JOURNAL CF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY gjexTjortjed txr ^tttjcrmjcrl00ar in (&zuiiX'sX ^4/io6 Voltame XXIV, 1916 Edited by Charles Schaeffer NEW YORK Published by the Society Quarterly 1916 Press of The New era PRfNTiNG company Lancaster. Pa. 't^},^ uTi CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIV. Pagb AcKERMAN, Arthur J., The Carpenter Bees of the United States of the Genus Xylocopa 196 Alexander, Charles P., New Limnophiline Crane-Flies from the United States and Canada 118 Bird, Henry, Xanthoecia Buffaloensis Grt., its Larval Habit and Occurrence Within Our Fifty-Mile Faunal Zone 86 Crampton, G. C, The Orders and Relationships of Apterygotan Insects 267 Davis, Wm. T., Notes on Cicadas from the United States with Descriptions of Several New Species 42 Two New Cicadas Belonging t'o the Genus Okanagana 233 Louis H. Joutel 239 DicKERSON, Edgar L., and Weiss, Harry B., The Ash Leaf Bug, Neoborus Amoenus Reut 302 Felt, E. P., New Western Gall Midges I75 Forbes, Wm. T. M., On Certain Caterpillar Homologies I37 Frost, S. W. Biological Notes on Ceutorhynchus Marginatus Payk 243 GiRAULT, A. A. A Remarkable New Genus of Encyrtid2e from the West Indies, Bearing Two Ring Joints 232 Hebard, Morgan, A Study of the Species of the Genus Stenopelmatus Found in the United States 70 Leng, Charles W., Notes on Cychrini 39 Notes on Alleculidse 142 Matausch, Ignaz, Notes on a Peculiar Nymph-Variation of Enchenopa Binotata. 151 Parker, R. R., Sarcophagidae of New England 171 Notes Concerning Gastrophilus Hsemorrhoidalis Linn 253 iii iv Contents of Volume XXIV. Pack SCHAEFFER, ChARLES, New Diptera of the Family Asilidae with Notes on Known Species 65 New Species of the Family Elateridse 256 SwENK, Myron H., Descriptions and Records of North American Hippoboscidae . . . 126 Weiss, Harry B., The Insect Fauna of New Jersey Greenhouses Exclusive of the Coccidse 144 Wheeler, William Morton, Notes on Slave-Raids of the Western Amazon Ant (Polyergus Breviceps) 107 Obituary 153, IS7, ^Z^ Miscellaneous Notes 90, 153 Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 94, 157, 237 Vol. XXIV. No. 4.. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK Entomological Society. Devoted to JEntomoloG^ in General. MARCH, 1916. Publication Committee . Charles Schaeffer F. E. Lutz. W. P. COMSTOCK. E I.. Dn KFK:,c.S. F*\at)listiecl Ou.arterly by the Society. LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK CITY. 1916. [Entered April 21, 1904,3! Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894.] THE NEW ERA PRINT CONTENTS. The Phylogenetic Origin and the Nature of the Wings of Insects According to the Paranoial Theory. By G. Crami'ton i Notes on Cychrini. By Charles \V. Leng . 39 Notes on Cicadas from the United States with Descriptions of Several New Species. By Wm. T. Davis . 42 New Diptera of the Family Asilidae with Notes on Known Species. By Chas. SCHAEFFER .... 65 A Study of the Species of the Genus Stenopelmatus Found in the United States. By Morgan Hebard 70 Xanthcecia Buffaloensis Grt., its Larval Habit and Occurrence Within our Fifty- Mile Faunal Zone. By Henry Bird 86 Miscellaneous Notes ... 90 Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 94 • JOURNAL OF THE J}f\a ]9oFh €lnl^QnioIogirflI ^oriFl^g. Vol. XXIV. MARCH, 1916. No. 1. THE PHYLOGENETIC ORIGIN AND THE NATURE OF THE WINGS OF INSECTS ACCORDING TO THE PARANOTAL THEORY.^ By G. Crampton, Amherst, Mass. Within the past century, various and conflicting theories concern- ing the origin of the wings of insects have been proposed. In order to choose one of these as a " working basis " for further investiga- tion, it is necessary to subject them all to a critical examination, in order to determine which of them is in accord with the greatest number of known facts, or is the least open to objection — and is therefore the most probable and acceptable. It is with this in view that the different theories, together with the available evidence upon the subject, have been brought together in the following discussion. The theories dealing with the origin of wings in insects, may be grouped into two classes, one of them containing those theories in which it is maintained that the wings are entirely new structures (or organs " stti generis "), while the other group contains those theories in which it is maintained that the wings were evolved from preexist- ing structures. As an example of the first type, may be mentioned the views of Kirby, who compares the wings of insects to the lateral expansions of the flanks, strengthened by the ribs and used as gliding planes, in the flying lizard Draco. Kirby appears to regard the wings 1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 1 2 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°'- -^^^v. of insects as new structures, although he is not so outspoken in the matter as Audouin (1824) and Lacordaire (1834), who regard in- sects' wings as organs " sui generis." Lacordaire in particular, seems to regard further discussion of the subject as unprofitable, in view of the fact that, since the wings are (as he thinks) entirely new organs, they can have no relation to any previously existing structures. It is possible that Audouin and Lacordaire are correct in their contention that the wings are organs "sui generis" although they were doubtless influenced in their belief by the then prevalent idea of " special creation," whose adherents maintained that each species (and hence the organs peculiar to it) was created quite independently of other organisms, and consequently the idea of structures arising as modifications of preexisting structures, was precluded by the very nature of the hypothesis. In accordance with the modern conception of the method and factors of evolution, however, it is difficult to con- ceive how wings of sufficient size and development to be of any use to the organism could have arisen, save through the predominance of some new function, or use, in organs which had some prior function or significance. It is not always necessary, however, to suppose that the preexist- ing structures originally served any useful purpose, since an inherent tendency toward the greater development of certain structures (pro- jections of the body-wall, etc.) might find opportunity for fuller ex- pression, so long as such a development did not lead to a condition detrimental to the organism — in which case natural selection would operate to prohibit further progress along this line, while the per- sistence of such structures would be assured, if they reached a stage wherein they were capable of furnishing their possessors with a means of successfully coping with their competitors or enemies, or would be of assistance in maintaining the life of the organism. The latter view would seem to be more in accord with our present knowl- edge of the method of evolution, and is therefore more acceptable than the view that the wings are organs " sui generis." The theories contained in the second group (in which it is main- tained the wings have developed from preexisting structures) are of several types. Thus, the adherents of one theory would derive the wings of insects from the " elytron "-like appendages, or the gills, of Annelidan ancestors; others regard the wings as modified legs, or March, i9i6.] CrAMPTON : OrIGIN OF WiNGS. 3 other appendages ; while others regard the wings as modified respira- tory organs (gills or spiracles) ; and still others think that the wings have developed from the lateral expansions of the tergal region (not necessarily concerned with respiration) which occur in numerous Arthropods. These theories may be briefly reviewed as follows. Among those who maintain that the wings of insects arose from some preexisting structures, may be cited the views of Rathke (1834) who compares the foliaceous appendages which appear in the pos- terior region of the cephalic lobes of the embryo of the Crustacean Asellus aqiiaticiis, to a first transient indication of the wings of in- sects {teste Plateau, 1871); and Cams (1839) likewise accepts this view — although he also maintains that the wings have developed from respiratory organs. Dohrn (1881) refers both wings and tracheal gills to the " elytra" of the Annelidan ancestors of insects, apparently influenced by the suggestion of Owen (1848-1855) who regards the wings of insects as metamorphosed tergal branchic-e of the Annelidan ancestors of insects. The theories dealing with the derivation of the wings from the branchiae of worms, will be taken up under the discussion of the ori- gin of wings from respiratory organs. It may be remarked, how- ever, that those theories in which it is sought to derive the wings from the gills of worms (or from the parapodial and other structures of the Annelids) take a great deal for granted; and until we have a wider knowledge of more intermediate forms, and their development, any attempts to trace the wings, or any other Insectan structures, to organs which are supposed to be their forerunners in the Annelids, must be regarded as speculative in the extreme. Latreille (1820) compares the wings to legs; MacLeay considers the wings as greatly modified limbs; Leukart (1848) thinks that wings are repetitions of the legs on the dorsal surface of the body; and Carus and Gerstaecker (1863) regard the wings as limbs arising from the back. Jaworowski (1896-1897) derives the wings and legs from a com- mon origin, and states that both arise as a simple hypodermal out- growth within a peripodial depression corresponding to the " lung- like" structure from which he derives the limbs of all Arthropods; the limbs, according to him, being to all intents and purposes, modified protruding respiratory lamellae. Jaworowski's theory would thus 4 Journal New York Entomological Society. I^^^°'- ^^iv, come under the discussion of the origin of wings from respiratory structures, but has been taken up at this point, since he brings out certain features having a bearing upon those theories in which it is maintained that the wings are, to all intents and purposes, modified legs.^ On page 183, Jaworowski, 1897, mentions that legs and wings can be substituted for one another, in certain insect montrosities, and cites the description by Nelson, 1889, of a Zygccna in which a wing had grown in the place 'of a leg, and also cites the case of an East Indian fig-insect (described by Simroth, 1891) which has segmented appendages instead of wings (see also Fig. 11 of wing of Zophcnis, by Brues. 1903). I have also observed that in certain Diptera, the halteres may appear to be composed of three segments, but I do not think that the apparently segmented condition of such highly modified structures can be interpreted as the retention of a primitive condition, although I would not utterly deny this possibility; and, since those insects in which the wings arise as hypodernial evaginations within a peripodial cavity are highly specialized forms, I am rather inclined to regard this also as a secondary modification, rather than as a retention of a primitive condition. Jaworowski (1896) although at first inclined to accept the view that the wings are modified tracheal gills, finally repudiated this view, upon having his attention called by Heider, to Heymons's investiga- tions which demonstrated that in Sialis and Ephemera, the gill ap- pendages are not homodynamous with the wings, thus disproving Gegenbauer's contention that wings are developed from tracheal gills. From the preceding discussions, it is evident that the foregoing theories may also imply or expressly include the idea of the derivation of the wings from respiratory structures, in addition to the central idea of the theory; so that it is impossible to divide these theories into sharply defined classes, since they merge into each other through hav- ing several ideas in common. The discussion of these theories, there- fore, leads up to that of the theories in which it is maintained that wings are modified respiratory organs. Among those who maintain that the wings are to be derived from organs having a previous respiratory function, may be mentioned the views of Plateau, 1871. Plateau's theory differs from those in which it is maintained that the wings had a respiratory origin, in that he regards the wings as highly modified spiracles. March, 1916.] CrAMPTON : ORIGIN OF WiNGS. 5 In support of his contention, Plateau (1871) cites a number of observations, which are, unfortunately, incorrect; and, since his prem- ises are unsound, his conclusions are naturally false also. Thus, he points out that Blanchard (1868), quoting De Blainville, states that no respiratory orifice, or spiracle, is ever found in either the meso- thorax or metathorax, and concludes that this absence of respiratory orifices in the segments which bear, or should bear, the wings, gives weight to the hypothesis (long prevalent even in Blanchard's day) that the wings are largely composed of outgrowing trachese which have become imprisoned between two integumental lamellae — a theory accepted by Girard, and many others. As a matter of fact, the mesothorax and metathorax (i. e., the wing-bearing segments) are usually the only thoracic segments sup- plied with spiracles, which were either overlooked by the earlier in- vestigators, or were ascribed to the wrong segment, due to the fact that it was not then known that the thoracic spiracles might migrate (during ontogenetic development) from the segment in which they were formed during embryological development, and, taking up a po- sition in the intersegmental region, appear to belong to the segment in front rather than to the segment behind them. Plateau goes on to say that it is a significant fact that the wing is always located between the epimeron and the tergum, which he thinks is the typical situation of the spiracle. The thoracic spiracles of adult insects, however, almost invariably occur in the intersegmental membrane, or occupy an intersegmental position so that Palmen's premises and conclusions in these matters are wholly incorrect. Plateau's conception of the wing as an hypertrophied spiracle which has become widened and flattened to form the wing lamellae, while the "supporting rods" (tsenidia ?) of the trachea become en- larged to form the wing nervures, is entirely fanciful, as is his idea that the halteres of the Diptera (which he rightly identifies as modi- fied wings) are modified spiracles. Indeed, the only semblance of proof offered by him in support of his theory, is in the observations of Weismann (1866) which he cites, pointing out that Weismann's investigations concerning the development of Corethra would indicate that in this insect, the dorsal prothoracic cell-islands, or '' imaginal disks," form the pupal spiracles, while those of the mesothorax form the wings, and those of the metathorax form the halteres. It is by t) Journal New York Entomological Society, [^oi. xxiv, no means certain, however, that the prothoracic islands are homo- dynamous with the wing disks, and the proof offered by Plateau in support of his theory seems rather inadequate. The observations of Pratt (1899), Tower (1903) and Verson (1890-1894) might, in some measure, be taken as upholding Plateau's theory that the wings are modified spiracles. Thus Tower (1903) states that when the mesothoracic spiracle migrates forward, " the spiracle alone migrates, and the thickened area of the hypodermis remains and probably becomes the fundament of the elytron." Powell (1905), however, combats the idea that the wings develop from the discs of the degenerated spiracles of the meso- and metathorax, and, in opposing Tower's statements, asserts that in some Coleoptera the spiracles have not migrated forward, and that the wing primordia (or fundamentals) arise distinctly above or below the positions occupied by the thoracic and abdominal spiracles. He therefore concludes that Tower's conclusions in this matter are incorrect, and the fact that his investigations were made in the same order of insects (Coleop- tera) studied by Tower, should have considerable weight, especially since he sought to verify Tower's work in carrying out his own in- vestigations. Many investigators, even in modern times, have advocated the der- ivation of wings from tracheal gills. Owen (1848) supports the idea promulgated by Oaken (1831) that the wings are modified gills, such as are born on the tergal region of Annelids, and Ganin (1869) as- ascribes a respiratory function to the wings. Carus (1839) states that in the "immature Agrion pncUa, the blood circulates in the forming wings exactly as in gill plates, and it would be difficult to find a more perfect demonstration of the fact that the wing is a modified gill" {teste Plateau, 1871). Enderlein (1902) suggests that since the ancient pterygote insects lived in an atmosphere of great humidity, they may have used their wings as a sort of "gill" (since the wings are supplied with tracheal branches in the early stages of development), but does not enter into the controversy as to whether the wings were derived from the tracheal gills of Ephemerid nymphs, or not. Gegenbauer (1870-1878), who regards the wings of insects as de- rived from the dorsal gills of their Annelidan ancestors, has done so much to clearly formulate the theory that the wings are modified March, 1916.] CraMPTON : OrIGIN OF WiNGS. 7 tracheal gills (sucK as those found on the abdomen of immature Ephemeridie), that his name is usually associated with the theory ascribing the origin of the wings to the tracheal gills. Many subse- quent investigators have accepted his views, wholly or in part, and have endeavored, with varying success, to overcome the objections to the theory in question. Among the supporters of the theory of the tracheal-gill origin of the wings of insects may be mentioned Landois (1871), Lul)bock, (1873), Graber (1877), Palmen (1877), Hofmann (1879), Adolph (1879-1881), Brauer (1885), Cholodkovsky (1886), Redtenbacher (1886), Lang (1888), Verson (1890), Simroth (1891), Pratt (1899), Osborn (1905), Woodworth (1906), J. A. Thomson, and many others. Cholodkovsky (1886) also thinks that the wings are homologous with the prothoracic patagia^ (not the tegulae) of the Lepidoptera, and Walton (1901) even goes so far as to regard the tegulae as wings in the process of formation ! Some investigators, perceiving the difficulties inherent in the at- tempt to derive the wings from tracheal gills, have attempted to avoid the difficulty by suggesting that the wings may not have been de- rived from gills, but gills may themselves have been derived from wings, or both wings and gills may have had a similar origin. Thus, Redtenbacher (1886) thinks that wings and tracheal gills are homo- dynamous, but " it is questionable whether the wings were derived from tracheal gills, since the converse may be true ; and that wings may have become metamorphosed into gills, is not beyond the realm of possibility." He likewise compares both wings and gills to the pro- notal expansion of Mantids, etc. Lang (1888) was impressed with the fact that aerial respiration is clearly the primitive one in insects, and in order to derive the wings from tracheal gills, suggested that insects, at first terrestrial, became adapted for aquatic life; respiratory folds of the integument into which tracheae penetrate, being modified into gills, and these even- tually becoming metamorphosed into wings— which thus are ulti- mately derived from integumental folds. Grassi concludes that wings and gills may be homodynamous (/. e., 1 It is perhaps unnecessary to mention, in this connection, that the elytra of Coleoptera, etc., are not homologous with the patagia or tegulae, as some writers have erroneously stated is the case. Their structure and development clearly shows that they are modified fore wings and nothing else. 8 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, of the same series), but that wings are not derived from gills. He goes on to show that in certain Lepismatidse there occur tergal folds (well supplied with tracheae) which serve to protect the sides of the thorax and the base of the legs. These lateral tergal expansions he compares to the lateral folds of the carapace of Crustacea (teste Henneguy, 1904), and suggests that they became transformed into gills in those insects which became adapted for aquatic life, while they were metamorphosed into wings in the aerial forms. Graber (1875) suggests that the wings of insects may have arisen in two ways. Thus in the terrestrial forms (e. g.. Termites) they may have been derived from tergal outgrowths, while in the aquatic forms (c. g., Ephemerids) they arise as metamorphosed tracheal gills. He also clearly points out that the lateral expansions of the Locustid pronotuni are homodynamous with the wings. The foregoing views lead up to the discussion of those theories in which it is maintained that the wings arose as lateral expansions of, or near, the tergal region, and were not necessarily connected with a respiratory function primarily. Since they are always borne " alongside " of the nota, or tergal plates, for the sake of convenience, in the following discussions, I would refer to these lateral folds as the " paranota," regardless of whether they are entirely tergal in origin, or entirely pleural, or a combination of both. The theories dealing with this origin of the wings may therefore be referred to as the paranotal theories. Among the earliest of the theories advocating a paranotal origin of the wings may be mentioned the views of Mueller, 1875. From his studies on the development of the wings of the Termite Calo- tcrmcs, Mueller concluded that the wings did not arise from tracheal gills, but from lateral tergal expansions (paranota) similar to those found in the pronotum of Calotermcs, which greatly resemble the wings in their mode of development. Pancritius (1884) also sup- ports this view, and likewise lays stress upon the fact that the tracheae enter the forming wings at a comparatively late stage in certain im- mature insects — as Mueller had pointed out was the case in Calo- termcs. Bugnion (1911) has also called attention to the prothoracic structures of Coptotcrmcs flavus, " whose larvae bear rudiments of prothoracic wings." The investigations of Mueller (1875) on the development of the March, I9i6.] CraMPTON : OrIGIN OF WiNGS. 9 Termites' wings, and of Woodward (1876), who pointed out that the aHform lateral expansions (paranota) of the pronotum in the fossil insect Lithomantis carbonaria are homodynamous with the wings, have furnished a firm foundation for the paranotal theory of the origin of the wings, and this view has been accepted wholly, or in part, by many subsequent investigators, among whom may be men- ti&ned Huxley (1877), Haase (1886), Korschelt and Heider (1891), Zacharias (1892), Krueger (1898), Packard (1898), Comstock and Needham (1899), Powell (1904-1905), Duerken (1907), Lameere (1900-1908), Handlirsch (1906-1908), McMurrich, and others. From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that the two theories which have received the most widespread acceptance, are the tracheal gill theory and the paranotal theory of the origin of the wings — and opinion seems to be pretty evenly divided between the two. The evi- dence brought forward in support of the other theories seems insuf- ficient to warrant their acceptance, nor does it appeal as strongly as the two mentioned above do, to our ideas of the factors and method of evolution; so that it is preferable to suspend judgment upon the other theories (until more evidence has been accumulated) and to select as a '' working basis " one of the two theories which appear to be in accord with the greatest number of known facts — in other words, we must (for the time being, at least) choose between the tracheal-gill theory and the paranotal theory of the origin of the wings of insects. Unfortunately, all of the evidence bearing upon the subject is not accessible to me at this time; but such of the arguments as were avail- able have been brought together in the following comparison of the two theories. In addition, such evidence as has suggested itself as having a bearing upon the subject under discussion, has been added to strengthen either side of the question impartially; and I feel con- vinced that sufficient evidence is at hand, to make an unbiased deci- sion in favor of one theory or the other. It must be admitted that the tracheal gill theory is a fascinatingly clever one, and if the premises of its arguments be granted as correct, the logic of its appeal is almost irresistible; but if the rival theory is fully in accord with the same facts (or even more of the known facts) which have been cited as evidence of the tracheal gill theory, and is not open to the same objections as might be raised against this 10 Journal New York Entomological Society, [Voi. xxiv, theory, we have no alternative other than to choose the more prob- able and acceptable theory. Some of the arguments which may be advanced in favor of the tracheal gill theory of the origin of the wings of insects may be sum- marized as follows : 1. Wings cannot have suddenly sprung into being (like Minerva from the brain of Jove!) fully formed and immediately functional, but the process of their development must have been a gradual one; and in their early stages they could not have been of use as flying organs, but must have served some other purpose while becoming wing-like. In other words, the locomotor function must have grad- ually become predominant in structures having a prior fiuiction or significance. 2. Wings, in their immature stages, contain tracheae, and this in- dicates that their prior purpose was respiratory — either in an in- tensely humid atmosphere, or in water. 3. If the successive segments of an insect's body are mutually homologous, we should expect to find structures which are homo- dynamous {i. c, of the same developmental series) with the wings, on the other segments. Superficially, at least, the tracheal gills on the abdominal segments of certain immature Ephemerids appear to fulfil this requirement. 4. The tracheal supply of the tracheal gills appears to be some- what similar to that of the immature wings (see Plate I, Fig. 4). 5. The tracheal gills of some Ephemerid nymphs are remarkably similar, in outline, to the wings of certain insects (see Plate I, Fig. 2). 6. The gills may be bordered with hairs similar to those of cer- tain wings, and are even stiffened by structures strongly suggestive of nervures (Plate I, Fig. 2). 7. The gill plates of immature Ephemerids are capable of very rapid movements for setting up currents to keep the water in contact with the respiratory surfaces pure. 8. Through their movements, the gill plates have become articu- lated to the tergum, after a fashion, thus " paving the way " for the articulation of the wing-like structures to be developed from them. 9. The muscles involved in the movements of the gill plates could eventually become modified to form muscles of flight. March, 1916.] CraMPTON : ORIGIN OF WiNGS. 11 10. Certain gill plates of immature Ephemerids (c. g., Trico- rytJius) , and especially the anterior ones, or those nearest the thorax, may become very large, and serve as coverings for the gills, thus in- dicating an inherent tendency to increase in size on the part of the anterior gill plates, and making it readily conceivable that similar structures might increase to the size of wings. 11. If the gills grew large enough or powerful enough, and be- came properly adapted, it is conceivable that such organs, already capable of rapid movement, might develop into structures capable of propelling the insect through the water, and would eventually en- able it to glide over the surface of the water. 12. As the locomotor function gradually predominated, it did so at the expense of the respiratory function-, which became of less and less importance until the wings became practically entirely loco- motor and those which were situated on the thoracic region, being the nearest to the center of gravity, were the ones eventually re- tained when aerial locomotion was achieved. 13. Some insects (c. g., the aquatic Hymenoptera described by Lubbock, 1863) even now use their wings for propulsion through the water, and thus make it more readily comprehensible that wings might have originated from structures formerly adapted for propul- sion through the water (such as the modified wing-gills might have been). 14. It is a very significant fact that the Plecoptera. which are in some ways the most primitive of winged insects now living, are water dwellers in their immature stages. The Ephemerids and Odonata which are also very primitive in many respects are likewise water dwellers in their immature condition. If ontogeny is a recapitula- tion of phylogeny, this might be taken as an indication that winged insects at one time passed through a water-dwelling stage. 15. The Neuroptera, which occupy a position intermediate be- tween the very primitive and the very highly specialized winged in- sects, and even some of the very highly specialized insects, such as the Diptera, Coleoptera, etc.. have aquatic larvae, so that the tendency toward an adaptation to aquatic life is still quite widespread, cropping out as it does in the most diverse forms, and might have been in- herent in the Pterygote stem. 16. Some members of groups which are very primitive, such as 12 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv. the Blattidre (Shelford, 1907), Phasmids (Murray, 1866, Wood- Mason, 1878, and denied by Gahan, 1912), etc., have retained the power of adaptation to aquatic life even in the adult stages. 17. Certain very ancient fossil Pterygote insects, which must be considered as near the ancestors of modern winged forms, have re- tained even in the adult condition, what appear to be abdominal gills homodynamous with the wings (see Plate II, Figs. 8 and 12). If these are really gills, we must consider that the wings are homo- dynamous with, and hence homologous with, the tracheal gills. 18. Even present-day Apterygota, which are considered by many as having departed but little from the condition of the forms preced- ing winged insects, show a marked tendency to select damp locations as their dwelling places (c. g., under stones, places near the coast, etc.), and we can thus more readily understand that there was a tendency on the part of the precursors of winged insects, to select damp locations to live in, and eventually become adapted for aquatic life. 19. Embryology and the ontogenetic development of certain Ephemerids would indicate that aerial respiration is the more ancient one, but this does not preclude the possibility that although originally air-breathing, the ancestors of winged insects became temporarily adapted for aquatic life (in accordance with the widespread tendency) at one stage of this development {i. c, before wings arose) and after- ward became aerial breathers once more. 20. It is also possible to regard wings and gills as homologous structures, without maintaining that wings were developed from gills, or gills from wings; but both may have been derived from a common origin {e. g., lateral folds of the body wall, into which tracheae later penetrated). 21. As a final point, it has been brought out that it is very difficult to see how rigid expansions of the tergal region could have acquired an articulation with the tergum (or how they could have become capable of the movements of flight) in the air alone. On the other hand, since the tracheal gills already have an articulation with the tergal region, after a fashion, and are capable of rapid movements, the difficulty of acquiring the ability to perform the movements of flight would not be as insurmountable. It is thus very evident that the arguments in favor of the tracheal- March, 1916.] CrAMPTON : OrIGIN OF WiNGS. 13 gill origin of the wings are apparently very forceful, and it must be admitted that they exert a subtly fascinating appeal ; but there are certain seemingly insurmountable objections to the acceptance of the tracheal-gill hypothesis, as will be pointed out in the following dis- cussion of the paranotal theory. The paranotal theory, on the other hand, is not open to these objections, and is even more in accord with the observed facts, as will be shown later, so that for the present, at least, it is the more probable and acceptable theory. The principal points in favor of the paranotal origin of the wings, and the objections to the tracheal-gill theory may be briefly reviewed as follows : j 1. Since the successive segments of an insect's body are mutually homologous, we should expect to find structures homologous with the wings, on the other segments. Now in order to derive the wings from such structures, it must be shown that they are homologous with them, and in order to be homologous with the wings, these structures must be homodynamous (?. c, of the same developmental series) with the wings — otherwise, it would be impossible to derive the wings from them. If then, it can be shown that the wings are not homo- dynamous with the tracheal gills, the theory that the wings are modi- fied tracheal gills immediately becomes untenable. In his embryological studies of Ephemerids, Sialids, etc., Hey- mons (1896) has clearly demonstrated that wings do not arise simi- larly to tracheal gills, and that the tracheal gills are not homody- namous with the wings — and these investigations alone, are sufficient to entirely refute the tracheal gill theory of the origin of the wings! Furthermore, Heymon's conclusions based upon the embryology of the Ephemerid?e, etc., are fully borne out by the work of Duerken (1907) who has shown that the structure and musculature of the gills of Ephemerids are not comparable to those of the wings, and Boer- ner's (1909) studies on the tracheal gills of Ephemerids have shown that the gills are not homodynamous with the wings. Indeed, as Fernald (1890) and others have pointed out, the gills may occur in various localities, and even between the wings, so that under these conditions, it is not surprising that embryological and anatomical in- vestigations have demonstrated that the gills are not homodynamous with the wings. 2. If it could be shown that, in certain immature Ephemerids 14 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^'o'- ^^iv, which have both gills and paranotal structures, the paranota are homodynamous with the wings, while the tracheal gills are not, this would be a heavy blow to the tracheal gill theory, and a correspond- ingly weighty argument in favor of the paranotal theory. Fortu- nately, we have just such an insect, in the ''larva" of the singular New Zealand Ephemerid Oniscigastcr zvakcficldi described by Mac- Lachlan (1876). In the immature stages of this insect, the paranota are borne along the sides of the tergal region (see Plate II, Fig. 15) in the position characteristic of the wing location, while the tracheal gills are borne high up on the dorsal region, and are not of the same series as the wings. The abdominal paranota and the wings are both retained in the adult condition, while the gills are lost when the insect becomes mature, showing that they are merely temporary adaptational structures, unlike the more lasting paranota. 3. The paranota are borne along side of the tergal region in the location characteristic of the wings, while the tracheal gills are at- tached in a very different position, thus indicating that they are not homologous with the wings. One has but to glance at Figs, i, 6 and 7 of Plate I, or at Figs. 8 and 12 of Plate II, to see that the wings are always attached along the lateral margin of the principal tergal plate, and the paranota (p of Figs. 9, 12, 14, 15, etc.) are attached to the tergal region in exactly the same location; while the tracheal gills are attached either to the posterior portion of the tergal region (as in Fig. 4, Plate I) or to the dorsal region of the tergum (as in Fig. 15 of Plate II), or occupy positions unlike that of the wings! 4. The posterior margin of the principal tergal plate is always continued in the posterior margin of the wing as the so-called spring vein, ligament or axillary cord (Figs, i, 6, and 7 of Plate I). The posterior margin of the tergum is contmued in the posterior margin of the paranota (Figs. 9, 14, 15, etc., of Plate II) while the pos- terior margin of the tergum is not continued in the tracheal gills (Figs. 4 and 15). The inference is obvious! 5. In Stciwdictya (Plate II, Fig. 8), Corydaloides (Fig. 12) and other fossil insects, there occur lateral expanded structures on either side of certain of the abdominal terga, which are homodynamous with the wings and the prothoracic paranota. Certain palaeontolo- gists have erroneously maintained that these abdominal structures are gills, and since these structures are homodynamous with the March, I9i6.] CrAMPTON : ORIGIN OF WiNGS. 15 wings, it has been claimed that this would prove that the wings are modified gills. The structures in question, however, are not gills at all, since, as we have seen, the gills are never borne along the lateral width of the abdominal terga (as the structures in question are borne), but are attached by a narrow constricted region to the tergum, at different locations (see Fig. 4, Plate I, and Fig. 15, Plate II). The para- nota on the other hand, are always attached along the lateral width of the tergal plate (as the wings are also attached) in exactly the same manner as these fossil structures ! The adult of Oniscigaster would have shown this much better, but Fig. 15 (Plate II) depicting the condition of the immature Oniscigaster, if compared with Sfciio- dictya (Fig. 8) will very clearly demonstrate that the lateral abdominal appendages of the fossil insect are paranota, not gills; and if we com- pare the abdominal paranota of the Phasmid (Figs. 11 and 14, Plate II) with the abdominal structure of Corydaloidcs ( Plate II, Fig. 12), it is at once apparent that the abdominal structures of the fossil insect are not gills, but are paranota very like those of the Phasmid, and are even bordered by a similar fringe. It is evi- dent, therefore, that the lateral abdominal appendages of these fossil insects (which are homodynamous with the wings and prothoracic paranota) are not gills, but are paranota ! Since they are homo- dynamous with the wings, this is a clear proof of the paranotal origin of wings of insects. 6. Comstock & Needham (1898-1899), Packard (1898), Hand- lirsch (1906-1908) and others have pointed out that the tracheation of the wings differs from that of the tracheal gills, and this, although not in itself a strong argument against the origin of the wings from gills, is nevertheless a point in favor of those who would derive the wings from some other source, especially when taken into considera- tion with the other objections to the tracheal gill theory. 7. In the ontogenetic development of the wings, these arise as projections into which the tracheae subsequently penetrate, and in many immature insects the developing wings are not penetrated by the tracheae until comparatively late in their development, so that if the ontogenetic sequence has any meaning, the wings must first have arisen as projections (paranota) not having a respiratory function, but later the tracheae grew out into them. It is possible to avoid this 16 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, objection by saying that both wings and gills may have been derived from a common source (e. g., integumental folds) which was not orig- inally respiratory ; but this savors too strongly of an attempt to avoid the issue, and, as been shown in point ( i ) , the wings and gills are not homodynamous — so cannot have originated in a common source ! 8. Comstock & Needham (1898-1899) have shown that the wing nervures of all insects are reducible to one common '' ground-plan,'' and a glance at Figs, i, 6, and 7, of Plate I, will show that the little plates (ossicles) by means of which the wings are articulated to the tergum are practically identical in all. The wings are always borne in the same location, alongside the principal tergal plate, and the posterior margin of this plate is always continued in the posterior margin of the wings as the so-called spring vein, ligament, or axillary cord as may be seen from the preceeding figures. From these, and other facts, it is logical to suppose that the wings of all insects orig- inated in a common source (/. e., did not have separate origins), and probably arose in a common group of ancestral insects. It is not pos- sible therefore to suppose that the wings of some insects arose from paranota, while others arose from tracheal gills and other structures, since the great uniformity of structure and location, etc.. would make such a supposition extend too far beyond the laws of probability ! On this account, we are justified in rejecting the suggestion that the wings of aquatic insects arose from tracheal gills, while those of ter- restrial forms arose from paranota, or similar structures, as will be discussed in the next paragraph. 9. Since the wings of all insects had a common origin, if all wings are to be derived from tracheal gills, all winged insects are all de- scended from ancestors which breathed by means of tracheal gills, and should show traces of such an ancestry in their individual de- velopment. The very opposite is the case, however, for even in those insects which are supposed to best illustrate the transition from gills to wings {i. e., the Ephemerids), the primordia of the "open re- spiratory system" (for aerial respiration) are laid down at an early stage of embryological development, long preceding the development of the " closed respiratory system," for aquatic respiration. Even in the water-dwelling immature Ephemerid, the spiracles of the open system may become temporarily open to the exterior, at the time of molting, but quickly become closed again, since the insect is not yet March, 1916.] CrAMPTON : ORIGIN OF WiNGS. 17 ready for aerial respiration; and the investigations of Palmen .(1877) have clearly shown that the open respiratory system is the more an- cient, and therefore the original one, while the closed one for aquatic respiration is evidently the product of a process of adaptation to aquatic life which was subsequently acquired. Since the open respiratory system for aerial respiration is clearly the more ancient, and hence the original one even in aquatic forms, it is evident that all insects are descended from terrestrial forms, which could not have borne tracheal gills; and we can therefore state with conviction that the wings of modern insects could not have been derived from tracheal gills. The adherents of the tracheal gill theory, however, would attempt to avoid this difificulty by suggesting that although the ancestors of all insects were originally air breathers, the ancestors of the winged forms became temporarily aquatic, and thus acquired the gills which were to develop into wings when they became air breathers once more ! This argument is clearly an at- tempt to again avoid the issue, but is also unavailing! If the ances- tors of winged insects were all gill breathers at one time (which must have been rather recent), why do no fossil forms show traces of such " wing-gills," and why do we have no recent forms which have retained structures suggestive of this common origin of the wings? The Ephemerids cannot be taken as examples of this, since it has been shown (point (i)) that the wings of Ephemerids are not homo- logous with the gills, and the ontogenetic development of no other winged insect offers any hint of such a common origin for the wings in gill-like structures! 10. Palaeontology shows that the earliest fossil insects had wings, yet these have retained no series of abdominal gills homodynamous W'ith the wings, the only abdominal structures which are homody- namous with the wings being paranota, as has already been pointed out (see point .(S) )• 11. The great mass of lower pterygote insects are not aquatic, but are terrestrial, whereas if all pterygote insects passed through an aquatic stage, we would expect that the great majority of the lower winged forms would still be aquatic, at least in the immature stages. On the other hand, numerous lower pterygote insects have retained paranota in the prothoracic region, at least, while tracheal gills occu- pying the typical wing location are wanting in all of them. 18 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxiv, 12. None of the apterygote forms, which have departed but little from the ancestral condition (and the Lepismids may be taken as forms " annectent " between the Apterygota and lower Pterygota), show indications of a tendency to develop tracheal gills, while many of them bear paranotal expansions of the pronotum and other tergal projections (see Fig. i6, Plate II). 13. Unlike the tracheal gills, the paranota have been retained in the most diverse insects, being preserved in the prothorax of certain Mantids (Fig. 9, Plate II), Heteroptera (Fig. 10, Plate II), Coleop- tera (Fig. 13, Plate II), Lepismids (Fig. 16) etc., as well as in the abdominal region in certain Phasmids (Figs. 11 and 14, Plate II), etc., and the paranota also occur on many of the segments in numer- ous "larval" forms (c. g., in immature Plecoptera and Ephemerids, as shown in Figs. 15 and 18 of Plate II) and are specially well de- veloped in certain Coleopterous larvae such as those of the Sylphidse, of Psephcmis lecontei, and many others. This would indicate an inherent tendency in the insect stem, toward the formation of lateral integumental expansions, or paranota, and the fossil forms also ex- hibit this tendency (see Figs. 8 and 12, of Plate II). 14. Unlike the tracheal gills, the tendency toward the formation of paranotal expansions is apparently inherent in the Arthropod stem — at least in those Arthropods whose lines of development parallel that of the Insecta — and finds opportunity for expression in the most diverse forms. We thus find paranota developing in the Diplopods (Fig. 17, Plate II), in the Crustacea (Fig. 19, Plate II), in the Tri- lobites (Fig. 20, Plate II) and many other groups, and even in Arth- ropods more remotely removed from the Insectan stem, this inherent tendency may find opportunity for expression — although in certain of these more remote forms, I am not certain that we are dealing with structures strictly homologous with the paranota. Thus Berlese (1906-1909) has figured a series of Acarina (Oribatidse) in which can be traced the gradual development of lateral " pteriform " ex~ pansions of the dorsal region, which are small in Oribatiila planth'aga and caliptera, but become greatly developed in Oribatcs latipcs, while in Oribates alatus these " pteriform " appendages actually become ar- ticulated with the tergal region. Furthermore, they do not have to pass through a tracheal gill stage in order to develop an articulation with the tergite — as Woodworth would claim that integumentary ex- March, 1916.] CrAMPTON : OrIGIN OF WiNGS. 19 pansions which are eventually to become wings, must do, in order to develop an articulation with the tergum ! I have not examined these ''pteriform" expansions of the Acarina, however, and would not at- tempt to state whether or no they are homologous with the wings of insects. 15. The fact that paranoial expansions can become large enough to act somewhat after the fashion of a parachute, or gliding planes, to break the fall of the insect, is shown by the pronotal development of the Mantid Chosradodis (Plate II, Fig. 9). The dried specimen will " sail '' for a considerable distance, if dropped from a height, and I imagine that the living insect could do the same. Tracheal gills of such a size are unknown. 16. In order to function as a gliding plane, the paranoial expan- sions should be developed in insects which have a tendency to leap into the air, otherwise the expansions would not have much of an opportunity of functioning, unless the insect were to drop from a height. Since the Mantids such as Rhombodcra, Chocradodis (Fig. 9, Plate II), etc., have developed such large pronotal paranota, I have asked Mr. A. N. Caudell (to whom I am indebted for the determina- tion of the Mantid and Phasmid depicted in Figs. 9, 11, and 14, Plate 11) whether the Mantids exhibit any tendency to leap, and would quote the following from his reply. " I have seen our native species leap a couple of inches, and Yersinia, a western species, can leap half a foot. Anieles, from Portugal, is reported by Wood- Mason as being able to leap nearly a foot straight upwards. In all cases it is the nymphs that leap and in some cases the hind femora are distinctly enlarged as in the saltatorial groups." It is thus evident that forms having large paranota may also ex- hibit a tendency to leap, but I have been unable to find an instance of nymphal Ephemerids (or forms with flat tracheal gills) exhibit- ing a tendency to leap. 17. It might be further remarked that the leaping tendency " crops out" in the most diverse forms, such as the Apterygota (c. g., Machilis, etc.), the Psyllids, Flea-beetles, etc., and may possibly indi- cate an inherent tendency in the insect stem, which finds opportunity for expression in certain forms, and would of course be especially useful in those insects which have developed large paranota. 2(J Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxiv, 18. The leaping- habit appears in the most diverse Arthropods {e. g., Arachnids, Talitridse and other Crustacea, etc.) and may indicate a stem tendency in a group which also exhibits the tendency to the formation of paranotal expansions. 19. It is possible for certain forms closely allied to the Insecta (such as the Crustacea) to develop the power of gliding through the air for several rods, thus making it more readily comprehensible that insects could have developed the power of a gliding " flight " in a somewhat similar fashion. Worcester (1914) observed the '"flight" of such a Crustacean, while boating near the coast of Palavan, at the edge of the shoal off East Island (in the Philippines), and describes the creature as fol- lows : " It looked more like a crayfish or shrimp with one or two pairs of much flattened legs directed forward and others curving backward, the legs and the lobes of the tail making the supporting planes ... it was unquestionably a very transparent crustacean from fifteen to twenty centimeters in length . . . and there remains no doubt of the existence in the Philippines of a marine crustacean from fifteen to twenty-five centimeters in length, which has the power of rising rapidly from the water and flying after the fashion of a flying fish, for several rods." The specimens observed invariably rose against the wind. We know of no parallel case in which tracheal gills have been used as gliding organs ! 20. If ontogeny in a measure recapitulates phylogeny, the form- ing wings of the lower pterygote insects should pass through a para- notal stage, if the wings were derived from paranota — and conversely, if they were derived from tracheal gills, they should pass through a stage comparable to tracheal gills. If we observe the forming wings of the most primitive winged insects, such as the Plecoptera (Fig. 18, Plate II) or the Blattids and Mantids (Fig. 9, Plate II) it is clearly evident that the upper surface, at least, of the wings arise as paranotal expansions of the tergum, rather than as tracheal gills ! Further- more, since the wings of all insects must have had a common origin (as was brought out in the previous discussions) the wings of insects with a complete metamorphosis should show traces of a tergal origin, and this Heymons, 1896, has shown to be the case in the beetle Tenehrio. March, 1916.] CrAMPTON : OrIGIN OF WiNGS. 21 21. As to the argument that the wings could not have acquired an articulation with the tergal region, save through first becoming a tracheal gill (the tracheal gills have already acquired such an articu- lation), I fail to see the logic of such reasoning. If an expansion of the integument can acquire an articulation with the body when it develops into a tracheal gill in the water, why can not a similar expansion acquire an articulation with the tergum when it becomes a wing in the air? It is surely no harder to con- ceive of a rigid outgrowth becoming an articulated appendage in the air, than to conceive of a similar rigid outgrowth becoming an artic- ulated appendage in the water ! When the forming wing of a Blattid develops from an immovable outgrowth near the tergal region, it does not first become a gill before acquiring an articulation with the tergum, and if this can take place during the ontogenetic develop- ment of the insect, why can it not occur in the phylogenetic develop- ment of the race ? Furthermore, in the series of Acarina, described in point 14, these forms have acquired appendages articulated with the dorsal region, without having these appendages pass through a tracheal gill stage in either ontogenetic or phylogenetic development, and if such an articulation can occur in the air, in such forms, why can it not occur in the wings also, without their first passing through a tracheal gill stage ? On page 242 of his " Cours d'Entomologie," Latreille, 1831, has described a Coleopteron Acrocimis lougimanus, whose prothorax bears articulated lateral processes (teste Cholodkowsky, 1886). If these can become articulated to the prothorax without first passing through a tracheal gill stage, why can the wings not do the same? To demand that the wings must pass through a tracheal gill stage in order to become articulated to the tergum, is asking far more than the facts would warrant, and in the light of the foregoing instances, this objection to the origin of the wings from paranota, is not valid. In a footnote to page 360, Walton, 1901, makes the following statement. " The prothoracic appendages of certain fossil insects (Homoioptera zvoodzvardi, Stenodicta lobata, Lithomantis golden- hergi, carbonaria, etc.) so excellently figured by Brongniard (1894) cannot be homologized with the expanded margin of the prothorax in exsting Mantid?e, as Woodward, 1879, suggested. Brongniart, 22 Journal New York Entomological Society, tvoi. xxiv, 1890, has already pointed this out." Walton gives no reason for this statement, and Brongniart's work is not now accessible to me, so that I do not know what evidence he has adduced in support of this con- tention. If one will compare Fig. 8 (Plate II) of Stcnodictya with that of the Mantid, Chocradodis, depicted in Fig. 9, however, it will be apparent that the paranota of the Mantid's pronotum occupy exactly the same location as the prothoracic paranota of the fossil insect (Stcnodictya), and why they are not to be considered homo- logous is not apparent. It is not evident that the paranota of the fossil insect's prothorax are articulated or movable, and even though they were, the case of the beetle Acrocinus cited above, would indi- cate that pronotal paranota may be articulated even in existing forms. In reply to the argument that the precursors of wings must have served some useful purpose while developing, one might state that when we are dealing with an inherent stem tendency (as the develop- ment of paranotal projections seems to be) it is unnecessary to postu- late that the products of such a tendency must serve some useful pur- pose— so long as the result is not detrimental to the organism, where- upon natural selection would operate to check further development along such lines. It is not beyond the realm of possibility, however, that the paranota may have served a useful purpose (before becom- ing adapted for gliding flight) in that they may have served to shield the flanks and basal portions of the legs, as Grassi has pointed out. It is evident from the foregoing discussions, that the objections which might be raised to the paranotal theory are not insurmountable. On the other hand, there are certain insurmountable difficulties in the way of accepting the tracheal gill theory, as were shown in points (i), etc., although these difficulties do not apply in the case of the paranotal theory. Furthermore, the paranotal theory is in full ac- cord with all of the known facts — which is more than can be said for the tracheal gill theory ! In making a choice between two rival theories, our selection should not only be free from insurmountable objections (or should not be incompatible with any of the known facts), but should also have the positive quality of being in full accord with all of the known facts. If we apply this criterion in selecting one of these theories, the paranotal theory, being the only one which fulfils the conditions, must therefore be chosen, and has been here adopted as a provisional March. 1916.] CrAMPTON : ORIGIN OF WiNGS. 23 working hypothesis, in the following discussion of the nature of the wings : Despite the contentions of Landois, 1874, Ganin, 1876, and Graber, 1889, practically all embryologists have accepted the view that the wings of insects are of hypodermal origin, but whether they are tergal, or pleural (or both) in nature, is still an undecided question. In the paranota of Arthropods in general, these integumental out- growths appear to be of a tergal nature — at least the dorsal lamella of the paranota is apparently a continuation of the surface of the tergum. So too, the upper surface of the developing wing of the BlattidjE and other primitive winged insects appears to be a direct continuation of the tergum. The view that the wings are merely lateral expansions of the tergum has been strongly combated, how- ever, and it is necessary to appeal to the evidence afforded by em- Ijryology. The following views have been put forth by those who have studied the development of the wings. According to Tower, 1903, Rehburg, 1886, and Palmen, 1887, the wings are pleural in origin. Mayer, 1876, also states that the wings are not purely dorsal, but are lateral outgrowths of the body wall. Powell, 1905, states that in the Coleoptera "the wing arises on the pleurum at or near the future position of the dorso-lateral suture (i. c, the suture between the tergum and pleuron) as a thickening of the body wall which in the simplest type begins as a simple pro- jecting outward and downward of this thickening." He also states that "wings have been derived as lateral outgrowths or folds of the hypodermis of the pleurum or tergum or both.'' Comstock and Needham, 1898-1899, state that the wings "appear at a time when the tergum and pleura are very little chitinized and are hardly more identified with one than with the other," and that they arise "at the point where the suture between the tergum and pleura later develops." Calvert, 1893, thinks that in the Odonata, the upper lamina of the wing is tergal, and the lower one pleural. Marshall (1913) states that in the Trichoptera, "each wing rudi- ment is situated under the dorsal plate (/. c, tergum) a little above its lateral margin," and would thus indicate that the wing is tergal in origin. Later, however, " it would appear that when the wing be- comes external, its position would be between the tergum and pleurum." Packard (1898) from his observations on the develop- 24 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°'- ^>^iv. meat of the Hymenoptera, and other studies, concludes that the wings "are outgrowths of the scutal region of the notum " (or tergum). He also states that "in the house fly, the wings are evi- dently outgrowths of the meso- and metanotum," as shown by his earlier studies of the development of these Diptera (Packard, 1874) ; and further remarks that " the wings in all hemimetabolous insects are outgrowths from the notum, and not from the flanks or pleurum of the thorax." The numerous embryological studies of Heymons, 1895-1899, have clearly shown that the wings are tergal structures, even in Coleoptera {Tenebrio, etc.), and Heymon's observations, including as they do such diverse forms, should have considerable weight, aside from his acknowledged ability as a keen observer. The view that the wings are tergal structures is supported by a great number of other investigators, among whom may be mentioned Duerken (1907), Voss (1905), Kruger (1898), Haase (1891), Sim- roth (1891), Cholodkowsky (1886), Pancritius (i884),Dohrn (1881), Hofmann (1879), Mueller (1875), Huxley (1877) and others. As pointed out by the writer (Crampton, 1908-1914) and others the posterior margin of the principal tergal plate is continued in the hind border of the wing, as the so-called spring-vein, axillary cord, or ligament (see Figs, i, 6 and 7, of Plate/-;-), and this fact, together with the mode of development of the wings in the Blattidje and other primitive insects, would indicate that the wing (or at least its dorsal lamella) is tergal in nature. The wings, as we have seen, are entirely homologous in all insects, so that all have a common origin, and what is true of one, holds for all. The foregoing facts would therefore indicate that the wings of all insects are, at least in part, of a tergal nature, and the studies of Heymons (1895-1899) and others cited above would substantiate the view that the wings are tergal in origin ; so that for the time being, this view may be accepted as being as probable as any; although subsequent investigation may show that the lower lamina of the wing, or its basal portion, may be pleural in nature. The wings, then, are organs of paranotal origin, and are wholly or partially tergal in nature. In other words, they arose as paranotal expansions of the tergum, although the lower lamella of the integu- mentary fold forming them may be in part pleural. As to the articulation of the wings with the body, there are three March, 191 6.] CrAMPTON : ORIGIN OF WiNGS. 25 principal fulcra, or pivots, used in the movements of flight. Two of these fulcra are dorsal, and one is ventral (with regard to the at- tachment of the wing). The anteriormost dorsal wing fulcrum (or suralar fulcrum) is formed by the small sclerite sur of Figs, i, 6, and 7, of Plate I (compare also Figs. 4 and 6 of Diptera and Hymenoptera by Crampton, 1914 c, i. e., the sclerite designated as "sur"; and sclerite similarly labeled in Fig. i by Crampton, 1914 a), which is always situated immediately behind the tegula {tg of the above-mentioned figures). The posterior dorsal wing fulcrum (or adanal fulcrum) is formed by a projecting region apt of Figs. I, 6, and 7 (Plate I) which extends toward the anal veins (hence the name adanal), which usually articulate with it. In some forms this region may become detached to form a distinct sclerite, or plate. Between these dorsal wing fulcra, is a small plate npt which is present in practically all winged forms. From its location, and close connection with the notum, I think that this articulatory ossicle is a detached portion of the notum or tergum, and have therefore desig- nated it as the notopterale (the term pteralia having been applied to the alar ossicles in general by Groeschel, 191 1). The other dorsal ossicles, are, for the most part, detached portions of the basal region of the wing veins. The tegula {tg), however, is possibly merely a thickening of the membrane. The sclerite m (Figs. 6 and 7) is the only other dorsal ossicle of interest, and is mentioned because it dips downward and unites with a plate on the lower surface of the wing, as will presently be described. The various modifications of the dorsal ossicles may be readily seen by comparing Figs, i, 6, and 7, of Plate I, with Figs. 4 and 6 of Plate VII by Crampton. 1914 c, homologous ossicles being designated by the same lettering in both instances. The ventral fulcrum of the wing is formed by a dorsal projection of the episternum and epimeron extending upward (along the suture dividing the two pleural sclerites) as a narrow projecting region figured in Fig. 5 of Plate I. This narrow neck-like region may become detached to form a distinct plate in certain insects, but is usually more or less rigid to form the pleural fulcrum of the wing I'pieuro-alar fulcrum). Immediately in front of this fulcrum, at the base of the wing are two basalar plates (Fig. 5, aha and pba) , which are sometimes in- 26 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- ^-^iv, correctly called " paraptera." The term paraptera, however, should be applied only to the tegulce, as was pointed out by the writer (Crampton, 1914 c) ; the argument that Audouin, 1824, intended that his designation " paraptere " should be applied to the plates aba and pba, being entirely unfounded. In all probability, the basalar sclerites aba and pba are detached portions of the episternum. Just behind the pleural wing fulcrum, there may occur one or two small plates called the subalar sclerites (sa of Fig. 5), from their situation immediately below the wing. Whether the subalar plate is a detached portion of the epimeron or not, is questionable. In the Blattidse, the dorsal sclerite designated as " in " in Fig. 7, is connected with a subalar sclerite homologous with " sa" of Fig. 5. Just above the pleural alar fulcrum, is a small detached plate " ia" (Fig. 5), or intralar sclerite. It is connected with a dorsal sclerite homologous with that labeled " m " in Fig. 7. From its loca- tion, one might be led to infer that it is a detached portion of the pleural fulcrum of the wing, but the fact that it is connected with the dorsal sclerite homologous with that labeled " m " in Fig. 7, would indicate that this is not the case. The other wing plates are largely formed as detached portions of the bases of the wing nervures. From the foregoing discussion, it is evident that the alar ossicles do not furnish any serviceable clues as to the nature of the wings — so far as our present knowledge of them extends, .and the fact that in some insects there is a pre-alar bridge (Fig. i, ptil) and a post-alar bridge (Fig. i, poa) extending between the tergum and pleural re- gion, also throws no further light upon the subject. The fact that the pleuro-alar membrane (or membrane between the wing and pleural region) extends upward into the wing as a continuation of the sur- face of the pleural region, suggests that the basal portion of the wing, at least, might be of a pleural nature, but the evidence in the matter is insufficient to draw any trustworthy conclusions from this alone. Embryology, then furnishes the only reliable evidence at present available, and the embryological evidence, such as it is, indi- cates that the wings are tergal in nature. The conclusions to be drawn from the foregoing discussion may be briefly summarized as follows. I. The wings of all insects are homologous, and had a common origin, so that the same principles apply to the wings of insects with March, 1916.] CrAMPTON : OriGIN OF WiNGS. 27 complete metamorphosis, and those with incomplete metamorphosis, alike. 2. The wings of insects can not be derived from tracheal gills, since the two types of structures are not of the same developmental series (i. e. are not homodynamous), and are therefore not homo- logous. 3. 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La Locomotion chez les Anima'ux, Paris, 1874, p. 258. See also Internat. Wiss. Bibliothek, Bd. X, Leipzig, 1875. PiCTET. Sur le Developpement Aerien des Ailes des Lepidopteres. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Geneve (4), Tome 7, No. 3, pp. 281-284. 1899. Petri. I Muscolo delle Ali nel ditteri e negli Imenotteri. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., T. 31. 1 87 1. Plateau. Qu'est ce que I'Aile d'un Insecte? Stett. Ent. Zeit., Bd. 32, pp. 33-42, PI. I. 1872. Plateau. Rech. Exper. sur la Position du Centre de Gravite chez les Insectes. Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. Nouvelle periode, T. 43, Geneva, 1872. March, 1916.] CraMPTON : OrIGIN OF WiNGS. 35 1873. Plateau. L'aile des Insectes. Jour. Z06I., T. 2, pp. 126-137. 1880. PoLEATAjEu. D. Flugmuskeln der Lepidoptcren u. Libellen. Z06I. Anz., Jg. 3. 1S84. PoujADE. Note sur les Attitudes des Insectes pendant le Vol. Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 6me Sen, T. IV. 1904-1905. Powell. The Development of the Wings of Certain Beetles and Some Studies of the Origin of the Wings. Jour. 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Hist., Ser. 4, Vol. 19, pp. 380-382. 1879. Wood-Mason. Morphological Notes Bearing on the Origin of Insects. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1879, pp. 145-169, 9 Figs. 1876. Woodward. On an Orthopterous Insect, Lithomantis carbonaria. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, Vol. 32, pp. 60-64, PI- 9, Fig. i. 1914. Worcester. Note on the Occurrence of a Flying Crustacean in the Philippine Islands. Philipp. Jour. Sci., Manila, Vol. 9, Ser. D, pp. 57-00. 1871. Zoutleveen. Observations sur les Coefficients du Vol chez les Insectes. Tidschr. Ent. (2), VI, pp. 20-26. Abbreviations. aha Anterior sclerite at base of wing (anterior basalare). aes Upper region of episternum (anepisternum). apt Adanal projection to anal veins (adanale). em Epimeron. es Episternum. / Pleural fulcrum of wing. g Gill plate, or branchial lamella. ia Intra-alar sclerite (intralare). it Tergite in intersegmental membrane (intertergite). m Median pterale (medipterale). 38 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°1- xxiv, npt Notal pterale (notopterale). p Paranotum, or paranota. pba Posterior sclerite at base of wing (posterior basalare). poa ...Bridge behind wing (postalare), connecting tergal and pleural regions. pot Posterior tergal sclerite (postergite). pra Bridge in front of wing (prealare), connecting tergal and pleural regions. prt Anterior tergite (pretergite). psc Prescutum. psl Postscutellum. sa Subalar sclerite (subalare). san Sclerite at base of anal veins (basanale). si Scutellum. sur Suralar sclerite (suralare). tg Tegula, or parapteron. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. (All figures are somewhat diagrammatic.) Plate I. Fig. I. Dorsal view of typical Plecopterous mesonotum, showing articula- tion of wing base. Fig. 2. Gill plate (lamella) of Rithogena (Ephemerid) nymph, based on a figure by Woodworth, 1906. Fig. 3. Lateral view of head, prothorax and mesothorax of immature Coptotermes, pronotum bearing wing-like organs described by Bugnion, 191 1, on whose figures this is based. (Immature Termite.) Fig. 4. Gill plate of immature Heptagenia (Ephemerid). Fig. 5. Lateral view of upper portion of metathoracic pleuron and wing base of a grasshopper (Rhomaleum). Fig. 6. Dorsal view of mesonotum of Corydalis, showing articulation of wing. Fig. 7. Dorsal view of metanotum and wing base of Periplaneta. Plate II. Fig. 8. Dorsal view of head, thorax and part of abdomen of the fossil insect, Stenodictya lobata, based on several drawings by Handlirsch, Brongniart and others. The wings are represented as though partly cut off. Fig. 9. Dorsal view of an immature Mantid (Chwradodis), showing de- veloping wings and prothoracic paranota. Fig. 10. Dorsal view of pronotum and basal portion of fore wings of a Tingitid {Corythiica). Fig. II. Lateral view of segments 6 and 7 of the abdomen of the Phasmid Ectatosoina popa. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXI V. PI. I. Origin of Wings. Joiirn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXI V. PI. 2. Origin of Wings. March, I9i6.] Leng: NoTES ON CyCHRINI. 39 Fig. 12. Dorsal view of head, thorax and basal abdominal segments of the fossil insect, Corydaloides scudderi. Wings shortened. Figure based upon material from various sources. Fig. 13. Head and pronotum of the Coleopteron Einbaphion, dorsal view. Fig. 14. Dorsal view of the sixth and seventh abdominal segments of the Phasmid Ectatosoma, shown from the side in Fig. 11. Fig. 15. Dorsal view of two abdominal segments of a nymph of the New Zealand Ephemerid, Oniscigaster based on figures by MacLachlan, 1876. Fig. 16. Dorsal view of pro-, meso-, and metanotum of Lepisma. Fig. 17. Dorsal view 6f five segments of a Diplipod. Fig. iS; Dorsal view of thorax and two abdominal segments of a nymphal Plecopteron (Pteronarcys). Fig. 19. Dorsal view of head and five segments of an Isopod {Porcellio). Fig. 20. Dorsal view of anterior portion of a Trilobite (Triartlims), based on figures by Beecher and others. For the identification of the immature Ephemerid depicted in Fig. 4, I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Morgan, of Mt. Holyoke College, and for the identification of the immature Plecopteron de- picted in Fig. 18, I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Smith of the some institution. NOTES ON CYCHRINI. By Charles W. Leng, West New Brighton, N. Y. In a letter from the late Frederick Blanchard on the subject of Dr. Hans Roeschke's " Monographic des Carabiden-Tribus Cychrini " this sentence occurs : " I was very much impressed with the thorough- ness of the treatment and also with the feeling that it was almost presumptuous to consider it critically or to comment." All must concur in the sentiment thus expressed ; and it is only because the subject matter of these notes has been long under consideration and discussion with Mr. Schaeffer as well as Mr. Blanchard that they are printed. The locality cited on page 267, "Washington, D. C. (Charleroi)," should probably be Charleroi, Washington Co., Pa. A number of specimens of several species have been distributed from that locality and there is no connection known between " Charleroi," either as 40 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxiv, the name of a collector or of a locality, and Washington, D. C. By thus eliminating Washington, D. C, from the distribution data for the species Sphccerodenis nitidicollis, the phrase " vom Atlantischen Ozean " loses part of its foundation. The treatment of this species as one occurring from the Atlantic Ocean to West Virginia and northward to Hudson Bay, with but one sub-species in its range of variation is contrary to the descriptions of Chevrolat, Chaudoir, and Leconte ; and cannot be satisfactorily ap- plied to the specimens at hand. The catalogue on page 274 should read: 1. nitidicollis Chevrolat, 1848. Subsp. brevoorti LeConte, 1848. granulosus Chaudoir, 1861. nitidicollis G. H. Horn, 1878, ex parte. 2. schaumii Chaudoir, 1861. The first was described from Newfoundland and occurs there only. In recent years many specimens have been collected by W. S. Genung. L. P. Gratacap, P. G. Bolster, G. P. Engelhardt and myself; they are uniform in size and color and show no tendency to intergrade with the other two. The second was described from Maine, and occurs at Lake Su- perior, according to Mr. Blanchard's report on the Leconte collection, and near the summit of Whiteface Mt., in northern New York, where it has been found by the writer. It is highly probable that granu- losus of Chaudoir is identical, as stated by Dr. Roeschke, and that all the northern localities, Hudson Bay, White Mts. of New Hamp- shire, perhaps even Canada, cited by him, are inhabited by this species. As to the more southerly localities cited, I have never seen any hrcvoorti, correctly determined, from such ; and, being convinced that Dr. G. H. Horn confused the more roughly sculptured forms of lecontei with hrcvoorti, as indicated by his remark that every inter- grade of sculpture could be found, I suspect that the specimens on which Dr. Roeschke's citations of Virginia, West Virginia, and Char- leroi were based were not hrcvoorti at all, but rough forms of lecontei erroneously identified by Horn or his followers. The third {schaumii) was described from Ohio, and has been found in recent years by R. J. Sims in the northern part of that state and distributed by him or by Charles Dury. The citations of March, I9i6.] LenG : NOTES ON CyCHRINI. 41 Canada, West Virginia, Virginia (Roeschke), and Indiana? (Leconte coll. fide Blanchard) are plausible; but the "Washington, D. C," locality is contrary to probability and to all the information I can gather, and is possibly also based on the " Charleroi " confusion men- tioned above. It is useless to repeat here the minute descriptions of these three forms, which have been well written by their respective authors; but briefly it may be said that brevoorti is a comparatively small (about 12 mm.) dark aeneous insect, while nitidicollis and schaumii are both larger (about i8 mm.) and more brilliantly colored, differ- ing between themselves in form of thorax and in punctuation. The main object of these notes is to point out that brevoorti is not a synonym of nitidicollis; and that no one of the three forms under discussion is an Atlantic coastal plain insect or ordinarily liable to be found at Washington, D. C. There are other criticisms on Dr. Roeschke's paper which are, however, more matters of opinion than of fact, and may therefore be merely mentioned for the guidance of future students of the tribe. In the subgenus Irichroa; for instance, germari is more nearly re- lated to guyoti than to andrczvsii; in Sphccroderiis, bicarinatus, steiio- stomus and Iccontei are valid species; the. former varies indeed in the development of the elytral carinre and is in that character ap- proached by some examples of Iccontei, but it never loses the peculiar parallel sided form, of which no examples of Iccontei present any suggestion; the two latter are separable by any number of characters, and, since their range is in part the same territory, it is impossible to regard them as geographical races one of the other. In regard to Sphceroderus canadensis, it may be mentioned that Mr. Blanchard in his letters points out that this species is repre- sented in the White Mts. of New Hampshire as well as in the locali- ties given by Dr. Roeschke, but by a race not identical with the typ- ical form; the interstitial erect setce noted in the typical form are lacking and the elytral striae are impunctate. This race was called blanchardi in our correspondence and may be described as follows: Sphaeroderus canadensis subsp. blanchardi n. subsp. Similar to canadensis in size, form and color, but with the margins less blue, the marginal and epipleural punctures less deep and coarse, the elytral margin less strongly reflexed, the elytral striae almost impunctate, the first 42 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^'o'- ^^iv, and second only showing feeble punctuation, and with the disk of the elytra destitute of the setigerous punctures that occur on the fourth and seventh intervals in canadensis. In canadenis the fourth interval bears six to eleven setje, the seventh interval five to eight setae ; in blanchardi no setse or setigerous punctures are found on these intervals. The submarginal interval also usually bears fewer setse in blanchardi (about 12) than in canadensis (about 16). Length, 11 to 13 mm. Occurs in White Mountains of New Hampshire and near the sum- mit of Mt. Watatic in Massachusetts, very near the New Hampshire Line. Type from Randolph N. H., in my collection ; other specimens in Mr. Blanchard's collection. In regard to the subgenus Psctidonomarctus, it may also be added that the tendency toward a loss of the elytral striae is carried further in a specimen in Mr, Blanchard's collection from North Carolina (Highlands) than in any of the described species in that only one sutural stria remains. It probably represents a new species, though additional specimens might show intergrading forms. The rarity in collections of most of the species of Nomaretus inhabiting the Alle- gheny Mts. makes their study difficult especially in determining the limits of individual variation. NOTES ON CICADAS FROM THE UNITED STATES WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVERAL NEW SPECIES. By Wm. T. Davis, New Brighton, St.^ten Island, N. Y. While the writer has a rather large collection of Cicadas from the United States, more material may cause the opinions here ex- pressed to be considerably modified. Especially is this the case re- garding those species originally described without locality, such as sii'alei, olympnsa, viridifascia and scx-guttata. More specimens are also to be desired from the type locality of what is here considered as Say's Cicada vitripennis^ 1 The author is indebted to Mr. Chris. E. Olsen for making a number of drawings of genitalia, and to Mr. Howard H. Cleaves for taking the photo- graphs from which the plates have been made. March, i9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UnITED StATES. 43 Cicada figurata Walker. This species was described in 1858 in List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the collection of the British Museum, Sup- plement, p. 19. Unfortunately no locality was given. The descrip- tion in part is as follows : " Black, mostly tawny beneath. Head with a large tawny spot on each side in front between the eyes. . . . Pro- thorax reddish, black in front and behind, with a double tawny stripe ; border tawny, with a black streak on each side. Mesothorax with four oblique tawny stripes; the middle pair recurved inward; the lateral pair enclosed at each of their tips by a lateral tawny streak; sides and hind ridges tawny. Legs tawny. Wings vitreous. Fore wings narrow, much acuminated testaceous at the base, and with a testaceous streak along the sixth discoidal areolet ; primitive areolet black; veins piceous; costa testaceous to the tip of the front areolet; first and second transverse veins slightly curved, clouded with black. . . . Length of the body 17 lines; of the wings [expanse] 44 lines." As far as the writer is aware the insect has not been recognized since it was described and the name has been placed as a synonym of Cicada auletes or grossa by Distant and of Cicada marginata by Uhler. Lately seven specimens have been examined that are well cov- ered by the above description. They are as follows : Logansport, DeSoto Co., Louisiana, August 1905, male. (Re- ceived from W. Dwight Pierce.) Coll. U. S. National Museum. Verda, Grant Co., Louisiana, July, 191 5, male. (Received from Prof. R. W. Harned.) Coll. Agri. College, Miss. Alabama, female. Coll. Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences. Mobile, Alabama, female (H. P. Loding). Davis collection. Mississippi, female. (Received from Prof. R. W. Harned.) Coll. Agri. College, Miss. Meridian, Lauderdale Co., Miss., Sept. 10, 191 5, female. (Rehn & Hebard). Davis collection. Gainesville, Florida 1915, male. (J. R. Watson.) Davis collec- tion. All of the above mentioned are dull, tawny colored insects, with narrow and much acuminated fore wings with the primitive aerolet black. In the considerable number of specimens that we have of Cicada resonans and Cicada similaris, the fore wings are not as acuminate, and the primitive or basal aerolet is not black. The 44 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, membranes or flaps at the base of both the fore and hind wings are dark gray in both resonans and similaris, also in lyricen, whereas in what we take to be figurata they are yellowish in color, especially those of the fore wings, with a pinkish tinge. In similaris the uncus when seen in profile is shaped something like the head of a snake with expanded jaws; in what we have identified as i-esonans, the uncus when viewed in profile is broad at the tip and shaped some- what like a horse's hoof, and when viewed from the back the ex- tremity is broad and truncated and not notched. In what we con- sider figurata the uncus is simple. When it is seen in profile it is scoop-shaped, and from behind it is obtusely rounded with the ex- tremity not as broad as in Cicada lyricen which it somewhat re- sembles. We formerly expressed the opinion (this Journal, March, 1 91 5, p. 8) that Cicada figurata might be either Cicada lyricen or Cicada similaris, but since we have seen the male from Louisiana referred to above and which we figure, we think that Walker's species has been rediscovered. Mr. Charles Schaeffer, of the Brooklyn Mu- seum, has had, for some time, the female belonging to that institution set aside as a distinct species. Cicada aurifera Say. Thomas Say described this species in 1825, but recent authors have failed to identify it. Say says in part: "Body covered with golden pubescence ; beneath hairy. Inhabits Missouri . . . the two particular anastomoses are strongly marked with blackish . . . thorax but little varied with black : scutel [mesonotum] black, with the usual testaceous lines : tergum black, densely covered with golden hair: beneath pruinose. Length one inch and a half nearly to the tip of the hemelytra. Found near the Konza village." When Smith and Grossbeck wrote their paper " Studies in Certain Cicada Species," published in Entomological News, for April, 1907, they examined the specimens in the collection of the U. S. National Museum at Washington and noted on a label placed below two females from Kansas, " New Species." From lack of material they refrained from describing the insect which is here identified as Cicada aurifera. In 1914 the writer received a male of this species from Mr. J. C. Warren of Wakefield, Kansas, and more recently he has had the privilege through the courtesy of Prof. S, J. Hunter and Mr. R. H. Beamer of examining forty-nine additional specimens from the col- March, I9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UnITED StATES. 45 lection of the University of Kansas. We think that the species repre- sented by this extensive material is Say's long lost Cicada aurifcra. It is of the right size; fresh specimens are pubescent; beneath hairy; the first and second cross veins conspicuously blackened, almost spot- like ; the pronotum is almost wholly green and " little varied with black " ; the mesonotum is black with the '' usual tectaceous lines " ; the tergum is black covered with golden hair in fresh specimens; be- neath pruinose, and lastly most of the insects came from near the type locality, for Franklin Co., Kansas is not far from the site of the Konza Indian village visited by Thomas Say. Uhler states in his Preliminary Survey of the Cicadidse of the United States, Antilles and Mexico, Transactions Maryland Acad- emy of Science, 1892, that Cicada aurifcra was known only from the original description and adds: " It seems to be a pale variety of C. canicnlaris, which inhabits that state, but the size given is smaller than that of any specimens thus far brought to our notice." He was nearly correct in this, for Cicada aurifera is related to Cicada canicn- laris Harris, but still more closely to Cicada davisi Smith and Gross- beck. We figure a male Cicada aurifcra from Franklin Co., Kansas, a male Cicada canicnlaris from Lake Mahopac, New York, and a male Cicada davisi from Manson, N. C. It will be seen that in canicnlaris the eyes are not set as obliquely as they are in davisi, and in aurifcra they are still less prominent. In examples of the same expanse of wing, aurifcra measures less across the head than does davisi. The uncus when seen from behind is broader in canicnlaris than in davisi and aurifera, but in aurifera the tip is more gradually rounded in either of the other two. Beneath the opercula are about of the same shape in all three species. The color pattern of the three species is similar. The pronotum is all green in aurifera with the exception of the triangular black spot contiguous to the anterior margin and enclosing a wedge-shaped spot of green. In davisi the pronotum is usually more black, but the hind margin or collar is green. In canicnlaris the collar is green with its front margin often edged with black. The mesonotum is blacker in canicnlaris than in either of the other two; the usual W-ma,rk and elevated X of a lighter color, is present in all three. The tergum is l)lack in the three species, but in aurifcra the hind margins of the segments are often edged with testaceous. The wings of canicnlaris 46 Journal New York Entomological Society, f^'o'- ^>^iv. and daz'isi are of the same shape, but in aurifera they are proportion- ately shorter and broader. The first and second cross veins of the fore wings are but sHghtly infuscated in caniadaris and sometimes not at all; in aurifera the infuscation is sharply defined, while in davisi it is generally more indefinite and the ends of the fore wings are often clouded as well. Beneath, all th.-ee species are pruinose when fresh. Caiiicidaris has the central area shining black and ex- tending in the form of an irregular band to the end of the abdomen ; in daz'isi this band is more green, especially along the sides and still less definite, while in aurifera the band is almost obsolete, in rubbed specimens there being usually an oblong black spot at the base of each segment on the under side. The following specimens of Cicada aurifera have been examined : Franklin Co., Kans., 895 ft., 23 males, 15 females (R. H. Beanier). Collection University of Kansas. Anderson Co., Kans., 1047 ft. 1915, 2 males, i female ( R. H. Beamer). Collection University of Kansas. Allen Co., Kans., 962 ft., 1915, 3 males, i female (R. H. Beamer). Collection University of Kansas. Riley Co., Kans., Sep., i female (Marlatt). Collection U. S. Na- tional Museum. Kansas, i female (Marlatt). Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum. Wakefield, Clay Co., Kans., Aug. 25, 1914, i male (J. C. Warren). Davis collection. Seward Co., Kans., 2,600 ft., August 18, 1911, 2 males, 2 females (F. X. Williams). Collection University of Kansas. Cicada townsendi Uhler. In the collection of the United States National Museum there is a male cicada marked " Las Cruces " on one label, and " Cicada Townsendii, Uhler, New Mex." on the other. This is supposed to be one of the specimens from which Uhler drew up his original de- scription, for he says that four of them came from the vicinity of Las Cruces, New Mexico. Mr. Otto Heidemann, in charge of the cicadas in the National Museum, has kindly permitted my having a figure made of the specimen, which is here presented. In addition to this typical specimen, we figure through the courtesy of Dr. Henry Skinner a smaller and more pruinose male from Alamogordo, New March, i9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UNITED StATES. 47 Mexico, May lo, 1902. Other material examined has been as follows : Southern California. A female in the U. S. Nat. Museum bears the label "Southern Cal. (not Lower Cal.)." " Texas." A rather small male and female. Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum. Mar fa, Tex. June 5, 1908, male and female (Mitchell and Cush- man). Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum. Marathon, Tex. June 7, 1908, female (Mitchell and Cushman). Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum. In Utah, Colorado and Kansas there is another cicada that greatly resembles townsendi, but is a little smaller and has a very differently shaped uncus. It may be described as follows : Cicada bifida new species. Type male. Clear Creek, Colorado, July 23, 1914. Davis collection. Allotype female, St. George, Washington Co., Utah (Engelhardt and Doll). Davis collection. A black and yellow green colored species ; fresh specimens conspicuously pruinose. Head black, with the following yellowish tinged with green : a spot above the base of each antenna, a central triangular spot in front of the ocelli, an irregular spot of a little lighter color on each side near the eye and con- tiguous to the hind border, and a small spot on the front above the transverse rugae. Pronotum yellowish green with a large central black spot which is broadened near the front margin, and to a very much less extent on the hind margin where it extends on to the collar. In some of the paratypes this black spot contains one of a yellowish green color. On either side the grooves are blackened, and the hind margin or collar is blackened in the center, as mentioned above, and has a black spot each side at the humeral angles. Meso- notum black with the central W-shaped mark near the front margin yellowish green in color; behind this is the elevated x also yellowish green and with the anterior marks extending well forward and nearly touching the W-mark. The sides near the base of the fore wings are also yellowish green. Tergum black with an indication of a dorsal row of pruinose spots faintly defined ; sides of the abdomen irregularly bordered with yellowish green, the last seg- ment being nearly all of that color except the central area which is darkened. The fore wings have the costal margins yellowish green nearly to the extremi- ties of the wings and the subcostal veins are blackened ; the first and second cross veins are darkened, but not conspicuously so. The basal areola of each fore wing contains a short darkened dash of color, otherwise they are nearly clear ; the flaps of both the fore and hind wings are grayish white. Beneath 48 Journal New York Entomological Society. f^'°'- x>^iv, lighter and nearly of a uniform yellowish color, with a little black about the eyes and on the legs which are more or less streaked, the fore tibije and tarsi being nearly all blackened. Opercula slightly lighter colored than the seg- ments ; overlapping for more than half of their length ; about half as long as the abdomen and symmetrically narrowed from each side to a rounded point. Uncus when viewed in profile slender and much curved, and when seen from G."tou3nscndi. C.ViWda. behind widened and deeply cleft at the extremity. It somewhat resembles in form the iron claw often used in pulling tacks. The insect is quite pruinose beneath, especially on the fore parts, and above, the pruinose areas often cover the lighter markings. Measurements (in Millimeters). Male Type. Female Allotype. Length of body zy 25 Width of head across eyes 9.5 9.5 Expanse of fore wings 71 72 Greatest width of fore wing 12 12 Greatest width of operculum 6 Greatest length of operculum 9 In addition to the type which is figured, and allotype, the follow- lowing specimens have been examined : St. George, Washington Co., Utah, July, male (Engelhardt and Doll.) Davis collection. Golden, Colorado, July 18 and 20, 1909. Male and female. Col- lection W. J. Gerhard. Morton Co., Kans., 3,200 ft., June, 1902, one male and three females (F. H. Snow). Collection University of Kansas and Davis collection. Hamilton Co., Kans., 3,350 ft., June. 1902, three males (F. H. .Snow). Collection University of Kansas and Davis collection. March, i9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UNITED StATES. 49 Garden City, Finney Co., Kans., June, 1895, male and female (H. W. Menke). Collection U. S. Nat. Museum. Arizona, male. Uhler collection, U. S. Nat. Museum. As has been stated Cicada bifida greatly resembles Cicada tozvii- sendi which, however, appears to range somewhat further to the south. It may be readily distinguished from that species by being smaller, by the less prominent front; by having the basal cell of the fore wings less black and the collar or hind margin of the pronotum of a nearly uniform color, that is it has not about the frontal half blackened as in tozvnscndi. The uncus in Cicada bifida is deeply cleft at the tip, and simply rounded in townscndi. Further in townscndi the penis is armed with a chitinous pair of thorns dark in color and bent inward, which are not present in Cicada bifida. Cicada castanea new species. Type male, Jerome, Arizona. June (Oslar). Davis collection. Allotype female, Prescott, Arizona (Oslar). Davis collection. The triangularly shaped opercula of this species are proportion- ately much longer than they are in Cicada cinctifcra from the same region, and they are also more rounded at the tips. Head with the front ochraceous tinged with black and a small, brighter spot at apex. A broad, irregular black band connects the eyes, behind which, each side, are two ochraceous spots, and an oblong one of the same color is above the base of each antenna. Pronotum castaneous with a central longi- tudinal dark band dilated both anteriorly and posteriorly (in some of the para- types enclosing a castaneous streak) ; the front margin narrowly lined with a streak of a lighter color. The posterior margin or collar clouded with black near the humeral angles, and yellowish on anterior angles, otherwise of the same color as the main portion of the pronotum. Mesonotum shining black with a faint castaneous W-shaped line outlining two obconical spots on the central part of the fore margin ; the sides and the cruciform elevation custaneous with two black depressed dots near the upper extremities of the latter. Tergum castaneous with the tympanal areas lighter and each segment faintly clouded at base ; last segment with a conspicuous pruinose spot each side. Fore wing with the costal margin green to the end of the radial cell, beyond darkened. Subcostal vein dark brown. The marginal cells down to the cubital cell slightly clouded with brown, but each cross vein heavily clouded, also an indication of several small, dark spots along the outer margin. One of the female paratypes constitutes a variety having the fore wings suffused entirely with brown, as well as about two thirds of the area of the hind wings. At base the fore wings are darkened, also a dark spot in each basal cell ; the 50 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, membranule orange with a pinkish tinge. Hind wings orange at base, clouded beyond, the color spreading out over nearly all of the area of the last two anal cells. Beneath yellowish with a black spot contiguous to each eye and a few conspicuously black spots near the base of the legs, particularly those of the median pair. The triangularly shaped opercula are long and rather blunt at the lower extremities and extend about one half the length of the abdomen. Cicada castanta The uncus when seen in profile has at the extremity a projection like an up- turned nose ; when viewed from behind it is seen to be divided longitudinally through this nose ; the ends are expanded and truncate. The last ventral segment of the female is doubly notched at its extremity, that is, it is broadly notched and this notch in turn has a central one. Measurements (in Millimeters). Male Type. Female Allotype Length of body 19.5 20 Width of head across eyes 8 8 Expanse of fore wings 63 64 Greatest width of fore wing 10 10 Greatest width of operculum 4.5 Greatest length of operculum 6 In addition to the type which is figured, and allotype, the following specimens have been examined : Jerome, Arizona, three males, two females (Oslar). Davis col- lection. Prescott, Arizona, nine males (Oslar). Davis collection. Baboquivari Mts., Arizona, male (F. H. Snow). Collection Univ. of Kans. Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, female. Collection Brooklyn Museum of Arts and Sciences. March, 19 16.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UnITED StATES. 51 This species resembles somewhat Rihana virgulata Distant, from Mexico, figured in Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhynch Horn, i, p. 140, but in that insect the opercula are short, and the eyes are more prominent. It resembles still more closely Rihana swalei Distant, described with- out locality but supposed to come from Central America. The figure in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7), xiv, p. 427 (1904), shows a more robust- bodied species than cast an ea with more prominent eyes. There also appears to be differences in color pattern in the head, pronotum and mesonotum. Castanca from its form and character of genitalia, be- longs near to delicata Osb., rcpcrta Uhler and soniidata Uhler, that is in the genus Cicada as defined by Distant, and not in his genus Rihana. This species in time when more collecting has been done, may prove to be a variety of szvalei, but the name castanea can still apply, especially to the variety with the fore wings entirely suffused with brown, as shown in the female from the Santa Rita Mts., Ari- zona, and included in the description. Cicada arizona new species. Type male, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, 5,000 to 8,000 ft., June (F. H. Snow). Davis collection. In form resembling Cicada castanca, but smaller with clear wings and short rounded opercula. Head black with a greenish yellow spot above the base of each antenna and one each side at posterior margin ; median sulcus on front also greenish yellow. Pronotum greenish yellow with a central longitudinal dark band dilated both anteriorly and posteriorly ; grooves narrowly lined with black ; posterior margin or collar greenish yellow but clouded at the extremities. Mesonotum shining black with two curved lines in the form of parenthesis near the front margin and the cruciform elevation greenish yellow in color. There are two black, depressed dots near the upper extremities of the cruci- form elevation. Tergum dark chestnut colored with the relatively large and protruding tympanal areas slightly lighter in color. Wings clear, with the costal margin yellowish to beyond the middle of the wing and then clouded ; the subcostal vein is dark brown. First and second transverse veins clouded. Membranule of the fore wings pinkish at base; those of the hind wings more gray. Beneath yellowish and more or less pruinose ; black about the eyes and pink on each side of the transverse rugse ; a few black spots near the base of the legs. The opercula are short, do not touch and have the extremities obliquely rounded. The uncus viewed in profile has a relatively large pro- 52 Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. xxiv, tuberance extending backward from its central portion, below which the ex- tremity is bent inward in the form of a claw. Viewed from behind, it is seen that the uncus is divided longitudinally and that it ends in two claws separated considerably and from between which the penis protrudes. ^ica(\a a\v7.ox\a Measurements (in Millimeters). Male Type Length of body 17 Width of head across eyes 7 Expanse of fore wings 52 Greatest width of fore wing 7.5 Greatest width of operculum 4 Greatest length of operculum 3 In addition to the type which is figured, five males have been examined, all from the Santa Rita Mts., Arizona, collected by Prof. F. H. Snow and in the collection of the University of Kansas. Cicada eugraphica new species. Type male, Albuquerque, Bernalillo Co., New Mexico. Davis collection. Allotype female, Barstow, Ward Co., Tex., July 20, 1905 (J. C. Crawford). Collection U. S. National Museum. An orange and black species with clear wings. Head black with an orange spot above the base of each antenna and a larger one each side nearer the eyes ; also one each side contiguous to the hind margin. The transverse rugse are blackened, orange at the sides and an orange spot on the front ; no longitudinal impressed line. Pronotum orange and black, the central longitudinal stripe conspicuously orange, with a dis- sected black band each side which is widened anteriorly and posteriorly ; grooves blackened ; collar orange, irregularly blackened along the front margin, also at the humeral angles. Mesonotum with four obconical black spots, the March, I9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UnITED StATES. 53 inner pair short, the outer pair longer and extending backward to the elevated x; there is also a black stripe extending along each side from the x to the base of each fore wing. Between the x and the two central obconical spots there is an irregular cross-shaped spot, and the two depressed black points, common to many species, and near the anterior extremities of the x, are also present. The x and lighter lines on the mesonotum are orange. The tergum is a very dark brown ; the segments narrowly edged with orange posteriorly, and the lateral grooves extending down the sides from the dorsal line are noticeable. The fore wings have their costal margins orange for about half of their length, beyond which they are blackened ; the subcostal veins are very dark brown. The first and second cross veins of the fore wings are not clouded ; both pairs of wings are orange at the base with the flaps grayish white. Beneath lighter colored, the legs orange, streaked and spotted with testaceous. The abdomen with the segments darkened along each side. Oper- cula light orange, a little less than half as long as the abdomen, and rounded Cvcada till a^xa\)\\\ca at the extremities, the inner edges touching or nearly so. Uncus when viewed in profile showing a considerable protuberance extending backward from its central portion, below which it terminates as a curved claw bent inward ; when seen from behind of the wish-bone shape, stouter and with the extremi- ties more bent toward each other than in the next species. Measurements (in Millimeters.) Male Type. Female Allotype. Length of body 22 23 Width of head across eyes 8.5 9.5 Expanse of fore wings 62 70 Greatest width of fore wing 9.5 1 1 Greatest width of operculum 5.5 Greatest length of operculum 5 In addition to the type, which is figured, and allotype, the follow- ing specimens have been examined : 54 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°^- xxiv, Marfa, Presidio Co., Tex., June 5, 1908, three males (Mitchell and Cushman). Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum. Van Horn, Culberson Co., Tex., June 19, 1909, male (F. C. Bishopp). Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum. Barstow, Ward Co., Tex., July 22, 1905, male (J. C. Crawford). Coll. U. S. Nat. Museum. Mesilla, Dona Ana Co., New Mex., July i, 1897, male and female. Coll. Prof. A. P. Morse. Alamogordo, Otero Co., New Mex., seven males (G. v. Krockow). Coll. Am. Museum Natural History. Graham Mts., Ash Creek, Arizona, alt. 3,200 ft.. May 30, 1914, male (E. G. Holt). Coll. U. S. Biological Survey. Graham Mts., Arizona, June 29, 1914, male (E. G. Holt). Coll. U. S. Biological Survey. San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise Co., Arizona, 3,750 ft., Aug., male (F. H. Snow). Coll. University of Kans. Douglas, Cochise Co., Arizona, Aug., male (F. H. Snow). Coll. University of Kans. Cicada cugraphica is sometimes labeled in collections Cicada vitri- pennis Say which it resembles, but this last is a much lighter colored and greener insect with the fore wings narrower, and the uncus, when seen in profile, with the curved claw more slender. Cicada z'itripennis also occurs more to the eastward. This is not the Mexican Cicada crucifera Walker, in which the second marginal areolet is very much longer than the first, whereas in cugraphica the first is much longer than the second. Cicada texana new species. Type male, Lyford, Cameron Co., Texas, Aug. 6-y, 191 2 (Rehn and Hebard). Davis collection. Head with the black band that extends between the eyes in many species here broken up into spots as follows : the region about the ocelli is black, there is a black spot on each side of this and there is black about the eyes. The transverse rugae are streaked with black and there is a green spot centrally on the front. The remainder of the head is greenish or yellowish green. Pro- notum yellowish green with a central, longitudinal broad stripe of a lighter green. On either side of this are two interrupted black stripes with their extremities broadened at the anterior margin. Beyond this the furrows are blackened. The hind margin or collar is uniformly green in color in the type and three of the paratypes ; in the fourth there is a brownish point each side March, I9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UnITED StATES. 55 near the humeral angles. Mesonotum with two short obconical black spots at the fore margin, on either side of which there is a much dissected dark band, broadest anteriorly and extending backward to the extremities of the elevated X ; there is also a dark stripe extending along each side from the x to the base of the fore wings. There is an irregular cross-shaped spot between the X and the two central obconical spots, and the two depressed black points, common to many species, and near the anterior extremities of the x are also present. The x and lighter lines on the mesonotum are yellowish in the type, but the X is greener in the paratypes. The tergum is testaceous ; the tympanal areas lighter, each darkly clouded near its center, and the segments are lighter in color along their posterior margins. The dorsal surface is more or less covered with a short, silken, light-colored pubescence. The fore wings have the costal margins greenish yellow for about half of their length, beyond which they are blackened ; the subcostal veins are dark brown. The first and second cross veins of the fore wings are clouded, and the flaps at the base of both fore and hind wings are whitish or grayish white. Beneath lighter col- ored and pruinose, blackened about the eyes, the legs yellowish, streaked and spotted with testaceous. The abdomen nearly uniformly colored except the darker spot on the last ventral segment and a linear one on the valve; seg- ments slightly darkened along the base. Opercula yellowish, a little less than half the length of the abdomen and rounded at the extremities, the inner edges almost touching. Uncus when viewed in profile with the inner edge not Cicada tcxawa deeply notched, as in some species, but more rounded with the extremities bent inward, and when viewed from behind the hard raised portion resembles in shape a widely arched wish-bone. In Cicada sordidata Uhler the uncus, when viewed in profile, has the claw-like extremities freer and bent inward to a greater extent, and when viewed from behind the wish-bone arch is not as wide. 56 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. Measurements (in Millimeters). Male Type. Length of body 22 Width of head across eyes 8.5 Expanse of fore wings 58 Greatest width of fore wing 9 Greatest width of operculum 4.5 Greatest length of operculum 5 In addition to the type, which i.s figured, and which is a rather small individual, the following specimens have been examined : San Benito, Cameron Co., Tex., fifteen males. Davis collection. Brownsville, Cameron Co., Tex., three males (F. H. Snow). Coll. University of Kans. Cicada tcxana closely resembles Cicada sordidata Uhler from Florida and Georgia, but may be separated from that species by the differently shaped uncus, by the less prominent grooves extending lat- erally down the sides of the abdominal segments and by having a somewhat brighter color pattern. There also seems to be, judging from the material at hand, some constant differences in color. Cicada olympusa Walker. Cicada sordidata Uhler, was described in the Transactions of the Maryland Academy of Sciences, 1892, p. 175, from two males from Southern Florida. We figure a male from Big Pine Key, Fla., Sept. Cicada soT(ii(\a\a 19, 1913, that has been compared with one marked " S. Fla." in Uhler's collection in the United States Nat. Museum, and labeled in his handwriting " Cicada sordidata." This was no doubt one of his March, i9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UNITED StATES. 57 types. His published description is very full and among other things he says that the first three apical areoles of the fore wings " includ- ing the veins and cross veins smoke-brown." This is subject to some variation, though the first and second cross veins are always clouded in mature specimens. He says : " Opercula short, pale, but little more than one-third the length of the abdomen, narrowing toward the tip, and rounded there ; the tips widely separated by a wedge-shaped space ; the drums completely covered by an inflated segent, with a wide interval between, which is occupied at the outer end by a smooth hump. The raised smooth line thus begun is con- tinued back upon the succeeding tergal segments, and from each prominence a grooved line extends outwards to the border of the segments." Cicada olympiisa Walker was described in 1850, but no locality was given. It has been credited to North America by Distant. The description would seem to cover Cicada sordidata which is of the same size and we have been unable to find any other species in col- lections that fits it so well. Walker says in part : " scutcheon of the fore-chest [prothorax] adorned with four black stripes; the middle pair long, widened on the fore border and on the hind border ; the outer pair short and slightly curved; furrows and sides blackish; hind scutcheon [hind margin or collar] green, widened, rounded and adorned with a large pitchy mark at the base of each fore-wing, nearly straight on each side : scutcheon of the middle chest [meso- notum] adorned with four obconical black stripes; inner pair short with tawny borders ; outer pair much longer, excavated into eight separate parts ; a large black spot with a black dot on each side be- tween the inner pair and the cross-ridge . . . fore borders of the [abdominal] segments adorned with pitchy interrupted bands; over- duct ferruginous : drums pale tawny, very small, far apart ; inner sides pitchy," If it is meant that the extremities of the opercula are far apart then the above description agrees with sordidata, in which, however, the upper and inner edges of the opercula touch or nearly so. Cicada milvxis was described by Walker in 1858 from a single female from the " United States " and has been placed by Distant as a synonym of Cicada olympiisa. Walker describes milviis as red- dish tawny and says in part : " Prothorax with four black stripes, the 58 Journal New York Entomological Society. ["^^°'- ^^iv, inner pair approximate, connected by a short black band in front, the outer pair very near the borders; two black discal dots; hind border greenish. Mesothorax with four conical black stripes, the inner pair short, the outer pair much intersected. Abdomen with an interrupted black band on each segment. Wings vitreous; veins pale green, black towards the tips. Fore wings with the first and second transverse veins clouded with dark brown." The wings are said to expand 27 lines, that is about 57 mm. Cicada viridifascia Walker. Cicada sordidata has been placed by Distant as a synonym of Cicada viridifascia, but this last is a larger insect, about the size of Cicada reperta Uhler. Cicada viridifascia was described in 1850 without locality. Walker says in part: "wings colorless; fore border tawny for half the length, black from thence till near the tip ; veins tawny; cross-veins and adjoining parts of the longitudinal veins tawny; primitive areolet partly brown; fore-flaps whitish, as are also the hind-flaps at the base. Length of the body 11-12 lines [24-26 mm.]; of the wings [expanse] 33-34 lines [70-72 mm.].'' This as well as the remainder of the description covers fairly well Cicada reperta Uhler, which has been found along the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Southern Florida, but it does not cover Cicada sordidata, which has the first and second cross veins in the fore wings clouded and expands about 60-65 mm. Cicada vitripennis Say. What v.'e have identified as this species is an insect with green in its coloring as mentioned by its describer; not entirely orange and black as in Cicada cugraphica from further west. Say says that the insect was presented to him by Mr. Nuttall " from the Arkansaw," and we figure a reddish green female collected by Mr. Alanson Skinner, July, 1914, at Perkins, Oklahoma, as probably from some- where near the type locality. We have three additional specimens, all males and a little smaller of what appear to be of the same species, collected by Mr. W. J. Gerhard in July at Miller, Indiana, and Clark Junction, Indiana. Though a number of collections have been exam- ined no species that so well fits Say's description has so far been found, but future collecting in the region from which the type came, may add to our knowledge in this particular. March, I9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UNITED StATES. 59 A male Cicada erratica from Shreveport, La., kindly loaned by Prof. Herbert Osborn, its describer, is also figured. It is one of the seven males from which the original description was made and the figure here given of the genitalia will further serve in identifying the species. The genitalia of this insect is like that of the three much Cicada enaticoL smaller males from Indiana, mentioned above. We have a number of specimens of erratica from Logtown, La., June (E. S. Tucker, La. Agri. Exp. Sta.) ; Palmyra Island, about thirty miles below Vicks- burg, Miss., June (R. N. Lobdell) ; xA.gri. College, Miss., July (H. E. Cox), and Scotts, Ark., August (John M. Moose, Jr.). The last three were kindly sent to me by Prof. R. W. Harned, to whom I am in- debted for many cicadas. In the collection of the U. S. National Museum there is a female from Alexandria, La., June 22, 1910 (E. S. Tucker), and Prof. Harned has a specimen collected at Rose- bloom, Miss., in August, 191 5. From present information we think that these related insects should be arranged as follows: Species with first and second cross veins infuscated. Cicada olympusa Walker, 1850. Cicada milvus Walker, 1858. Cicada sordidata Uhler, 1892. Cicada texana Davis. Species with clear wings. Cicada eugraphica Davis. 60 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°'- xxiv. Cicada viridifascia Walker, 1850. Cicada reperfa Uhler, 1892. Cicada vitripennis Say, 1830, Cicada erratica Osborn, 1906. It will be noted that the above arrangement is not in accord with that to be found in Genera Insectorum where some of the species mentioned are in the genus Rihana and others in Cicada. However, all of the species mentioned above have a general likeness, and if the uncus is examined it will be found to be of the wish-bone pattern. We think that all the species with the uncus simple, as for example Unnci, lyriccn, similaris, pniinosa, sayi, canicidaris, davisi, marginata, aulctcs, rcsh, figtirata, rcsonaiis, superha and others might well be placed in Rihana, or in some genus to separate them from those with the wish-bone shaped uncus, which we have here placed in Cicada. This would necessitate the removal of Cicada dorsata Say, as it ap- pears in Genera Insectorum, to the genus Rihana, for it has a simple uncus and we think that this should be done. It is a very easy matter to relax a male cicada and pull out the genitalia with a pin so that part will dry in a position where it can be examined. In this way the genera Rihana or Tibiccn, and Cicada, can be separated more satisfactorily than by comparing the relative length of the head with the space between the eyes. Cicada delicata Osborn. We figure one of the five typical males of this distinct species, from Cameron, Cameron Co., La., which Prof. Herbert Osborn has kindly sent to us for comparison. The following records may be added : Brownsville, Tex., June, four males, one female (F. H. Snow). Coll. University of Kans., and Davis collection. Katherine, Willacy Co., Tex., Aug. 8, 1912, female (Rehn and Hebard). Davis collection. Del Rio, Valverde Co., Tex., goo-i,ioo ft., Aug. 22, 23, 1912, male (Rehn and Hebard). Davis collection. Cicada hieroglyphica Say. This species was described in 1830 by Say, who says that it " In- habits Pennsylvania and New Jersey," but is " rather rare." There are localities in the Pine Barrens, however, as for example Lake- March, I9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UNITED StATES. 61 hurst, N. J., where in late June and in July it is often very common, and on warm days the songs of the numerous individuals constitute an almost continuous performance. We figure a male from Lake- hurst, which will give a good idea of its size, form and wing pattern. The head, pronotum and mesonotum are tawny, tinged with green and marked with black as mentioned by Say; the abdomen tawny, nar- rowly lined between the tympana with black; a short longitudinal line on the dorsum of the second segment, the basal half of the last seg- ment and most of the supra-anal plate, are also black. There is a conspicuous black spot behind each eye, not mentioned by Say, and Ci^acia \\vt\o(^l\^^h\c(x the black marks on the head, pronotum and prothorax are well de- fined. In the writer's collection there are specimens of this species, in form and markings like those from New Jersey, from Southern Pines, N. C, Clayton, Ga., Grand Bay, Mobile Co., Ala., and Osyka, Pike Co., Miss. E. F. Germar in Thon, Entomologisches Archiv, ii, 2, p. 4 [should have been p. 40], 1830, gives a description of Cicada characterea, which he says inhabits Georgia, America. The description is short but it covers Cicada hieroglyphica, and from the locality given there seems to be no doubt but what that was the species intended. This description has been overlooked of late years and has not been brought to the attention of entomologists, the name not appearing in Genera Insectorum. The question arises which name has priority as both Cicada hieroglyphica and Cicada characterea are recorded as having been proposed in 1830. Say's description appeared in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and 62 Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. xxiv, pages 179-244, which include "his paper, were not pubHshed until August 1830, or later. Cicada johannis Walker. This was described in 1850, and St. John's Bluff, Florida, is given as the type locality. Johannis has been placed by Distant as a synonym of Cicada hicroglyphica and it probably is only a race. It, however, presents some differences and the writer for some time has regarded specimens from Florida as separable from typical hieroglyphica. In specimens otherwise of the same size the distance across the head at the eyes is generally greater than in New Jersey individuals, and the marks on the head, pronotum and mesonotum are more in the nature of black spots and dashes than of continuous lines. The black spot behind each eye is reduced to a narrow basal line in johannis and below the transverse black band on the front the region of the rugae is unicolorous. In hieroglyphica there is usually a dark line running down the median groove of the transverse rugae. There are a number of other color differences that are quite con- stant. We have a male from Carrot Island, near Beaufort, N. C, June 23, 1913 (F. Harper), that is marked like the specimens from Florida, showing that we may expect johannis along the coast. A male of Cicada johannis from La Grange, Brevard Co., Florida, is figured. A few pages further on in the same publication where Cicada johannis was described, namely in the " List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum," Part I, Walker describes Cicada scx-guttata without locality. He says the wings expand 30 lines instead of 26-28 lines as in johannis and that the tympana (he calls them opercula) are small instead of large as in johannis. His lengthy description of the color pattern fits the Florida species quite as well as any of the others here considered and many specimens from Florida are also of the size of his scx- guttata. This species has been placed by Distant as a synonym of hicroglyphica, but when large collections have been made some local- ity may yield specimens to fit the description. Cicada chisos new species. Type male, Chisos Mts., Brewster Co., Texas, June 10-12, 1908 (Mitchell and Cushman). Collection U. S. Nat. Museum. Allotype female, same locality and date. Davis collection. March. 19 16.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UNITED StATES. 63 Closely resembles Cicada hieroglyphica in markings, but is larger and has differently shaped fore wings, opercula and genitalia. Head greenish tawny with a black spot each side slightly above the base of each antenna and adjoining the upper transverse rugae. Front without any median groove at the upper portion of the transverse rugae, its place being taken by an oblong greenish orange spot, rounded at the top and pointed at the bottom ; each side the ridges of the rugae are greenish orange and the grooves blackened. The region about the ocelli is included in a broad, some- what U-shaped black mark, each side of which there is a large, curved, black spot extending toward the eye. There is a black mark on the inner side of each eye which extends backward so that the area behind each eye is wholly black. Pronotum greenish tawny, the central area occupied by two parallel black irregular marks widened before and behind until they meet, leaving a central dart-shaped area of a lighter color, the point of which points back- ward and extends to the collar. Each side of the two central marks there is a short, parallel irregular black stripe and the grooves are blackened. The hind margin or collar has on each side on its anterior edge, but nearer the humeral angles, a short black mark and on each humeral angle there is a broad curved black band extending to the eye. The mesothorax has extending backward from its fore margin seven black marks, the central one a narrow stripe extending backward nearly to the x. The next two marks on either side of the central one extend backward for nearly one half of the length of the pronotum ; next comes a short spot with posterior end pointed and then the outer broad, black stripe extending backward nearly to the x and having a curved spot adjoining it at almost right angles. The x has a spot at each of its anterior extremities, otherwise it is greenish tawny like the rest of the mesonotum. The hind border is slightly more excavated at the x than in either hieroglyphica or johannis. Abdomen tawny, narrowly lined between the tympana with black; the basal half of the last segment and the supra-anal plate also black. The region of each spiracle is slightly clouded. The tympana are small with their anterior margins rounded and not covering the openings as Cvcada cKvsos 64 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxiv, completely as in hieroglyphica and johannis. Beneath lighter, nearly unicolor- ous ; black about the base of the rostrum ; also at the base of the abdomen and each side near its tip. There are a few dark spots on the legs. The opercula are small and are more fully rounded out, that is, the outer margin of each one forms more nearly a part of a circle than in hieroglyphica. The uncus, which is figured, when seen from behind is broadly notched with the upper part of the notch rounded, and not narrowly notched as in hieroglyphica. Measurements (in Millimeters.) Male Type. Female Allotype. Length of body 27 22 Width of head across eyes 8 8 Expanse of fore wings 68 67 Greatest width of fore wing 11 10 Greatest width of operculum 3.5 Greatest length of operculum 3 In addition to the types the male of which is figured and will show the wing pattern, two paratypic males of the same date and locality have been examined. There are also many more specimens from the same locality in the collection of the U. S. Nat. Museum. From Cicada sex-guttata of unknown locality, Cicada cJiisos dif- fers in being larger, and in having a dififerent color pattern on the head, pronotum and mesonotum. In Biol. Centr.-Amer., Rhynch. Hom. I. Tab. 3, Figs. 2, 2a and 2b, a Mexican specimen is figured under the name of Tettigia hieroglyphica Say. With the exception of the shape of the opercula, which are fully rounded in Cicada chisos, the illustrations represent quite well the species under consid- eration. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate III. Fig. I. Cicada figurata Walker. Fig. 2. Cicada canicularis Harris. Fig. 3. Cicada davisi Smith and Grossbeck. . Fig. 4. Cicada aurifera Say. Plate IV. Fig. I. Cicada townsendi Uhler. Type. Fig. 2. Cicada townsendi Uhler, Fig. 3. Cicada bifida Davis. Type. Fig. 4. Cicada bifida Davis, enlarged. Fig. s. Cicada castanea Davis, enlarged. Joiini. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXI V. PI. J. Cicadidse. Jo urn. N. Y. Enf. Soc. Vol. XXI V. PL 4. Cicadidge. Jouni. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXI V. PL 5. Cicadid^e. J own. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXIV. PI. March, I9i6.] DaVIS : CiCADAS FROM THE UNITED StATES. 65 Plate V. Fig. I. Cicada castanea Davis. Type. Fig. 2. Cicada arisona Davis. Type. Fig. 3. Cicada eugraphica Davis. Type. Fig. 4. Cicada texana Davis. Type. Fig. 5. Cicada sordidata Uhler. Fig. 6. Cicada arisona Davis, enlarged. Fig. 7. Cicada eugraphica Davis, enlarged. Fig. 8. Cicada texana Davis, enlarged. Plate VI. Fig. I. Cicada reperta Uhler. Fig. 2. Cicada delicata Osborn. Fig. 3. Cicada vitripennis Say. Fig. 4. Cicada erratica Osborn. Fig. 5. Cicada hieroglyphica Say. Fig. 6. Cicada johannis Walker. Fig. 7. Cicada chisos Davis. Type. NEW DIPTERA OF THE FAMILY ASILIDiE WITH NOTES ON KNOWN SPECIES. By Chas. Schaeffer^ Brooklyn, N. Y. While rearranging the museum material of the dipterous family Asilidae, the following species were found among the unidentified material which appear to be new. Stenopogon tenebrosus Coquillett. The type of this species is not in the National Museum as Back^ erroneously states, but in the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute. The specimen has the type label in Coquillett's handwriting. Lasiopogon arizonensis new species. Mystax white, pubescence of head anteriorly white, posteriorly yellowish. The usual median and lateral stripes of thorax brownish, median stripe very feebly divided by a paler line and not extending to the base, elsewhere the vestiture is gray; surface with a few short, white hairs, longer hairs poste- 1 Trans. Am. Ent. See, XXXV, 207. 66 Journal New York Entomological Society. f^'°'- xxiv, riorly white, two laterally brownish. Scutellum covered with a very fine gray pubescence, posterior margin with a few white bristles. Pleurae and coxae densely covered with white pubescence. Abdomen black, first segment with dense gray pubescence, following segments with a blackish-brown dust, pos- terior margins gray, the few hairs white, ventral segments grayish-white. Wings glossy-hyaline, veins brownish. Legs black, except fron tibije in about basal two thirds and middle tibiae narrowly at base yellowish ; hairs not very abundant, white, bristles white. Length 8.5 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona. (Schaeffer). One male in excellent condition. This neat little species differs principally from those so far known by the coloration of the abdomen and legs. Eccritosia amphinome Walker. Of this handsome species I have taken a female in the Huachuca Mts., Arizona. It is reported in the Aldrich catalogue from Lower California, Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. Erax subcupreus new species. Head grayish-white pollinose, except the facial tubercle, which is almost without pollen and shows the brownish-submetallic ground color ; mystax with white and black hairs and bristles; occipito-orbital and ocellar hairs and bris- tles black ; beard white ; palpi black, with black hairs and bristles. Thorax brownish-metallic, with grayish-white and brownish-gray pollen ; median line with a rather dense crest of erect, black hairs, which does not extend to the scutellum, between the crest and the scutellum are moderately long, white hairs, intermixed with some black bristks. Scutellum somewhat densely clothed with moderately long white hairs and along the apical margin with some black bristles. Pleurae feebly pollinose and with sparse darker and white hairs. Abdomen black with very faint brownish-metallic tint, segments one to five with long white hairs, parted at middle and directed outwards, those on the first segment are only on the thickened apical margin and on the second covering about apical third of the segment ; segments six and seven grayish- white pollinose and covered with shorter white hairs. Hypopygium black with sparse gray and blackish hairs. Venter clothed with long white hairs which become shorter on the apical segments. Wings hyaline, slightly smoky towards the tip ; costa distinctly thickened and dilated. Femora black with brownish submetallic tint, tibiae brownish, at tip black, tarsi black ; femora and tibiae clothed with moderately long, white and gray hairs. Length 18 mm. A single male from Prescott, Ariz., received from George Franck. Apparently related to E. costalis Will, but with abdominal seg- ments one to five, with long, white hairs. Williston, in his synoptic table of the species of Erax^ gave the name costalis but neglected to 1 Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XII, p. 64. March, I9i5.] SCHAEFFER : New DiPTERA. 67 give a description of the species. The species is not given in Aldrich's catalogue of North American Diptera, but is sufficiently charac- terized in the table to entitle it to recognition. Erax subpilosus new species. Head grayish-white pollinose, beard and mystax white, occipito-orbital bristles white. Thorax black, faintly grayish-brown pollinose, middorsal stripe faint ; dorsum sparsely covered with short, black hairs, which are longer apically. Scutellum with black hairs and bristles, some of which are white apically. Pleurze faintly pollinose, covered not densely with moderately long, white hairs. Abdomen black, first to third segments with black hairs, longer at sides, fourth segment with long white hairs intermixed with black hairs, which are directed outwardly, fifth segment white pollinose and with shorter white hairs, sixth and seventh segments densely white pollinose ; apical mar- gins of segments two to five grayish pollinose. Venter grayish-white pollinose covered with long, white hairs. Hypopygium black, clothed with shorter, white hairs. Wings pure hyaline. Legs entirely black, clothed with shorter and longer white hairs. Length 22 mm. Beaver Creek Hills, Beaver Co.. Utah, two males. (Doll and Engelhardt.) The first three segments of the abdomen are clothed with black hairs, the fourth and fifth with white hairs, the hairs on the fourth segment are longer and more numerous than in most of the species but not as dense as in stamincus, rapax or pallid us. Erax californicus new species. Male. — Head grayish-white pollinose, mystax yellowish-white, beard white, occipito-orbital bristles black. Thorax black, dark grayish pollinose, dorsal stripes faint, dorsum with short, black hairs, which are longer apically. Scu- tellum with white hairs, apical bristles black. Pleurae dark gray pollinose as the thorax and with moderately long, white hairs. Abdominal segments widely pale-grayish pollinose at sides, black and feebly shining along the middle, seg- ments one to three with longer white hairs at sides, seginents four to seven with sparse, shorter white hairs. Hypopygium black, clothed with sparse, short white hairs. Wings with a very slight yellowish-brown tinge. Legs black except the tibiae which are at base reddish, densely clothed with rather long, white pile. Female. — Colored as the male but the white hairs on the legs are shorter. The ovipositor is moderately long. Length 25-28 mm. Shasta Co., Cal., male and female received from George Franck. Another specimen, a smaller male from the same locality, has the abdominal segments four to seven almost entirely uniformly greyish- pollinose, otherwise it agrees with the larger specimen. 68 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, Promachus nigropilosus new species. Head grayish-white pollinose, beard and mystax white, the latter with a few black hairs intermixed ; occipito-orbital bristles black. Thorax black, somewhat shining, very faintly grayish pollinose ; one brownish median and on each side a more or less distinct lateral stripe ; dorsum clothed sparsely with short, black hairs, bristles black. Pleurae very faintly pollinose and with sparse, black hairs ; humeri reddish. Abdomen black, shining, sides of the segments rather feebly gray pollinose, apical margins even more faintly grayish pollinose ; dorsum and venter with sparse, short, black hairs, at sides of the first few segments the hairs are longer. Hypopygium densely covered with silky white hairs. Wings pure hyaline. Legs black, except the outer surface of the front and middle femora, the upper side of hind femora and the greater part of the tibiae which are reddish, covered with short, sparse, black hairs and bristles, except the front femora, which has the hairs mostly grayish-white. Length 21 mm. One male, Shasta, Co., Cal., received from George Franck. In Hine's key to the species of Promachus''- this new species would go near minusculus from which it differs in being more shining and having no white hairs on thorax and abdomen, except on the hypo- pygium. The pollinosity of thorax and abdomen is also much more feeble than in any other species. Asilus hypopygialis new species. Head white pollinose, facial gibbosity moderately large, not reaching to the antennae, mystax black above, white below, beard white ; ©cellar and occipito-orbital bristles black; third joint of antennae a little longer than the two preceding joints, arista nearly as long as the third joint. Thorax cov- ered with yellowish-gray dust ; brown median stripe prominent and divided narrowly ; pleura covered rather densely with a paler gray dust and with very few white hairs. Scutellum almost without hairs, two apical bristles black. Abdomen covered with grayish-brown pollen, venter, sides and base of the second to fourth segments with gray pollen ; hairs on the dorsum blackish, bristles and hairs at sides and venter white. Hypopygium thickened, at middle distinctly wider than the abdomen, black, at apex reddish, covered sparsely with white hairs. Wings hyaline, slightly clouded towards apex. Legs red- dish-brown, except the outer side of the femora, tip of tibiae and tarsal joints thre to five, which are black; femora and tibiae sparsely hairy. Length 15 mm. One male, Beaver Canon, Utah (Doll and Engelhardt). This species belongs in the subgenus or group Heligmoneura. the male genitalia are nearly two milimeters wide at apex. 1 Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., Vol. IV, p. 165. March, I9i6.] ScHAEFFER : New DiPTERA. 69 Asilus fulviventris new species. Head densely clothed with yellowish-gray pollen ; beard white ; niystax yellowish-white with a few black hairs above ; ocellar bristles white ; occipito- orbital bristles black ; palpi black with white hairs. Thorax densely covered with yellowish-gray pollen ; dark median stripe prominent, divided by a narrow line; pleurae densely grayish-white pollinose and with a few white hairs. Scu- tellum almost without any hairs, four apical bristles pale. Wings glassy hya- line. Abdomen, except the first and second segment, which are grayish-white pollinose, densely and uniformly covered with fulvous pollen, apical margins paler, hairs and bristles at sides concolorous ; last segment and hypopygium shining black, the latter with a few white hairs. Legs uniformly black, cov- ered sparsely with white hairs and white bristles. Length ii mm. One male, Huachtica Mts., Arizona (Schaeffer). The imiformly colored fulvous abdomen, contrasting with the greyish-white pleurae and the entirely black legs with white hairs and bristles ought to make this neat little species easy recognizable. Ommatius parvulus new species. Head white pollinose, beard white, mystax yellowish-white with a few black hairs above; antennas black; palpi black with white hairs. Thorax dull blackish-brown and marked nearly as in inargincllus. Pleurae densely white pollinose with a few white hairs. Wings hyaline, apex slightly smoky, ^costa not thickened nor dilated. Abdomen black, sides and apical margins of seg- ments gray pollinose and very sparsely covered with'short, white hairs. Hypo- pygium black, claspers truncate at apex. All the femora black, covered sparsely with white hairs, which are a little longer on front and middle than on hind femora, the latter beneath with a few white, spine-like bristles ; tibiae yellowish, at tip black, tarsi, except the first joint, black. Length 9 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona (Schaeffer). This species differs from O. macuJatus Banks in having the thorax dull, not shining and the hypopygium black, and from O. prctiosus Banks by the blackish abdomen and the hind femora of the male with spine-like bristles beneath. 70 Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoL xxiv, A STUDY OF THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS STENO- PELMATUS FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES. By Morgan Hebard, Philadelphia, Pa. Brief examinations of the constantly increasing series of the genus in the Philadelphia collections have shown the futility of attempting to apply to these, with any satisfaction, the numerous names which have been proposed. Adding to these series the specimens in the United States National Museum, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cornell University and other available collections, there is now be- fore us sufficient material to undertake a revisionary study of the forms found north of the Mexican boundary. Though little revisionary work of such character has been done since the erection of the present genus, the number of specific names, in the majority of cases based on few or unique specimens, has been constantly increasing. Scudder alone appears to have had before him series of any size, and his study of " The Stenopelmatins of the Pacific Coast "^ is clearly superficial. With the undetermined material before us, we have nearly all which has been recorded by Scudder, Rehn, Caudell and Bruner. As a result, it is now possible to locate the specific units involved, and, in the accomplishment of this task, a number of interesting facts have become apparent, which should prove of decided value to sub- sequent work. On the whole, however, the genus presents possibly the greatest number of difficulties to be found in any of the North American genera of Orthoptera. These may be summarized as follows : In the species here considered, differential genitalic characters do not exist. In the males, from the nearly adult condition to matur- ity, a small stout incurved chitinous hook is found on each side of the supra-anal plate just proximad of the cerci (plate VII, fig. i6 ), this been represented in earlier instars by a low and rounded chitinous ridge- (plate VII, figs. 14 and 15). The supra-anal and subgenital 1 Can. Ent., XXXI, pp. 113 to 117 (1899). 2 This ridge is particularly conspicuous in the last of the instars in which the subgenital plate does not wholly conceal the inner genitalia. In the sub- March, I9i6.] HebARD : GenUS StENOPELMATUS. 71 plates show no other specialization and are in general similar, while the structures within the anal orifice are soft, unmodified and in the different species always become greatly shrivelled in drying. In the females the supra-anal and subgenital plates show no specialization and are likewise in general similar, while the ovipositor is very short, simple, without teeth or roughened surface, and curved upward to the sharp apex of the dorsal valves. Great dissimilarity in the sexes is shown in 5". longispina. With little available material, the description of the male and female as distinct species can be readily understood. This feature is shown to a much less degree in the other species here considered. The spination of the caudal tibiae, a feature slight variations in which have constituted the basis for descriptions of a number of nominal species, shows decided variability in S. fuscus and 6". longi- spina, though respectively different averages are found in the number of spines and length of the distal spurs. Moreover, particularly in longispina, sexual differences are found in the caudal tibiae. In all of the species here considered, as in the genotype, the teg- mina and wings are absent. It is, partially due to this fact, exceed- ingly difficult to separate adults from individuals in the last instars preceding maturity. A megacephalic condition is developed in certain species, of those before us much the strongest in 6^. fuscus, different individuals show- ing this feature to varying degrees. In the maximum of this condi- tion found in fuscus, more usually encountered in the male sex, the head is enlarged out of all proportion to the body, this being particu- larly pronounced in the occipital region (plate VII, fig. 2). The eyes in such specimens sometimes differ in being decidedly protruding sequent stages to the adult condition, in all of which the subgenital plate is fully developed, these hooks are likewise fully developed. In consequence, the last stages of the immature condition, as is true also for the female sex, can only be distinguished through familiarity with the adult condition, which may be differentiated only through the more robust build and heavier structure particularly of the head, pronotum and limbs. Brunner evidently compared an immature male of -S". talpa with an adult male of 5. longispina, at the time he described the latter species. (1888. Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXXVIII, p. 260.) A male specimen of S. talpa before us, from Mexico, shows the fully developed chitinous hook exactly as in the species here studied. 72 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxiv, and bead-like, while the abnormal development of the head cauues them to be unusually widely separated. Very decided size variation frequently occurs, this is not geo- graphic, though in series from the same general region, those from high elevations show shorter and heavier limbs to varying degrees. Certain individuals appear to be fully adult, but if so are astonish- ingly small. Other immature specimens, with genitalia showing them to be in early instars, are surprisingly large. It is evident from the series before us, that almost every instar may be found at the same time in the same locality. Until careful breeding experiments are made it will be impossible to determine exactly the life cycle of these singular insects,^ to explain the great disparity in size frequently found in apparently the same instar and to distinguish readily the adult condition. As to the Mexican species, we may state from examination of small series, that a number are extremely distinctive ; that probably the most widely distributed of the species, ^. talpa, should withouc doubt have a number of synonyms, and that, though the majority of the more northern species are certainly distributed southward beyond the Mexican boundary, none of the more southern species reach northward as far as that line.- Stenopelmatus Burmeister. 1838. StenopeUnatiis Burmeister, Handb. der Entom., II, abth. II, pt. I, p. 720. The genus was based on five species. Genotype: St^cnopelmatiis'] talpa Burmeister, selected by Kirby. 1906.^ Key to the Species of the Genus Stenopelmatus Found in the United States. (Vertex without carinae. Head and pronotum not decidedly punctate. Tegmina and wings absent. Caudal limbs with tarsi much shorter than tibia;. General coloration never black.*) 1 The great preponderance of immature material in the collections before us suggests the possibility that more than a year is required in the transition from the egg to the adult condition. 2 Records of S. his trio from the United States by Scudder and Fchn are all misidentifications, applying rightly to S. fusciis and 5". longispiiia. 3 Synon. Cat. Orth., II, p. in. ■t These features variously occur in certain Mexican species : some of them probably showing sufficient differentiation to warrant generic separation. March, i9i6.] Hebard : Genus Stenopelmatus. 73 A. Size medium to very large. Occiput normally unicolorous. never heavily banded. B. Size medium to large. Head less elongate, megacephalism fre- quently striking. Caudal limbs proportionately shorter. Caudal tibiae broadening regularly without well-defined distal point of greatest width ; dorsal margins normally armed with three ex- ternal and five internal spines, none being deflexed and the more distal being usually longest ; longest distal spur much shorten than, to nearly as long as, the metatarsus. fuscus Haldeman. BB. Size medium large to very large. Head more elongate, megacepha- lism not pronounced. Caudal limbs proportionately longer. Caudal tibiae not broadening in male, broadening distad with well-defined point of greatest width in female ; dorsal margins normally armed with two external and five internal spines, the broadening of the limb in the female causing the second ex- ternal and fourth and fifth internal spines to be deflexed, the external and fifth internal spines being usually decidedly the smallest in both sexes ; longest distal spur -nearly as long as, to much longer than, the metatarsus longispina Brunner. AA. Size small. Occiput heavily marked with broad dark longitudinal bands. (Pronotum normally narrowing but little caudad. Caudal tibiae show- ing a greatly modified development of the condition found in longi- spina; dorsal margins normally armed with two external and three internal spines ; longest distal spur distinctly shorter than, to nearly as long as, the metatarsus) pictus Scudder. In tising this key it is necessary to understand ftilly the difficulties presented by these species, these are considered both in the introduc- tion and further discussed under each species in the present study. As we have remarked in other generic studies, no single character can be relied on for specific determinations. This is particularly true in the present genus, in which an unusual complexity of features is encountered. Differences in the number of caudal tibial spines, or slight variations in their position and relative length, are certainly unworthy of specific distinction; much of the past synonymy being mainly due to overestimation of the importance of variations in these features. In addition to over 50 specimens previously recorded and some 40 now before us with insufficient data, all of which have been exam- ined, we here record 195 specimens of the genus. 74 Journal New York Entomological Society. f^'°'- ^^iv, Stenopelmatus fuscus Haldeman. (Plate VII, Figs, i to 5.) 1852. Stenopelmatus fuscus Haldeman, Stansbury's Expedition to the Great Salt Lake, p. 372. [i juv., Santa Fe, New Mexico; i juv., Chihuahua, Mexico.] 1869. Stenopelmatus cephalotes Walker, Cat. Dermapt. Saltat. and Suppl. Blatt. Br. Mus., p. 195. i($, west coast of America.] 1872. Stenopelmatus fasciatus Thomas, U. S. Geol. Surv. Montana and adjacent Terr., 1871, Hayden (5th Ann. Rept. of Progress), p. 434. [({, $: Wyoming; Utah; southern Idaho; Texas.] 1876. Stenopelmatus oculatus Scudder, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Surv. Terr., II, p. 261. i^: Utah.] 1888. Stenopelmatus hydrocephalus Brunner, Verh. zool.-bot. Gcsellsch. Wien, XXXVIII, p. 261. [$, California.] 1897. Stenopelmatus comanchus Saussure and Pictet, Biol. Cent. Amer., Orth., I, p. 290. [(^, 5 '■ Durango, northern Mexico.] We here select as type locality of ftiscus, Santa Fe, New Mexico. The types have been destroyed, but before us are series from both Albuquerque and Jemez Hot Springs, New Mexico, nearby localities which safely prove the identity of Haldeman's species. Though Walker's description of cephalotes is virtually worthless, Kirby has, through study of that type, placed Scudder's oculatus and Brunner's hydrocephalus under that name. That these names are absolute synonyms of fuscus (Scudder himself stated that his oculatus might not be distinct from fasciatus of Thomas, which is unquestion- ably synonymous with fuscus) we are convinced from study of the type of oculatus, the description of hydrocephalus and the series of undoubted fuscus before us. Thomas' fasciatus we find, from the remaining specimens of his type series which are now before us, to be a synonym of fuscus. Saussure and Pictet have described comanchus from specimens of the present species showing only minor differences in the spines of the caudal tibiae. The present insect is the only species of the genus found in the United States from the eastern edge of the great plain to the Sierras. Adults are normally large, though not averaging as large as 5". longi- spina. As we have remarked on page — , material in the instars pre- ceding maturity shows the genitalia in both sexes in no way different from the adult condition ; such material is here recorded as " nearly adult." As we have already stated, some of these examples are re- markably small and appear to indicate considerable size variation in March, i9i6.] Hebard : Genus Stenopelmatus. 75 the species, others with genitalia in the unformed stages are some- times quite large. At present the general heaviness and solidity of the limbs appears the only means of separating adults from some of the nearly adult examples. In the present species megacephalism is often found in adults, particularly of the male sex. This is always accompanied by a pro- portionate broadening of the pronotum, which occurs principally in the cephalic portion. The unusually globose occiput, occasionally protruding bead-like eyes (normally very little protruding) and more than usually roughened exposed portion of the jaws, give individuals in which this condition has reached its maximum, a very singular ap- pearance. At high elevations in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and appar- ently generally in southern California, the limbs are found to average somewhat stouter and shorter than in other portions of the insect's distribution. This feature is, however, decidedly variable. The limbs of fnscus average distinctly shorter and stouter than in .S. talpa or longispina. The caudal tibiae have their dorsal surface very weakly convex to weakly concave, the spines vary from minute and delicate to stout and heavy, while the distal spurs also vary both in stoutness and in length. Normally the spines increase slightly in length distad, the fifth disto- internal spine being much smaller than the others only in the abnor- mal condition discussed in the next paragraph. Some of the females before us from southern California show a striking abnormality in the greatly enlarged third spine of the dorso- internal margin of the caudal tibiae, in extreme cases this spine being longer than any of the distal spurs. This feature is also shown by the series before us to exhibit great variability and though possibly indicating incipient racial development, has by no means reached a condition of sufficient stability to warrant nominal designation. The spine count for the dorsal margins of the caudal tibiae in the series before us is as follows \^ Number of spines, internal 2-5 3-5 4-4 4-5 5-5 5-6 Number of specimens i 2 8 19 89 5 Number of spines, external 2-3 2-5 3-3 3-4 4-4 4-5 5-5 Number of specimens 5 i 74 28 14 i i 1 One specimen with a malformed limb has two instead of the normal three pair of distal spurs, the pair of much smaller disto-ventral spurs are rep- resented by three minute spurs. 76 Journal New York Entomological Society, tvoi. xxiv, Measurements (in Millimeters. )i Males: Jordan, Montana . . . Uva, Wyoming Cedar, Colorado. . . . Claudell, New Mexico Salt Lake City, Utah. Soldiers Home, Cal.. . *Prescott, Arizona . . . Females: Gebo, Montana Worland, Wyoming. . Ogden, Utah Juarez, Mexico Reno, Nevada Sierra Madre, Cal.. . . *Wyoming2 *Yakima, Washington *Claremont, Cal Width of Head. II. 8 12. 5 11-3 13-4 7 II 10 11. 1 12.3 10.2 11. 2 8.3 8.6 8.7 Width Be- tween Eyes. 7-7 7-9 7.8 7-6 7-9 4.1 7 6.6 7-1 8 6.7 6.7 5-2 S-i 5-2 Length of Pro- 7-7 7-7 7-1 8.3 7-7 9.6 5.2 7.2 6.8 7.6 8.6 7-4 8.7 6 6.6 6.3 Width Length j Length of of of Pro- Caudal j Caudal notum. Femur. Tibia II. 2 10.3 10.7 12.2 10.7 12.6 6.8 10.2 9.7 II. 2 12. 1 9.4 10.7 14.9 13.7 12. S 13.8 13-7 16 II. 7 12.8 12.2 13.3 14.7 12.8 14.2 10.9 12 11.4 13. 1 12.7 12. 1 12.5 12.6 13-8 10.7 12 II. 4 12.2 13.2 II. 8 12.7 10 10.3 10 Longest Length Tibial I ( audal Spur. Meta- 3-7 4.1 4 4-3 4.1 4.2 3-1 3-6 3.3 3.2 3-6 3.1 3.2 3 3-1 2.3 4.4 4.1 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.1 4.2 4 4 4.1 4.1 4.2 3.6 3-8 3-2 The specimens marked with an asterisk in the instars are preced- ing maturity. Coloration.. — Head, pronotum, underparts and limbs warm buff, in many individuals suffused with ochraceous to differing degrees ; the head often showing a more brownish-yellow coloring, a few very narrow and widely separated darker lines rarely indicated on the occiput. Abdomen shining blackish brown above, the caudal margins of the segments narrowly of the general warm buff coloration. In immature individuals, particularly those of deeper coloration, these bands are greatly reduced and are indistinguishable in several speci- mens before us which have shrivelled much in drying; on such speci- mens the description of fnsciis was based. Distribution. — Known northern limits from Jordan, Montana, westward to Yakima, Washington, and Drain, Oregon. The known limits of eastern distribution are Boxbutte County, and southwestern Nebraska; Claudell, New Mexico; El Paso, Texas, and Juarez, Mex- ico. In the latter country the extent of the species distribution is yet conjectural, though probably covering at least the greater portion of the northern plateau. 1 We omit the body length, as the softness of the abdomen in the present genus precludes the possibility of accurate measurement. 2 This specimen is one of the types of S. fasciatus of Thomas. March, i9i6.] HebARD : GenUS StENOPELMATUS. 77 Specimens Examined. — In addition to a number previously fully and correctly recorded: 114; 13 males, 16 females, 31 immature males and 54 immature females. Jordan, Custer County, Montana, X, 19, 1905 (G. F. Beebe), i J* [U. S. N. M.] Gebo, Carbon County, Mont., XI, 22, 1899 (J. Johnson) i 5 [He- bard Cln.] Worland, Wyoming, IV and VIII, 1911 (L. Bruner), 2 juv. 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Owl Creek, Hot Springs County, Wyo., VIII, 31, 1896 (R. P. Currie), i juv. $ [U. S. N. M.]. Uva, Wyo., IX, 8, 1898 (E. Boothroyd), i ^ [Hebard Cln.] Wheatland, Wyo. (Niswander), i 5 [Hebard Cln.] Laramie, Wyo. (Nisv^^ander), 15,1 juv. ^ [Hebard Cln.]. Wyoming, 2 nearly adult 5> types of S. fasciatns Thomas [U. S. N. M.]. Boxbutte County, Nebraska (J. G. Smith), i juv. J^ [Hebard Cln.]. Hat Creek, Sioux County, Nebr., i very small juv. (^ [Hebard Cln.]. Squaw Canon, Sioux County, Nebr., VII, 1892, i juv. J^ [Hebard Cln.]. Cedar, Colorado, VIII, 1910 (J. W. Wescott), i J^ [A. N. S. P.]. Colorado, 2 J*, 2 5 [Colo. State Dept. Agr. Cln. and U. S. N. M.]. Claudell, Roosevelt County, New Mexico, IX, 191 1 (Mrs. P. Per- kins), I (^ [Hebard Cln.]. Jemez Hot Springs, N. M., Ill, 14, 1912 (J. Woodgate), i nearly adult $ [Hebard Cln.]. Albuquerque, N. M. (C. F. Wickham), 3 juv. J^, 4 juv. 5. i very small juv. 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Kelly, Socorro County, N. M. (F. G. Schaupp), 2 juv. J* [U. S. N. M.]. Dripping Spring, Organ Mountains, N. M.. IX, 1899 (T. D. A. Cockerell), i juv. J, i very small juv. ^ [U. S. N. M.]. Fort Wingate, N. M., HI, 12 to VI, 26, 1910 (J. Woodgate), 5 juv. J*, 3 juv. 5, I very small juv. J* [Hebard Cln.] ; X, 15, 1907 (J. Woodgate), i juv. $1 [A. N. S. P.]. 1 Recorded by Rehn as the synonymous .S". oculatus. 78 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^o'- ^^iv, Black Range, Sierra County, N. M., VIII, 191 5 (H. A. Pilsbry), I nearly adult? small ^ [A. N. S. P.]. El Paso, Texas, 1908, i 5 [U. S. N. M.]. Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, IX, 4, 1908 (D. E. Murray), i J [Hebard Cln.]. Southern Idaho, i juv. J, type of ,5". fasciatus Thomas [U. S. N. M.]. Snake River, Idaho, VIII, 21, 1883, i juv. $ [Hebard Cln.] ; X, 1890, I 2 [U. S. N. M.]. Springfield, Idaho, VIII, 23, 1906 (H. Skinner), i juv. 2'> i ji-iv- $ [both A. N. S. P.] .2 Pocatello, Idaho, 5,000 feet, VIII, 6, 1910 (Rehn and Hebard; dead on lowest mesa), i juv. J* [Hebard Cln.]. Yakima, Washington (C. V. Piper), i nearly adult J [Hebard Cln.]. Umatilla, Oregon, VI, 24, 1882 (S. Henshaw), i juv. ^ [Hebard Cln.]. Peterson, Utah, XII, 5, 1878 (L. Hirst), i $ [U. S. N. M.]. Odgen, Utah, X, 1909 (M. M. Childs), i 5, i nearly adult J [U. S. N. M.]. Salt Lake City, Utah, i J^, i juv. J^ [A. N. S. P.]. Reno, Nevada, i J [Hebard Cln.]. Keani's District, Navajo Indian Reservation, Arizona. IV, 28, 1901 (A. W. Barber), i juv. $ [Hebard Cln.]. Grand Canon, Ariz., VII, 12, 1892, i nearly adult ? small 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Williams, Ariz., VII, 24 (Barber and Schwarz), i nearly adult ? small J" [U. S. N. M.]. Prescott, Ariz., VI, 14, 1904 (R. E. Kunze), i nearly adult J*,'' [Hebard Cln.]. Phoenix, Ariz., IX, 16, 1903 (R. E. Kunze), i juv. 5* [Hebard Cln.]. Carr Cafion, Huachuca Mountains, Ariz., VIII, 1905 (H. Skin- ner), I juv. 2"" [A. N. S. P.]. 2 Recorded by Rehn as the synonymous 5". fasciatus. 2 Recorded as the synonymous S. ocnlatus by Rehn. 4 Recorded by Rehn as the synonymous S. oculatus. 5 Recorded by Rehn as the synonymous S. oculatus. March, I9I6.J Hebard : Genus Stenopelmatus. 79 Madera Canon, Santa Rita Mountains, Ariz., V and VI, 1898 (E. A. Schwarz), 2 jnv. ^ [U. S. N. M.]. Sycamore Canon, Baboquivari Mountains, Ariz., X, 8, 1910 (Rehn and Hebard; in "' tinajas "•'), i juv. ^ [Hebard Cln.]. Monument 200, Yuma Desert, Ariz., HI, 1894 (E. A. Mearns), I juv. 2 [U. S. N. M.]. Chilcoot, California, IV, 25, 191 5 (E. O. Essig), i juv. J* [Hebard Chi.]. Russian River, Cal., i ^, i nearly adult J [A. N. S. P.]. Marin County, Cal., 2 nearly adult J [Cal. Acad. Sci.]. Santa Clara Valley, Cal., i juv. 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Natoma, Cal, VII, 2, 1885, i juv. $ [U. S. N. M.]. Lone Pine, Cal., VI, 14, 1891 (A. K. Fisher), i juv. 5 [U. S. N. M.]. Ft. Tejon, Cal., 2 ^ [U. S. N. M. and Hebard Cln.]. Tehachapi, Cal., 4,100 feet, XII, 12, 1906, i nearly adult 5- i j"v. 5, 2 very small juv. J [Cornell Univ. Cln.]. San Luis Obispo, Cal., VI, 27, 1906 (A. N. Caudell ; under cow droppings), i juv. J*, 2 juv. 5^ [U. S. N. M.]. Guadaloupe, Cal., VI, 24, 1909 (A. N. Caudell), i juv. ^' [U. S. N. M.]. Santa Barbara, Cal., I and II, 1876 (Osten-Sacken), i 5 V^^- C. Z.]. South Santa Monica, Cal. (J. J. Rivers), i nearly adult 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Soldiers Home, Los Angeles County, Cal., XII, 1909 (J. H. Demarest), i ^ [U. S. N. M.]. Pasadena, Cal. (H. W. Rust), i 5^- [A. N. S. P.]. Sierra Madre, Cal., V, 30, 1906 (A. N. Caudell; dead in field), i $* [U. S. N. M.]. 6 These are the natural water tanks found in the usually dry mountain stream beds in the desert regions of the southwestern United States. Several specimens in various stages of decay were found at the time in these pools, as well as the remains of individuals of a number of other species of Orthoptera. 1 Correctly recorded by Caudell. 2 Correctly recorded by Caudell. 3 Recorded by Rehn as S. californiciis. 4 Correctly recorded by Caudell. 80 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, Claremont, Cal. (C. F. Baker), 2 nearly adult 5- i very small juv. J*5 [Hebard and Cln. and U. S. N. M.]. Los Angeles County (D. W. Coquillett), i J*, i juv. 5 [U. S. N. M.]. San Bernardino, Cal. (G. W. Dunn), 3 nearly adult J- i Juv. 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Beaumont, Cal., 2,700 feet, IX, 28, 1910 (Rehn and Hebard; dead on adobe plain), i nearly adult 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Mojave Desert, Cal., VH, 5, 1893 (Loew), i juv. 5 [U. S. N. M.]. San Diego, Cal. (J. L. Lippincott), 2 5, i nearly adult J, i juv. J [A. N. S. P.] ; 2 nearly adult 5, 2 juv. 5. i very small juv. ^ [Hebard Cln.]; VHI, 1900 (Marlatt), i juv. $ [Hebard Cln.]. Scudder's records of fasciatus and oculatus all apply to fitscus, of which species these names are synonyms. His records of longispina from San Diego, California, and of irregularis from Fort Tejon, California, are incorrect, being properly referable to fuscus. Stenopelmatus longispina Brunner. (Plate I, Figs. 6 to 9.) XXXVIII, p. 260. \_(^, Vancouver, British Columbia.] 1888. Stenopelmatus calif ornicus Brunner, Verb, zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXXVIII, p. 261. [$, Vancouver, British Columbia.] 1888. Stenopelmatus irregularis Brunner, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, XXXVIII, p. 261. [5, Mazatlan, Mexico; Arizona; California.] 1902. Stenopelmatus terrenus Rehn, Ent. News, XIII, p. 240. [[Juv.] 5 (incorrectly), Texas.] Typical material of the differently appearing sexes of the present species were described by Brunner, the male as longispina, the female as irregularis. Furthermore, it is evident that calif ornicus is based upon a female in which the third and fourth internal spines of the caudal libicX are not more widely separated than the others. This is simply a minor variant which occurs in a few specimens of several series before us. Rehn's name, terrenus, is based upon a typical im- mature female which has, however, been dried after immersion in alcohol, with pronotum more decidedly constricted caudad than usual as a result. The specimen probably came from California, having been obtained from the Cope collection of reptiles, where it had been doubtless incorrectly labelled. Another immature male specimen of 5 Recorded, with a question, by Rehn as 5. californicus. 1888. Stenopelmatus longispina Brunner, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien, March, i9i6.] HeBARD : GeNUS StENOPELMATUS. 81 the same size and from the same lot, correctly recorded by Rehn as longispina, bears the same labelling. From the series now at hand it is evident that the range of longispina does not extend far inland from the Pacific coast. Brunner's record of the synonymous irregu- laris from Arizona, will probably be found to apply to S. fnscus. The present species is decidedly the largest known of the genus. In specimens of maximum size, the head is extremely large but no indication of an abnormally bulbous occiput or protruding eyes is shown, a condition frequent in fuscus. In the immature stages the head is not as large proportionately as in the adult and the pronotum in consequence does not expand as much cephalad. As discussed under fuscus, the later instars preceding maturity might easily be mistaken for the adult condition. The caudal tibias have their dorsal surface very weakly concave, this varying slightly in different individuals. The spines and spurs, though varying somewhat both in length and position individually, are more constant than in fuscus. The normal form and armament of the caudal femora is best understood by reference to the figures (plate VII, figs. 8 and 9). The most frequent variation is, in the males, the fifth internal spine equal to or longer than the fourth and the presence often of small supplementary external spines; in the females, absence of the fifth internal spine and presence of small supple- mentary external spines. The length of the limbs and of their spurs shows considerable variation, the longest spur (dorso-internal) of the caudal tibije is, however, very rarely much shorter than the caudal metatarsus. The spine count for the dorsal margins of the caudal tibice in the series before us is as follows: Number of spines, internal 2-5 3-4 4-4 4-5 5-5 5-6 5-7 Number of specimens i i 25 6 51 6 i Number of spines, external 1-2 2-2 2-3 3-3 3-4 4-4 4-5 Number of specimens 2 48 21 8 3 8 2 The specimens marked with an asterisk are probably in the instar preceding maturity. Coloration. — Head, pronotum and limbs, antimony yellow. In dark individuals (apparently more often encountered in the female sex) the head and pronotum are mummy brown, the limbs strongly 82 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'^°'- ^xiv, Measurements (in Millimeters). Width of Head. Width Be- tween Eyes. Length Width of Pro- of Pro- notum. 'notum. Length of Caudal Femur. Length of Caudal Tibia. Longest Tibial Spur. Length Caudal Meta- tarsua. Males: Berkele3% California. . *Drain, Oregon *Marin County, Cal.. Females: Berkeley, California. . Berkeley, Cal Menlo Park, Cal Alameda County, Cal. *San Francisco, Cal.. . II.4 7 8.8 12.8 14.1 12.2 12.2 II. I 7-3 4.8 5.6 7.8 8.7 7.2 7-5 7 9.8 6.2 7.8 9.9 II 10 10. 1 8.7 10.8 7.2 8.3 II. 7 14 12. 1 12. 1 10.9 19.2 13-8 17-3 18.3 19.7 17.9 18.7 14.9 18.9 13-2 16.5 16.8 19 17.2 17.6 14.2 6.9 4-3 5-7 5-3 5-7 4-7 4.8 4.4 5-7 4-7 4.9 5 5 5 5-1 4-7 suffused with the same color. A paired transverse marking of tawny or russet is usually well indicated on the pronotum (plate VII, fig. y). Abdomen shining blackish brown above, the caudal margins of the segments narrowly of the general coloration. The underparts are generally of the paler color. In dried immature examples, as in fiiscus, the pale dorsal abdominal bands are often less apparent. Distribution. — The present insect is known on the Pacific coast from Vancouver, British Columbia to the Mexican boundary. It has not been found but a very short distance inland, except at Drain and Roseburg, Oregon, and Sacramento, Lake Tahoe and San Ber- nardino, California. In Mexico, the species has been recorded from Mazatlan alone. Specimens Examined. — In addition to a number previously fully and correctly recorded : 73 ; i male, 4 females, 25 immature males, and 43 immature females. Baird's Ranch, Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, California, VI, 9. 1903 (H. S. Barber), i juv. ^, i juv. $ [U. S. N. M.]. Samoa Beach, Humboldt County, Cal., VI, 18, 1907 (J. C. Brad- ley; in sand dunes), i juv. 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Ukiah, Cal.. IV, 1885 (J. H. Burke). 2 very small juv ^ [Hebard Cln.]. Sacramento, Cal. (E. O. Essig), i juv. J [Hebard Cln.]. Lake Tahoe, Cal., IX, 7, i juv. J*, i juv. $ [Hebard Cln.]. Eldridge, Cal. (J. A. Kusche), i large juv. J*, 2 large juv. 5- 2 juv. J*. I juv. 5' 4 small juv. ^, i small juv. ^, 2 very small juv. J*, 2 very small juv. J [Hebard Cln.]. March, i9i6.] Hebard : Genus Stenopelmatus. 83 Manzanito, Marin County, Cal., X, 27, 1906 (J. C. Bradley), 2 juv. 2> I very small juv. J*, i very small juv. 5 [Cornell Univ. Cln.]. Marin County, Cal., i nearly adult J*, 2 juv. J*, i juv. 5> 3 very small J* [Cal. Acad. Sci. and Hebard Cln.]. Martinez, Cal., I, 6, 1883 (H. W. Turner), i nearly adult 5 [Hebard Cln.]. Berkeley, Cal. (J. Rivers), 2 J; HI, 1906, i very small juv. 2, X> 3, 1906, I (^ (both J. C. Bradley) [all Hebard and Cornell Univ. Clns.]. Haywards, Cal., VI, 16, 1906 (F. E. Beal; in stump), i nearly adult $ [U. S. N. M.]. Alameda County, Cal., II, 1888 (G. W. Dunn), i 5, 2 nearly adult $, 2 juv. 5 [Hebard Cln.]. San Francisco, Cal. ( E. Ehrhorn), i nearly adult J- I small juv. 5 [Hebard Cln.]; (H. Edwards), i nearly adult J [Cornell Univ. Cln.]. jNIenlo Park, Cal., 1905 (F. Hornung), i $, 4 juv. 2? i small juv. 5 [U. S. N. M. and Hebard Cln.]. Palo Alto, Cal., Ill, 1892, 2 juv. J, i small J*, 2 small juv. 5> i very small juv. J [Cornell Univ. Cln.]. San Jose, Cal., i nearly adult 5 [M. C. Z.]. Felton, Santa Cruz Mountains, Cal., V, 1907 (J. C. Bradley), i juv. (^, 2 juv. 5, 5 small juv. 5 [Cornell Univ. Cln.]. San Bernardino, Cal. (G. W. Dunn), i nearly adult J* [Hebard Cln.]. San Diego, Cal. (J. Rivers; Blaisdell), 2 juv. J', i juv. J [Hebard Cln.]. Scudder's records of longispina, irregularis, calif ornicns and histrio, all apply properly to the present species, of which irregularis and calif ornicus are synonyms, with the exception of the specimens mentioned at the end of the treatment of S. fiiscus in the present paper. Specimens of the present species, in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, have been recorded by Rehn as follows : as histrio, San Francisco, California, i small juv. J*, i small juv. J; as irregularis, Santa Clara County, California, i very large juv. 5> San Francisco, California, i very large juv. J; ^.s pictus, San Francisco, California, i juv. J*. The material in this series from San Fran- cisco is all from the same lot collected by L. E. Ricksecker. 84 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°'- -"^^^v, Stenopelmatus pictus Scndder. (Plate VII, Figs. lo to 13.) 1899. Steiwfeliiiatus pictus Scudder, Can. Ent., XXXI, p. 116. [i^^, $: California ; San Francisco, California.] We here select a single type the largest female from San Fran- cisco, California. This species is closely related to 6". loiigispina, though of very de- cidedly different general appearance from the normal condition found in that species. The most striking features are : the very small size ; distinctly and heavily marked occiput and pronotum, and reduced armament of the less strongly developed caudal femora, both in size of distal spurs in proportion to the metatarsus and average fewer number of spines on the dorsal margins. Certain series of longi- spina, in the later instars preceding maturity, and in consequence with genitalia as in the adult condition, closely resemble material of the present species. These agree in size and the more quadrate ironotum, but differ in the more slender form, usually more decided tawny pronotal marking (plate VII, fig. 7) slightly more elongate limbs and the other features which distinguish loiigispina, as discussed above. The caudal tibiae have the dorsal surface weakly concave distad in the females, deplanate in the males. The males have the limbs dis- tinctly longer than the females, this most pronounced in the caudal femora. In the twelve known specimens of the present species, all now before us, the spine count for the dorsal margins of the caudal femora is the same: internal, 3 and 3; external, 2 and 2. The species is known from so few specimens that little can be ascertained as to its variability. Though variation doubtless occurs, if, as is indicated by the collections of Orthoptera made up to the present time, the present insect is decidedly limited in distribution, probably much less varia- tion will be encountered than in the other widely distributed forms. The measurements given above are all from material which shows genitalia of mature form. As such occurs, however, in individuals of the genus in the later instars preceding maturity, in the absence of larger series of the present species we are unable to state positively that these specimens are fully mature. Coloration. — Head, pronotum, limbs and underparts, ochraceous buff. Dorsum of pronotum and occiput heavily marked with shining Joiirn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXI V. PL 7. 10 12 14 15 16 Stenopelmates. March, 1916.] Hebard: Genus Stenopelmatus. 85 Measurements (in Millimeters). Males: California. Paratype Palo Alto, Cal Palo Alto, Cal Females: San Francisco, Cal. Type... San Francisco, Cal. Paratype San Francisco, Cal. Paratype San Francisco, Cal Palo Alto, Cal Width of Head. 6 6.9 6.7 7.8 6.3 7-4 6 6.8 Width Be- tween Eyes. 3.9 4.1 4 4.9 3-" I.ength of pro- notum. Width Length of ot pro-l„ "' , notum.; Caudal reniur. 4.8 5-7 5-2 5-9 4.8 S-8 4-3 4.8 6 6.8 6.4 7.6 5-9 7.2 5-6 6.7 9.1 10.2 10 10 Length of Caudal Tibia. 9 10. 1 9-7 8.7 7 8.1 5-9 6.9 Long- est Tibial Spur. Length Caudal Meta- tarsus. 3 3-4 3-4 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.6 blackish brown (plate VII, figs. lo and ii). Dorsal surface of ab- domen blackish brown, the caudal margins of the segments narrowly ochraceous buff. Distribution. — The species is known only from the localities here given. Specimens Examined. — In addition to the type and three para- types, we have examined the following series of 8 specimens ; 2 males, 4 females and i immature individual. San Francisco, California (W. Holden ; H. Edwards), 3 5 [M. C. Z. and A. N. S. P.]. Palo Alto, Cal., III. 1892. 2 J', i §; i $, i juv. $ [Cornell Univ. and Hebard Cln.]. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Stenopelmatus fuscus Haldeman. Fig. I. Head, cephalic aspect. Megacephalism weakly indicated. (Nat- ural size.) 5- Gebo, Montana. Fig. 2. Head, cephalic aspect. Megacephalism strongly indicated. (Nat- ural size.) (^. Ft. Cajon, Cal. Fig. 3. Lateral outline of ovipositor, (x 2.) 5- Gebo, Montana. Fig. 4. Lateral outline of caudal tibia, internal. ( X 2.) $. Gebo, Montana. Fig. 5. Lateral outline of caudal tibia, external. (X2.) 5- Gebo, Montana. Stenopelmatus longispina Brunner. Fig. 6. Head, cephalic aspect. (Natural size.) $. Berkeley, California. Fig. 7. Dorsal view of head and pronotum. (Natural size.) $. Berke- ley, California. 86 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxiv, Fig. 8. Lateral outline of caudal tibia, internal. (X2.) 5. Berkeley, California. Fig. 9. Lateral outline of caudal tibia, external. (X 2.) 5- Berkeley, California. Stenopelmatus pictus Scudder. Fig. 10. Head, cephalic aspect. (Natural size.) Type, 5- San Fran- cisco, California. Fig. II. Dorsal view of head and pronotum. (Natural size.) Type, J. San Francisco, California. Fig. 12. Lateral outline of caudal tibia, internal. (X 2.) Type, $. San Francisco, California. Fig. 13. Lateral outline of caudal tibia, external. (X 2.) Type, 5- San Francisco, California. Figs. 14 to 16. Dorsal outlines of male supra-anal plate in the genus Stenopelmatus to show development of the genital hooks. (Much enlarged.) Fig. 14. Early instars in which lateral ridges alone are indicated. Fig. 15. Later instar in which lateral blunt swellings are developed. Fig. 16. Late instars and adult condition in which fully developed lateral hooks are found. XANTHCECIA BUFFALOENSIS GRT., ITS LARVAL HABIT AND OCCURRENCE WITHIN OUR FIFTY-MILE FAUNAL ZONE. By Henry Bird^ Rye, N. Y, The keen powers of discernment possessed by the late A. R. Grote have been generally impressed on subsequent students of the Noc- tuidse, whenever his species are involved. Though he described a unique example of Xanthoccia (Ochria) bnffaloensis many years be- fore (1877), his recollection of details remained clear to him, and after his departure from America to Hildesheim, our correspondence frequently referred to this species for he was fond of this and allied genera. He was wont to remark that once having studied a species, its features were always distinct in his memory, which was born out by his recollection of this moth though he had not seen his type for a decade. His specimen came from Buffalo, N. Y., as indicated by the name. Twenty-two years later one from Chicago, as then only a second example apparently, was re-described by Strecker as Hydroccia latia, the small tubercle on the frons being overlooked by him. March, ipifi.] Bird: Xanthcecia buffaloensis. 87 This feature of " latia" escaped notice up to 1911^ when but four specimens were known to us in collections. Last year an occurrence at Elizabeth, N. J. (Mr. O. Buchholz), makes it evident the species is a denizen of our fifty-mile faunal zone. A proper acquaintance however must rest in a knowledge of the larval habit when a suffi- ciency of material will be available, but our search to this end for many years had been without result. It easily qualified as one of the most elusive Noctuids of our state, so that one exposing the larval habit and foodplant would score an important discovery. Last season this honor fell to Mr. F. M. Jones at Wilmington, Del., when it transpired the nearly full larval history was observed and a number of moths reared. Very generously this material has been placed at our disposal, and later, at the time of larval maturity, an investigation of the foodplant near Elizabeth, N. J., disclosed the species working there. The young, second stage, boring larva was first met by Mr. Jones and enough difference existed with the Papaipemse to at once warrant the assumption the new disclosure must be buffaloensis. The apprehension of such astute larvse is due usually to a patient perusal of suspected or assumed suitable, food- plants, and when in the process of elimination Saiininis ccrnnns L. was given over to investigation, after several seasons success pre- vails. The choice of such a water-loving plant, growing as it usually does in standing water, must surely work disaster to the larva at times. This coupled with a severe parasitism which begins at a very early stage, earlier than any of the allies suffer, and with fungi work- ing havoc at maturity and with the pupa, makes us realize very forc- ibly why the imago is a rare moth. As if to meet an extra hazardous experience this larva is remarkable in several ways. In the point of activity, in changing from one plant to another when the food seems to have no bearing, and in the matter of appetite it is a record-break- ing gourmand consuming as it does about twice its bulk daily ot the roct-stock. When it is recalled some of the Papaipcma species like ptcrisii and hiinmli eat scarcely more than this amount during the whole larva] period of two months, the contrast in this case is pro- nounced. Ihere is further the power of expelling frass to some dis- tance so that the operations of this larva are not to be confused with any other. How the eggs are placed is unknown, but hibernation 1 Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XIX, p. 88. 88 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxiv, surely occurs at this period. On June 19 when the larv?e were first encountered, they were well on in the second stage and tunnelling near the top, sometimes entering where the petiole sheath encircled the stem at the second leaf downward. Their presence at this tender portion causes the part above to die and furnishes a ready clue to their position. The borings finally get down to the base though so many changes from one plant to another occur that in no instance under observation did this happen with an individual plant. During the penultimate and last stage every two or three days sees a change. It requires but a few moments for a larva to leave a plant and bore its way in out of sight into another, as they move and operate with a nervous haste quite out of the ordinary with such borers. Entry is a little above the ground level and they work both upward and down into the root, though rather avoiding the latter until quite mature. Sanrurus has a horizontal rootstock which extends a long way for so small a plant and affords a good chance for extended mining. Occa- sionally a larva will mine 50 cm. in these roots and yet make the long journey back to the ventilating orifice in the stem once in ten to fif- teen minutes, for disposing the frass outside. Except for the first work at the top, the plant shows no wilting or browning of the foliage. Pupation seems normally to occur in the gallery at the root crown or in the root according to Mr. Jones, there being no further en- largement of the orifice. Our experience had to do with diseased larvae only and these left the plant but imperfectly transformed under a covering of moss. Parasitism in the early stages (two and three), from a small Ichneumon as yet undetermined, was very severe. The orifice then made is too small for this wasp to enter and it may pierce the stem with the ovipositor to reach the gallery or host, since a similar species has been observed puncturing the enfolding leaf- roll which sheltered a Pyralid larva, in order to reach its host. Ap- parently the parasitic larva attains growth in a few days when it spins a white cocoon nearby, and in fifteen days gives up the imago. The host is exceedingly small at this time to support this species and the larval period must needs be brief. A close relationship to Papaipema larva is shown in the species under consideration, even the darkened girdle appearing, though it is not so pronounced. There is little change up to maturity. Stage III. — Head brown, no side line, ocelli prominent; con- March, I9i6.] BiRD: XanTIICECIA BUFFALOENSIS. 89 stricted above the mouth-parts which seem produced; cervical shield darker, shaded at sides; tubercles prominent, blackish, I and II on twelve but slightly larger than the preceding ones ; anal and leg plates blackish; body color pale brownish, livid, with a purplish-gray luster; the narrow dorsal and sub-dorsal lines pure white, continuous, or nearly so, the latter being broken into a series of dashes as it crosses joints four, five and six ; a broader subspiracular line on two and three, then broken at the girdle, then continued vaguely on the ab- dominal segments. Stages IV, V. — Similar. Penultimate Stage. — Little change, paler ; head now more rounded, clypeal suture prominent ; tubercles generally larger than the spiracles, on the abdominal segments V is an elongated oval plate larger than the others, VI also being notably defined; on ten IVa has not ap- peared. Maturity. — Very cylindrical, color and markings lost in a whitish translucence ; tubercle now more prominent by contrast, on joint ten IVa develops with the examples under observation, the most indi- vidual feature being the elongate character of V which is about four times the size of the spiracle, on eleven III and IIIo are separate, whereas they were formerly confluent ; anal plates blackish ; length 48 mm. Much disparity exists with individuals attaining maturity, early examples finishing the latter days of July, while tardy larvje may be feeding all through August. The pupa is very cylindrical, light brown, a protuberance at clypeus projecting at a right angle as aligned with the ventral surface and the frons; the cremaster is a slight thickening of the chitin, flat- tened ventrally, supporting two small spines, set well apart and some- what convergent; above these another smaller spine in the same dorsal alignment; length, 22 mm. The pupal period seems about four weeks. That an unspotted variation of the moth existed with this species, a parallel to what frequently happens with Papaipema, was previ- ously known and breeding developments indicate this is quite as prev- alent as the type form. In this instance there is less indication of generic position, so well suggested by the white spots, nor is there the prominent anterior crest which is a character for placing the un- spotted allies. Superficially this form might easily lead one astray. 90 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, indeed Dr. J. B. Smith would never admit it and buffalocnsis were one and the same species. So it seems wisest to call attention to the facts at this time and to designate the departure with a varietal name. Xanthcecia buffaloensis simplicissima new variety. The tubercle on the clypeus and the general color same as type form. The median area of primaries warm brown with reddish irrora- tions, the basal and terminal areas washed with purplish ; the ante- and postmedial lines are the most prominent marking, double, the inner brown, the outer purplish black as bounding the median field; the median shade line is vague, the subterminal very dentate and sprinkled with a scattering row of reddish golden atoms; the round orbicular and the kidney-shaped reniform but indistinctly outlined in a shade of the darker ground; claviform wanting. Secondaries much paler, of the lighter purple brown and now almost a shade of fawn. Expanse 33-37 mm. Type locality, Wilmington, Del., F. M. Jones collector; four speci- mens Aug. 21 to Sept. 30, 1915. A paratype is with Mr. Jones, a male type with the author. The genitalia are very distinct from the general type in Papai- pema and possess good individual characteristics, agreeing of course with the type form whose difference only rests in the white spots of the primaries. It has been suggested that Strecker's term " latia " be retained for this unspotted form, but such procedure would con- flict with the rules, since his type is, and the description personifies that form in which the stigmata are white marked, that which had already been characterized by Grote. MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. A Migratory Flight of Dragonflies. — On the afternoon of October 13, 1915, a rather compact swarm of dragonflies was observed in migration at New London, Conn. The swarm came from the north into the Connecticut College grounds and went on southward toward the city. They passed along a hillside overlooking the Thames River and nearly a half mile from the river. March, 1916.] MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 91 This is not the first time this species has been observed in large swarms, but the mass movements of animals are always interesting. It is particularly so in this case, since Mr. H. J. Shannon (Harper's Magazine, September, 191 5) has suggested and has amassed consid- erable evidence to show that this, as well as some other strong-flying dragonflies migrate southward before cold weather sets in and that there is a northward trend in the spring. Unfortunately the writer was absent from home when this flight occurred and the following notes are based upon observations made by my wife. The specimens she captured proved to be all Anax Junius (Drury), the sexes being of equal numbers. Mrs. Osburn was standing by the window looking out into the back yard — the house is on the college grounds clear at the city limits and with open country beyond — when, as she looked, the air seemed suddenly to become filled with large dragonflies all coming along the hillside from the north. Realizing that something unusual was tak- ing place, she seized an insect net and cyanide bottle and ran out among them. Six specimens were taken about as fast as they could be bottled. As they all seemed to be of one species she took no more of them, but stood watching them for about fifteen minutes. They flew back and forth across the open lot and fields as far as she could see them, apparently feeding as they went, while the swarm as a whole moved leisurely southward in a body as above stated. The breadth of the swarm could not be judged, nor could the number be estimated, but there seemed to be thousands of them in sight at a time. One thing which occasioned Mrs. Osburn much surprise was the fact that, contrary to the usual behavior of the larger dragonflies, these seemed not at all shy, but flew so close to her that they would almost brush against her before turning out of their course. Those taken were captured without the least difficulty and any number might have been taken with ease. There was no variation in their behavior during the time they were watched. While there is no explanation for this loss of fear in migrating animals, it has been observed fre- quently, especially among those moving in large numbers. After Mrs. Osburn was compelled to return to the house she kept watch occasionally from the window. The body of the swarm had entirely passed by the end of an hour and after that time, three 92 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'o'- x^iv, o'clock, only occasional stragglers were seen during the remainder of the afternoon. These, like the ones that preceded them, were headed in a southward direction. — Raymond C. Osburn. Florida Carabidse. — Mr. H. P. Loding has called attention to the failure to mention in my " Carabidae of Florida " the occurrence in Alabama of the following Floridian species, viz : Pasimachus suhsul- catus, Ardistomis puncticollis, Cymindis elegans, Tachys columbien- sis, T. ventricosiis, L'oxandrus celeris and Olisthopus parmatus. He also mentions Bradyccllus neglectiis as an Alabama species and there- fore somewhat liable to occur in Florida. Since southern Alabama and northern Florida are practically a continuous region these omis- sions should be corrected by those using the list. — C. W. Leng. Florida Beetles. — I found about thirty specimens of Dicaclus quad- ratiis, noted as rare in Leng's " List of the Carabidce of Florida," at Detroit, the last station this side of Key West, from the i6th to the 2ist of May,, 1915. I had never taken it before, though I have done considerable collecting in Florida. Euphoria limbalis Fall was also rather plentiful at Detroit. At Enterprise in 1910 I took a single specimen of Chlccniiis maxillosus on May 10, as well as quite a num- ber of two other species, floridanus and circiimcinctus, but this year the Chlseniini were quite scarce. — D. M. Castle. Snout Beetles on Holly Bloom. — While visiting recently with Mr. H. W. Wenzel in Philadelphia, he gave me among other rarities two small snout beetles, Xanthus pygmccus and Anthonomus latinscuhis, taken late in May on the flowers of Holly at Anglesea. This oft- quoted locality is rapidly becoming too civilized for good collecting ; but those of our readers who have holly trees near them, may secure these species by examining the trees when in bloom. — C. W. Leng. Additional records of the Deer Bot-fly Cephenomyia abdominalis. — This species was described by Prof. Aldrich in the June, 191 5, num- ber of this journal from three males collected on White Face Moun- tain in the Adirondacks, New York, July 6 and 10, 1914. In looking over my Diptera I have found two additional specimens, kindly pre- sented to me by their collector, Mr. Frank E. Watson. One is labeled " Summit of Mt. Marcey, N. Y., 5,344 ft., July 3, 1913," and the other, simply "North Elba, N. Y., July, 1913." This last, however, may have been collected on one of the mountains ascended by Mr. Watson. These five specimens are so far the only ones reported of this rather March, 1916.] MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 93 large and conspicuous fly, which, however, cannot be rare in the higher mountains of the Adirondacks. — Wm. T. Davis. Limenitis ursula var. albofasciata. — A specimen of this rare form was found on Staten Island, August 22, by Oscar Fulda. — G. C. Hall. Eticactophagus graphipterus Champion (Coleop.) in New Jersey — • Since my note in the Canadian Entomologist for January, 191 5, under "Field Notes and Questions" recording the finding of this rare mem- ber of the family Calandridse in a New Jersey greenhouse, other specimens have been found in the same place, evidently introduced in orchids from the U. S. of Colombia. If left to develop unchecked in an orchid house, it is likely to become a serious pest as larv?e have been found infesting Lycaste, OdoiitogJossum and various other species having large, soft bulbs. The larva excavates a large cavity in the bulb, destroying much of the interior and paving the way for decay, which of course finally results in the death of the bulb. Pupa- tion takes place inside the infested bulb and the adults feed on the leaves and other portions of the plant disfiguring them to a certain extent. An infested bulb can be detected before the adult emerges but only after considerable larval feeding has been done, by pressing it slightly with the thumb and fingers. If it contains a cavity, the tissue over it gives in and if such a bulb is cut open, the larva is readily found. A little practice soon enables one to become ac- quainted with how a healthy bulb and one containing a cavity should feel. Unfortunately, the opportunity for further study of this un- usual pest was spoiled by the owners of the infested orchids being unusually active in destroying all of the infested bulbs they could find. — Harry B. Weiss. Cicindela hirticollis var. rhodensis new var. — In the Ent. News, Oct., 1903, Mr. C. Abbott Davis described a new var. of C. hirticollis under the name of nigrita. As this name is preoccupied it seems ad- visable to re-name this form, and also at the same time to give such other information regarding this var. as is now available. Cicindela hirticollis var. rhodensis nov. var. Size and shape variable as in hirticollis ; color brown to brownish-black; elytral markings indistinct and incomplete, often immaculate except a faint white spot at the tip of the wing case, sometimes considerably extended along the outer edge. Beneath as in hirticollis, but generally less hairy. Occurs on sandv beaches along the Atlantic Coast from Point 9^ Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- ^-^iv, Judith to Narragansett Pier, R. L, at Horseneck beach, Westport Harbor, Mass., at Orgunquit, Maine, at Gardiner Island and along the ocean side, Long Island, New York. — Edwin E. Calder. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting of May i8, 1915. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held May 18, 191 5, at 8: 15 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Presi- dent Dr. Raymond C. Osburn in the chair, with sixteen members and three visitors present. Mr. Barber spoke of " Hemiptera Collected in Northern Florida by Messrs. Mutchler and Watson," pointing out that whereas the material used in compiling his list of Florida Hemiptera had been collected by various Museum expeditions and by Mrs. Slosson and Messrs. Davis, Van Duzee and others, mainly on the east coast and in the southern part of the peninsula and had proved rich in West Indian forms, the present lot of material had been col- lected mainly in the northwestern port of the State, adjoining the mainland of Alabama and Georgia, and had proved poor in West Indian forms, and prac- tically identical with the fauna of the Gulf Strip. The extreme southern character of the fauna was shown not only by the species collected but by the poor representation of Capsidas or Miridae. Among the more notable captures were Chilianella productiUs, Largns davisi, and Matapodius confraternus. The paper was discussed by Messrs. Olsen, Davis and Schaeffer, bringing out the fact that the Miridae, while deficient in southwestern states and West Indies, were comparatively plentiful through Mexico and Central America. Mr. Engelhardt exhibited specimens of the Sesiid moth, Memytrus palmi, described from Florida from a specimen now in American Museum collection, and known from another Floridian specimen in Mr. Palm's collection and numerous examples from North Carolina and other localities northward to Long Island, commenting upon its preference for white and red oak and, to a less degree, scarlet oak, and its resemblance to yellow-jacket wasps. He said that its habit of breeding in the larger branches made it usually difficult to collect in numbers, but that it had been fortunate in finding a locality near east New York, where the cutting down of the trees had compelled it to breed in smaller and more accessible branches, so that upwards of fifty infested pieces had been cut off. One of these was exhibited to show the work of the larva, circling around the branch during its first season and entering the heart wood the same fall or second year, and the pupa in its burrow in the very center of the branch. Mr. Comstock spoke of his experiences with Mr. Watson in 1914 and with March, 1916.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 95 Mr. Woodruff this year in collecting Lycflenidae at Greenwood Lake, particu- larly in reference to Incisalia henrici, which at the same date and locality proved less abundant this year than in 1914, when on May 3 a few were found and on May 10 about twenty were taken on the top of a knoll (about 1,200 feet elevation) two hours' walk from Glen Station. Anthocaris genutia was very abundant both years and other Lycaenidae were found, irus, augustus, etc., but the absence of henrici this year was remarkable. Mr. Comstock closed with a discussion of food plants in which Messrs. Davis and Engelhardt joined. Mr. Engelhardt remarked on the abundance of Anthocaris genutia on April 24 in Dutchess County, N. Y., near the Connecticut state line, where the Arabis, on which it feeds, was also abundant. Mr. Wm. T. Davis stated that he had spent the 6th and 7th of May at Lakehurst, N. J., and at night had found many moths on the flowers of the beach plum. Primus maritima, among them were Graphiphora subterminata Smith, Graphiphora culea Gro. and Jodia rufago Hiib. At sugar there were five species of Phaeocyma and the bug Largus succinctus Linn. Five indi- viduals of this last-mentioned species were present and a pair were in copula- tion. This species also occurs at night on flowers. Adults have been found at Lakehurst in A'pril, May and June; in July nymphs, and adults again in late August and in September. It has also been found in copulation on June 4. Mr. Davis remarked also that on account of their different dates of bloom- ing, one might use skunk cabbage, willow bloom and beach plum in succession for night collecting and thus prolong the season. Mr. Leng exhibited small branches of dogwood infested by the scolytid beetle, Phlceotribus frontalis, showing the characteristic clusters of sawdust at the entrances to the numerous burrows, and said they had been collected by Mr. H. W. Wenzel on May 10 near Philadelphia. Mr. Dow exhibited a cocoon from Panama and several other insects, living and dead. Dr. Osburn spoke briefly of his new home at No. 358 Mahegan Ave., New- London, Conn., and said he hoped to have visits there from members of the Society interested in the varied collecting of that locality, where fresh and tide water shores, hills and plains would, he felt sure, prove remunerative. After refreshments the Society adjourned to the first Tuesday in October. Meeting of October 5, 1915. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held October 5, 1915, at 8: IS P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Vice- President H. G. Barber in the chair, and twenty members present, with three visitors, including Mr. H. H. Knight, of Cornell University. Dr. Lutz exhibited two luminous larviform insects received from C. L. Holmes, Waterbury, Conn., similar to others collected by himself at North Mountain, Pa., and received from Tompkin's Cove, N. Y., and referred to an illustrated article by Riley in Am. Ent., 1880, apparently referring to the same 9G Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, insect, which in the dark looked like a miniature trolley car from the luminous spot on the sides of each segment. Mr. Schaeffer said he believed it was the female of Phengodes laticollis, but should be referred to H. S. Barber in Washington, who had specially studied the subject, and to whom he had sent similar specimens from Yaphank, L. I. The discussion that followed brought out the error in the suspicion of early authors that these luminous creatures were larvae of Melanactes, Asaphes or other Elateridae, the successful work of H. S. Barber having shown them to belong to Lampyridae. Mr. Mutchler exhibited in advance of a complete report on the expedition to Porto Rico : Tetracha sobrina taken at Ensenada, P. R., June 14 ; Cicindela hebrcra taken at Anasco, P. R., September; Cicindela boops taken at Ensenada, P. R., June 14; Cicindela trifasciata taken at Ensenada, P. R., June 14, and a Cicindela, apparently new, taken by Mr. Watson in San Domingo. Mr. Watson exhibited Sphingidje donated to the Museum by Mr. B. Pres- ton Clark, of Boston, with a collection of American Sphingidse, containing 34 species, new to the collection, mostly subtropical, and including the new Henio- roplanes acuta R. & J., from Bolivia. Mr. Shoemaker spoke briefly of his summer collecting at Washington, D. C, and at Slide Mt., in the Catskills, the latter resulting in the capture of about 1,800 beetles and 500 to 600 Lepidoptera. On the September visit to Washington he was accompanied by Mr. Nicolay and their joint efforts yielded twenty-two specimens of Cychrus. Mr. Nicolay described their joint efforts in greater detail, regretting the comparative failure of bait bottles on account of cold nights, but extolling the merits of the Virginia shore of the Potomac River, opposite Plummer's Island, where their success under small and moderate-sized stones led to search be- neath larger ones, until, as he expressed it, they were " moving the landscape a little." Pferosticlius purpuratiis was common and P. appro.viniatits and other desirable Carabidae were found, while Parnidae were seen crawling like spiders on wood pulled out of the water into the sunshine, and Cremastochilus sp. was found under a stone with ants, which dragged it down under the soil when disturbed. Mr. Davis said in his experience Cremastochilus buried itself, but Mr. Nicolay repeated that in this instance two ants pulled on the front legs while he pulled on the hind legs. Mr. Nicolay also spoke of Cicindelidas caught at Mt. Pocono, Pa., and promised to show them at the next meeting. Mr. Dow mentioned the death on August 24 of J. Turner Brakeley, of Lahaway, and his friendship with Smith Grossbcck and the two Wenzels, and promised a paper on his personal characteristics and entomological activity for next meeting. He exhibited specimens caught at Lahaway this summer and at Allaben in the Catskills where he met Pearsall and Crosby commenting espe- cially on the abundance of Strategus antccus and Cicindela lepida at Lahaway, where the burrows of the latter could be found only two or three feet apart in perfectly smooth grassless places of white sand. He donated Arctia caia March, 1916.J PROCEEDINGS OF THE SoCIETY. 97 from Allaben to the local collection and a number of other specimens to the members present. Mr. Olsen, referring to a European Aphid previously reported by him as occurring in this country, added that he had learned from Gillette of its occur- rence in other parts of the United States. Mr. Sherman spoke of his visit to the White Mountains in September and especially of the increased facilities afforded for collecting by the permanent camps on the summit, at the Lake of the Clouds, which is in the heart of the alpine garden, and of the prospect of additional camps being built at Hermit Lake and in the Great Gulf. Many new trails have been added by the Appa- lachian Mountain Club. He met Sheriff, of Boston, while in the mountains who showed him a Carabus chamissonis found under a stone, still entirely white, though it darkened in a few hours. Mr. Engelhardt spoke of his visits to Pleasant Valley, in the foothills of the Berkshires, where he had good collecting, particularly at night, and was pleased to find the postmaster a naturalist. He described particularly a bait bottle in which a mouse, accidentally caught, died and served to attract Sil- phidae in such numbers that the bottle was entirely filled. Mr. Sleight spoke of the material collected abroad by Mr. Holinan and sent to him. Mr. Davis spoke briefly of his visit at the end of May to Rock City in the western part of the state and of several visits to Long Island, exhibiting dragon flies caught by shooting charges of fine shot at them with a sling shot. He also read a letter from Charles Dury, in reference to the latter's journey through Arizona, Nevada and California, and showed a copy of the recent work by Bentley B. Fulton, " The Free Crickets of New York : Life History and Bionomics," being Tech. Bull. No. 42 issued by N. Y. Agl. Exp. Sta., Geneva, N. Y., to which he gave the highest commendation as the first com- plete and accurate treatment of the subject, regretting only that a botanical error appeared on page 30, where the bur oak (Q. macrocarpa) should be the post oak (Q. minor), the bur oak not being found, so far as known, on Long Island. The error is repeated on page 27. Dr. Lutz called attention to the return of W. S. Genung, known some years ago by his collections in Georgia, Florida, Cape Breton and Newfoundland, to entomological activity in his seventy-second year, his present address being New Augustine, Fla. Mr. Woodruff spoke of finding an unusual dragon fly again at Litchfield, Conn., from June 30 to July 15, the species being Leucorhinia frigida, and represented by males only. Mr. Bird spoke of his continued search for boring lepidopterous larvae and said he had now succeeded in finding another species within the fifty-mile limit. Mr. Hall exhibited a Staten Island specimen of Limenitis Ursula var. albofasciata taken by Oscar Fulda, August 22 ; and commented on other local records for this rare form. Mr. J. W. Angell spoke of collecting at Twin Lakes, Conn., in favorable 98 Journal New York Entomological Society. IVoi. xxiv, terms, and exhibited thirty-five exotic Neolamprima and a series (i4c?c?, 4?$) of Liicanus elaphus. Mr. Schaeffer spoke of expeditions to West Point with Colonel Robinson and of various new Long Islands records of which he will furnish details at a later meeting. Mr. Leng exhibited some Coleoptera taken on Staten Island by his son, which, as far as new to the local list, will be mentioned in short notes. These included also Ochthebius foveicollis and Hydraena pennsyl- vanica from Willow Brook, near Bull's Head, where the growth of Anacharis in the water and the protruding willow roots on the banks made excellent col- lecting for aquatic species, especially Parnidae, which occur in great numbers. Mr. Schaeffer mentioned, in connection with the West Indian List, the occurrence in Trinidad of two new species of Eucnemidae. Mr. Barber spoke of his experiences at Lakehurst in September, where the rains had caused an unusually verdant appearance and remarkably poor collecting. Mr. Knight, commenting on Malachlus crneiis, said it was very common at Batavia, N. Y. Meeting of October 19, 1915. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held Octo- ber 19, 1915, at 8: 15 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Vice-President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with fourteen members present. On motion the following were elected to active membership in the Society, viz.: W. D. Funkhouser, 415 N. Tioga St., Ithaca, N. Y. ; M. D. Leonard, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. ; Lawrence H. Dunn, Board of Health Laboratory, Ancon, Canal Zone. On motion, Dr. F. E. Lutz was elected a delegate to the Second Pan- American Scientific Congress, with C. W, Leng as alternate. Mr. Nicolay exhibited a collection of " Local Cicindelidas " in reference to which he said in part that since 1910 he had collected personally or obtained by exchange twenty-five species and varieties. A series of C. patnicla from Pocono, Pa., where this species is plentiful early in September at a place locally called the Knob, was illustrated by photographs of the locality ; as was a series of C. limbalis from the wagon road approaching the summit of Storm King Mountain, near West Point, N. Y. Brownish forms of C. purpurea from Pocono and a green specimen collected by Mr. Pearsall in the Catskills Moun- tains were subjects of comment. In reference to C. harrisi, Mr. Nicolay said that no typical C. sex-guttata were found with it, and while it might be an alti- tudinous form of that species, it could scarcely be a senile form, since its peculiar color was developed only in the mountains. In regard to local races, Mr. Nicolay pointed out that nigrita was not apparently approached in the Chesapeake Bay race of hirticollis, as it was at Rockaway Beach, and Mr. Davis added that it was only on Long Island that immaculate forms of iiiodesta were locally found. Aqueduct being the great center. At Lakehurst, though the species were found in numbers, such variations were so far unknown. Messrs. Shoemaker and Angell joined in the discussion. March, 1916.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 99 Mr. Dow, under the title " A Pilgrimage to Lahaway," described the strong character of the late J. Turner Brakeley, dwelling upon the aid he had given John B. Smith and others, and the lovable nature that dominated his career in spite of his many eccentricities. As this paper will later be pub- lished in full, no extract is given. Meeting of November 2, 1915. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held No- vember 2, 1915, in the American Museum of Natural History, at 8: 15 P. M., Vice-President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with eleven members and two visitors present. Mr. Dickerson spoke on " Insects of Season of 1915," dwelling particu- larly on those of economic importance, and pointing out the opportunities for collecting on the masses of flowers in commercial nurseries and the liability of European insects being found there from the growing practice of importing shrubs with balls of earth about the roots. The European Mole Cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa L., found in this way at Rutherford, N, J., by Weiss and determined by Rehn, was shown as an example; also Exochomus 4-pustnlatus, Rutherford, July 10, and Riverton, March 29, from bay trees imported from Belgium in the nurseries ; Plagiodera versicolor, found on willows in nurseries at Rutherford, and Carabus nemoralls as additional examples among Coleoptera. In some cases the origin of the insects was an interesting problem. . The Tingid, Leptobyrsa explanata, for instance, is a native insect found on wild azalea, and is also found in nurseries on imported rhododendrons perhaps from confusion with a similar European insect, perhaps from prior introduction in Europe on rhododendron stock brought from America. Leptophya mutica Say is another species found on fringetree (Chionanthus virginica) in southern New Jersey. Otiorhynchns sulcatus, a beetle common to Europe and America, is also found in nurseries, the adults damaging the leaves of rhododendron, but possibly being introduced also in the earth about the roots. Its habits are mainly subterranean and it is easily trapped under boards. Mr. Dickerson also spoke of the varying plenty of certain injurious insects in different years. An abundance of plant-lice in the early summer was noted combined with a scarcity of lady bugs. The injury to apple foliage was great, in which connection Mr. Dickerson spoke of the necessity of spraying just as leaf buds begin to swell, as emphasized in Bulletin 402, " Controlling Plant Lice in Apple Orchards," by R. J. Parrott, and of the efiiect of combinations of nicotine in the spraying mixture. The tanglefoot joint as a remedy for peach tree borers was also mentioned. The varying plenty of the catalpa sphinx, especially on Catalpa brugei in nurseries, was also alluded to. It was not abundant this year but may be next year, since its parasite was also scarce. Mr. Dickerson exhibited also Adalia humeralis from Nutley, N. J., June 16, Blethisa quadricollis Hald, a specimen taken at Arlington, N. J., April 10, in a wet situation, thus confirming the single record in the New Jersey List; 100 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxiv, a botfly, Cuterebra buccata Fab., determined by Mr. Davis, found on sidewalk in Irvington, N. J., a Psychoda cinerea Banks, found in the bathroom ; and the European pine tip moth, Evetria buoliana (to which Bulletin 170, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, is devoted), which fortunately has not spread rapidly here, but is so serious a pest in Europe that 150,000 larvae have been gathered and de- stroyed in one locality. Mr. Busck has investigated its appearance on Long Island and the importation of pines has been stopped. Mr. Dickerson spoke also of the attacks of a Chactocnema, similar to C. confinis (which is known to attack sweet potato and bindweed), on cultivated mallow in a nursery at Rutherford; and of the larvae of Barini working in the lower stem of Gaillardia and other cultivated composites. He closed by urging greater attention to such nurseries by collectors. His remarks were followed by a general discussion of the subjects introduced. Mr. Leng stated that in addition to Otiorhynchus sulcqtus the European species, O. aiiricapillis, was known to have been introduced with imported stock at Cromwell, Conn, (fide W. D. Pierce), and O. singularis was reported from several localities by New England collectors and by Mr. Shoemaker. Mr. Davis said the catalpa sphinx always flew ahead of its parasite and was liable for two or three years to defoliate the trees, as at Lakehurst a few - years ago, but the parasite soon followed, and thereafter held it in check. Mr. Angell spoke of the various localities for Carabtis nemoralis to which Mr. Davis added Staten Island. Mr. Davis also added Staten Island to the localities for Plagiodera ver- sicolor Laich. (armoracics Fab.), his earliest record being August 3, 191 1, in the Clove Valley. This year on October 9 numbers were found under willow bark at Bull's Head, where it had also been taken in July on the willow leaves by C. W. Leng, Jr. Mr. Davis spoke of its identification by Mr. Schwarz from specimens he had taken to Washington and Mr. Woodruff added that Mr. Schaeffer had sent him the same name. Mr. Dickerson added also that specimens from New Jersey had been sent him two or three years ago, so that this European enemy of willow and poplar might be considered fairly established near New York City. Mr. Davis exhibited the description of the species under the name arnio- racicB in Stephens' Manual of British Beetles, saying that it was not safe to leave a generic name out over night and perhaps scarcely a specific name. He commented also on the more natural appearance of specimens killed in cyanide ; and exhibited specimens of Micromalthus debilis given him by Mr. Herbert S. Barber and the latter's interesting work on its varied method of reproduction. Mr. Barber exhibited Carthasus rufonotatus, which he could now add to the New Jersey List. His remarks will be printed in Short Notes. Mr. Davis exhibited his collection of Long Island Cicindelidae, commenting especially on the ancient record for C. unipunctata and recent captures of C. consentanea by Mr. Schott at Wyandanch, L. I., April 24 ; by Mr. Harris at March, 1916.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 101 Quogue and Westhampton in September and by Mr. Wood at Port Jefferson, on a gravelly bluff sloping down to the beach. He also showed the varied forms of C. rugifrons and C. modesta taken in one day's collecting at Aqueduct and said while that locality was destroyed, a smaller dune further along the shore was still good. Mr, Harris recalled the work of Mr. Johnson and Mr. Joutel at Aqueduct, and spoke of his own recent trip to Oak Island, across the Great South Bay, where Johnson lost his life, to obtain the dorsalis, hirticollis and repanda that the latter had collected there. He spoke also of C. munifica, a large form of dorsalis, with broad conspicuous bronze markings, which he had received from Professor Calder, of Providence, who had collected it at Narrangansett Pier, so far as known, the most northern locality for the species; and of the gradual disappearance in dried specimens of rugifrons of the brassy color sometimes noted in the field. Mr. Davis said the same change in color might be noted in C 6-gnttafa, specimens in old collections being often of a more violet shade. Mr. Angell recorded finding C. 6-guttata on October 12. Mr. Dow ex- hibited plaster cast from Lahaway of a spider burrow and another of Cicindela modesta and spoke of the characteristic form of burrow made by each species. Mr. Rich spoke of the presentation at Ithaca by Mr. Leach of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology of some of the economic matters mentioned by Mr. Dickerson, particularly regarding peach tree borers. Meeting of November 16, 1915 A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held No- vember 16, 191S, in Heim's Restaurant, at 8: 15 P. M., with Vice-President H. G. Barber in the chair and eighteen members and five visitors, viz. : Mr. Henry Brown, a member of the Soc. Ent. of France; Mr. H. L. Viereck, of the Washington Biologists' Field Club ; Mr. Harry B. Weiss, of the New Jersey Agl. Exp. Sta. ; Mr. Herbert Lang and Mr. James C. Chapin, of the American Museum Congo Expedition, and Mr. Stephen G. Rich, present. The curator reported a donation from Mr. Dickerson to the local collec- tion;.and resumption of the study of the Coleoptera thereof on Saturday, November 20, at 2 P. M., the subject being the family Cleridae. The secretary read letters from several members, including Messrs. Green, Bird, Love, Knapp, Groth, Wunder and Joutel, regretting their inability to attend the supper which preceded the meeting. Mr. Laurence V. Coleman, 150 Maple St., Brooklyn, was elected to active membership. Mr. Dow reported for the committee on Lahaway that Mr. J. W. Angell and he had again visited the Plantation. Messrs. Davis and Leng spoke of their recent visit to Washington, of the friends with whom they had visited while there, and of their scientific results, which will be printed in the Journal. Mr. Davis also exhibited photographs of persons and places and a printing press for locality labels obtained from 102 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^^o'- ^^iv, Herbert S. Barber, by which any number of labels may be quickly prepared. Mr. Leng showed the recent Report No. 107 by F. C. Craighead on "Larvae of the Prioninse." Mr. Engelhardt read a paper on the " Mecoptera of N. E. United States,'" which will be printed elsewhere. Upon invitation by the chairman, several of the visitors spoke briefly ex- pressing their gratification. Messrs. Lang and Chapin, referring to the entomological results of their Congo Expeditions, said that they were novices in entomology and that Mr. Davis was largely responsible for their exertions in that direction ; Mr. Chapin disclaimed any strong affection for the skin beetles, termites and driver ants that in various ways hindered their work. He said that actually they depended more or less on native help, such as boys stationed along the road with nets or visiting other localities of which they know. One elderly ex-soldier, /Caj^^Ja by name, but nicknamed " Peperua " (^butterfly in Medje language), because he was often employed to use the butterfly net, had been very serviceable, though once his hunger for fresh meat led him to assail with his net a native hunter carrying an antelope, and while his stratagem secured the desired deli- cacy, there was trouble next day when the scared hunter got over his fright. Dr. Lutz, speaking of the entomological collections they had brought back, said that scarcely a third had been unpacked and that they were evidently very extensive and most important additions to the 'American Museum stock of insects. He only regretted that lack of competent workers in the country would necessarily retard their study and urged the specialists in the Society to aid the Museum in working up this valuable material. Mr. Doll and Mr. Benedict spoke briefly of their pleasure in being able to attend the meeting. Mr. J. W. Angell described the Lahaway Plantation, mentioning the accom- modation obtainable at Prospertown, close by, the good condition of the build- ings, the attractive features, including the many different environments for collecting, and the complete isolation of the great forest which had not been cut for forty years. He urged that it be acquired, since in years to come increasing cultivation would make such an opportunity unlikely to recur. Meeting of December 7, 191 5. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held De- cember 7, 1915, at 8: 15 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Vice-President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with twenty-one members and three visitors, including Mr. Harry B. Weiss and Mr. H. L. Viereck, present. The curator reported gift of Pterostichus purpuratus from Mr. Shoemaker ; also the completion of the local collection of Cleridse, and announced a special meeting of Coleopterists on Saturday, December 18, at 2 P. M., for the study of the Malachiidffi. The following were elected to active membership : Stephen G. Rich, Harry B. Weiss, Henry Brown. March, 1916.] PROCEEniNGS OF THE SoCIETY. 103 Mr. Howard L. Clark, North Farm, Bristol, R. I., was proposed for active membership by Mr. Bird. Mr. Bird presented a paper on " Xanthcecia buffaloensis Grt., its larval history and occurrence within our fifty-mile faunal zone," which will be printed in full in the Journal. He exhibited specimens, dilating upon the clypeal tubercle and its possible use ; and referring to the occurrence of the species within the city limits, said he had found the larvae in New Jersey on their now known food plant, Saururns ccrnuits L., and they would probably be found also on Staten Island. Mr. Bird also added Nonagria laeta to the local list and made known its food plant, Sparganium, which has not hitherto been recorded. Mr. Leng exhibited a specimen of Otiorhynchus sulcafus in which one of the deciduous cusps was present, while the other was lacking, so that its scar on the mandible could be seen ; and compared the use of the cusps in breaking through the pupal stage with the clypeal tubercle shown by Mr. Bird. Dr. Lutz, commenting on Mr. Bird's remarks, said that special horns, spines, etc., could not always with safety be ascribed to special uses, since such were often the marks of old, specializing stock. Mr. Dickerson exhibited pink and green specimens of Amphiscepa hivit- tata Say, collected at West Norwood, N. J., August 28, by sweeping, both sexes being represented, and referred to the fact that pink insects were usually found in the fall. Mr. Davis mentioned Professor W. M. Wheeler's resume of facts con- cerning pink insects. Mr. J. W. Angell spoke of the combats between males of Lucanus cervtis in which the mandibles were vised as weapons and quoted Janson's experience with them, in which the elytra were found greatly damaged. Mr. Dow exhibited a pine snake from Lahaway which had swallowed a partridge egg, and a number of curious nests made by wasps from the same locality, in which coat hooks, door hasps, etc., had been utilized by the insects. Mr. Viereck later, commenting upon them, said that Sceliphron solitarius was the architect responsible for most of them. Mr. Weiss exhibited Eucactophagus grapliipterus Champ., a Calandrid weevil found at Summit, N. J., in greenhouses where orchids with soft bulbs, like Odontoglossum, were grown. A more complete account will be printed in Miscellaneous Notes. Mr. Davis exhibited insects collected in Cuba by Mr. M. R. Harrington while engaged in archaeological work. Many came from a cave near Baracoa where the walls were in places covered with roaches ; and others included Pyrophorus, Elaphidion, Stenodontes and other Coleoptera as well as Penta- tomids and Cicadas. Mr. Davis also read " Additional Records of the Deer Bot-fly," which will be printed in Miscellaneous Notes, and exhibited it and allied species of Cuterehra. Mr. Leng exhibited the West Indian Lycidas of the American Museum and 104 Journal New York Entomological Society, f^oi xxiv, National Museum combined and commented on the distribution of genus Thonahinis, one section of which is apparently confined to Cuba and the Ba- hamas, while no species at all occur in Porto Rico. Mr. Long also read a letter from F. G. Schaupp, written in 1892, recount- ing his first experiences in America in 1866. Mr. Barber exhibited two European species of Lygaeidse occurring in N. E. America, one, Stygnocorus rusticus, having been already reported by Horvath in 19 10, the other, 5". pedestris, having been lately found in Nova Scotia and brought to his attention by the Bussey Institution. Mr. Nicolay spoke of his visit via Dyckman St. Ferry to Palisades Inter- state Park and regretted that the natural scenery and conditions had been greatly damaged by ill-advised attempts to improve them. Mr. Davis fully endorsed his views, saying that greater destruction had been wrought by order ■ of the commissioners than an irresponsible horde of picnickers could possibly accomplish if bidden to do their worst for an entire Sunday. He referred also to the formal protest filed by the Linnsan Society and furnished extracts from the proceedings of that Society. Mr. Harris spoke of his visit to Washington and his studies with Mr. Schwarz of the U. S. National Museum collection of Cicindelidse, remarking particularly on the liability of species supposed to be exclusively Central Amer- ican to occur in Arizona, New Mexico or Sonora. A form of C. argentata found by Oslar in Sonora, and C. segnis. related to C. debilis, found in Ari- zona by Eugene Smythe being examples. Meeting of December 18, 1915. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held De- cember 18, 1915, at 8: 15 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Vice-President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with twenty members and one visitor, Mr. Howard Notman, present. The curator reported that the local collection of Malachiidae had been completed and that the subject for study on January 15 would be the family Cistelidse. Mr. Schaeffer for the Publication Committee reported progress with the Van Duzee List, which had been delayed by the printer and by corrections received from the author. Mr. Dow, in seconding the nomination of Mr. Howard L. Clark, recalled that gentleman's forty-two years of entomological activity and moved that he be elected by affirmative ballot cast by the secretary. Mr. Clark was thereupon elected an active member. Mr. Dow nominated Mr. Howard Notman, of 136 Joralemon St., Brooklyn, for active membership. Mr. Davis announced the death on December 15 of Ignaz Matausch, a member of the Society for many years. On motion, Mr. Mutchler was appointed a committee to prepare an obit- March, 1916.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SoCIETY. 105 uary notice for the Journal ; and the secretary was instructed to express by letter to the widow the regret of the members. The chairman appointed Messrs. Dickerson, Dow and Sleight a committee to prepare nominations for officers for the ensuing year. Mr. Nicolay exhibited his collection of " Local Gyrinidse " and other fami- lies of aquatic beetles and described methods of capture and local environment. He also showed sheets prepared for the N. Y. State List and enlarged photo- graphs of the scenes amid which he had collected. Mr. Davis, adverting to his remarks on the sunbasking habit of Gyrinidse, recalled his printed observations,! and especially his experience at Pine Island, N. Y., with Mr. Woodruff when Dineutes discolor and Gyrinus dichrous were seen in separate assemblages, though on the same submerged tree, basking in the sun, and dropping off, one by one, when disturbed, like turtles. Mr. Schaeffer and Mr. Leng spoke of the taxonomic difficulties involved in some of these groups, and the latter referred also to the work in progress by Mr. H. H. Knight, of Ithaca, on the Parnids. Dr. Lutz, in the absence of Mr. Viereck, exhibited and spoke briefly of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Porto Rico. Mr. Davis exhibited photographs received from Mr. Clarence Shoemaker of Messrs. Nicolay and Shoemaker at work along the Potomac, and quoted the nickname " Energy Shoemaker " as applied in Washington to the latter. Mr. Shoemaker exhibited and donated to the local collection specimens of Semiophora gristra, taken at Lakehurst in October and identified as a rare moth by Dr. Forbes ; also Catocala amatrix, captured as it flew alarmed from the pine trees, and Xylina pexata. He remarked upon the benefit he had already derived from the local collection in its incomplete condition and urged upon all members the advantage of completing it as rapidly as possible. Mr. Weiss exhibited and donated to the local collection specimens of Antonina crauii, the cottony bamboo scale, found at Riverton, N. J., in August, an introduction from Japan; Rhopalosiphon ligustri Kalt., the privet plant louse, found in Jersey City in July, probably European in origin and remark- able as being one of the few enemies of privet ; Corthylus punctatissimus. long known as attacking the rootstock of huckleberry, but lately developing into a pest attacking the rhododendrons and azaleas ; the specimens shown were found at Somerville, N. J., October 7, 19 15, and sections showing their work near the ground were included; Pinipestris simmermanni Grt., the pine shoot moth, from Eatontown, X. J., August 15; Monarthropalpus buxi Lab., the boxwood leaf miner, probably introduced from Holland. Mr. Weiss exhibited also a Pierid, found alive in French nursery stock at Rutherford, N. J., December i, which has been identified as Gonepteryx rhamni Linn., J, the brimstone butterfly, common in Europe, Asia and North Africa. Mr. Leng exhibited a species of Staphylinid beetle of the tribe Omalini, 1 JouR. N. Y. Ent. Soc, VII, p. 22, 1899, 106 Journal New York Entomological Society, tvoi. xxiv, found at the edge of sphagnum swamp near Roselle Park, N. J., by Mr. H. G. Barber while sifting. The species appears to be new to the United States and allied to the European Boreaphilus, according to letters from Mr. E. A. Schwarz. Mr. Leng also called attention to the articles by Paul Schulze in Ver- handlung der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, 1913, on the composition and reaction to alkaline fluids of the tuberculate elytra of beetles, especially Cicindelc-e, which may explain some differences observed and hitherto supposed to be of taxonomic importance. Mr. Rich spoke of the flight of beetles when deprived of one or both elytra, citing some of the literature on the subject, and stating that from his experiments the elytra appeared to have a function similar to that of the planes of a flying machine. His remarks were discussed by Dr. Lutz, Messrs. Davis, Schaeffer and Leng, the latter describing the use of the abdominal apex by Staphylinidae in folding the elytra after a flight. Mr. Davis said this was already known and referred to J. G. Wood, " In- sects at Home," p. 66 (1872), where the process is described. Dr. Lutz said the earwigs also use their forceps for the same purpose.^ 1 Wood, p. 227, and " Flashlights of Nature," by Allen. the: NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Organized June 29, 1892. — Incorporated June 7, 1893. The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except June, July, August and September) at 8 p. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, 77th Street and Eighth Ave. Annual dues for Active Members, ^3.00. Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the treasurer. Officers for the Year 19 16. President, H. G. BARBER 12 Clay Ave., Roselle Park, New Jersey. Vice-l'residevt, L. B. WOODRUFF 14 East 68th Street, New York. Secretary, CHAS. \V. I.EN'G 33 Murray St., New York. 7>^rt!«vr^r, \VM. T. DAVIS 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brightor, Staten Island, N. Y. Lihrai i in, I'RANK E. WATSON American Museum of Natural History, New York. Cura/or, A J. MUTCHLER. . . American Museum of Natural History, New York. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. R. C. OsBORN, Chas. E. Sleight, R P. D av, Geo. p. Engelhardt, E. Shoemaker. tuslication committee Chas. Schaeffer, F. E. Lutz, W. P. Comstock, E. L. Dickerson. A UDITING COMMITTEE. C. F. Groth, ' G. W. J. Angell, John D. Sherman, Jr. FIELD COMMITTEE Chas. Wunder, A. S. Nicolay. delegate to the n. v. academy of scieaceh William T. Davis. aOURN ALv OF THE ?ublished quarterly by the Society, at 41 North Queen St., Lancaster PsL and New York City. All communications relating to the Journal should be sent to the Publication Committee, New York Entomological Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York City; all subscriptions to the Treasurer, VVm. T. 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JOU RN AL OF THE NEW YORK X Entomological Society. BevoteD to ]£ntomoloap in (Bcneral. JUNE, 1916. Edited by CHARLES SCHAEFFER Publication Comtnittfe. Charles Schaeffer F, E. Lutz. W. P. COMSTOCK. E L. DiCKERbUN. Publisheci Quiarterly by the Society. LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK CITY. 1916 [Entered April 21, 1904,31 La-caster, Pa., as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of July 16, 1894.] 'HE NEW ERA PRINT CONTENTS Notes on Some Slave-Raids of the Western Amazon Ant ( Polyergus Breviceps Emery). By William Morton Wheeler ... 107 New Limnophiline Crane-Flies from the United States and Canada. By ChARLE.S p. ALEXA.NDER . . . . . n8 Descriptions and Records of North American Hippoboscidae. l!y Myro.n H. SWENK . . 126 On Certain Caterpillar Homologies. By Wm. T. M. Forkks . . 137 Notes on Alleculidee. By Charles W. Leng . . 142 The Insect Fauna of New Jersey Greenhouses Exclusive of the Coccidae. By Harry B. Weiss . . 144 Notes on a Peculiar Nymph- Variation of Enchenopa Binotata Say. By Ignaz Matausch J5I Miscellaneous Notes 153 Ignaz Matausch 155 Julius Meitzen . . 157 Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 157 JOURNAL OF THE jOpfD igoFk Cinlomologirfll jSoriFtg. Vol. XXIV. JUNE, 1916. No. 2. NOTES ON SOME SLAVE-RAIDS OF THE WESTERN AMAZON ANT (POLYERGUS BREVICEPS EMERY).! By William Morton Wheeler, Forest Hills, Mass. While camping during the summer of 1*915 at Fallen Leaf Lake near Lake Tahoe, in the Sierras of California, I had an opportunity to observe several slave-raids of the western amazon ant (Polyergus rufescens Latr. subsp. breviceps Emery), a form not hitherto knov\rn to occur in California. In my book on the ants- 1 described a few forays of this ant in Colorado, but the Californian colonies exhibited some peculiarities of behavior not heretofore observed in any of our North American amazons. Only five colonies were seen during ten days de- voted to the study of the ants of the Lake Tahoe region, so that in this locality P. breviceps is evidently much rarer than in certain localities {c. g., Florissant) at the same or greater elevations in the Rocky jMountains of Colorado. The slave in all the colonies was an ill-defined variety of Formica fusca, less pubescent than var. sub- sericea Say or argcntea Wheeler and larger and less shining than the typical form of the species. The notes taken on the following dates refer to as many different colonies : 1 Contributions from the Entomological Laboratory of the Bussey Insti- tution, Harvard University, No. 113. - Ants, Their Structure, Development and Behavior. Columbia Univ. Press, igio, p. 475-477. 107 108 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, July 22. At 4.30 P. M. a large army of breviceps workers was seen hastening along the rocky trail, at an altitude of about 6,000 ft., on the eastern slope of Mt. Tallac, about 50 feet above the surface of Fallen Leaf Lake. The ants were followed to a fusca nest which they had just reached. The fusca workers had retired into their galleries and could be seen hurriedly closing the small entrance from ■ within with pellets of earth, evidently for the purpose of shutting the amazons out. The latter, however, at once tore out the barricade and poured into the nest. Soon they began to bring up the fusca pupae and at once hurried back over the trail. I followed them to their own nest which was nearly 60 feet from the plundered colony, in the narrow crevices of some large rocks where it could not be examined. By 5.15 P. M. all the amazons had entered their nest. The supply of fusca brood secured on this raid was not considerable, since only about one in ten of the returning workers carried a pupa or larva in its jaws. Retracing my steps to the fusca nest, I found its inhabitants slowly and apparently with reluctance returning to it. July 24. A small colony consisting of a wingless, ergatoid female and about a dozen small breviceps workers and nearly two dozen fusca workers was found under a log in a warm hollow at an alti- tude of nearly 7,000 ft. on the eastern slope of Angora Peak. This was evidently a young colony, with the ergatoid female functioning as its queen. This insect had the gaster considerably distended with eggs. July 2j. At 4.20 P. M. I encountered a small colony of breviceps returning from a raid on the Mt. Tallac trail near Fallen Leaf Lodge, not far from the spot where I observed the foray of July 22. I did not stop to locate the nest. July 2p. At 3.45 P. M. I came upon a large breviceps army re- turning to its nest laden with pupae near Glen Alpine Springs at an altitude of about 7,000 ft. The nest was easily found under a large flat stone, which I lifted just before the returning army arrived. The nest-chembers were full of fusca workers and pupse, but on!y two or three amazons had remained among them, and had not, there- fore, taken part in the foray. The notes taken on the following dates refer to a single breviceps colony which was observed on five consecutive days, not only by my- self but also by many of my fellow campers and by Mr. Wm. W. June, i9i6.] WhEELER : SlAVE-RaiDS OF AMAZON AnT. 109 Price, the genial ornithologist and proprietor of Fallen Leaf Lodge:- July 26. At 4.10 P. M. I discovered the nest of a very large breviceps colony under a small flat stone near the mouth of the canyon through which the stream runs from Glen Alpine Springs to Fallen Leaf Lake. The army of several hundred workers was just emerging and congregating around the three nest orifices in prep- aration for a foray. The ants very soon hurried off in great ex- citement down the canyon to a fusca nest at least 70 feet distant. The trail was difficult, as the insects had to cross a very dusty road, climb over a pile of rough boulders, creep under a lot of low bushes and then traverse many feet of rocky soil. The first individuals, however, reached the fusca nest at 4.30 P. M. and at once en- tered it through several openings so small and so much obstructed with pellets of earth that I should not have found the nest with- out the guidance of the amazons. The fusca workers offered no re- sistance, but fled in all directions. A few managed, to escape with larvae in their jaws. The amazons poured into the nest entrances and soon emerged with the first pup?e, nearly all of which were naked (/. e., not enclosed in cocoons) at 4.40 P. M. and at once started for home. The vanguard of the returning army, nearly every worker of which was carrying a pupa, reached the nest at 4.55 P. M. and the last stragglers had arrived by 5.10 P. M. The foray was therefore completed in an hour. It was accompanied by an unusual perform- ance— a partial marriage flight. About 20 winged female amazons and a greater number of males left the nest with the army of workers and while some of the couples lingered behind and mated on the ground or low vegetation and several of the males flew away without mating with their sisters, several of the females accompanied the workers and even entered the fusca nest. None, however, was seen to return with the pupa-laden workers. A few, which had mated, tore off their wings and ran about over the ground. They probably returned to the nest after I had left the spot. July 2y. I visited the amazon nest at 3.35 P. M. and found that the army had just departed. It took a more northerly direction than on the preceding day, and after covering a distance of about 75 feet, stopped and began to hunt about among the stones and sparse vege- tation. After several minutes devoted to this search, the greater por- tion of the army moved on but the remainder discovered a small 110 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, fusca nest, plundered it without opposition and at once returned home with all the pupx that could be secured. The main army hurried on over a very rough, stony trail. They stopped twice, searched aboui diligently but in vain, and each time changed the direction of their route. Several completely or partially dealated females accompaniea the main army the whole distance and seemed to be quite as keenly interested in the proceedings as the workers. The army halted a third time at a spot 125 feet distant from the point where the first nest was plundered and succeeded in discovering a flourishing fusca colony consisting of large workers. These were very aggressive and fully prepared to defend their nest, which, like all the fusca nests in the vicinity of the amazon colony, was very carefully concealed under and between stones. The amazons reached this nest at 4.30 P. M. and exhibited great excitement. Some of them attacked the fusca fiercely, while others kept digging their way into the earth-barricaded entrances. Fusca workers could be seen defending their doorways from within, but they were mercilessly dragged out and massacred in the usual manner, by having their heads pierced with the sickle- shaped mandibles of the amazons. Finally, after a struggle of fully 30 minutes, at 5 P. M. the first fusca pupae were brought out. Their bearers turned at once in the direction of their nest, nearly 200 feet away and hurried towards it over a path, which, for fully 40 feet, was entirely different from the one over which they had come. A stream of pupa-laden amazons issued from each of two nest orifices and at once united to form a single file. Even the young callow fiisca workers were dragged out by the antennae and then seized by the thorax and carried along. Several of the dealated females returned with the workers but none was seen to carry a pupa. The army reached the home nest at 5.30 P. M., so that this foray, during which two fusca colonies had been thoroughly plundered, and fully 400 feet of ground had been traversed by most of the individuals, was com- pleted in two hours. July 28. The amazon army left the nest at 4.15 P. M., plundered a large fusca colony after traversing nearly 80 feet of rough, stony soil to the southeastward, and returned with many pupae by 5.30 P. M. The army was accompanied both to and from the fusca nest by several dealated females, but none of them carried pupae. July 2(). I arrived late at the amazon nest, but found Mr. Price June, i9i6.] Wheeler : Slave-Raids OF Amazon Ant. Ill already there with several campers, all intently watching the ants. According to their statements, the army left the nest about 3 P. M. After going some 60 ft. it hesitated and part of it discovered a small fusca colony, plundered it and returned home at once with the booty, while about half of the army changed its direction and proceeded to a point about 80 feet from the home nest in a more northerly direc- tion than any of the previous forays and along the bank of the stream. The ants soon succeeded in detecting a fusca colony, which, however, offered stubborn resistance. This was overcome and the robbers were all returning laden with pupae when I reached the spot between 4.50 and 5 P. M. One of the observers saw a few winged amazon females in the outward-bound army, but none was seen re- turning to the nest. July JO. The amazon nest was watched by Mr. Price, about twenty campers and myself from 2.30 to 4.30 P. M. but made no foray. This was very probably due to the weather, which was cloudy and much colder than on the preceding days. Nevertheless quite a num- ber of males escaped from the nest, especially between 2.30 and 3.30 P. M. Some of them flew away, others almost immediately returned to the nest and several were violently dragged back into it by the fusca slaves. Only two dealated females left the nest. They ran about for some time and then returned into the entrances of their own accord. The slaves were very active at all three entrances and seemed to be constantly keeping the worker amazons from making a sortie. On lifting the stone covering the galleries several winged females were seen near one of the entrances, but none of them left the nest. The following morning I was compelled to leave Fallen Leaf Lodge and was therefore unable to continue my observations. The following points are particularly interesting in these field ob- servations in connection with those recorded in my ant book on the same subspecies in Colorado, P. rufcsccns hicolor in Illinois and P. lucidus in New York : I. Although it is known that both the European and American amazons make their raids only during the afternoon, the sorties previ- ously recorded for our American forms, though also observed during July, occurred at an earlier hour, as follows: hreinccps at 1.55 P. M. hicolor before 2 P. M. ; at 1.35 and 1.20 P, M. ; lucidus at 2.20 P. M. One foray of lucidus observed by Burrill in Pennsylvania started be- 112 Journal New York Entomological Society. ['^'°1- >^^^^, fore 2.30 P. M.^ The four sorties of hreviccps observed near Fallen Leaf Lake occurred at 4.10, 3.35, 4.15 and 3 P. M., and the three armies merely seen returning to the nest July 22, 25 and 29, could hardly have started out before 3 P. M. In this connection I may mention, also, that the two forays of the small shining P. rnfescens laviccps Wheeler which I observed July 20, 1914, on the slopes of Mt. Tamalpais, near San Francisco, Calif., must have left their nests after 3 P. AL How are we to account for this difference in time of sortie between the Californian amazons and those of Colorado, Illinois, Pennsylvania and New York? Before attempting to answer this question it will be advisable to glance at some of the published accounts of the typical European P. rufescens. The most comprehensive observations on this ant have been made by Forel in Switzerland.^ During 33 days he saw a single rufescens colony make 44 expeditions and estimated that the ants secured from the various plundered colonies of F. fiisca and rufibarbis, on these and other expeditions, which he did not observe, a total of fully 40,000 larvae and pupae. Concerning the time of sortie in gen- eral he writes (p. 289) : "As Huber says, P. rufescens nearly always leaves its nest in the afternoon between 2 and 5 o'clock. Von Hagens saw a sortie at 6 P. M.; I have observed two at 1.30 P. M. These are, to my knowledge, the extreme cases. Expeditions have never been observed in the morning. Ebrard says that they depart very late on their first expedition (during June) and thereafter a little earlier each day. I have never observed anything of the kind. I have seen amazons from two different formicaries departing at 2.15 P. M. and at 4 P. M. respectively. On the other hand I have seen amazons of the same colony depart on several successive raids at the same hour. The hour of departure depends as a rule on the temperature; the warmer it is. the later do the amazons depart and znce versa. The amazons of the same formicary departed during one year as follows: July I, 3.15 P. M.; July 23, 5 P. M. ; Aug. 10, 3 P. M.; Aug. 12, 1.30 P. M. ; Aug. 14, 4.45 P. M., etc. The departure of Aug. 10 and 12 coincided with a pronounced and sudden drop, that of Aug. 14 with a pronounced rise of temperature. According to the formicaries, the 3 " A Slave-making Foray of the Shining Amazon (Polyergiis hicidus Mayr)," Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 16, 1908. pp. 144-151. * Fourmis da la Suisse, 1874. June, i9i6.] WhEELER: SlaVE-RaidS OF AMAZON AnT. 113 expeditions begin from the middle of June to the beginning of July (possibly sooner in very warm localities) and end between the middle of August and beginning of the September." Eniery,^ who has suc- ceeded in solving the interesting problem of the establishment of ama- zon colonies, gives the time of two forays of a colony in northern Italy during 1908 as July 24, 4.30 P. M. and July 25, 3 P. M. and of two forays of this same colony during 1907 as July 16, 4.30 to 5 P. M. and July 19, as 5 to 7 P. M. Fore! is probably correct in supposing that the time of sortie of the amazon army is determined by temperature. We may suppose that a certain optimum, probably near 70° to 75° F., is required by the ants. This is often attained during the sunny afternoon hours of July and August in temperate North America and Eurasia. It would certainly be below the usual maximum diurnal temperature and would bear a certain relation to it, so that it would be reached earlier in the afternoon on hot than on cool days. Thus we could account for the differences in the time of sortie between the Californian amazon colonies and those of the Rocky Mountains, Middle and Eastern States since the average midday temperatures of July at altitudes of 6,000 to 8,000 ft., on the southern and eastern slopes and in the canyons preferred by the ants, is certainly much lower in California than it is in the other localities mentioned. It is not improbable, however, that atmospheric humidity may also be a factor in determining the time of sortie. At any rate, all future descriptions of amazon expeditions, both in this country and abroad, should be accompanied by accurate temperature, barometric and humidity records, for in time such rec- ords might enable us to ascertain the precise external stimuli that call forth such periodic behavior as the slave-raids and nuptial flights of ants. 2. The second matter of interest in the observations made at Fallen Leaf Lake is the behavior of the males and females of brevi- ceps. Emery has been puzzled by the behavior of these forms in the European nifesccns. Huber and Forel had witnessed marriage flights of this ant and Burrell*' described a feeble marriage flight of 5 Osservazioni ed Esperimenti sulla Formica Amazzone. Rend. Sess. R. Accad. Sci. 1st. Bologna, 1908, 16 pp.; Nuove Osservazioni ed Esperimenti sulla Formica Amazzone. ibid., 1909, 8 pp.; Ulteriori Osservazioni ed Esperi- enze sulla Formica Amazzone, ibid., 191 1, 18 pp. f> Loco citato, p. 150. 114 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- -^-"^iv, lucidus July 22, 1903. Aug. 20, 1903, I saw a large and very typical flight of lucidus subsp. montivagus Wheeler near Colorado Springs. Emery observed a colony of rufesccns, which, during 1907, had no marriage flight but from which winged and dealated females issued and accompanied the workers on their forays. In 1908 the satne colony gave off a lot of males which flew away but no females ac- companied the raids. The observations on the Calif ornian hreviceps show that the males and females may stay long in the maternal nest, that some of them may escape from time to time and mate outside the nest and that both winged and fecundated, dealated females may accompany the workers on their raids while a marriage-flight is taking place. A single colony may thus exhibit during the course of a few days combinations of the two extreme conditions noticed by Emery during two seasons. I called attention to the protracted retention in the nest of males and females of lucidus in 1908,^ but before making the observations on the Calif ornian hreviceps I had never seen the females accompanying the workers on their raids, though both Emery and Forel had seen this repeatedly in the typical rufescens. These authors have also failed to notice any inclination on the part of the females to bring home pupae. My observations leave me skeptical in regard to Emery's assumption that the female Polycrgus mates inside the nest. Emery's observations on colonies kept in artificial nests show con- clusively that the fecundated and dealated female of Polycrgus founds her colony by entering a fusca formicary, killing its queen by pierc- ing her head with the mandibles and securing adoption in her place by the fusca workers. Does the female, while accompanying the foraging army, gain acquaintance with the situations and personnel of the various fusca nests in the area dominated by the Polycrgus colony, so that she can at her leisure select and invade a propitious colony in which to secure adoption ? Or does she actually secure adoption in a colony which has just been plundered and is therefore in a depressed and nonresistant state, as seems always to be the case with fusca colonies after they have had to submit to this sudden and severe calamity? The former method is suggested by the iso- ' " The Ants of Casco Bay, Maine, with Observations on Two Races of Formica san guinea Latreille," Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 24, igo8, p. 640 nota. June, i9i6.] WhEELER: SlaVE-RaidS OF AMAZON AXT. 115 lated dealated females sometimes found running about on the ground at a distance from the maternal nest, as if looking for a host-col- ony; the latter method would seem to have many advantages. Per- haps both methods are adopted by different females. 3. The finding on July 24 (p. 108) of a small and evidently incipi- ent brcz'iceps colony consisting of an ergatoid or wingless female with about a dozen workers and twice as many fusca slaves, is significant, because the female was functioning as the mother of the colony and must therefore have been fecundated. The ergatoid female of the European amazon has been known for more than a century. It was first recognized by Pierre Huber* and has been repeatedly taken by Forel, Emery and Wasmann. According to Forel (Fourmis de la Suisse, p. 137), "this singular creature, which is very constant in type, is rather rare. Nevertheless, during certain years some speci- mens of it are found in most of the formicaries. Its role, if it has one, is unknown. Perhaps it can replace the queens in their func- tions. Dissection has proved to me that its ovaries are identical with those of the queen, etc." Wasmann^ describes one of these females which he kept in an artificial nest with amazon workers and slaves from April, 1885, to September, 1886. It was treated by the slaves as a true queen, licked, fed and, when disturbed, carried to a place of safety. Its eggs, however, produced only males, showing that it had not been fecundated. In 1908 I published a similar observation!" on a large colonj- of lucidus which I had under observation for five years in a field near Bronxville, N. Y. : '" During four years this col- ony produced numbers of males and females, both winged and erga- toid, and the winged females lingered for weeks in the nest without deflation. The first week of the past April [1908] I found the whole community with its larvae and mother queen enjoying the spring warmth in the superficial galleries just under the large flat stones with which I had covered the nest in September, 1903. I captured the queen and part of the colony and transferred them to an artificial nest. Aug. 9 [1908] I again visited the nest, and to my surprise, found it teeming with several hundred mature males clinging to the 8 Recherches sur les Moeurs des Fourmis Indigenes, 1810, p. 251. 9 Die zusammengesetzten Xester und gemischten Kolonien der Ameisen, Miinster s.W., 1891, p. 84. 10 Ants of Casco Bay, etc., loc. cit., p. 141, nota. 116 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxiv, lower surface of the stone, but with no winged or dealated females. Besides the males I found only a single large ergatoid female, several dozen workers and slaves [Formica incerta] and half a dozen cocoons enclosing nearly mature male pupae. Without doubt, the ergatoid had usurped the role of the mother queen, and being unfertilized, had produced only male offspring. The comparatively small number of slaves had been able to rear an enormous number of these little creatures although the absence of incerta pupae in the nest indicated that the Polyergus workers had made no forays during the past sum- mer." Emeryii cites an unpublished observation of Wasmann concern- ing an ergatoid female of rnfescens which produced workers and must therefore have been fecundated. This observation supports my inter- pretation of the origin of the hreviceps colony taken on Angora Peak. Cal., July 24. Emery believes that the ergatoid females may be fecundated in the maternal nest, but this might occur quite as easily outside the nest and on the ground during a marriage flight of the males. Considerable interest attaches to the ergatoid female of Polyergus because it is so much like the only females known to occur in certain tropical ant genera such as Leptogenys, Onychomyrmex and Para- nomopone. It suggests that the ants of these genera once possessed, like Polyergus, two kinds of females, one winged and one wingless, and that the colonies for some reason no longer develop the former. In the singular parasitic Hapagoxenus sublccvis the two forms still occur but in dififerent geographical regions, the winged form in Sax- ony, as Viehmeyer has shown, and the wingless form in Sweden, as was first established by the classical observations of Adlerz. Postscript. After the preceding pages were written I received a fourth inter- esting paper from Professor Emery on the amazon colony which he had under observation from 1908 to 1914.^- In 1908 and 1909 he suc- ceeded in establishing in artificial nests two amazon colonies with the aid of two fecundated queens that had secured adoption by fnsca workers. In March 191 o, he combined the two formicaries and the 11 Osservazioni e Esperimenti, etc., 1908, loc. cit., p. 7. 12 Histoire d'une Societe Experimentale de Polyergus rufescens. Rev. Suisse Zool., 23, 1915, pp. 285—400, 2 figs. June, 19 16.] WhEELER: SlaVE-RaiDS OF AMAZON AnT. 117 single colony thus formed flourished and grew to considerable size by July i8, 191 1, when he took it into his garden and observed the behavior of the amazons when he opened the nest and permitted them to make slave-raids on various colonies of Formica fusca var. glebaria and F. rufibarbis. Similar experiments were performed during the summer of 1912 and 1913. July 14, 1914, when he released the colony for the last time in a courtyard of his villa, the ants estab- lished themselves in the soil and soon afterwards moved to another more permanent nest. The amazons made several sorties till Oc- tober 2, but secured no booty, as there were no nests of the slave- species in the courtyard. The observations were very suggestive in connction with the interesting problem as to how the amazon armies are guided to the nests they plunder. Like Forel and myself, Emery believes that exploring workers, which leave the nest singly, ascer- tain the position of the slave colonies in the environment and are thus able to determine at least the initial direction to be taken by the army when it leaves the nest. I shall not discuss this difificult ques- tion here, but will merely call attention in conclusion to the times of sortie of the army as recorded in Emery's paper. These are given as follows : 191 1. Aug. 22 — 4.30 P. 1912. " 17 — 5.00 P. " 21 — 4.20 P. " 24—4.30 P. " 28—5.40 P. M. 1913- July 5—4-50 P. M. " 30—5-15 P- M. 1914. " 16 — 6.00 P. M. " 17—6.30 P. M. " 25—7.00 P. M. Aug. 8—5.30 P. M. and 6.15 P. M. , Oct. 2—3.30 P. M. It will be seen that all but one of the sorties were very late, be- tween 4.20 and 7 P. M., the average time being about 5.30 P. M. This is much later than the average time of sortie of Swiss colonies of rufescens or of the Calif ornian breviccps, and indicates that the tem- perature during July and x^ugust in northern Italy (presumably near Bologna), in such enclosed spaces as gardens and courtyards, may be M. and 5.15 P. M. M. and 6.30 P. M. M. M. 118 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxiv, higher in the late afternoon. On Aug. 22, 1911, Aug. 12, 191 2, and Aug. 16, 1914, two sorties occurred on the same day. This has also been occasionally observed by Forel in the field. On Aug. 9, 1914, there were three sorties, but the time of their occurrence was not recorded. NEW LIMNOPHILINE CRANE-FLIES FROM THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA (TIPULID^, DIPTERA). By Charles P. Alexander, Ithaca, N. Y. The tribe Limnophilini of the subfamily Limnobinse, in the Nearc- tic fauna, includes a considerable number of species placed in a rela- tively small number of genera. During the past few years a number of interesting forms have accumulated in the collection of the author and these are described herewith ; I am greatly indebted to Mr. C. W. Johnson, Mr. Frederick Knab and Mr. W. L. McAtee for the loan of this and other material sent me for study. Limnophila marchandi, new species. Allied to L. alleni ; color of the thorax gray; ground color of the wings hyaline ; basal abdominal tergites gray with prominent setigerous punctures. Female. — Length, 30 mm.; wing, 20 mm.; Middle leg, femora, 10 mm.; tibiae, 8.7 mm. ; tarsi, 8.6 mm. Rostrum short, dark brown, palpi dark brown. Antennae with the two basal segments dark brown, the flagellum light brown ; first scapal segment elon- gated ; segments of the flagellum short, gradually narrowed to the seventh segment of the organ beyond which the segments are very slender and atten- uated. Head dark brown, the margin of the vertex adjoining the inner margin of the eye, paler, more yellowish ; head narrowed behind. Pronotum light brownish gray, clearer gray on the sides, with a delicate impressed median line ; scutum with numerous long hairs whose bases are surrounded by brown spots. Mesonotal praescutum clear light gray with three dark brown stripes ; the middle stripe is broad, the median area is paler brown and narrowly bisected by a very delicate dark brown median line which runs the length of the sclerite ; the middle stripe does not attain the transverse suture ; lateral stripes short, crossing the transverse suture onto the scutum ; the pale area between the lateral and middle stripes is lined with a paler shade of brown ; sides of the sclerite bearing abundant long pale June, i9i6.] ALEXANDER : NeW LiMNOPHILINE CRANE-FlIES. 119 hairs many of which are encircled by a dark brown spot producing a dotted appearance which is especially noticeable before the pseudosutural foveae ; scutum clear, light gray with five brown lines, the outermost pair very broad, dark brown, continuations of the lateral praescutal vittse ; inside these stripes a pair of narrow lighter brown stripes; a delicate median brown vitta con- tinued backward from the middle praescutal stripe; scutellum gray with numerous long pale hairs which are surrounded by indistinct brown spots; postnotum gray, the sides dark brown. Pleura clear light gray, indistinctly and delicately lined and dotted with pale brown. Halteres short, pale, the knob brownish just before the apex. Legs with the coxae gray ; trochanters dull yellow ; femora dull yellow, their apices dark brownish black ; tibias dull yellow, the apices narrowly black ; tarsal segments one and two brown, nar- rowly tipped with black; remainder of the tarsi black; legs hairy. Wings hyaline or nearly so, the costal cell dark brown ; a yellowish spot before the arculus and before the radial cross-vein ; brown markings as follows : a large blotch beyond the arculus; at the origin of Rs ; at the end of the sector con- tinuing down to the cell ist Af o ; apex of the wings in cells 2d R^ and R2', grayish brown seams on the crossveins and deflections of veins; a grayish brown cloud in cell Cu continuing down into the tip of cell ist A; pale gray clouds in the middles of the other cells of the wings. Venation as in plate I, fig. 2; ^Ci ending just beyond the base of cell i?2 ; crossvein r not far from the tip of /?i ; R2+3 shorter than the deflection of i?4+5 ; cell ist M^ hexagonal; ilfi+2 beyond ni about equal to the basal deflection of Cui ; basal deflection of C«, only a little longer than the prominent downward deflection of M3. Abdominal tergites with the first segment dark brown ; remaining tergites light gray with a salmon caste ; a broad dorso-median dark brown line ; lateral margins indistinctly pale ; a narrow sublateral brown line ; the entire surface is densely spotted with prominent brown setigerous punctures ; sternites pale grayish brown with an indistinct narrow dark brown median line and impressed lines on each segment forming an irregular quadrate figure ; the surface with abundant brown setigerous punctures ; caudal margins of the sclerites silvery. Habitat. — Eastern United States. Holotype, J, Framington, Connectictit ; June 7, 1914; Dr. R. W. Marchand. The type is in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History. This interesting crane-fly is closely allied to L. alleni Johnson, (see plate VIII, fig. I ) from which it may be separated by the appended key. It is curious that there should be two such striking Limno- philas found in the eastern states and overlooked by collectors until within the last few years. This fly was handed to me for descrip- tion by IMr. Johnson, to whom I am indebted for many other kind- nesses and at his suggestion I dedicate the species to the collector, 120 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^"o'- ^^^^> Dr. R. W. Marchand. The tent-trap observations made at Ithaca, N. Y., in 1915 by Miss Ruby B. Hughes indicate that the larv?e of LimnophUa allcni live in wet organic mud. I. Larger (wing, $, 21.5 mm.) ; thoracic dorsum reddish brown with three velvety brown stripes, the middle one narrowly split by a line of the ground-color ; wings yellowish and brown ; basal abdominal tergites yel- low without prominent setigerous punctures L. alleni Johnson. Smaller (wing, 5- ^o mm.); thoracic dorsum gray with three , narrow velvety-brown stripes, the middle one split by a broad pale line ; ground- color of the wings hyaline; basal abdominal tergites gray with prominent setigerous punctures L. marchandi, n. sp. Limnophila mundoides new species. Black, the thoracic dorsum shiny ; wings hyaline or nearly so ; femora yellow, the anterior pair with the apical half black; hypopygium of the male enlarged, complex in structure. Male. — Length, 5.6 mm. ; wing, 6.2 mm. aiostrum black, very short, palpi brownish black. Antennae black, short, .ne first segment elongated, the flagellar segments elongate-oval. Head black. Thorax shiny black. Halteres white. Legs slender, the coxse dull yel- low, the base of the fore coxa suffused with black on the outer face ; tro- chanters dull yellow ; femora not conspicuously hairy, fore femora with the basal half yellow, the apical half dark brown ; middle femora with the basal two thirds yellow, the apical third dark brown; hind femora yellow, the tip narrowly browned ; tibiae brown ; tarsi dark brownish black. Wings hyaline or nearly so, the stigma indistinct, the veins dark brown. Venation as in plate I, fig. 3 : Sc short, ending just before the tip of the sector; Sc^ close to the tip of 5"Ci ; Rs long ; ^^+3 very short, subequal to the basal deflection of Rm ; -^1+2 beyond m about equal to cell M^ ; basal deflection of Cmj almost underneath the middle of cell ist M^. Abdomen black, the sternites somewhat paler. Male genitalia remarkably developed for this genus of flies, this condition approached by no Nearctic species hitherto described but suggesting in some respects the condition ob- taining in Phyllolabis O. S. and Oromyia Alex. The ninth tergite arched, convex, produced caudally into a prominent median lobe which is slightly enlarged apically and truncated to slightly concave across the tip ; sides of the tergite with numerous very long, prominent hairs ; the ninth sternite is not distinct from the tergite, produced caudad on the mid-line beneath into a prominent bifid lobe which bears an abundance of very short pubescence and a few long hairs ; ninth pleurite complete ; pleural appendages two. a caudal- lying, very slender, slightly curved chitinized lobe that is directed caudad, the tip inward ; the anterior lobe is densely hairy on the outer face, the apex chitinized. Just dorsad of the bifid sternal appendage, on either side, arises a prominent flattened lobe with exceedingly abundant long black hair and numerous punctulations ; the ventral apical angle of this lobe is pale and produced into a short hook directed inward. June, I9i6.] ALEXANDER : NeW LiMNOPHILINE CRANE-FlIES. 121 Habitat. — Eastern United States. Holotype, J*, Plummers Island, Maryland; June 3, 1914; R. C. Shannon. Paratype, J*, Beltsville, Maryland; June 9, 191 5; W. L. McAtee. The type is in the collection of the United States National Museum. This interesting fly differs from L. w»»rfa Osten Sacken (see plate VIII, fig. 4), which it superficially resembles, in the hyaline wings, the legs are not conspicuously hairy, the increased amount of black on the fore and middle femora and the prominent genitalia of the male. Limnophila terebrans new species. Black, the thorax with a slight gray bloom ; wings slightly suffused with brown : /?2+3 very short, less than the deflection of /?4+5. Male. — Length about 7.5 mm. ; wing, y.y mm. Female. — Length, 8 mm.; wing, 8.1 mm. Rostrum very short, dark brown, the palpi similar in color, very short. Antennae rather short, the first segment elongated, dark brown, remaining segments of the organ submoniliform, the apical segments of the flagellum not conspicuously elongated, flagellum light brown, the segments with a dense pale pubescence. Head broad, the vertex broad and bearing a very low, obtuse tubercle. Head dark gray. Thorax black with a yellowish gray bloom over the entire ^urface, the usual mesonotal interspaces with prominent long yellow hairs ; postnotum more reddish. Halteres short, stout, dull yellow. Legs with the coxse dark brown ; trochanters brownish yellow ; legs of the male longer and more slender than those of the female which are club-shaped and more conspicu- ously hairy ; femora yellow tipped with dark brown, the fore femora with the apical half brown, the hind pair with only the apex darkened ; tibiae brown ; tarsi dark brown. Wings with a slight brownish tinge, the stigma dark brown, cross veins and deflections of veins seamed with brown. Vena- tion as in plate i, fig. s : Rs elongate, slightly arcuated at the origin ; i?2+3 short, a little less than the deflection of R^^r, ; petiole of cell M-^ longer than this cell. The right wing of the allotype is abnormal, the cell /?« nearly sessile; cell ist M., very small to obliterated, the petiole of cell M^ much longer than this cell. Abdomen dark brown ; valves of the ovipositor very long and slender, the tergal valves slightly upturned at the apex. Habitat. — Eastern United States. Holotype, J*, Cabin John, Maryland; May 5, 1899. Allotype, 5, topotypic, in coitu with the type. 122 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. The types are in the collection of the United States National Museum. The related species of this group may be separated by the key that is appended to the following species. Limnophila barberi new species. Black, the interspaces of the mesonotal prjescutum with a gray bloom ; fore femora brown except at the extreme base. Male. — Length, 6.4 mm. ; wing, 8.3 mm. Female. — Length, 7.6 mm.; wing, 8.1 mm. Rostrum very short as in this group of the genus, dark brownish black, the palpi dark brown. Antennae short, dark brown, the apex of the first seg- ment a little brighter. Head dark brown with a sparse grayish bloom. Mesonotal praescutum black with a sparse gray bloom, the usual thoracic stripes devoid of bloom, very shiny and very broad ; scutum similar, the median area broadly gray pruinose ; scutellum and postnotum dull brown. Pleura dark brown with a light gray bloom, the dorsopleural membranes indistinctly dull yellow. Halteres pale, the knob very little darker. Legs with the coxae dull yellow, a little brownish on the basal half of the outer face ; legs slender, the femora yellow with the apices brown, on the fore legs including all except the extreme base of the segment, on the hind legs includ- ing a little more than the apical half ; tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Wings sub-hyaline, crossveins and deflections of veins narrowly seamed with brown, the costal cell light brown, the stigma indistinct, the veins dark brown. Venation (see plate i, fig. 6), as in the inunda group, the radial sector elon- gated, almost straight, R2+3 about equal to the deflection of R^^s ', basal deflec- tion of Cui just before tne middle of cell ist Jl/o. Abdominal tergites dark brownish black, the sternites more reddish ; male hypopygium more reddish ; the valves of the ovipositor of the female chestnut. Habitat. — Western United States. Holotype, J*, Eureka, California; May 24, 1903; H. S. Barber. Allotype, 2> topotypic, in coitu with the type. The types are in the collection of the United States National Museum. The species is dedicated to the collector, Mr. H. S. Barber, of Washington. The species that are allied to, or resemble, Limnophila munda O. S. may be separated by the following key: I. Mesonotal prtescutum entirely shiny black 2 Mesonotal praescutum with a gray bloom, at least on the sides of the sclerite 3 June. 1916.] Alexander: New Limnophiline Crane-Flies. 123 2. At least the basal half of all the femora yellow; legs stout, hairy; wings tinged with brown (fig. 4) munda O. S. Fore femora with the extreme base only, yellow ; legs slender, not con- spicuously hairy; wings almost hyaline (fig. 3) mundoides n. sp. 3. Entire mesonotal prsescutum with a gray bloom ; fore femora with only the apices brown ; venation in fig. 5 terebrans n. sp. Interspaces of the mesonotal praescutum with a gray bloom ; fore femora brown except at the extreme base; venation as in fig. 6 . . .barberi n. sp. Limnophila terrae-novae new species. Belongs to the adusta group ; head gray ; thorax dark brown ; wings in- fuscated with brown at the tip. Female. — Length, 9.5— 11. 3 mm.; wing, 9.2— 11. 4 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae with the first segment elon- gated, dark brown with a sparse grayish bloom ; segments two to six yellowish brown ; the terminal segments brown. Head gray. Mesonotal prsscutum dark brown, shiny, covered with a sparse yellowish brown bloom which becomes almost lacking on the median area ; scutum, scutellum and postnotum similar to the prsescutum. Pleura brown, sparsely grayish yellow pollinose, the dorso-pleural membranes yellow. Halteres yel- low with the knob brown; legs with the cocxse and trochanters shiny yellow; femora brown, slightly brightened basally ; tibiae and tarsi brownish yellow, the latter more brownish apically. Wings with a pale brown tinge, the costal cell brown, yellowish at the base of the wings ; stigma elongated, dark brown ; apex of the wings infuscated ; brown seams along the cord, crossveins and deflections of veins ; Cii and Rs narrowly seamed with brown. Venation (see plate VIII, fig. 7) as in the adusta group. Abdomen dark brown, the ovipositor reddish. Habitat. — Newfoundland. Holotype, 5- Sandy Lake, Newfoundland; July 28, 1906; Owen Bryant. Paratypes, 2 J's, topotypic, July 25-28, 1906. The type is in the collection of Mr. Charles W. Johnson ; para- types in the collection of the author. This fly comes closest to L. similis Alex. (Eastern U. S.), L. fulfocostalis Coq. (Bering Is.), and L. insularis Johnson (Bermuda) ; L. similis has the legs with the brown apices to the segments narrow, the costal cell yellow, etc. ; L. fiihocostalis resembles similis, with the costal cell yellowish brown, the wing-apex not infuscated; L. insularis has the wings unmarked, the legs yellowish with the tarsi browned toward the tips. Limnophila oslari new species. Belongs to the lenta group; body-coloration gray; wings whitish with a distinct oval brown stigma. 124 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'o'- ^^^'•^> Male. — Length, 6.2-6.8 mm. ; wing 6.8-7.6 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brownish black, grayish pruinose. Antennae moderately elongated, dark brownish black, the segments gray pruinose ; seg- ments of the flagellum oval. Head clear light gray, with numerous setigerous punctures on the sides. Thorax and pleura clear light gray without stripes. Halteres light yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters reddish yellow ; femora dark brownish black, the base more yellowish ; tibiae and tarsi dark brownish black. Wings whitish subhyaline, the stigma oval, dark brown ; veins dark brown. Venation as in plate i, figs. 8, 9: the venation somewhat variable as in the related eastern species, L. lenta O. S. ; Sc ending just before the tip of the sector; Rs shorter than or equal to R2+S, usually strongly arcuated to angulated at the origin; crossvein r on R2+3, at the fork or on R,; crossvein r-in arcuated; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M to one third the length of cell ist M^. Abdominal tergites dark gray, the hypopygium reddish yellow. Habitat. — Colorado, New Mexico. Holotype, ^, Platte Canon, Colorado; July 30, 1914; E. J. Oslar. Paratype, J*, Colorado (ex collection C. V. Riley). Paratype, J*, White Mts., New Mexico, South Fork of Eagle Creek, alt. 8000 feet, August 18; C. H. T. Townsend. This species differs from the related Eastern species, L. lenta O. S. in its gray coloration, that of lenia being yellow or yellowish. Limnophila osborni Alexander. 1914 Limnophila osborni Alexander; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1914, p. 596, pi. 25, fig. 6. This interesting late summer crane-fly seems to be northern in its distribution. A male and a female from Price Co., Wisconsin, August 29, 1897, ^s part of the W. M. Wheeler collection, is in the American Museum of Natural History. The female sex has never been characterized and the specimen is made the allotype : Sex 5, similar to the male but larger; the abdominal tergites brown, in- distinctly trivittate with darker ; ovipositor with the tergal valves upcurved, elongated, slender, subacute, the sternal valves split into hair points at the tips. Length, 9.2 mm. ; wing, 9 mm. The allotype is in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History. Trichocera (Diazosma) subsinuata new species. Differs from the described species of the genus in the subsinuatae course of the second anal vein ; wing-veins long-hairy. Male. — Length, 7.3 mm.; wing, 9.2-10 mm. Female. — Length, 8-9 mm.; wing, 9-1 1.4 mm. vim. N. V. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXIV. PL VHI. Tipulidae. June, I9i6.] ALEXANDER : NeW LiMNOPHILINE CrANE-FliES. 125 Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae of the male not so elongated as in typical Trichocera, densely hairy, dark brown, the basal segments some- times yellowish but more often uniform in color. Head small, depressed, light brown. Pronotum prominent, the scutellum conspicuously light yellow, the scutum brown, with numerous long black hairs on either side of the median line. Mesonotum brown without stripes, scutellum and postnotum more yellowish, somewhat pollinose. Pleura brown, the dorsopleural and metapleural regions more yellowish. Halteres light brown. Legs with the coxse and trochanters dull yellow ; femora brown ; tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Wings very broad, infumed with dusky ; veins dark brown, densely long-hairy. Venation (see plate I, fig. lo) as in typical Trichocera but the second anal vein not recurved into the anal angle of the wing, subsinuate, in this respect differing from the described American forms. n Abdomen dark brown. Habitat. — Northern United States and Canada. Holotype, J*, Hall Valley, near Platte Canon, Colorado; August II, 1915 ; E. J. Oslar. Allotype, 5, topotypic. Paratypes, 4 J'J, topotypic ; J, Waubamick, Parry Sound, Ontario, June 13, 1915; H. S. Parish; J*, Woodworths Lake, Fulton Co., New York, June 15, 1914; C. P. Alexander. Types in the collection of the author, a paratype in the collection of Dr. W. G. Dietz. This generalized form is very interesting in the course of the second anal vein of the wings. The range of the species is northern, presumably of the Canadian life-zone. Explanation of Plate VIII. Fig. I. Wing of Limnophila alleni Johnson. Fig. 2. Wing of Limnophila marchandi n. sp. Fig. 3. Wing of Limnophila miindoides n. sp. Fig. 4. Wing of Limnophila niunda Osten Sacken. Fig. 5. Wing of Limnophila terebrans n. sp. Fig. 6. Wing of Limnophila barberi n. sp. Fig. 7. Wing of Limnophila terrcc-novcr n. sp. Figs. 8, 9. Wings of Limnophila oslari n. sp. Fig. 10. Wing of Trichocera {Diazosma) subsinuata, n. sp. 126 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- ■-'^^"^iv, DESCRIPTIONS AND RECORDS OF NORTH AMERICAN HIPPOBOSCID^. By Myron H. Swenk^ Lincoln, Nebr. I. Olfersia albipennis Say. 1S23. Olfersia albipennis Say, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, III, p. 102. Length 5 mm., the head and thorax alone measuring 2.75 mm., and the distance from the front of the head to the tip of the wing measuring 7 mm., the thorax being 2 mm. wide at the widest part. Head and thorax blackish brown. Head elliptical, nearly one and one half times as wide as long, the face about twice as broad as the eyes and narrowing anteriad, the rather broad orbital margins and the semicircular, uniformly convex vertex smooth and polished, leaving a subtrapezoidal, opaque median area. Inner edges of the polished orbital margins more or less hairy. Clypeus seven tenths as long as the front, usually rather shiny, divided into two sections by a deep, median, transverse sulcation, the apical section rather broad and anteriorly broadly and shallowly emarginatc, so that its visible basal width along the dividing sulcation is fully one half of the distance across the emargination between the lateral apices. Antennary processes brownish black and bearing long ferruginous and black hairs. Palpi blackish, subequal to the clypeus in length, copiously clothed with short, pale hairs. Eyes shining blackish. Humeral processes short and heavy, their tips obtuse, in color a yellowish testaceous distinctly paler than the coloration of the rest of the thorax above, bearing several short blackish hairs and one long black bristle. Mesonotum with a distinct, impressed, median longitudinal line and straight, deep, trans- verse, median sulci which are but slightly if at all interrupted medially, the whole having a distinct cruciate form. Mesonotum anteriorly with a very few, long, pale ferruginous hairs. Scutellum posteriorly broadly rounded, its apical margin finely rimmed and thinly provided with short, pale hairs, a deep median longitudinal sulcus giving it a sub-bilobed appearance. Pleura opaque and grayish because of a thin pollinosity over the dark brown integu- ment. Under side of head brown, the labium whitish. Sternum flat, shining dark brown, the anterior angles prominent and extending as short, contrast- ingly black lobes between the anterior coxas. Legs dark brown, below finely pale-haired, above sparsely black-haired, the claws black. Tergum light brown, darkening laterally, the base and apical portion together with a medio- apical stain, blackish, venter light brown, the whole abdomen thinly short- haired, these varying in color from pale at the base to blackish toward the tip of the abdomen, tergum with two latero-apical tufts of long, black hairs. Wings whitish, the costal \eins and basal part of the longitudinal veins dark June, I9i6.] SwENK : NoRTH AMERICAN HlPPOBOSCID^. 127 brown, the costi only moderately thickened beyond the end of the first vein which joins the 'osta a little before the first crossvein, the costal border of the marginal cell one and one third times as long as the costal border of the first submarginal cell, the first basal cell over twice as long as the second basal cell. Say states that the numerous species described in the paper in which Olfcrsia albipcnnis and Ormthomyia nebulosa, pallida (=an- chincuria) and coiifluciita were described (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pp. 9-54 and 73-104), were collected chiefly by himself while on the Major Long Expedition. Inasmuch as the party spent the period from September 9, 181 9, to June 6, 1820, at Engineer Can- tonment, near the present site of the town of Blair in eastern Ne- braska, and since he notes " Ardca hcrodias," " Strix nebulosa" and " Sylz'ia sialis" (respectively the three species of birds from which the first three above-mentioned flies were collected) as present at Engineer Cantonment during his stay, it seems highly. probable that the types of these species were collected at that place. O. confliiciita, taken from " Ardca caudidissuna," was probably taken lower down on the Missouri river or further east. With O. nebulosa and O. pallida, their hosts become so uncommon outside the Missouri valley that it is almost certain they could not have been taken by Say at any point further west. O. albipennis is here redescribed froin three specimens all collected at Lincoln, Nebraska, two April 18, 1892, on a black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax naevlus) by L. Bruner, and the third April 13, 1900, on a green heron (Butorides vircscens z'irescens) by J. S. Hunter. Say's specimen was from a great blue heron (Ardca hcrodias subsp.). The coincidence of locality and host, together with the perfect agreement of my specimens with Say's description, especially in such characters as the pale humeral tubercles, whitish wings, size, etc., make it as certain as one can reasonably be that the above-described species is truly albipcnnis Say. As Say's type is lost, I select the above-mentioned specmien from the green heron to stand as the neotype of the species. A variety of O. albipcnnis, having the scutellum with the median longitudinal sulcus very weak, so that the scutellum is not at all sub- bilobed in appearance, and the vertex with a large, shallow anterior concavity (this is feebly marked in typical albipcnnis) is represented 128 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'oi- -^-"^iv, in a specimen collected on the laboratory window of the department of entomology at the University of Nebraska, May ii, 1901. This specimen was not infesting a heron, but either a mourning dove {Zcnaidura macroura margincUa) or one of six species of shore birds, fresh specimens of all of which were in the room at the time. These shore birds were the semipalmated plover {Mgialitis semi pal - mata), golden plover {Charadrius dominicus doniinicus) , Hudsonian godwit {Liniosa hccniastica) , white-rumped sandpiper (Pisobia fiisci- collis), red-backed sandpiper {Pelidna alpina sakhalina) and semi- palmated sandpiper {Ereunetcs pusillus). The European O. ardccc Macquart has been recorded by Loew from " North America," and by J. B. Smith from New Jersey on the little blue heron ( Pblack-crowned) night heron and bittern, and is the only other North American species recorded from a heron. The larger size (6 mm.), dusky wings and shining black coloration described for ardccc indicates entire distinctness from albipcnnis. 2. Olfersia botaurinorum new species. Very similar to O. albipennis Say, above redescribed, but distinctly larger, the length of the head and thorax measuring 3.25 mm., the width of the thorax at its widest part 2.5 mm., and the distance from the front of the head to the tip of the wing 8 mm. Color of head and thorax darker, more blackish, the color of the humeral processes not distinctly paler than that of the rest of the thorax above. Head less broad, one and one fourth times as wide as long, the apical section of the clypeus comparatively narrow at base and rather deeply eniarginate at apex, so that the visible basal width along the dividing sulcation is not more than one third of the distance across the emargination between the lateral apices. Antennary processes black and bear- ing much black hair. Face without obvious hair along orbital margins and mesonotum likewise not hairy. Wings faintly clouded. First vein joining the costa considerably before the first crossvein. Otherwise agreeing with the preceding description of O. albipennis. Type. — Omaha, Nebraska. May 26, 1907, on a least bittern (Ixo- hrychiis exilis) by R. H. Wolcott. Paratypcs. — Type lot, i specimen; Lincoln, Nebraska, April 21, 1901, on a bittern (Botaiirus Icntiginosiis) by J. C. Crawford. It is possible that this form is conspecific with A. ardccc Macquart, but after a careful comparison with the description I have decided to let it stand as distinct. Certainly the wings are not as dark as described for ardccc. The specific name is from the subfamily to which the bitterns belong. June, I9i6.] SvVENK : NORTH AMERICAN HiPPOBOSCID-E. 129 3. Olfersia scutellaris new species. Resembling O. albipennis Say, but differing from that species, as above described, in the following characters : Somewhat larger, the length about S mm., the head and thorax alone measuring 3 mm., the thorax being nearly 2.5 mm. wide at the widest part, and the distance from the front of the head to the tip of the wing measuring 7.5 mm. ; head less broad, subcircular, the width only one and one sixth times the length, the face very broad, fully two and one half times as broad as the eye ; elevated orbital margins opaque or slightly shiny along extreme outer edges only, their inner edges distinctly hairy ; clypeus four fifths as long as front, the apical section shaped as in O. botaurinorum but with the base slightly wider, so that it is slightly more than one third (three eighths) of the distance between the lateral apices ; antennary processes blackish and bearing much black hair, the palpi slightly shorter than the clypeus ; eyes dull plumbeous ; each side of scutellum with a long black bristle ; wings slightly darker, the first vein joining the costa con- siderably before the first crossvein ; coloration of head and thorax brownish fuscous, the shiny vertex and basal portion of the median longitudinal line stained with reddish, the tips of the tubercles and the scutellum reddish yel- low, the latter contrasting strongly with the much darker mesonotum. Type. — Watkins' Station near Manchester, Michigan, on a least bittern (Ixohrychus cxilis). May 30, 1894, by R. H. Wolcott (Coll. No. 190). This species is even closer to O. hotaurinorum, just described, than to O. albipennis, agreeing with the former in size, clypeal struc- ture and venation, but easily separated by the more brownish gen- eral coloration, yellowish scutellum, hairy face and mesonotum, broader front, opaque orbital margins and dull-colored eyes. 4. Olfersia intertropica Walker. 1849. Ornithomyia intertropica Walker, List of Dipterous Insects in the British Museum, IV, p. 1144. 1903. Olfersia intertropica Austen, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, XII, p. 264. The type of this species came from the Galapagos Islands, and Austen records additional specimens from Bahia, Brazil, Orizaba, Mexico and Honolulu, Hawaii. The latter author regards 0. accrta Speiser, described from the Hawaiian Islands, as a synonym of inter- tropica after comparison of paratypes of the former with the cotypes of the latter in the British Museum. A specimen from Orizaba, Mexico, collected in January, 1892, by Prof. Bruner is before me. O. pallidilabris Rondani, described from Mexico, is very close to intertropica, as pointed out by Speiser, but if, as that author indi- 130 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'o'- -"^-"^iv, cates, pallidilabris has no fine pale hairs on the orbital margins, the specirhen at hand can not belong to that species. 5. Olfersia angustifrons Van der Wulp. 1903. Olfersia angustifrons Van der Wulp, Biologia Centrali- Americana, Diptera, II, p. 430. 1903. Olfersia angustifrons Austen, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, XII, p. 265. This species has been recorded from Oaxaca (Oaxaca) and Teapa (Tobasco), Mexico, and from Rio Sucio, Costa Rica, one specimen from each locality, all in the British Museum. A fourth specimen may now be recorded from Motzoronga, in southern Vera Cruz, Mexico, taken from a species of trogon, February 18, 1892, by L. Bruner. The narrow front (equal to an eye in width) and the rather long palpi and proboscis (the former one and one fourth and the latter three times as long as the clypeus, which is two thirds as long as the front), are good characters of this species which are given in the original description. The Motzoronga specimen, however, has the auxiliary vein complete, though very weak. 6. Olfersia americana Leach. 1818. Feronia americana Leach, Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural His- tory Society, Edinburgh, II, pi. XXVII, fig. 1-3. 1830. Olfersia americana Wiedemann, Aussereuropaische Zweifliigelige Inseckten, II, pp. 606—607. 1835- Olfersia americana Macquart, Histoire Naturelle des Dipteres, II, p. 641. 1872. Hippobosca bubonis Packard, Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 417. 1878. Olfersia americana Osten Sacken, Catalogue of the Diptera of North America, p. 213. 1895. Olfersia americana Johnson, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 303-340. 1899. Olfersia americana Johnson, Twenty-seventh Annual Report New Jersey Board of Agriculture, p. 699. 1903, Feronia americana Austen, Annals and Magazine of Natural His- tory, Series 7, XII, p. 264. This species, the type of which is yet extant in the British Mu- seum, was originally described by Leach from a specimen from Georgia, and has subsequently been recorded by Packard from Mas- sachusetts on the great horned owl {Bubo virginianns virgiuianus), from Illinois and Texas by Osten Sacken, the latter record being June, I9i6.] SwENK: NoRTH AMERICAN HlPPOBOSCID^. 131 from Dallas on the red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis), from Florida by Johnson on the screech owl (Otiis asio asio), and from Haddon- field, New Jersey, November 9, on the red-tailed hawk, also by John- son. In Nebraska it has been taken at Brownville on the great horned owl (Bubo virginiamis virginiamis) on December 30 by the late Ex-Governor R. W. Furnas, and at West Point on the rough- legged hawk (Archibittco lagopus saucti-johannis) in October, 1884, by L. Bruner, these two specimens being before me. A third speci- men at hand is labeled simply " Louisville, Kentucky." Apparently the species is widely distributed in the eastern United States on our commoner birds of prey. The published descriptions of O. aiiicricaiia, while sufficiently ex- plicit that I believe I have correctly identified the species, are yet so brief and general that a redescription of the species would be proper at this time. Length 6-7 mm., the head and thorax alone measuring 4.5 mm., and the distance from the front of the head to the tip of the wing measuring 10.5- 11.5 mm., the thorax being 3 mm. wide at the widest part. Head and thorax brown. Head slightly elliptical, one and one third times as wide as long, the face strongly narrowing anteriad, its width across the middle of the front one and one third times as broad as the eyes at the same level, the elevated, rather narrow orbital margins and the elevated, plano-convex lenticular vertex polished, the depressed, subtrapezoidal median area opaque. A very few short scattered bristles on the inner edges of the polished orbital margins. Clypeus nearly five sixths as long as the front, dullish, the apical section rather broad basally and very broadly and shallowly emarginate anteriorly, this emargina- tion being really arcuate in form, so that the visible basal width along the dividing sulcation is only a little over one third of the distance across the emargination between the lateral apices. Antennary processes black, con- spicuously black-haired. Palpi long, fully one and one half times as long as the clypeus, yellowish to brownish in color, finely black-haired. Eyes satiny black. Humeral processes short, bluntly pointed, about concolorous with thorax above or the very tips somewhat paler. Mesonotuni with both the longitudinal and the transverse lines rather deeply impressed, especially the latter which are scarcely interrupted medially. Mesonotum not distinctly hairy anywhere. Scutellum with the posterior margin weakly convex, laterally thinly hairy, and with a distinct subapical rim, medio-longitudinally rather broadly and shallowly depressed or impressed, giving the sclerite a slightfy sub-bilobed appearance. Pleura above yellowish brown, below shading into a pale yellowish concolorous with the flat, shining sternum, the latter with the anterior angles feeble and concolorous with the rest of the sternum. Head beneath pale yellowish, the labium whitish. Legs light brownish above and 132 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- ^^^"^'f light yellowish beneath, not suffused with dusky except on the tarsi, mostly sparsely black-haired but with a few pale hairs beneath toward the bases of the legs. Abdomen pale brown, becoming more or less blackish terminally, rather strongly and closely black-haired, the apical lateral tufts long, beneath yellowish white, thinly short black-haired. Wings iridescent white, the costal veins and basal part of the longitudinal veins brownish yellow, the costa con- siderably thickened beyond the end of the first vein which joins the costa much before the first crossvein, the costal border of the marginal cell from one and one fifth to two times as long as the costal border of the first sub- marginal cell, the first basal cell distinctly more than twice as long as the second basal cell. Auxiliary vein incomplete. 7. Olfersia wolcotti new species. Of the same size and general appearance as O. aniericana Leach, above redescribed, but the front much narrower, not wider than the breadth of an eye, the orbital margins subparallel or but slightly narrowing anteriad ; clypeus only about one half as long as the front, the apical section somewhat narrower basally but its apical emargination distinctly deeper and less broad, so that the visible width along the dividing sulcation is nearly one half of the distance between the lateral apices ; palpi blackish, twice as long as the clypeus ; gen- eral coloration of head and thorax darker, dark reddish brown rather than yellowish brown as in americana, the legs strongly suffused with blackish ; wings faintly dusky, the costal veins and basal part of the longitudinal veins blackish. Type. — Ann Arbor, Michigan, on a broad-winged hawk (Bntco platypterus) shot in the woods west of the town, April 20, 1894, by R. H. Wolcott (Coll. No. 129). Named in honor of Dr. R. H. Wolcott, in recognition of his valu- able work both in entomology and in ornithology. The size of the species precludes its confusion with any other except O. amcricana. For convenience in separating the above seven species of Olfersia the following table is offered: Size larger, the length to end of wings 10 mm. or more; palpi longer than clypeus. Front narrowing anteriad, distinctly broader than an eye; coloration yel- lowish americana. Front subparallel, not broader than an eye ; coloration dark brownish, wolcotti. Size smaller, the length to end of wings not over 8 mm. Front subparallel, not broader than an eye ; palpi longer than clypeus, angustifrons. Front distinctly broader than an eye; palpi subequal to or shorter than clypeus. June, i9i6.] SwENK : NORTH AMERICAN HlPPOBOSCID^. 133 Clypeus basally one half as broad as the distance across emargina- tion ; length to end of wings 7 mm. Front distinctly less than twice as broad as an eye ; scutellum with a copious, long, apical fringe intertropica. Front about twice as broad as an eye ; scutellum with a very thin, short, apical fringe albipennis. Clypeus basally about one third as broad as the distance across emargination ; length to end of wings 7.5—8 mm. Mesonotum and scutellum blackish-brown ; orbital margins shin- ing, glabrous botaurinorum. Mesonotum dark brown, scutellum yellowish ; orbital margins opaque, hairy SCUtellaris. 8. Ornithomyia buteonis new species. Length 7—7.5 mm. Head yellowish-brown, the broadly crescentic orbital margins and the vertex polished, the median area opaque. Clypeus convex, slightly emarginate and rather weakly pitted anteriorly and bearing a small, round pit on the posterior margin. Antennary processes distinctly less than, twice as long as broad, clothed with bright pale ferruginous hair, broadly lanceolate owing to both margins being evenly convex, the tips narrowly rounded. Eyes light brown. Thorax above fuscous brown, paling to tes- taceous on the humeral angles, the inner margins of the dentiform processes and the adjacent spiracle whitish. Mesoscutum with a feeble median impressed line and deep, sinuate, lateral median transverse impressed lines. Scutellum fuscous brown, strongly tinged with reddish on the anterior margin, discally shallowly depressed, and bearing a row of about a half dozen short black hairs near each margin. Under side of head and thorax pale testaceous, the labium whitish at tip. Legs above reddish-brown, below pale testaceous, the tibiae with the edges fuscous, the tarsi fuscous, the claws black. Abdomen yellowish, copiously but not densely clothed with short, black hairs. Wings clear, the costal veins and bases of the longitudinal veins dark brown, the first longitudinal vein ending in the costa at a point nearly above the first cross- vein, the costal border of the marginal cell about one fourth longer than the costal border of the first submarginal cell and the first basal cell more than the length of the second crossvein longer than the second basal cell. Type. — Neligh, Nebraska, April 26, 1900, on a broad-winged hawk (Bittco platyptenis) by Merritt Gary. Paratypc. — Guapiles, Costa Rica, March i, 1903, by J. C. Crawford. Belongs to the O. erythroccphala group. Agrees with O. erythro- ccphala Leach, of Brazil to Mexico and the West Indies, in size and venation, but differs in the reddish-brown rather than ferruginous head, the concolorous clypeus, the darker legs and the reddish an- terior border of the scutellum. O. ncbnlosa Say, from the western United States, is of the same size, but differs in the clypeus being pale 134 Journal New York Entomological Society, ^'o'- >^>^^'^, (concolorous with the rest of the head in buteonis), and the reddish- brown mesonotum with three yellowish lines (fuscous brown without markings in bittcoiiis). From O. fusciventris Wiedemann, described from Kentucky, buteonis differs in larger size {fusciventris is only 5 mm. long) somewhat less deeply emarginate anterior border of clypeus (deeply and angularly emarginate in fusciz'entris) , fllattish scutellum (basally inflated in fusciventris) and in the coloration of the thorax being much darker than the head (concolorous in fusci~ veiitris). 0. pilosnla Van der Wulp, froin Costa Rica, is smaller (5.5 mm.) and has the head and thorax rufous. O. haiticnsis Ron- dani, from Haiti, is distinct in its dark-haired antennae and different venation, the first longitudinal vein ending in the costa before the first crossvein. This latter venational character will also separate O. avicularia Linnaeus, the common European species, and O. varipcs Walker, of Mexico to Colombia and Peru, the latter further differ- ing in the shape of the antennary process. O. anchincuria Speiser (;=0. pallida Say) may be distinguished at once by the interstitial first and second cross veins, making the second basal cell nearly as long as the first basal cell (much shorter in buteonis). The colora- tion is entirely different from O. butalis Coquillett, described from Bering Island. 9. Ornithomyia costaricensis new species. Length 7 mm. Front and vertex wholly glossy bright ferruginous, the posteriorly broadening orbital margins and the vertex triangle perfectly smooth and polished, the median area microscopically tesselated, giving it a satiny luster, and of subuniform width. Clypeus concolorous with front and vertex, anteriorly medially emarginate because of a deep rectangular pit, posteriorly also with a large, deep, oval pit. Antennary processes twice as long as broad, their sides convex and their tips narrowly rounded, of a darker ferruginous color than the clypeus and front and provided with long, fer- ruginous hairs. Eyes glossy black. Humeral prominences pale, heavily black- haired. Mesonotum shining blackish, slightly suffused with reddish along the anterior sutures, bearing a faintly impressed median line and deep, slightly curved, transverso-median depressions on each side of it. Scutellum rounded posteriorly, medially much depressed transversely and this depression bearing several long-black hairs, shining black like the mesonotum but with the anterior margin reddish testaceous, interrupted medially by a blackish stain. Sternum and under side of head greenish testaceous. Legs beneath greenish testaceous, above fusco-testaceous, becoming dusky on the tibiae, fuscous on the tarsi and with the claws black. Abdominal tegument dark brown, but so heavily clothed with black hairs as to appear blackish. Wings slightly clouded, June, i9i6.] SwENK : NoRTH AMERICAN HiPPOBOSCID.E. 135 the costal veins and bases of the longitudinal veins blackish, the first longi- tudinal vein ending in the costa slightly before the first crossvein, the costal border of the marginal cell fully twice as long as the costal border of the first submarginal cell, and the first basal cell twice the length of the second crossvein longer than the second basal cell. Type. — Juan Viiias, Costa Rica, March, 1902, by L. Bruner. The shiny blackish mesonotum seems to distinguish this species from all of the described North American congeners except O. hutalis Coquillet, which is much smaller (4 mm.), has the front black spotted on the orbits and vertex with yellow, and is otherwise very different. The species is really close to O. erythrocephala, but apparently differs in the deep anterior pit on the clypeus, the red anterior border on the scutellum, and, compared with Van der Wulp's description of O. robust a which Austen places as a synonym of erythrocephala after a comparison of the types of both in the British Museum, it should also differ in darker legs and abdomen, although these color dif- ferences are not clear from a comparison with Leach's original de- scription of crytliroccphahj. From O. haiticnsis it differs at once in the ferruginous hairs on the antennary process, the dark legs and the different venation (the first longitudinal vein ends considerably before the first crossvein and the costal border of the marginal cell is less than twice as long as the costal border of the first submarginal cell in haitiensis). The venational characters are much like those of O. butconis, just described, and separate the species from several of its congeners. 10. Ornithomyia pirang^ new species. Length 4.5 mm. Head and thorax above shining brownish testaceous, clearing to yellowish testaceous on the lower orbital margins, vertex, anterior margin and median line of mesonotum and base of scutellum. Orbital mar- gins, broadening posteriorly, and vertex, polished, the median area conspic- uously duller and of subuniform width throughout. Clypeus anteriorly medi- ally emarginate and bearing a small, shallowly rounded pit, most of its dorsal surface involved in a large, oval, deep pit. Antennary processes a little less than twice as long as broad, the outer margins strongly convex and the inner margins nearly straight, causing the pointed tips to appear divergent, in color fusco-testaceous and clothed with dark hairs. Eyes brown. Mesonotum with a slight median longitudinal depression and somewhat stronger transverse, slightly sinuate, median lateral depressions. Scutellum slightly convex and with a slight transverse depressed line near apex which bears four strong black bristles. Under side of head and thorax shining pale testaceous, the 136 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, long spines on anterior coxje and the labium whitish. Legs greenish testaceous, paler beneath, the tarsi infuscated and the claws black. Abdomen yellowish, copiously but not densely clothed with short, black hairs. Wings clear, the costal veins and bases of the longitudinal veins black, the first longitudinal vein ending in the costa above the second crossvein and considerably before the first crossvein, the costal border of the marginal cell a little less than twice as long as the costal border of the first submarginal cell and the first basal cell as much longer than the second basal cell as the length of the second crossvein. Type. — Juan Viiias, Costa Rica, March 15, 1902, on a stimmer tanager (Piraiiga rubra) by L. Bruner. This species is apparently closest to O. haiticusis Bigot, with which it agrees in the dark hair on the antennary processes and the first longitudinal vein ending in the costa before the first crossvein, but differs in its smaller size (haitiensis is 7 mm. long), in the form of the clypeus (Jiaitioisis has a small dorsal pit but a large and deep angular anterior pit) and in the coloration (haiticusis has a large, well-defined, cordiform mesonotal area, a black ocellar spot, etc.) It differs at once from 0. erythroccphala Leach and O. hellardiana Rondani in the dark instead of ferruginous hairs on the antennal processes. Its small size separates it at once from the described North American forms except O. but alls (which has a very different coloration), O. auchiucuria (which has the basal cells of subequal length) and O. fuscivcutris (which has the head and mesonotum uni- formly colored). The three species of OruitJiomyia above described may be sep- arated as follows: Hair on antennary processes ferruginous. Head yellowish brown, the- mesonotum fuscous brown buteonis. Head bright ferruginous, the mesonotum blackish costaricensis. Hair on antennary processes dark pirangae. June, i9i6.] FORBES : CATERPILLAR HOMOLOGIES. 137 ON CERTAIN CATERPILLAR HOMOLOGIES. By Wm. T. M. Forbes, Ithaca, N. Y. A recent paper by Stanley B. Fracker^ raises some interesting questions as to the interpretation of the caterpillar setae. He takes the prothorax as a typical segment, having the largest number of sets of any simple segment, names its setae, and then, assuming the setae of the following segments are strictly homologous, so far as they go, applies to them the same names. My belief is that the cor- respondence is partial, and so far as the prothorax is concerned con- fined to a couple of the mid-ventral, and possibly the mid-dorsal setae. In the following discussion the thoracic setae will be referred to by the Greek letters applied to them by Fracker, the abdominals, by the numerical system now in use, derived, so far as the principal setae are concerned, from Wilhelm Miiller. The abdominal set^e consist of i, ii, iii and iii a. which lie above the spiracle, iv and v, between the spiracle and the subventral fold; vi between this fold and fold psi, appearing only after the first moult, vii on the outer side of the leg-base, typically of three setae, and viii on the inner side, near the mid-ventral line ; besides these ix, sub- ventrally, and x subdorsally are minute setae, lying close to the in- cisure and touching the posterior curve of the preceding segment ; presumably, like our own tendon-organs, they serve to report to the caterpillar its own position. In the Hepialidae there is a slight modification, the three serae nearest the spiracle, behind and below, are in an oblique row, and placed high up;^ I have assumed that these are iv, v and vi, moved up and back, as they have in Incurvaria."* Fracker assumes that the two lower are iv and v (kappa and eta), that the upper is a new sub- primary (theta), and that the usual subprimary vi (mu) is absent. In the first stage, as figured by Dyar, there are only two setae very slightly higher than the two lower of the row in the last stage. The 1 The Classification of Lepidopterous Larvae ; Illinois Biological Mono- graphs: II, I ; 1915, Urbana, 111. 2 Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., Ill, pi. 12, fig. 33. 3 L. c, fig. 34. 138 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, approximate correspondence in position of the two primaries of the first stage (which we agree to be iv and v) with the two lower of the later stages, leads Fracker to believe them the same ; from the same data however I concluded that iv and v, which are very high even in the first stage, had moved considerably farther, and that vi had appeared as usual below them. The problem could only be settled by a full study of the muscular system, and determination if the organs of that part of the body have moved up, or by definitely locating the subventral fold, which runs in the Frenatte between v and vi. The first is impossible in the complete lack of material, but a specimen before me shows most of the dorso-ventral muscles in the last stage (see figure). The two folds (the subventral and psi) are both formed by intermediate insertions of the retractor muscles of the proleg, etc. ; we find in Hcpialus the most dorsal of these in- sertions, defining the subventral fold, are immediately below the spiracle; and far above, not below, the seta which I interpret as vi. A second insertion appears below vi, which I interpret as marking the fold psi. I then rest in my former opinion that the three setae are iv, v and vi, not a new subprimary, iv and v. Next in order is the homology of the meso- and meta-thorax with the abdomen. I think we are agreed that i is alpha, ii is beta, x is gamma (four set^e on the thorax,* both in Jugatae and Frenatse) ; vii a and b are nu and pi, vii c is tau, viii is sigma and ix is omega. The difiference then is in Dr. Fracker's assumption that the number- ing used was intended to imply homotypy, which was the case only with the ventrals and small primaries ; and in the lateral region, com- prising iii, iii a, iv, v and vi on the abdomen, and epsilon, rho, kappa, theta and eta (delta, rho, kappa, theta, and epsilon in the Jugatae) of 4 It has been a puzzle to me for some time why the mesothorax has three setje in group X, while the metathorax has four. Y. H. Tsou, in the Trans. Anicr. Micr. Soc, XXXIII, 223, has recently given a satisfactory explanation, namely that one of the normal four setje has moved across the incisure to the prothorax, where it has been generally overlooked or treated as a secondary prothoracic seta. In other points I am inclined to disagree with Mr. Tsou for the same reasons as with Mr, Fracker. And why should two papers froir the same laboratory on the same subject worked out at the same time use entirely different nomenclatures for the same structures ! One paper must be translated before it can be compared with the other, and then we find that in other features they are often in agreement. June, 1916.] Forbes : Caterpillar Homologies. 139 the thorax. Again I believe, though this time mainly without evi- dence on either side, that the setae of Jugatae and Frenatae are homol- ogous, but differ a little in position. So I take the anterior lateral, epsilon, of the JugatJe, to be eta of the Frenatse, and delta of the Jugatae to be epsilon of the Frenatse. As to homologies with the abdomen so far as number of setae goes the comparison is close, only that there are two subprimaries on the thorax. Unfortunately the presence and location of the wing and spiracular rudiments makes the homology impossible. Above the spiracle, on the abdomen we have only iii and iiia, while above the wing-rudiment, which must be well above the spiracular level, we have all except eta of the Frenatse on the thorax, and that is far above the actual thoracic spiracular rudiment, which lies on the level of vi (pi). Eta is anterior, and free from the wing, but there can hardly have been extensive migration of kappa and theta as they are closely associated (above) with the wing-base, especially the primary kappa. We have then epsilon, rho, kappa, theta and possibly eta (if it is epsilon of the Jugatas) to compare with the two setae iii and iii a of the abdomen. Under the conditions any comparison is a guess, and Fracker's one that iii a is epsilon, and iii is rho, is as likely as any. Below the spiracle, we have nothing to represent iv, v and vi, as Summary. Meso-, and Meta-thorax. Abdomen. Forbes (after Dyar). Fracker Jugatse. Fracker Frenata;. Forbes (after Dyar). Fracker Jugatae. Fracker Frenatse. ia ib xa, xb, xc, xd alpha beta gamma alpha beta gamma i ii X alpha beta gamma alpha beta gamma 11a iib absent absent absent vii (vi Dyar) setae on coxa viii ix delta rho theta kappa (epsilon ?) Level of dorso-ventral muscles epsilon rho theta kappa eta absent absent absent Level of wings and spiracles nu, pi sigma tau nu, pi Sigma omega VI vii a viic viii ix viib epsilon rho kappa eta mu nu, pi tau sigma omega 140 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^o'- -"^-"^^v, eta is so far forward as to be nearly out of the question; in fact if the position of the spiracular rudiment means anything, the subven- tral region is practically undeveloped in the caterpillar meso- and meta-thorax. Coming to the prothorax I can only say that I agree with Fracker as to the ventral part, and again can see no proof of homologies in the lateral and dorsal part. The muscles imply here as large an over- development of the lateral region, as it was under-developed in the rest of the thorax, but hardly prove it. The spiracle has risen again to its abdominal level. It seems probable that these differentiations of seta-pattern on thorax, prothorax, and abdomen, are much older than the seta-plan of either one, itself. For instance in the Trichoptera the seta-plan has not fully taken the Lepidopterous pattern, especially on the thorax, but the three types of arrangement already exist. A few other points may be noted at this point in connection with Fracker's paper. The bisetose prespiracular wart on prothorax in the Pyralidina, combined with the typical micro-seta-pattern on the alxlomen and prolegs, is diagnostic, and fills a serious need in the definition of the group. I do not think the character has been noted before. Many of the Cosmopterygid-CEcophorid series are not leaf-feeders, as stated by Fracker in his family table ; they may bore in seeds, stems, and even thorns, several are scavengers, and one carnivorous. This leaves the Cossidse uncomfortably close to the Gelechiid?e; of course our species are much larger when full grown: iii of the ab- domen is duplicated in Cossus, but the character may not be general. The uniordinal crochets of the Dioptidse are a surprise to me. The trifid venation of the imago, and according to Packard the pupal characters, associate this family with the Geometridae; they are however also close to the Pericopidse and Hyssidse in the rest of their venation, almost intergrading with the South American Pericopidas, and may be more closely related to them than we have supposed. The structures at the base of the abdomen ought to be investigated, as they are characteristic, and of one type in the Pericopidse, Lyman- triidcC, Arctiidae, some Noctuidae, etc., while in the Bombycid series a wholly different structure appears, and in the Geometridae, as noted by Prout, a third. The Thyatiridse seem to cling still to the Geometridae. June, 1916.] Forbes : Caterpillar Homologies. 141 Apatelodes, and other Eupterotidje, has well marked, though small warts, as also I believe have a few primitive exotic Lasiocampidae; they differ so far as I know from practically all the following fami- lies by their abundant and conspicuous secondary hair. They really come very close to the Bombycida;, which also have warts dominated by secondary hair, and widespread prolegs, with regular biordinal hooks, but in the familiar B. niori at least the hair is much more reduced. Sthenopis shows the characters of the Hepialidse as given by Fracker. I believe that the true Heliodinidje (c. g., Lithariaptcryx) are re- Fig. I. Lateral and dorsal muscles of larva of Hepialus htimuli. The drawing is from a prepared skin and to be trusted only for what it shows. The muscles are labelled according to Lyonet's system, the tubercles according to what I believe to be their homologies. The drawing is mainly from the fourth abdominal segment. Note presence of S and T, migration forward, rather than back, of lower dorsal longitudinal fibers, and position of upper ends of m and q, intermediate insertion of beta, and lower end of uppermost fiber of alpha, subv. f. Subventral fold — marked by the broken line. sp. Spiracle, viii is seen by transparency. lated more or less closely to the Yponomeutidae, while the Heliozelidae (Antispila and Coptodisca) are much more primitive forms on an- other line, connecting perhaps with the Elachistidje. Their larval 142 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°1- -^^av, characters bear this out, and I suppose " Heliodinidee " on page 49 will change to HeHozelidse. In the Pieridre (at least in Pieris rapcc, brassiccv, and daplidicc) certain of the most conspicuous setae are undoubtedly the three upper primaries, as I have proved by breeding the first stages.^ The crowd of secondary setae which confuse the picture in the full-grown larva are much fewer in the second stage, appearing gradually stage by stage, and the history of setae i, ii and iii is continuous; as to iv and V I feel much less certain, but suspect they are the two largest in the subventral region, as they have the same relative position, essentially, in stage one. When so traced the primaries of Pieris rapcc may be recognized by their light color, and i and ii by their glandular char- acter. Dr. Fracker's paper has a bibliography citing most of the articles mentioned above. The typical arrangement of muscles and skin- folds is given in Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., VII, 109, 1914. NOTES ON ALLECULID^ (COLEOPTERA). By Charles W. Leng, West New Brighton, N. Y. The name of this family was changed by Dr. G. Seidlitz in Erichson's Insekten Deutschlands because the former name was de- rived from Cistela, which was originally used by Geoffroy for an insect of a different family. Following Seidlitz the family Cistelidae of our Check List becomes the family Alleculidae of Junk's Catalogus Coleopterorum, constituting part 3, by F. Borchmann. It is to be regretted that some errors may be detected in this author's work. Mycetochara horni Dury, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1902, is omitted, Tcdinus angustns Casey is cited as angustatus, Prostcnus calif ornicus Horn is cited as from California notwith- standing the remarks of Champion, Casey and Fall, which make it plain that its occurrence in California must have been accidental and its real home is Central America. The treatment of the genus 1 Psyche, 1909, 69. June, i9i6.] LenG : NOTES ON AlLECULID^ 143 Lohopoda, by which two of the species are transferred to AUccula, is unwarranted, and they should be restored to Lohopoda. The citation by Borchmann of " Mycetocliara rufipcs Lee. Bost. Journ., I, 1866, p. 170" is however the most interesting of the errors in that its investigation has led to the discovery of others. This species was actually described by the elder Leconte in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., L 1824, p. 170, and was redescribed by the younger Leconte in New Spec. Col., 1866, p. 136, as a Hymenorus. Accord- ing to Casey, who saw the type, it is however a Mycetochara. Gem- minger & Harold cite "Bost. Jour., L P- 170; New Spec. Col., 1866, p. 136," thus starting an error, which Casey inadvertently followed in Col. Not., HI, in substituting " Bost. Journ." for '' Ann. Lye. N. Y." Borchmann apparently combined the Gemminger & Harold ref- erences to produce his citation " Bost. Journ., I, 1866, p. 170," in which nothing is correct but the page. Henshaw's Bibliography is correct ; but his Check List is in error in citing both Mycetochara nifipcs (7612) and Hymenorus riifipes (7596) ; the latter should be erased. Seidlitz is also in error (Erichson's Insekten Deutschlands) in citing a rufipcs in each genus. I am indebted to Col. Casey for aid in unraveling this tangle, which makes it appear as if two species were involved, instead of one described in 1824. All authors appear to agree in treating Ziegler's Pseudocistcla erythroptcra as a synonym of hrevis, notwithstanding the striking difference in appearance caused by the reddish color of its elytra. While its description at this time might not be justifiable, I think it would be more in accordance with the facts to retain Ziegler's name, since it already stands in the literature, as a varietal name than to sink it in synonymy, and thereby possibly provoke a redescription at some future time of an insect that will always be noticeable in our collections. 144 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'oi- ^^^'^, THE INSECT FAUNA OF NEW JERSEY GREEN- HOUSES EXCLUSIVE OF THE COCCIDiE. By Harry B. Weiss, New Brunswick, N. J. While greenhouse insects are not strictly a part of the New Jersey fauna, many of them are to all purposes firmly established in their glass homes and constitute a force to be reckoned with by the grower of indoor plants. The number of square feet under glass in New Jersey is conservatively estimated at several millions and in this somewhat tropical atmosphere, certain species breed more or less con- tinually. The following list while dealing only with New Jersey insects is representative of conditions in most greenhouses in north- eastern United States. Forty-nine species are listed exclusively of the Coccid?e which have been treated in a separate paper. This family numbers thirty-two species all of which belong strictly to the green- house fauna, being unable to maintain themselves out of doors in New Jersey throughout the year. The list while aiming to be as complete as possible does not include accidental visitors remaining only for short periods of time or such insects as white grubs and wire- worms accidently introduced in the soil and troublesome until they have been worked out. NEW JERSEY GREENHOUSE INSECTS. Order THYSANURA. Sub-order Collembola. Achoreutes armatum Nicolet. Found in greenhouses where mushrooms are grown. Isotoma quadri-oculata Tullb. A greenhouse species imported from Europe. Order THYSANOPTERA. Family THRIPIDJE. Parthenothrips dracaenae Heeger. On Dnichccna, Ficus, sp., palms. June. I9i6.] WeISS : InSECT FaUNA OF GREENHOUSES. 145 Thrips tabaci Lind. The onion thrips. On cucumbers under glass. Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouche. The common greenhouse thrips. Feeds on ferns, croton, dahlias, azaleas and others. Order HOAIOPTERA. Family APHIDID.^. Aphis gossypii Glover. The melon aphis. On cucumbers under glass. Aphis hederae Kalt. On English ivy under glass. Not common. Aphis nerii Fonsc. On oleander. Not common. Aphis rufomaculata Wils. Green aphis of chrysanthemum. Also occurs outside. Rhopalosiphum violae Pergande. On violets in greenhouses. Macrosiphum lactucse Kalt. The lettuce plant louse. On lettuce under glass. Macrosiphum rosae Linn. The rose aphis, common. Also occurs outside. Macrosiphum sanborni Gill. The black aphis of chrysanthemum. Also occurs outside. Myzus rosarum Kalt. On roses. Common. Also occurs outside. Myzus persicae Sulz. Attacks carnations, asparagus fern. Primula under glass. Occurs outside on peach, etc. Family ALEYRODID^. Aleyrodes vaporarium West. The '■ greenhouse white fly," found on tomato, melon, cucumber, fuchsia, heliotrope and many others under glass. Order HEMIPTERA. Family MIRIDJE. Halticus citri Ashm. An outside feeder, Init has been found in greenhouses on chry- santhemum and smilax. 146 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv. Order DERMAPTERA. Family FORFICULIDJE. Forficula auricularia Linn. The common European " ear-wig." Found occasionally on im- ported plants in greenhouses. Order ORTHOPTERA. Family BLATTIDJE. Periplaneta americana Linn. Occasionally found in greenhouses. Periplaneta australasiae Fabr. In greenhouses. Common. Pycnoscelus surinamensis Linn. In greenhouses. Order COLEOPTERA. Family COCCINELLIDJE. Adalia bipuncta Linn. Occasionally found in greenhouses. Exochomus 4-pustulata Linn. Has been taken in greenhouses on bay tree. An importation from Europe. Family OTIORHYNCIHIDiE. Aramigus fuller! Horn. " Fuller's rose beetle." Feeds on roses and gardenia. Larvae feed on roots of these plants. Not common. Family CALANDRID^. Eucactophagus graphipterus Champ. Larvje live in bulbs of Lycastc, Odontoglossum and other species of orchids having large soft bulbs. Not absolutely common. Intro- duced from Central America. Order LEPIDOPTERA. Family ARCTIID.S:. Hyphantria cunea Dru. Larvae occasionally occur in greenhouses on various plants during the fall. June, I9i6.] WeiSS : InSECT FaUNA OF GREENHOUSES. 147 Diacrisia virginica Fab. Larvse occasionally found during fall in greenhouses feeding on various plants. Isia isabella S. & A. Larvre found under same conditions as above two species. Family NOCTUIDJE. Peridroma margaritosa Haw. Larva is known as the variegated cut worm. Attacks carnation buds, sweet peas, chrysanthemum, smilax and other plants. Occurs outside on various plants and is one of the injurious cut-worms. Callopistria floridensis Guen. Larva is known as the '' Florida fern caterpillar." Feeds on various ferns under glass. Quite a serious pest. ' Family PYRALIDiE. Hymenia perspectalis Hubn. Larva known as the Alternanthera worm. Feeds on alternanthera varieties. Probably occurs outside. Phlyctaenia ferrugalis Hubn. The common greenhouse leaf-tier. Larva injures chrysanthe- mum, ageratum, geranium, carnation, violet, rose and others. Com- mon out of doors. Nymphula obliteralis Wlk. In greenhouses, larva living in case on leaf of water lily and other aquatic plants. Family TORTRICIDiE. Archips rosaceana Harr. The rose leaf roller. Larva feeds on flower buds of rose, also on carnations. Common on orchard trees and small fruits outside. Family YPONOMEUTID^. Plutella maculipennis Curt. The diamond back moth. Larva feeds on sweet alyssum and garden stocks. Common outside on cabbage, etc. Family TINEIDJE. Gracilaria zachrysa Meyrick. Larvae feed on azalea leaves. Introduced from Europe. Up to present has not been found on hardy azaleas. 148 Journal New York Entomological Society. ^^'°^- ^^^^, Order HYMENOPTERA. Family ENCYRTIDJE. EncyrtUS flavus Howard. Bred from Coccus Jicspcridiim (soft scale). Family CHALCIDIDJE. Isosoma orchidearum West. " The Cattleya fly." Infests Cattlcya orchids, larvae living in the inilbs. Quite a pest. Family FORMICIDiE, Pheidole anastasii Emery. Common in greenhouses. Tetramorium caespitum Linn. The lawn-ant. An importation from Europe. Has been found in greenhouses. Tetramorium guineense Fabr. Common in greenhouses. Prenolepis fulva Mayr. subsp. pubens Forel. Common in greenhouses. Order DIPTERA. Family MYCETOPHILIDiE. Sciara multiseta Felt. Occurs in greenhouses where mushrooms are raised. Sciara inconstans Fitch. The fickle midge. Occurs in greenhouses where mushrooms are grown. Family CECIDOMYIIDJE. Neocerata rhodophaga Coq. The rose midge. Maggots occur in leaf and flower buds of roses in greenhouses. *fe& Phytophaga violicola Coq. The violet gall midge. Maggots curl leaves of greenhouse violets. Not common. Family PHORIDiE. Aphiochseta albidihalteris Felt. Occurs in greenhouses where mushrooms are grown. One of the mushroom flies. June, i9i6.] WeISS : InSECT FaUNA OF GREENHOUSES. 149 Family SYRPHIDJE. Eristalis tenax Linn. The common drone or chrysanthemum fly. Occasionally found in greenhouses during fall. Family AGROMYZID^. Phytomyza chrysanthemi Kowarz. The chrysanthemum leaf-miner or Marguerite fly. Larvae mine leaves and do considerable damage. Has not been found breeding freely outside. Summarizing the above list, the orders are represented as follows : Strictly Greenhouse Species Which Occur Species. In and Out Doors. Total. Thysanura i i 2 Thysanoptera 2 i 3 Homoptera 4 7 11 Hemiptera o i i Dermoptera i o i Orthoptera 2 i 3 Coleoptera 2 2 4 Lepidoptera 3 8 11 Hymenoptera 5 i 6 Diptera 3 4 7 Totals 23 26 49 Including the 32 species of Coccidx. the Homoptera is by far the best represented order, most of the members belonging to the fami- lies Aphidid?e and Coccidae. This is no doubt due to the close rela- tionship which exists between the members of these families and their host plants and also the comparative ease and safety with which they can be transported. The Lepidoptera is the next best represented group followed by the Diptera and Hymenoptera, the remaining orders being poorly represented. The Diptera and Hymenoptera can undoubtedly be added to by breeding out the parasites of the species listed. It was thought unwise however to list the known parasites before they had actually been found in New Jersey under glass. The Coleoptera can also be increased by the identification of two species recently found feeding on orchids. Of the total of 49 species listed, 23 are unable to maintain them- selves out of doors, the remaining 26 being equally at home either under glass or in the open. Most of the strictly greenhouse species 150 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, are of tropical or sub-tropical origin, having been introduced at various times from such localities and afterwards flourishing in an atmosphere approaching that of their natural homes and containing their native food plants. This is especially true of such species as Pheidole anastasii Emery, Tetramorium guineense Fabr., Prcnolepis fulva Mayr. subsp. piibens Forel and Isosoma orchidcarum Wst. in the Hymenoptera, of Phytophaga violicola Coq., in the Diptera, of Callopistria floridensis Guen., in the Lepidoptera, of Eiicactophagus graphiptcrus Champ., in the Coleoptera and of the greenhouse roaches in the Orthoptera. The 26 species which occur both in and out of greenhouses, are practically all inhabitants of the upper austral zone which have at dif- ferent times made their way into the greenhouses where different conditions of temperature and moisture prevail and have become ac- climated for short and long periods of time. In other words, each species has simply followed its one or more food plants into the new climate. The inability of the strictly greenhouse or tropical species to main- tain themselves out of doors is undoubtedly due more to the absence of proper food than anything else, this lack of food being as effec- tive a check upon the spread of insects as climate, the food of course also depending upon climate and soil. Thus, the insect fauna of a greenhouse really depends upon the kinds of plants growing there. If the flora is tropical, most of the insects will be also. If the plants are local growing as well outside of as in the greenhouse, then the insects feeding upon them will be local species. Out of a total of 81 species (including the Coccidae) found in New Jersey under glass, two-thirds are strictly greenhouse insects because most greenhouses are devoted to the growing of exotic plants. It is a noteworthy fact that the majority of greenhouse insects have not received the attention that they should from economic ento- mologists and as a result most of the work done in combating these pests is ineffective and worthless. Thus there is open to the economic man, an almost virgin field, in which the factors of temperature and moisture will play an important and vital part in successful control. Joiini. N. Y. Ent. Soc. a. V(7/. XXIV. PL IX. Membracida^. June, 1916.] Matausch : Nymph-Variation of Enchenopa. 151 NOTES ON A PECULIAR NYMPH-VARIATION OF ENCHENOPA BINOTATA SAY. By Ignaz Matausch, New York. Probably none of the native species of the Membracidce varies to such an extent in its nymphal colors as Enchenopa binotata. In this paper I have given an account of observations made during- 191 2 of one of the most striking nymph forms of that species. On June 5, at Roselle. N. J., my son Herbert found an insect w^hich at first I did not recognize as a Membracid, but on closer examination I found to my surprise it was a nymph of that family in the fourth stage, but with the porous covering very heavy, fuzzy in appearance, silvery white in color and conspicuously marked with deep velvety black. The specimen was found on a low Viburnum bush two to three feet in height, near the place where my observations of the previous year were made, and I tried to find more in the same locality, but at first did not succeed. Later, however, my son found two more on the same bush, and one near by on another Viburnum. Two of these were in the fourth nymphal stage, and one in the fifth and were all identical with that first collected. PI. IX, fig. a shows the fourth stage; figs, b and c the fifth, highly magnified. Subsequently six more were found, the last on June 29, and I observed that they always occurred singly, and on the young shoot near, or on the petiole of the leaf. Two of this lot however varied from those formerly taken, in having light green markings in place of the black, except that the sternum, mouth parts and upper portions of the legs ranged through various shades of light brown. The temporary color occurring during the moulting period be- tween the fourth and the fifth stages were observed by me in two of the insects on June 23 and 24 respectively. These also differed greatly from all these I have hitherto noticed in this species. Instead of appearing in the characteristic yellow color with lateral red mark- 1 Observations on the Life History of Enchenopa binotata Say in the JouRN. N. Y. Entom. See, Vol. XX, No. i. March, 19 12. 152 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^'o'- -"^-"^^v, ings, as described in a former article^ they appeared at first blue- green with yellow markings gradually fading to a white and black color instead of brown, except that the base of the prothorax just above the head, continued a bright emerald green for some time be- fore turning to white. Where, however, the black markings occur in the completed insect at first a grayish color became visible, and gradually deepened into black. The entire change was completed within twenty-four hours. The insects were very restless in captivity, and 6 of the lo col- lected died, only 4 becoming adult, i. c, two of the black and white insects and the two green and white ones above mentioned. In moulting from the fifth to the adult stage all four of these passed through the same color phase (1. c, green with yellow markings) as between the fourth and fifth stages. In all cases the change began early in the morning and was com- pleted by night of the same day; the first insect on July i, two more on July 2, and the last beginning at 4.30 A.M., on July 8. The adult color assumed in each instance was dark purplish brown, charac- teristic of the darker color-variation occasionally seen in E. biiiotata. No insect of this adult color was found by me in collecting at this same color but exclusively on walnut. Mr. G. J. Keller, of Newark, N. J., has kindly sent me four speci- mens, one male and three females of E. biiiotata which he collected on walnut June 9, at Elizabeth, N. J. These were of a similar lighter color than I have found on that plant (Newark, N. J., 1909). Mr. Halsey J. Bagg sent me, July 19, a number of Membracidse nymphs found by him on Butternut at the old Bagg Homestead at Stillville, N. Y. All but one of these matured. It is remarkable that these nymphs were E. biuotata with the same color variations as above mentioned, i. c, some were black and white, while the rest were green and white. All however were of the same purplish brown color when full grown. The last two of these died July 2"]. June, 1916.] Miscellaneous Notes. 153 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. The Occurrence of Archips infumatana Zell. in the Eastern United States. — It seems strange that a moth of such comparatively large size and conspicuous richness and beauty of coloring, and one so long known to science as the Tortricid in question, should so rarely have been referred to in print. Yet so far as I have been able to discover the literature contains but three or four citations of this species, and those are quite meager. Archips infumatana was described by Zeller in 1875 in Verb. k. k. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XXV, p. 216, from two pair taken in Missouri. In Fernald's Catalogue of the Tortricidse of North America north of Mexico its habitat is given as Missouri and Wisconsin, and the same localities are cited in Dyar's List. But hitherto there has been no record of the species from east of the Mississippi Valley. Such a record I am now able to supply. On the 28th of July, 191 5. at Litchfield, Conn., this purple- and-brown-shaded Archips was found in considerable numbers cling- ing to the leaves of a lusty young hickory, evidently just emerged from web-nests spun on its branches. An examination of the ma- terial in the American Museum of Natural History brings to light two female specimens labelled N. Y., and in Mr. Kearfott's collection is a male taken by Mr. Chas. R. Ely, July 14, 1909, at East River, Conn. In view of the above it becomes highly probable that the moth has a general wide distribution coterminous with the range of its food-plant, hickory. — Lewis B. Woodruff. Notes on Malachidse. — While going over our collections in this family of beetles with Messrs. Leng and Mutchler the writers of this note found that certain interesting additions could be made to the local records. Collops vittatus Say. Staten Island, N. Y., June 25, and Cedar- hurst, Long Island, N. Y., June 29, 1904. This species is not men- tioned in the last New Jersey list, which included Staten Island records. Collops sublimbatus Schaeffer. This species was described from Clayton, Rabun Co., Ga., from specimens collected near the top of Black Rock Mt. It is said to closely resemble C. georgianus Fall, (see Can. Entomologist, June, 1912, p. 187). Specimens with "'the 154 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, head polished, the disk of prothorax shining and scarcely punctate, have been taken at Great Falls, Va., June 16 and 19, 1910, and on Plummer's Island, Md., June 15, 191 1, bringing the known distribu- tion of the species much further north. Prof. Fall regards sub- limhatus as a probable variety of tricolor" (This Journal, Vol. XX, pp. 257-258, Dec, 1912). Anthocomus erichsoni Lee. Lakehurst, N. J., July 9, and Bronx- ville, N. Y., July 4, 191 1, and June i, 1912. This is an addition to the New Jersey list of 1910. Psetidehceiis bicolor Lee. Yaphank, L. L, N. Y., May, 191 1, male. In the 1910 New Jersey list this species is reported from Anglesea only. Attains mclanopterus Er. Lakehurst, N. J., June 17. This is an addition to the New Jersey list of 1910. Melyrodes cribrata Lee. Ft. Lee, N. J., May 23, one specimen from black-berry blossoms. This species was described from South Carolina and Pennsylvania by Le Conte, but is not mentioned in the New Jersey list and is therefore an addition. Charles Dury reports it under the name of Melyris cribratns in the 1902 list of the Coleop- tera observed near Cincinnati, Ohio, and in the List of the Beetles of the District of Columbia Ulke states that Alymcris cribrata is '■ chiefly found on chestnut blossoms." — Lewis B. Woodruff and Wm. T. Davis. Notes on Tiger Beetles from North Carolina. — Mr. Franklin Sher- man recently presented the writer with some interesting Cicindelas collected in North Carolina. He and Mr. C. S. Brimley have made several visits to Sunburst in Haywood County, where in May and June they have taken Cicindela ancocisconensis Harris. This species has been reported from New Hampshire, New York, West Virginia and Illinois by Mr. Edward D. Harris, and from Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Virginia by Mr. Charles W. Leng. A series from Sunburst shows the insect to be brightly marked, but not more so than many specimens from some of the localities above mentioned. On the whole the species appears to be quite constantly marked over its known ranges. Other Cicindelas taken at Sunburst at about 3,000 feet elevation are purpurea, splendida, tranqncbanca and repanda. June, 1916.] IgNAZ MatAUSCH. 155 Mr. Sherman also has Cicindela tortuosa taken at Boardman, Cokimbus Co.. N. C, 21 September, 191 5, by Mr. R. W. Leiby. The most interesting- species, however, is Cicindela hlanda Dej. from White Lake, Bladen Co., N. C, June 5-15, 1914, and early June, 1915, collected by Mr. Sherman. In Revision of the Cicindeli- dae of Boreal America (1891), Leng states that hlanda has been found in Ga. and North Carolina ; that it is " very rare in collections " and " not recently found." In North American Cicindelid^e in the Harris Collection (1911), it is recorded from several localities in Alabama. The finding of the insect at White Lake gives for this rare species a definite locality in North Carolina. — Wm. T. Davis. Local Records of Lepidoptera. — Hcrsc cingnlaia Fab. One male specimen in fresh condition from East Ouogue, L. I., Sept. 28, 191 5, was collected by W. F. Downs. Atrytonc zahulon Boisd. & Lee. Although generally common at Washington Hights, New York, this species was unusually so last August. Most of the specimens were taken Aug. 21. — F. E. Watson. IGNAZ MATAUSCH. Mr. Ignaz Matausch, a member of the New York Entomological Society, and well-known as artist and modeler on the staff of the American Museum of Natural History, died December 14, 1915, of bronchial pneumonia after an illness of seventeen days. Mr. Matausch was born September i, 1859, i"' Budweis, Austria. Of a naturally artistic temperament he was trained from boyhood as a modeler and acquired such skill in his profession that at one time he supplied the private museum of Duke Schwarzenburg with models. He came to the United States in 1892, and resided in Cleveland, Ohio, till the year 1904 when he came to the American Museum of Nat- ural History and was assigned to the modeling staff. As he had a natural inclination toward entomological studies he joined the N. Y. Entomological Society in 1906 and has continued a member till the time of his death. As an entomologist his efforts were largely devoted to investigations in the life-history of the Membracidse. Minute observation was one of his strongest charac- 156 Journal New York Entomological Society, ["^'o'- ^^^'^, teristics and was clearly evidenced in his entomological work, in which his artistic talents also stood him in good stead. His fellow members will long remember the enthusiasm with which he dis- played his well-drawn color-sketches of typical and unusual species of Membracidfe, and the excellent series of models constructed by him to exemplify the range of form in this group. Especially in- teresting are the models illustrating the life-history of Enchcnopa binotata Say. Mr. Matausch was best known, however, for the remarkable series of giant insect models which he constructed for the American Museum and which are displayed in the Hall of Public Health, to illustrate the insect carriers of disease. These are without doubt the most accurate models of the kind ever constructed, and are valu- able not merely in connection with the purpose above mentioned, but also as unusual demonstrations of external insect anatomy. Every part was modeled with minute care from living as well as dead specimens, hundreds of which were examined in the course of the preliminary studies. The series includes magnified representations of eggs' larva, pupa and adult of the common house fly (Musca domcstica Linne), eggs of the rat flea (CeratophyUiis fasciatus Bosc), carrier of the bubonic plague, and the adult of the common louse (Pcdicidits corporis de Geer). Many other invertebrate models constructed by Mr. Matausch are exhibited in the Darwin Hall of the Museum, the most noteworthy of which are those demonstrating the anatomy of the spider (Lycosa carolinensis Walck.), and of the com- mon squid (Loligo pcalii Lesueur). The dissections for the former were made by Mr. Matausch with the collaboration of Dr. Alexander Petrunkevitch, while the latter was constructed under the supervision of Dr. L. W. Williams. The writer was most closely associated with Mr. Matausch in connection with the construction of the Invertebrate Window Groups in the Darwin Hall. In this work Mr. Matausch formed one of a quartet of skilled museum artists, and the contributions of his hand are seen blended with those of others in a series of complex inver- tebrate ecological exhibits which have attracted wide attention both here and abroad. The success of these groups is largely due to the exceptional techniqe of Mr. Matausch and his fellow artists. In Mr. Matausch the N. Y. Entomological Society has lost a June, 1916.] IgNAZ MaTAUSCH. 157 faithful worker and the American Museum of Natural History an artist gifted with an unusual and possibly unique combination of faculties. Mr. Matausch's entomological publications are as follows : Gynandromorphic Membracidse. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. XVII, 1909, p. 165. Observations on Membracidae in the Vicinity of Elizabeth and Newark, N. J. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. XVIII, 1910, pp. 164-171. Similia Camelus Fabricius and Some of Its Variations. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. XVIII, 1910, pp. 171-172. Entylia Germar and Its Different Forms. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. XVIII, 1910, pp. 260-263. The Effects of Castration in MembracidK. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. XIX, 191 1, pp. 194—196. Observations on the Life-History of Enchenopa binotata Say. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. XX, pp. 58-67. Observations on Some North American Membracidae in Their Last Nymphal Stages. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXXI, 1912, Art. XXVI, pp. 331-336. Notes on a Peculiar Nymph Variation of Enchnopa Binotata Say. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXIII, p. — . Roy W. Miner. JULIUS MEITZEN Mr. Julius Meitzen, a former member of the New York Ento- mological Society died of pneumonia on May i, at the age of 80. Mr. Meitzen was interested in Coleoptera of the world of which he had brought together a fair collection. PORCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting of January 4, igi6. The annual meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held January 4, 1916, at 8:15 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Vice-President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with 23 members and six visitors present. Mr. Dickerson, as chairman of the Nominating Committee, submitted the following nominations for officers for 1916: For President, Harry G. Barber; 158 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- -^-"^i^ . for Vice-President, Lewis B. Woodruff ; for Secretary, Chas. W. Leng ; for Treasurer, William T. Davis ; for Librarian, Frank E. Watson ; for Curator, Andrew J. Mutchler; for Executive Committee, R. C. Osburn, C. E. Sleight, R. P. Dow, E. Shoemaker, G. P. Engelhardt ; for Publication Committee, Charles Schaeffer, F. E. Lutz, W. P. Comstock, E. L. Dickerson ; for Delegate to New York Academy of Science, Wm. T. Davis. On motions duly made, seconded and carried, the nominations were closed and the officers above named were elected by affirmative ballot cast by the Secretary. The president appointed the Auditing Committee, C. F. Groth, G. W. J. Angeli. John D. Sherman, Jr., and the Field Committee, Chas. Wunder and Alan Sloan Nicolay. Mr. Sherman spoke of the Roberts collection of water beetles and the effort being made to secure it for the American Museum ; also of a new Check List of Coleoptera which, in conjunction with Mr. Leng, he hoped to publish. Mr. Ottolengui spoke of his pleasure in being able to attend the meeting after thirteen years' absence, and his sorrow at hearing of Mr. Roberts's illness. Mr. Davis spoke of " Some Insects from Western New York," using as exhibits a map showing the. 8oo-mile route covered by automobile with Profs. Bradley and Crosby, of Cornell University, Mr. Hook, and Dr. Forbes as companions, several large boxes of insects and many photographs of the region, besides specimens of plants, rocks and oil peculiarly indicative of its character. He said in part that the southwestern corner of the State, near Olean, was selected a year ago, because it was on the watershed of the Alle- gheny River, and that at Rock City an excellent base was located where the care necessary to preserve the oil derricks from fire kept the woodland in the best condition for entomologists, while the elevation of 2,300 ft. and the con- nection with the West through the Allegheny River (evidenced by the pres- ence of the cucumber tree) caused the occurrence of many interesting species. The preliminary visits to McLean, near Ithaca, remarkable for its cold high- land swamp, where Labrador tea, the small cranberry and trillium grow, and to various glens near Ithaca, and subsequent visits to Watkins Glen, Lake Erie, Potter's Swamp and Letchworth Park, were also interesting. Among the insects shown, Phyciodes batesii, which was taken in con- siderable numbers, was styled the prize catch, though a mountain form of Papilio turnns. Melitcca Iiarrisi and Picris oleracecc were also conspicuous among the butterflies. Tachopteryx thoreyi. collected at Portage, Gomphits descriptus from West Danby and Ithaca, and Tetragoneuria cants from West Danby, were among the fourteen species of dragonflies shown. Henicocephalus biceps Say (culicis auct) was observed gathering in swarms over piles of sawdust like flies, as described by O. A. Johannsen, in Psyche, XVI, 1909, and was another interesting capture. Exceptionally large galls made by the fly, Enrosta soUdaginis, on golden rod, as described by Chi Ping in Pomona Journal Ent. & Zool., VII, 19^5, formed another exhibit. A large number of Atithonomns sp. found on Kalmia latifolia. and of Malthodes sp. were among the many interesting coleoptera June, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 159 shown, though the larger Cychrus, Centrodera and Anthophilax were more showy. An interesting series of Donacia rufa found on Caltha palnstris and on buttercup and of Galerxtcella rufosanguinea found in such numbers on wild cherry that the trees were in places defoliated, were also included. In orthoptera a large box was required to show the captures which in- cluded sixteen species all collected before the middle of June. Mr. Davis's remarkably successful photography showed well the gigantic rocks, sometimes grasped by the great exposed roots of the yellow birches, that give Rock City its name, and in one plate the shooting of a completed oil well, with the column of oil rising high above it, and added much to the interest of his remarks, which were discussed by Messrs. Schaeffer, Dickerson and others at their conclusion. Mr. H. B. Weiss read a paper on " Insect Fauna of New Jersey Green- houses excluding Coccidze " — which will be printed elsewhere. In reply to a question, Mr. Weiss said that Aramigus fulleri, the larva of which feeds on roots of greenhouse roses was rare in New Jersey, being actually known from only three or four places. The secretary read a communication from Dr. Osburn on a dragonfly migration, observed by Mrs. Osburn, which will be printed in Miscellaneous Notes. Mr. Engelhardt described a similar occurrence observed near the shore of Long Island on Columbus Day, October 12, when thousands of Anax Junius were seen zigzagging about and settling in the grass. Mr. Dickerson recorded with regret the death of F. M. Webster. Mr. Dow exhibited and donated specimens of wood from Lahaway, N. J., showing the work of woodpeckers in search of larvae of Prionoxystus rohinia, remarking on the length of tongue obviously required to reach them, and the number of years elapsed betwen the commission of the crime and its detec- tion by the splitting of the wood ; the annual rings serving both to conceal the evidence and count the years. He also donated specimens of the work of Trypoxylon and other wasps. A member contributed anonymously the following lines composed by an ancestor, who had ben unjustly reproached by a female afflicted with Pediculus capitis : " A lady once told me and in her own house That I was not worth three skips of a louse. Forgive the dear creature, the words that she said, For ladies will talk of what runs in their head." Meeting of January 18, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held on January 18, 1916, in the American Museum of Natural History, President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with 12 members and two visitors present. In the absence of the secretary, the president requested Mr. Sherman to act as secretary. 160 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxiv, Miss C. Sidney Spencer, of 437 W. sgth St., College P. & S., proposed for membership at the last meeting, was duly elected. Dr. Lutz, delegate to the Pan-American Congress, reported that he had attended its meetings. Mr. Davis, delegate to the New York Academy of Sciences, reported the contemplated centennial celebration early in 1917, of the anniversary of the founding of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, in 1817. Mr. Davis presented some notes by Mr. Woodruff and himself on local Malachiidas, found on Staten Island and Long Island. Prof. Brues spoke of his trip to the West Coast of South America in 1912 with the Strong Expedition from the Harvard Medical School, and especially of the studies by this party of the relations between insects and some of the diseases prevalent in the regions visited. On the west coast of South America yellow fever is confined to parts of the Colombian coast and the lowlands of Ecuador, where there is a dense forest growth, with heavy rainfall and hot climate, Guayaquil being a great hot-bed of disease, especially prevalent during the rainy season. Among the natives the disease occurs almost entirely with young persons, but visitors, even natives from the nearby mountains, are susceptible at any age. Owing to the many changes in the government of Ecuador, little has been done to stamp out the disease, although it has been entirely eliminated at the Isthmus. The boats anchor at Guayaquil, 400 meters from shore, and after the four days' journey to Panama, are quarantined two days, and this period of six days covers the period of incubation, thus pre- venting disease from spreading north. The mosquito carrying yellow fever in this territory is Stegomyia pallipes. At Buena Ventura, on the west coast of Colombia, the common mosquito, Culex fatigans {quinquefasciata?) is a carrier of the elephantiasis and phaleriasis prevalent there, and also at Panama. In the deep canyons, including the Lima River, near Lima, the two diseases known as verruga (meaning await) and arroya fever, are quite com- mon, occurring simultaneously in many cases and the latter having a very high death rate (about 80 per cent.). Townsend believed the two diseases identical and found Phlebotomys to be the carrier. The bacteriological investigations of the Strong Expedition, however, lead to the belief that the two things are separate diseases, — verruga, caused by an ultra-microscopic, presumably protozoan organism, and probably carried by a species of tick (like the somewhat similar Texas-fever and Rocky mountain fever diseases) and arroya-fever, caused by a small bacterian and carried by Phlebotomys. These diseases are always contracted at night and at an altitude above 3,000 feet. Prof. Brues spoke also of great abundance of insects near Guayaquil at electric lights, including a huge Belostoma, large water-beetles and Katydids. In canyons further south in arid regions, along the rivers where only June, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 161 there is vegetation, occurred many interesting insects, especially a group of parasitic Tachinid flies, having many bristles, the species of which, while resembling each other superficially very closely, are separated by great struc- tural differences in the antennal and mouth parts. Very large carpenter bees, of the size of humming birds, visible at great distance, were also common. Mr. Watson exhibited five paratypes of Protoparce rustica Fabr. var. cubana Wood, lately described in Ent. News (December, 191 5), from the Museum collection. Dr. Lutz mentioned his being present at the annual meeting of the Wash- ington Entomological Society, when Pres. Caudell made his address on various superstitions associated with the orthoptera, and at which also the new office of ' honorary president was created, and Dr. Schwarz elected to same. Mr. Dow exhibited photographs of the late Mr. Brakeley and of his house at Lahaway. Mr. J. W. Angell exhibited some Lucanid monstrosities, including a Lucanus with seven legs; also his collection of Lucanids of the exotic genus Chiasogtiatlms. Mr. Davis called attention to the article by C. W. Beebe in Bull, of Zoological Society for January, 1916 (Vol. 19, No. i), describing the many insects, shells, etc., sifted from the leaves, sticks, moss, earth and mold of a Brazilian jungle, taken from roots of a tree, about which Heliconia grew in abundance. Meeting of February i, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held February i, 1916, at 8:15 P.M., in the American Museum of Natural History, President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with twenty members and several visitors present. i The curator reported the rearrangement of the Cistelidae or Alleculidae of the local collection, following the Saturday afternoon meeting of January 22, and announced as subject for the Saturday afternoon meeting of February 19, the families Lagriidas and Melandryidae. Mr. Schaeffer for the Publication Committee reported the receipt of the first sheets of galley proof of the Van Duzee List. Mr. Davis exhibited Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History, VH, 1915, being a review of New England Mollusks by Chas. W. Johnson. Mr. Leng read " Notes on Cistelidse " which will be published in the Journal. Mr. Schaeffer commenting thereon said he suspected the humeral red spot in some species of Mycetochara might be evanescent and the only differ- ence betwen them and some of the totally black species might thus disappear. Dr. Lutz and Mr. Davis gave a " Resume of Explorations in Florida and the West Indies " illustrated with photographs. Dr. Lutz speaking first said that shortly after he became a member of the Society a fairly definite plan 162 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi. xxiv, was formed in the Museum to devote exploration, in conjunction as far as possible with the affiliated societies, to the study of geographical distribution and routes of dispersal between North and South America. The effect of isolation as exemplified in the mountainous West Indian islands isolated by oceanic waters and in the mountains of Arizona, also isolated but by desert regions, and both equally in the path between the two continents, necessarily became a part of the problem. The steps thus far taken have included col- lections in our local region, in the mountains of North Carolina, in Florida, in the West Indies and in the northern part of South America. The local region was covered by the wagon journey, in which many of our members took a more or less active part, and the work on the local collection, still in progress, became a part of the general plan. The mountains of North Caro- lina were repeatedly visited by Beutenmuller and a large amount of material was accumulated. On account of the peculiar interest it possesses, Florida has been studied closely, in 191 1 by Dr. Lutz with Davis and Leng. in 19 12 by Davis and Grossbeck, in 191 3 by Davis and Sleight, in 19 14 by Mutchler and Watson ; a different part of the State being visited on each occasion. The West Indies have' been even more frequently visited, the first journey being a reconnaissance of the Lesser Antilles and northern South America by Prof. Crampton and Dr. Lutz, followed by the Jamaica trip of Grossbeck and Dow in 1912, the Cuban trip of Dr. Lutz and Mr. Leng in 1913, Porto Rican trips of Dr. Lutz, Barber, Mutchler and Watson in 1914 and 1915, and of Watson to San Domingo in 1915. Cooperation with the New York Academy of Sciences and the Porto Rican Government and the financial aid of friends of the Museum has materially enlarged the possibilities of West Indian ex- ploration. The number of specimens accumulated by these journeys is far in e.xcess of 100,000 and the publication of the results has necessarily been slow, from the great number requiring identification. However, the Florida material has already served as a basis for the Diptera of Florida by Johnson, the Hemip- tera of Florida by Barber and of the Coleoptera and the Carabidae of Florida by Leng, as well as the description of new species of Orthoptera by Davis. A paper on the Lepidoptera left unfinished by Grossbeck's untimely death, will be finished by Watson. The West Indian material has served in the same way for the basis of the List of Greater Antillean Spiders by Dr. Lutz, follow- ing identifications by Banks, and for the Prel. List of Coleoptera by Leng and Mutchler. Dr. Lutz added that a continuation of these explorations by Watson in Jamaica and by himself in Arizona was planned for 191 6, and a continua- tion of the publication of the results was in prospect. Mr. Davis, taking the floor, spoke particularly of the variety of environ- ments found in Florida, using a quotation from Dr. Small's " Florida Trees " of 19 1 3 as his text and illustrating his remarks by numerous excellent photo- graphs of Floridian scenes. He said that Dr. Small's statements that Florida possessed a larger tree flora than any other equal area in the United States, June, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 163 and nearly half the species of trees in the United States are found in Florida, were remarkable in view of the sameness of the pine forests, as seen from tlie railroad car ; and in view of the intimate relation between insects and their food plants, serve also as an indication of the variety of species of insects found in Florida. His own journeys in Florida with different companions had covered the central part of the state in 191 1, the west coast in 1912 and the east coast in 19 1 3, and his photographs showed the vegetation of many very different parts of the state from Jacksonville to Key West and from Key Marco and Choko- loskee on the gulf coast to Big Pine Key on the Atlantic coast. The human interest was never far distant in the remarks that accompanied the exhibition, and the members were entertained by bits of family history of the Seminole Indians Mr. Davis met, the dangers of navigation among the Ten Thousand Islands, the fact that he was out of sight of land on Lake Okeechobee, the wild cat that spit at Sleight at LaGrange, the wading through cypress swamps required to reach Deep Lake, as well as by the beauty of his pictures of the trees and scenery amid which his Florida insects were collected. Dr. Lutz then exhibited his collection of West Indian photographs, arranged in series and accompanied by maps, marked to show where the photographs were taken. Time did not permit of his thoroughly explaining these pictures, aggregating over 600 subjects or dwelling upon the collections of Lepidoptera arranged by Mr. Watson and of Coleoptera arranged by Mr. Mutchler, to ac- company them ; but Porto Rico was especially selected to show the thorough manner in which the exploration, after five journeys, had been carried on at about twenty-five stations in different parts of the island. During the informal examination of the photographs and specimens which closed the evening, Mr. Dow exhibited the mummied hand of an Egyptian wearing a ring in which a beetle was mounted, and Mr. Schaeffer exhibited the species of Coleoptera described and referred to in the Decem- ber number of the Journal, calling particular attention also to Elatrinus bicolor, found by Manee at Southern Pines, N. C, as the first species of the genus found in the East; and to Calosoina sycophanta found by Mr. Schott in Prospect Park, Brooklyn. Mfeting of February 15, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held February 15, 1916, at 8:15 P.M., in the American Museum of Natural History. President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with eighteen members and three visitors present. Mr. Frank Morton Jones, 2000 Riverview Ave., Wilmington, Del., was elected an active member. The secretary read an obituary notice of Ignaz Matausch, prepared by Mr. Miner, and two communications from Mr. Brehme. Dr. Lutz read a paper on " Centers of Dispersal and their bearing on the present Distribution of Animals," in which some recent literature was discussed, and the idea that results of studies in palaeontology might profitably be used in the study of insect dispersal was advanced. 164 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^o'- -^>i-iv, Mr. Shoemaker exhibited " Some Insects taken near Slide Mountain, N. Y., in 191S," stating that he spent eight or nine days at a place between Big Indian and the base of the mountain, from June 26 to July 5, and, although more than half the days were disturbed by thunderstorms, that he had been able to obtain many insects by beating and sugaring. Ten specimens of Cychrus canadensis, one of Anthophilax malachiticus , and a great many Elateridas and Cerambycidae were among the beetles shown. Mr. Davis read a paper by Stephen G. Rich on " Some Respiratory Struc- tures of Dragon Fly Larvae," illustrated by the author's drawings, figures from Packard, and specimens supplied by Mr. Davis. Mr. G. W. J. Angell presented several volumes of the Annals of the Belgian Entomological Society to the library and exhibited a carabid beetle from Lake Tanganyika, Africa, apparently representing a new species and genus. Mr. Woodruff exhibited specimens of the Tortricid moth Archips infu- matana, taken at Litchfield, Conn., on hickory, and read a memorandum re- specting same, which will be printed in Miscellaneous Notes. Several members commented on the insects seen on the very warm days at the end of January. Mr. J. W. Angell caught a freshly emerged Cicindela 6-guttata in Bronx Park under a log ; Mr. Olsen caught a water-beetle flying ; Mr. Dickerson a noctuid moth flying in the window and Mr. Davis was told that the mourning cloak butterfly was flying on Staten Island. Mr. Davis exhibited Cicada canalicularis from Portage La Prairie, Mani- toba, and gave also other northern records known to him in Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario. Meeting of March 7, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held March 7, 1916, at 8:15 P.M., in the American Museum of Natural History; President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with fourteen members and six visitors present. The curator reported donations to local collection from Messrs. Davis, Shoemaker and Leng and announced a meeting of coleopterologists on Saturday, March 18, to study Mordellidse. Mr. Carlos C. Hoffman, 2A San Augustin 56, Mexico D. P., was nomi- nated for active membership, and the by-laws being suspended for the pur- pose, he was immediately elected. Mr, J. W. Angell announced the death of Julius Meitzen, of pneumonia. Letters from Henry Brown and Frank Morton Jones were read. Mr. Watson exhibited " Recent additions to the Museum Collection of Sphingidse " ; speaking particularly of gifts from Mr. B. Preston Clark, of Boston, and of the following species : Protoparce occulta Rothschild and Jordan. First specimen from Jalapa, Mexico, collected by Mr. Schaus. Second specimen from Jalapa, Mexico, collection of Hy. Edwards. Xylophones daiuocrita Druce, from Brazil, collector unknown. June, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 165 Perigonia hisca f. ihis Boisduval, no locality on specimen, collector un- known. Rothschild and Jordan give the habitat as Mexico to Matto Grosso. Gift of Mr. B. Preston Clark. Lencorhampa ornatus Rothschild, from Rio, Brazil, collector unknown. Gift of Mr. B. Preston Clark. Euryglottis albostigmata basalts Rothschild. Inca Mines, Peru, collector, H. H. Keys. The typical form is from Colombia. Mr. Watson also spoke of the genus Caiisto, saying in part that this small but interesting genus, consisting of six species and two varieties, is found only in the Antilles. It seems to illustrate very well the effect of isola- tion on a species, as each of the Greater Antilles has its own peculiar forms, not found in any of the other islands, as far as is now known. All of the forms are in the Museum Collection with the exception of C. archebates Menetries. C. Zangis Fabricius is common in Jamaica. C. nubila Lathy from Porto Rico, is a very common butterfly there. C. archebates Menetries is from San Domingo (Haiti). The only speci- mens in existence, according to Seitz, are in the collection of Godman and Salvin and the St. Petersburg Museum. C. pulcliella Lathy is from San Domingo, where it seems to be locally common. C. pulcliella J-f. tenebrossa Lathy from San Domingo. C. herophila Hiibner from Cuba. C. hysius Godart is from San Domingo, where it is very common. It is close to C. herophila Hiibner, but is distinct. C. hysius f. confusa Lathy, also from San Domingo. C. hysius Godart has also been reported from Jamaica. Mr. Olsen made an " Exhibition of Membracidae from Trinidad and British Guiana," including paratypes of a species recently described by W. D. Funkhouser. Dr. Lutz referred to the complete deception in nature by which one of the species shown mimics an aphid attended by ants. Mr. Dickerson gave a list of Nitidulidse found on flowers in New Jersey nurseries, referring particularly to Carpophilus antiquns having been found on cornsilk. Mr. J. W. Angell exhibited a number of Silphidje and Scarabaidse, re- ferring particularly to a minute specimen. Mr. Davis exhibited a paper sign, taken from a tree in Letchworth Park, that had been eaten by Vespa maculata, a case as he expressed it of " stealing paper to make more paper." He also exhibited the species of Galerucella allied to cavicollis, pointing out the depth of the pronotal fovea and shining surface of the species he had found so abundant at Rock City, N. Y., as to completely defoliate Pruntis pennsylvanica and serotina. He stated that this species appeared to be cavicollis, and to differ from our local species which is comparatively dull. 166 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, without so deep a fovea, and certainly unknown to devastate the foliage so completely. Mr. Davis also exhibited Coleoptera collected by Alanson Skinner in Manitoba, Wisconsin and Oklahoma, commenting particularly on the forms of tranqnebarica var. kirbyi, from the northwest, and those of sexguttata var. levettei from Oklahoma. Mr. Dickerson exhibited Cactopiiius hubbardi Schwarz, identified by Charles Dury, calling attention to the remarkable horn. Dr. McDunnough, at the invitation of the president, spoke of the Barnes collection of lepidoptera and the exquisite care taken to compare the speci- mens with the types in this country and abroad ; praising especially Aug. Grote, Herman Strecker and A. S. Packard for the pains they had taken to so mark their types that such comparisons were facilitated, and closing by ex- tending a cordial invitation to our members to visit Decatur to see the results. Mr. HofYnian spoke briefly of his pleasure at being able to attend the meeting. Meeting of March 21, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held March 21, 1916, at 8:15 P.M., in the American Museum of Natural History, President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with 18 members present. The curator reported donations to the local collection from Messrs. Dickerson, Dow, Shoemaker and Leng ; and continuance of study on the Mordellidse on Saturday afternoon, April i. Mr. Nutman exhibited 79 species of " CerambycidK from the Adirondack Movintains " collected by himself during the past nine years, principally be- tween May and August and at elevations of about 1,000 feet. Mr. Nutman said the habits of the adults varied considerably, some like Leptura being found on flowers, others like Callidiini and Lamiini on logs or sides of houses in the sunlight, while a few of the Callidinm, Phymatodes, Asemmn and Xylotrechus seemed partial to the screen doors. Golden rod, wild cherry, spiraea and sumach were the most attractive flowers, the white daisy yielding only Acmcrops pratensis and Leptura chrysocoiita. Saperdas and Obereas were found on poplar, Pscnocerus supeniotatus on various vines about the house. The different species varied in date, Asemuin being one of the earliest, dozens at a time coming from a norway pine stump about the beginning of May ; Leptura canadensis on the contrary being found in July and August. The collecting was most productive at the edges of cultivated land but a few species were found in the woods, particularly Anthophilax malachiticns, a fine specimen of which excited admiration and envy. The species varied in abundance in different seasons, Leptura vagaiis for instance being common in 1909 and 1910, while Leptura vibex was not noticed until 1910, since when it has been common on blackberry. Mr. Davis, commenting on the specimens shown, pointed out the narrow stripes of Saperda Candida, which he had previously noticed in Adirondack specimens. June. 1916-] Proceedings of the Society. 167 Mr. Dow read a paper on " Aristotle as an Entomologist," briefly sketch- ing his history and citing many passages to show how often the first mention of the scientific names we use is found in his writings, even to the word Entomos itself; and how the first rudiments of our present classification can be traced, in his differentiations. Mr. Weeks after urging the claims of Solomon to be considered also as an entomologist, spoke feelingly against a bill to be introduced in the State Senate, looking to local control of mosquito extermination and solicited the support of the society in opposing it. The president ruled that such matters were not within the scope of the society's activities. Mr, Schaeffer presented the following additions and corrections to Smith's List of New Jersey Insects, and spoke also of the doubtful validity of the record of Corymbites rotimdicollis. Microrhagns audax Horn. Three specimens labelled New York, New Jersey and Fort Lee, N. J., July 26. Microrhagns imperfectus Lee. One specimen, Fort Lee, N. J. Phlegon pectorosns Lee. One specimen of this species taken at Bellport, Long Island, by A. Nicolay. This species is known from Indiana, Maryland and Pennsylvania and is likely to occur in New Jersey also. Cardiophorus erythropus Er. One specimen of this species from Atlantic Highlands, N. J. Elater carbonicolor Esch. Reported by Green from Clementon. It is an Alaskan species and has to be striken from the list. Mr. Green writes thai it is a wrong identification and the species in question is E. riibricits Say. Elater nigrinus Papk. A strictly northern species. Reported by Davis from Staten Island. Elater luctiiosiis Lee. Reported by Beutenmuller from Fort Lee. and by Leng from Staten Island. Mr. Davis, who has the Staten Island specimen, showed it to me and it proved to be E. pedalis, a species not given in the New Jersey list, though I have also a specimen from New Jersey. Melanotus opacicollis Lee. One specimen from Lakehurst, taken in August, new to the list. Corymbites atropurpnreus Melsch. One specimen of this species was collected by Jacob Doll in Paterson, May 3. Corymbites copei Horn. Several specimens of this species from Pine Island, N. Y., collected by F. M. Schott and from Lakehurst, N. J. Mr. Mutchler announced the acquisition by the museum, with the aid of several members of the society, of the Roberts collection of water beetles, including 19,000 specimens, practically all the described North American species, and many types. He exhibited a portion of the collection to show the admirable mounting and unusually long series of specimens. Mr. Olsen exhibited a wax model he had made of Acanthia lectularia, in connection with which the secretary read a newspaper comment on Mr. Dow's title " There were bugs before ours, classic bugs ; and we like to hear about them for they cannot bite us now." 168 Journal New York Entomological Society. tVoi. xxiv, Mr. Angell exhibited a rare species of Strategus. Mr. Weiss showed a map giving the distribution, mostly in greenhouses, of comparatively new insect pests and spoke also of the Cattleya midge, of European earwigs becoming established at Newport, R. I., and of a hymen- opterous leaf-miner. Meeting of April 4, 19 16. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held April 4, 1916, at 8:15 P.M., in Heim's Restaurant, President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with twenty-one members present. The librarian reported the binding of a set of the Journal in Holliston Library Buckram No. 50. Mr. Howard J. Shannon, 73 Union Ave., Jamaica, L. I., was elected an active member. Mr. Davis spoke of a number of species of Cicada, illustrating his re- marks by maps showing the distribution and by boxes of specimens in which were "pinned drawings made by Mr. Olsen, of the diagnostic structures. In the course of his remarks he dwelt upon the necessity of specimens from type locality for accurate comparison with the original descriptions and re- counted the difficulties he had surmounted in obtaining such for some of the early described species, which were thereby in some cases rescued from undeserved synonymy. In respect of distribution, he said that Leconte's districts, divided by meridional lines, and illustrated by the map in his Coleoptera of Kansas and Eastern New Mexico, 1859, were, for Cicada, more satisfactory than Merriam's zones, though the species with wishbone-shaped uncas were perhaps somewhat southern in distribution except that they ex- tended northward through the Mississippi Valley. Mr. Leng read a paper on " Omophron and its Distribution " in which he attempted to show that while the preglacial dispersal of the genus was from a northern centre towards the south, where Madagascar and Cape of Good Hope in the old world, and Hispaniola and Mexico in the new world have been reached, the postglacial dispersal has been in the contrary direc- tion, viz. : from south to north, as evidenced by the spread of Gulf Strip species like labiatuin and nitidnin northward, the one along the Atlantic coastal plain, the other through the Mississippi Valley; and by the occurrence- of numerous species now within the areas covered by ice during the glacial period. His remarks were illustrated by specimens of the American species and a few of those found in Mexico, Europe and Africa. Dr. Lutz and Mr. Davis, in discussing the subject, pointed out that the idea of the north as the ancestral home of the larger groups was old and well supported by geological evidence in mammals and in trees. Dr. Lehmann, upon invitation by the president, spoke of his interest in certain groups of lepidoptera during the last seven years and his journeys, completed and in prospect, devoted mainly to hunting Argynnis and Melitaa. Utah, Colorado and California are planned for 1916, and he said he would gladly give the lepidoptera caught outside his special desiderata to institutions or individuals desiring them. June, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 169 Mr. Mutchler exhibited Chauliognathns marginatus, taken at Ramsey, N. J., April I, by Dr. Lutz. Mr. Dow, in a speech entirely beyond the ability of the secretary to re- produce, once more presented in glowing terms the attractiveness of Lahaway, and urged the members to join him in an inspection of the place on Sunday, April 16, when the arbutus will be in bloom. Meeting of April 18, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held April 18, 1916, at 8:15 P.M., in the American Museum of Natural History; Vice-President Lewis B. Woodruff in the chair, with fourteen members present. The curator reported donations to the local collection from Messrs. Davis and Leng. The librarian reported donation from Mr. J. W. Angell. Dr. Lutz read a paper on " The Distribution of Bombns with Notes on certain species of Boreal America," illustrated by boxes of specimens and diagrams showing the phylogeny and range of certain species. The paper will be published in full. Mr. Dow spoke of collecting at Lahaway on April 16 with Mr. Bequaert, exhibiting a number of the insects found and donating the more desirable to the local collection and to his fellow members. Tricrania sanguinipennis Say, an addition to Smith's New Jersey List, was found crawling on dune-like banks in a situation similar to that in which it was found last year at Central Park, Long Island, and Mr. Dow remarked that Tettyx was also abundant at both localities. Other interesting captures were Euphoria areata, a Dineutes resembling rohertsi, etc. Mr. Dickerson exhibited a number of hymenoptera, diptera, neuroptera and hemiptera found on willow bloom at Chester, N. J., and commented on the absence of beetles. NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Organized June 29, 1892. — Incorporated June 7, 1893. The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except June, July, August and September) at 8 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, 77th Street and Eighth Ave. Annual dues for Active Members, ^3.00. Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the treasurer. OflScers for the Year 1916. President, II. G. BARF^ER .... 1 2 Clay Ave., Roselle Park, New Jersey, Vice-President, L. B. WOODRUFF 14 East 68th Street, New York. Secretary, CHAS. W. LENG 33 Murray St., New York. Tr/tfjwr^r, WM. T. DAVIS 146 Stuyvesant Place^ New Brightor, Staten Island, N. Y. Librariin,YKAl>iK. E. WATSON American Museum of Natural Histor), New York. Curator, A J. MUTCHLER. . . American Museum of Natural History, New York. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. R. C. OsBORN, Chas. E. Sleight, R P. Dow, Geo. p. Engelhardt, E. Shoemaker. publication committee Chas. Schaeffer, F. E. Lutz, W. P. Comstock, E. L. Dickerson. AUDITING COMMITTEE. C. F, Groth, G. W. J. Angell, John D. Sherman, Jr. FIELD COMMITTEE. Chas. Wunder, A. S. Nicoi.ay. DELEGATE TO THE N. Y. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES William T. Davis. aouTRisr AL '.'ublished quarterly by the Society, at 41 North Queen ^t., Lancaster Pa. , and New York City. All communications relating to the Journal should be sent to the Publication Committee. New York En'omological Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York City; all subscriptions to the Treasurer, Wm. T. Davis, 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, State.. Is., New York, and all books and pamphlets to the Librarian. Frank E. Watson, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Terms for subscription, $2.00 per year, strictly in ad- ance. Please make all checks, money-orders, or drafts oayable to NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Authors of each contribution to the Journal shall be entitled to 25 separates of such contribution without change of form. If a larger num- ber be desired they will be supplied at the following rates, provided notice is sent to the Publication Committee before the page proof has been corrected : 4cf for each reprint of a r to 4 pp. article. s*- li i i a 5 8 " 6c a < i i i 9 12 " " 8c. li i i a 13 16 " loe ( ( i i a 17 20 " 12C i I ( 21 24 - - ly i< tt 25 28 '' i4r it i t < ( 29 32 - - One cent additional for each half-ton^ print. Covers on same paper as the Journal, with printed title page, ^1.50 for 50 covers, and 2 cents for each additional cover. )f. Vol. XXIV No. 3. JOUR N AL OF THE NEW YORK Entomological Society Devoted to JEntomoloap in (BenetaL SEPTEMBER, 1916. Edited by CHARLES SCHAEFFER PicblicatioK Committee. Charles Schaeffer. F, E; Lutz. W. P. COMSTOCK. f, L. DiCKEKSON. F'ublisheci Quarterly t>y ttie Society. LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK CITY. 1916. [Entered April 21, 1904,31 Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter, under Act of Congress of July 16, 1854.] THE NEW ER* PRINT CONTENTS Sarcophagidae of New England. By R. R. Parker 171 New Western Gall Midges. By E. P. Felx .... 175 The Carpenter Bees of the United States of the Genus Xylocopa. By .\r thur J. ACKERMAN .... 196 A Remarkable New Genus of EncyrtidaB from the West Indies, Bearing Two Ring Joints. By A. A. Girault . . . . 232 Two New Cicadas Belonging to the Genus Okanagana. By \Vm. T. Davis 233 Louis H. Joutel 236 Christopher H. Roberts 236 Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society 237 JOURNAL JOFfo !|9oFh €inl^omQlogirflI %tiM^. Vol. XXIV. September, 1916. No. 3 SAR .PHAGID^ OF NEW ENGLAND: GENUS SARCOPHAGA.i By R. R. Parker, BozEMAN, Mont. Sarcophaga pachyprocta, new species. iSSi. Sarcophaga pachyprocta Hagen, Can. Ent., vol. 13, pp. 148-149. Occurrence. Type : Massachusetts Agricultural College, male and female. Paratypes : United States National Museum, one male, one female (no. 19168) ; Boston Society of Natural History, one male, three females; Gypsy Moth Parasite Laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass., one male, one female; collection of C. W. Johnson, one male, two females ; collection of author, two males, one female. Male. — Breadth of front at its narrowest part from five-sevenths to five- sixths eye width; arista shortly plumose on basal half; vestiture of back of head black except for a narrow hand of yellow hair just above foramen and similarly colored hairs on a small portion of the metacephalon just beneath ; cheeks clothed with black bristles and bristle-like hairs ; lateral verticals present ; greater ocellars nearly as strong or sometimes stronger than upper- most pair of frontals ; first and third veins prominently bristly ; costal spine short but distinct ; section III of costa practically equal to section V ; vesti- ture of legs short except for scattered, long hairs on ventral surfaces of middle and hind femora; middle femur without posterior ventral row of bristles; 1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 171 172 Journal New York Entomological Society. ["*^'o'- xxiv, bristles of thorax stout and prominent, hinder two pairs of anterior dorsocen- trals almost as strong as postsuturals ; acrostichals present ; three pairs pos- terior dorsocentrals of about equal size; scutellar apicals present; lower sterno- pleura with bristles only ; abdomen short, stout, its outline more elliptical than oval; nota clothed dorsally and ventrally with short, reclinate bristles; ves- titure of third plate erect ; second segment usually with two stouter marginals at center ; genital segments completely filling cavity of fourth notum (see figure) ; second segment discoidal, rounded, dull orange, first much larger and completely pollinose or its posterior part dull orange. Female. — Vestiture of back of head black except for a narrow band of yellow hair just above foramen and similarly colored hairs on a small portion of the metacephalon just beneath ; cheeks clothed with black bristles and bristle like hairs ; greater ocellars nearly as strong or sometimes stronger than uppermost pair of frontals ; hairs covering anterior spiracles mostly grayish; first and third veins prominently bristly ; costal spine short but distinct ; sec- tion III of costa practically equal to section V ; bristles of thorax stout and prominent; hinder two pairs of anterior dorsocentrals almost as strong as postsuturals ; acrostichals present ; three pairs posterior dorsocentrals of about equal size ; bristles of lower sternopleura in three distinct rows ; distinctly larger and more erect bristles mixed with vestiture of lateral and ventral surfaces of fourth notum ; second segment usually with two stouter marginals at center ; genital segments dull orange, sixth notum not divided into lateral lips, seventh similar in shape and visible just beneath it, but much smaller (almost vestigial). Length: s to ii mm., average 8 to lo mm. Male, Head. — Viewed from side parafrontals and genae with dark reflec- tions. Breadth of front at its narrowest part varies from five-sevenths to five-sixths eye width ; cheek height one third or slightly greater than one third that of eye. Front prominent, sides of frontal vitta parallel anteriorly but its margins effaced below ocellar triangle. Second antennal segment dark, some- times brownish especially at tip; third about twice length of second; arista shortly plumose on basal half. Back of head somewhat convex, its vestiture black except for a narrow band of yellow hair just above foramen and simi- larly colored hairs on a small portion of the metacephalon just beneath. Cheeks clothed with black bristles and bristle-like hairs. Gena with a row of minutes hairs near lower eye orbit and a few others that are scattered. Palpi dark. Chaetotaxy. — Lateral verticals present; vibrissas inserted just above line of oral margin ; greater ocellars nearly as strong, sometimes stronger than upper- most pair of frontals. Thorax. — Metanotum clothed with short scattered reclinate bristles. Hairs covering anterior spiracle dark basally, lighter toward tips ; those of anterior margin of posterior spiracle dark brown ; those of spiracular cover only brownish basally, mostly yellowish. Epaulets dark. Wings. — Bend of fourth vein varies from an acute to a right angle ; an- terior cross-vein slightly more basal than end of first longitudinal ; first and Sept., i9i6.] Parker: Sarcophagid^ of New England. 173 third veins prominently bristly ; costal spine distinct ; section III of costa prac- tically equal to section V ; alulse fringed with hair ; calypters whitish, their margins fringed with white hair. Legs. — Dark; tarsi without ventral bands of reflecting hairs; vestiture short except for a few scattered, long hairs on ventral surfaces of middle and hind femora. Posterior trochanter without " brush " ; femur spindle shaped ; anterior face with three rows of bristles, those of intermediate row shortest and not developed distally, those of lower row well separated and present on distal two thirds or thereabout; posterior face with ventral row of long, slender hair like bristles ; tibia straight or slightly curved ; tarsus not shorter than tibia; fourth segment at least one half fifth. Middle coxa with a single row of bristles, but there may be a few others anterior to it dorsally ; femur with a complete anterior ventral row of bristles, posterior ventral row lacking or represented by long, well separated hairs ; submesotibial bristle very strong. Ventral face of anterior coxa with an irregular row of bristles at each side only. Chaetotaxy. — Bristles stout and prominent. The hinder two pairs of an- terior dorsocentrals almost as strong as postsuturals ; two pairs of acrostichals, presutural pair absent ; inner presuturals absent or very weak ; three pairs pos- terior dorsocentrals of about equal size ; prescutellar acrostichals present but weak as compared to other bristles ; scutellar apicals absent ; three sterno- pleurals ; lower sterndpleura with bristles only. Abdomen. — Rather short; depth almost equal to width so that it appears somewhat cylindrical, outline more elliptical than oval ; nota clothed dorsally and ventrally with short reclinate bristles. Ventral plates as a whole with their sides converging posteriorly, sides of second and third distinctly rounded; vestiture hairy, that of first and second long, that of third shorter but erect. Chastotaxy. — Second segment usually with a row of weak, slender, de- cumbent marignals, sometimes two at center may be stronger and more erect ; third with a complete marginal row dorsally and laterally or dorsally with only two marginals at center ; fourth with a complete row ending ventrally at third notum. Genital Segments. — Prominent ; large, abruptly terminating the abdomen and occupying to its fullest extent cavity of fourth notum (see figure). First (g. s.i), pollinose to varying extent, sometimes entirely so with reflecting colors of abdomen but usually posterior portion dull orange, posteriorly its vestiture longer than that of second segment, viewed from behind it presents a very large, slightly convex surface abruptly rounded forward dorsally (the segments being in their normal position), marginal bristles absent. Second (g. s.2) seg- ment (examined in similar position) appears like a slightly raised dull orange disk, anal area small. Forceps short, base without upward flap-like extensions, its vestiture not longer than that of second segment ; bieyond base prongs be- come abruptly slender and very small, thence attenuated to tips, both together looking like the end of a large blunt needle, their outline in profile sinuate, the anterior edges hairy. The dull orange lamellae of fourth ventral plate may show beyond edges of fourth notum. 174 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, Genitalia. — Penis and claspers peculiarly modified, head of penis promi- nently spiny anteriorly as seen in profile. Accessory plates short but as seg- ments are pulled out they show from behind as two erect plates parallel to but much shorter than forceps. Female. — They differ from the males in the following important characters. Head. — Breadth of front at its narrowest part practically equal to eye width, inner eye orbits diverging downward. Vestiture of genae may be longer and more scattered. Thorax. — Hairs covering anterior spiracle more distinctly grayish, en- tirely so or dark only basally. Legs. — Lower row of bristles on anterior face of third femur more nearly complete than in male ; ventral row of posterior face consisting of long, well separated bristles (usually four or five) on proximal half or slightly more. Anterior and posterior rows of bristles of middle femur complete, very weak on distal half, " comb " absent. Chastotaxy. — Bristles of lower sternopleura arranged in three distinct rows. Abdomen. — Depth much less than width, outline oval. Vestiture of short, reclinate bristles except that bristles become longer and more erect laterally on second and third nota and laterally and ventrally on fourth notum. Ven- tral plates concealed in part ; first and second plates, sometimes also third and fourth, with one or more pairs of surface bristles besides those of posterior margin. Genital Segments. — Dull orange, grayish or yellowish pollinose. Sixth notum not divided into lateral lips, narrow, visible only from behind, margin fringed with bristles; spiracles below center, often concealed by edge of fourth notum ; seventh notum much smaller than sixth, but similar and visible just beneath it. Described from seven male and nine female specimens; several others examined. Range : New England — Mass., Provincetown, Truro, Horseneck Beach, Nantucket, Cambridge, Saxonville, Lunenburg. United States: N. Y., N. J., Pa., O. Foreign: Canada (Manitoba?), Cuba (?), Hayti (?). This species is peculiarly distinct from all others described. The -character of the genital segments is distinctive in both sexes. The parafrontals and gen?e are silvery gray, and particularly striking in the male because of the unusually wide front for that sex. There has been considerable doubt in my mind into which niche in the fam- ily this species could be sidetracked. Both its genital and external characters differ decidedly from those found in the genus Sarco- phaga. Some time ago I submitted a specimen to Dr. Bottcher for Sept., i9i6.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 175 his opinion. He replied in part that it "' represents a type which I do not know from Europe or palearctic countries, but it has much the same features characteristic for several South American species," and also states that he had thought of making a new subgenus on the characters involved. This seems inadvisable for me to attempt on the basis of the single species represented among my material, so, for the present, it seems best to accept the genus Sarcophaga as a useful dumping ground. The more important characters which harmonize least with Sarcophaga are the vestiture of the back of the head, the broad front in the male, the stout nature of the chsetotaxy through- out, the shape and vestiture of the abdomen in the male, and the genital segments and genitalia. There are other characters which would assume importance if they were duplicated in related forms. NEW WESTERN GALL MIDGES. By E. p. Felt, Albany, N. Y. The following accounts of species are based largely on material collected and reared by Mr. P. H. Timberlake, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, while in Colorado and California, the observations on habits and life history notes being made by him. It will be noted that his work has disclosed the presence of a number of gall midges upon various composites, indicating the prevalence of somewhat the same conditions as are to be found upon related plants in the eastern states. The rearing of several species of Diarthronomyia is par- ticularly interesting in connection with the recent discovery of the chrysanthemum midge, D. Jiypogcca H. Lw. in this country. There are included in this lot of descriptions two accounts of species of Lasioptera infesting the leaf sheaths or the lower portion of the stem of two grasses, new records due to the investigations of Mr. C. N. Ainslie, also of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. ONODIPLOSIS new genus This form, on account of the greatly reduced palpi, the somewhat produced mesonotum and the modified ovipositor, is allied to the 176 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, series referable to Hormomyia and its near associates, and particu- larly to Monarthropalpus Rubs. The type is O. sarcohati n. sp. Onodiplosis sarcobati new species. This remarkable midge was reared May 24, 191 4, by Mr. P. H. Timberlake from a bud gall on Sarcohatiis vcrmiciilatiis, collected on the west shore of Utah Lake. Only two females were reared. Gall. An irregular, oval bud deformation, fleshy, becoming hard and ap- parently composed of appressed, thickened bud scales, length 10 mm., diameter 6 mm. Female. — Length 3.5 mm., sparsely haired, brownish yellow; 14 segments, the fifth with a stem one-third the length of the subcylindrical basal enlarge- ment, the latter distinctly constricted near the middle and with a length two and one-half times its diameter; subapically and basally there are sparse whorls of short, stout setae and apically and near the middle, low, rather broad cir- cumfili ; terminal segment reduced, irregularly suboval, with a length from one and one-fourth to nearly twice its diameter. Palpus consisting of an irregu- lar, tapering, sparsely setose segment having a length about twice its diam- eter. Mesonotum shining dark brown or black. Scutellum a little darker, postscutellum reddish brown. Abdominal sclerites dark brown or black, the pleurae dark red, the ovipositor reddish, with a tuft of long, silky, yellowish white hairs on the distal segment. Wings hyaline, subcosta uniting with the margin near the middle, the third vein well beyond the apex, the fifth vein in- distinct distally, joining the posterior margin at the distal fourth, its branch near the basal half ; halteres pale yellowish, fuscous apically. Coxae black, the legs a nearly uniform reddish; claws long, slender, simple, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor short, stout, with a length about one-half that of the abdomen, the basal segment much stouter, with a length about twice its diameter, the distal segment a little longer, much more slender, tapering to an obtusely rounded apex and thickly clothed with long, sillvy, yellowish white hairs, the latter having a length approximately one-half that of the segment. Exuvium. — Length 3 mm., stout, the thoracic horns moderately stout, bi- dentate. Mesonotum, wing cases and base of antennal cases variably infus- cate, the antennal cases hardly reaching the base of the abdomen, the wing cases extending to the third abdominal segment, and the leg cases to the fifth abdominal segment, the dorsum of the abdominal segments with numerous uniformly distributed, minute, triangular, chitinous points; posterior extrem- ity broadly rounded. Type Cecid. 1642. Hormomyia caudata new species. The midges described below were reared April 29, 191 5, by Mr. George G. Ainslie, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, from what were evidently modified buds or shoots of a sedge, probably Cypcrns Sept., 19 16.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 177 species collected April 15 at Clarksville, Tenn. The galls were found at the very base of the plant and at the time contained both larvse and pupaj. The species is easily distinguished from other known females by the greatly produced fifth antennal segment in connection with its moderate size. Gall. — Somewhat cylindrical, fleshy-walled, monothalamous, length 4 to 5 mm., diameter approximately half the length. The walls become thin upon maturity and rupture at the upper end, thus aiTording an opening for the escape of the pupa. Pupa. — Length 3 to 4 mm., moderately stout, whitish, the older ones yellow- ish orange with brown eyes, wings and legs ; thoracic horns rather long, nearly straight, light brown. Antennae extending to the third abdominal segment, the wings to the fourth and the legs to the sixth and seventh. The dorsum of the abdominal segments thickly spotted with chitinous points and near the middle a broad, transverse band of relatively long, stout, chitinous points. Female. — Length 4 mm. Antennae extending to the third abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, light brown ; 14 segments, the fifth with a short stem about one-fifth the length of the cylindrical basal enlargement, which latter has a length about four times its diameter and moderately long circumfili at the basal fourth, the distal third and subapically ; terminal segment somewhat produced, the basal enlargement with a length four times its diameter and apically a moderately long, stout, knob-like process. Palpi ; first segment sub- quadrate, the second narrowly oval, the third greatly produced, with a length five times its diameter. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum and postscutel- lum probably lighter. Abdomen yellowish orange. Wings hyaline ; halteres yellowish basally, reddish fuscous apically. Coxs and legs mostly pale straw, the claws strongly curved, simple, the pulvilli plainly longer than the claws. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes almost linear, tapering slightly distally and with a length over four times the width. Color characters largely conjectural. Type Cecid. a27i8. Asphondylia adenostoma new species. The small gall midge described below was reared June 4, 191 2, by Mr. P. H. Timberlake from apparently unmodified seeds of Adeno- stoma fasciculatum collected in Laurel Canyon near Hollywood, Cal., May 30, 1912. The seeds or achenes were unmodified externally, the midge issuing through a hole in the side, the pupal exuviae being left in a partly protruding position. Female. — Length 2 mm. Antennae extending to the second abdominal seg- ment, rather thickly haired, black; 14 segments, the fifth with a length about four times its diameter and with unusually heavy, somewhat flattened circum- fili apically and at the basal third. On some of the basal segments there are irregular anastomosings of the circumfili, suggesting the condition obtaining in 178 Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoI. xxiv, certain species of Cincticornia. The twelfth antennal segment with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, the thirteenth with a length equal to its diameter, and the fourteenth a flattened spheroid. Palpi ; the first segment subquadrate, the second with a length over twice its width, the third slender, indistinctly segmented near the middle, somewhat expanded distally and with a length over twice that of the third. Mesonotum dark brown or black. Scutellum fuscous orange, postscutellum fuscous yellowish brown. Abdomen brownish black, the pleurae reddish. Halteres pale yellowish, fuscous sub- apically. Legs brownish black ; claws stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the body and presenting the usual characteristics of the genus. Exuvium. — Length 2 nun. The anterior portion variably infuscate, the thoracic horns long, stout, triangular in outline, the external margin finely serrate, and the surface minutely and irregularly striate. Wing cases ex- tending to the third abdominal segment and the leg cases to the fifth. The anterior portion of the dorsum of the abdominal segments with a broad, trans- verse, nearly uniform band of stout, triangular, chitinous processes ; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Type Cecid. 1632. Asphondylia chrysothamni new species. The gall described below was reared by Mr. P. H. Timberlake May 12-14, 1914, from bud galls on the rayless goldenrod, Bigclowia graveolens, collected near Murray, Utah. This species is apparently related to A. eupatorii Felt from which it may be easily separated by the markedly shorter twelfth antennal segment and also by palpal and colorational characters. Gall. — Swollen or enlarged leaf buds with a length of 5 to 6 mm. and a diameter of 3 mm., the walls being composed of short, ovate, aborted, glume- like leaflets without any specialized central cell. Exuvium.- — Length 3.75 mm., light brown, the heavier, chitinized portions at the anterior extremity somewhat darker ; antennal horns somewhat curved, triangular, smooth, acute apically, the antennal cases extending to the base of the abdomen, the wing cases to the base of the second abdominal segment, and the leg cases to the base of the fourth abdominal segment ; posterior ex~ tremity rounded ; the dorsum of the abdominal segments with a transverse row of stout, tooth-like spines near the posterior third and irregular, scattering spines representing two or three rudimentary, transverse rows on the basal half of each segment. Female. — Length 3.5 mm. Antennae nearly as long as the body, sparsely haired, blackish, the third antennal segment with a length seven times its diameter, the twelfth with a length a little greater than its diameter, the thir- teenth a little shorter than the twelfth, the fourteenth globose. Palpi ; first segment irregularly subquadrate, with a length over twice its diameter, the second moderately long, stout, with a length less than twice that of the first. Sept., i9i6.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 179 The face, the occipital margin on the top and sides of the head, a triangular spot on the propleura, a small spot below the insertion of the wings, and a narrow sclerite between the middle and hind coxas, creamy white ; the neck yellowish with a narrow, longitudinal, blackish sclerite on each side. Meso- notum, scutellum and postscutellum slate-colored. Abdomen sparsely clothed with light brown or reddish hairs, black ; pleura brownish yellow. Wings hya~ line, the legs blackish, except that the posterior tibiae and tarsi are brownish ; claws stout, evenly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about as long as the abdomen. Male. — Length 3.5 mm. Antennae nearly as long as the body, sparsely haired, blackish; 14 segments, the third with a length five times its diameter, and the fourteenth with a length over three times its diameter. Palpi; first segment i.rregularly quadrate, curved, with a length over twice its diameter, the second segment slender, tapering and more than twice the length of the first. Color very similar to that of the female but the abdomen is more slate- colored like the thorax, the pleurae being reddish, the hind tibia and the first tarsal segment blackish, the four distal tarsal segments being paler. Basal clasp segment short, very stout; terminal clasp seginent short, greatly swollen, bidentate, the teeth very asymmetrical ; dorsal plate moderately long, divided, the lobes tapering roundly to a narrowly rounded, thickly setose apex. Color characters after Timberlake. Type Cecid. 161 3. Asteromyia gutieirezise new species. The midges described below were reared by Mr. P. H. Timber- lake in May and June, 1914, from a black, blister-like gall on the slender flower stems of Giitierrezia sarothrac, collected near Salt Lake City, Utah. The species produces a gall very similar to that of Asteromyia carbonifera Felt and the adult presents many characters in common with this widespread eastern species, from which it is most readily separated by the third vein uniting with costa near the distal third and the moderately stout, obtuse harpes with a conspicu- ous, eccentric, quadrate, chitinous tooth. In the eastern C. carboni- fera the third vein unites with costa near the basal half, while the harpes taper to a decidedly slendex apex bearing a conspicuous, quad- rate tooth. The insect hibernates in the gall and Mr. Timberlake is of the opinion that there may be two generations annually, since he has reared the insect in numbers during May and June and in Sep- tember observed galls on new growth showing pupal exuvi?e, these latter being indications of a second brood. Gall. — Irregular, dull black thickenings of the slender flower stems, rang- ing in length from 6 to 8 mm. and approximately doubling the thickness of stems, with a diameter of .5 mm. Except for its location the deformation is very similar to that of C. carbonifera. 180 Journal New York Entomological Society, ^'oi. xxiv. Larva. — Length 2 mm., bright orange yellow, the breastbone reddish brown, enlarged apically, tridentate, the teeth blunt and the middle one slightly the longer. Male. — Length 2 mm. Antennae brownish black; 15 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths its diameter, the terminal segment slightly pro- duced and obtusely rounded. Palpi ; first segment irregularly oval, moderately stout, the second nearly as long and as stout as the first. Occiput densely covered with black scales, the eyes margined with white scales and the face with a few rather short, white hairs near the middle. Mesonotum probably dark brown or black, the margins with groups of moderately long white hairs. Abdomen black, the segments margined posteriorly with white scales; the venter suffused with white scales ; genitalia black. Coxae black, with a spot of white scales at the base ; femora mostly white scaled, black beneath, the hind pair almost entirely white ; tibiae black above, white beneath ; tarsi black, the segments annulate with white basally ; claws stout, strongly curved. Geni- talia; basal clasp segment moderately stout; terminal clasp segment long, swollen basally ; dorsal plate moderately long, triangularly incised, the lobes broadly rounded ; ventral plate long, broadly rounded. Harpes broad, tapering sightly to a truncate apex bearing a stout, quadrate, chitinous tooth. Female. — Length 2 mm. Antennae with 16 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths its diameter; terminal segment apparently compound, composed of two closely fused. Palpi ; first segment irregularly quadrate, curved, the second a little longer, broadly fusiform. Ovipositor with a length about half the abdomen, the terminal lobes broadly orbicular and sparsely setose. Type Cecid. 1623. Asteromyia grindelise Felt. 1912. Felt, E. P. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Jour. 20: 149. This species was first reared July 27, 1911, by Mr. P. H. Timber- lake from blister leaf galls on Grindelia robusta collected near Santa Barbara, Cal., and again October 20, 1915, from a greenish or black- ish, oval, blister gall on G. cuneifolia collected in a salt marsh at Milebrae, Cal. Gall. — The gall on G. cuneifolia is a typical greenish or oval, blister leaf gall with a diameter of 3 or 4 mm. Male.- — The specimen reared in 1915 differs somewhat from that obtained in 191 1, in that there are 15 antennal segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter, the terminal segment somewhat produced, compound and with a length about one-half greater than its diameter; the abdomen with the first four segments black and submedian whitish spots, those on the first segment quadrate and on the others subtriangular and separated by a mod- erately broad, black line; the distal segments vary from yellowish to reddish brown. Female (previously unknown). — Length 2.25 mm. Antennae probably with Sept., 19 16.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 181 1 8 segments, the fifth with a length about three-fourths its diameter; dorsum of the abdomen black, with white markings as follows ; the basal segment with the distal third white, laterally, the white extending to the basal half of the segment and interrupted mesially by a moderately broad, black, median line, the second to the fifth abdominal segments with lunate, submedian white markings and conspicuous triangular ones laterally ; the sixth with the sub- median markings extending and confluent with the lateral ones, and the seventh white, except for an oval, median, black spot. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes broadly oval. Otherwise nearly as in the male. Colors after Tiniberlake. Cecid. 1639. It is possible that the species infesting G. cuneifolia is distinct, though the probabilities are against this, and for the present we have tentatively referred it to the above named form. It is desirable to rear a goodly series of midges from both host plants in order that more careful comparisons can be made. Lasioptera echinochloa new species. The midges described below were reared in August and Septem- ber, 191 5, by Mr. C. N. Ainslie from injured or infested stems of crippled plants, Echinochloa crusgalli collected at Elk Point, S. D. The larvae are usually found in numbers in fibrous, somewhat decayed stubbs in the crown and were also taken from lower normal portions of the stem. The species is allied ^o L. lactuccc Felt, from which it may be easily distinguished by the almost total lack of scales upon the mesonotum. Mr. Ainslie reared a species of Polyniccus from this midge. Larva. — Length 2.5 mm., moderately stout, pale salmon, the head mod- erately large, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex ; antennae biarticulate ; breastbone tridentate, the median tooth slightly shorter, the posterior ex- tremitj-^ broadly rounded ; skin coarsely shagreened. Puparium. — Length 3 mm., a pale brownish straw, somewhat fusiform, both extremities rounded. Exuvium. — Length 2.5 mm., whitish transparent; antennal cases hardly ex- tending to the base of the abdomen, the wing cases to the base of the third abdominal segment, and the leg cases of the first, second and third pair of legs to the fourth, sixth and seventh abdominal segments, respectively ; the basal two-thirds of the dorsum of each abdominal segment thickly set with minute, chitinous points. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Antennae extending to the base of the abdomen, sparsely haired, dark brown; 20 segments, the fifth with a length about equal to its diameter ; terminal segment reduced, narrowly oval. Palpi ; first seg- ment irregular, subquadrate, the second narrowly oval, the third one-half 182 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^o'- xxiv, longer, more slender, the fourth a little longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum shining black. Scutellum yellowish brown, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen black, with rather inconspicuous silvery white, sub- median, lunate spots, the seventh segment mostly whitish ; venter suffused with dull silvery scales. Wings with subcosta uniting with the margin at the basal half, the discal spot obscure. Halteres, coxae and femora basally, yel- lowish, the distal portion of femora, tibiae and tarsi mostly dark brown ; claws slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor about two-thirds the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes slender, lanceolate, with a length about four times the width and rather thickly setose. Male. — Length 1.5 mm. Antennje hardly extending to the base of the ab- domen; 16 segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diame- ter ; terminal segment broadly oval. Palpi ; first segment subquadrate. irregu- lar, the second narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Genitalia; basal clasp segment rather long, slender; terminal clasp segment long, swollen basally; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate, the lobes tapering to a broadly rounded apex ; ventral plate moderately long, broad and tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. Halteres moderately broad, tapering slightly to an irregular, tuberculate apex. Colors probably much as in the female. Type Cecid. a2yig, Webster 11,876. Lasioptera inustorum new species. This midge was reared in May, 191 5, by Mr. C. N. Ainslie from blackened leaf sheaths of Panicum virgatmn collected at Elk Point, S. D. This species runs in our key to L. impatient if olia Felt, a spe- cies which also produces a carbonaceous discoloration in vegetable tissues. A most striking difference between the two is in the much produced lobes of the ovipositor of this western midge. The leaf sheath of the infested plants shows an irregular, some- what diffuse blackening near its base. The blackened area may have a length of 3 cm. and extend more than half way around the stem, the latter being unaffected. Within the blackened tissues there may be found larval cells, the larvae occurring in tubular, silk-lined cavities some 5 to 6 mm. long. Larva. — Length 2.5 mm., rather long, slender, reddish orange, the head rather small, the antennae long, biarticulate ; breastbone long, slender, biden- tate, with a minute, median tooth ; skin coarsely shagreened, the posterior ex- tremity broadly rounded. Exuvium. — Length 2 mm., whitish transparent, the antennal cases hardly extending to the base of the abdomen, the wing cases to the third abdominal segment, and the first, second and third pairs of legs to the fourth, fifth and sixth abdominal segments, respectively. There are numerous minute, chitinous Sept., i9i6.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 183 points on the distal three-fourtlis of the dorsum of the abdominal segments. Male. — Length 1.5 mm. Antennae hardly reaching to the base of the ab- domen, sparsely haired, black; 16 segments, the fifth with a length a little greater than its diameter ; terminal segment reduced, narrowly oval. Palpi ; first segment short, subquadrate, the second narrowly oval, the third a little longer, more slender, the fourth one-half longer and more slender than the third. Mesonotum, scutellum and postscutellum probably black. Abdomen dark brown, the segments posteriorly sparsely margined with dull silvery scales. Genitalia yellowish. Wings hyaline, the third vein uniting with the dark brown costa at the basal third, the discal spot obsolete. Halteres and legs mostly pale yellowish straw, the distal portion of femora and the basal por- tion of tibiae and the distal tarsal segments yellowish white ; claws slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia ; basal clasp seg- ment rather long, slender ; terminal clasp segment rather short, swollen basally ; dorsal plate moderately long, broad, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes narrowly rounded ; ventral plate moderately long, broad, roundly truncate. Harpes broad at base, tapering to a slender, prolonged, chitinous internal tooth. Female. — Length 2 mm. Antennae reaching nearly to the base of the ab- domen, sparsely haired, black ; 20 segments, the fifth with a length three-fourths its diameter ; terminal segment broadly oval. Palpi ; first segment subquadrate, the second narrowly oval, the third a little longer and more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third. Ovipositor about one-half the length of the abdopien, the terminal lobes slender, with a length five times the width, sparsely setose and narrowly rounded apically. Color characters presumably nearly as in the male. Type Cecid. 32715, Webster 11,881. Rhopalomyia enceliae new species. A series of midges were reared April 18 and 20, 1913, by Mr. P. H. Timberlake from a greenish or dark gray, conical, globose, thick- walled gall sometimes confluent and distorting the stem. This species is easily distinguished from all other American Rhopalomyias de- scribed as having but fourteen antennal segments. Gall. — Conical, thick-walled, lateral bud gall, length 6 mm., diameter 3 mm., frequently confluent basally, sometimes twisting the stem and producing a marked deformation of the plant. The apex of individual galls may be evenly rounded or flattened with flaring lips, which latter are sometimes pro- duced as small, leafy expansions. There is a more or less distinct orifice as in the case of galls produced by Phytophaga rigidcr O. S. Female. — Length 2.5 mm. Antennae extending to the second abdominal segment, sparsely haired, brown, the basal segments black; 14 subsessile seg- ments, the fifth with a stem about one-fifth the length of the subcylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length two and one-half times its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, evidently composed of two closely fused and with a length about three and one-half times its diameter. Palp consist- 184 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- X-^iv, ing of one small, narrowly oval segment bearing one or more long, stout seta. Mesonotum and abdomen black, shining; halteres yellowish basally, red- dish apically. Legs a pale straw; claws moderately slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly oval. Type Cecid. 1627. Rhopalomyia salviae new species. The midges characterized below were reared by Mr. P. H. Tim- berlake in May, 1912, from several collections of leaf galls on Salvia (Ramojia) calif oruica and 5". nivca, collected in the Puente Hills near Whittier, Cal. This gall was also collected by Professor E. P. Van Duzee January 10, 1914, at Alpine, Cal. This species runs in our key to near R. antcnnaricc Whir, or R. gnticrrczia Felt, from both of which it appears to be quite distinct. Gall.- — Leaflets of 5". californica and presumably adjacent leaflets are dwarfed by the formation of a conspicuous conical, minutely pubescent, grayish brown, thick-walled gall having a length of i cm. and a diameter of .6 cm. The structure appears to be a greatly thickened, hypertro'phied leaf, only rudi- ments remaining, the walls being spongy and the interior containing an oval larval cell with a length of about 3 mm. The midge evidently escapes through an apical opening somewhat resembling that in the gall of Phyfophaga rigidce O. S. A very different leaf gall, apparently produced by the same midge, occurs on the margins of moderately well developed leaves. It is a typical thin-walled, tubular gall with a length of about 6 mm., a diameter of 1.5 mm. The interior is occupied by an elongate larval chamber. Basally the gall is concolorous with the leaf, the distal third being purplish, the slightly curved apex a little lighter. A modification of the first type of gall is seen on the aborted leaflets of 5. nivea (or leucophylla). These galls are irregularly ob- conical, with a length of about 7 mm., a diameter of 3 mm. and are more or less confluent, otherwise nearly as described above. Exuvium. — Length 2.25 mm., mostly whitish transparent, the anterior thickened portions of the head and thoracic structures brownish. Antennal horns short, stout, indistinctly bidentate, the lateral process decidedly longer; antennal cases extending to the base of the abdomen, wing cases to the third abdominal segment, and leg cases to the fifth abdominal segment ; the posterior extremity rather broadly rounded, the dorsal surface of the abdominal segments thickly spotted with minute, chitinous points. Male.-^Length 2.5 mni. Antennae extending to the third abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, the two basal segments black, the others dark brown ; 14 to 16 segments, the fifth with a stem three-fourths the length of the cylin- dric basal enlargement, which latter has a length one and one-half times its diameter; terminal segment reduced, narrowly oval. Palpi; first segment ir- regular, with a length about twice its diameter, the second reduced, narrowly oval. Mesonotum and scutellum black, naked. Abdomen mostly black, the Sept., i9i6.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 185 distal two segments brownish and the basal portion of the genitalia gray. Coxae black, legs brownish, the claws moderately stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia ; basal clasp segment stout, moderately broad, the basal third with scattered, subconical tuberosities ; ter- minal clasp segment moderately stout, tapering, strongly curved ; dorsal plate deeply and triangularly incised, the lobes broadly rounded ; ventral plate in- distinct; harpes long, broad, the distal margin narrowly rounded and sub- apically a chitinous ridge with three or four quadrate teeth ; style long, nar- rowly rounded apically. Female. — Length 2.25 mm. Antennae extending to the base of the ab- domen, sparsely haired; 15 sessile segments, the fifth with a length two and one-half times its diameter; terminal segment somewhat produced, with a length about three times its diameter, the apex narrowly rounded. Palpi ; first segment irregular, quadrate, the second broadly and irregularly oval. Ovipositor probably nearly as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly oval and finely pubescent. Coloration nearly as in the male. Color characters after Timberlake. Type Cecid. 1624, C. 1626. Rhopalomyia ampuUaria new species. A few midges were reared July 6, 1913, by Mr. P. H. Timberlake from a flask-shaped leaf gall on sage bush, Artemisia tridentata, taken near Salt Lake City, Utah. This species may be distinguished from related forms by the uniarticulate palpi and the small number of antennal segments. Gall.- — -A somewhat flask-shaped or subconical, solitary or confluent white pubescent leaf gall, diameter at base 2 mm., height 3 mm. A section shows the basal portion of the gall to be thick-walled, with an oval cell having a length of about 1.5 mm. and a distal tubular, thin-walled portion separated from the larval cell only by a thin, matted layer of filaments, the top being lightly filled with a curled, woolly mass. Exuvium. — Length 2 mm., moderately stout, the thicker, chitinous por- tions slightly colored, the other parts semi-transparent ; antennal horns rudi- mentary, represented by rounded processes ; antennal cases extending to the second abdominal segment, the wing cases to the third, and the leg cases to the fifth ; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Female. — Length 2.5 mm. Antennje extending to the base of the ab- domen, sparsely haired; 15 sessile segments, the fifth with a length two and one-half times its diameter ; terminal segment somewhat reduced, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. Palp consisting of one moderately long, stout, ■ fusiform segment with a few stout setae apically. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum yellowish, postscutellum a little darker. Abdomen yellowish orange, the ovipositor yellowish. Halteres pale yellowish. Legs pale straw ; claws moderately stout, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Oviposi- tor about one-half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly 186 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°i- xxiv, oval, with a length about twice the width and rather thickly setose. Type Cecid. 1618. Rhopalomyia grindeliae new species. This species was reared by Mr. P. H. Timberlake in October, 1915, from apparently unmodified flower heads of tar weed, Grindelia ciinei- folia, collected on a salt marsh near Millbrae, Cal. Gall. — The flower heads from which this species was reared presented no external modifications. The larvae apparently inhabit individual florets, ren- dering them hollow and infertile. Male. — Length 2.5 mm. Antennae extending to the third abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, yellowish brown; 16 segments, the fifth with a stem as long as the cylindric basal enlargement, the latter with a length about one- half greater than its diameter ; terminal segment with the basal portion some- what reduced, with the apical stem represented by a long, somewhat enlarged, fusiform, setose appendage. Palpi probably biarticulate, the distal segment long, somewhat expanded distally and with a length four times its diameter. Mesonotum shining dark brown, the scutellum and postscutellum a little lighter. Abdomen dark brown. Genitalia fuscous yellowish. Halteres yel- lowish basally, fuscous apically. Coxae yellowish, legs pale straw ; claws long, slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia ; basal clasp segment short, broad ; terminal clasp segment rather short, swollen near the middle; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly emarginate ; ventral plate broad, very broadly and roundly emarginate. Harpes stout, divergent, taper- ing to irregular, strongly tuberculate appendages. Female. — Length 3.5 mm. Antennae extending to the base of the ab- domen, sparsely haired, yellowish brown; 17 cylindrical, sessile segments, the fifth with a length about twice its diameter ; terminal segment produced, with a length three times its diameter, tapering to an obtuse apex. Palpi ; the first segment short, subquadrate, the second with a length four times its diameter and tapering slightly to a broadly rounded apex. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum yellowish brown, postscutellum dark brown. Abdomen dark red, the ovipositor and apical segments pale brown ; thorax and abdomen sparsely clothed with long, black pubescence. Halteres and legs yellowish brown. Ovipositor as long as the abdomen, the terminal lobes nar- rowly lanceolate, with a length four times the width and sparsely setose. Type Cecid. 1638. Rhopalomyia utahensis new species. A number of midges were reared by Mr. P. H. Timberlake in May, 1913, from an ovoid bud gall on rabbit brush, Chrysothamnns graveolens, collected in the vicinity of Murray, Utah. The gall, as described by Mr. Timberlake, presents characters very similar to those of Cecidomyia strobiloidcs Towns. (Psyche, 7: 176, 1894), and it is Sept., i9i6.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 187 possible that the galls are produced by the same species. This insect runs in our key to R. crassulina Ckll., from which it may be easily separated by its distinctly larger size and also by well marked struc- tural differences. Gall. — Ovoid, hypertrophied leaf buds, length lo to ii mm., diameter 7 to 8 mm., two or three frequently being confluent, monothalamous, green or somewhat purplish and externally with short, recurved, aborted leaflets cov- ered with a rather thick, gray arachnose pubescence. Apparently the same species was reared from a similar more globose leaf bud gall at once distin- guishable by the absence of pubescence. Male. — Length 3 mm. Antennae extending to the fourth abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, grayish yellow, the first two segments black; 18 seg- ments, the fifth with a stem three-fourths the length of the cylindric basal en- largement, which latter has a length nearly twice its diameter; terminal seg- ment with a length three times its diameter and tapering slightly to an ir- regularly rounded apex. Palpi presumably biarticulate. Mesonotum shining black. Scutellum and postscutellum probably dark reddish brown. Abdomen probably dark brown, the pleurae fuscous yellowish. Halteres whitish basally, fuscous apically. Legs pale yellowish or grayish, sparsely black-haired ; claws moderately slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Geni- talia ; basal clasp segment stout, broad ; terminal clasp segment rather stout, long; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate, the lobes broadly rounded laterally ; ventral plate broad, broadly and roundly truncate. Harpes moderatey long, slightly divergent and irregularly rounded apically ; style short, stout. Female. — Length 3 mm. Antennae extending to the third abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, dark grayish, the first two segments black; 18 subsessile segments, the fifth with a length two and one-half times its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced and narrowly oval. Palpi ; first segment somewhat produced, subquadrate, the second irregular, tapering distally to an acute apex and with a length about three times its diameter. Mesonotum and dorsal sclerites of abdomen shining black. Scutellum and postscutellum probably dark brown ; pleurae yellowish gray with a slight reddish tinge. Ovipositor short, with a length probably less than half that of the abdomen, the terminal lobes broadly oval and sparsely setose. Other characters practically as in the male. Colors mostly after Timberlake. Type Cecid. 1608. Rhopalomyia chrysothamni new species. This midge was reared in May, 1913, by Mr, P. H. Timberlake from a pubescent, variable, conical, stem gall on rabbit brush, Chryso- thamniis gravcolcns, collected in the vicinity of Murray, Utah. The species approaches closely R. utahensis, from which it may be most easily separated by its decidedly smaller size, the fewer antennal seg- ments and particularly by the peculiar type of gall. 188 Journal New York Entomological Society, tvoi. xxiv, Gall. — A variable, conical outgrowth of the stem with a height of about 4 mm. and a basal diameter of 2 to 3 mm. The gall contains basally, an oval, thin-walled cell with a length of 2.75 mm. and a diameter of 1.75 mm., the hollow, distal portion being filled with a slender, thread-like growth of delicate cells placed end to end and forming a rounded or, in some cases, nearly truncate plug. Exuvium. — Length 1.5 mm., moderately stout, the anterior thicker por- itons brownish, the thinner parts semi-transparent ; antennal horns short, stout, feebly and unequally bidentate, the antennal cases extending to the base of the abdomen, the wing cases to the third abdominal segment, and the leg cases to the fourth and fifth abdominal segments; posterior extremity broadly rounded; the dorsum of the abdominal segments with numerous minute, chitinous points. Male. — Length 2.5 mm. Antennae nearly as long as the body, sparsely haired, the basal antennal segments black, the others yellowish; 17 segments, the fifth with a stem three-fourths the length of the cylindric basal enlarge- ment, which latter has a length about one and one-fourth times its diameter; terminal segment somewhat reduced, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. Palp consisting of one moderately long, stout segment. Head, thorax and the abdomen basally black, the distal segments of the abdomen mostly yellowish. Legs yellowish white or grayish, the tibije and tarsi paler, the coxse and femora darker ; claws slender, strongly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia ; basal clasp segment moderately long, stout ; terminal clasp segment long, stout ; dorsal plate broad, deeply and triangularly emarginate ; ventral plate moderately long, broad, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes rather broad and broadly rounded. Female. — Length 1.5 mm. Antennae extending to the fourth abdominal segment, sparsely haired, yellowish gray; 16 segments, the fifth with a length about two and one-half times its diameter ; terminal segment somewhat pro- duced and frequently fused with the preceding. Mesonotum black. Abdomen cherry red, the distal segments and the ovipositor yellowish gray. Halteres yellowish with a white pubescence. Claws strongly curved, the pulvilli longer than the claws. Ovipositor short, with a length about one-fourth that of the abdomen, the terminal lobes orbicular, sparsely setose. Otherwise nearly as in the male. Color characters after Timberlake. Type Cecid. 1614. Rhopalomyia glutinosa new species. The midges described below were reared May 10, 1913, from a shining, glabrous, cortical swelling on the stem of rabbit brush, Chrysothamnus graveolcns. The female presents many characters in common with that of R. chrysothamni, from which it may be most easily separated by the more reduced terminal antennal segments, the longer ovipositor and the narrowly oval, more setose terminal lobes. Sept., i9i6.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 189 Gall. — ^These are green, glabrous, cortical stem swellings which, as they age, become brown and present a very close resemblance to a group of Lecaniums. The gall has a height of about 2 mm. and a diameter of 3.5 mm., the midge escaping through a circular apical orifice. Exuvium. — Very similar to that of R. chrysothamni. Female. — Length 2.25 mm. Antennae extending to the fourth abdominal segment, sparsely haired, brown, the two basal segments blackish; 16 seg- ments, the fifth with a length two and one-half times its diameter, the distal segment reduced, with a length about twice its diameter. Palp consisting of a moderately short, broad segment having a length about twice its diameter. Mesonotum grayish black, with the lateral margins and median line black ; abdomen dull red with the sclerites, the last two segnVents and the base of the ovipositor grayish black. Halte^es pale yellowish. Anterior and mid legs fus- cous, the hind legs, except the cox?e, pale yellowish gray ; claws strongly curved, the pulvilli decidedly longer than the claws. Ovipositor with a length about one-half that of the abdomen, the terminal lobes narrowly oval and rather thickly setose. Type Cecid. 1615. Rhopalomyia erigerontis new species. The one male described below was reared by Mr. P. H. Timber- lake in April, 1913, from a gall fouiid on a plant provisionally identi- fied as Erigeron fragilis and collected at Whittier, Cal. Gall. — This is an oval apical bud deformation with a length of 10 mm. and a diameter of 7 mm., the modified leaflets being thickly clothed with a short white pubescence. Exuvium. — Length 2.75 mm., mostly whitish transparent, the denser por- tions of the head and thorax brownish. Antennal horns short, stout, tapering to a broadly excavated apex ; antennal cases hardly extending to the base of the abdomen, the wing cases to the third abdominal segment and the leg cases to the sixth abdominal segment ; posterior extremity broadly rounded the dorsum of the abdominal segments dotted with very minute, chitinous points. Male. — Length 2.25 mm. Antenna; extending to the third abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, pale yellowish brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a stem as long as the cylindrical basal enlargement, which latter has a length about one-fourth greater than its diameter ; terminal segment irregular, oval or subcylindrical and tapering to an irregularly rounded apex. Palp consisting of one segment composed of a narrow, oval basal portion and a slender, finger- like apical part. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum and postscutellum a little lighter. Abdomen fuscous yellowish. Genitalia darker. Halteres yel- lowish transparent. Coxae yellowish brown, the legs a nearly uniform pale straw ; claws slender, evenly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claw^. Geni- talia ; basal clasp segment long, stout ; terminal clasp segment very irregular, excavated internally and slightly recurved at the slender apex ; both dorsal and ventral plates long, broad, broadly and roundly emarginatc, the former broader. Harpes stout, tapering to a narrowly rounded apex ; style short, stout. Type Cecid. 1629. 190 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxiv, Rhopalomyia ericameriae new species. This species was reared by Mr. P. H. Timberlake April 21, 1913, from a small, rosette gall on Ericamcria (Chrysoma) palmeri, col- lected in the Puente Hills near Whittier, Cal. The adults, aside from food preferences and general structures, may be most easily separated from related forms by the strongly marked characters of the male genitalia and the unusually short ovipositor of the female. Gall. — This is a deformed or aborted, usually lateral branchlet forming a small rosette, frequently with the tip more or less recurved, length 1.5 cm., diameter i cm. Exuvium. — Length 2.5 mm., moderately stout, whitish, except for the thicker portions of the chitin anteriorly. Antennal horns rudimentary, the antennal cases not reaching to the base of the abdomen, the wing, cases to the second abdominal segment and the leg cases to the fourth and fifth abdominal segments ; the dorsum of the abdominal segments with very minute, chitinous points ; posterior extremity broadly rounded. Male. — Length 3.25 mm. Antennas extending to the third abdominal seg- ment, thickly haired, probably yellowish brown; 18 segments, the fifth with a stem three-fourths the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length about two and one-half times its diameter; terminal seg- ment somewhat reduced, with a length over twice its diameter and tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. Palp consisting of one long, somewhat capitate segment with a length about three times its greatest diameter. Mesonotum dark reddish brown. Scutellum reddish brown, postscutellum a little lighter. Abdomen brownish red, the genitalia yellowish. Halteres yellowish basally, fuscous apically. Legs mostly a pale straw. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout ; terminal clasp segment moderately long, slightly swollen near the middle; dorsal plate long, broad, triangularly emarginate, the lobes some- what divergent and broadly rounded ; ventral plate long, broad, broadly and roundly emarginate. Harpes broad, obliquely truncate apically, the distal margin somewhat recurv^ed ; style rather short, stout. Female. — Length 2.25 mm. Antennae missing. Palp consisting of one moderately stout segment with a length nearly four times its diameter, the distal fourth tapering. Mesonotum probably darker and the abdomen pre- sumably redder than in the male. Ovipositor with a length about one-half that of the abdomen, the terminal lobes broadly oval and sparsely setose. Color characters largely conjectural. Type Cecid. 1637. Phytophaga wellsi new species. The midges were reared by Mr. B. W. Wells INIarch 20, 191 6, from a somewhat top-shaped leaf gall on hackberry, Celtis occidcntalis, collected presumably in the vicinity of Columbus, O. Sept., i9i6.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 191 Gall. — Monothalamous, somewhat top-shaped, the walls moderately thick and the surface sparsely clothed with a whitish, appressed pubescence, the greatest diameter ranging from 3 to 4 mm. Larva. — -Whitish, stout, the posterior extremity rounded, the breastbone rather broad, short, with two long, widely separated teeth, the excavation broadly rounded ; skin coarsely shagreened. Male. — Length 2 mm. Antennae nearly as long as the body, rather sparsely long-haired, yellowish brown; 16 segments, the fifth with a stem one-half the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length about twice its diameter; terminal segment somewhat reduced, tapering slightly to a subconical, smooth apex. Palpi ; first segment subquadrate, the second narrowly oval, nearly twice the length of the first, the third nearly twice the length of the second, more slender, the fourth one-half longer than the third, more slender. Mesonotum shining dull reddish brown, the margin sparsely brown-haired. Scutellum brownish, postscutellum yellowish orange. Abdomen coarsely white-haired, mostly dark brown, the incisures yellowish white. Wings hyaline; halteres yellowish transparent. Coxse fuscous yellowish, the legs mostly pale straw, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment long, stout ; terminal clasp segment short, curved, swollen near the middle; dorsal plate long, broadly dilated apically, the rather slender lobes with a narrowly rounded, setose apex and diverging strongly ; ventral plate moderately short, deeply and narrowly incised, the lobes long, rather broad and tapering slightly to a narrowly rounded, sparsely setose apex. Harpes stout, obscurely denticulate distally ; style short. Female. — Length 2.25 mm. Antennae extending to the third abdominal segment, sparsely haired, dark yellowish; 18 sessile segments, the fifth with a length one-half greater than its diameter, the terminal segment reduced, roundly and broadly conical. Palpi ; the first segment irregularly subquadrate, the second about as long as the first, the third one-half longer than the second, more slender, and the fourth more slender than the third and about twice as long. Mesonotum shining dark brown. Scutellum yellowish brown, postscutel- lum fuscous yellowish. Abdomen sparsely dark-haired, dark reddish orange, the ovipositor yellowish orange and with a length nearly as long as the abdomen. Halteres yellowish transparent basally, fuscous subapically, whitish apically. Coxae dark brown ; legs mostly dark brown. The lobes of the ovipositor short, roundly triangular and sparsely setose. Type Cecid. a27i3. Phytophaga timberlakei new species. The midges described below were reared by Mr. P. H. Timberlake in March, 191 5, from branches and limbs of willow, Sali.v fendleriana, collected by J. P. O'Gara near Salt Lake City, Utah, the preceding November. This species resembles P. pcroccuUa Ckll., from which it may be separated by the decidedly shorter antennal stems in the male and the presumably shorter palpi. There are minor differences 192 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, in the male genitalia. The larvae, according to Mr. Timberlake, may be found in tubular cells beneath the bark and cause hardly any external swelling. Exuvium. — Length 4 mm. Whitish transparent, the antenna] cases hardly- extending to the base of the abdomen, the wing cases to the third abdominal segment, and the leg cases of presumably the fore, middle and posterior legs extending to the fourth, fifth and seventh segments, respectively. The dorsum of the abdominal segments with transverse rows of minute spines. Male. — Length 3 mm. Antennae extending to the third abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, yellowish brown; 19 segments, the fifth with a stem one-half the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length one-half greater than its diameter; terminal segment produced, taper- ing slightly to a narrowly rounded apex and with a length two and one-half times its diameter. Palpi obscure in the preparation. Mesonotum reddish brown. Scutellum and postscutellum lighter. Abdomen yellowish orange. Legs pale straw ; claws moderately stout, evenly curved, the pulvilli as long as the claws. Genitalia ; basal clasp segment stout ; terminal clasp segment moderately long tapering strongly distally ; dorsal plate broad, broadly and triangularly emargi- nate, the lobes broadly expanded, broadly oval and sparsely setose; ventral plate moderately long, broad, deeply and roundly emarginate, the lobes moderately short, broad and tapering to a broadly rounded apex. Harpes short, broad, obliquely truncate and at the internal angle a stout, quadrate, chitinous tooth ; style short, stout. Female. — Length 3.3 mm. Antennae extending to the first abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, yellowish brown ; 20 sessile segments, the fifth with a length one-fourth greater than its diameter, the terminal segment slightly produced, narrowly oval, with a length over twice its diameter. Palpi ; first segment short, quadrate, the second a little longer, broader, the third a little longer and more slender than the second, the fourth about twice the length of the third, moderately stout. Ovipositor about three-fourths the length of the abdomen, terminal lobes short, broadly oval and sparsely setose. Color characters in both sexes largely conjectural. Type Cecid. 1646. Key to the Species of Di.\rthronomyia. a. 17 or 18 antennal segments, the fifth in the male with a stem three-fourths, and that of the female with a stem one-third the length of the basal en- largement, respectively. b. Mesonotum dark reddish brown, the abdomen reddish brown; terminal antennal segment of the male greatly produced ; length, male 2 mm., female, 3 mm. Reared from a variable monothalamovis or poly- thalamous, globose leaf bud or rosette gall or a bladdery leaf gall on Artemisia tridentata artemisiae Felt. bb. Mesonotum dark brown, the abdomen pale orange ; terminal antennal segment of the male usually reduced. Reared from an irregular, oval, Sept., i9i6.] Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 193 concolorous swelling with a length about 2 mm., usually at a distinct angle to the surface of the plant tissues, and frequently causing large, confluent swellings of the stem, leaf or flower head of Chrysanthe- mum hypogaea H. Lw. aa. IS or 16 antennal segments. b. Antennal segments of the female subsessile, the fifth with a stem one- fifth the length of the cylindrical basal enlargement, the fifth of the male with a stem three-fourths the length of the basal enlargement. Reared from an oval, thin-walled, pubescent cell with a length about I mm. and attached at an oblique angle to the vuider side of the leaf or from flower buds of Artemisia heterophylla or a vertical, oval leaf gall on A. tridentata occidentalis n. sp. aaa. 14 antennal segments. b. Antennal segments of the female sessile, the fifth with a length twice its diameter, the fifth antennal segment of the male with a stem three-fourths the length of the basal enlargement ; circumfili not greatly produced. Reared from a brownish or reddish subconical, thin-walled cell with a length of 1.5 mm., a diameter of .5 mm. and protruding at an oblique angle from the tissues of Artemisia cali- fornica calif ornica Felt. bb. Antennal segments of the female sessile, the fifth with a length four times its diameter, the circumfili greatly produced and frequently ex- tending to or beyond the base of the next segment. Reared from ir- regular, lobulate, woolly masses, apparently lateral bud galls which are frequently confluent ; individual galls with a diameter of 4 mm., on Artemisia californica floccosa n. sp. Diarthronomyia artemisise Felt. A series of midges were reared by Mr. P. H. Timberlake in May and Jnne, 191 5, from variable, globose, leaf bud and rosette galls on Artemisia tridentata, and also from a bladdery leaf gall found upon the same plant and collected near Salt Lake City, Utah. The leaf bud galls presented a marked variation in pubescence, the smaller ones being naturally more pubescent, while the larger ones, presum- ably because of the greater expansion of the normal stirface of the plant, are decidedly less pubescent. The larger ones, according to Mr. Timberlake, are polythalamous, the others monothalamous. The bladdery leaf galls are notably softer than the others and less pubes- cent, as in the case of the larger leaf bud galls. The interior of these deformities is filled with loose, spongy matter composed of finely crinkled filaments surrounding one or more larval cells. Exuvium. — Length 2 mm. Stout, the head, mesonotum, antennal and wing cases a variable reddish brown, the anterior horns small, the antennal 194 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxiv, cases hardly extending to the base of the abdomen, the wing cases to the third abdominal segment, the leg cases to the fifth abominal segment ; dorsum of the abdomen nearly smooth, the posterior extremity broadly rounded. Diarthronomyia occidentalis new species. Numerous small midges were reared by Mr. P. H. Timberlake in September, 1912, from small, oval, thin-celled galls on the leaves of Artemisia hcterophylla, collected at the Sweet Water Dam, San Diego County, Cal., and also from flower buds taken in the Puente Hills near Whittier. It was also reared from a similar, nearly verti- cal solitary or clustered grayish or almost black oval gall on the under side of leaves of Artemisia tridcntata collected at Salt Lake City, Utah, in May, 1915. The species is a small one, the gall resembling very closely that produced by the European chrysanthemum midge, D. hypogcca H. Lw., and the adults have a close affinity with this species, though they may be easily distinguished therefrom by the somewhat smaller size and the smaller number of antennal segments. Gall. — An oval, thin-walled, pubescent cell, length about i mm., attached to the under side of the leaf and at an oblique or nearly vertical angle to the supporting surface. Gall grayish on A. heterophylla or grayish or nearly black on A. tridentata. The galls in the flower buds are recorded by Timberlake as apparently the same though rather thinner walled. Female. — Length 1.25 mm. Antennae extending to the base of the ab- domen, sparsely haired, pale flesh-colored; 14 to 15 subsessile segments, the fifth with a stem about one-fifth the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length two and one-half times its diameter; terminal seg- ment slightly reduced, narrowly rounded apically. Palpi ; first segment small, globose, second smaller, subglobose. Eyes black; face yellowish. Mesonotum yellowish brown. Scutellum and postscutellum pale yellowish ; abdomen pale reddish, fuscous yellowish distally. Legs pale yellowish, the claws slender, evenly curved, unidentate, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Ovi- positor about half the length of the abdomen, the terminal lobes rather long, roundly tapering to a narrowly rounded apex, sparsely setose. Male. — Length 1.25 mm. Antennae extending to the third abdominal seg- ment, sparsely haired, pale yellowish; 15 or 16 segments, the fifth with a stem three-fourths the length of the cylindric basal enlargement, which latter has a length two and one-fourth times its diameter; terminal segment produced, with a length about three times its diameter. Palpi ; first segment short, sub- quadrate, second smaller, subquadrate. Coloration similar to the female, ex- cept that the abdomen is pale yellowish and the genitalia fuscous and the legs paler than in the female. Genitalia ; basal clasp segment short, stout, broadly triangular; terminal clasp segment short, stout, with a conspicuous tooth apically ; dorsal plate moderately long, triangularly emarginate, the lobes Sept., I9I6.J Felt: New Western Gall Midges. 196 broad, subtruncate apically ; ventral plate long, broad, broadly and roundly emarginate. Harpes moderately stout, triangular, with a short, rounded, chit- inous lobe at the internal distal angle; style short, stout. Type Cecid. 1633. Diarthronomyia floccosa new species. The midges characterized below were reared by Mr. P. H. Tim- berlake, November 20 and 28, 1912, from large, woolly galls on Arte- misia calif ornica collected on the ridge between Mill Valley and the Muir Woods in Marin County Cal. Apparently the same gall was also found at Santa Barbara, Cal. This species approaches D. cali- f ornica Felt, from which it may be easily separated by the relatively much longer antennal segments and the greatly produced circumfili. The gall is also very different. Gall. — Irregular, lobulate, woolly masses apparently arising from lateral buds, frequently confluent, individual galls having a diameter of about 4 mm. Female. — Length 1.25 mm. Antennae extending to the third abdominal segment, sparsely haired, pale yellowish; 14 subsessile, cylindrical segments, the fifth with a length four times its diameter, the distal circumfilum high and produced, frequently extending to or beyond the base of the next seg- ment ; terminal segment reduced, narrowly conical, with a length nearly three times its diameter and tapering to a narrowly rounded apex. Palpi probably biarticulate. Head black. Thorax mostly pale yellowish brown. Scutellum and postscutellum lighter. Abdomen crimson red, shading posteriorly to a fuscous yellowish brown. Wings hyaline, narrow, with a length fully twice the width ; halteres pale yellowish brown. Legs pale yellowish ; claws strongly curved, unidentate, the pulvilli nearly as long as the claws. Ovipositor nearly as long as the abdomen, apically slender, the terminal lobes relatively short, broad, tapering roundly to a narrowly rounded apex and sparsely setose. Color characters from Timberlake. Type Cecid. 1628. Monardia foliata new species. The male described below was taken on a window and received under date of March 21, 1916, from Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, Boulder, Colo. It is quite different from the entire series with four- teen antennal segments, because of the distinctly longer stem of the fifth antennal segment. The genitalia are also peculiar. Male. — Length 2 mm. Antenna nearly as long as the body, sparsely haired ; 14 segments, the fifth with a stem one-fourth longer than the basal enlarge- ment, which latter has a length one-fourth greater than its diameter; terminal segment slightly produced, broadly conical. Palpi ; first segment subquadrate, the second and third each a little longer and more slender, the fourth nearly one-half longer than the third. Mesonotum shining black. Scutellum and postscutellum dark reddish brown. Abdomen sparsely white-haired, dull black ; 196 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- >^-'^tv, halteres yellowish transparent basally, yellowish brown apically. Legs mostly yellowish gray and sparsely clothed with moderately long, whitish hairs; distal tarsal segments somewhat darker ; claws moderately stout, evenly curved, finely denticulate and with a minute tooth subapically, the pulvilli a little shorter than the claws. Genitalia; basal clasp segment very short, broad; terminal clasp segment moderately long, narrowly oval; harpes extended, foliate, the basal angles produced laterally as chitinous, tooth-like processes, obliquely truncate ; distal angles with the margin strongly chitinized and bear- ing three or four short, stout teeth. Type Cecid. 1649. THE CARPENTER-BEES OF THE UNITED STATES OF THE GENUS XYLOCOPA.^ By Arthur J. Ackerman, Amherst, Massachusetts. Introduction. This paper forms the major part of a thesis for the degree of master of science at the Massachusetts Agricttltural College, and it has been prepared under the supervision of Dr. H. T. Fernald. It is an endeavor to make more easy the identification of the bees of this genus. The collections upon which the work in this paper is based are those of the American Entomological Society in Philadelphia, the United States National Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy of Harvard University, the Brooklyn Museum, the Children's Museum of Brooklyn, the collection of the Massachusetts Agricul- tural College, the private collection of Dr. G. C. Crampton, and other smaller collections. The few types existing in this country have been examined and descriptions made from them, added to by the exami- nation of a large series of specimens; redescriptions of all the species and a key for their separation are also included. Earlier works and literature found to be 'of great value in the preparation of this paper are: Illiger, Magaz. f. Insectenk., 1806; Lepeletier, Hist. Nat. Insect. Hymen., II, 1841 ; Smith, Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., II, 1854; Cresson's descriptions in the Trans. Amer. Ent. 1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory, Massachusetts Agri- cultural College. Sept., 1916.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. • 197 Soc. and the Proc. Ent. Soc. of Philadelphia; Smith, Monograph of the Genus Xylocopa, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1874; Taschenberg, Zeitschrift fiir den Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 1879; Perez, Contribution a L'Etude Des Xylocopes, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, LVI, 1901 ; and Maidl, Die Xylocopen des Wiener Hofmuseums, 1912, An- nalen Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. For the loan of material through Dr. H. T. Fernald, for the privi- lege of study at the several museums named, and for counsel and sug- gestions given at various times, the writer wishes to express his grati- tude and appreciation to Dr. H. Skinner and E. T. Cresson, Jr., of the American Entomological Society at Philadelphia, to Mr. J. C. Crawford, of the U. S. National Museum, to Mr. Samuel Henshaw, of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University, to Mr. Charles Schaeffer, of the Brooklyn Museum, to Mr. George P. Engelhardt, of the Children's Museum of Brooklyn, and to Dr. Henry Franklin, of Amherst, Massachusetts. At this point I desire to express my sincere thanks to Dr. H. T. Fernald for his friendly guidance and encouragement and for his many helpful suggestions in this work. To Dr. G. C. Crampton I also wish to acknowledge my appreciation of his willing aid at all times. History. The earlier writers included species of Xylocopa under various genera. Linne, Fabricius and others described many species which belong to Xylocopa under the genus Apis. Fabricius, Illiger and Lepeletier placed some species under Bonibiis; Jurine under Brcniis and Trachnsa; Westwood under Centris; Lepeletier under Lestis; and Klug under Mcgilla. The genus Xylocopa was established by Latreille in 1802 and he included under it three species, Apis violacca Fabr. ; morio Fabr. ; and hrasiUanoriun Fabr. Which one of these three species was the type of the genus he failed to designate. In 1838 Westwood proposed as a connecting link between Antho- phora and Xylocopa a new genus, Mesotrichia, which resembled Xylocopa because of its habitat and AiitJwpIiora because of its extra- ordinary formation of the intermediate legs, and describes one spe- cies, M. torrida. Again in 1840 Westwood split Xylocopa, forming 198 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, the new genus Platinopoda, characterized by the anterior tarsi being dilated. In 1841 Lepeletier proposed two subgenera of Xylocopa, Andi- netia and Schbnhcrria, his Andinetia corresponding to Platinopoda of Westwood. Schonhcrria was called a subgenus because the scu- tellum of the females was inclined and not elevated on its hind margin. Smith, in his Monograph of the genus Xylocopa, did not recog- nize the subgenera of Lepeletier but divided the genus into geograph- ical regions. In 1894 Gribodo tried to form a new subgenus, called Koptorthosonia, because of a truncate scutellum. Perez and Maidl, in 1901 and 1912 respectively, divided the genus geographically as Smith had earlier done. Too many species have been recorded as occurring in the United States. Of the fifteen species collected or reported from this coun- try I feel certain that only nine are distinct, while the remainder are synonyms or subspecies. Habits. Since the writer has had no opportunity of studying the habits of these insects, such information will be taken from the best articles on the subject available at the present writing. Ashmead in Psyche, Vol. VII, pp. 23-25, gives the following on the habits of Xylocopa: " The genus Xylocopa comprises some of the largest bees known, many of which closely resemble the bumble-bees. From their method of boring in posts and rafters, in which they construct their nests, they are known as carpenter-bees. The most common species in the United States is Xylocopa virginica Linne. I have frequently found their nests made in the railings of a porch, in posts, rafters, doors, palings of fences, door frames, window sills, etc. " The species bores a cylindrical hole, about one half inch in diameter, until the depth of ten, twelve or more inches is attained. At the bottom of this long tunnel or gallery, the female now deposits a ball of pollen-paste in which she lays a single tgg. This is then carefully covered over with a thin partition formed of sawdust and a glutinous substance or secretion, and this constitutes the first cell. Upon this another ball of pollen-paste and an tgg is laid and again enclosed by a partition, and so on until a series of cells, one above another, is formed and the tunnel is filled. The imagos hatch out Sept., I9i6.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 199 in July and August and hibernate in the middle states during the winter months." Westwood, in his Classification of Insects, Vol. II, p. 278, says that the bees form about a dozen cells, one above another, in one tunnel. When the larvse in these cells are full grown they assume the pupa state, head downward, so as to allow the lowermost and oldest to make its way out of the bottom of the burrow as soon as it becomes winged, and which consequently takes place earlier than in those which occupy the upper cells. Davidson in Entomological News, 1893, p. 151, gives an article on observations of Xylocopa orpifex in southern California. In opposition to Westwood's statement he notes that the bees, after hatching, all make their exit through the original opening; thus the bees in the top cells come out first, while those in the lower cells, which are the older, make their exit last. He suggests, as the reason for this, that the bees in the upper cells are all males, while those in the lower cells are all females. L. O. Howard, in Proc. of Ent. Soc. of Washington, Vol. II, p. 331, gives an article on hibernation of the carpenter-bees. He states therein that the male as well as the female does hibernate. Pre- viously it had been thought that the male does not winter over. External Anatomy. Head. — The head, which is hypognathous, is relatively large as compared with the thorax. It is broad and usually rather thick, and viewed from the front its form is subcircular in outline. Its size varies somewhat but as a rule is wider and thicker in the female. The face is usually slightly convex in profile and here the punctation is most dense, while that on the vertex and cheeks is rather sparse. The face generally bears but few short hairs, while the pilosity on the cheeks, especially the lower half, is long and dense. The vertex is bounded posteriorly by the occiput and anteriorly by an imaginary transverse line between the antennal pits. The vertex in the males is narrowed toward the occiput and is likewise narrowed on the front surface because of the marked approximation of the eyes. In the lower portion of the vertex there is a pit which surrounds the middle ocellus and is continuous with a median groove on its lower margin. This median groove passes downward to the 200 Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoL xxiv, frontal carina, which is located between the antennal pits or just a little above them. The frontal carina is a protuberance of varying form, bluntly ridged in some species, sharply ridged in others, and even entirely absent in some cases. The frons extends from the vertex to the upper margin of the clypeus and with a triangular prolongation on each side extending downward between the clypeus and the eye to the base of the mandi- ble. The area between the bases of the antennae and the central part of the dorsal margin of the clypeus is called the frontal shield. The logitudinal grooves extending downward on each side from the base of the antennce and ending in a pit halfway down the sides of the clypeus are termed frontal grooves in this paper, and the pits are termed lateral foveolje. The clypeus is a trapezoidal, more or less flattened plate occupy- ing the lower front portion of the head. It is marked off from the frons by strong sutures, or sometimes by elevated ridges along its upper margin. Along its lower margin it bears the labrum. This margin is quite straight and transverse, its outer fourth, however, turning rather sharply upward and outward toward the eye. The sides of the clypeus curve downward toward the base of the eye. In the male it is more regularly trapezoidal in form, while in the female its inferior half is usually much wider. The smooth impunctate area between the base of the mandible and the lower part of the eye is probably formed by a posterior extension of the frons and an anterior extension of the gena. This area may be called the malar space. The labrum is attached to the lower margin of the clypeus but slightly behind the outer surface of this margin, and varies in form in different species as well as in the sexes of the same species, some- times appearing one-lobed, sometimes two-lobed, sometimes three- lobed. The general form of the labrum is triangular or trapeziform and it extends downward in approximately the same plane as the clypeus. The gencE or cheeks are the sides of the head behind the eyes. There is no line of demarcation between the gense and the occiput, or between the genae and the vertex. They are widest along the upper half, gradually narrowing toward the mandibles. The antennae are situated on the frons opposite the middle of the eyes. The distance between their insertions is equal to that between Sept., i9i6.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 201 the insertions and the margin of the eyes, in the females; in males, however, the distance between the insertions is greater than that to the eyes. The bulb is quite different in appearance from the re- mainder of the scape. The scape or first antennal segment is by far the longest segment of the antenna and is slightly widened at both ends. The next joint to the scape is the pedicel, which is the shortest segment of the antenna. The flagellum or whip of the antenna is made up of ten segments in the female and eleven in the male. The first joint of the flagellum is always the longest and is narrowed toward its base. The form of the antenna is cylindrical and it is often finely pubescent. The mandibles of the female are large and powerful ; they are widest at the base and gradually narrow toward the qpex. In some specimens there is a distinct emargination on the upper side ; also there is some variation in the number of teeth. In all females they are bidentate at the apex but some have one and some two additional blunt teeth on the upper margin. The mandibles are more uniform in the male, always being two-toothed at the apex and without teeth on the upper margin. The front tooth is the smaller and not as pointed as the hind one. The mandibles of the male are smaller and considerably less powerful than those of the female. In both sexes the mandibles bear but few punctures ; there is often a depressed area at the base. They are marked by a prominent longitudinal groove extending along the upper margin and a faint one along the lower margin with a ridge between them. The compound eyes are large and oval in form with well rounded ends and protrude considerably from the head. In the males they are as a rule larger than in the females and often occupy two-thirds of the frontal area. They are also approximated on the summit of the head, so that the distance between them is less above than below. The color of the eyes is lighter than the general color of the body, except in fulvous males where it is darker. The ocelli, three in number, form a triangle on the vertex. In some species the hind ocelli are a very short distance behind the median one. The posterior ocelli in many species are carinated in front, thus causing them to appear sunken behind; this condition occurs more often in the females than in the opposite sex. There is also a pit or indentation behind each of the posterior ocelli in many 202 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, species, these indentations being called ocellar pits. In males of those species in which the compound eyes converge above, the hind ocelli touch the inner margin of the eyes. The color of the ocelli is darker than that of the eyes; it is sometimes black but more often brown. Thorax. The thorax, as in most Hymenoptera, in addition to the three tho- racic segments of other insects, includes the propodeum or first abdominal segment. Prothorax. — The pronotum is firmly attached to the anterior mar- gin of the mesonotum. Laterally it is prolonged in the form of a lobe, the pronotal lobe, which extends backward nearly to the meso- thoracic epimeron. There is an oblique groove extending from the front of the notum to the base of the pronotal lobe, which divides the former into an upper and two lower plates, one on either side of the body. Between these two plates lies a pair of sclerites on the ventral surface approximated along the median ventral line and usually called the prosterum, though really constituting the propleu- ron. In this paper the usual name, though morphologically inaccu- rate, is retained for convenience. The lower lateral plate of the pronotum, which is usually termed the propleuron, extends downward on each side from the base of the pronotum and pronotal lobe and becomes greatly narrowed ventrally. The pronotum is slightly concave on each side. The sternum of this segment has become reduced almost to nothing, only a trace of it remaining close to the fore coxae. Mesothorax. — The mesonotum consists of two plates, the scutum and the scutellum. The scutum is the very large anterior plate which extends from the posterior margin of the pronotum back to a point over the middle of the hind wing. It is quite convex, especially in front, where its antero-lateral angles extend downward to the pro- notal lobes. Running backward from the anterior margin of the scutum is a faint median suture which becomes obliterated at about halfway to the posterior margin. A short distance from this line and extending parallel to it are two short sutures, one on either side, the parapsidal furrows. On the middle of the plate is a large, shin- ing, impunctate area without pilosity, which in some species extends back even to the middle of the scutellum. This is known as the disk Sept., i9i6.] AcKERMAN : Carpenter-Bees OF U. S. 203 or glabellum of some authors. The mesonotum is sHghtly wider anteriorly and its surface, except on the disk, is usually densely and finely punctate with varying amounts of pilosity. The front margin is slightly convex. The lateral margin is emarginate to a point be- hind the tegula, then turns outward and downward slightly. Here a sharp angle separates the dorsal surface of this plate from a nearly vertical portion which extends backward to the anterior margin of the side of the scutellum and largely concealed by the fore wing. The posterior margin usually is quite straight. The scutellum, situated directly behind the scutum, is separated from it by a distinct suture. Its surface is somewhat variable, being either well rounded or flattened above and turning downward sharply behind. Its front margin above is transverse but at the sides extends forward, while the hind margin is curved backward more or less. Along the lateral forward extensions is a small, somewhat fused plate on each side, which occupies the anterior half and terminates at the front wing process. The scutellum is densely punctured ex- cept on the anterior median surface and its pilosity /:orresponds to the number of punctures. The mesopleuron is made up of the epimeron and the episternum. The former is composed of two plates, the anterior, smaller one being situated a little above the posterior, and lying just above and behind the pronotal lobe at the base of and partly concealed by the tegula. Along the lower margin of the posterior plate is a well marked su- ture which separates it from the episternum and which terminates just above the middle of the anterior margin of the pleural plate of the metanotum. The episternum is the very large lower plate of the mesopleuron. It is convex, densely punctured and pilose. Below, it is fused with the mesosternum with no suture between to show the limits of each. The mesosternal portion is concave with a slight longitudinal suture extending along the median line. The post-scutellum, as shown by Snodgrass in his excellent work on the thorax of Hymenoptera (Proc. of U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 39, p. 53, 1910) is entirely concealed within the body between the meso- thorax and the metathorax. However, since systematists generally apply post-scutellum to the true metanotum, I shall use this practice in the present paper so as to prevent confusion. Metathorax. — This segment is very small and compressed, lying 204 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'"'- >^>^iv, between the mesothorax and the propodeum or first abdominal seg- ment. The true metanotum (here called the post-scutellum) is a very narrow transverse plate, slightly wider in the middle than at each side where there is a wide lateral plate extending forward to the hind wing. The metanotum is rather well punctured and pilose. The metapleuron consists of two plates, the upper larger one extend- ing from the base of the hind wing to the mesocoxa, being situated somewhat anterior to the lower one which is small and bears the hind leg. The upper plate is elongate and oblong, the upper portion being wider than the lower one. In front it articulates with the lower plate of the epimeron and below this with the posterior margin of the episternum. Its hinder margin articulates with the propodeum. The lower plate is very small and is triangular in form. The ante- rior extension of the triangle passes between the propodeum and the middle coxa to the lower end of the upper metapleural plate; the lower one passes between the middle and hind coxa and fuses with the metasternum; the third passes backward for a short distance be- tween the hind coxa and the propodeum. The metasternum is a small trapezoidal plate whose anterior portion is convex and posterior por- tion concave. The propodeum is the true first abdominal segment and it bears a spiracle on each side. The spiracles are elongate and curved ante- riorly. The propodeum consists of a notal plate which has become firmly joined to the metathorax while its ventral plate has been en- tirely lost. It is divided into a median area and two lateral ones by two fine, curved ridges which meet on the lower margin. The median area has a median longitudinal ridge extending from its upper to its lower margin. The lateral areas are large and a little depressed about the spiracles. There are few punctures on the median area though there may be considerable pilosity on the sides. Abdomen. The number of segments of the abdomen is six in the female and seven above in the male (not counting the propodeum as an abdomi- nal segment). The abdomen is well punctured and pilose, especially along the sides. The dorsal sclerite of the so-called first segment is much the largest. Its large triangular anterior face extends downward and Sept., I9i6.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 205 overlaps the small ventral sclerite on each side. The anterior face presents a large, median, concave area, the excavation being widest at its lower end. The punctation of the dorsal surface of this seg- ment is finer and denser than on any of those that follow, while the pilosity is rather thick and often is present as a tuft on either side. On the dorsal surface of segments two to five inclusive the puncta- tion is quite well marked and dense, especially along the sides. The dorsal surface, however, is naked and shining in many species though in others there may be a little pubescence present, which is most noticeable along the hind margin of the segments. Each segment consists of a dorsal and a ventral sclerite, the former overlapping the latter on each side. The last segment of the female is more pointed than that of the male and the sides of the dorsal sclerite over- lap the ventral sclerite as in the preceding segments. On the dorsal surface of the female are two rows of short spines which converge toward the apex. These are called the epipygium in this paper. In the male the last dorsal sclerite (the seventh) overlaps the sixth sternal plate, since in this sex there are only six sternal sclerites while there are seven dorsal ones. A pair of styli or cercus-like pieces, known as penicilli, occur at the tip of the last visible dorsal plate among males of two species, ovpifcx and tabaiiifoniiis. The pilosity of the last segment is caused by long and dense hairs, a fact frequently made use of in classification. A slight median longitudinal carina often occurs in the dorsal and ventral plates of the entire abdomen. Sting. — This organ is situated in a cavity at the end of the abdo- men and is a tapering shaft which is directed backward. It consists of three plates, a dorsal one and two ventral ones. The dorsal plate is called the sheath and forms the upper and side areas of the sting; its greatly swollen basal portion is termed the bulb. Ventrally at the base of the bulb are two lateral arms which curve inward and upward to form the ventral plates of the shaft. These arms are called the lancets or darts which slide along tracklike grooves found on the ventral edges of the dorsal plate. Between the lancets two poison glands empty into the bulb. Within the bulb and running the length of the shaft is the sting canal which receives the poisonous secretions. The distal ends of the lan- cets are barbed on either side. Surrounding the base of the shaft 206 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxiv, are paired plates which are connected with the base of the lancets by a triangular plate. These paired plates overlap the bulb and at the distal ends of the inner pair are borne the elongate palpus-like appendages which enclose the sting. Minute branched hairs are found on the posterior ends of these palpi which are probably tactile. Male Genitalia. — The male genitalia are attached to the abdomen by the cardo. This sclerite forms the basal portion and is connected with the stipes on each side dorso-laterally. The stipe is a large lateral plate, the two being usually called the claspers; at the end are two lobes, the outer one usually bearing hairs, known as the lacinia and squama. These are usually fused together in this genus. The stipes extend backward dorsally, laterally and ventrally to form the greater bulk of the genitalia. Included within the extremities of the stipes are a pair of organs called the sagittce. Their distal portions form the greatly recurved head, while the long basal part forms the shaft. Between the sagittje is a foliaceous sclerite called the spatha. Wings. — The wings of the carpenter-bee are large and powerful. They vary from hyaline to fuliginous with dark shades of blue, violet and green. A large arched plate, the tegula, slopes over the base of the front wing. Cresson's terminology for the venation is adopted in the present paper. Front Wings. — The vein situated at the anterior margin is the costa. About half way along this margin is a weakly pigmented area known as the stigma. The vein just behind the costa and ending in the stigma is the subcosta. The cell included between the costa and subcosta, and terminating at the stigma, is the costal cell. The radial or marginal cell extends from the stigma and is rather sharply pointed at its outer end. The lower margin of this cell is boimded by the radius. Behind the costal cell is the median cell whose lower margin is the median and whose outer margin is the basal vein. There are three closed and one open cell just behind the radius extending from the stigma to the outer margin. These are the first, second and third submarginal or cubital cells counting outward from the stigma. Their hinder margins are formed by the cubitus, while their outer margins are formed by the first, second and third transverso-cubital veins. The third submarginal cell is about equal in size to one and two together. Behind the submarginal cells one and two is the large first discoidal cell. The hinder margin of this Sept., I9i6.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 207 cell is formed by the discoidal vein, while its outer margin is formed by the first recurrent nervure. At the base of the wing just behind the median cell is the sub- median cell whose hinder margin is the anal vein and whose outer margin is the transverso-medial vein. Beyond this cell and just behind the first discoidal is the second discoidal cell, the outer mar- gin of which is the second recurrent nervure, and the hinder margin the subdiscoidal vein. The large, elongated lower basal cell is the anal cell. Behind the open fourth submarginal cell are two large open cells partially separated by veins and known as the first and second apical cells. On the hinder margin of the fore wing at the end of the anal cell is a broad notch known as the sinus. Hind Wings. — In the hind wings there are only three closed cells ; all are basal in position and elongate in form. The anterior one, called the costal cell, is very narrow. It is bordered in front by the costa and behind by the subcosta. The median cell is bordered in front by the subcostal vein, the stigma and the radial ; behind by the media, part of the discoidal and the cubital; and distally by the first transverso-cubital vein. It is the largest cell, being very elongate and tapering at both ends. The submedian cell is bordered distally by the transverso-medial vein and behind by the anal vein. The radial cell is open and is sepa- rated from the median cell by the radius. The first submarginal, the first and second discoidal, and the anal cells are all open. On the anterior margin of the hind wing, just beyond the stigma, is a row of frenal hooks or spinuke which hook into the frenal fold in the posterior region of the fore wing, thus holding the two together. A slight sinus is present on the hind margin. Legs. — The legs are long and moderately stout, the posterior pair being slightly longer than the others. The tibiae are the only seg- ments of the legs which bear spines; these are located on the distal portion of the inner surfaces. There is one spine present on each tibia of the male, while in the female there is one on each fore and middle and two on each hind tibia. The spines on the fore tibire which fit into a semi-circular indentation on the first segment of each fore tarsus form the antennal comb or cleaner. On the outer surface about half way doM'n on the posterior tibia of the female is an excrescence which is called the tibial scale in this paper. It is a 208 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°'- xxiv, surface whose irregular surrounding edge is well raised above the plane of the segment and bears two teeth at its lower extremity. The tibial scale is also present in the male but is very small and barely perceptible. The coxae are large, subcylindrical and closely articu- lated with the body. The trochanters are small at their base but increase in size at their distal ends ; they arise dorso-apically from the coxse. All the femora are large and are stoutest at the base, tapering toward the outer end. The tibiae are shorter than the femora and are rather uniform in size throughout; their inner sur- faces are flattened or even concave. The tarsi are composed of five segments, the first being much longer than the other four together. The last segment bears a pair of curved bi-cleft claws between which is a pulvillus. All the segments of the legs bear more or less hair, though it is longest and densest on the femur, tibia and first joint of the tarsus. The hind tibiae and tarsi of the females are especially well adapted for collecting pollen because of their very long, dense hairs. Secondary Sexual Distinctions. There are several sexual distinctions, besides the copulatory arma- ture in the males and the sting in the females, as follows : 1. The antennae of the female have twelve segments, while the antennae of the male have thirteen. 2. The posterior tibia in the female has two spines, while in the male there is only one present. 3. The female has six exposed abdominal segments, while the male has seven above. 4. There is a triangular row of spines on the dorsal side of the last abdominal segment in the female, not present in the male. 5. The mandibles of the male are always two-toothed and more narrowed than in the female. 6. The frons of the male of many species is yellow while that of the female is always dark. 7. The males of some species are entirely yellow while the females are dark. 8. The tibial scale is very large and prominent in the female while it is barely perceptible in the male. Sept., I9i6.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 209 Descriptions. The list^ of references for this genus by Dalla Torre in his Cata- logue Hymenopterorum, Vol. X, are so full in most cases that it has seemed unnecessary to give complete lists. However, all references of literature knov^^n to me since Dalla Torre will be given, thereby making the list as complete as possible. Synonymy. Synonyms. Correct Names. amblardi Perez calif ornica Cress. purpurea Cresson micans Lep. binotata Perez ? barbata Fab. binotata Maidl micans Lep. varipuncta Patt mordax Smith. morio Cress. ? mordax Smith. traiisitoria Perez brasilianorum Linne. ordinaria Smith brasilianorum Linne. vircscens Smith brasilianorum Linne. cubcccola Lucas brasilianorum Linne. mordax Smith brasilianorum Linne. ccncipennis DeGeer brasilianorum Linne, varipuncta Patt brasilianorum Linne. Table of Species. Twelve antennal segments, six dorsal abdominal segments; females i Thirteen antennal segments, seven dorsal abdominal segments; males... 12 1. Hairs of the abdomen entirely black 2 Hairs of the abdomen not entirely black 8 2. Wings fuliginous or fusco-liyaline 3 Wings sub-hyaline orpifex Smith 3. Mandibles with two teeth at the apex and one on middle of inner margin, integument black 4 Mandibles with two teeth at the apex and none on inner margin, integu- ment deep blue . ; arizonensis Cress. 4. Posterior ocelli with a large carina in front fimbria ta Fabr. Posterior ocelli without a carina in front 5 5. Wings fuliginous, scutellum rounded behind 6 Wings semi-hyaline, scutellum truncate behind 7 6. Wings with violet color predominant, tints of blue and purple apparent brasilianorum brasilianorum Linne. Wings brass and copper colored with a strong violet tinge. brasilianorum varipuncta (Patt.) 210 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxiv, 7. Wings with faint violet and blue mixed throughout, scutellum sharply truncate behind brasilianorum cubaecola (Lucas) Wings with a faint tint of violet at the apical margin, scutellum almost truncate behind brasilianorum aeneipennis (De Geer) 8. Hairs of abdomen yellowish white or pale ochraceous on first segment only 9 Hairs of abdomen yellowish white or pale ochraceous elsewhere besides on first segment 10 9. Labrum triangular and consisting of one lobe virginica Linne Labrum oblong, emarginate in the middle, and apparently consisting of two lobes calif ornica Cress, 10. Frontal carina very large and blunt texana Cress. Frontal carina very small and pointed 11 11. A short furrow midway between the posterior ocelli and ending in the median ocellar groove; body-color bluish purple micans Lep. No such furrow present ; body-color black tabanifonnis Smith 12. Mandibles with a large yellow spot at the base 13 Mandibles without a yellow spot at the base or with but a very small one 17 13. Integument entirely fulvous 14 Integument entirely black 16 14. Upper side of flagellum with white pubescence, frontal carina obsolete, form robust fimbriata Fabr. Upper side of flagellum without white pubescence, frontal carina small, form not robust 15 15. A dark brown area on middle of the clypeus, a black ring surrounding each ocellus brasilianonim aeneipennis (De Geer) No such markings on clypeus or surrounding the ocelli. brasilianorum brasilianorum Linne. 16. Abdominal hairs entirely black orpifex Smith. Abdominal hairs white on the hind margin laterally of all but the last segment tabanif ormis Smith 17. Front of head entirely dark colored 18 Front of head with yellow on labrum, clypeus, and frontal shield 19 18. Wings fuliginous, integument brilliant blue, white abdominal hairs on first segment only arizonensis Cress. Wings fusco-hyaline, integument green, white abdominal hairs on segments one and four and a few on the sides . calif ornica Cress. 19. Antennas entirely dark colored 20 Antennas with a yellow line on the lower side of the first segment. micans Lep. 20. Head with yellowish white hairs on cheeks, vertex, and a patch between antennas texana Cress. Head with black hairs on cheeks, vertex, and between insertions of an- tennae virginica Linne. Sept., I9i6.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 211 Xylocopa orpifex Smith. Xylocopa orpifex Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 298, n. 118, 5, 3< ^874. Xylocopa orpifex Davidson, Ent. News, p. 151, 1893. Xylocopa orpifex Ashmead, Psyche, Vol. VII, p. 24, 1894. Xylocopa orpifex Fowler, Rept. Cal. Exp. Sta., p. 318, 189S-1901. Xylocopa orpifex Perez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, LVI, p. 122, 1901. Xylocopa orpifex Cockerell, South Cal. Acad. Nat. Sc, No. 6, p. 87, June, 1904. Xylocopa orpifex Maidl, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hof.-Mus. Wien, p. 309, 191 2. A small black insect; length of female, 17-20 mm.; of male, 15-18 mm. Female. — Head and its hairs entirely black ; broad, almost as wide as thorax, and thick; the mandibles dark, with three teeth, being bi- dentate at the apex and with a small tooth on the inner margin along which extends a deep longitudinal groove ; the few hairs present on the mandibles are reddish brown, as is the case among most of the species ; labrum small and black, consisting of one lobe somewhat triangular shaped with the upper margin elongate and a small lobe on either side hidden beneath; clypeus flat, with a smooth, shining, unpunctured space along the lower margin, the rest with small, close punctures, longitudinal carina not present; lateral foveoke not very deep ; frontal shield on same plane as clypeus, well punctured ; frontal carina small and pointed, having a pit on the upper surface half way to the median ocellus, where it forms a heart-shaped groove reaching and surrounding the median ocellus; prominent ocellar pits present, situated dorso-laterally behind the posterior ocelli ; eyes not large, far apart ; antennae piceous on under side of flagellum ; vertex and cheeks with fewer punctures than on face, hairs black. Thorax black, hairs black; disk black, shining, smooth and with- out hairs ; scutellum well rounded, with few punctures, especially in its anterior half; post-scutellum very narrow and rather impunctate. Color of integument and pile of abdomen everywhere black; punc- tation not close except on last segment where it is very fine and abundant ; abdomen very short and robust ; epipygium not wide at base, its spines very strong. Wings subhyaline with a very slight violet tint, and a little dark- ened at their apices. Tegulx black. Legs black, their pile black except on inner tarsi where it is mixed with reddish brown. Anterior tooth of tibial scale very pointed, pos- terior tooth greatly rounded. 212 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^'°'- ^^-^iv, ■ Male. — Differs from the female as follows : Head with yellow color at the base of the mandibles, on labrum, clypeus, frontal shield, and more or less of the areas between the clypeus and eyes; yellowish- white hairs on cheeks, vertex, and some on the face ; head not as wide as in female and face much narrower ; mandibles narrowed with only two teeth present ; labrum much larger ; clypeus a little convex, with longitudinal carina perceptible and impunctate ; ocellar pits much smaller and rather inconspicuous ; eyes much larger, vertex flatter. Thorax with a great abundance of dense yellowish-white hair, mixed with black, on the back and sides. Sides of abdominal segments more closely punctuated. Tibial scale much smaller and of only one lobe. A pair of cercus-like pieces (penicilli) are present on the tip of the seventh dorsal segment. Type. — Probably in the British Museum. Distribution.^Ca.\ii.orn{3., Arizona, , Oregon, Nevada. This species can easily be distinguished from other species of the United States. Dr. L. O. Howard, in The Insect Book, figures Xylo- copa orpifex on plate II, fig. 26. Xylocopa micans Lep. 7 Apis nastita Christ, Naturg. d. Insect, p. 130, T. 8, F. 5» 1791. Xylocopa micans Lepeletler, Hist. Nat. Insect. Hymen., II, p. 208, n. 58, (^, 1841. Xylocopa vidua Lepeletier, ^Ilist. Nat. Insect. Hymen., II, p. 210, n. 61, 2, 1S41. Xylocopa purpurea Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, IV, p. 284, 5, 1872. IXylocopa purpurea Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 299, n. 121, J, 1874. Xylocopa micans Patton, Can. Ent., XI, p. 60, 1879. Xylocopa micans Maidl, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hof.— Mus. Wien, p. 309, 1912. Xylocopa binotata Maidl, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hof. -Mus. Wien, p. 310 (nee. Perez), 1912. Length of female, 15-18 mm.; of male, 20-22 mm. Female. — Head almost as wide as thorax, black with deep blue and purple reflections, especially on the vertex and cheeks; punctures of face small, fine and close ; grayish white hairs intermingled with some black occur on clypeus, lateral areas of frons between the clypeus and eyes, between the bases of antennre, and on the cheeks; mandibles with four teeth, two large ones at the apex and two small ones on the upper margin, which are often worn off; color of mandibles black with a green spot at the base in many; labrum small and black, con- sisting of one triangular lobe whose upper margin is very elongate, and a small one on each side but hidden below ; clypeus flat, greenish Sept., I9i6.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 213 blue, well punctured, with a black, shining, impunctate space along the lower margin; longitudinal carina not present; frontal shield on same plane as clypeus, sides sloping, of a greenish blue color; frontal carina small and pointed, upper margin flat for a distance, then changing into a furrow which is concurrent with the groove sur- rounding the median ocellus; posterior ocelli slightly carinated in front, causing them to appear a little sunken behind, and midway between them is a short furrow extending from the median ocellar groove ; small circular ocellar pits occur behind the posterior ocelli ; under side of flagellum of antennae piceous, otherwise black; eyes rather small and far apart; vertex somewhat raised on top just be- hind the ocelli and sparsely punctured ; cheeks also sparsely punctured. Thorax black on disk, otherwise blue and purple, well punctured; hairs black, with some pale ochraceous ones on the scutellum and post- scutellum and a small patch on each side just below the tegulse ; scu- tellum rounded and well punctured; post-scutellum very narrow. Abdomen brilliant bluish purple ; punctures small, fine and close, especially on the first and second segments ; a patch of white hairs on the sides of segments one, five and six, and a few white ones on sides of the intervening segments ; otherwise black ; epipygium very narrow at the base, spines rugged. Wings fusco-hyaline with a violet tint, darker at the apical mar- gins; tegulse blue. Legs bluish purple, pilosity black except some brown on the inner surface of the fore tarsi. Tibial scale small, the anterior tooth being long and pointed, the posterior one very short and rounded. Male.- — Differs as follows : Head with yellow color on labrum, clypeus, frontal shield and lateral areas of frons between the clypeus and eyes as high as the insertion of the antennae, and on the lower side of the first segment of the antennae; whitish-yellow hairs on the face, vertex and cheeks ; head not as wide as in female, face much narrower, especially in its upper half; mandibles narrower, convex along the middle, only two teeth present, the lower one being much the larger, dark brown with a slight yellow spot appearing at the base in some specimens ; labrum larger ; clypeus somewhat convex ; an unpunctured longitudinal carina evident ; a shallow furrow behind each posterior ocellus extending backw^ard for a short distance and ending abruptly on the vertex; eyes much larger and converging strongly above, producing a very narrow vertex. 214 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxiv, Thorax everywhere covered with dense whitish-yellow hair; in- tegument with some green color, otherwise as in female. Abdomen green on first two segments, then changing to a blue color, and to a brilliant purple on the apical segments; ventral segments bluish pur- ple mixed with more or less orange toward the middle ; pilosity whitish-yellow on whole of first segment, a little on sides of all seg- ments but the last, and a fringe on the hind margin of all the ventral segments except the apical segment ; apical segment with a very thick brush of long, black hair. Wings a little lighter than in female ; tegulre brown. Hair of legs not entirely black as in female, but with some whitish- yellow on fore tibix and tarsi, on middle and hind coxa?, trochanters, femora, tibiae, and on the outer upper half of the first segment of tarsi ; tibial scale much smaller and consisting of but one lobe. Type. — Probably lost. Distribution. — Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Texas, Cali- fornia, Guatemala. I have examined Cresson's type of Xylocopa purpurea at the American Entomological Society at Philadelphia and am convinced that it is micans Lep. Cresson's description was made from speci- mens from Texas, there being a series of four female specimens present, three from Texas and one from California, of which one from Texas is labeled lecto-type, and another from Texas is labeled para-type. Lepeletier's description was made from specimens col- lected in Carolina. According to Cresson's description of purpurea there might be a distinction between it and micans. He described a tuft of white pubescence on each side of the apex of the abdomen only, while micans has a tuft of white on each side of the first segment in addi- tion. Upon examining the type purpurea, however, I found the tuft of white hair on each side of the first segment and therefore know of no reason why purpurea is not a synonym of micans. Male specimens of micans collected in Texas also agree in every way with the description of micans made by Lepeletier of the male from Carolina. Micans has also been confused somewhat with texana Cr., but these two species are very different and should be easily distinguished. In The Insect Book, plate III, fig. 24, Dr. L. O. Howard figures a female of this species. Sept., 19 16.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 215 Perez probably had reference to some small Central American form according to his description of hinotata. Maidl lists three fe- males of hinotata Perez from Georgia and one male from Texas, but his short description of hinotata does not agree very well with that of Perez. I think that the insects which Maidl calls hinotata are probably synonymous with niicaus Lep. Xylocopa virginica Linne. • Drury, 111. Nat. Hist., I, p. 96, c? ; PL 43, f. i, 1770. Apis virginica Linne, Mantissa Plantarum, II, p. 540, 1771. Apis virginica Drury, 111. Nat. Hist., II. App. 1773. Xylocopa virginica lUiger, Mag. f. Insectenk, V, p. 151, n. 19, 1806. Xylocopa virginica Perez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, LVI, p. 112, 1^, J; 1901. Xylocopa virginica Maidl, Annals Nat. Hist. Hof.-Mus., Wien, p. 309, 1912. Length of female, 22 mm. ; of male, 22-24 "ini- Female. — Head almost as wide as thorax, black, though a tinge of blue or green occurs in some ; punctures very fine on the face, hairs black everywhere ; mandibles having two teeth at their apices and none on the inner margin, large with a good-sized punctured de- pression at their bases; labrum with one blunt, fairly large triangular lobe ; clypeus rather flat, well punctured, an unpunctured concaved area along the lower margin, the upper margin slightly incurved in the middle, logitudinal carina barely perceptible ; lateral foveolse and frontal grooves not very deep ; frontal shield on same plane as clypeus but with sides sloping ; frontal carina rounded and very prominent ; posterior ocelli slightly carinated in front with a small circular pit behind each ; antennae black, eyes not large and widely separated ; vertex and cheeks having bluish purple tints, punctures larger and fewer than on face. Thorax black on disk, changing to blue, green and purple on sides and below ; pilosity very dense, whitish yellow on top except the disk and on sides, black below ; scutellum olive green ; post-scutellum sparsely punctured. Abdomen black, showing green on the first segment ; punctures small and few except on first segment which is well punctured; whitish yellow hairs occur only on the first segment, elsewhere they are black; epipygium very large, spines small. Wings fusco-hyaline with a violet tint, darker at the apex, tegulse brown or black. 216 Journal New York Entomological Society. [^'°1- xxiv, Legs black, blue and purple; hairs black, brown on inner side of fore tarsi. Tibial scale with edges well raised so that interior ap- pears hollowed out; anterior tooth very sharp, posterior one more rounded or even blunt and not as long as anterior one; form longer than wide. Male. — Differs from the female as follows : Head, labrum, clypeus, frontal shield and lateral areas of frons between clypeus and eyes as high as the insertion of the antennae, yellow ; yellow hair present only on yellow colored areas of head, otherwise black; head not as wide as in female, face more narrowed, especially above ; mandibles smaller than in female ; labrum larger ; clypeus slightly convex, lower mar- ginal area not concaved ; frontal carina smaller ; eyes much larger and converging above, thus forming a much narrower vertex ; ocellar pits imperceptible. Punctures of abdomen more abundant through- out, much finer and closer. Yellowish brown hair present on fore and middle tibice; tibial scale greatly reduced. Type. — Location unknown to the writer. Distribution. — This species is distributed generally throughout the United States and is also recorded from Cuba. It is the most com- mon species of Xylocopa found in this country. Variation. — A male specimen collected at Chapel Hill, Texas, dif- fers from the typical male described above as follows : Face entirely black except a yellow area along the longitudinal carina of the clypeus, and yellow present on the labrum. Drury described and figured this species (111. Nat. Hist., I, p. 96, PI. 43, f. I, male, 1770) without a name in 1770. During the follow- ing year (Mant. Plant. 11) Linnaeus gave the name Apis virginica to this insect. Drury (111. Nat. Hist., II, 1773) furnished an appen- dix of names covering his descriptions in volumes I and II. In 1806 Illiger placed this species in the genus Xylocopa for the first time, calling it Xylocopa virginica. Xylocopa texana Cresson. Xylocopa texana Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, IV, p. 283, 5, J', 1S72. Length of male and female, 22-24 "ir"- Female. — Head about as wide as thorax, black, showing bluish purple in different lights; punctures abundant and fine especially on the face; hairs black; a large punctured depression at the base of Sept., I9i6.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeeS OF U. S. 217 the mandibles, whose teeth are two in number, located at the apex ; labrum consisting of one blunt lobe, rather large and triangular in shape; clypeus well punctured, a little convex in its superior half, a deeply concaved, shining, impunctate area along its lower margin, which is dark red in many specimens, the longitudinal carina barely evident ; lateral foveote and frontal grooves very deep and promi- nent; frontal shield iridescent, very convex; its sides sloping greatly; frontal carina very large and blunt (more prominent than in vir- ginica), so that the median ocellus appears sunken, posterior ocelli carinated in front, a small circular pit behind each ; antennae black, eyes not large, widely separated ; vertex and cheeks with a strong, bluish purple color, punctures larger and fewer on face, hairs entirely dark. Thorax black on disk, changing to blue, green and purple on sides and beneath ; pilosity very dense, yellowish white on top, except the disk and on sides, black below ; scutellum blue to green, well punc- tured; post-scutellum small and little punctate. Abdomen elongate, olive green with blue reflections ; punctation fine and close on first segment, otherwise sparse ; yellowish white hairs on first segment, a patch of them on sides of segments five and six, and a few scattered ones on sides of intervening segments, hairs elsewhere black ; epipygium very large, spines small. Wings fusco-hyaline with a violet tint, darker at the apex, tegulte brownish black. Legs blue, purple, sometimes a little greenish, hairs black, brown on inner side of fore tarsi. Tibial scale with anterior tooth narrow and very pointed, posterior one wider and pointed, the two teeth of equal length ; form not as elongate as in virginica, being almost as wide as it is long. Male. — Difl:'ers as follows: Head yellow on labrum, clypeus, frontal shield; in some specimens a little on the lateral areas of the frons between the clypeus and eyes as high as the insertion of the antennae and a small spot at the base of the mandibles ; color otherwise black with bluish purple on the vertex and cheeks ; head not as wide as in the other sex, face more narrowed; hairs of head yellowish white on cheeks and vertex, some scattered patches on frontal shield, be- tween insertion of antennse and between the posterior ocelli ; mandi- bles smaller, depression at base not so deep ; labrum a little wider ; 218 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- >^-^iv. clypeus somewhat convex, area along lower margin not concaved ; frontal carina much smaller ; eyes much larger and approximated more or less above, producing a narrow vertex. Thorax with more yellowish white hairs than in the other sex, especially on the ventral surface where it is mixed with the black. Punctation of abdomen much finer and closer throughout ; yellowish white hairs on the hind margin dorsally of segments four and five mixed with some black, otherwise pilosity as in female. Wings a little lighter than in other sex. Tibial scale very reduced; a variable amount of yellowish hair present on legs. Types. — Cresson's typical specimen labeled " Lecto-type 2620 " " Tex " is in the Acad. Nat. Sc, Philadelphia, along with a male labeled " Allo-type 2620 " " Tex " and a male and female paratype. In the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard is a male and female labeled " Type 556 " " Dallas, Tex., Boll." In the U. S. N. M. are two specimens, a male and a female, labeled "Type No. 1792, U. S. N. M.," "Collection Belfrage." Distribution. — I have examined specimens taken at Dallas, Round Mt. and Kerrville, Texas. This species seems to occur throughout the northern and central part of Texas but I find no record of it in any other state. It is very closely allied to Xylocopa virginica, which is also found in some parts of Texas, though I find no record of it {virginica) occurring in the same localities with texana. The females of tcxana and vir- ginica resemble each other very much. Generally speaking, how- ever, the predominant color of virginica is black, while that of tcxana is green, with some blue present. This is a rather variable character, though, for many specimens of the one species will approach those of the other very closely in color. The frontal carina of tcxana is larger and more prominent than that of any other species found in the United States. The frontal carina of virginica is of medium size in the specimens collected from the eastern states, but it seems to increase in size on specimens taken from Texas, although it does not attain the size and prominence that it does in tcxana. The white pile present on the sides of segments five and six, and the few scat- tered ones along the sides of the other segments found in tcxana do not occur in virginica; this seems to be a rather constant character for separating the species. Sept., i9i6.] Ackerman: Carpenter-Bees of U. S. 219 The males of texana and virginica resemble each almost as closely as do the females. The following differences, however, serve to separate the two species. The predominant color of texana is green, while that of virginica is black; texana has but little or no yellow coloring on the lateral downward projections of the frons between the clypeus and eyes, while in virginica these areas are entirely yel- low; the pilosity in texana is yellowish white on the cheeks, vertex, face, and on the hind margins of the fourth and fifth abdominal seg- ments, while the corresponding pilosity of virginica is black. I have studied the genitalia of texana and virginica and th^re is no doubt in my mind that they are different species. In his Insect Book Dr. L. O. HcTward gives a photograph of texana, male, on plate II, fig. 2y. This was taken of a specimen present in the collection of the U. S. N. M., which is labeled " Type No. 1792," " From Dept. Agri." Xylocopa tabaniformis Smith. Xylocopa tabaniformis Smith, Cat. Hymen. Brit. Mus., II, p. 362, n. 95 J, 1854. Xylocopa tabaniformis var. chiriquiensis, Perez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, LVI, p. 120, 5> (j*. ii- ■\'-. 1901. Xylocopa tabaniformis Maidl, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hof.-Mus. Wien, p. 317, 5. <^< igi2. Length of female and male 17-18 mm. Female. — Head black, hairs black, mixed with grayish-white on cheeks, hind part of vertex and face ; punctation rather close and fine ; mandibles with three teeth, two large ones at the apex, and one rounded small tooth on the upper margin, no depression at the base, upper longitudinal groove deep; labrum apparently of one small sub- triangular lobe, but in addition one small lobe on either side hidden beneath ; clypeus flat, punctures close and circular, longitudinal carina or ridge obsolete, impunctate area along lower margin not concave, upper margin straight ; lateral foveolse and frontal grooves deep and prominent; frontal shield flat in the middle, sides sloping gently; frontal carina small and pointed, the upper margin interrupted in the middle by a small pit ; ocelli triangularly placed, the posterior ones with a circular pit behind each and not carinated in front ; antennae black ; eyes small and rather far apart ; vertex and cheeks well punc- tured, the whitish hairs short. Thorax black, disk shining; hairs everywhere black, mixed with 220 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv, grayish-white on the back and sides, producing a sooty aspect ; scu- tellum wide, with few punctures, especially in its anterior half, post- scutellum very narrow. Abdomen black and not elongate, well punctured except along the middle of the segments, finely so on the sides; pilosity dense and white on the first segment and on the hind margin of segments two, three, four and five, except in the middle, black everywhere else ; epipygium narrow at the base, spines large. Wings subhyaline, of a brassy tint, tegulee brownish black. Legs black; hairs yellowish white on the intermediate and poste- rior tibiai and tarsi exteriorly, brown on the inner side of the fore tarsi, otherwise black; tibial scale small, anterior tooth very pointed and long, posterior tooth A^ery rounded and short. Male. — This sex differs from the female as follows : Head yellow on labrum, clypeus, frontal shield, a large spot at the base of the mandibles, and some mixed with the black on the lateral downward projections of the frons between the clypeus and the eyes; head and face narrower; mandibles smaller, with only two teeth present (at the apex) ; labrum with only one tooth or lobe; clypeus with fewer punctures ; ocellar pits very small or even obsolete ; vertex more nar- rowed and flattened. Thorax as in the female. Abdomen differs in having a patch of long, white hairs on the sides of segment six. A pair of cercus-like pieces (penicilli) present on the top of the seventh dorsal segment. Tibial scale not much smaller than that of the female, but with only one lobe. Type. — Probably in the British Museum, Distribution.- — Mexico; Brownsville, Texas; Utah. Variations. — A male from Washington Co., Utah, differs from the typical male described above by having the hairs of the head and thorax entirely white and much denser, while the white hairs of the abdomen occur only along the sides. Xylocopa aztcca Cresson is a form very similar to tabaniformis, and there seems to be no reliable structural character upon which the two forms can be separated. Azteca female differs from the female of tabaniformis by the presence of white pilosity on segments one, two and three of the abdomen only, but this variation between the two forms seems to be constant. The males of these two forms show even less variation ; they differ as follows : the white hairs of the Sept., 1916.] AcKERMAN : Carpenter-Bees OF U. S. 221 abdomen in tabaniformis are tawny and less interrupted medially by the black hairs in astcca. A::teca could therefore be reduced to a sub- species of tahanifonnis, but since there is no record of this form occurring in the United States I shall not include it in this paper. Tabaniformis is primarily a neotropical species, but it also occurs in the southwestern United States. It is closely related to orpifex, these two species being the only Xylocopas of the United States which have penicilli present on the last dorsal abdominal segment. Tabani- formis, however, is easily distinguished from orpifex by the white pilosity of the abdomen present in the former. Xylocopa fimbriata Fabr. Xylocopa finbriata Fabr., Sys. Piez., p. 340, n. 7, 5. 1S04. Xylocof^a finbriata Fowler, Rept. Cal. Exp. Sta., part II, p. 318, 1898-1901. Xylocopa finbriata Perez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux, LVI, p. 81, iii, 5. c^. iQoi. Xylocopa finbriata Cockerell, Southern Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, No. 6, p. 87. June, 1904. Xylocopa finbriata Maidl, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hof.-Mus. Wien, p. 311, 5. c?. 1912. Length of female, 30-32 mm. ; of male, 28-30 mm. Female. — Head black, very large, as wide as thorax, face con- caved in the middle, hairs everywhere black, long on the cheeks and face ; mandibles with two large teeth at the apex, and one small, rounded tooth on the middle of the inner margin, no depression at the base and very few punctures present, the upper longitudinal groove very deep ; labrum with three lobes ; clypeus with large but few punctures, the lower marginal area irregular, having a small convex area in the middle with a large pit on each side of it, the upper margin with a well rounded elevation curved upward like a bow, the shining impunctate sides more sharply ridged and the lower extremities very prominently raised ; longitudinal carina obsolete ; frontal shield from the clypeus to the insertion of the antennae flat, the superior half concaved, there being no frontal carina present ; the lateral areas of the frons between the clypeus and eyes irregu- larly concaved and situated on a lower plane than the clypeus, so that the presence of lateral foveolse and frontal grooves are merely marked by a suture on each side ; median ocellus set in a very con- caved, impunctate surface, with a short groove extending back for a little distance midway between the hind ocelli ; the sides of the median ocellar area well ridged ; a small concaved area behind the median 222 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxiv, ocellus and between the posterior ones which appear sunken behind the large, prominent carina; these carina; start in front of the poste- rior ocelli and extend transversely toward the eyes, becoming grad- ually elevated and ending in the form of a pair of horns; ocellar grooves situated dorso-laterally to the posterior-ocelli ; above, the vertex is sparsely punctured and narrow ; cheeks well punctured. Thorax black, disk very large, shining and hairy; hairs black, short and sparse on the back and sides, longer beneath ; scutellum large and little rounded, the greater part impunctate, without pile, forming the hind part of the disk, only the posterior margin pilose; post-scutellum with hair everywhere. Abdomen black, rather long but robust, punctation sparse except on the apical segments, hairs black, a faint carina along the middle extending the length of the tergum, and a very sharp and prominent one on the venter ; epipygium not wide at the base, spines very large. Wing opaque, the dominant color blue with tints of violet and a slightly greenish luster at the apex; tegulae black. Legs black, the hairs black ; tibial scale well elevated, the two teeth at the apex of equal size, rather short, the anterior one a little more pointed, the posterior one striated on its posterior aspect. Male. — Differs from the female in that it is entirely fulvous and also in the following points : Head narrow, punctation very fine ; mandibles brown with a yellow spot at their base, black toward the apex, smaller, greatly constricted along the middle, no tooth on the upper margin ; labrum with only one lobe, triangular in form ; clypeus flatter, the upper margin and sides not elevated ; frontal shield some- what convex, the frontal carina replaced by a short groove concur- rent with the median ocellar groove ; ocelli not sunken, the median one situated but little lower than the posterior ones, a very shallow circular pit behind each posterior ocellus which has no carina in front of it; antennae fulvous on the under side throughout, reddish- brown on the upper surface which has a fine white pubescence on its flagellum; vertex and cheeks with long dense fulvous hairs. Thorax fulvous, the scutellum much flatter, the post-scutellum very wide and more densely pilose. Abdomen with more brown color than on the other parts of the body, the hair yellow except at the apex, where it is long and red- dish. Wings semihyaline, teguhe fulvous, covered with hairs except on the middle. Sept., 1916.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 223 The four intermediate legs and posterior coxae, trochanters and femora, and the two anterior coxae, trochanters and the external sur- faces of the femora are reddish black; legs otherwise yellow; the anterior and intermediate tibiae deeply hollowed ; hairs fulvous ; tibial scale small and black. Tvpc. — Location unknown. Distribution. — Mexico, Central America, Brazil, Peru and re- ported from Yosemite Valley, California. Fimbriata is a neotropical species and the report of its occurrence in California does not seem to be authentic. It has been collected in Mexico and may possibly occur in some of the semitropical regions of the southwestern United States, and therefore I include it in this paper. This species is one of the largest forms of Xylocopa. The sexes differ greatly in color. The male is entirely fulvous while the female is entirely black. This wide contrast in color of the sexes seems to be characteristic of many other neotropical species of Xylocopa, espe- cially among the larger forms. The female of fimbriata can be easily distinguished from its closest ally frontalis (01.) by the form of the carinas in front of the posterior ocelli. The males of these two spe- cies, however, resemble each other very closely and are not so easily separated. Fimbriata has been confused with varipuncta (Patt.) from California (which I reduce to a variety of brasilianornm Vdihv. ) , but can easily be distinguished from it. Xylocopa Brasilianorum Brasilianorum Linne. Apis brasilianorum Linne, Sys. Nat., Ed. 12a i, 2, p. 961, n. 449, J', 1767. Apis cpneipennis De Greer, Mem. hist. Insect., Ill, p. 573, n. s, 5; pi. 28, f. 8. 1773- Xylocopa cubcccola Lucas, Sagra., Hist. fis. Cuba, VII, p. 776, J, pi. 19, f. 8, 1850. Xylocopa morda.v Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. London, p. 294, n. iii, $, 1874. Xylocopa varipunctata Patton, Can. Ent., XI, p. 60, $,1879. Xylocopa varipuncta Cockerell, Ent. News, 13, p. 318, 1902. Xylocopa varipuncta Fowler, Rept. Cal. Exp. Sta., p. 318, 1890-1901. Xylocopa varipuncta Cockerell, South. Cal. Acad. Sc, No. 6, p. 87, June, 1904. Xylocopa brasilianoniin Perez, Act. Soc. Bordeaux LVI, p. 88, 100, 5, 1^. 1901. Xylocopa brasilianorum Maidl, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hof.-Mus. Wicn, p. 312, 5, (^, 1912. 224 Journal New York Entomological Society. C^oi. xxiv, Xylocopa hrasilianorum brasilianornm Linne. Length of male, 22-24 ™^'^- ', of female, 24-26 mm. Female. — Head black, almost as wide as thorax, well punctured, hairs black; mandibles with two large teeth at the apex and a small, rounded one on the middle of the upper margin, no depressed area at the base and with but few punctures, the upper longitudinal groove very deep with a depressed spot in the middle; labrum with three lobes, the lateral ones blunter and a little hidden beneath the hairs; clypeus flat, punctures large but few, longitudinal carina not present, the upper and lateral margins shining, impunctate, the upper margin a little elevated, the lateral ones more raised and more sharply ridged toward their lower extremities; frontal shield on a slightly higher plane than the clypeus; the frontal grooves marked by a shallow su- ture, the lateral foveol?e very small; frontal carina rather prominent, not sharply pointed, the upper side verging into a furrow concurrent with the heart-shaped groove of the median ocellus; ocelli small, the posterior ones not carinated in front but with large circular pits behind, a short, fine furrow midway between; eyes rather small and widely separated; vertex well punctured, the cheeks finely and sparsely so. Thorax black, hairs black, short and not very dense on back ; disk very large, including the anterior half of the scutellum, without hair or punctures and shining ; scutellum behind the flat, unpunctured area rounded and sloping downward, and pilose ; post-scutellum with few punctures, small and hairy. Abdomen entirely black, hairs black, rather elongate, punctures close and fine on the anterior half, coarser on the posterior half; a longitudinal carina along the middle of the tergum, and a correspond- ing carina along the venter but much sharper and more prominent; epipygium not wide at the base. Wings fuliginous, violet color predominating with tints of blue and purple; tegulse black; length of wings 20 mm. Legs black, hairs black; tibial scale with the anterior tooth longer, narrower and more pointed than the posterior one. Male. — The male, besides being entirely fulvous, differs as fol- lows : Head narrower, punctation fine ; mandibles brownish black, with a yellow spot at base, constricted along the middle, smaller and no tooth present on the inner margin; labrum with only one lobe; Sept., 19 16.] ACKERMAN : CaRPENTER-BeES OF U. S. 225 clypens more convex, the upper margin and sides not elevated, longi- tudinal carina rounded; frontal carina very small and pointed, the upper margin faintly grooved with a pit in its middle; ocelli not sunken, close together, ocellar pits minute or obsolete, a shallow groove midway between the posterior ocelli ; eyes not large and wide apart; lower side of antenna yellowish on first segment, otherwise yellowish brown, its upper side brownish black throughout and with no pubescence ; vertex and cheeks with long, dense yellow hair and very fine punctures. Thorax yellow with more or less brown, especially on the post- scutellum, propodeum and sides ; hairs yellow ; scutellum flat, shining, with but little hair and few punctures ; post-scutellum also rather flat. Abdomen yellow, with a brown band along the hinder margin of each segment, but this is variable as the color may become tawny in old specimens; pilosity yellow, rufous and long at the apex; finely and densely punctured throughout. Wings semihyaline; tegulae fulvous. The fore legs from their bases to and including the basal part of the femora, and the intermediate and hind legs as far as the tibiae brownish black, otherwise yellow or fulvous; hairs everywhere yellow with a slight red tinge on the tibiae and tarsi ; tibial scale very small and black. Type. — Location unknown. Distribution. — Texas, Arizona, Southern California, Mexico, Cen- tral and South America, West Indies. Xylocopa brasiliaiionim ccncipennis (DeGeer). This form differs from the typical brasiliaiionim as follows : Fe- male— scutellum more truncate behind; abdomen with the ventral longitudinal carina even sharper and more prominent; wings semi- hyaline, with a brassy luster and a violet tint on the apical margin of the anterior wings ; length 22-24 ii^"i- Male — with a dark brown- ish area on the middle of the clypeus ; a black ring surrounding each ocellus; bands along the hind margin of the abdominal segments wider and darker colored. Habitat. — xA-rizona. Xylocopa brasiliaiionim cubcrcola (Lucas). This form differs from ccneipcnnis as follows: Female with the scutellum sharply truncate behind; ventral abdominal carina the 226 Journal New York Entomological Society, [^'oi. xxiv, same ; wings a little darker, a faint violet and blue color occurring throughout both anterior and posterior wings, the violet predominat- ing. Male unknown. Length 20-22 mm. Habitat. — California. Xylocopa brasilianorum varipuncta (Patt,). This subspecies is more closely related to the typical brasilianorum than to either of the other two described above. It differs from the other three forms as follows : Female with scutellum not truncate but rounded as in the typical brasilianorum; ventral abdominal carina not exceedingly prominent but as in brasilianorum; wings fuliginous, not as dark as in brasilianorum, brassy and copper colored with violet reflections. Male not known. Length 26-28 mm. Distribution. — Arizona, Southern California. Xylocopa brasilianorum is a species of very wide range extending from South America north into the southern United States. It is also a very variable species, as Maidl first noted in his work on the Xylocopa collection of the museum of Vienna in 1912. I agree with Maidl in all his conclusions in regard to variation within this species. There is no doubt that many forms have been described as new spe- cies which are merely varieties or even synonyms of brasilianorum. The variable characters of these forms upon which various authors have established different species are color of wings mainly, forma- tion of the scutellum, and size. The above variable characters occur in the female, while in the male there seems to be but little variation, if any. I have studied the genitalia of a large series of insects which have been described as different species and, like Maidl, have found very little difference among them. In this paper I include only those forms which are found in or reported from the United States; that is, the subspecies &rfl^?7/a»o;'i c?. 1879. Sept., i9i6.] AcKERMAN : Carpenter-Bees OF U. S. 229 Xylocopa calif ornica arizonensis Cockerell, South. Cal. Acad. Sc, No. 6, p. 87, June, 1904. Xylocopa arizonensis Maidl, Ann. Nat. Hist. Hof.-Mus Wien, p. 310, 191 2. Length of female, 25-27 mm. ; of male, 22-24 iTiiii- Female. — Head thick, almost as wide as thorax, black, blue and purple mixed; well punctured, especially on the face; hairs entirely black; mandibles black, very wide, with two teeth, base not depressed and with few punctures, inner longitudinal groove not very deep, outer one faint ; labrum semioblong, emarginate in the middle so as to form two lobes, small and black ; clypeus flat, closely punctured, black and blue, longitudinal carina very faint ; lateral foveolse and frontal grooves of median depth; frontal shield iridescent, wide, flat in its lower half, deeply concaved above just beneath the point of the frontal carina, which is short, blunt, with the upper margin convex ; ocelli large, median one deeply sunken, posterior ones very carinated in front, no ocellar pits present ; eyes small and wide apart ; antenucC of usual female type ; vertex prominently raised behind the posterior ocelli, brilliantly blue colored, large and close punctures ; cheeks well punctured, deep purple. Thorax black, blue and purple, disk large and unpunctured ; hair black everywhere, short and sparse above ; scutellum well punctate except on anterior margin, blue colored and wide, post-scutellum nar- row and well punctured. Abdomen brilliant blue with purple reflections, punctation fine and sparse above, very abundant below, hairs everywhere black ; epi- pygium large, wide at the base, spines stout. Wings fuliginous, violaceous blue with purple tints, tegulse blue. Legs bluish purple with black hairs ; tibial scale large and prominent, both lower teeth sharp, the anterior one more narrowed throughout, irregularly notched above. Male. — Differs from the other sex as follows: Head smaller, not so thick, face narrower, blue and purple ; mandibles much smaller, lower tooth at apex much larger; labrum of one triangular lobe, ap- pearing trapezoidal in some specimens ; clypeus convex, more sparsely punctate, longitudinal carina more prominent ; frontal shield convex and not concaved above, lateral foveolse and frontal grooves deeper ; frontal carina pointed, upper margin flat ; median ocellus not deeply sunken, less carinated in front; eyes much larger, slightly converging 230 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxiv, above, so that the face is quite reduced; vertex above flat, punctures smaller, cheeks less thickened. Thorax having pale ochraceous hairs mixed with the black above and on the sides, black hairs below. Abdomen somewhat shorter, pale ochraceous hairs on the whole of the first segment, otherwise black; punctation above much finer and closer on the first four seg- ments, coarse but abundant on the remaining segments. Wings about as in female ; legs with tibial scale reduced. Variations. — I have a male from Alamogordo, N. M., which has been described by Cockerell as a variety (an::oncusis) of the species califoniica. I include this individual as a variation of the species ari::oncnsis (Cress.). It differs from the typical male ariaoncnsis described above, only as follows : Clypeus yellow except along the lower margin where it is black ; two brown longitudinal bands on the yellow area. Types. — A female lecto-type No. 2621, from Tucson, Arizona, and a male allo-type from Prescott, Arizona, in the Acad. Nat. Sc. at Philadelphia. Distribution. — Arizona, New Mexico, Lower California, Texas and Mexico. This species can be recognized by its brilliant blue color and by the fuliginous, almost opaque wings. It resembles calif ornica very closely and has even been called a subspecies of it. The wings of ariaoucnsis are much darker and more deeply colored than those "^f calif ornica and the color of the integument of the two species also is specifically different. Having studied the types of arizoncnsis and calif ornica as well as having found a dift'erence in the genitalia, there is no doubt in my mind that they are distinct species. The female of arizoncnsis has the hairs of the abdomen black everywhere, while the calif ornica female has pale ochraceous hairs on the first abdominal segment. The male of ariconensis has pale ochraceous pilosity on the sides of the first abdominal segment only, while calif ornica has these pale hairs on the whole first segment as well as on the hind margin laterally of segments three and four and a few along the sides of the intervening segments. From the above I see no reason why these two species should be regarded as one, even though both have many structural characters in common. On plate III, fig. 27, of The Insect Book Howard figures Xylocopa arizoncnsis. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Sac. Vol. XXIV. PI lo. Xylocopa. Sept., 1916.] AcKERMAN : Carpenter-Bees of U. S. 231 Explanation of Plate id. Fig. I. Fig-. 2. Fig. 3- Fig. 4- Fig. 5- Fig. 6. Fig. 7- Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Fig. II. Fig. 12. Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Fig. 15- Fig. 16. Fig. I/- Fig. 18. Fig. 19. Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Dorsal view of genitalia of Xylocopa arizonensis. Genitalia of Xylocopa californica. Genitalia of Xylocopa brasilianontm ccneipennis. Genitalia of Xylocopa brasilianornin brasilianorum. Genitalia of Xylocopa texana. Genitalia of Xylocopa virginica. Genitalia of Xylocopa tabaniformis. Genitalia of Xylocopa orpifex. Genitalia of Xylocopa micans. Side view of thorax of Xylocopa virginica. Anterior wing of female of Xylocopa virginica. Hind wing of female of Xylocopa virginica. Genitalia of Xylocopa fimbriata. Ventral view of sting of Xylocopa virginica. Front view of head of female Xylocopa ariaouensis. Front view of head of male Xylocopa virginica. Antenna of male Xylocopa californica. Mandible of female of Xylocopa finbriata. Mandible of female of Xylocopa virginica. Mandible of male of Xylocopa virginica. Tibia of female of Xylocopa virginica, with tibial scale. Index to Lettering of Plate 10. a anal vein. 0 ocelli. ag antennal grooves. olg outer longitudinal groove. at apical teeth. P propodeum. b bulb. Pc punctures. ba barbs. pg poison gland. bs basal vein. pi pedicel. c cardo. pn pronotum. cs clypeus. pnl pronotal lobe. ct costal vein. ps palpi of sting. ex cubital vein. PPs palpi-plates of sting. d discoidal vein. psc postscutellum. da depressed area. r radial vein. di disk. re^ first recurrent vein. e epimeron. re^ second recurrent vein. ep episternum. s stigma. f filagellum. sa sagitta. fo frontal carina. sc scutellum. fg frontal grooves set subcostal vein. fs frontal shield. sd sub-discoidal vein. fx front coxa. sh sheath. 9 fused plate of scutellum. si sinus. 232 Journal New York Entomological Society, t"^'^'- >^>^IV; h.v hind coxa. si sting canal. iig inner longitudinal groove. sp spiracle. it inner tooth. St stipes. k quadrate plate. t tegula. I labrum. tc tibial scale. If lateral foveolae. tcx, first transverso cubital vein. In lancet. fcx.. second transverso cubital vein, h anterior lobe. tcx. third transverso cubital vein. 1-2 posterior lobe. tin transverso medial vein. m median vein. tpln triangular plate of lancet. md mandible. V spatha. mp malar space. TV wing process. ms mesoscutum. X plate of metanotum. III.V median coxa. y pleural plate of metanotum. n scape. y-i pleural plate of metanotum. A REMARKABLE NEW GENUS OF ENCYRTID^ FROM THE WEST INDIES, BEARING TWO RING-JOINTS. By a. a. Girault, Washington, D. C. The following Aphelinine-like genus is unique (save for Mcro- myaobia Ashmead) in bearing two large, distinct ring-joints in the antennas. It differs from Meromyzohia in form, the funicle is but 3-jointed and the club is not long and solid but also 3-jointed. AMEROMYZOBIA new genus. Female. — Shaped like ApJicliiuis but the ovipositor distinctly ex- truded. In my table to the earth's encyrtine genera runs to Cocco- biiis, a genus based on composite specimens (an Aphclinns and an Arrhcnophagus). Head nearly round, thin, the face inflexed, the frons not prominent, of moderate width, the cheeks distinct but not so long as the eyes. Mandibles with three subequal, subacute teeth. Antenn?e lo-jointed, with two distinct ring-joints (as in most Ptero- malid?e), excluding the latter, as in Coccophagus. Fore wing broader than with Aphcliuiis, the hairless line present, the marginal vein nearly twice longer than wide, the stigmal somewhat over twice its Sept., i9i6.] Girault: New Encyrtid.e from West Indies. 233 length, long, the postmarginal obsolete or nearly. Marginal fringes of fore wings a little longer than normal (that is, not extremely short). Fore wing densely ciliate. Ovipositor extruded for a length equal to three fourths that of the ovate abdomen. Axilte united acutely. Propodeum cross-linear mesad, much longer laterad. Ameromyzobia aphelinoides new species. Genotype. Female. — Length o.go mm., excluding the ovipositor. Golden yellow, the wings slightly infuscated throughout, the distal half of the abdomen, the funicle, the propodeum except mesad and the extruded valves of the ovipositor, dusky or black. Scutum and scutellum with sparse, rather long, black setae. Funicles one to two subequal, each not quite twice longer than wide, a little shorter than the pedicel, three a little shorter than two. Club definite, slightly wider than the funicle and nearly as long. Second ring-joint a little larger than the first, both wider than long. The male appears to be similar but no perfect specimen at hand. From one pair in the U. S. National Museum from St. Vincent, West Indies (H. H. Smith). Type. — Catalogue No. 20294, U. S. National Museum, the female on a slide. TWO NEW CICADAS BELONGING TO THE GENUS OKANAGANA. By Wm. T. Davis, New Brighton,- Staten Island, N. Y. Through the courtesy of Mr. Edward P. Van Duzee I am enabled to describe a new species of Okanagana from Oregon. The fifteen specimens examined came originally from the Oregon Agricultural College and Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon. Okanagana oregona new species. Type male, Mary's Peak, Oregon, July 18, 1903. Davis collection. Allotype female, Corvallis, Oregon, June 4. Collection Edw. P. Van Duzee, Head as broad as the front margin of the pronotum ; front not much pro- duced. Median sulcus of the front deep and well defined. Pronotum with the humeral angles rounded and the anterior angles rather prominent. Oper- cula oblique with the extremities not as rounded as in some species of the genus. Last ventral segment with the base about as long as the sides which gradually converge to the rounded extremity. Uncus when viewed in profile 234 Journal New York Entomological Society, f^'o'- xxiv, sinuated but not hooked at the end ; when viewed from above broadened out and then constricted before the extremity which is notched. Basal areole of the fore wings clear or very little clouded, oblong, square at apex. Costa of the fore wings yellowish to beyond the middle, then fuscous ; flaps at base of wings bright red ; the dark clouded spot at base of cubital cell, common to many species, is not present, there is, however, the usual black spot at the extreme base of the wing. Hind wings entirely bright red at base, the red edged outwardly with irregular clouded spots. The dorsum partly covered with short golden hairs, especially on the abdomen, while the underside is clothed with rather long silky hairs. Head black with the supra-antennal plates, a band, expanded at the extremities extending transversely before the front ocellus, and the median groove leading from the ocellus to the hind margin, yellowish. Beneath, the head is black in the region of the transverse rugje, margined with yellowish. Pronotum black, margined all around, but very nar- rowly in front, with yellowish. Metanotum black, posteriorly margined with yellowish. Dorsum of the abdomen black, the segments edged posteriorly with reddish. Uncus black. Beneath, pale, including the valve, with black spots and stripes about the legs. There are some conspicuous black markings at the base of the abdomen, and more than the terminal half of the rostrum is shining black. Me.\surements (in Millimeters). ISIale type. Female allotype Length of body 20 19 Width of head across eyes 6 6 Expanse of fore wings 48 50 Greatest width of fore wing 8 8.5 Greatest width of operculum 2.5 Length of valve 4 In addition to the type which is figured and allotype, the follow- ing specimens have been examined: Corvallis, Oregon, June 29, 1896, female; June, 1906, male (Buchanan); May 2y, female (Currin) ; July 9, male; August, female. Mary's Peak, Oregon, July 18, 1903, three males (Gellatly). Eugene, Oregon, June 10, 1905, male (Fos- ter). Crooked River, Oregon, June 23, 1906, male and female in copulation ; also female marked 1906. Philomath, Oregon, Septem- ber 14, 1906, male. Sept., 19 16.] Davis: Two New Cicadas. 235 Accompanying these specimens there is a pupa 20 mm. in length and 6 mm. across the eyes. It is an Okanagana pupa and probably belongs to this species. The long series of specimens shows this to be a distinct species. It is not the Cicada occidcntalis described by Francis Walker in The Naturalist in Vancouver Island and British Columbia by John Keast Lord, London, 1866, which is a much larger insect with different markings. From the collection of the University of Kansas I have received for study through the kindness of Prof. S. J. Hunter and Mr. R. H. Beamer, a female Okanagana that differs considerably from other members of the genus known to me. Okanagana rotundifrons new species. Type, female, Congress Junction, Yavapai Co., Arizona, July (F. H. Snow). A shining black and yellowish species with a conspicuously blunt and rounded front. Head as broad as the front margin of the prothorax ; the front blunt and rounded ; the median sulcus broad and shallow. Pronotum with the humeral angles rounded, and the anterior angles both rounded and deflexed. The last ventral segment is broadly and deeply notched. Fore wings with the basal areole oblong, square at apex, and very clear; venation, including the costal and subcostal veins, shining black, except along the inner margins of the costal and subcostal veins and at the base of the wings, which is straw colored. Flaps of the fore wings pinkish in color ; of the hind wings also pinkish but including a fuscous dash. Head above shining black, the supra-antennal plates yellowish except close to the eyes and the transverse groove above the front also yellowish. The front is shining black except a well defined line bordering the sides at the edge of the transverse rugse. Pronotum shining black, the hind margin and median sulcus yellowish, the remainder of the surface in- tricately mottled with yellowish and black. Mesonotum shining black, with the hind margin narrowly yellowish, also a yellowish spot near the base of each fore wing. The W-mark is nearly obliterated, only the outer lines showing faintly. Metanotum black with the posterior margin yellowish. Dorsum of the abdomen shining black with the hind margins of all the segments edged with yellowish. Beneath, the legs are black, touched, particularly at the joints and narrowly along the sides, with yellowish ; each abdominal segment is shining black at the base and yellowish on the posterior margin. The yellowish areas, both above arid below, are also shining. Measurements (in Millimeters). Female type. Length of body 25 Width of head across eyes 8 Expanse of fore wings 71 Greatest width of fore wing 11.5 236 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. While the type is so far the only known specimen, this species may be easily separated from all the other described members of the genus by the peculiarly blunt and rounded front and shining black and yel- lowish surface. Explanation of Plate ii. Fig. I. Okanagana oregona Davis. Type. Fig. 2. Okanagana rotundifrons Davis. Type. Fig. 3. Okanagana rotundifrons greatly enlarged to show rounded front. LOUIS H. JOUTEL. Entomologists will learn with regret of the death of Mr. Joutel at his home in New York City on September 6, 1916. He was well known as a natural history artist whose work was remarkable for its accuracy, and as a careful student of insects. He faithfully served the New York Entomological Society in many ways and for some years was its treasurer, until failing health prevented further ac- tivities. A more extended account of his work will be published in a future number of the Journal. CHRISTOPHER H. ROBERTS. As we go to press we learn of the death, on September 29, at Pawling, N. Y., of Christopher H. Roberts, a former president of the New York Entomological Society, and one of our best known mem- bers. A more detailed notice will appear in a later issue. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXIV. PL II. Cicadidse. Sept., 19 16.] Proceedings of the Society, 237 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting of May 2, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held on May 2, 1916, at 8:15 P.M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Presi- dent Harry G. Barber in the chair, with seventeen members and three visitors present. The Curator reported gift of insects from Natal from Mr. S. G. Rich. Mr. Wunder for the Outing Committee, brought up a Decoration Day meeting at Lahaway for discussion. The Secretary was instructed to put a notice in the Bulletin and further action was deferred to the next meeting. Mr. Schaeffer for the Publication Committee, reported progress and in- terest shown in the Van Duzee List. Dr. J. Bequaert read " Remarks on North American Nycteribiids," illus- trated by specimens of these bat parasites and the related Streblidae of similar habits, pointing out the comparative scarcity of Nycteribiidje in the new world, three species only being known out of fifty-four described in the family. The taxonomy of the family was discussed and will be published later. The paper was discussed by the President and Dr. Lutz. Mr. Watson exhibited A try tone sabulon, contributing a note in reference thereto, which will be printed in Miscellaneous Notes; also a small collection of Lepidoptera from the River Amazon, between Para and Manaos, collected by Dr. J. P. Thornley, on board a steamer during February ; and several boxes of Florida Rhopalocera, collected by the Museum Expedition of 1914. covering northern Florida, from Jacksonville to Pensacola, September 25 to October 21. Mr. Watson said that the total number of species and varieties was 73, of which 60 were found at Gainesville. The best single day's collection was on September 28 at Gainesville, when 35 species and varieties were taken ; but at Pensacola four males of Thanaos funeralis Scudder & Burgess, a species not heretofore recorded from Florida, were found. The complete record will be included in a forthcoming List of Florida Lepidoptera. Mr. Davis, after commenting on the skilful preparation of Mr. Watson's butterflies, spoke of the abundance of the dogshead butterfly at Wilmington and Southern Pines, N. C, he had noted during the past fortnight and of the excellent wild country near Southport, N. C, where he and Mr. Barber had also collected and where he had been able to personally experience the effects of rattlesnake bite without serious results. The snake, a small ground rattler, about nine or ten inches long was found disappearing in a pile of bricks, and its identity being unsuspected from the usual rattles being replaced by a small button, was_ seized by the middle, per- mitting it to turn and inflict a wound on one finger, followed by great swelling and, by the next morning, some giddiness and much discoloration of the af- 238 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv, fected parts. The specimen, fortunately young, was shown by Mr. Davis and the inconvenient but interesting experience served to corroborate Cope's men- tion of its occurrence in North Carolina, for Mr. Brimley's List, without in- terfering with his insect collecting. Mr. Barber added some further details of the interest locally excited by Mr. Davis's experience and spoke of the case with which Southport is reached by Atlantic Coast Line in about eighteen hours, and the excellent prospects for collecting there later in the season. There was no sweeping to speak of in the latter part of April and little sweeping, the collecting being mainly in beating pine and cedar. Mr. Davis spoke again of some of the friends he had visited, particularly of Mr. and Mrs. Manee, the latter being an able assistant to her husband, ob- taining interesting results from trowel investigations of suspicious holes in the ground, and of Mr. Schwarz and H. S. Barber, with his filial devotion to his senior. Mr. Dow exhibited beetles from Lahaway, offering any desirable specimens to his fellow members, and of the photograph of Mr. Shoemaker, taken to commemorate his fiftieth birthday. the; NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Organized June 29, 1892. — Incorporated June 7, 1893. The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each month (except June, July, August and September) at 8 p. M., in the American Museum av Natural History, 77th Street and Eighth Ave. Annual dues for Active Members, ^3.00. Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to the treasurer. OflScers for the Year 1916. Presidettt,\i. G. BARBER .... 12 Clay Ave., Rosalie Park, New Jersey. Vice-President, L. B. WOODRUFF 14 East 68th Street, New York. Secretory, CHAS. W. LENG 33 Murray St., New York. 7reasurer,\\M.T. l)kV\'?> 146 Stuyvesant Places New Brighter. .Staten Island, N. \ . Librarian, YRA.1^K E. WATSON American Museum of Natural Historj New York. Curator, A J. MUTCHLER. . . American Museum of Natural History, New York, EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. R C. OsBORN, Chas. E. Si.eight, R p. DnW Geo. p. Engelhardt, E. Shoemaker. - publication committee Chas. .Schaeefer, F. E. Lutz, W. P. Comstock, E. L. DlCKERSON. AUDITING COMMITTEE. C. F. Groth, G. W. J. Angell, John D. Sherman, Jr. EI ELD COMMITTEE. Chas. Wunder, A. S. Nkoiay DELEGATE TO THE N. V. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. WiLi.iAM T. Davis. vJOURK AI^ OF 1 HE ?ublished quarterly by the Society, at 41 North Queen St., Lancaster Pa. and New York City. All communications relating to the Journal should be sent to the Publication Committee, New York Entomological Society, American Museum of Natural History, New York City; all subscriptions to the Treasurer, VVm. T. Davis, 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, Staten Is., New York, and all books and pamphlets to the Librarian Frank E. Watson, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Terms for subscription, ^2,00 per year, strictly in ad- ance. Please make all checks, money-orders, or drafts oayable to NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Authors of each contribution to the Journal shall be entitled to 25 separates of such contribution without change of form. If a larger num- ber be desired they will be supplied at the following rates, provided notice is sent to the Publication Committee before the page proof has been corrected : 4<' for each reprint of a i to 4 pp. art 6r %c IOC 12c ly 14c 5 " 8 9 " 12 13 " 16 17 " 20 21 " 24 25 " 28 29 " 32 cle. One cent additional for each half-tont- print. Covers on same paper as the Journal, with printed title page, $1.50 for 50 covers, and 2 cents for each additional cover. Vol. XXIV. No. 4. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK Entomological Society, H)evote^ to JEutomoloa^ in (BeneraL DECEMBER, 1916. Edited by CHARLES SCHAEFFER Publication Committee. Charles Schaeffer. F. E. Lutz w. p. comstock. f. l. dickerson. Published. Quarterly t>y tine Socltity. LANCASTER, PA. NEW YORK CITY. 1916 [Entered April 21, 1904,31 Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter -"der Act of Congress of July 16, 1894.] 'THE NEW ERA PRINT CONTENTS Louis H. Joutel. By Wm. T. Davis ... 239 Biological Notes on Ceutorhynchus Marginatus Payk. By S. W. Frost . 243 Notes Concerning Gastrophilus Haemorrhoidalis Linn. By R. R. Parker . . 253 New Species of the Family Elateridae. By Chas. Schaefffr ... 256 The Orders and Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. By G. C. Crampton 267 The Ash Leaf Bug, Neoborus Amoenus Reut. By Edg. L. Dickerson and Harry B. Weiss ... 302 Miscellaneous Notes 306 Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society . . . 307 JOURNAL OF THE Vol. XXIV. DECEMBER, 1916. No. 4. LOUIS H. JOUTEL. By Wm. T. Davis, New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y. More than half a century ago a number of families from France settled a short distance north of the Delaware River, in Delaware County, New York, at what was subsequently called French Woods, and there, on August 19, 1858, Louis Hippolyte Joutel was born. A little later his family removed to New York City, where he attended public school ; then the art school in Cooper Union, and being an exceptionally good observer he picked up considerable knowledge about a number of subjects. For about thirty-five years he lived in the house at 164 East 117th St. In early days the surroundings were much more rural, but the great city gradually became densely built over and the population about his home more and more crowded. The garden, however, in which he and his sister took such a keen in- terest, remained the same, or there were only those small changes brought about by the planting of more trees, the foliage of which was to serve as food for many broods of caterpillars. This garden was small, for the house stood on but a city lot, yet it contained a green- house, where cacti in particular were grown, also beds of flowers and about twenty §mall forest trees that with characteristic ingenuity had been strapped to the fence and were from time to time skillfully pruned to keep them within bounds. Here in this garden he and his sister carried on many experiments; numerous species of moths were reared and even crossed, some of the hybrids being remarkable 239 240 Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. xxiv. for their intermediate characters. In summer there were a number of aquaria in the garden and no pains were spared to rear gold fish of fantastic forms, and as many other species as would survive in so confined an area as a big glass jar or a tank. From this interesting home many excursions were made to Bronx Park, Fort Lee and other nearby places in New Jersey, to Staten Island and to Long Island, in search of specimens. Sometimes it was for insects, but often for plants and fish for the aquaria, in fact for anything in nature that appeared interesting and unusual. Many excursions were made to collect material in aid of his work, for Mr. Joutel was one of the most skillful natural history artists in America, and his knowledge of insects and their habits was a great asset in connection with his artistic work. His illustrations are well known. They will be found in some of Dr. Alpheus S. Packard's works, such as his Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of North America, in the reports of Dr. Ephraim P. Felt, state ento- mologist of New York; in some of the reports of the New Jersey state entomologist, in the Bulletins of the American Museum of Natural History and in many other publications devoted to entomol- ogy. Mr. Joutel was an illustrator for Harper and Brothers for a number of years, but when able, relinquished his work as a general illustrator and devoted himself to natural history subjects. This gave him a chance to investigate ; to go afield in connection with his work, and before ill health prevented, he was active in rearing many kinds of insects, as well as fish, frogs, etc. He even raised some land or box turtles in his little garden. Facts of interest in con- nection with his entomological investigations were often presented at the meetings of the New York Entomological Society up to the year 1910. At the meeting of April 20, 1897, he exhibited about fifty species of beetles, mostly Longicorns that had been bred by him, and throughout the early published proceedings of the Society there is much information contributed by Mr. Joutel. In the summer of 1903 Mr. Joutel was ill and later had pneu- monia. Though he seemed at the time to recover from this attack, his illness gradually developed into consumption, but at his age the progress of the disease was not very rapid. No one was a better judge of his condition than he, not even the several doctors that examined him, and his shrewd observations on the matter, as indeed Dec, 1916.] Louis H. Joutel. 241 on many other things, was what often made a call on Mr. Joutel so interesting. He would point out some nice little differences in the insects he had lately examined, show you a cactus that had been skill- fully grafted, or make some comical comments about himself. He certainly was most ingenious and had the ability to look at things, himself included, from several points of view. As to his skill in mechanical accomplishment, it may be stated that he decided to change the heating plant in his home, so he bought the materials and installed a hot water system, doing all the work himself. He said it was good exercise, for part of the day he would be sitting all too quietly drawing insects for Prof. Packard or Dr. Felt. It is to be regretted that Mr. Joutel did not publish more of his observations, especially on white ants, of which he gave several interesting accounts to the New York Entomological Society. In July, 1903, he wrote in a letter: " I had a sad accident happen to my white ants. The cats had a fight among the jars and the whole thing was destroyed. I spent the morning looking over the debris for a few pairs and found two, so I will have to start fresh. I cut up the logs I brought home and was fortunate to find an old queen in one and she is now laying lots of eggs. She is about so long , and does not seem able to walk alone, but with the help of the workers she moves about from one place to another," It has often been said that the Monograph of the Genus Saperda by Dr. Felt and Mr. Joutel was a model of its kind and in the preface to that work it is stated that "the junior author has undertaken the illustrations and systematic study of the species." His part in this work was probably his chief contribution to entomology, but his many fine plates drawn for Dr. Packard's monographs must not be forgotten in this connection. Mr. Joutel was recording secretary of the New York Entomo- logical Society from 1894 to 1897; treasurer from 1898 to 1903, and also served on many of the standing committees. The Society never had a better member ; one who was more willing to do his best for its welfare. He passed away September 6, 1916, and is buried in Green- wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York. Bibliography. 1893. Some Notes on the Ravages of the White Ant (Termes flavipes). < JouRXAL N. Y. Ento. Soc, I : 89-90. 242 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv. 1901. Note on Sesia Sigmoidea. < Journal N. Y, Ento. Soc, IX: 190. 1901. Larva of Isochaetes Beutenmulleri on Staten Island, N. Y. < Journal N. Y. Ento. Soc, IX: 190. 1901. A Self-Decorating Geometrid Larva. < Journal N. Y. Ento. Soc, IX: 191. 1902. A New Species of Saperda. < Entomological News, 13: 33-34- 1904. Monograph of the Genus Saperda (in conjunction with Ephraim Porter Felt). N. Y.' State Museum Bulletin 74, Entomology 20, Albany, N. Y. June, 1904. 1906. Observations on Cicada tibicen L. and Allied Forms. (In conjunc- tion with Wm. T. Davis.) < Entomological News, 17: 237-239. 1907. Philosamia Cynthia and Callosamia Promethea Crosses. < Journal N. Y. Ento. Soc, XV: 101-103. 191 1. Phymatodes lengi, Joutel. < Journal N, Y. Ento. Soc, XIX: 198. In the published Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society are to be found many contributions by Mr. Joutel, the most important of which are as follows : Exhibition of Leptitra emarglnata found ovipositing in the branch of a white oak; meeting, October i, 1895. Notes on the life history of species of Saperda and Goes; meeting, Nov. 19, 1895. Exhibition of Cyllene pictus and its borings in hickory ; meeting, March 3, 1896. Exhibition of the cruel plant, Physianthns albens, with insects hanging from the flowers; meetings, October 6 and 20, 1896. On the breeding habits of beetles and exhibition of specimens ; meeting, April 20, 1897. On the protective habit of Cotalpa lanigera in drawing the edges of the leaves together; meeting, January 4, 1898. Ceruchus picens in decayed white birch ; meeting, February 15, 1898. Variety of Spilosoma latipennis with yellow forelegs; meeting, October 4, 1898. Crioceris 13-punctata on Long Island, N. Y., and Callida punctata in Bronx Park; meeting, October 3, 1899. Exhibition of all of the described species of Saperda; meeting, February 4, 1902. The ear-wig, Anisolabia maritima, common along the East River under rubbish ; meeting. March 4, 1902. Exhibition of reared specimens of Hydroecia appassionata, a rare moth ; meeting, October 21, 1902. Exhibition of Yania-mai moths showing variations in color; meeting, January 20, 1903. Food habits of Goes pulveriilenta ; meeting, April 7, 1903. On the stridulation of Cychrns viduns, meeting, October 6, 1903. Exhibition of species of Saperda from North America, Europe and Asia ; meeting, December 4, 1904. Joiini. N. Y. Eni. Soc. Vol. XXIV. PI. 12. Louis H. Joutel. Dec, 1916.] Notes on Ceutorhynchus marginatus. 243 Observations on white ants; meeting, December 19, 1905. North American forms of the genus Strategits ; meeting, December 18, 1906. Exhibition of pamphlet by Spinola, 1839, wherein are described and figured a few species of peculiar Coleoptera; meeting, January 15, 1907. The Ptinid beetle, Gibbium scotias, collected by Wm. T. Davis in the New York Produce Exchange; meeting, April 2, 1907. Exhibition of Cynthia and Promethea moth hybrids with remarks on the same; meeting. May 21, 1907. Some curious results of the crossing of Cynthia and Promethea moths and some interesting variations of Cynthia; meeting, November 19, 1907. Differences in the color of adult moths affected by feeding the cater- pillars in the dark; meeting, March 3, 1908. On the habits of the white ant. Vermes flavipes ; meeting, October 19, 1909. A Scarabaeid new to Long Island, Trichius texanus Horn, collected by Mr. Engelhardt ; meeting, March 15, 1910. Thelydrias contractus difficult to kill with bisulphide of carbon; meeting, May 3, 1910. BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON CEUTORHYNCHUS MARGINATUS PAYKULL (COL.).^ Bv S. W. "Frost. Ithaca, N. Y. During the past season the writer found the larvae of a small beetle feeding on the ovules and seeds of the dandelion. This insect attracted much attention, for little seemed to be knov^n about it. Specimens were sent to C. W. Leng, who identified them as Ceutor- hynchus marginatus Payk., a European species heretofore unknown to America. The abundance of the insect, its interesting habits, and undoubted economic importance induced the writer to make a study of its life history. At this point the writer wishes to express his thanks to Dr. Robert Matheson who has assisted greatly in correcting and arranging this paper. Historical. From an examination of the European literature it appeared that very little was known of the life history and habits of this beetle. It 1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of Cornell University. 244 Journal New York Entomological Society. t^oL xxiv. was originally described by PaykuU (1792). Since that time several systematic papers dealing with this group have been published by various authors among which Gyllenhal, Schultz, Weiss, Bedel, Rye, Perris, and Edwards are the most important. Practically nothing has been published on its life history. Kawall (1867) gives a few notes on the larva of Caiiodes punctigcr Schh. {^= Ceutorhynchus margiiiatiis var. piinctiger Gyll.) occurring in the heads of dandelions. Perris (1876) verifies Kawall's observations and states further that C. marginatus Payk. occurs in the heads of Hypochccris maciilata, a plant belonging to the same group as the dandelion, Taraxacum officinale. Distribution. This species is common throughout Europe. It has been recorded from England, Germany, France, Italy, Turkey and from several places in northern Africa. In this country, as far as known, it is not widely distributed. It has been taken in New York, Massachusetts and Ohio. The writer has found the species abundant at Ithaca. Dryden and Freeville, N. Y. Other collectors have taken it at Padles- ford, Syracuse, Portage, Batavia, Sonyea, Holcomb, Nunda, and West Point, N. Y. Food Plants. The larva of C. marginatus feeds on the ovules and seeds of our common dandelion Taraxacum officinale. Kawall (1867) men- tions the same food plant. Bargagli (1883) states that he found the larvae working on a species of Trifolium. He also found the variety C. marginatus punctiger Gyll. feeding in the heads of Tar- axacum vulgare. Perris (1876) and Bedel (1888) give Hypochceris maculata, a plant belonging to the dandelion group, as a food plant. Heretofore there has been no records of the feeding habits of the adults. An observer at Syracuse, N. Y., reported that the adults were found on lettuce and were causing serious injury. The writer has seen the adults feeding on the leaves and stems of the dandelion making large scars on the stems and eating out irregular patches on the under surface of the leaves (Plate III, fig. 4). They have not been observed feeding on lettuce though close search has been made about Ithaca. It is interesting to note that most of the North American species Dec, 1916.] Notes on Ceutorhynchus marginatus. 245 of Ceutorhynchus, north of Mexico, which have been studied, forty- seven according to Chittenden, have been found on cruciferous plants. Blatchley and Leng (1916) state that C. ncgJcctns probably feeds on Polygonum sp. The species of Ceutorhynchus occurring in Europe have been found on many plants other than the cruciferse; Polygonum is mentioned by Blatchley and Leng, and Bargagli (1883) gives a long list of plants on which they occur. This beetle is evidently capable of playing an important part in checking the spread of the dandelion. The writer has observed that an enormous amount of seed is destroyed by the larvae of this beetle. When four or five larva; are present a large percentage of the seeds are destroyed. During the egg-laying period one thousand four hundred dandelion heads were examined to determine the percentage of infestation. These were gathered from five different localities about Ithaca, N. Y., and are representative. Sixty-five per cent, of the dandelions were found to be infested. The preceding summer no counts were made but the writer is of the opinion that the infestation was even greater. The following table gives the counts made in 1916. Number of Heads Examined. Number of Heads Infested. Number qf Heads Free. Percentage Infesta- tion. 300 300 300 300 200 220 158 141 261 128 80 142 159 39 72 73% 52% 47% 87% 64% 1,400 908 492 65% A number of counts was also made to determine the percentage of seeds eaten in a single flower head. Number of Larvae Total Number of Number of Seeds Percentage of Seeds Present. Seeds. Eaten. Eaten. 2 198 38 24% 2 186 20 11% 4 162 84 51% ? 169 51 31% 2 166 86 51% I 137 70 51% ? 169 63 35% 3 186 68 36% 246 Journal New York Entomological Society, [Vol. xxiv. Life History. On April twenty-six the beetles were first observed coming out of their hibernating quarters. A few days later egg laying com- menced. April thirtieth eggs were found abundant out of doors although pairs of beetles which were kept indoors did not commence laying until May 2. The writer had no difficulty in inducing the beetles to lay in captivity. Copulation lasts for five or six minutes. The male grasps the female about the abdomen with his middle and hind legs. His front legs are stretched forwards and the claws are hooked over the front edge of the prothorax of the female. A few minutes after copulation the female becomes nervous and wanders over the dandelion bud and finally comes to rest at the base of the bud with her head downward. She here proceeds to bore a hole into the bud with her proboscis. At first she eats her way through the involucre, then works her beak between the ovules until she forces it down its entire length into the bud. This takes her about nineteen or twenty minutes, after which she turns about quickly and lays her eggs through the hole she has made. The number of eggs laid in a single puncture varies from one to five. From an examination of over two hundred dande- lion heads two eggs were found to be the average number. It is not uncommon to find as many as three or four egg punctures in a single bud, so that a bud may contain as many as ten eggs. Infested buds are very conspicuous because of the black masses at their base formed by the milky fluid of the dandelion which oozes through the egg punctures and hardens on the outside. The eggs are laid throughout a considerable period of time. A number of experiments were carried on to determine the oviposition period. All the beetles used in these experiments were collected before egg laying was observed out of doors. The first eggs laid in captivity were on the second of May. During May eggs were very abundant but in June egg laying was greatly reduced and in July only a few eggs were laid. Thus the oviposition period lasts a little over two months. Dec, 1916.] Notes on Ceutorhynchus marginatus. 247 Table of Number of Eggs Laid by Ceutorhynchus marginatus Payk. Exp. April. May. No. 26 27 28 29 30 I 2 3 4 s 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 IS B 19 X X X X X X X X X X X "&9i^^ X X 2 2 4 5 5 2 3 I 5 2 4 6 9D. 2 5 2 2 9L. 2 2 X 4 2 3 2 d"L.R. s 3 2 2 3 3 4 I 2 2 2 I I I 2 2 I X 5 I 3 3 2 C.8 2 6 I 6 I 7 5 I 4 I 3 I 2 3 2 I 2 3 2 I I 2 4 3 4 B 20 B21 B 22 R ''3 B 24 B ''5 I 9D. B rsf, B 27 B 28 B 29 B31 B 3'' 2 3 7 4 4 2 B45 B50 B64 6 X 4 Exp. May. June. nJ. 16 17 18 19 1 ^ 20 21 22 2; 24 25 26 2/ 28 29 30 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 B I B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B 2 B2 B2 B2 B3 B3 B4 BS B6 ? 0 I 2 3 4 5 5 7 8 I 2 5 0 4 4 c. 4 2 2 6 I 3 5 2 2 2 c. 3 3 2 2 2 2 I 2 5 c 3 K9 L. 2 ■ c.V ■ ■ cfD.R. 4 4 C. c: 2 4 5 7 3 I 2 Exp. June. No. 8 9 ID II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 B 19 B 20 B 21 ' I 3 C. 2 2 • • d'L.R. B 22 B23 B 24 B25 B26 B 27 B 28 B 29 B31 B 3? 4 2 . . 3 2 9L. 3 2 2 d^L. 5 B45 B SO B64 9D. 248 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. June. July. 30 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 8 1 9 B 19 B 20 B21 d^9D. 2 I B 22 B23 B 24 B25 B 26 3 9D.c^L. B 27 c^9D. B 28 B 29 B31 cfD. 9D. B32 2 B 45 B 50 B64 July. Total No. Eggs Laid. Exp. No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 B 19 35 B 20 B21 cTQD. 36 I B 22 B23 cf 9D. g B 24 c^D. 2 B25 25 43 13 38 0 B 26 I B27 B 28 9D. B 29 B31 38 47 73 8 B32 d'D. 9D. B 45 B 50 B64 9D. I X = Experiment started. C. = Copulation observed. D. =Dead. L. R. = Replaced. = Lost. Many of the flowers are deformed by the egg punctures of the female. Punctures at the base of the bud in their normal position do not interfere with the development of the flower but frequently the female makes a puncture near the top of the bud. In this case the individual flowers of the head become distorted about the puncture and the dandelion does not develop symmetrically. There may be other reasons for deformed flowers but a puncture near the top of the bud is certain to interfere with the normal development of the flower. Dec, 1916.] Notes on Ceutorhynchus marginatus. 249 The Egg. — The egg when laid is pale yellow or nearly transparent and looks like a minute drop of jelly. It is smooth, shining, and without any sculpturing. About a day before hatching the chitinized mandibles of the larva can be seen working beneath the egg shell. The shape of the egg varies somewhat. They are usually elliptical though frequently they tend towards ovoid. Length .6y mm., width .42 mm. Larva. — The larva is perhaps the most conspicuous stage of this insect. The adults while abundant are only seen in early spring and even then they are shy and like to hide away at the base of the plant. During May and June one can pick up a dandelion bud most any- where and be quite certain to find two or three fat grubs feeding on the seeds. Incubation Period of Ceutorhynchus marginatus. Exp. No. Eggs Laid. Eggs Hatched. No. of Days. B 30 B ^i? April 30 May 2 6 8 22 " 24 " 24 " 24 June 23 May 5 5 II " 13 " 28 June I I May 30 June 29 5 3 BS3 B 63 5 5 B 69 6 B3 B 6 8 8 B7 B 78 6 6 The eggs hatch in three to eight days. Although the young larvx take their first meal on the ovules they do not feed very much until the flowers have been fertilized and the seeds have commenced to develop. At this time the larvae feed ravenously, seeming to be aware that they must hasten their growth before the seeds become hard and dried. They burrow into the seeds, eating out the contents and leaving nothing but the seed coats. A single larva requires from fifteen to twenty seeds for its development and when several larvae are present nearly all the seeds of the flower head are eaten. If a dandelion head is opened at this time the presence of the larvae is very evident for great masses of excrement and excavated seeds fill the head (Plate II, fig. 4). The mature larva (Plate I, fig. 2) is a footless grub 5^ to 6 mm. long and i>4 mm. wide. It tapers gradually towards both ends and 250 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. is widest about one third the distance from the caudal end. The divisions of the segments are distinct on the ventral side. On the dorsal side the segment are subdivided into smaller lobes, usually two. The last abdominal segment bears a fleshy proleg. The head is rather small and moderately chitinized. The eyes are missing and the antennae are represented by a minute protuberance near the lower end of the frontal sutures. The mandibles are not more heavily chitinized than the head except at the tips. These have two blunt teeth and a single seta on the outer margin. The epicranial suture is distinct ; the main arm extends to about the middle of the head, and the two branches extend nearly to the inner angle of the mandibles where they curve inwards. The front is rather small, and bears a pair of setae at its cephalic margin. The epicranium is not separated from the genae by sutures. It bears on each side four setae, one near the main arm of the epi- cranial suture and about the same distance from the point where the suture divides. A second seta laterad and slightly above the first. A third laterad of the branches of the epicranial suture, very close to it and about the middle of the suture. A fourth at the lower angle of the epicranium near the end of the epicranial suture. There are two setae oh the genae, the first is at the side of the head and about half way between the first and third seta of the epicranium. The second is lateral and below the fourth seta of the epicranium. The clypeus is distinctly set off by sutures and is about three times as broad as long. The labrum is distinct and bears a pair of large median setae and a small seta laterad of these. The under side of the labrum is complex. There are five pairs of sense cones and a pair on each of the outer margins. Cocoon. — The cocoons (Plate III, fig. 5) are formed very shortly after the larvae enter the ground. Several times I have noticed that larvae, which had fallen from the flower heads, had, on the following morning, formed their cocoons. The cocoons are rather regular and oval and formed of particles of earth joined together by a viscous substance which also lines the cocoon on the inside. They are very hard and retain their shape after the beetles have emerged, which is from 26 to 33 days after the cocoon is formed. Pupa. — About eleven days after the larva has formed its cocoon transformation takes place and a creamy white pupa is formed Dec, 1916.] Notes on Ceutorhynchus marginatus. 251 (Plate I, fig. 3). There are thirty-four strong setae which support the pupa within its cocoon. Fourteen of these are on the dorsal side, three pairs along the middle, three setae on each of the posterior angles, and one seta on each of the anterior angles of the prothorax. On the head there are two pairs of setae; one pair on the middle of the head directly forward and a single smaller seta on each side of the head. The beak has two pairs of setae; one pair near the middle and a pair near the base. In addition to these there are a pair of setae on the outer angles of each pair of legs. The antennas appear to be joined near the base of the beak but as a matter of fact are joined near the tip, as in the adult, the long basal segment in the pupa being inclosed in the pupal skin. The last ventral abdominal segment bears a pair of chitinized hooks. Length 2.89 mm. Width, 1.97 mm. Adult. — The adult (technically described by Blatchley and Leng, 1916, p. 444) is a small beetle about three millimeters long, broadly ovate with a distinct white patch at the base of the elytra. The head, upper parts of the thorax, elytra and legs are dark, almost black, and coarsely punctured, while the under side of the thorax and abdomen are covered with whitish scales. The beak is long and has a pair of elbowed antennas inserted on the lower half (Plate I, fig- 4)- The adults are not very active and are rarely seen. They are shy and like to hide at the base of the plant. When the plant is jarred they drop to the ground, feigning death, the beak and legs drawn close to the body. They often remain on their backs for several minutes without moving. There is but one generation a year and the species hibernate as adults. All the larvae, under observation, formed their pupal cases immediately on entering the ground and emerged in 26 to 33 days. After the first two weeks of July no eggs or larvae could be found out of doors. The beetles seem to have disappeared. All the beetles which had been laying in captivity died off during the early part of July. In the fall the beetles were found very abundant among the pine needles at the base of pine trees. On November a large num- ber were separated from the needles. Again on February i the beetles were obtained by sifting the same kind of material. Trash from the fields where the beetles were abundant during the summer 252 Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. xxiv. was examined without results. The beetles therefore leave the fields in fall and migrate to some sheltered place to pass the winter. The pine needles form a thick mat under the trees where C. marginatus was found very abundantly. One cannot help but admire the way in which the transformations of this beetle have been so fitly adjusted to the development of the florescence of the dandelion. The early stages of the beetle and the formation of the flower are synchronous. In order to appreciate this it is necessary to recall the formation of the dandelion bud. It first appears as a minute shapeless bud hidden in a rosette of leaves below the surface of the ground. This bud soon pushes to the surface of the groimd (Plate II, fig. i) and becomes inviting to the beetles, for it is at this time that the adults lay their eggs in the buds. There is a comparatively short period of time in which the female must seek the bud and deposit her eggs. The eggs must be laid in the bud while it is still young. If they are not laid at this early stage the larvae are unable to attain their full growth before the seeds ripen and become dried. Providing the eggs are laid at the proper time the larvae attain their full growth by the time the seeds ripen and the characteristic white floats of the dandelion are formed. As the ripened seeds separate the larvae crawl out and drop to the ground where they burrow into the soil for about an inch and form their cocoons. Literature Cited. Bargagli, p. Bassegna Biologica Rhincofori Europei, 1883-87. Bargagli, p. Bassegna Biologica Rhincofori Europei, Italian Ent. Soc, XVIII, pp. 3-27, 259-307, 1886. Bedel, L. Fauna des coleoptera du bassin de la Seine. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., VI, pp. 159, 170, 331, 427. 1888. Chittenden, F. H. Remarks on the Food Habits of Species of Ceuto- rhynchus. Bui. 23, n. s., p. 50. U. S. D. A. Div. Ent. 1900. Kawall, J. H. Coeliodes punctiger Schh. und Olibrus bicolor Fb. Stettin. Ent. Zeit., XXVIII, p. 117-118. 1867. Perris, E. Notiz bei Perris. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr., p. 188. 1876. Von Paykull, G. Monographia Curculionum, p. 27. Fn. Sueciae, III, p. 211. 1792. Blatchley, W. S. and Lend, C. W. Rhynchophora or Weevils of North- eastern America, p. 444. 19 16. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXIV. PI. 13. Ceutorhynchus marginatus Payk. Jo urn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXIV. PI. 14. Ceutorhynchus marginatus Payk. Joiirn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXIV. PL 15. Ceutorhynchus marginatus Payk. Dec, 1916.] Gastrophilus h^morrhoidalis Linn^us. 253 EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Plate 13. Fig. I. Eggs. Fig. 2. Larva. Fig- 3- Pupa. Fig. 4- Adult. Fig. 5- Pygidium of male. Fig. 6. Mandible of larva. Fig. 7- Head of larva. Fig. 8. Labrum and maxillae of larva Pl.^te 14. Fig. I. Dandelion rosette showing young buds at the time when the egg punctures are made. Fig. 2. Dandelion bud showing egg puncture through the involucre ; also blackened spots formed by the milky fluid of the dandelion which oozes through the egg punctures and hardens on the outside. Fig. 3. Eggs in situ. Fig. 4. Interior of flower head showing the work of the larva. Plate 15. Fig. I. Deformed dandelion flower (side view). Fig. 2. Deformed dandelion flower (looking into the head). Fig. 3. Adult. Fig. 4. Work of adults on a dandelion leaf. Fig. 5. Cocoons. NOTES CONCERNING GASTROPHILUS H^MOR- ROIDALIS LINN^US (DIPT.)' By R. R. Parker, Bozeman, Mont. While studying the bionomics of the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick in the Powder River Valley in eastern Montana, during the season of 1916, the vi^riter was able to make several incidental observations on certain pests of cattle and horses. The most in- teresting of these concerned the nose fly, or redtailed bot, Gastrophilus 1 Contribution from the Laboratory of the Montana State Board of Ento- mology, Bozeman, Montana. 264 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv. hcemorrhoidaUs Linnaeus, and, to some extent, clear up the uncer- tainty concerning the reason why this fly is so obnoxious to horses. On July 7, Mr. R. W. Wells, the writer's assistant, brought in a specimen of the nose fly captured just as it was about to "strike." At the end of the ovipositor was a minute black object, apparently an tgg. Dissection of the abdomen proved this to be true and the peculiar shape of the egg at once suggested the cause of irritation to horses. Fig. i shows that it consists of two parts, an enlarged, laterally flattened portion and a slender, stalked portion. It seemed likely that if the latter should be thrust into the nose or lips of a horse, its penetration would undoubtedly cause a sharp pain sufficient to account for the nervous and sometimes uncontrollable fear shown by horses when the fly is " striking." The examination of several horses fully substantiated the supposition. Some eggs were found thrust in but a short distance, but most of them to the full length of the stalk. Due to their minute size they were somewhat difficult to discern, especially when the skin around the mouth was dark. They were found principally in the upper lip, but also in the lower lip and nostrils and doubtless may be inserted at other points near the mouth. Fig. I. Side and edge views of egg of Gastrophilns hamorrhoidalis. Fig. 2. Outline sketch of egg of Gastrophilns hccmorrroidalis : (i) Micropyle, (2) Cap in place and removed, (3) Developing embryo. Eggs dissected from the abdomen averaged 1.35 millimeters in length, the stalked portion slightly more than .50 millimeter. Except near the extremity of the enlarged portion, the chorion seems to Dec, 1916.] Gastrophilus h^morrhoidalis Linn^us. 255 consist of chitinous bands. On the stalked portion these "bands" are widest and appear like a spiral, the margin farthest from the tip having the greater circumference. This gives the stalk the general appearance of a screw and the structure is patently adapted to hold the egg in the skin after insertion. Fig. 2 is an outline sketch to show the micropyle and the cap, the latter probably permitting the escape of the larva. Horses, immediately upon being " struck," often rub their noses and lips violently on the ground, posts, or other handy object. This action may loosen the cap, but apparently is not effective in dislodging the eggs. Both males and females were seen in the vicinity of horses, the latter greatly predominating. There is some reason to believe that copulation takes place on the wing in the vicinity of horses, but sufficient observations were not made to feel certain on this point. As noted at Powderville, Montana, the nose fly first appears about the middle of Tune and stays until the middle of July. This same period was that of greatest abundance for G. eqiii Fabricius and G. nasalis Linnaeus. The latter two species were afterwards seen occasionally until shortly after the first of September, when the field work was brought to a close. During the time when the nose fly is abundant horses are often irritated even by the buzzing of blow flies and others that make a similar noise. The above observations are interesting in view of the fact that it has been previously supposed that the eggs were fastened to hairs about the mouth, or according to one writer, in the vicinity of the anus. The fact that larvae may be found attached to the rectum may have been responsible for the latter idea. Several lots of larvae detached from the rectum and reared to the adult, proved to be Gastrophilus hccniorrhoidalis. The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to Mr. R. W. Wells, who assisted him in most of the observations made. 256 Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. xxiv. NEW SPECIES OF THE FAMILY ELATERID^ (COL.). By Chas. Schaeffer, Brooklyn, N. Y. Alaus zunianus Casey. This species is placed as synonym under lusciosiis in our list. However, two specimens from Arizona received from Mr. G. Francl^* and others which I have seen show sufficient differences from lusci- osiis to entitle it to be restored. The thorax is more strongly sinuate before the basal angles, the outer antennal joints are slightly more transverse, the underside is covered with black scale-like hairs, with a large patch of white scale- like hairs on each side of prothorax and at sides of each abdominal ' segment a smaller white patch. The legs are covered with black hairs only and the last ventral segment is much more densely punctate with very few small punctures intermixed at middle. Aptopus subcarinatus new species. Elongate, piceous ; antennae, palpi, mandibles and legs testaceous ; pubes- cence short, greyish. Head moderately closely punctate ; antennae reaching far beyond the hind angles of prothorax, third joint very distinctly shorter than fifth. Prothorax as long as wide at base ; sides without acute margin, slightly arcuate to a little before basal angles; the latter divergent ; surface unequally punctate, a few larger punctures intermixed with the smaller punc- tures ; punctures well separated on the disk, a little more close near apex and sides ; hind angles rather feebly carinate, the carina not acute and almost obliterated. Elytra about two and one half times as long as the prothorax; sides feebly arcuatcly narrowing to apex ; striae feebly impressed and with moderate punctures. Prosternum finely and sparsely punctate ; propleurae densely punctate with small punctures ; metasternum moderately closely punc- tate and with larger punctures intermixed; abdomen finely and rather closely punctate. Length 8 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona (Schaeffer). Some specimens have the punctuation of prothorax a little stronger and closer, in these the dual punctuation is not so pronounced. Dec, 1 916.] New Species of Elaterid^. 257 This species differs from peregriniis in more elongate form, shorter second and third antennal joints, finer and sparser punctua- tion and hind angles of prothorax distinctly divergent. Aptopus rugiceps new species. Elongate reddish brown ; antennae and legs slightly paler ; pubescence short, yellowish grey. Head very densely and rather coarsely punctate, punc- tures partly confluent ; antennae reaching far beyond the basal angles of pro- thorax ; third joint equal, or very nearly so, to the fifth joint. Prothorax subquadrate ; sides without acute margin, slightly arcuate to a little before basal angles, the latter not, or extremely feebly, divergent ; basal angles ebly carinate, the carina not acute ; surface densely punctate, with vmiform and moderately large punctures. Elytra about two and one half times as long as the prothorax at base ; sides feebly arcuately narrowing to apex ; striae moderately coarsely punctate ; intervals convex and sparsely and finely punc- tate. Prosternum closely punctate ; propleura very densely subconfluently punctate ; metasternum densely punctate ; abdomen more finely punctate. Length 8 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona (Schaeffer). Ther differences between this species and peregrinus are slight consisting only in generally larger size and coarser, denser punctua- tion of head, prothorax and propleur?e. Elater sanguinicollis new species. Red ; head, scutellum, elytra, prosternal spine, meso- and meta-sternum and coxal plates black. Head rather densely and moderately coarsely punc- tate. Antennae reaching not quite to the hind angles of prothorax; not strongly serrate, joints slightly longer than wide; third joint not triangular and as long or nearly as long as the fourth joint. Prothorax not coarsely nor densely punctate, punctures as usual stronger at apex and sides ; hind angles not bicarinate ; pubescence red. Elytra with scarcely impressed striae, the punctures moderate; intervals nearly flat and subrugosely punctate; pubescens short, black. Length 7.25 mm. Beaver Valley, Utah (Doll & Engelhardt). This species is best placed with coUaris and allies, though the an- tennal joints, especially the outer are slightly longer, than in that species. In Lecorite's table^ it would go near ncvadensis from which it differs in having a red abdomen, black pubescence of elytra and pale antennae. 1 Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XH, 10. 258 Journal New York Entomological Society, f^'o'- xxiv. In Dr. Leconte's table the majority of our species having the hind angles unicarinate are said to have the antennje strongly serrate and the joints not longer than wide. However, rithricoUis, apicatus and others have the joints rather longer than wide, especially the outer, and not strongly serrate. E. xanthomiis is also out of place in the table as the third antennal joint is triangular in both sexes and ought to go therefore with nigricollis, lintcus, discoidcus, etc. In "Revision of the Elateridae" Leconte describes the third joint correctly as tri- angular. These errors will cause a little trouble as also the omission of the number 13 in front of line 27 from the top in the table. Elater oregonus new species. Black ; legs, prothorax above and below, except prosternum, red, antennse brownish. Head somewhat coarsely, evenly punctate ; antennae feebly serrate ; joints longer than wide, third joint a little longer than second, not triangular, both together a little longer than fourth. Prothorax rather feebly arcuate at sides ; hind angles slightly divergent, unicarinate ; disk rather sparsely punctate. Elytra nearly parallel to about middle, then feebly narrowing to apex ; striae moderately coarsely punctate, punctures finer towards apexi ; intervals flat, very sparsely and generally uniseriately punctured. Meta- sternum rather coarsely punctate, abdomen more finely. Length 7.5 mm. Dilley, Oregon (coll. O. Dietz). The elongate antennal joints and bicolored upper surface would place this species with mixtns and pullus in Dr. Leconte's table, from both it differs in its red prothorax and unicolored black elytra. The antennal joints are slightly more elongate than in any of these two species. The prothorax is not entirely clear red, having on each side of middle near apex a faint, dark cloud, the posternum is reddish near apex and between the coxae, the last two ventral segments are brown. Megapenthes longicornis new species. Narrow elongate, ferruginous, head piceous, underside, antennae and legs paler. Head coarsely, densely punctate; antennae very elongate in the male, shorter in the female, second and third joints small, third a little longer than second, both together shorter than the fourth in the male, but about as long as the fourth in the female. Prothorax gradually narrowing to apex ; sides nearly straight in the male, feebly rounded in the female, hind angles not divergent ; surface moderately coarsely punctate. Elytra nearly parallel to a little behind middle, then arcuately narrowing to apex ; striae moderately Dec, 1916.] New Species of Elaterid^. 259 deeply impressed ; intervals flat, not densely punctate, near base granulate- rugose. Prosternum and metasternum somewhat coarsely and sparsely punc- tate, abdomen more finely punctate. Length 8.75 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona (Schaeffer). A fairly common species. The antennal joints four to eleven of the male are very long, equal in length and not serrate ; in the female the joints are shorter and gradually decreasing in length and the form, as usual, is more robust. Megapenthes nigriceps new species. Form of rufilabris, color ferruginous, head piceous near apex paler. Head coarsely and rather densely punctate ; antennas in the male as long as head and prothorax together, second and third joints, small, fourth joint longer than second and third joint together, joints elongate and feebly ser- rate. Prothorax gradually narrowing to apex, sides scarcely arcuate, hind angles bicarinate, the inner carina fine and very close to the lateral margin ; surface punctate and moderately large, ocellate punctures. Elytra gradually narrowing from base to apex, striae moderately deeply impressed and punctate ; intervals flat, towards base granulate rugose, towards apex moderately not densely punctate. Prosternal side pieces more coarsely punctate than the prosternum ; metasternum, densely and rather coarsely punctate, punctures coarser at sides than at middle ; abdomen closely punctate. Length 8 mm. Brownsville, Texas (Schaeffer). The specimen described is a male and closely related to rufilabris from which it differs in color, longer antennal joints, coarser punc- tation of prothorax, relatively longer hind tarsal joints and rather deeply emarginate hind coxal plates. Both species, rufilabris and nigriceps have the hind angles of prothorax bicarinate and should be placed in section B of Dr. Leconte's table^ with angularis which dif- fers from both of these species in having the hind coxal plates trun- cate and a shorter third antennal joint. Megapenthes tarsalis new species. Form of rufilabris, black, front of head and prothorax yellowish-red, the latter above and below with a large, black spot, which extends narrowly to the anterior margin but not to the lateral nor basal margin ; basal margin of elytra also narrowly reddish. Head densely punctate; antennae with second joint very small, third nearly as large as the fourth, triangular. Prothorax as in rufilabris but hind angles not bicarinate ; surface moderately densely punc- 1 Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XH, 6. 260 Journal New York Entomological Society, [^oi. xxiv. tate. Elytra gradualy narrowing from base to apex ; strise deeply impressed ; intervals nearly flat, granulate-rugose. Metsternum rather coarsely and densely punctate. Abdomen more sparsely and finely punctate; first joint of hind tarsi very nearly as long as the following together. Length 6 mm. Southern Pines, N. C. (A. H. Manee). A neat little species, which was sent me several years ago, col- lected June 15, 1908. It resembles somewhat fully colored specimens of riifilabris in form and coloration but has a differently formed third antennal joint, a much longer first joint of hind tarsi and hind angles of prothorax unicarinate. Diplostethus (Ludius) opacicollis new species. Dark castaneous, underside, legs, antenna and palpi paler, above and below rather sparsely clothed with short fulvo-cinereous pubescence. Head coarsely and closely punctate ; antennae extending to a little below the elytral humeri, strongly serrate, joints three a little longer than second, the two together nearly as long as the fourth joint, eleventh joint slightly longer than the tenth and feebly appendiculate. Prothorax convex, slightly broader at base than long, sides feebly converging to about one third from apex and then arcuately converging to apex ; surface alutaceous, coarsely and closely punc- tate ; hind angles strongly, obliquely carinate. Elytra about two and one half times as long as the prothorax and rather strongly narrowing to apex, sutural angles feebly rounded ; surface punctate-striate ; intervals flat, moderately coarsely punctate, the punctures not very closely placed and not smaller than those of the striae, surface at base somewhat rugose. Prosternum shining and coarsely and moderately closely punctate ; side pieces dull with smaller punctures, intercoxal process a little behind the coxae suddenly and per- pendicularly declivous, intercoxal portion of mesosternum as in te.vaiius. Metasternum coarsely and not closely punctate. Abdomen more finely and sparsely punctate than the metasternum. Length 20 mm. Nogales (type) (Nunnenmacher) and Huachuca Mts., Ariz. (Schaeffer). This species is related to tcxamis and peninsnlaris. From the former it differs in the form of intercoxal process of prosternum and from peninsnlaris in having a dull, more densely punctate prothorax and the declivous portion of the intercoxal process of prosternum rounded in front above, which part forms in peninsuaris a small and rather sharp tooth. It seems to be also very close to the Mexican sctosus but that species has apparently a longer fourth antennal joint and denser pubescence on upper and under surface. Dec, 1916.] New Species of Elaterid^. 261 Otto Schwarz in Genera Insectorum erects for our species of Ludius which have the intercoxal process of prosternum not suddenly and perpendicularly declivous a little behind the coxae, the genus Trichophorus using Liidius Eschsch. for Corymbites Latr. Following strictly the law of priority he may have been correct, but I do not agree with him in placing our Megapcnthes tartarens, aterrinius, Umhalis and Elater sturmii also in the genus Trichophorus. For those species having the intercoxal process of prosternum a little behind the coxae suddenly and perpendicularly declivous he erected the genus Diplostethiis and for the species having a parallel sided mesosternal fossa the genus Parallclostcthus. Our Liidius at- tenuatus and five Asiatic species are referred to this latter genus. Trichophorus carolinensis new species. Very close to texanus from which it differs in narrower, more elongate form, slightly longer antennae, prothorax more gradually narrowing to apex, generally more opaque surface and pubescence slightly erect. Length iS mm. Width 5 mm. Southern Pines, N. Carolina (A. H. Mance). This species is apparently what Leconte, Horn and Candeze con- sidered to be hepaticiis a species which, according to Champion, dif- fers generically from the North American species identified by Le- conte, etc., as that species. The true hepaticus is placed by O. Schwartz in Genera Insectorum in the genus OrthostctJius and only recorded from Brazil. Besides the locality given above I have some specimens from Roanoke Isld. and Wilmington, N. C. (Engelhardt & Pollard), from S. Carolina and two smaller specimens from Florida. Trichophorus substriatus new species. Elongate, rufo-castaneous ; underside antennae and legs scarcely paler. Head moderately coarsely and densely punctate ; antennaeae reaching to the hind angles of prothorax, third joint a little longer than second, both together slightly shorter than fourth. Prothorax about as long as wide at base; hind angles acutely carinate ; sides rather feebly converging to about apical fifth, thence feebly arcuate ; surface moderately closely punctate. Elytra a little longer than twice as long as the prothorax at base, rather strongly narrowing to apex; punctate striate, the fiist two or three near sutural striae obliterated, intervals flat and very closely punctate. Under side clothed sparsely with short, yellowish recumbent pubescence ; prothorax beneath rather coarsely 262 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. and closely punctate ; metasternum rather finely punctate at middle, coarsely at sides ; abdomen finely and rather sparsely punctate at middle, punctures much larger at sides. Length 13.5 mm. Width 3.75 mm. Arizona, one male (coll. Dietz). This species is readily distinguished from similar species by the feebly impressed and partly obliterated elytral striae and shorter antennae. Trichophorus arizonensis new species. Elongate, rufo-castaneous ; underside, antennae and legs scarcely paler. Head moderately coarsely and closely punctate ; antennae reaching a little beyond the basal angles of prothorax; third joint a little longer than second, both together slightly shorter than the fourth joint. Prothorax slightly longer than wide at base ; sides slightly converging towards apex and near apex feebly arcuate ; hind angles acutely carinate ; surface with moderately coarse punctures. Elytra not quite two and one half times as long as the prothorax at base, punctate-striate, intervals rather flat and somewhat closely punctate, rugose near base. Prothorax beneath coarsely punctate ; meta- sternum coarsely punctate, finely at middle ; abdomen coarsely punctate on the first three segments at sides, finely at middle. Length 15 mm. Width 3.5 mm. S. Rita Mts., Arizona, one male (Marsden). * ' This species resembles siihstriatus, described above, very much, but is a narrower and more elongate insect with longer antennae and distinct elytral striae. Trichophorus variatus new species. Elongate, dark castaneous to rufo-castaneous, underside, antennae and legs slightly paler. Head coarsely and moderately closely punctate ; antennae reaching a little distance below the hind angles of prothorax, third joint a little longer than second and both together a little shorter than fourth. Prothorax as long as wide at base; sides rather feebly converging to apex; hind angles acutely carinate ; surface not densely nor coarsely punctate. Elytra about two and one half times as long as prothorax; punctate-striate; intervals feebly convex, not very closely punctate and scarcely rugose near base. Prothorax beneath coarsely punctate, punctures generally rather widely separated ; metasternum and abdomen more finely punctate than prosternum. Length 1 5 mm. Width 4.2 nini. Brownsville, Texas (Schaefifer). This is rather a common insect near Brownsville from May to August and a variable species regarding size and color. The smaller Dec, 1916.] New Species of Elaterid^. 263 more reddish colored specimens resemble the two previously de- scribed species, substriatits and arizonensis, very much. From suh- striatus it differs in having ditinct elytral striae and longer antennae. Arizonensis is a narrower and more elongate insect having the side pieces of prosternum much more closely punctate than variatits and ventral segments one to four of abdomen with rather numerous large and somewhat perforate punctures at sides of which there are only a few in variatus and much smaller. The metasternum is also much more coarsely punctate than in variatus. Orthostethus caviceps new species. Very elongate, shining, black ; rather sparsely clothed with short, yel- lowish-cinereous pubescence. Head coarsely and closely punctate, broadly excavate in front ; antennae of male extending to far beyond the hind angles of prothorax; joints two and three small, three a little longer than second, four to ten strongly pectinate, eleventh appendiculate, in the female shorter and strongly serrate. Prothorax slightly wider at base than long, obliquely narrowing to apex, hind angles long and acutely carinate and not incurved at tip, surface closely and coarsely punctate, punctures less closely on the disk, on the median line a more or less distinct smooth space ; thorax in the female a little shorter and broader than in the male with sides near apex arcuate. Elytra a little more than three times the length of prothorax; gradually nar- rowing to a little beyond middle then a little more strongly narrowing to apex ; sutural angles acute ; surface moderately closely and coarsely punctate without striae. Prosternum at apex and sides coarsely and closely punctate, smooth at middle; metasternum coarsely and closely punctate; abdomen moderately coarsely not closely punctate ; last ventral segment at apex feebly emarginate in male, entire in female ; mesosternum moderately raised, subhori- zontal. Length, male, 23.5 mm., width 6 mm. ; female, length 28 mm., width 7 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona (Schaeffer). Males of this species were taken frequently by beating oak while females were very scarce. This species is very close to the Mexican pectinicornis and may prove on comparison to be the same. The Mexican pectinicornis was described from a single worn example, which may account for the color difference of elytra and underside. The Mexican species, however, is said to be somewhat thickly clothed with short, fine pubes- cence, the hind angles of prothorax incurved at tip and the proster- num coarsely and sparsely punctured, which all does not agree very well with the Arizona specimens. 264 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv. The mesosternum in caviceps and apparently pectinicornis also is somewhat intermediate between the species of Trichophoriis and OrtJwstcthiis. Agriotes brunneus new species. Form of pubescens, dark brown, antennae and legs slightly paler, pubes- cens yellowish-cinereous, short and sparse. Head coarsely and closely punc- tate ; antennae with second and third joints nearly equal and each slightly smaller than fourth joint. Prothorax as long as wide at base; sides from the basal angles to apex feebly converging, near apex slightly arcuate, surface opaque and coarsely and closely punctate with large ocellate punctures, deeply impressed medially near base, hind angles feebly divergent and feebly cari- nate. Elytra a little less than two and one half times as long as the pro- thorax, sides very feebly arcuate ; surface striate punctate, punctures elongate and close ; intervals nearly flat, closely and rather finely punctate, near base rugose. Prosternum shining, coarsely and closely punctate, side pieces dull and slightly less coarsely punctate than prosternum. Metasternum and ab- domen closely punctate, the latter more finely than the former. Length 1 1 mm. Beaver Canon, Utah (Doll and Engelhardt). This species is to be placed near fiicosus. It is slightly more ro- bust than that species and has an opaque and more densely punctate prothorax. Glyphonyx bimarginatus new species. Elongate, rufo-testaceous, prothorax and suture darker, legs and antennae yellowish. Head coarsely and rather closely punctate ; a small, longitudinal impression on the median line ; anterior margin feebly angulate ; antennae reaching beyond the hind angles of prothorax, second and third joints equal. Prothorax nearly parallel-sided to a little before apex ; hind angles feebly divergent ; lateral carina long, extending nearly to the apical margin ; inferior marginal carina strong and rather widely separated at apex from the lateral carina ; surface closely punctate at sides with moderate punctures, which are sparser at middle, from the middle to nearly to base a smooth median line. Elytra gradually narrowing to apex ; striae rather coarsely and closely punc- tate ; intervals feebly convex, sparsely and finely punctate. Prosternum sparsely punctate at middle, punctures a little larger at sides and apex ; pro- pleurae a little more coarsely punctate than prosternum at sides ; prosternal process acuminate, V-shaped and strongly margined. Metasternum coarsely and closely punctate ; abdomen moderately closely and more finely punctate at middle. Length 5 mm. Dec, 1916.] New Species of Elaterid^. 265 Enterprise, Fla. (O. Dietz). The long, nearly entire lateral carina and the rather feebly angu- lated anterior margin of head will principally distinguish this species from its nearest allies. Glyphonyx quadraticoUis Champion. Biol. Cent. Am. Col., Ill, i, 536. A species which I have taken commonly in the Huachuca Mts., Ariz., agrees very well with the description of this Mexican species, which is said to be also common and widely distributed in Mexico. The color is piceous or reddish brown. Head coarsely and closely punc- tate. Prothorax subquadrate with sides parallel ; lateral carina extending nearly to apex, the inferior marginal carina distinct and sinuate behind, sur- face coarsely and rather closely punctate. Elytra punctate-striate, strize coarsely punctured ; intervals feebly convex, somewhat rugosely punctate. Presternum and propleurae with somewhat coarse, not closely placed punc- tures, prosternal process acuminate. Length about 6 mm. Huachuca Mts., Ariz. (Schaeffer). The above described bimargmatus, which has also a long, nearly entire, lateral carina, differs from pale colored specimens of this species in having a longer and less coarsely punctured prothorax and a more finely punctate prosternum and elytral intervals. Glyphonyx dubius new species. Elongate, piceous, antennae and legs paler. Head moderately coarsely, not closely, punctate; antennae reaching slightly a little beyond the basal angles of prothorax, second and third joints subequal. Prothorax subquadrate; sides nearly parallel ; hind angles feebly divergent, lateral carina long, nearly reaching to the apical margin ; inferior marginal carina entirely obliterated behind ; surface sparsely and rather finely punctate behind middle of disk, more coarsely and closely punctate at sides and apex. Elytra nearly two and one half times as long as prothorax at base ; striae punctate with moderately large punctures ; intervals feebly convex, rather sparsely and finely and not rugosely punctate. Prosternum and propleurae rather sparsely punctate ; pro- sternal process acuminate V-shaped ; metasternum at sides more closely punc- tate than prosternum ; abdomen finely punctate at middle, more coarsely at sides. Length 6 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona (Schaeffer). This species looks very much like quadraticoUis, mentioned above, but has a more finely punctate prothorax and elytra and the inferior marginal carina obliterated behind. It seems to agree with the de- 266 Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoL xxiv. scription of the Mexican brcvicolUs, which has also the internal mar- ginal carina obliterated behind, but the prothorax is not " consider- ably broader than long " in the Arizona specimen. Glyphonyx ferruginosus new species. Elongate, ferruginosus, antennae and legs paler. Head moderately closely punctate ; antennae reaching to about the hind angles of prothorax. Prothorax subquadrate ; sides parallel, near apex slightly arcuate, hind angles feebly di- vergent ; lateral carina not extending to the middle, inferior marginal carina entire and slightly sinuate near base ; surface with moderate, well separated punctures. Elytra not quite three times as long as prothorax ; striae with coarse punctures at base, finer towards apex ; intervals feebly elevated and finely and sparsely punctured. Prosternum and propleurae with well separated moderate punctures ; prosternal process Y-shaped, metasternum more coarsely punctate at sides than prosternum, abdomen rather finely punctate. Length 4.75 mm. Huachuca Mts., Arizona (Schaeffer). This species resembles closely tcstacciis, but has a differently formed prosternal process, which is in that species V-shaped. It seems to agree also with the description of the Mexican prcccox but the punctuation of the prothorax in the Arizona specimens cannot be called sparse and fine, the lateral carina does not extend quite to the middle, and the inferior carina is scarcely sinuate behind. All our species have a V-shaped prosternal process with the exception of in- quinatiis, if I have correctly identified that species, and ferruginosus, which have a Y-shaped prostgrnal process. Plastocerus granti new species. Elongate, very narrow ; sparsely pubescent ; dark castaneous, underside paler, legs, antennae and palpi testaceous. Head very coarsely and densely punctate ; eyes moderately prominent, width, as seen from the front, less than one half the interocular space ; antennae with third and fourth joints equal in size, fourth and following joints each with a moderately long ranius, the rami not as long as the interocular spase. Prothorax subquadrate, lateral margin acute, arcuate at about apical third and then feebly converging towards basal angles, which are rather strongly divergent and not carinate ; surface coarsely and densely punctate, the punctures acellate and more crowded at sides than on the disk. Elytra a little wider than the prothorax in its widest part, sides feebly converging towards apex; surface punctate- striate, punctures moderate ; intervals flat and rather sparsely punctate. Prosternum at about middle obliquely elevated into a moderately strong Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 267 carina, rather sparsely punctate, sides pieces more coarsely and densely punc- tate ; abdomen moderately punctate. Length 9 mm. Southwestern Texas (Chapman Grant). A narrower and smaller insect than our other species of Plas- toccnis from all of which it differs in the carinate prosternum. The antennal rami are shorter, less densely ciliate and with shorter hairs than in schanmii or mcgalops and are nearly as in fratcr. THE ORDERS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF APTERY- GOTAN INSECTS.^ By G. C. Crampton, Amherst, Mass. The ancestors of the Arthropoda were, in all probability, very similar to Annelidan worms, and, although the Annelida, like all recent forms, have developed many characters peculiar to themselves, certain members of the group have preserved some exceedingly primitive features, which enable us to infer what the ancestors of Arthropods must have been like. Although the discussion of the probable lines of descent leading up to the development of the Insectan type of Arthropod is beyond the province of the present paper, it may be remarked that the " Apodidse " have departed but little from the condition which was doubtless characteristic of the ancestral Crustacea, and such Crusta- ceans as Apus and Branchippiis (which are not far removed from such Trilobites as Triarthrus, Neolcnus and Nathorstia) have de- parted but little from the probable ancestral condition of Arthropods in general. These Crustacea and Trilobita, then, present as nearly as any Arthropods now known, the characters present in the earlier forms, and enable us to gain some idea of what the common ancestors of the Arachnida, Merostoma, Trilobita, Crustacea, '' Myriapoda " {sensti lato), Hexapoda, etc., were like. 1 Contribution from the Entomological Laboratory of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 268 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'oi- xxiv. In the development of recent Arthropoda, the lines of descent which have the most closely paralleled the line of descent of the Insecta, are those of the Crustacea, Diplopoda, Chilopoda and Sym- phyla (see fig. 2). Indeed, the Crustacea, " Myriopoda " ( i. e., Chi- lopoda, Diplopoda, and Symphyla) and Insecta, may be regarded as forming the three apices of a triangle, each of whose apices is con- nected with the other two by mutual bonds of relationship. Among the Crustacea, the Arthrostraca {c. g., Anaspides, Koonnnga, Bathy- nella, etc.) and have retained certain characters suggestive of the ancestral condition of insects, but, on the whole, the " Myriopoda " {sensu lata) and Scolopcndrella in particular, are more closely related to the Insecta than any other Arthropods. The parts of the head, legs, and abdominal appendages of the Apterygotan insects are strikingly like the corresponding parts of the " Myriopoda," and even with regard to their embryological details, the Apterygota are very like " Myriopods," as has been pointed out by Philiptschenko, 1912, Lignau, 1911, Heymons, and others. Furthermore, the points wherein the Apterygota differ most from higher insects, are those wherein they approach more closely to the " Myriopoda " and Crustacea, and from the standpoint of compara- tive anatomy and embryology, there can be no doubt that the Aptery- gotan insects are the most primitive — and have therefore departed the least from the probable ancestral condition of insects in general. Despite the fact that the paleontological record is confessedly in- complete, and notwithstanding the fact that such extremely fragile and rare insects (for they have apparently never been very numer- ous) could not be expected to leave many traces in the lower strata, which have been subjected to great pressure and upheaval, Hand- lirsch and his followers would use the lack of Apterygotan remains in the earlier strata as an argument against the view that the Aptery- gota should be regarded as the nearest living representatives of the ancestors of the Pterygotan forms. In their efforts to widen the gap between the Apterygota and Pteryigota, these authors would even go so far as to remove the Apterygota from the class Insecta (or Hexapoda) and would place them in a distinct class, or classes by themselves ! The fact remains, however, that from a morphological point of view (and aside from the presence or absence of wings) there is an infinitely wider gap between the Blattid?e and Chalcididse — Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 269 which Handlirsch and his followers unhesitatingly group in the same class — than there is between the Blattidse and Lepismatidse — which they would not group in the same class. In the same way, an imma- ture Plecopteron such as a nymph of Peltoperla, is structually far closer to Lepisma than it is to Pulex, or any of the higher Ptery- gotan insects — and in the last analysis, comparative anatomy (whether it be the comparative anatomy of embryos, or of living or fossil adults) furnishes us with the only reliable material for de- termining relationships ! Since the Apterygotan forms, such as Lepisma, etc., are so closely related to the lowest Pterygota (such as the Blattidse, nymphs of Peltoperla, etc.) and since the various Apterygotan groups are intimately bound together by intermediate forms — as is also the case with the Pterygotan groups — the attempt to place the Apterygota in a class, or classes, not included in the class Insecta, is wholly unwar- ranted, and fails to take into consideration the fundamental struc- tural similarities which underlie all groupings based upon relation- ship ! The Apterygota are as much " Insecta " as the Pterygota are, and if the Apterygota are to be split up into several " classes," then the Pterygota also must be split up into several " classes " in order to be consistent. This, however, is neither necessary nor desirable, since the grouping of the class Insecta into two sub-classes, the Apterygota (or Apterygogenea) and Pterygota (or Pterygogenea) is based upon structural similarities, and expresses the actual rela- tionships with sufficient accuracy. Prell's division of the Insecta into two subclasses, the Anamercn- toma (Protura) which exhibit a postembryonic increase in the number of abdominal segments, and the Holomerentoma (all other insects), which exhibit no postembryonic increase in the number of abdominal segments, fails to take into consideration the close anato- mical relationship of the Protura to such forms as Tomocerns, etc., which exhibit no such postembryonic increase in the number of abdominal segments; and while Prell's subdivision is very useful from the standpoint of the study of the different types of "metamorphosis," the old subdivisions Apterygota and Pterygota (proposed by Brauer, and modified by Lang) are more useful from the standpoint of the study of relationships. In this connection, it may be further re- marked, that in such Dipterous larvae as Scenopinns, Thereva, Bibio, 270 Journal New York Entomological Society, [^'"i- xxiv. Ceroplatus, etc., there is a sort of increase in the number of the abdominal segments, by the interpolation of " intercalary " segments, formed by the lengthening and demarcation of the intersegmental region — although this is not strictly comparable to the type of true segmental increase exhibited by the Protura. Although the Apterygota form a well-defined group, quite distinct from the Pterygota, I do not know of any key which will enable one who has no preconceived idea of the true nature of an insect (espe- cially with regard to the larval and wingless forms) to place it cor- rectly in every case. I would therefore offer the following key as a purely tentative effort to supply this lack. 1. Mouthparts either retracted in cavity of head, or practically wanting, or not mandibulate 2 Mouthparts not retracted in cavity of head, but mandibulate 3 2. Ventral region of the abdomen bearing either styli, vestigeal legs or ven- tral tube Apterygota. Abdomen without styli, vestigeal legs, or ventral tube Pterygota. 3. Abdomen with more than one pair of styli Apterygota. Abdomen with at most one pair of styli, usually none Pterygota. The styli referred to in the preceding key, are paired, movable, spine-like appendages, borne at the posterior margin of certain of the abdominal sternites, and are not homologous wtih the entire vestigeal legs, but are appendages of the basal segment of the legs, and occur on the meso- and metathoracic coxae in such insects as Machilis, and on the basal segment of the leg in certain "Myriopoda." The vestigeal legs mentioned in the key are true leg-vestiges — whether they are homologous with the so-called false legs (pseudopodia) of larval Lepidoptera, etc., has been questioned. The ventral tube (which represents the united vestigial legs of the first abdominal segment) is an adhesive organ situated in the mid-ventral line of the first abdominal segment, and may be large and columnar, or it may be reduced to the merest vestige, requiring close scrutiny to detect it. The Apterygota may be divided into two supersections, the Eusty- ligera, or styli-bearing Apterygota, and the Astyligera, or non-styli- bearing Apterygota, according to the presence or absence of styli in the two groups. The styli-bearing Apterygota (Eustyligera) are also cerci-bearing in all cases thus far observed, the non-cerci-bearing form " Aniso- Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 271 sphccra" described by Tomosvary as related to the Lepismatidse, having subsequently been proved to be a larva of the beetle Cephen- niiim. The antennae are usually well developed and consist of more than six segments. No postantennal organ has been observed in members of this group. The second super-section, or non-styli-bearing group (Astyligera) usually lacks segmented cerci and forceps-like terminal abdominal structures, in addition to the styli. The " cerci " of Tomocerus and others of the group (to which Willem, Folsom, and others have called attention) are not segmented, and there is some question as to whether they are to be considered as strictly homologous with the true cerci of the other forms, although this point has not been suffi- ciently investigated to be definitely decided. The antennse may be lacking in this group, but if present, are usually composed of not more than six segments — although an " annulation," or " ringing " of the terminal segments, sometimes occurs. The postantennal organ, or its homologue, is frequently present; but may be wanting. All of the members of the non-styli-bearing group have mouth- parts of the concealed type (i. e., entognathous or cryptognathous) the mouthparts being retracted into the cavity of the head, as in Eosentomon, Tomocerus, Entomohrya, etc. On the other hand, some of the styli-bearing group have mouthparts of the concealed type (the mouthparts being retracted into the cavity of the head, as in Cam- podea, Japyx, etc.) while others of the group have mouthparts of the exposed type (ectognathous or gymnognathous) as in Lepisma, Machilis, etc. There are apparently three main lines of evolution represented in the Apterygota. In other words, the Apterygotan insects group themselves about three principal centers. These are represented by the Protura {e. g., Eosentomon, etc.) the Rhabdura {e. g., Campodea, etc.) and the Thysanura {Lepisma, etc.) and the insects forming these groups may be regarded as representing the three principal sec- tions of the sub-class Apterygota. The lowest or most primitive section of the Apterygota com- prises those insects which group themselves about the Protura (such as Eosentomon, Acerentomon, etc.) which have departed as little as any from the probable ancestral condition of the group as a whole. These insects form the section Proturadelphia or " Proturan-brother- 272 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv. hood " and are characterized as follows. Styli absent, and segmented cerci wanting, although unsegmented appendages termed " cerci " may be present in such forms as Tomoceriis, etc. Mouthparts of the concealed type in all of the members of the group. Uropods, or true abdominal legs usually present, either in the form of the vestigeal abdominal legs of the Protura, or the modified abdominal legs which form the ventral tube (columella), tenaculum, and springing appa- ratus (or furcula) of the other members of the section. Antennae may be absent as in the Protura, although Schepotieff, 1909, has figured and described them for " Protapteron " — but this is stated to be a "lapsus calami'' by Prell, and others. In other forms the antennae are usually short and composed of only six segments — al- though an "annulation" of the terminal antennal segments occurs in certain members of the group. The so-called " pseudoculus " of the Protura, and the postantennal organ of the other forms, are doubtless the homologues of Tomosvary's organ in the " Myrio- poda." In addition to this, the general character of the alimentary tract, the reproductive organs, the segmentation of the Q.g%, and the embryological development, etc., of the members of this group, clearly suggest " Myriopodan " affinities. Some of the families con- tained in this section (which is the only non-styli-bearing one) are the Eosentomidse, Acerentomidae, Neelidae, Sminthuridse, Achorutidae, Entomobryidae, etc. The second section (which is a division of the styli-bearing Apterygota) comprises those insects which group themselves about the Rhabdura (Campodea, etc.) forming the section Rhahduradelphia, or " Rhabduran-brotherhood." In some respects, such forms as Anajapyx are more primitive than the true Rhabdura (such as Campod.-'a), but the term Rhabdura, being better known, has, on this account, been chosen to illustrate the group as a whole. In the insects belonging to this section, styli are usually borne on the first seven abdominal sterna, but may be lacking on the first (Campodea). Cerci, in the form of paired segmented caudal filaments, or modified to form the forceps-like terminal abdominal appendages of Japyx, etc., occur in all of the members of the group thus far observed; but a median unpaired terminal caudal filament (characteristic of the next group to be considered) is always wanting. All of the mem- bers of this section have mouthparts partially or wholly of the con- Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 273 cealed type (entognathous or cryptognathous), but a postantennal organ is usually wanting. Eyes are absent in most of the members of the group. The antennae are usually well developed and are usually composed of many segments. Segmented uropods may occur on the basal abdominal segment (as in Canipodea) although they are usually greatly reduced or lacking. Eversible sacs, etc., are found on certain of the abdominal sterna in some members of the group. There is usually a " Y "-shaped suture in the meso- and metasternum (of the thorax), and a longitudinal cranial suture, together with a transverse occipital suture, usually occurs in the insects of this sec- tion. The tarsi are usually apparently one-segmented, and the abdomen is composed of ten or eleven segments. Maxillary palpi apparently one- or two-segmented. Abdominal ganglia seven or eight in number. The principal families of this section are the Cam- podeidse, Projapygidse and Japygidae. The insects composing this group might in some ways be regarded as occupying a position some- what intermediate between the insects of the first section (Protura- delphia) and the one next to be considered. The third section (which is also a division of the styli-bearing Apterygota) comprises those insects which group themselves about the Thysanura {Lepisma, etc.) forming the section Thysamiradelphia, or " Thysanuran-brotherhood.'' Such forms as Machilis, or Prccma- chilis, are more primitive, or have departed less from the ancestral condition of the group, than the true Thysanura (such as Lepisma) have, but the designation Thysanura, being the best known of the terms applied to the members of the group, has been chosen to typify the section as a whole. Styli are found at least on the terminal ab- dominal segments of practically all members of the group, and in certain forms, such as Machilis, Pramachilis, etc., styli are borne on the coxae of the meso- and metathorax as well. Unlike the insects of the preceding section, the members of this group usually possess a median unpaired caudal filament, in addition to the paired caudal filaments or cerci, although the cerci may be absent in rare in- stances (Dasyleptus). All of the insects belonging to this section have mouthparts of the exposed type (ectognathous or gymnog- nathous). Segmented uropods are usually absent, and postantennal organs are wanting in the members of the group. The eyes are usually well developed, although absent in some cases, and the 274 Journal New York Entomological Society, [^oi. xxiv. antennae are usually well developed and are composed of many seg- ments in most insects belonging to this section. When the caudal filaments are short, the antennae are usually correspondingly reduced. Protrusile sacs occur on certain of the abdominal sterna in some cases. Tarsi two or three-segmented, and abdomen with traces of eleven segments. Maxillary palpi four or five-segmented. Ab- dominal ganglia eight in number. Some of the families belonging to this section are the Machilidse, Lepismatidae, Gastrotheidce, etc. The relationships of these three lines of descent to the higher insects, and to the other Arthropods are rather puzzling. It may be remarked, however, that the Proturon type exhibits indications of affinities with such Plecoptera as Capnia, Leuctra, etc., on the one hand, and with such Crustacea as Bathynella and other Anomostraca on the other. The Rhabduron type offers suggestions of affinities with the Plecoptera (and the closely related Dermaptera) and with the Symphyla such as Scolopendrella. The Thysanuran type ex- hibits indications of a relationship with such Plecoptera as nymphs of Peltroperla on the one hand, and with certain Crustacea, such as Ligia, on the other. Since the Crustacea, " Myriopoda " and Insecta are so closely related, hov^^ever, it is merely to be expected some of the Apterygota would retain characters suggestive of a relationship to the Crustacea while others show a marked relationship to the " Myriopoda," since all are connected by mutual bonds of relation- ship, and members of the Apterygota would naturally retain char- acters suggestive of both Crustacea and " Myriopods." The Rhabduran section is, on the whole, more closely related to the Thysanuran section than to the Proturan section, but all three lines are rather sharply demarked and apparently represent three distinct lines of development, just as there are similar distinct lines of development in the Pterygotan insects. These three sections, too, exhibit differences of a greater value than that of distinct orders. Indeed, there is a far greater difference between Machilis and Cam- podea, than there is between Perla and Phasnia, and the difference between Machilis and Lepisma (or Nicoletia) is as great, or greater, than that between Mcropc and Sialis. Furthermore, if the latter examples represent distinct orders, then Machilis and Lepisma should be placed in distinct orders, to be consistent. The value which one will attribute to these differences depends upon the individual him- Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 275 self, and as long as human nature remains as it is, we will have some who are "lumpers," and some who are "splitters." Of recent ento- mologists, however, those who are so " ultra-conservative " as to be unwilling to admit of more than one Apterygotan order, the " Aptera," are in a decided minorit}^ and one is led to suspect that they have either not made a detailed study of the insects in question, or an overweening desire for " unity and simplicity " has caused them to cling to a system of classification but little removed from the ancient Linnean one ! As time goes on, and as the structural details of the Apterygotan insects have been more carefully worked out, it becomes more and more evident that the general superficial resemblances between many of the insects classed together in the older -groupings, are far out- weighed by the differences in their morphological details. I would therefore fully agree with Handlirsch and his followers (such as Brues and Melander, Escherich, etc.) in their contention that the heterogeneous collections of insects comprising the old " orders " should be re-grouped into several distinct orders whose members are more closely related. In the following key, the greater part of the insects referred to belong to distinct orders although I would not maintain that this is true of all of them, as will be discussed later. In accordance with the quite widely accepted custom, I have designated the Apterygotan orders by terms ending in " -ura " (e. g., Protura, Rhabdura, Thy- sanura, etc.), rather than by Handlirsch's terms ending in " -oidea," since the latter termination is preempted by groups of superfamily rank (e. g., Muscoidea, Ichneumonoidea, etc.)- Handlirsch's method of using a well-known family name to typify the group as a whole, however, has much to recommend it, since it is self-explanatory, I have therefore made use of a modification of this method in the following key, merely for the sake of convenience, using the termina- tion "oides" (rather than the preempted termination "oidea") in connection with the name of a well-known family, thereby immediately calling to mind the representatives of the group as a whole. 1. Styli and segmented caudal filaments or terminal forceps present 2 Styli and segmented caudal filaments or terminal forceps wanting 7 2. Mouthparts not retracted into cavity of head 3 Mouthparts retracted or concealed in cavity of head 5 276 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. 3. With but one (the median) terminal caudal filament. Dasyleptoides (Mononemura). With three caudal filaments 4 4. Head in frontal view deeper than broad. Styliform appendage usually found on coxa of meso- and metathorax. Tarsi usually three-segmented. Machioides (Trinemura). Head in frontal view broader than deep. No styliform appendage on coxa of meso- and 'metathorax. Tarsi usually two-segmented. Lepismatoides (Thysanura). 5. Styli present on first abdominal sternum. Abdomen with terminal forceps, or with segmented cerci 6 Styli wanting on first abdominal sternum. Abdomen with segmented cerci, whose terminal segment is imperforate .... Campodeoides (Rhabdura). 6. Abdomen with segmented cerci whose terminal segment is provided with an apical aperture Projapygoides (Prodicellura). Abdomen with forceps Japygoides (Dicellura). 7. Vestigeal legs of first abdominal segment united and modified to form a ventral tube (in some cases reduced to a mere vestige). Antennae usually present. Abdominal segments usually not exceeding six in number.... 8 Vestigeal legs of first abdominal segment not united to form a ventral tube. Antennae usually absent. Abdominal segments usually nine to twelve in number Eosentomoides (Protura). 8. Abdomen sub-cylindrical : segments usually distinct. Entomobryoides (Euarthrura). Abdomen sub-globular : segments wholly or in part grown together. Smithuroides (Synarthrura). There is some doubt as to whether the fossil Dasyleptidse con- stitute a distinct order, or are merely to be regarded as a suborder of the forms with three caudal filaments. The Projapygidae also might better be regarded as a suborder of the Dicellura (Japygidse), than as a distinct order. Brues and Melander group them with the Rhabdura (Campodeidse) in an order in which the Japyigidae are not included; but if the Projapygidae are not to be considered as forming a distinct order, they should be grouped with the Dicellura (Japy- gidae), since their afifinities are with the Dicellura, rather than with the Rhabdura (Campodeidae). Handlirsch and his followers regard the Entomobryidae and Sminthuridae as representing distinct orders, while Boerner (who gave them the names Arthropleona and Symphy- pleona) regards them as representing suborders rather than as dis- tinct orders. It is possible that such insects as Troglopedetes (family Troglo- Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 277 pedetidoe), described by Joseph, may constitute an order or suborder; but, aside from the fact that they are strongly aberrant, blind forms, with four-segmented maxillary palpi, the known details of their anatomy are too meager to determine this point. The relationships of the different groups are brought out in the following descriptions, in which are discussed the more important characters of the different groups, which could not be treated in detail in the preceding key. Non-Styli-Bearing Apterygota (Astyligera). I. Section Proturadelphia. This section might be divided into two subsections, on the basis of the presence or absence of the ventral tube (or its homologue), but a further division is apparently unnecessary. 1. Eosentomoides (Protura). — Styli absent. Cerci, or forceps- like terminal abdominal appendages, ventral tube, and springing apparatus wanting. Mouthparts retracted in cavity of head. Labial palpi present. Mandibles and labium somewhat similar to those of Tomoceriis, as is true of the ventral groove of the head region. Postantennal organ (the " pseudoculus ") usually present. Eyes wanting. The antennee described and figured for " Protapteron" (Eosentomon) by Schopotieff probably belong to some other insect, so that all members of the group thus far studied lack antennae, the forelegs being modified to serve as tactile organs in the place of the lost antennae. Abdominal segments of the adult insect usually twelve in number, although at first only nine — a postembryonic increase in the number of abdominal segments being peculiar to these insects. The basal two or three abdominal segments usually bear vestigeal legs. Abdominal ganglia usually six in number (Acerentulus). The principal families contained in the group are the Acerentomidse and Eosentomidse. 2. Entomobryoides (Euarthrura). — Styli absent. Segmented cerci, or forceps-like terminal abdominal appendages wanting. The uropods (or abdominal legs) of the first abdominal segment are more or less grown together and modified to form the ventral tube (columella) whose vesicles are usually short and sac-like. The 278 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^'o'- xxiv. uropods of the third abdominal segment form the tenacukim, when present, and those of the fourth or fifth abdominal segment form the springing apparatus (furcula) when present. Mouthparts retracted in cavity of head. Labial palpi wanting. Postantennal organ usually present. Eyes present or absent. Antennae usually four- to six- segmented. Head rounded and directed straight forward (prog- nathous) or obliquely downward. Body comparatively long, and the abdomen sub-cylindrical. Abdominal segments, which do not exceed six in number, usually free or distinct (whence the name Euarthrura). There is no postembryonic increase in the number of abdominal segments. Abdominal ganglia wanting, or united with the last thoracic ganglion. Heart with six pairs of ostia. The principal families of the group are the Achorutidse and Entomobryid?e. If the preceding group be regarded as of the value of an order, it might be divided into two suborders as follows: (a) The " Eupo- dura," including those forms in which the springing apparatus is usually well developed, and is generally attached to the penultimate segment (although in some Isotomas it is attached to the antepen- ultimate segment). The head is directed obliquely downward, and scales usually occur on members of this subdivision. Examples are Isotoma, Orchesella, etc. (&) The " Patiropodura," including those forms in which the springing apparatus is reduced or wanting, and when present is attached to the antepenultimate instead of to the penultimate segment. The head is directed straight forward, the body is usually granular, and scales are absent. Examples are Podura, Achorntes, Amirida, Ncanura, etc. 3. Sminthuroides (Synarthrura). — Styli absent. Segmented cerci, or forceps-like terminal abdominal appendages wanting. Uro- pods of first abdominal segment more or less grown together and modified to form the ventral tube, whose vesicles may be long and tubular, or short and sac-like. Springing apparatus usually present. Mouthparts retracted in cavity of head; Labial palpi wanting. Postantennal organ usually absent. AntemicC, with few exceptions, elbowed and four-segmented. Head rounded and usually vertical in position (z. e., directed downward). Body short and abdomen sub- globular. Thoracic and abdominal segments more or less closely united (whence the name "Synarthrura"). No postembryonic in- crease in the number of abdominal segments. Abdominal ganglia Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 279 wanting (or united with the last thoracic ganglion). Heart extend- ing backward only about one third the length of the abdomen, and with only two pairs of ostia. Tracheal system usually wanting, but when present is best developed in Sminthurus and Sminthurides. There is no anastamosing between tracheae of opposite sides of body as in higher insects. The principal families of the group are the Neelidse and Sminthuridse. Of the three groups mentioned above, the Protura are by far the most primitive, and have preserved many characters which were doubtless present in the ancestral insects. The Euarthrura (or Entomobryid group) are rather closely related to the Protura, but represent a somewhat degenerate and specialized offshoot which branched off from the Proturan line at a comparatively early period of development, and has become specialized in a different direction. The Synarthrura (or Sminthurid group) are very closely related to the Entomobryid group ; but on the whole are more highly specialized than the latter. Styli-Bearing Apterygota (Eustyligera). II. Section Rhabduradclphia. 4. Campodeoides (Rhabdura). — Styli and paired segmented cerci present, but median caudal filament wanting. Mouthparts re- tracted into cavity of head. Apex of mandible dentate, with a dentate plate attached below it. Maxillary palpi one-segmented. Antennae slender, many jointed. Eyes and postantennal organ usually wanting. Transverse occipital suture distinct, and occipital region comparatively large. 'Body not scaled. Abdomen composed of eleven distinct segments (the eleventh being very small and reduced). First abdominal segment with a pair of uropods, or vestigeal abdominal legs, but no styli occur on the first segment. Styli and protrusile sacs usually occur on abdominal segments two to seven, inclusive. The long slender segmented cerci have no opening at the tip of the terminal segment for the discharge of glands (as in the Projapygidae). Anal laminae distinct. Abdominal ganglia seven in number. Spiracles confined to the thoracic region (three in number). Malpighian tubes represented by papillae. Ovaries simple, without ovarioles. Heart with nine pairs of ostia. This order con- tains the family Campodeidae. 280 Journal New York Entomological Society. C'^^o'- xxiv. 5. Projapygoides (Prodicellura). — Styli and segmented cerci present, but median unpaired caudal filament wanting. Mouthparts retracted, and mandibles similar to those of the preceding group. Maxillary palpi two-segmented (?). Antennas rather robust, or less slender than in preceding group. Eyes and postantennal organ usually wanting. Transverse occipital suture not distinct, and occi- pital region reduced. Body not scaled. Body composed of eleven distinct segments, the eleventh being reduced and covered by the tergum of the tenth. First abdominal segment with a pair of some- what cylindrical or conical processes, one on each side of the mid- ventral line : the first abdominal segment is also provided with a pair of styli (absent in the preceding group) which are somewhat long and cylindrical. Styli occur on abdominal segments one to seven inclusive. Two rather short, robust cerci composed of fewer seg- ments (about six in all) than in the preceding group, occur in these insects, and the terminal segment of each cercus bears an opening at the tip for the discharge of glands. Anal laminae distinct in adults. Seven abdominal ganglia. Seven pairs of spiracles in abdominal region. Malpighian tubules represented by five or six small short tubes or papillae. Ovarioles present. Heart with nine pairs of ostia. Foregut extends posteriorly to the fifth abdominal segment. This group contains the family Projapygiidse. Its position is intermediate between the Campodeidse and Japygidae, the type of mandibles, the segmented cerci, the presence of vestigeal malpighian tubules, etc., being Campodeidan characters; but the general character of the body (and its appendages, other than the cerci) is much more like that of the Japygidae than the Campodeidae, and if the group is to be regarded as a suborder rather than as an order, it should be placed with the Japygidae in the order Dicellura, instead of with the Cam- podeidae in the order Rhabdura — as Brues and Melander have done ! 6. Japygoides (Dicellura). — Styli present, ' but the cerci have become modified to form a pair of unsegmented terminal forceps- like structures. Median terminal caudal filament wanting. Mouth- parts retracted. Mandibles with dentate apex, but the dentate plate found in the Projapygidce and Campodeidae is absent. Maxillary palpi two-segmented. Antennae rather robust or less slender than in Campodeidae. Eyes and postantennal organ usually absent. Occi- pital suture not distinct, and occipital region reduced. Body not Dec, i9i6.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 28L scaled. Abdomen apparently composed of ten segments, the tenth and eleventh being more or less closely united. First abdominal segment with two submedian hairy papillae, and also bearing a pair of short stout spine-like styli (unlike the rather long slender styli of the Projapygidse) which likewise occur on segments two to seven inclusive. The cerci are represented by imperforate forceps-like terminal appendages. Anal laminae not distinct in adults. Eight abdominal ganglia. Seven pairs of spiracles in abdominal region. Malpighian tubules wanting. Seven ovarioles present. Foregut ex- tending posteriorly only to metathorax (not to fifth abdominal seg- ment as in Projapygidse). This order contains the family Japygidse (to which may be added the Projapygidse, if the latter are not to be regarded as representing a distinct group). The Campodeidse are more primitive than the Japygidae, although they are apparently not much (if any) more primitive than the Pro- japygidse. The Projapygidse, as was mentioned above, occupy a posi- tion intermediate between the Japygidas and Campodeidae. They are regarded by some investigators as the lowest of living insects but the Protura are more primitive in many respects (although they have become strongly modified in certain structural details). The Cam- podeidae and Projapygidse may possibly be regarded as occupying a position somewhat intermediate between the Protura and the next group to be considered. III. Section Thysanuradelphia. 7. Dasyleptoides (Mononemura). — This group comprises the family Dasyleptidse founded on the fossil insect Dasyleptus lucasi, described by Brongniart as follows. Body cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, and terminated by a single multiarticulate filament, which is as long as the body. Antennse and legs robust. Head quite large. Prothorax very short, and meso- and metathorax, which are of equal size, much longer than the prothorax. Abdominal segments ten in number, and equal in size; the last, which bears a multi-articulate filament, a little longer than the others. Some specimens appear to have abdominal plates similar to those found in Machilis. The en- tire body (antennae, legs, thorax and abdomen) covered with numer- ous very short hairs. The body, including the terminal abdominal 282 Journal New York Entomological Society, t'^'o'- xxiv. filament, varies from fifteen to twenty-two millimeters in length. This insect resembles Lepisma and Machilis morphologically, but differs from them in many respects chief among which is the occur- rence of but a single caudal filament. This group contains the family Dasyleptidse. Although here ranked as an order, the group (which is related to the Machilidas) may possibly be of the value of suborder only; but this point can be determined only upon a more detailed study than has been given the subject by Brongniart. 8. Machiloides (Trinemura). — Three caudal filaments (a median unpaired terminal filament, and a pair of lateral filaments homologous with the cerci) occur in this group. Head usually directed downward (hypognathous), not flattened dorso-ventrally, but laterally compressed, in frontal view deeper than broad. Eyes usually large, and extending forward above the antennae are ap- proximate or almost contiguous above. They are composed of rela- tively numerous small ommatidia. Mouthparts of the exposed type: maxillary palpi usually seven-segmented. Pronotum usually shorter than mesonotum. Thoracic sterna not in the form of broad plates overlapping the coxee somewhat laterally (as in the next group to be considered). Coxae subcylihdrical : those of the meso- and meta- thorax usually provided with styliform appendages. Tarsi usually three-segmented. Abdomen composed of eleven segments, the ter- gum of the tenth not partially covering the eleventh. Body sub- cylindrical, tapering posteriorly, and is usually clothed with scales. Insects usually capable of springing. Abdominal ganglia eight in number. Seven pairs of spiracles in the abdominal region. The tracheae of one side of the body do not anastomose with those of the other side nor are those of the same side connected by longitudinal trunks, the tracheae being arranged segmentally. There are twelve malpighian tubules. Ovaries wtih seven ovarioles. Heart with nine pairs of ostia. This group contains the family Machilidae. 9. Lepismatoides (Thysanura). — Two segmented cerci, in addi- tion to the median unpaired terminal caudal filament, occur in this group. The unpaired median filament according to Heymons, is merely a prolongation of the body which has become annulated, and is therefore not strictly comparable to the paired filaments, which are homologous with cerci. In this group, the head is usually directed forward (prognathous) and is flattened dorso-ventrally, in frontal Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 283 view broader than deep. Eyes, when present, always small and situated on the side of the head, never extending above the antenna; or approximate above. They are composed of relatively few, large, separate ommatidia. Mouthparts of the exposed type. Maxillary palpi usually five-segmented (six-segmented in Thermophila) . Pro- notum usually longer than, or as long as the mesonotum. The thoracic sterna usually in the form of broad plates projecting some- what over the coxse laterally. Coxje usually broad and flattened; those of the meso- and metathorax devoid of styliform appendages. Tarsi usually two-segmented. Abdomen composed of eleven seg- ments, the tergum of the tenth usually partially covering the eleventh. Body usually depressed, or flattened dorso-ventrally, thus differing from the more cylindrical Machilidae, although Ridley describes a specimen of " Lepisma" corticula of which he states that "the chief peculiarity of this Lepisma is its very rounded back, resembling that of a Machilis rather than that of a typical Lepisma." The body is usually scaled, although in such forms as Nicoletia and the Main- droniidae, the scales are absent. Brues and Melander are thus not strictly correct in stating that in the members of this group " the body is always clothed with scales." The number of abdominal ganglia is eight, and there are eight pairs of spiracles in the ab- dominal region. The tracheae anastamose ventrally with those of the opposite side of the body, and those of the same side are connected dorsally by longitudinal trunks. Malpighian tubules six in number. Ovaries with five ovarioles. Heart with nine pairs of ostia. The principal families of this order are the Lepismatidae, Nicoletidae, Maindroniidse, and Gastrotheidse. With regard to the Gastrotheidse, it may be remarked that Silvestri, 19120, has shown that these insects belong to the Lepismid group, and that the supposed springing organ described by Casey is the ovipositor, which is somewhat similar to that of Atelura and related genera. Cook, 1901 (Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV, p. 53) considered it so different from other insects that " he thought it necessary in consequence, to admit at least a new sub-order, which he would call Gastrotheoidea," and Handlirsch, 1906, raised it to an order, although he thought this a matter of some doubt. Silvestri, however, has shown that the insect in question is one of the Lepismid group. 284 Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoLXXIv. Summary. The principal points brought out in the preceding discussion may- be briefly summarized as follows. Crustacea (c. g., Bathynella, Anaspides, Ligia, etc.) " Myriopoda " {Scolopendrella, Scutigera, etc.) and the lower insects {e. g., Eosentomon, Anajapyx, Machilis) form the three apices of a triangle, each apex of which is connected with the other two by mutual bonds of relationship. These three groups are related to the Trilobita (such as Triarthrus, etc.), and through the Trilobites they are rather distantly related to Limulus and the Arachnids, but the Arachnid line of development diverges markedly from that of the three groups mentioned above as shown in fig. 2. The ancestors of Arthropods in general, were doubtless related to Annelidan worms and to Peripatus. The Apterygota have retained characters suggestive of both Crustacean and Myriopodan affinities, and some of the Apterygotan lines of development are nearer to the Crustacea than to the " Myriopoda " in certain respects, while others are clearly much nearer to the " Myriopoda." The Apterygota as a whole doubtless arose from ancestors occupying a position intermediate between the Crustacean and " Myriopodan " lines of descent, as shown in the diagram, fig. 2). The Apterygota are much more primitive than their nearest Pterygotan relatives (the Blattids, Plecoptera and Epheme- rids) and have departed the least from the probable ancestral condi- tion of the Hexapoda, despite Handlirsch's contention to the contrary. There are three main lines of development (possibly only two) in the Apterygota. These consist of the insects grouping themselves about the Protura, Rhabdura, and Thysanura, and they are divided into three sections termed the Proturadelphia, Rhabduradelphia, and Thysanuradelphia. The first group constitutes the non-styli-bearing Apterygota (Astyligera), while the last two constitute the styli-bear- ing Apterygota (Eustyligera). These may be further divided into seven or more orders represented by the Dasyleptidse ( ?), Machilidae, Lepismatidse, Campodeidse, Japygidse, Eosentomidse, and Entomo- bryidse (with the Sminthuridse ?). As a whole, the Eosentomid group is the most primitive. The Entomobryids, Sminthurids, etc., are rather closely related to the Protura, but represent more or less degenerate offshoots which Dec, 1916.] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 285 branched off at a comparatively early stage of development (see fig. I). The " Rhabdiiran " insects with their concealed mouthparts, vesti- geal first abdominal legs, etc., appear to approach the Proturan forms on the one hand, and also lead up to the Machilis-Vike forms w^ith well-developed cerci, styli, etc., on the other : so that they might be regarded as somewhat intermediate between the two groups, although their closest affinities are with the Thysanuran group (i. e., Machilis, Lcpisma, etc.). Such forms as Anajapyx serve to connect the Campodeidse with the Japygidse. The Thysanuran group {Machilis, Lepisma, Nicoletia, etc.) ap- proaches quite closely to the lower Pterygotan forms, the Plecoptera, Blattidae, and Ephemeridae being as nearly related to them as any of the Pterygota. LEPISM4T0II1E3 UACHILOIDES CAUPODEOIDBS JAPYGOIDES PTEBYGOTA CRUSTACEA APTERYGOTA IJYBIOPODA EOSENTQUOIHES /EOTOMOBRYOIDES SMINTHUROIDES ONYCHOPHORA UMELIDA Fig. I ARACHNIDA MEROSTOMATA TRILOBITA The relationships of the principal Apterygotan groups are repre- sented in fig. I, while in fig. 2 the lines of descent of the more im- portant groups related to the Insecta have been shown. It is im- possible to represent the rather complicated interrelationships of the different groups in a figure drawn in one plane, since the various lines of descent approach one another from different angles, and it is practically impossible to represent this correctly without making such an intricate crossing of lines as to render the diagram almost unintelligible, and therefore useless. On this account, the discussion given above rather than the diagram, should be taken as setting forth the true relationships of the forms here described. 286 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. 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Thysanura Hibernicae, etc., in: Trans. Ent. Soc. London, I, pp. 89- 1882-1883. Toemoesvary. Adatok hazank Thysanura-faunajohz, etc., in: Magyar Ak. Math, termesz Koezlem, Vol. 18, pp. 1 19-130; Vol. 19, PP- 47- 1911. Tragardth. Protura, in: Ent. Tid., 37, pp. 189-200. 1869. Tullberg. Om Skandinav. Poduriden, etc., in: Akad. Afhandl. Upsalae, 1869, 21 pp. 1871. Tullberg. Foerteckning oefer Svensk. Podurider, in: Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forh. Arg. 28, Nr. i, pp. 143-155. 1872. Tullberg. Sveriges Podurider, in: K. Sv. Akad. HandL, 10, Nr. 10, pp. 1-70, PI. 1-12. 1876. Tullberg. Collembola Borealia, in: Ofvers. K. Vet. Akad., Nr. 5, pp. 23-42, Pis. 8-11. 1875. Uljanin. Beog. u. d, Entwicklung der Poduriden, in : Nachr. Moskauer Gesell. Liebhaber Naturw., 16, Lief. 3, pp. i-io. Pis. 3-5. 1875-1876. Uljanin. Sur le Developpement des Podurelles, in: Arch. Zool. Gen. Exper., 4, p. xxix ; 5, p. xvii. 1890. Uzel. Thysanura Bohemiae, in: Sitzb. K. Boehm. Gesell. Wiss., pp. 1-82, Pis. 1-2. 300 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. 1895. UzEL. Studien ii, d, Entwicklung der Apterygoten Insekten, Berlin, 1895. 1897. UzEL. Beitr. z. Entwicklungsgeschichte von Campodea, in: Zool. Anz., 20. 1897. UzEL. Vorlauf. Mitteil. ii. d. Entwicklung der Thysanuren, in : Zool. Anz., 20. 1898. UzEL. Studien ii. d, Entwicklung der Apterygoten Insekten, Kownigs- graetz, 1898. 1802. Valckenaer. Hist. nat. d. Insectes Apteres. 1895. Verhoeff. Cerci u. Styli der Tracheaten, in: Ent. Nachr., Jg. 21, pp. 166-168. 1896. Verhoeff. Z. Morphologic der Segment-Anhaenge bei Insekten u. Myriopoden, in: Zool. Anz., 19, pp. 378-383, 385-386. 1897. Verhoeff. Bemerk, u. Abdominale-Koerperanhaenge bei Insekten u. Myriopoden, in: Zool. Anz., 20, pp. 293—300. 1902. Verhoeff. Vergl. Morph. d. Laufbeine d. Opisthogoneata, in : Nova Acta. K. L. Acad., 81. 1903. Verhoeff. Z. Vergl. Morphol. der Coxalorgane u. Genitalanhaenge der Tracheaten, in : Zool. Anz., zd, Nr. 687, pp. 60-77. 1903- Verhoeff. U. d. Interkalarsegmente der Chilopoden mit Berueck- sichtigung der Zwischensegmente der Insekten, in : Arch. Naturg. jg. 1903, Bd. I, Heft 3, pp. 427- 1903- Verhoeff. U. d. Endsegmente des Koerpers der Chilopoden, Dermap- teren u. Japygiden, etc., in : Nova Acta Abh. k. L. C. D. Akad. Naturf. Halle, LXXXI, Nr. 5, pp. 259-297, Pis. 18-19. 1903- Verhoeff. U. Tracheaten-Beine, 2 Aufsatz, in: Zool. Anz., 26, pp. 205-214, 3 Aufsatz, in: Sitzb, Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, Nr, 2, 4-5 Auf- satz, in: Nova Acta Leop. Carol., Halle, 81, Nr. 4. 1904. Verhoeff. Z. Vergl. Morphol. u. Systematik der Japygiden, in: Arch. Naturg., Jg. LXX, Bd. i. Heft i, pp. 63-114, 3 Pis. 1904. Verhoeff. U. Vergl. Morphol. des Kopfes niederer Insekten, in: Nova Acat. Leop. Carol., LXXXIV, Nr. i, pp. 1-126, Pis. 1-8. 1910. Verhoeff. U. Felsenspringer, Machiloidea, in: Zool. Anz. (3-4 Auf- satz), Bd. 36, pp. 385-399, 425-438. 5 Aufsatz, Bd. 38, 191 1, pp. 524-563. 1896. Vogler. Beitr. z. K. d. Springschwaenze, in: Illust. Ent. Wochensch., 1896. 1902. VoiGTS. Verzeichnis der i. Jahr 1901 um Goettingen gesammelten Col- lembolen, in: Zool. Anz., 25, pp. 523-524. 1899. Wahlgren. U. d. von der Schwedischen Polarexpedition gesemmelten Collembolen, in: Ofv. K. Vet. Foerh. Arg. 56, Nr. 4, pp. 335-340. 1899. Wahlgren. Beitr. z. K. d, Collembola-Fauna der ausseren Schaeren, in: Ent. Tidsk. Arg. 20, Heft. 2-3, pp. 183-193. 1900. Wahlgren. Collembola wahrend d. Schwed. Groenlands-Expedit. auf Jan Mayen u. Ost-Groenland eingesammelt, in : Afv. Ak, Forh., LVII, 1900, pp. 353- Dec, 1916-] Relationships of Apterygotan Insects. 301 1901. Wahlgren. U. einige neue Collembola Formen aus dem Siidwestlichen Patagonien, in: Ent. Tidsk. Arg. 21, pp. 265-270, PI. 2. 1906. Wahlgren. Svensk. Insektenfauna, in : Ent. Tidsk., Vol. 27, pp. 233- 270. 1907. Wahlgren. Collembola from the Second Fram Expedition, in: Kris- tiania Rpt. 2d. Norwegian Arct. Expedit. in the Fram, No. 10, pp. 6— 1909. Wahlgren. Islaendska Collemboler, in: Ent. Tidsk., 30, pp. 180— 1909. Wahlgren. Apterygoten aus Aegypten u. dem Sudan, Verbreitung u. Systematik der Collembolen, in : Jagerskiold, Results of the Swedish Zool. Expedit. to Egypt and the White Nile, Uppsala, Pt. 3, No. 15, pp. 1-72 (Thesis Uppsala, 1906). 1894. Wasmann. Kritisches Verzeichnis der Myrmecophilen u. Termitophi- len Arthropoden, Berlin, 1894. 1893. Wheeler. A Contrib. to Insect Embryology, in: Jour. Morph., 8, 1893. 1893, Wheeler. The Primitive Number of Malpighian Vessels in Insects, Psyche, 1893, VI. 1892. WiLLEM. L'organe de Toemoesvary de Lithobius forficatus, in : Bull. Seanc. Soc. Roy, Malacol. Belgique, XXVIII, 1892. 1897. WiLLEM & Sabbe. Le tube ventral et les glandes cephaliques des Sminthures, in: Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, 41, pp. 130-132. 1897. WiLLEM. Les Yeux et les Organes postantennaires des Collemboles, in: Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 41, pp. 225-226. 1899. WiLLEM. Recherches s. les Collemboles et Thysanures, in: Memoir (Couronne) Sav. Etr. Acad. Roy. Belgique, Gent, 1899, 58, pp. 1-144, 17 Pis. 1900. WiLLEM. Les glandes cephaliques des Orcheselles, in: Arch. d. Biol., 177, pp. 653- 1902, WiLLEM. Note prelim, sur les Collemboles des Grottes de Han et de Rochefort, in: Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, 46, pp. 275-283. 1902. WiLLEM. Collemboles, in : Result, d. Voy. Belgica ; Rapports Scient., Zoologie, Anvers, 1902. 1902. WiLLEM. La position des Anurophoriens dans la classification des Col- lemboles, in: Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 46, pp. 21-23. 1902. WiLLEM. Les Rapports d'Actaletes avec les autres Collemboles, in: Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 46, pp. 11— 12. 1913. Williams. A Summary of the present Knowledge of the Protura, in: The Entomologist, London, 46, p. 225-232. 1879. Wood-Mason. Morphological Notes Bearing on the Origin of Insects, in: Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1879, pp. 145-167, 2 figs. 302 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. xxiv. THE ASH LEAF BUG, NEOBORUS AMOENUS REUT. (HEM.)' By Edgar L. Dickerson and Harry B. Weiss,^ New Brunswick, N. J. This species was described by Reuter, who adopted the manuscript name of Professor Uhler. In his paper, " Bemerkungen iiber Nearc- tische Capsiden nebst Beschreibung neuer Arten," in which the de- scription appears under the name Tropidosteptes amoenus, he states that the above mentioned species is usually placed in American col- lections under the name Neohorus saxeus Dist., the light varieties under the name Neohorus amoenus Uhl., and that it cannot possibly be identical with Distant's species. He further states that in Neo- horus saxeus Dist. (Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhyn. Heter., I, 1884), p. 276, T. XXVI, f. 5) the first antennal joint is pointed out as being longer and dark, the ground color of the beak pitch brown, the femoral joint chestnut brown, etc., and that the North American species must there- fore be known as Neohorus amoenus Uhl., which is very variable in color, extending from the lightest varieties through all the variations to the darkest (see Uhler, Neohorus saxeus, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc. (2), IV, 1894, p. 264), also that this species is distinguished from the re- maining species of the genus by the light antennae and by the colored tips of the sides of the pronotum, otherwise it conforms with them in all generic characteristics. In Van Duzee's check list of the Hemiptera of America, North of Mexico, it appears as Neohorus amanus Reut., with saxeus Uhl., as a name cited in error and the following varieties, palmcri Reut., plagiata Reut., signata Rent., and scutellaris Reut. In the same list its distribution is roughly given as Canada, Eastern states to the Mississippi Valley and eastern Canada. Smith in " In- sects of New Jersey " records it from New Brunswick on ash.^ It has 1 Identified by Mr. H. G. Barber. 2 The arrangement of the authors' names is alphabetical only and indicates neither seniority nor precedence. 3 It has been found by the authors on the white ash (Fraxinus americana), green ash (F. lanceolata), red ash (F. pemisylvanica ipubescens)), and the English ash (F. excelsior var. pendula). Dec, 1916.] The Ash Leaf Bug. 303 however a much wider distribution in New Jersey, having been found by the authors at Somerville, Milburn, South Orange, Kingston, Springfield, Irvington, Rutherford, Morris Plains and Elizabeth, and is undoubtedly a well-distributed species. When present in large numbers, the foliage of ash trees is damaged considerably by the adults and nymphs feeding on the undersides of the leaves, causing numerous white spots to appear on the upper sur- faces. The nymphs and adults are quite active, move about rapidly and feed singly. In severe infestations, the leaves become dry and somewhat curled. This is especially true of young tender leaves which have been additionally injured by egg deposition. In the lati- tude of New Brunswick, N. J., there are two generations, the first adults appearing the latter part of May or the first of June. Eggs are deposited in the midribs of the younger leaves and hatch in from ten days to two weeks. Each nymphal stage requires from four to eight days depending on the temperature, the average length of time con- sumed from egg to adult being about five weeks. Adults of the first brood are usually plentiful about the middle of July at New Bruns- wick, those of the second brood appearing the latter part of August. In the more northern parts of New Jersey they appear from one to two weeks later. On account of the somewhat extended oviposition period, it is quite possible to find later stage nymphs and adults present at the same time. Egg. — Length 0.4 mm., width 0.14 mm. The eggs which are translucent, flask-shaped, broad and rounded at the posterior ends are deposited in the midribs on the undersides of young, tender leaves. The whitish circular rim of the egg cap projects out a slight distance, but is effectively hidden by the pubescence on the midrib. In fact, on account of its hairy condition, the eggs as a rule are somewhat diffi- cult to find especially if they are deposited close to the leaf surface. Where many eggs are deposited in a rib, the leaf becomes somewhat curled. First Stage Nymph. — Length 0.6 mm. Body oblong, broadening posteriorly (in newly hatched specimens, narrowing posteriorly), ob- tusely pointed at both ends. Head triangular, eyes lateral, prominent, granular. Thoracic segments distinct, pro- and mesothorax of equal length, metathorax shorter. Abdominal segments distinct in newly hatched specimens, later becoming indistinct. Rostrum extending posteriorly beyond thorax. 304 Journal New York Entomological Society, t^oi xxiv. Color. — Reddish brown, lighter posteriorly, light longitudinal me- dian line on thorax, curved transverse line on vertex of head. Legs and antennae white and somewhat hairy, more so on distal antennal segment. Second Stage Nymph. — Length 0.9 mm. Body ovate, head tri- angular, eyes prominent, lateral granular. Thoracic segments dis- tinct, broadest posteriorly. Prothorax longest, mesothorax slightly shorter, metathorax shortest. Abdomen rounded, broadest at middle, segments somewhat indistinct. Color. — Head and thorax dark reddish brown, light median line on thorax, curved transverse line on vertex of head. Abdomen light reddish brown. Legs and antennae yellowish white. Hairs of ap- pendages similar to those of first nymphal stage. Ventral surface reddish brown, sides and apex of abdomen lighter. Abdominal seg- ments distinct, margins laterally. Rostrum extending to third pair of legs with apical two thirds yellowish white. Third Nymphal Stage. — Length 1.3 mm. Body ovate, head tri- angular, eyes lateral, prominent, granular. Mesothorax longest, metathorax shortest of thoracic segments. Sides of thorax rounded, broadening posteriorly. Mesothorax broadest. Abdomen rounded, broadest anteriorly, segments distinct. Color. — Head and thorax dark brown, with median, longitudinal, light line. Curved transverse line on head. Abdomen light reddish brown, darker transverse, broken lines on several segments. Legs and antennae yellowish white, darker than in preceding stages. Ven- tural surface reddish brown, sides and apex of abdomen lighter. Abdomen and thorax with distinct margin. Rostrum extending to third pair of legs, apical two thirds yellowish white. Fourth Nymphal Stage. — Length 1.6 mm. Body oval, head tri- angular, eyes lateral, prominent, granular. Pro- and mesothorax of equal length, metathorax half as long. Thorax broadening posteri- orly, at sides meso- and metathorax extending posteriorly. Meso- thorax covering metathorax forming wing pads. Abdomen broadly rounded. Color. — Head and thorax dark brown, almost black. Light median longitudinal line on thorax meeting curved, transverse line on head, which extends to lateral margins in front of eyes. Eyes slightly lighter in color than head. Abdomen light, reddish brown, with Dec, 1916.] The Ash Leaf Bug. 305 median, broad, transverse bands anteriorly. Legs and antennae light yellowish brown. Some nymphs of this stage have head light brown, thorax light, yellowish brown medially, dark, transverse, more or less broken bands extending across most of abdominal segments. Ven- tral surface yellowish brown except at margins of thorax. Rostrum extending to third pair of legs. Fifth Nymphal Stage. — Length 2.3 mm. Body oval, narrowing anteriorly, broadest at apical third of wing pads. Head triangular, eyes lateral, granular, more pronounced than in preceding stage. Tip of each granule is black giving a mottled appearance. Prothorax broadest at posterior end, sides margined, straight. Mesothorax slightly longer than prothorax and covering metathorax save at center. Wing pads extending posteriorly half the length of the abdomen. Color. — Head yellowish brown, with a median and lateral, longi- tudinal dark lines. Median line broadening transversely at base. Prothorax marked with dark bands at lateral and anterior margins and bands parallel to them. Wing pads mottled with darker markings at center and anteriorly. Abdominal segments darkened transversely. Entire dorsal surface light yellowish brown. Legs and antennae yel- lowish. Ventral surface yellowish white except at sides of thorax, which are reddish. Rostrum extending to between first and second pair of legs, apical two thirds whitish, tip black. Adult. — In O. M. Reuter's paper, " Bemerkungen iiber Nearctische Capsiden nebst Beschreibung neuer Arten," published in Acta So- cietas Scientiarum Fennicae, Tom. XXXVI, No. 2, p. 48, there ap- pears the following description of Tropidosteptes amoenus Rent. : " Oblongo-ovalis, colore variabilis, glaber, sat nitidus, superne, capite excepto, sat crebre et sat f ortiter punctatus ; rostro pedibusque lividis, extremo apice rostri articulique tertii tarsorum nigro, capite basi pro- noti 3/7 angustiore, ab antico viso distincte transverso (J*) vel lati- tudine postica parum vel paullulum breviore, genis oculo paullo magis quam dimidio {^) vel paullo (J) humilioribus, vertice postice tenuis- sime (J*) vel tenuiter (J) marginato, oculo ?eque lato (J*) vel hoc circiter 2/3 duplo latiore (5), medio plerumque impressione longi- tudinali instructo; rostro medium vel fere apicem coxarum inter- mediarum attingente; antennis gracilibus, articulo primo capite ab antico viso paullo minus quam 1/3 breviore, secundo primo magis 306 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. quam duple et dimidio (J*) vel solum circiter duple ($) longiere et margini basali pronoti aequelengo ((^) vel hoc saltern 1/4-1/3 breviore (5) ; pronoti latitudine basali circiter 1/3-2/5 breviore, sat crebre, fortiter punctato, strictura apicali versus latera gracilescente callis tertiam apicalem partem baud superantibus, lateribus apicem versus distincte calloso-marginatis, intra marginem longitudinaliter impres- sis; scutello paullo subtilius punctato; hemielytris abdomen longe superantibus, marginale costali modice rotundatis, crebre punctatis. Long. 5, lat. 2 i/io (^)-2 1/2 ($) mm." In the same article, there also appears brief discriptions of the varieties palmeri, plagiata, signata, scutellaris. Explanation of Plate 16. Fig. 1. Egg. Fig. 2. First stage nymph. Fig. 3. Second stage nymph. Fig. 4. Third stage nymph. Fig. s. Fourth stage nymph. Fig. 6. Fifth stage nymph. Fig. 7. Adult (female). MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Some Respiratory Structures of Dragonfly Larvae. — In the little Zygoptera or damsel flies, the respiratory arrangement is vastly dif- ferent from that of other dragonflies. These nymphs all have three big flat external gills, forming a sort of triple tail at the end of the abdomen. But what is most strange is that these nymphs will live if the external gills are all broken off. I could find nothing in the way of discovered fact about these insects except the old statement that the blackwing, Calopteryx, had as a nymph three gills in his rectum. I dissected four of the common small Agrionidse, includ- ing the common brown Lestes, blue Enallagma and others. Their rectum was the same as that of any insect, with just three glands in it; but in Argia putrida, I happened to work further forward, and in this creature I found that the intestine, just caudad of the Mal- pighian tubules, is expanded into a globular ampulla. On the sur- face of this ampulla are three fatty bags, well tracheated, one of Jo urn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXIV. PI. i6. Neoborus amoenus Reut. Dec, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 307 them midventral, the others laterodorsal. I do not know that this is respiratory in structure, but it suggests the folds of the ^schnine forms. I did not see any of these nymphs draw water into the anus, but I did notice that one lived nine days without external gills. In the nymph of Calopteryx, I found a similar ampulla, and stranger still, another one just like it, also in the rectum. The fatty bags seem to be projections into the lumen of the rectum, but do not hang free into it. They are covered by a tough chitinous epithelium. — Stephen G. Rich, Rhynchophora in Maine. — While collecting in Cumberland Co., Maine, last summer, in the vicinity of Sebago Lake, I took the fol- lowing weevils, which are not reported from that state in Blatchley and Leng's Rhyncophora of Northeastern America, viz. : Apion puri' tanum Fall, Anthonomiis hamanielidis Pierce, Balaninus ohtusus Blanchard. — Alan S. Nicolay. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- LOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting of May 16, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held May i6th, 1916, at 8:15 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Presi- dent Harry G. Barber in the chair, with 14 members and one visitor present. The curator reported a revision of the Membracidae of the Local Collection by Mr. Olsen. Mr. Dow reported arrangements for Lahaway field trip, and the names of members who had indicated their intention of joining it for one or more days. Mr. Davis called attention to the forest fires at Wading River, Long Island, often visited by our members, and spoke earnestly of the useless dam- age done to Long Island through such fires. Mr. Leng exhibited a collection of the genus Tetracha, of which a great part was loaned by Mr. Harris, and called special attention to the recent increase in our knowledge thereof through the activity of Mr. Harris, Mr. Davis and the Museum expeditions of Dr. Lutz and Mr. Mutchler. Mr. Davis commenting thereon spoke of the differences between Tetracha Carolina var. floridana Mss. and allied forms and of comparisons he had made in Washington while visiting Dr. Schwarz. 308 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. Mr. Barber read a paper on Nabidae, in which he reviewed the five genera and 22 species known from the United States, giving their distribution as follows : *Carthasis rufo-notatiis Champ., Panama, D. C, Md., N. J. (decorata Uhler and contrarius Reuter being synonyms). Metatropiphorus belfragei Reuter, Texas, Fla., N. C, D. C, N, Y., New Eng. Phorticus collaris Stal, Texas, Mexico. *Pagasa fusca Stein (including nitida Stal as synonym). Eastern U. S., N. Y., N, J., Neb., Mo., Tex., Ariz. P. pallipes Stal, western U. S. *Nabis (formerly known as Reduviohis Kirby) subcoleopfratits Kirby, N. E. U. S. (extremely common in Adirondack Mts.). *N. ferus Linn., common to U. S. and Europe. A'', capsiformis Germar, common to So. U. S. and Europe and almost cosmopolitan in tropical and sub-trop. regions. *A''. inscriptiis Kirby, common to No. U. S. and Europe. N. limbatus Dahlb., common to No. U. S. and Europe, also Colo. N. flavomarginatus Scholtz, No. U. S. and Europe, also Colo. *N. annulatus Reuter, E. U. S. *N. propinqtins Reuter, E. U. S. (vicarius Reut.). *N. roseipennis Reuter, E. U. S. *A''. rufuscuhts Reuter, E. U. S, (assimilis Uhl.). • *N. sordidus Reuter, E. U. S. (pallescens Reut.). N. heidemanni Reut., Cal. N. kalmice Reuter, Wis. N. constrictus Champ. (A Mexican species, specimens from near Wash- ington, D. C, have been determined as such by Mr. Reuter.) N. nigriventris Stal, S. W. U. S. and Mexico (sericans Reut.). N. crassipes Reut., S. W. U. S. and Mexico. N. chenkeanus Kirkaldy, So. U. S. The species marked with asterisk have been found within 50 miles of N. Y. City, though in single instances in some cases. The New Jersey List cites most of them, though some are under synonymous names. It also cites sericans Reut. (a synonym of nigriventris) and kalmice Reut., neither of which are likely to occur so far east ; kalmice being very close to ferus, the New Jersey record may be based on that species. Mr. Barber spoke also of the predaceous habits of the species, of their occurring in both brachypterous and macropterous forms, and of their taxo- nomic characters, praising in this connection the work of the late O. M. Reuter of Finland. In the discussion that followed, Mr. Barber was urged to prepare a syn- optic key for the Journal. Mr. Mutchler exhibited the enormous larva of an African Goliath beetle, Dr. Bequaert spoke of their being found in decayed wood and of their being Dec, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 309 eaten by the natives, commenting on which Mr. Dow remarked that he had found the astringent taste of similar larvae unpleasant. Mr. Weiss exhibited the stages and work of the introduced boxwood leaf miner {Monarthropalpus bu.vi Lab.), now established at Rutherford, Eaton- town, Far Hills, Gladstone and Peapack, in New Jersey. Mr. Schaeffer recorded Dermestes pulcher, found at South Amboy, N. J., by Mr. Schott. Mr. Davis exhibited Cicindelidae obtained from Franklin Sherman, Jr., which will be recorded in Miscellaneous Notes, and a species of Lyctus found injuring shelves in the pantry of a house on Long Island. Meeting of October 3, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held Oct. 3, 1916, at 8:15 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History; President Harry G. Barber in the chair, with 17 members and six visitors present. The Curator announced the date for the first Saturday afternoon meeting, Oct. 28, and the subject, Bruchidae. Mr. Dow reported for the Lahaway Committee that the plantation formerly owned by the late J. Turner Brakeley had been bought by his onetime super- intendent, Wm. H. Horner, and that visitors would be entertained by him at a rate of $7.00 per week. The Decoration Day outing had been attended for from one to four days by Mr. and Mrs. Dow, Mr. and Mrs. Leng, Dr. Bequaert and Messrs. Davis, Schaeffer, Olsen and Engelhardt. The collecting had proven far ahead of that found at Lakehurst, and the Weekly Messenger had been printing an account of the place and its visitors ever since. Mr. Leng added an appreciation of Mr. Dow's hard work in making the excursion successful. The Secretary read a letter from Mr. Joutel, dated May 16, announcing the death on May i of Julius Meitzen, aged 80 years, a former member of the Society, and on motion a minute is hereby entered expressive of the sorrow of the Society. Mr, Davis announced the death, on Sept. 6, of Louis H. Joutel, aged 58, an active member and former Treasurer and Secretary of the Society, reading an account of his life and entomological achievements, which will be printed in the Journal. On motion, the Secretary was instructed to write Mr. Joutel's sister, conveying the sorrow and sympathy of the Society. Mr. Sherman announced the death, on Sept. 29, of Christopher H. Roberts, aged 64, a former President of the Society, and briefly reviewed his long con- nection with this and the Brooklyn Entomological Society and his work with aquatic coleoptera. Mr. Sherman engaged to write an obituary notice for the Journal and the Secretary was instructed to write Mrs. Roberts. The President then called for brief outlines of the Summer collecting accomplished by the members. Mr. Sherman said he had spent ten days tramping and collecting Cole- 310 Journal New York Entomological Society, tvoi. xxiv. optera in the White Mountains with Mrs. Sherman and Messrs. Dodge and Sheriff. He found the ponds too full for the best water beetle collecting but took an extraordinary number of Carabus chamissonis at Lake of the Clouds; and a specimen of Cicindela longilabris under a stone at over 5,000 ft. eleva- tion. Mr. Sherman also exhibited the first description of Coleoptera in an American work, being the description of Anisandrus pyri by W. D. Peck, in an article entitled " On the Insects which Destroy the Young Branches of the Pear-tree and the Leading Shoots of the Weymouth Pine " in the Mass. Agl. Rep. and Journ. for Jan., 181 7. Mr. Olsen spoke briefly of his collections of Hemiptera in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Long Island, saying that he had not found insects numerous this year. Mr. Dow said he had been on the go all summer, having made two trips to Claremont, N. H., two to Williamstown, Mass., and several to Lahaway ; the specimens taken, of which he exhibited the first box, he placed entirely at the service of his friends, reserving only certain special desiderata for Messrs. Davis, Olsen and Bequaert. Dr. Ottolengui, one of the charter members of the society, described his journey through Alberta, Vancouver, California and the Grand Canyon, his pleasant visits with Mr. Sanson at Banff' and Van Duzee at San Francisco, and told of some of the rare Plusia, etc., he had secured, in part from Mr. Sanson. He dwelt especially on the abundance of Pamphila on a flowering hedge in Vancouver and again on blue aster-like flowers at Grand Canyon and on the number of Longhorn beetles found at dusk on the hotel wall in the Canadian Rockies. Mr. Shoemaker spoke of his collecting experiences at Washington, D. C, in the Catskill Mts., and on Long Island, recording especially the capture of two butterflies, Colias eurytheme near east New York and Apatura clyton, found on silver poplar where beetles had caused the sap to flow, butterflies of southern distribution and rare on Long Island. Dr. Lutz spoke of his journey with Mr. Rehn to Tucson and several of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona, leaving New York the latter part of June, and ending with a visit to Los Angeles and San Francisco, where he met Nunenmacher, Van Dyke, Van Duzee and other California entomologists at a meeting of the Pacific Entomological Society. He spoke especially of the excellent results of using a cheesecloth tent with lanterns inside for light collecting and of the insects collected at light in Texas while the train was detained in a swamp. Mr. Engelhardt said his principal journey through southern California to Puget Sound was devoted mainly to marine invertebrates but with some entomological work included. Dr. Fenyes was visited in Pasadena, also Fordyce Grinnell, with whom he had a 30 mile walk through the Sierra Madre, and Dr. Van Dyke in San Francisco. The ascent of Mt. Hood with blizzard weather alternating with a sun- Dec, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 311 shine that brought out plenty of insects and a visit to Yosemite National Park were also features of his journey. Mr. Harris described, as the principal result of several weeks in the White Mts., the location of Cicindela ancocisconensis on the watershed of the Israel River, a tributary of the Connecticut River, it having previously been known to occur in the White Mts. only in the Saco River valley, along the Glen Road near Ellis River, where his father found it in 1850. Mr. Harris exhibited also a box of Cicindela limbalis received from Col. Wirt Robinson, who had taken them at West Point, N. Y., and read a card from Dr. Walther Horn dated July 29, sending greetings to his American friends from the German field hospital on the Russian border. Mr. Nicolay said his summer had been spent in Cumberland County, Maine, five miles from Sebago Lake ; at Sudbury, Vermont, and at Lake Minnewaska, N. Y. In Maine the conditions proved similar to those found in northern New York, though the elevation was only 1,200 ft. Many good beetles were found, including Anthophilax malachiticus and Pachyta rugipennis, but black flies and mosquitoes were unpleasantly abundant. Mr. Woodruff spoke of many short trips made to Litchfield, Conn., Yaphank, Rockaway, Lakehurst, sometimes with other collectors and particu- larly of the dragonfly results. Mr. Davis in consideration of the late hour, spoke very briefly of his summer activity in North Carolina, Virginia, New Jersey and New York, but took pains to call attention to a specimen of Papilio palamedes found by Edward Burns, June 18, 19 14, at Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island. Mr. Dickerson said he had been in the field practically every day, engaged in nursery inspection work with Mr. Weiss, and would report later the more important results. Mr. Leng exhibited European Rhynchophora found near Batavia, N. Y., wihle with Mr. Knight, Mr. Davis and Dr. Bradley in June; also an ap- parently new species of Syncalypta found at the same time. Mr. Barber spoke enthusiastically of the collecting near Washington, D. C, and especially about the Great Falls. Mr. Herbert Barber, upon the President's invitation, spoke also of the collecting about Washington and the species apparently brought there from considerable distances by the Potomac River; but said he was unable to devote much attention to it on account of the time required to find enough myriapods to feed the long-lived Lampyrid larvae that were the special subject of his biological work, though rare species were occasionally thus found at night, as shown by a fine pair of Cychriis ridingsii. He said he now had the complete life history of one species of Phengodes, and partial histories of others. Mr. Engelhardt proposed a trip to Yaphank for Sunday, Oct. 8, to show Mr. Barber that locality for Phengodes. 312 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. Meeting of October 17, 1916. A regular meeting of the New York Entomological Society was held Oct. 17, 1916, at 8:15 P. M., in the American Museum of Natural History, Presi- dent Harry G. Barber in the chair, with 20 members and five visitors, includ- ing Mr. W. S. Wright of San Diego, Cal., Dr. J. Bequaert and Mr. Edw. Burns, present. Mr. Wunder exhibited the Society's album of photographs and Mr. Davis commented on the skill with which they had been mounted and labeled. Mr. Dow spoke of the " Insects of Lahaway," reading extracts from the Allentown Messenger and exhibiting a box of specimens which he placed at the service of the members. In part he said that the collecting at Lahaway had been scarcely sampled, the more careful methods like sifting and sugaring having been greatly neglected ; and in view of the great area of uncultivated land in that part of New Jersey, he felt that many interesting captures re- mained to be made. Mr. Olsen exhibited the Hemiptera he had taken at Lahaway, representing 76 species and 53 genera, saying that they represented the usual run for the vicinity. He pointed out EuschisHts servus and Notonecta uhleri as especially interesting captures. Mr. Davis read an extract from his journal written after his return from the Decoration Day trip to Lahaway, in which the intermediate position of Lahaway between pure pine barren and better land to the west was indicated and its cranberry bogs and sandy patches were described, while its natural condition was reflected in the mention of deer, fox, coon, opossum, snakes and birds. The abundance of red cedar was stated to emphasize the difference between it and the white cedar swamps of Lakehurst ; and the patches of lupine and Cypripedium acaule were recalled in connection with the sports their long undisturbed growth had developed. Mr, Davis exhibited the rare Hyla andersoni, which was quite common, a chain snake 39 inches long, a worm snake 12^2 inches long (and exceeding the length stated in the books) as additional evidence of the almost virgin character of the great forests of Lahaway. He also showed many photographs taken during his visit, two maps of the region and a small part of the insects he had taken, pointing out especially an unusually dark specimen of Cicindela rugifrons, specimens of Attelabus bipustulatus, with oak leaf showing the half-moon shaped cut with which it commences to roll the leaf, Manfispa interrupta, collected by Mr. Dow in September and the following Orthoptera : Gryllus assimilis Fabr. Nomotettix cristatus cristattis Scudd. Eutettix carinatus Scudd. Previously reported by Dr. Fox from Camden and Cape May Counties, N. J., but not recorded from the State in the N. J. List of 1910. Arpliia sulphnrea Fabr. Chortophaga viridifasciata DeGeer. Hippisctis phoenicopterus Germ. Nymphs. Dec, 1916.] Proceedings of the Society. 313 Atlanticits sp. Nymph. Mr. Leng showed some of the beetles he had caught, calling attention especially to the Rhynchophora found on the pines, beach plums and huckle- berries, among which were Anisandrus pyri, one of the first beetles described by an American author, and Rhinomacer pallipennis, one of the new species recently described by W. S. Blatchley. Dr. Bequaert said he had taken a great quantity of Hymenoptera and Diptera, but unfortunately his unfamiliarity with the American species pre- vented a complete report. However, he could say that Methoca bicolor, of which the life history appeared in the August number of Psyche, was one interesting capture because as a parasite on Cicindela larvae, it was always found in sandy places. Melitara prodenialis, raised by Mr. Olsen from larvae found in Opuntia leaves was especially interesting among the Diptera. Dr. Forbes said that in looking over the Geometers found by Mr. Davis he noticed an aberration of Apcccasia dedjtctaria Walker that was remarkable for its suffused color. Mr. Weiss exhibited the following insects of tropical American origin found in greenhouses in New Jersey : Cholus cattleya: Champion, and Dioryniellus lavimargo Champion, new weevils recently described. Diprion simile Hartig, a European sawfly found at Rutherford, South Orange and Elizabeth, N. J. Tenthecoris bicolor Scott, found in Bergen Co., N. J. Mr. Nicolay exhibited the green species of Anthophilax including the types of hoffmani, loaned by American Museum of Natural History ; viridis, loaned by Mr. Shoemaker, and malachiticns, taken by himself in Cumberland Co., Maine, commenting on the constant difference between the two latter in the color of the legs. Mr. W. S. Wright, upon invitation from the chair, spoke of the unusual character of California collecting, where four faunal zones could be found by going 60 miles from the coast, and where at times extraordinary numbers of specimens could be obtained. As instances he mentioned the late L. E. Rick- secker taking 1,700 moths in one night in September, 191 1, in a trap, and his own experience in taking 500 day fliers in a three-days' trip in the mountains. Mr. Wright spoke also of the excellent collecting about San Diego and said he would always be glad to show visitors where the good places were. Dr. Forbes spoke of Pieris oleracea as abundant in certain places in Mc- Lean bogs near Ithaca, N. Y., where it was evidently able to hold its own against P. rapce. Mr. Angell spoke of Gymnetis sallei and said the form occurring north of Mexico differed sufficiently to require a new name. Mr. Davis showed a proof of photograph of the late Louis H. Joutel, pre- pared under Mr. Comstock's direction, and to appear in the Journal. He spoke also of Mr. Sleight's illness and urged his friends to call on him at his residence, 95 Hamilton Ave., Paterson, N. J. 314 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Vol. xxiv. Mr. DeVyver spoke of the excellent conditions for collecting in the Inter- state Park, describing the 28 days he spent there, during the early summer, about 3% miles back in the woods from Tompkin's Cove, N. Y., of which most were rainy. Mr. Beyer, upon special invitation by the President, regretted that his years prevented activity in the field ; but in allusion to Mr. DeVyver's com- ments on the extreme rains of the early summer, recalled his contrary experi- ences in Lower California, when for six months no rain whatever fell. Mr. Dow said that Mr. Grossbeck and he found no scarcity of rain in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica, where it actually rained every day, and the choice lay between roasting in a rain coat or getting a daily wetting. The reports of the local weather bureau show that such daily rains have continued for at least IS years. Index to Names of Insects and Plants in Volume XXIV. Generic names begin with a capital, specific names with a small letter. New genera, subgenera, species, subspecies, varieties and nomina nova are printed in italics. Acerentomon, 271 Achoreutes, 278 armatum, 144 Acmaeops pratensis, 166 Acrocinus longimanus, 21 Adalia bipunctata, 146 humeralis, 99 Adnostema fasciculatum, 177 Agrion puella, 6 Agriotes brunneiis, 264 Alaus lusciosus, 256 zunianus, 256 Aleyrodes vaporarium, 145 Allecula, 143 Ameles, 19 Ameromysobia aphelinoides, 22,2, 233 Amphiscepa bivittata, 103 Anax Junius, 91 Andinetia, 198 Anisandrus pyris, 310, 313 Anisolabia maritima, 242 Anthocaris genutia, 95 Anthocomus erichsoni, 154 Anthonomus hamamelidis, 307 latiusculus, 92 Anthophilax hoffmanni, 313 malachiticus, 164, 311, 313 viridis, 313 Anthophora, 197 Antispila, 141 Anurida, 278 Apsecasia deductaria, 313 Apatelodes, Apatura clyton, 310 Aphelinus, 232 Aphiochseta albidihalteris, 148 Aphis gossypi, 145 hederae, 145 nerii, 145 Apion puritanum, 307 Apis, 197 brasilianorum, 197 moris, 197 violacea, 197 Aptopus pereginus, 257 rugiceps, 2e,j subcarinatus, 256 Aramigus fulleri, 146, 159 Archips infumatana, 164, 153 rosaceana, 147 Arctia caia, 96 Ardihtomis puncticollis, 92 Argia putrida, 306 Arphia sulphurea, 312 Arrhenophagus, 232 Asaphes, 96 Asilus fidviventris, 69 hypopygialis, 68 Asphondylia adenostoma, lyj chrystothamni, 178 eupatorii, 178 Asteromyia carbonifera, 179 cuneifolia, 180, 181 grindelicp, 180 gutierrezia:, 179 sarothrae, 179 Atrytone zabulon, 155, 237 Attalus melanopterus, 154 Attelabus bipustulatus, 312 Balaminus obtusus, 307 Bibio, 269 Bigelovia graveolens, 178 Blethisa quadricullis, 99 Boreaphilus, 106 Bradycellus neglectus, 92 Bremis, 197 315 316 Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Calisto archelates, 165 confusa, 165 heraphila, 165 hysius, 165 nubila, 165 pulchella, 165 tenebrosa, 165 zangis, 165 Callida punctata, 242 Callopistria floridensis, 147 Calopteryx, 306 Calosoma sycophanta, 163 Calotermes, 8 Caltha palustris, 159 Campodea, 271 Capnia, 274 Captodisca, 141 Carabus chamissonis, 97, 310 nemoralis, 99, 100 Cardiophorus erythropus, 167 Carpophilus antiquus, 165 Carthasis decorata, 308 contrariiis, 308 rufo-notatus, 100, 308 Catocala amatrix, 105 Centris, 197 Cephennium, 271 Cephenomyia abdominalis, 92 Ceroplatus, 270 Ceruchus piceus, 242 Ceutorhynchus niarginatus, 243 neglectus, 245 punctiger, 244 Chsetocnema confinis, 100 Chauliognathus marginatus, 169 Chilianella productilis, 94 Chlsenius circumcinctus, 92 floridanus, 92 maxillosus, 92 Choeradodis, 19 Cholus cattleyse, 313 Chortophaga viridifasciata, 312 Cicada arisona, 5 1 auletes, 43, 60 aurifera, 44, 46, 64 bifida, 47, 64 canalicularis, 45, 60, 64, 164 castanea. 49, 64 charactera, 61 chisas. 62, 64 cinctifera, 49 crucifera, 54 davisi, 45, 46, 60, 64 delicata, 51, 60 dorsata, 60 erratica, 59, 60 Cicada eugraphica, 52, 54, 58, 59 figurata, 43, 44, 60, 64 grossa, 43 hieroglyphica, 60, 61, 62, 64 johannis, 62, 64 linnei, 60 lyricen, 44, 60 marginata, 43, 60 milvus, 57, 59 olympusa, 56, 57, 59 orientalis, 235 pruinosa, 60 reperta, 51, 58, 60 resh, 60 resonans, 43, 44, 60 sayi, 60 sex-gutlata, 42, 62, 64 similaris, 43, 44, 60 sordidata, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 superba, 60 swalei, 42 texana, 54, 56, 59 tibicen, 242 townsendi, 46, 64 viridifascia, 42, 58, 60 vitripennis, 42, 58, 60 Cicindela ancocisconensis, 154, 311 argentata, 104 blanda, 155 boops, 96 consentanea, 100 debilis, 104 harrisi, 98 hirticollis, 98, 311 lepida, 96 limbalis, 98, 311 longilabris, 310 modesta, 98, loi munifica, loi nigrita, 98 patruela, 98 purpurea, 98, 154 repanda, 154 rhodensis, 93 rugifrons, loi segnis, 104 sex-guttata, 98, loi, 166 splendida, 154 tortuosa, 155 trauquebarica, 154, 166 trifasciata, 96 unipunctata, 100 Cociobius, 232 Coccophagus, 232 Cceliodes punctiger, 244 Colias eurytheme, 310 Index. 317 Collops georgianus, 153 sublimbatus, 153 tricolor, 154 vittatus, 153 Coptotermes, 38 flavus, 8 Corythuca, 38 Corethra, 5 Corthylus punctatissimus, 105 Corydalis, 38 Corydaloides, 14, 15 scudderi, 39 Corymbites atropurpureus, 167 copei, 167 rotundicollis, 167 Cotalpa brugei, 99 lanigera, 242 Cremastachilus, 96 Crioceris 13-punctata, 242 Culex fatigans, 160 quinquefasciata, 160 Cuterebra buccata, 100 Cychrus canadensis, 164 ridingsi, 311 Cyllene pictus, 242 Cymindis elegans, 92 Cypripedium acaule, 312 Dasyleptus lucasi, 281 Dermestes pulcher, 309 Diacrisia virginica, 147 Diarthronomyia artemisiae, 192 californica, 193, 195 floccosa, 193, 19s hypogjea, 193, i94 occidentalis, 193, 194 Diazosma, 125 Dicaelus quadratus, 92 Dineutes discolor, 105 Diorymellus Isevimargo, 313 Diplostethus opacicollis, 260 peninsularis, 260 setosus, 260 Diprion simile, 313 Donacia nifa, 159 Eccritosia amphinome, 66 Ectatosoma papa, 38 Elater apicatus, 257 carbonicolor, 167 collaris, 257 discoideus, 258 linteus, 258 luctuosus, 167 mixtus, 248 nigricolHs, 258 Elater nigrinus, 167, 258 ore go mis, 258 pullus, 258 rubricollis, 258 sanguinicollis, 258 Emhaphion, 39 Enchenopa binotata, 151, 152 Encyrtus flavus, 148 Eosentomon, 271 Ephemera, 4 Erax calif ornicus, 67 costalis, 66 pallidus, 67 rapax, 67 stamineus, 6y subcupreus, 66 subpilosus, 67 Eristalis tenax, 149 Eucactophagus graphipterus, 93, 146, 150 Euphoria limbalis, 92 Eurosta solidaginis, 158 Euryglottis albostigmata, 165 besalis, 165 Euschistus servus, 312 Eutettix carinatus, 312 Evetriabuoliana, 100 Exochomus 4-pustulatus, 99, 146 Forficula auricularia, 146 Formica fusca, 107, 108, 109, no, 112, 114, 117 subsericea, 107 argentea, 107 sanguinea, 114 incerta, 116 glebaria, 117 rufibarbis, 112, 117 Galerucella cavicollis, 165 rufosanguinea, 159 Gastrophilus equi, 255 haemorrhoidalis, 253, 254, 255 nasalis, 255 Gibbium scotias, 243 Glyphonyx bimarginattis, 264 brevicollis, 266 dubius, 265 ferruginosus, 266 inquinatus, 266 prsecox, 266 testaceus, 266 Goes pulverulentus, 242 Gomphus descriptus, 158 Gonepteryx rhamni, 105 318 Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Gracilaria zachrysa, 147 culea, 95 Graphiphora subterminata, 95 Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, 99 Gryllus assimilis, 312 Gymnetes sallei, 313 Gyrinus dichrous, 105 Halticus citri, 145 Hapagoxenus subloevis, 116 Heligmoneura, 68 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, 145 Hemoroplanus acuta, 96 Henicocephalus biceps, 158 culicis, 158 Hepialus, 138 humuli, 141 Heptagenia, 38 Herse cingulata, 155 Hippiscus phoenicopterus, 312 Homoiptera woodwardi, 21 Hormomyia caudata, 176 Hydrasna pennsylvanica, 98 Hydroecia appassionata, 242 Hymenia perspectalis, 147 Hymenorus rufipes, 143 Hyphantria cunea, 146 Hypochaeris maculata, 244 Incisalia henrici, 95 Isochroa, 41 andrewsi, 41 germani, 41 guyoti, 41 Isia Isabella, 147 Isochaetes beutenmiilleri, 242 Isosoma orchidearum, 148, 150 Isotoma, 278 quadrioculata, 144 Japyx, 271 Jodia rufago, 95 Kalmia latifolia, 158 Kaptorthosoma, 198 Largus davisi, 94 succinctus, 95 Lasiopogon arizonensis, 65 Lasioptera echinochloa, 181 impatientifolia, 182 inustonim, 182 lactucse, 181 Lepisma, 39, 269, 271, 285 corticula, 283 Leptobyrsa explanata, 99 Leptogenys, 116 Leptophya mutica, 99 Leptura chrysocoma, 166 emarginata, 242 vibex, 166 Lestis, 197 Leucorhampa ornatus, 165 Leucorhinia frigida, 97 Leuctra, 274 Limenitis ursula, 93 albofasciata, 93 Limnophila alleni, 118, 119, 120, 125 marchandi, 118, 120, 125 vmndoides, 120, 123, 125 munda, 121, 122, 123, 125 terebrans, 121, 123, 125 barberi, 122, 123, 125 terrcc-novce, 123, 125 similis, 123 fulvocostalis, 123 insularis, 123 oslari, 123, 125 lenta, 123, 124 osborni, 124, 125 subsinuata, 124, 125 Lithariapteryx, 141 Lithomantis carbonaria, 9, 21 goldenbergi, 21 Lobopoda, 143 Loxandrus celeris, 92 Lucanus, 161 cervus, 103 elephus, 98 Ludius, 260, 261 Machilis, 19, 271, 285 Macrosiphum lactucae, 145 rosje, 14s sanborni, 145 Malachius seeneus, 98 Malthodes, 158 Mantispa interrvipta, 312 Megapenthes angularis, 259 lougicornis, 259 nigriceps, 259 rufilabris, 259, 260 tarsalis, 259 Megilla, 197 Melanactes, 96 Melanotus opacicollis, 167 Melitsea harrisi, 158 prodenialis, 313 Melyrodescribrata, 154 Memytrus palmi, 94 Meromyzobia, 232 Merope, 274 Index. 319 Mesotrichia, 197 torrida, 197 Metapodius confraternus, 94 Metatropiphorus belfragei, 308 Methoca bicolor, 313 Micromalthus debilis, 100 Microrhagus andax, 167 imperfectus, 167 Monardia. fo Hat a, 195 Monarthropalpus buxi, 105, 309 Mycetochara, 161 horni, 142 rufipes, 143 Myzus persicae, 145 rosarum, 145 Nabis assimilis, 308 annulatus, 308 capsiformis, 308 chenkeanus, 308 constrictus, 308 crassipes, 308 ferus, 308 flavomarginatus, 308 heidemanni, 308 inscriptus, 308 kalmise, 308 limbatus, 308 nigriventris, 308 pallescens, 308 propinquus, 308 roseipennis, 308 rufusculus, 308 sericans, 308 sordidus, 308 subcoleoptratus, 308 vicarius, 308 Neanura, 278 Neoborus amoenus, 302 palmeri, 302 plagiata, 302 saxeus, 302 signata, 302 Neocerata rhodophaga, 148 Nomaretus, 42 ISi omotettix cristatus, 312 Nonagria laeta, 103 N.tonecta uhleri, 312 Nicoletia, 283, 285 Nymphula obliteralis, 147 Ochthebius foveicollis, 98 Ochria, 86 Okanagana oregona, 233, 236 rotundifrons, 235, 236 Olfersia acerta, 129 Olfersia albipennis, 126, 127, 129, 133 americana, 130, 131, 132 angustifrons, 130 ardeas, 128 hotaurinoruin, 128, 129, 133 bubonis, 130 intertropica, 129, 133 pallidilabris, 129 scutellaris, 129, 133 wolcotti, 132 Olisthopus parmatus, 92 Ommatius maculatus, 69 parvuhis, 69 pretiosus, 69 Omophron, 168 Oniscigaster, 39 wakefieldi, 14 Onychomyrmex, 116 Onodiplosis sarcobati, 176 Orchesella, 278 Oribates alatus, 18 latipes, 18 Oribatula caliptera, 18 plantivaga, 18 Ornithomyia anchineuria, 127, 134, 136 avicularia, 134 bellardiana, 136 butalis, 134 buteonis, 133, 135, 136 confluenta, 127 costaricensis, 134, 135 erythrocephala, 133, 135, 136 fusciventris, 134 haitiensis, 134, I3S. 136 nebulosa, 127, 133 pallida, 127 varipes, 134 pirangcB, 135 Oromyia, 120 Orthostethus caviceps, 263, 264 pectinicornis, 263, 264 Otiorhynchus auricapillis, 100 singularis, 100 sulcatus, 99, 103 Pachyta rugipennis, 311 Pagasa fusca, 308 nitida, 308 pallipes, 308 Papaipema humuli, 87 pterisii, 87 Papilio palamedes, 311 turnus, 158 Parallelostethus, 261 attenuatus, 261 Paranomopone, 116 320 Journal of the Nei^ York Entomological Society, Parthenothrips dracsenae, 144 Pasimachus subsulcatus, 92 Peltoperla, 274, 269 Peridroma margaritosa, 147 Perigonia ilus, 165 lusca, 165 Periplaneta, 38 americana, 146 australasiae, 146 Pheidole anastasii, 148, 150 Phengodes laticollis, 96 Phlebotomy s, 160 Phlegon pectorosus, 167 Phloeotribus frontalis, 95 Phlyctaenia ferrugalis, 147 Phyciodes batcsii, 158 Phyllolobis, 120 Phymatodes lengi, 242 Physianthus albens, 242 Phytoniyza chrysanthemi, 149 Phytophaga perocculta, 191 timberlakei, 191 vislicola, 148, 150 wellsi, 190 Pieris brassicas, 142 daplidice, 142 oleracea, 158, 313 rapse, 142 Pinipestris zimmermanni, 105 Plagiodera versicolor, 99, 100 Plastocerus frater, 267 granti, 266 megalops, 267 schaumi, 267 Platinopoda, 198 Plutella maculipennis, 147 Podura, 278 Polyergus rufescens, 107, iii, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117 breviceps, 107, 108, iii, 112, 113, 114, IIS, 116, 117 bicolor, III lucidus. III, 112, 113, 114 laeviceps, 112 montivagus, 114 Porcellio, 39 Prenelopis fulva, 148, 150 pubens, 148, 150 Prionoxystus robinise, 159 Promachus minusculus, 68 nigropilosits, 68 Protoparce cubana, 161 occulta, 164 rustica, 161 Prostenus californicus, 142 Prunus pennsylvanica, 165 serotina, 165 Psenocerus supernotatus, 166 Pseudebffius bicolor, 154 Pseudocistela erythroptera, 143 Pseudonomaretus, 42 Psychoda cinerea, loo Pteronarcys, 39 Pterostichus approximatus, 96 purpuratus, 96, 102 Pulex, 269 Pycnoscelus surinaniensis, 146 Rhomaleum, 38 Rhombodera, 19 Rhinomacer pallipennis, 313 Rhopalomyia ampullaria, 185 antennarias, 184 chrysothanini, 187, 188 crassulina, 187 encelice, 183 ericamericc, 190 erigerortis, 189 glutinosa, 188 grindelicc, 186 gutierrezise, 184 sal vice, 184 ittaliensis, 186, 187 Rhopalosiphon ligustri, 105 violse, 145 Rihana swalei, 51 virgulata, 51 Rithogena, 38 Saperda Candida, 166 Sarcobates vermiculatus, 176 Sarcophaga /'(7c/o'/'''£'c/(7, 171 Saururus cernuus, 87 Sceliphron chitarius, 103 Scenopinus, 269 Schonherria, 198 Sciara inconstans, 148 multiseta, 148 Scolopendrella, 274 Semiophora gistra, 105 Sesia signioides, 242 Sialis, 4, 274 Sphreroderus blanchardi, 41 bicarinatus, 41 brevoorti, 40, 41 canadensis, 41 granulosus, 40 lecontei, 41 nitidicollis, 40, 41 schaumii, 40, 41 stenostomus, 41 Index. 321 Spilosoma latipenne, 242 Stegomyia pallipes, 160 Sthenopis, 141 Stenodictya, 14, 15 lobata, 21, 28 Stenopelmatus calif oniicus, 79, 80, 83 cephalotes, 74 comanchus, 74 fasciatus, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80 fuscus, 71, 72, 71, 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 8s histrio, 83 hydrocephalus, 74 irregularis, 80, 83 longispina, 71, 72, 73, 75, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85 oculatus, 74, 77, 78, 80 pictus, 73, 84, 86 talpa, 71 terrenus, 80 Stenopogon tenebrosuS, 65 Strategus antaeus, 96 Stygnocorius pedestris, 104 rusticus, 104 Tachoptcryx thoreyi, 158 Tachys columbiensis, 92 ventricosus, 92 Taraxacum officinale, 244 Tedinus angustus, 142 Tenebrio, 20 Tenthecoris bicolor, 313 Termes flavipes, 243 Tetracha Carolina, 307 floridana, 307 sobrina, 96 Tetragoneuria caius, 158 Tetromorium caespitum, 148 guineense, 14S, 150 Thanaos funeralis, 237 Thelydrias contractus, 243 Thereva, 269 Thrips tabaci, 145 Trachusa, 197 Trichius texanus, 243 Trichocera J!i6jn!Hfl^a, 124, 125 Trichophorus arizonensis , 262, 263 carolinensis, 261 Trichophorus hepaticus, 261 texanus, 260 subsiriatus, 261, 262, 263 variatus, 262, 263 Tricorythus, 11 Tricrania sanguinipennis, 169 Tropodosteptes amoenus, 305 Vespamaculata, 165 Xanthoecia bufl'aloensis, 86, 90 latia, 86 simplicissiina, 90 Xanthus pygmaius, 92 Xylina pexata, 105 Xylocopa, 197 asneipennis, 209, 210, 223, 225, 231 amblardi, 209, 227, 228 arizonensis, 209, 210, 228, 229, 230 barbata, 209 binotata, 209, 212, 215 brasilianorum, 209, 223, 231 californica, 209, 210, 227, 228, 231 chiriguensis, 219 cubnscola, 209, 210, 223 fimbriata, 209, 210, 221, 223, 231 frontalis. 223 micans, 209, 210, 212, 231 mordax, 209, 223 morio, 209 nasuta, 212 ordinaria, 209 orpifex, 209, 210, 211, 212, 231 purpurea, 209, 212, 214 tabaniformis, 210, 219, 231 texana, 210, 214, 216, 231 transitoria, 209 varipunctata, 209, 223, 226 vidua, 212 virescens, 209 virginica, 210, 215, 218, 219, 231 Xj'lophanes democrita, 164 Yersinia, 19 Zopherus, 4 Zygaena, 4 BACK VOLUMES AND NUMBERS. Back volumes and numbers of the Journal of the New York Entomo- logical Society can be supplied at $2.00 per volume and $0.60 per number. Neumoegen and Dyar's Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America north of Mexico (150 pp.) sold separately at $1.50. TITLES OF A FEW OF THE PAPERS IN THE JOURNAL. Coleoptera. Pages Casey. Studies in the Ptinidae, Cioidae and Sphindidae of America 33 A revision of the American Coccinellidae 99 Review of the American Corylophidae, Crytophagidae, Tritomidae and Dermestidae, with other studies. (Cuts.) 121 Chittenden. The North American species of the genus Notaris 3 Fall. On the affinities of the genus Tachycellus, with descriptions, etc. ... 10 Synopsis of the species of Acmseodera of America, north of Mexico. . 36 A short synopsis of the species of Ochodaeus inhabiting the U. S 9 A review of the North American species of Collops 25 Leng. Notes on Coccinellidse, I, II, III and IV. (In different numbers.) 9 pp., I pi.; 21 pp., 2 pi. ; 12 pp., I pi. ; s pp. Linell. A short review of the Chrysomelas of North America S Matheson. The Haliplidae of North America, north of Mexico. (6 pi.) . . 36 Schaeffer. New genera and species of Coleoptera 39 New Scarabaeidae 15 New Clavicorn Coleoptera 6 New Coleoptera and miscellaneous notes 13 Sherman. A list of Labrador Coleoptera 2$ Wheeler. Notes in Myrmecophilous beetles of the genus Xenodusa, etc.. 6 Studies in Myrmecophiles. I, Cremastochilus. (Cuts.) 11 Studies in Myrmecophiles. II. Hetaerius. (Cut.) 8 Lepidoptera. Barnes and McDunnough. New species and varieties of N. A. Lepidoptera 14 New species and genera of N. A. Lepidoptera 11 Busck. A review of the Tortricid subfamily Phaloniinae, etc 18 New American Tineidae. ( i pi.) 14 Dyar. Review of the genus Ethmia, with descriptions of new species.... 7 A review of the N. A. species of Prodoxus and Pronuba 2 A review of the Hesperiidae of the United States 32 Grinnell and Grinnell. The butterflies of the San Bernardino Mt., Cal... 13 The North American Nymphulinae and Scopariinae 31 Grossbeck. New moths of the family Geometridae 13 Miscellaneous notes and descriptions of N. A. Geometridae. (Cuts, i pi.) 10 Pages New species and one new genus of Geometrldae. (i pi.) 9 Hulst. New species of Lepidoptera 10 Kearfott. A revision of the N. A. species of the genus Choreutes 19 Descriptions of new Tineoidea. (i pi.) 21 New North American Tortricidae and Tineina. (i pi.) 21 Neumoegen and Dyar. New species and varieties of Bombyces 7 Ottolengui. Plusia and allied genera, with descriptions of new species. (4 pi.) 20 Packard. Notes on the life histories of some Notodontidse 20 Schaus. New species of Heterocera from tropical America. Seven sepa- rate papers with from 5 to 15 pages. Smith. Notes on the species of Noctua, with descriptions of new forms. (I Pl.) 6 Notes on Scotogramma and Oncocnemis, etc 8 New species of Noctuidae. Six separate papers with from 13 to 23 pages. New Noctuids for 1903, No. 2, with notes on Mamestra and Scoto- gramma. ( I pl.) 22 New species of Noctuidse for 1908, I, with notes on Charadra, Raphia and Pseudanarta 19 Notes on the N. A. species of Agroperina Hampson. (2 pl.) 12 Stretch. Heterocera Americana. 11 plates with explanations. Hemiptera. Barber. Descriptions of some new Hemiptera-Heteroptera 8 Bueno. The genus Notonecta in America, north of Mexico, (i pl.) . . . . 25 Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Westchester Co., N. Y 15 Caudell. The genus Sinea of Amyot & Serville. (2 pl.) 11 Coleman. Coccidae of the coniferae, with descriptions, etc. (3 pl.) 25 Olsen. Contribution to an annotated list of Long Island insects 10 DiPTERA. Alexander. A revision of the genus Brachypremna Osten Sacken. (i pl.) 11 Coquillett. Synopsis of the dipterous gentis Symphoromyia 4 Revision of the dipterous family Therevidae 5 Notes and descriptions of Tachinidae 10 New genera and species of Tachinidae 10 New Nematocerous Diptera from North America 14 Dyar. A synoptic table of North American mosquito larvae 4 Dyar and Knab. The larvae of Culicidae classified as independent organ- isms. (13 pl.) 61 Felt. Studies in Itonididae 13 New gall midges or Itonididae 10 Jones. A preliminary list of Nebraska Syrphidae, with descriptions, etc... 13 Osburn. Studies in Syrphidae, I, II and III. (In one number.) (3 pl.) . . 14 Swenk. The North American species of Cuterebra 4 Wheeler. Studies in Myrmecophiles. III. Microdon. (Cut.) 12 Hymenoptera. Pages Ashmead. Superfamilies in the Hymenoptera and generic synopses of the families Thynnidse, Myrmosidae and Mutillidse i6 Classification of the pointed-tailed wasps or the superfamily Procto- trupidse, I, II and III. (In different numbers.) 8, 7 and 14 pp. Banks. New species of Psammocharidae 12 Psammocharidae : classification and descriptions 18 Fox. Synopsis of the species of Nysson inhabiting America north of Mexico 7 Rohwer. New western Tenthredinidae 10 Wheeler. The N. A. forms of Camponotus fallax Nylander 17 Orthoptera. Bruner. Report on the Orthoptera of Trinidad, West Indies 31 Caudell. The genus Cyphoderris. (Cuts.) 6 The Cyrtophylli of the United States. ( i pi.) 13 Davis. Three new species of Belocephalus from Florida. (With table of species.) 3 Scudder. The North American species of Nemobius 8 Arachnida. Banks. The Phalangida of New York a A list of spiders of Long Island, N. Y., with descriptions, etc 16 New California spiders 3 New genera and species of nearctic spiders. (2 pi.) 10 New tropical pseudoscorpions S Ewing. Notes on pseudoscorpions ; a study on the variations of our com- mon species, Chelifer cancroides, etc. (5 pi.) 16 The pages of the Journal also teem with short articles on life histories and habits of insects, and some longer ones on structure and distribution — information concerning which will be supplied on request. All orders should be addressed to Frank E. Watson, American Museum of Natural History, New York. FOR SALE CHECK LIST OF THE HEMIPTERA (excepting the Aphidae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America, north of Mexico, by E. P. Van Duzee, Instructor in Ento- mology, University of California. 2945 species are enumerated, also the more important synonyms, and the year when the description was published is given in each instance. The species ■ are also numbered after the plan of the well known Henshaw check list of Coleoptera. Price, $1.50 WILLIAM T. DAVIS, Treasurer 146 Stuyvesant Place, New Brighton, N. 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