JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY to tEntomologg in (Btntmi VOLUME XLVI, 1938 Published Quarterly by the Society North Queen St. and McGovern Ave. Lancaster, Penna. New York, N. Y. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA CONTENTS OF VOLUME XLVI Abbott, Cyril E. Page The Development and General Biology of Creophilns villosns Gray 49 Alexander, Charles P. Records and Descriptions of Neotropical Crane-Flies (Tipulidse, Diptera) X 327 Allard, H. A. Notes on Some Cicada in Virginia and West Virginia 449 Baerg, W. J. Tarantula Studies 31 Balduf, W. V. Bionomic Notes on Exartema ferriferanum Walk. (Lepid. Olethreutidse) and its Parasites (Hym. Brae. Chalc.) 23 Barber, George W. A Study of the Elliptical Goldenrod Gall Caused by Gnorimoschema Gallgesolidaginis Riley 155 Barber, H. G. A Review of the Genus Crophius Stal, with Descriptions of Three New Species (Hemiptera Heteroptera: Lyggeidge) 313 Bishop, S. C. and C. R. Crosby Studies in American Spiders : Miscellaneous Genera of Erigonege, Part II 55 Book Review 10, 30, 146, 154, 416, 439 Breeland, Osmond P. Phytogeny of Some Callimomid Genera (Parasitic Hymenoptera) 355 Chamberlin, W. J. New Buprestidge from California 445 Creighton, William Steel On Formicid Nomenclature 1 Crosby, C. R. See Bishop, S. C. iii Page Cumley, Russell W. and Sol. Haberman Serological Investigation of Drosophila Antigens with the Complement Fixation Reaction 401 Davis, William T. New North American Cicadas with Notes on Described Species 291 Enzmann, E. V. See Haskins, C. P. Felt, E. P. A Note on Lasioptera Murtfeldtiana Felt 44 Forbes, Wm. T. M. Acentropus in America (Lepidoptera, Pyralididae) 338 Haberman, Sol. See Cumley, Russell W. Hadley, C. H. Progress of Japanese Beetle Investigations 203 Haskins, C. P. On a Characteristic Somatic Modification Induced by Adverse Environmental Conditions in Drosophila 453 Hatch, Melville H. Theophrastus of Eresos as an Economic Entomologist 223 See Pratt, Robert Y. Jacot, Arthur Paul More Box-mites of the Northeastern United States 109 Kaston, Benjamin Julian Mantispidge Parasitic on Spider Egg Sacs 147 Klots, Alexander B. Book Review 416 Knowlton, G. F. and C. F. Smith The Aphid Genus Pseudcepameibaphis 217 Marsh, Frank L. Biology of the New Chalcid Parasite Cirrospilus in- imicus Gahan 27 Middlekauff, Woodrow W. Occurrence of a European Sawfly Acantholyda Erythro- cephala (L.) in New York State 438 Milne, Margery J. The “Metamorphotype Method” in Trichoptera 435 IV Page Pechuman, L. L. Additions to the New York State List of Tabanidae 457 Plummer, C. C. The Genus Atymna Stal and a New Related Genus ( Ilomoptera : Membracidae) 235 Pratt, Robert Y. and Melville H. Hatch The Food of the Black Widow Spider on Whidby Island, Washington 191 Correction 290 Pritchard, A. Earl Synopsis of North and Central American Holcocephala with a Description of a New Species (Diptera: Asilidae) 11 Revision of the Robberfly Genus Taracticus Loew with Descriptions of Three New Species (Diptera : Asilidae) 179 Proceedings of the Society 229 Richards, A. Glenn, Jr. Review of McDunnough’s New Check List of Macro- lepidoptera 439 Sabrosky, Curtis W. Taxonomic Notes on the Dipterous Family Chloropidae 417 Smith, C. F. See Knowlton, G. F. Soraci, Frank A. Persistence of Tortilia viatrix Busck 320 Occurrence of a Sawfly, Acantholyda erythrocephala L. in New Jersey 326 Distribution of the Sawfly (Acantholyda erythrocephala L.) in New Jersey 444 Tinkham, E. R. Western Orthoptera Attracted to Lights 339 Wade, J. S. Book notice 10, 146 Weiss, Harry B. Book notice 30, 154 Some Historical Material Relating to Professor S. S. Haldeman 45 An Overlooked Title by C. V. Riley on the Colorado Potato Beetle 194 Page Entomology and Nursery Rhymes 195 Paper from Wasp’s Nests 244 Thomas Martyn’s “English Entomologist” 321 Whelan, Don B. Relocation of the Type Locality of Porosagrotis or- thogonia 22 Williams, Inez W. The Comparative Morphology of the Monthparts of the Order Coleoptera Treated from the Standpoint of Phylogeny 245 vi VoL XL VI No. 1 MARCH, 1938 Journal of the New York Entomological Society Devoted to Entomology in General Edited by HARRY B. WEISS Publication Committee HARRY B. WEISS J. D. SHERMAN, Jr. C. H. CURRAN E. L. BELL Subscription $3.00 per Year Published Quarterly by the Society LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK, N. Y. 1938 CONTENTS On Formicid Nomenclature. By William Steel Creighton 1 Book Notice 10 Synopsis of North and Central American Holcocephala with a Description of a New Species (Diptera: Asilidae). By A. Earl Pritchard 11 Relocation of the Type Locality of Porosagrotis ortho- gonia Morr. By Don B. Whelan 22 i . Bionomic Notes on Exartema ferriferanum Walk. (Lepid., Olethreutidae) and Its Parasites (Hym: Brae., Chalc.). By W. V. Balduf 23 Biology of the New Chalcid Parasite Cirrospilus inimicus Gahan. By Frank L. Marsh 27 Book Notice 30 Tarantula Studies. By W. J. Baerg 31 A Note on Lasioptera Murtfeldtiana Felt. By E. P. Felt 44 Some Historical Material Relating to Professor S. S. Halde- man. By Harry B. Weiss 45 The Development and General Biology of Creophilus vil- losus Grav. By Cyril E. Abbott 49 Studies in American Spiders: Miscellaneous Genera of Erigoneae, Part II. By S. C. Bishop and C. R. Crosby 55 NOTICE : Volume XLV, Nos. 3-4, of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society was published on Novem- ber 2, 1937. Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924. JOURNAL OF THE New York Entomological Society Vol. XL VI March, 1938 No. 1 ON FORMICID NOMENCLATURE By William Steel Creighton College of the City of New York For a number of years the author has had under consideration certain proposals which might aid in simplifying our unwieldy system of formicid nomenclature. The need for improvement has been evident to all who have struggled with our intricate pentanomial designations. I had supposed, however, that myr- mecologists themselves understood the system well enough to avoid being confused by its complexity. I am no longer sure that this is the case since there has come to my attention a short paper from the pen of A. C. Cole1 which indicates that the present status of formicid nomenclature is so intricate that even some students of ants fail to appreciate its varied ramifications. Thus Cole confounds the obvious need for nomenclatorial simplification with what he seems to regard as inherently chaotic taxonomy. I can put no other interpretation upon several of his statements, one of which is as follows : “It is apparent that in order to prevent the classification of Formicidaa from attaining a more chaotic condition, the rules of nomenclature must be followed more conscientiously. The rather vague and unsatisfactory methods of the past must be discarded and replaced by thoroughly scientific procedure. ’ ’ 1 Cole, A. C. 1 1 Suggestions Concerning Taxonomic Nomenclature of the Hymenopterous Family Formicidee, etc. ’ ’ The Amer. Midland Entomologist, Yol. 19, No. 1, p. 236-241 (1938). 2 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi It is no purpose of mine to appear as an apologist for formicid taxonomy. Anyone who has taken the trouble to familiarize him- self with the field will appreciate that it is in little need of de- fense. It may he truly stated that there are few other families of insects in which conservative taxonomic practice has been more generally or more carefully followed. It is largely because of this hyperconservatism that our present nomenclatorial difficul- ties have arisen. But, while it may be agreed that our nomen- clature is involved, this by no means implies that the taxonomy on which it rests is chaotic. On the contrary it is obvious that students of ant taxonomy, in common with those who deal with other families of social insects, enjoy advantages inherent in social organisms. The inevitable variability of any long series from a single nest makes for conservatism in dealing with varia- tion. When it is so readily apparent that the offspring of a single female may show considerable variation or, in the polymorphic species, may be wholly unlike, a natural check is placed upon the evaluation of differences which appear in new material. Further- more the large series available to the descriptor has facilitated the exchange of type material. There is seldom an occasion where the author of a species cannot supply other workers with cotypes from the original nest series. The stabilizing effect on the field is too obvious to require comment. In the face of such facts anyone who contends that ant taxonomy is chaotic is merely demonstrat- ing his ignorance of the true conditions. I further find myself at odds with Cole in his contention that myrmecologists have violated the rules of nomenclature. This opinion is implied in the paragraph quoted above but finds full expression in the opening lines of Cole ’s paper which I quote : “The writer is convinced that authors of descriptions of new ants who deal with categories less than species have very often vio- lated our accepted rules of nomenclature. The status of a great many described kinds of ants is definitely insecure at present because of these inaccuracies. ’ ’ It may be admitted that the use of infra-specific names in myrmecology is a peculiar one but this does not justify Cole’s charge. Carlo Emery appears to have been the first to employ two infra-specific ranks with the variety subordinated to the subspe- Mar., 1938] Creighton: Nomenclature 3 cies. I take it that this is the practice to which Cole objects. It may be pointed out, however, that there is nothing in the Interna- tional Rules of Nomenclature that forbids such procedure which was an accepted rule of myrmecological nomenclature years before the International Rules were adopted. Nor can I see where this method is inaccurate. Emery was an exceptionally careful ob- server and he appreciated the fact that variations which occur within a species are not always of the same degree of magnitude. Emery therefore used the term variety to apply to very minor differences and the term subspecies to apply to the differences of somewhat greater magnitude. If this method is inaccurate I count myself no judge of accuracy. The question of its expedi- ency from a nomenclatorial standpoint is wholly another thing. It is this aspect of the matter that I wish to discuss in the present paper. Formicid taxonomy is usually spoken of as a pentanomial sys- tem because it employs four categories below the genus. These are subgenus, species, subspecies and variety. It might with equal propriety be called a hexanomial system for, in addition to the four recognized categories just cited, there is a fifth known as the ‘‘group.” As yet the group has not made its appearance in formal nomenclatorial designations for the obvious reason that it is always designated by a specific name. Thus we have the rufa group in the genus Formica which may be distinguished from the sanguined, microgyna, exsecta and fusca groups in the same genus. This arrangement is valuable for indicating relationships and, since it does not add any burden to the nomenclature, there is no reason to discard the practice. Similar considerations apply to the subgenus which may be employed in consonance with an abbre- viated generic notation that does not add undue nomenclatorial burden. As the subgenus and the group are by no means myrme- cological monopolies I take it that taxonomists in other fields have also found these groupings useful. On the other hand I believe, and trust, that our method of handling the subspecies and the variety is a unique taxonomic phenomenon. Although as origi- nally envisaged the plan for the use of two infra-specific ranks was wholly conservative the unforeseen end result has been to com plicate the nomenclature to such an extent that conservatism seems. 4 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi apt to perish in a situation of its own devising. It may, therefore, be instructive to follow the steps by which this singular situation arose. The introduction of infra-specific ranks into the field of myrmecology is the joint contribution of Emery and Forel. Prior to the appearance of these two workers formicid taxonomy had been dominated by Gustav Mayr, a man whose invaluable contri- butions have been overshadowed by the more voluminous writings of his successors. Mayr’s ability for generic delimitation has never been surpassed and it may be added that as early as 1861 he was able to produce a very creditable system of classification covering most of the European ant fauna without recourse to a single infra-specific name. This condition was not to last. It is difficult to ascertain the first appearance of the infra-specific unit. It is certain, however, that by 1874 Forel had definitely embarked on a course of specific subdivision. His Fourmis de la Suisse , which appeared in that year, lists numerous “races” assigned to species with which they showed relationship. Emery was not slow to follow Forel ’s lead and at first used the same term to apply to such forms. About 1885, however, Emery threw over Forel’s term race and employed a new but equivalent one, the variety. Up to this point no particular difficulty in nomenclature had arisen. All infra-specific units, whether races or varieties, were assumed to be of equal rank. A trinomial was, therefore, the limit to which terminology could go. In the early 1890 ’s Emery began to draw a distinction between such units. He introduced a new rank, which he called the subspecies, and discriminated be- tween the status of this form and that of the variety. The effect of this novelty upon Forel was at once noticeable. Although he did not accept Emery’s term subspecies for more than ten years he immediately recognized the existence of a second infra-specific rank. Forel appears to have had a soft spot in his heart for his own term race. At least he continued to employ it to apply to any infra-specific variant. Thus in his writings from 1895 to 1905 there are numerous references to races which are varieties and races which are “stirps.” This last was a term adopted by Forel to designate the subspecific rank. At length Forel was won over to Emery’s terminology and, since Wheeler had followed Emery’s plan from the start, by 1910 we find the three dominant Mar., 1938] Creighton: Nomenclature 5 figures in the field of myrmecology supporting the present system of infra-specific nomenclature. Support in this case did not mean that the system was accepted as wholly satisfactory. In 1913, when Wheeler published his book Ants , he discussed the short- comings of the arrangement and in that volume followed a prac- tice which was, in effect, a return to binomial nomenclature. Two years later Donisthorpe in his book British Ants reduced his nomenclature to a trinomial status by elevating subspecies to specific rank. Under other circumstances such efforts might have produced more general results. That they did not is unquestion- ably an outcome of the publication of the formicid section of the Genera Insectorum. Throughout this colossal work Emery adhered to the pentanomial system. The magnitude of his contri- bution was so great that further dissent was stifled. Hence we find myrmecologists struggling to control a situation which with each succeeding publication becomes more unmanageable. Much has been claimed for the supposed phyletic value of the pentanomial system. The worth of this claim appears to have been considerably overestimated. Although the following remarks are restricted to the three lower categories, the species, subspecies and the variety, they will apply with equal cogency to the higher cate- gories as well. When we write F. rufa subsp. integroides var. coloradensis Wheeler how much phylogeny is expressed? Not a great deal, for all that we are doing is to give a very partial view of a much more intricate series of relationships. True the system shows that the variety coloradensis “belongs” to the subspecies integroides but this, in itself, is apt to create an erroneous impres- sion. Bather we should say that the subspecies integroides exists only as a combination of the seven varieties of which it is com- posed. Bear in mind that each of these varieties is supposed to show the same subspecific characteristic which delimits the group and, hence, all are coequal as regards this character. It may be admitted that one variant bears the distinction of having been first described. It is therefore not usually given its full name which would be subsp. integroides var. integroides but is simply desig- nated as the “typical” integroides. Typical of what? Surely not of any phyletic consideration for in this particular there is no typical form. All seven variants are phyletically equal and to 6 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi demark one of them on the purely taxonomic basis of priority is to destroy whatever phyletic value the arrangement may have. Yet I do not believe that I am overstating the case when I say that after years of standing such “typical” subspecies acquire, in the minds of many myrmecologists, the status of stem forms. The same considerations apply to the relationship between subspecies and species. There are eight described subspecies clustered under the sheltering wing of the “typical” rufa. Unless one stops to remember that the “typical” rufa itself constitutes the ninth subspecies in the complex and is “typical” only because Linnaeus happened to describe it before any of the others were recognized, a faulty phyletic impression results. I contend that the penta- nomial system is more apt to cause phyletic confusion than the reverse. If we admit, as I think we must, that the pentanomial system is undesirable both from the standpoint of nomenclature and phyletics what remedial measures are possible? We may follow Donisthorpe’s lead and elevate all the subspecies to specific rank. It may surprise those who regard the late W. M. Wheeler as a champion of the pentanomial system to learn that he favored this method. In 1935 he wrote me as follows : 4 4 Of late I have been trying to get rid of many of the subspecies and varieties of ants by elevating them to species and subspecies, kicking them upstairs so to speak, largely because the nomencla- ture is becoming too complicated.” While one must heartily agree to the truth of this last statement it may be questioned that the proposed solution is entirely satis- factory. It places a value on the subspecies which some myrme- cologists would hesitate to accept. I do not doubt that both Wheeler and Donisthorpe had in mind the supposed 4 4 specific incipience” of the subspecies. It has been held that subspecies are a sort of embryonic species which can be hatched into the adult condition either by natural selection or by the help of the taxono- mist. For a number of reasons this latter sort of incubation seems more apt to be effective. Not the least among these is the utility of this rank as a repository for questionable forms. Into it could be dropped those confusing variants whose status as separate species might be called in question. As 4 4 incipient species” they Mar., 1938] Creighton: Nomenclature 7 conlcl remain subspecies indefinitely or, if more mature considera- tion showed them to be defensible as species, they could later be elevated to that rank with perfect propriety. I suppose that every myrmecologist has resorted to this method at times but one should look for better reasons than this before putting much stress on specific incipience as a basis for elevating subspecies. In this connection I would like to call attention to the fact that, although the subspecies has been in use as a rank in ant taxonomy for more than forty years the merest handful of forms have been raised from this rank to specific status. It may be argued that the time was not ripe for such taxonomic translation but this is not, in my opinion, the real reason. For all his conservatism the myrmecolo- gist has never been loath to describe new species when these are sharply defined. We may grant that a considerable personal factor can enter here. This in no way weakens the argument. Whatever the personal equation governing specific delimitation may be, the description of a subspecies is proof that it shows a closer relationship to some other form than the describer would permit in the case of a species. Unless I am sadly mistaken by the time that this sort of incipience blossoms into full specific status there may be no myrmecologists to record the fact. Nor do I believe, even if we take the subjective viewpoint, that the elevation of the subspecies will give permanent nomenclatorial relief. If we accord specific status to the subspecies this automatically creates a superspecies. Let me illustrate what I mean. There are nine described subspecies in the case of Formica rufa L. The differences by which they may be separated are small variations of proportion, pilosity and color. Suppose that we kick all nine of these subspecies upstairs and make each a species. What shall we then call F. foreliana, ciliata, dakotensis and the other species which are now included in the ‘ ‘ rufa group ’ 7 ? The relationship of each one to rufa, as long as rufa is a complex, is logical and satisfactory. Their cospecific status with the elevated subspe- cies of rufa would be quite another matter. With the “group” already enjoying a sub-rosa existence in formicid classification c&n anyone doubt that it will soon develop into another taxonomic rank if we elevate the subspecies ? 8 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlyi Of recent years I have ceased to worry about subspecies as in- cipient species because of the greater interest which attaches to them as geographical races or choromorphs. In this I claim no originality for the idea has been repeatedly advanced by myrme- cologists. Indeed one may point out that when Forel set about using the infra-specific unit for the first time it was as a geographi- cal race. We cannot too much regret that the clarity of Forel ’s original stand, based as it was on intensive field work, should have been stultified by his subsequent acceptance of Emery’s two sub- specific ranks. Once Forel became enmeshed in this system his earlier views concerning the choromorph suffered considerable damage. It seems certain that no small part of this was due to his increasing preoccupation with cabinet specimens whose exotic sources prevented field analysis. Adequate studies of this sort have been rare in myrmecology. This may surprise those who rightly regard the myrmecologist as an active field worker. There is a world of difference between taking specimens in the field and zoogeographical analysis. The first requires mainly patience, the second demands a working knowledge of previously described variants plus a highly organized survey type of col- lecting which must cover hundreds or thousands of miles in the field. It is not surprising that the results of the two methods differ. A beautiful example of this is to be found in W. M. Wheeler’s two papers on the Australian genus Leptomyrmex. The first of these, published in 1915, was based largely on cabinet specimens. Wheeler had, it is true, collected a few forms in Queensland and New South Wales but the records based upon preserved material from other sources outnumbered these six to one. In this first paper Wheeler described a number of new varieties several of which were known from a single small nest series and one or two from unique specimens. As to what these varieties represented Wheeler made no attempt to state. His second publication on Leptomyrmex appeared in 1934. In 1931-2 he had spent considerable time in Australia and had made a much more extensive first-hand acquaintance with these insects. In this paper his personal field records constitute a third of the total. Moreover he had the advantage of his previous knowledge of the group. It is, therefore, not surprising that the introduction of the second paper carries the following remarks : Mar., 1938] Creighton: Nomenclature 9 “At the present time 14 species are known. Several of them exhibit well marked color forms which Emery, Forel and I re- garded as ‘varieties.’ Their constancy and local distribution, however, have convinced me that we are really dealing with dis- tinct races or ‘ Formenkreise. ’ I have therefore raised all these varieties to subspecific rank. ’ ’ I am convinced that this concept will apply to most if not all of the valid infra-specific variants. I believe that adequate field studies on such complexes will show that their constituents, whether subspecies or varieties, are choromorphs. I am certain that this is true in the case of a number of infra-specific complexes in the genera Formica, Pogonomyrmex and Aphaenogaster. It seems to me that this suggests a very sound treatment for nomen- clatorial simplification. If most subspecies and varieties are choromorphs why need we longer attempt to distinguish between the two ranks ? Such a separation has always rested on an auc- torial basis which cannot be subjected to analytical evaluation. The merging of the two ranks does away with this difficulty and promotes the concept of the infra-specific unit as a zoogeographical entity. As such its status can be tested by field observation. The nomenclatorial gain is too obvious to require comment; the most troublesome term of all is thereby relegated to limbo. In addition the present specific status quo is preserved in such a manner that no need for additional ranks should be felt. In opposition the worst that can be said is that the change gives too much promi- nence to a number of variants of doubtful validity. This is a fault of the describers and not of the suggested change. I propose, therefore, that myrmecologists continue to exercise the conservatism for which they are famous and give over a taxonomic practice based largely upon auctorial evaluation for one more susceptible to factual proof. Let us reduce all infra- specific variants to a single rank, the subspecies, and thereafter eschew all temptation to return to varietal description. Most im- portant of all let us refrain from describing additional infra- specific variants unless these have first been validated by adequate field observation. 10 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi BOOK NOTICE How to Know the Insects. By H. E. Jaques, professor of Biology, Iowa Wesleyan College. 12 m., 140 pp., 254 illus. Iowa Acad- emy of Science, Biol. Bull. no. 1. Chicago. John S. Swift Co., 1937. paper $1.00. cloth $1.80. (Planographed.) An illustrated key to the more common families of insects, with suggestions for collecting, mounting and studying them, this pub- lication has been designed to make it easier to acquire a ready knowledge of the various kinds of insects. While it has been writ- ten wdth special reference to the insects of Iowa, it should be applicable throughout the Middle West and of real practical help- fulness wherever insects are being studied. Not only are illus- trated keys provided for the identifications of the orders and of the principal families, but one common representative of each included family is pictured and briefly described. In all, 195 species of common insects are thus treated. This feature alone makes the work of much value to students particularly beginners in entomology and those in elementary status. Reference also has been made to many keys and descriptions by other authors. Many of the illustrations are original ; others have been gathered from various sources by permission, recognition for which is indi- cated. A large number of these drawings have been made by the author’s students from specimens in the Iowa Survey collections. Publication and distribution of this valuable little book has been made possible by the technical and financial support of the Iowa Academy of Science. Its use for the purpose for which it has been prepared is very heartily recommended. — J. S. W. Mar., 1938] Pritchard : Holcocephala 11 SYNOPSIS OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICAN HOLCOCEPHALA WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA : ASILID^) By A. Earl Pritchard University of Minnesota The genus Discocephala was erected by Macquart (1838) to include rufithorax Wiedemann (Brazil) previously ascribed to Dasypogon, oculata Fabricius (S. Amer.) previously ascribed to Dioctria, and a further species rufiventris Macquart (Eastern U. S.) which is a synonym of abdominalis Say described under Dasypogon. Discocephala, preoccupied by Laporte-Castelnau in Hemiptera (1832), was renamed Holcocephala by Jaennicke (1867). Loew has misspelled the genus as Helcocephala and Williston as Holocephala. Hermann (1924) designated rufi- thorax as genotype and removed the African species and part of the South American species to the genus Rhipidocephala. The genus Holcocephala is limited in distribution to the new world. A new genus is needed to take care of de Meijere’s hir- tipes (Java) described under Holcocephala and will probably in- clude hirsuta van der Wulp (Sumatra) described under Disco- cephala and closely related to hirtipes. De Meijere’s hirtipes is related to Holcocephala but differs by having a small spine at the tip of the third antennal segment above the single segmented style, the bristle at the end of the style curved in a hook, the anal cell open, the body and legs very hairy, and by lacking the supra- oral groove. Holcocephala has a single segmented style with a straight distal bristle, a closed anal cell, a supra-oral groove, and is usually nearly bare. Hirtipes is more closely related to Rhi- pidocephala but differs in having the antennae as described rather than with a two segmented style. It is more distantly related to Damalina and Trigonomima (Formosa, East Indies) which have a curved spine at the tip of the third antennal segment as well as a terminal arista, to Damalis (Asia, E. Indies, Afr., Amer.) and to the four related African genera that have been proposed which have only a terminal arista, lacking a style. Walker’s three spe- 12 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XL VI cies, concolor (Celebes), dorsalis (Moluccas, Borneo), and pry- tanis (Bengal), which he referred to Disco cephala, may belong to Damalis or Damalina. These genera, Holco cephala , Bhipido cephala, the genus left un- named, Damalina , Trigonomima , Damalis, Lasiodamalis, Lophuro- damalis, Icariomima, and Discodamalis form a homogeneous group of the subfamily Dasypogonince which is characterized by having an open marginal cell, a prosternal plate directly contigu- ous with the pronotum, an absence of acanthophorites and spines in the female ovipositor, seven normally visible abdominal seg- ments in the male, and by having the head over twice as wide as high with a “goggle-eye” appearance. This group of genera is closely related to Hermann ’s tribe Prytanini which differs by having the male abdomen reduced to six visible segments in the male, and by having the eyes normal, about one and one-half times as broad as high. The genera may be further subdivided into groups on the basis of the structure of the metasternum and the presence or absence of an antennal style or arista. The former will probably be more valuable in this connection than the latter. Holocephala has the metasternum broken down, leaving the median part that is in junction with the abdominal sternum unsclerotized ; Damalis has the metasternum extending as a sclero- tized plate behind the posterior coxae. In the United States the species of Holcocephala are rather well known, but the Mexican species have been largely unrecognized since described by early workers. As a result of the collecting of Dr. K. H. Painter in Honduras and of the author in southern Mexico, a considerable amount of material has been accumulated. New synonymy, the occurrence of South American species in Central America, and one new species are included in this paper. For the sake of completeness, diagnostic descriptions of all the North and Central American species are given and a key is in- cluded to facilitate their determination. Specimens from which descriptions are here drawn are designated as plesiotypes. Holcocephala Jaennicke 1838. Discocephala Macquart, Dipt. Exot., i: 166 (preocc.). 1867. Holcocephala Jaennicke, Neue Exot. Dipt. : 51. Mar., 1938] Pritchard : Holcocephala 13 1874. Helcocephala Loew. Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., xviii : 377. 1891. Holocephala Williston, Trans. Ent. Soc. Amer., xviii: 72. 1924. Holcocephala Hermann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, lxxiv: 153. Hermann (1924) has presented a partial key to the Holco- cephala which will be a valuable aid for identification of Sonth American forms. Enderlein has proposed the genus Arthriticopus for nodo sipes Enderlein (Columbia) on the basis of abnormally enlarged pos- terior metatarsi and distal part of posterior tibiae. Further study will quite likely show this species to be a synonym of Holco- cephala scopifer Schiner (Venezuela, Peru) which Hermann did not consider worthy of generic rank. Key to North and Central American Species 1. Posterior femora with several large, elongate tubercles below (Venezuela, southern Mexico) spinipes Hermann Posterior femora without tubercles 2 2. Abdomen strongly coarctate on proximal part 3 Abdomen not coarctate 4 3. Thoracic pleura light gray pollinose (eastern U. S.) calva (Loew) Thoracic pleura dark brown pollinose (southern Mexico) stylata n. sp. 4. Pace with a dark, inverted UY” shaped marking 5 Face without .such a marking 6 5. Abdomen wholly brown pollinose; the three dark mesonotal vittae united anteriorly (South America to southern Mexico) oculata (Wiedemann) Abdomen with ochreous fasciae on proximal segments; mesonotal vittae separated (southern Mexico, Venezuela) nitida (Wiedemann) 6. Wings with a hyaline band on distal half 7 Wings entirely fuscous, sometimes lighter on distal half 8 7. Mystax brown; abdomen unicolored, black pollinose (Mexico). affinis (Bellardi) Mystax yellowish; abdomen dark brown pollinose with lateral margin considerably lighter (southern Mexico) divisa (Walker) 8. Mesonotum conspicuously clothed with brown hairs; brown species with brown legs (Texas) l)ullata Bromley Mesonotum practically bare; legs blackish or yelkrwish 9 9. Legs largely yellowish; wings paler distally (eastern U. S.). aidominalis (Say) Legs largely black; wings darker on costal margin, not paler distally (southern Mexico) deltoidea (Bellardi) Holcocephala spinipes Hermann 1924. Holcocephala spinipes Hermann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, lxxiv : 165. 14 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XL VI Black; head brown pollinose anteriorly, cinereous posteriorly; mystax an oral row of brown bristles and brown hairs thinly on lower half of face ; two ocellars, bristles on proximal two antennal segments, and palpal hairs, brown ; antennal style about one-fifth the length of third segment. Thorax cinereous pollinose, the mesonotum mostly brown ; three wide mesonotal vittae dark brown and hardly differentiated ; mesonotum and scutellum with white hairs except on vittae; pleura white haired. Legs castaneous; vestiture whitish or pale yellowish, on tarsi and tips of tibiae, brown ; hind femora on distal half below with two or three strong, elongate tubercles. Wings lightly fuscous, very long and slender. Abdomen dorsally brown pollinose, cinereous on posterior two- thirds of lateral margin of each segment and on anterior third of second segment; venter grayish pollinose; lateral margins white pilose, longer on proximal segments. Length, 6.5 to 8 mm. Type material. — One male, two females from Venezuela in the collection of the Natural History Museum in Wien. Plesiotype. — Male, Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico, July 8, 1935 (A. E. Pritchard), in collection of the University of Minnesota. Additional specimens examined. — Three males, seven females, Jalapa, Mexico. Holcocephala stylata new species Black, with dark brown and luteous pollen; legs brown; wings fumose. Especially characterized by the strongly developed antennal style, the strongly spatulate abdomen, and the occurrence of r-m beyond the middle of cell 1st M2. Length, 8 mm. Female. — Head white pollinose, with brown pollen on vertex, oral margin, face around antennal bases, and weakly in two diverging lines, one from each antennal base to lower, lateral margin of face ; bristles on palpi and proboscis yellowish ; mystax composed of fine white hairs over lower half of face, thicker on oral margin ; antennae black, the three segments brown pollinose ; first pale haired below; second black haired above and below; third gradually incras- sate with several microchaetae above near tip; style shining, tapering, three- fourths as long as third segment and bearing a small distal bristle. Thorax brown pollinose, with cinereous pollen present as a spot above each wing articulation continued mesad in a line along transverse suture, a small spot above each posterior callus, broad margin of scutellum, and on either side of metanotum; mesonotum and scutellum thinly clothed with fine white hairs ; pleura thinly white pilose. Legs castaneous, the posterior femora below and posterior tibiae except incrassate apex, a little paler; vestiture mostly white and yellowish, the Mar., 1938] Pritchard : Holcocephala 15 bristles of anterior four tarsi and sometimes part of those of hind tarsi, black. Wings long and slender, evenly fumose; crose vein r-m a little beyond mid- dle of cell 1st M2. Abdomen with second and part of third segments strongly constricted, beyond this widened and flattened; tergum one with pollen on proximal division brown, on distal division luteous, the lateral margin and venter with long white hairs; second luteous with a large brown spot covering most of proximal third, and continued posteriorly in a narrow dorsal line that falls short of the caudal margin, the lateral margin and venter white pilose; third brown with a large luteous triangle on either side, their apices directed inwardly and nearly meeting on middorsal line; fourth brown except narrow caudal margin, luteous ; sternites one to four cinereous, five to seven brown. Holotype. — Female, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, July 12, 1935 (A. E. Pritchard) in collection of the University of Minnesota. Paratypes. — One specimen, Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, July 12, 1935 (A. E. Pritchard). H. stylata is related to calva, differing mainly in the large antennal style, the thickly white haired oral margin, the brown pollinose thoracic pleura, and the luteous pollinose maculations of the abdomen. This species was found on tips of dead oak branches on a very dry hillside near Oaxaca in the arid western part of Mexico, while the other Mexican species were taken on the verdant and humid Gulf slopes on the eastern side of the Kepublic. Holcocephala calva (Loew) 1872. Discocephala calva Loew, Cent., x: 35. 1909. Holcocephala calva Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxv: 309. Black ; head brown pollinose in front, cinereous behind ; mystax a few pale yellowish oral bristles and a few fine, white hairs on lower half of face; antennae brown pollinose, the proximal two segments with brown bristles ; style shining black, about one-third as long as third segment. Thorax cinereous pollinose, otherwise practically bare. Legs castaneous, the vestiture pale, on the tarsi and tips of tibiae light brownish. Wings long and slender, evenly brownish ; cross vein r-m just before middle of cell 1st M2. Ab- domen coarctate, the second segment constricted, longer than broad ; tergum brown pollinose, the incisures and lateral margins of proximal segments grayish pollinose ; sternum cinereous polli- nose. Length, 7 to 9 mm. 16 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi Type. — Female from Texas in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Plesiotype. — Male, Hugo, Oklahoma, June 20, 1934 (A. E. Prit- chard). Additional material examined. — Numerous specimens from eastern Okla., Tenn., Miss., and Kans. A common species, often found in company with abdominalis in forested areas. Occurs from New Jersey to Florida west to Texas and Kansas. Holcocephala nitida (Wiedemann) 1830. Dasypogcm nitida Wiedemann, Aussereur. Zweifl. Ins., ii : 643. ?1860. Discocephala interlineata Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon- don, n. ser., v: 279 (new synonymy). 1861. Discocephala nitida Bellardi, Saggio di Ditterol. Messic., ii: 84. 1901. Holcocephala nitida Williston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Dipt., i: 308. Black; head ochreous pollinose anteriorly, the face with two diverging lines of brown pollen, one from each antenna to the lower lateral side of the face ; head cinereous pollinose posteriorly except broadly ochreous around occiput; oral bristles and bristles of palpi yellowish; antennas with small bristles on proximal two segments brown; style one-fourth the length of third segment. Mesonotum bright ochreous pollinose with three separate vittae (anterior brown suffusion, when present, not uniting them) ; lateral mesonotal vittae falling well short of anterior and posterior calli ; dorsum sparsely clothed with minute, yellow hairs ; pleura with the few hairs present, yellowish. Legs dark brown, the tro- chanters and femora proximally light brown; vestiture pale yel- lowish. Wings wide proximally, fumose, darker on costal side of basal half ; cross vein r-m just before middle of cell 1st M2. Ab- domen brown pollinose; ochreous on segment one, on two except on proximal third, and very broadly on sides of three ; cinereous on sides of four to seven. Length, 5 to 9 mm., usually 7 or 8. Type material. — Nitida was described from specimens from Mexico in the Berlin museum; interlineata was described from female from Mexico in the British museum. Mar., 1938] Pritchard : Holcocephala 17 Plesiotype. — Male, Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico, July 8, 1935 (A. E. Pritchard). Sixty-one additional specimens from Jalapa, Mexico, maintain the constancy of this characterization. Hermann mentions simi- lar specimens from Venezuela in his discussion of oculata. H. interlineata (Walker) is very likely the same species; the inter- lineation of the middorsal mesonotal stripe with yellowish is a variable and unimportant character. H. minuta (Bellardi) is not recognized here as a synonym of this species as Williston con- sidered it. Holcocephala oculata (Fabricius) 1805. Dioctria oculata Fabricius, Syst. Antliat. : 151. 1821. Dasypogon oculatus Wiedemann, Dipt. Exot. : 230. 1838. Discocephala oculata Macquart, Dipt. Exot., i : 166. 1849. Dasypogon agalla Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., ii : 361. ?1861. Discocephala minuta Bellardi, Saggio di Ditterol. Messic., ii: 83 (new synonymy). 1924. Holcocephala oculata Hermann, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, lxxiv : 161. Differs from nitida in having the abdomen dorsally brown polli- nose with narrow lateral margin cinereous, the mesonotal vittae broadly united anteriorly with the lateral mesonotal vittae con- tinued posteriorly to the scutellum, and in averaging smaller in size. The genitalia of the species are the same, but a series main- taining the constancy of characters stated does not call for mak- ing nitida a synonym of oculata at the present time. Type material. — Of oculata from South America in the mu- seum at Copenhagen; of agalla from Venezuela in the British Museum; of minuta from Tuxpango, Mexico, in the zoological museum at Torino. Hermann recognized the typical oculata from Brazil, Peru, Bo- livia, and Venezuela. Specimens from Puerto Castilla, Hon- duras (R. H. Painter), are indistinguishable from material from Brazil. Specimens at hand from Peru differ in having the palpi black haired. H. minuta (Bellardi) (Southern Mexico) is here considered a synonym of oculata ; Bellardi separated this species from nitida by the more extensive, black mesonotal vittae and smaller size. Hermann reduced urruguayensis Arribalzaga to a 18 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi variety of oculata and described another variety at the same time. It is possible that both of these are worthy of specific rank. Holcocephala divisa (Walker) 1860. Discocephala divisa Walker, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, n. ser., v: 279. 1861. Discocephala longipennis Bellardi, Saggio di Ditterol. Messic., ii: 86. Black; head brown pollinose anteriorly, cinereous posteriorly; mystax a few yellowish hairs on lower half of face and a row of yellowish oral bristles; palpi with yellow bristles; antennae with style one-third the length of third segment. Mesonotum mostly brown pollinose with three very wide, dark brown vittae ; pleura below with pollen tending towards cinereous, thoracic dorsum noticeably clothed with fine white hairs, pleura rather thickly so. Legs castaneous ; vestiture brownish, the thick, appressed hairs on inside of anterior tibiae and tarsi, white. Wings wide proximally, dark fumose with a wide, hyaline band on distal half leaving the wing tip fumose to a variable extent or hyaline. Abdomen with dorsum dark brown pollinose, the wide lateral margin somewhat paler ; venter light brown pollinose. Length, 7 to 9 mm. Type material. — Divisa was described from a female from Mexico in the British Museum; longipennis was described from specimens from Mexico in the zoological museum at Torino. Plesiotype. — Male, Jalapa, Yera Cruz, Mexico, July 8, 1935 (A. E. Pritchard). Additional specimens examined. — Six males and eleven females from Jalapa, Mexico. Hermann has suggested the synonymy of divisa and longi- pennis and this has been followed here. H. divisa, however, has priority as used by Kertesz in his Catalogue of Asilidas. This species is known only from Mexico. Holcocephala affinis (Bellardi) 1861. Discocephala affinis Bellardi, Saggio di Ditterol. Messic., ii: 86. Bellardi describes affinis stating that it differs from longipennis in that the proportional length of the body in somewhat less ; the Mar., 1938] Pritchard : Holcocephala 19 mystax is brown ; the thorax is almost entirely black ; the abdo- men is not lighter on the sides ; the wings are shorter, their pos- terior margin almost straight, and their markings more intensely black. This species has not been recognized again. Type material from Mexico in the collection of the Zoolog. Mns. of Paris and in the Zool. Museum at Torino. Holcocephala Imllata Bromley 1934. Holcocephala bullata Bromley, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., xxvii: 89. “Male. — Head black, face dark gray pollinose, vestiture pale golden brown, antennal style spine-like, pointed at tip, directed forward and slightly downward, and about three-fourths the length of the third segment. Thorax dark brown pollinose, scu- tellum slightly lighter. Halteres pale brown. Wings brown, basal half opaque. Legs and abdomen brown, vestiture pale golden brown. Genital forceps from above slender, widely sepa- rate. “Female. — Similar, ovipositor with pale hairs.” Holotype. — Male, Bexar Co., Texas, in collection of Texas Agric. Exp. Station. Known only from type material from Texas. Holcocephala deltoidea (Bellardi) 1861. Discocephala deltoidea Bellardi, Saggio di Ditterol. Messic., ii: 85. Black ; head pale yellowish gray pollinose anteriorly, sometimes with a greenish tinge, brown on ocellar tubercle and on sides of vertex, and cinereous posteriorly ; mystax a thin row of yellowish bristles and several small, yellowish hairs above; hairs on palpi and below on proximal two antennal segments yellowish; anten- nal style one-fourth the length of third segment. Thorax dull ochreous pollinose, sometimes with a few white hairs posteriorly and on scutellum ; pleura with hairs white. Legs black, the tibiae proximally and sometimes femora proximally, narrowly dark red- dish; vestiture pale yellowish, the tarsal bristles partly brown. Wings long and slender, fumose, darker along the costa. Abdo- men dorsally brown pollinose, usually dull ochreous on caudal 20 Journal New York Entomological Society [Yol. xlvi half of segment one, on median third of two, base of three, and sides of proximal segments ; venter light ochreous ; a few whitish hairs on sides and venter of proximal segments. Type material from Mexico in the collection of the Zool. Mns. of Paris and in the Zool. Mus. at Torino; not again recognized until now. Plesiotype. — Male, Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico, July 8, 1935 (A. E. Pritchard). Additional specimens examined. — Three females, Jalapa, Mexico. Holcocephala abdominalis (Say) 1823. Dasypogon abdominalis Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., iii : 50. 1838. Discocephala rufiventris Macquart, Dipt. Exot., i : 166. 1849. Dasypogon ceta Walker, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., ii : 360. 1867. Dasypogon laticeps v. d. Wulp, Tijd. v. Entom., x: 137. 1909. Holcocephala abdominalis Back, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxxv : 309. Black; head brownish ochreous anteriorly, brown on ocellar tubercle and vertex or sides of vertex, and cinereous posteriorly ; palpal and oral bristles yellowish ; antennal style one-fourth as long as third antennal segment. Thorax ochreous pollinose above, cinereous on sides below ; mesonotum with three brown vittse, the median one anteriorly reaching pronotum, the lateral ones cau- dally falling short of posterior calli and sometimes very small; mesonotum with a few very short, brown setae on vittae, and a f ewT small white hairs posteriorly and on scutellum ; pleura with hairs white. Legs yellowish, brownish on tips of tibiae and tarsal seg- ments; vestiture yellowish. Wings rather wide proximally, fumose, the distal half or less paler to a variable extent. Length, 4.5 to 7 mm. Types. — Say’s type is lost; ceta was described from specimens from Florida and Massachusetts in the British Museum; rufi- ventris was described from material of both sexes from Carolina and is probably at Lille ; laticeps was described from a male from North America and is in the museum at Leiden. Neotype. — Male, Hugo, Oklahoma, June 20, 1934 (A. E. Prit- chard). Mar., 1938] Pritchard : Holcocephala 21 Numerous other specimens examined from Okla., Ga., Maryl., N. C., Kans., Va., Kans., N. Y., N. J., Tenn. Back records the species from New Hampshire to Florida west to Texas and Ne- braska. In Oklahoma, abdominalis is found only along the east- ern side of the state. There are, however, specimens in the col- lection at the University of Kansas from New Mexico and from Alberta, Canada, which are larger, but indistinguishable, and have identical male genitalia. 22 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi RELOCATION OF THE TYPE LOCALITY OF POROSAGROTIS ORTHOGONIA MORR. Don B. Whelan University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska This species of noctuid moth was first described by H. K. Mor- rison,1 in 1876, from Glencoe, Nebraska. The moth was one sent to him by Gen. G. M. Dodge, one of the construction engineers of the Union Pacific Railroad. For over fifty years this place has not been printed on the Nebraska maps and students of the Noctuidae have had difficulty in locating it. The old maps show it to be a small village, situated on Pebble Creek, in the northwestern part of Dodge County. Its site is six miles south of the town of Dodge and nine ‘miles west of Scribner. This is over three hun- dred miles east of the hearest known infestation of the larvae, since they were reported from Chadron, Nebraska, last summer. i Descriptions of New North American Noctuidae. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XVIII, 1876, p. 239. Mar., 1938] Balduf: Exartema 23 BIONOMIC NOTES ON EXARTEMA FERRIFERANUM WALK. (LEPID., OLETHREUTID^E) AND ITS PARASITES (HYM: BRAC., CHALC.)* By W. V. Balduf University op Illinois The genus Exartema is a group of Tortricoid moths which has interfered but little with the cultivation of economic plants in North America. Slingerland and Crosby (14) gave brief ac- counts of E. malanum Fernald, the apple bud worm, and E. per- mundanum Clem., the raspberry leaf-roller. The food plants of several other members of the genus are cited by Kearfott (07) and Heinrich (23). E. ferriferanum Walker was described in 1863 from Virginia and subsequently renamed by Clemens and Zeller (Dyar, 02), but nothing seems to have been recorded con- cerning its bionomics. The writer submits observations on ap- proximately twenty individuals of ferriferanum found on Hy- drangea in and near Urbana, Illinois, in May and June of 1936. Attention was attracted to it by the conspicuous cases formed by the larva from the succulent and still immature terminal leaves. The majority of these leaf-cases occurred on the cultivated species, Hydrangea arborescens grandiflora, a few on the wild form, H. arbor escens growing in the writer’s garden, and one dried case Avas taken on a wild plant in nature early in September. In most instances the cases were composed of a pair of opposite leaves whose upper surfaces were brought face to face, but united by ]ar\ral silk only along the margins which were precisely coexten- sive, while the discal areas of the two blades bulged out roundly. In several instances the case consisted of but a single leaf, the leaf blade then being doubled symmetrically upon itself along the mid- * Contribution Number 185 from the entomological laboratories of the University of Illinois. The writer gratefully acknowledges the services of Messrs. A. B. Gahan, Carl Heinrich and C. F. W. Muesebeck, all of the U. S. National Museum, in determining the insects, and of Mr. James Hutchinson, University of Illinois, who identified the plants, concerned in this paper. 24 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi rib, and the margins of the leaf held together neatly with silk. The leaf-cases of E. ferriferanum therefore assume two distinct shapes, but are alike in possessing an inflated appearance. Only a relatively small part of the lumen of the case is utilized by the inhabiting insect. In the center of the interior, the larva con- structs a rather light cocoon which appears to consist of bits of excreta or vegetable substance united and lined inside with silk. In this cocoon within the leaf-case the larva transforms to the adult state. When discovered on May 31, this insect had largely completed its larval life. One larva had begun to shorten and thicken in preparation for pupation, and all others had already become chrysalises or ceased development owing to parasitism. During the period of June 2 to 10, ten moths issued from their leaf-cases, invariably leaving the empty chrysalises sticking cephalic end outward through a circular hole in the leaf. The hole was, in all probability, cut by the mature larva and always occurred at a point near the head end of the cocoon with which the aperture seemed to be joined by a short silken runway. Since the leaves involved in the construction of the leaf cases bore no noticeable evidence of larval feeding, it is possible that the cases are built exclusively to shelter the insect during its pupal period. Failure to find such leaf-cases again during July, August and September suggests that E. ferriferanum undergoes only one generation per year in central Illinois and may spend most of the summer as well as the winter in the adult or egg stage, if, indeed, it has no alter- nate food plants. The following brief descriptions of the three stages observed may serve to distinguish this species from similar species that may frequent Hydrangea. Adult. — Very similar to the codling moth in size and shape of the wings ; hind pair plain, moderately smoky above, dull silvery below ; front pair largely smoky black beneath, the upper surface with a basal rusty brown patch and another of the same color but roughly spindle-shaped extending obliquely across the outer- anterior quarter, rest of surface whitish-yellow and irregularly speckled rusty brown. Mature larva. — Length 15 mm., body medium green with head Mar., 1938] Balduf: Exartema 25 and pronotal shield dark brown, thoracic legs and month parts more or less chitin-brown ; surface microscopically and densely setose, and very sparsely hairy; crochets of first fonr pairs of prolegs forming a complete circlet, those of anal pair horse-shoe like in pattern, open behind. Chrysalis. — Length 9-11 mm. (2 specimens) ; pale to deep brown, shiny; surface densely and microscopically setose; cre- master of eight feebly curved hooks ; subapieal longitudinal slit on venter of last abdominal segment; seven pairs of abdominal spiracles, pairs 3 to 7 situated beyond tips of wing cases ; each spiracle-bearing segment provided dorsally with two transverse rows of short pointed stout creeping spurs none of which extend beyond spiracles laterally; the number of spurs per row per seg- ment is given in the accompanying table, the numbers in the squares referring to the first and the second specimens, respec- tively : Segment Number | 1 2 1 3 4 5 6 First Eow | 7,8 13,12 18,17 15,17 16,18 14,15 Second Eow j 21,23 28,30 21,33 23,31 21,28 10,13 Two species of Hymenoptera were reared from the material of Exartema described above. One male of the Braconid, Micro- gaster epagoges Gahan issued on June 6, 1936, from a plain white elongate-oval cocoon measuring 5.5 mm. long and found within the rather flimsy cocoon of E. ferriferanum in the usual leaf-case. No trace of the host’s chrysalis was present. Accordingly, the larva was the host stage parasitized, which, however, succeeded in maturing and constructing its cocoon for pupation but was over- come by the Microgaster before changing to the pupal state. Gahan (17) described M. epagoges from specimens reared by C. C. Hill from the larvae of the Tortricid, Epagoge sulfur eana Clem., in Tennessee, and Knull (32) bred it as a parasite of the larvae of Tortrix argyrospila Walk. Three other larvae of ferriferanum were killed by what doubt- lessly were M. epagoges; the cocoons of each of these caterpillars contained a white cocoon similar in every way to that above from which the male epagoges issued. However, these cocoons were in turn parasitized by the Eulophid Chalcid, Dimmockia pallipes 26 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi (Mues.). Thirty-four pallipes came from the three cocoons; dis- section of one produced the pupal exuviae of no less than ten indi- viduals. Muesebeck (27) described D. pallipes from specimens hyperparasitic on another Braconid, Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratz.), an imported parasite of the gipsy moth. Records avail- able in the Review of Applied Entomology, Ser. A, 1913-1934, show that also other species of Dimmockia have been reared as secondary parasites. REFERENCES CITED Dyar, H. G. (02), A list of North American Lepidoptera, Bui. 52, U. S. National Museum, 723 pp., 1902. Gahan, A. B. (17), Descriptions of some new parasitic Hymenoptera, Proc. U. S. National Museum, 53, 197-198, 1917. Heinrich, Carl. (23), New Olethreutidse from Eastern United States, Proc. Ent. Soc, Wash., 25, 105-122, 1923. Kearfott, W. D. (07), Microlepidoptera from the Black Mountain region of North Carolina, with descriptions of new species, Bui. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 23, 156-157, 1907. Knull, J. N. (32), Observations on three important forest insects, Jour. Econ. Ent., 25, 1196-1203, 1932. Muesebeck, C. F. W. (27), New spcies of Chalcid flies parasitic on the gipsy-moth parasite, Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratz.), Jour. Agr. Res., Bui. 34, 333, 1927. Slingerland, M. Y. and Crosby, C. R. (14), Manual of fruit insects, 503 pp., 396 figs., Macmillan Co., 1914. Mar., 1938] Marsh: Cirrospilus 27 BIOLOGY OF THE NEW CHALCID PARASITE CIRROSPILUS INIMICUS GAHAN By Frank L. Marsh Union College, Lincoln, Nebraska While making a study of hymenopterous parasites associated with Samia cecropia Linnaeus in the Chicago area (Marsh ’34), the writer found a black-and-yellow chalcid which A. B. Gahan determined as a new species of Cirrospilus Westwood. Upon request Mr. Gahan has kindly described this species (Gahan ’34) and assigned to it the name C. inimicus. Opportunity is here taken to present some life-history details which were discovered during further study of this new species. In the Chicago area this chalcid was found to be a secondary parasite of the ichneumonid Spilocryptus extermatis Cresson which served as the principal primary parasite of Cecropia in that region. 8. extrematis is present in the field in the larval form throughout the year and C. inimicus is an active parasite of it whenever temperature conditions will permit. Adults of the latter may emerge as early as the last of April. A cycle is com- pleted every eighteen to twenty-one days and the number of these cycles is determined by the duration of warm weather. At least three cycles are completed each summer. Males average 1.4 mm. in length, females 2.1 mm. Upon emergence the adults of C. inimicus find themselves im- prisoned within the host cocoon which, with numerous others, lies within the cecropian cocoon. They gnaw through the thin host cocoon. Escape from the cecropian cocoon occurs via the valve or holes made by those of their host which escaped parasitization, or through openings made by woodpeckers or mice. Copulation occurs upon infected cecropian cocoons often within the first hour after emergence. The males are very ardent. Pre- copulatory behavior always consists of the male mounting the thorax of the female and engaging in a vigorous shadow-boxing performance with his head and antennas. The antennae are curved rigidly downward and the tips brushed across those of the 28 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi female or occasionally touching her lightly in the face. This hammering action, achieved mostly by the motion of the long neck, goes on rapidly for from ten to twenty-five times, then a rest of about a second, then a repetition of the motions. He ap- pears in a state of intense excitement evidenced by the stiffening of the posterior pair of legs. Following the second or third series of boxing he backs, curves the tip of his abdomen under one side of the abdomen of the female and copulates at the base of the ovipositor for a brief ten seconds. Following this he usually remounts and repeats the boxing a time or two then dismounts and hurries away. If a second male comes along during the mounting the first male will frequently quickly dismount and drive him away with a great show of violence in the form a beat- ing with his antennge. However, about as frequently, the first male is too busy with his boxing to see the second male approach from the rear. The latter usually copulates with the female while she is thus distracted. One male has been observed to alter- nate between two females with great activity. The normal life of the male is about four days while the female usually lives about seven days. The inseminated female immediately reenters the cecropian cocoon and searches for her host larvas by palpation of the ich- neumon cocoons with her antennae tips. She works very ener- getically and persistently at the egg laying. After a hasty ex- amination of a cocoon containing a live larva or pupa of her host she quickly curves the end of her abdomen down, places the tip of the ovipositor, then vigorously thrusts it through the silk. Such force is used that the ovipositor plunges through and usu- ally strikes the larva or pupa inside, which immediately begins to writhe and twist under repeated proddings. In one instance a female was seen to pierce from beneath, a cocoon containing a nearly mature pupa. For twenty-one minutes she clung to the cocoon vigorously jabbing the writhing pupa, the latter repeatedly bending the ovipositor aside by a spiral, twisting motion. The activity of the pupa gradually slowed until finally the ovipositor was driven through its cuticle and twisted about for a time inside the abdomen. Then withdrawing the ovipositor the chalcid placed five eggs on the surface of the pupa. The host larva or Mar., 1938] Marsh: Cirrospilus 29 pupa invariably dies within a few hours after being pierced. In spite of its vigorous egg-laying habits, C. inimicus is not prolific. The female seldom lays over one hundred eggs. The eggs are club-shaped and quite smooth, measuring about 1.0 x 0.3 mm. Never more than eight were observed in any single cocoon of S. extrematis. Being only slightly adhesive when laid they may fall from the side of the host. In about forty-eight hours the larva suddenly breaks through the tough egg skin, punctures the host cuticle, and begins to drink the body fluids. It shifts constantly from one point to another over the surface until maturity is reached in about nine days. Larvae have been removed from the host, studied under a microscope and replaced at random repeatedly without any apparent disturbance in their development. Eggs laid by females which have not been insemi- nated always develop into males. The pupa is quite flat, measuring 1.5-2. 5 mm. in length. It differs from most chalcid pupae in that it turns a glossy black in an hour or two after the larval skin flakes off. C. inimicus passes the winter in the host cocoon. It hibernates in the pupal form. Larvae which are caught by cold weather invariably die. LITERATURE CITED Gahan, A. B. 1934. A New Species of Cirrospilus Westwood (Chal- cidoidse). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 36, No. 5, May. Marsh, F. L. 1934. “A Regional Study of Samia cecropia and Nine Asso- ciated Primary Parasites and Hyperparasites. ’ ’ A Master ’s thesis. Northwestern University Library, Evanston, Illinois. 30 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi BOOK NOTICE Source Book of Biological Terms. By Axel Leonard Melander, Department of Biology, The City College, The College of the City of New York, 1937. 8.5 x 5.5 in. VI + 157 p. $1.10. This book, by all means, should be owned and consulted by everyone who has any curiosity at all about biological terms in current use. It is really a series of short adventures into the romance, sources, evolution, phylogeny and origin of words used in biology. And in addition, the author has written short chap- ters on uncertain and mistaken derivations, ancient customs and biological beliefs, unnatural history, accentuation, pronunciation, suffixes, prefixes, plurals, etc., all dealing with biological words and terms. And lastly, there is an “Alphabetical List of the Com- ponents of Biological Vocabulary.” Knowing the history and meaning of the scientific words one uses, affords added interest and pleasure to both amateur and professional biologists. For example, the name of the book louse Troctes divinatorius means literally, “an instinctive epicure.” And the word toadstool is a Germanic term meaning “death sprout,” and has nothing to do with a seat for toads. In addition, if this book had been available years ago, many of us would not have been taught so many mispronunciations by our professors, nor would such careless usage have become so fixed as to seem correct. Professor Melander ’s book is both instructive and entertaining, and it gains by the latter quality because it is easy to remember something that is aptly and whimsically written. Even some of the page headings of the second portion have an amusing appeal — Brachy to Butter, Buzzard to Camel, Flagellum to Fox, Growth to Halibut, Serpent to Siphon, Vermis to Viper, etc. — H. B. W. Mar., 1938] Baerg: Tarantula 31 TARANTULA STUDIES* By W. J. Baerg University of Arkansas INTRODUCTION The task of observing development, behavior, and other matters constituting the life history of tarantulas is a long time problem, and will require, owing to their longevity, probably not less than 25 years, and possibly 30 years. In view of this fact progress reports are perhaps justified. Preliminary biological studies and results of poison tests have previously been reported. Taxonomic studies of tarantulas undertaken by various arach- nologists, usually as a part of general spider taxonomy, are seem- ingly in a very unsatisfactory state. The difficulty lies mainly in a serious lack of constant and distinctive characters by which the various species may be recognized. These can in time be deter- mined and they should be supported by extensive biological data. With this in view, I am attempting to follow the course of events in several tarantula colonies located on nearby hillsides and in addition I am maintaining, in the laboratory, a number of live tarantulas including all the species that can be secured. This paper pertains to development, regeneration, food and water requirements, and a method of extracting the poison. Unless otherwise stated, the species concerned is Eurypelma calif ornica Ausserer. DEVELOPMENT Oviposition. This and cocoon-making are described in a pre- vious publication. The number of eggs, based on the contents of 5 cocoons, varies from 631 to 1018 with an average of 812. Mak- ing the cocoon is an important event in which the construction of the cradle, preceding oviposition, requires about 9^ hours. The entire process, as observed in one instance, consumes 15 hours and 15 minutes. The making of two additional cocoons was observed when the cradle was nearly complete. One of these and the one * Research Paper No. 603, Journal Series, University of Arkansas. 32 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XL VI Figure 1. Tarantula under canopy. mentioned above were in general like a hammock with one edge attached to the jar and the other raised so as to hold the egg mass. The third cocoon was begun by constructing, in addition to the liammock-like cradle, a semi-transparent canopy over it. This was about 4 inches in diameter and 3 inches high. The time consumed in the making of this and the previous cocoon was estimated at about 14 hours. Of eight cocoons constructed in the laboratory, three were constructed out of a hammock-like sheet ; three included the making of a canopy over the sheet ; and two were constructed in a cavity. In the latter cases the female apparently dug the cavity for this particular purpose. On completing the cavity it was at once lined with a dense covering of silk. The eggs after being deposited were, as in the other situations, covered with a dense sheet of silk. In making up the cocoon, the floor as well as the lining of the cavity, are taken up. Mar., 1938] Baerg: Tarantula 33 In the field cocoons are made, as observed in 4 cases, in two kinds of situations. (1) The hole is close to a rock lying at an angle but nearly on edge. At a depth of about 8 inches the hole has a pocket about 3" by ; beyond it the hole continues for about 4 inches. In this pocket the cocoon is presumably con- structed. Remnants of a lining and an empty cocoon are the only evidence. (2) The hole in the ground opens into some vacant space under a rock. Here this natural cavity at the entrance is utilized for cocoon making. Construction of the cocoon has not actually been observed here but circumstantial evidence as described above seems conclusive. Figure 2. Canopy and sheet partly rolled up. Incubation. The time spent in the cocoon, i.e., the egg stage and the first instar combined, has until recently not been deter- mined. Cocoons may be seen, in the field throughout the months of June, July, August, and early September. Observations on these cocoons, without knowing definitely the date of oviposition, 34 Journal New York Entomological Society LVol. xlvt indicate that the young emerge from the cocoon in from 40-53 days. One cocoon opened on August 6 was found to contain what appeared to be newly hatched spiders. These emerged from the cocoon, which had been sewed up with needle and thread, 25 days later. A rough estimate is that the eggs hatch in 3 weeks and the spiderlings emerge 3 weeks later. Figure 3. Cocoon practically finished, silken strand, for orientation, still remaining. Out of a number of cocoons constructed in the laboratory and kept there under observation only two have so far produced young. Since cocoons in the field are brought into the entrance of the hole to be exposed to direct sunlight and possibly turned over to warm the eggs evenly, it has been assumed that failures to secure hatch- ing in the laboratory result from unfavorable temperatures. In a few instances the contents of the cocoons have been destroyed by the females that produced them. This has happened 4 weeks after oviposition, when the eggs had presumably hatched. Mar., 1938] Baerg: Tarantula 35 Recently (1935) a cocoon having been made in the laboratory was put in a battery jar containing several inches of soil ; this was placed in a south room, but protected by means of black paper against direct rays of the sun. Frequent wetting of the soil pro- vided adequate humidity. Apparently outdoor conditions, though not matched, were approached within reasonable degree for the spiderlings emerged 47 days after oviposition. Subsequently another cocoon constructed in the laboratory on June 27 (1936) and kept in a room on the north side of the build- ing, thus without any direct sunlight, produced young on August 15, i.e., in 49 days. It may be assumed that out of doors, under favorable conditions, the time spent in the cocoon is somewhat shorter. Both temperature and humidity probably play an impor- tant role. The excessively dry season of 1936 caused many of the eggs in the laboratory to shrivel up soon after oviposition. The young spiders when emerging have either already gone through the first molt or they do so very soon afterward. There- after they presently scatter out on foot. If the cocoon is under a large stone dispersal may be delayed for two weeks ; if the family emerges from an uncovered hole it may scatter in a week or in less time. This method of dispersal naturally results in local settlements of tarantulas and it tends to prevent the young from locating in an unfavorable habitat as they well might if they spread like many other spiders by ballooning as do even some near relatives of the tarantula such as the trapdoor spider, Pachy- lomerus carabivorus, and incidentally also the notorious black widow. Infant mortality is high, 1-2-year-old tarantulas are very rarely seen. The few that survive live in small holes which for a large part of the year are closed. Young tarantulas in the laboratory, if confined in considerable numbers, i.e., an entire family (600-1000 young), will maintain themselves so far as food is concerned for nearly a year. Can- nibalism has been observed about the middle of May when the spiderlings are about 8 months old. It increases rapidly so that by the middle of July the family may dwindle to 3 or 4 indi- viduals. Termites are readily accepted and devoured; they may be used for food, provided once or twice a week, till the spiders 36 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XL VI are about 3 years old. During the winter season (October to April) they require no food. During the second year of their existence the young spiderlings molt 4 times, in May, June, July, and August. Some of them apparently molt but 3 times. The skins when mixed with the soil are easily overlooked. In the third year there may be 4 molts, or 3, or even 2. In the fourth and fifth year they shed twice under favorable conditions. Subsequently they have but one molt a year and they may go two years between molts. Well supplied with food and water in the laboratory, the males may mature in about 8 years. Under out-of-door conditions, as stated in a previous publication, the required time has been esti- mated at 11 or 12 years. As pointed out elsewhere in this paper tarantulas can and probably do fast for considerable periods of time. Definite and complete records on the time required for reach- ing maturity under laboratory conditions have finally been ob- tained. From a family that emerged late in July or early August, 1926, two individuals have been reared to maturity. One (A2), a male, matured on August 23, 1936; another (A4), a female, matured on August 25, 1936. Maturity in the male is, owing to the palpal organs, easily recognized. Maturity in the female has been proved by the fact that it mates readily. Development in these instances thus required 10 years and is the same for both sexes. The following table of weights and measurements of a male is based largely on one individual. Shrinkage in the length of the carapace, as indicated in this and the next table, is due to the somewhat crude method of measuring. A sharp-pointed caliper is used. One point is placed at the middle of the anterior margin; the other in the notch of the posterior margin. Females apparently vary, like the males, in the time required for reaching maturity. Two individuals (¥Hj Mcl5) taken in November, 1925, when they were about 4 years old (length 22.6 mm., carapace 9.0 mm.) have been in the laboratory for 11 years and are now at least 15 years old. WH1 and Mcl5 are mature females as proved by recent mating. How long they have been Mar., 1938] Baerg: Tarantula 37 Measurements and Weights of a Male Tarantula (A2) from Hatching, about August 1, 1926, till Maturity, August 23, 1936 Year Age Length of body in millimeters Length of carapace in millimeters Weight in grams 10/11/2 6 2\ mos. *4.2 *1.5 *.0051 2/9/27 5.5 1/7/28 1 yr. 5 mos. 8.1 2.5 3/5/29 2 yrs. 7 mos. 14.5 4.8 .2407 10/7/29 3 yrs. 2 mos. 20.5 6.2 .8339 4/1/30 3 yrs. 8 mos. 20.5 6.8 .8045 10/17/30 4 yrs. 2\ mos. 2.6190 4/1/31 4 yrs. 8 mos. 2.4443 10/14/31 5 yrs. 2| mos. 38.0 11.3 5.3955 4/13/32 5 yrs. 8£ mos. 37.8 11.8 5.4810 10/11/32 6 yrs. 2\ mos. 40.5 14.7 7.1107 4/14/33 6 yrs. 8£ mos. 42.6 14.2 7.3520 10/9/33 7 yrs. 2\ mos. 46.5 15.7 10.1100 4/18/34 7 yrs. 8^ mos. 45.5 16.0 9.7215 10/30/34 8 yrs. 3 mos. 47.1 17.1 10.9365 4/12/35 8 yrs. 8^ mos. 47.5 17.2 10.6616 11/6/35 9 yrs. 3 mos. 49.5 17.3 11.9282 4/18/36 9 yrs. 8^ mos. 48.0 16.8 11.4255 9/5/36 10 yrs. 1 mo. 47.7 18.6 11.8336 * Represents another individual. Another male (WH2) taken in 1925 when it was about 1 year and 3 months old (length 6.8 mm., carapace 2.3 mm.) matured in September, 1932, when it was about 8 years old. It lived till February, 1934, and thus attained an age of 9£ years. mature is not known. A third individual (Mcle) taken at the same time as these above, but only 2 years old (length 10 mm., carapace 3.7 mm.), is now a mature female as proved by mating. It is at least 13 years old and has been in the laboratory for 11 years. The date of attaining maturity is not known. Molting and Regeneration. Some observations on molting and regeneration have already been reported in earlier papers. When the male has reached maturity it has also gone through its last molt even though it may live as long as a year and 8 months (the maximum so far observed) . The female, however, after becoming of age contiues to shed the skin approximately every year. 38 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XL VI Measurements and Weights of a Female Tarantula (A4) from Hatch- ing, about August 1, 1926, to Maturity, August 25, 1936 Year Age Length of body in millimeters Length of carapace in millimeters Weight in grams 10/11/26 2| mos. *4.3 *1.6 *.0052 2/9/27 6 mos. 5.5 1/7/28 1 yr. 5 mos. 9.8 3.7 3/5/29 2 yrs. 7 mos. 16.4 5.6 .3386 10/7/29 3 yrs. 2 mos. 20.3 7.1 .8200 4/1/30 3 yrs. 8 mos. 21.1 6.9 .8668 10/17/30 4 yrs. 2 -§ mos. 2.8316 4/1/31 4 yrs. 8 mos. 2.6175 10/20/31 5 yrs. 2\ mos. 39.7 14.0 6.0550 4/13/32 5 yrs. 8-§ mos. 38.5 14.0 5.7878 10/11/32 6 yrs. 2| mos. 43.4 15.5 7.3144 4/14/33 6 yrs. 8f mos. 42.7 15.5 7.8457 10/9/33 7 yrs. 2-§ mos. 50.0 16.8 11.2522 4/18/34 7 yrs. 8^ mos. 47.6 16.8 10.6800 10/30/34 8 yrs. 3 mos. 48.4 18.5 11.3900 4/12/35 8 yrs. 8i mos. 48.9 17.7 10.9556 11/6/35 9 yrs. 3 mos. 48.0 17.7 10.3416 4/18/36 9 yrs. 8| mos. 47.5 18.0 10.5289 9/5/36 10 yrs. 1 mo. 49.0 18.6 11.7001 * Represents another individual. The first symptom of an approaching molt is a refusal to feed. For 2-3 weeks no food is accepted. Then as a rule, the tarantula lays down a fairly thick silken sheet and just preceding the molt it may be observed lying ventral side up on the silken bed. Imme- diately before shedding begins the tarantula gets back on her feet. Now the carapace may be seen to rise in front and presently the anterior half separates all around and the tarantula rises till it gets top heavy and drops to one side. Thus lying, the wave-like movement of oozing out of the old skeleton continues till all the legs and the abdomen are out. The entire process requires about one hour. Associated with molting appears the only sign of old age that tarantulas seem to exhibit. The old carapace fails to separate entirely from the new one. As a rule a slender portion at the Mar., 1938] Baerg: Tarantula 39 middle of the rear end remains attached; rarely the entire cara- pace adheres and is shed sometime (2 weeks in one case) later. In all cases, whether the tarantula succeeds in discarding the cara- pace, or whether it is removed with the aid of a scissors, there remains a small fragment at the junction of the abdomen. In all instances so far observed tarantulas exhibiting this fragment have lived approximately but one year longer. During the last year they are, however, quite normal even to the extent of mating if a male is provided at the proper time. Females in retaining the juvenile character of molting also retain the capacity to regenerate lost appendages throughout life. If a leg is seriously damaged in the tibia, patella, or femur, the entire leg is discarded within one or two days and the severed appendage may be consumed if the tarantula has sufficient appetite. A new leg is always appreciably shorter and thinner than the corresponding one on the other side. Its size depends largely on the time elapsing between the loss of the leg and the following molt. Observations on a number of cases of regeneration show that 53 days is sufficient time for growing a leg that is functional and with an about normal covering of hairs. If but 36 days inter- vene between the loss of a leg and molting, the new member is quite thin, pale, sparsely covered with hair, and scarcely used in walking. If the tarantula has but 20 days to grow a new leg, no visible attempt at regeneration is made before molting; the spider emerges from the old skin with scar tissue covering the end of the coxa ; replacement is postponed till about a year later. Food Requirements Even limited observations on the activities of tarantulas bv day and by night indicate that they are truly stay-at-homes. Their cruising radius about the hole is probably not more than a few inches. As a rule they are in the hole, just visible from the out- side. Hence it follows that meals are not only irregular but often very far apart; that the regularity with which they feed in the laboratory, once every 5 to 7 days, is not a necessity. More direct evidence for a capacity to fast is the observed fact that during 40 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi the six months, October to April, when those in the laboratory get only water, they commonly gain in weight. To determine the limit in the tarantula ’s ability to endure fast- ing, three mature females were deprived of food, but given water, until they died of starvation. The limits of endurance for the three were : 2 years — less 12 days ; 2 years, 2 months, and 5 days ; 2 years, 4 months, and 6 days. One of the females (L. D.) when molting after nine months’ fasting replaced a missing leg. It molted again a year later. The following tables show the changes in weight during the period of fasting. 10/17/30 4/1/31 10/14/31 4/11/32 10/10/32 Death occurred 12/6/32. 15.3495 grams 15.3705 grams 11.8640 grams 12.6084 grams 9.3828 grams Another female in this test gave the following changes in weight. 10/14/31 4/11/32 10/10/32 4/6/33 10/9/33 Tarantula died 2/20/1934. 9.2180 grams 8.1261 grams 6.5580 grams 6.4900 grams 5.6400 grams The rate of feeding is exceedingly slow. A mature tarantula given a large bird locust, Schistocerca americana, began the meal at 11 : 05 a.m. and finished at 4 : 22 p.m. Not counting short rest periods, 11 of them, ranging from 30 seconds to 1 minute each, the meal occupied 5 hours and 17 minutes. The large species, Dugesiella crinita, occurring in northern Mexico (maximum length 85. mm. ; maximum weight 54.7240 grams), will accept more food than the local species and more frequently. One or two large grasshoppers or cicadas satisfy the appetite for no longer than a day. Incidentally this species takes grasshoppers or other creatures when recently killed. It is a rather general feeder, accepting, besides various large insects, also crayfish, small lizards, small snakes, and even small fish. Mar., 1938] Baerg: Tarantula 41 Water Requirements That spiders require water is well known. How much and how often has apparently not been determined. In all probability the requirement depends largely on the moisture content of the soil and the relative humidity of the air. The following observations and determinations are intended to give no more than a general indication of the amount of water required by tarantulas. In seasons of severe drouth tarantulas, lacking the migratory instinct that induces black widows and other spiders to seek the necessary moisture, probably die in considerable numbers for want of water. Specimens all but dead have been found and speedily revived when supplied with water. In north central Mexico, near Tlahualilo (State of Durango) a large colony of Dugesiella crinita, comprising probably many thousands of tarantulas, all but disappeared following a year (1929) when the rainfall amounted to only about 3 inches instead of the normal 9 inches. Incidentally the water need not be clean and can be mixed with remains of insects, and may have a generous admixture of alcohol. Tarantulas will drink of this to the extent that intoxication be- comes evident in spite of the eight legs to keep them steady. A male in an advanced stage of senescence drank 1.185 grams of water (determined by weighing the tarantula before and after drinking) ; remaining over the dish, if not actually drinking, for 3 hours and 8 minutes. The weight of the water represented 15.7 per cent of the tarantula ’s weight. Two mature females were put on a no-water diet on July 19 (1935). They were placed in battery jars containing about 4 inches of soil. Their food was catalpa caterpillars supplied as to the other tarantulas about once a week. One of the females died after 81 days (July 19 to Oct. 8, 1935). The other, placed in a cement-lined cave (where a part of the colony spends the winter), died between February 20 and 27, i.e., after about 219 days or approximately 7 months. Extracting the Poison To study the effect of the poison various investigators have pre- pared extracts by removing and macerating the glands in physio- logical salt solution or some other carrier. In the case of the black 42 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi widow it has been shown by Bogen that such extracts fail to pro- duce the effects resulting from a bite. Investigators in the Mex- ican Public Health Service have found evidence indicating that grinding up the last segment or telson of scorpions introduces anti- bodies that in part neutralize the poison. For this reason studies of scorpion venom, conducted by these investigators, are now based on poison extracted by electrical stimulation. A so-called tetanus battery, formerly a common item in physio- logical laboratories, is used. The electrodes are applied to the telson and the poison is caught in a watch crystal. This method is readily adapted to tarantulas and with certain refinements can be used on the black widow. In lieu of a high-priced apparatus, now called inductometer, I used a home-made device (constructed by my colleague H. H. Schwardt). The primary coil is made of 3 turns of No. 28 magnet wire ; the secondary coil is a hollow ignition coil from an automobile ; and the circuit breaker consists of Ford coil points. Three dry cells provide the current. Its voltage, when the secondary coil is set so as to provide an adequate stimu- lus, is about 100 (measured by an electrostatic voltmeter). Figure 4. Tetanus battery used for extracting poison. The electrodes are applied to the basal segment of both chelic- erae while the fangs, bent forward, are held over the edge of a small weighing bottle. The tarantulas squirm vigorously but pro- duce the poison without delay and have so far shown no harmful effects. One female, having emerged early from winter quarters (about February 15), produced at the first extraction 11.2 milligrams of poison. A week later 7.9 milligrams were extracted. Early in Mar., 1938] Baerg: Tarantula 43 spring (April 16) when the tarantulas had become active, but had not fed, another extraction was made from a number of females representing in addition to the local species, four species from Mexico. The maximum quantity obtained was 58 mg., the mini- mum was 4 mg. ; three individuals yielded almost identical amounts, 21, 20, 21 mgs. Females as well as males of the local species, E. calif ornica, are easily obtained in reasonable numbers. In addition, I have gradu- ally acquired a fair-sized “ foreign colony.” During the coming season an attempt will be made to continue the study of the poison with reference to its physical and chemical properties. LIST OF LITERATURE Baerg, W. J. 1922. Regarding the habits of tarantulas and the effects of their poison. Scientific Monthly, Yol. XIV, No. 5, pp. 482-489, 4 figs. . 1926. Regeneration of appendages in the tarantula Eury- pelma calif ornica Ausserer. Annals. Ent. Soc. America, Vol. XIX, No. 4, pp. 512-513. . 1928. The life cycle and mating habits of the male taran- tula. Quarterly Rev. Biol., Vol. Ill, No. 1, pp. 109-116, 3 figs. . 1929. Cocoon-making by the tarantula. Annals Ent. Soc. America, Vol. XXII, pp. 161-164, 3 pis. . 1929. Some poisonous arthropods of North and Central America. Trans. IV Intern. Congress Entom., Vol. II, pp. 418-438. Berland, Lucien. 1932. Les Arachnides. Pp. 193-298. Bogen, Emil. 1926. Arachnidism. Arch. Int. Med., Vol. XXXVIII. Pp. 623-632, 3 figs. Bonnet, Pierre. 1927. Etude et considerationes sur la fecundite chez les araneides. Mem. Soc. Zool. France Tome XXVIII, pp. 1-47. . 1927. L’eclosion des cocons chez les araignees. Bui. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. Toulouse Tome LVI 4 trimestre, pp. 505-512, 4 figs. . 1928. Notre preliminaire sur les phenomenes de la mue, de Pautotomie et de la regeneration chez lesi araneides. Compt. Rend. Seances Soc. Biol. Tome XCIX, pp. 1711-1713. . 1929. Sur le transport a longue distance des araignees vivantes. Bui. Mus. d’Histoire naturelle 2 Serie, Tome I, No. 5, pp. 332-334. . 1935. La longevite chez les araignees. Bull. Soc. Ent. de France Vol. XL, No. 19, pp. 272-277. Brazil, Vital. 1926. Contribucao ao estudo do veneno das aranhas. In Memorias do Instituto do Butantan, Tomo III, Fasciculo Unico, pp. 34-41, pis. 18-20. 44 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi A NOTE ON LASIOPTERA MURTFELDTIANA FELT By E. P. Felt Stamford, Conn. This species was described in 1909 (see Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 2, page 288) and more fully characterized in 1916 in New York State Museum Bulletin 198, page 170, the description being drafted from U. S. National Museum material labelled August 25, 1884, from Ottawa, Kansas. The species was reared from wild sunflower seeds, only males being represented. Recently a large series of this species was received from Professor Osmond P. Breland, North Dakota Agricultural College, having been reared by him from sunflower seeds collected at Artesia, Miss., Brownsville, Tenn., Pulton, Ky., and Braidwood, 111. The female being previously unknown it is described below, specimens being deposited in the National Museum. Female : Length, 2.5 mm. Antennas, short, dark brown, 19 to 21 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, the terminal segim Jightly produced and broadly rounded api- cally. Palpi, first segment short, second one-half longer, slender, the third as long as the second, the fourth one-half longer than the third, and somewhat dilated. Mesonotum, shining dark brown. Scutellum and postscutellum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen, dark brown, the segments narrowly margined with silvery. Ovipositor, nearly as long as the body, dark brown, yellowish apically, the lobes with a length three times the width. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with the margin at the distal third, the fifth at the distal fourth, its branch at the basal third. Halteres, yellow- ish transparent. Legs, a nearly uniform fuscous yellowish. Mar., 1938] Weiss: Haldeman 45 SOME HISTORICAL MATERIAL RELATING TO PROFESSOR S. S. HALDEMAN Eventually, the activities and lives of our early entomologists are going to be written about more fully, and as the science of entomology becomes older, its devotees will become more conscious of its historical background. For this reason it is desirable to place on record the ownership and location of collections of letters, manuscripts, etc., which future historians will need to utilize. One of such collections is in the possession of Mr. Albert E. Lownes, of Providence, R. I., and Mr. Lownes has kindly permitted me to examine it and to make the following annotations. Mr. Lownes purchased this collection at auction some ten or twelve years ago in the shape of an album containing letters addressed to Professor Haldeman, sketches, pieces of manuscripts, etc. This album had been formerly in the possession of Mr. George M. Greene, to whom it had been presented in May, 1920, by Mr. Guy K. Haldeman (Professor Haldeman ’s grandson). A brief description of its contents follows. Two engraved portraits of Professor Haldeman, one by A. H. Ritchie and the other by Samuel Sartain. Sartain was a skilled engraver and painter of miniatures and portraits who came to America from London in 1830. Agassiz, Louis J. R. (L. S.) Cambridge, Nov. 13, no year. In this letter Agassiz asks for specimens of three species of Etheastonids for a monograph on which he is working, also for alcoholic larvae for his son who is interested in insects. He apologizes for his dictated letter, due to the feeble state of his eyes. Agassiz, Louis J. R. (A. N. S.) Written on the top of a four-page printed pamphlet en- titled “Directions for Collecting Fishes/’ Cambridge, 1853. Baird, Spencer, F. (A. L. S.) Carlisle, April 29, 1846. Baird apologizes for not calling upon Haldeman and for not getting the insect pins that Haldeman wanted. Mentions John Le Conte, Gould, Storer, Binney, Audubon, and various books. Binney, Amos. (A. L. S.) Boston, Sept. 15, 1840. Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XL VI Thanks Haldeman for shells and asks for their history. Mentions death of Dr. C. I. Ward, of Ohio. Also refers to Gould, Lea. Binney, W. G. (A. L. S.) Burlington, N. J., March 21, 1863. Thanks Haldeman for the loan of shells, now being re- turned, except for one that was deposited in the Smithsonian Institution. Charlesworth, Edw. (A. L. S.) Museum York ( ?), August 31, 1846. Mentions that he has sent to Dr. Lea, some copies of a prospectus relating to a palaentological periodical that he is editing and which Haldeman should admire. Subscribers are needed. Couper, J. Hamilton (A. L. S.) Near Darien, Ga., June 10, 1841. Refers to various shells and their habitats and to the ab- sence of an artist in his neighborhood. Dana, James D. (A. L. S.) New Haven, Conn., May 10, 1849. Mentions a long article submitted by Haldeman to Dana and Dana’s policy of not accepting, for publication, long articles devoted to descriptions of new species. Dana sug- gests that Haldeman ’s paper be published in two parts and expresses the hope that this will not result in hurt feelings. Girard, Charles (A. L. S.) Washington, Feb. 7, 1855. In French. Gould, Augustus A. (A. L. S.) Boston, June 22, 1841. Sends Haldeman the names of new subscribers. Gray, Asa (A. L. S.) Cambridge, March 25, 1863. Acknowledges with thanks the receipt of Haldeman ’s gift and promises him any of the Academy’s publication that he desires. He returns postage that Haldeman used and ex- presses regret that Haldeman and his family have suffered from the flood. Haldemann, S. S. (A. M. S.) “ Description of a New Genus of Scarids.” Description of Cryptopus nitens. Harris, Thaddeus W. (A. M. S.) “Specimens of Nomadse in the Collection of T. W. H. lent to Professor Haldeman to be described. ’ ’ A list. Mar., 1938] Weiss: Haldeman 47 Hentz, Nicholas M. (A. L. S.) Florence, Ala., August 22, 1842. Mentions a collection of insects being shipped by a boat that will carry it to the mouth of the Tennessee. From there it will be forwarded to Pittsburgh and then to Philadelphia where it is directed to Messrs. Rich’d Paxson & Sons who will deliver it. Camphor was placed in every drawer. Every pin was secured. Every insect was washed three times in a mixture which Hentz had mentioned in a previous letter. Paper was pasted over every joint and crack. The case was enclosed in a water-tight box. Lea, Isaac (A. L. S.) (Philadelphia) May 7, 1860. Thanks Haldeman for a tracing made from a Rafinesque manuscript and for a reference. Mentions Say, Rafinesque, Binney, and scientific matters. LeConte, John E. (A. L. S.) New York, November 29, 1858. As for news about Haldeman and other entomologists. Mentions his son John, in California, and his several hundred new species, also the fact that John had found all Eschscholz’s species except three. Asks if Academy had received any in- sects from John Bell. John E. LeConte was a coleopterist and the father of John L. LeConte. LeConte, John L. (A. L. S.) Philadelphia, Feb. 18, 1857. Inquires about Haldeman, also of Horace. Mentions a trip south which his father expects to take and hopes that he can pay Haldeman a visit before spring. Requests that Haldeman have forwarded a letter addressed to John LeConte presumably in the Columbia Post Office. Melsheimer, F. E. (A. L. S.) Dover, York County, April 8, 1853. Acknowledges letter from Haldeman. Speaks of having been ill during the winter of 1852 and during much of the previous summer and autumn. This illness kept him away from entomological matters, etc. States that he has not been in York since Dr. LeConte left insects in care of Mr. Ziegler, etc. Ends with 4 ‘ God bless you. ’ ’ Morris, John G. (A. L. S.) Philadelphia, May 10, no year. Morris mentions his visit to New York. Expects to see Haldeman next week. Asks him to prepare a letter to Morton, the librarian of the Academy. 48 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi Motschulsky, Victor I. (A. L. S.) St. Petersburg, May 28, 1859. In French. Osten-Sacken, Baron R. (A. L. S.) Washington, Oct. 24, (1856?). Asks if Haldeman had received a previous letter relative to Neuroptera desired by Dr. Hagen. Rafinesque, C. S. (A. M. S.). ‘ 1 On a new Salamander and a new Stellio from Kentucky, ’ ’ discovered in 1823. Second page contains a poem that appears to be in Rafinesque ’s handwriting. Say, Lucy (A. L. S.) New Harmony, Apr. 13, 1840. Relates to shells. Schaum, Herman R. (A. L. S.) New Orleans, April 3, 1848. In German. Silliman, Jr. B. (A. L. S.) Louisville, Ky., February 23, 1854. Refers to a manuscript on the numerals of the Waco In- dians sent to Haldeman by Silliman. Sturm, J. H. C. (A. N. S.) Inscription on a pamphlet about beetles, Niirnberg, Dec. 10, 1861. Tryon, George W., Jr. (A. L. S.) Philadelphia, Oct. 31, 1863. Relates to shells. Wants photograph of Haldeman in ex- change for his own which is enclosed. Written on a letter- head of Tryon & Brother, “Wholesale Gun Dealers,” of Philadelphia. Vaux, William S. (A. L. S.) Philadelphia, March 27, 1868. Refers to express package containing parts of Journal, new series. Ziegler, Daniel (A. L. S.) York, Pa., Oct. 13, 1848. Describes Cryptoceph. venustus and C. ornatus. Original paintings for plates 6, 9, 12, 15, 26, 32, 33, 35 and 36, for Say’s “Entomology,” by Peale, LeSueur, Wood, and Bridport, with uncolored proofs of 26, 32, 33, 35 and 36. Thirteen drawings by Joseph Leidy, one by W. W. Wood, and twenty-three by unnamed artists, principally of insects. Thirty original paintings by Helen E. Lawson for Haldeman ’s “Monograph of Limniades,” etc. Two title-pages for this work and proof of one engraving. jj g Weiss Mar., 1938] Abbott: Creophilus 49 THE DEVELOPMENT AND GENERAL BIOLOGY OF CREOPHILUS VILLOSUS GRAV. By Cyril E. Abbott Chicago, Illinois As the largest and most conspicuous of our native Staphylinidae, Creophilus villosus Grav. is of unusual interest. This paper pro- poses to discuss the results of observations on the development, general biology, and certain aspects of anatomy; a summary of work carried on for several years past. General Habits Adult specimens of the beetle are generally found on or about the carcasses of animals lying in the open country. Although they may also be found in wooded regions, the species is pri- marily one of open fields, where it may occur in great numbers. Specimens sometimes are attracted from a considerable distance ; for instance, one flew into the open window of an elevated car in the heart of Chicago. Although the beetles apparently orient to decaying material chiefly in flight, they will also emerge from their subterranean resting-places if a carcass is not too far distant. Very few adults occur in midsummer. They appear in greatest numbers in the Chicago region in late May, and again in some- what lesser numbers in September. The following record of num- bers at various periods of the summer will indicate this more clearly : May 2 12 May 22 35 May 8 18 July 19 5 May 11 19 Aug. 2 5 May 12 34 Aug. 27 1 May 15 24 Oct. 6 11 Unfortunately I have no exact records for September, but the number for October given above indicates a decline due to the coming of cold weather. It should also be remembered that these records are not of a few observations during one season, but merely samples of what has been observed over a period of years. 50 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XL VI Creophilus feeds on fly maggots and other insects found on and about decaying matter. This has been proved not only by labo- ratory experiments but by observations in the field. When pressed, the adults will often attack decaying meat, but the larvas never have been observed doing so. Both larvae and adults are highly predatory ; of some thirty larvae, kept in a large container of earth, only five escaped being eaten and so reached maturity. When placed together in a small container, both adults and larvae “snap” vigorously at one another in a manner which is almost repulsive to the onlooker. Both larvae and adults feign death, when touched or suddenly exposed, by flexing the abdomen ventrally until the body forms a ring. This condition never lasts more than a few seconds, nor can it, like that of some insects, be readily reinduced. Mating usually occurs with the copulatory organs alone in con- tact, so that the insects lie with their heads pointed in opposite directions. Sometimes the stronger of the pair drags the protest- ing mate over the ground as it runs. Mating may last at least an hour, although external factors easily disrupt the union. Description of Stages Egg: Length, 2. 0-3.0 mm.; width, 1. 5-2.0 mm.; ovoid, symmet- rical, nearly prolate; opaque, white to cream; thin-shelled; col- lapsing when preserved. (Fig. 1.) Larva: When newly emerged the larva is from 5. 5-6.0 mm. in length, with the greatest width 1.2-1. 5 mm. Prior to pupation it reaches a length of 25.0-30.0 mm., with a width of from 5.0 to 7.0 mm. The head of the larva, like that of the adult, is circular and compressed ; the eyes consisting of four simple ocelli on either side of the head (Fig. 6) ; the antennas, placed far forward, almost between the jaws, are 3-segmented and about 2.0 mm. long. Dorsally the prothorax is broad, sclerotized, and dark ; the sternal plate is triangular, with the apex caudad, and covers only the anterior half of the prothorax. The mesothorax and metathorax are essentially similar. Dorsally each is supplied with a pair of dark, sclerous plates; bilaterally arranged, and separated by a space about .01 mm. in width. There is no ventral sclerotization. All the abdominal segments, excepting the terminal one, are simi- Mar., 1938] Abbott: Creophilus 51 lar. Each has, like the thoracic segments jnst described, two dorsal plates, separated by a space of about .05 mm. ; two bilater- ally arranged, hexagonal, ventral plates; two epipleural plates, on either side of the segment, the larger anterior and elongated, the smaller posterior and circular; and on either side one sub- pleural, elongated plate. All these plates are dull brown and sparsely set with short hairs. The intervening spaces appear white from subcuticular fat. The terminal abdominal segment differs from the others in being heavily sclerotized throughout, as well as dark and hirsute; the cerci, which are attached dorsally and project dorso-caudally, are 3.0 mm. in length, sclerotized and hirsute ; they are 3-segmented, the 2nd segment being considerably shorter than the other two. Ventrally the terminal abdominal segment forms a tubular prolongation (2.0 mm.) through which the anus opens. (See Fig. 5, and the student drawing, Fig. 6.) The legs of the larva are all similar. The subcoxa is reduced and apparently double; the coxa large, elongated, and broad at the base ; the trochanter prominent and sclerous ; the femur mod- erately long and enlarged distally; the tibia narrow and about the same length as the femur (1.0 mm.), the tarsus a mere spike (0.5 mm.). All parts of the leg are set with spines, those on the femur being arranged in two ordered rows. (These are not shown in Fig. 8.) The mesothoracic spiracle is conspicuously large; the meta- thoracic located between the 2nd and 3rd pairs of legs, very small. The abdominal spiracles are moderately conspicuous, but decrease regularly in size as the termination of the abdomen is approached. They are all sclerous and dark. Pupa: Length, 15.0 mm.; greatest width, 5.0 mm.; translucent brown when newly formed, gradually becoming black. The legs, posterior wings, and jaws are folded against the sternum; the antennce cross the bases of the jaws just under the eyes to fold back, the distal ends directed caudad. The elytra are folded close to the body over the wings, with their distal ends directed caudo- ventrally, but not completely covering the wings; in fact not reaching beyond the pleura. The abdominal spiracles are dorsal, elevated, and conspicuous. The eyes are somewhat darker than the rest of the body. A conspicuous, narrow, transverse ridge, 52 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi nearly black, and set with a single row of hairs evenly spaced, traverses the anterior part of the pronotum. (Figs. 3 and 4.) Adult: The adult is too well known to require description. When newly emerged it is very glossy. (Fig. 2.) Developmental Behavior The duration of incubation is about 48 hours. An average taken from twenty-two specimens places the larval stage in summer at about 23 days. The average duration of the pupal stage is 12 days. This makes the total duration of development approximately 37 days. Although eggs may be deposited upon the surface of the ground, it is more usual to find them from 1-5 cm. below the surface. I have not seen larvae emerge from eggs, but those emerging from molt are nearly white. It requires about 3 hours for the larva to reach full coloration after ecdysis. The number of instars is not known. Larvae normally remain pretty much below the surface of the soil. When about to pupate the larva shortens, thickens, and remains partially flexed ventrally. It may remain in this con- dition 2 or 3 days before the final transformation to pupa. The nature of the soil permitting, the insect forms an oval cavity in which the pupa lies. This is probably produced by movements of the larva prior to pupation. I wish to extend a word of thanks to my pupil, Wm. Gedzun, for permission to use the drawing constituting Fig. 7. PLATE I Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. CreopJiilus villosus, eggs. C. villosus , adult. C. villosus, ventral aspect of pupa. C. villosus, lateral aspect of pupa. C. villosus, larva. C. villosus, sketch of larval head, left lateral aspect, showing the ocelli. C. villosus. Student sketch, left lateral aspect, of larva. C. villosus. Larval leg. The parts indicated are: S, subcoxa; C, coxa; Tr, trochanter; F, femur; Tb, tibia; Ta, tarsus. (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), VOL. XLYI (Plate I) CREOPHILUS VILLOSUS Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 55 STUDIES IN AMERICAN SPIDERS: MISCELLANEOUS GENERA OF ERIGONEZE, PART II By S. C. Bishop and C. R. Crosby We take this opportunity to express our thanks to the author- ities of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, especially to Pro- fessor Nathan Banks and to Miss Elizabeth B. Bryant, for the privilege of studying the types of the species described by Emer- ton, Banks and Chamberlin. We have always received a cordial welcome at the Museum and have been given every facility for carefully studying the specimens and for making drawings of unique types. Without this cooperation it would have been impossible to prepare this series of revisions of the Erigoneae. SCOTINOTYLUS Simon Ar. Fr. 5 : 501. 1884 Type : Erigone antennata Cambridge. The embolic division has a spirally coiled tail-piece and a very long slender coiled embolus. The tibia of the male palpus is armed with two enlarged spines. Scotinotylus is related to Spirem- bolus, Tortembolus and Cochlembolus. A single specimen of the type species has been collected in America, near snow on Mt. Rainier, Washington. Scotinotylus antennatus Cambridge (Figures 1-3) Erigone antennata Cambridge, Zool. Soc. Lond. Proc. 1875, p. 197, pi. 27, f . 7. Erigone aries Kulczynski, Pam. Akad. Krakow. 8 : 17, pi. 2, f . 11. 1882. Scotynotylus antennatus Simon, Ar. Fr. 5 : 502, f. 287-290. 1884. Scotynotylus antennatus Calloni, Fauna nivale, p. 134, 264, 265. 1889. Scotynotylus aries Chyzer & Kulczynski, Ar. Hung. 2 : 95. 1894. Scotynotylus antennatus Kulczynski, Bui. Intern. Acac. Sci. Cra- covie, 1905, p. 552. 56 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XL VI Scotynotylus antennatus de Lessert, Cat. Ar. Suisse, p. 169. 1910. Scotynotylus antennatus Simon, Ar. Fr. 6 : 373, f. 665. 1926. Male. Length, 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax dull orange yellow, lightly suffused with dusky, darker along the margin; viewed from above, rather broad, the sides rounded on the posterior half, converging in front, broadly rounded across the front; viewed from the side steeply ascending behind, then more gradually to back of the head, rounded over the back of the head to the posterior median eyes ; top of head nearly level. Clypeus very wide, slightly concave just below the eyes and then convex and somewhat pro- truding. Sternum nearly black over yellow, convex, smooth and shining, posterior coxge separated by almost the diameter. Endites pale orange yellow lightly suffused with dusky. Legs light orange yellow. Abdomen gray. Posterior eyes in a recurved line, the median separated by a little more than the diameter and from the lateral by three times the radius. Anterior eyes in a slightly procurved line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by two-thirds the diameter and from the lateral by twice the diameter. On each side just back of the anterior median eye there is a long, stout, blunt spine directed forward. Femur of palpus rather stout, compressed, curved inward. Patella long, curved downward, thicker distally. Katio of length of femur to that of patella as 20 to 16. Tibia very short ventrally, dorsally elevated and produced forward into a pointed process which in dorsal view is broadly rounded on the mesal side, exca- vated laterally, armed with a stiff spine at the edge of the excava- tion ; in side view the tip of this process appears strongly incurved. The tibia is armed at base, dorsolaterally with a very long, stout, spine. Cymbium dorsally angulate at base, truncate at tip, with a broad, deep groove near the lateral margin. Paracymbium thin, lying nearly in one plane, bent at a right angle, broader beyond the bend, rounded at tip with a shallow, rounded notch. Bezel narrow and high. Tail-piece of the embolic division broad and spirally curved, the tip rounded with a rounded projection next to the cymbium. The tail-piece gives rise directly to a very long, slender, style-like embolus which after making one turn inside the bulb emerges on the mesal side of the bezel and then makes a Mae., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 57 larger, flat turn around the end of the bulb, the very fine tip lying behind the bezel. The median apophysis appears as a finger-like process lying between the inner and outer turns of the embolus. Type locality : Col des Ayes, Casset, France. Washington : Mt. Rainier, Paradise Camp, near snow, Aug. 22, 1927. 1 Compared with a specimen from France, determined by Simon. SISICOTTUS new genus Type : Tmeticus montanus Emerton In this genus the tibia of the male palpus is armed with a dorsomesal process of only moderate length. The embolic division has a bulb-like tail- piece from which there arises a style-like embolus which lies in an open coil of one turn on the end of the bulb. Key to Species, Males Dorsomesal process of the tibia long, as in figures 5 and 6 montanus Em. Dorsomesal process shorter, as in figures 9 and 10 montigenus n. sp. Sisicottus montanus Emerton (Figures 4-8) Tmeticus montanus Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 6 : 55, pi. 16, fig. 3. 1882. Erigone collina Marx, U. S. Mus. Proc. 12 : 533, 538, 593. 1890. ( Edothorax montanus Crosby, Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc. 1905, p. 312. Grammonota orites Chamberlin, Ent. Soc. Am. An. 12 : 249, pi. 17, figs. 7-8. 1919. Gongylidium montanus Emerton, Royal Can. Inst. Trans. 12 : 315. 1919. (Edothorax nesides Chamberlin, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 29 : 36, pi. 3, f. 1. 1921. ( Edothorax pidacitis Crosby and Bishop, N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 35, p. 151, pi. 16, f. 17-18. 1927. t Edothorax orites Chamberlin and Ivie, Univ. Utah Bui. 23 (4) : 22, pi. 5, fig. 48. 1933. Male. Length, 1.7 mm. Cephalothorax dark dusky orange, darker at the margin ; viewed from above evenly rounded on the sides, only slightly convergent towards the front, bluntly rounded across the front ; viewed from the side, steeper behind but rounded to the posterior eyes. Clypeus slightly convex and protruding. 58 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi Sternum dusky orange, nearly black, rather broad, rounded on the sides behind, bluntly produced between the posterior coxae which are separated by less than the diameter. Endites orange yellow. Legs and palpi bright orange yellow. Abdomen dark greenish gray, almost black. Posterior eyes in a slightly pro- curved line, equal, the median usually separated by less than the diameter and a little closer to the lateral but in some specimens they are separated by the diameter. Anterior eyes in a straight line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by less than the radius, a little closer to the lateral. Clypeus as wide as median ocular area. Femur of palpus long, slender, and quite strongly curved. Patella short and strongly arched over the back. Katio of length of femur to that of patella as 20 to 6. Tibia short and deeply excavated, the dorsolateral angle deeply and broadly emarginate with a very short, broad lobe in the middle of the excavation ; the excavation bounded on the dorsal side by a broad triangular process tipped with a short black tooth directed laterally, and bounded laterally with a broad, triangular, round-pointed tooth. The paracymbium consists of two parts; a thick, rounded basal part and a slender, strongly hooked terminal part. The embolic division has a large pear-shaped tail-piece which connects directly with the base of the embolus, the latter stout and black and lying back under the cymbium. The terminal, whip-like part of the embolus arises deep back in the alveolus and curves around to emerge from the edge of the cymbium on the lateral side some distance from the tip. It is protected by a conspicuous pointed conductor. The median apophysis appears as a sharp, black tooth lying within the curve of the embolus. Female. Length, 1.7 mm. Similar to the male in form and color. Epigynum convex, broader behind, with a broad emargi- nation which is convexly rounded on the sides and square across the middle. In this notch the middle lobe can be seen as a short, transverse, inverted T-shaped plate. The curved inner margins of the lateral lobe diverging in front can be seen through the integument. Type locality : Mt. Washington, N. H. This species varies somewhat in different parts of its range and Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 59 has received several names. Emerton described montanus from Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. In 1921 Chamberlin de- scribed nesides from St. Paul Island, Alaska. The type of nesides in the Museum of Comparative Zoology has lost all but the front right leg. The abdomen is loose and shriveled. The palpi are practically the same as in typical montanus; the posterior eyes are separated by about the diameter of an eye and the relative width of the eye-group is greater. In 1919 Chamberlin described orites from the mountains of Utah. A comparison of types shows that orites is identical with montanus. In 1927 we described pidacitis from Pingree Park, Colorado. This form of montanus is a little larger and usually somewhat paler than typical speci- mens from the east. The genital bulb is the same. The tibia of the male palpus of the two forms are shown together in Figs. 5 and 6. We at first thought we might be able to distinguish these forms by the distance between the posterior median eyes but have decided that this character cannot be depended upon. We first separated our male specimens into two lots, placing in pidacitis the larger paler forms with the tibia of the type shown in Fig. 5 ; in montanus we placed the smaller, darker forms with the tibia as in Fig. 6. We then measured the distance between the posterior eyes with the results shown in the tabulation on the following page. For the present at least it seems best to consider these forms merely as races of montanus. On the mountains of New England and New York only typical montanus is to be found. In the Western States both forms may occur in the same localities. Quebec: lie d’Alma, Lac St- Jean, July 28, 1934, 3 J'; Bagot- ville, July 26, 1934, 6 Maine: Presque Isle, Aug. 26, 1925, 3 J' 16 2; Long Island, April 27, 1906, 1 (Bryant). New Hampshire: Franconia, 1 J1 (Banks). New York: Uphill Brook and Opalescent River, Essex Co.; July 1918, 2 7 ? ; High Falls, Essex Co., Aug. 23, 1921, 1^1?; Mt. MacIntyre, Essex Co., July 1, 1923, 5 12; July 24, 1925, 2 J'; Mt. Whiteface, Essex Co., Aug. 24, 1916, 27^ 14 2; Sept. 13, 1931, 8 J1 7 2 (Hammer) ; Aug. 25, 1921, 2 ^2}; Lake Tear, Mt. Marcy, Essex Co., Sept. 4, 1922, 8^ 4 2; Artist’s Brook, Chapel Pond, Essex Co., Aug. 24, 1930, 2rf; Sept. 7, 1931, 3 60 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlyi 2 5 ; June 11, 1933, 6 ; Oct. 20, 1934, 3 3 5 ; Avalanche Lake, July 24, 1925, 2 J'. Vermont : Mt. Mansfield, June 4, 1927, 3 <$ ; July 5, 1935, 7^7 5- Wyoming: Grand Canyon, Yellowstone Park, Ang. 30, 1927, 1 ; Sylvan Pass, Aug. 31, 1927, 1 J1. Washington: Seattle, Spring, 1932, 3 J1 (Exline). Alberta : Sulfur Mt., Banff, Aug. 2, 1927, 1 British Columbia: Metlakatla, several J' J (Emerton) ; Yoho Glacier, Aug. 5, 1914, many J (Emerton). Number of specimens posterior median eyes separated : By the By less than diameter the diameter pidacitis Mt. Bainier Hi. 1 1 Sylvan Pass, Yellowstone Park 1 Grand Canyon, Yellowstone Park 2 Yoho Glacier, B. C 1 Metlakatla, B. C 1 montanus Presque Isle, Me 2 Mt. Mansfield, Yt. 3 High Falls, N. Y 2 Avalanche Lake, N. Y. ..„ 2 Chapel Pond, N. Y 1 4 Mt. Whiteface, N. Y 1 12 Uphill Brook & Opalescent B., N. Y. 1 Mt. MacIntyre, N. Y 3 4 Banff, Alta 1 Grand Canyon, Yellowstone Park 1 This species has also been recorded by Emerton from Labrador : Battle Harbor; Quebec: Lake Megantic; Maniwaki; Ontario: Minaki; British Columbia: Laggan; Jasper; Saskatchewan: Prince Albert. Sisicottus montigenus new species (Figures 9-11) Male. Length 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax dark gray over yellowish, evenly rounded on the sides, narrowed towards the front, broadly rounded across Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 61 the front; viewed from the side rather steeply ascending behind to the cervical groove, than more gently ascending to the back of the head and then evenly and gently rounded over to the posterior median eyes. Clypeus nearly straight and slightly protruding. Sternum and labium dark gray over yellow. Endites somewhat lighter. Legs and palpi orange yellow. Abdo- men gray. Posterior eyes in a straight line, the median separated by the diameter and a little nearer to the lateral. In another specimen taken with the type the posterior eyes are separated by less than the diameter. Anterior eyes in a slightly procurved line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by the radius and from the lateral by a little more. Femur of palpus slightly curved inward, a little wider distally. Patella short. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 19 to 6. Tibia longer than patella, widened distally, the dorsal margin on the mesal half evenly rounded, the dorsolateral margin with a broad, shallow excavation bounded mesally with a short black tooth. The paracymbium armed at base with a row of three short stiff hairs ; on the ventral side of the palpus greatly enlarged and reaching the opposite edge of the cymbium, the tip relatively slender with a shallow notch before tip. The embolic division has a large pear-shaped tail- piece which connects directly with the base of the embolus, the latter stout and black and lying back under the cymbium. The embolus is a black style that arises deep back in the alveolus and curves around to emerge from the edge of the cymbium on the lateral side some distance from the tip. The genital bulb is closely similar to that of montanus. In the specimens from Mt. MacIntyre there is some variation in the size of the tooth on the tibia of the male palpus and in the number and size of the hairs on the base of the paracymbium. See figures 9 and 10. Female. Similar to the male in form and color. Posterior eyes equal, in a slightly procurved line, the median separated by three-fourths the diameter, a little closer to the lateral. Anterior eyes in a very slightly pro- curved line, the median distinctly smaller than the lateral, separated by two- thirds the diameter and from the lateral by a little more. The epigynum is distinctly protuberant, the median fovea squarish, rounded in front, the lateral walls convex mesally. A median septum slightly widened anteriorly faintly indicated. Holotype, J1, allotype 2, Mt. Mitchell, N. C., Oct. 12, 1923. 1 and 3 2 paratypes from the same locality. New York : Mt. MacIntyre, Sept. 4, 1927, 2 g ; July 1, 1923, 1 ; Lake Tear, Mt. Marcy, Sept. 4, 1922, 1 SISICUS new genus Type : Sisicus penifusiferus n. sp. In this genus the tibia of the male palpus is broadly produced into a rounded lobe. The tail-piece of the embolic division is broad, flat, rounded ; 62 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi the embolus is long, slender and coiled into a spiral along with the extra- ordinarily elongate median apophysis. Sisicus penifusiferus new species (Figures 12-13) Male. Length, 1 mm. Cephalothorax yellow lightly suffused with dusky, darker at margin and in a small patch at the cervical groove; viewed from above, noticeably broad, evenly rounded on the sides without any constric- tion at the cervical groove, broadly rounded across the front; viewed from the side, evenly and steeply ascending in a straight line to the cervical groove, then evenly and broadly rounded over to the posterior median eyes. Clypeus nearly straight and slightly protruding. Sternum gray over dull yellow, broad, convex; labium gray; endites yellow, lighter distally. Legs pale yellow. Abdomen dark gray. Posterior eyes in a straight line, equal, the median separated by the diameter and a little farther from the lateral. Anterior eyes in a straight line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by a little less than the radius and from the lateral by the diameter. Femur of palpus moderately long, slightly curved, slightly widened dis- tally. Patella short and broad. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 15 to 6. Tibia obconic with the mesodorsal angle produced into a broad, thin, rounded lobe. Paracymbium at point of attachment square and thick- ened. It then narrows gradually to the beginning of the curve, this basal part provided with a sharp longitudinal keel, branched at base; the curved part of the paracymbium very slender, the tip widened. The tail-piece of the embolic division quadrate, with a rounded excavation distally, the lateral angle bluntly angulate. The tail-piece gives rise to a long, moderately slender, style-like embolus which is coiled around a grooved spool, the tip lying in a pointed projection on the end of the spool. This spool seems to represent the median apophysis; it is, however, a separate sclerite being articulated with the tegulum by means of an elongate, thin, flat, process. The spool proper is black and is spirally grooved for the reception of the embolus. It is armed at base, ventrolaterally, with a long, slender, curved tooth. Female. Length, 1 mm. Similar to the male but lighter. The epigynum is nearly circular and is largely occupied by an immense cavity, divided in front by a double median line indicating the position of the ducts; the anterior half of the rim is narrowly chitinized; a broader band borders the cavity on the sides, behind, and in the middle there is an erect rounded lobe. Holotype, male, Avalanche Lake, N. Y., July 24, 1925 ; allotype, female, Arnprior, Ontario, April, 1934. New York: Lake Pleasant, April 27, 1924, 1 J'; Peru, Oct. 22, 1934, 1 Maine : Molunkus Pond, Aug. 25, 1925, 1 <$. Ontario: Arnprior, April, 1934, 4<^ 3 J (C. Macnamara). Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 63 SCOLOPEMBOLUS new genus Type: Arceoncus littoralis Emerton. In this genus the tibial armature of the male palpus consists of two processes of moderate length. The tail-piece of the embolic division is long, slender, undulating and gives rise directly to a pointed embolus. Key to Species, Males Dorsal process of tibia pointed melacrus Chamb. Dorsal process of tibia broader and rounded littoralis Em. Scolopembolus littoralis Emerton (Figures 14^15) Arceoncus littoralis Emerton. Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 18 : 214, pi. 1, fig. 6, 1913. Male. Length, 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax chestnut brown, head lighter ; viewed from above, evenly rounded on the sides without a constriction at the cervical groove, broadly rounded across the front ; viewed from the side, evenly and gently rounded over from the posterior margin to the posterior median eyes. Clypeus broad, gently convex and slightly protruding, clothed with a few erect hairs. Sternum orange, strongly suffused with dusky, darker at the margin. Endites dull orange, lighter distally. Legs orange yellow. Abdomen dark gray. Posterior eyes in a slightly procurved line, equal, the median separated by the diameter and from the. lateral by nearly twice the diameter. Anterior eyes in a procurved line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by less than the radius and from the lateral by twice the diameter. Tibia obconic, with a smooth rounded notch in the dorsal mar- gin, mesal angle broadly rounded, the dorsolateral angle pro- duced into a short rounded tooth. Tegulum strongly developed, protuberant ventrally. Tail-piece of the embolic division thin, extending beyond the edge of the tegulum. The embolus is a short black tooth arising from the base of the tail-piece. Type locality : Lyme, Conn. Described from the type, 1 J1, Oct. 8, 1911. In wet hay on edge of marsh. 64 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi Scolopembolus melacrus Chamberlin (Figures 16-17) C Edothorax melacra Chamberlin. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull. 60 : 236, pi. 17, f. 6, 7. 1916. Male. Length, 2 mm. Cephalothorax yellowish orange with a faint tinge of reddish, narrowly margined with gray; viewed from above broadly rounded on the side, slightly constricted at the cervical groove, broadly rounded across the front; viewed from the side, gradually ascending to the posterior median eyes, gently rounded over the head. Clypeus straight and slightly protruding. Sternum dark gray over yellow, strongly convex, produced between the posterior coxae which are separated by less than the diameter. Endites pale orange-yellow, chelicerae with a tooth on face. Legs long and slender, pale yellow. Abdomen pale in front, blackish posteriorly. Posterior eyes in a straight line, equal, the median separated by three-fourths the diameter and from the lateral by the radius. Anterior eyes in a very slightly recurved line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by half the radius and from the lateral by the same distance. Femur of palpus gently curved inward and downward. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 26 to 10. Tibia narrow at base, gradually widened distally, the dorsal margin thin and smooth, evenly rounded on the mesal corner, strongly concave at the base of the dorsolateral process. The latter rather broad, ending in two points, the upper one black, triangular ; the lower one has the tip bent abruptly downward to form a blunt tooth. Paracymbium large, strongly curved ; the flattened outer part has the mesal angle square, the tip tongue-like, without notch. Tail- piece of embolic division long extending beyond the edge of tegu- lum to the edge of the cymbium, the tip broad and rounded, con- stricted from the broader basal part. The embolus, borne on the mesal angle of the tail-piece, is a rather stout, gently curved style which lies in a channel in the median apophysis. Type locality. Cuzco, Peru. California: Ocean Beach, Ingleside, Nov. 29, 1919, 1 J' (H. Dietrich). Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 65 Washington: Seattle, Oct. 28, 1932, 1 ^ (Exline). We compared the California specimen with the type in M.C.Z. and found that they are undoubtedly identical except that the type is considerably larger and more maturely colored. Female. Very similar to the male from Peru. The epigynum has a nearly quadrate middle lobe, greatly narrowed in front where it separates two large, nearly circular openings. The receptacles are small and show through the integument close to the lateral edges of the openings. TRiEMATOSISIS new genus Type : Arceoncus bispinosus Emerton. This genus is very close to Sisis but the male is provided with cephalic pits. The patella of the male palpus is long and swollen. The tibia is provided with a very long slender process. Traematosisis bispinosus Emerton (Figures 18-21) Arceoncus bispinosus Emerton. Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 16 : 389, pi. 1, fig. 7. 1911. Male. Length, 1.4 mm. Cephalo thorax dull brownish with darker radiating lines ; viewed from above broad, rounded on the sides, rapidly narrowing forward, truncate in front, the eyes borne on a narrow lobe. Cephalothorax viewed from the side, gently arched behind to the base of the cephalic lobe, then strongly elevated and arched over the back of the head to the posterior median eyes; the median ocular area straight, slanting slightly forward. Cephalic pits very small, circular, lying close behind the posterior lateral eyes in a shallow groove. Clypeus concave below the eyes, then convex and slightly protruding. Sternum dark brown, broad, the posterior coxae widely separated. Endites dull orange yellow mottled with dusky. Legs yellowish. Ab- domen dark gray. Posterior eyes when viewed from directly above slightly pro- curved, nearly straight. Anterior eyes in a gently procurved line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by the radius and a little farther from the lateral. The posterior median eyes are borne on the top of the cephalic lobe. Femur of palpus relatively short, nearly straight. Patella 66 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi straight, stouter than femur. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 17 to 13. Tibia swollen and enlarged dorso-mesally ; the dorsal margin depressed and thin, armed with a very long, slender process that lies close to the back of the cymbium. Back of the depressed area there is a diagonal ridge, highest at the mesal end and armed mesally with a row of four evenly spaced stiff hairs. On the right palpus there is only one tibial process but on the left one there is another shorter curved one just back of the base of the long one. Paracymbium small, thin, strongly curved. Tail-piece of the embolic division slender in the basal part ; the tip, which lies over the edge of the cymbium is sharply angulate and hooked back with the apex acute. The embolus is a long slender style, double basally, which first makes one large turn and then ends in a much smaller coil. In the form of the embolic division and the armature of the tibia of the male palpus the species approaches Spirembolus. Female. Length, 1.4 mm. Similar to male but the head is less elevated. The epigynum has the lateral lobes nearly meeting in the middle with the inner margin semicircularly rounded, leav- ing the middle lobe hour-glass-shaped. Female described from specimens from Oswego County, N. Y. Type locality : Springfield, Mass. Redescribed from the type, 1 J1, Sept. 20, 1909. New York: Mud Pond, Oswego, Oct. 15, 1935, 1 J* 4§. Sifted from moss in a bog. SISIS new genus Type : Lophocarenum rotundum Emerton. In this genus the tail-piece of the embolic division is long and slender ; the embolus is very long, arises from the base of the tail-piece in the interior of the bulb and lies in a flat coil on the ventrolateral face of the bulb. The tibia is armed with a rather long process. Sisis rotundus Emerton (Figures 22-24) Lophocarenum rotundum Emerton. Can. Ent. 57 : 67, fig. 3. 1925. Male. Length 1.8 mm. Cephalothorax chestnut brown with faintly developed darker radiating lines and darker margin. Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 67 Viewed from above, noticeably broad, the sides evenly rounded without any constriction at the cervical groove, strongly converg- ing to the bluntly rounded front. Anterior eyes in profile. Cephalothorax viewed from the side steeply ascending behind and then very gradually ascending in an almost straight line to the posterior median eyes ; the median ocular area slanting sharply forward; clypeus nearly straight and slightly retreating. Ster- num reddish-brown strongly suffused with dusky, darker at the margin, broad, convex, smooth and shining. Labium brown; endites orange yellow suffused with dusky, lighter distally. Legs and palpi orange ; the patellae lighter, the coxae below with a nar- row band of black at tip. Abdomen dark greenish gray. Posterior eyes in a straight line, equal and equidistant, sepa- rated by the diameter. Anterior eyes in an almost straight line, median only slightly smaller than the lateral, separated by the radius and from the lateral by nearly the diameter. Femur of palpus long, slender, curved inward, only slightly widened distally. Patella moderately long, curved downward. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 11 to 6. Tibia produced into a long apophysis which arises on the mesodorsal angle and curves laterally over the base of the cymbium ; the tip is bluntly rounded with the edge minutely dentate. Laterally from the apophysis there is a deep rounded emargination ; the dorsolateral angle produced into a blunt tooth. Paracymbium very broad at base, stout and strongly curved. The tail-piece of the embolic division long, slender, and pointed at the tip, which extends beyond the edge of the cymbium. The terminal part of the tail-piece consists of two layers or leaves attached at one side like a partly opened book. The embolus arises directly from the tail-piece in the interior of the bulb ; it is a very long, slender style and makes one large flat turn on the ventrolateral side of the bulb. Female. Length, 1.9 mm. Similar to male in form but stouter. Cephalothorax dull yellow suffused with dusky, legs somewhat lighter than in the male. Posterior eyes in a straight line, the median a little larger than the lateral, separated by the radius and from the lateral by a little more. Anterior eyes in a slightly procurved line ; the median small, round, the lateral elon- 68 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi gate oval ; the median separated by less than the radius and from the lateral by the radius. The epigynnm has the median fovea long and slender, broader in front than behind and overhung in front by a small pale tri- angular lobe. On each side of the fovea in front there is a shal- low furrow which is bounded laterally by a distinct ridge. These ridges curve inward in front. Described from the type, a male, in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. The female speci- men preserved with the male is apparently not the specimen whose epigynnm was described by Emerton. Type locality : Terrace, B. C. British Columbia: Terrace, 1923, 2 several 5; Mar., 1933, 2 J1 (Mrs. Hippisley). Labrador : Cabot Lake, 1 (F. W. Waugh) . Washington : Sol Due Hot Springs, Aug. 12, 1927, 5^45- Alaska : Admiralty Island, 1933, 6 J1 9 § (Sheppard) . DICYMBIUM Menge Preuss. Spinn. p. 193. 1868 Type : Dicymbium clavipes Menge, which equals Neriene tibialis Blackwall. Designated by Simon (Ar. Fr. 5 : 541. 1884). That clavipes was considered as the type of Menge is indicated by the fact that he refers to the figures of this species in the description of the genus. In 1884 Simon designated tibialis (clavipes) as the type but in 1894 (Hist. Nat. Ar. 1: 659) he designated nigrum (gracilipes) . His later action was unjusti- fied in view of the earlier designation of tibialis. This genus is distinguished by the form of the cephalothorax, the form of the tibia of the male palpus and the peculiar develop- ment of the median apophysis of the genital bulb. Dicymbium elongatum Emerton (Figures 25-30) Lophomma elongatum Emerton. Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 6 : 44, pi. 10, fig. 2. 1882. Male. Length, 2 mm. Cephalothorax dark yellowish brown with darker radiating lines and a dark triangular area in front of the dorsal furrow. Head yellowish with a double median Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 69 brownish line extending from between the eyes backward. Cephalothorax viewed from above elongate ovate, evenly rounded on the sides behind, the sides rounded, convergent to the anterior median eyes which are borne on a blunt snout far in advance of the lateral eyes; viewed from the side, ascending rather steeply behind, then nearly flat along the back to the head, then rounded upward to the posterior median eyes ; from the posterior median to the anterior median eyes slanting downward in a straight line. Clypeus very high, slightly concave and strongly retreating. Top of the head between the eyes and the median ocular area clothed with hairs directed forward; just back of the anterior median eyes the hairs are directed upward and backward. Sternum and labium dark brown, finely rugose. Sternum produced between the hind coxae in a truncate inflexed point. Hind coxae separated by a little more than the diameter. Endites yellow orange, deeply suffused with gray. Legs and palpi yellow, tinged with orange, the coxae suffused with gray below. Chelicerae orange yellow, nearly normal in form, slightly divaricate, the upper margin of the furrow armed with 3 or 4 long teeth. Abdomen dark gray. Posterior eyes in a straight line, equal, the median separated by three times the diameter and from the lateral by l1/^ times the diameter. Anterior eyes in a recurved line, the median borne on the tip of a conical projection of the head, separated from each other by the radius and from the lateral by five times the diameter. Femur of palpus gradually enlarged distally and curved in- ward. Patella short, gently convex above. Patio of length of femur to that of patella as 25 to 11. Tibia short but provided with an extremely large dorsal apophysis which extends over three-fourths the length of the cymbium. The basal part is broad, curved mesally and clothed with hairs, thin and smoothly emargi- nate mesally, finely dentate at base on the lateral margin and armed with a broad triangular, nearly transparent tooth just before the bend. The apical third is bent sharply backward and outward at an acute angle ; it is thinner, destitute of hairs, gently curved, and lies close to the cymbium. Paracymbium short, broad and strongly bent with a deep rounded notch before the tip. Bezel rather small. The mesal side of tegulum conspicuous, strongly chitinized and dark in color. The embolic division lies across the 70 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLVI tip of the bulb. The tail-piece is twisted, its basal part is large and broad, the tip small and twisted. The embolus is coiled spirally in two small turns ; at its base there are two processes, a hyaline spine-like one directed towards the tip of the tarsus and a short, black, curved one at the base. The median apophysis extends across the tail-piece as a long, thin, slender, hyaline proc- ess. On the opposite side, visible only in the expanded bulb, it bears a stout tooth. Female. Length 1.6 mm. Similar to the male, but the head is normal and the cephalothorax relatively broader. Posterior eyes in a straight line, the median slightly larger than the lat- eral, equidistant, separated by three-fourths the diameter of the median. Anterior eyes in a slightly recurved line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by the radius and from the lateral by a little more than the diameter. The epigynum con- sists of an oval transverse plate divided in the middle by a narrow fovea entirely occupied by a T-shaped middle lobe. Type localities : Salem, Boston and Mt. Tom, Mass. New York: Beaver River Flow, Aug. 8, 1931, 1 Wawbeek, June 13, 1927, 1 2 5 ; Raquette Falls, Aug. 24, 1922, 1 ; Mc- Lean, May; Ringwood, Tompkins Co., May 20, 1919, 1 (Diet- rich) ; Prattsburg, July 16, 1926, 1 ^7 ?; Pinekill, Sullivan Co., May 11, 1922, 1 J1. North Carolina : Summit Mt. Michell, Oct. 22, 1923, 2^4 5- This species is not related to Lophomma but is very close to the type of Dicymbium. SCIRITES new genus Type : Dicymbius pectinatum Emerton. This genus is closely related to Scolopembolus having the same type of embolic division, but the tibia of the male palpus is of a different type, lack- ing the two teeth present in that genus. The anterior metatarsi are armed with a row of long curved spines. Scirites pectinatus Emerton (Figures 31-34) Dicymhium pectinatum Emerton, Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 16 : 389, . pi. 1, f. 8, 1911. Male. Length, 1 mm. Cephalothorax orange yellow strongly Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 71 suffused with dusky, darker along the radiating lines and along the margin; viewed from above evenly and broadly rounded on the sides without any constriction at the cervical groove, broadly rounded across the front ; viewed from the side, steeply ascending behind to the cervical groove, then more gently to the posterior eyes with a slight depression just in front of the cervical groove. Clypeus slightly convex and slightly protruding. Sternum dark gray, broad, strongly convex, smooth and shining. Endites and coxaa yellow suffused with dusky. Legs orange yellow, patella lighter. Abdomen dark gray, almost black. Metatarsus of first leg armed dorsomesally with a series of seven long strong, out- wardly curving spines. Posterior eyes in a straight line, equal and equidistant, sepa- rated by three times the radius. Anterior eyes in a slightly pro- curved line, the median only slightly smaller than the lateral, sepa- rated by the radius and from the lateral by the diameter. Femur of palpus almost straight. Patella distinctly swollen. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 18 to 10. Tibia narrow at base, long, very obliquely truncate with the tarsus so inserted that it stands at nearly a right angle to the tibia ; viewed from above broadly lanceolate, narrow at base, slightly curved mesally, bluntly rounded at tip, the dorsolateral margin, thin and incurved, ending laterally in a square point which at certain angles appears as a tooth. Paracymbium very small and very strongly curved. Tegulum protuberant ventrally ; the bezel straight, dark gray to black and with the surface thickly and minutely denticulate; a few denticles present in the tegulum. Tail-piece of the embolic division rather long and slender, extend- ing beyond the edge of the tegulum, broadened basally and then narrowed to a minute black point, the embolus. The embolus is protected by a broad, concave, membranous conductor. The median apophysis appears as a delicate, short, flattened process behind the embolus. Female. Length, 1 mm. Similar to male. The epigynum consists of a convex plate with a rectangular fovea occupied by a light colored median lobe overhung from in front by a thin plate rounded behind. The abdomen extends farther forward over the posterior part of the thorax than usual. 72 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi Type locality: Three Mile Island, Lake Winnipesaukee, N. H. New York : McLean, April 30, 1930, 1 J' ; May 8, 1919, 2^2$; May 30, 1919, 1 § ; May 6, 1920, 1 J* ; Montank Point, May 24, 1924,2^3?. SCIRONIS new genus Type : Tmeticus tarsalis Emerton. This genus is characterized by the peculiar position occupied by the base of the embolic division, in the middle of the tegular ring. Scironis tarsalis Emerton (Figures 35-37) Tmeticus tarsalis Emerton. Conn. Acad. Sci. Trans. 16 : 394, pi. 3, fig. 2, 1911. Male. Length, 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax dusky yellowish with darker radiating lines ; viewed from above, evenly rounded on the sides, gently convergent towards the front, broadly rounded in front ; viewed from the side, steeply ascending to the dorsal groove, then gradually rounded to the posterior eyes. Clypeus gently convex and slightly protruding. Sternum dark greenish gray with minute light spots, surface minutely pebbled, rather broad, convex, rounded on the sides convergent behind and produced in a truncated point between the hind coxae which are separated by two-thirds of the diameter. Labium dark. Endites dusky yellow. Legs and palpi dusky orange yellow. Coxae below mot- tled with grayish, narrowly marginated with gray. No tooth on face of chelicera. Abdomen dark greenish gray. Posterior eyes in a slightly recurved line, equal, and equidis- tant, separated by a little less than the diameter. Anterior eyes in a straight line, the median smaller than the lateral, separated by less than the radius and from the lateral by the radius. Clypeus is as wide as the median ocular area. Femur of palpus moderately long and stout, rather strongly curved. Patella short. Ratio of length of femur to that of patella as 12 to 4. Tibia as long as patella, strongly convex dorsally. The dorsal margin opposite the paracymbium thin, the lateral corner square, the front margin with a very small, rounded tooth and laterally with a minute pointed tooth. Paracymbium large, broad, strongly curved, notched before the tip, head round. Mar., 1938] Bishop & Crosby: Spiders 73 The lateral edge of the cymbium folded under forming a very deep groove, the lateral edge, towards the tip produced into an oblique, rounded lobe. The embolus arises at the middle of the tegular ring as an enlarged bulb. It is very long and slender; it first runs to the base of the tarsus then follows the edge of the cymbium around to the lateral side, then curves across the face of the bulb ; the tip being very fine. The median apophysis consists of a black, sharp-pointed, slender process near the base of the embolus and serves to hold the first turn of the coiled embolus in position. Type localities : Fall River, Mass. ; Mt. Mansfield, Vt. ; Crawford Notch, N. H. New York: Great Pond, Riverhead, May 23, 1924, 1 J'; Mt. Whiteface, Sept. 13, 1931, 2 (Hammer) ; East Aurora, May 13, 1928, 1 (Dietrich). Vermont: Mt. Mansfield, Sept. 26, 1908, 2 Vol. XLYI (Plate 5) ERIGONE^E 104 Journal New York Entomological Society [Yol. XLVI Plate YI 60. Sciastes ur sinus, $ , right palpus, mesoventral view. 61. Sciastes ursinus, $ , right tibia, dorsal view. 62. Sciastes vicosanus, $ , right palpus, mesoventral view. 63. Sciastes vicosanus , $ , right tibia, dorsal view. 64. Sciastes vicosanus , $ , epigynum. 65. Gnathonaroides pedalis, $ , right palpus, lateral view. 66. Gnathonaroides pedalis , $ , right palpus, mesal view. 67. Sisyrhe rustica, $ , left palpus, ventral view. 68. Sisyrhe rustica, $ , left palpus, dorsal view. 69. Scotoussa bidentata, $ , right palpus, mesoventral view. 70. Scotoussa bidentata, $ , tibia, dorsal view. 71. Scotoussa bidentata, $ , epigynum. (Plate 6) (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XL VI ERIGONE.E 106 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi Plate YII 72. Scyletria inflata, $ , right palpus, mesal view. 73. Scyletria inflata, $ , right tibia, dorsolateral view. 74. Scyletria inflata, $ , right tibia, mesal view. 75. Scyletria jona, $ , right palpus, mesal view. 76. Scyletria jona, $ , right tibia, dorsomesal view. 77. Scylaceus pallidus, $ , right palpus, mesoventral view. 78. Scylaceus pallidus, $ , right tibia, dorsal view. 79. Scylaceus pallidus, $ , right tibia, mesodorsal view. 80. Scylaceus pallidus, $ , epigynum. 81. Scylaceus obtusus, $ , right palpus, mesal view. 82. Scylaceus obtusus, $ , right tibia, dorsal view. 83. Scylaceus obtusus, $ , epigynum. 84. Smodix reticulata, $ , right palpus, ventral view. 85. Smodix reticulata, $ , left tibia, dorsal view. 86. Smodix reticulata, $ , epigynum. (Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc.), Vol. XLYI (Plate 7) ERIGONE^E The New York Entomological Society Organized June 29, 1892 — Incorporated June 7, 1893 Certificate of Incorporation expires June 7, 1943 The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except June, July, August and September) at 8 p. m., in the American Museum of Natural History, 77th Street and Columbus Avenue. Annual dues for Active Members, $3.00; including subscription to the Journal, $4.50. Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the treasurer. Officers for the Year 1938 President , DR. WM. MOORE American Cyanamid Co., New York, N. Y. Vice-President, DR. H. T. SPIETH College of the City of New York, N. Y. Secretary, LUCY W. CLAUSEN American Museum of Natural History Treasurer, PAUL T. RICHARD American Museum of Natural History Librarian, F. E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History Curator, A. J. MUTCHLER American Museum of Natural History EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Wm. T. Davis Dr. F. E. Lutz Dr. Wm. Procter H. F. Schwarz Henry Bird Harry B. Weiss PUBLICATION COMMITTEE Dr. C. H. Curran E. L. Bell John D. Sherman, Jr. Dr. Herbert Ruckes PROGRAM COMMITTEE Dr. C. II. Curran Frank A. Soraci Dr. J. L. Horsfall AUDITING COMMITTEE Max Kisliuk, Jr. G. B. Engelhardt Henry Dietrich FIELD COMMITTEE A. S. Nicolay William P. Comstock DELEGATE TO THE N. Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES William T. Davis JOURNAL of the NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Published quarterly by the Society at Lime and Green Sts., Lancaster, Pa. All communications relating to manuscript for the Journal should be sent to the Editor, Harry B. 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Half-tone prints 1% cents for each half-tone print. Authors whose papers are illustrated with text figures or full page plates will be required to supply the electroplates or pay the cost of making the same by the Journal and also to pay the cost of printing full page plates on coated paper, when advisable. VoL XL VI No. 2 JUNE, 1938 Journal of the New York Entomological Society Devoted to Entomology in General Edited by HARRY B. WEISS Publication Committee HARRY B. WEISS C. H. CURRAN J. D. SHERMAN, Jr. E. L. BELL Subscription $3.00 per Year Published Quarterly by the Society LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK, N. Y. 1938 CONTENTS More Box-mites of the Northeastern United States. By Arthur Paul Jacot 109 Book Notice 146 Mantispidae Parasitic on Spider Egg Sacs. By Benjamin Julian Kaston 147 Book Notice 154 A Study of the Elliptical Goldenrod Gall Caused by Gnori- moschema Gallaesolidaginis Riley. By George W. Barber 155 Revision of the Robberfly Genus Taracticus Loew with Descriptions of Three New Species (Diptera; Asilidae). By A. Earl Pritchard 179 The Food of the Black Widow Spider on Whidby Island, Washington. By Robert Y. Pratt and Melville H. Hatch 191 An Overlooked Title by C. V. Riley on the Colorado Potato Beetle 194 Entomology and Nursery Rhymes. By Harry B. Weiss 195 Progress of Japanese Beetle Investigations. By C. H. Hadley 203 The Aphid Genus Pseudoepameibaphis. By G. F. Knowlton and C. F. Smith 217 Theophrastus of Eresos as an Economic Entomologist. By Melville H. Hatch 223 Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 229 NOTICE: Volume XLVI, No. 1, of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society was published on April 1, 1938. Entered as second class matter July 7, 1925, at the post office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized March 27, 1924. JOURNAL OF THE New York Entomological Society Vol. XL VI June, 1938 No. 2 MORE BOX-MITES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By Arthur Paul Jacot Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut This is an unexpected addition to my earlier paper (15). At that time I thought I had secured all species of Phthiracaridse of Connecticut. By collecting in new habitats (bogs, old pine woods) and new localities (the much more rugged northwest corner) I have to add several species to the New England list. Illustrations of species not yet figured will appear in the ‘ ‘ Manual of East American Phthiracaridae. ’ ’ Since the publication of the earlier paper, Grand jean has in- troduced a new set of terms for some of the parts. (11). I am retaining mine (15, p. 221) as having precedence. The syno- nyms are : Jacot anal rods anal covers genital shields genital covers anogenital plates, in Oribotritia anogenital plates, in Pseudo- tritia infolded part of ventral plate Grandjean anal plates anal-adanal plates genital plates genital-aggenital plates adanal and aggenital plates genital, aggenital, anal, adanal plicature plates Following Oudemans, I regarded the complex of anogenital plates of Oribotritia as due to splitting of the plates as found in V : 110 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi Phthiracarus to give greater flexibility in a much contracted and much folded area. Grand jean considers the condition in Oribo- tritia as the more primitive and the one in Phthiracarus as due to fusion. As there is more evidence for accepting Grandjean’s viewpoint than Oudemans’ I will henceforth reverse the order of genera placing Oribotritia first and the Phthiracarini last. I am still unable to find a suture between the outer part of the ventral plate and the part which is folded inward and which Grandjean calls, “plicature plate”. As far as I can determine this is a sharply folded, V- shaped ventral plate. Until the homology of the bristles has been worked out with some degree of certainty, I am retaining my notation of the noto- gastral bristles with the modifications stated in a more recent paper (1G), which places the emphasis on the transverse arrange- ment (text figure). This is in harmony with transverse segmen- tation, while the longitudinal arrangement inaugurated by Berlese in other genera has no phylogenic basis. The notation of the bristles of the anal area in the Phthiracarini, as used by Grandjean is as follows : June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 111 Jacot Grandjean — al (a = anal) 1:1 a2 1:2 a3 II: 1 adl (ad = adanal) 11:2 ad2 11:3 ad3 I am retaining my enumeration as having precedence but will use Grandjean ’s al for the bristle of the interlocking triangle. As this notation may be confused with bristles al of the noto- gaster, I prefer to use it in unabbreviated form (anal 1). I had formerly used 1:3 for the posterior bristle, but later (16, pp. 247-248, txt. fig. 2) pointed out that I: 3 really belonged to the lateral row. This necessitated changing the enumeration from 1 : 3 to II : 3. I find no reason for studying the mouth parts and legs of the Phthiracarinae at the present time. I do not consider that the specific differences in the mandibles are of such systematic value as to warrant spending the necessary time to figure or note them. Their study may have academic value. That is for another gen- eration to determine. In November 1930 (15) I found that Acarus was a Greek neuter noun and have used it as such. Grandjean has called to my attention that Linne, its original user in systematic literature, used it as a masculine noun as have subsequent writers. As the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature do not cover such usage, I will hereafter follow the usage of Linne. Types are to be deposited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Subfamily Protoplophorinae (15, p. 210) Phthiracaridas with more or less distinct transverse segmenta- tion at least in the immature stages, and a long beaklike aspis (101). Type: Protoplophora (4, p. 217). Tribe Protoplophorini trib. nov. Phthiracarinse with dorsal area of abdomen covered by at least two noto- gastral plates, the posterior one (pygidium) capable of telescoping under the anterior one (pronotaspis) and usually found in this position in preserved 112 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi material; sides covered by freely movable, lateral plates (pleuraspides), as far as now known, one on each side. Type: Protoplophora (4, p. 217). Chiefly tropical and subtropical. Tribe Phtiracarulini trib. nov. Protoplophorinae with pygidium and pleuraspides fused to form an unusually deep and saclike ventral plate. Type: Phtiracarulus (5, p. 149). Genus Phtiracarulus (5, p. 149) This is the only genus of Phthiracarulini at present known. Type: Phtiracarus ( Phtiracarulus ) perexiguus (5, p. 149). I regard this as the most highly developed Protoplophorinae known to date. Phtiracarulus laevis sp. nov. (Figures .1 to 5) Diagnostic characters : Pseudostigmatic organ head very slender, long- pointed, smooth; aspis and notogaster with very fine, fairly short bristles. Description: Size small, length (more or less contracted) 0.28 mm.; greatest length of notogaster 0.23 mm., tip of aspis to anterior edge of pseudostig- mata 0.13 mm., thus much smaller than the genotype from Italy; color amber yellow (no red) ; aspis smooth, produced anteriorly in middle and thus much produced downward, hooklike in lateral aspect, as in the Protoplophorinae), rim slender, widening slightly posteriad, ventroproximal edge convex, postero- ventral corner thickened; pseudostigmata not projecting, exterior portion a simple opening, the organ quite long, slender, sinuous, held lateral (figures 1 and 2), in some individuals a series of very fine cilia may be discerned near distal end; exopseudostigmal bristles very fine, short, to indiscernible. Notogaster with a fairly deep flange (cloison of Grand jean (13) along anterior edge, and a very deep one along posterior edge (figure 1) ; with all this unusual development of the flange, the lip (limbe of Grandjean (13) is quite short; anterior edge drawn out in center into a well-developed lobe; with twelve bristles (at least I am unable to discern more) : eight dorsal and dorso- lateral, and four along upper edge of flange, these four posterior bristles are longer and stouter than the others. Ventral plate very broadly continuous behind anal aperture (figure 1, not 2). This plate includes the pygidium (metanotaspis) of the Protoplophorinae. This is evident from two factors, namely, the presence of the six bristles around its posterior end, and the presence of a ridge or suture which, in the tritonymphs, extends between the lowest two of these six bristles and the others (figure 4). This suture represents the border between the ventral plate and the pygidium. The posterior end of this suture is evanescent, incomplete. June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 113 In the deutonymphs it is complete around the posterior end and the pygidium is more developed. Thus in this genus one has an actual transition in the fusion of two plates. Actually the ventral plate is made up of the fused pair of pleuraspides of Grandjean (10) which bear two bristles each. The other four bristles are characteristic of the lower edge of the pygidium. Moreover, in the nymphs the notogaster is obliquely truncate, as in the Protoplophorinae. In the adult this truncation is lost by an extension of the lower edge of the notogaster leaving the two peripheral bristles remote from the ventral edge (compare figures 1 and 4). Anal covers slender, each with three very fine bristles; anal covers set in a single plate which, in ventral aspect (figure 2), presents an edge view except at anterior end where it appears triangular (each side). Each triangle with two insertions (figure 2). I find no suture or break on the median plane. Genital covers (figure 3) quadrilateral, with a spur at anterolateral corner which fits under ventral plate, anterior edge thickened (figure 2), at least five bristles along mesal edge, two at posterior end of lateral edge, and two near center. It is difficult to account for this three ranked arrangement. In the tritonymphs the median edge of the genital covers is produced anteriad as a spur nearly as long as the body of the covers. Palp segments similar to leg segments. Legs not unusual; ungues mono- hamate. Egg large, reniform, situated at bottom of ventral plate. Quite similar to Phthiracarulus rostralis (23, p. 245, Figs. 8-9) from Guatemala but differs in the following respects : rostral bristles evident; notogastral bristles fewer, the posteroventral much longer, VP1 not discernible ; lateral bristles of genital cov- vers two; posterior bristles of ventral plate reduced to four (each side). Material examined: Ten specimens from sphagnum moss, bog, Bethany, Conn. ; taken June 22, 1932, slide 3220hl. Three hun- dred ninety-seven specimens from mat of the sedge Carex tri - sperma billingsii of same bog; same date, slides 3221hl, -h2, -h3, and -nh (all cotypes). Eight specimens from leaf mould, sphag- num, and mosses from foot of eight inch Tamarack and from under blueberry bushes, Tamarack swamp at foot of Rabbit Hill, town of Warren, Conn. ; taken August 26, 1932, slides 3250h7, -h8, -hll, and -hl2. Five specimens from deciduous litter (in- cluding Rhododendron) from top of Riga Mountain near Bingham Pond (west side of road) ; taken August 6, 1932, slides 3232h3 and -h4. Ninety-nine specimens from other side of road, on burn of May 4, 1930, slide 3231hl and -h4. Nine specimens from 114 Journal New York Entomological Society ,[Vol. XLVI decayed spruce stump and blueberry leaf mould and moss, side of Bingham Pond; same date, slide 3233hl. Pour specimens from well decayed, fallen hemlock bole, half-way up Sage ’s Ravine (south side) northeast corner of Connecticut; taken August 17, 1932, slide 3239h2. Twenty-nine specimens from laurel litter, same spot and date, slides 3240hl to -h3. One specimen from dry hemlock mould with moss, cliffy rocks, same locality and date, slide 3241h3. Habitat: This species would thus seem to prefer rather wild situations little polluted by man. Subfamily Phthiracarin^e (15) Phthiracaridae with notogaster of adults formed of one plate, immature stages soft, white; aspis never produced ventrad on median line to form a hooklike beak. Type: Phthiracarus (21, p. 874). Tribe Euphthiracarini (15, p. 241) Phthiracarinae with ventral plate strongly folded longitudinally each side (bellows-like) very narrow posterior to anus; anal and genital plates or covers very narrow. Type: Euphthiracarus (9, p. 132). Key to Genera 1. Anogenital area covered laterally by two long plates (anogenital), mesally by two pairs of slender plates: a genital pair (genital shields) and a very slender anal pair (anal rods) ! . 2 1. Anogenital area covered by only two long plates (anogential) 3 2. Genital shields as broad at anterior as at posterior end; each anogenital plate with four bristles along posterior half; aspal bristles erect; noto- gastral bristles thirty Protoribotritia 2. Anterior end of genital shields much constricted and produced anterodorsad ; each anogenital plate with but three bristles along posterior half; aspal bristles prone; notogastral bristles twenty-eight or less Oribotritia 3. Aspis small, anterior end depressed ; aspal rib short ; surface of notogaster stippled to finely scrolled Pseudotritia 3. Aspis large, anterior end high, full, rib extending to center of aspis; surface of notogaster sculptured Euphthiracarus Genus Protoribotritia gen. nov. Resembling Oribotritia but with thirty notogastral bristles, four bristles on posterior half of each anogenital plate (paranal), three on each anal rod; aspal bristles erect. Type: Protoribotritia canadaris sp. nov. June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 115 Protoribotritia canadaris sp. nov. (Figures 6 to 8) Size small, diagonal length of notogaster 0.365 mm., breadth and height 0.24 mm., length of aspis 0.2 mm., anterior edge of pseudostigmata to distal end of aspis 0.127 mm.; color pale straw, “stomach” contents pink, amor- phous, giving the species a characteristic appearance quite different from any other species known to me; aspis high, without rim, carina, or ridge; pseudo- stigmata not projecting, merely a small opening internally enlarged and chambered (figures 6 and 8) ; pseudostigmatic organs well developed, held at right angle to aspis, clavate, head held somewhat erect, distal end constricted much as a lead pencil, with two or three short bristles each side (figure 6) ; a prominent, internal rib running from pseudostigmata to lower edge of aspis (figure 8) ; rostral bristles inserted some distance from distal end of aspis, remote! (figure 7), medium long; lateral bristles longer, more approximate (figure 7); vertex bristles very long (figure 8), slightly more remote than rostral (figure 7); collar barely distinguishable; lapet streamlined; bristles al distant from anterior edge of notogaster, other bristles disposed as in figures 7 and 8, bl variable in position ; all bristles fine, flexuous ; anogenital area as in Oribotritia but anterior end of genital shields not constricted, not produced as a horn anteriad and dorsad (interiorly), each with six bristles inserted some distance from mesal edge of shield; usual two anterior insertions of anogenital plates rather close together, those of posterior half subequally spaced, the bristles as long as notogastral; anterior insertion of anal rods near anterior edge, middle insertion on anterior third, posterior insertion on posterior third (figure 7). Legs not unusual, tarsi I and II with a long, stout, slightly decurved bristle ; ungues monohamate. Palps four segmented, penultimate segment half as long as distal or second, distal segment with distal half much more slender than proximal half, bearing a bristle similar to that of tarsi I and II. Material examined: One specimen from leaf mould, sphagnum and other moss from foot of eight inch tamarack, and from under blueberry bushes, Tamarack swamp, head of valley at foot of Rabbit Hill, town of Warren, Conn. ; taken August 26, 1932, slide 3250hll. One specimen from Rhododendron and oak litter, top of Riga Mountain, near Bingham Pond (east of road), northwest- ern Conn. ; taken August 6, 1932, slide 3232h4. Five specimens from across road on burn of May 4, 1930, slides 3231hl and -h4. Six specimens from pine leaf-mould and duff, foot of white pines, east slope of Pleasant Hill, Etna, Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; taken October 15, 1932, slides 3289n3, 3290hl, 3290h2. Thirty-one specimens from pine leaf mould from base of pine, crest of Con- 116 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLVI necticut Hill, Newfield, Tompkins, Co., N. Y. ; taken November 25, 1932, slides 32109hl and -h2 {cotypes). It is interesting to find this evidently Canadian life zone species in Connecticut but in very small numbers (lot 3250 yielded 713 other Phthiracarids, lot 3232 yielded a total of 101). Oribotritia banksi (20) Efforts were made to secure this species along the southern edge of Connecticut but without success. Its northern limit is still Long Island, N. Y. Genus Pseudotritia (22, p. 552) Euphthiracarini with anogenital area covered by only two long plates (anogenital) the median edge of which bears a triangular series of interlocking ridges ; aspis small, anterior end depressed ; aspal rib short ; surface of aspis and notogaster stippled to finely scrolled. Type: Tritia ( Pseudotritia ) monodactyla (22, p. 552, fig. 1). Pseudotritia ardua, (18, fasc. 32/15) (Figure 10)<\ This species has already been fully described (15, p. 243, pi. 38, figs. 44-51, pi. 35, fig. 25) and commented on (16, pp. 255 to 258). I now include a figure of the extruded ovipositor (figure 10). In my earlier paper (15) the legend under the specific name (p. 243) should read: figs. 44-51, pi. 35, fig. 25. Bristles anal 1 are present but so short as to be visible only when seen somewhat obliquely, that is they do not project beyond ventral edge of ano- genital plate when specimen is viewed in true lateral aspect. These bristles are normally curved backward. In figure 44 (15) my III : 3 of page 245 (as pointed out by Grand jean (13) is the opening to the abdomino-lateral gland, the bristle below it is III : 3. The abdomen may be so compressed that the dorsal and posterior faces form a sharp angle (like a gable roof), or it may be so broad as to form a rounded dorsal and posterior face. These differences in degree of compression may be sexual. In its various forms but chiefly as the typical form I have it from lots as follows and as presented in the Table of Occurrences at the end of this paper. June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 117 Material examined: Three specimens from epigeous moss clumps, in thicket, edge of swampy woods, East Village, Monroe, Conn. ; taken January 18 (a week after a fifteen degree freeze) 1932, slide 322h. One specimen from leaf litter, woodland slope, East Village, Monroe, Conn. ; taken March 31, 1932, slide 328nh. Four specimens (two with pock-marks on the inner face of the notogaster ! ) from hickory shag from base of bole of a hickory in vacant lot on Coscob headland, Conn. ; taken April 12, 1932, slide 3212h. Three specimens from well decayed stump of white cedar, epigeous moss and litter from small white cedars, Bethany bog, Conn. ; taken June 22, 1932, slide 3223h. Three specimens from oak leaf litter and duff, sandy ridge northeast of North Haven, Conn.; taken September 14th (dried the 23rd), slide 3267h. Three specimens from same spot but almost exclusively leaf mould, slide 3270h2. One specimen from decayed oak branches lying on ground, same spot as last; dried September 28, slide 3271h. Thirty specimens from ericaceous leaf mould among pines, sand barrens between North Haven and Northford (charred leaf mould common) ; dried September 29, slides 327 2h and 3273h. Twelve specimens from scrub-oak litter from base of sprout clump, same locality; dried October 6, slides 3276h and 3277h. One specimen from lower, mucky layer of sphagnum, below the frozen layer, in swale, below road below wooded ridge of Connecticut Hill, New- field, Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; taken November 25, 1932, slide 32107h. Three specimens from trash, Columbia, Mo., taken by C. R. Crosby, in Cornell Univ. Coll., determined by Ewing as Phthira- carus americanus (as well as an accompanying Euphthiracarus flavus). From the collection of August E. Miller, I have before me a flower-bed marker of white pine which had been treated with corn syrup solution by boiling for one hour. This stake was then exposed outdoors to termites and became infested with Pseudo- tritia ardua which had eaten into the stake. It was then sealed into a glass tube by Dr. Miller. When I examined the stake, it was riddled with the galleries of this mite, the bodies of the adults being on the surface of the wood and in the ends of the burrows. Moreover, the surface of the stake was heavily coated with the fasces and frass of the mites. Thus it is evident that this species 118 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLVI will readily eat out wood, especially if impregnated with food. It is possible that the mites were attracted by fungi which may have developed on the syrup rather than by the syrup itself. The stake had not been rendered punky by fungus digestion. At any rate this is experimental evidence that these mites are the termites of the northern woods. Thus this species is again seen to be common under most condi- tions but not in extremely wet situations as sphagnum of an open bog (but see 32107, and another in the overlying frozen layer (not otherwise recorded, slide 32106ol). It is of particular note that it is almost the only Phthiracarid secured in the pine-oak sand barrens between North Haven and Northford (the exceptions being Pseudotritia simplex and Phthiracarus setosus). Pseudotritia ardua curticephala subsp. nov. Pseudostigmatic organ head short, truncate with about eight fairly long, stiff bristles directed distad (rather than laterally) ; rib which, in the species passes along ventral edge of pseudostigmata (15, pi. 38, fig. 44), is here broken below the pseudostigmata, so that the anterior half abuts against front edge of pseudostigmata while the posterior half passes ventrad beyond the pseudostigmata ; vertex bristles nearly as short as lateral, truncate ; sculp- ture of aspis and notogaster coarsely scrolled (vermiculate) ; center of aspis and anogenital plate somewhat pocked ; anterior half of anogenital plate with a low longitudinal ridge near its center (visible only in ventral aspect), bristle of interlocking triangle longer, plainly visible in lateral aspect, an additional insertion on mesal edge of anogenital plate just beyond triangle; two bristles on rim of anogenital plate subequal to or slightly longer than the others ; size not large, diagonal length of notogaster 0.4 mm., height of notogaster 0.25 mm., end of aspis to anterior edge of pseudostigmata 0.16 mm. Material examined is entered on Record of Occurrences. The forty cotypes are on slide 3239hl. It is interesting to note that this evidently Canadian life zone form is in some cases found in the same lot with the species, being easily distinguished by the much smaller size. This and the difference in the trussing of the lower edge of the aspis lead me to wonder if it is not a full species. More distributional data is needed to settle this point. Pseudotritia simplex (15, p. 248) Aspis with a low ridge, much as in Pseudotritia ardua; rim slender, terminating at distal end of carina ; rostral bristles short, June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 119 very fine, close together, inserted at distal end of ridge, lateral bristles more anterior than usual, only slightly more remote than rostral ! ; vertex bristles remote, not distant from pseudostigmata which are reduced externally to a simple opening ; pseudostigmatic organ head with blunt distal end. Notogaster with short, very fine bristles. Compared to Pseudo- tritia ardua these bristles have migrated forward so as to be unusually concentrated about dorso-lateral areas. Anogenital plates as in Pseudotritia ardua but bristles of both genital and anal areas reduced to four. Of these the last two of anal area are much longer and correspondingly stouter. These two long bristles are inserted anteriad and posteriad of transverse plane of VP2. It is therefore difficult to say what bristles they repre- sent. In Buphthiracarus the peripheral bristles (1:1 and 1:2) are much longer than the others while in Pseudotritia ardua they are shorter. The eggs are fairly closely armed with prominent decurved spines, giving it a very burry appearance. I have not noticed more than three per female at one time. Material examined in addition to the material recorded on Rec- ord of Occurrences : Thirty specimens from sphagnum moss, open bog, Bethany, Conn. ; taken June 22, 1932, slide 3220hl. Forty- six specimens from mat of the sedge Carex trisperma billingsii, same bog, same date, slide 3221hl, -h2, -h3 and -h4. Thirty-five specimens from well decayed stump of white cedar, epigeous moss, and litter of small white cedars, same bog and date, slide 3223h. Twelve specimens from coarsely foliose and fruticose lichens and Selaginella covering large boulders and ledges, short way up south side of Sage’s ravine, northwest Conn.; taken August 6, dried August 16, 1932, slide 3238hl. One specimen from oak leaf litter and duff, sand ridge northeast of North Haven, Conn. ; taken September 14, dried the 23rd, slide 3267h. One hundred fifty specimens from same spot as preceding lot but almost exclusively duff, dried September 26, slides 3269hl to -h5. Fourteen speci- mens from same spot as lot 3267 but almost exclusively leaf litter, dried September 27, slide 3270hl. Nine specimens from scrub oak litter from base of sprout clump, sand barrens between North Haven and Northford, Conn. ; taken September 14, dried October 6, slides 3276h, 3277h. 120 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi From these records this species seems to be tolerant of a great variety of conditions. Genns Euphthiracarus (9, p. 132) Euphthiracarini with anogenital area covered by only two long plates (anogenital) ; aspis large, anterior end high, full, rib ex- tending to center of aspis ; pseudostigmata with shelf along lower edge; surface of notogaster, as well as of aspis and anogenital plates, sculptured. Type: Phtkiracarus flavus (7, p. 450, Fig. 1). Key to Species 1. Pseudostigmatic organs with broad head 2 1. Pseudostigmatic organs bristlelike, cilia to 4 2. Sides and top of aspis pocked; notogastral bristles short, stout, stiff. E. crassisetce 2. Sides of aspis smooth ; notogastral bristles fine, flexuous 3 3. Anterior end of aspis depressed, flattish, much as in Pseudotritia, carina double as in Euphthiracarus; rib fine, faint; rostral bristles porect, gently curved; the four bristles of posterior end of anogential plates subequally spaced, the posterior one (II: 3) at least as long as notogastral bristles 1:5; II: 1 much nearer I: 1 than to anal 1 E. depressculus 3. Anterior end of aspis high, angular; carina simple, as in Pseudotritia; rib well developed; rostral bristles with distal half bent; the four bristles of posterior end of anogenital plates with posterior one more distant and shorter than notogastral bristles I: 5; II: 1 distant from I: 1, midway between 1 : 1 and anal 1. : E. punctulatus 4. Dorsal face of aspis pocked; pseudostigmatic organs bristlelike, bilaterally ciliate ; notogaster high E. flavus 4. Pocking confined to distal end of aspis; pseudostigmatic organs with distal third slightly swollen, cilia two ranked but on the same side; notogaster of usual height . E. flavus pulchrus Euphthiracarus depressculus (14, p. 90, Figs. 1-6) This species is related to Pseudotritia in the shape of the aspis and diminutive rib, but the double carina and sculpturing relate it to Euphthiracarus. The pseudostigmata moreover have shelf along ventral edge, and anogenital plate bristles al are long. Material examined: One specimen from dry hemlock mould, moss and Selaginella of cliffy rocks, south side of Sage’s Kavine, northwestern Conn. ; taken August 23, 1932, slide 3241hl. Three specimens from inner layers of well decayed hemlock branch, June, 1938] JACOT: Box-Mites 121 lying in pine-hemlock gully, east side of Pleasant Hill, Etna, N. Y. ; taken November 3, 1932, slides 32100h and 32101h. One specimen from lower mucky layer of sphagnum (below the frozen layer) about tree stump, in swale below road below wooded ridge of Connecticut Hill, Newfield, Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; taken Novem- ber 25, 1932, slide 32107h. One specimen from epigeous moss, and lichens from old wood and stumps, woods, crest of Connecticut Hill ; same date, slide 32110b. One specimen from moss from rock rim at foot of slope, south side of Taughannock Ravine, Cayuga Lake, N. Y. ; taken April 25, 1932, slide 336hl. One specimen from fallen dead wood, beech woods on road 330, north Brookdale (Six Mile valley, south of Ithaca), N. Y. ; taken August 20, 1933, slide 3321h. Except for the Connecticut record, known only from vicinity of the type locality especially places showing Canadian life zone tendencies. Distinctly epixylous. Euphthiracarus punctulatus (15, p. 250, pi. 40, Figs. 60-65) This species is related to Pseudotritia by its simple carina, and not broadly rounded rostrum ; the rostral bristles are not as curved and depressed as in the type species. It is intermediate in shape of aspis and rostral bristles between the above species and the next. Material examined: One specimen from rot-pocket in section of trunk of yellow birch, cut about two years previously, near East Village, Monroe, Conn.; taken November 6, 1931, slide 3175h. Twenty-seven specimens from under face of old boards, edge of woods, near East Village ; taken August 4, 1932, slide 3230h. One specimen from very rotten log in woods, near East Village ; taken August 25, 1932, slide 3245h. Eleven specimens from under face of wood, woodland margin, foot of Indian Hill, along Forest Road, New Haven, Conn. ; taken August 25, 1932, slide 3247h. One specimen from leaf mould, small gully on road up from Cayuga Lake between Myers and Norton, N. Y. ; taken December 5, 1932, by C. R. Crosby, slide 32111h. One specimen from leaf mould, from under ground hemlock and foot of an elm, on slope, eight feet above ravine bottom, south side of Taughannock Ravine, N. Y. ; taken April 25, 1933, slide 337hl. 122 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLVI This extension of range into central New York is complementary to the preceding. It begins to look as if this species were transi- tional and the preceding were Canadian. Both are predominantly epixylous. Euphthiracarus flavus pulchrus (15, p. 250, pi. 39, Fig. 59) Based on a single specimen from a hemlock ravine in central Connecticut, this species now appears to be fairly common in rather dry habitats in unanthropized areas of the northwest corner of the state (see Record of Occurrences). Euphthiracarus crassisetse sp. nov. Diagnostic characters : Bristles somewhat short, stout; rostrum high; dorsal face of aspis entirely pocked, down to the usual double carina; rostral bristles short, stiff; vertex bristles long, slightly clavate; pseudostigmatie organs long (in dorsal aspect), curved anteriad and dorsad, with short, clavate head, each edge lined with cilia, thus somewhat resembling those of Pseudotritia ardua but distal end more blunt; anterior end of anogenital plates flattened, finely crenulate, bristles II : 2 inserted on transverse plane passing close to 1 : 2. Description : Aspis typical for the genus; rib slender but well developed; rim extended to base of rostrum; notogaster amygdaloid, similar in shape to that of Pseudotritia ardua, sculptured with pock marks leaving interspaces narrower than the pocks. Grimy individuals have the pocks filled with grit so that the pocks are no longer visible but one sees clusters of granules with interspaces wider than the granule clusters, sculpture extending to edges; dorsal edge of collar somewhat recurved; bristles inserted as usual for the genus; anogenital plates pocked, the three anterior bristles of the genital area concentrated on the flat, finely crenulated area; bristles of anal area inserted much as in E. flavus but 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 more distant. Dimensions : Male Females Greatest 1. of notogaster 0.459 mm. 0.578 mm. Height of notogaster ... , 0.28 mm. 0.34 mm. • Total length of aspis 0.178 mm. 0.28 mm. Anterior edge of pseudostigmata to tip of rostrum 0.14 mm. 0.2 mm. Cotypes : Four specimens from leaf mould from beneath ground hemlock and foot of an elm, eight feet above ravine bottom, south slope of Taughan- nock Ravine, N. Y. ; taken April 25th, 1933, slide 337hl. Tribe Phthiracarini (15, p. 214) Phthiracarinse with ventral plate bowed ventrad, not at all in- folded, broad behind anal aperture ; anal and genital covers quite June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 123 horizontal, or convex, more or less quadrangular, always free from each other, usually with contiguous corners modified in the form of interlocking nubbins, adjacent edges also warped and curved so as to complement; anterior edge of genital covers deeply infolded to form a collar, or enclosing a collarlike accessory plate. For further description see 16, p. 238. Type: Phthiracarus (21, p. 874). Key to Genera 1. Anal covers quite flat (often completely retracted into body), their median edge bearing two well spaced bristles 2 1. Anal covers strongly convex, thus prominently protruding beyond ventral plate, and bearing at least three closely spaced bristles along median edge 3 2. Vertex bristles prominent, erect Hoplophthiracarus 2. Vertex bristles invisible or lying close to surface of aspis Phthiracarus 3. Anal covers with three closely and subequally spaced bristles along median edge Hoplophorella 3. Anal covers with four closely and subequally spaced bristles along median edge Steganacarus Genus Hoplophthiracarus (16, p. 239) Phthiracarini with anal covers quite flat, their median edge bearing two well spaced bristles (1:1 and 1:2); vertex bristles prominent, erect. Type : Hoploderma histricinum (3, p. 12, also 16, p. 240, pi. 20, figs. 14 and 15). Hoplophthiracarus paludis sp. nov. (Figure 10) Diagnostic characters: Aspis with retracted rim, carina distinct, firm; bristles stout, gradually tapering to a point; notogastral bristles al on edge of collar ; anal cover bristles II : 2 long, distal end curved backward. Description : Aspis smoothly rounded in both lateral and dorsal aspects; rostrum in lateral aspect, with rounded blunt end, and constricted, extremely slender rim; rostral bristles short, straight; lateral bristles absent; vertex bristles quite long, curved; pseudostigmata with well-developed dorsal rim, organ clavate, the head strongly bent upward, (figure 10), abruptly and bluntly pointed. Notogaster rather low, posterior end flattish; collar narrow, lapet poorly developed ; bristles a3 on edge of collar, sometimes directed forwards, al rather approximate (figure 10); ventral plate bristles on suture; genital covers each with four distinct, subequally spaced bristles, the anterior two insertions with- 124 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLVI out apparent bristles; anterior edge projecting, rounded; anal covers much longer (figure 10) ; bristles II: 2 inserted on transverse plane passing slightly nearer 1 : 2 than 1:1; II : 3 in line with 1 : 1 and 1 : 2. Dimensions of a large individual : diagonal length of notogaster 0.42 mm., height of notogaster 0.28 mm., total length of aspis 0.2 mm., anterior edge of pseudostigmata to anterior end of aspis 0.123 mm. In general aspect, this species most closely resembles H. gros- samni (16, p. 243, pi. 20, figs. 12 and 13). The only specialized feature is the position of anal cover bristles II : 3. Material examined: Thirty-seven specimens from sphagnum moss, open bog, Bethany, Conn. ; taken June 22, 1932, slides 3220hl and -h2. Six specimens from grass (or sedge) mat of open bog, same locality and date, slide 3221h4. Fourteen speci- mens from well decayed white cedar stump, epigeous moss and litter, under young cedars, edge of same bog, same date, slide 3223h. Six specimens from sphagnum moss and sedge from edge of Bingham Pond, Riga Mountain, northwestern Conn. ; taken August 6, 1932, slide 3234hl. Twenty-three specimens from sphagnum of open bog, McClean, Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; taken October 24, by Norman Davis, slides 3291h and 3294h (cotypes). Genus Phthiracarus (21, p. 874) Phthiracarini with the two posterior pairs of aspal bristles prone and usually not discernible ; anal covers not conspicuously convex, the bristles disposed in two rows; surface not pocked or coarsely sculptured. For further details see 16, p. 244. Type: Phthiracarus contractilis (21, p. 874.). The term Hoploderma (19, p. 77) was instituted to supplant the preoccupied name Hoplophora (17, p. 116) and thus by International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature takes the same type : H. laevigata which is synonymous with the type of Phthi- racarus. German acarologists use the term for pitted or rough species with H. laevigata (meaning smooth) as type! Key to Species 1. Notogastral bristles longer than anal cover 2 1. Notogastral bristles shorter than anal cover . 4 2. Five bristles onmesal rows (not including VP3) 3 2. Six bristles on mesal rows Ph. setosus 3. Aspis with projecting rim; pseudostigmatic organs short Ph. bryobius June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 125 3. Aspis with no projecting rim; pseudostigmatic organs long. Ph. horesetosus 4. Pseudostigmatic organs long ; notogastral bristles stout, not gradually taper- ing to a fine point, six in mesal rows Ph. olwaceus 4. Pseudostigmatic organs short , 5 5. Rostrum projecting beyond rim of aspis 6 5. Rostrum not projecting beyond aspal rim 7 6. Bristles medium long Ph. compressus 6. Bristles very short and fine Ph. hrevisetce 7. Rim formed of reflexed edge of aspis; pseudostigmatic organs blunt. Ph. anonymus 7. Rim formed of thickened edge ; pseudostigmatic organs pointed 8 8. Anterior end of aspis high, angular; notogastral bristles al distant from collar Ph. sphaerulus 8. Anterior end of aspis low, rounded; notogastral bristles al on edge of collar Ph. setosellus This key does not include Phthiracarus sardhce and Phth. erinaceus (see key of 15, p. 235) which were secured from, and are still known only from, Cliff Island, Casco Bay, Maine. Phthiracarus boresetosus (15, p. 228) (Figures 15 to 17) Emended description: I now present figures for this species, and the following additional characteristics: Rostral bristles inserted rather high up, fairly long, strongly curved (figure 15) ; rostrum without rim; ventral plate without denticles; YP3 not external ; genital covers with but three bristle insertions in outer row (figure 16) ; accessory plate with a short, blunt horn (figure 15) ; anal cover bristles II : 2 inserted just anterior to transverse plane passing through 1:2; II : 3 not in line with 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (figure 16). The pseudostigmatic organ is unique for this tribe (figure 17). I regard it as a primitive form, much resembling a bristle (see also that of Phtiracarulus, and other Protoplophorinae) . The lack of rostral rim and of carina are primitive characters; the presence of accessory plate horn ally it to Phthiracarus com- pressus and Phth. bryobius. It is specialized only as to length of bristles, so I consider this species the most primitive of our Phthiracarus. Material examined in addition to that recorded in the Table of Occurrences : I have two specimens recorded by Ewing as H. lurida, from leaf mould from gorge near Lake Keuka, N. Y. ; 126 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLVI taken October 30, 1910, by C. R. Crosby, Cornell Univ., coll, lot 370 sub 4. All these records are from localities in the Canadian life zone or bordering thereon, and chiefly from leaf mould though also occasionally from moss. Phthiracarus anonymus amicus subsp. nov. (Figures 11 to 13) Differs from the species in that bristles b2 are closer to bl than to cl; anal cover bristles II : 1, 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 only visible, each considerably longer than the preceding so that 1:2 is much longer than in the species (12) (figure 13). Dimensions of a large individual: diagonal length of notogaster 0.4 mm., height of notogaster 0.26 mm., total length of aspis 0.22 mm., anterior edge of pseudostigmata to anterior end of aspis 0.12 mm. Specific characters: Eim projecting prominently, formed of the flaring edge of the aspis, not thickened (figure 11) ; carina distinct but faint; pseudostig- matic organs short, blunt; notogastral bristles al on collar; anal covers with posterior half concave in lateral aspect; ventral plate without denticles; accessory plate with horn (figure 12). Cotypes: Six specimens from deciduous leaf mould, woods, crest of Connecticut Hill, Newfield, Tompkins Co., N. Y., November 25, 1932, slides 32108h2 and -h3. It is extremely strange, bewildering, to find a species described from, and thus far known only from, the Pyrenes, in the Canadian life zone of New York state. It is also related to the commonest species of northern Europe, Phthiracarus ferrugineus (17, figures 26-33). Phthiracarus compressus (15, p. 232, pi. 36, Figs. 26-29) (Figure 14) This species might be mistaken for Phthiracarus setosellus. It differs in having the following characteristics: pseudostigmatic organ head usually blunt; aspal carina absent; aspal rim con- tracted (rostrum projecting beyond it) ; notogastral bristles al distant from collar. It may also be confused with small specimens of Phthiracarus sphaerulus from which it differs in having pseudostigmatic organ head usually blunt ; no carina ; anterior end of aspis lower, more rounded. An interesting differential character, heretofore overlooked June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 127 is a spoonlike or hornlike process on mesal end of accessory plate of genital covers (figure 12). It is very much more developed in a European species. It is not visible in some aspects or conditions of closure. I have two specimens from lot 3240 which seem to be hybrids of this species and Phthiracarus setosellus. The aspal rim and pseudostigmatic organs are those of Phth. setosellus but the bristles are those of this species. Moreover the accessory plate bears the spoonlike process. The exact shape of the pseudostigmatic organs varies con- siderably, so I have included a series of free-hand sketches from specimens of one lot (3226hl). Figures above numeral 14 are lateral aspects, figures below it are dorsal aspects. The noto- gastral bristles may be considerably longer than originally figured. Material examined in addition to the material recorded in the Table of Occurrences : Two specimens from leaf humus of tussock sedge, alder thicket next to the railroad tracks, North Haven, Conn. ; taken September 14, 1932, slide 3262h. Two specimens from leaf and twig litter, and moss from base of alder clumps, same date and locality as last, slide 3263h. Two specimens from pine leaf mould, foot of pine, woods, Pleasant Hill, Etna, N. Y. ; taken November 2 (snow on ground), slide 32103h. It now appears that, although most commonly associated with moss, this species is also to be found on decayed wood and, of course, in leaf litter. The present records show it to extend from the Austral into the Canadian life zones. Phthiracarus bryobius (15, p. 232, pi. 34, Fig. 19) (Figures 18 to 21) Emended description: The color varies from greenish-grey to olive-brown; the length of the bristles varies considerably, the condition originally figured is average ; the size also varies a great deal even in the same lot : diagonal length of notogaster 0.42-0.53 mm., height of notogaster 0.26-0.32 mm., breadth of notogaster 0.23 mm., length of aspis 0.21-0.26 mm., anterior edge of pseudo- stigmata to distal end of aspis 0.11-0.15 mm.; pseudostigmatic organs rather short, distal end rounded, narrower than body of organ (figures 18 to 20) ; notogastral bristles al more approxi- 128 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. xlvi mate than bl or cl; ventral plate without denticles but with a shallow notch ! ; anal covers quite long, all five bristles well devel- oped (figures 18 and 21), 11:2 on transverse plane of 1:1 or very nearly; accessory plate with spoonlike process, much as in Phthiracarus compressus. This species is therefore easily recognized by its very long, fine bristles ; long, low, narrow notogaster ; short pseudostigmatic organs; faint carina; high, smoothly arched aspis; and horned accessory plate. It is therefore more closely related to Phthira- carus compressus than to Phthiracarus setosellus. Material examined in addition to that recorded in the Table of Occurrences : One specimen from drifted oak and maple leaves, dry upland woods, East Village, Monroe, Conn.; taken June 19, 1926, slide 2610ol. One specimen from club moss under snow, upland swamp, same locality; taken February 18, 1922, slide 22aol. Six specimens from inner layers of well decayed, fallen hemlock branch, hemlock-pine gully, Pleasant Hill, Etna, N. Y. ; taken November 3, 1932, slide 32100h. From these records it is evident that this species is epixylous. Phthiracarus setosellus (15, p. 231, pi. 33, Fig. 7 ; pi. 35, Figs. 20-24) Material examined in addition to that recorded in the Table of Occurrences: Three specimens from bark of ironwood ( Ostrya virginiana) , scraped from an area twelve inches long, four to five feet from the ground, live tree growing in upland swamp woods near East Village, Monroe, Conn. ; taken February 13, 1932, slide 326. Two specimens from hickory shag, from base of a healthy, standing tree, in vacant lot, Coscob headland, Conn. ; taken April 12, 1932, slide 3212h. Never as common as Phthiracarus compressus this species is found in similar habitats except that it shows a preference for decayed wood. The two records of the preceding paragraph are unusual as it makes the species at least partly arboreal. For hybrids with Phthiracarus compressus see under that species. This species is rather closely related to the common European Phthiracarus ferrugineus (17, figures 26-33). June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 129 Phthiracarus sphaerulus (1; 15, p. 233, pi. 33, Figs. 1-5) Material examined in addition to that recorded in the Table of Occurrences : One specimen from leaf litter, woodland slope, near East Village, Monroe, Conn. ; taken March 31, 1932, slide 328h. Two specimens from leaf mould from gorge near Lake Keuka, N. Y. ; taken October 30, 1910, by C. R. Crosby, Cornell Univ. Coll, lot 370 sub 3 (determined as Hoploderma dasypus by Ewing). One specimen from under a log, Xenia, Ohio; taken September 14, 1910, by H. E. Ewing. This strongly epixylous species is also found in Florida (16, p. 245). Phthiracarus brevisetae (15, p. 225, pi. 33, Fig. 6) One specimen from ground hemlock litter, south side, lower end of Taughannock Ravine, Cayuga Lake, N. Y. ; taken May 27, 1933, slide 3312h2. Phthiracarus olivaceus (15, p. 228, pi. 34, Figs. 13-18) Material examined in addition to that presented in Table of Occurrences: Twenty-three specimens from under face of old boards, edge of woods, East Village, Monroe, Conn. ; taken August 4, 1932, slide 3230h. Though this very distinctive species barely extends into the Canadian life zone it is found throughout the Transitional, on decayed wood, and consequently in the litter, and even occasion- ally in epigeous moss. Phthiracarus setosus (1, p. 16) (15, p. 226, pi. 34, Figs. 8-12; pi. 36, Fig. 30) Material examined in addition to that recorded in the Table of Occurrences : One specimen from oak duff, sand ridge northeast of North Haven, Conn. ; taken September 20, 1932, slide 3269h2. This very distinct species, found in only five lots, is even more restricted northward to the Transitional life zone. Its occurrence in Taughannock Ravine, central New York is a surprise. 130 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLVI Genus Hoplophorella (6, p. 260) Phthiracarini with coarsely sculptured notogaster ; anal covers strongly convex at least mesally, and with only three bristles along median edge. Type: H. cucullatum (8, p. 133, pi. 6, fig. 35). Hoplophorella thoreaui (15, p. 239, pi. 37, Figs. 40-43) Material examined: One specimen from sphagnum from Bar- num Pond, Franklin Co., N. Y. ; taken June 13, 1933, by C. R. Crosby, slide 3331n. One specimen from decayed spruce stump wood (and covering lichen), or moss and lichen of blueberry hummock, side of Bingham Pond, Riga Mountain, northwestern Conn. ; taken August 6, 1932, slide 3233h2. Four specimens from sphagnum moss and sedge, edge of same pond, slide 3234hl. Ten specimens from blueberry leaf mould, same locality and date, slide 3235h2, and -h3. One specimen from Rhododendron and oak litter, dry woods, on burn of May 4, 1930, near Bingham Pond ; taken August 6, 1932, slide 3231h2. Genus Steganacarus (9, p. 130) Phthiracarini with coarsely sculptured notogaster ; anal covers strongly convex at least mesally, but with four bristles along median edge. Type : H. anomala (2, fasc. 6:5). Steganacarus striculus diaphanus (15, p. 236, pi. 37, Figs. 33-39) This is a very variable species in respect to size, development of aspal ridge, shape of rostral bristles which may be nearly straight to strongly curved or even bent, and position of noto- gastral bristles al which may be on edge of collar to half length of bristle behind it. Although specimens from southern Connecti- cut seemed constant in these characteristics, specimens from the northwestern corner of that state show considerable variation, and I fail to find correlations between any two characters. Speci- mens from the type locality of the species (Regensburg, Ger- many) are constant in having slightly curved rostral bristles and June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 131 notogastral bristles al inserted on edge of collar. Specimens from Strasbourg have rostral bristles sharply bent and held close to face of rostrum, and notogastral bristles al distant from collar. The rostrum is quite high. Thus there seem to be distinct sub- species in Europe. It may be that specimens from typically Canadian localities will show constancy of these characteristics, and that my northern localities are in a tension zone. Some speci- mens from Taughannock Ravine, central New York state, have the anal cover bristles with a wide space between bristles 1 and 2 (slide 337hl). Material examined in addition to that recorded in the Table of Occurrences : Seventeen specimens from coarsely foliose to fruti- cose lichens and Selaginella growing on large boulders and ledges, a short way up south side of Sage ’s Ravine, northwestern Conn. ; taken August 6 (dried August 16), 1932, slide 3238hl. One specimen from sphagnum of bog, McQfean, N. Y. ; taken October 24, 1932, by Norman Davis, slide 3291h. Seven specimens from moss from foot of tree on south slope of gully, Pleasant Hill, Etna, N. Y. ; taken November 3, 1932, slide 32102h. Twenty-five speci- mens from pine leaf mould of preceding spot and date, slide 32103h. Two specimens from lower, mucky layer of sphagnum (below the upper frozen layer), swale below road below wooded ridge of Connecticut Hill, Newfield, Tompkins Co., N. Y. ; taken November 25, 1932, slide 32107h. Sixty-eight specimens from pine leaf mould from base of tree, wooded crest of Connecticut Hill, same date, slide 32109hl and -h2. Two specimens from epigeous moss and lichens from old wood and stumps, same locality and date as last, slide 32110anh. Judging from these numerous records this species is most at home in resinous leaf mould. It may be that the eggs are laid inside the leaves and the immature animals eat them out. Retrospect Phthiracarus brevisetae, known from but two specimens from two collections in Connecticut (15, p. 225), was not again secured in that state but one specimen turned up from central New York. This species is the enigma of the group. In the state of Connecti- cut, where most of the collecting has been done, there are eighteen 132 Journal New York Entomological Society [Vol. XLVI species and one subspecies. It is possible that Oribotritia banksi may yet be found along the southern edge of the state in warm pockets, possibly at the eastern end. The new material shows how restricted are some species of this group. For instance Hop- lophthiracarus paludis was obtained only from sphagnum bogs (in New York and Connecticut). In southern Connecticut Phtiracarulus leavis was found only in a sphagnum bog, though more generally in the northern part of the state. Five or six species per quart of litter are quite normal. Seven species were secured from deciduous (32108), Rhododendron-oak (3240), blueberry (3255), pine (3257), and ground-hemlock ( Taxus canadensis) (337) litters, as well as moss (3237, 3234), eight species from another lot of Rhododendron-oak (3232) and ground-hemlock (3312) litters, and nine species from hemlock litter (3236). Although eleven species were secured from one lot (3250) the material included leaf -mould from under a Tamarack and its neighboring blueberry bush as well as epigeous moss and sphagnum from between the two (in a Tamarack swamp ) . The lot may have included more than a quart of litter but all the material came from an area of nine linear feet. The species making up these lots vary locally. One cause for this variation may be the presence or absence of a well-decayed twig or bit of wood. Of further interest are the three species associated in sphag- num moss of open bogs ( Phtiracarulus laevis, Pseudotritia sim- plex and Hoplophthiracarus paludis (3220). The same three species were found in pure growths of Car ex trisperma billing sii of the same bog (3221). This combination was not found in sphagnum of a New York bog (3291). In fact Phtiracarulus laevis was not found in central New York though Pseudotritia simplex was found in small numbers. There is reason to believe that latitude tends to cause changes in habits or habitats in the same species. In my work on the Galumninae, I have already pointed out that the same species (usually different subspecies) has entirely different habitat pref- erence in Europe than in North America. Another distribu- tional observation is that some of the Oribatoidea are very local, so that lots can be taken from many spots in the same locality before all the species are obtained. June, 1938] Jacot: Box-Mites 133 The young of any of these species are rarely found by the usual collecting method. This is undoubtedly due to their being situ- ated inside of decayed wood or other plant tissues from which they cannot emerge without suffering immediate desiccation. Moreover their legs are not developed for perambulation. I am therefore certain that the determination of the niches of the young will prove of much greater ecologic interest than that of the adults which may wander widely in search of mates. After surveying the distribution records of this and the preceding report (15), I am satisfied that most of the adults are generally distributed over the forest floor but they are numerous where the preferred food of the immatures is abundant. It is of particular interest that although one or two species of Galumninae have been introduced from Europe to the neigh- borhood of some of our cities, as far as known no Phthiracaridae have been so introduced — unless Pseudotritia ardua be so re- garded, though I consider it a holarctic species too variable to establish clean cut geographic races. The small, pale colored Steganacarus striculus diapkanus is found in the greatest numbers and most generally. Pseudotritia ardua and Pseudotritia simplex are the most resistant to desicca- tion and consequently found in the driest habitats, as sand bar- rens, vegetated sandy beaches, on frequently burned land, and on cultivated land, while other species of the family are absent. This difference may be due to one habit, namely, laying eggs in the soil or in decayed roots. If species of Phthiracarus lay their eggs in dead leaves or dead wood above ground, the eggs would be killed by the next fire and both adults and immatures would be eliminated from the area of the fire, while the eggs and young of the Pseudotritias, safe in the cool, moist soil would be unaf- fected by the litter consuming fire. Species inhabiting dead wood will survive if the fire is swift enough or dead wood is wet enough to remain unburned. I have found such partly burned sticks on burned woodlands, and with a fauna thereon. A com- parison of lots 3231 and 3232 shows that a fauna becomes rapidly established two years after a fire. It is possible, however, that the spot from which I secured the samples was near enough to the road to have become moistened by the fire-fighters. 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