are tied up or confined within an enclosure
from which they cannot escape.

Since the original outbreak, three other outbreaks have been confirmed,
viz., two on the 7th October and one on the 13th October, all at Cavershain,
Reading.

In consequence of the history attaching to one of the dogs concerned, it
was necessary on the 7th October to extend the inner controlled area so as to
include the district lymg between Wallingford and Henley-on-Thames.

The movement of dogs out of the inner area and out of the scheduled
district is prohibited except by licence of the Minister and subject to
quarantine on approved veterinary premises.

Importation of Hops.—aAs there appears to be some misunderstanding
with regard to the importation of hops, it is desired to state that hops may not
be imported into the United Kingdom unless with a permit issued by or under
the authority of the Food Controller. This regulation is imposed with a view
to assisting the industry of hop growing in the United Kingdom to recover
from the injury which it suffered during the War.—( Board of Trade Journal,
14th October, 1920.)

Free Entry for certain Agricultural Machinery into Tunis.—
A Decree of the Tunisian Director-General of Finance, dated 3rd September,
authorises the admission, free from Customs duty, of agricultural machinery
and apparatus destined for the “ Motoculture”’ exhibition to be held at Tunis in
March, 1921. Machinery and apparatus imported duty-free under this Decree
tuust be re-exported within two months of the closing of the exhibition —( Board
of Trade Journal, 14th October, 1920.)

788 SELECTED ConTENTS OF PERtopicats. {| Nov., 1920.

SELECTED CONTENTS OF
PERIODICALS.

A Strawberry Bibliography, C. H. Payne. (Jour. of Pomology, Vol. I.,
No. 4, Aug., 1920.) [01; 68.41(c).]
Variations in the Numbers of Livestock and in the Production of Meat

in the U.K. during the War, J. B. Guild. (Jour. Roy. Stat. Soc.,
July, 1920.) [68.6 : 31;, 63.75.]

Sawdust Chemically treated is tried as a Stock Food. (Hoard’s Dairy-
man, Vol. LX., No. 4, Aug. 13th, 1920.) [63.604(a).]

Wart Disease of Potatoes, G. C. Gough. (Jour. R.H.S., Vol. XLV.,
Parts 2 and 3, July, 1920.)

On the relations between growth and environmental conditions of tem-
perature and bright sunshine, W. EH. Brenchley. (Ann. of App. Biol.,
Vol. VI., No. 4.) [575.]

Aus einer Feldstation fiir Stechmiicken, Dr. F. Eckstein. (Zeits. f.
angewandte Entom., Band VI., Heft. 2, 1920.) [59.169(c).]

Technic of Potato Starch Manufacture, C. C. Moore. (Potato Mag.,
Vol. 3, No. 1, July, 1920.) [68.344. |

Die Marschkulturkommission, ihre Entstehung Aufgabe und Tiatigkeit,
Dr. Br. Tacke. (luandw. Jahrb. Band LIV., Erg. 1., 1920.) [63.142.]

Die Wertverluste des Kalksickstoffs beim Lagern, Dr. F. Weiske.
(Landw. Jahrb. Band LIV., Heft 4, 1920.) [|63.1623.]

Early English Forest Regulations, J. D. Guthrie. (Jour. of Forestry,
Amer., Vol. XVIII., No. 5, 1920.) [34.]

Some Bee Diseases, J. Tinsley. (Scot. Jour. of Agric., Vol. III., No. 3.)
[63.81.09. ]

Scottish Pure Bred Livestock.—IV., Highland Cattle, J. Cameron.
(Scot. Jour. of Agric., Vol. TII., No. 3.) [63.602.]

Flax and its Cultivation, P. Ryan. (Jour. of Agric., Vict.,
May, 1920.) [63.3411.]

Branding and Har-marking Stock, H. A. Mullett. (Jour. of Dept. of
Agric., Vict., May, 1920.) [63.6.] .:

Der Hund in der Geschichte und Saga, K. Balz. (Zeit. f. Forst. v.
Jagdw., Band LII., Heft 4, 1920.) [63.67.]

Bericht iiber eine Priifung des Hoybergschen Verfahrens zur Milchfett-
bestimmung. (Milchw. Zentralblatt, Jahrgang 49, Heft 8, 1920.)
L63.712. ]

Studies on the Influence of Humidity upon the Strength and Elasticity
of Wool Fiber, J. I. Hardy. (Jour. Agric. Res., Vol. XIX., No. 2,
April, 1920.) [|63.761.]

The Use and Making of Ensilage, A. J. Perkins. (Jour. of Agric. of
S. Austr., Vol. XXIIT., No. 12, July, 1920.) [63.1985.]

Electro-Culture, F. J. Rae. (Jour. of Dept. of Agric., Victoria, Vol.
XVIII., No. 7, July, 1920.) [537.]
The Antagonistic Action of Calcium and Iron Salts towards other Salts

as measured by Ammonification and Nitrification, J. EH. Greaves.
(Soil Science, Vol. X., No. 2.) [63.113.]

Resultats des Experiences dans la Forét de Lamotte Beuvron. (Rev. des
Eaux et Foréts, Tome LVIII., No. 9, Sept., 1920.) [63.196. ]

Forskene i havebruket (Spraying for Weeds—its effect on ordinary
kitchen garden crops.) (Beretning om Fjerde Skoleaar, 1918. Statens
Smaabrukslaererskole.) [63.29; 68.295.]

Lightning Injury to Herbaceous Plants, Jones and Gilbert. (Phyto-
pathology, Vol. VIII., No. 6, June, 1918.) [63.21.]

Printed under the authority of His Masxesty’s STATIONERY OFFICE,
By Metchim & Son, Princes Street, Westminster, $.W.1.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRIC ULTURE Hi.— Advertisements. XXV

The auces . WAR DEN ;

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xxvi THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

BREEDERS’ ANNOUNCEMENTS.

HORSES.

SHIRES.

JACKSON, J. C., ASKERN.—Breeder of Shires. Stallions: Severu Secundus 36070 by Babingley Nulli Secundus; Tanbridge
Tip-Top 28851 by King of Tunbridge 24351; Champion’s Comrade 31298 by Ohildwick Champion 22215, Thirty other
Stallions and Colts by fastionable sires kept for sale or hire. Fillies for sale.-—Apply, FAULKNER, Smallages, Sykehouse,
Snaith, Yorks. Telegrams: Smallages, Stainforth, Doncaster. Stations; Askern, Moss, and Stainforth.

HUNTERS.

DICKINSON, GEORGE, Cark Mills, Cark-in-Cartmel.—Breeder registered Hunters, Thoroughbreds, Shires; 725 prizes won;
inspection invited ; prices moderate.

CLYDESDALES,

GRAHAM, ROBERT, KAIMFLAT FARM, KELSO.—Breeder and owner of high-class Clydesdale Stallions, Colts and Fillies;
most fashiouable blood ; large selection. Commissions executed. Station : Kelso.

CATTLE.

ABERDEEN—ANGUS.
MACAINSH, JOHN, Congash, Grantown-on-Spey, N.B. —Pure-bred Aberdeen-Augu3 Cattle-—Particulars on application.

DEVONS.

STANTON, HARWICH.—REGISTERED HERD RED DEVON DAIRY CATTLE. Devons are the best English Dairy
Cattle under all conditions and in any climate.

FRIESIANS.
E. R. DEBENHAM, BLADEN DAIRY FARMS, BRIANTSPUDDLE, DORCHESTER. Pure imported and imported bred bulls
(sound tuberculin test). Services to approved females. Apply the Manager.

GILSTON PARK HERD OF PEDIGREE BRITISH FRIESIANS, property of A. S. Bowlby, Esq. Bulls and Bull Calves
generally for sale by Imported and other leading sires. Apply H. SCHOFIELD, Gilston Park Estate Office, Harlow, Essex.

JERSEYS,

JEROME, MRS., BILTON HALL, TOCKWITH, YORKS. Pedigree Jerseys. Heifers and young Bulls for Sale.

SHORTHORNS.

E. R. DEBENHAM, BLADEN DAIRY FARMS, BRIANTSPUDDLE, DORCHESTER. Herd typical dual purpose Shorthorns.
Bull Thornby Duke (sound tuberculin test), sire Drusus with 15,791 lbs. milk in pedigree, Services to approved females.
Apply to the Manager.

WELBECK HERD OF PEDIGREE SHORTHORNS, the property of the Duke of PORTLAND, K.G. Young Bulls and Heifers
for sale, from the best strains.—Apply, ALEX. GALBRAITH, Norton, Cuckney, Mansfield,

DAIRY SHORTHORNS.
CHIVERS & SONS, LTD., HISTON, CAMBS, Long pedigree Dairy Shorthorns, best milking families; daily milk records.
Young stock for sale,

HOBBS R. W., « SONS, Kelmscott, Lethlade.—500 Dairy Shorthorns ; milk records kept; many firsts Roya] and London Dairy
Shows. Pedigree Bulls and Bu!l Calves. 4-cross Bull Calves at mo lerate prices, suitable for non-pedigree dairy herds.

PLAYFORD HERD OF PEDIGREE DAIRY SHORTHORNS. Deep-Milking Strains of robust constitution. Bulls in
service: Thornby Don (133918) Hermit IL. (120697). Milk records kept, inspected by Dairy Shorthorn Assoviation and
Ministry of Agriculture Recorder. Young Bulls and Bull Calves for sale. Also Breeder of Pedigree Suffolk Sheep and Large
Black Pigs—S. R. SHERWOOD, Playford, Ipswich.

HORSE AILMENTS

AND How To CURE THEM.

Eminent Veterinary Surgeons strongly recommend
“Condw’s Fiuid” as a speedy remedy for Sore
Shoulders and Backs, Grease, Thrush, Injuries, &c.
Also for Dogs and all Animals.

OF ALL CHEMISTS AND STORES-—8 02. 1/6; 20 oz, 3/-.

Full Directions on Bottle. Insist on Condy’s Fluid.

CONDY’S FLUID CO! GOSWELL ROAD, LONDON.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxvii

SPECIAL INSURANCES
FOR FARMERS

Farmers and others connected with agriculture are exposed
every day to serious risk of loss from Accident, Damage,
Fire, &c. If not covered by insurance, financial disaster
may result. Delay in effecting adequate safeguards may
mean loss and disaster to you.

The “British Dominions” series of Farmers’ Insurances
have been specially devised to cover by moderate premiums
practically every serious risk to which Farmers and others
connected with agriculture are liable. The Policies are
wide in scope, clearly worded and offered at lowest possible
rates consistent with financial security. All claims are
promptly met and settled on a most generous basis.

The Policies {include

The Farmers’ ‘Compleat’ Employers’ Lia-
bility and General Indemnity Policy, The
Farmers’ Live Stock Policies, The Farmers’
‘Compleat’ Fire Policy, The Farmers’
‘Tractor’ Policy, Life Assurance, Children’s
Educational Policies, etc.
Farmers, whether already fully insured or not, are
znvuited to write for the “ Farmers’ Series of Pros-
pectuses,” sent post free on request.

The “ British Dominions” is official company to over
40 branches of the “National Farmers’ Union.”

Special rates are offered to Farmers’ Clubs for the
Insurance of their members.

=>
—'

Ze
GEE

EEE ey“

Head Office :—
BRITISH DOMINIONS * AreGsSE.
- Royal Exchange Avenue, London, E.C. 3.

The most progressive office for Branches and Agents throughout iT
all classes of Insurance. the United Kingdom. Vii |

ASSETS EXCEED £19,000,000

xxvii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

CATTL E—continued.

LINCOLN RED SHORTHORNS.

THE STAPLEFORD PARK HERD. A few young Bulls from Royal Prize Winners always for sale from carefuily_tested
milking strains only. Apply C. S, Harvey, Wymondham, Oakham.

KERRY AND DEXTERS.

BRAISHFIELD MANOR HERD of Dexter Castle. Prizes won in 1915 include Championship R.A.S.E., Nottingham, first
London Dairy Show.—Apply, Mr. W. A. OWEN, Elm Grove, Braishfield, Romsey.

PALMER, R. E. Pure Pedigree Kerry. Cattle, Oaklands Park, Newdigate, Surrey.

HEREFORDS.
WHITE, W. J. S., ZEALS, WILTS.—Old-established Herd of Milking Herefords, Bulls and Calves, for Sale.

SHEEP.
OXFORD DOWN.

AKERS & CO., BLACK BOTRTON, OXON.—Registered Oxford Downs, Rams and Ewe Lambs on Sale; inspection invited.

LINCOLN LONGWOOL.

HOYLES, GEO., SKIDBY MANOR, near HULIL.—Pure Lincoln Longwool Sheep; true type, sound conditions, lustrous long
wool, give satisfaction at home und abroad.

PIGS:

BERKSHIRE.

BRAISHFIELD MANOR HERD OF BERKSHIRE PIGS. Boars in use: Little John, Champion R.A.S.E., 1915, etc. ; also
Hugo, whose stock sold so well at Mr. Hiscock’s Sale. Young stock of the best blood always for Sale.—Apply Mr. W. A.
OWEN, Elm Grove, Braishfield, Romsey.

LARGE WHITE.
CHIVERS & SONS, LTD., Histon, CAMBS.—Pedigree Large White Pigs, fine quality, good type, best§strains.; Young Stock
for Sale.

COLSTON & BORROWFIELD HERDS OF LARGE WHITE PIGS, the. property of R. Millington Knowles, Esq., The Hall,
Colston Bassett, Notts.—Numbers and quality equal to pre-war standard.—Particulars from AGENT, Estate Office, Colston
Bassett, Notts.

DENNY, E. H. M., StAPLEFIELD PLACE, STAPLEFIELD, SUSSEX.—Large White Yorkshire Pedigree Pigs. ¥Station : Haywards
Heath. Telegrams: Handcross.

GREENALL, SIR GILBERT, BART..C.V.0O., WALTON HALL, WARRINGTON. The Walton and Worsley Herd of Pedigree
Large White Pigs. Selections of all ages for sale at moderate prices. Apply to RICHMOND DAYBELL, Manager, Rowswood
Farm, Higher Waiton, near Warrington. station: Warrington. Telegrams: Daybell, Higher Walton, Warrington.

THE WARREN HERD OF PEDIGREE LARGE WHITE PIGS, the property of H. T. Williams, Esq.—Young Stock of the best
strains for Sale, including a fine selection of in-pig Gilts——Apply to RAYMOND KEER, Warren dome Farm, Broughton, Ohester.

MIDDLE WHITE.

CHIVERS, JOHN, HISToN, CAMBS.—Pedigree Middle White Herd, containing best possible strains, including Royal champions.
Young Stock for Sale.

EDGE, 8. F., GALLOPS HOMESTEAD, DITCHLING, SUSSEX.—Albany Herd of Pedigree Middle Whites. Bred on open air system.
Wonderful doers and breeders. Will thrive anywhere.

JEROME, MRs., BILTON HALL, YORK.—Pedigree Middle White Pigs, prize-winners. Boars and Gilts for Sale.

The Rennet on which
cheese-makers depend.

Chr. Hansen’s Laboratory, Ltd, |

77, ST. THOMAS’S STREET,
LONDON, S.E.1.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxix

/

1 =

<a ©

7

—
~

makes Leaky Roofs Watertight.

® | a lle a i a he a ha a ha TY

The Plastic Compound for Repairing

LEAKY ROOFS
ON ALL FARM BUILDINGS.

Easily applied with a trowel—Sticks anywhere
and makes roofs permanently watertight.
Also supplied in Liquid Form for applying with
a Brush.

BEANCOLITE

THE SURE PREVENTATIVE OF DECAY, DRY ROT,
& FUNGOID GROWTHS IN ALL KINDS 0F TIMBER

Invaluable for Fences, Hoardings, Sheds
& Wooden Erections of every description.

BAXENDALES can supply from

Stock: Tractors, Manual Delivery

Reapers, Best Binder Twine,
Potato Diggers.

ORDERS NOW BEING BOOKED FOR
AUSTIN TRACTORS
AND
Silver Medal (Cardiff and Altrincham)
Unchokable Manure Distributors.

We shall be glad to quote fyou
for any quantity of Texo or
Beancolite and give you the
earliest ‘possible delivery of
machinery.

Re BY BAIL ea / e/a / a / ee / ee / re) re) re) ree / ene) ee) ee) ed)

I LO LI I LI S/O Oe a a

BAXENDALE

Miller Street,

MANCHESTER.

xxx THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

PIG S—continued.

MIDDLE WHIT E—continwed,

STAPLEFORD HERD OF MIDDLE WHITE PIGs. A few choice gilts and boars from Royal Prize Winners always for
sale at reasonable prices. C. S. HARVEY, Wymondham, Oakham.

WEELEY HERD OF MIDDLE WHITES, founded on the finest prize winning strains, bred in the open and folded on arable

forage crops in exposed situation on East Coast. Quvrality unexcelled. Constitution unequalled. Young gilts and boars always
onsale. Apply to OSCAR GRAY, Tendring Farms, Limited, Weeley, S.0., issex.

LARGE BLACK.

DUNSTALL HERD of Pedigree Large Blacks, bred from prize strains under natural conditions. Prolific, hardy, grand doers
and of choice type. Young Boars and Gilts. Prices Moderate.—LIONEL E. HORNE. Moreton-in-Marsh, Glos.

LUDLOW HERD OF LARGE BLACK and ASHFORD HERD OF MIDDLE WHITE PIGS.—Pedigree Boars and Gilts for

sale ; bred on open-air system from unrelated stock; eligible for Herdbooks.—Apply MANAGER, Woodlands Pig Farm,
Ludlow, Shropshire.

NEWHOUSE HERD of Pedigree Large Black Pigs. Boars and Gilts from best strains—ROBERT FORTUNE, Newhouse,
Cranleigh, Surrey.

PICKWELL HERD, Pedigree Large Blacks. Young stock from best strains at reasonable prices.—CAPTAIN OLAUDE W. HEMP,
Stainbridge Farm, Bolney, Sussex.

WILLIAMS, ELLIS R., GLASFRYN, CHWILOG, NORTH WALES.—Helyg Large Blacks, bred for hardiness and thrift. Best
acclimatised stock for Welsh and Border Counties breeders. Prices moderate.

LINCOLNSHIRE CURLY-COATED.

OHARNWOOD HERD.—A grand lot of young Boars ready for service, all descended from Royal winners. Inspection invited.—
G. SIMPSON, Charnwood, Lowdham, Notts.

GLOUCESTER OLD SPOT.
THE FAIRFIELD HERD OF GLOUCESTER OLD SPOT PIGS for Sale. 100 to choose from, including winners at Hereford

and Worcester Show. Gilts, Boars and Sows with litters ; also, owing to change of blood, several Boars by Berkeley Foreman.—
J. B. DOWDING, Fairfield, Leominster.

POU LTRY,
MAJOR, ARTHUR OC.—Breeder and Exhibitor thirty years. Champion Duck and Silver Grey Dorkings, “England’s best
fowl.” Prizes at all Shows, and exported allover the world. Prices moderate. Eggs, ls. each.ARTHUR CO. MAJOR, Ditton,
Langley, Bucks.

CONTINENTAL POULTRY EXPORTERS, STRATFORD, ESSEX.—Pullets, 30 Breeds, from 10/6 each. List free.

AUCTIONEERS, LIVE STOCK, ETC., AGENTS.
WATERS & RAWLENCH, SALISBURY.

MISCELLANEOUS ADVERTISEMENTS—(Cheap Prepaid).

For Cleft Chestnut Unclimable Fencing, apply to THE STANLEY UNDERWOOD COMPANY, LIMITED, Shottermill,
Haslemere, Surrey.
64 Page Book about Herbs and How te Use Them, 2d.—TRIMNELL, THE HERBALIST, RICHMOND ROAD, CARDIFF.

All applications for Advertisements in “The Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture” should be addressed to C. VERNON &
Sons, LTD.. 38, Holborn Viaduct, London, E.C. 1.

A Manual of the Timbers of the World :

| Their Characteristics and Uses.
By ALEXANDER L. HOWARD; to which is appended an
account by S. FITZGERALD of the Artificial Seasoning of
Timber. With upwards of 100 Illustrations. 8vo. 30/= net.
THE TIMES.—< Avery full and admirable ‘ Manual of the Timbers of the World.’

» dt is packed with information, conveys advice upon tke cultivation of trees
, adapted for British soi! and climate. and is abundantly illustrated with photographs.’’

_ The School-Book of Farming. By C H.Baitey
Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 7/= net. [ural Text-Book Series.|
Helping Men Own Farms. By Prof. ELWOOD MEAD.

| Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 12/6 net.
Ek: MACMILLAN, AND ¢G@y tilt. LONDON, W/..Go2s

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxxt
(Ss

as )

ee CS

By AprpoINTMENT

No Sinks ON
CORNFIELDS.

After the heavy expenses which farmers incur in ploughing,
manuring and generally preparing their land for crop pro-
duction, they allow their expensive seed corn to be taken
by Birds—Rooks, Pheasants, Pigeons, &c.—unless they use

CORVUSINE. D.C.

(The wonderful non-poisonous liquid seed dressing.)

Corvusine has been so improved that it is now non-sticky
and impossible even for the most inexperienced to get drill
clogging, and it so easily slips over the seed that the labour
of dressing is reduced to a minimum.

It is easier and nicer to handle than any other dressing.

What some of our users say :—
Mr. J. CROKER-ABBOT, B.A., of Naas, Ireland, writes :—

We have used ‘*Corvusine D.G.” with most satisfactory results as a “‘preveutive seed
dressing,” as also have many of our friends and neighbours, and all speak in highest terms
of its marvellous efficacy in circumventing ‘“‘the raids” of birds and vermin, and also as a
sure preventive of ‘‘ground rot.” It is vastly superior to other liquid seed dressings used,
does not clog the drills, and is so cleanly and safe in use.

Mr. R. WOOLLATT, of Codicote. Herts, writes :—

Your trial tin of Corvusine was the acme of success against all vermin, &c. Iam
most pleased with it, being in a pheasant and rook district. So please send along next
month three No. 2 cans Corvusine D.G.

Mr. Wo. J. MACKAY, of Lerwick, writes :-—
2 . ? » .-
I have recommended it to several of the farmers here, I am certain my crop last
year was much heavier where I used the Corvusine.

PRICES.

Wheat, Beh
Size of Can. Eptcheael” agen Gal Net Price.’ |
Maize, &e. 3 }
Buckwheat.
containing sufficient Bushels. Bushels. Bushels. S$ 8., a.
me 1 Corvusine to dress 16 14 12 O 4 6 |
ie do. 40 35 sO 010 6]
ute do. 80 70 60 1 OO}
» & do. i 200 175 | 150 |2 50]

Other Seed not mentioned in aebue Fable must be judged aeeanaiae to
its absorbent ees in Eoniparison.

Sold by Corn and Seed Merchants, Chemists,
and Implement Merchants Everywhere.

Sole Manufacturers—Hawker & Botwood, Ld., Agricultural & Horticultural Chemists, Grays, Essex,

xxxll THE JOURNAL OF THE MiNISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

BRITISH MADE CAKE

of GUARANTEED PURITY
and PERFECT CONDITION.

NOT A CONIPOUND CAKE.

MOTHER NATURE’S OWN
Food for increasing Milk Supply.

EASY OF DIGESTION.

Suitable for all kinds of Young¥Stock.

A Postcard will bring you Samples and Booklets from
Sole Manufacturers :—

LODERS & NUCOLINE, Limited,

Cake and Meal Dept.,
1, Crautched Friars, LONDON, E.C.3.

TheNetting tS
you will have Ws
eventually —

'
>... Se. “Se. “Se. “S. “S. “*

BECAUSEit lies dead flat
without curves or bulges
and gives no trouble.
Itismade to stand heavy
strains too, being. of
fine grade wire, galva- _44
nized after manufacture. =

High quality and low price is

another combination that makes

“Faultless” the Netting ycu

should test NOW.

q Send us particulars of your requiic-
ments and we will gladly quote ‘carricse

paid prices for large or small quantitics,
direct from works.

Davide G

TAFF VALE IRONWORKS
CARDIFF

Se Ee ee aaa a eee
(MMM ft fe fe ff 0 ob - @ &@ bb 2d dh 2 aA da at
aS a ES Ee ee See eee

iS. = = == = =s. = Ss. Ss. Ss. = SS SS SS =

British

OIL Made

For Preserving,
Softening &
Waterproofing

BOOTS,
LEGGINGS,
HARNESS,
SADDLERY,
LEATHER
APRONS &
COVERS,

and all kinds of

Leather Articles

As supplied to the Ministry of Muni-

tions, H.M. Dockyards, the Military,
and Farmers, etc.

——

TRADE MARK

NO ‘‘ RUBBING IN” REQUIRED.

In Tins with Brush complete, at 1/6 & 3/- each, or

2/3 and 3/9 post free.
1 gallon Cans 18/= carriage forward.
5 99 99

10/6 >] 33
THE MARS OIL (B.A.) Co.

(Proprietor: F. GREINER,)
MILTON STREET, LONDON, E.C,

HALL & CO.,

’Phone: Purley 10. LTD.

Lime Burners,
COULSDON, L.B. & S.C. Rly.

10 & 12,

GROUND

CARBONATE OF LIME

(For Agricultural Purposes)
17/6 per Ton loaded in Bulk F.O.R. Coulsdon.
Orders should be booked at once to
secure prompt delivery.

WHITE LUMP & GROUND LIME

For Agricultural Purposes.

All kinds of CHALK supplied from Lump
Ghalk for road making down to extremely
Fine Powdered Chalk for
Pharmaceutical purposes.

Head Office:

Victoria Wharf, KE. Croydon.

*Phone:
“ Croypon, 1104.”

Telegrams : ;
** CEMENT, CROYDON.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxxiii

ildina

Cow-hcuses

“ AB SIs” Asbestos-Cement Building materials are super-
seding corrugated iron and boards and felt for all
agricultural purposes.

Farm Buildings of all kinds quickly and cheaply erected
—with local labour,

“2 GIS”’ Sheets and Slates require no tarring nor painting
—they improve with exposure,

Invaluable for Dutch Barns, covered Stock Yards, Cart
and Implement Sheds, and outhouses.

For inside work—lining walls and underdrawing roofings,
replacing lath and plaster.

Also suitable for Bungalows, Shooting Boxes, Farm
Cottages, Garages, &c.

Write us if you cannot obtain readily,

TURNER BROTHERS ASBESTOS

CO. LTD.
ROCHDALE

xxxiv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements

Ea, aa Fe < ae Ke oO a Go ae, Le
x HE HE HE ME HE HE ME SE ME ME SE ME SE ME Be BE Se SHE Se Ste SHE SE She Ste Me He .
LR ERI SE LR IR IR ORI RIGS LR IR IR ERFRIR AIR LRIE

y eS

GRANULAR
NITROLIM :

is now obtainable (4)
SUPPLYING » (%)

AMMONIA & LIME iH
invaluable for Soils lacking in Lime.
(X)

Apply i:cwt. per acre, mixed with Super or
Slag, before sowing your WINTER WHEAT.

Particulars from chief Manure Dealers, or from

3 NITROGEN FERTILISERS, Ltd., ©
a Winchester House, Old Broad Street, London, E.C.2. i
>< <. <<a Soo Sb oe es ; i

Send a postcard for free samples of

Tents, Marquees, Sheets, Rick
Cloths, Cart Covers, Horse Cloths,
Nese Bags, &c.

Samples of Material sent willingiy.

With Botanical Certificate of Germination
and Purity of every lot.

DUNNS FARM SEEDS
LTD.,

DUNSEED CHAMBERS, SALISBURY.

Jonathan Hilton S
49,NaylorSt, Liverpool. gag
Send your enquires Ss

TELEPHONE: CENTRAL. 3928.

“Castle” Cane Feeding Treacle} | FARMING TAUGHT

(Feeding with sweetness.) Expert postal tuition in Mixed Stock, Arable and
In 6 cwt. barrels on rail Liverpool, London, Hull. Dairy Farming.
Used by many well-known farmers and We train you to make them pay.

Institutions.

Special course in Land Agency.
Compound Cakes, Indian Corn, Indian Meal,

Barley Meal, Dried Grains, Locust Beans, Fish Prospectus free.
Meal, Meat Meal, Clover Meal, Linseed Cake, Xc. THE AGRICULTURAL CORRESPONDENCE
Farm Engines, Incubators, Breeders COLLEGE (Section N.),
Poultry Houses. RIPON.
J. R. GODFREY SMITH, Established 17 years.
Bishops Castle, Salop. B Y p 0 g T
Bankers :— mk

Manchester & Liverpool District, Market Drayton, Salop.

Recleaned Seed Wheats |

—

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xxxv

Land Drainage Excavator Co., Ltd.,

WESTLODE STREET, SPALDING, LINCS.
Telephone—147 SPALDING. Telegrams—‘‘ TRACTOR, SPALDING.”

ome me oe NE

£50 F.O.R. £55 F.O.B.

Spalding : London or

£15 Deposit with Liverpool,
order. Cash with order.

tee NLT...”
DRAIN-EXCAVATOR.

Results of Public Demonstrations of the ‘‘ REVOLT.”

On the 24th May, 1920, at a demonstration held at Kerchester’s Farm, Sprouston, near
KELSO, N.B. (at which official representatives of the Scottish Board of Agriculture
and of the Highland Society were present), the machine excavated a drain 2' 3" deep,
7’ wide, and 450 yards Jong, in 13 hours. This performance constituted a
particularly severe test, the ground being of a stiff clayey nature. A tremendous
number of stones and rocks were encountered; but no difficulty was experienced, and
where an absolute boulder blocked the way, the machine ‘ jumped” the boulder in
each case, the boulder being afterwards removed by hand.

The cost of cutting drains has been thoroughly examined by practical experts, who have
proved that such work averages 9d. per chain, based on the hire of a Tractor at 12/-
per hour (which includes driver, fuel and depreciation) and two men at 1/6 each per
hour. £

“Awarded the Silver Medals at the Peterboro’ and Highland
Agricultural Society’s Shows.”

London & Export Representative :
G EO RG E e. BAD DO NM 8 PAR Peet Expert,
45, Chancery Lane, W.C.2.

Telephone : : Telegrams | «,
Code: A.B.C. 5th Edition. or Cables: |

Agritecnic, Holb., London.”

xxxv1 THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements

THE GRONINGEN SEED
GROWERS ASSOCIATION,

—Groninger Zaaizaadvereeniging (G.Z.V.)—

HOLLAND.

25,000 ACRES OF THE FINEST SEED PRODUCING LAND
ALL UNDER ONE CONTROL.

CEREALS. ROOT CROPS.
FARM & GARDEN SEEDS.
Write for the Association's ; Descriptive and
Illustrated Booklet, forwarded free on appli-
cation to its Londun Office
A Publication of great interest to
all Farmers and Market Gardeners.
Learn something about how your Growing Seed
is produced, and how this Association of Growers

Co-operates with YOU, and not only amongst
themaclves.

PURITY OF STOCK & RELIABILITY ASSURED.
Sole Representatives for the United Kingdom :—
R. TURNER & CO.,

21, Camomile St., London, E.C.3,

who will be pleased to answer all enquiries.

a
=
i
i
et
=—
igiith |

Reinforced Concrete Silos.

Better and Cheaper than Timber.
i
No Slackening
and
Tightening of
Hoops & Stays.
| No Painting
1 or Tarring
i} Required.
j)] Indestructible
j even by Fire.
No Upkeep.
Constructed on
q i Modern
4" Sanitary Lines.
ws Ve have built
il i To hese SILOS in
m4 all parts of the
Hi United Kingdom.

i
a ]

stn

Eathaiay and aGapaoneee on Application.

James Scott & Son,

(ABERDEEN), LIMITED,
George Street & John Street, Aberdeen.

lf YY: Fhe,
ly
t if /
ie hy, fy CY
Uf i WY)
it Wi, if! Hj,
Yk ly Uf, 4
—E Y

TRACTOR

The Brand for

All

COVERS.

Weathers

COVERS, &c.

and AII Climates.

Write for Samples to the Sole Manufacturers:

JOHN SMITH & Co. (London, E.), LTD.,
44, UPPER EAST SMITHFIELD, E.1.
Telegrams: Civilation, Ald. Tel. No.: Avenue 7650 (4 lines).

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisemenis. xxxvii

MILK

Wexrorp & S ons (Darnizs)

7 -The-
waa BOOK

manently cured thousands L

so-called incurable, stubborn Simms IMITED.
cases. It isthe humane rem- ye a ee oe ee
edy for sore, lame and blemished Now open to receive offers of Reliable
horses. Sold with Signed Contract Dairie

to refund money if it fails to cure AlLICs
SPAVIN, Ringbone, Thoropin,—

ee ite cen: WELL COOLED MILK.
Book, Sample Contract-Bond and advice—ALL FREE.
SAVE-The-HORSE. FULL SUPPLIES OF PLATED

(Trade Mark, Registered. CHURNS PROVIDED.

Rectory Farm,
Engliscombe, Bath.

a oo me

Mr. W. F. George writes :— Q
“*1 have treated a horse with Calcified Ringbone
and he is now perfectly sound although 2 Vets had
been in attendance for 6 months and then ordered

CHEQUES FORTNIGHTLY.

him to be destroyed. | shall always recommend Call or write full particulars of Summer and
your treatment.” Winter Quantities, Nearest Station, etc., to:
Address: PREMIER SALES, LIMITED, H. TROTMAN, Managing Director,
25a, Manesty’s Lane, Liverpool. Chief Dairy Offices, Elgin Avenue,
.
j
Sole Distributors of SAVE-THE-HORSE in the U.K. LONDON, W. 9.

for the TROY CHEMICAL CoO.

| Hos. BOAG & Co., LTD..

Sack Manufacturers and Merciants,
GREENOCK, SCOTLAND.

SACKS AND BAGS.

New Bags, Second-hand Bags, and New
Calcutta Bags of all kinds, suitable for Seeds,
Produce, Fertilisers, and Feeding Stuffs.

SEWING AND TYING TWINES.

Stocks always available for prompt delivery.

BUYERS OF EMPTY BAGS OF ALL CLASSES.
Prices c.i.f. any port in the World quoted on application.

Telephones: 825, 826 and 827, Greenock, Telegrams: Jute Greenock,
302 (Central), Glasgow. Bags Glasgow.
‘ 813, Aberdeen. Twills Aberdeen,

Aberdeen Branch: 12, Virginia Street. Glasgow Branch: 38, Elliot Street.

Codes Used: A, B. C, 4th & 5th Editions, Western Union, Marconi International and Private.

vii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE. ew te JOURNAL OF SHE ee OR ee eee

WHY PAY HGH PRICES

MILLING OFFALS?P

Wily PAY MIGHT PRICES

— and Meal

Pj utp 18°/, ALBUMINOIDS.

1E

Best and Cheapest Food

FOR

CATTLE, PIGS & POULTRY.
SOLD BY ALL CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES.

C.W.S. Agriculturai Department,

_BALLOON STREET, MANCH ESTER.

| 20, i
C.W.S. Palm Kernel

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Adveriisemenis. xxxix

= |
Running Water [2&1] CO

3
in Your Home
A Dayton Electric-driven Water
System will automatically pro-
vide water under pressure at
all fixtures—the same as city
water supply. :
Costs but a few cents a day
to operate.
Can be run from any current—
central station or private plant.
Write for literature.
Or better still, come
in and see this splen-
did system.
wi i") Pex, .
Zz. )-} = oe
EX Ao} ‘ — 4
= T.B.S. Electrical Construction Co., Ltd.,
68, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W.1.
Telephone: VICTORIA 1972.
Tel. Address: ““AGTROWNAW, SOWEST, LONDON.”
Telegraphic Code: A.B.C. 5th Edition.
Marconi Address: ‘*‘ EFFICACY, LONDON.”
SOLE CONCESSIONAIRES FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM.
Specialists in Country House, Estate Lighting,
Heating and Power Installations.

Send for particulars of the

DUAL PURPOSE MARCO PLANT FOR FARMERS.

xl THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements

Ag 1]

To All Cultivators of Land:

USE OUR GENUINE GROUND LIME

GROUND LIME is a FERTILISER, and_ secures
HEAVIER CROPS with a MINIMUM of EXPENSE

GROUND LIME, if applied to the land in quantities of about 10 cwt. or more
per acre per annum, will produce greatly augmented CROPS, whether of Cereals,
Clovers, or Leguminous Plants.

THIS LIME is a SOIL FOOD, an INSECTICIDE, a FUNGICIDE,
and the BEST REMEDY for ‘“ FINGER-AND-TOE”’ DISEASE in
TURNIPS, &e. |

For Prices of

AGRICULTURAL LIME

GROUND
CARBONATE OF LIME

Write to—

THE CEMENT MARKETING COMPANY, LIMITED,

LIME DEPARTMENT,
8, LLOYDS AVENUE, LONDON, E.C.3.

Telegraphic Address:—** PORTLAND, FEN, LONDON.’’
Telephone Xo:—5690 AVENUE (Private Exchange).

xli

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—-Advertisements.

is

This material possesses special characteristics—

it neither cakes

resembling silver sand ;
together nor does it require grinding.

It will not absorb atmospheric moisture.

It is dry,

or may be readily drilled into the soil.

It may therefore be strewn on the soil as grass seed
It is neutral and does not destro

y the bags in which

it is transported or stored.

s Ammonia;

¥

guaranteed to contain 25:

It is

usually it tests from 25°6 to 25

A typicai analysis of the material is :—

Ammonia

Moisture -

Free Acid

Equivalent Nitrogen

For prices apply to the

’

GAS COMPANY

LONDON

’

METROPOLITAN
OLD KENT ROAD

bd

709

Telegraphic Address:

Inland:

‘“ METROGAS, LONDON.”

Foreign :

*“METROGAS, PECK, LONDON.”

— ———— —— —— a
== Se — —— en, a

ee

iy.

xii

THE “CLAYTON ”’

Measurement 2+tin. by 10in. by 16 in.
= Pe

Weight 35 ibs.

RAT-GASSING MACHINE

Unlike Poisons, Virus and Trapping, it
Destroys not only the Adult Rat, but
also the Young in the Nests.

r with th2 regula-
(DESTRUCTION)

The only pra etic ral wav of complying

tions of the RATS AND MIC E
ACT, 1919.”

Used by COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL

AUTHORITIES, ESTATE OWNERS,
FARMERS, &c.

Fuli Pa
CLAYTON FIRE EXTINGUISHING & DiSINFECTING CO. cv.
22, Craven Street, Strand, London, W.C.2
§ RESSICH & CAMPBELL, 118, Queen pager eee. ti

ents : :
Agen UW. C. Day, 6, Water Street, Liverpool.

Ez EK ME;

BUY ONLY THE BEST.

The BUXTON LIME FILMS
COMPANY, Ltd.,

Royal Exchange, Buxton.

A A: A A Se or we

Telegrams-—Buxton Lime, Buxton. ‘Phone—312 Buxton.

THE PUREST LIME KNOWN
IN COMMERCE & THE
LARGEST OUTPUT OF LIME &
LIMESTONE IN THE WORLD.
Lime Burnt
Special Kiins far
Special Trades.

in Asriculturists, Florists
and Fruit Growers
catered ‘or specially.

AGENTS THROUGHOUT GREAT BRITAIN,

Lime in any Form, in any Quantity to suit Users.

*

Bi
Sash ERC Wwe

Drawn Srom a photog rapl hk taken at the great
Canadian Buffalo Reservation which is
enclosed by 72 miles of Ideai Fence.

Whatever the Strain
may be

you can rely upon the Ideal Fence
standing up to it. Your heaviest
stock will be securely held, not only
while the fence is new, but for years.
The Ideal Fence is the best

fence—ii costs less to buy and
nothing to mainiain.

The Secret of its
Enormous Strength.

Only tough, tempered. heavily gal-

vanized, spring steel wire, which has -

passed the severest tests for strength
and durability, is used. Every wire
is of equal guage—thus uniform
strength throughout is obtained.
A temperature wave in every wire
allows for expansion and contraction.
The junction of every wire is
secured by the most effective lock
ever invented.
Estimates given for erecting the !deai Fence

complete, in any part of the Eritish Isles,
and supplying ail necessary materials.

\(padanan

—$——

if

Write to-day for free illustrated and descriptive
booklet ‘‘U” giving prices and full particulars.

H. L. GOODMAN & SON,

24, Lime Street, E.C.s.
19, Clare Street, "Bristol.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xii

GENTLEMAN, age 41, with many years’
experience in import, export and home trade,
more particularly in Machinery, Estate
Requirements, Engineers’ Stores, &c.;
possessing a good knowledge of Produce
business and some acquaintance with Feeding
Stuffs and Fertilizers ; well travelled at home
and abroad and accustomed to responsibility,
desires to associate himself with a first-class
firm catering for Agricultural and_ allied
interests. Highest credentials.

Address
c/o Box 2957,
C. Vernon & Sons, J-td.,
Advtg. Service Agents,
38, Holborn Viaduct, E.C.1.

THREE HUNDRED CANDLE POWER
OIL VAPOR LAMP No. 304.

Safety Guaranteed. Satisfaction Guaranteed.
ADOPTED BY U.S.A. GOVERNMENT.
STORM PROOF. CANNOT CLOG.

Burns 15 hours to one Charge.
— Costs 4d. per hour. ——

Gives the strongest Whitest Light existing and
beats every other light, including electricity.

It will illuminate a Barn Yard 600 ft. square.
Weight: 4 lbs.

Height: 14 tnches.

The Lantern proves its worth best in the wild

winter storm. It is the one great light not

affected by wird or snow, or sleet or cold _ Its

brilliant rays penetrate the deepest gloom on

e stormy night. It is steady as the. sun under
the most trying conditions

IT'S THE LIGHT THAT NEVER FAILS.

Ask your Ironmonger for One or send your
/— and Name and Address to—

STANLEYS (STRATFORD) LIMITED,

LONDON, E. 15.

RENTOX see

is the best Albuminoid Food on the Market

for Stock Feeding. Especially for Pigs andl

Poultry. RENTOX is prepared from fresh,

sweet, sterilized Blood and contains nearly
90°/, Albuminoids.

Large sample box and full particuiars
2/- post free (2 boxes, pist free, 3/6d.)

Midland Cattle Products Limited,
DIGBETH, BIRMINGHAM.

[ J. D. CAMPBELL,

Manufacturer of NICOTENE in Bond from duty-
free Tobacco.
Nicotine makes the very firest Insecticide for fumi-
gating, vapourising, or spraying to destroy insects
infesting vegetation. Your inquiries solicited.

LUND STREET, CORNBROOK MANCHESTER.

The OWNER of Patent No. 13503 of 1913,
relating to Cultivating or Ploughing Machines, is
desirous of negotiating with interested paities for
the granting of licenses under it on reasonable
terms. For information apply to

Messrs. Lloyd, Wise & Co., Chartered Patent
Agents and Consulting Engineers, No. 10, New
C urt, Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C.2.

THE

YORKSHIRE
INSURANCE COMPANY Limited.

‘FARMERS’ INTERESTS SPECIALLY STUDIED.

Have you increased your FIRE INSURANCE
on New Crops to meet present day values ?
If not, consult the “ Yorkshire."

elie tet 0 feacns : :
York: ST. HELEN’S SQUARE.
London: BANK BUILDINGS, PRINCES ST., E.C.2.

Branches and Agencies throughout the Kingdom.

Fertilisers and Feeding Materials,

H. R. & Co. will be glad to quote Artificial
Fertilisers, Feeding Materials and Agricultural
Seeds on application.

Basic Slag, Sulphate of Ammonia, Nitrate of
Soda, Nitrate of Lime, Superphosphates, Bone
Meal and Flour, Castor Meal, Kainit and other
Potash Salts: Special Guaranteed Manures for
Autumn \Wheat, Improvement of Pastures, etc.

Linseed and Cotton Cakes, Decorticated Cotton
Cakes and Meals, Coconut, Groundnut, Palm
Kernel Cakes, Feeding Treacle, etc.

HY. RICHARDSON & COMPY.,
SKELDERGATE BRIDGE WORKS, YORKS.

Lancashire, Cheshire, Shropshire & North Wales.
Messrs. BOULT, SON & MAPLES,
VALUERS, SURVEYORS, ESTATE AGENTS, ANB
PROPERTY AUCTIONEERS.

Offices: 5, COOK STREET, LIVERPOOL.
Teiegrams—“ Acres,’’ Liverpool.
Telephones—187 Bank—2 lines,
Estates, Farms, Residential and Business Properties only.
Periodical Sales of Property at Liverpool, Chester and Preston.

ANDREW WEIR & CO. ||

Sack and Bag Manufacturers
and Merchants,

21, PARLIAMENT ST., LIVERPOOL.

Telegrams : “ Weirsac.” ’Phone: 895 Royal.

SHROPSHIRE,
SHREWSBURY, WELLINGTON WEM AND OSWESTRY.
Messrs, HALL, WATERIDGE & OWEN,
Auctioneers, Valuers, Surveyors, and Estate Agents.
Offices —High St., Shrewsbury; Market St., Wellington ;
19. High St.. Wem ; Bank Chambers, Oswestry.

Sales of Landed Estates, Residential and Business Properties,
Standing Timber, Machinery, Agricultural and Pedigree Stock, and
Furniture. Agricultural Valuers and Arbitrators.

Monthly Horse Sales at the Raven Horse Repository and Trial
Grounds, Shrewsbury.

THE ANIMAL PRODUCTS (¢0., LTD.,

24, Benson Street, LIVERPOOL.

ORGANIC MANURES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.

Meat Meal, Bone Meal, Blood Meal
for Poultry, &c., feeding.

xiv THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

“CYvyCLOPsS”

CONCRETE BLOCK MAKING MACHINES.

GUARANTEE PERFECTION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS.
“OYCLOPS” MACHINES have been sent all over the world.
During the last 14 years in West Africa concrete block construction has rapidly displaced
corrugated iron, it is so simple that the work can be performed by native labour. One firm of
| contractors alone have ordered 36 of our machines during that period.
The Block Machine also produces two 43 in. slabs, four 2in. slabs, or 3in. at one operation,
The making of concrete blocks and building with same can be learned ina week. Ex-Service men taught free of charge.

CYCLOPS CONCRETE CoO.,
9/11, Hilbre Streezi, LIVERPOOL.
Exhibited the non-slip flag and reinforced concrete at the Glasgow ae ae of 1887.
JOHN S. RIGBY, F.C.S., M.C.I., Proprietor. Established 1882.

Telegrams, * Assessor,’ Liverpool. Telephone, 1195 Royal.
F IRE NETTING In Perfect Condition. Will last
for Years. Black Japanned.

Tn rolls, 150 ft. by 3 ft., 3 in. mesh, 19 G., 42/*. Lin. 19 G.,35/=; 18G.,37/*. 14n., 18 G., 30/6 ; 17 G., 32/6.
13 in., 17 G. 28/6. 2in., 19 G., 24/= per roll. Also 15u ft. by 3 ft. 6 in.. 17 G., 1 in. mesh, at 35/- per roll.

NN

Extra Stout, 12 gauge in rolls of 50 to
WOVEN WIRE WORK 60 ft. by 15 in. wide, 1 in. square Mesh, Fr
black varnished, at 19/6 per roll Pot EEE EEE
ra Strong, 8 gauge, black Japanned, 6 ft. BEES cro
i in. by 2 ft. 3 in., 33 in. sq. mesh, knuckled & EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEH
— = 30/- per doz. (To-day’s retail | HHH Guess | t

per cwt.

Galvanized, Weathered, in } cwt. coils... 50/= chr LAE “Herr _oenn Brae
BARBED WIRE Black Japanned do. do. .. 30/- by S. Bisa Pee a ae

Extra Strong 14 in. Staples. 19/6 for 28 lbs.

Galvanized Single Strand, 11 gauge, of great strength.
FENCING WIRE In 1 ewt. coils, at 50 = per ewt.

FLT Permartite, Heavy Sanded, 45 ft. by 3 ft. - ’ ap ics ~~ .. 8/6 perroll,
ROOFING F ALL FREE ON RAIL. Telephone—CITY 8994.

SMITH & ELLIS, 3, FALCON STREET, LONDON, E.C.I.

NEW ZEALAND

A healthy, wealthy, progressive country, with unrivalled natural resources and unlimited possibilities.
THE POPULATION IS MOSTLY OF BRITISH DESCENT.

NEW AY ALAND enjoys a splendid climate, without extremes of temperature—although
the Dominion extends over twelve degrees of latitude. The rainfal!

is plentiful and well distributed, and the country well watered, rich
and fertile. These natural advantages make

NEW ZEALAND—tThe Ideal Home for the Farmer and Pastoralist.

In the production of Wool, choice Mutton and Lamb, and high-grade
Butter and Cheese, New Zealand excels. The Dominion’s average
yields of Wheat and Oats, Pulses, Clovers and Grasses, and the more
familiar ‘‘ British” crops, are admittedly very high.

NEW ZEALAND Apples and Pears, and New Zealand Table Honey have a deservedly”

high reputation, and other products of the run, the field and the
| forest—Hides and Tallow, Hemp and Tow, Timber and Kauri Gum
—are of an immense annual value.

NEW 7HALAND exported last year Wool valued at 419,559,537; Mutton, Lamb and
Beef to the value of 49,219,295, and Butter and Cheese valued at

4#,10,871,118. The total exports amounted to £52,634,670 in
value, and her imports to £30,671,439. This Total Trade of over
483,000,009 rested on the industry of a population of 1,108,373
persons.

NEW ZEALAND IS A COUNTRY WITH A FUTURE.
Lf you are interested, write for particulars to—
THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR NEW ZEALAND, 415, STRAND, LONDON, W.C.1.

) THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.
AEE SG RO IE 8

FIRST PRIZE (Gold Medal) in Three

Furrow Class, Lincoln Tractor Trials.

Advertisements. xiv

ee

H

BRITISH WALLIS

BRITAIN’S FOREMOST

TRACTOR

The Tractor which is built up to a the inception of mechanical farming.

standard, not down to a price.

An economical Tractor, light in weight,
and running on paraffin, the British Wallis
is recognised as the greatest development
in Tractor design and construction since

The latest success of the British Wallis
is proof positive of its remarkable power
ana durability, and is convincing evidence
of its suitability to the conditions of
modern agriculture.

78-82,
BROMPTON ROAD,
LONDON,’ S.W.3.

Telephone:
KENSINGTON 4260
(3 Lines)

Telegrams:
‘“GEEMOTRUK,
KNIGHTS, LONDON.”

Managing Director: W. TURNER-SMITH.

xlvi THE JOURNAL OF THE

— So

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

A SAFE PREVENTATIVE AGAINST
Foot AND MowutTH DISEASE.

FARM AND VETERINARY
DISINFECTANT.

Tf your dealer cannot supply, we will despatch immediately.

MURPHY & SON, Ltd., Mortlake, London, S.W.14.

Telephones : Bankers :

LLOYDS BANK LIMITED,
Ludgate Hill Branch, E.C.4.
BARCLAYS BANK,

St. Johns St., E.C,1.
MIDDLESEX BANKING C0.

a
| WALTHAMSTOW 920
STABLES, CITY- - - 5317
Night - BROADWAY 207

Telecrams :

“ THACKMEN, PHONE, LONDON”

Codes : = LIMITED.
A.B.C. 5th EDITION. Head Office: Leadenhall St.,
J - BIRD, Proprietor. REGISTERED E.C.3.

R.WATSON &Co.,

British and Colonial
FUR, SKIN AND FEATHER MERCHANTS.

Largest Cash Buyers of Moleskins in the World.

71 & 73 ST. JOHNS ST., CLERKENWELL, E.C.1.
LONDON.

THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements. xlvii

THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN DAIRYING

exists to help in any kind of trouble connected with :—

THE PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION OF MILK, CREAM, BUTTER & CHEESE,
—_——_——_—__—_—_—— SOIL FERTILITY, ———————————__—_
CATTLE FEEDING & BREEDING FOR DAIRY PRODUCE.

The health, wealth and prosperity of the country

depend upon the elimination of these troubles.

A Nattonal Duty and Profitable Investment are therefore happily combined
by sending a subscription to

THE RESEARCH INSTITUTE IN DAIRYING,
150, Southampton Row, W.C.1

Section 48 of the Finance Act allows you to give 5% of your excess profits to
Scientific Research free of Duty.

LOCK WOVEN WIRE FENCING.

0 eee ——

CONCRETE SILOS,
FARM BUILDINGS,
Perr AGE, = =. -
FENCE POSTS, &c,
Soeur Gig). +

Ss BS

3 hs Se SS ee
Eee Se SS

= 5 “se

x pent

A perfeet Woven Wire Fencing for all
purposes.

— i
——_ [=

Plans and Estimates given

Made in England of English Galvanised
Wire. for any class of work,

Supplied to all Leading Estates and Farms ee
throughout the Country. Ab don Clee q tone Quarry Co,

SEND FOR FULL PARTICULARS—
PEERLESS WIRE FENCE CO., Iddesleigh House,

Westminster, §.W. Ditton Priors, Bridgnorth, Salop.

xlviii THE JOURNAL OF THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE.—Advertisements.

YOu will find :

the All Steel :
Saw Bench the
most efficient :
machine for Farm
: and Estate use.

: It will cut and :

)

|

|

: rip up timber for :
Fe Gate Posts,
E Fences, Logs,
: and the con- :
| : struction of wood
|}: outbuildings, :
: Abandon the old :
| and expensive
: hand method.

|

4

- save its cost in :

The “ALL STEEL” SAW BENCH =

|: a See eae LAMBETH, LONDON, S.E.1. , dasa wade ni aaheal aaa

|
THE All Steel : |
: Saw Bench is :
: constructed en- :
: tirely of steel, :
: which eliminates :
: the risk of break- :
: age. Despatched ; |
>: ready tor imme- :
: diate use, with :
: 24 in. Circular :
> Saw, fitted on : |
: Steelspindle run- : |
, : ning in Ring, :
Oiled Bearings. :
: You will notethe :
>: machine i 8,5
: despatched com- ;

eo ee : plete, and not :

: subject toseveral :

Regd. No. 671936. * extra charges for |

: guard,andadjust- :
: able guide. :

The machine will 7 Al] Steel . Saw Bench Co., ; Prices and Leaf- 1

lets on request.

14/18, College Street York Road, ; Delivery #rom =)

stock, : |

VETERINARY
INSTRUMENTS

HORSE HOBBLES, Sheather’s.

474

Complete with Leather Collars,
Chain Pulleys and cross Hobbie.

PRICE - &8 17s. 6d.
SURGICAL MANUFACTURING CO.. Ltd.,

Veterinary Instrument Makers,

83, 85, Mortimer Street, LONDON, W.

ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FREE.

Fertile Farms

IN

Sunny Ontario

Can be purchased Freehold
from £15 to £20 per acre.

HE newly appointed Agent-General for
Ontario was President of the Ontario

Agricultural College, Guelph, from 1904 till
1920, and has all his life been intimately
associated with Ontario agriculture on the
practical side. He will be glad to advise any
farmer, farmer’s son, or country worker who
is considering the question of emigration to
Canada or who wishes to buy a farm in Ontario.

There will be a great demand for Farm Workers
and Domestic Servants in Ontario next Spring.

Situations are guaranteed on arrival.

For information and free booklets write:—

Dr. G. C. CREELMAN,

Agent-General for Ontario.
163, Strand, London, W.C.2.

(Mark letters ‘* Personal.”)

ae uk edos phosphatic Jertehser,
a : ee _ emntaining Dos 68 hb Phosphates,

—. §.«-- memy SOLUBLE.

oe excels both i in “the promotion of leaf and stem.

ty
2 $f Ka
ih } ate Pak tien VS

— S oa ee “EP H os” counteracts soil acidity.
s oe
oe “EPH os” is pericalasly well adapted for mixing .
i ae OO ae | compound manures. |

MARTI. TEE 2
ve by. ate
—ae

gRooKsT0N. pros.|

38, Grosvenor paceees, London, S. Ww. 1 ? | See ak

SORES ONE eee

Pte
— 7.

i 2 * ee a eee
be — ——

AMNH LIBRARY

sxx soonnas or ran orescence | UUNNNN

NITRATE OF
a.’ LVME: :

In Nice Granular Sowable Condition,

contains :— |
13°/, Nitrogen = 15°8°/, Ammonia,
and supplies :—

26°/, of its weight of lime in a
soluble form.

A Rapid and Highly - Efficient

Top-Dressing for all Crops.

Invaluable for Soils Poor in Lime.

For Literature and Information on its use please apply to:—

THE NITRATE TRADING C® L7-
_ 41, Eastcheap, LONDON, E.C.3.