JOURNAL

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

IBebotcti to i5ntomoloQj) in (Sencial.

Voliame III, 1S95.

Edited by Wm. Beutenmullek.

NEW YORK:

pui'.lished for the societv

Quarterly.

1895.

Contents of Volume III.

Banks, Nathan,

Notes on the Pseudoscorpionida, ...... i

Two California Phalangids, ....... 66

A List of Spiders of Long Island, N. Y., with Descriptions of New
Species, .......... 76

Some Acarians from a Sphagnum Swamp, . . . .128

Beutenmuller, William,

A Variety of the Larva of Sphinx plebeius, .... 58
Descriptions of the Preparatory Stages of Ennomos alniaria L/nn, 137
Note on Hyperchiria io, var. lilith, . . . .138

Notes on Thecla acadica and Dichelonycha fuscula, . . -143

Calvert, Philip P.,

The Odonata of New York State, . . • • 39

Clark, Charles Upson,

On the Food-Habits of certain Dung and Carrion Beetles, . .61

CoQUILLETT, D. W.,

Notes and Descriptions of Tachinidse, ..... 49

New Genera and Species of Tachinidte, . . . . -97

Davis, William T.,

Insects at Watchougue and Beulah Land, Staten Island, N. Y., . 140

Ditmars, Raymond L.,

On a Collecting Tour in Connecticut, ..... 62

Dyar, Harrison G.,

A Combination of the Two Classifications of Lepidoptera, . 1 7

Notes on Two Callimorphas, . . . . . . -59

Notes on Drepanid Larvae, ....... 66

Larva of Demas propinquilinea ; its.Systematic Position, . 130

A New Datana, 167

Correction of a Misidentification — Attacus splendidus, . . 191

iv Contents.

Dyar, Harrison G. ; Morton, Miss Emily L.,

The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars, . . 145

Grote, a. Rado.iffe,

Note on the Smerinthinae, . . . . . . -132

Final Note on the Platypterygidse, . . . . .166

Schrank's Genera . . . . . . . . .168

Lander, Benjamin,

Domed Burrows of Cicada septendecim . . . . • 33

Leng, Charles W., and Beutenmuller, Wm.,

Preliminary Hand-book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern America,
(continued from Vol. II, p. 190) ...... 73

Morse, Albert F. ,

New North American Tettigin?e, . . . . .14, 107

Packard, A. S.,

Life History of Heterocampa ohliqua, ..... 27

A Clue to the Origin of the (ieometrid Moths, . . . -30

On the Larvfe of the Hepialidae, ...... 69

The Eversible Repugnatorial Scent Glands of Insects, . . .110
Early Stages of some Bombycine Caterpillars, . . -175

TowNSEND, C. H. Tyler,

On the Correlation of Habit in the Nemocerous and Brachy-
cerous Diptera between Aquatic and Blood-sucking Adult Fe-
males, . . . . . . . . . -134

Webster, F. M.,

The Earth-worm as a Tree-planter, . . . . • ^39

On the Probable Origin, Development and Diffusion of North
American Species of Diabrotica, ...... 158

WiCKHAM, H. F.,

Preliminary Hand-book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern
America, (continued from page 76) ..... 180

Zabriskie, J. L.,

Egg Capsules of Chrysochus auratus, . . . . .192

Local Entomological Notes, . . . . . 39, 76, 144, 172

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, . . 93, 144

JOU RNAL

OF IHK

TOpiD ]9opfe 6SntomoIogirHl %nnt^^.

Tol. III. MAUCH, 1895. ISTo. 1.

NOTES ON THE PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA.

i]y Nathan Banks.

Mr. H. (i. Hubbard has lately sent me a large number of
interesting Pseudoscorpions from various parts of the United States.
Several new species are contained in the collection, which also
affords new localities for many known forms. I hope sometime
in the future to make a somewhat elaborate work on this interest-
ing group of Arachnida, but I am aware that there are many new
forms yet to be discovered in the arid and in the mountainous
regions of the west. Therefore I would only give at present a
revision of all the forms known to me.

The Pseudoscorpions form a very strongly circumscribed
group. Of the general structure of the scorpions, they differ from
them in several ways. They have no post-abdomen ; there is no
longitudinal furrow on the cephalothorax, while transverse ones
are frequently present ; there is no median pair of eyes ; there are
no pectines, which perhaps may find their homologue in the spinning
organs ; and there are some minor differences in the mandibles,
legs, etc.

Prof. Luigi Balzan has (in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1891) given
a new and elaborate ctassification of the Pseudoscorpions based
principally on the South American forms. The principal new
point introduced by him, is the value he assigns to the serrula of
the mandibles. This, I think, he has much over-estimated ; and
would put more faith in the sutures of the cephalothorax and in
the longitudinal division of the abdominal scutiv. The two main
divisions do not differ much in their composition ; but Olpiunt and
Atemni/s, which according to Balzan are placed with the Chelifericht,
I would place in the Obisiida;. Moreover I have tried to bring
the classification into the style of that usually adopted by the best
entomologists.

2 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in

I would consider these Arachnids as representing an order —
Pseudoscorpionida ; tabulating the genera and other groups as
follows :

Cephalothorax with a transverse median suture; abdominal scutre divided;
mandibles small, with a stylet, the serrula attached above to the mobile
finger; cephalothorax rounded in front; clavate hairs

^ frequently present (cHELlFERIDA'/j 2

} No transverse suture; abdominal scut;e entire; no clavate hairs; cephalo-
I thorax usually truncate in front; mandibles usually laige; the stylet

I often lacking, and the serrula usuaUy detached from the

I mobile finger (oBISIIU.t: I 4

,- Four eyes; cephalothorax narrowed quite suddenly in front of eyes; no
I trochantins to the anterior pairs of legs. . . (gaRYPIN/e) • -Q^ryPUS.
-I Two or no eyes; cephalothorax evenly rounded in front; trochantins to
(^ anterior legs (cheliFERIN^e) 3

Femur of palpus not pedicellate, gradually and slightly enlarged from base
to tip; palpi very long and slender; two distinct eyes (except

cave-form) Chelifer.

Femur of palpus distinctly pedicellate, suddenly enlarged near base; palpi

short and stout; eyes usually wanting ChelanopS.

r Mandibles with a stylet; mandibles small, cephalothorax rounded in front;

I the serrula attached above (OLPIIN,^'.) 5

'^ "l Stylet often absent; mandibles large, serrula detached above; cephalothorax

' truncate in front (OBISIIN.K ) 6

^ Four distinct eyes Olpium.

( Two or no eyes Atemnus.

. i Mandibles with a stylet (iDEOBlSINl) 7

( No stylet present S

\ Four eyes Ideobisium.

' Two eyes Ideoroncus.

g ( Tibia of palpus chalice-like (CHTHONINl) lo

I Tibia normal ( OBISlNl) ij

SFour eyes; (except cave forms); palp; short and stout Obisium.
No eyes; palpi very long and slender Blothrus.

< Four eyes; (except cave forms); palpi long Cllthonius.

( Two eyes; palpi shorter Lechytia.

Family CHELIFERID.^.

Sub-family cheliferin.e.

Chelifer Geoff. Our species may be separated by the following key :

I No eyes, cave form, tibia swollen on the inner side mirabilis.

I Two distinct eyes 2

( Tibia a little convex on inner side, fingers a lillle shorter ilian

2 -, hand, western species scabrisculus.

f Tibia not convex on inner side, fingers as long as hand 3

MakciiiS95.| Hanks. Notes on Psf.udoscori'ionida. 3

i Haml niucli darker tlian the other pait of the palpus muricatus.

( I'alpi unicolorous 4

f Tibia longer than cephalotiiorax plus mandibles, on outer side

I at base distinctly concave floridanus.

■^ I 'libia not longer than cephalothorax plus mandibles, outer side

I not concave 5

[■ Uody red-brown; hand ([uite thick; larger granules on the

] cephalothorax caiicroides.

■' j Body pale yellowish; hand more slendei; no larger gianules

I on the cephalothorax biseriatum.

Clielifer cancroides Z/;///. — Faun. Suec.

This common species probably occurs all over the United
States. I have it from Ithaca, N. Y.; Sea Cliff, L. I.; Washington,
1). C. ; Ohio (C. M. Weed) ; Ft. Collins, Colo. (Baker) ; Missouri
(G. Van Ingen); Grosse Isle, Detroit River, (Flubbard); Lake
Tahoe, Calif., (Hubbard); and Brazos Co., Texas.

Chelifer biseriatum, sp nov.

Length, 2.2 nuii. Pale brownish, palpi and anterior part of cephaloihorax
darker, a black spot at base of cephalothorax; abdomen with two series of brown
spots. Cephalothorax as usual; sutures not very distinct, the anterior one
curved forward, the posterior one nearly straight; eyes not prominent; no laiger
granules in either sex; palpi slender; trochanters as usual; femur longer than
cephalothorax, gradually enlarged from base to tip; tibia shorter, no thicker and
pedicellate, enlarged from near base to tip; hand shorter than tibia, more than
twice as long as broad,, tapering to the fingers, which are as long as the hand and
much curved. Hard parts granulate and with many clavale hairs.

Many adult 2 and cT', the former with egg-bunches, beaten
from palmetto-fans; Lake Poinsett, Florida, (H. G. Hubbard).
Differs from C. cancroides in having no larger granules, in the more
slender hand, more thickly clothed with clavate hairs, and in the
pale color and markings.
Chelifer floridanus Z?/'.^-.— Can. Entom., Aug., 1891.

Southern Florida, (E. A. Schwarz).
Chelifer muricatus Say. — Comp. Writings, Leconte Ed.

This easily recognized species tho' not common anywliere,
appears to be quite widely distributed in the eastern United States.
I have it from Ithaca, N. Y.; Sea Cliff, L. I.; Fredricksburg, Va.,
(Richardson); Salineville, Ohio, (A. D. MacGillivray); Bee Spring,
Ky., (Hubbard); St. Lucie, Fla., and Sand Point, Fla., (Hubbard);
Citrus Co , Fla., (C. M. Weed); and Punta Gorda, Fla., (Mrs. A.
T. Slosson).

4 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. in.

Chelifer scabrisculus Si//io/i. — Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1878.
Ch. litgeinraliis B.M.ZAX, .\nn. Soc. Ent. Fr., iSgi.

Described from Southern California; I have it from S. Calif,
one specimen (Cooper Curtice); Lake Tahoe, Calif., one specimen
(Hubbard); Hood's River, Oreg., one specimen (Hubbard); and
two specimens under stones, Utah Lake, Utah, (Hubbard), are
reddish and have slightly longer fingers, but are hardly different.

Chelifer mirabilis, sp. nov.

Length, 2.6 mm. Cephalothorax and palpi red-brown; abdomen and legs
brownish. Cephalothorax rounded, and slightly narrowed near anterior margin;
no eyes; sutures distinct; surface finely granulate, no larger granules. Abdomen
quite broad, about twice as long as the cephalothorax. Palpi slender; trochanter
pedicellate, tubercled above near tip; femur slightly longer than cephalothorax,
gradually enlarged from base to near tip, inner margin straight, outer slightly
convex; tibia three-fourths as long, and slightly broader than femur, quite long
pedicellate, outer margin slightly and evenly convex; inner margin convex at base,
then nearly straight; hand about as long as tibia, slightly convex on outer margin,
quite strongly and evenly on the inner margin, tapering to the fingers, which are
about as long as the hand and quite strongly curved. Short clavate hairs on whole
of palpi except fingers; similar ones on rest of body.

Three specimens, Indian Cave, Barren Co., Ky., June, (H. G.
Hubbard); two specimens. Cave at Pennington Gap, Va., (H. G.
Hubbard). A very peculiar species, particularly on account of the
form of the tibia of the palpus, which is quite unlike that of our
other species, but somewhat like the European C. latreillii.

Chelanops N'icolct.

Tomosvary in 1882 (Pseudosc. faun. Hungar.) divided this
genus into Lainpror/icnics (those with long and simple hairs on
the palpi) and TracJiychenies (those with short, thick hairs).
Nearly all of our forms belong in the latter group. The species
from the United States I would arrange in the following way :

f^ Hairs on the palpi very long and simple, abdomen long and of

! equal width throughout {Lai/iprochentes) oblongUS, groSSUS.

I Hairs on the palpi short and thick often clavate, abdomen

much the widest in the middle {Trachychcrucs) i

( Hand with a projection on inner side deiltatUS.

/ Hand without any projection 3

\ Fingers as long or nearly as long as hand 4

i Fingers much shorter than hand 1 1

\ Hairs not distinctly clavate 5

( Hairs distinctly clavate S

March iSqs. | BaNKS. NoTES ON PSKUDORCORPIONIDA. 5

Inner margin of hand not greatly swollen at base 7

Inner margin of hand very much swollen at base, so that the hand is

nearly as broad as long 6

f^ S Palpi greenish latimanus.

( Palpi nearly black virginica.

( Fingers a little longer than hanil tristis.

' Fingers a little shorter than hand morosus.

, ( Inner margin of hand greatly swollen at base 10

( Inner margin of hand but weakly swollen at base g

J Palpi pale yellowish pallidus, affinis.

^ Palpi, dark red-brown sanborni, dorsalis, pallipes.

10 * f'lorida species tumidus.

( California species validus.

j Two distinct eyes, hairs clavate texanus.

i No eyes, hairs not clavate acuminatus, floridse, latus.

Chelanops oblong-us Say. — Comp. Writings, Leconte Ed.

Chelaitops alius I.kiuy, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., 1S77.

Probably in all the eastern United States; I have it from
Ithaca, N. Y.; Washington, D. C; Brazos Co., Texas; Citrus Co.,
Florida, (C. M. Weed); Sand Point, Fla., (Hubbard); Retreat,
N. C, (Hubbard); Fredricksburg, Va., (Richardson); Detroit,
Mich., (Hubbard).

Chelanops grossus Bks. — Can. Entom., March, 1893.

Quite common in Colorado (Dr. C. F. Baker).
Chelanops texanus Bks.

ChfUfcr texanus pANKs, Can. Entom., Aug. 1891.

Tho' this species has distinct eyes I place it here on the
form of the femur. Brazos Co., Texas.

Chelanops acuminatus Simon.

C/ieli/er acuiuinatus ."^imon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1878.

California; Olympia, Wash. State, (T. Kincaid).
Chelanops floridae Balzan.

Cherncs JloridKVy\\:/.\\i, Ann. Soc. Ent. Er., i8gi.

Three specimens from Punta Gorda, Fla., (Mrs. Slosson);
very close to C. latiis, but the fingers are shorter, and the tibia
more swollen on inner side, and the body more slender.

Chelanops latus Bks. — Can. Entom., March, 1893.
Kunnymede, Fla.; Palatka, Fla., (Hubbard).

0 Journal Nf.w York Rnt. Soc. [Voi,. hi.

Chelanops dentatus, sp. nov.

I.engtli, 2 mm. Cephalothorax and palpi reddish-brown, abdomen brownish'
ietjs pale. ("ephalolliora.\ rounded in front, no eyes or eye-spots, mandibles small;
abdomen broad, depressed, scuta? divided; palpi short and stout, the trochanter
slightly swollen behind, conve.K in front; the fennir shorter than the cephalothorax,
pedicellate, about of even width throughout; tibia about as long as femur, a little
broader, pedicellate, moderately convex on outer margin, quite strongly swollen on
inner margin; claw large, as long as femur plus trochanter, nearly twice as broad
as I'c-nuu", broadest al base antl tapering to the fingers, which are as long as the
hand and curved; on the inner margin of the hand is a large tooth-like process
projecting outward and pointed in front. l!ody and appendages finelv granulate,
and with strongly clavate hairs, the usual simple ones on the fingers.

One specimen of this curious species without locality (Hubbard);
but probably from Florida. The only similar species is C/i.anniger
Balzan from Venezuela, which has two projections, one on each
side of the hand.

Chelanops latimanus, sp. nov.

Length, 3 mm. Pale greenish, cephalotlioi"ax tinged with brownish, two
series of brown spots above on the abdomen. Cephalothorax narrowed and roun-
ded in front, two large white eye-spots; abdomen depressed, moderately broad,
twice as long as cephalothorax; palpi short and stout, trochanters much swollen
above, convex in front; femur much shorter than cephalothorax, short pedicellate,
broadest near base, and two and one-half times as long as broad; tibia as long as,
but little broader than femur, pedicellate, but little convex on either side; claw
about as long as cephalothorax, very broad at base, fully twice as broad as femur,
the basal angles but little rounded, then tapering to the fingers, which are stout,
but little shorter than the hand, and curved. Hard parts finely granulate, and
furnished with short, thick, but not clavate hain;.

One specimen, Punta Ciorda, Fla., (Mrs. A. T. Slosson).
Readily distinguished by its greenish color, and by the very broad,
almost angulate hand ; it is bluish when alive,

Chelanops virginica, sp. nov.

Length, 1.6 mm. Cephalothorax, abdominal scutx' and palpi, except fingers
which are reddish, very dark brown; the hand almost shining black above; legs
brownish. Cephalothorax with eye-spots anil suture indistinct; palpi short and
stout; femur much shorter than cephalothorax-, slightly tapering to tip; tibia about
as long as femur and a little broader, pedicellate, quite strongly swollen at base on
inner side, then nearly straight; claw a little longer than cephalothorax, hand very
broad, slightly rounded on outer side, very .strongly swollen on inner side, fingers
stout, curved, and but little shorter than the hand. Hard parts granulate, with
short, thick, but not clavate, hairs. Abdomen short, broad and depressed.

Two specimens, Fredricksburg, Ya., (W. D. Richardson).

AfARCH i8g5.i Banks. Notes on Psf.udoscorpionida. 7

Chelanops tristis Bks. — Can. Entom., Aug., 1891.

Only known to me from Long Island, N. Y. It lives under
stones between tide-marks.

Chelanops morosus, sp. nov.

Length, 2 mm. Ceplialothora.x and palpi dark red-brown, abdomen brown,
legs pale brownish. Cephalothorax with indistinct eye-spots, sutures distinct;
abdomen broad; palpi large and stout; trochanter globose above, rounded behind
and conve.x in front; femur shorter than cephalolhora.x, pedicellate, nearly cylin-
drical; tibia about as long as femur, slightly broader, quite long pedicellate,
suddenly and strongly swollen on inner side near base, beyond concave, outer
margin evenly convex; claw large, longer than the cephalothorax plus mandibles,
but little rounded on the outer siile, strongly and evenly on the inner side; fingers
stout, curved and barely siiorter than the hand, llaid parts with short thick hairs,
not distinctly clavate.

Two specimens, Isle Royale, Lake Superior, (H. G. Hubbard).

Chelanops tumidus, sp. nov.

Length, 1.5 mm. Cephalothorax and palpi pale brownish yellow, abdominal
scutae brownish, legs pale. Cephalothorax rounded in front, sutures distinct, no
eye-spots; abdomen moderately narrow, twice as long as cephalothorax, scutte
broadly divided; palpi short and stout; trochanter globose above and behind, con-
vex in front; femur nearly as long as cephalothorax, pedicellate, broadest near
base, slightly tapering to the tip; tibia but little shorter and a little broader than
femur, pedicellate, outer maigin evenly convex, inner margin quite strongly conve.x
near base, beyond tapering; claw longer than cephalothorax, hand short and very
broad and rounded at base, outer margin but little convex, inner strongly and
suddenly swollen, then tapering to the fingers, which are plainly longer than the
hand, and curved. Hard parts finely granulate and furnished with short clavate hairs.

Several specimens from under logs on the sea-beach, Indian
River Inlet, Florida, .Vpril, 1880, (H. CI. Hubbard).

Chelanops validus, sp. nov.

Length, 2 mm. Cephalothorax dark brown, palpi dark red-brown, abdominal
scutit brown, legs brownish. Cephalothorax with distinct sutures, and two faint
eye-spots; abdomen one and one-half times as long as cephalothorax, scutse well
divided; palpi large; trochanter globose above and beliind, convex in front; femur
slightly shorter than the cephalothorax, pedicellate, very broad; tibia shorter than
femur and plainly broader, pedicellate, evenly convex on outer side, inner margin
much more strongly convex near base, concave beyond; claw as long as cephalo-
thorax plus mandibles, very large, strongly and evenly convex on each side of hand,
tapering to the stout fingers, which are about as long as hand, and curved. Hard
parts finely granulate, and provided with short clavate hairs.

Several specimens, under bark ; Lake Tahoe, Calif., July,
(Hubbard). Differs from Ch. tumidus in larger size, broader body,
darker color, more evenly convex hand and shorter fingers.

8 Journal Nkw York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi.

Chelanops pallipes Bks. — Can. Entom., March, 1893.

California.
Chelanops sanborni Haire/i.

('//,ri/<w sa/i/'i'ii// II \r,Ky, RecoidAm. Knt., 1S68.

Known to me from Ithaca, N. V.; Ponghkeepsie, N. V., fC.
\'an Ingen); Cambridge, Mass., (Hul)l)ar(l).

Chelanops dorsalis, sp. nov.

Length, 2 mm. Cephalothorax and scut;x; brown, palpi pale red-brown, legs
brownish. Cephalothorax moderately narrow, sutures distinct, no eye-spots; palpi
moderate; trochanter as usual; femur shorter than the cephalothorax, pedicellate,
broadest near base, concave on inner margin near tip; tibia a little shorter and
slightly broader than the femur, pedicellate, evenly convex on outer side, more
strongly on inner side near base, beyond concave; claw moderate, as long as cepha-
lothorax plus mandibles, not much convex on outer side, quite strongly on inner
side at base, tapering to the fingers, which are nearly as long as the hand, and
curved. I [ard parts are finely granulate, and with short clavate hairs.

Several specimens under bark; Lake Tahoe, Calif., july^
(Htibbard). Differs from Ch. pallipes in shorter fingers, smaller
size, etc. Related to Ch. sanborni, but with shorter and stouter
fingers, a more elongate body, and a more swollen tibia.

Chelanops pallidas Bks.

Chenies pallidiis Banks, Can. Entom., Aug., 1S90.
I only know' the type specimen from Ithaca, N. Y.

Chelanops affinis j^X-j.— Insect Life, May, 1894.
Crescent City, Florida, (Hubbard).

Sub-family garypin.i^:.

Qarypus Koch.

Three species of this well-marked genus are known to me
from the United States. They may be tabulated as below :

f Cephalothorax witii lateral ridges and prolonged anlerio-lateral

I angles, trocliantins not distinct bicornis.

' j Cephalothorax without lateral ridges or prolonged angles, posterior

I trocliantins ilistinct -

( Claw very much darker than rest of palpus, large species floridensis.

\ Palpus all of one color, small species granulatus.

Qarypus bicornis, sj). nov.

Length, 2.5 mm. Ihownish \-ellow, the cephalothorax and palpi darker than
the other portions, a pale spot on the middle of the last two or three ventral seg-

March 1895-] RaNKS. NOTES ON PsF.UDOSCORPIONIDA. 9

meats. Cephalothorax narrow, somewliat triangular, much longer than broad,
with a higli elevated ridge each side, about parallel with the side margins, the space
between the ridges concave in anterior portion, convex behind; the anterior margin
of the elevated portion is rounded; each lower anterio-lateral angle of the cephalo-
thorax is prolonged into a conic tubercle, or horn, wliich is slightly longer than
broad at base. There is a trace of the jiosterior suture, but the anterior one is
very obscure; on each side there are two prominent eyes about their diameter apart,
the posterior one on a tubercle and looking backward. 'I'he abdomen is broad and
depressed, narrower at base than at posterior margin, broadest on the 6th segment,
the segments plainly divided. I'alpi long and slender; trochanter swollen on the
posterior side, anterior margin nearly straight; femur short-pedicellate; cylindrical,
much longer than cephalothorax; tibia gradually enlarged from base to near tip,
:d)Out as broad and nearly one-half as long as the femur; neither margin much
convex; claw as long as femur, hand about one and one-half times as broad as
femur, nearly cylindrical, and about twice as long as broad; fingers much longer
than hand, very slender and nearly straight. Legs about as usual, but no trochan-
tins visible on the posterior hairs. All hard parts coarsely granulate; no hairs on
palpi, except fine ones on fingers, a few thick ones on the legs with fine ones on tarsi.

This interesting species was found by Mr. Hubbard between
tlie laminae of rocks at Specimen Ridge, Yellowstone National
I'ark. Many were young and had formed little cases of silk and
earth, in which to pass the moulting period. The structure of
these young forms is not, however, different from that of the adult.
This species might, on account of the structure of the cephalo-
thorax and the absence of trochantins, form a new genus.

Qarypus floridensis, sp. nov.

Length, 4 mm. Body pale brown, legs and palpi, except claw, pale liiownish
yellow, claw red-brown. Cephalothorax with mandibles triangular, longer than
broad, very much narrowed in front, anterior margin emarginate and about one-
fourth as long as posterior margin; sutures distinct; two eyes each side nearly
touching, the posterior one looking backward. Abdomen depressed, much broader
behind than in front, broadest on 7th segment, scutEe short and quite broadly divi-
ded. Palpi moderately slender; trochanter swollen behind, convex in front; femur
gradually enlarged from base to tip, slightly longer than the cephalothorax; tibia a
little pedicellate, enlarged from base to near tip, about two-thirds as long as femur
and a trifle broader, neither margin much convex; claw pedicellate, longer than
femur, hand about as long and nearly twice as broad as tibia, somewhat cylindrical;
fingers about as long as hand, and plainly curved. Hard parts finely granulate,
and with short, fine, scattered hairs. 'I'rochanlins quite plain on posterior legs.

Several specimens of this large species were collected by Mr.
Hubbard under drift-wood on the ocean beach, near St. Lucie
River, Indian River, Florida, in April i<S8o.
Garypus granulatus Bks. — Can. F^ntom., Aug., 1891.

In the crevices of a cliff, Ithaca, X. Y.

10 JouRNAi, New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi.

Family OBISIID.^^:.

Sub-family oi.i'iiN.i-:.
Olpium Kocli.

This genus and the next form the transition from the previous
family to the true Obisiidie.

Olpium obscurum Bks.—<Z?i\\. Entom., March, 1893.

Besides the type, I have one specimen from Punta (lorda,
Fla., (Mrs. Slosson).

Atemnus Cancsta.

Differs from Olpium principally in lacking eyes, and in having
the trochantins visible on all the legs.

Atemnus elongatus, sp. nov.

I.engtli, 3 mm. Ceplialothorax and legs yellowish, abdomen brownish, palpi
red-brown. Cephaiothorax smooth, one and one-half times as long as broad,
narrowed in front, no trace of eyes; mandibles about one-third the length of cepha-
lothorax, with a long slender, and simple stylet; abdomen not broader than cepha-
jothorax and fiillv twice as long. Palpi heavy, but not long; trochanter swollen
behind, convex in front; femur pedicellate, shorter than ceplialothorax, about twii-e
as long as bi'oail, broatlest near base; tibia about as long and as broad as femur,
pedicellate, outer margin moderately, inner margin quite strongly convex; claw
about as long as ceplialothorax plus mandibles, much broader than tibia, broadest
near base and tapering to the fingers, which are stout, curved, and plainly shorter
]-han the hand. Legs short and stout, trochantins distinct on all pairs, liody and
appendages with scattered simple hairs. One specimen with almost black ceplialo-
thorax and palpi does not differ otherwise from typical specimens.

Beaten from dead hickory wood in April, near St. Lucie Riv.,
Indian River, Florida, by Mr. Hubbard ; also at Sand Point, and
Enterprise, Florida, Punta Gorda, Fla., (Mrs. Slosson). A young-
specimen taken by myself at Runnymede, Fla., may belong to this
species ; the hand is more slender and the fingers longer, and there
is a more prominent projection on the posterior margin of the
trochanter.

Sub-family obisiin.k.

Tribe Ideobisini.
Ideobisium JUilum.

Cephalothora.x smooth, without transverse sutures, nearly as
broad in front as behind, four distinct eyes ; mandibles large, with
a distinct stylet ; abdomen moderately elongate, scutK entire ;
palpi moderate, fingers curved ; bod)- with simple hairs. We have
two species :

March 1895. 1 BaNKS. NoTES ON PsKlfDOSCORPIONIDA. 11

Cephalothorax about as broad as long threveneti.

C'ephalothorax distinctly longer than bioad rufulum.

Ideobisium threveneti Si//io/i.

Ohisinin ilircvi')u-ti SiM(iN, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1878.

Common on the' Pacific Coast States. In moss and rotten
wood, Portland and Astoria, Oreg., (Hubbard); Portland, Oregon,
(Schwarz); Temino, Wash., (Hubbard); Olymjiia, Wash., (Kincaid);
Simon had it from California.

Ideobisium rufulum Bks.

Olpiitiu rii/ithii/i Hanks, ('an. ]-"nloni., .\'ig., iSoi.

Washington, D. C; Fredricksburg, Va., (Richardson).

Ideoroncus Balza/i.

Differs from the preceding genus in having but two eyes.
The males which I have seen lack the stylet to the mandibles,
a strange exception.

Ideoroncus obscurus Bks. — Can. Entom., March, 1893.

The specimens from which I described the species were not
quite adult; adult 9's are often 4 mm. long and usually darker
than described. It is common in the e.xtreme West. Olympia,
Wash., (Kincaid); Nafl. Park, (Hubbard); Bear Paw Mts., Mont.,
(Hubbard); Assiniboine, Mont., (Hubbard); one specimen. Lake
Tahoe, Calif., (Hubbard).

Tribe Orisini.
Obisium ///.

Our species of this genus may be separated as follows :

^ No eyes, cave form cavicola.

' Four eyes, not cave -

[ Tibia of palpus with the inner side first convex, then nearly straight,
2 -j fingers longer than hand 3

( Tibia of palpus with inner side evenly convex 4

3 Hand about twice as long as broad, large species carolinensis.

^ ( Hand one and one-half times as long as broad, small species, .brunneum.

\ Fingers very much longer than hand macilentum.

( !• ingers a little shorter than hand parvulum.

Obisium cavicola Pack.— Am. Nat., I'eb , 1884.

Unknown to me. Somewhat peculiar in the shape of the
cephalothorax and in the form of the tibia of the palpus. New
Market Cave, Va.

12 Journal Nkw York Ent. Soc. [Voi.. in.

Obisium brunneum Hagen. — Record Am. Ent , 1868.

This is the common species in the northern states. It occurs
under leaves in woods. Ithaca, N. Y.; Sea Cliff, L. I.; Salineville,
Ohio, (A. D. MacClillivray); Poughkeepsie, N. Y., (G. Van Ingen);
Cambridge, Mass., (Hubbard); Detroit, Mich., (Hubbard); and
one specimen from Wasatch ami Alta, Utah, (Hubbard), seems to
be the same species.

Obisium parvulum, sp. nov.

l.enjrtli, 1.6 mm. Ceplialothorax anil mandibles pale yellowish brown, paljii
except fingers paler, abdomen sprinkled with silvery dots. N'ery similar lo ().
hrtinneuiii but the tibia of palpus is shorter, less pedicellate, broader and strons^ly
and evenly conve.\ on inner side; the claw is a little larger, the hand longer and
tlie sides more nearly parallel; the fingers stouter and shorter, about equal lo, or a
little shorter than the hand.

One adult and several young, without locality (Hubbard 1.
This was in the same vial as C//<"Arw/'jr deiitatiis^ which I think must
be from Florida.

Obisium macilentum Simon. — Ann Soc. Ent. Fr., 187S.
Soutli California (Curtis), one specimen.

Obisium carolinensis, sp. nov.

Length, 3 mm. ("ephalothorax dark brownish, shining, abdomen biown, palpi
red-brown, legs yellowish. Cephalothorax smooth, narrowed a little in front of eyes,
a small median tooth on the anterior margin, the two eyes each side nearly touch-
ing. Abdomen but little broader than cephalothora.x, two and one-fourth times as
broad. I'alpi moderately long; trochanter simple; femur longer than cephalo-
thora.x, about as broad as a mandible, nearly equally broad throughout; tibia
pedicellate, as long as width of cephalothora.K, little broader than the femur, ami
but slightly convex on inner side; claw about as long as cephalothorax plus man-
dibles, nearly twice as broad as tibia, broadest near base and tapering to the fingers,
which are longer than hand, and curved. 15ody, legs and palpi with simple hairs;
above on the superior finger two larger hairs near base and one near tip. begs as
usual.

Retreat, N. ('., under leaves in woods; and Lee Co. \'a., (H.
G. Hubbard).
' Blothrus Schioedte.

Readily separated from the preceding genus by its very long
palpi. Most of the European species are from caves ; the one
from the United States is not known to be from a cave.
Blothrus californicus Bks.

Alennnis lali/oniiius Banks, Can. Entom., Aug. 1891. ■ \ j

California (Dr. Cooper Curtice),

March i895-] BaNKS. NoTES ON PSKUDOSCORPIONI I) A . 13

Tribe Chthonini.

Chthonius Koch.

The six species may be separated as follow :

j Cave species, two or no eyes 2

( Not cave species, four eyes 3

^ j Hind legs about twice as long as the abdomen packardi.

( Hind legs not much longer than abdomen COCCUS.

1 Cephalothorax and mandibles with small spines, each tipped with a

3 -: hair spinosus*

' Without any spines , 4

j Eyes close together, almost touching moestUS.

( Eyes distinctly separated 5

' Hind eye about twice its diameter from front eye, cephalothorax

much wider in front than behind pennsylvanicus.

-' . Mind eye not twice its diameter from front eye, cephalothorax but

( little wider in front than behind longipalpis.

Chthonius packardi Hag. — Zool. Anzeiger, July, 1879.

Indian Cave, Barren Co., Ky., (Hubbard); Mammoth Cave,
Ky.; Wyandotte Cave, Ind.

Chthonius coecus Pack. — Am. Nat., Febr. 1884.
Unknown to me. Weyer's Cave, Va.

Chthonius pennsylvanicus Hag. — Rec. Am. Ent. , 1868.

Pa.; Poughkeepsie, N.Y., (G. Van Ingen); one specimen. Lake
Poinsett, Fla., (Hubbard).

Chthonius longipalpus Bks — Can. Ent., Aug. 1891.

Ithaca, N.Y.; Sea Cliff, N. Y. ; Washington, D. C; Eredricks-
burgh, Va., (Richardson).

Chthonius moestus Bks. — Can, Ent., Aug. 1891.
Ithaca, N. Y.

Chthonius spinosus i>/',v.— Can. Ent., March 1893.
Citrus Co., Fla., (C. M. Weed).

Lechytia Balzan.

Proposed by Prof. Balzan for his Ronciis chthoiniformis with
which my Ronciis pacificus appears to be congeneric. The palpi
are shorter than in CJithoniiis.

Lechytia pacifica Bks.

RoiicHs pacificus V,\y,V.'~.. Can. Entom., March, 1S93.

Olympia, Washington, (Trevor Kincaid).

14 JouKNAi. Nkw York Ent. Soc. lvol. hi.

NEW NORTH AMERICAN TETTIGINiE. I.

By Albert P. Morse, Wellesley, Mass.

Having received for determination a considerable amount of
material in this sub-family from Prof. Otto Lugger, Mr. S. H.
Scudder, Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Cornell University, Museum of
Comparative Zoology, and a set of the different forms in the col-
lection of Prof.Lawrence Bruner, it has seemed worth while to under-
take the preparation of a Synopsis of the North American forms of
this group, to be illustrated with drawings of the diagnostic charac-
ters. Such being the case, I shall be glad to examine all material sent
to me, or to obtain material in this group by purchase or otherwise.
Pending the publication of such a work it seems advisable to make
known by description the following forms.

Measurements are in millimeters, the extremes alone being
given. " Length " refers to the length of the insect from the front
of the vertex or head to the tip of the pronotum or winiis, as the
case may be. "Pronotum > hind femora" means that the pronotum
passes the hind femora, and if the quantity is preceded by a -sign,
the pronotum fails to pass by that amount. With these explana-
tions the tables of measurements will probably be clear.

Nomotettix parvus, sp. nov.

Small. \'erie.\ of head projecting in advance of eyes aboiil 7/3 the length of
an eye, the anterior margin obtuse-angulate, its sides nearly straight, rounding
shortly into sides of crown, the mid-carina showing from above as a very small,
slightly projecting toolh. Mid-carina low on the crown, disappearing opposite the
middle, or middle of the posterior half, of the eyes. Profile rounded or round-
angulate at top, deeply e.Kcavate opposite eyes, subprotuberant opposite lower
border of eyes, the face more retreating than in cris/nliis. Sides of crown sub-
parallel, slightly e.xcavate opposite anterior portion of eyes. Mammilla; of occiput
scarcely distinct, Pronotum sharply tectiform, the mid-carina lower and less arched
longitudinally than in cristatiis : anterior margin of dorsum projecting but little
over the head, obtuse-angled, the sides straight or very slightly e.xcavate. Surface

scabrous.

Length. I'roii. I'nin. < Hind fein. \\'itij;s < I'ron. Himl feiu. Antenna.

cT 6.5— 6.8 5-5— 6- -3— -i .0— .5 4- 2.

9 S.5 7.f' -5 -3 4.2 2.

This species differs from N. c/isfatiis Harr. in the smaller size ;

lower carina, less angulate anterior margin, and more scabrous

surface of the pronotum ; more advanced vertex, with less distinct

carina in top view ; tnore projecting vertex, more retreating face-

March iSgj.] MoRSK. NOR'IH AMERICA N 'I'kTTICIN^:. 15

and flatter crown in side view, with the excavation opposite the
eyes shallow and rounded instead of sharply excised.

4 cT, I 2, I yg., St. Anthony Park, Minn. From Prof. Otto
Lugger.

Nomotettix compressus, sp. (?)'nov.

Very similar to /V. cristatus Harris, resembling it in size and proportions of
boily, but differing as follows: Median carina of pronotum a little higher, especially
opposite the shoulders, more smoothly arched on top, and distinctly compressed
into a thin keel, which is about i mm. in height at the shoulders and so thin in
section that the punctulations of its surface appear translucent when held to the
light. Dorsal front margin of pronotum much advanced upon the head, projecting
over it a distance nearly or quite equal to one-half the distance between the lateial
caiina\ with the sides strongly concave, — in cristatus projecting but one-fifth to
one-third the above distance and with the sides less excavated.

Lengtli. Pronotum. Hind fem. Antenna.

cf 8.4 7-8 . 5.-6. 2.5

9 9.-9.5 S. 5—8.8 5.-6. 2.S

Such are the characters presented by a series of 2 i^, 5 O, proba-
bly from North Carolina, presented by Prof. G. F. Atkinson to
Cornell University (lot 105).

While at first disposed to consider it a distinct species, subse-
quent examination of material from Indiana, Maryland, and Geor-
gia seems to indicate that it may grade into the typical New Eng-
land form of cristatus, the pronotum in some of these specimens
having the carina less distinctly compressed and the anterior
margin less produced. Additional specimens in suites, with
observations on altitude, environm.ent, etc., are necessary in order
to settle the relation of the two forms satisfactorily, whether
racial or specific.

Tettigidea acuta, sp. nov.

Very similar to northern specimens of 7\ lateralis, differing as follows: .Anterior
margin of ])ronotum produced into an acutely pointed process, reaching nearly to
the mid-carina of verte.\; the latter is less prominent opposite the lower part of
eyes and higher on top of head, and the occiput is less protuberant. Dorsum of
pronotum smoothly granulated, with very faint irregular ruguliK; mid-carina
distinct, but slight, especially at shoulders, where the pronotum is nearly convex
in cross section, instead of tectiform. From (r/^/c^/ifAr it may be readily distinguished
by the vertex.

Color brown to dark brownish fuscous, more or less of the top of pionotinu
straw-colored. Elytral pale spots rather larger than in tati-rali.w

Length. Pronotum. Hind fem. Pron. > Hind fem. Wings > I'ron.

9 16.S— 17.3 15.5— 15. s s. 1.5—2.5 I.— 1.4

16 Journal Nkw York Ent. Soc. [Voi.. hi.

3 9, New York (Uhler, coll. S. H. Scudder). One specimen
badly mutilated, but undoubtedly this species.

Tettigidea apiculata, sp. nov.

A sleiuler siiccies. Vertex coiisielerably advanced in front of eves, recallinj;"
prorsa, once-and-a-half ((j^) or twice (9) :is wide as an eye, not protuberant above.
Eyes about twice as long as wide, little protuberant, surrounded by a slight but
distinct lip. Carina large, much elevated on t(>[) of vertex, stopping abruptly
opposite anterior part of eyes; strongly sinuous on face, protuberant opposite eyes,
sub-e.\cavate below them. I'ronotuni cuspidate before, subulate behind, considert
ably passing the hind femora, the dorsum coarsely and distinctly rugulose e.xcep-
on a narrow band over the shoulders and the lateral lobes which are granulose.
Median carina distinct, acute (except scarcely so in 9 "'^ aforesaid band). Anterior
maigin much produced over head (one-half the distance between lateral carina),
nearly rectangular, the sides sinuate, expanded next base and excavate next apex,
terminating in a sharp, finely pointed and slightly deflected cusp, which reaches to
the posterior end of the carina of the vertex. Wings passing the pronotum. Hind
femora rather slender, elongate.

Dark reddish brown, paler on face and lower half of lateral lobes of pronotum,
passing into luteous on hind tibi?e.

Length. Pronotuiii. Hijicl fern. Proii. > Hind feni. ^\'illgs > Pron.

Cf 13-7 12.2 6. I.S 1.4

9 i8. 15-5 S.4 2.5 1.8

I c^, I 9, New Orleans, La , (Akhurst, in coll. of S. H.
Scudder").

Tettigidea prorsa elongata, var. nov.

This form is exactly like prorsa but with the pronotum and wings, or wings
alone, extending beyond the hind femora.

Lengtli. Pronotum. Pron, > Hind fern. Wings > Pron.

Cf IU.8 S.6 .6 I.

9 ^3-2 I0.5 (- .2). 2 2.

, I cT, 1 9, Georgia (coll. S. H. Scudder). i cT, Georgia (coll.
S. Henshaw").

The University of California Entomological Society has under-
taken a curious venture. It issuing from Berkeley, Cal., a Cali-
fornian journal of entomology, titled "The Entomologists Daily
Post Card" at $2.00 a year. A card of regulation size and color
is printed on both sides in clear type, leaving a meagre space for
an address. Wm. B.

March 1895.] DyAR. CLASSIFICATION OF LePIDOPTERA. 17

A COMBINATION OF TWO CLASSIFICATIONS
OF LEPIDOPTERA.

By Harrison G. Dvar, A. M.

The present article is the third in a series of papers on the
classification of lepidopterous larvaj.* I believe that I have now
brought out the characters exibited by. the larval tubercles suffi-
ciently so that they may be considered to be known. The next
thing in order is to combine the classification derived with this
given set of characters with other classifications derived from
other characters, in order to approximate to a natural classification.
It so happens that the only classification sufficiently worked out
for my purpose, is the old one founded upon the venation of the
wings. That suggested by Mr. V. L. Kellogg on scale structure,
as well as Prof. J. B. Smith's idea of using the general body
structure or Dr. A. S. Packard's special head characters have never
been completed, nor even well outlined with tangible points of
contrast.

In the first place, I regard the suborders of the Lepidoptera,
the Jugatas and FrenatK, to be established. All lines of research
have tended to confirm this conclusion, with perhaps the exception
of the pupal characters. But this is scarcely to be regarded as an
insurmountable exception. In the following, then, we will confine
our attention to the divisions of the Frenatce.

The divisions which I propose to consider are of greater than
family rank. The families of the Frenata^ are reasonably compact
and well defined. A few intergrade, others are scarcely of family
rank and again other genera may be entitled to a higher positiqai
than they now occupy. But these objections will right themselves
as our knowledge of the complete life histories of all the species
advances, for I believe the system of family classification and
definition is not at fault.

To return to the higher divisions, the superfamilies or tribes.
It is clearly the function of a natural classification, one founded
by a synthesis of special classifications, to so expound the various
characters used in the several classifications that they do not tend

* The first appeared in the Annals of N. Y. Acad. Sciences, Vol. VIII, p.
194 (1894) ; the second in Transactions of N. Y. Acad. Sciences, Vol. XIV, p. 49
(1895)-

18 Journal Nkw York Ent. Soc. [Vol. in.

to produce conflicting results. It is scarcely possible in using one
set of characters only, to adequately differentiate between the
characters due to adaptation and those of real phylogenetic signi-
ficance. Now it is hoped that the present attempt to combine two
classifications founded on two very different sets of characters,
may tend to show which of the characters in each set are reliable,
or at least which are evidently unreliable ; in other words parallel
adaptations.

Before proceeding to the discussion, I will dispose of a few
notes on larval tubercles, which extend my former observations
to certain families not then examined.

Family ADELID^.
On larval characters, the group represented by Adela must be
given family rank. I have not studied the moth. I have examined
the following species.
Adela viridella.

A dorsal shield on each thoracic segment as in the Psychidas. Sets fine, pale,
arising from large, diffuse, brown, corneous areas; i and ii remote, out of line;
iii above the spiracle; iv and v from a single area close below and behind the
spiracle (on joints 5 and 6 the areas of iii and iv-f-v are fused); vi sub ventral; vii
without corneous area, represented by a very indistinct, small seta on the anterior
outer side of the slight foot prominence. Feet represented by two transverse
multiple rows of rudimentary hooks, grading off imperceptibly into the skin surface.

This is the most generalized larva of Frenatte that I have seen.
It should be placed at the bottom of the series and be followed by
the Psychidoe.

Family TINEID^.

Only a single dorsal (prothoracic) shield, rarely a mesothoracic
one; abdominal feet more or less well developed, the crotchets in
one or more circles or two transverse rows, but not grading off into
the general surface; rarely entirely absent. The following species
represent many of the " families " (= sub-families*) of the Tineidae
which I have not previously described. The descriptions are from
beautifully prepared larvii; received from Staudinger & Haas,
Blasewitz-Dresden, Germany, ,»

Simasthis .pariana.

Cervical shield scarcely corneous, obscure. Setii; distinct, arising from large
black areas, normal; i dorsad to ii; iv and v on a single area, consolidated; vi with

* Some of these may really be of family rank, but it is scarcely probable that
they all are.

March 1895.] DvAR. CLASSIFICATION OF LePIDOPTERA. 19

a small black area; vii without any black area, consisting of three setre above base
of foot; viii inside of base of foot next niidventral line. Abdominal feet slender,
well developed, the crotches in a single complete circle.

Gelechia rhombella.

A distinct corneous cervical shield. Set;\; distinct, but witliout corneous areas;
i dorsad to ii, remote; iv and v closely approximate, normal; feet moderate, the
crotchets in a ring.

Endrosis lacteella.

Cervical shield well cornilied, large; seta> long and line, the tubercles scarcely
perceptible; i dorsad to ii, iv and v closely approximate, all normal. Feet well
developed, the crotchets in a single circle.

Plutella porrectella.

Cervical shield reduced to a series of dots. Setrc fine, short, but black and
very distinct, arising from minute black tubercles; i dorsad to ii; iv and v in line,
rather remote, entirely unconsolidated; other setce normal; vii composed of three
closely approximated seta.\ Feet well developed, the crotchets in a circle but break-
ing down and incomplete on the outer side.

Hyponomeuta cognatellus.

Cervical shield distinct. Setae fine but long, from minute obscure tubercles'
ii slightly dorsad to i (compare PsychidDe), i being situated at the upper border of
a subdorsal black patch; iii lateral; iv and v remote, iv being moved up out of line
with V, almost on a level with lower border of spiracle; vi posteriorly subventral;
vii of three setae on base of leg, the upper one not closely approximated to the
other two; viii next midventral line. Abdominal feet rather short, the crotchets
three rows deep in a circle.

Acrolepia assectella.

Cervical shield sub-corneous. Setre short, from minute tubercles surrounded
by a diffuse sub-corneous area; i dorsad to ii, normal; iii close above the spiracle
and slightly anterior; iv and v remote, iv moved up a little out of line; vi pos-
teriorly subventral; vii of three setae closely approximated; viii normal. Feet
moderate, a single outer circle of crotchets and a second concentric inner row,
represented only on the inner side of the foot (i. e. broadly broken outwaidly).

Laverna phragmitella.

Cervical shield not distinguishable, the larval shape thicker than usual, slightly
flattened approaching the shape of the Anthrocerina. Setae fine, obscure, tubercles
absent; i slightly dorsad to ii; iii above spiiacle; iv and v greatly reduced, scarcely
to be made out under a half-inch objective, apparently in line and rather remote;
vi, vii and viii normal; feet well developed with a single circle of crotchets.

Tinea pellionella.

Cervical shield distinct. Setre short, very fine, obscure, tubercles absent;
dorsad to ii; iii lateral; iv and v not very closely approximate; iv dorsad to v, the

20 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi.

rest normal. Feet represented by a transverse ellipse of crotchets narrowly broken
on the inner side.

Coleophora ochripennella.

Cervical shield (prothoracic) large, supplemented by a second (mesothoracic)
one, small, widely bisected into two triangular halves. Set?e fine, short, greatly
reduced, without tubercles; i small, dorsad to ii; iv and v apparently in line; v
much shorter than iv, all very difficult to distinguish, and I cannot feel sure of their
position. Feet nearly obsolete, represented by two transverse rows of very few
crotchets.

Tischeria complanella.

Flattened, evidently a leaf miner; cervical shield sub-corneous. Setoe very
obscure, rudimentary, no tubercles; iv and v appear on the lateral bulging outline
of the segments, moderately appro.Kimate, iv a little dorsad to v. Legs absent,
even the thoracic feet reduced to little rounded stumps.

Family ORNEODID^.

Orneodes hexadactyla.

Cervical shield not corneous, practically absent. Setae moderately distinct,
single, from minute tubercles; i and ii remote, i dorsad to ii; iii lateral; iv and v
closely approximate, iv slightly dorsad to v; vi sub-ventral; vii of three setae on
base of leg; viii normal. Feet moderate with a single circle of crotchets. An
arrangement perfectly typical for the Cossina.

Family HETEROGYNID.F:.

Heterogynis paradoxa.

Body robust, thickenetl, head retractile, resembling the Anthrocerina; setae
single, fine but distinct; iv and v approximate, almost in line transversely; vi
represented by two setae; the rest normal for the Cossina. Crotchets of abdominal
feet forming a dense semicircle on the inner half of the planta.

Family PTEROPHORID.^i.

I am now able to give some details for this family.

Lioptilus scarodactylus.

Setce simple, coarse and distinct, arising from small cup-shaped tubercles; i
and ii nearly in line, scarcely approximate, being separated by one-third the length
of the segment; iii above and a little before the spiracle; iv and v closely approxi-
mate, sub-stigmatal, iv slightly dorsad to v; vi sub-ventral; vii of three setas; viii
present but small. Feet slender, small with only two or three crotchets like little
claws curved inward, representing an inner segment of a circle. No secondary
hairs, though the body is thickly clothed with small, round, brown, corneous areas.

Lioptilus microdactylus.

SetK as in the preceding species, but finer and less distinct; the upper of the
three setae of vii is longer than the others. The minute corneous areas on the skin

March 1895.] DvAR. CLASSIFICATION OF LePIDOPTERA. 21

are less numerous than in scarodactyhis, and are more confined to the dorsal area,
being also slightly more pointed and tubercular. The small, slender abdominal
feet have no crotchets.

Platyptilus rhododactylus.

Setae distinct, ratiier coarse, single, arising from somewhat enlarged conical
tubercles, supplemented by a number of short secondary hairs with enlarged tips;
i dorsad to ii, not appro.ximate: iv and v closely approximate, all normal. Feet
slender, the crotchets in a single row forming a semicircle on the inner side of the
planta.

Oedematophorus lithodactylus.

Tubercles converted into small warts, each bearing some ten to twelve setae;
1 and ii in line, closely appro.ximate but not consolidated; iii lateral, behind it a
little secondary wart with one small seta; iv+v also with a little secondaiy wart
with three setce behind; vi and vii each a distinct wart; viii represented by rather
numerous hairs on the base and inside of the leg. Legs slender, the crotchets in a
half circle on the inner side.

Oxyptilus periscelidactylus.

Tubercles converted into moderate sized warts with si.x to twelve long hairs;
body also rather sparsely covered with short secondary hairs with enlarged tips: i
and ii entirely consolidated into a single wart, a single long seta behind iv+v; viii
a single seta; other warts normal. 1-egs slender, the crotchets forming two-thirds
of a circle on inner side.

Family DIOPTID.^.
Phryganidia californica.

Mr. T. G. O. Mueller has kindly obtained the larvK of this
species for me in its home in California. The larvae are referable
to the Noctuina.

Setce small and inconspicuous, but normal; a slight development of smaller
secondary setae consisting of one above and caudad to iii, another below and caudad
to iii close above the spiracle; iv and v remote, iv moderately well moved up; many
setae on the leg plate. Larva otherwise naked, noctuiform; joint 12 enlarged and
13 small; anal feet slender, divergent and rather weaker than the others.

Family BREPHIDy^:.

I have before me the larvae of three European species of
Brephos. The setse are greatly reduced, but the tubercles remain
rather distinct, in the normal arrangement of the Noctuina, with-
out secondary hairs. The interesting point is the structure of the
legs. All the abdominal ones are present, but the three anterior
pair are about half aborted. In the Geometridre, these legs are

22 Journal New York Ent. Soc. (Vol. hi.

entirely aborted and in many Noctuidae the first pair or first two
pair are partly or completely aborted, so that the Brephidse stand
intermediate between these two families, but somewhat on the
side of the Geometridae.

Family NOLID^.

On larval characters the genus Nola is deserving of family
rank. These larvK have been a great puzzle to me, and will prob-
ably remain so till I have the opportunity of observing the first
stage. I have before me the larvae of five Eurepean species of
Nola. They correspond in all structural respects exactly with the
American species. The arrangement of the warts is exactly that
of the Anthrocerina as represented by the genera Anihrocera^
Adsciki, Aglaope and Harrisina, and less perfectly by Mcgalopygc j
but with the important exception that, while in these Anthrocerina
wart vii is distinctly situated on the anterior side of the slender
abdominal feet, in Nola, the hairs of vii are scattered over a
distinct corneous leg plate on the outer side of the foot. This leg
plate is a typical noctuine structure, and it appears probable that
the Nolidse belong among the Noctuina where the moths are at
present placed. But I am at a loss to conjecture what has hap-
pened to the tubercles.

Family EUPTEROTIDyE.

This family has its stronghold in India, but is represented in
Europe by at least one genus (according to Hampson). I have
before me the larvae of four species of this interesting genus.
Not only do the tubercles show the position of the Eupterotidoe to
be among the Noctuina, but their structure throws an unexpected
light on the condition found in the Easiocampid?e, which has been
far from clear to me before seeing these larvae.
Cnethocampa (Thaumetopea, Kirby^) herculeana.

Tubercles converted into large warts with many bristly hairs, also supplemented
by scattered short and feeble secondary hairs from the skin and a development of
short, finely branched hairs in close tufts, arising from the dorsal area enclosed by
tubercles i and ii on joints 5 — 12. Some brislly hairs arise from the posterior part
of these areas as if tubercle i had been stretched out in a longitudinal direction and
the fine hairs developed from its central part; warts otherwise normal; iv and v
rather near together; iv dorsad to v, v smaller than iv, considerably reduced; vi
rather large; a distinct corneous but small leg plate.

* It does not appear from Kirby's catalogue why he has seen tit to propose a
new name for this genus.

March i895l DvAR. CLASSIFICATIONS OF LePIDOPTERA. 23

The arrangement is close to that of the bombycoid noctuids
but differs in that tubercle v tends to become small instead of iv
while in the Noctuidre iv is moved much farther up than in these
Eupterotidje. There is also a considerable resemblance to the
hairy Notodontians.

Cnethocampa pinivora.

Primary hairs less abiiiulaiU than in C. Iterciilcana, the warts smaller and more
reduced. Wart i is indistinct on account of its modification for the dorsal tufts
which seem to be, in this species, partially replaced by a raised, somewhat ever-
sible (?) area of skin which the stiff hair borders before and behind. Wart v very
small, almost obsolete on account of the general reduction of all the warts. Sec-
ondary hairs more abundant, longer and stiffer than in C. Iicuuleana.

Cnethocampa processionea.

Hairs and warts about as in the preceding, the secondary hairs not so wel
developed. Dorsal areas not eversible, covered with dense, fine and short down,
the posterior stiff hairs scarcely developed at all. Warts iv and v very nearly in
line, iv the larger and a very little dorsad to v, which has only one or two hairs
and is really absent on some of the segments.

Cnethocampa pityocampa.

Dorsal areas eversible (?), downy, surrounded by a ring of soft reddish hairs.
Warts greatly reduced, the hairs rather few and no stronger than the secondary
hairs which are well developed. Wart iii is rather distinct; the position of iv and
v can just be distinguished with a lens, iv the more distinct and dorsad to v.

Family LASIOCAMPID.F:.
In the larvae of this family the primitive first stage has disap-
peared. The mature warts are greatly reduced and obscured by
secondary hairs, so that I could not obtain sufificiently positive
evidence of their arrangement. The series of eupterotids descri-
bed above shows beautifully the course which has been pursued
in the development of the lasiocampid larva as we see it to-day.
Derived from a bombycoid-noctuid, or lymantriid stock, by the
suppression of the warts and development of secondary hairs in a
manner parallel to that seen in the Eupterotidte^ the typical lasio-
campid form has been evolved. Tubercles iv and v appear to
have dropped back nearly into line in the first larval stage, probably
by degeneracy toward the original primitive arrangement.
Clisiocampa fragilis.

Stage I. Wart i large, sub-dorsal; ii minute, a little caudad and below i; iii
small, lateral; iv and v approximately in line, sub-ventral, very obscure; no others
seen; no secondary hairs,

24 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [vol. hi.

Clisiocampa neustria.

Mature larva. Several coarse black hairs arise from an area representing i,
and a single hair frpm ii; other warts obsolete. Secondary hairs fine and soft,
quite abundant sub-ventrally. Body scarcely flattened, a slight noctuiform dorsal
enlargement on joint 12.

Lasiocampa quercus.

Secondary hairs abundant, thick, foiming broad bands of dense hair absent
only at the edges of the segmental incisures but becoming short and thin laterally
and sub-ventrally. Primary hairs absent, the position of i and ii indicated by a
disturbance in the uniformity of the dorsal hairy coat. Just below the spiracle and
behind it an area can be distinguished which represents iv, and before and below
this, another smaller one, rather a colored spot than a structural area, represents v.
The area corresponding to vi, is well clothed with hairs and projects a little.

Gastropacha quercifolia.

Greatly flattened with well developed sub-ventral " lappets " and an unpaired
dorsal prominence on joint 12. Hair rather abundant, but not long, all secondary.
Patches of vivid white, short, dense hairs occur between the legs sub-ventrally.
Seen at a distance a series of blackish patches seem to represent tubercles i and ii,
but under the lens nothing appears but patches of dark pigment; a black pigment
spot behind the spiracle. vSub-ventral area in the region of tubercle vi produced in
two rounded confluent and hairy processes, forming the lappet.

CONCLUSION.

As regards the characters of wing structure, I believe the
following are be eliminated as unreliable.

i) The frenulum. This structure seems very flexible and
readily subject to adaption. It is not reliable even for family
definition in many cases. I have before me the European i5'/;^/;v;;///i'
versicolor and the Australian Chelepteryx collesi. In all characters
they approach each other very closely, even the peculiar pattern
of maculation is identical, and they must belong to the same family
(Endromid?e, Plotz 1885); yet the former is without frenulum with
an expanded numeral lobe while the more primitive Australian
form has a well developed frenulum. Other examples could easily
be cited.

2) Tlie brancJies of cubital vein. The apparent number of
branches of the cubitus (three or four), which may be otherwise
expressed as the direction of migration of 'vein 5 ', is insisted upon
by Mr. G. F. Hampson as a character of super-family value. In
comparison with the larval classification it is seen to be of family
value only.

March 1895] DyAR. CLASSIFICATION OF LePIDOPTERA. 25

As regard the larval characters :

i') The arrangement of crotchets on the feet. The hooks on the
abdominal feet are not very reliable characters, as their arrange-
ment is quickly subject to modifications whenever the necessity
arises for an exposed mode of life by the larva. The presence of
the unmodified condition is of more value than its absence, inas-
much as no larva of the higher families possesses this typical
structure even when returned to a concealed mode of life, whereas
some of the lower ones may possess a considerably specialized
foot structure.

2) The tubercles. The special modifications of the tubercles
(warts, processes etc.) are not of more than family rank, often of
only generic rank.

There remain, tlien, for primary divisions in the wing veins
the presence of vein ic ; in the larvoe the approximation in position
of tubercles iv and v. In the higher moths of the first division
(Pyralidje, the Saturnians above the Bombycid^e and a few others)
there is a tendency, often complete, to the disappearance of vein
IC. In the larvai of several genera of the lower families (Tineidas)
tubercles iv and v are scarcely approximated or even remote and
out of line.* But taken together, the exceptions tend to eliminate
themselves. As I am only combining two classifications, some gaps
may occur.

In the second primary division vein ic is absent from the
wings and larval tubercles iv and v are remote. In some Dioptidai
there is a partial development of vein ic on hind wings, but the
larval characters are normal.

First division. I have divided this into three super-families on
larval characters but, as there appears to be no corresponding
character in the venation, my Cossina and Anthrocerina must be
united. Further, the Pterophoridre cannot be placed positively in
the Cossina or Anthrocerina as different genera exhibit the charac-
ters of both divisions.

We have left, then, first, the Cossina (Microlepidoptera) with
generalized wing veins and usually a frenulum, the larvi^ with
tubercle ii either present or disappearing by fusion with i ; and,

* This is probably due to the generalized condition of these larvre, which
have retained the piimitive arrangement of the seta- found also in stage I of the
butterflies.

26 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi

second, the Saturnia (Bombyces) with specialized wings, robust
bodies and frenulum tending to disappear, the larvae with tubercle
ii disappearing by abortion by the first moult.

Second division. The super-families established on larval
characters in this division seem to be quite corroborated by the
imaginal ones.* It remains only to unite the Noctuidae, Geome-
tridte, Arctiidce and a few minor families under the term Noctuina
to render the classifications identical. Indeed it will be seen that
the only reason for giving such families as the Noctuidae and Geo-
metridai greater than family rank has been the great number of
species in each, and the consequent impression they have produced
of a large and definite aggregation. Their differential characters
do not warrant such a position.

We have then the super-families Noctuina, Sphingina and
Rhopalocera, named in ascending order.
Antennre filiform, pectinate, or rarely sliglitly thickened before the tip.
Larval tubercles iv doi sad to v except in a few instances when iv

and V are in line Noctuina.

Antennte fusiform, body robust, wings elongate, with distinct inter-
costal cell. Larval tubercles v dorsad to iv Sphingina.

Antennre clubbed or knobbed at tip, or if simple, the anterior pair of
feet partly aborted. Larval primaiy tubercles soon aborted, iv and
v in line or iv dorsad to v when the mature armor is secondary. Rhopalocera.

I have not combined, as a third classification, Dr. T. A. Chap-
man's arrangement on pupal characters! because I have not under-
taken to examine the subject personally and because I expect that
Dr. Chapman will modifiy his arrangement somewhat before it is
fully completed. As it stands, there are many things in corre-
spondence with the views expressed here, but also many disagree-
ments. I shall not attempt to analyze these at present.

* Contraiy to the statement which I have formerly quoted from Weismann's
" Studies in the Theory of Descent ".

t Trans. Ent. Soc, London, 1893, pp. 97 — 119.

Makch 1895,] Packard. Life-history of Heterocampa obliqua. 21

LIFE-HISTORY OF HETEROCAMPA
OBLIQUA Pcu-J^.

By A. S. Packard.

The eggs of a female of this species which is of the form
bruimca, were received from Providence, R. I , through the kindness
of Mr. W. Dearden, July 13, and hatched at Brunswick, Me., July
20 — 21. It feeds on the oak. It was reared at Brunswick.

Egg. — Diameter, .9 mm. Of the usual hemispherical shape,
moderately flattened above ; shell under a lens seen to be finely
pitted or shagreened ; under ^ inch, a eye-piece, marked with
rather large hexagonal areas, with well marked, raised edges, but
not distinctly beaded. The hole eaten in one side by the larva
in escaping of the usual elongated kidney-shape.

Larva, Stage I. — Freshly hatched. Length, 3.5 mm. Head
very large, much wider than the body, somewhat flattened in front ;
pitchy amber, smooth, unarmed, surface dull, not polished. On
the ist segment arising from a dark cervical plate is a pair of large
branching horns with three large equal curved tines, which are
pointed and densely spinose, the short stout spinules dark, quite
different from //. giittivitta. One tine points forwards, one back-
wards and one laterally outwards. The body is purplish reddish,
with no stripes or other marks, except a small pale yellowish
transverse dorsal spot in front of the base of the 8th segment. No
horns on the 2nd and 3rd thoracic segments. On the ist abdominal
segment is a pair of simple dark horns about as long as the seg-
ment is thick. On 2nd segment a pair of minute setce ; on 3rd a
pair of blunt spines one-half as long and large as those on the ist,
and a slightly smaller pair on the last (loth) segment. End of
body carried uplifted, and the two cylindrical anal legs blunt at
the end and entirely dark. Thoracic legs blackish; the four pairs
of middle abdominal legs dark livid. It molted July 27.

Stage //. — Length, 6 mm. Head reddish brown. Now all
the horns have disappeared, those on the ist thoracic segment
only represented by two conical acute tubercles which are black at
the tip and slightly forked, there being a small black supplementary
spine on the inside of the main one. The two spines are wide
apart and project out laterally. On 9th abdominal segment are

28 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi.

two twin minute black spinules situated close together. Body
pale reddish, color of an oak twing, variegated with yellowish ; a
distinct linear dorsal line and a broad diffuse line on thoracic
segments; an irregular series of large dorsal yellowish spots, those
on abdominal segments i — 4, and 6, 7 and 9 being the largest-
Anal legs moderately long, reddish.

Stage III. — It molted Aug. i. Length, 8 — 9 mm. The head
is now large, wider than the body, subtrapezoidal in front, rounded
above, and slightly bilobed ; pale in front, yellowish on the sides.
An irregular pale reddish brown band on the vertex and on the
sides enclosing in front four irregular reddish spots of the color
of a dead leaf which may be called sere brown. Prothoracic spines
now stout and pale reddish, ending in three black spinules. From
each spine proceeds, a broad reddish brown band the color of a
dead leaf, and enclosing a large oval yellowish spot which extends
along the back of abdominal segments i to 4. This spot encloses
two reddish lines which dilate four times enclosing a roundish
white spot in each dilatation. On segments 5 — 7 is a long trian-
gular whitish spot enclosing two short reddish lines which dilate
twice, enclosing two narrow oval spaces. The back of segments
8 and 9 is reddish, the sides yellowish green, whitish; anal legs held
up at rest ; greenish with a red stripe within. The reddish portion
of the body consists of irregular fine reddish and greenish-yellow
lines, the former predominating.

Stage IV. — It molted Aug. 8, A.M., and ate up the cast skin
before beginning to eat the oak leaves. Length, 12 mm. (Two
days before this molt the lateral sere brown spots appeared as in
this stage, but fainter.) By Aug. 12th it had become 20 mm. in
length. The three prongs of the prothoracic spines as in stage III,
reddish. Head a little broader and rounder than before, but with
the same style of markings. The markings of the body as in stage
III, but the greenish portion of the sides speckled with black.
Dorsal spots as before ; an irregular lateral sere brown spot just
above the base of the 3rd thoracic legs, and still higher up on ist
abdominal segment is a contiguous spot, making an oblique band
as in the other species. The reddish brown edging of the diamond
shaped dorsal spot on abdominal segments r to 4 extends down to
the base of the ist pair of the abdominal legs. In this stage there
is present a straw yellow infraspiracular line, just touching the
spiracles, and best marked on the abdominal segments, and above

March iSgsl PACKARD. LiFE-HlSTOKV OK HeTEROCAMPA OHLIQUA. 29

on 2nd thoracic segment are similar yellow lines, not reaching the
front edge of the prothoracic segment, nor extending behind the
oblique sere brown band.

S/tJgt' V and last. — Described Aug. 29. Length, 40 mm. Now
there are no prothoracic tubercles, but in place of each of them a
very slight elongate flattened callosity. Head rounded, smooth,
not so wide as the body; luteous, with a flesh-tint and slightly
purplish ; an ashy irregular band on each side of the head, above
the ocelli, with scattered spots between. The body is thickest in
the middle (much like Abbot's drawing) and pale flesh, marked
with numerous irregular reddish pink wavy hair lines. The usual
dorsal band is reddish, bordered with yellow, and enclosing a pale
almost whitish band. From the prothoracic segments the two
lines contract, dilating on the 3d thoracic segment, and becoming
widest apart on the 2nd and 3rd abdominal segments and again
widely separating on the 7th abdominal segment ; the two lozenge-
shaped spots thus formed enclose two parallel median pinkish
lines. On the suranal plate the two lines unite to form a median
pale sere brown band. Thoracic and abdominal legs pale, marked
with red.

The freshly hatched larva differs from that of H. guttivitta in
having no traces of tubercles or horns on abdominal segments 4
to 6 ; in the first pairs having tines of quite different shape, being
thicker, and more spinose ; these horns being dull chitinous, of
the same hue as the head. The other dorsal tubercles are about
one-quarter as long, not elbowed, and stouter in proportion, while
those on the 8th segment are smaller.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L

Fig. I. Heterocampa obliqua /'<?r/J'.— P'leshly hatched larva ; la, dorsal view;

lb, spine on third, Ic, spine on eiglith, Id, spine on ninth abdominal

segment ; le, prothoracic horns of stage I, enlarged.
Fig. II. Heterocampa obliqua Pack. — Stage II ; Ha, horns on first prothoracic

segment.
Fig. III. Heterocampa guttivitta Walk. — Horns in stage I ; <?, prothoracic horn ;

b, one on second abdominal, c, one on third to fifth, and d, on ninth

abdominal segment.

30 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. iii.

A CLEW TO THE ORIGIN OF THE GEOMETRID

MOTHS.

By A. S. Packard.

In examining the pupa of Phryganidia calif ornica, and finding
the more essential features to be as much like those of the Geo-
metrid moths, as any other group, I came upon results entirely
unexpected to myself, and which give a clew to the origin of this
great group of moths. It has become evident that Phryganidia can
neither be placed among the Zygaenidre, or Syntomidse, though
possessing some pterogostic features like those of the latter group.

Another fact considered was that the larva of Melanchroia
(J/, cephisc and AT. geometroides), formerly associated with the
Lithosiida:, have been shown by Dewitz to be Geometrids. Another
is the absence of a pair of legs in the Nolidte, which I find must
by their pupal and other characters be regarded as a distinct
family from the Lithosiidae. Still another fact is the conclusion I
have arrived at that the Lithosiidx have almost directly descended
from the Tineida^ or an extinct group closely allied to them, and
that from the Lithosiid?e have arisen noi only the Dioptidre (perhaps
including P/iryga/iidia), the Cyllopodids and Hypsidee, but also the
SyntomidK and Nyctemeridai, as well as the Arctiidoe.

On reexamining the larva, pupa and imago o( P//ryga/jidia (we
have no knowledge of the transformations of the genuine Dioptidae
as at present limited) ; it has seemed to me that it has little of
fundamental value to separate it from the Geometrid moths.

First as to the larva of Phryganidia: while in the shape of the
head and the slender cylindrical body it differs little from the
larva of Melanchroia, and of Geometrids in general; if the three
anterior pairs of abdominal legs were atrophied, there would be
no essential difference. That this is probable is seen in the larva
oi Nola which has but four pairs of abdominal legs, one pair being
atrophied.

The end of the body (Sth abdominal segment) is humped, but
the larv£ of the East Indian Eusemia and Hypsa are also humped
at the end of the body. Phryganidia only differs in being slenderer,
and without hairs, and seems more closely allied to the larvs of
the Hypsidae than to those of any of the allied groups. It does
not spin a cocoon.

The pupa is obtected, and in its essential features more like
that of Geometrids than Lithosiidce or any Zygaenid or Syntomid

March 1895.] PACKARD. OrIOIN OF Gf.OM1;tRID MoTHS. 31

genera. It is naked and suspended by a remarkably long cremaster;
the end of the abdomen is otherwise peculiar. The head presents
no vestigial characters ; there being no trace of maxillary palpi, of
paraclypeal pieces, or apparently of labial palpi. With a complete
knowledge of all its stages, it is still difficult to assign it a definite
position. When we know more about the Dioptidie, where it
probably belongs, the problem may approach a solution, but that
its affinities are closely with the GeometridcX is shown by compar-
ing the pupa with that of CIcora. In the general shape of the
head, of the eyes, of the front, and especially of the abdomen, the
resemblance is close ; the peculiar shape and markings of the last
three abdominal segments are nearly identical in both genera,
though the cremaster of Cleora is much shorter.

In this connection reference should be made to the striking
resemblance between the pupce oiOeta aurca and Cleora pulcJiraria.
To my great astonishment I find the pupa of Cleora has the same
vestigial head-characters as Oeta ; the general shape of th.e pupa is
the same ; the mode of dehiscence the same, the shape of the
vertex and its mode of separating when the moth issues from the
pupa case ; also the shape of the eyes, of the peculiar clypeusand
labrum, while the more pronounced vestigial characters are the
labial palpi, forming a triangular area, and the large semi-detached
paraclypeal pieces. Cleora shows that it is a more modern form in
having no traces of a vestigial eye-collar (maxillary palpi) such as
occur (though very slightly developed) in Oeta. The shape of the
end of the body, with the cremaster, is much the same, the shorter
cremaster of Cleora being an adaptation to its life in a slight open-
work cocoon. In the peculiar markings of the 8th and 9th abdominal
segments Cleora is more like Phryganidia.

Judging by the pupal characters, then, the Geometrids have
directly descended from the Lithosiidas, the latter, as I have satis-
fied myself, having directly orginated from the generalized Tineina.

The imago of PJirygauiJia appear not to differ much from
those of the Dioptida^ to which it has been referred by Butler. I
am unable to see any important differences between the Dioptidae
and CyllopodidK, though my material is scanty. In the slender
body, shape of the head, and proportions of the clypeus, shape of
antennce and palpi, both of these families do not essential differ
from Melauchroia which is now knowm to be a Geometrid, nor
from the Geometrids themselves.

In its venation FJirygaiiiJia is nearly identical with that of a

32 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. iii.

Josia from Jalapa, Mexico, in my collection ; the peculiarity is the
origin of veins II2 and III3 from a common stem, in which Phry-
ganidia apparently differs from some if not all other Dioptidse.
But the venation of the Dioptidai (including Phryganidia) and of
the Cyllopodidce is nearly identical with that of ]\TcIa/ic/iroia, and
the latter is a true Geometrid in its venation, and in the shape of
its larva, being a looper; of its pupa we know nothing. The
venation of the Geometrids is very persistent. Hence I conclude
that the day-flying usually bright colored Dioptidae and Cyllopodidae,
as well as the Hypsidae, are direct off-shoots from the Lithosian
stem, and their general resemblance to such Lithosiansas Crocota
and Ei/diile, as well as Ameria, is based on real affinity. The
day-flying habits of some Geometrids is also well known. The
larva of Eiip]iancssa is a Geometrid, but its moth has been usually
associated with the Lithosiidae, though its venation is Geometrid.
Riley describes the larva of Octa aurea as having " extremely small "
anterior abdominal legs, the anal being much larger. Probably
when we learn more of the transformations of the families we have
mentioned it will be found that the presence or absence of certain
abdominal legs will be found to be a secondary adaptational
character. It is noticeable that the dull colored Pluyganidia with
only incipient clouds instead of bars and spots is a primitive form as
regards markings.

After an examination of the pupal and imaginal characters of
Geometrids, Dioptids, Hypsids and Syntomids it seems to me that
all these groups represent more or less parallel lines of development
which originated from the generalized Lithosiidre, the latter, with
the ZygaenidK, having sprung from generalized Tineina. The
Nolidae represent a side branch, which evolved from a Lithosian
perhaps like Clemensia. The Arctiida^ have also apparently directly
descended from the Lithosiidce. The Syntomids and Nyctemeridae
which seem closely allied by larval characters have also directly
descended along another line from the Lithosiidae.

Finally it appears that the Geometridas are a more primitive
type, and have no relationship to the Noctuida^, the latter having
more or less directly descended from the Agaristidae, the latter
from the Hypsidae or allied forms perhaps extinct. The fact that
the young larvae of many Noctuidai have only two pairs of legs
has no phylogenetic significance.

\\-\ this preliminary abstract space has prevented giving details
and figures to prove the truth of the assertions and conclusions
here presented.

March 1895 ] LaNDER. DoMES OF CiCADA SEPTENDECIM. 33

DOMED BURROWS OF CICADA SEPTENDECIM.

By Benjamin Lander.

In 1877 a remarkable phenomenon connected with the advent
of the periodical Cicada — the so-called seventeen-year "locust",
(Fig. i) was observed at Rahway, N. J. — On opening a cellar
which had been closed up to the time that the pup?e (Fig. 2) issued
from the ground, the floor was found to be studded with small,
hollow, cone-like structures, built of mud, which had been con-
structed as extensions of Cicada burrows. The attention of
Professor J. S. Newberry having been called to the circumstance
he deemed it of such importance that he secured specimens, and
obtained a detailed statement of the features of the case, signed
by several leading citizens of Rahway, and published the account
in the School of Mines Quarterly of Columbia College, Jan. 1886 ;
and in a separate illustrated pamphlet. As the Professor made no
mention of ever having seen like structures before, the inference
is natural that he had not.* Indeed, so rare were they prior to the
advent of the same brood in 1894, that few entomologists had seen
them, and no accurate description existed. Last year, countless
numbers of these hut-like domes were observed at various places.

On the fourth of May 1894, while in the woods on the summit
of South Mountain, at Nyack, N. Y., I came upon a spot that had
recently been burnt .over. On this area I observed vast quantities
of the Cicada structures, entirely closed, averaging about two and
a half inches in height; the aggregation ending at the very edge
of the burnt section. So thickly studded was the ground that
often eight or ten would be found in the space of a square foot ;
in one case I counted twenty-three in such a space. Subsequent
explorations showed that the Cicada city extended over an area
of not less than sixty acres. Eight large aggregations were dis-
covered by me on top of the Nyack hills and the Palisades, covering
many acres, and one near a stone quarry at a lower elevation ;
none of them in a place subject to overflow. Later, when only
the ruins of the domes remained, I visited two areas where large
numbers had been found ; one in ground thinly covering massive
sandstone, and another hard by a quarry, where the top soil was
thin. An account of the discovery was published in The New
York Times, and in the Scientific American of Oct. i6th. I offered

* Previouslv described and figured bv Walsh and Riley (see Am. Ent.,
Vol. I, 186S, p. 65). ' Wni. B.

34 Journal New York Ent Soc. [Vol. hi.

an attempt at an explanation of the mystery ; a criticism of my
theory appeared in the issue of Nov. loth, and my reply in that of
Nov. 27th ; to all of which the reader is referred.

Hitherto it has been supposed that the object of these domed
extensions was to protect the burrows from overflow of water, and
that when found on high ground they had been built by pups
that had inherited the instinct from ancestors that had lived in
"low, wet places". But this theory has been completely over-
thrown by the fact that millions of domed burrows were found on
the summits of lofty elevations, not "subject to overflow", at
Nyack, and many other places visited, and none of the vast army
of builders chose "low, wet places"; notwithstanding that the
lower levels swarmed with the insects, the ground in many places
having been honey-combed with their open burrows. One salient
fact is worth a volume of generalizations ; but further proof that
the theory is untenable will be offered hereinafter.

The explanation I have advanced as to the cause of the inter-
esting phenomonon is based on the fact that in order to be revived
so much in advance of pupte which later emerged from open
burrows, the dome-builders must have been near enough to the
surface to feel the vivifying effects of abnormal, unseasonable
warmth. Of course it must be remembered that our sensation of
warmth as to degree and that of the insects are two entirely different
things.

In the Rahway case the features of abnormally high temper-
ture (compared to that outside,) and shallow burrows are self-
evident. The excavation had reduced the depth of the pupae from
the surface. The heat of the sun on the exterior of the enclosure
would reach the chamber by conduction and be stored up; making
the temperature practically the same night and day, since the
warmth could not be carried off by radiation. Thus we often see
vegetables sprouting in cellars in the depth of a cold winter. It
is altogether logical to suppose that sufficient warmth would obtain
to reach the pupae in their artificially shortened burrows and revive
them. Having opened their shafts while undeveloped their reason
impelled them to close the orifices, perhaps in an attempt to lessen
the too rapidly developing warmth, and as a protection against
mice and other vermin. The tubular form of the roof showing
the "persistance of habit"; their seventeen-year underground
work having been of that nature. The normal temperature out-

March i89S-] LaNDER. DoMES OF CiCADA SK.PTENUECIM -35

side, and the radiation carried off by the breeze, prevented an
early revival of the unsheltered pupte ; which at their proper season
emerged from open shafts.

A somewhat similar case is where domed burrows were obser-
ved near Washington at a former advent, in a thick pine grove.
Here, the protection from the wind by the deep, overhanging cur-
tains of the evergreens, would prevent, in a measure, a too rapid
waste of the diffused warmth ; while the constant radiation by
night of absorbed heat stored up by day among the thick foliage
would tend to offset the loss from the ground ; rendering the tem-
perature like that in the cellar, practically the same, day and
night ; doubtless raising it enough ovv^r that in the exposed places
outside (where the wind would act as a fan,) to supply sufficient
warmth to revive the pupae : it may be only a week or two before
those not thus protected. This, of course, is assuming that the
domed burrows were shallow — the pupa^ nearer the surface than
those outside, which might have been the case for one or more of
several reasons : the insects might not have burrowed much or
any below their root-supplies, from which they obtain subsistance,
or from other causes which will be referred to later.

If this theory of unusual warmth and shallow burrows is to
hold, the temperature at the time the millions of domes were built
on the Nyack hills and the Palisades must have been far above
normal, and the localities must have had features that would pre-
vent deep burrowing It is susceptible of proof that these con-
ditions existed. March of 1894 was unusually warm : the hottest
March on the records of the New York weather Station, extending
to 1870, and was 223 degrees in excess of normal. At Nyack it
was even warmer, as shown by published records. Wild flowers
blossomed a month ahead of their season. Even as far up as
Poughkeepsie, where domed burrows were found, the recorded
temperature was practically the same as at New York. A large
part of the dome areas had been burnt over early in March. In
these places the combined natural and accidental heat no doubt
brought the pup^e speedily to the surface. Even where the leaves
and underbrush had been burnt off the preceding Fall the heat
of the sun would sooner penetrate the bare ground.

The Nyack hills and the Palisades are composed of massive
rock ; their summits ground off by glacial action. These heights
are thinly covered with earth ; the extreme elevations, more or

•S6 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi.

less level, are, naturally, less covered than elsewhere. It was in such
places that the domes abounded ; those found over quarries and
elsewhere, previously alluded to, were, like those in higher areas,
personally examined by me, and all were found to be in shallow
earth. This feature furnishes the second condition of the theory ;
the first is a matter of indisputable record.

Among the places where domed burrows were found in thin
soil were Nyack ; Upper Nyack ; South Nyack ; Grandview and
Piermont ; and on top of the Palisades near Alpine; Closter;
Demarest ; Cresskill ; Englewood ; New Durham and Fort Lee.
Several of these areas had been burnt over.

A correspondent writes me that in a dome area observed by
him the structures were built after a fire, as shown by their con-
taining burnt twigs. But this is just what would occur after a
fire : The builders would come in contact with them in their work
and they would be incorporated. I have many such specimens,
A professional entomologist who visited the same spot writes that
the case I reported from Nyack to the New York Times (wherein
it was stated that the ground had been burnt over before the
domes were built,) so fitted to the one observed by him that he
was inclined to think it was an account of the one he had seen, and
that the name of the locality had in some way been changed. It
is not claimed that fire is necessary to revive the pupre ; but it is
evident that in some cases it has been effectual ; in others the ab-
normal heat of the sun was sufficient.

Professor John B. Smith reports that the structures were
found near a quarry at Newark, N. J., and at Port Jefferson, in
the same state. In the latter case vast numbers were observed by
Dr. J. Howard Willets who possesses substantial proof that they
were built five or six day after a forest fire; the domes close to-
gether, and ending abruptly at the edge of the burnt area.

It is not claimed that all the dome aggregations were in soil
over rocks. The burrows might have been shallow from a variety
of causes. In one case reported there was a sub-stratum of coarse
sand, too incoherant for burrowing. In other places the sub-soil
might have been wet, peaty, or gravelly. Even in deep soil some
pupae would be nearer the surface than others, and if near enough
to be prematurely revived by the heat would erect their protective
domes ; among which the open burrows of the deeper pupae would

March 1895.] LaNDER. DoMES OF CiCADA SEPTENDECIM. 31

later appear. Exactly such a case — open burrows among the domes>
has been reported to me by a well known entomologist.

A unique illustration of the protective function of the dome
is shown in a circumstance which occured during a former advent
of the Cicadas. A scientist and writer on entomology informs me
that some laborers in cutting through a bank laid open the burrow
of a pupa: Soon after, "upon the fresh, vertical cutting there
appeared one of these 'huts' rising from the opening". Here was
a shallow biirnnv (artificially <iO.) prematurely opened; \\\t. undeveloped
pupa erecting a shield against the vicicitudes of external temper-
ature ; which would also serve as a protection against outside
enemies : a perfectly logical analogism.

Perhaps enough substantiating facts have been adduced, but
two features of the cases observed by me ar-e so significant that
they lend extreme probability to the explanation I offer, and cer-
tainly disprove the heredity theory. First: No open holes occured
in the areas over the smooth glacial-worn rocks — there the soil
was almost uniformally shallow; and it is beyond belief that what
few "low ground" builders in the past that might have stolen
horse-back rides to the mountain tops and the lofty Palisades,
should have chosen just such prescribed places, and have utterly
annihilated the open burrow builders — native to the soil. Second:
A wide and deep gully (of course subject to overflow,) in the area
of the largest Cicada city had no domed burrows, as there the
earth was deep, from the alluvial deposits of ages, but later, when
the great swarm arrived, this hollow was found to be honey-combed
with open holes.

In conclusion, with reference to the causes and purposes of
the domes, in view of what has been adduced it seems altogether
likely that every one, no matter when or where observed, was
erected by an undeveloped pupa that had prematurely opened its
burrow from near the surface, and closed it as a protection while
awaiting maturity.

Previous accounts erroniously state that these heretofore rare
objects have an orifice at the surface of the ground. When the
time for moulting arrives a hole is clawed through the roof (Fig.
3). A unique specimen in my collection shows the cast-off shell
of a pupa firmly fixed in the opening : the hole had been made too
small for entire emergence, but the little fellow had been able to
escape from his horny armor. Many specimens show clear im-

58' Journal New York Ent. Soc. lvol. in.

pressions of leaves (Fig. 4) ; proving that the fine clay or forest
mould, worked with a cement exuded by the insect, was quite
plastic. It would seem that the thin claws of the pupa were too
inadequate for carrying very soft material. It may be that the
little miner and mason is his own hod-carrier; conveying his load
of plaster to the walls of his building on his head : a conjecture
that would seem fanciful indeed were it not for the fact that the
intelligent creature when burrowing downward, does what amounts
to practically the same thing. Having displaced a pellet he clev-
erly places it on his head, and by a turn of his body carries the
pellet to the earth above and presses it in.

From personal observations I am inclined to think that the
structures are built at night ; the builders beginning work at twi-
light, for the same' reason that they choose that time to emerge
from their burrows to moult ; as the absence of the sun's heat in
one case would prevent the exuding cement from drying, and
keep the rim of the dome moist for cohesion ; in the other the
wings would not dry too rapidly for full expansion. Hoping that
I might see the pupa^ at work I broke off the tops of several domes,
but after long watching observed no attempt at repairs. All but
two or three were finally roofed over, but on the inside, consider-
ably below the rim (Fig, 5) ; probably on account of being damper
there, or that the pup^ could more readily prepare the inner wall
for the masonry by smearing it with the adhesive cement. Among
the multitude of domes a few were found that had been left un-
finished. Doubtless the builders had been captured by crows, or
other foragers. They afford an interesting illustration of the
manner of placing the pellets on the rim. (Fig. 6.)

The scope of this article is confined to a record of observations
and analyses of salient facts. Much that might be considered of
interest to entomologists must remain unwritten for want of space.
But I trust some light has been thrown on what has been con-
sidered one of most m.arvelous of the phenomena connected with
insect life. If the explanation offered is the true one, it would
seem to render still more diaphanous the supposititious veil between
"instinct" and reason, and emphasize our impressions of the long
pathway that has been trodden by our little friends and prede-
cessors.

March 1895.J CaLVERT. OdONATA OF NeW YoRK StATE. 39

LOCAL ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Members of the New York Entomological Society and all others, are solicited
to contribute to this column, their rare captures, local lists and other items of
interest relating to the-insect fauna of New York city and vicinity.

THE ODONATA OF NEW YORK STATE.

By Philip P. Calveri-, Philadelphia, Pa.

The object of the present paper is to extend our knowledge
of the distribution of the dragonflies in New York State, by
recording collections made by several persons, and by bringing
together such data as have been previously published.

The literature treating of the New York Odonata exclusively,
consists, as far as the writer is aware, of the following articles.

E. Emmons : Agriculture of New York, etc., . . together
with descriptions of the more Common and Injurious Species of
Insects. Vol. V, Albany: Printed by C. Van Benthuysen. 1854.
(Being part of the Natural History of New York published by
Authority). The Odonata are briefly referred to as the Libellulidai
on pp. 184 — 185, and illustrated in colors on plate 15. No expla-
nation of these figures is given, other than that fig. 5 represents
Libellida pulchella Drury, fig. /its larva and fig. 4 perhaps a variety.
When I visited Cambridge in July, 1890, Dr. Hagen showed me a
copy of this work in which he had identified these figures as
follows. Fig. I. Cordiilia [Soinaiochlora) LintncriYisig. (J. Fig. 2.
Gomphus brevis Hag. (S . Fig. 3. Anax Junius Dru. cT. Fig. 4.
Plathemis trit/iarulata De Gear (S, Fig. 5 id. 2.

W. Beutenmiiller : in Dragonflies vs. Mosquitoes (The Lam-
born Prize Essays), New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1890, gives on
pp. 163 — 164, a Preliminary Catalogue of the Odonata found in
the State of New York. It consists of only names of 50 species,
those found in the vicinity of New York City being marked with
an asterisk. This catalogue is referred to below as (Be).

N. Banks : The Odonata of Ithaca, N. Y., in the Canadian
Entomologist, xxvi, pp. 76 — 78. March, 1894. Forty-eight species
from Ithaca and other localities are mentioned, with brief notes.
Quoted below as (B).

W. T. Davis : Two additions to the local list of dragonflies in

40 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi,

Proceedings of the Natural Science Association of Staten Island,
iv, pp. 52 — 53. December 8, 1894. (D).

A number of species are recorded from New York in papers
of a more general scope, as mentioned below.

For the collections which are now first recorded, the writer is
indebted to —

Mr. J. Percy Moore, who gave specimens from Lake St. Regis,
Franklin Co., and Hotel Champlain, taken in September, 1890,
quoted below as (M) ;

Mrs. A. T. Slosson, who sent dragon flies from various
localities, as indicated by (SI) ;

Mr. G. D. W. Williamson, who made collections at Dobb's
Ferry in 1888 (W) ;

Mr. W. Sheraton, who collected in Keeseville, Essex Co., in
1894 (S).

A few specimens taken by the writer at Saratoga Lake in
August, 1889, are included (C).

Finally, some data are derived from the collections of the
American Entomological Society (A. E. S.)

Mr. Sheraton also sent some notes on the general character
of the localities near Keeseville at which his collections were
made, and which are here reproduced.

"As to the dragonflies, they were all obtained along a section,
of the length of about a mile, of a small and rather sluggish
brook flowing from Auger Lake by an extremely circuitous and
tortuous course to the Au Sable river. The section in which the
collecting was done includes, first a rough pasture field, the brook
in this part being pretty thickly bordered on one side by alders,
so that collecting was chiefly confined to the opposite bank, near
which there were also several large holes from which clay for
brick-making was formerly dug. These are now full of stagnant
water, and abound in animal and plant life. All my collecting
was done here (locality i), except the last two days, which
were devoted to the part of the brook below this. At the lower
end of this first portion, the brook passes under a bridge
into "locality 2", where it is bordered by hay-field's at first, then
by rough pasture land. One day [Aug. 10] was devoted to this
portion, and one [Aug. 16] to "locality 3" which follows it, and
is bordered entirely by hay-fields. Of these three divisions 2 and
3 are pratically identical in character and in species observed, but

March 1895. CaLVERT. OdONATA OF NeW YoRK S'lATE. 41

I found them to differ considerably from "locality i ", ist, in the
much greater abundance of the form marked No. 31 \^Hetcerina
americana], and 2nd, in the absence of many forms found in
locality i, especially of the larger forms as No. 14 \^Libellula
pulchelld\. The difference, I imagine, was chiefly, if not entirely,
due to the presence in locality i of the clay-holes. Had my
health been better than it was this summer, and the weather
less intensely hot, I might have visited a number of other localities,
and obtained, I think, a better collection. One thing that struck
me rather forcibly was the fact that in the summer of 1893, when

I was around the brook to some extent for other purposes, a large
dragonfly with body of a brilliant metallic green was very numer-
ous and conspicuous along the whole length at least of locality i,
while this year, with the exception of a single specimen which I
think I saw one day when outdriving, they were absolutely lacking
wherever I went. iVnother thing that I noticed is that the larger
dragonflies seldom make their appearance as early in the morning
as the smaller forms, these latter being quite numerous between 9
and 10 of a bright morning, while the big ones, or at least those
marked 12 and 14 \Lihelliihi piilchella\, seldom appeared until near

II in the part where I was collecting. I was unable to procure
any immature forms".

The list of species derived from all the sources above men-
tioned comprises 85, if not 86, species. The aim has been to give
the precise locality in each case. Where this is not possible, and
merely the State can be quoted, the place of original record has
been given. Species not previously mentioned as from this State
in the above cited papers, or in the catalogues of American
Odonata of Hagen 1875 and of Banks 1893, are marked by an
asterisk (*). The arrangement of the species is the same as in
the writer's Catalogue of the Odonata of the vicinity of Philadel-
phia (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xx, pp. 219 — 272, 1893), in which the
majority of the following species are described.

Subfamily Caloptervoin.^.

iCalopteryx maculata Bcauvois.

One male, Keeseville, June 9, 1894. "Seemed very rare. The
only specimen I obtained was picked out of the grass by the brook,
in a limp condition, when the grass was wet. I nevei again saw
this form, except a few times in June, flying about the grounds of

42 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. in.

'Clawbonny'. when no net was at hand " (S). Westchester Co.,
New York (Be). Ithaca, common about streams in spring and
summer (B).

*2. Calopteryx aequabilis Saj.

Keeseville, one female, Aug. 4, 1894.

3. Calopteryx dimidiata Biirm.^ race apicalis Biirm.
Westchester Co., New York (Be).

*4. Calopteryx amata Hagcn. '

One male, Keene Valley, Essex Co., July 4, 1890, N. Y. St.
Coll., sent to me for identification by Dr. Lintner, apparently
belongs here, but differs from Hagen's description (Psyche, v, p.
244) as follows : General color brassy green instead of brassy blue;
the small yellow band on the side of the thorax is on the second
instead of the first suture ; wings 7 mm. wide at nodus, instead of
9 mm ; 7- -8 quadrilaterals.

5. Hetaerina americana Fahr.

Keeseville, three males, six females, Aug. 10, 16, 1894 (S).
Ithaca, one specimen (B).

Subfamily Agrionin/E.

6. Lestes eurina Say.

Dobb's Ferry, three males, July 7, 10, 23, 1888 (VV).

7. Lestes congener Hagen.

Lake St. Regis, one male, two females, Sept. 22, 1890 (M),

8. Lestes unguiculata Hagen.
Westchester Co., New York (Be).

9. Lestes uncata Kirby {forcipata Hagen 1861, haniati Selvs
1862).

Keeseville, one female, July 26, 1894. Ithaca, uncommon,
August (B),

10. Lestes disjuncta Selys.

Lake St. Regis, one male, Sept. 22, 1890 (M). Keeseville,
six males, eight females, July 26— August 4, 1S94 (S). Ithaca,
uncommon, August (B).

March 1895.I CaLVERT. OdONATA OF NeW YoRK StATE. 43l

11. Lestes forcipata Rambur [liamata Hagen, i86i).
New York City (Be). Ithaca, not comon, June (B).

12. Lestes rectangularis xS^j.

Dobb's Ferry, three males, one female, July lo, 23, 1888 (W)-
New York City (Calverley— Hagen 1S61). Ithaca, common during
July and August (B). Saratoga Lake, Aug. 15, 1S89 (C).

13. Argia putrida Hagen.

Niagara, one male (SI). Ithaca, common, summer (B).

14. Argia violacea Hagen.

Keeseville, eleven males, July 6, Aug. i, 4, 1894 (S). Dobb's
Ferry, July 7 to Aug. 15, 1888 (W). Ithaca, common, July (B).

15 Argia bipunctulata Hagen.

"New York", lianks. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. xix, p. 349.

16 Krythromma conditum Hagen.
Ithaca, one specimen (B).

17. Nehalennia irene Hagen.

Ithaca, uncommon, July (B). No specimens of N. posifa
appear to have been recorded from his State, although it most
probably occurs.

18. Amphiagrion saucium Biiini.

Westchester Co., New York (Be). Ithaca, one specimen (B).

19. Enallagma cyathigerum C/iarp., var. annexum Hag.
Keeseville, one male, June 12, 1894. Ithaca, two specimens,

August (B).

20. Enallagma civile Hagen.

Saratoga Lake, eight males, two females, Aug. 15, 1889 (C),
see. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. xx, p. 237.

21. Enallagma sp. n.

Niagara, two males, one female (SI),

22. Enallagma ebrium Hagen.

Keeseville, thirteen males, eight females, June 9 to July 31,
1894 (S). Ithaca, two specimens (B). Catskill Mts., one male
(A.E.S.).

44 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi.

23. Enallagma Hageni Walsh.

**A specimen in the Cornell Univ. collection is probably this
species" (B).

24. Enallagma traviatum Selys.
Long Island, one specimen (B).

25. Enallagma aspersum Bage/i.

Dobb's Ferry, four males, July 7, 10, 1888 (W). New York (Be).

26. Enallagma divagans Selys.
Long Island (B).

27. Enallagma exsulans Hagen.

Keeseville, abundant, June 12 — Aug. 10, 1894 (S). Saratoga
Lake, Aug. 15, 1889 fC). Ithaca, quite common, July, August (B).

28. Enallagma signatum Hagen.

"New York", Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. xix, p. 350.

29. Ischnura verticalis .5"(i'i' i^Ramburii Hagen, 1861).
Niagara (SI. ). Keeseville, abundant, June 9 — ^Aug. 10, 1894

(S). Dobb's Ferry, July 7, 10, 1888 (\V). Saratoga Lake, Aug.
15, 1889 (C). New York (Be). Ithaca, common, July, August (B).

30. Ischnura Ramburii Selys. {juers Hagen, 1861).
"New York" (Hagen, i86i\

31. Anomalagrion hastatum Say.

Keeseville, one Mi-t-/' female, July 31, 1894 (S). New York (Be).

Subfamily Gomphin.^.

32. Tachopteryx Thoreyi

"Environs de New York" (Sel}s, Mon. Gomph., p. 375).
II. Hagenius brevistylus Selys.

"New York — Dr. Asa Fitch" (Hagen, 1861). A specimen
in the Cornell Univ. collection (B). Westchester Co. (Be).

34. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis IValsk.
Ithaca, two specimen (B).

35. Qomphus parvulus Selys.
Ithaca, one specimen ( B).

March 1895.] CaLVERT. OdONATA OF NeW YoRK StATE. 45

36. Qomphus brevis Hageii.

" Schoharie, le male pris par M. Lintner " (Selys, Bull . Ac. Belg.
— 2 — xlvi, p. 464, 1878). Emmons, /. c. supra, pi. 15, f. 2.

37. Gomphus exilis Selys.

Keeseville, one male, June 6, 1894(8). Ithaca, quite common
in June and July (B).

38. Qomphus spicata Hagen.

"Un male pris a New-York par M. Schaum" (Selys Mon.
Gomph., p. 155, 1858) "New York, cl'apres un male adulte
envoye par M. Asa Fitch " (id., p. 414).

39. Gomphus fraternus Say.
Ithaca, one specimen (B).

40. Gomphus adelphus Selys.

Bethlehem, Albany Co., June 17 (Selys, Bull. Ac. Belg. — 2 —
>^lvi, p. 457).

41. Gomphus villosipes Selys.
Ithaca, not uncommon (B).

42. Gomphus vastus Walsh.

"New York'' (Hagen 1875). Banks also mentions a female
in the Cornell Univ. collection, of a species of Gomphus unknown
to him.

43. Dromogomphus spinosus Selys.

Ithaca (probably), Baldwinsville by Mr. R. H Pettit (B).

Subfamily CORDULEGASTERINiE.

*44. Cordulegaster diastatops Selys.
"New York", three males (A. E. S.)

Sub-family AeschninvE.

45. Epiaeschna heros Fabr.

Dobb's Ferry, one female, Aug. 10, 1888 (W). New York, com-
mon (Be). Ithaca, in Cornell Univ. collection, June (B).

46. Fonscolombia vinosa Say.

Keeseville, one female, July 30, 1894, kitchen at 'Clawbonny'
(S). Ithaca, one specimen, July 29 (B). Westchester Co. (Be).
*47. Basiasschna janata Say.

Keeseville, one male, June 9, 1894 (S).
48. Aeschna juncea Z., var. verticalis Hagen.

"New York (Be).

,46 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. in.

49. Aeschna clepsydra Sav.

Lake St. Regis, Sept. 5 to 22, 1890, abundant (M). Ithaca,
uncommon, August (B). Catskill Mts., two males, Aug. 28, by
E. M. Aaron (A. E. S.)

50. Aeschna constricta Say.

Hotel Champlain, one male, Sept. 21, 1890 (M). Watkin's
Glen, one male (SI.). Dobb's Ferry, Aug. 24, Sept. 14, 1888 (W).
New York City (Be). Ithaca, common during July and August
(B). Catskill Mts.. one male, one female, Aug. 28, by E. M.
Aaron (A. E. S.).

51. Anax Junius i^/v/n-.

Ithaca, common during summer (B). Emmons, pi. 15, f. 3.
Vicinity of N. Y. City, common (Be).

Subfamily Cordulin/E,

52. Didymops transversa ^(?i'.

Keeseville, one male, June 9, 1894 (S). Ithaca, uncommon,
June, July (B).

53. Epicordulia princeps Hagrn.

Ithaca, in Cornell Univ. collection, June (B).

54. Tetragoneuria cynosura Say.

Ithaca, common in the spring (B). Lake George, one male
(A. E. S.j.

55. Tetragoneuria semiaquea Bunn.

Ithaca (probably), Baldwinsville by Mr. Pettit (B).

56. Neurocordulia Uhleri Sclys.
"New York" (Be).

57. Somatochlora elongata Scndder.

Ithaca, one specimen in Cornell Univ. collection, June (B).

58. Somatochlora tenebrosa Say.
"New York" (Be).

*59. Somatochlora libera Sclys.

Catskill Mts., two females (A. E. S.).

60. Somatochlora lepida Selys.

Albany (Selys, Ikill. Ac. Belg. — 2 — xxxi, p. 265, 1871).

61. Somatochlora Lintneri Hagen.

Center, four males, four females. May 27, 21 by Mr. J. A.
Lintner (Hagen, Psyche, Vol. v, p. 373, 1890). Emmons, pi. 15, f. i.

March .895.I CaLVERT. OdONATA OF Nf.W YoRK StATE. 47

Subfamily Libellulin/E.

62. Tramea Carolina Linn.

Vicinity of New York City (Be). Not common.

63. Tramea lacerata Hagen.

Freeville, two specimens, May 31, 1889 (B)

64. Libellula basalis Say.

Dol)b's Ferry, July 13, 1888 (W). Ithaca, uncommon, Aug. (B).

65. Libellula auripennis Bttrm.
Vicinity of New York City (Be).

66. Libellula plumbea Uhler.
Westchester Co., New York (Be).

67. Libellula cyanea Fabr. {quadrupla Say.)
Vicinity of New York City (Be).

68. Libellula axillena ]Vest%v.,ioxxay\hreins{Fab.f) Kirby.
Staten Island (D), Westchester Co. (Be).

*69. Libellula exusta Say.

Lake George, one male (A. E. S.),

70. Libellula quadrimaculata Linn.

Vicinity of New York City (Be). Ithaca, a few specimens in
the Cornell Univ. collection (B).

71. Libellula semifasciata Bnrm.

Dobb's Ferry, July 13, 1888 (W). Vicinity of New York (Be).
Common.

72. Libellula pulchella Drury.

Keeseville, three males, two females, July 4 — Aug. 4, 1894,
very difficult to catch though numerous (S). Dobb's Ferry,
June, July 7 (W). New York City (Be). Ithaca, common during
spring and summer (B).

73. Plathemis trimaculata De Geer.

Dobb's Ferry, June (\V). New York City and vicinity (Be).
Ithaca, common during spring and summer (B). Emmons, pi. 15,
f-4(d"), 5(2), Ularva).

74. Micrathyria berenice Drury.

Thousand Isles, one male (SI). Vicinity of New York City
(Be). Common.

48 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vol. hi.

75. Nannothemis bella Uhlcr.
Westchester Co., New York City (Be).

76. Celithemis elisa Hagen.

Long Island, New York (Be). Ithaca, one specimen by Prof.
Morgan (B).

Celithemis oniata Rambur is to be looked for.

77. Celithemis eponina Dniry,

Westchester Co., New York (Be). Not common.

78. Leucorhinia intacta Hagen.

Keeseville, ten males, July 4, 31, 1894 (S). Ithaca, not un-
common in the spring (B). Westchester Co. (Be).

79. Diplax rubicundula Say.

Lake St. Regis, two females, Sept 14, 1890 (M). Keeseville,
one male, July 4, one female, July 26, 1894 (S). Dobbs Ferry,
July 13, 1888 (W). Vicinity of New York City (Be). Ithaca,
common during spring and summer (B).

Diplax ohtnisa Hagen probably lives in New York.

80. Diplax semicincta Say.

Ithaca, uncommon, August (E). Staten Island (D), West-
chester Co. (Be).

81. Diplax costifera Hageu.
"New York" (^Hagen, 1875).

82. Diplax vicina Hagen,

Lake St. Regis, six males, five females, Sept. 17, 22, 1890 (M).
Keeseville, three males, four females, July 26— Aug. 4, 1894 (S).
Saratoga Lake, Aug. 15, 1889 (C). Vicinity of New York (Be).
Ithaca, not uncommon, July, August (B). Dobb's Ferry, Nov, 8,
1892 (W). Catskill Mts , one male, Aug. 28, by E. M. Aaron (A.
E. S.).

83. Perithemis domitia Dniry.
Westchester Co., New York (Be).

84. Mesothemis simplicicollis Say.

New York City, Westchester Co. (Be). Ithaca, one specimen
by Mr. O. Takahashi (B).

85. Pachydiplax longipennis Bunn.

Dobb's Ferry, July 7, 1888 (W). New York City, Westchester
Co. (Be). Ithaca, common during spring and summer (B).

JOURNAL

OF THE

Pf&i 39orh ^ntomologiral Hnriptg.

Vol. III. JUNE, 1895. No. 2.

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TACHINIDiE.

By D. W. CoQUiLLETT, Washington, D. C.

The forms referred to in the present paper belong to the Tachinidfe
in which the apical cell terminates at or near the tip of the wing, the
fourth vein is entire, eyes bare, the proboscis beyond its basal articula-
tion shorter than height of head, palpi well developed, abdomen bear-
ing true macrocha^tK.

The genera mentioned below separate as follows :
First vein bristly.

Fifth vein also bristly Gymnopareia B. and B.

Fifth vein bare

Face perpendicular, third vein bristly over half way to the small crossvein

Lasioneura n. gen.
Face strongly retreating, third vein bearing only two or three bristles near the

base Chgetophleps n. gen.

First vein bare.

Palpi flattened, unusually dilated, wider than the proboscis, over one-third as

broad as long Lispidea n. gen .

Palpi cylindrical, sub-clavate, less than one-fourth as broad as long.

Antennae only half as long as the face Cly tiom ya l\o)iti.

Antenna; nearly or quite as long as the face.

Third vein bristly at least two-thirds of the distance to the small cross-
vein Thryptocera Macq.

Third vein at most bristly on its basal third.

Facial ridges bristly on more than the lower half

Sides efface bristly above lo.wer end of eyes. Admontia B. and B.

Sides of face bare Pseudomyothyria 7^o-vu.

Facial ridges never bristly to the middle.

Penultimate joint of arista over twice as long as broad,

Clausicella Komi.
Penultimate joint scarcely or not longer than broad.

Sides of face pilose, each nearly half as wide as the median

depression Cry tomefgenia B. and B.

Sides of face bare, each less than one-fourth as wide as the me-
dian depression Hypostena Meig.

50 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

Qymnopareia B. a?id B. To this genus belongs Thryptocera ameri-
cana Town.

Lasioneura, n. gen.

Front at vertex one-fourth wider than either eye, frontal bristles descending
about to base of second antennal joints, two pairs of orbital bristles in both sexes; face
perpendicular, lower part of head slightly longer than at base of antenna, sides of
face bare, each about one-fourth as wide as the median depression, the latter not cari-
nate in the middle; ridges nearly straight, moderately diverging, their lower ends
widely separated ; vibrissa; stout, inserted near the oral margin, only two or three
small bristles above each; cheeks from one-fourth to one-third as broad as height of
eyes. Antennae nearly as long as the face, the third joint three or four times as long
as the second; arista pubescent, the penultimate joint about as long as broad. Eyes
bare. Proboscis beyond the basal articulation shorter than height of head; palpi
well developed, sub-clavate. AbdoniL'n oval, of four segments which are sub-equal
in length, macrochxta; only marginal; genitalia slightly protruding in the male, hid-
den in the female. Hind tibix not ciliate. First vein partly or wholly bristly, third
bristly over halfway to the small crossvein, the others bare; apical cell open at tip
of wing, hind crossvein about midway between the small crossvein and the bend,
the latter arcuate, last section of fifth vein about one-fifth as long as the preceding
section. Type :

Lasioneura johnsoni, sp. nov.

$ — Front and face yellow, vittn next the antennae four times as wide as either
side of front. Proboscis black, palpi yellow. Antennae black, the first two joints
yellow; arista thickened on the basal three-fifths. Thorax black, gray pollinose,
marked with two brovi^n vitta;, three post sutural bristles ; scutellum black, two
pairs of long marginal macrochastce. Abdomen black, the broad lateral margins of
the first two segments and front angles of the third, yellow ; shining excepting the
gray pollinose bases of the last three segments ; first segment destitute of dorsal ma-
crochretie, second with a marginal pair, third and fourth each with a marginal row
of six. Femora yellow, tibia and tarsi brown, claws and pulvilli very small ; a
slender black spine at apex of each hind coxa. Wings hyaline, first vein bristly over
its entire length, the third bristly three-fourths of the distance to the small crossvein.

$ Differs from the $ in having yellow of abdomen confined to the first seg-
ment and front angles of the second. Length 5 mm.

Washington. Two specimens from Prof. O. B. Johnson, after
whom the species is named.

Lasioneura palloris, sp. nov.

9 — Difters fromyci/;«5o«z as follows: Wholly yellow, abdomen shining, the
base semi-transparent, the apex sometimes tinged with brown; tarsi brownish.
Frontal vitta next the antenna; twice as wide as either side of front. Arista of
antennae thickened on the basal two-fifths. Thorax gray pollinose, destitute of brown
vittce ; four post-sutural macrochcetae ; scutellum bearing three long marginal and a

June, 1S95.] COQUILLETT. DESCRIPTIONS OF TACHINIDiE. 51

very short apical pair of macrochKtie. Ten macrochiTita; in the marginal row on
the third abdominal segment. Coxas destitute of spines. Wings grayish hyaline,
first vein bristly on its apical third, the third bristly on nearly its entire length.
Length 5 mm.

New Hampshire. Four specimens in the National Museum.

Chastophleps, gen. nov.

Front of female at vertex slightly wider than, in the male as wide as, either
eye, frontal bristles descending about to tip of second antennal joint, two pairs of
orbital bristles in both sexes ; face strongly receding, sides bare, each about one,
tenth as wide as the median depression, the latter with a low carina in the middle-
ridges strongly diverging, their lower ends widely separated, vibrissa strong, inserted
near the oral margin, ridges bristly on slightly over their lower half, cheeks less than
one-fifth as broad as the eye-height. Eyes bare. Antennoe about as long as the
face, the third joint over four times as long as the second; arista pubescent, thick-
ened to the middle, the penultimate joint scarcely longer than broad. Proboscis be-
yond the basal articulation shorter than height of head, palpi clavate, well developed.
Abdomen elongate oval, its four segments in the female sub-equal in length, in the
male with a fifth segment half as long as the fourth, macrochretje of second and
third segments discal and marginal in the female, only marginal in the male. First
vein bristly at least on its apical half, the third bearing a few bristles at its base, the
others bare ; apical cell open or short petiolate, terminating near the wing-tip ; hind
crossvein nearly perpendicular, about midway between the small crossvein and the
bend, the latter arcuate. Hind tibia; not ciliate. Type:

Chastophleps setosa, nov. sp.

S , $ — Head black, frontal vitta next the antennoe sub-equal in width to either
side of the front. Antennae and proboscis black, palpi yellow, third antennal joint
of nearly an equal width, four times as long as wide. Thorax black, the sides and
a median vitta in front of the suture, whitish pollinose, three post-suturai macrochoetK ;
scutellum black, bearing three long marginal pairs of macroch^etze. Abdomen shin-
ing black, bases of the segments except the first narrowly whitish pollinose ; first
segment in the female bearing a marginal pair, the second with a discal and a mar-
gmal pair, the third with a discal pair and a marginal row of ten, fourth with a dis-
cal pair, a discal lateral and a marginal row of six macrochajtre ; in the male the
discal macrochcetae are wanting. Legs black, wings hyaline, calypteres whitish.
Length 4 mm.

Maryland. One pair captured by the writer in June.

Lispidea, gen. nov.

Front of female at the vertex about one-half wider than either eye, frontal
bristles descending about to middle of second antennal joint, two pairs of orbital
bristles in the female, face perpendicular, lower part of head nearly as long as at the
base of antennse ; sides of face bare, each about one-ninth as wide as the median
depression ; vibrissac inserted near the oral margin, ridges bristly on the lower fourth,

52 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

cheeks nearly one-third as wide as the eye-height. Antennas as long as the face, the
third joint two and one-half times as long as the second ; arista thickened to the
middle, the penultimate joint nearly half as long as the last one. Eyes bare. Pro-
boscis beyond the basal articulation shorter than height of head ; palpi flattened,
unusually broad, widening from the broad base to the first third, then of nearly an
equal width, scarcely over twice as long as wide, broader than the probos(iis. Ab-
domen oval of four segments which are sub-equal in length, macrochretae only mar-
ginal. Hind tibioe not ciliate. Third vein with a few bristles at its base, the others
bare ; apical cell open at the wing-tip, hind crossvein nearly perpendicular, about
midway between the small crossvein and the bend, the latter arcuate, last section of
fifth vein about one-fourth as long as the preceding. Type :

Lispidea palpigera, sp. nov.

$ — Head black, frontal vitta next the antennae sub-equal in width to either
side of the front, face in profile evenly concave. Antennae and proboscis black, la-
bella large, yellowish, palpi yellow ; third antennal joint slightly widening to the tip»
twice as long as broad. Thorax black, gray pollinose, marked with four dark gray
vittffi, three post-sutural macrochretae ; scutellum black, bearing two long and a
shorter lateral, also a very small apical pair of macrochsetre. Abdomen black, basal
half or more of the last three segments gray pollinose ; first segment without, the
second with a marginal pair, the third with a marginal row of eight, the fourth with
a marginal row of six macrochcetfe. Legs black, claws and pulvilli shorter than the
last tarsal joint, front tarsi not dilated. Wings hyaline, calypteres whitish. Length
4 to 5 mm.

Illinois. Five specimens from Dr. W. A. Nason.

Clytiomyia Rond.

Rondani has called attention to the fact that Clytia Desv. (1830)
is preoccupied by Lamarck in the Polyps (1812), and by Huebner in
the Lepidoptera (181 6), and proposes the above name for the present
genus (Dipt. Ital. Prod., IV., 9).

Clytiomyia punctata, sp. nov.

$ — Wholly yellow, excepting the eyes, bristles, a black dot near base of costa
and a small black cloud on the small crossvein. Front at vertex two-thirds as
wide as either eye, frontal bristles descending to base of second antennal joint, vitta
next antennae four times as wide as either side of the front, two pairs of orbital bris-
tles ; face in profile concave, vibrissas stout, inserted at lowest fourth of the face, two
or three bristles above each ; cheeks less than one-fourth as broad as height of eyes.
Antennae half as long as the face, the third joint one and one-half times as long as the
second, nearly twice as long as broad ; arista thickened on the basal fifth, the penul-
timate joint broader than long. Proboscis beyond the basal articulation half as long
as height of head, labella large, palpi slightly clavate. Thorax with three post-
sutural bristles, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs. Abdomen destitute of
dorsal macrochaetre on the first two segments, the third with a marginal, the fourth

June, 1895.] CogUILLETT. DESCRIPTIONS OF TaCHINID^. 53

with a discal, row of ten. Claws and pulvilli much shorter than the last tarsal joint ;
front tarsi not dilated. Wings hyaline, costal and marginal cells, except base of the
latter, yellow, a small deep black cloud on the small crossvein ; third vein bearing
four bristles at its base, the others bare ; apical cell open slightly before the wing-tip,
hind crossvein somewhat oblique, nearly midway between the small crossvein and
the bend, the latter angular, apical crossvein strongly curved inward, small crossvein
distinctly beyond apex of first vein ; calypteres whitish. Length 5.5 mm.

Florida. A single specinien from Mrs. A. T. Slosson.
Clytiomyia exile, sp. nov.

S — Differs from'above description of punctata as follows : Occiput, thorax,
scutellum and abdomen, except sometimes the sides of the first two segments, black ;
no black spot near base of costa nor on the small crossvein. Front at vertex less
than one-third as wide as either eye, frontal bristles descending only to base of an-
tennae, vitta next the antennje sub-equal in width to either side of the front, no orbi-
tal bristles ; vibrissa inserted at lowest third of face, not stouter than the bristles be-
low them, cheeks one-half as broad as the eye-height. Antennae having the third
joint one-fourth longer than the second, one-third longer than broad. Thorax gray
pollinose, marked with four blackish vittre. Abdomen gray pollinose, macrocha;t?e
of fourth segment in a marginal row of eight; genitalia protruding half the length of
the fourth segment. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellowish, bend of fourth vein ar-
cuate ; hind calypteres yellowish. Length 6 to S mm.

New Hampshire (Mrs. Slosson) and Maryland. Two specimens.
Clytiomyia atrata, sp. nov.

$ — Differs from the description of punctata as follows : Wholly black except
the palpi ; no black spot near base of costa nor on the small crossvein. Eyes almost
contiguous, vitta next the antennae sub-equal in width to either side of the front,
cheeks one-third as broad as the eye height, no orbital bristles; vibrissa not stouter
than the bristles below them, inserted at lowest third of the face. Third joint of an-
tennae one-fourth longer than the second, one-third longer t: an broad. Proboscis
slender, the last section three-fourths as long as height of head, labella small.
Thorax grayish pollinose, with four blackish vittie. Abdomen whitish pollinose,
macrochaetae of fourth segment in a marginal row of eight, genitalia slightly pro
truding. Wings pure hyaline, extreme base yellowish, only a single bristle at
base of the third vein, fourth vein arcuate at the bend. Length 7 mm.

Washington. A single specimen from Prof. O. B. Johnson.

Thryptocera Macq.

In their work on the Muscida; Calypterata (Zweif. Kais. Museums
Wien, iv., p. 102, and vi,, p. 150), Brauer and Bergenstamm erron-
eously credit this genus to Meigen ; it was first described by Macquart
(Hist. Nat. Dipt., H., pp. 87-88, 1835). Meigen's re-description ap-
peared three years later (Syst. Besch., VII., p. 242, 1838), and he cor-

54 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

rectly credits the genus to Macquart. Brauer and Bergenstamm commit
another error in giving as the type of this genus the Tachina latifrons
Meigen, a species neither described nor mentioned by Macquart at the
time of establishing this genus, and hence cannot by any possibility be
regarded as the type of this genus. Macquart accompanied his descrip-
tion with a figure of Tachina bicolor Meigen, and expressly refers to it
at the end of the description ; this species, therefore, must be the true
type of Thryptocera. In accordance with these facts I have given this
genus the place it occupies in the above table, and refer the following
species to it :

Thryptocera dunningii, sp. nov.

$ — Head black, front at vertex broader than either eye, vitta next the antenna?
sub-equal in width to either side of the front, frontal bristles descending nearly to tip
of second antennal joint, two pairs of orbital bristles ; sides of face bare, each one-
ninth as wide as the median depression ; vibrissee inserted near the oral margin,
ridges bristly on lowest third, cheeks one-seventh as broad as height of eyes. An-
tennae black, as long as the face, third joint three times as long as the second ; arista
thickened on the basal third, the penultimate joint slightly longer than wide. Pro-
boscis black, the last section much shorter than height of head, labella and palpi
yellow. Thorax and scutellum black, lightly blueish white pollinose, three post-sutural
maci-ochretce ; scutellum bearing three long lateral and a scarcely smaller apical pair.
Abdomen shining black, base of the third segment white pollinose ; first segment des-
titute of dorsal macrochretce, second with a marginal pair, third with a marginal row
of eight, fourth with a marginal row of six; genitalia sub-cylindrical, sometimes pro-
truding three-fourths of the length of the fourth abdominal segment. Legs black,
claws and pulvilli much shorter than the last tarsal joint. Wings hyaline, third vein
bristly almost or quite to the small crossve n, the others bare, apical cell open slightly
before the wing-tip, hind crossvein near last third of the distance between the small
crossvein and the bend, the latter arcuate. Length 5 mm.

Illinois (Dr. Nason) and Connecticut. Six specimens. Those
from Connecticut were recieved from Mr. Ralph Dunning, for whom
the species is named.

Admontia pergandei, sp. nov.

9 — Wholly black, including the palpi. Front at vertex nearly twice as wide as
either eye, vitta next the antennas sub-equal in width to either side of the front,
frontal bristles descending to tip of second antennal joint, two pairs of orbital bristles;
face in profile slightly convex, each side one-third as wide as the median depression,
covered on the upper part nearly as far as the lower end of eyes with short black
bristly hairs, ridges bristly on the basal two-thirds, cheeks slightly over half as broad
as the eye-height. Antennns nearly as long as the face, third joint five times as long
as the second, of nearly an equal width, about six times as long as broad ; arista
thickened to slightly beyond the middle, the penultimate joint scarcely longer than

June, 1895] COQUILLETT. DESCRIPTIONS OF TaCHINID/E. 55

broad. Thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittie, three post sutural ma-
crochjetce; scutellum bearing three long lateral and a minute apical pair. Abdomen
shining, narrow bases of last three segments white pollinose; first segment with a
marginal pair of macrocha;ta;, second with a discal and marginal pair, third with a
discal pair and a marginal row of ten, the fourth with a discal and sub-marginal row
of eight each. Hind tibire sub-ciliate, claws and pulvilli much shorter than the last
tarsal joint, front tarsi noticably broader than the middle ones. Wings grayish hya-
line, third vein bearing a few bristles at the base, the others bare, apical cell open or
closed in the margin almost at the wing-tip, hind crossvein nearly midway between
the small crossvein and the bend, the latter arcuate.

$ Same as the 9 with these exceptions: Third joint of antennae seven
times as long as the second, arista thickened on the basal four-fifths, the penultimate
joint over twice as long as broad, front tarsi only slightly wider than the middle ones.
Length 5 to 8 mm.

Dist. Columbia. One male and five females, two of which were
collected by Mr. Th. Pergande, for whom the species is named.

Admontia nasoni, sp. nov.

9 — Differs from the above description oi pergandei on\y as follows: Palpi, basal
half of arista and extreme base of third antennal joint, yellowish. Front at vertex
one-half broader than either eye, frontal bristles descending only to base of second
antennal joint. Wings whitish at base, dark brown beyond the small crossvein, the
portion behind the fifth vein, and behind the last section of the fourth vein, hyaline
a hyaline spot in apices of submarginal, first posterior and of the discal cell ; only
one bristle at base of third vein. Length 7 mm.

Illinois. A single specimen from Dr. W. A. Nason, after whom
this handsome species is named.

Pseudomyothyria tortricis, sp. nov.

$ — Head black, front at vertex one-third broader than either eye, vitta next
the antennae three-fourths as wide as either side of front, frontal bristles descending
to base of third antennal joint, two pairs of orbital bristles ; face in profile slightly
convex, the sides bare; ridges bristly to slightly above the middle, cheeks one-third as
broad as the eye-height. Antenna; black, nearly as long as the face, third joint slightly
over three times as long as the second, slightly widening to the apex; arista thickened on
basal third, penultimate joint shorter than broad. Proboscis black, last section not
half as long as height of head, palpi yellow. Thorax and scutellum black, whitish
pollinose, thorax with indications of four black vitta:, three post sutural macrochaetoe ;
scutellum bearing three long lateral and a very small apical pair of macrochcetK.
Abdomens shining black, bases of last three segments white pollinose; first segment
destitute of dorsal macrochastse, second with a discal and marginal pair, third with a
discal pair and n arginal row of ten, the fourth with a discal row of ten and a sub-
marginal row of six. Legs black, claws and pulvilli shorter than the last tarsal
joint. Wings hyaline, third vein with a few bristles at base, the others bare, petiole
of apical cell nearly half as l&ng as the hind crossvein. Length 5.5 mm.

56 Journal New York Ent. Soc. |Voi. hi.

Southern California. A single specimen bred August 15, 1890,
from a Tortricid (?) larva that lives in a nest formed by fastening sev-
eral leaves together, on Solanmn doiiglassi.

Clausicella tarsalis, sp. nov.

5 — Head black, front at vertex one-half wider than either eye, vitta next the
antennae sub equal in width to either side of the front, frontal bristles descending
about to middle of second antennal joint, two pairs of orbital bristles ; face perpen-
dicular, in profile evenly concave, the sides bare, each one-ninth as wide as the
medi n depression, ridges bristly on the lower fourth ; cheeks nearly one-third as
broad as the eye-height. Antennae black, as long as the face, the third joint two and
one-half times as long as the second, twice as long as broad ; arista thickened to
slightly beyond the middle, the penultimate joint nearly half as long as the last one.
Proboscis black, the last section three-fourths as long as height of head, palpi black,
sub-clavate. Thorax black, gray pollinose, with four dark vittce, three post-sutural
macrocliKtae; scutellum black, bearing two long and a short lateral, also a very
small apical pair of macrochset^e. Abdomen shining black, bases of the last three
segments white pollinose ; first segment without dorsal m crochietre, second with a
marginal pair, third with a marginal row of eight, the fourth with a marginal row of
six. Legs black, claws and pulvilli shorter than the last tarsal joint, front tarsi
much wider than the middle ones. Wings hyaline, third vein with a few bristles at
the base, the others bare, apical cell open at the wing-tip, hind crossvein nearly per-
pendicular, about midway between the small crossvein and the bend, the latter
arcuate. Length 3 mm.

Illinois. A single specimen from Dr. W. A. Nason.
Clausicella antennalis, sp. nov.

$ — Differs from the above description of tarsalis only as follows: Third
joint of antennae five times as long as the second, greatly broadening to the apex
which is truncated, three-fourths as broad as long ; arista thickened on the basal
three-fourths, the penultimate joint nearly as long as the last one. Front tarsi not
dilated. Length 3 mm.

Southern California. A single specimen, in February.

Emphanopteryx theutis Walk. Syn. Emphanopte7-yx eumyothy-
7- aides Town.
The latter description was founded on a female, not male, as the
author supposed. Both sexes are before me from the same locality as
Townsend's type (Ithaca, N. Y., from Mr. F. H. Chittenden). The
male has no orbital bristles and the femora are more or less black, as
Walker describes them. I have also examined three specimens from
Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson), and ten from Illinois (Dr. W.
A. Nason).

June, 1895.] CoQUILLETT. DESCRIPTIONS OF TaCHINID/E. 5Y

Hypostena variabilis, sp. nov.

2 — Head black, front at vertex slightly broader than either eye, vitta next the
antenntT2 sub-equal in width to either side of the front, frontal bristles descending to
tip of second antennal joint, two pairs of orbital bristles; face in profile strongly
convex, the sides bare, ridges bristly on lower two-fifths or less, vibrissa inserted at
the oral margin ; cheeks one-fourth as broad as the eye-height. Antennce black,
nearly as long as the face, the third joint about four times as long as the second,
nearly four times as long as broad ; arista thickened on the basal third, the penulti-
mate joint broader than long. Proboscis black, the portion beyond the basal articula-
tion much shorter than height of head, labella yellowish ; palpi clavate, yellow.
Thorax black, gray or yellowish pollinose, with four black viltce, three post-sutural
macrochffitae ; scutellum black, with three pairs of long marginal macrochaetx and
sometimes a very small apical pair. Abdomen black, bases of last three segments
grayish pollinose ; first segment witli a marginal pair of macrochcetae, second with
a marginal and usually a discal pair, third with a marginal row of eight and usually
a discal pair, fourth with a discal row of eight and a sub-marginal row of six. Legs
black, claws and pulvilli much shorter then the last tarsal joint. Wings hyaline,
third vein bearing a few bristles at the base, the others bare ; apical cell ending
slightly before the wing-tip, open or closed in the margin, hind crossvein nearly mid-
way between the small crossvein and the bend, the latter arcuate, small crossvein
slightly beyond the middle of the discal cell.

$ — Differs from the in J having the front only as broad as either eye, no
orbital bristles, and the claws and pulvilli of front tarsi as long as ;he last tarsal
joint. Length 4.5 to 6.5 mm.

Illinois (Dr. Nason), New Hampshire (Mrs Slosson) and Mary-
land. One male and fourteen females, June to September.

Hypostena barbata, sp. nov.

$ — Same as the above description oi variabilis with these exceptions: Front
e([ual to either eye, vitta next the antenna; one-fourth wider than either side of front,
face in profile convex on upper part, concave below, ridges bristly almost to the mid-
dle. Palpi black. Discal pair of macrochcetos on the second and third abdominal
segments always present.

9 — Differs from the $ as follows : Front scarcely over half as wide as either
eye, vitta not wider than either side of front, no orbital bristles, face evenly concave,
claws and pulvilli as long as the last tarsal joint. Length 5 mm.

New Hampshire and Southern California. Two males from the
former locality, received from Mrs. Slosson, and two females from the
latter locality, taken by the writer in March.

Hypostena aenea, sp. nov.

9 — Differs from the above description of variabilis as follows : Face in profile
strongly concave, only one or two bristles above each vibrissase. Third joint of an-
tennae only three times as long as broad, greatly widening to the apex ; arista thick-

58 Journal New York. Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

ened on the basal three-fourths, the penultimate joint slightly longer than broad.
Palpi black. Scutellum bearing only two pairs of long marg nal macrochsette.
Abdomen shining black with a bronze luster, bases of second and third segments nar-
rowly white pollinose; first segment destitute of dorsal macrochceta;, the second and
third destitute of discal ones. Apical cell open at the wing-tip. Length 4 mm.

Southern California. A single specimen, in March.

Hypostena pusilla, sp. nov.

9 — Differs from variabilis as follows: Front two-thirds as wide as either eye,
face slightly concave. Third joint of antennce nearly three times as long as the
second, only twice as long as broad. Palpi black. Apical cell open at the wing-
tip. Length 3 to 4 mm.

Illinois (Dr. Nason) and Southern California. Three specimens.
Hypostena degeerioides, sp. nov.

9 — Same as variabilis with these exceptions : A row of short, black, bristly
hairs extends just outside the facial ridges, from frontal bristles to lower end of eyes;
cheeks nearly half as broad as the eye-height. Third joint of antenn.ie nearly six
times as long as broad ; arista thickened nearly to the middle, the penultimate joint
slightly longer than broad. Palpi black. Thorax shining except the whitish polli-
nose sides and a median vitta in front of the suture. The discal pair of macroch^etse
present on the second and third abdomiral segments, the discal row absent on the
fourth. Front tarsi nearly twice as broad as the middle ones, the last joint shorter
than the preceding. Wings grayish in front of the third vein, small crossvein at
middle of discal cell. Length 6 mm.

Illinois (Dr. Nason) and District Columbia. Two specimens.

A VARIETY OF THE LARVA OF SPHINX
PLEBEIUS.

By Wm. Beutenmuller.

Head olive pink with numerous flesh-colored, elevated dots. Body
olive pink with the oblique bands on each side olive, and a stripe of
the same color along the subdorsum, broken posteriorly by the oblique
bands. Anal horn bluish gray, rather dark above, with elevated black
dots. Body covered with numerous, minute, flesh-colored dots, placed
in transverse rows; body at sides olivaceous. Underside wholly
olivaceous with a pinkish tinge. Length 65 mm. Found July 23d.
Food plant trumpet vine {Tecoina).

June, 1895 J Dyar. Notes ON Callimorphas. 59

NOTES ON T\VO CALLIMORPHAS.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

Last Summer Dr. Lintner obtained eggs from some 2 Callimorphas
at Keene Valley in the Adirondacks, and gave them to me to raise.
There proved to be two species, lecontei and confiisa.

Haploa lecontei G iter in.

Egg. — Resembling the eggs oi confiisa but very pale yellow, and
scarcely shining. Reticulations small, close, evident and rounded,
casting shadows in the depressions ; they differ chiefly from those of
confiisa in being deeper and smaller. Diameter . 7 mm. The eggs
failed to hatch, though the embryos advanced nearly to the point of bit-
ing the shell.

Haploa confusa Lyman.

Mr. Lyman has given descriptions of about four stages in Can. Ent.,
Vol. XIX., p. 186.

Egg. — Spherical with the base a little flattened, adherent ; smooth,
shining rather dark yellow ; reticulations obscure, but becoming evi-
dent in certain lights, very narrow, linear, irregular, the meshes mod-
erately large. Diameter .7 mm. Mr. Lyman does not mention the
reticulations.

Eirst Stage. — Head shining black over the apices of the lobes,
but the whole clypeus pale yellowish; mouth brown ; width .35 mm.
Body yellowish, the cervical shield black, bisected ; warts very large,
shining black, each with a single long seta. The arrangement is not
exactly that of the mature larva as Mr. Lyman states, because wart vi is
lacking. AVart iv is situated directly behind the spiracle, as near to
iii as to v. A long seta on the leg-plate.

Second Siage. — Head, cervical shield, anal plate, warts and legs
shining black ; body whitish with a broad brown dorsal band, extending
to wart iii, but paler centrally so as to be almost reduced to two sub-
dorsal bands. Hair black and white mixed, short, bristly; four or
more hairs from each wart ; wart vi present, elongate, as distinct as the
the others. Width of head .5 mm. Later, dorsally and laterally whit-
ish, with a yellowish segmental mark just above wart iv; subdorsal
bands slaty brown, connecting dorsally in the incisures.

Third Stage (inX.tT'^oXzXed. stage?). — Head black, width .6 mm.
A broad, irregular grayish white dorsal line; a blackish subdorsal

60 Journal New York Ent. Soc. |Voi. hi.

band between ii and iii, rather irregular; a broad pale band over iv,
marked with yellowish above each v/art (iv); a grayish subventral shade
over V. Warts and feet black; hair short, stiff, not very abundant,
black and white mixed.

Fourth Stage {\\Qxvci-d\ third?). — Head shining black; width .7
mm. Warts black; body brown black ; a broad white dorsal line and
very narrow subdorsal one (ii); a bright yellow stigmatal line indented
a little by iii and iv, between which it runs. Hair short, bristly, incon-
spicuous, black and white mixed. Feet blackish; venter white in a
broad stripe between the feet, interrupted only by black at wart viii on
joints 5 and 6.

Fifth Stage {noxYi\2\ {o\\x\\\}') . — Head shining black, width 1.05
mm. Black, a rather broad dorsal line, straight, sordid white, becom-
ing yellowish between warts ii; very narrow subdorsal and subventral,
pale, obsolescent lines ; a bright yellow stigmatal line, tsansversely
streaked on the folds. Feet black, a broad, defined, pale ventral band,
nearly white. Hair short, bristly.

Sixth Stage (interpolated stage). — Black; width of he id 1.2 mm.
A distinct yellow dorsal and stigmatal line, the latter the broader and
composed of transverse streaks on the annulets ; traces of a subventral
band, whitish; warts large, hair very short but abundant, bristly, black.
No subdorsal line, or the merest trace of one. Claspers of abdominal
feet pale ; venter white.

^ifz/^";/^^ ^/«^<? (interpolated stage). — Head 1.3 mm. Black, head
and warts shining, hair short, bristly. Dorsal line yellow, distinct ;
stigmatal line broken into four dots on each segment, the anterior and
two posterior transverse and yellow, the second longitudinal and white ;
a few subventral pale yellow dots. Feet black, venter nearly white.

The larvje showed a disposition to hibernate, but as they had been
transferred to the warmer climate of New York they were unable to do
so, and after passing two more molts than normal ( ? ) finally died.
Tlie calculated widths of head are : -35, .50, (.59), .73, 1.05, (1.24),
((1.36)), 1.5, 2.1 mm.; ratio .70 for the normal series, .84 for the
first interpolated stages, one parenthesis, and .91 for the secondary in-
terpolated stage enclosed in two parentheses. Under the most favorable
conditions, this larva should have six stages and hibernate in the fourth.

June. 1895.] Clark. Food Habits of Beetles. 61

ON THE FOOD HABITS OF CERTAIN DUNG
AND CARRION BEETLES.

By Charles Upson Clark.

It is not generally known, I believe, that many of the beetles fre-
quenting carrion and dung, feed to a greater or less extent on the mag-
gots— fly larvce — which they find therein. My attention was first called
to this habit two summers ago. While collecting from a from a dead
woodchuck which teemed with specimens of Silpha siirinameusis, I saw
a fly seized by one of the beetles, held up in the air and sucked dry.
Looking more closely, I discovered that the Silphas were feeding
on maggots, not as I had always supposed, on decaying matter. By
careful observations made since then at Charlemont, Mass., on beetles
found on dead squirrels and woodchucks and in dung, I have come to
the conclusion that these beetles may be roughly separated into three
divisions, according to the character of their food.

In the first division — those which feed on the dung or carrion
wholly — I would place the Scarab^eidae, Copris, Trox, Geotriipes,
Aphodius, the Trichopteryx grade and Ct'rt^i^w and allied genera. It is
possible, of course, that these latter small beetles, some very minute,
feed on microscopic larvae, but they seemed to be feeding on the dung
or carrion.

Then come those which feed on the maggots to a limited extent.
Such are Silpha americana and S. novehoracensis, Necrophonis, or-
bicollis, toinentosus and ainericaniis.

The third division comprises those which feed almost exclusively
on larv^. Here belong Necrophonis marginatiis, Silpha lapponica,
S. siiri/iamensis, Hister immimis,fcedatus,fiertivi(s and depiirator, Sap-
riniis patruelis, Creophilus villosus, Listotrophiis cingulatiis , Staphy-
linus mysticus, fossator and Philonthiis sp. I have no doubt that
the smaller Staphylinidae so abundant in such situations are also animal
feeders, though I could not take them in the act. Clerus quadrigut-
tatus I have frequently taken devouring Scolytid larvae, and I feel sure
that Necrobia, Thaneroclerus, etc., will be found to feed on maggots.

I hope that collectors in other localities will send the Journal
their observations on this subject. I cannot believe that the habit has
not been noticed before; but I can find no mention of it in the books I
have consulted, and I believe that collectors generally have gone on
the supposition that these beetles feed on the substances in which they
are found.

62 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

NOTES ON A COLLECTING TOUR IN CONNECTICUT.

By R. L. DiTMARS.

The Naugatuck River district of Connecticut is a collecting ground
so rich in material that it seems queer to me, of it's not being mentioned
more by our local collectors. For the last four years I have made short
trips to the Capitol, Hartford, and hearing so much about the beautiful
Naugatuck Valley, determined to spend my vacation in that district.

Last July found me in the heart of the Naugatuck Hills, at the little
village of Greystone, about four miles from Waterbury. Here the hills
are about 900 to 1,000 feet high, covered with a rich vegetation, and
probably offer some northern forms in the line of Lepidoptera.

Besides being interested in entomology, I am also interested in
herpetology, and was highly delighted when informed that the rattle-
snake was found in this district, and it is a fact that where the deadly
Crotalus is found, collecting is apt to be very good, as it shows that
few have been in that locality. My first specimen taken in this district
was a fine fresh specimen of Siiieriiithus myops, which flew into my win-
dow on the night I arrived.

The first few days were devoted to collecting in the valley, and
here I noticed the larvae of Limenitis disippiis feeding on the willow.
Papilio asterias and troiliis were abundant, tiiniiis more rare, only one
variety glaiiciis was seen ; P. cresp/iontes was rare ; Pio'is rapes was not
seen at all ; Argynnis cyhele was very abundant, idalia rather scarce,
iiiyrina abundant, both in the valley and on the mountain side ; Satyriis
alope and nephele were rather common. Deb is portlandia seemed very
scarce, only one battered specimen was seen during my stay.
Heterocera were well represented ; it was on a very warm day at noon
that I happened to be passing along an unused road, and in stepping
into the shade to rest noticed across from me a little dell in which the
milk-weed was flowering ; seeing something dart past and enter, I fol-
lowed and found it to be a specimen of Hemaris diffinis. \\\ half an
hour ten good specimens were bottled, after which I could see no more;
so after taking some very large Argynnis cybele, left the place, intend-
ing to return next day ; the next day I did return and for an hour looked
for Hemaris and caught only one, the last one taken during my entire
stay, although the weather continued much the same and I hunted dili-
gently.

June, 1S95.] DiTMARS. On COLLECTING IN CONNECTICUT.

63

One day, while making my way up a little stream on a raft, I no-
ticed that most of the Hygrotrechus were spotted with red, and seeing one
of a bright vermillion color, dart off, determined at once to investi-
gate, thinking that it might be a new insect. After capturing the in-
sect, was very much surprised to find it covered with the larvae of
Trombidiimi. It is a common occurrence to find the Ti-ombidiiim larvae
on numerous Orthoptera and Diptera, but to find them on an acquatic in-
sect seemed truly remarkable, and especially so in this case, as the
Hygrotrechus never leave the water to go on shore, and how the Trom-
bidium larvc'e became transfixed to such lively insects is a mystery.

■tr^V^i %

SCENE ON MT. TuHV.

Orthoptera were exceedingly numerous ; all day could be heard
the sharp song of the Orchelimiim ; the Katy-did {^Platyphylliim con-
cavtini) was absent, however, seeming to prefer the more level farmlands
in the lower part of the 'state.

It was at Greystone that I first became acquainted with that re-
markable and beautiful grasshopper, Spharagemon saxatile. It was on
a trip up. Mt. Toby, the highest of the hills. Ascending by way of an
old logging path : occasionally a Cichidela sexgiittata would run ahead
a short distance and alight in the path again, only to repeat the perform-
ance on my coming up to him ; when passing the clearings Vanessa

64 Journal New V(3Rk Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

milbertii \NO\Ad be seen, and offered a hard chase over the rough rocks.
A beautiful species of Eristalus (^E. bastardi), would occasionally be
seen on the cardinal flowers, looking exactly like a brightly colored
bee. On passing a pit of clay baked dry by the sun, I indifferently
kicked over a loose piece, and underneath was a fine specimen of Cychrus
elevatus ; it surprised me to find a Cychrus in such a place, as there
was no vegetation in the pit, which was very dry and offered no food
for snails.

On up the mountain side an occasional Thecla and Argynnis would
be seen. Cicada canicular is was making the woods ring with its
sharp notes. When nearing the summit, on rather barren ground, a
species of grasshopper, Circotettix verruculatus, was very abundant, ris-
ing by the dozen, and making a sharp crackling noise as it flew. Here
an old rotten log which I stopped to investigate yielded 1 30 specimens
of Phenolia grossa, and were at once named "turtle bugs" by the
country boy with me.

At last on the summit, and there on the lichen-covered rocks was
looking into the valley below and enjoying a magnificent view of the
surrounding country. Hill after hill rose in wild confusion, covered
with dense growth of fir and other trees. The enormous rock on which
I stood sloped downwards in a dangerous incline to a ledge about four
feet wide, from which was a precipice of fully three hundred feet, at the
bottom of which began the thick woods of the mountain side.

Happening to glance at the ledge, there to my joy was the long
looked for Crotalus. It lay tightly coiled with its long string of rat-
tles elevated in the centre of its folds, the beautiful sulphur tints of its
velvety scales showing vividly in the sunlight. Slowly and carefully I
made my way down toward him, assisted by the handle of my butterfly
net. which also served as a snake stick, but when half way down the
wily snake saw me coming, and, preferring security rather than combat,
retreated into a hole in the cliff totally inaccessible to me. Slowly
making my way up, and when near the top, I saw in front what appeared
to be a slight bump on the rock ; but on coming up to it there was a
flash of yellow wings and it flew off. After a perilous chase the insect
was captured and it proved to be Spharagemon saxatile. So e.xactly did
it mimic the lichen-covered rock that I would surely have passed it had
it not moved. Mr. Beutenmiiller, of the American jNIuseum of Natural
History, informs me that the insect has only recently been discovered.
It seemed to be rare, for in my entire stay only one more was seen,
and that in the same locality, on the rocks at an elevation.

June, 1895] DiTiMARS. On COLLECTING IN CONNECTICUT. 65

A rather peculiar incident occurred while out after a woodchuck one
day. Not seeing the animal after an hour's hunt, I took a shot at a pass-
ing swallow, and as it fell in front of me on level ground it disgorged
what seemed to be a large berry, but on examining more closely, found
it to be a ball of insects most of which were alive. It was composed of
nearly a dozen winged ants, some gnats, two specimens of a small
Agrion, five specimens of Chysomelidce of three species, two Casnonia
and some small Hemiptera. As some of the insects were good they
were soon in my collecting bottle. Thinking that this might be an ex-
ception, I shot two more swallows, and both had the ball of insects in
the mouth. The time was 6:30 p. m. This is the first time that I
ever hunted insects with a gun.

When back in the city about two weeks, I noticed that one of the
snakes caught during my vacation seemed to have an obstruction in the
throat, and, on examining him, found the throat infested with what
looked like dipterous larvae of large size. Wishing to keep the snake
alive, I removed them all with a pair of forceps and preserved them.
The snake was Heterodon platyrhinos, popularly termed the "hog-
nose," or "blowing adder," was nearly a yard long and at the
thickest part of the body one and a quarter inches in diameter. This
is the first time that I have heard of a dipterous parasite on Ophidia.

During my stay in Plymouth County I made several trips to
adjacent towns, Reynold's Bridge offering good collecting, especially
at an elevation. At Plymouth, high up among the hills, was a collector
from Brooklyn; he informed me that he was doing good work in the
Lepidoptera, particularly the Heterocera, and had some good Coleoptera
on hand.

As a great deal of my time in this region was devoted to collecting
venomous Ophidia, I had not the time to gather any large quantity of
insects, but what work I accomplished in the entomological line
showed the nature of this rich collecting ground.

To a collector having ample time to stay in any one place, the Naug-
atuck Valley offers fine collecting for the summer. Here along the
Naugatuck River he may find both hill and valley collecting, and also
stretches of pine growth.

The region is easily accessible from New York City by the N. Y.,
N. H. &: H. R. R. to Bridgeport, thence by the Naugatuck Division.

66 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

TWO CALIFORNIA PHALANGIDS.

By Nathan Banks.

Eurybunus spinosus, sp. nov.

Length 7 mm.; femur I 3 mm. Grayish brown above, a blackish mark on
each side of base of abdomen outlining a paler central stripe ; sides and venter gray,
minutely dotted with silvery ; eye tubercle with a white stripe above ; femora I and
III brown, with a pale ring on middle; tibire I and III brown, mottled with pale ;
femora and tibise II and IV whitish, with irregular brown spots; all metatarsi pale,
tarsi ringed with brown at false articulations ; palpi pale, spotted with brown, black
at tips. Eye-tubercle low, smooth ; two small elevations on anterior margin of
cephalothorax, but bearing no spinules ; a transverse row of small spinules behind
eye-tubercle ; about eight transverse rows of spinules on the abdomen ; femora and
patellx tipped with some spinules; legs and palpi clothed with short stiff black
bristles ; no false articulation in metatarsus I, one in tibia II ; last joint of palpus
straight, once and one-half as long as preceding joint, palpal claw without teeth.

Habitat : Los Angeles, California.

Mitopus californicus, sp. nov.

Length 7 mm.; femur 1,4 mm. Grayish above, indistinctly mottled with white
and brown ; vase-mark not distinct ; femora and tibire with brown bands near base
and tip. Some spinules grouped in front, and some on each side of cephalothorax
eye-tubercle about its diameter from anterior margin, two rows of spinules above ;
basal joints of legs with five rows of prominent spinules ; and a row on each seg;
ment of the body ; pailpi short, last joint slightly curved, longer than three plus four,
palpal claw smooth ; no false articulations in any tibiae, one in metatarsus I ; tibia
II much longer than metatarsus II.

Habitat : Los Angeles, California.

Similar to the eastern M. montamts Banks, but not so strikingly
marked, and tibia II is much longer than metatarsus II (a trifle shorter
in M. montamis').

NOTES ON DREPANID LARVAE.

By Harrison G. Dyar, xA.. M.

We have four genera of this interesting little family in North
America, and each is represented by probably but a single species ; at
least there seem to be only four different larvre.* The moths greatly
resemble Geometrids in appearance and habits, but differ in venation.
The larvK differ from all their allies in the absence of the last pair of

*See Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. XXIV, 492, where Dr. Packard quotes the
observations of Mr. S. L. Elliot, that the larvx of O. rosea and O. irrorata are
alike.

June, 1895] Dyar. Notes OX Drepaxid Larv.^. 61

feet and the presence of a longer or shorter tail-like process at the end
of the last segment. The crotchets of the abdominal feet are peculiar,
as they are arranged in a complete circle, such as is found in the Micro-
lepidoptera, except that the crotchets on the outer half of the foot differ
from those on the inner half. This seems to show that the structure is
a case of secondary adaptation.

The eggs are indistinguishable from Geometrid eggs.

Oreta rosea Walker.

This is the most specialized larva. It is curious that the moth
should belong to a genus found in India, yet there seems no essential
structural difference.

The little larvae may be found not uncommonly on all the species
of viburnum. When newly hatched, the setae can be made out, ar-
ranged in the normal manner of the Noctuina, iv behind the spiracle,
vi absent. There are no secondary hairs, though the body is minutely
roughened. The sets are very short with enlarged tips. After the
first moult the primary setje become obscured by secondary ones, and
later the larva is much roughened and its surface greatly modified.
The larva lives freely exposed.

Platypteryx arcuata IValker.

As regards the length of "tail" this larva comes next, though in
other characters it is more generalized than the following species. It
has been fully described by Dr. Packard, but I believe the organ with
which it produces its scratching sound has not been mentioned. The
larva curls up the edge of a leaf of birch or alder by drawing threads
over it, and covers the exposed upper part with a coarse netting. When
disturbed, it contracts its body repeatedly, producing a scratching
sound. The sound is caused by the friction on the leaf of two stiff
shovel-shaped setae, situated at the end of the last segment below the
tail-like process. The primary setae are distinct in the last stage, though
supplemented by secondary ones.

Falcaria bilineata Packard.

This larva lives freely exposed on the leaves or stem of the white
birch. The "tail" is short and upturned. The setae are as in the pre-
ceding. I have recently described it.

Eudeilinea herminiata Gnefiee.

These curious little larvae are common on the bushy species of
dogwood {^Corniis stolonifera, C. paniculata'). They live singly, spin-

68 Journal New York Ext. Soc. [Voi. in.

ning two leaves together, within which they remain concealed. The
leaves are in no wise folded, but two naturally overlapping ones are
united by several short, stout cross-bands of silk. The larvje feed only
on the undermost leaves, and on account of these habits there is no sign
of their presence on the bushes, unless one attempts to separate the ap-
parently simply overlapping lea\'es.

Egg. — Laid two to seven together on the under side of a leaf; ellip-
tical, much flattened above and below, reticulations narrow, regular,
somewhat rounded, with short pile at the angles. The surface of the
cells between seems smooth. Color pale whitish green, shining. Size
.yx .5X .4 mm.

Larva. — Head bilobed, rounded, clypeus large, shining, sha-
greened; color whitish, jaws and a shade below apex of each lobe in
front yellovv brown ; two trans\erse bands connected by a strong band
on the side of the head behind ocelli ; lower band from base of jaw to
ocelli, upper above clypeus, but obsolete centrally in the yellow cloud
below apex. Body flattened, thoracic feet small, colorless, hairy below ;
abdominal feet on joints 7-10, normal as to the crotchets on the inside of
the planta, but about six occur also on the outside ; the inner row is dense,
the hooks of different lengths, while those on the outside are single and
remote ; no anal feet, the fleshy plate produced into a short conic pro-
cess. Set^ fine, short and very obscure, except at the extremities.
Body smooth, translucent whitish with a green shade dorsally especially
in the dorsal vessel; tracheal line evident by transparency, white ; cervical
shield hemispherical, whitish, shining, a gray shade at the lateral corners.
Above and before the spiracle on joint 2 is a shining black elliptical
spot, bearing two setce, suggesting a parasitic attack to which this in-
sect is subject.

Pupa. — Formed between leaves on the ground, with a few silken
threads. When leaving the bushes to pupate the lar\'je become suffused
with reddish pink on the back. The pupa is dark brown, a little black-
ish tinged on the more exposed parts and especially on the veins of
the wing-cases ; a patch of white bloom on the collar and vertex of
head. Three movable incisures. Length 10 mm.

Found commonly in the Adirondacks, White Mountains and in
Western Maine.

Eudeilinea is the most generalized form of our Drepanids, and if
we adopt Prof. Comstock's family Auzatidre, in which he places this
genus, we may use its characters to define the family from the larva.
The Auzatidaj then agree with the Drepanid^T in all essential respects,

June, 1895.] Packard. On Larv.« of Hepialid/E. -69

except in the absence of the definite secondary setfe of the latter. The
difference is mainly one of degree. In Endeilinea the setae have the
normal arrangement for the Noctuina, but there are no secondary hairs
anywhere above the base of the leg. The seta associated with iii in
Platypteryx and Falcaria is therefore wanting here.

ON THE LARViE OF THE HEPIALID^.

PLATES III AND IV.

By A. S. Packard.

Of the form and structure of the larvae of this family very little is
known. A brief notice of the egg of Hepialus argenteoinaculatus , by
P. H. Gosse, appeared in his " Canadian Naturalist " (p. 248, 1840).
In iSSS Prof. D. S. Kellicott published in Entomologica Americana
(iv. p. 153) notes on the larva, which he obtained in abundance in
Central New York, from the roots and stems of Alnus incana, and
showed that the larva probably requires three years to complete its
growth. He received the pupa, which disclosed the moth June 2d.
In commenting on his paper, Prof. J. B. Smith stated his belief that it
lived in the oak, willow and poplar.

In the following year Prof. Kellicott described the mature larva
and the pupa, adding further details as to its habits. The eggs are
laid the first week in June; the caterpillars live for two years in the
roots, and as the third year advances they work upward more or less
into the stems ; in the spring of the third year they bore out to the sur-
face, partially or loosely plug the opening with chips and transform ;
pupation occurs about May i (in Oswego County, N. Y.), the moths
emerging a month later. Mr. Kellicott writes me that he did not pre-
serve either the larva or pupa, of which good figures are much needed.
The eggs were not described.

In his note on the habits of Hepialus thule (Can. Ent, Vol. xxv,
Dec. 1893, p. 297), Mr. H. H. Lyman describes its eggs, of which
the enormous number of 2,151 were laid, and this seems to be the first
account which we have of any eggs of this family, the works of Euro-
pean authors being apparently defective as regards the habits and life-
history of the species of this group. The eggs are said to be " even,
oval, slightly flattened on the lower side, perfectly smooth, hut dull.

70 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

like unglazed porcelain. Color a pale honey-yellow when laid, soon
turning black.

Our common Hepialus, H. niiistcliiius, is not uncommon at Bruns-
wick, Maine, resting on the trunks of spruce trees in July. The trees
are thickh- placed and ferns grow under them. I suspect that they live
in the spruce, rather than in the roots of ferns, but have no reason for
this opinion. I captured a female in my stable, situated among the
spruces, boxed her, and a day after, on the 26th of July, she was kind
enough to lay several hundred eggs which I did not count. They were
fortunately fertilized, and the young hatched out from them a week or
two later; I did not make a note of the exact date.

Egg. — The eggs are very peculiar in appearance, quite different
from those of any other moth. They are small, black, shining like
seeds. They are about one-half a millemeter in length, the diameter a
little less, as the eggs are cylindrical-spherical, slightly pointed at each
end. The shell is jet black, highly polished, and under a half-inch ob-
jective shows no traces of ornamentation.

Freshly-hatched larva. — (PI. Ill, Fig. i.) Length 1.3 mm.
Head large, broad and flattened, somewhat wider than the body and
very pale chitinous. Prothoracic segment as wide as the head and with
a large dorsal chitinous plate of the same color as the head. The 2d
and 3d thoracic segments have no plates. The body is moderate!}
wide, a little flattened and pale whitish, with no markings, and gradu-
ally and slightly tapers toward the end. The spinneret is unusually
large and long, and the maxillce are rather large. The thoracic legs
are testaceous (chitinous), of the same hue as the head. The abdomi-
nal legs are rather long, pale. The hairs are arranged as in PI. Ill,
Fig. I to (A, part of the head, and tlie succeeding four segments; and B,
the last four abdominal segments) in the same way as in normal Tineid
and Tortricid larv?e ; the four dorsal hairs arising from minute warts
arranged in a low or short trapezoid ; the terminal segment bearing six
setae. The hairs or setae are about as long as the segments are broad,
becoming longer in proportion on the last segment. They taper to-
wards the end, not assuming the shape of the glandular hairs of the more
modern Lepidoptera.

In the fully grown Hepialus larva the set^ are much reduced in
size and length. It may be of interest to state that some eggs of the
Australian Oncopera iiitricata Walk., kindly sent me by Mr. G. Lyell, jr.,
are the same in size and appearance. The freshly hatched larvje are
also very similar to those of Hepialus vinsteliuus, the hairs and shape
and size of the body being nearly identical.

June, 1895.] Packard. On Larv.« of Hepialid.^. 11

In the absence of any figure of a native form, I insert camera
drawings of two common European species* to show that while they do
not differ much in shape, they vary much in the size of the flattened
tubercles or chitinous plates from which the seta^ arise.

PI. IV, Fig. I, represents a dorsal view of the European Hepialiis
hiimiili.

PI. IV, Fig. 2, A side view of the same specimen. It will be
seen that the prothoracic plate is rather large, while the setiferous
tubercles on the second thoracic segment are of the same size as those
of the abdominal segments, but those of the second row on the third
thoracic segment are about twice as large. This seems a simpler form
than the next species figured, as the flattened tubercles give rise to but
a single hair.

In the second species, Hepialiis hectiis (PI. IV, Figs. 3 and 4),
there is a considerable amount of divergence from the simple, primitive
form of H. hiimiili. On the second and third thoracic plate there is a
medium dorsal plate bearing four setae, and behind on each side a large
sub-dorsal plate bearing three short setre. On the abdominal segments
1-8 are four dorsal setae and three lateral setae, arranged as represented
in the figure, one being situated above the small spiracle and two be-
hind. The segments are subdivided into four wrinkles, more or less
indistinct in the blown specimens which are stretched out abnormally.

PI. Ill, Fig. 4. I also add a figure of the front of the head of
the pupa of Hepialiis Jiiimiili, which with that of QLnetiis vircscens
from New Zealand, I owe to the kindness of Dr. T. Algernon Chapman.
The structure of the head is very peculiar. On the vertex are promi-
nent callosities, giving strength to the head in breaking out of the cell.
The eye is large, divided by a distinct line, the outer side of the eye
more or less corrugated. Directly under the eye are the large triangular
maxillary palpi {jnx p). The maxillae themselves are short, but not
shown in the figure. The clypeal region is narrow, with tubercles and
rugosities; the labrum is scarcely differentiated from the front edge of
the clypeus, but is slightly bilobate on the base. On each side are
what I call the paraclypeal pieces or sclerites (/), of the homology of
which I am not sure, unless they are identical with the tubercles
seen in most Lepidoptera on each side of the labrum, and formerly re-

* For blown specimens of these and other lep dopterous larvre, as well as
pupae and cocoons, I am indebted to the generosity of my friend, Dr. Otto Staudinger,
of Blasewitz, Dresden, Germany, who kindly selected them from his immense collec-
tion of blown larvae and other Lepidoptera.

12 Journal New York Ext. Soc. [Voi. iii.

garded as the mandibles. It is present, though small and reduced in
Hepialus. The labial palpi (mx' p) are large and wide, and divided
at the end.

PL III, Fig. 3, represents the head of (Enetus virescens Double- .
day. The paraclypeal pieces are not differentiated ; while the labrum
appears to be slightly distinct from the clypeus, and excavated in the
middle of the front edge, the labial palpi (jnx' p) are very short ; the
maxillary palpi are as in Hepialus.

The under side of the end of the body of this pupa, including ab-
dominal segments 8 to 10, is represented by PI. Ill, Fig. 2; on the
eighth segment is the well developed toothed ridge, while each side of
the segment is irregularly dentate. On the ninth segment (IX) are the
rudiments of the male genital opening of the moth, a longitudinal scar
situated between the usual two tubercles, while the vestiges of the anal
legs of the larva {a. /.) are represented by the longitudinal flattened
tubercles enclosing the scar or vestige of the anus.

Dr. Chapman (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, March, 1893), has
from the pupal characters shown that the Hepialidse should be asso-
ciated with the Tineina in his division of Pupa incompleto: ; shortly
after, in the same year. Prof. Comstock (Evolution and Taxonomy) con-
cluded from a study of the venation that the group should be placed at
the very bottom of the Lepidopterous series, and Mr. Dyar (Ann. N.
Y. Acad. Sc. VIII, 1894, p. 197) agreed with Comstock's view from
the examination of a sketch of an European larva (ZT. lupiiliniis).
From a somewhat extended study of the larval, pupal, and also the
imaginal characters (thorax and head), including the pupa of Phassus,
I think there is little doubt but that the Hepialidce are colossal Tine-
oids, with the essential features of Tinea and its allies, but yet some-
what modified in adaptation to their boring life. They do not seem to
be the most generalized Tineina, being more specialized and later to ap-
pear than the Micropterygidae, and also the Eriocephalidae.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
PLATE IIL

Fig. I. Hepialus mustelinus. — Freshly hatched larva ; A, thoracic segments; B,
terminal abdominal segments.

Fig. 2. Hepialus humuli. — End of body of pupa; a. I. anal legs ; IX, male genital
organs.

Fig. 3. (TLnetus virescens. — Head of pupa ; mxp, maxillary palpi; nix\p, lab-
ial palpi.

June, 1855] Leng and Beutenmuller. Coleopt. N. E. Amer. 73

Fig. 4. Ilepialus humuli. — Head of pupa; w.r/, maxillary palpi; >nx\p, labial
palpi ; /, paraclypeal piece.

PLATE IV.
Fig. I. Hepialus humuli. — Side view of larva.
Fig. 2. Hepialus humul'. — Dorsal view of larva.
Fig. 3. Hepialus hectus. — Side view of larva.
Fig. 4. Hepialus hectus. — Dorsal view of larva.

PRELIMINARY HAND-BOOK OF THE COLEOPTERA
OF NORTH EASTERN AMERICA.

By Charles W. Leng and Wm. Beutenmuller.

(Continued from Vol. H, p. 190.)

Harpalin^.

The members of this sub-family have the middle coxal cavities en-
tirely closed by the central pieces of the meso and metasternum, the
epimera not attaining the coxa. Head with setigerous puncture over
the eyes. Thorax with setigerous puncture at the side and posterior
angle, very rarely without the latter and still more rarely without either.
Anterior tibiae always either obliquely sinuate or deeply emarginate
within, the inner spur remote from the apex. They may be divided
into two sections, Harpalin^e bisetoste, head with two-supra-orbital
setigerous punctures, and Harpalinae unisetosae, which have the head
with one supra-orbital setigerous puncture. The former contain all the
genera from Panagceus to Helliiomorpha inclusive, and the latter from
Brachyniis to Anisodactyliis inclusive.

Panageeus Lat.

Head more or less constricted behind the eyes and dilated to a
semi-globular neck ; clypeus prolonged beyond the base of mandibles,
which are scissor-like ; antennce arising from under a distinct frontal
ridge, three basal joints glabrous ; terminal joint of maxillary palpi aris-
ing obliquely from the preceding joint; sides of elytra narrowly in-
flexed; thorax globular, abruptly constricted behind. Found under
stones during May and June.

Synopsis of Species.
Elytra black with two large red spots extending from the margin to the first or
second strice crucigerus

Elytra red with a transverse black band behind the middle and another at the tiji,

fasciatus

14 Journal New York Ext. Soc. [Voi in.

P. crucigerus Say. — Hirsute; head and thorax black; elytra with
four large red spots ; thorax with numerous deeply punctatures, globular,
abruptly constricted behind, angles acute; elytral strice and punctures
deep. Length .45 inch = 11 mm.

Habitat : N. Y.,N . J. and southward.

P. fasciatus Say — PI. V, Fig. i — Hirsute; head and thorax ferru-
gineous, the latter deeply punctured and abruptly constricted behind ;
elytra red with a transverse black band behind the middle and al the
tip, stride and punctured deep and distinct. Length .32 inch = 8 mm.

Habitat : N. Y., N. J. and southward.

Nomius Lap.

Antennae somewhat moniliform, arising from a distinct frontal
ridge ; head stout, oval, neck broad ; eyes prominent : labrum short,
broadly emarginate ; mandibles arcuate, with a feeble tooth on the
inner edge at middle, and a setigerous puncture outside ; body pedun-
culate, scutellum not visible between the elytra; elytra slightly margined
at base near the hind angles ; tarsi not dilated.

Occur under stones in moist places.

N. pygmaeus — Dej. Piceous elytra elongate, sides parallel,
striated, punctured ; legs rufous, thorax broader in front than behind.
Convex, slightly rounded anteriorly at sides ; anterior angles obtusely
rounded, hind angles straight. Length .28 inch = 7 mm.

Habitat : N. J., Can., Lake Sup., southward and westward to
California, also Europe.

Patrobus Dcj.

Medium size : Head more or less constricted behind the eyes or
transversely impressed; elytra not margined at base; terminal joint of
the palpi more or less cylindrical and obtuse at the tip, that of the labial
palpi as long as the preceding ; elytra elongate sides sub-parallel.

The members of this genus superficially resemble Nebria. Live
under stones in damp places.

Synopsis of Species.

Disc of thorax convex, hind angles with a rather deep fossa ; head behind the eyes
constricted.

Last two joints of maxillary palpi equal, loilgicornis

Last two joints unequal, terminal longer, septentrionis

Disc of thorax flat, subquadrate, hind angles depressed without fossa ; terminal joints
of maxillary palpi equal.

Hind trochanter of male and female one-third the length of the thigh,
rugicollis

[June, 1S93. Leng and Beutenmuller. Coleopt. N. E. Amer. 75

p. longicornis Say. — PI. V., Fig. 2. — Black above, piceus be-
neath; antennae rufous; feet testaceous; mouth parts rufous; thorax
somewhat broader than long, convex, sinuate behind, angles rectangu-
lar, dorsal line deep, basal impression rounded and punctured; elytra
with sides sub-parallel, strige deep and distinctly punctured, intervals
convex on the disc, flattened at the sides; antennae half as long as the
body. Length .52 inch =: 13 mm.

Habitat : Northeast America.

P. septentrionis Dej. — Shining black; thorax subcordate,
rounded anteriorly, sub-sinuate behind, hind angles rectangular, sub-
carinate, dorsal line distinctly impressed ; elytra, elongate-ovate, striae
with punctures, third interval with three deep punctures ; antennae
rufo-piceous ; legs ferrugineous. Length .40 inch = 10 mm.

Habitat : New Hampshire to Labrador, westward to Alaska ;
also Siberia and Europe.

P. rugicoUis Rand. — Black, body elongate, femora and tibiae
black; knees and tarsi piceus; head with a few transverse wrinkles;
thorax transversely rugose, much flattened, especially at the sides,
median line profound ; basal region punctured, with the posterior im-
pressions very rugose ; elytra much depressed, strire punctured, intervals
flattened. Length .45 r= 11.25 mm.

Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and northward.

Pogonus Dej.

Size small : Head not constricted behind the eyes ; elytra mar-
gined at the base ; mentum tooth deeply notched ; ligula with a single
bristle at the top ; epilobes of mentum acutely toothed.

The general appearance of this genus is that of Bradycelliis.

P. texanus Chd. — Body short, robust, convex, and of metallic
blackish green color ; hind angles of thorax rectangular and the base
each side with two feeble foveae ; elytral striae faint, only the inner ones
being distinct, and distinctly punctured in front and only finely so be-
hind, the marginal and sub-marginal striae are confluent in front, the
latter is almost obsolete, except towards tip, where it is deep ; body
beneath, blackish brown ; legs testaceous. Length, .28-. 3 2 inch= 7-8
mm.

Habitat : N. J. (Atlantic City), Texas.

Trechus Clair.
Size small : Elytra almost twice as wide as long or oblong oval ;

7() Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

anterior tibioe slightly broader to tip, the emargination extending nearly
to the middle of the tibite ; terminal joint of palpi slender, acute at tip,
that of the labial palpi shorter than the preceding.

Sy/iopsis of Species.

Elytra oblong, nearly twice as broad as long, with five or six impressed stri;\:,

rubens>

Elytra oblong oval, humeri distinct, with four or five stria;, the outer two very feebly

impressed chalybjeus.

T. rubens Fabr. — Rufo-piceus ; thorax subquadrate, at each side
of base foveolate; hind angles obtuse; elytra oblong oval, with four
distinct dorsal stride, the outer ones obsolete ; antennae and legs rufo-
testaceous. Length .20 inch = 5 mm.

Habitat : Nova Scotia, also Europe.

T. chalybaeus Z)<?/". — Apterous, jet black, with a bluish gloss;
thorax, subquadrate, foveolate at each side behind, posterior angles
nearly straight; elytra oval, with four or five dorsal stride, the outer
two very feeble; antennte and legs rufous. Length, .20 inch = 5 mm.

Habitat : New Hampshire, Lake Superior, westward to Alaska.
{To be continued.')

LOCAL ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Members of the New York Entomological Society and all others are solicited
to contribute to this column their notes on rare captures, local lists and other items of
interest relating to the insect fauna of New York City and vicinity.

A LIST OF THE SPIDERS OF LONG ISLAND, N. Y.,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES.

By Nathan Banks.

Nearly all the spiders in the following list have been collected by my-
self at or within a few miles of Sea Cliff. Collections in other por •
tions of the island would doubtless extend the list somewhat; mostly in
the line of micro-therididae. About two hundred and forty-four species
are recorded ; distributed in sixteen families. The Therididre is, of
course, the largest, with about seventy-two species ; the Epeiridce next
with thirty-six ; and the Attidce third with thirty-one species. The
Attidas are very well represented, and the Clubionidse and Drassidse

June, 1S95.] Banks. Spiders of Long Island, N. Y. 77

present a good showing. Long Island represents the northern limit of
quite a number of southern spiders ; such as Mahadeva verrucosa,
Epcira scutulata, Tlieridium glaucescens, Oxyptila monroensis, Gua-
phosa sericata, Auloiiia funcrea, Oxyopes sca/aris, Hyctia pikei and
Zygoballus sexpunctatus. Se\'eral other forms extend a little ways into
New England, as the genus Acrosoina, Vixia in/u/iiata, Epeirafoliata,
TJieridula sphcerula, Argyrodes cancellatus, Romphcea fictilium and
Lathrodectes mactans. It is, as far as known, the southern limit of a
few sub-boreal forms which extend across the northern part of the
country ; for example, Ergane borealis, Agra-ca ornata and Drassus
robustus. Being an island, it lacks some forms (perhaps not yet dis-
covered) which inhabit the mainland. This is most strikingly shown
by the fact that I have observed but two specimens of Epcira disp/icata,
a species widely spread and common on the mainland.

SCYTODID.^.

Scytodes thoracica Latr. — Not uncommon in houses.

PHOLCID.^.

Pholcus phalangoides Fuessc. — Recorded, I believe, from Brooklyn.
Spermophora meridionalis Hentz. — k few specimens under furni-
ture in the house.

OONOPID.^.

Orchestina saltitans Banks. — One specimen in the house. July.

DYSDERID/E.

Ariadne bicolor Hentz. — Not uncommon under bark and sweeping

herbage.

DRASSIDvE.

Micaria agilis Banks. — Running on the sand near sea-shore. July.
Micaria montana Em. — One male, on the ground in a field.
Drassus robustus Em. — One specimen under a stone. September.
Prosthesima atra Hentz. — Common, under stones, dead leaves, etc.
Prosthesima ecclesiastica Hentz. — Quite common, hibernates under

loose bark.
Prosthesima depressa Em. — A few specimens, under dead leaves.

78 Journal New York Ext. Soc. [Voi. iii.

Prosthesima frigida Banks. — Two specimens in an old cemetery.
September.

Prosthesima rufula Banks. — A few specimens in an old field. Oc-
tober.

Prosthesima insularis, sp. nov.

Length J 8.5 mm.; ceph. 2.8 mm. long, 2.1 mm. wide; patella plus tibia IV,
3.8 mm. Cephalothorax, mandibles, legs, palpi and sternum dark red brown, the
latter darker on edges ; the legs paler on the tarsi ; abdomen gray above and below,
with black hairs ; spinnerets yellow. Posterior row of eyes straight, barely longer
than the anterior row, P. M. E. oval, more than their diameter apart, and about as
near to P. S. E. as to each other ; A. M. E. larger, about half their diameter apart
and less than this distance from the smaller A. S. E. Legs short and stout, the
scopulas are very thin, no spines under tibia I, one above on tibice III and IV ;
sternum broad ; the epigynum consists of a very long cavity nearly filled by a cor-
neous projection, more than twice as long as wide.

One female, Sea Cliff, Long Island, N. Y.

This is about half way between Drassiis and Prosthesima but the
posterior row of eyes being straight, and but little longer than the an-
terior row, gives it more affinity with Prosthesima.

Prosthesima nova, sp. nov.

Length ^ 6 mm. Cephalothorax yellow brown, blackish on the margin ; legs
pale, sometimes with a faint tinge of greenish ; sternum yellowish ; abdomen dull
black with a basal reddish shield. Cephalothorax quite broad, head narrow ; eye-
rows short, posterior a little procurved, not longer than anterior one, the P. M. E.
large, oval, not half their diameter apart, not quite their diameter from the slightly
smaller S. E. Legs moderate, stout, especially the femora and tibiee of the anterior
pair ; no spine above on tibia IV, none below on tibia I, femur I with two spines
above ; abdomen depressed, about as long and no broader than the cephalothorax ;
some stiff black hairs, and a triangular horny shield at base ; sternum quite long and
pointed behind. The male palpus is similar to P. depressa, but broader and more
complicated ; the tibial hook is long but not turned out at tip, and there is a long
slender tube projecting beyond the cavity of the tarsus.

Two males under leaves in damp woods. June.

Related to P. depressa, but differs in larger size, paler color,
broader cephalothorax, etc.

Callilepis imbecilla Keys. — .Quite common in some sandy localities.
August.

Qnaphosa sericata Koch. {Herpylins bicolor Hentz, Preoccu-
pied.)— A few specimens in dry sandy field. July.

Poeciiochroa variegata Hentz. — Under dead leaves in sandy places,
rare. August.

June, 1895 ] Banks. Spiders of Long Island, N. Y. 79

Cesonia bilineata Hentz. — Under dead leaves, not uncommon. Sep-
tember.

CLUBIONID.^.

Clubiona pallens Hentz. — Quite common, under bark, among dead

leaves. October, December.
Clubiona riparia Koch. (C. or/iafa Em., Preoccupied. C. Ameri-
cana Banks.) — Not common, under bark. December.
Clubiona minuta Em. (C pygmcea Banks.) — A few specimens,

swept from bushes. July.
Clubiona abbotti Koch. — Common, hiding in leaves or crevices of

bark. July, August.
Clubiona tibialis Em. — Recorded by Emerton from Long Island.
Clubiona littoralis, sp. nov.

Length 6-9 mm. Cephalothorax red brown gradually growing paler behind;
mandibles, maxillae and lip dark red brown ; legs pale yellowish ; sternum yellowish,
darker in front ; abdomen yellowish ; frequently blackened near the tip, sometimes
indications of a basal spear-mark, abdomen and legs black haired. Cephalothorax
very broad in front, a little more than once and a half as long as broad, eye-rows
fully two-thirds as broad as head, the posterior broader than the anterior and pro
curved; the P. M. E. further from each other than from the P. S. E.; the anterior
row almost on the margin, the A. M. E. larger than the other eyes and less than their
diameter apart. The mandibles are large, very convex above and projecting for-
ward, the ridge at base on outside quite short ; sternum narrow, bluntly pointed be-
hind ; legs moderate, slender, fourth pair much the longest, at least two spines be-
neath on all the tibiae ; abdomen about twice as long as broad, in the $ not much
longer than the cephalothorax. The epigynum projects behind in an emarginate
lobe, the surface above is transversely striate and shows beneath on each side two
oval bodies, one reddish and one nearly black. The male palpi are small, the patella
is as long as the tibia and has a distinct tooth at its apex on the inner side ; the tibia
has a broad, curved, plate-like projection which is notched on the outside, it does not
extend over the tarsus, and is truncate at tip and with a rounded tooth toward the
inner side ; the tarsus is about twice as long as wide, seen from the side there is near
the tip a prominent projection with two teeth on the upper side, the tube is stout and
curved around the tip of the palpal organ.

Many specimens from salt-marshes near Sea Cliff, N. Y. June.
Koch has described a Clubiona maritima from St. Thomas, but it
has no special relation to this species.
Clubiona crassipalpis Keys — Rare, under damp leaves near Sea

Cliff, and in Black Swamp, Roslyn. December.
Clubiona pusilla Em. — One specimen, probably this species. Oc-
tober.

80 Journal New York Ent. Soc. lvoi. hi.

Anyphaena gracilis Heutz. (A. rubra Em.) — Not common. Oc-
tober. Hibernates under loose bark.

Gayenna fraterna Banks. — One male, Harbor Hill, Roslyn, swept
from grass. May.

Gayenna celer Hentz. {^Anyphcena incerta Keys.) — Common in
fields, and under leaves. September, October.

Gayenna calcarata Em. — Only one male.

Gayenna saltabunda Hentz. — Not common, in old fields. Sep-
tember.

Thargalia descriptus Hentz — A few specimens. July.

Thargalia longipalpis Hentz. — Under dead leaves in dry places.
August.

Thargalia trilineata Hentz. — In sandy places, under dead leaves.
July, August.

Thargalia bivittata Keys. — One young specimen, under leaves in
woods. May.

Agroeca pratensis Em. — Common in fields, under leaves in woods,
etc. September. October.

Agroeca ornata Banks. (A. repens Em.) — One female, under
leaves. May.

Agroeca minuta, sp. nov.

Length 9 3.8 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish, sides above with blackish
markings almost forming a stripe, marginal seam distinctly black, mandibles slightly
greenish, sternum yellowish, anterior femora, patellae and tiblK greenish, rest paler,
posterior femora greenish, tibiae and metatarsi with not very distinct brown bands at
bases and tips. Abdomen pale, with a large brown herring bone mark above, sides
thickly spotted with brown, three rows of brown spots on venter meeting in front of
spinnerets. Cephalothorax as usual, perhaps a little broader than in the other
species ; P. M. E. fully their diameter apart, the eyes of anterior row plainly smaller
than those of the posterior row, and the A. M. E. close together and smaller than
the A. S. E. Femur I with two spines above and one in front, tibia and metatarsus
each with but two pairs beneath. Sternum and abdomen of the usual form. The
epigynum is divided by a slender median piece which is contracted in the middle and
expanded somewhat before tip ; the tip rests in a sliort furrow, each side of the
median piece is a curved reddish body.

Two specimens under leaves m a damp woods near Sea Cliff,
N. Y., May.

Easily separated from either of the other forms by its small size,
banded posterior legs and peculiar epigynum.

June, 1895.] Banks. Spiders of Long Island, N. Y. 81

Phrurolithus alarius Hcntz. — Under dead leaves in woods, under

stones, etc. Common.
Phrurolithus similis, sp. nov.

Lengtli 2 mm. The cephalothorax is brown, with a black spot Ijchiml eye-region
sending three line lines forward and several to the sides ; the palpi are dark brown
the le^s pale yellow, each femur with a black stripe on the anterior and one on the
posterior side ; on the anterior femur they almost cover the joint ; a black line under
the posterior tibice and metatarsi ; the sternum light brown, broad, triangular ; the
venter pale brown at base, whitish in middle and black toward spinnerets, black
above, shining, sometimes a pair of indistinct pale spots at extreme base. The male
palpi are short, the femur with a prominent projection near base tipped with stiff
hairs ; the tibial hook is very broad at base, with a long curved outer projection and
an inner very short truncate one ; the bulb has a very stout tube.

In old fields ; September and October. This species has much re-
semblance to P. pugnattis, but is much darker, the legs lined with black,
the inner projection of the tibial hook very short (long in P. pugnati/s),
while the outer one is more curved than in that species.
Phrurolithus formica, sp. nov.

Lenghth 2. 1 mm. Cephalothorax red brown, with a black spot behind head;
legs dark yellow brown, the femora sometimes showing traces of a darker stripe ;
sternum yellowish, margined with black ; venter brown at base, pale in middle, black
at lip ; shining black above. The male palpi short ; the projection of the femur is a
the middle of joint (not nearer base), with some stiff black hairs projecting toward
the apex of femur ; tibial hook very much swollen on inner side and crenate, the outer
projection stout comparatively short and very taper pointed ; the tube of bulb very
slender.

Heavier than the preceding species, and the palpus twice as large,
without an inner projection to tibial hook. Quite common in the nests
of some black ants. December.
Trachelas tranguilla Hentz. — Very common. August, September,

October.
Meriola, gen. nov.

Related to Trachelas, but the posterior row of eyes is barely recurved, and
scarcely longer than the anterior row. The cephalothorax is not quite as much nar
rowed in front as in Trac/ielas. The mandibles are large and stout, with two teeth
below on posterior margin. The legs are like Trachelas and without spines, but
scantily clothed on the underside of metatarsus and tarsus with serrated hairs. The
cephalothorax is shining like Trachelas.

Meriola decepta, sp. nov.

Length 4 mm. Cephalothorax, mandibles and sternum dark red brown, like
Trachelas tranquilla ; legs pale yellowish, anterior pairs reddish toward base. Ab-
domen pale, black on sides ; a narrow median black stripe above, connected behind

82 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

to the sidfe-stvipcs ; t\\'0 'nlackish stripes on venter. Cephalothorax about as long as
tibia plus patella I, as broad as length of tibia I, but little narrowed in front. Eyes
about equal, posterior row barely recurved and hardly longer than anterior row, the
M. E. a little closer to each other than to the S. E., and scarcely more separated than
are the A. M. E. The mandibles are stout and slightly porrect. Sternum nearly
oval, as in Trachelas. Legs without spines, many simple hairs, and serrate ones
under tarsi and metatarsi. Abdomen elliptical, spinnerets short. The epigynum
has a dark spot on each side, and in the lower corner of each a still darker dot con-
nected to the posterior margin by a dark line ; two oval cavities are indicated in
front.

Five females from Sea Cliff; in an old meadow, on ground. Oc-
tober, September. The young have a pale cephalothorax, like the
young of Trachelas . It has much resemblance, at first sight, to Graiii-
monota pictilis Cb.

AGALENID.*:.

Agalena naevia Hentz. — Abundant everywhere.

Tegenaria derhami Scop. — Common around buildings.

Coelotes medicinalis Em. — Two specimens, one under stone, near

beach, with a round cocoon covered with grains of sand. July.
Coelotes nigriceps, sp. nov.

Length 9.5 mm.; ceph. 4 mm. long, 2.4 mm. wide, leg I 10 mm., leg IV 12 mm.
Cephalothorax pale yellow brown, blackened on head, three black marks each side
in the furrows ; mandibles black ; legs yellow brown, darker on tibire and metatarsi ;
sternum yellow brown ; abdomen dark gray, thickly spotted with black in the usual
pattern. Head quite broad; A. M. E. much smaller than A. S. E., the other eyes
subequal; mandibles very large, strongly geniculate at base; legs short, black haired,
spined as in C. longitarsis; sternum broad, barely narrowed in front, pointed behind,
distinctly broader than in C. longitarsis ; epigynum large, semicircular, tranversed
by a narrow septum.

Two females from a deep swamp near Roslyn, L. I., N. Y., Oc-
tober. Related to C. longitarsis Ern., but larger, darker colored, the
mandibles quite black.

Cicurina arcuata Keys. — Under leaves in woods, uncommon. Oc-
tober, December.

Cicurina creber Banks. — A few speciuiens from Black Swamp, Roslyn,
in October.

Hahnia agilis Keys. — Not uncommon, imder leaves in dry places.

October, November.

DICTYNID^.

Amaurobius bennetti Blackmail. — Not very common, under loose
stumps, dead leaves, etc. November, December.

June, iSyS-l BaNKS. ST'IDERS OK Lo\G Isi.ANI), N. Y. 83

Amaurobius ferox Koch. — In woodpile, not common. September.
Titanaxa americana Jim. — One specimen, under a board at Bay-

ville. August.
Dictyna sublata Ilentz. {D. nun-aria Em.) — Common, sweeping

grass and weeds. Summer.
Dictyna volucripes Keys. — A few specimens, sweeping grass. Summer.
Dictyna foliacea Hentz. {D. vohipls Keys.) — Common in grass,

bushes and on trees. Summer.
Dictyna frondea Em. (Z>. vitlata Keys. Preoocupied.)— Several

specimens, sweeping grass. August.
Dictyna minuta Edi. — One male, sweeping an old field. September.
Neophanes pallidus Marx. — A few specimens on ground, under

dead leaves. July.

ULOBORID^.

Uloborus plumipes Luc. — Not uncommon, webs in fences, dead

branches, etc. August.
Hyptiotes cavaticus Hentz. — Not very common, dead branches,

shrubs, etc. September, October.

MIMETiD^.

Mimetus interfector Ilentz. — Not rare, on bushes and trees. August.
Ero thoracia Rcuss. — Two specimens in an old field, on ground.

September.

THERIDID.^.

Argyrodes trigonum Hentz. — Quite common, usually in web of
some other spider. July.

Argyrodes cancellatus Ilentz. — But one specimen.

Romphaea fictilum Ilentz. — Not uncommon, in old fields, on grass.
September, October.

Theridium tepidariorum Koch. — Abundant, everywhere, most com-
mon in houses.

Theridium kentuckyense Keys. — Nut uncommon, in cedars and on
fences. July.

Theridium murarium Em. — Not common, in cedars.

Theridium spirale Em. — A few specimens from trees, mostly cedars.
September.

Theridium differens Em. — Ouite common, weeds and shrubs.

84 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

Theridium glaucescens Becker. — Three specimens, s^veepil\^^ July.
Theridium frondeum Hentz. — Very common, on weeds, etc. ]uly,

August.
Theridium albidum, sp. nov.

Length 2.2 mm. The cephalothorax is pale yellowish, with a single median
line which does not reach the eye region, this is indistinct in the 9 ; the $ abdomen
is gray with four black spots above and a median white stripe ; the 9 abdomen is
white above and gray below without black spots ; the legs are white or pale yellow,
in one $ slightly darker at ends of femora and tibiae. There is a little projection
at the base of the mandibles as in T. frondeum ; the abdomen is not as spherical as
in that species. The $ palpus is about one-half the size of that of T. frondeiDii,
the bifid hook is proportionately much larger and more prominent, the tube that lies
in the hyaline sheath is much shorter and stouter than in 7'. frondeum.

Sea Cliff, N. Y., a few specimens. Shreveport, La.
Theridium unimaculatum Em. — Common, often near evergreens.
September, ( )ctober.

Lathrodectes mactans Ivuch. — One specimen from Woodhaven,

L. I., collected by R. L. Ditmars.
Steatoda borealis Ilentz. — Common, usually in houses.
Enoplognatha marmorata Tleutz. — One specimen.
Lithyphantes corollatus Lhiii. — Two males, under stones; one

Glen Cove, October ; the other Bayville. January.
Asagena americana Em. — Not common, running on dry ground.

May, June.
Dipoena nigra Em. — A few specimens, sweeping.
Theridula spheerula Heutz. — Not common, sweeping. August.
Euryopis funebris Heniz. — Infrequent, in old fields, under leaves in

woods. September, December.

Microdipoe gen. nov.

In group of Tha-noecc. Anterior row of eyes equal, the A. M. E. fartb.er from
each other than from the S. E. The P. M. E. are a little nearer to each other
than to the P. S. E., and a little larger than them ; the S. E. are touching,
the ([uadrangle of the M. E. is wider in front than behind, and wider in front than
long. P. M. E. slightly oval. The posterior row a little recurved in the male, that
of female straight. The male head is greatly elevated, nearly as high as the cepha-
lothorax is long ; the clypcus is concave ; the female head of moderate height. The
legs are very hairy, but are destitute of spines, except there is in the male a large
curved spine on the inner tip of tibia I, and another curved one under the middle of
metatarsus I. The tarsi are plainly longer than the metatarsi ; the sternum convexi
triangular, broadly rounded behind, about as broad in front as long.

June, iSgsl T)ANKS. SpiDKRS OF I.ONC; ISLANl), N. Y. 85

Microdipoena guttata, sp. nov.

Length .8 to l mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish, with a blackish spot in
middle and a black margin ; sternum pale, dark on margin ; legs pale, ringed with
blackish; abdomen dark gray, paler above spinnerets, witli about twelve small silvery
spots above, sides indistinctly mottled, a short silvery stripe on lower side just above
spinnerets, on venter two transverse black bands between spinnerets and base of ab-
domen. Cephalothorax short and broad, in the $ greatly elevated at head, the cly-
peus very concave; mandibles small ; legs of moderate length and not very slender,
first pair longest, femur I about as long as cephalothorax. The abdomen is globose,
smooth, the spinnerets quite prominent. The $ palpus is large, the tarsus very
small, barely noticed, the bulb large, ovoid, and pale-colored ; a dark ring around the
middle, and a short curved black tube at tip.

Six specimens of this tiny little spider were foimd in Jtnie and Oc-
tober. Under dead leaves in a dry woods.

Ulesanis americana Em. — Two specimens, sweeping in an old
field. October.

Ancylorrhanis hirsuta Em. — Two specimens, tmder dead cedar
branch on ground. October.

Idionella formosa Banks. — One specimen in moss.

Ceratinella emertoni Cambr. — Common, sweeping in fields. August.

Ceratinella fissiceps Cambr. — Common, sweeping. August, Sep-
tember.

Ceratinella similis Banks. — Ouite common, sweeping. September.

Ceratinella melanocnemis Eox. — Several specimens, sweeping.

Ceratinella pygma;a Em. — A few specimens, under dead leaves in
woods.

Ceratinella l^tabilis Cambr. — Two specimens, on ground in woods.

Ceratinella brunnea Em. — -Two specimens, under dead leaves.
May, March.

Ceratinella micropalpis Em. — A few specimens, sweeping weeds.

Ceratinella? annulipes Bks. — One specimen, under bark. March.

Ceratinopsis nigripalpis E/n. — Not uncommon, in cedar trees.

September, October.
Ceratinopsis laticeps Em. (^Erigone zanthippe Keys.) — I have

two females from Sea Cliff, which are Keyserling's species ; Emer-
ton's male is, I believe, this species.
Cornicularia brevicornis Em. — Several specimens which I consider

this species.

86 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vui. iii.

Cornicularia minuta Rm. — One male, undoubtedly this species, in
moss. July.

Cornicularia indirecta Cambr. — One female, probably this species.

Cornicularia communis /iw. — One female, under leaves.

Spiropalpus spiralis Em — Nut common, under leaves in woods.
May, June.

Qrammonota ornata Cambr. — Under or near evergreens. Sep-
tember, October.

Qrammonota inornata Em. — Three specimens, under leaves in
woods. May, June.

Qrammonota trivittata, sp. nov.

Length 2.8 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish brown, sides darker yellow
brown, eyes with black rings ; mandibles reddish ; sternum reddish, darker on the
margins ; legs pale yellowish ; abdomen pale gray, with a narrow black central stripe,
and a much broader one on each side, these stripes are not connected except at ex-
treme tip, venter blackish each side of a pale elongated central area. Cephalothorax
low, but little elevated behind the eye-region, ([uite broad in front and longer than
tibia plus patella I ; eyes about as usual, the A. M. E. smaller than the others and
close together, the P. M. E. nearer to each other than to the P. S. E.; sternum trun-
cate in front, tapering behind, a little narrower than in G. pictilis ; legs moderate,
anterior j^air about as long as body, all with many stiff bristles; abdomen broadest a
little beyond the middle, pointed at tip. Epigynum has a notch on the posterior
margin, disclosing a somewhat triangular projection, each side is an oblong dark
body, the notch is narrower than in G. pictilis.

Many females from salt marshes near Sea Cliff, N. Y., November,
December. This species has some resemblance to G.. pictilis, but the
stripes are not connected and the cephalothorax is more yellow.

Qrammonota pallipes, sp. nov.

Lengtli 2.6 mm. Ceiihalothorax yellowish, dark brown on head and man-
dibles; sternum yellow brown, darker on edges; legs and palpi pale yellowish; ab-
domen pale gray, darker on sides, a median black herring-bone stripe above. A
little more slender than in G. ornata or G. pictilis. Head $ highest at eye-region ;
posterior row of eyes sliglitly procurved, the eyes about equal and equal distances
apart; A. M. E. closer to each other than to the larger P. S. E. Legs with numer-
ous stiff bristles. Epigynum dark brown, showing a semicircular cavity, broadly
ojien behind, with a pale stripe at bottom. The $ palpus much on plan of 6".
ornata, but no prominent projection to tibia, the tarsal hook as usual, the tube coiled
like G. ornata, but more slender, a hyaline oval plate on the outer side, and a dark
stripe along the inner side.

Two specimens, in an old field, October. Readily distinguished
by its dark brown head.

June, 1895. J Banks. Spiders ok Lonc; Island, N. Y. 87

Lophocarenum crenatum A'w. — Onite common on ground. July,

August.
Lophocarenum rostratum Km. — Under leaves in a dry woods.

Deceml)er.
Lophocarenum florens Cambr. — -Ihider rubbisli in swamp at Mill

Neck. April.
Tmeticus trilobatus Eiu. — Tliree specimens, probably this species.

Tmeticus terrestris Em. — Several specimens, Black Swamp. Oc-
tober.

Tmeticus probatus Em. — Not common, under dead leaves. Oc-
tober, November.

Tmeticus concavus Em. — Quite common, Black Swamp. October.

Erigone persimilis Ca))ihr. — One male.

Erigone dentigera Cambr. — Not common, Black Swamp. June.

Erigone autumnalis Em. — Quite common, under leaves. October,

November.
Linyphia marginata Koch. — Not common. September.

Linyphia phrygiana KocJi. — Only a few specimens, in woods. Oc-
tober, April.

Linyphia conferta Hentz. — Very common, under dead leaves. Oc-
tober.

Linyphia mandibulata Em. — One male.

Floronia clathrata Koch. — In old fields, under dead leaves. Oc-
tober, November, December.

Tapinopa bilineata Banks. — Not common, under dead leaves. July.

Stemonyphantes bucculentus Lhin. — Common in old fields. Oc-
tober, November.
Drapetisca socialis Blk. — On the bark of trees. October.
Lepthyphantes minuta Blk. — In piles of cut wood. August.

Diplostyla concolor Reuss. — Very common, on ground under leaves.

August, September, ( )ctober,
Diplostyla nigrina Westr. — One specimen. Black Swamp. October.

Bathyphantes nebulosus Blk. — In houses, c^uite common. Sep-

teml)er, November.
Bathyphantes zygia Keys. — Often under stones. October.

88 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

Bathyphantes formica Em. — Common on the ground. July,

August.

Bathyphantes micaria Em. — A few specimens swept from ever-
green shrubbery. July.

Bathyphantes zebra Em. — Not very common, under leaves in
woods. September.

Bathyphantes decorata Bks. — Several specimens under dead leaves.

Bathyphantes unimacuiata Bks. — Under dead leaves. Septem-
ber, October.

Bathyphantes angulata Em. — Several specimens. July.

Microneta cornupalpis Em. — In Black Swamp. October, under
leaves.

Microneta longibulbus Em. — One male, probably this species.

EPEIRID^.

Acrosoma rugosa IFcutz. — Quite common in woods. August, Sep-
tember.

Acrosoma spinea Hcntz. — Common on shrubbery. July, August

Acrosoma mitrata Hentz. — Moderately common in woods. Au-
gust, September.

Mahadeva verrucosa Jfentz. — Not uncommon in woods, webs quite
high up. August.

Ordgarius bisaccatus Em. — An adult male only 1.8 mm. long, on
a post. September.

Plectana stellata Hentz. — Not very common, sweeping fields.

Epeira scutulata Hentz. — A few specimens from evergreen trees.
July.

Epeira strix Hentz. — Common. September, October.

Epeira insularis Hentz. — Common. September, October.

Epeira trifolium Hentz. — Common. September, October.

Epeira domiciliorum Hentz. — Quite common. October.

Epeira trivittata Keys. — Common. July, August, September.

Epeira globosa Keys. — Common around houses. September.

Epeira thaddeus Hentz. — Not very common. July.

Epeira labyrinthea Hentz. — Common on dead branches. August,
September.

June, 1895] Banks. Spiders of Long Island, N. Y. 89

Epeira prompta Hentz. {^E. parvula Kevs.) — Common, sweeping
meadows, evergreen trees, etc.

Epeira foliata Hentz. — Not common, on trees. September.

Epeira displicata Hentz. — Rare, only two specimens on oak. Oc-
tober.

Epeira juniperi Km. — A few specimens from evergreens.

Epeira gibberosa Hentz. — Common in herbage.

Epeira maculata Keys. — Rare, sweeping.

Epeira placida Hentz. — Not uncommon in old fields.

Vixia infumata Hentz. — A. few young specimens, sweeping.

Singa variabilis Em. — Two specimens swept from old field. October.

Singa maculata Km. — A few specimens swept from meadow.

Theridiosoma gemmosa Koch. — Swept from low herbage, in woods.
June.

Cyclosa conica Pallas. — Common. September, October.

Argiope riparia Hentz. — Not very common. August, September.

Argiope transversa Km. — More common than the preceding.
August, September.

Argyroepeira hortorum Hentz. — Common, in herbage. July,
August,

Tetragnatha grallator Hentz. — Quite common, usually near water.
July.

Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. — Abundant, sweeping. Summer

Eugnatha vermiform is Km. — A few specimens in woods. July.

Pachygnatha brevis Keys. — One specimen, under leaves. October.

Pachygnatha autumnalis Km. — Not uncommon, under leaves.

Pachygnatha tristriata Keys. — Recorded by Keyserling from Long

Island.

THOMISID^.

Xysticus gulosus Keys. — Common ; hibernates in adult state.
Xysticus stomachosus Keys. — Moderately common, sweeping.
Xysticus triguttatus Keys. — Common in meadows. There is a

variety of the male which is larger than usual, and marked like the

female.
Xysticus gramineus Km. — A few specimens, under leaves.

90 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Vo\. hi.

Xysticus nervosus Bi's. — Quite common in fields. August, Sep-
tember.

Xysticus 4=lineatus J^eys. — One specimen in an old field. De-
cember.

Xysticus fraternus, sp. nov.

Length ^ 4 mm. Cephalothorax j ale brownish, thickly mottled on sides witli
dark brown ; anterior femora and patella almost wholly covered with brown spots,
tibiae and metatarsi also sometimes mottled ; posterior legs with brown rings at ends
of femora and tibiae and some scattered brown spots ; sternum and coxae mottled witli
brown ; abdomen quite thickly mottled with brown and white, several more promi
nent spots behind. Cephalothorax quite broad, narrowed in front, depressed ; three
rows of prominent spines, one median and one on each side of the pale central area ;
M. E. equal ; legs short and stout, anterior femora shorter than cephalothorax, meta-
tarsus I no longer than tibia I, four pairs of spines under tibia I, three pairs under
metatarsus I. The male palpus has the tube start at base and go around the bulb to
the projection on the other side, but it does not make a bend at tip ; on the outer side
of the bulb (instead of on middle as in most species) there are two hoods lying in
the same plane and curved toward each other ; on the opposite or inner side, near
the base, there arises a long plate like piece projecting straight across the bulb to-
ward the top of the palpus, it is enlarged and emarginate at tip (no such structure
have I seen in any other species) ; across the basal portion of the bulb there extends
obliquely a slender brown piece. The tibia has two projections as in A', stoviachosus.

One male and several young, under dead leaves. May.
Oxyptila monroensis Keys. — Under leaves near seashore, several

females and one male only 1.9 mm. long.
Oxyptila conspurcata Thor. — One specimen under leaves in Black

Swamp. October.
Coriarachne versicolor Keys. — A few specimens under bark. No-
vember, March.
Runcinia aleatoria Hentz. — Not uncommon, on heads of flowers.

August.
Misumena vatia Clerk. — Common, sweeping. May, June, October.
Misumena rosea Keys. — Common, sweeping. Summer.
Misumena oblonga Keys — One male, swept from meadow. July.
Tmarsus caudatus Hentz. — On dead branches. July.
Tibellus duttoni Hentz. — A few specimens, sweeping. July.
Thanatus rubicundus Keys. — Quite common on ground, in old

fields, October.
Philodromus areolus Clerk. — Not very common. July.
Philodromus rufus Walck — Common, sweeping. Summer.

June, 1895] Banks. Spiders of Long Island, N. Y. 91

Philodromus vulgaris Hentz. — Common in houses, under bark. etc.

October, December.
Philodromus placidus Bks. — Not uncommon on cedar and other

trees. July.

Ebo latithorax Keys. — In old fields and near seashore. October,

September.

LYCOSID.^..

Lycosa babingtoni Blk. — One specimen.

Lycosa frondicola Em. — Among leaves in woods. Spring.

Lycosa arenicola Scttdd. — Bayville, making nests in the sand. Au-
gust, September.

Lycosa pratensis Em. — Common in fields. Summer.

Lycosa erratica Hentz. — Common, often under stones. September.

Lycosa scutulata Hentz. — Not common in fields. September.

Lycosa punctulata Hentz. — Not so common as preceding. October.

Lycosa rufiventris Bks. — Two specimens under dead underbrush ;
Bayville. December.

Pardosa minima Meys. — Quite common on ground.

Pardosa f lavipes Keys. — Not uncommon in old fields, under leaves, etc.

Pardosa bilineata Em, — A few specimens in grass, Harbor Hill. July.

Aulonia aurantica Em. — Under dead leaves in damp woods. Oc-
tober, December.

Aulonia? funerea Hentz. — A few specimens under leaves.

Pi rata insularis Em. — Uncommon, in fields.

Pirata piratica Clerk. — Under leaves in swamps.

Pirata exigua Bks. — Not common, under leaves.

Trochosa cinerea Fabr. — Common on seashore. July.

Trochosa rubicunda Keys. — One male. October, in an old field.

Pisaura undata Hentz. — Quite common, on large herbs.

Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz. — A few young specimens.

Dolomedes urinator Hentz.— On^ male, on log near a stream.

April.

OXYOPIDtE.

Oxyopes scalaris Hentz. — Several specimens from an old field.
October.

92 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

ATTID.K.

Phidippus audax Hcntz. — Abundant, sweeping.

Phidippus rufus Hentz. — Quite common, sweeping.

Dendryphantes militaris Hentz. — Abundant.

Dendryphantes octavus Ifentz. — Abundant, sweeping. Summer.

Dendryphantes ornatus Bks. — Occasional, sweeping. September.

Attus sylvestris R)ii. — A few specimens near seashore.

Icius palmarum Hentz. — Not very common, a small form. July.

Icius mitratus Hentz. — Quite common in evergreens. July.

Icius elegans Hcntz. — Not rare in fields. August.

Icius formicarius Em. — Two specimens, on a fence. July.

Icius lineatus Koch. — S. few specimens under leaves on ground.

Icius harti Em. — One female, on a board. August.

Astia vittata Hentz. — Common, the variety niger seen once.

Epiblemum scenicum Clerk. — Common on buildings. June.

Marptusa familiaris Hentz. — A few specimens under bark. July.

Admestina wheeleri Peck. — Several specimens, quite high on trees.

J"iy-

Hyctia pikei Peck. — One specimen from salt-grass. July.

Saitis pulex Hentz. — Common in woods, September.

Ergane borealis Blk. — {E. tceniata Keys., Hasarius hoyi Peck.,

Habrocestiim la tens Bks.) — Not uncommon, sweeping in fields.

Summer.
Habrocestum coecatum Hentz. — Not very common, sometimes on

seashore.
Habrocestum peregrinum Peck. — A few specimens, sweeping.
Neon nelli Peck. — Common on ground under leaves.
Ballus youngi Peck.—OwQ specimen, under bark. August.
Zygoballus bettini Peck.—k few specimens, under leaves. Black

Swamp. October.
Zygoballus sex=punctatus Hentz.— Swept from grass. August.
Zygoballus terrestris Em. — .A few specimens on the ground.
Homalattus cyaneus Hentz.— Two specimens, swept from an old

field. October.

June, iSqsI PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 93

Synemosyna formica Hentz. — Not very common, beating shrubs.
Salticus albocinctus Koch. — One young specimen.
Synageles picata llciitz. — A few specimens, sweeping. September.
Synageles scorpiona Henlz. — ()uite common, on small trees. July,
August.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of January 2, 1895.

Held at the German American School.

President Beutenmiiller in the chair. Ten members present.

On motion the reports of officers were postponed to the next meet-
ing.

Mr. Dietz, the Chairman of Committee on Nominations for Offi-
cers for J 895, reported as follows :

For President, Rev, J. L. Zabriskie ; Vice President, Chas. Palm
Recording Secretary, L. H. Joutel ; Corresponding Secretary, R. L.
Ditmars ; Treasurer, C. F. Groth ; Executive Committee, G. W. J.
Angell, G. Beyer, R. Ottolengui and C. Schaeffer.

On motion the Recording Secretary was instructed to cast an affir-
mative ballot, upon which the President declared the officers elected.

The retiring President then made a few remarks on the growth of
the Society and its work during the previous year.

The following members also addressed the meeting : Messrs. Za-
briskie, Groth, Dietz and Palm.

Adjournment.

Meeting of January 15, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Mr. Beutenmiiller, Chairman pro. tern., presiding. Ten members
present.

The annual reports for 1894 of Treasurer and Recording Secretary
were presented and approved, the former being referred to the Audit-
ing Committing for action.

The Auction Committee reported that Mrs. Bradford donated
about 1000 specimens.

94 Journal New York Ent. Soc. lvoI. hi.

Mr. Beutenniiiller reported that Mrs. Bradford had sent a letter
containing a check for ;^5o, in memory of her son, G. D. Bradford.
On motion a vote of thanks was extended to Mrs. Bradford.

Mr. Henry C. Bennett was proposed for membership by Mr. Beu-
tenmiiller.

Mr. R. L. Ditmars read a paper on a collecting tour in the Nauga-
tuck Valley, Conn., and noted the discovery of a dipterous larva in the
throat of a snake.

Adjournment.

Meeting of February 19, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History, President
Zabriskie in the chair. Nine members present.

The Committee on Constitution and By-Laws reported progress.
Mr. Daecke, Chairman of Publication Committee, reported the follow-
ing regulations for the Journal : That a certain number of pages of
each issue be devoted to popular notes; that a sum not exceeding $50
be used for plates and illustrations for the year 1895 ; that all bills re-
lating to the publications of the Society shall be certified by the Chair-
man of the Publication Committee and Editor before being paid by the
Treasurer ; that all complete volumes of Vol. I. shall be sold only as
volumes and not by single numbers; that abstracts of the proceedings
of the Society be published in the Journal.

On motion the foregoing regulations were accepted.

Mr. H. C. Bennett was elected an active member.

Mr. Ditmars proposed James Burchell for membership.

The death of Dr. R. H. Lamborn and B. Neumoegen were an-
nounced.

On motion Messrs. Beutenmiiller and Palm were appointed to
draft resolutions of regret and convey them to the families of the de-
ceased.

On motion the Publication Committee was placed in charge of the
programmes of the Society.

The President appointed Messrs. Beutenmiiller and Groth to serve
as representatives of the Society in the Scientific Alliance for 1895.

Adjournment.

Meeting of March 5, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of National History, President
Zabriskie in the chair. Eighteen members present.

A communication from the Scientific Alliance, asking for power to
incorporate the Council of the Alliance, was read. On motion the

June, 1895.] Proceedings of the Society. 95

Society approved of the measure outlined in the proposed act of in-
corporation as presented by the Council of the Scientific Alliance of
New York.

Mr. J. Burchell was elected an active member.

On motion it was decided that a new Committee on By-Laws,
consisting of five, be appointed. Messrs. Groth, Palm, Beutenmiiller,
Munch and Dilmars were appointed on this committee.

The President appointed Messrs. Daecke, Rabe, Joutel and Beu-
tenmiiller as members of the Publication Committee.

Mr. Daecke read a paper entitled " Remarks on the Expediency
of Cooperation of the Members of the Society." After discussion.

Adjournment.

Meeting of March 19, 1895.

Held at the American Museum National History, Vice-President
Palm in the chair. Twelve members present.

The following resolutions on the death of Mr. Neumoegen were
read and approved.

"Whereas, The New York Entomological Society has heard
with regret of the death of Mr. Berthold Neumoegen, which occurred
January 2, 1895.

It is hereby :

Resolved, That in the death of Mr. Berthold Neumoegen this So-
ciety has lost one of its most prominent and energetic members, and
whose loss will be deeply felt by all who knew him, and that in his
death the world of science has lost one of its most eminent students
and collectors of Lepidoptera, whose untiring zeal for the advancement
of science has been recognized by his long list of papers which ap-
peared in the various entomological publications of this country, and
by the magnificent collection of Butterflies and Moths which has been
garnered by him through conscientious efforts and carefulness."

Resolved, That a copy of this record be sent to the family of the
deceased with our sincere condolence in their bereavement.

Chas. Palm,
Wm. Beutenmuller,

Committee.

On motion it was decided that an auction sale of insects for the
benefit of the Journal be held.

Mr. Beutenmiiller read a paper entitled, " Notes on a Collecting
Trip to Salt Lake, Utah," by the late Harry Edward.

Adjournment.

96 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

Meeting of April 2, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History, President
Zabriskie in the chair. Eleven members present.

Mr. Dyar spoke on the arrangement of tubercles and sette of Lepi-
dopterous larvre and their value in classification, in which he explained
with the aid of diagrams how by means of modification of the number
and shapes it was possible to classify Lepidoptera.

Mr. Beutenmliller spoke on the rearing of Lepidoptera.

Adjournment.

Meeting of April 16, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History, President
Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.

On motion it was decided that $25 from the funds of the Society
be appropriated toward the expenses of the Journal for 1895.

Mr. Beutenmliller spoke on collecting insects at night. Discussed
by Messrs. Dyar, Palm and Daecke.

Adjournment.

Meeting of May 7, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of National History, President
Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.

The Treasurer's report was read and accepted.

Mr. Munch reported on a field meeting held at Snake Hill, N. J.

Mr. Ditmars read a paper entitled "Mites parasitic on Snakes."
He stated that he had found a species of Ixodes on Boa constrictor and
that a species of Ixodes, one inch in length, is found on the large tropi-
cal snakes and turtles ; also that a mite belonging to the family Gama-
sidre is found on snakes as well as Coleoptera.

The President exhibited some beetles infested by mites.

Adjournment.

JOURNAL

OF THE

J}r\a 39opfe Qntomologiral Horiptg.

Vol. III. SEPTEMBER, 1895. No. 3.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF TACHINID^E.

By D. W. CofjuiLLETT, Washington, D. C.

The genera referred to in the present paper may be distinguished as
follows :

First vein bristly; sides efface bearing a row of macrochsetffi.

Apical cell open ... Chaetoplagia, gen. nov.

Apical cell closed and long petiolate Metachaeta, gen. nov.

First vein bare.

Sides of face bearing macrochiet;^ or bristly hairs i.

Sides of face bare 6.

1. Antennae scarcely half as long as the face.

Cheeks almost as broad as the eye-height , . . . Phyto Desv.

Cheeks half as broad as the eye-height Amobia Desv.

Antennas at least three-fourths as long as the face.

Eyes distinctly pilose 2.

Eyes bare or microscopically sparsely pilose 3.

2. Posterior end of hind crossvein nearer the wing margin than to the small cross-

vein ; Qgediopsis B. B.

Posterior end of hind crossvein twice as far from the wing margin as from the
small crossvein Cyrtophleba Rond.

3. Sides of face bearing a row of macrochsetce 4.

Sides of face destitute of macrochsetce, bearing only bristly hairs 5.

4. Lower end of hind crossvein almost opposite the small crossvein.

Paraplagia B. B.

Lower end of hind crossvein midway between the small crossvein and the wing

margin Opsidia, gen. nov.

5. Last section of fifth vein nearly as long as the penultimate section.

Metaplagia, gen. nov.
Last section less than half as long as the penultimate section.

{^Gymnoprosopa Town.) Araba Desv.

6. Eyes distinctly pilose Nemoraea Desv.

Eyes bare or microscopically sparsely pilose 7.

7. Facial ridges bristly at least on their lower two-thirds .... Degeeria Meig.
Facial ridges never bristly on more than the lower third 8

98 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iir.

8. Cheeks nearly as broad as the eye-height Paraphyto, gen. nov.

Cheeks less than half as broad as the eye-height ... 9.

9. Apical cell ending close to the extreme wing-tip Myiobia DesT.

Apical cell ending far in front of the wing-tip 10.

10. Hind tibiae outwardly rather densely ciliate with short bristles of nearly an equal

length Argyrophylax B. B.

Hind tibice uneiiually bristly, not ciliate Gymnoprosopa Town.

Chfetoplagia, gen. nov.

First, third and fifth veins bristly ; hind crossvein slightly beyond the middle
between the small and the bend, the latter rectangular and appendiculate; posterior
end of hind crossvein midway between the small and the tip of the fifth vein;
apical cell open, ending midway between the second vein and extreme tip of wing.
Frontal bristles in a single row, descending on sides of face nearly to the cheeks ;
anterior ocellar bristles directed obliquely forward ; antenna as long as the face,
the third joint five times as long as the second; arista bare, the penultimate joint not
longer than broad ; face in profile slightly convex, each side at narrowest point
about one-eighth as wide as the median depression, sparsely covered with bristly
hairs; ridges straight, widely diverging below; vibrissa widely separated, inserted
on the oral margin, only two or three bristles above each ; cheeks one-sixth as wide
as the eye-height ; eyes bare ; proboscis fleshy, the portion beyond the basal articula-
tion shorter than height of head ; labella large ; palpi well-developed, subclavate.
Abdomen subcylindrical of four segments. Hind tibia; not ciliate. Type, the fol-
lowing species :

Chaetoplagia atripennis, sp. nov.

9 — Black, the second antennal joint and palpi brownish yellow. Front at
vertex twice as wide as either eye, sides of front and face silvery pollinose ; frontal
bristles curving more or less backward, those below the arista directed downward ;
arista thickened on the basal two-thirds. Thorax lightly grayish pollinose, the front
end marked with four black vittre ; three postsutural and three sternoplural macro-
chsetse, the scutellum bearing a long marginal and shorter basal and apical pair.
Abdomen shining, bases of the last three segments whitish pollinose ; first segment
destitute of dorsal macrochceife, the second bearing a marginal pair, third with a
marginal row, the fourth with a discal and a marginal row. Wings blackish, hind
margin gray, middle of the submarginal, apical and discal cells, grayish, a subhya-
line streak above the third vein near its base ; first vein bristly nearly its entire
length, the third bristly to beyond apex of discal cell, fifth vein bristly to last fourth
of this cell; calypteres white. Length 7 mm.

WestVille, N. J., July 2, 1S92 (C. W. Johnson); and Dist. Co-
lumbia, July, 1894, captured by the writer. Two specimens.

Metachaeta, gen. nov.

First and third veins bristly, the others bare; apical cell closed and petiolate, the
petiole more than half as long as the hind crossvein, the latter perpendicular, midway
.between the small cross vein and the bend which is rectangular; posterior end of hind

Sept. 1895.] COQUILLETT. NeW TACHINIDiE. 99

crossvein nearly midway between the wing-margin and the small crossvein ; third
vein terminates midway between the second and the wing-tip. Antennae nearly as
long as the face, the third joint nearly three times as long as the second ; arista bare
the penultimate joint slightly longer than broad ; anterior ocellar bristles directed
forward, frontal bristles in a single row descending to the lower end of the eyes; sides
of face otherwise bare, each at narrowest point hardly one-sixth as wide as the me-
■dian depression ; face strongly retreating below, in profile concave, ridges strongly
diverging below, vibrissa; inserted on the oral margin, widely separated, only one or
two bristles above each ; eyes bare ; cheeks nearly half as broad as the eye-height ;
proboscis fleshy, the portion beyond the basal articulation scarcely half as long as
height of head, labella large ; palpi rather small, clavate. Abdomen long-ovate, of
four segments. Hind tibiae not ciliate. Type, the following species :

Metach£eta atra, sp. nov.

9 — Black, the palpi and tip of proboscis yellow. Front at vertex one and
one-half times as wide as either eye, three frontal bristles in each row curving back-
ward, two pairs of orbital bristles; arista thickened on slightly more than the basal
half. Body wholly shining, not pollinose ; three postsutural and two sternoplural
macrochsetre, scutellum bearing three rather long marginal pairs and two short discal
pairs ; second and third abdominal segments each with a discal and a marginal pair
of macrochffitce, the fourth with a discal pair and scattered ones on the apical third.
Wings blackish along the costa and crossveins, elsewhere gray; first vein bristly on
nearly its entire length, the third bristly to slightly beyond the small crossvein ;
calypteres white. Front tarsi considerably dilated, claws and pulvilli less than half
as long as the last tarsal joint. Length 4 to 5 mm.

Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson); and Northern Illinois
(Dr. W. A. Nason). Seven specimens.

Phyto setosa, sp. nov.

9 — Black, including the palpi, face largely reddish brown. Front at vertex as
vide as either eye, only one frontal bristle in each row curving backward, two pairs
of orbital bristles, frontals descending to base of second antennal joint ; antenna; less
than half as long as the face, the second and third joints subequal in length, arista
thickened on its basal fourth; sides of face bearing a row of macrochsetce, each side at
narrowest part over one-third as wide as the median depression, the latter distinctly
carinate ; vibrissce inserted the length of the second antennal joint above the oral
margin, ridges bare; cheeks nearly as broad as the eye-height; proboscis short,
fleshy, palpi clavate. Thorax grayish pollinose, marked with four black vittK ; three
postsutural and three sternoplural macrochaetae, scutellum beai'ing three long marginal
pairs. Abdomen grayish pollinose ; first segment with a marginal pair of macro-
chsetse, second with a discal and a marginal pair, third and fourth each with a discal
pair and a marginal row. Wings subhyaline, third vein bristly nearly halfway to
the small crossvein, the others bare ; costal spine longer than the small crossvein,
apical cell closed in the margin at two-thirds the distance from the second vein to the
wing-tip ; calypteres white. Length 6 mm.

Northern Illinois (Dr. W. A. Nason). A single specimen.

100 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

Amobia Desv. (1830). — Both Schiner (Fauna Aust. I, 502) and
Braiier and Bergenstamm (Zweifl. Kais. Museums Wien, VI, 226)
state that this genus is equivalent to Macronychia Rond. (1859), the first
mentioned author alleging that the same species served as the type of
both. Amobia, being much the older term, must be retained for this
genus. Brauer and Bergenstamm incorrectly spell it Ammohia, a term
previously employed in the Hymenoptera by Billberg (Enumeratio In-
sectorum, 105, 1820).

Amobia californica, sp. nov,

^ — Black, the palpi yellow, lower part of face tinged with reddish yellow.
Front at vertex as Ijroad as either eye, frontal bristles descending slightly below base
of antennK, the uppermost in each row curving backward, the next outward ; others
inward, two pairs of orbital bristles; antennae half as long as the face, the third joint
not longer than the second ; arista thickened to the middle, the penultimate joint
slightly longer than broad ; sides of face covered with short bristly hairs, each side
nearly half as wide as the median depression ; vibrissa inserted half the length of
the second antennal joint above the oral margin, two or three bristles above each ;.
cheeks over one-third as broad as the eye-height ; proboscis rigid, the portion be-
yond the basal articulation nearly as long as height of head, labella very small,
palpi clavate. Thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittae ; three postsu-
tural and three sternoplural macrochaetie, scutellum bearing two long marginal pairs
and a short apical one. Abdomen subshining, thinly gray pollinose, lirst and second
segments each with a marginal pair of macrochretx, third with a marginal row, the
fourth with a subapical row. Wings subhyaline, third vein bearing three or four
bristles at the base, the others bare, costal spine minute ; calypteres white. Length
9 to 1 1 mm.

Los Angeles Co., Cal. Two specimens in April.

Gjediopsis flavipes, sp. nov.

(J — Black, the first two antennal joints, face, palpi, apex of scutellum, femora
and tibife, yellow. Front at vertex slightly wider than, either eye, frontal bristles
descending to base of third antennal joint, three in each row curving backward; two
pairs of orbital bristles ; sides of front and face golden pollinose ; antennse six-
sevenths as long as the face, third joint nearly three times as long as the second;
arista thickened on the basal two-thirds, the penultimate joint nearly three times
as long as broad ; sides of face bearing a few short bristles, and below the mid-
dle with two short macrochaetaa ; ridges bristly on the lower three-fifths ; cheeks one-
third as broad as the eye-height ; eyes rather sparsely short but distinctly pilose ; pro-
boscis fleshy, the portion beyond the basal articulation scarcely half as long as height
of head, palpi clavate. Thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittas ; four
postsutural and four sternoplural macrochastte, the scutellum bearing three long mar-
ginal pairs and a short apical one. Abdomen gray pollinose, second segment with
a marginal pair of macrochsetce, third with a marginal row, the fourth with a discal
and a marginal row. Hind tibite rather evenly ciliate outwardly. Wings hyaline,.

Sept. 1895] COQUILLETT. NeW TaCHINID^. 101

tinged with gray at the base and along the costa, third vein bearing two or three
bristles at the base, the others bare, costal spine minute, bend of fourth vein not ap-
pendiculate. Length 7.5 mm.

Mobile, Alabama (C. VV. Johnson). A single specimen taken
October 22, 1894, in Mr. Johnson's collection.

Cyrtophleba horrida, sp. nov.

9 — Black, the palpi yellow, the first two joints of antennit yellowish brown.
Front at vertex as broad as either eye, frontal bristles descending nearly to tip of
second antennal joint, four or five in each row curving backward; two pairs of
orbital bristles, a shorter one between them and a row of six macrochcetK in front of
^hem, extending on the face nearly to lower end of eyes, a few bristly hairs among
them; antennae about three-fourths as long as the face, the third joint one and
one-third times as long as the second ; arista thickened to the middle, the penul-
timate joint slightly longer than broad ; cheeks one-fourth as wide as the eye-height ;
vibrissEe inserted on the oral margin, two or three bristles above each ; proboscis
very short and fleshy, palpi clavale ; eyes rather thinly but quite long pilose.
Thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittce ; three postsutural and three
sternopleural macrochretre, scutellum bearing four marginal pairs, a widely separated
backwardly directed discal pair and with two pairs of erect ones between them.
Abdomen with a brassy tinge, thinly grayish pollinose ; second segment bearing a
discal and a marginal pair of macrochaeta;, third with a discal pair and marginal
row, fourth with a discal pair, a median and a marginal row. Wings hyaline, tinged
with gray at base and along the costa; third vein bristly almost to the small cross-
vein, the others bare ; hind crossvein nearly midway between the small and the
bend, the latter with a long appendage; posterior end of hind crossvein less than
one-third of distance from the small to the wing-margin ; calypteres white. Front
pulvilli two-thirds as long as the last tarsal joint.

$ — Differs from the f as follows : Antennae four-fifths as long as the face,
fourth abdominal segment destitute of the discal pair of macrochieta, front pulvilli
longer than the last tarsal joint. Length 7,5 mm.

New Bedford, Mass. (Dr. G. de N. Hough); Ithaca, N. Y., April
25, (F. H. Chittenden); and Northern Illinois, June 2, 1894 (Dr.
W. A. Nason). Two males and two females.

Paraplagia cinerea, sp. nov.

9 — Difters from above description of Cyrtophleba horrida as follows : Front
nearly twice as wide as either eye, frontal bristles descending to lowest fourth of
third antennal joint, sides of face otherwise bare, no row of macrochcetoe in front of
orbital bristles ; antennas four-fifths as long as the face ; arista thickened on the
basal three-fourths, the penultimate joint twice as long as wide ; eyes bare. Scutel-
lum bearing only three pairs of marginal macrochaetas. Abdomen destitute of a
brassy tinge, fourth segment with an irregular discal and marginal row of macro-
chsetce. Third vein bristly to beyond the discal cell, posterior end of hind crossvein
nearly opposite the small.

102 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

^ — Same as the f except that the front pulvilli are as long as the last tarsal
joint. Hypopygium projecting one-third the length of the fourth abdominal segment
beyond the latter. Length 6 to 8 mm.

Northern Illinois (Dr. W. A. Nason), and Dist. Columbia in July,
taken by the writer. One male and two females.

Opsidia, gen. nov.

Head swollen, frontal bristles continuous from the occiput, in single rows,
descending to base of second antenna! joint, two backwardly curving macrochaetK on
vertex outside of each row, the anterior ones slightly in advance of the anterior
ocellus ; anterior ocellar bristles curving obliquely forward, sides of front and of face
covered with short bristly hairs, the latter also bearing a row of short macrochcetje
outside of the ridges which are almost parallel; face in profile straight, greatly
retreating below, the sides at narrowest part each as wide as the median depression ;
vibrissse inserted almost on the oral margin, two or three short bristles above each ;
antennae six-sevenths as long as the face, the third joint five times as long as the second;
arista bare, the penultimate joint not longer than broad; eyes bare; cheeks one-
fourth as wide as the eye-height ; proboscis rather slender, the portion beyond the
basal articulation less than half as long as height of head ; palpi well-developed,
clavate. Third vein bearing four bristles at the base, the others bare ; hind cross-
vein near last third of distance between the small and the bend, the latter with a
long appendage ; posterior end of hind crossvein nearly midway between the small
and tip of fifth ; apical cell open, ending midway between the second vein and the
extreme tip of wing. Type, the following species :

Opsidia gonioides, sp. nov.

9 — Black, the first two antennal joints largely, and the palpi, yellow. Front
at vertex twice as wide as either eye, two pairs of orbital bristles, arista thickened
on the basal five-sixths. Thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittK ; three
postsutural and two sternopleural macrochcet?e, scutellum bearing three long margi-
nal pairs. Abdomen gray pollinose, second segment with a marginal pair, the third
and fourth each with a marginal row of short macrochcette. Wings hyaline, costal
spine minute, calypteres white. Front claws and pulvilli scarcely half as long as the
last tarsal joint. Length g mm.

Atlantic City, N. J., July 15, 1894 (C. W. Johnson). A single
specimen.

Metaplagia, gen. nov.

Frontal bristles in single rows, descending to base of the third antennal joint,
anterior ocellar bristles directed obliquely forward, face in profile slightly convex,
greatly retreating below, the sides covered with short bristly hairs, each side at nar-
rowest point nearly half as wide as the median depression, ridges widely diverging
below, vibrissse inserted close to the oral margin, three or four bristles above each ,
antennre five-sixths as long as the face, the third joint six times as long as the second ;
arista bare, the penultimate joint not longer than broad ; eyes bare ; cheeks nearly
one-third as broad as the eye-height ; proboscis somewhat fleshy, the portion beyond

Sept. 1895] COQUILLETT. NeW TACHINlD.li. 103

the basal articulation not half as long as height of head ; palpi well developed, cla-
vate. Third vein bristly nearly to the small crossvein, the others bare ; hind cross-
vein nearly midway between the small and the bend, the latter rectangular and bear-
ing a long appendage ; posterior end of hind crossvein almost opposite the small ;
apical cell open, ending nearly midway between the second vein and extreme tip of
wing. Type, the following species :

Metaplagia occidentalis, sp. nov.

^ — Black, the first two antennal joints and the palpi yellow. Front at vertex
nearly twice as wide as either eye, two pairs of orbital bristles, arista thickened to
the tip, which is pointed. Thorax gray poUinose, marked with four black vittae ;
three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochsetse, scutellum bearing three long
marginal pairs. Abdomen subshining, bases of last three segments whitish polli-
nose; second segment bearing a marginal pair of macrochii^tre, third with a marginal
row, the fourth with a submarginal and a marginal row. Wings hyaline, costal
spine minute, calypteres white. Front claws and pulvilli much longer than the last
tarsal joint, hind tibi;T2 not ciliate. Length 7 mm.

San Diego Co., Cal. A single specimen, captured by the writer.
Araba tergata, sp. nov.

^ — Black, including the palpi. Front wholly silvery pollinose, at vertex
slightly wider than either eye, frontal bristles descending to middle of second anten-
nal joint, near the middle the two rows are separated from each other fully eight
times as far as from the nearest eye, two pairs of orbital bristles ; sides of face sil-
very, bearing short bristly hairs, ridges bristly nearly their entire length ; antennae
nearly as long as the face, the third joint five times as long as the second ; arista
thickened almost to the tip, the penultimate joint not longer than wide ; cheeks
nearly one-fourth as broad as the eye-height ; proboscis short, fleshy, palpi clavate.
Thorax opaque, black in middle of front part to behind the suture, the remainder
light gray pollinose ; three postsutural and two sternopleural macrochc-ette, scutellum
bearing two long marginal pairs. Abdomen whitish pollinose on bases of last three
segments and hind angles of the first; second segment with a marginal pair of ma-
crochistoe, the third and fourth each with a marginal row. Wings hyaline, third
vein bearing three bristles at its base, the others bare, costal spine minute ; calypteres
white. Claws and pulvilli scarcely one- third as long as the last tarsal joint.

9 — Differs from the ^ as follows: Frontal vitta yellowish brown, sides of
front grayish pollinose, the two rows of frontal bristles near the middle separated
from each other from four times to less than twice as far as from the nearest eye.
Thorax yellowish gray pollinose, marked with four black vittre. Abdomen grayish
pollinose, first three segments each marked with a posterior row of three black
spots, sometimes more or less united, the fourth black on the apex. Length 4 to
6 mm.

Northern Illinois (August 2 and 16, 1894; Dr. W. A. Nason),
and Los Angeles Co., Cal., in July, captured by the writer. Two
males and two females.

104 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

Nemoraea labis, sp. nov.

5 — Black, the antennse, palpi and fourth abdominal segment except its ex-
treme base, yellow; front coxje, front and middle trochanters, and the tibia, yellow-
ish brown, front at vertex slightly narrower than either eye, frontal bristles descend-
ing nearly to tip of second antennal joint, two in each row curving backward, two
pairs of orbital bristles, sides of front nearly destitute of pollen, a large yellowish
spot followed by an opaque black one each side between the front and the golden
poUinose sides of face which are bare and on lower part are destitute of yellow
pollen ; antennae slightly over three-fourths as long as the face, the third joint as
long as the second, only slightly longer than wide ; arista thickened nearly to the
middle, the penultimate joint not longer than wide ; vibrissa inserted nearly half the
length of the second antennal joint above the oral margin, two or three bristles
above each ; cheeks two-thirds as broad as the eye-height, eyes thickly pilose ; pro-
boscis short, fleshy, palpi clavate. Thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black
vittae; three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochsetse, scutellum bearing three
long marginal pairs. Abdomen lightly gray pollinose and with reflecting blackish
spots; first two segments destitute of dorsal macrochsetae, third with a marginal row,
the fourth with scattered ones. Wings hyaline, tinged with gray basally and in
the costal cell, a brown cloud on the small crossvein ; costal spine minute, bend of
fourth vein bearing a long stump; calypteres smoky, bordered with white. Pulvilli
two-thirds as long as the last tarsal joint. Length 8.5 mm.

Washington. A single specimen from Prof. O. B. Jolmson.
Degeeria washingtonas, sp. nov.

J — Black, including the palpi. Front at vertex nearly twice as wide as either
eye, frontal bristles descending to middle of second antennal joint, four in each row
curving backward ; two pairs of orbital bristles ; sides of face bare except on upper
fourth, ridges bristly on lower three-fifths ; antennae over three-fourths as long as the
face ; the third joint three times as long as the second ; arista thickened to slightly
beyond the middle, the penultimate joint three times as long as broad; cheeks slightly
over half as broad as the eye-height ; proboscis short, fleshy, palpi subclavate. Tho-
rax lightly whitish pollinose, marked with four black vittse; three postsutural and
three sternopleural macrochastce, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs and a
short apical pair. Abdomen at bases of last three segments whitish pollinose ; first
segment bearing a marginal pair of macrochastK, second with a discal and a marginal
pair, third with a discal pair and marginal row, the fourth with scattered ones except
on the basal fifth. Wings subhyaline, strongly tinged with yellow at the base, along
the costa and as a border to the veins, including the hind crossvein ; third vein bear-
ing three bristles at the base, the others bare, costal spine longer than the small cross-
vein, apical cell open, ending the length of the small crossvein in front of the wing-
tip ; calypteres yellow. Front tarsi greatly dilated, claws and pulvilli half as long as
the last tarsal joint. Length 9 mm.

Mt. Washington, N. H. A single specimen from Mrs. A. T.
Slosson.

Sept. 1895.] COQUILLETT. New TaCHINID/E. 105

Paraphyto, gen. nov.

Frontal bristles descending to insertion of antenn:?e, anterior ocellar bristles di-
rected forward; antennae two-thirds as long as the face, the third joint one and one-
third times as long as the second ; arista short pubescent, the penultimate joint not
longer than broad ; face in profile strongly concave, sides bare, each at the narrowest
point almost half as wide as the median depression ; ridges strongly arcuate, diverg-
ing below ; vibrissas widely separated, inserted half the length of the second anten-
nal joint above the oral margin, a few short bristles above each ; cheeks tive-sixths as
broad as the eye-height, covered with bristly hairs ; head at insertion of the vibrissa
slightly longer than at base of antennae ; eyes bare ; proboscis rigid, rather slender,
the portion beyond the basal articulation nearly as long as height of head, labella
soft, of medium size ; palpi well developed, clavate. Abdomen oblong, as broad as
the thorax. Third vein bristly over half-way to the small crossvein, the others bare,
apical cell open, ending midway between the second vein and the extreme tip of
wing, bend of fourth vein almost rectangular, destitute of an appendage, hind cross-
vein at four-fifths of distance between the small and the bend, its posterior end nearer
to the wing-margin than to the small crossvein. Type, the following species :

Paraphyto chittendeni, sp. nov.

^ — Black, the second antennal joint and palpi yellow, abdomen, except a
vitta on the first three segments, brownish red. Front at vertex as wide as either
€ye, with the face silvery pollinose, no orbital bristles. Thorax gray poUinose,
marked with three black vittte ; three postsutural and two sternopleural macrochfetie,
scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs. Abdomen thinly gray pollinose ; first
two segments destitute of dorsal macrochcetre, the other two each with a marginal
row; hypopygium consisting of three segments. Femora unusually robust, more
than twice as thick as the tibia;, middle and hind tibire distinctly arcuated, the latter
not ciliate outwardly, under side of femora and inner side of middle and hind tibia;
toward their tips rather densely long black pilose ; pulvilli as long as the last tarsal
joint. Wings hyaline, tinged with yellow basally and along the costa. Length
II mm.

Ithaca, N. Y. A single specimen from Mr. F. H. Chittenden,
after whom I take pleasure in naming this interesting species.

Myiobia thecata, sp. nov.

$ — Front at vertex -almost half as wide as either eye, yellowish gray pol-
linose, the vitta brownish black ; frontal bristles descending to basal fourth of the
second antennal joint, four in each row directed backward ; no orbital bristles ;
antennas four-fifths as long as the face, yellow, apex of the third joint brown, this
joint almost twice as long as the second ; arista thickened on the basal fifth, short
hairy, some of the hairs slightly longer than its greatest diameter; sides of face bare,
a single bristle above each vibrissa ; cheeks one-tenth as broad as the eye-height ;
proboscis slender, rigid, yellow except at base, the portion beyond the basal articula-
tion three-fifths as long as height of head, its basal fourth enclosed in a large white
membraneous sheath ; labella rather large ; palpi yellow, slender, slightly longer

106 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi in.

than the antenna;. Thorax black, yellowish gray pollinose, marked with four black
vittse ; three postsutural and three sternopleural macrochset^, scutellum bearing two
long marginal pairs ; scutellum grayish black, purer black on the sides. Abdomen
light yellow, the apex reddish yellow, a dorsal vitta and base of fourth segment
black ; second segment with a marginal pair of macrochKtce, the third and fourth
each with a marginal row. Legs yellow, tibise tinged with brown, tarsi black ; pul-
villi one-third as long as the last tarsal joint. Wings hyaline, a bristle at base of
third vein, the others bare; costal spine minute, apical cell open, ending the length
of the small crossvein in front of the extreme wing-tip.

^ — Differs from the ^ as follows : Front nearly as wide as either eye, two
pairs of orbital bristles, third antennal joint one and one-third limes as long as the
second, abdomen reddish yellow, middle of first segment and narrow vitta on the
second, brown. Length 6 mm.

Bucks and Delaware Cos. , Pa. (Aug. 19, 1892, and June 25, 1893;
C. W. Johnson). One specimen of each sex,

Argyrophylax rostrata, sp. nov.

^ — Black, the palpi, first two joints of antennx, scutellum except at base,
apex and sides of abdomen except hind angles of the third segment, yellow. Front
at vertex nearly as wide as either eye, frontal bristles descending to tip of second an-
tennal joint, three in each row curving backward, a row of short macrochsetas be-
tween them and the eyes, extending to base of antennse, no orbital bristles, anterior
ocellar bristles well developed, sides of front grayish pollinose ; antennse slightly
over three-fourths as long as the face, third joint one and one-half times as long as
the second; arista thickened to the middle, the penultimate joint one-half longer than
broad ; face in profile slightly concave, the sides bare, white pollinose, ridges bristly
on the lowest fourth ; proboscis slender, rigid, the portion beyond the basal articula-
tion as long as height of head, labella horny, not thicker than the proboscis proper.
Thorax gray pollinose, marked with four black vittse ; four postsutural and four sterno-
pleural macrochjetK, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs and a short apical
one. First two segments of abdomen each bearing a marginal pair of macroch^tre,
third with a marginal row, the fourth with three rows. Hind tibise densely and
evenly ciliate outwardly, with a bristle less than twice as long near the middle ; pul-
villi longer than the last tarsal joint. Wings hyaline, tinged with gray at the base,
third vein bearing three' bristles at the base, the others bare, costal spine minute ;
calypteres white. Length 10 mm.

Mobile, Ala. (Oct. 22, 1894; C. W. Johnson). A single specimen
in Mr. Johnson's collection,

Qymnoprosopa fulvicornis, sp. nov.

$ —Black, the antennas and palpi yellowish. Front wholly grayish pollinose,
frontal bristles descending to middle of second antennal joint, near the middle the
two rows are four times as widely separated from each other as from the nearest
eye; antenna nearly as long as the face, third joint four times as long as the second ;
arista thickened on the basal two-thirds; sides of face and the ridges bare. Thorax

Sept. 1895.] Morse. New North American TettigiN/E. lOT

gray pollinose, the vitt;T2 indistinct ; three postsutural and two sternopleural macro-
chaetse, scutellum bearing three long marginal pairs. Abdomen gray pollinose, three
rows of spots, united on last segment, 2d and the venter, black ; first two segments
each with a marginal pair, the other two each witli a marginal row of macrochastee.
Last two joints of front tarsi unusually slender, the under side of the dilated two
preceding joints bearing a large cluster of long black hairs ; claws of front tarsi
scarcely one-third as long as the elongated last tarsal joint. Wings hyaline, costal
spine longer than the small crossvein, calypteres white.

9 — Differs from the $ as follows: Frontal vitta yellowish pollinose, sides of
face bearing short bristly hairs, front tarsi dilated, destitute of a cluster of hairs.
Length 7 mm.

Avalon, N. J. (June 29, 1894; C. W. Johnson), and Northern
Illinois (Dr. W. A. Nason). One specimen of each sex.

NEW NORTH AMERICAN TETTIGINyE.— II.

By Albert P. Morse, Wellesley, Mass.

Tettigidea armata, sp. nov.

Very similar to T. acuta Morse (JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Ill, 15), differing
in having a less projecting vertex, and a distinctly or strongly rugulose pronotum
with sharp carinse. The anterior margin of the pronotum is usually more produced,
with excavated sides, and terminates in a sharply pointed cusp. The median carina
is distinct, sharp, nearly horizontal, with sometimes a slight depression opposite the
tegmina. In the type the wings and pronotum pass the hind femora considerably
but a short-winged form occurs, described below as depressa,

I pair {in coitii), 4 9 9, Vigo Co., Ind., collected by Prof. W. S.
Blatchley. i 9, Dallas, Texas, Boll (M. C. Z.). i $ ,\ 9, "Tettig.
lateralis," no locality, in Scudder's collection; probably this species.

Antenna. Hind fem. Pronotum. Pron.>H. fern. \V'gs.t>Fron. Total.

$ 3-5

6.

11.5

1-7

•7

12.8

9 4.

9(Tex.)5.

7. -8.
8-5

13-8-16.3
16.5

2-5-3-5
2.8

1.1-1.7
1.2

15.4-17.7
18.

T. armata depressa, var. nov.

This is doubtless the short-winged form of ar?nata, differing only in having
the pronotum equalling or not reaching the tip of the hind femora and the wings
more or less abortive ; the dorsum of the pronotum is sinuate in profile, being more
or less depressed at tip and opposite shoulders.

I 9, Vigo Co., Ind., Blatchley. i $, Jacksonville, Fla., Ash-
mead; I 9, New Orleans, La., Coleman, received from Prof. Bruner.
I 9, St. John's River, Fla., J. A. Allen (M. C. Z.). i 9, Ft. Reed,
Fla., collected by Comstock, determined as " Tettig. lateralis" by

i.<H. fern.

Total.

1-5

8.5

0.-.5

"•5-1.

108 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. 111.

Scudder (Cornell Univ.). The $ from Florida was referred by Bruner
with some doubt to Batrachidea flavo-notata.

Antenna. Hind fern. Pronotum.

$ — 5-5 7-7

9 4. 7.-8. 1 1. -12.

Tettigidea spicata, sp. nov.

A small, slender, southern species, intermediate in structure of vertex between
apiculata and armata, but more nearly allied to the latter. The vertex is more
projecting than in armata, the body is narrower across the shoulders, the lateral
carinas of pronotum are but slightly developed, the median carina is less distinct, and
the disc is more finely rugulose.

I $ , Georgia (Henshaw) ; 299 Florida, Morrison (Bruner).

Antenna. Hind fem. Pronotum. Pron.^H. fern. Wgs.^Pron. Total.

$ l-Z 5-5 10.5 1.7 .7 11.6

9 4- 7.6 14.4 2.5 .7-1. 15. 6-16.2

Restoration of Harris' name to the New England species

of Tettigidea.

Continued study of the group of forms commonly referred to
under the names of Tettigidea lateralis and polymorpha convinces me
that it is composed of several distinct species, not, however, to be dis-
tinguished by the length of pronotum and wings as has so commonly
been done, but by characters presented in the form of the head and
pronotum aside from mere length of the latter. As has been noted
above, several species may be readily separated into a group having the
front margin of the pronotum produced into a sharp, pointed cusp; in
the remainder the margin is either rounded or obtuse-angulate.

To this latter group belong the forms described by Say as Acrydium
later ale (long-winged) from Georgia and East Florida; by Burmeister
as Tetrix polymorpha var. A and B (long- and short-winged) from
South Carolina, and by Harris as Tetrix parvipetmis (short-winged)
from Massachusetts.

The southern forms of this group, as well as those with cuspidate
pronotum, are dimorphic in wing-length.

Examination of nearly four hundred specimens from various parts
of the country, but especially from the central and southern States, and
comparison with a large series of New England examples reveals the
fact that the New England forms referred to in my previous papers as
lateralis and polymorpha or " the northern form of lateralis " are dis-
tinct from those found in the region from which Say and Burmeister's

Sept. isgs] Morse. New North American Tettigin/E. 109

specimens were procured, thus rendering necessary the restoration of
Harris' name to the New England species. As a designation for the
long-winged form is desirable, I here propose for it the name pennata,
and, believing the two forms to be one species, its full name becomes
T. parvipe7inis pennata.

In arriving at these conclusions I have been especially aided by an
excellent series of specimens collected in Indiana by Prof. W. S.
Blatchley, some of which were obtained directly from him through ex-
change or for examination, and others were kindly loaned by Dr. J. L.
Hancock, of Chicago. I wish to call attention to the importance, in
in some cases even the necessity, of series of specimens in order to
arrive at a definite knowledge of the group.

I have examined specimens of parvipennis from New England,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Indiana, Illinois,
Minnesota and Ottawa, Canada. In Vigo Co., Ind., it is about
equally common with another dimorphic species included under the
name of lateralis (and polymorpha) by Blatchley. This latter species
I have seen also from Maryland, West Virginia, southern Illinois, Ken-
tucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas. For
the present it may be called as heretofore though it is doubtful if it
is identical with the Florida form described by Say. Small series of
specimens before me from Florida, Georgia and North Carolina present
certain differences from it and between themselves which may be re-
garded as either varietal or specific, at present it is impossible to say
which is the more probable. As soon as time and material permit I in-
tend to supplement these descriptions by presenting drawings of these
various forms and of all the species of the genus obtainable, whose dis-
crimination in the absence of figures is attended with much difficulty.

The characters of parvipennis which distinguish it most readily
from the other species are the strongly projecting vertex, less promi-
nent eyes (see Morse, Notes N. E. Acrid. I, plate: Psyche, Oct.,
1894) and stouter antennae. The lateral carinas of the pronotum are
usually but slightly sinuate, the anterior portions being distinctly diver-
gent and passing rather smoothly into the humeral portions. The an-
tennae are slightly flattened, the joints of the middle third not over two
or two and-a-half times as long as broad. In the other species the an-
tennae are filiform, and the joints of the middle third are three to four
times as long as broad ; the vertex is less projecting, the eyes more
prominent, and in some the lateral carinae are parallel in the anterior
part of their course.

110 Journal New York Ent. Soc. lvoi. hi.

THE EVERSIBLE REPUGNATORIAL SCENT
GLANDS OF INSECTS.

PLATE V.

By a. S. Packard.

While these eversible glands are not found in marine or aquatic
Arthropods as Crustacea or Merostomata (Limulus), they are often
present in the air-breathing forms, especially insects. In the winged
insects they are of frequent occurrence, existing under great variety of
form, varying greatly in position, and appearing usually to be in
immediate relation with their active volant habits. Their presence is
in direct adaptation to the needs and habits of their possessors, and be-
ing repellant, warning, or defensive structures, the odors they secret
being often exceedingly nauseous, they appear to have been called into
existence in direct response to their biological environment. The fact
that these singular organs do not exist in marine or aquatic Crustacea
suggests that the air-breathing, aerial or volant insects by these eversible
glands, usually in the form of simple evaginable hypodermic pouches, are
enabled to protect themselves by emitting an infinitesimal amount of an
offensively odorous fluid or ether-like spray which charges the air
throughout an extent of territory which may be practically illimitable
to the senses of their enemies. The principle is the same as in the
mephitic sulphuretted oil ejected by the skunks, the slight quantity these
creatures give out readily mixing with and charging the atmosphere
within a radius of many miles of what we may call the center of
distribution.

As is now well known, the very delicate, attenuated highly volatile
odors exhaled are perceived by insects with extreme ease and rapidity,
the degree of sensitiveness to such scents being enormously greater than
in vertebrates, their organs of sense being developed in a corresponding
degree. Professors Fischer and Penzoldt, of Erlangen, have recently
established the fact that the sense of smell is by far the most delicate
of the senses. They find that the olfactory nerve is able to detect the
presence of ^,^60.000,000 of a grain of mercaptan.* The smallest particle of
matter that can be detected by the eye is sodium, when observed by
the spectroscope, and this particle is two hundred and fifty times

* Mercaptan is a mercury, belonging to a class of compounds analogous to
alcohol, having an offensive garlic odor. Methyl mercaptan is a highly offensive
and volatile liquid.

Sept 1895.] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. Ill

coarser than the particle of niercaptan which can be detected by the
nose.

In those Arachnida which are provided with poison glands, these
scent glands are absent, but in certain Acarina and Linguatulida^, which
have no poison glands, there are various oil glands, stigmatic glands,
as well as scent glands, and in seizing a Thelyphonus with the forceps I
have observed it to send out from each side of the body a jet of offensive
spray.

We find not infrequently in Mjriopods (Polydesmidte, Julidie, and
Glomeris) repugnatorial or the so-called cyanogenic glands, which are
either paired, opening on the sides of the body, or form a single row
along the median line of the under side of the body, Leidy describes
and figures the spherical glands of Jiiliis marginatus, of which there
are fifty pairs. These glands have been regarded as modified nephridia,
but are more probably coxal glands, and the homologues of the para-
podial glands of annelid worms.

True coxal glands occur in Scolopendrella immaciilata on the 3d to
nth and the last segment, on the inner side of the base of the legs.
Homologous glands also occur in the same position in Campodea sta-
phylinus (also in C. cookei 2Xidi C. mexicana) on the ist to 8th abdomi-
nal segments, and Oudemans has described a pair of eversible sacs on
each side of segments i to 7 of Machilis. These eversible sacs in the
Synapterous insects are evidently modified coxal glands, and are prob-
ably repugnatorial as well as respiratory in function.

The apparatus consists of an eversible gland, composed of hypo-
dermic cells, usually retracted by a slender muscle and with an efferent
passage, but the glands vary greatly in shape and structure in different
insects. In some cases these foitid glands appear not to be the homo-
logues of the coxal glands, but simply dermal glands.

These repugnatorial glands are of not infrequent occurrence in the
lower or more generalized winged insects, and in situation and ap-
pearance are evidently the homologues of the coxal glands of the
Symphyla and Synaptera.

In the ear-wigs (^Forficula and Chelidura) Meinert has detected a
pair of what he calls fcetid glands at the posterior margin of the dorsal
plates of the second and third abdominal segments.

Vosseler also describes the same glands as consisting of a
retort-shaped sac, in whose walls are numerous small epidermal cells
and large single glandular cells provided with an efferent passage,
the fluid being forced out by the pressure of the dermal muscles, one

112 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

acting specially to retract the gland. The creature can squirt to a dis-
tance of five and even ten centimeters (4 inches) a yellowish brown
liquid or emulsion with the odor of a mixture of carbolic acid and
creosote.

The large eversible dorsal glands of the Blattidae, since they contain
numerous hairs, which, when everted, are fan-like or like tufts, serve, as in
the spraying or scent apparatus, to disseminate the odor, might be classi-
fied with the alluring unicellular scent glands or duftapparat of other
insects, as they are by some authors ; but as the glands are large and
compound they may prove to be the homologues of the coxal glands
rather than of the dermal glands.

Evaginable organs in the Blattids were first observed by Gerst?ecker
in both sexes of Corydia ; they are yellowish white, covered with hairs,
and are thrust out from between the dorsal and ventral plates of the
first and second abdominal segments.

In the cockroach {P. orientalist Minchin detected two pouch-like
invaginations of the cuticle, lying close on each side of the middle line
of the body between the fifth and sixth tergites of the abdomen. They
are lined by a continuation of the cuticle, which forms, within the
pouches, numerous stiff, branched, finely pointed bristles, beneath which
are a number of glandular epithelial cells. In the male nymph of P.
decorata he also found beside these glandular pouches "an additional
gland, opening by a tubular duct under the intersegmental membrane
between the fifth and sixth terga above the glandular pouch of each
side, and extending forward into the body cavity. The gland and its
duct are proliferations of the hypodermis, and there is no invagination
of the cuticle." These eversible glands are most complicated in Phyl-
lodromia gennanica. While it is absent in the female, in the male it is
relatively of enormous size, extending over the sixth and seventh somites,
as well as projecting far into the body cavity (Minchin). Haase states
that these glands become everted by blood-pressure and give out the
well-known disagreeable smell of these insects. He states that in the
male of P. germanica the dorsal glands in the sixth and seventh ab-
dominal segments are without hairs and produce an oily secretion ;
they function as odoriferous organs in sexual union.

In the male of another Blattid {Aph/ebia bivitlata) of the Canary
Islands, Krauss has detected two yellowish dorsal sacs 1.5 mm. in
length, opening out on the seventh abdominal segment, and filled full of
long yellowish hairs, the ends directed towards the opening, where they
form a thick tuft. These eversible glands lined with hairs appear to be

Sept. 1895.] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. 113

closely similar to the long slender eversible hairy appendages or scent
organs of certain Arctian and Syntomid moths.

I have found the external median wart with lateral lids or flaps in be-
tween the fifth and sixth tergittsof Platyzosteria iui^ens Scudder, a large
wingless Blattid living under the leaf scars of the cocoanut tree in South-
ern Florida, but was unable to detect them in Polyzosteria or in Bla-
bera from Cuba, or in another genus from Cordova, Mexico.

In another group of Orthoptera, the Phasmidse, occur a pair of
dorsal prothoracic glands, each opening by a pore and present in both
sexes. In the walking-stick, Anisomorpha huprestoides, $ and 9 , these
openings are situated on each side of the prothorax at its upper anterior
extremity, situated at the bottom of a large deep pit. When seized it
discharged a "milky white fluid from the pores of the thorax, diff'using
a strong odor, in a great measure like that of the common Gnaphalium
or life everlasting" (Peale in Say's American Entomology, I, p. 84).
Boll states that the females when captured "spurt from the prothorax,
somewhat after the manner of bombardier beetles, a strong vapor, which
slightly burnt the skin ; when the females were seized by the males a
thick fluid oozed from the same spot." Scudder describes these
glands in another Phasmid (^Autolyca pallidicornis) as two straight,
flattened, ribbon-like bodies, with thick walls, broadly rounded at the
end, lying side by side and extending to the hinder end of the meso-
thorax. In Atiisomorpha biiprestoides the glands are of the same size
and shape (Scudder, Psyche, I, p. 137). In Diapheromera femorata
the repugnatorial foramina are very minute, and the apparatus within
consists of a pair of small obovate or subfusiform sacs, one on each side
of the prothorax, about i mm. in length, with a short and very slender
duct opening externally at the bottom of the pit (Scudder).

In the Mantidae these seem to be genuine coxal glands, as there is
a pair situated between the coxae of the first pair of legs. An evagi-
nable organ like a wart, with a glandular appearance, occurs on the hind
femora of the Acrididae in a furrow on the under side into which the
tibia fits, about one-fourth from the base (Psyche, III, p. 32).

In the male cricket, the anal odoriferous glands are small lobes
opening into a reservoir on each side of the rectum (Dufour). Homol-
ogous glands also occur in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, and may
prove to be coxal glands.

Most Hemiptera or bugs send out a foetid or nauseous odor due to
a fluid secreted by a single or double yellow or red pear-shaped gland,
situated in the middle of the mesothoracic segment, and opening be-

114 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

tween the hinder or third pair of coxje. In Belostoma Leidy describes
these glands as consisting of two rather long ccecal tubes situated in the
metathorax, beneath the other viscera, extending backwards into the
abdomen, and opening between the coxce of the third pair of legs.
Some bugs, however, emit an agreeable odor, that of Lysomastes resem-
bling that of a fine bergamot pear (Siebold), The fluid given out by
the European fire-bug {Pyrrhocoris apterus) has a sweetish smell, like
ether. In the nymph there are three pairs of dorsal glands, on abdom-
inal segments 2-5, which are atrophied in the mature insect. In the
bed-bug, the nymph has three odoriferous glands, each with paired
openings in the three basal abdominal segments respectively; and situated
on the median dorsal line, being arranged transversely at the edge of the
tergites, but after the last molt these are aborted, aud replaced by the
sternal metathoracic glands (Kiinckel).

Certain beetles are endowed with eversible repugnatorial glands.
Eleodes gigantea and E. deutipes of both se.xes are said by Gissler to
possess these glands. When teased " they stand on their anterior and
middle legs, holding the abdomen high up and spurting the contents of
the glands right and left." The glands (Plate V, Fig. i) are two red-
dish brown, somewhat bilobed sacs, and extend from the base of the
last up to the middle of the second abdominal segment, with an average
length of 6.5 mm. The liquid stains the human skin, has an acid re-
action, with a peculiar, " intensely penetrant odor, causing the eye to
lachrymate. It is soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Boiled with
concentrated sulphuric acid and alcohol an ethereal aromatic vapor is
produced, indicating the presence of one or more organic acids, though
neither formic or acetic acid could be detected. Williston has observed
the same habits in seven other species of Eleodes, all ejecting a pungent
vile-smelling liquid, one species (^E. longico Ills') ejecting a stream of
fluid from the anal gland, backwards sometimes to the distance of ten
centimeters or more, and he regards these beetles as "the veritable
skunks of their order." Leidy briefly describes the odoriferous glands
of Upls pennsylvanica.

Glands like those of Eleodes found in Blaps inortisaga are described
in detail by Gilson (Plate V, Fig. 2). They form two pouches or cuticu-
lar invaginations situated in the end of the abdomen on the sides of the
end of the intestine and unite on the median line underneath the genital
organs, forming a very short tube with a chitinous wall, continuous
with the cuticle of the last abdominal segment. Into each pouch open
a large number of fine slender lobules varying in shape, giving a vil-

Sept. 1895] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. 115

lous aspect to the surface. These lobules are composed of as many as
fifty unicellular glands, each of which is composed of four parts: (i) A
radiated vesicle, (2) a central sac, giving rise (3) to a fine excretory
tube, and (4) a sheath near the origin of the excretory tube. These are
all modifications of the cytoplasm of the cell with its reticulum ; the
nucleus with its chromosomes is also present, but situated on one side
of the central sac. The fine excretory tubules form a bundle passing
down into the mouth of each lobule.

Similar glands, though usually smaller, which have not been care-
fully examined, occur in Carabus (Fig. 3) and Cychn/s, which eject from
the vent a disagreeable fluid containing butyric acid (Pelouse . The
bombardier beetle Brachiniis, with its anal glands, ejects a jet of bluish
vapor accompanied with a considerable explosion, which colors the hu-
man skin rust red ; it is caustic, smells like nitrous acid and turns blue
paper red. Westwood states that individuals of a large South Ameri-
can Brachinus on being seized ' ' immediately began to play off their
artillery, burning and staining the flesh to such a degree that only a
few specimens could be captured with the native hand, leaving a mark
which remained for a considerable time." The fluid ejected by an-
other species in Tripoli, blackened the fingers of the collector. "It is
neither alcaline nor acid, and it is soluble in water and in alcohol "
(Kirby and Spence, IV, p. 149).

Species of other genera {Agoniitn, Pheropsophiis, Galerita, Hel-
Jiio, Fai/ssus, OzcBua) are also bombardiers, though less decidedly so
than Brachi?ius. A Paussid beetle (^Cerapter!is~) ejects explosively a
fluid containing free iodine (Loman), while Staphylini/s, Steiiits, Ocy-
pus olens, Lacofi, etc., have similar anal fcetid glands, the liquid beuig
more or less corrosive. The secretion of Mortnolyce phyllodes is so cor-
rosive that it is said to paralyze the fingers for twenty-four hours after
(Cuenot).

The two pairs of remarkably large soft eversible forked orange yel-
low glands of the European genus Malachiiis, are thrust out from the
side of the first and the third thoracic segments. They are everted by
blood-pressure, and retracted by muscles. The larva of Hydrophilus
piceus ejects by the anus a black fcetid fluid.

Glaus has shown that the larva of Lina popitli and other Chryso-
melid?e possess numerous minute eversible glands in each of the warts
on the upper surface of the body, each gland containing a whitish re-
pellant fluid smelling like the oil of bitter almonds and containing sali-
cylic acid derived from its food plant, which issues as pearl-like drops.

116 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

Candeze thinks the fluid may contain prussic acid. The fluid is se-
creted by a variable number of glandular cells, each provided with an
efferent duct. The larvae of sawflies, notably Cimbex americana, also
eject droplets of a clear fluid from their skin.

In this connection it may be mentioned that though there are no
special glands present, many beetles emit drops of blood from the fe-
moro-tibial joints of their legs as a means of defence. Such are the oil
beetles (^Meloe), Canthaj'is, Lytta. The cantharadine secreted by these
beetles, according to Beauregard, is an efficient means of defense
as birds, reptiles and carnivorous insects will not usually attack them.
This substance is formed in the blood and also in the genital organs, and
is so extremely caustic that scavenger insects which feed upon their dead
bodies will leave untouched the parts containing cantharadine, and if
May-beetles or Mole Crickets are washed with the blood of Meloe or
with cantharidate of potassa, it will for several days render them safe
from the attacks of the carabids which usually prey upon them. The
eggs even after deposition are strongly vesicant, and are thus free from
the attacks of egg-eating insects (Cuenot). The Coccinellidse are also
protected by a yellow mucilaginous disagreeable fluid oozing out of the
sides of the thorax; in our common two-spotted Lady-bird (C bipiinc-
tatd) the yellow fluid is disagreeable, smelling like opium.*

The Dytiscidas eject from the anus a colorless disagreeable fluid,
while these beetles, and especially the Gyrinid^e, when captured send
out a milky fluid which appears to issue from the joints of the body.
The Silphidae throw out both from the mouth and vent a fcetid liquid
with an ammonial odor. They possess but a single anal gland, the
reservoir opening on one side of the rectum (Dufour).

More agreeable secretions, but probably formed by similar glands,
is the odor of rose or hyacinth given out by Cicindelai, or the rose
fragrance exhaled by the European Aromia moschata.

Other malodorous insects have not yet been investigated ; such are
the very persistent odors of lace-winged flies (^Chrysopa).

The anal glands consist, accordmg to Meckel and also Dufour, of
two long simple flexuous cceca with reservoirs having two short excretory
ducts situated near the anus (Siebold).

Many caterpillars, as our subjoined list will show, are very well
protected by eversible repugnatorial glands situated either in the under
or upper side of the body. Since the time of DeGeer (1750) the fork-

* Lutz has found that the blood in Coccinellidre passes out through a minute
opening situated at the end of each femur. (Zool. Anzeiger, June 24, 1895.)

Sept. 1S95] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. 117

tailed larva of Cerura has been known to throw out a secretion, which
was described by Bonnet in 1755 ^^ a true acid, sharp, sour and biting.
This spraying apparatus in Cerura (^Harpyia) viuula has been well de-
scribed by Klemensiewicz (Plate V, Fig. 4), though Rengger in 181 7
noticed the general form of the secretory sac, and that it opens out in two
muscular evertible tubes, out of which the secretion is ejected.

The fork-tailed larva of Macritrocampa marthesia, which is much
like that of Centra, when teased sends out a jet of spray to the distance
of nearly an inch from each side of the neck. While examining the
very gaily colored and heavily spined caterpillars of Schizura concinna
I observed that when a fully grown one was roughly seized with the
forceps or fingers it sent out a shower of spray from each side of the pro-
thoracic segment, exactly like that of Cerura and Macrnrocampa.

In the European Cerura vinu/a the apparatus consists of a single
sac, which opens by a narrow transverse slit on the under side of the
neck, out of which is rapidly everted four lateral tubes, two on each
side (Plate V, Fig. 4/), which are withdrawn within the opening by the
contraction of several fine muscles. The apparatus in the American
C. multiscripta is as in the European C. vinula. In a living specimen
the large secretory sac was seen to be of the same size and shape as in
Macrnrocampa, and of the color of raw silk. The sac when disturbed
extends back to a little behind the middle pair of legs, and is nearly
two-thirds as wide as the body. The caterpillar sent out the fluid when
handled, but I could not make it spray.

In the larva of Macrurocampa marthesia the cervical or secretory
gland (Plate V, Fig. 5) is situated in the first and second thoracic seg-
ments, extending to the hinder edge of the latter and lying between the
nervous cord and the oesophagus and proventriculus, and when empty
the bulk of it lies a little to one side of the median line of the body. It
is partly held in place by small tracheae, one quite large branch being
sent to it from near the prothoracic spiracle. The short large duct
leading from it to the transverse opening in the membrane between the
head and prothoracic segment is a little narrower than this opening, and
is kept distended by t^enidia or a series of short spiral threads which
are pale, not honey-yellowish in color. This duct lies on one side of
the prothoracic ganglion resting just under the commissures passing up
to the brain ; it is also situated between the two salivary ducts.

The very distensible sac (Plate V, Fig. 5) is rendered elastic by
a curious arrangement of the cuticle, the ttenidia of the duct itself be-
ing represented by very thickly scattered irregular separate, sinuous

118 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

chitinous ridges which stand up from the cuticular hning of the wall of
the sac (Plate V, Fig. 6). The secretory cells of the walls of this sac
in Centra vimila are said by Klemensiewicz to be large hexagonal cells,
resembling those of silk glands, having like them large branched nuclei.

The fluid thrown out is said by Poulton to be formic acid ; it
causes violent effervescence when allowed to fall upon sodium-bicarbon-
ate, and colors blue litmus paper red.

In the caterpillar of Astyanax archippiis (^Limenitis disippus') a
dark bladder-like sac is everted, but the lateral tubes appear to be
wanting and no spray is sent out; it occurs in the larvae of many
Nymphalidce, and other butterflies and moths.

Scudder tells me that these glands are generally present in the
larvae of butterflies, including the present species, but as I observed it
repeatedly and with some care in this caterpillar I will record my ob-
servations. A larva which had hibernated was found May 1 1 at Provi-
dence on a leaf of the wild cherry ; its length was 1 2 mm, I could not
but be struck with the protective resembance of the creature when
curled up to a mass of birds' droppings.

While examining the caterpillar, my attention was called to a
whitish mass with a black outer edge, situated on the under side of the
prothoracic segment just behind the head, and in front of the first pair
of legs. On removing this mass with the needle I found under it a
large low conical eversible soft tubercle covered with short hairs. On
rupturing the gland with a needle a little fluid exuded from it. When
at rest the gland is retracted within a transverse oval opening. No
odor appears to be given out by the fluid, as tested by four persons.

The caterpillar when at rest was experimented on, with the follow-
ing result. On rudely touching it with the point of a needle, it turned
the head on one side and suddenly evaginated the gland to its fullest
extent, but no fluid could be seen. On teasing it still further the cater-
pillar would angrily turn its head over upon its back, so that the hirsute
gland would be directed upwards. It then, on being let alone, gradu-
ally, but rather rapidly retracted the gland, the thick, rather swollen
lips forming a narrow transversely oval opening, which would be easily
overlooked.

The gland is bladder-like and of simple bag-like shape, without
the pair of diverging siphon-like tubes seen in Centra and Pheosia,
and it is probable that the fluid is not ejected in a stream or spray, but
simply exudes from the gland, in which no opening could be detected.

The gland is of the same dark brown color as the skin of the cater-
pillar itself, and not light in tint as in Centra, Pheosia, etc.

Sept. 1895] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. 119

While describing the living larva of Perophora inelsheinicrii my
attention was called to some small singular sternal tubercles on the two
hinder thoracic segments ; but I did not, to my regret, then carefully
examine them. On farther examination of two alcoholic specimens,
however, I find that the tubercles guard the lips of an eversible gland.
They are most distinct on the third thoracic segment, where there are
to be readily found four dark prominent papillae, two on each side of
the median line of the body, directly behind the base of the legs. The
heads of the papillae are dark and finely granulated. The two tubercles
on each side touch each other ; they are probably modified piliferous
warts. These four papillae enclose a square area in the middle of which
are the lips, arranged transversely, of the mouth of an eversible gland.
These organs are also present on the second segment, and are of the
same degree of development. Whether there is the opening of a func-
tional sternal eversible gland on the first thoracic segment I am uncer-
tain, as I have been unable in my two alcoholic specimens (one of which
had died and shrivelled up) to detect any traces of lips. On this seg-
ment the base of the legs are close together, the basal joints being large
and closely contiguous. There are no tubercles developed like those on
the second and third segments, and in the material at my disposal I
have been unable to find an opening. It is not improbable, however,
that such a gland with lips once existed in the ancestors of this and of
Lacosoma, for in JVola, which is a member of a family probably much
later in appearance, there are two well developed sternal glands. Ir
several Notodontians one is well developed on the under side of the
first thoracic segment, while there are none behind. Probably in the
Perophorinae, owing to the modifications of the body, due perhaps to
their constructing a case and thus causing some change in the move-
ments of the first pair of legs, they are much nearer together than usual
in larvre not thus adapted to living in cases.

In Lacosoma homologous papillae are present in the corresponding
segments, but whether the external opening of the gland is present I
am unable as yet to state. On the third thoracic segment there are four
tubercles present in the same general position as in Perophora. The
anterior pair, however, are very small, and (antero-posteriorly) remote
from the hinder pair. The latter are much larger than the front pair
and in the form of small, rather slender papilliform tubercles, and
armed at the end with several crowded spine-like granulations. Be-
tween them is to be seen in my single alcoholic specimen a depression,
but I cannot detect any lips or any opening. On the second thoracic

120 TouRNAL New York Ent. Soc. / [voi. iir.

/
segment is only a single pair of papilla ; the anterior pair being obso-
lete, and I cannot detect any opening to a gland.

On the first thoracic segment, the legs are closely contiguous at
their broad expanded bases. Directly behind the legs and in the me-
dian line of the body is a minute area bearing two minute tubercles,
but no opening near them is visible.

It is possible, though careful observations on the living larvae are
needed, that the openings of the repugnatorial glands in Lacosoma are
closed from disuse, and that the glands themselves only exist in a rudi-
mentary state. It is interesting, however, to find these glands in this
family, and to find that they appear obsolete (at least the external open-
ings in Lacosoma), while the glands are functionally active in Pero-
pJiora, a genus so nearly allied. It will be interesting to ascertain
whether these glands are present in the true sackworms, or Psychidse.
We should hardly, however, expect to find them developed, since these
caterpillars are in closer quarters, the sacks being smaller and more
tubular, and there seems to be little need of active repugnatorial glands
in creatures otherwise so well protected from attack.*

The caterpillars of the swallow-tailed butterflies {Papilio, Doritis
and Thais), as is well known when irritated thrust out from a trans-
verse slit on the upper part of the prothoracic segment, a large orange-
yellow V-shaped fleshy tubular process (the osmeteriion), from which is
diffused a more or less melon-like but disagreeable, in some cases, an
insufferable, odor; the secretion is acid and reddens litmus paper. The
mechanism has been described and figured by Klemensiewicz.

When at rest or retracted the osmeterium lies in the upper part of the
body in the three thoracic segments, and are crossed obliquely by sev-
eral muscular bundles attached to the walls of the body, and by the
action of these muscles the evagination of the osmeterium is strongly
promoted. After eversion the tubes are slowly retracted by two slender
muscles inserted at the end of each fork or tube, and arising from the
sides of the third segment behind the head, crossing each other in the
median line (Plate V, Fig. 7, r. m.). The secretion is formed by an
oval mass of glandular cells at the base of the forks ; in the glandular
mass is a furrow-like depression about which the secretory cells are
grouped. The secretion collects in very fine drops on the side of each
furrow opposite the glandular cells.

According to C. D. Ash the larva of an Australian Notodontid

* After an examination of microscopic sections of two young larvce of Thyri-
dopteryx I am unable to detect them.

Sept. 1S95.] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. 121

{Danima banksii Lewin) protrudes from the under side of the prothor-
acic segment a y-shaped red organ like that of Papilio ; no fluid or odor
is given out.

The showy caterpillars of Orgyia and its allies have a conspicuous
coral-red tubercle on the back of the sixth and also the seventh abdom-
inal segment, which on irritation are elongated, the end of the tubercles
being eversible. When at rest the summit is crateriform, but on ever-
sion the end becomes rounded and conical. These osmeteria are everted
by blood pressure, and retracted by a muscle. Plate V, Fig. 9 repre-
sents a section of an osmeterium of Orgyia leucostigma when retracted
by the muscle (w); at the bottom of the crater are the secreting or gland-
ular cells {gc), being modified hypodermal cells. These doubtless serve
as terrifying organs to ichneumons and other insect enemies, and though
we have been unable to detect any odor emanating from the tubercles,
yet doubtless they give out a scent perceived by and disagreeable to
their insect assailants.

In the HemileucidK there are two pairs of lateral osmeteria, which,
however, are not highly colored (PI. V, Fig. 10). In Megalopyge {Lagoa)
there is a lateral row of singular pale permanently everted processes
which appear to be the homologues of the osmeteria of larvse of other
lepidopterous families.

In the caterpillars of certain blue butterfles (Lycjenidae) is an in-
ternal osmeterium, being a very minute sac which is everted from a
transverse slit on the top of the seventh abdominal segment. Its func-
tion is quite the opposite of those of the caterpillars of other families
since the sac exudes a sweet fluid very attractive to ants, which may be
diffused more widely by the delicate spinulose bristles crowning the
summit. W. H. Edwards states that in several species of Lyccena, be-
sides that on the seventh abdominal segment, there is on the eighth seg-
ment a pair of minute dorsal evaginable tubercles.

In certain of the butterflies, the He/icouida: {Colcenis, Heliconiiis,
Euides and Dione), there is thrust from the end of the abdomen a
pair of large irregular rounded evertible glands, which give out a dis-
agreeable odor, and are consequently repellant, and which seem to be
the homologues of the odoriferous glands of other butterflies.

The large soft rounded evertible glands, looking like puff-balls or
a rounded pudding (PL V, Fig. 12) are everted, when the butterflies are
roughly seized, from the dorsal side of the penultimate segment of the
abdomen. The males possess two smaller tubercles on the inside of the
anal claspers or lobes. Miiller also detected, in the females of vari-

122 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

ous species of the Heliconidae enumerated above, a pair of club-shaped
processes like the balancers of flies, which are thrust out on each side
of and under the odoriferous puff-balls of the hinder edge of the pen-
ultimate segment (PI. V, Fig. 13). The club or head is armed with
hairs or bristles, which in Heliconius are like the scales of a butterfly.

A pair of small ramose odoriferous glands are said by Siebold,
who regarded them as alluring glands, to occur in Argyn>ns, Melitcea
and Zygcena, to be situated near the orifice of the oviduct, and Scud-
der has detected them near the anus of the female pupa of Danais
archippus. The appearance of the odoriferous glands in the pupa of
Vanessa io is well shown by Jackson (PI. V, Fig. 14). They develop as
two tubular ingrowths of the hypodermis, perfectly distinct one from the
other, each having its own separate aperture to the exterior. In Fig. 14
the condition of parts is nearly as in the imago, the glands being situ-
ated below the rectum and opening of the oviduct. In both sexes of
another Brazilian butterfly (^Didonis biblis) on the median line of the
abdomen between the fourth and fifth segments are two roundish vesi-
cles covered with short gray hairs, which emit a disagreeable smell.

It is possible that the dark green fluid in Parnassius, secreted by
an evaginable gland and which is moulded into shape by the scimetar-
shaped peraplast (Scudder), is formed by the homologues of the anal
glands of other butterflies.

Distribution of repugnatorial or alluring scent Glands
in Insects.*

The names of the discoverers of tlie glands are enclosed in parenthesis.

A. Larval Insects.

a. Prothoracic sternal. Phryganea.

b. Prothoracic steriial, discharging a lateral jet of spray; with a
single large internal sack.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Super-family Tineina.
Hyponomeuta evonymella {Schaeffer).

* Embryonic or temporary glands, the " pleuropodia " of Wheeler, viz., the
modified first pair of abdominal legs, occur in CEcanthus, Gryllotalpa, Xipkidium,
Stenobothrjts, Mantis (occasionally a pair on the second abdominal segment, Graber)j
Blatta, Periplaneta, Cicada, Zaitha, Hydrophiliis, Acilius, A.elolo7itka, Meloe,
Sialis, Neophylax. (See Wheeler, Appendages of the First Abdominal Segment,
etc., 1890.)

Sept. 1895] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. 123

Family Noctuid^.
Bryophila (^Rogenhofer). Aporia crataegse (Goossens).

Cucullia formosa (Roi^enhojer.) Aplecta nebulosa {Goossens).
Cucullia scrophularia {Rogen- Leucania staminea {Goossens).

hofer'). Leucania hispanica (Goossens).

Habrostola (Rogenhofer). Leucania nonagrioides {Goos-

Cleophana linearias {Rogen- sens).

hofer). Plusia gamma (Schaefer).

Catocala, sp. {Poulton).

Family Notodontid/e.

Pheosia rimosa {Packard). Heterocampa pulverea (sends

Schizura concinna {Packard). out vapor from neck, Riley, in

Danima Banksii {Ash). (Aus- conversation).

tralia, Ent. Month. Mag., Sept. Cerura vinula Goedart {Schaef-

1892). fer).

Macrurocampa marthesia Cerura furcula {Poulton).

{Packard). Cerura boreal is {Packard).

Cerura multiscripta {Packard).

Superfamily RHOPALOCERA.

Family Nymphalid/e.

Limenitis disippus (Sci/dder). Melitcea artemis ( Walsingham).
Astyanax archippus {Scudder, Melitaea sp. {RogenJwfer).

Packard). Vanessa sp. {RogenJwfer).

Argynnis cybele {Scudder). Argynnis sp. {Goossens),

Vanessa io {Klemensiezvitz). " Larvee of many Satyrids."

{Goossens),

c. Prothoracic, dorsal; sending out a v-shaped odoriferous organ
(Osmeterium).

Family Papilionid/E — all the species, as a rule.

d. Thoracic sternal, evaginable glands.

Family Perophorid^.

Lacosoma chirodota {Packard).
Perophora melsheimerii {Packard).

124 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

Family Nolid/E.
Nola strigula {Goossens').
Nola ovilla (Packard).
Nola cucullatella {Chretien, Packard).

Order HYMENOPTERA.
Family Tenthredinid^.
Croesus septentrionalis {Poulton). Cimbex americana {Packard).
Croesus varus {Poulton).

e. Lateral abdominal partly eversible glands emitting neither nioist-
7ire nor odor, but flesh-colored.

Superfamily Tineina.
Phyllocnistis? {Chambers). Eight pairs.

Family Hemileucidte.
Hyperchiria io {Ditnniock, Packard). Two pairs, viz., on ist and

yth segment.
Hyperchiria ? sp. Mexico. {Packard).
Hemileuca yavapai {Packard).
liemileuca maia {Packard).
Pseudohazis eglanterina {Packard).

f. Lateral abdominal per7nanently everted glands, not known to
secrete a fluid, nor to be odoriferous.

Family Lagoid/E.

Lagoa crispata {^Packard).

g. Medio -dor sal partly eversible glands, emitting a spray of liquid
and an odor{?), and colored coral-red or orange-yellow {P. auriflua),
but usually in the European species yellowish.

Family LipariD/E.

Orgyia antiqua. Dasychira fascelina {Kle?nen-

Orgyia ericae {Packard). siewicz, Packard).

Orgyia gonostigma {Klemensie- Leucoma salicis {^Klemensie-

cuicz). tvicz).

Orgyia gulosa {Riley). Laria rossii {Packard).

Orgyia vetusta [Pi/ey). Psilura monacha {Poulton).

Parorgyia clintonii {Coquillett, Ocneria dispar {^Klemensiewicz,

Riley). Packard).

Sept. 1895.] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. 125

Parorgyia leucophsea {Riley). Liparis detrita {Kloncnsiewicz).
Parorgyia paralella {Packard). \^\par'\s a.\\r\i\\xa.{Kle>iie7isiezoicz,
Dasychira pudibunda {Foul- Packard.)

ion, Packard). Liparis rubea {Klemensieioicz).

All Liparidte except Deinas {Poultoji).

In the following Indian species they have been observed by Mr.
Poulton :

Lymantria concolor. Artaxa scintiilaris.

Choerotricha plana. Artaxa guttata.

Charmidas exclamationis. Dasychira dalbergiae.

Artaxa vitellina.

//. A single median abdominal dorsal gland emitting a fluid attrac-
tive to ants, on seventh segment; with a pair of minute index glands on
the eighth segment.

Family Lyc.^nid.^.

Lycsena damon {Pezold). Lyc^na icarus {Edwards).

Lyc£ena beetica {Guenee). Lyca^na scudderi {Saunders).

Lycasna pseudargiolus {Edwards).

i. Protrusile organs near the anus.
Myrmeleon larva {Hagen ? Dimmock).

B. Nymph of ametabolous Insects.

a. Paired dorsal glands on abdominal segments I, 2 and j.
Cimex lectularius {Ki'mckel).

b. The same on abdominal segment 5.
Lachnus strobi {Gissler).

C. Pupa of certain Bombyces.

At anterior end of certain puptu, internal glands to moisten
threads of the cocoon for exit of moth.

D. Adult Insects.

a. Occiirritig on the prothorax only; strongly repugnatorial, best
developed in $ .

Anisomorpha buprestoides Phasma putidum {Bates).

{Peak, Say, Boll, Scudder). Phyllium, sp. {Scudder).

Autolyca paliidicornis {Stal, Heteropteryx, sp. {Scudder).
Scudder).

126 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

Diapheromera femoratum

{Sciidde7-~).

Probably in all the species of the family (Sciidder).
Mantis Carolina {Packard ).

b. Occitrring on the pro- and mesothorax, and on the middle of
the abdomen orange-yellow fleshy tubercles or evaginations .
Malachius bipustulatus {Labonlbene, Klemensietvicz).
Anthocomus equestris Laboulblne.

Evaeus thoracicus {Labonlbene).

c. Segmental eversible glands homologties of the coxal glands of
other Arthropods, occurring on all or nearly all the abdominal seginetits.
Scolopendrella immaculata, coxal glands on third to eleventh and

last pair of legs {Laizcl, Haase).
Campodea staphylinus, a pair of coxal glands on first to eighth

abdominal segments.
Campodea cookei {Packard).
Campodea mexicana {Packard).
Machilis maritima, evertible coxal glands on segments 1-7 {Oi/de-

mans).

d. Occurring on the U7ider side of the abdomen.
d\ In the tivo first abdominal segments.

Corydia carunculigera $ and $ {Gerstaecker').

d\ Alluring organs situated on the dorsal side of the abdomen, in

the sixth, or sixth and seventh, abdominal segment.

Periplaneta americana $ {Min- Ectobia lapponica i {Minchin).
chin). Phyllodromia $ only {Minchin)

Periplaneta orientalis {Minchin Haase.

larva), {Haase, Packard). Aphlebia bivittata $ {Krauss).

Periplaneta decorata $ nymph Platyzosterea ingens, on seventh
{Minchin). segment {Packard).

Ectoblatta germanica $ {Min-
chin).

e. At the end of the body.

Colaenis Julia <i {F. Miiller). Heliconius apseudes(Ai^/^^//?r)•
/. A long ribbon-like pointed gland, everted during sexual excite-
nmit by the male, and situated under the sixth to ninth abdominal ter-
gites. Probably alluring glands.
Hadenoecus subterraneus {Garman, Packard).
Ceuthophilus maculatus {Packard). In this insect the two alluring
glands are rounded at rest.

Sept. 1895.] Packard. Scent Glands of Insects. 127

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. I. Anal eversible glands of Eleodes. (After Gissler.)

Fig. 2. Anal eversible glands oi Blaps. (After Gilson.)

Fig. 3. Anal glands (^agt) of Carabus hortensis ; rs, reservoir ; d, excretory duct ;

2, intestine; r, rectum. (After Kolbe.)
Fig. 4. Prothoracic spraying apparatus of Cerura vinula; gl, the gland ; d, its duct,

with tcenidia ; t, the spraying tubes ; vi, muscles; rm, retractor muscles.

(After Kliemensiewicz.)
Fig. 5. The thoracic glandular sac of Macrurocampa martkesia; gl, the glandular

sac ; d, its duct ; e, peritracheal epithelium ; t, the spiral threads or

taenidia.
Fig. 6. Irregular separate masses of chitinous ridges on the cuticular lining of the

wall of the sacs of Macrurocampa marthesia.
Fig. 7. Osmeterium {os) of the larva oi Papilio machaon at rest; rm, the retractor

muscles at the ends ; m, the numerous oblique muscles ; dm, dorsal

longitudinal muscles ; t, trachea; oe, oesophagus ; gang, brain ; I, head ;

2, 3, 4, thoracic segments.
Fig. 8. Osmeterium (os^ of one side, enlarged ; g, glandular portion at the base ; d,

depressions in the cuticula of the glandular portion; t, trachea. (This

and Fig. 7 after Kliemensiewicz. )
Fig. 9. Eversible dorsal glands {^ev. gl) of larva of Orgyia leucostigma in Stage II ;

gc, glandular cells at bottom of the crater-like depression ; m, retractor

muscle; /, poison gland-cells of the root of the seta (j); c, cuticula;

hyp, hypodermis; A, portion of the cuticle and hypodermis enlarged.
Fig. 10. Lateral eversible gland oi Hyper cJiiria io. Stage II; r?)i, retractor muscle;

oett, oenocytes.
Fig. II. The same as Fig. 10, but representing a section through one side of the

eversible gland.
Fig. 12. A, end of body of Colcenis jiilia ; ev, eversible anal gland ; oa, odoriferous

appendages ; B, the same in Heliconitis apseudes, side view ; C, odor-
iferous appendages of Colcsnis dido in fresh condition; D, tested with

alcohol and benzine.
Fig. 13. Odoriferous appendages of /i'lf/eV^wzW (?«<rr(Z/'^, head cleansed — (Figs. 12-

13 after F. Miiller.)
Fig. 14. Odoriferous glands {ogl) in the pupa of Vanessa ?'(?; r, rectum ; //, the

folds of hypodermis which forms the terminal papilla of the abdomen ;

oz/, oviduct. (After Jackson.)

128 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

SOME ACARIANS FROM A SPHAGNUM SWAMP.

By Nathan Banks.

Near the village of Roslyn, L. I., N. Y., there is, on a hill about
one hundred feet high, a deep swamp, locally known as "The Black
Swamp." Sphagnum grows abundantly in the swamp, and in some
places it is covered with water for a considerable portion of the year.
It was from the sphagnum which was covered with a few inches of
water that the following mites were taken. None of the forms exhibit
any peculiar structure fitting them for their semi-aquatic life. One of
the Oribatids has very long setfe, and another species, which I have also
found elsewhere, has slightly longer setas than when in drier situations.

GAMASID.-E.
Laelaps placidus, sp. nov.

Length .65 mm. Reddish yellow, legs and venter more yellowish
Body oval, narrower in front, broadly rounded behind ; dorsal shield smooth
undivided, covering entire dorsum, with a few very short and fine hairs, es-
pecially behind ; epistoma longer than broad, rounded at tip, with a faint median
spine and minute denticulations each side ; the mandibles moderate, the superior
branch bearing a sharp tooth or spine near its tip beneath and one or two short basal
hairs, the finger or movable branch much more slender than the superior branch.
The scuta which bears the peritreme on its lower margin gradually broadens in
front, the circular spot of peritreme opposite the space between third and fourth
coxse. The legs about equally stout, the first pair a little longer than the fourth, and
not quite as long as the body ; all provided with short stiff bristles, and terminate in
a prominent sucker, as well developed on the first pair as on the rest ; anterior coxae
separated by the bases of the mandible and palpi ; the latter one-half as large as the
legs and two-thirds as long as the body. Ventral shield divided at the third coxce ;
not covering the whole of the venter, .but leaving a quite broad, membraneous, white
portion on the sides and behind ; the shield smooth, bluntly pointed behind and there
containing a round, white dot; a narrow, interrupted, transverse shield at bases of
mandibles and palpi.

Several specimens in wet sphagnum, near Roslyn, N. Y. Like
some other species of the genus it resembles a Uropoda.

ORIBATID.E.
Oribata palustris, sp. nov.

Length .42 mm. Red-brown, legs yellowish, a white spot at base of abdomen.
Tectal plate very short, no superior bristles, anterior bristles short; setae moder
ate, clavate, not as long as depth of wings, which are much deeper than long at base.
Body short, high, broad, globose, wings prominent ; venter finely granulate, genital
opening about its length in front of the much larger and somewhat triangular anal

Sept. 1895] Banks. Acarians from a Sphagnum Swamp. 129

opening ; coxal plate with two transverse lines ; legs very short, anterior tibia barely
longer than the patella, posterior femora very broad and margined below, a curved
plate just behind the anterior coxce ; legs most hairy at tips. Differs from O. ar-
borea, to which it is allied, by the shape of the wings, in having no superior bristles,
the longer setce, small tectal plate, shorter legs, and broad, margined hind femora.

Many specimens from wet sphagnum, near Roslyn, N. Y.

Oribata emarginata Bks.

Several specimens of this species were shaken from the sphagnum;
the setje are a little longer than in typical specimens.

Oribatella setosa, sp. nov.

Length .48 mm. Red-brown, legs paler, a pale spot at base of abdomen. Body
longer than broad, only moderately high ; tectal plate short, the anterior corners
free and projecting spine-like, each with a bristle at tip; superior bristles extremely
long, erect and prominent, nearly as long as the anterior legs ; sette nearly two-thirds
as long as the superior bristles, weakly clavate. Abdomen smooth, broad, evenly
convex ; wings quite large, somewhat triangular, the tip broadly rounded, posterior
margin very oblique, anterior faintly concave, distinctly longer than deep, hyaline ;
venter finely granulate ; genital opening small, about its length in front of the larger
anal opening; coxae with the outlines distinct ; legs short, hairy as usual.

I place this species in Oribatella as the extreme tip of the tectal
plate is free and each corner prolonged into a spine ; but the tectal
plate is more united to the cephalothorax than in the other species of
the genus ; still in Oribata it is wholly united and the corners never ex-
tend into spines. It is readily recognized by its long bristles and setae.

Many specimens shaken from wet sphagnum; Roslyn, N. Y.

Carabodes granulatus, sp. nov.

Length .4 mm. Black. Cephalothorax granulate, broad, tapering to the trun-
cate front, where there are a few simple hairs, a plate-like elevated ridge each side,
a median pair of short clavate hairs ; setse a little longer than the hairs and capi-
tate. Abdomen roughly granulate, distinctly longer than broad, sides nearly paral-
lel, base truncate, tip broadly rounded, with four short capitate hairs on each pos'
terior side and four rows above, the submedian with four and the lateral with three
hairs ; venter granulate like dorsum ; genital opening about once and a-half its
length in front of the slightly larger anal opening ; coxae separate, legs short, femora
thickened.

Related to C. oblonga and to a new species by having the ventral
apertures widely separate, and with them should probably form a new
genus. It differs from C. oblonga in the shorter body, more coarsely
granulate abdomen, and in the clavate hairs. Two specimens shaken
from wet sphagnum; Roslyn, N. Y.

130 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

Nothrus simplex, sp. nov.

Length .9 mm. Pale yellow-brown Cephalotliorax quite flat, triangular,
concave in the middle sides, rounded in front, and with a pair of bristles ; superior
bristles quite long ; setK moderate, clavate. Abdomen much depressed, smooth
above, with irregular, suallow depressions, truncate at base, gradually growing
broader, broadly rounde'i behind ; two simple bristles on margin, one near middle,
and one towards the tip ; margin very acute. Venter finely granulate, showing a
narrow triangular area which encloses the connate ventral apertures ; the genital one
being a little broader than long and slightly narrower behind ; the anal one slightly
longer than the genital, nearly twice as long as broad, and much broader at base
than at tip ; legs short, the joints thick, with parallel sides, slightly roughened, and
with short simple bristles, the coxk separate.

Readily distinguished by its depressed and simple body, the
rounded tip and the few simple bristles. The young are of an obovate
form and have a corrugated epidermis; /. e., folded into curved ridges.
A {^w specimens shaken from wet sphagnum, Roslyn. N. Y.

LARVA OF DEMAS PROPINQUILINEA; ITS SYSTE-
MATIC POSITION.

By Harrison G. Dvar, Ph. D.

Prof. E. B. Poulton has shown that dorsal eversible glands are of
general occurrence throughout the larvK of the Lymantriidre (Trans.
Ent. Soc, London, 18S7, p. 300) on the tenth and eleventh joints, or
rarely only on the eleventh joint {^Dasychira pudibunda). Probably
these structures are characteristic of the family, but Prof. Poulton did
not find them in Demas. This genus has been considered to belong to
the Noctuidse, but English authors assume it to be a Lymantriid. Mr.
J. W. Tutt remarks in speaking of Prof. J. B. Smith's recent catalogue
of the Noctuidse (Entom. Record, etc., VI., 70), "The obsolete posi-
tion of Devias among the Noctuidse is retained." Now is this position
"obsolete"? The absence of the retractile tubercles certainly throws
doubt on the matter. Now I have shown a characteristic difference in
the arrangement of the thoracic tubercles between the Lymantriid ?e and
Noctuidffi (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 57) and Demas shows the
Noctuid structure. Therefore, on all essential larval characters Demas
is a Noctuid. It might, indeed, be an Arctian, as far as the larva goes,
but not a Lymantriid. As concerning the structure of the imago,
Demas seems to have greater affinity with the Noctuida^ than any

Sept. 1895,] Dyar. Larva of Demas Propinquilinea. 131

other family. In fact, it appears to me that the placing of Demas
among the Lymantriida; may properly be characterized as premature.

The larva of our one species (Z>. propinquilined) has been described
by Goodell and Thaxter. Mr. Goodell describes the usual form, but
his description of the red hair-tufts I cannot exactly reconcile and he
does not mention the anterior pair. Dr. Thaxter notes a variety in
which the tufts are black instead of red. I subjoin my own notes.
Two points of interest may be noted about this larva. ( i ) It greatly
resembles in general appearance Halisidota Iiarrisii, and like it is fond
of hiding during the day. (2) It possesses a curious coloration which
may serve to suggest to its insect enemies that is already occupied by a
parasite. This consists of a series of oblique black shades adjoining
the white spiracles; the elliptical white spiracle greatly resembles the
^gg of Tachina, while the dark shade represents the path of the emerged
parasite. The appearance is ver}- natural.

Larva. — Head white shining, covered with angular light red
blotches which obscure the ground color above apex of clypeus, except
in narrow irregular lines ; jaws black ; bases of antennae and labrum
pale ; width about 4 mm. Body grayish white with wrinkled irregular
transverse lines. Spiracles white, each surrounded and preceded by
an obbque black patch. Warts large, iv absent, on joints 3 and 4 two
warts above the stigmatal wart and one below it ; hair rather bristly,
not long nor obscuring the body, but quite abundant, white ; from tu-
bercle ii on joint 3 a light red pencil ; from the upper half of tubercle i
on joints 5 and 12 a red tuft, the component parts approximating and
forming a single dorsal tuft. No secondary hairs, but a itvf long ones
from the extremities. Warts white. A. faint dorsal and lateral dusky
stripe, not formed of pigment, but more transparent than the other parts
of the skin. Warts i and ii on joint 12 form a trapezoid.

Found on maple in a house of two leaves united by silk. Imago
in May.

Pupa shining dark brown with a large wrinkled cremaster and
three movable incisures. Of the usual Noctuid appearance (quite un-
like Orgyia) and passing the winter.

132 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

NOTE ON THE SMERINTHIN^.
By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.

Having recently enjoyed the opportunity of studying the three or
four common European species usually referred to Smerinthus, I find
they belong to distinct genera. C. ocellatus has a blunt spine at ex-
tremity of fore tibiae, and in cut of wing agrees Avell with Copisme-
rinthus ophthalmicus, as pointed out by me twenty years ago. I would
therefore refer C. ocellatus, C. cerisii and C. ophthalmicus to Copi-
smerinthus Grote, i8S6. I have formerly assumed that ocellatus was
the type of Latreille's genus, but incorrectly so ; since Latreille con-
siders populi the type. Thus Amorpha Hiibn. Tent., proposed for
populi alone, is a synonym of Smerinthus. To Eusmerinthus Grt.,
1886, belongs E. gemitiatus as type, which has the fore tibiae unarmed.
Eaonias Hiibn., 181 8, I have restricted originally to our F. excacatus,
and it is now generally used for this type. The genus as it stands in
the Verzeichniss is a mixed genus, but it seems to have been entirely
neglected by Europeon writers until I restricted its use to P. exccecatjis.
Our eyed Smerinthi remaining belong to Calasymbolus Grote, with
astylus as type. Butler's extension of my generic term cannot be fol-
lowed.

For tilice, the term Mimas, Hiibn. Verz. must be kept, since this
is the sole species and therefore type. To this genus the European
Polyptychus quercus is allied in the shape of the wings, There is a
sulcation on primaries opposite the cell and the secondaries have a
shallow excavation from vein 4 to anal angle. In Smerinthus populi,
Polyptychus qiiercus and Mimas tilicz, the fore tibiae are unarmed.
The differences in the structure of the frenulum is described by Mr.
Griffiths in Entom. Record for June, 1895. In America we have no
species strictly congeneric with either of these three ; the nearest ally to
Smerinthus populi is Triptogon modesta. Our N. Am. Cressonia jug-
landis is distinctly an American type of the group. The relationship
between Mimas and Polyptychus is further evidenced by the deflexion
of the antennae at tips, more prominent in M. tilice. I would arrange
these forms as follows ; I have not attempted a full synonymy.

Copismerinthus Grote, 1886.

Type : C. CERISII.

1. ocellatus Linn. Europe.

salicis HiJBN,

2. cerisii Kirby. Canada ; Northern New England.

3. ophthalmicus Boisd. Vancouver ; Northern California.

Sept. 1895.] Grote. On the Smerinthin/e. 133

Eusmerinthus Grote, 1S86.
Type : E. c.eminatus.

4. geminatus Say* Lower Canada to Middle States.

var. Jamaicensis Femald.
var. tripartitus Grt.

Calasymbolus Grote, 1874.
Type : C. astylus.

5. astylus Drury. Southern New England ; Middle States.

integerri?na Harris.

6. myops Ab. &= Sm. Canada to Southern States.

Paonias Hi'ibn., 1881.
Type: P. EXC.iiCATUS A. &^ S. (Grote restr.).

7. excaecatus Ai>. a^ Sm. Canada to Southern States.

Mimas Hubn., 1818.

Type : M. tiliae.

8. tiliee Linn. Europe.

Polyptychus Hubn., 1818.
Type : P. ouERCUS (Grote restr.).

9. quercus Schiff. Southern Europe.

Smerinthus Latr., i8o5 = Amorpha Hi'ibn., 1806.
Type: S. populi.

10. populi Linn. Europe.

TriptOgon Bremer.

11. modesta Harris. Canada; U. S. east of Rocky Mts.

var. occidentalis Hy. Edw.

Cressonia G. &= R. 1865.
Type: C. juglandis.

12. juglandis Ab. ^ Sm. Canada to Southern States; Mexico.

* \i jamaicensis Drury is our species with a wrong locality, the name has
priority, but from the uncertainty I do not propose it. I have not found any Smer-
itithus in any West Indian collection hitherto examined by me. I have not been
able to examine any of the Asiatic species.

134 Journal New York Ent Soc. [Voi. in.

ON THE CORRELATION OF HABIT IN NEMOSCER-
OUS AND BRACHYCEROUS DIPTERA BETWEEN
AQUATIC LARVvE AND BLOOD-SUCK-
ING ADULT FEMALES.

By C. H. Tyler Townsend.

It is a rather striking fact that in most of the dipterous families
whose adult females are of mammalian blood-sucking habit, the larvae
are commonly aquatic. Such larvte breathe in various ways, but often
by means of tracheal gills or vesicles. Especially is this correlation of
habit evident in the older families of diptera, the Nemocera and those
more nearly allied to them. It seems strange that such an apparent
connection in habits in these families should have escaped the notice of
previous observers, yet no one seems to have ever remarked upon it.

The following families possess such blood-sucking females. The
known blood-sucking genera are starred, while all the other genera
given possess mouth-parts capable of biting, though they are not so far
known to suck blood.

Simulid£e : Single genus Simtiliiim.'^

Culicidse : Megarrhina,'^' Cii /ex, ^- Anopheles,''^- Aides,

Corethra, Mochlonyx (European).
Chironomidae : Cerafopogen^ (some spp. ), Terres-
Orthorhapha j fhes,"^- Oecacta,'^ Chironoinus, Ta?iypi/s, Diamesa,
Nemocera. \ CJiasmatoiiotits, Hydrolncnus, Heteromyia, Coryno-

jieiira (Eu.). In fact all the known genera except

Cliinio (Eu.) have biting mouth parts.
Psychodidas : Phlebotonms'^ (Eu.), and perhaps some

other cenera.

Tabanidas:* All known genera, about forty in

number, are without exception blood-sucking in

Orthorhapha ) i uv • ..u r i
-n _ _,_ ^ _ habit m the female.

Leptidae: Syinphoromyia'^, Leptis, Atherix and

other genera.

Brachycera.

( Muscidae : Stomoxys'^-, Hceinatobia'^, Glossina'^
Cyclorhapha. j ^^j^^ ^^^^^g ^^ ^^ ^^^^j^^^^

I exclude the HiPPOBOscm.t and Nvcteribid/e, as being degradedly
parasitic in both sexes, and as not possessing a blood-sucking habit of

Sept. 1895.]

TowNSEND. Habits of Diptera.

135

comparatively recent acquirement in the female sex. They suck not
only mammalian blood (horses, sheep and bats), but also that of birds.
The larval habits of the genera above named, so far as known, are
as follows:

Simulium : Larvte live in water,

usually swift running water.
Megarrhina : In water.
Culex: In water.
Anopheles : In water.
Aedes : Unknown.
Corethra : In water.
Mochlonyx : In water.
Ceratopogon : Some species live

in water, others in foul vegetable

matter.
Terresthes : Unknown.
Oecacta : Unknown.
Chironomus : Some species in

water, others in earth and dung.
Tanypus : In water.
Diamesa : Unknown.
Chasmatonotus : Unknown.
Hydrobsenus: In slimy mud.

Heteromyia : Unknown.

Corynoneura : Unknown.

Phlebotomus: Probably aquatic,
as some Psychodid larvae live in
water.

Tabanidse : The larvae of Ta-
banus live in water or in moist
earth, and those of Chrysops
probably in slimy mud and
water. The larval habits of
other genera are not known, but
are doubtless the same.

Symphoromyia: Unknown.

Leptis : Moist earth.

Atherix : In water.

Stomoxys : In horse dung.

Hgematobia : In cow dung.

Glossina: Unknown.

The mode of larval respiration in the strictly acquatic forms, so far
as known, is as follows: Siinuliiim larvae breathe by means of a tracheal
network in the skin, also by tracheal vesicles at the anal extremity.

Chironomus, Tanypits, and the aquatic larvi-e of Ceratopogon have
a closed tracheal system, rudimentary and completely closed mChirono-
mus. In Corethra it is also rudimentary, and perhaps supplemented by
respiration through the skin.

Culex, Anopheles and Mochlonyx have a pair of longitudinal
tracheee, ending in anal spiracles, through which they inhale air. They
also, together with most Chironomidje are provided with various
branchial appendages.

Some Psychodid larvae possess branchi^ of various shapes. Further
notes of interest in this connection are the following : The European
genus Clunio Haliday is the only known Chironomid genus in which the
proboscis is rudimentary and almost entirely wanting.

136 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

The larvK of Blepharoceridse live in swift running water like those
of Simuliiim, or in still swifter water. The mouth parts of the adults
seem to be capable of biting.

Rhyphus, and some Bibionidre, have biting mouth parts.

Going now to the Brachycera, we find that Leptis and Atherix,
probably also other Leptid^, posses biting mouth parts capable of suck-
ing blood, but Symphoromyia is the only Leptid genus which has so far
been recorded to practice this habit. I have observed its blood-sucking
habit on San Francisco Mt., in Arizona.

Thereva has biting mouth parts much like a Tabanid. Its larvae
live in slimy mud or moist earth. Other Therevidce have similar mouth
parts, but no species are known to suck mammalian blood. The larvae
in general are said to live in fungi and decaying wood, and the adults
to prey on other insects.

In this connection it will be well also to mention the mouth parts
of the Asilidae, which are fitted for piercing and sucking, but which are
very different from those of the Tabanidte. They are specially fitted
for piercing the exoskeleton of insects, and differ strongly from the
mouth parts of genera which pierce the skin of mammals.

To sum up, we have the following genera which are known to have
aquatic larvae and blood-sucking adult females :* Shiulium, Megarrhina,
Cuiex, Anopheles, Ceratopogon, Phlebotomiis (probably), and many
Tabanidffi genera. This list will doubtless in time be increased, as we
have blood-sucking genera, of which the larval habits are unknown ;
and genera whose larvae are known to live in water, but whose adults,
while possessing mouth parts capable of biting, have never been ob-
served to suck blood.

On the whole the rule seems to hold good in the Nemocera, nearly
as good in the Brachycera, and not at all in the Cyclorhapha. The
Muscid genera seem to offer a marked contrast. In other words it is in
the oldest families that this correlation of habit obtains. These families
doubtless originally sucked the plants (Culicidae, Chironomidae Simu-
lidae, etc.), as has recently been suggested by Ficalbi, an Italian ob-
server. The explanation of these facts is left to the future student.
Why should this more or less complete correlation of habit exist in the
older families of diptera ?

* I am aware that males of Ciilex have been recorded as sucking blood. — C.
H. T. T.

Sept. i895i Beuttenmuller. Early Stages OF Ennomos Alniaria. 13t

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PREPARATORY STAGES
OF ENNOMOS ALNIARIA {Li>w.).

By Wm. Beutenmuller.

£gg. — Oblong, flattened above and below, shining, smooth, olive
brown with a large white spot on the side which is truncate and where
the young larva escapes ; at the other end it is slightly rounded ; sides
almost parallel. Length i mm.; width .5 mm. Laid October 6, 1892,
in chain-like rows, one egg against the other; emerged April 7, 1893.

Young Larva. — Length 3 mm. Head testaceous, body above dull
green ; below the spiracles and under side yellowish, translucent ; as
the larva grows older it is wholly pale green. Length 8 mm. Moulted
April 29th.

After first moult. — Entirely pale green, without any visible mark-
ings whatever, smooth and somewhat shining. Length 13 mm. Moulted
May 6th.

After second moult. — Green as in the previous stage; apparently
no change, except that the junctions of the segments are yellow, Length
16 mm. Moulted May 15th.

After third moult. — Not much different from the last stage. The
body beneath is quite flattened and the lateral edge is ridged beneath
the spiracles. The head is also much flattened and projects forward.
Length 22 mm. Moulted May 24th.

After fourth moult. Green; thoracic feet brownish, antennae
rather long, pinkish ; beyond the middle of the fifth segment is a trans-
verse fold or ridge, which is brown in some individuals and on the
eighth and eleventh are two small tubercles, the summits of which in
some individuals are brown. On each segment along the dorsum are
two minute piliferous spots, which are hardly visible without a lens.
On the eleventh and twelfth segments are a few short yellowish hairs.
The pair of abdominal legs on the ninth segment brown outside (no
other abdominal legs present). Anal legs pinkish at extremities. Be-
neath, there is a pair of tubercles on the sixth segment. The minute
tubercles are also present. Length 27 mm. Moulted June 4th.

After fifth 7noult. — The fifth segment above is now much more
swollen into a transverse ridge and a corresponding one on the sixth
segment beneath, but which is not quite so prominent. The two first
pair of thoracic feet project forward and are pressed to the body, while
the last pair rest on the twig. On the eighth segment is also a trans-

138 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [voi. in.

verse swollen ridge. The tenth to twelfth segments inclusive are dull
green, mottled with brown spots, and on the dorsum of the eleventh
segment are two brown spots. The body is bright green, with the junc-
tions of the segments yellow. Length 65 mm. Moulted June 15th.

Fully-grown Larva. — The body is now dull dirty green instead of
bright green, and mottled with greenish ochreous. The head is com-
paratively small, and the first segment is about equal the width, the
remaining segments gradually increasing in size. The thoracic feet
have the bases considerably swollen and ringed with ochraceous. The
pair of abdominal and anal legs are chocolate brown. Over the body
are scattered irregularly small, elevated, pale yellowish spots, especially
on the last three segments, which are conspicuously mottled. The cer-
vical shield is dirty chocolate brown ; on the second to tenth segments
inclusive, are four minute black tuberculate spots ; the fourth and fifth
segments have an additional pair of spots. The transverse ridge on the
fifth is very prominent, as is also the one on the underside of the sixth
segment and the one on the eighth segment, and the two black
tuberculate spots on the dorsum of the eleventh segment. Underside
of body same as above, except the last three segments pale whitish-
green. Anal plates tinged with lilac. Length no mm.

When fully fed the larva spins a loose thin double cocoon between
leaves. The cocoon is an ovate elongated whitish web, and is open on
each end. The pupa is pinkish white, roughened on all the segments,
but the spaces between are semitransparent and yellowish. The pupa
is also covered with a mealy substance. Length, 35 mm.; cocoon,
40 mm.

Food-Flants : Elm, Maple, Sweet gum, etc.

NOTE ON HYPERCHIRIA 10 VAR. LILITH.

By Wm. Beutenmuller.

About three years ago, early in April, I received two half-grown
larvae of H. lilith, from Mrs. A. T. Slosson, who obtained them in
Florida from eggs laid by this form. The larvae were fed on dried bay
leaves, softened in hot water, it being too early in the season to obtain
fresh food. I offered them this food and also a species of Myrica
which I brought with me from Florida in 1887. The larvae only nib-
bled these leaves, and as a consequence they just about managed to
keep alive, and their growth was very much retarded. After existing

Sept. 1895.] Webster. Earthworms as Tree-planters. 139

a little over a week on "hard-tack," they were transferred to fresh
leaves of Rhododendron, which was then beginning to bud. This food
they ate with great relish, and the change was very striking. They be-
gan to grow rapidly and became very active. After passing two more
moults they finally spun their cocoons, from which emerged, about one
week later a perfect male moth. The other pupa did not hatch. It
was at one time supposed that H. lilith was a valid species. I have
carefully compared the larva with that of the type form, H. io, but
could not detect the slightest difference, either in shape, coloration or
markings. Mrs. Slosson, however, informs me that the young larva of
/////// is much paler in color than that of io.

THE EARTHWORM AS A TREE-PLANTER.

By F. M. Webster.

The habit of drawing the leaves and stems of various plants into
their burrows has been frequently noticed of these worms, and Darwni,
in his classic work, has cited many instances of this character. I have
more than once surprised them tugging at a leaf of grass that was at-
tached to the stem, the latter sometimes being bent to the ground by
their exertions. This spring a small patch of sward had been spaded
up with a view of planting flowers thereon, but the ground lay for
sometime untouched, and was observed to be quite thickly populated
by earthworms, and the openings of their vertical homes were very
numerous after a rain had fallen and formed a slight crust over the sur-
face of the ground. About this time a maple tree close by began drop-
ping its seeds and quite a number fell on the still undisturbed flower
bed. In a short time many of these seeds assumed a vertical position,
while in other places a number would be grouped together, obliquely,
forming a sort of rosette. A little patience and careful watching
showed that the maple seeds had been drawn into the homes of these
creatures, and, as many of the seeds afterwards germinated and grew,
if left undisturbed, they might have made a small forest, the planters
thereof having worked without hands, and with little knowledge of their
influence upon the vegetable that they had only attempted to secure as
a morsel of food.

140 Journal New York Ent. Soc. fVoi. hi.

LOCAL ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Members of the New York Entomological Society and all others are solicited
to contribute to this column, their rare captures, local lists and other items of
interest relating to the insect fauna of New York city and vicinity.

INSECTS AT WATCHOGUE AND BEULAH LAND,
STATEN ISLAND, N. Y.

By William T. Davis.

Charles Lamb is said to have preferred the city because that
marked changed of the seasons which he witnessed in the country was
nearly absent from the paved streets. But to most people this gradual
march of the year is pleasant — the ushering in of spring, the hospitable
days of summer that seem to invite you to sleep out of doors, the cool
invigorating autumn and the still more brisk season of winter, pass like
changing scenery before a car window. In the same way the varied
prospect offered by even so small a piece of mother earth as Staten Is-
land— the change from rocky hills to barren sandy tracts and salt mea-
dows— is ever inviting. It is pleasant to make numerous comparisons as
the season advances, to walk from the hills over to the sandy ground,
or to the meadows, for in nature comparisons are not odious. One of
the most interesting of these sandy tracts lies about Old Place meadow,
in the midst of which is the tortuous Old Place creek, an arm of the
Sound. The sandy point that projects northward into the meadow is
called Beulah by the natives in a spirit of irony, but to a naturalist it is
truly Beulah Land and most interesting.

The standing or upright Clematis {^Clematis ochroleuca) grows at
Beulah, as does the Lupine, the Hoary Pea and many small oaks (^Quer-
cus hitmilis), while nearby are Moccasin flowers (^Cypripedium acaule)
and the Marsh Marigolds of early spring. The flower-bed arrangement
of plants — the little clumps of certain kinds that grow together to the
almost exclusion of the neighboring vegetation — is interesting and at
Watchogue and Beulah Land many parcels of sandy ground are given
up to colonies of Birds-foot Yiolets, and other equally pleasing settlers.

In early spring, when the snow still lingers in sheltered places, the
beautiful deep orange, brown and black moth, Brephos iiifans, makes
its appearance on the borders of Old Place meadow. It is not seen
every spring, though of course it mtist be present, but every few years,
on some sunny day, it appears in numbers. It alights in the open

Sept. 1895] Davis. Insects at Staten Island, N. Y. 141

wood paths and, spreading its wings, displays its beautiful colors, or flying
up into some tree, particularly a red maple, crawls about the terminal
branches. There are few signs of spring when this moth arrives, the
wood paths are brown, and the contrast of its bright colors with the
dead leaves is one of the memorable sights of the season.

A little later Thee la augusta makes its appearance in considerable
numbers, seeking the sheltered, sunny places, and often alighting on
the sweet-ferns, the huckleberry bushes and the pines. It is said that
the food-plant of this Indian colored butterfly is unknown, and it is to
be regretted that Staten Islanders have not been more industrious in
gaining this point of information, for probably nowhere in the vicinity
of New York can it be so easily obtained.

On the 8th of May, 1881, while in company with Mr. Leng, six
or seven Theela niphon and a single Theela damon {sniilaeis) were col-
lected at Watchogue. Perhaps these two butterflies have appeared
since, but every spring the sandy stretch of road where they occurred
on that May day has been visited without seeing them again. Wood
fires are altogether too frequent, and possibly the colony was thus de-
stroyed, as have been many rare plants. The growing fraternity of
tramping naturalists should utter upon every opportunity their protest
against burning the woods. Many ignorant boys set fire to the dry
leaves for "the fun," as they say, of seeing them burn, and thus much
that is interesting and beautiful in the country is permanently destroyed.

Papilio aj'ax was seen on June 30th, 1889, near Old Place creek,
but it was in its customary haste. Nisoniades brizo is one of the most
common butterflies of the vicinity, and Euptoieta elaiidia one of the
rarest.

Early in April Cielndela modesta commences to fly on the sand
dunes. This beetle is, as a rule, quite local, confining itself to certain
dunes, but stragglers are to be met with elsewhere. During the sum-
mer a few are seen, and in September and October they make their
second general appearance.

Cicindela generosa is also quite plentiful on certain sandy stretches.
It has been taken in company with C. vulgaris as early as the 9th of
April and as late as the middle of October. Cieindela repanda also
puts in appearance during the first days of April, coming earlier than
hirtieollis by over a month. Omophron americaniim may be washed
from the banks of Old Place brook, and the funny little protective-col-
ored Elaphriis niseariiis has been found running in the muddy ditches
by the side of the road.

142 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

Watchogue and Beulah Land have been industriously explored in
quest of Orthoptera, and none collected have proved more interesting
than the small wonderful jumping cricket, Tridacytlus te?-miiiaiis.
These little creatures occur along Old Place brook and in the damp
ditches by the road side, from May to September. Their power of
leaping is so remarkable that they seem to disappear quite mysteriously
and one wonders which way they have gone. It is seldom that their
departure can be accurately followed by the eye.

Among tree-crickets, (Ecantlius, nivei/s, angiistipennis, nigricornis
and latipeni'.is have been found, the latter being the most local of the
four. The best way to collect tree-crickets is to become acquainted
with their notes, after which simply walking through the woods and
over grown pastures, especially about the hour of sunset, will disclose
what kinds are to be found in the district. They are energetic though
faint songsters, and even the cold summer storms that seem so discour-
aging cannot hush their tingling lays.

Another interesting Cricket is Phylloscirtiis pulchelliis. It is not a
good jumper, but has a comely shiny coat of mail that makes it ever a
pleasing insect. It runs about the tree branches, especially those of
the sweet gum, and in the fall, when it is chilly, it will often be found
hidden in a curled leaf, from whence issues its continuous rolling
song.

Four kinds of cone-headed Katydids reside about Old Place creek ;
three of them, ensiger, dissimilis and robiistiis, often occupying the dry
dunes. When they live in such situations they are more often protec-
tively sand colored than their fellows which reside in the green pas-
tures. The fourth species, Couocephaliis exiliscanorus, lives in the tall
meadow grass along the creek itself, and sings its lazy slow song from
July until the cold nights of autumn. This is also a common insect on
the Newark meadows.

Atlauticiis padiymerus is a loud singing Katydid that resides in the
tussocks of grass in the moist meadows near \Vatchogue. It has no
wings, but is a fairly good jumper and makes an amusing pet. I kept
one during the summer of 1S92, from his youth to old age. At first he
was an energetic singer, but he finally became decrepid, and it was
hard for him to get about. No doubt in his native pasture he would
long before have been killed by some powerful enemy.

The large har\-est fly, Cicada viargiuata, has only been taken on
the Island at Watchogue and vicinity. On the 19th of July, 1892, Mr.
Beutenmliller and I found one on a post oak growing on a sand dune,

Sept. 1895.] Davis. Insects at Staten Island, N. Y. 143

and later in the summer a pupa case was discovered on a black-jack
oak, also on sandy ground.

In 1894 the distribution of the 17-year Cicadas about Old Place
meadow was particularly interesting. They were quite rare on the
most sandy districts along its southern edge, though abundant in the
woods on its eastern margin. It was in this last mentioned place where
pupse cones were found on the 8th of April under some boards that
did not lie sufficiently close to the ground to prevent their construction.
Later these pupae cones were discovered in considerable numbers along
Willow Brook, a mile or two away. They were found in the woods
under stones, logs and the chips about the stumps of trees cut down in
the winter. Many more were without protection of this kind, the cones
rising among the dead leaves, occasionally to the height of three inches.

There has been much written about the periodical Cicada, but it is
certainly one of the most interesting of insects, and attracts the atten-
tion of all thoughtful persons. In June days in locust year its song
sounds like the hum of an ever-busy factory. There is a continuous
roar in the trees and the bird notes form but an unimportant part in the
melody of nature. If you cease listening to Cicadas, then you may hear
the bird's songs, for the singing of the insects is so constant that you
may easily forget that it exists. Man writes poems on love, but the
male Cicada utters his love song with a greater vim. He is no laggard
in love and would please Sir Walter Scott mightily. He lifts his body
and calls Phar-r-roah, a song of but a few moments duration, and
quickly flies away, for why should he tarry when Chloe comes not ?
Thus he flies on the warm days from tree to tree, and mayhap at last
meets his red-eyed spouse.

Thecla acadica was taken June 29th at Greenwood Lake, New
Jersey, by Mr, Wm. Sachs. As far as we are aware this is the first
record of the occurrence of the species in this vicinity. Catocala coc-
cinata was also taken at the same place, and also Phyciodcs nycteis,
which appeared in abundance.

Two specimens of Dichelonycha fiiscula were taken at ^'alley
Stream, Long Island, in July.

Wm. B.

144 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of May 21, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.

Dr. E. G. Love and Mr. Martin Birnbaura were proposed for
active membership by Mr. Beutenmiiller.

An invitation from the Newark Entomological Society to attend
their field meeting on Decoration Day, at Orange, N. J., was received
and accepted with thanks.

A lot of rare insects from Florida and New Hampshire were donated
to the Society by Mrs. Slosson with the request to sell them for the
benefit of the Journal. On motion a vote of thanks was extended to
Mrs. Slosson.

Mr. Palm spoke on collecting insects and exhibited his apparatus.

Adjournment.

Meeting of June 4, 1895.

Held at the Americam Museum of Natural History. President
Zabriskie in the chair. Twelve members present.

Dr. E. G. Love and Mr. Martin Birnbaum were elected active
members of the Society.

Mr. Zabriskie told how the foot stalks of the leaves of the maples at
Flatbush, Long Island, Avere injured by some insect which caused them
to fall, but was unable to detect species.

A discussion as to the merits of sweeping and beating for insects
was held by Messrs. Palm, Schaffer and Munch.

Mr. Munch described his collecting trip to Delaware Water Gap
with Messrs. Palm and Ditmars.

Adjournment.

JOURNAL

OF THK

]0p1d ]9opk 6lntomologirHl ^oriptg.

Vol. III. DECEMBER, 1895. No. 4.

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK
SLUG CATERPILLARS— I.

PLATE VI, FIGS. I-I9.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A. M., Ph. D. and Miss Emily L. Morton.

Introductory.

The authors of the series of articles, of which this is the first, have
long been interested in the species of Eucleidce found in this country,
especially in their larval state. We have concluded to present jointly a
full account of the life-history of each species, as rapidly as we are able
to work them out. The accounts of the habits are by Miss Morton,
and the labor of obtaining fertile eggs has been performed by her. Dr.
Dyar has prepared the technical descriptions.

The following is a preliminary synopsis of the different species
known to occur in New York State, listed in ascending order. We are
unable to make it final at present, for the reason that several of the
forms are still imperfectly known, and there may be one or two more
species than we now recognize. It will, however, serve to outline the
scope of our work, but we shall not be able to present the descriptions
consecutively. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to state that we would feel
duly grateful to receive larvre or cocoons of any of the less known spe-
cies (marked with an asterisk below) or of any species not on this list.

Section i. Spined larva;. — LarvDS with spinose processes ; the spiracle on joint 5

higher up than those on joints 6 to 12 and the tubercle above it missing.
Type I. Three distinct tubercles on the last two thoracic segments. Subdorsal row
on joints 4 to 13 converted into detachable, hairy, fleshy appendages.

Phobetron pithecium.
Type 2. Only two tubercles on the thoracic segments. Spines arising from fleshy
horns more or less developed. Dorsal and lateral areas both broad.

Without patches of long, detachable skin spines between the terminal horns

146 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iu.

Horns short, the purple dorsal band without black lines.

Adoneta spinuloides.
Horns partly long, the bluish dorsal band four times lined with black.

Euclea indetermina.
With one pair of spine patches. The red subdorsal band entire or broken

by marks concolorous with the side lines Euclea psenulata.

With two pairs of spine patches.

Horns short; the red or yellow subdorsal band conspicuously broken by

quadrate discolorous patches EucIea delphinii.

Horns partly long, partly obsolete. A green dorsal " blanket " with

central purple patch Sibine stimulea.

Type 2- As in type 2, but the pair of horns of joint 13 consolidated into a pointed

tail. Tubercles and spines much reduced, obsolescent Parasa chloris.

Type 4. Dorsal space contracted, larva much flattened. Horns tapering, flattened,
projecting laterally, fringed by the slender spines. Green with few red dots

between the yellow subdorsal lines Sisyrosea inornata.

Section 2. Smooth larv;^. Without any spinose horns or processes. Tubercles ob-
solete or obscurely setiferous. Spiracles in line ; all the tubercles represented.
Type 5. Dorsal and lateral spaces both broad, subventral space narrow. Last seg-
ment rounded quadrate. Color green.
Without dorsal red marks.

Yellow subdorsal line bordered above by a dark shade.

Apoda y=inversa.

" Similar " to the preceding ■•■ Apoda biguttata.

No bordering shade to the subdors alline Tortricidia fasciola.

With dorsal red marks.

A large, blurred, red cross covering the back. . . .*Tortricidia flavula.
A small, red cross in the middle of the back. .*(?)Tortricidia testacea.
A tiny red dorsal dot centrally and series of red dots near anterior end or

a continuous red band *(?)Heterogenea flexuosa.

Type 6. As in type 5, but the body ends with a pointed tail.

Whitish green with straight subdorsal line * Packard ia geminata.

Yellowish green with wavy subdorsal line * Packardia elegans.

Type 7. Lateral space obsolete, dorsal and subventral spaces broad. Green with
variable brown patches. Body ends in a pointed tail. .Eulimacodes scapha.

NORTH AMERICAN EUCLEIDtE.
Nomenclature.

We have adopted the nanie Eucleidse for this family in preference
to those formerly in use, since we consider it proper that the family name
should be taken from a genus which is not a synonym, and under this
restriction the rule of priority applied. We have, therefore, discarded
the names Limacodidae and Cochlidiidte, since the genera Limacodes
and Cochlidion, on which they were founded, have been relegated to

Dec. 1895.] DVAR AND MoRTON. NeW YoRK SlUG CATERPILLARS. 14T

the synonymy. The name Eucleidse was proposed in the works of
Messrs. Neumoegen and Dyar and of Professor J. H. Comstock. The
term Apodidse of Mr. Grote (Syst. Lep. Hild. 1895) is synonymous
as is also the term Heterogeneidce of Mr. Meyrick (Handb. Brit. Lep.
18950

General Characters.

-Eg.i^s. The eggs of the several species of Eucleidae do not offer
specific differences, as a rule. The shell is very thin, skin-like, not
•distinctly ornamented. The egg is elliptical in outline and greatly
flattened, so much so as scarcely to present a measurable thickness (to
the naked eye), at least when freshly laid. They are deposited singly
or in groups, in the latter case overlapping like the shingles on a roof.
This type of egg is found in other groups of the Microlepidoptera, and
refers the Eucleidae to this superfamily.

Larva. The head is modified from the type usual in Lepidoptera
in lacking in all that portion of the corneous case above the clypeus the
usual hard character. It is withdrawn under joint 2, which folds over
it like a hood. Joint 2 is more or less completely withdrawn under
joint 3, and is usually unornamented, so that the first segment com-
pletely visible from above, and the one on which the various markings
commence is joint 3 (the mesothoracic segment). The prothoracic
shield is present, but more or less rudimentary and always functionless.
The segments are of the usual number, thirteen, the last one small and
not showing its compound nature by a constriction, as is often the case
in the lower Microlepidoptera. All the segments are closely united,
the separating incisures often very obscure and difficult to distinguish.
The body is flattened by the reduction of the feet and subventral area;
in general outline elliptical, the dorsum arching more or less, as the
height is considerable or the reverse. The thoracic feet are very small,
the abdominal ones wanting, the whole ventral region being flexible
and adapted for locomotion. Dr. Chapman states (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond. 1894, p. 345) that there are suckers on the first eight abdomi-
nal segments, though the first and last of these are poorly developed;
these suckers are probably homologous with prolegs.

The abdominal tubercles are derived from the highest Microlepi-
dopterous type. Primitive tubercles i and ii consolidated, iii single, iv
and V consolidated, all converted into many haired warts, thus giving
three segmentary rows of setiferous warts, subdorsal, lateral and sub-
ventral. By the reduction of the subventral area, the third row of

148

Journal New York Ent. Soc.

[Vol. Ill

warts is obsolete, represented in the Eucleid?e by a few weak setae.
The other two rows are functional and compose the armature of the
several species. The evolution is illustrated in the accompanying cut

(figs. I to 7), which shows a series of segments advancing from the most
generalized type up to Sibine stbnulea. The thoracic warts are also de-
rived from the Microlepidopterous type; but are more modified. In
this type there are five warts formed from the primary and subprimary
tubercles '\a^\b, \\a^\\b, iii, iv+v and vi as shown in figures 9 {Swice-
this pariana) a.nd 10 {Ino pnini). In the Megalopygidae (fig. 11)" a
reduction has been effected in the lower row as on the abdomen (fig. 6).
In the Eucleidse, one more row is rudimentary on both thorax and abdo-

\

M ■

\

sd.

r

d.ut

>-'**•/

/

— (

'^ I

, J

y (

"7

^•5V.

"sv.

13

14

f5

16

men and the rudimentary subventral row of the Megalopygidce is lost.
Therefore there remain three well developed thoracic tubercles (see the
figures o( A. y-inversa Plate VI, fig. 8). These are all present in the

Dec. 1895.] Dyar and Morton. New York Slug Caterpillars. 149

series of species with reduced tubercles and in the lowest of the spined
Eucleids {Phobetron, fig. 12); but in the higher spined forms, the
middle row disappears, precisely as it has disappeared on joint 4 of
Megalopyge, probably in response to a similar need. In all the spined
Eucleids, there is also a reduction in the number of warts on the first
abdominal segment, which will be specially described under Sibine
stimiilea.

Along the three abdominal rows of tubercles, and correspondingly
on the thorax, the body is more or less ridged. We shall call these the
subdorsal, lateral and subventral ridges respectively. Owing to them
a section of the body of a Eucleid larva forms a hexagon instead of a
•circle, as in most other Lepidoptera. This may be regarded as the
fundamental type (fig. 13), though it nowhere actually exists that we
know of. Usually the space between the lateral and subventral ridges
is contracted, giving the form shown in fig. 14. In Sisyrosea the upper-
most space is also contracted, giving the form of fig. 15, the flattest
Eucleid larva known to us. In Eulimacodes, a quite different process
has taken place. Instead of the lower side-area being contracted, the
upper side-area is reduced nearly to obliteration, and we get the outline
of fig. 16, a square.

The surface of the body is divided by these ridges into three areas.
We shall name them as follows :

The unpaired dorsal space between the two subdorsal ridges we
■shall call the dorsal space. The space on each side between the sub-
dorsal and lateral ridges, the lateral space. The space between the lat-
eral ridge and the lower edge of the body, which contains the spiracles,
the subventral space.

The surface of the skin is not smooth in the later larval stages, but
is sunken in certain more or less well defined areas. These areas have
a flat bottom and more or less perpendicular sides and appear to be
possible in these larvae on account of the unusually thick skin. They
have the following definite arrangement, though they may be imper-
fectly developed or even partly absent, as we shall describe in indi-
vidual species : In dorsal space (i) a median row of large depres-
sions, intersegmental, we shall call the dorsal row ; (2) a paired row
just above the subdorsal ridge; segmental, and therefore alternating
with the dorsal, we call the addorsal depressions. In the lateral space
(3) a segmental row of small depressions just under the subdorsal ridge,
the upper lateral segmental, (4) a large intersegmental row in the
middle of the lateral space, the lateral depressions, two rows closely

150 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii,

alternating and nearly in line (5) one segmental, (6) the other inter-
segmental, just above the lateral ridge, we shall call the lower segmental
and lower intersegmental lateral respectively. In the subventral space,
two intersegmental rows one above the other, the lower a little the
most posterior, will be called (7) the upper subventral and (8) lower
subventral ; finally between the latter may be developed (9) a small seg-
mentary row just above the ventral edge; and the smallest depressions
of all, only rarely seen, are (10) the stigmatal row, situated segmen-
tarily above and before the spiracles. Each of these depressions con-
tains one or more glandular centers which appear as small rounded
patches. They are more primitive than the areas themselves,* and may
appear when the latter are scarcely distinguishable. The dorsal
depressions correspond to four glandular centers, a paired row on
the anterior and posterior edge of each segment, consolidated interseg-
mentally; the other depressions seem to have but one center, f

The setae on the warts vary greatly, but are only rarely primitive
setae. They will be specially described. The skin surface is covered
with minute points, which usually are converted into clear granules.
These also come under the series of special characters. In general the
depressed areas are smoother than the elevated portions of the surface.

Cocoon. — The cocoon is composed entirely of the secretion of the
spinning organ. It is closely woven and forms a hard, compact, though
thin layer like stiff cardboard. It is so constructed that one end opens
in the form of a circular lid at slight pressure. This structure is similar
to that of the Megalopygidte, but is an improvement on it, being more
compact, definitely rounded and smooth. The lid is not visible in the
intact cocoon, as in the case of the lower family just mentioned. The
shape is rounded or elliptical and colored some shade of brown.

*The largest of these glandular spots, namely the dorsal (i) and the lateral (4)
may be distinguished in the Megalopygid^e and even in the Pyromorphidae. In
Har7-isina coracina, which is before us, there are evidently present a series of
paired intersegmental grandular dots and a larger lateral row, showing as whitish
patches against the purplish markings. Thus the principal structural characters of
the Eucleidae, including the arrangement of the tubucles and their modification to
bear spines, the depressed areas, as well as the body shape, the retraction of the
head and even the peculiar modification of the abdominal feet are all foreshadowed
in the two families mentioned. Even the dislocation of the spiracle on joint 5 can
be observed in Harrisina, though the wart above it is normal. According to the
view here adopted these families are close to the ancestral forms of the Eucleidae,
leading up from a Tineid-like progenitor.

"I" We shall illustrate the dorsal and lateral depressed spaces in the plate for
Tortricidia pallida, the subventral ones under Enliinacodcs scapha.

Dec 1S95.] Dyar and Morton. New York Slug Caterpillars. 151

Pupa. — This is characterized as follows by Dr. Chapman : Be-
longs to the Incompletje. Less solid and rounded than in the Obtect?e,
appendages partially free. Free segments extend upward to the third
abdominal ; 7th free in the male, fixed in the female. Dehiscence ac-
companied by freeing of segments and appendages previously fixed ;
pupa progresses and emerges from cocoon. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond.
1893, p. 118.)

Moth. — We shall not treat of the structure or relations of the moth
in this series of articles. For the position adopted see Comstock
(Wilder Quart. Cent. Book p. 104) Chapman (1. c.) and Dyar
(Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. XIV, p 54).

Apoda y=in versa Packard.

1S64 — Limacodes y-inversa Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. Ill, p. 341.

18S2 — Limacodes y-inversa Grote, New Check List, p. 17.

1886 — Limacodes parallela Hy. Edwards, Ent. Amer. Vol. II, p. 10.

1891 — Limacodes y-inversa Smith, List Lep. p. 28.

1892 — Apoda y-inversa Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. Vol. I, p. 553.

1894 — Apcda y-inversa Neumoegen & Dyar. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. II, p. 74.

Larva.
1894 — Apoda y-inversa Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Vol. VIII, p. 221 (mature
larva).

Special Structural Characters.
Dorsal space broad, narrowing slightly toward the extremities, end-
ing behind in the broadly quadrate joint 13, not strongly arched. Lat-
eral space broad, oblique, scarcely concave, narrowing a little toward
the extremities. Subventral space very small, contracted. Subdorsal
ridge at first prominent, later smooth, consisting of the rounded angular
change in direction of slope between back and sides. Lateral and sub-
ventral ridges moderately prominent, approximate, the lateral at first
tubercular, later smooth. Ancestral warts reduced ; in stage I the
subdorsal setje ia + ib on joint 4 and i + ii on 5-12 are represented by
single spines with a slight central process, which lean in alternating di-
rections on successive segments (PI. VI, fig. i); later the warts are repre-
sented by tubercles bearing two setce on subdorsal, one on lateral ridge
(PI. VI, fig. 8); in the last stage obliterated, the rudimentary setae persist-
ing. Subventral setse rudimentary. Depressed areas well developed,
though not extraordinarily so, rather small, rounded, slightly sunken,
not very sharply defined, smooth. The series numbered i to 8, inclu-
sive, may be distinguished. Skin at first smooth, later covered with
short secondary spines, and finally with closely-crowded, round, clear

152 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. iii.

granules of somewhat unequal size. After the last molt the specific color-
ational characters definitely appear, and the sets are nearly obliterated.

The coloration is uniform green Avith certain yellow lines, evidently
adapted to escape observation.

The larva is a typical Eucleid, not highly specialized, yet without
any very generalized characters. The peculiar structure and arrange-
ment of the subdorsal setse in stage I cannot be congenital in our view,*
but may be some special adaptation to this stage, in which the larva does
not feed. Later the primitive tubercles appear as reduced and finally
rudimentary structures. The spiracles are in line, normal. The de-
pressed areas, characteristic of the family, are in a state of moderate
development, while the skin granulation is also intermediete between
such extremes as Sibine and Eulimacodes.

Affinities, Habits, Etc.

This species is related to the European Apoda avellana {Limacodes
testudo) in a close degree. The larvc^ seem not to differ, to judge by
Dr. Chapman's description and by a well prepared specimen from
Staudinger and Haas. The moths only differ in that y-inversa is usu-
ally less suffused with brown, while avellana is rather smaller, more like
our A. rectilinea.

We may regard this species as derived from a former circumpolar
fauna, whose near allies are not now found in tropical South America,

* These structures appear in Tortricidia fasciola, stage I (Packard, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc, xxxi, pi. ii, figs. 15-16) and in Apoda avellana (Chapman, Trans.
Ent. Soc. Lend. 1894, pi. vii, figs. 16-18.) Dr. Chapman remarks (k c, p. 345)
"When the larva has completed its development within the egg shell . . . it is
free from any spines or processes, but at the period of hatching, certain long spines
are rapidly developed." We cannot endorse Dr. Chapman's view that these spines
do not correspond to the tubercles. They seem to us to correspond to the warts of
subdorsal row, and their apparent alternation, in our species at least, is due to the
angle at which they arise from the body, rather than to a dislocation of their bases.
In Tortricidia pallida (which we hope to reach in due course) these spines of stage
I are in a still more interesting condition, being V-shaped, and thus intermediate be-
tween the single knobbed spine of Apoda and the three-pronged one of Adoneta.
(Packard, 1. c. p. ii, fig. 8.) It should be remembered that the spined Eucleids are
more generalized ihan the smooth ones, and we should not look for the most general-
ized condition of stage I in Apoda and allies, but in Adoneta and Sibine. In the latter
there are three setae from each wart, and no sign of alternation on successive seg-
ments, thus quite agreeing with our view, but not supporting Dr. Chapman's infer-
ence that the primitive arrangement corresponded to that of Eriocephala. (1. c, pp.
345-347- )

Dec. 1895.] Dyar and Morton. New York Slug Caterpillars. 153

as we will show to be the case with Sibine and Eulimacodes, but in the
northern temperate regions of both the old and new worlds.

The larvae of the nearest American allies of A. y-inversa (A. recti-
linea and A. biguftata*) are unknown. It differs as follows from Tor-
tricidia fasclola, which is the only larva at present known at all resem-
bling it : More elongate, less shortly rounded than fasciola ; sides less
concave, the tail the same. Color much less transparent, not the clear
yellowish green, but whitish, opaque. Depressed spots blurred in the
whitish ground, not indicated by broad pale yellow rings. Sel£e ob-
solete in both, but the skin o{ fasciola is more coarsely and irregu-
larly granular, the incisures marked, cleft-like, while they are obscure
m y-inversa. The subdorsal line is distinctly bordered above by a dark
shade, whereas in fasciola there is no other color than the yellowish
green and yellow.

The eggs are laid singly, and the larvae after hatching eat only the
parenchyma of the leaf for the first two feeding stages. The manner of
feeding is characteristic of the species. Y-inversa feeds in a track on the
upper side of the leaflet the width of its body. (Plate VI. fig. 19, stage
II ; fig. 1 3, stage III.). In the fourth stage and after it eats the whole leaf
(Plate VI. fig. 16, 17). At New Windsor, the larva has been found
only on the species of hickory ; it has occurred on hickory in Van
Cortlandt Park, New York City, and near Glendale, L. I.; Dr. Thax-
ter also reports it on this food-plant. The larva described by Mr. Dyar
was found on oak, but the identification is not positive as y-inversa.

The larva o{ y-inversa seems to be not commonly found. At New
Windsor a few are occasionally taken in the bags placed on the growing
trees for the confinement of other hickory feeding larvae. Near New
York City the larvae occur mostly on low hickory shrubs, always singly.
They are subject to the attacks of a number of parasites in consequence
of which their numbers are greatly diminished.

There is but a single brood during the year. The moths (Plate
VI, fig. 9) fly during the first half of July. The males seek their mates
soon after dark, between half past eight and nine o'clock, flying with
unerring instinct directly to that part of the cage where the female is
clinging. After pairing the moths remain in coitii until about the same
time the next evening. The females immediately after begin to lay their
eggs, and continue night after night until all are laid.

The mature larvae may be found early in September, making a
period of about two months to complete the seven larval stages.

* We believe the identification of this larva by Dr. Packard (5th Report, U.
S. Ent. Com. p. 147) to be founded upon error.

154 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.
The only notice of this larva, besides the mention of the food plant
by Dr. Thaxter (Can. Ent. XXIII, 34), is the one by Mr. Dyar, re-
ferred to above. This differs from the larvce before us in that no men-
tion is made of the yellow line on the anterior portion of joint 3. As
the determination was not made positively, it is possible that Mr. Dyar
may have had the larva of A. biguttata before him. In a letter written
in 1 89 1, is the following from Dr. Thaxter : The larvae of " both the
Limacodes you mention {biguttata and y-inversa) are very much alike,
green or slightly yellowish, slightly dome-shaped with slight longitudi-
nal ridges and certain lighter dorsal markings Quite dif-
ferent from scapha.'"

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg. — With the characters of the family. Reticulations obscure,
linear, rounded, scarcely angular, yet not separated into isolated areas,
not characteristic. Elliptical, 1.6x1.2 mm. Laid singly in nature.
Of the usual yellow color.

Stage I. — Head entirely brownish black, enclosed in joint 2;
width .3 mm. (calculated .28 mm.). Rounded elliptical, the subdor-
sal and lateral ridges prominent, consisting of segmentary tubercular
elevations, causing the dorsal area to form a furrow, and the lateral to
be concave; ends square, subtruncate. Skin perfectly smooth, no
granules of any kind. Primitive tubercles i+ii represented by a series
of large, segmentary spines, double on joints 3 and 13, single, but
with a small knob-like projection about the middle on the other seg-
ments. (PI. VI, fig. 2.) On the abdomen these spines alternately
lean in and out, but their bases are not transposed. They can be
traced deep into the skin. Row on the lateral ridge (iii) similar, but
shorter and without projections; in line. (PI. VI, fig. i.) Color
whitish, dorsal space faintly greenish by transparency, subdorsal ridge
whitish the spines dark. Length 1.5 mm.

Stage II. — Head green; width .4 mm. (calculated .39 mm.).
Shape as before (PI. VI, fig. 6, for outline). Lateral ridge not reach-
ing beyond the subventral one, which bears two setce on each segment.
Skin covered sparsely with small, clear granules which bear short
spines ; also some spines from the tubercles of subdorsal row, which
consist of two setae the whole length of the ridge ; lateral tubercles with
one long and many short setse. The setae differ from Stage I in being

Dec. 1895] Dyar and Morton. New York Slug Caterpillars. 155

double throughout the subdorsal ridge, the primary setaj pointed, some
of the secondary a little swollen at tip. Lateral ridge bears three set?e
on joints 3 and 4 and a long, slender one on joint 13, its tubercle
scarcely larger than the secondary ones. Dorsal and ad-dorsal de-
pressions ill-defined, smooth, the tubercles on the rounded latticed
ridges; a single row of lateral impressed areas, the spinose tubercles
mostly above them; subventral region finely granular, not setiferous.
Color green, a broken whitish stripe along the subdorsal ridge. Length
1.5 to 2 mm.

Stage III. — Width of head .5 mm. (calculated .54 mm.). Shape
as before, the dorsum depressed between the prominent subdorsal
ridges ; lateral ridge also prominent, composed mostly of the large
tubercles. Dorsal depressed areas well defined, the colorless tubercles
with short secondary setse on the latticed ridges ; the lateral areas de-
fined as far as the central and upper rows, the lower double row not
distinguished. Lateral latticed ridges quite well-defined, but rounded,
not sharp like the dorsal ones. Secondary tubercles sparse. Primary
tubercles large, conical, with two setje on subdorsal and one on lateral
as before. Fine setse are present on joint 2, four in the region of the
cervical shield, one before the spiracle. Color green with a pale yel-
low subdorsal line below the skin. Length 2 to 3 mm.

Stage IV. — Width of the head .75 mm. Elliptical, rounded at
both ends, evenly arched, highest about the middle ; ridges moder-
ately rounded, the subdorsal with two long, coarse setre, the tubercles
low, most of the secondary setas reduced to skin spines, but a few still
distinct bristles. Lateral ridge with single large seta and many small
ones as before. Dorsal space with sparse clear granules, scarcely setif-
erous, but spined. The dorsal impressed spaces show as white inter-
segmental spots, the ad-dorsal as circular hollows ; smooth, not discol-
ored. A yellowish white row of spots, alternating with the tubercles.
Lateral space rather coarsely granular, the depressed areas smoother,
ill-defined, not discolored. Subventral area only sparsely granular, the
intersegmental hollows elliptical longitudinally. Length 3 to 4.2 mm.

Stage V. — (PI. VI, fig. 18, side view; fig. 6, front view; fig. 3, lateral
tubercle, figs. 16-18, life size.) Width of head i mm. (calculated
1.04 mm.). Elliptical, the posterior end quadrate, evenly arched.
Subdorsal and lateral ridges made prominent by segmentary, high,
conical tubercles. Green ; a distinct yellow line under the subdorsal
ridge, slightly waved, not reaching the anterior edge of joint 3, which
is yellow to the lateral area. Spines dark. Skin with sparse clear

156 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. m.

granules, becoming short clear spines on the ridges, but in small number
(Pi. VI, fig. 3). Impressed spots not large, well-defined and smooth, not
very deep ; the dorsal as before ; lateral ones all present, of the two
rows above the lateral ridge (Nos. 5 and 6), the segmental are a little
higher up than the intersegmental, both small. The two subventral
rows small, rounded, the lower a little anterior to the upper, not at all
confluent. The color is a leaf green, like the under side of a hickory
leaf, neither very yellowish nor whitish. The tubercles seem smaller
than in the previous stage, the setae more slender and less conspicuous.
Toward the end of the stage the yellow lines become very distinct, the
subdorsal bordered above narrowly, and mainly in the hollows of the
undulations with dark clear green. Impressed spaces all yellowish.
Length 4.2 to 7 mm.

Stage VI. — Head green, eyes black, jaws brown; width 1.4 mm.
(calculated 1.44 mm.). Smooth, rounded, no tubercles on the ridges
(PI. VI, fig. 4 for front view), lateral outline low arched, highest a
little before the middle. Sets black, pointed, two on subdorsal ridge,
one on lateral ridge. Color soft green, much as before, a yellow line
anteriorly on joint 3, broad and distinct, joining a white line along the
subventral edge. A yellow line along the subdorsal ridge, from the
middle of joint 3 to the end of the broad tail, incised by the addorsal
depressions, the scallops filled in with dark green. All of the dorsal,
and two of the lateral (4 and 5) impressed spots pale yellow. A row
of intersegmental yellow spots below skin along lateral ridge. Skin
closely covered with conical granules, many quite sharp pointed.
Dorsal depressed spaces small, smooth, moderately deep ; lateral ones
obscure, hardly defined. Length 6.5 to 10 mm. Differs from Stage
V in having the ridges smooth, except for the short setae, rounded
angular, not elevated.

Stage VII. — fPl.^VI, fig. 5, front view; fig. 10, side view; fig.
II, back view, allXa ; figs. 14, 15, natural size.) Width of the head
2 mm. Very smooth, setae fine, slender and short, entirely incon-
spicuous, not long and distinct as before. The setae representing
tubercles iv-rv along the subventral edge are distinct in comparison
with the greatly reduced ones on the suborsal and lateral ridges. Body
quite smooth, no ridges ; dorsal space flat, moderately broad ; lateral
space sloping, not concave ; subventral space small, retracted. Lateral
ridge slightly waved. Subdorsal line broad and distinct, yellow with
dark bordering spots above, the two lines joining on the quadrate tail.
Yellow line on joint 3 anteriorly as before. Impressed spots yellowish,
body light green. Skin closely covered with large, clear granules.

Dec. 1895] Dyar and Morton. New York Slug CAXERriLLARS. 157

closely appressed and somewhat irregular (PI. VI, fig. 7). Impressed spots
small, rather deep, the bottom with a transverse groove in the dorsal
plates, the rest finely granular; upper and lower segmental lateral spaces
not discolored, the latter obscure. A row of small yellow dots beneath
he skin of lateral ridge.

Five days after the molt the color is a bright, rather yellowish
green with a slight whitish cast. The dark border to the subdorsal line
appears continuous to the naked eye.

Six days. — Becoming whiter, like Packardia geminata. The
lateral ridge is green, but the rest is rather opaque whitish green. Sub-
dorsal line very distinct, pale yellow, spotted with an orange tint inter-
segmentally, edged above continuously with blackish green, widest
segmentally. Yellow line on joint 3 anteriorly not orange shaded,
fading into the white subventral line. Depressed spaces marked by
faint yellow rings, as the glandular centers are green.

Seven days. — Still whiter. A fine whitish green, shading more
translucent down the sides. On the tenth day the larva shrunk up,
turned of a pale whitish and lost its hold on the leaf; the next day it
had spun its cocoon. Length 9.3 to 15 mm.

Cocoon. — (PI. VI, fig. 12.) With the characters of the group.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VL
{Apoda y-inversa.)

1. Stage I, side view, sliowing the arrangement of the setje : enlarged.

2. One of the subdorsal abdominal setic (after Chapman).

3. A tubercle of the lateral row, stage V, showing skin spines X 'TS-

4. Front view, stage VL

5. Front view, stage VII.

6. Front view, stage V.

7. A seta of lateral row (same view as fig. 3) in last stage, showing skin granules

X 175-

8. Side view, stage V, showing arrangement of setoe.

9. Apoda y-inversa, female.

10. Last stage, side view, showing the areas of the body,

11. The same, dorsal view.

12. Cocoon, on a leaf of Carya alba.

13. Feeding marks of the larva, stage III.

14. Mature larva, side view.

15. Mature larva, dorsal view.

16. 17. Larva in stage V.

18. The same, side view.

19. Feeding marks of the larva, stage II.

(Figures 9, 12 to 19 by Miss Morton; figures i to 8, lo and 11 by Dr. Dyar.)
[Note. — The plate has been too greatly reduced so that 8 per cent, should be
added to the dimensions of the figures to make the above measurements apply exactly.]

158 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

ON THE PROBABLE ORIGIN, DEVELOPMENT AND

DIFFUSION OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES

OF THE GENUS DIABROTICA.*

By F. M. Webster.

This genus of Coleoptera is almost exclusively confined to the west-
ern hemisphere, with its native habitat, seemingly, in the Neotropical Re-
gion. In fact South America would app_^ar to have been its original
home, from which country the eighteen species known to inhabit North
America north of Mexico might almost be supposed to have originally
sprung, while one of these species, balteata, appears to have unchanged,
spanned the borderland, so to speak, being found from Texes southward
to Colombia, South America. The species of this genus number some-
thing like four hundred, which fact, when compared with the limited
number occurring in our own fauna, would of itself suggest that we
were on the extreme outskirts of its northern habitat. With this idea
of the northern spread from the tropical habitat in mind, we can readily
comprehend the evolution of the two species, 12-piinctata and soror,
the former ranging over the eastern region from Canada to southern
California and possibly into Mexico, while the latter ranges from Ore-
gon southward, also into Mexico, and covering Arizona. It is as if
from out of the Lower Sonoran of Mexico twin species had been evolved,
the one, soror, making its way to the west of the great mountain range,
while the other, 12-piinctata, spread over the country to the north and
northeastward. It is true these two species occupy the same area in
Arizona and southern California, but I believe that a careful study of
their respective habitats there will show that they do not occupy areas
of the same altitude. That 12-pitnctata breeds freely in low, alluvial
sections there is ample proof. I have found their larvce in destructive
abundance in districts along the Mississippi River where the land was
subject to overflow, and Prof. Forbes (i8ih Report State Entomologist
of Illinois, p. 157, foot-note) finds larvce, supposed to belong to this spe-
cies, destructively abundant in a field in southern Illinois that had been
under water for nearly three weeks in spring. In an earlier publication
(Entomologica Americana, II, p. 174) this was thought to be the
larvae of longicornis, but afterwards referred to 12-punctata, because

*Read before the Association of Economic Entomologists, at Springfield, Massa-
chusetts, August 28, 1895, and the N. Y. Ent. Soc. November 5, 1895.

Pec. 1895.] Webster. North American Species of Diabrotica. 159

the former species was not known to be destructively abundant in that
portion of Illinois. I have ample proof that longicornis breeds in de-
structive abundance in bottom lands along the Wabash River in Indi-
ana, which lands are subject to overflow annually, sometimes as late as
May or even June, thus indicating that both of these species may breed
freely in very low lands. Unfortunately, the earlier stages and habits
of the larvje of soror are unknown, and we cannot say whether it breeds
in high or low lands, nor can I say whether or not it prefers the higher
elevations of cultivated areas.

In the species z^/VAz/^r and trivittata we have the same phenomena as
to distribution, the latter species occurring throughout California and
possibly southward, while the former ranges over the whole eastern por-
tion of the United States and into Canada, to the north, while it ex-
tends southward into Mexico, where we shall probably find that both
species cover the same area, though probably at different elevations.
In New Mexico, Prof. Cockerell has found a form intermediate between
these species and occurring between the regions occupied by them,
which he has called incerta, and which extends also southward into
Mexico. £>. triclncta, which occurs from Central America northward
to Colorado, might almost be said to occupy the same relation towards
D. i2-piinctata and soror, though Prof. Wickham found both at Albu-
querque, New Mexico, and Prof. Snow took both at Socorro, N, M.,
the elevation of both localities being 5,000 feet. Prof. Cockerell
writes me that he finds D. 12-piinctata rarely at Santa Fe, elevation
7,000 feet, while it is abundant in the Mesilla Valley, elevation 3,800
feet; tricincta being rare. It certainly looks as though there was some-
where in Mexico or Central America a veritable nursery for species, and
where the evolutionist might revel in a scientific paradise. I cannot
help feeling that within the borders of Central America and Mexico we
may sooner or later discover the key that shall solve the mystery of the
origin of many of our species of Diabrotica.

To me longicornis is above all others the most interesting of the
Diabrotica, not because of its economic importance, but on account of
its extended range and peculiar distribution. Occurring, as it does,
from Yucatan northward through Mexico, New Mexico to Colorado,
Kansas, Nebraska and Iowa, it sweeps to the northeast through Illinois,
Indiana and western Ohio, while it is known to occur abundantly about
Buffalo, N. Y., where it has been collected by Mr. Reinecke, and also
at Aulac, New Brunswick, by Mr. W. Hague Harrington. With the
possible exception of the Boreal, it thus inhabits every Life Zone on

*#

160 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

the continent of North America. This species appears to prefer the
lower altitudes, as it has not been found above the 5,000-foot level, and
over the area of its greatest abundance in the Mississippi valley the ele-
vation is generally less than 2,000 feet, and in Illinois, Indiana and
Ohio it is less than 1,000 as a rule. I have previously shown that it
can breed freely in low and damp localities, and Mr. Harrington found
it in New Brunswick abundantly in the " dyked lands" known, as the
Big Tantramah Marsh. The rapidity with which this has increased in
numbers, in some portions of the country, during quite recent years, is
simply astonishing. Where I could scarcely get specimens enough for
a series in my collection, twenty years ago, it is now one of the most
injurious insects known to the farmer, and this, too, at an elevation of
not over 900 feet. Over the western third of Ohio, across Indi'ana and
Illinois to the Mississippi River, through Iowa, eastern Kansas and
eastern Nebraska, is largely a prairie country, and such a part of this
area as was in cultivation up to i860 was devoted mainly to wheat
growing. From about 1S65 onward farmers ceased to raise wheat as
a leading crop, and corn became king of the cereals. Sometime between
1865 and 1875 this species oi Diabrotica seems to have been attracted
to the immense corn fields by the inexhaustible supply of food they af-
forded for the adults, and as later investigations have shown, for the
larvae also, and these immense stretches of corn lands soon became
breeding grounds for vast myriads of the insect. So far as we now can
see, the centre or this outbreak, if such it might be called, was in cen-
tral or northern central Illinois, and it is here that appears to have
evolved a race not differing specifically or perceivably, yet whose larvae
develop on the roots of Indian corn, while the adults may subsist alike
on the silk and pollen of the corn, the bloom of Solidago, thistle and
clover, and the result has been that not only has the species increased
enormously in point of numbers and far above what could ordinarily
exist in the natural flora, but there seems to have been a sort of over-
flow of this race, precisely as though a slow but constantly moving wave
had spread out over the west, north and east; these directions being
governed by the area continually planted with corn. In Ohio this
problem offers a fine illustration of the effect of cultivated plants on the
spread of insects. The area over which the species occurs, even rarely
as my observations of the last four years have shown, is continually be-
ing extended to the eastward, it having been found abundantly this year
where the most careful search failed to reveal it last year or the year be-
fore last. In Ohio more or less of the inland streams flow more or less

Pec. 1895] Webster. North American Species of Diaiirotica. 161

directly northward or southward, and the valleys of these streams are
largely devoted to corn growing, the land being continually planted
year after year, in some places since the beginning of the present cen-
tury. This species appears to gain access to these valleys from the
west, and we find that one after another is being overrun in the east-
ward march of the species. First it appeared in the valleys of the Little
and Big Miami Rivers, then the Upper Wabash and Maumee, and this
year it occurs throughout the entire length of the Scioto River and the
upper portion of the Sandusky River, thus nearly covering the western
third of the State.

The distribution of D. atripennis and its varieties is given by Dr.
Horn (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. XX, p. 95) as extending from Massa-
chusetts* to Dakota, Kansas and Texas. It does not appear in the lists
of Coleoptera collected about Buffalo, N. Y., by Reinecke and Zesch,
or about Cincinnati, Ohio, by Dury, about Detroit, Mich., by Hubbard
and Schwarz, or at Iowa City, by H. F. Wickham. Years ago, when
I was engaged in exchanging Coleoptera, this appeared to be one of the
species most desired among collectors, though I never failed to find the
Nds. fossata in abundance during August and September, in northern
Illinois, at an elevation of little more than See feet. Prof. Cockerell
records it from Gallinas Canon, New Mexico, at an elevation of 7,000
feet.

Except vincta, which is an extreme Southeastern species, all of our
Diabroticas appear to have originated in the extreme Southwest, Mexico
and Central America, at least such as we cannot trace directly to South
America. The Reeky Mountains appear to have formed a divide in
the current and sent two species to the west coast, while to the east of
these mountains, vittata, 12-pitnctata excepted, all appear to have
worked their way northward along the eastern base of this range, until
reaching Colorado and Kansas, when they have swept broadly to the
northeast, precisely as has /ongiconiis, which Say discovered in 1824,
near the base of the Rocky Mountains.

Prof. Cockerell has sent me the following list of Diabrotiiu, found
in the West Indies, all being from Cuba. D. annitlata, cyaiwspila,
impressa, loricata, relicta and semicyanea. D. amccniila and D. octo-
notata are from Pacific islands, and D. liinbata from the Galapagos
group. This may be a good place to call attention to the fivct that
Jacoby's list of the phytophagous coleoptera of Japan, gives a single

*Specimens collected about Lowell, by Mr. Frederick Blanchard, are much lighte
in color than are western specimens.

162 Journal New York Ext. Soc. [Voi. hi.

species, and that, D riifotestacea Motsch., as doubtful as to the genus.
Curiously enough, D. 14-notata has been described from Madagascar,
which, if the genus proves correct, will go to substantiate the statement
of Dr. A. R. Wallace, that the fauna of this island is more closely al-
lied to that of South America than to South Africa, to which it lies
almost contiguous.

With respect to the food of the species of Diabrotica, I have no data
except as to species of our fauna. The name means one that gnaws
through, and we usually consider them leaf eaters, and, while this is
true to some extent, yet they are really pollen eaters and prefer the
bloom to the foliage. We know how destructive 12-punctata and vittata
are to the young Cucurbs, but as soon as the blossoms appear they
largely forsake the leaves and frequent only the flowers, the former I
have observed in the woods in October, feeding on the belated bloom
of Asier sagittijolius, after the Cucurbs had been killed by frost ; the
adults are probably no more leaf eaters, in general, than they are fruit
eaters.. I have myself found vittata, 12-piinctata and longicornis feed-
ing upon ripe apples, melons, squashes and pumpkins, and, too, have
observed them all feeding upon the silk and pollen of corn. All three of
them are found on the Golden Rod {Solidago), Wild Sunflower {Ilelian-
thus), and I always captured atripeiinis wax.fossata on the bloom of the
Compass Plant {Silphiiim), and the fondness of longicornis for the blos-
soms of thistle has long been observed as a marked characteristic, and we
know that they forsake the cornfields as soon as the supply of pollen
fails and the silk turns to brown. Mr. Charles Robertson, in his ad-
mirable series of papers in the Botanical Gazette on "Flowers and In-
sects," gives the following as frequented by 12-piinctata: Nelumbo lu-
tca, Impatiens fiilva, Ceanothiis americanus, Amorpha canescens, CEno-
thera fniiticosa. Forbes, 1 8th Report State Entomologist of Illinois,
gives also the blossoms of roses, dahlias and cosmos ; while I have ob-
served it to swarm on the flowers of Seiiecio or Groundsel, in Louisiana,
in early spring. It also attacks the foliage of the following plants : Horse
nettle, cabbage, cauliflower and beans, while of trees they are known to
eat the leaves of plum, cherry, apricots and also the raspberry. I have
found both this vittata and longicornis feeding upon the unripe kernels
of corn, while j2-punctata was found similarly engaged on unripe
wheat. Besides thistle blossoms, longicornis has been recorded by Prof.
Forbes as feeding on the pollen of smartweed, ragweed, clover and
Helianthus. Of the food plants of soror, I know nothing from per-
sonal observation, but Coquillett reports both this and trivittata as

Dec, iSgs-] Webster. North American Species of Diabrotica. 103

frequenting the blossoms of Yucca whipplei, while Koebele states that
it is destructively abundant on many fruits and vegetables and that he
has observed it feeding upon the leaves of young corn, the larvje having
been found by him attacking the roots. From all of the foregoing it
will be seen that while the members of this genus in our country feed
upon both fruit and foliage, it is the bloom to which they pay particu-
lar attention as soon as it is accessible to them. Still, it must be ad-
mitted that while lon^icornis has a fondness for the bloom of the cotton
plant, yet it can hardly be said to occur in the cotton-growing portion
of the country, and I can only suggest that it is primarily a grass insect,
feeding in the larval stage upon the roots, and, largely at least, in the
adult state on the blossoms of various flowers. Both Schwarz and Lug-
ger have found pupre oi l2-piiuctata about the roots of Riidbeckia, and
Marten found the larvae among the roots of Cypenis strigosiis and
Scirpjis fliiviatelliis, while I have taken the supposed larva of this species
feeding on young wheat plants below ground. We only know that the
larvte oi vittata has been found in the roots of Cucurbs, which does not
necessarily imply that it too may not breed among the roots of grass or
plants of a kindred nature. The two species, vittata and i2-punctata,
appeared to have occupied the country to the east of the Rocky Moun-
tains from an early day, as we hear of their depredations from the earli-
est settlement of the country, and we may fairly assume that both
may have spread over the country from the southwest, supporting
themselves in both the larval and adult stages upon the indigenous vege-
tation, though we can, of course, not say that the cultivated fields of
both the Aztecs of Mexico and our own aborigines have not aided in
their diffusion. Much less do we know or shall we be able to learn the
influence that might have been offered by that extinct race of men, now
only known by their stupendous earthworks that are scattered over the
country, but of whose daily lives we know absolutely nothing, and
therefore cannot measure their influence on the flora and fauna of their
time. All facts now in our possession indicate that longicoruis has
spread eastward at a comparatively recent time, and though we only
know of one food plant, corn, it is almost certain that there are others.
Mr. Reinecke writes me that he collects all of his specimens of the beetle
from willows growing near a small stream, not far from Buffalo, while
Mr. Harrington calls attention to the lack of corn in the vicinity of
where he found these beetles in New Brunswick, and states that the
species must breed in the roots of some of the larger grasses. So far as
known then, with the possible exception of vittata, the species shows a
tendency toward the grasses as food plants for the larvae.

164 Journal New York Ent, Soc. [voi. hi.

The fact that several species of this genus are literally swarming over
large areas of country, and their habits are such as to expose them al-
most continually during the adult stage to attacks of birds, while in all
of the investigations of the food of birds they rarely appear, has raised
the question of their being inedible. The colors of our commonest
species are black, black and yellow, and green. It is true that a ma-
jority of the blossoms frequented by these beetles are more or less of a
yellow color, but the black stripes and spots on some species and the
almost entire black of others rather leads to the inference that black is
in this case a warning and not a protective color. Or, in other words,
while the colors of some of our species might be supposed to be protec-
tive, their coloration appears to be so only so far as warning colors can
be said to constitute protection. The color of D. longicornis, being as
it is of a uniform green color, or at most but slightly tinged with yel-
low, would form a protection, provided it fed upon foliage of the same
color — but it does not ; and its green color only makes it the more con-
spicuous on the purple bloom of the thistle, or the yellow flowers of the
Solidago. If i2-piinctata, soror or tricincta habitually fed upon a yel-
low background like, for instance, the rays of the flowers of Helian-
thus, and should puncture them with small holes that would at a short
distance resemble small black spots, then these species might be sup-
posed to gain protection from their coleration. But neither these or
longicornis are seemingly in the least protected by their coloration, and
their immunity from attacks of birds must be due to other influences.
Bates, in his " Naturalist on the River Amazon," states that in the for-
ests along the Amazons "the Eumolopidse and Galerucid^e were much
more numerous than the Chlamydes and Lamprosomas, although being
also leaf eaters and having neither the disguised appearance of the one
or the hard integuments of the other ; but many of them secrete a foul
liquor when handled, which may perhaps serve the same purpose of
passive defence." It is here that without doubt we shall find the secret
of the protection of species of Diabrotica against the attacks of birds.
Perhaps the most convincing evidence on this point is to be found in a
paper by Mr. Charles J. Gahan, in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1891, pp.
367-374, plate XVII, in which, under the title of "Mimetic resemb-
lances between species of the Coleopterous genera Lema and Diabro-
tica^' seventeen species of the former genus, inhabiting South and Cen-
tral America and Mexico, shows a remarkably close resemblance to
nearly an equal number of species of the latter genus inhabiting the
same regions. In the colored plate which accompanies this paper illus-

Dec. 1895] Webster. North American Species of Diaurotica. 1G5

trations are given of ten of these cases of mimetic resemblances, and it
must be confessed that Mr. Gahan has made out an extremely strong
point. But one of our North American species of Diabroiica is in-
cluded in this list, D. vittata, which is given as the protector of Lema
Tiigrovittaia. I have strongly suspected this of our Diabrotica for sev-
eral years, but the only case that appeared to me at all probable was
that of our Cerotoma caminea, some of the collorial forms of which re-
semble D i2-punctata. But Mr. Gahan in his list gives C. arctiata as
being mimicked by Lema criicifera, in Cayenne, which if correct, as I
am inclined to believe, would render any such relation impossible. Of
our seventeen species and varieties of Lema, as included in Henshaw's
list, 1 have compared ten with an equal number of our eighteen species
of Diabrotica, but shall be obliged to confess that among our North
American species of these genera there does not appear to be any
mimetic resemblances whatever, at least so far as my comparisons have
carried me.*

Mr. Gahan, with commendable candor, freely admits that fresh
observations of the species of the genera Lema and Diabrotica in their
living stage will have to be made before it can be definitely established
that the resemblances between them are cases of true mimicry. When
this has been done, whether we find similar relationships existing among
our North American species or not, we shall have ample proof of the
inedibility of the species of Diabrotica and thus solved the problem of
their protection from attacks of birds, as indicated by the great number
of examinations made of the food of many of the most common of our
species.

In conclusion, it would seem as though Central America, Mexico
and possibly southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and perhaps also
southern Texas, comprised the womb, as it were, within which our
North American species of Diabrotica had been formed and from out
of which they had issued. And may it not be possible for the careful
student, located within these boundaries, to still witness in Prof. Cock-
erell's incerta, variety of D. vittata, LeConte's tenella, variety of 12-
punctata, Harold's 12-tiotata or some of the variations of atripennis, the
actual evolution of species? A study of this genus of beetles over the
area indicated will certainly richly reward the student, and not unlikely
bring to light some facts that will prove of immense value to the science
of biology in general.

*This statement has since been verified by examinations of these genera as rep.
resented in the National Museum at Washington and the Philadelpliia Academy of
Science.

166 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. m.

One point more and I am done. Without intending the least dis-
respect for that veteran worker, Dr. Horn, I wish to say that the distri-
bution of species as usually indicated by him in his writings, and for
which collectors are doubtless largely responsible, are almost valueless in
studies of this sort, and I wish to emphasize in the strongest manner
possible the point made by Mr. L. O. Howard, in his paper on the
"Geographical distribution within the United States of certain insects
injuring cultivated crops," where the plea was made for an exact record
of the occurrence of a species — for exact localities, instead of sections
of country or States.

FINAL NOTE ON THE PLATYPTERYGIDiE.

By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.
I refer to my paper on this family Can. Ent. XXVII, 133, and
Avish here briefly to draw attention to what seems to me the true position
of our single American species referred to Platypteryx, according to Neu-
moegen and Dyar's arrangement, although I had supposed we had
three: siculifer, arciiata, geniciila. It may well be these names only
apply to races or forms of a single species : arcuata. I take it for
granted that my argument as to the proper name for the family cannot
be gainsaid. Before any idea had been expressed in literature that
the genus represented a family, Hiibner had fixed the type of Platyp-
teryx in the Tentamen and pleuralized the name (Platypterices), using
it for the group afterwards in the Verzeichniss (t8i8). Stephens
adopted this name for the group in 1829, changing the termination to
follow Svvainson's rule (1827) for families, calling it Platyptericidse.
In 1868 I corrected the writing of the word to Platypteryginse, regard-
ing the group as a subfamily of Ijombycidae, following Packard. It
should now be called Platypterygidai, if we would respect the rules; it
is correctly given in the Philadelphia Check List. No change in this
title for the family seems permissable ; the terms " Drepanulida^ " and
"Drepanidse" are simply synonyms and should be abated. For the
type of Schrank's genus, with mixed contents, of 1S02, is not yet indi-
cated. The only certain generic type we have is Platypte/yx hamula
(Jfinaria'), and this is for Laspeyres' genus. Its designation by Hiibner
left at least three generic types still in Schrank's original genus, any
one of which might be available for Drepaiia. The family type is fixed
by Hiibner, and the family name must be formed from the genus of
this type. From a study of Speyer's excellent popular work it seems to
me probable that the type of Drepana may be correctly held to be none

Dec. iSgs.] Dyar. a New Datana. 16T

of these three left by Hiibner's action open to our choice, viz.: Incertiii-
aria (^Falcarid), glaucata (^Cilix), flexiila {Ave/ifia). fVom this work
and the study of the material in the Roemer Museum, there seems to
me to be two generic types passing usually indifferently under the names
either of Schrank or of Laspeyres. One of these two should be avail-
able for Drepaua. I quote the work for the characters :

A. Hind tibire with two pair of spurs. 'Antenni^ * of the $ with
saw-like teeth or notched.

The species are : ciiltraria, binaria (Jiamtila^, harpas;iila. To
this section therefore the term Platypteryx irrevocably applies. Of the
species I have not yet seen the last named.

B. Hind tibiae only with terminal spurs. x\ntenn?e of the q
shortly pectinate.

The species are : falcataria, ctirvatula. I have Jalcatana before
me, and it is to this type that we may limit Drepaua, if, in order to use
this earliest name for some member of the group, we would not disturb
any one of the three genera above indicated. I believe the characters
to be of generic value. It is to this genus that our x\merican species
belongs, since it appears to "represent" the European falcataria :
its correct title is therefore : Drepaua arcuata Wlk. Platypteryx is
then not yet found in America.

A NEW DATANA.

By Harrison G. Dyar.
Datana chiriquensis, sp. nov. — Allied to iutcgerrima G. & R.,
but larger and without the pale shades bordering the transverse lines.
Light brown, the fore wings thickly and evenly irrorate with dark brown scales ;
lines and fringe concolorous, darlv brown. Transverse anterior line regularly arcuate,
distinct ; transverse median line also distinct, crossing the cell between the discal
spots ; transverse posterior line distinct, nearly straight, slightly incurved at vein i
and at costal edge; between median and t. p. lines three faint lines (forming one
more line than in the United States species), quite regularly spaced; apical streak
dislocated, obscure. Discal spots pulverulent, dark, the outer narrow, moderate, the
inner obsolescent, much as in ititegerrima. Costal portion of the wing scarcely
brighter than the rest. Exterior margin entire. Secondaries brown outwardly, pale
toward base. Thorax normal. Expanse 60 mm.
Types two 9 J, Chiriqui, Mexico. (Heyde).

*Note Speyer's use of characters drawn from the female antennje for taxo-
nomic purposes and the implication of their value. The character given by Speyer>
drawn from the hind tibiae, is one used in the Geometridce, and its use here indicates
that there is a true relationship between the families as expressed by Dyar's classili-
cation.

168 Journal New York. Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

SCHRANK'S GENERA.

By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.

Before discussing Schrank's genera, mainly those referrable to the
Agrotidce, I wish to state the case of the Tentamen and give the date
which we may accord to it. The Tentamen is of the utmost value to
the nomenclator. Alone by this sheet can we trace the origin of certain
generic names now in use and fix their types. Such are : Diphthera,
Folia, Agrotis, Pliisia, Brephos and others. The type, for instance, of
Agrotis is segetiim, and in this sense the term is now used, after I had
pointed out the true type; but for this type we are indebted to the Ten-
tamen. From the mixed character of Ochsenheimer's genera and sub-
sequent authorities, including Boisduval, it would be difficult to find the
type of Agrotis, and perhaps, without the Tentamen, our researches
might lead us wide away. All this disturbance the Tentamen saves us,
and its "catalogue genera" are besides the first attempt to arrange the
Order in the spirit of modern enquiry. It is the same with Pliisia ; the
Tentamen gives us the name and the type : chrysitis, and thus fixes for
us the group to which the name is referable. This genus is next on the
list for disintegration. We have in it at least two types which classifi-
cators must hold fast and be thankful for : chrysitis and gamma. When
we see how gladly, upon the same principle of priority, Prof. J. B. Smith
sweeps away generic titles, held for twenty-five years in America, to re-
instate names of Walker's, whose correct application is, from the state
of the case, doubtful, and even sometimes impossible, we feel some
amazement at the prejudice against Hiibner's titles. It may have some-
what abated since I show that Ochsenheimer's titles are also "catalogue
names" in part, and equally without diagnosis.

The Tentamen is undated. Were it dated the discussion would be
avoided. The date fixed by Mr. Scudder, iSo6, remains, and without
any argument to overturn it having been published to my knowledge.
However, Mr. Dyar uses " 1810?" I do not think anything is gained,
but rather much lost, in stability by quoting dates with a query. These
must be ascertained as near as possible and agreed upon. This date of
Mr. Scudder's is therefore probable, but it is not certain. Certainty, as
to the Tentamen, is only given us by Ochsenheimer, in his fourth vol-
ume (18 1 6); I mean that certainty which convinces anyone endowed
with reasoning faculties who is willing to use them. [The fact is that
the opponents of Hiibner adopt, without scruple, synonymy, which is

Dec. 1895] Grote. Schrank's Genera. 1(59

twenty times as disturbing and doubtful.] Ochsenheimer gives us this
certainty, and, in my preface to the 2d part of the Buffalo Check List,
I give Ochsenheimer's words, published in 181 6, that the Tentamen only
came into tliis writer's hands long after his third volume (18 10) was
printed, therefore he could not have used anything out of the Tentamen
at an earlier date (than 1816.) And in 1816 Ochsenheimer uses the
Tentamen names, and this settles the fact that the Tentamen was known
in 1 8 16 and used and useful. The fact is further settled that Ochsen-
heimer did not have the Tentamen in 18 10. Now, when did he get it?
The words used by him: " daher konnte ich friiher nichts davon
aufnehmen,'" would seem to imply that if he had received it earlier
(Jrueher), he would have used it; /. e., in his third volume, 1810; and
this construction favors Scudder's date of 1806. In fact, the whole of
Ochsenheimer's remarks, p. viii, vol. iv, produce the effect that
Ochsenheimer favorably considered the Tentamen; as a whole, re-
garded it as an equal authority, and, had he thought it necessary, might
have ascertained and given its exact date. Whether he knew it or not
does not appear. This he does not do, but, in the course of his vol-
ume, he uses in the groups he there catalogues the following names,
crediting Hlibner; Ochsenheimer gives {supra) the full title of the Ten-
tamen, so that there is no doubt of his citing this publication. Lemoni-
ades (for or under Meliiica~), Dryades (for or under Argynnis), Lim-
nades {Eiiploea~), Hamadryades {Vanessa), Najades Limenitls, Pota-
mides {Apatura), Oreades {Hipparchia), Rustici {Lyccena), Principes
{Papilio), Mancipia {Pontia'), Urbani {Hesperia). So much for the
butterflies. Ochsenheimer uses the plural names out of the Tentamen
in the synonymy, the names formed out of the generic title; and hence
for assemblages, as I understand Hiibner, who uses in the A^erzeichniss
these very names in this sense as higher than genera. It makes no dif-
ference that Ochsenheimer makes them synonyms; what is in the syno-
nymy may one day obtain. The point is the recognition of the Tenta-
men. In the Agrotidaj and Apatelidi^j Ochsenheimer cites Hiibner,
and gives priority to the following names: Diphthera (p. 63), Agrotis
(p. 66), Graphiphora (p. 68), Miselia (j^. 72), Fo/ia (p. 75), Xanthia
(p. 82), Cosmia (p. 84), Xylina (p. 85), Plusia (p. 89), Heliothis
(p 91), Anthophila (p. 93), Brephos (p. 96), Euclidia (p. 96). Now
I would like to know what the critics have to say to this recognition of
the Tentamen ? In other cases in these families Ochsenheimer con-
scientiously cites the Tentamen names, but refers them to the syno-
nymy. It is clear why he does so in some cases, not clear in others.

170 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. m.

Clear when he gives Jaspidia as a synonym of Pcecilia, not clear when
he cites Heliophila as a synonym of Leucania. All these names must
be restored to Hiibner and their use in the Tentamen confers the inesti-
mable benefit that we are given their exact types. Hiibner, in the Ten-
tamen, does not seem to know of Schrank's Fauna Boica; in the Ver-
zeichniss he uses some of the names.

It is, then, certain, that in 1816 Ochsenheinier adopts the Tentamen;
certain, that he says he received it long after his third volume, in 18 10,
was published. These are the two sure points. It is certain also, that
Hiibner makes the Tentamen the basis of the Verzeichniss; although he
changes the generic titles (coiti/s H.), he uses the higher divisions
{stirps H. ) of the Tentamen. Now the Verzeichniss is later than 1816,
from internal evidence, and we give therefore Ochsenheimer's fourth
volume the due priority (see Scudder's argument). I give, once for all,
1818 as the date of the Verzeichniss, in order to show this position of
the two works and to abate the query in citations and again because,
having given Ochsenheimer's fourth volume the pas, there is no other
work with which the Verzeichniss collides, even if we admit the full
dates of the signatures as assigned by Scudder. As to the Agrotidae
(see my Bremen list of 1895) it seems probable that the date of these
signatures may be earlier than Scudder supposes, say certainly 1822, as
compared with the Zutraege. It must be remembered that the law of
priority, at least as to genera, was then, as even now, loosely applied,
as compared wiih its use to species. Subjective notions are freely dis-
played by writers in dealing with genera, even nowadays, from Bois-
duval and Gueneeon. They consider themselves superior to Hiibner,
and some, in fact, to all creation. Now, holding these points fast, I
would propose to give Ochsenheimer's third volume the same priority
over the Tentamen that we give to his fourth over the Verzeichniss. I
would date the Tentamen 18 11. I prove the Tentamen thus wholly
by Ochsenheimer and take its date as being subsequent to 1810, when
Ochsenheimer says he received it. This also has the practical value
that we save all collision between Ochsenheimer's third volume and the
Tentamen, a collision which it is vitally necessary to avoid, in view of the
nomenclature in use, the "language idea." We must do it to save
Saturnia under Ochsenheimer's restriction ; this is, of itself, sufficient ;
for it is Ochsenheimer's restrictions of Schrank, in the third volume,
181 o, which are important to preserve. If thereby an inaccuracy is
committed, it is one owing to Hiibner's peculiar omission, and it is
condoned by the practical effect of avoiding the conflict between Hiib-

Dec. iSgs] Grote. Schrank's Grnera. 171

ner and Ochsenheimer. For there is then no vital conflict left ; so far
as my researches go there are but two or three corrections necessary in
the Agrotidse, where Ochsenheimer has rejected a few names without
apparent reason. He adopts far more than he rejects, and the rejec-
tions arise from special causes, in the main, to be studied out by the
systematist and nomenclator. All ground for radical disputes would
be taken away by this course. There is no reason why we should be
be better than Ochsenheimer in his fourth volume, and take a different
stand as to Hiibner. Above all we secure to the nomenclator the great
benefit of the undisputed use of the Tentamen in ascertaining the true
origin of many names in use and the unfailing designation of their
types.

We may now consider certain of Schrank's genera, all those of the
Agrotidae, and a few of the others. They date from 1802; the species
are described in Vol, I, 1801.

Saturnia.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 149. — Pyf'i, spini, carpini, tail.

18 10. Ochsenheimer, Schm. Europ. Ill, i. — Pyri spini, carpini.
[This restriction of Ochsenheimer's, is that to-day adopted. Heccra
Tentamen 181 1, for carpini {Favonia minor') becomes a synonym, in
the absence of character.]

1895. Grote, Syst. Lep. Hild. — Designates pyri {Favonia major Z.)
as type.

Bom by X.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 150. — Mori, versicolor. [This re-
striction of the Linnean genus Bombyx is important, because it fixes
the type as mori, through Ochsenheimer's erection of the genus En-
dromis for versicolor, 1810, III, 15. The generic title Bombyx has,
then, been misapplied to the Lachneidae by authors, and its use in
Staudinger's Catalogue must be abandoned. I am therefore correct in
designating inori, which was virtually the type since 18 10.]

Poecilia.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 157. — Ferla, aprilijia, runica.
[The name falls because preoccupied.]

Cucullia.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 157. — [Refers here his families G &
H, I, 325 et seg.] Fam. G: artemisia, abrotani, absynthii, verbasci,

172 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

tanaceti, scrophiilariw, linariic, lactncce, iimhratica. [It is to this
"family," that the generic term must be applied and the type sought,
since Schrank's translation of the term: ** Munchseule," and his re-
ference to the hooded collar sufficiently indicate his purpose which falls
in with the modern use of the term.] Fam. H: exsoleta, petrificata,
margodea, putris rhizolitha, perspicillaris.

1816. Ochsenheimer, Schm. Eur. IV, 87. — Spectabilis, gnaphalii,
abrotani, absinthii, artemisice, argentina, lactea tanaceti, draaincidi, um-
bratica, chanwmillcB, lactiica^, lucifiiga, aster is, verbasci, scrophiilarice.
[This restriction accords with the above statement, that a "hooded
owlet" must be the type of Cue 11 Ilia. Tribonophora Hubn. 181 1
(type : umbratica^ is referred by Ochsenheimer as a synonym.]

181 5. Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 246. — verbasci, scrophiilarice. [This
restriction is most useful and enables us to fix the type ; which is one
of the group with uneven fringes.]

1874. Grote, List N. Am. Noct. 28. — Designates verbasci as type.

tiadena.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 158. — [Refers here his "familes"]
M. and N., I, 348 et seg., and translates his term by: Triibeule.
Fam. M. ; typica, chenopodii, atriplicis, pnecox, pisi, oleracea, hordei,
{dealt rata), xanthographa, piniperda. Fam. N. : liicipara, ciicubali.

18 1 6. Ochsenheimer, Schm. Eur. IV, 71, cites Hadena Schrank
and includes 28 species, fully as dissonant as Schrank's material, some
with hairy, some with naked eyes. But he excludes every species
cited under Schrank's family M, and includes both liicipara and ciicu-
bali with Schrank's family N, thus restricting the genus in this sense.
Henceforth either lucipara or ciicubali must be type.

18 18. Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 216. — Includes among seven species,
of the two only ciicubali, leaving out lucipara ; thus, from 18 18, cucu-
hali is virtually the type. Typica was excluded in 181 6.

1895. Grote, Ent. Rec. VI, 78. — Recounts the above and desig-
nates ciicubali 2.% the type. [The genxxs Diantha:cia Boisd. thus be-
comes apparently identical, since its type seems not separable on struc-
tural grounds, though cucubali, the "genuine Triibeule," is hardly
a typical Diantha'cia. It is instructive to see, in general early litera-
ture, a tendency to use Hadena rather for a hairy eyed type. In an
old collection, named at least nearly sixty years ago, made in Hilder-
heim, I find every species of Z>/<j;«///av/a is ticketed "Hadena" among
them cucubali.

Dec. 1895] Grote. Schrank's Genera. ITS

Catocala.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 158. [Refers here his "family"
V, I, 364, and translates his generic term by: Prachteule.] Fam. V :
maiira,fraxini, nupta, pacta, conjiincta, elocata, sponsa, promissa,
paranympha, parthenias, piiella. [It thus contains the types of Cato-
cala, Mania and Breplws. But, as with Ciiciillia, though with some-
what less clearness, we must seek the type within the limits of the
modern genus, a species of which seems meant as typical by Schrank,
though here, as elsewhere, no "type" is indicated.]

1 816. Ochsenheimer. Schm. Eur. IV, 94. — [Restricts the term
in consonance with the above idea.] Fraxini d.wA 16 other species all
referable here, the entire European species, and refers also Blephara
(^Blephar 111)1) Hiibn. Tent. 181 1, 2, as synonymous. [The type of
Blephariim is sponsa and the course of Ochsenheimer should be fol-
lowed from general considerations.]

1818. Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 276, {^Catocalla^. Fraxini, sole
species and therefore type.

1874. Grote, List N. Am. Noct. 41. — Designates /;'<?.v//« as type.
[Since Hubner, in the Tentamen 181 1, proposes names for the three
original types contained in Catocala Schrank : Lemur niaitra,
Blephariim sponsa, Brephos parthenias, Ochsenheimer is justified in
taking one for the original genus and his choice is approved by
Schrank's manifest intentions. Whether sponsa or fraxini becomes
the type of Catocala, may perhaps be disputed. I follow Hiibner's
Verzeichmiss, rather than the indication of the Tentamen, for the sake
of greater clearness and because it seems unessential of Hiibner's three
names. Lemur is preoccupied, Blepharum a synonym and Brephos re-
mains valid.]

Pyrausta.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 163. — Cingulalis, lenmalis. \_Cin-
gulalis may be taken as type and this will conform with the use of the
term by Prof. Fernald.]

Agrotera.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 163. — JVemoralis, sole species
and therefore type.

Pyralis.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 162. — Pitii^uinalis, sole species,
and this restriction apparently makes pinguinalis the type of the Lin-
nean genus. \_Aglossa Latr, would be synonymous with Pyralis under
his restriction.]

1T4 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

Polypogon.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 162. — Barbalis, tentaculalis.
\_Tentac Iliads should be taken as type from subsequent restrictions.
Tiie name appears to have been neglected and is perhaps not available.
See Erpyzon.'\

Hypena.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 163. — Proboscidalis, rostralis,
palpalis.

1 8 18. Hiibner, Verzeichniss, 345. — Palpalis, decimalis, obsitalis,
rostralis. [Excludes proboscidalis, leaving the term for either rostra-
lis or palpal is.']

1874. Grote, List N. Am. Noct. 52. — Designates rostralis as
type. The term seems to have been taken by Schrank from Fabricius,
but the latter is not apparently quoted.

Scopula.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 162. — Faludalis, dentalis.

Nymphula.

1802. Schrank, Faun. Boic. II, 162. — Potomagalis, nymphaalis.
[I may leave the designation of the type in those two genera to my
friend. Prof. Fernald.]

Erpyzon.

I Si I. Hiibner, Tentamen, 2. — Bar balls, sole species and there-
fore type. [This name appears neglected and, instead, Pechipogofi
Hiibn., Verz., is used by European authorities, such as Stand. Catalog,
Hoffman, etc. Now Pechipogofi is used in the Verzeichniss for plu7ni-
geralis (Jmrbalis Hiibn. Pyr. 18) diXid. pectitalis Hiibn. Pyr. 122. £ar-
balis seems correctly identified by Hiibn. Pyr. x8, and his Verzeichniss
■na-vnt plitmigcralis a synonym. His identification of his barbalis with
tarsicrinalis Knoch is not followed. This genus, Pechipog07i Verz.,
would then be the Verzeichniss substitute for Erpyzon. Hiibner writes
'' Pechipogo." The genera are arranged under the group " Herpy
zones," taken from the Tentamen. I conclude that Erpyzon Hiibner,
I Si I, must clearly be used for barbalis CI.]

This concludes my paper. Since, within the lifetime of a single
individual (my own) we have progressed from a state in which we had
but a dozen named Apatelid^e and Agrotidse in our collections to one
in which we have upwards of 1,800, it is clear that we are in the begin-
ning of the use of our names, and an erroneous nomenclature is hardly

Dec. 1895] Packard. Some Bombycine Caterpillars. 1T5

yet started by means of " Butterfly Books." I would appeal to every
thinking lepidopterist to discountenance the use of erroneous generic
names such as Acronycta, Xylina, Erastria, Tceniocampa, in order to
spare future students from the necessity of a more troublesome change.
It has come to such a pass in Europe that the names for genera are
largely wrong, and that in England one set of names (Guenee's in the
main) are used, on the Continent another (Lederer's in the main). I
have made the effort from the first, and as soon as I saw (1873-4) that
the nomenclature was improperly founded, to restore the proper generic
titles. A heavy responsibility rests on those who, unable to furnish any
but subjective and erroneous arguments, try to overturn this work. For
it must ultimately obtain, but not, perhaps, until the wrong names have
permeated literature and produced confusion. The authors of this con-
fusion are then Messrs. Lintner, Smith and their followers, and time
will place them in this position if they persist. But.it is yet time.
Nothing but the most tentative work has yet been published on these
families. The species have been barely covered with titles. All the
"Revisions" are so faulty in almost every respect that they will soon
be revised. Let us then clear the track of wrong generic titles and
refuse to enter into the inheritance which modern European literature
offers us. Each genus must have its exact type, and the oldest generic
names, irrespective of persons, must prevail.

EARLY STAGES OF SOME BOMBYCINE
CATERPILLARS.

By A. S. Packard.

The follov/ing observations were made during the summer of 1894,
and I desire to express my indebtedness to Mr. William Dearden, of
Providence, who kindly furnished me with the eggs of certain of the
species.

Perophora melsheimerii.

The eggs were received from Mr. H. Meeske, of Brooklyn; they
hatched in Providence, R. I., June 21, 22.

Larva, Stage I. — Length 3 mm. Head and prothoracic shield of
the same width, being as wide as the body in front, which slightly
tapers toward the end from the middle of the body ; they (head and

176 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

shield) are dark pitchy blackish chestnut, and the surface rough. The
body is dark chestnut brown, behind a little paler, and beneath paler.
The antennae are long and blackish-brown, as are the thoracic legs.
The sides of the abdominal segment are swollen, and the segments ap-
pear as if frosted over, the skin being rough as if shagreened with fine
white granulations. There are faint traces of a slight dorsal line on the
posterior half of the abdominal region.

In a few days, nearly a week, after hatching, a median yellowish
dorsal line becomes distinct.

When first beginning to feed after hatching it simply loosely fas-
tens two leaves together with silk threads, and feeds like a Tineid larva,
not making a case. The specimens died before molting.

Clemensia aibata.

The eggs were sent me from Providence July 26, by Mr. Dearden.
They hatched at Brunswick, Maine, Aug. 8, in the morning. The food
plant is unknown ; the larvae would not eat willow, poplar or lichens.
The eggs are oval, covered with white hair and are laid in groups of
five or six.

Larva, Stage I. — Length 1.8 mm. Head a little wider than the
body, the vertex convex on each side, the two halves of the epicranium
being like two contiguous orbicular pieces, and dark, dusky amber in
color, the head in front, lower down, paler. Body moderately long,
cylindrical, the segments unusually convex, whitish greenish in front.
The hairs, which arise from minute one-haired tubercles, are of nearly
uniform length on the back and sides of the body; they are two-thirds
as long as the segments are thick, finely spinulate.

Hypercompa fucosa.

The eggs were laid at Providence July 20, and hatched at Bruns-
wick July 30.

Larva, Stage I. — Length 2 mm. Head a little wider than the
body, dark chestnut. Body white, moderately stout, with small one-
haired tubercles of the same color as the body. The hairs are rather
thick, of uniform length, not quite so long as the body is thick, and
both dark and light. The subdorsal row of tubercles are double, or
rather there are two contiguous tubercles on each abdominal segment
in this row, each sending off a hair.

Callimorpha lecontei.

The eggs were received from Mr. Dearden. It feeds on the apple;
the larvae hatched June 28 — 30 at Brunswick.

[Pec.i895. Packard. Some Bombycine Caterimi.laks. ITT

Larva, Stage /.—The larva.> when first hatched were ahnost un-
distinguishable from those of Spilosoina con^n/a, which hatched at the
same date. The head is wider than the body, which is quite hairy and
white. The head is pale amber with two brown spots on each side, or
rather, nearly all are pile horn-brown. The tubercles all bear but a
single hair, and are as long as the body is thick. It molted July ii.

Stage II. — Length at first 4 mm. Now the body is of the same
general shape as before, but the head is black and the tubercles are
black. The prothoracic plate is divided, and the other dorsal and
lateral tubercles give rise to from five to six short black hairs, with some
white ones.

Stage III. — (Described July 21-22). Length 7 mm. Body
whitish with black tubercles and hairs much as before. There are now
two faint straw yellow broad lateral bands extending down to the base
of the abdominal legs. Also a double row of subdorsal dark brown
spots on each side of the back, at the sutures, the central part of each
segment being clear of markings.

August 14. The body is now 12 mm. in length, and above is much
blacker; the straw yellow band on the side being now very conspicuous.
The tubercles are dark metallic blue, and there are four dorsal black
bands on a livid ground. It molted August 14.

Stage IV. — Length 12 mm. The body is now entirely black, with
metallic blue tubercles; the hairs are of unequal length and black.
There is a lateral row of straw yellow spots, the continuous band of the
previous stage being broken in the middle of each segment. It is now
a very handsome caterpillar. It molted September i .

Stage V. — Length 14 mm. It has the same markings as in the
previous stage, and the only difference is a slight increase in size.

Stage VI. — It molted again September 12-15, but presented no dif-
ference either in markings or size.

Spilosoma congrua.

The eggs were received from Mr. Dearden June 27. The larva
had in part hatched and were hatching June 30.

Larva, Stage I. — Body at first white except two dark spots on the
head, but in a few minutes the latter became dark. Head wider than the
body. The setiferous chitinous plates or flattened tubercles dusky and
contrasting with the white body. Prothoracic plate divided. Under a
Y-z inch objective the dorsal and lateral tubercles of the abdominal seg-
ments bear but a single hair, which is finely spinulate, and as long as
the body is thick.

178 Journal New York: Ent. Soc. [v..i. hi.

Arctia anna (persephone).

The eggs were deposited by a female, collected June 1 1, and sent
me by Mr. Dearden. I identified the moth from the Edwards collec-
tion in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The
eggs hatched about July lo or 12. The female had a broad black mar-
gin on the hind wings, and a discal crescentiform spot, otherwise it was
normal. Stage I was described July 13.

Larva, Stage I. — Length 2 mm. Body of the usual shape. Head
dull amber, with two dusky spots on the vertex. Tubercles dark chest-
nut brown, those of the four dorsal rows of the abdominal segments
bearing two setae; the other tubercles, /. e., those of the two lower rows,
I -haired. The hairs all dark, spinulate, about one-third as long as the
whole body. The prothoracic plate is crescentiform. Thoracic legs
amber-colored. It molted July 30, 31.

Sto.ge II. — Length 6.5 mm. The tubercles now bear from 8 to 10
black setse. Body pale ; the large dorsal tubercles black, with minute
black non-setiferous ones in front near the front edge of each abdomi-
nal segment. Lateral tubercles pale, of the color of the body, but with
black setae. Prothoracic shield small, dark, not conspicuous. Two
long black hairs project beyond the others from the end of the body,
and two similar ones from the side of the 8th abdominal segment.
Head dark chestnut above, in front pale. Ground color of the body
greenish, the tubercles yellowish. Thoracic and abdominal legs pale.

August 8th, it had not molted ; length 10 mm. Now all the tuber-
cles are black, and the skin is livid, with faint traces of two dorsal lines
between the two rows of large dorsal tubercles, the lines enclosing the
minute anterior tubercles.

After second molt, August 14. Length 10 mm. The body is now
nearly concealed by the dense hairs. Head black. The hairs along
the back black, those low down on the sides arising from the lowest
row of tubercles snuff yellow.

Arctia phyllira.

The eggs were laid about June 1 7 at Providence and with the moth
was given me by Mr. Dearden. The $ specimen was compared with
those in the Edwards's collection in the American Museum of Natural
History, and were nearly of the normal form. The eggs hatched June
20-21, and the larvre were reared at Brunswick, Me.

Larva, Stage I. — Length 3 mm. They had been eating perhaps
two days. The head was not so wide as the body and shining black.
The body is deep, amber colored, the tubercles darker, dark brownish,

Dec. 1895] Packard. Some Bomeycine Caterpillars. 179

and rather large. The two median tubercles are minute, and the
two subdorsal ones large. The two rows of small dorsal tubercles one-
haired; those of the subdorsal row (or 3d row from below of the abdomi-
nal segments with legs) bearing each two hairs; the second dorsal row of
2d and 3d thoracic segments bearing each two hairs, but the next row
beneath with one on the segments provided with legs. Hairs nearly
twice as long as the body is thick; the dorsal hairs black and the lateral
ones grayish. Thoracic legs dark amber brown. Abdominal legs
amber, with an external dark piece. A distinct subcrescentiform dark
conspicuous prothoracic plate. It molted July 7-8.

Stage II. — Length 6 mm. Head black. Dorsal tubercles black,
with from ten to twelve black spinulated hairs. A dorsal median row
of whitish spots beginning on the second thoracic segment, and a similar
subdorsal line. The lateral tubercles dusky amber colored. The gen-
eral hue of the skin dark amber. Prothoracic plate not very large, with
dark dorsal tubercles. It molted July 10.

Stage III. — Length 7 mm. Head black, shining, not so wide as
the body. The body now uniformly, with all the tubercles, shining
black. A conspicuous median dorsal white band, the spots separate in
stage II, being now smaller in proportion and connected, beginning as
before on the 2d thoracic segment. A faint dark livid subdorsal line,
at first not visible. About twelve spinulated pairs arise from the dorsal
tubercles, and, like those of the others are all black, except an occa-
sional small white one. It molted again July 17.

Stage IV. — Length 10 mm. Much as before though thicker, the
body entirely black, with a whitish dorsal stripe ; no definite subdorsal
line, but the sides of the body between the tubercles are dull livid, the
livid band enclosing three rows of tubercles, i. <?., the 2d, 3d and 4th
from the dorso-median one.

July 21, it was 15 mm. long, though it had apparently not molted.

July 22, the pale subdorsal lateral band is whiter than before; this
band extends underneath around the body, enclosing four rows of
tubercles on each side, thus making a broad black band on each side of
the median dorsal line. It molted July 25.

Stage V. — Length 15-16 mm. It is now deep black ; the dorsal
stripe now distinctly whitish yellow and narrow, with a broad black
band on each side. The sides of the body are darker livid than before,
the livid hue less apparent. The upper row of subdorsal tubercles are
pale, shining, glistening at the end, and black below. Thoracic legs
black; abdominal legs pale. It molted again July 31.

180 Journal New York Ent. Soc, [Voi. in.

Stage VI. — Length 16-17 mm. Same as in stage V ; described
August I St. The three lateral rows of tubercles are now dull amber
brown, and of the same hue as the abdominal legs. It molted again
August 15.

Stage VII. — Length 20-22 mm. Of the same appearance as before
but the three rows of dorsal and subdorsal tubercles on each side are
pale whitish clay color; the dorsal median hue is conspicuous, being
yellow as before.

PRELIMINARY HAND-BOOK OF THE COLEOPTERA
OF NORTH EASTERN AMERICA. *

(Continued from page 76.)

By H. F. WicRHAM.

Myas Dej.

With most of the characters of Pterostichus this genus differs by
having the terminal joint of the palpi dilated. There are no dorsal
punctures. Two North American species are known which separate
thus:

Synopsis of Species.

Larger, elytral stria' punctured COracinus,

Smaller, elytral strire not or very obsoletely punctured cyanescens.

M. coracinus Say Black, elytra purplish; thorax large, trans-
versely quadrate, front angles rounded, hind angles rectangular, margin
purplish. Elytra broad with acute striae which are finely punctured.
Length, .72 — .80 in. =18-20 mm.

Habitat: New York, New Jersey, Ohio.

M. cyanescens Dej. — Smaller than coracini/s and with smoother
stricie. Thorax not depressed at sides as in that species and with deeper
basal impressions. Length, 52 — .60 in.=ri3-i5 mm.

Habitat: New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin. Found under logs
in deep woods in July.

*Mr. Wickham kindly consented to aid us with the Hand-Book, as has also Mr.
Roland Hayward, who will furnish a synopsis of the genus Bembidium for the
March number. (W. B.)

Dec. 1805] WUKHAM. COLEOl'TERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 181

Pterostichus Bon.

Antennal grooves wanting beneath, two supra-orbital setae, scrobe
of mandible without setigerous puncture. Hind cox?e contiguous,
margin of elytra with posterolateral interruption, three basal joints of
antennae smooth, head not greatly constricted behind the eyes. Ter-
minal joint of labial palpi not dilated and not shorter than the penulti-
mate which is bisetose anteriorly. Anterior tarsi of $ transversely di-
lated.

Usually black shining species, sometimes with metallic or purplish
luster. Form elongate, more or less depressed. They are common in
woods under logs, stones or leaves, while many are to be found in the
spring under all kinds of shelter. From its great size the genus is quite
difficult to handle. The essentials used in the following table are in
the main those suggested by Dr. LeConte, whose papers have been freely
used.

Syfiopsis of Species.

Dorsal punctures wanting 2

Dorsal puncture single 5

Dorsal punctures two or more 11

2. Head of moderate size 3

Head greatly enlarged 4

3. Presternum margined at tip COngestus.

Prosternum not margined at tiji adoxus.

4. Hind trochanters acute at tip grandiceps.

Hind trochanters rounded at tip rostratus.

5. Basal fovea of prothorax double or bistriate 6

Basal fovere of thorax single 9

6. Hind angles rectangular, longer and prominent 7

Hind angles subobtuse or very small 8

7. Legs black anterior transverse thoracic line evident substriatus.

Legs reddish transverse line obsolete or wanting incisus.

8. Elytral striae punctulate vinctus.

Elytra! striae smooth apalachius.

9. Hind angles of thorax rectangular, prominent. Elytral striae deep, small species

(.32 in.) honestus.

Hind angles nearly rectangular, large species (.75 in.) unicolor.

Hind angles rounded or obtuse 10

10. Larger (.75 in.) Elytral striae very fine rotundatus.

Smaller (.41 in.) Elytral stria profound, thorax without anterior impressed

line obsoletus.

Small (.40 in.) Internal elytral strire deep, thorax with deep anterior impressed

line near margin approximatus.

182 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

11. Last joint of palpi cylindrical, truncate at tip, mostly larger species 12

Last joint of palpi elongate oval, scarcely truncate, smaller species 38

12. Metathoracic episterna short 13

Metatlioracic episterna long 25

13. Prosternum not margined behind 14

Probternum margined, thorax broader posteriorly 24

14. Outer striae of elytra finer ; prothoracic margin fine 15

Outer strips of elytra nearly or quite as deep as inner 16

15. Striae of elytra smooth obscurus.

StriK punctured ventralis.

16. Prothorax narrower behind 17

Prothorax nearly quadrate, elytral striae subcatenate 22

Prothorax broader behind, elytral stria? normal 23

17. Two dorsal punctures 18

Four dorsal punctures 21

18. Basal foveae deep linear lachrymosus.

Basal fovene large, broad 19

19. Hind angles carinate 20

Hind angles not carinate, fovea not tuberculate relictus.

20. Fovea not tuberculate coracinus.

Fovea with tubercle stygicus.

21. Purplish, hind angles carinate superciliosus.

Dull black, hind angles not carinate moestus.

22. Basal fovex broad, deep, punctured, thoracic margin broader at base, hind

angles obtuse punctatissimus.

23. Side margin and basal foveae punctured sculptus.

Side margin and basal foveae not punctured fallax.

24. Above iridescent, thorax flattened, narrowed anteriorly permuildus.

Above black, thorax convex more quadrate hamiltoni.

25. Basal joints of antennas distinctly carinate 26

Basal joints of antennae simple 27

26. Legs black; above green, polished dorsal punctures two, body beneath

impunctured sayl.

Legs usually reddish ; body above green or blue not polished, beneath
punctured lucublandus.

27. Dorsal punctures two ; form depressed, thorax broad, narrowed behind, rounded

at sides, hind angles rounded, basal impressions broad, punctured, elytral

striae deep, finely punctured, interstices nearly flat submarginatus.

Dorsal punctures three or four 28

Dorsal punctures five or six, foveate 36

28. Hind angles of thorax carinate, basal foveae bistriate 29

Hind angles of thorax not carinate, basal foveae single 32

29. Thorax much narrowed posteriorly, angles rectangular and prominent 30

Thorax less narrowed posteriorly, angles smaller slightly prominent, basal foveae

punctured 31

30. Basal fovea? not punctured, elytral stria? fine ebeninus.

Dec. 1895] AViCKHAM. COLEOrXERA OF N, E. AMERICA. 183

Basal fovere punctulate, elytral stria; deeper caudicalis.

31. Larger species (.60 in.) less slender COrvinus.

Smaller species (.38 in.) luctuosus.

32. Ligula obtusely carinate, thorax strongly margined 33

Ligula not carinate, thorax very finely margined 35

33. Hind thoracic angles obtuse, elytra ^ dull gravis.

Hind angles rectangular 34

34. Very brilliant (^ , 9 ). Middle tibia; ^ with acute subapical tooth and feeble

obtuse apical process scrutator.

Moderately brilliant (^) or duller (9); sides of thorax distinctly sinuate be-
hind tartaricus.

Less brilliant, 9 dull ; thorax scarcely sinuate near base haldemani.

35. Purplish above, thoracic impressions not punctured purpuratus.

Black above, thoracic, impressions punctured mutus.

36. Hind angles of thorax small, dentiform, elytra shining pennsylvanicus.

Hind angles rectangular, elytra 9 dull vitreus.

Hind angles obtuse, elytra 9 dull 37

37. Sides of prothorax broadly depressed orinomum.

Sides of prothorax narrowly depressed luczotii.

38. Metathoracic episterna long 39

Metathoracic episterna short 4 '

39. Scutellar stria long 40

Scutellar stria wanting, thorax nearly square, rounded at angles,color black, legs
reddish ery thropus.

40. Elytral striae smooth ; antennae and legs reddish patruelis.

Elytral striae punctured in anterior half, antennae and legs reddish, thighs usually

darker f emoralis.

Elytral striae obsoletely punctured, antennas and legs bright ferruginous, surface
iridescent COrrusculus.

41. Prothorax not margined at base near hind angles, scutellar stria long, elytra]

striii: fine, surface brassy vindicutus.

Prothorax with base margined near hind angles 42

42. Outer basal fovea wanting 43

Both foveae present, the outer one small hudsoniciis.

43. Medium-sized, hind angles of thorax more or less prominent empetricola.

Smaller, prothorax broader, more narrowed behind sides suddenly sinuate, hind

angles prominent mandibularis.

P. congestus A/r//. — Black, thorax longer than broad, narrowed
and sinuate posteriorly, basal margin straight, not margined toward the
sides. Elytral striae deeper behind. Length, .47-. 70 inch = 12-
1 7.5 mm.

Habitat : Alaska, California (San Diego). The Wisconsin record,
on the strength of which it is here inserted should be carefully verified.

P. adoxus Say. — Black, antennre and palpi dark rufous, legs and
abdomen piceous. Thorax gradually narrowed behind, sides exciirved

184 Journal New York. Ent. Soc. fVoi. hi.

near hind angles, basal lines strong, elytral stria; not punctured.
Length, .53-.60 in. = 13-15 nim.

Habitat : Canada to Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Wyoming.

P. grandiceps Cliaiid. — This and the following species are easily
known from their allies by the very large head and prominent man-
dibles. Length, .56-. 68 in. =z 14-17 mm.

Habitat : Georgia, North Carolina and Tenn.

P. rostratus Newm. PI. VII, fig. 3. — Length, .56-.67 in. = 14-
16.3 mm.

Habitat : Canada, New York, south and westward.

P. substriatus Lee. — Black, shining, thorax broad, much nar-
rowed behind and rounded on the sides. Striation of elytra variable,
sometimes quite deep, often nearly effaced. Length, .48-.57 in. ;= 12-
14 mm.

Habitat : New Jersey, New York, southward : Missouri to New
Mexico.

P. incisus Lee. — Resembles the preceding, differs in the anterior
transverse line of prothorax being nearly effaced, the legs reddish, the
hind angles of prothorax smaller. Length, .40-.48 in. = 10-12 mm.

Habitat : Illinois, Missouri River to Colorado.

P. vinctus Let. — Black, shining, thorax not transverse, anterior
transverse line wanting, elytral stride deep. Length, .43 in. = n mm.
Habitat : Georgia, Tennessee, Pennsylvania.

P. unicolor Say. — Black, opaque, thorax not transverse, sides
subsinuate posteriorly, basal impressions single, rather long, elytra finely
striato-punctate. Length, .75 in. = 19 mm.

Habitat : New York to Georgia.

P. rotundatus Lee. — Black, somewhat shining ; the thorax is
broader than long and the hind angles obtuse. Basal strias short,
elytra finely striate. Length, .75 in. = 19 mm.

Habitat : New York and Georgia.

P. obsoletus Say. — Black, elytral striae deep; legs reddish.
Length, .41 in. := 10 mm.

Habitat : Ohio, Illinois, Alabama, Texas and Florida.

P. approximatus Lee. — Allied to obsoletus, differs especially in
the presence of an anterior thoracic line. Length, .40 in. = 10 mm.

Habitat: Pennsylvania and District of Columbia.

Dec. 1895.] WiCKHAM. CoLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 185

P. apalachius Horn. — Blackish, shining, slightly iridescent,
thorax about equal in length and breadth, slightly narrowed posteriorly.
Body beneath smooth except for a few punctures on the sides of the
sternum and anterior abdominal segments. The male has a broad oval ex-
cavation near the posterior margin of the anal segment. Length, .48
in. r= 12 mm.

Habitat : Canada, New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania and Maryland.

P. honestus Say. PI. VII, fig. 4. — A rather small and easily recog-
nized species; the thorax is much narrowed and abruptly sinuate at
sides behind, the elytra more oval than usual with very deep striae and
much broader than the thorax. Length, .32 in. = 8 mm.

Habitat: Widely distributed in the Eastern States, especially
northward.

P. obscurus Say. — This and the following species are of a peculiar
appearance, more elongate than usual, the second dorsal puncture situ-
ated in the third stria. The thorax is narrowed behind, trapezoidal in
shape, the hind angles very obtuse, rounded. Length, .42 in. = 10.5 mm.

Habitat : Pennsylvania, Ohio, south and westward.

P. ventral is .Sa_y.— Separable from obscurus by the characters
given in the table. Length, .35 in. =^ 9 mm.

Habitat : Louisiana, Florida, Missouri, Illinois and Kansas.

P. lachrymosus Newm. — Black, thorax much narrowed behind,
elytral striae deep, interstices convex. Length, .60 in. ^ 15 mm.

Habitat : New York, southward and westward.

P. coracinus Ne7um. PI. VII, fig. 5. — Black, thorax quadrate
somewhat narrowed behind, sides broadly rounded. Elytral striae
deep, impunctured. Length, .60-. 70 in. = 15-17.5 mm.

Habitat : Canada and Wisconsin to Tennessee and Virginia.

P. stygicus Say. — The tubercle in the thoracic fovea easily dis-
tinguishes this from the preceding. Length, .57 in. = 14 mm.

Habitat : Canada to Illinois and Georgia.

P. relictus Neivm. Sufficiently distinguished by the characters
given in the table. Length, .64 in. = 16 mm.

Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania and Michigan.

P. superciliosus Siy. — Black, shining, elytra purplish. Thorax
wide in front, much narrower behind, hind angles broadly rounded.
Elytral striae deep, impunctured. Length, .60 in. = 15 mm.

Habitat: Michigan, Pennsylvania and New York.

186 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. irr

P. mcestus Say. — Size of preceding, differs as noted in table.

Habitat: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and West Vir-
ginia.

P. punctatissimus Rand. — Black, polished, thorax quadrate,
but slightly narrowed behind, posterior angles obtuse. Elytral slrioi
deep, the alternate interstices interrupted and foveate. Length, .57
in. = 14 mm.

Habitat : Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine and Canada.

P. fallax Dcj. — Body elliptical, polished. Elytra deeply striate,
abdomen not punctured at sides. Length, .65 in. = 16 mm.

Habitat : Tennessee, Arkansas and southward.

P. sculptus Lee. PI. VII, fig. 6. — Narrowed and more shining
than y"<:7//<:/A-, abdomen punctured at sides. Length, .55-. 70 in. =
14-17. 5 mm.

Habitat : New York and southward.

P. permundus Say. — Elliptical, black, shining with iridescent re-
flections, elytral strire very finely punctured. Length, .60 in. = 15 mm.

Habitat : Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Missiouri, Illinois and Nebraska.

P. hamiltoni Horn. — Resembling permundus in general form
but differs by characters given in table. Length, .54 in. =13.5 mm.

Habitat: Pennsylvania, East Ohio, Maryland and West Virginia.

P. sayi Bruits. — Usually bronzed above, sometimes nearly black.
Body oblong, somewhat flattened, thorax narrowed anteriorly, hind
angles rectangular, elytral striae deep. Length, .40-.50 in. =
1 0-12.5 riin^-

Habitat: Northeast America, abundant.

P. \\xcub\sind\xs Say. P. VII, fig. 7 — Lacks the brilliantly pol-
ished surface of the preceding which it resembles in form. Legs usually
reddish though varying to black. Common over a great part of the
country. Length, .40-. 5 5 in. 1=10-14 J^'^'^^-

Habitat: United States east of Rocky Mountains.

P. submarginatus Say. — Length, .50 in. =12.5 mm.

Habitat: Illinois, southward and westward.

P. ebeninus DeJ. This and the three following species are mem-
bers of a small group in which the hind angles of the thorax are
carinate, the foveae deep, broad and bistriate. Elytra with three dorsal
punctures and long scutellar stria. Humeri dentiform, posterior tarsi
with first joint feebly grooved externally. The characters used in the

Dec. 1895.] WlCKHAM. COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 187

table for specific identification are those selected by Dr. LeConte.
Length .44-. 5 4 in. =11-13.5 mm.

Habitat: New York, Illinois, Louisiana, Texas and Ohio.

P. caudicalis Say. — Length, .41-. 50 in. =10-12.5 mm.
Habitat: Canada to Maryland, Ohio, Dakota, Montana, Nevada
and Oregon.

P. luctuosus Dej. — Smaller and more slender than the others of
the group. Length, .37 in. =9 mm.

Habitat: Canada, Wisconsin, New York and Pennsylvania.

P. corvinus Dej. — Thorax rather short, sides not sinuate, hind
angles very slightly prominent or subobtuse. Length, .5 7-. 60 in.
=14-15 mm.

Habitat: Canada to Wisconsin to Nebraska, New York to
Georgia.

P. haldemani Lee. — Black, elytra opaque, at least in the 5 ,
striae fine. A very large species. Length, .87 in. = 22 mm.
Habitat : New York and south to Alabama.

P. tartaricus Say. PI. VII, fig. 8. — Aside from the characters
given in the table, may be known from the preceding species by having
deep elytral striai. A specimen ( $ ) in my cabinet from Iowa City
exceeds all the recorded measurements, reaching 24 mm. Length,
.63-. 96 in. =: 16-24 rnn^-

Habitat : New York, Canada, south and west to Illinois and
Iowa.

P. scrutator Lee Smaller and very brilliant. Length, .60 in. =

15 mm.

Habitat : Canada, New York, Illinois and Iowa.

P. gravis Lee. — Length, .76 in. ^ 19 mm.

Habitat : Pennsylvania, rare.

P. purpuratus Lee. — Purplish above, body rather elongate, thorax
moderately narrowed behind. Posterior tarsi with three joints grooved.
Elytral striae deep, impunctured. Length, .53-.56 in. =^ 13-14 mm.

Habitat : New York to Pennsylvania and Ohio.

P. mutus Say. PI. VII, fig. 9 — Black, hind angles of thorax more
distinct. Length, .40-.52 in. = 10-13 mm. A common species in the
Atlantic and Middle States.

Habitat : Atlantic region generally and west to Nevada.

188 Journal New York Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

P. pennsylvanicus Lee. — Commences a series of four species in
which the dorsal punctures of the elytra are very large, foveate. The
species are distinguished with difficulty, the chief points of difference
(as developed by Dr. LeConte) being given in the table. Length, .44
in. =11 mm.

Habitat : Northeastern America.

P. vitreus Z>ej. — Length, .46 in. = 11.5 mm.

Habitat : New Hampshire, California and Alaska.

P. luczotii Z>e/. — Length, .40-. 50 in. = 10-12.5 mm.

Habitat .• Northern portion of North America from Massachu-
setts and New York to British Columbia.

P. orinomum Kirby. PI. VII, fig. 10. — Very close to the pre-
ceding. Length, .45 in. = 11 mm.

Habitat : Nova Scotia, Canada, Lake Superior, Oregon, British
Columbia.

P. erythropus DeJ. PI. VII, fig. 11. — A small black shining
species, with reddish legs, thorax subquadrate, angles much rounded.
Posterior tarsi with four joints grooved e.xternally. Length, .33-. 34
in. = 8-8.5 i^^n""-

Habitat: Northeastern America, west to Colorado.

P. patruelis Dej. — 'VfxXhfe mora lis and corriisculus forms a small
group in which the scutellar stria is long, the prothorax feebly nar-
rowed behind and the basal impressions single. The hind tarsi have
three joints grooved on the outside. Length, .30 in. = 7.5 mm.

Habitat: Northeastern America, west to Wisconsin and Iowa,
north to Alaska.

P. femoralis Kirby. — Differs from the preceding by characters
given in table. The variety desidiosus Lee, has the stride more strongly
punctured than in the type. Length, .30 in. = 7.5 mm.

Habitat: Illinois and Missouri (var. desidiosus). New York,
Canada, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Iowa.

P. corrusculus Lee. Smaller than either of the preceding, hind
angles of prothorax obtuse. Length, .20 in. 1= 5 mm.

Habitat : New York, Massachusetts.

P. vindicatus Mann. — Oblong-ovate, above cupreous, shining,
beneath black, thorax subquadrate, moderately narrowed behind.
Basal impressions single, impunctate, hind angles somewhat obtuse.
Elytral strioe shallow, finely obsoletely punctured, dorsal punctures

Pec. 1895] WlCKHAM. COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA. 189

three or four. First antennal joint rufous at base. Legs blackish-
piceous, trochanters and base of femora rufescent. Length, .36-. 40
in. = 9-10 mm.

Habitat : New Hampshire, Alaska (Island of Kadjak).

P. hudsonicus Lee. — Elongate, black, highly polished, thorax
subcordate, not wider than long, hind angles rectangular. Legs ob-
scurely ferruginous. Length, .28-. 38 in. = 7-9-5 mrn.

Habitat: New Hampshire, Labrador. British Columbia, Alaska,
Lake Superior Region, Colorado TRed Cliff ).

P. empetricola Dej. — Black, slightly bronzed or brownish
above, thorax cordate ; elytra oblong-ovate, finely striato-punctate, dor-
sal punctures four. Base of antennae and legs rufous. Length, .28 in.
= 7 mm.

Habitat : New Hampshire, Hudson's Bay Territory, Alaska.

P. mandibularis Kirby. — Black, above somewhat bronzed.
Legs and base of antennae reddish or brownish. Thorax cordate, hind
angles punctured. Elytral stride punctulate. Length, .25-. 28 in. =
6-7 mm.

Habitat: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Canada, Wisconsin^
Hudson's Bay, Alaska.

Evarthrus Lee.
Resembling P.erostichits, especially that group in which there is a
single dorsal puncture. Prosternum margined behind, elytra with one
dorsal puncture. Posterior tarsi not grooved externally ; labial palpi
with the last joint shorter than the penultimate which bears several
long setae in front. This last character separates it most readily from
Pterostichiis in which there are but two of these seta;.

Synopsis of Species.

Prothorax £iibi(uadi-ate, not constricted at base, prosternum deeply sulcate.
Elytral stria; strongly ])unctured.

Margin of prothorax narrow, nearly uniform sigillatus.

Margin of prothorax wide, especially at base seximpressus.

Elytral strife finely purnctured.

Prothorax wider than long, no true scutellar stria americanus.

Prothorax as long as wide, scutellar stria rather long orbatus.

Prothorax strongly constricted behind, posterior angles rectangular.

Hind angles of prothorax very prominent COIOSSUS.

Hind angles less prominent, shorter.

Sides of prothorax much rounded sodalis.

Sides of prothorax less rounded, more oblKjue furtivus.

190 Journal New York: Ent. Soc. [Voi. hi.

E. sigillatus Sc7y. — Black, $ dull opaque, i sometimes less so.
Thorax subquadrate, sides rounded, hind angles obtuse, margin fine,
reflexed. Elytral strise deep. Length, .60-.68 in. = 15-17 mm.

Habitat: New Jersey, south and west, to Maryland, Missouri,
Kansas and Texas.

E. seximpressus Lee. — Close to the preceding, differing in the
characteristics given in the table. Length, .58-. 62 in. = 14. 5-15. 5 mm.

Habitat : Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana, Iowa, Kansas, Texas.

E. americanus Dcj. — Thorax slightly narrowed anteriorly, mar-
gin fine, not reflexed. Length, .60-.80 in. = 15-20 mm.

Habitat : Texas, Florida, Louisiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin.

E. orbatus Neivm. — Thorax not broader than long, and little nar-
rowed behind, margin narrow and scarcely reflexed. Length, .65-.68
= in. 16-17 ri""^-

Habitat : Illinois, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Missouri, Wiscon-
sin, Iowa, Nebraska, Texas.

E. colossus Lee. — Black, thorax transverse, sides much rounded
and sinuate posteriorly, hind angles prominent. Length, .64-.88 in.
= 16-22 mm.

Habitat : Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Louisiana.

E. sodalis Lee. — Separable by the less prominent hind angles of
the prothorax from ^<?/<?i'$'//i". It is also smaller. There is a good deal
of variation in the development of the posterior thoracic angles.
Length, .60-.68 in. ^ 15-17 nim.

Habitat: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Mis-
souri, Kansas, Texas, Tennessee.

E. furtivus Lee. — The thorax is different from the preceding spe-
cies in being more broadly and obliquely rounded on ihe sides
which are slightly sinuate near the hind angles. The chief reli-
ance must be placed on the table which follows, for the last three spe-
cies, that of Dr. LeConte. Length, .60 in. = 15 mm.

Habitat : Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland.

Explanation of Plate VII.

Fig. I. Panagseus fasciatus Say. Fig. 7. Pterostichus lucublandus Say.

Fig. 2. Patrobus longicornis Say. Fig. 8. Pterostichus tartaricus Say.

Fig. 3. Pterostichus rostratus N^ewm. Fig. 9. Pterostichus mutus Say.

Fig. 4. Pterostichus honestus Say. Fig. 10. Pterostichus orinomum Leach.

Fig. 5. Pterostichus coracinus Newm. Fig. 11. Pterostichus erythropus Z>(f;'.
Fig. 6. Pterostichus sculptus Lee.

{To be eofitinued.)

Dec. 1895] Dyar. On Attacus Splendidus. 191

CORRECTION OF A MISIDENTIFICATION—
ATTACUS SPLENDIDUS.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

In the revision of the genus Attacits by Mr. Neumoegen and my-
self (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 11, 122), we recognized two species as
possibly occurring in the United States, erycina (^splefididus) 2,x\A j'orulla.
Recently in comparing Cramer's plate 68 A with Maassen and Wey-
mer's figs. 32 and 34, both of which are given by Kirby under the
references for erycina, I find that the species is an entirely different one
from that which we had before us and described under that name. The
misidentification is an old one. In the first volume of Entomologica
Americana is a comparison of the two species in question, from which
it is obvious that the " splendidus " there referred to is the same as the
one in the Neumoegen collection, namely orizaba Westwood. Later in
the same journal, Mr. Neumoegen is quoted as stating that splendidus
and orizaba were identical ; but Mr. Neumoegen had never seen the
figures o{ splendidus, and depended upon his collection. Probably the
inclusion of splendidus in Mr. Grote's list of 1882 is based on the same
misidentification, and it may even prove traceable back to Clemens in
i860. Our species should stand : —

Attacus orizaba Westwood.

1853 — Westwood, Pioc. Zool. Soc. Lond. p. 158, pi. 32, fig. 2.

i860 — ? Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 160 (as splendidus.)

1882 — Grote, Check List, p. 20 (as splendidus.')

1884 — Murtfeldt, Can. Ent. XVI, 131 (as ductus).

1885 — Hulst, Ent. Amer. I, 78 (as splendidus).

1885 — Neumoegen, Ent. Amer. I, 160 (as splendidus).

1891 — Smith, List Lep. p. 31 (as splendidus).

1894 — Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 122 (as erycina).

As to our other Attacus, recorded from Arizona, A. jorulla
Westw., I believe that it has a much more extended synonymy than
that given by us. A. betis Walk., A. arethusa Walk., A. bolivar
Maass. & Weym., A. maurus Burm., A. cinctusTe^pp., and -4. speculum
Maass. & Weym., are among the forms which seem to be synonyms or
local forms oi jorulla. This matter will, however, find a more suitable
place of treatment when the whole genus is monographed.

192 Joi'RNAL New York. Ent. Soc. [Voi. in.

LOCAL ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Members of the New York Entomological Society and all others are solicited
to contribute to this column their rare captures, local lists and other items of interest
relating to the insect fauna of New York City and vicinity.

EGG-CAPSULES OF CHRYSOCHUS AURATUS (FAB.).
By J. L. Zabriskie.

On July 2, 1895, a few images of Chrysochits aiiratiis were taken
on a small patch of the Spreading Dogbane, Apocynuin androsiemifolium,
growing beside a certain street in Flatbush, L. I. On the 9th of the
same month, while examining the same plants, a specimen of Chryso-
chus was discovered ovipositing in the opening at the summit of a little
black cone, on a fence post close by the plants. In the open crater
of the little cone was an egg, evidently just deposited, and close by the
first cone was situated a similar little black cone entirely closed.
Similar little black masses were found on the stems and especially on
the under surface of the leaves of the plants near at hand.

These black masses are evidently the egg-capsules of ChrysocJius.
On the 20th of the same month two of these collected capsules were
opened, one of which contained what appeared to be four empty egg
shells, and the other contained two plump apparently living eggs.
None of these, however, hatched in captivity.* The capsules measure
about 3 mm. in length by 2 mm. in height, although frequently two
capsules are joined and partly overlap each other. Their substance is
composed of a thin but firm layer of minute brown and black pellets,
moulded in a conical or irregular ovoid form — probably the excrement
of the imago. Under the microscope the macerated and crushed ma-
terial shows no particular structure, but spores of saprophytic fungi,
such as are commonly attached to decaying vegetation, and minute
grains of sand are frequently in the field of view.

* The larviK after hatching drop to the ground and live on the roots of the
plant.— //'. />.

Index to Volume III.

Acrolepia assectella,

19

Acros ma, species of,

88

Adela viridella, larva of,

18

Admestina vvheeleri.

92

Admontia pergandei sp.

nov.

54

nasoni, sp. nov,.

55

Adoneta spinuloides,

larva of.

146

^Eschna clepsydra.

46

constricta.

46

verticalis,

45

Agalena ncevia,

82

Agroeca minuta, sp. nov.,

80

ornata.

80

pratensis.

80

Agrotera,

lyj

Amaurobius bennetti.

82

ferox,

83

Amobia californica, sp. n.,

100

Amphiagrion saucium,

43

Anax Junius,

46

Ancylorrhanis hirsuta,

85

Anomalagrion hastatum,

44

Anyphajna gracilis,

80

Apoda biguttata,

146

y-inversa, life history

of, 146,

151

Asagena americana.

84

Astia vittata.

92

Araba tergata, sp. nov.,

103

Arctia anna, larval stages

of,

178

phyllira, life history

of.

178

Argia bipunctulata,

43

putrida,

43

violacea,

43

Argiope rij^aria.

89

transversa,

89

Argyrodes cancellatus.

83

trigonum.

83

Argyroepeira hortorum.

89

Argyrophylax rostrata.

sp. nov.

106

Ariadne bicolor,

77

Atemnus elongatus, sp.

nov.,

10

Atlanticus pachymerus,

142

Attacus Orizaba,

191

splendidus.

191

Attus sylvestris.

92

Aulonia aurantica.

91

Aulonia funerea, 91

Ballus youngi, 92
Banks, N. articles by,

I, 66, 76, 128

Basiseschna Janata, 45

Bathpyhantes, species of. 87
Beutenmiiller, W. articles

by, . 59. 137. 138. 143

Bombycine larvse, 175

Bombyx, 17 1

Brephidre, larvte of, 21

Brephos infans, 140

Calasymbolus, list of, 133

Callilepis imbecilla, 78

Callimorpha, notes on, 59

lecontei, larval stages, 176
Calopteryx, list of, 41, 42
Carabodes granulatus, sp.

nov., 129

Calvert, P. P. article by, 39

Catocala, 173

coccinata, note on, 143

Celithemis elisa, 48

eponina, 48

Ceratinella, list of, 85

Cesonia bilineata, 79

Chretophleps, gen. nov., 5 1

setosa, sp. nov., 51

Chaetoplagia atripennis,

gen. nov. et sp., 98
Chelanops, synopsis of

and notes on, 4
dentatus, sp. nov., 6
dorsalis, sp. nov., 8
latimanus, sp. nov., 6
morosus, sp. nov., 7
tristis, 7
tumidus, sp. nov., 7
validus, sp. nov., 7
virginica, sp. nov., 6
Clielifer, synopsis of, 2
biseriatum, sp. nov., 3
cancroides, 3
floridanus, 3
mirabilis, sp. nov., 4
muricatus, 3
scabrisculus, 4
Chironomida;, habits of, 134
Chrysochus auratus, ova-
position of, 191
Chthonius, synopsis of

species, and notes on, 13

Cicada septendecim, 33, 142

Cicindela generosa,

hirticollis,

modesta,

repanda,

vulgaris,
Cicurina arcuata,

creber,
Clark, C. U., article by,
Clausicella antennalis, sp.

nov.,

tarsalis, sp. nov.,
Clemensia albata, young

larva of,
Clisiocampa fragilis,

larva of,

neustria, larva of,
Cubiona, list of species of,

littoralis, sp. nov.,
Clytiomyia atrata, sp. nov.,

exile, sp. nov.,

punctata, sp. nov.,
Cnethocampa, larvae of,

22,
Ccelotes medicinalis,

nigriceps, sp. nov.,
Coleophora ochripenn-

ella, larva of,
Coleoptera, N. E. Am.,

73.
Conocephalus dissim-

ilis,

ensiger,

exiliscanorus,

robustus,
Copismerinthus, list of,
Coquillett, D. W., ar-
ticles by, 49
Coriarachne versicolor,
Cordulegaster diastatops,
Cornicularia, species of,
Cressonia juglandis,
Culicidae, habits of,
Cucullia,
Cyclosa conica,
Cyrtophleba horrida,

sp. nov.,
Datana chiriquensis,

sp. nov.,
Davis, W. T., article by,
Degeeria Washington^;,

sp. nov.,
Demas propinquilinea,

larva of,

141
141
141

141

141

82

82

61

56
56

176

23
24
79
79
53
53
52

23
82

180

142
142
142
142

132

. 97
90

45
86

133

134

171

89

167
140

104

194

Index.

Dendryphantes, list of L. I., 92

Diabrotica, origin of, 158

Dictyna, list of L. I., 83

Didymops transversa, 46

Dichelonycha fuscula, 143

Diplax, list of N. Y., 48

Diplostyla concolor, 87

nigrina, 87

Dipcena nigra, 84

Diptera, habits of, 134
Ditmars, R. L., article by, 62

Dolomedes tenebrosus, 91

urinator, 91

Drepana, notes on, 166

Drepanid larvre, 66

Drapetisca socialis, 87

Drassus robustus, 77
Dromogomphus spinosus, 45

Dyar, H. G., articles by, 17,

59, 66, 130, 145, 167, 191

Ebo latithorax, 91

Elaphrus ruscarius, 141

Emphanopteryx theutis, 56
Enallagma, list of N.Y.. 43, 44

Endrosis lacteella, larva, 19
Ennomos alniaria, larval

stages of, 137
Enoplognatha marmorata, 84

Episeschna heros, 45

Epiblemum scenicum, 92

Epicordulia princeps, 46
Epeira, list of L. I., 88, 89

Ergane borealis, 92

Erigone, list of L. I., 87

Ero thoracia, 8;^

Erpyzon, 174

Erythromma conditum, 43

Euclea delphinii, larva, 146

indetermina, larva, 146

ptenulata, larva, 146

Eucleidse, 146
Eudeilinea herminiata,

larva of, 67
Eulimacodes scapha,

larva, 146

Eugnatha vermiformis, 89

Euptoieta claudia, 141
Eurybunus spinosus, sp. n.,66

Euryopis funebris, 84

Eusmerinthus geminatus, 133

Evarthrus, synopsis of, 189

Falcaria bilineata, larva, 67

Floronia clathrata, 87

Fonscolombia vinosa, 45
Food, habits of dung

beetles, 61

Gaediopsis flavipes, sp. n., 100
Garypus, synopsis of

species, 8

floridensis, gen. nov., 9

Gastropacha quercifolia,
larva of,

Gayenna, list of, L. I.,

Gelechia rhombella,
larva of,

Geometrid moths, ori-
gin of,

Gnaphosa sericata.

Gomphus, list of N. Y.,

44,
Grammonota inornata,

ornata,

pallipes, sp. nov.,

trivittata, sp. nov.,
Grote, A. R., articles by,
132, 166,
Gymnopareia,
Gymnoprosopa fulvicor

nis, sp. nov.,
Habrocestum coecatum,

peregrinum,
Hadena,

Hagenius brevistylus,
Hahnia agilis,
Hemileucidse, scent or-
gans of,
Haploa confusa, larval

stages,

lecontei, egg of,
Harrisina coracina, note

on larva of,
Hepialidse, larvae of,
Hepialus argenteomacu-

latus, note on,

hectus, larva of,

humuli, " "

mustelinus, larva of,

thule, egg of,
Hetasrina americana,
Heterocampa obliqua,

life history of,
Heterogena flexuosa,

larva of,
Heterogynis paradoxa,

larva of,
Homalattus cyaneus,
Hyctia pikei,
Hypena,
Hyperchiria io, var. lilith,

note on,
Hypercompa fucosa, youn^

larva of,
Hyponomeuta cognatel-

lus, larva of,
Hypostena senea sp. nov.,

barbata, sp. nov.,

degeerioides, sp. nov.,

pusilla, sp. nov.,

variabilis, sp. nov.,
Hyptiotes cavaticus,

Ichnura ramburii,

44

24

verticalis,

44

80

Icius, list of L. I.,
Ideobisium, notes on

92

19

species of, 10

II

Idionella formosa.

85

30

Insects of Staten Island,

140

78

Lselaps placidus, sp. nov..

128

Lagoidae, scent organs of,

124

.45

Lander B., article by,

33

86

Lasioneura, gen. nov.,

50

86

johnsoni, sp. nov..

50

86

palloris, sp. nov.,

5"

86

Lasiocampidje, larvre of,
Lasiocampa quercus.

23

168

larva of,

24

50

Lathrodectes mactans,
Laverna phragmitella.

84

106

larva of.

19

92

Leptidre, habits of,

134

92

Lepidoptera, classifica-

172

tion of.

17

44

Lepthyphantes minuta.

87

82

Lestes, list of N. Y.,

43

Libellula, list of N. Y.,

47

124

Linyphia, list of L. I.,
, ioptilus scaradactylus.

87

59

larva of,

20

59

Lioptilus microdactylus.

larva of,

20

•50

Liparidae, scent organs

69

of.

124

Lispidea, gen. nov..

51

69

palpigera, sp. nov.,

52

71

Lithyphantes corollatus,

84

71

Local Ent. Notes,

70

39, 76, 144,

172

69

Lophocarenum, list of

42

L. I.,
Lycaenidge, scent organs

87

27

of.

125

Lycosa, list of ]^. I.,

91

146

Mahadeva verrucosa.

88

Marptusa familaris,

92

20

Meriola decepta, gen.

92

nov. et sp.,

81

92

Mesothemis simplicicollis.

48

>74

Metachaeta atra, gen. nov.

et sp., 98, 99

138

Metaplagia occidentalis,

[7

gen. nov. et sp., 102,

103

176

Micaria agilis.

77

niontana.

77

19

Micrathyria berenice.

47

57

Microdipcena guttata.

57

gen. nov. et sp., 84

,85

58

Microneta cornupalpis,

88

58

longibulbus.

88

57

Mimas tilice,

133

83

Mimetus interfector,

83

Index.

195

Misumena, list of L. I., 90
Mitopus californicus, sp. n., 66
Morse, A, P., articles by,

14, 107
Morton, E. L., article by, 145
Myas, synopsis of species, 180

Myiobia thecata, sp. n., 105

Muscicte, habits of, 134

Nannothemus bella, 48

Nehalennia irena, 43

Nemorsea labis, sp. nov., 104

Neon nelli, 92

Neophanes pallidus, 83
Neumoegen, B., obituary

of, 95

Neurocordulia uhleri, 46

Nisoniades brizo, 141
Noctuidas, scent organs

of, 123

Nolidse, note on larvEe of, 22

scent organs of, 124

Noiiiius pygmceus, 74

Nomotettix compressus,

sp. nov., 15

parvus, sp. nov., 14

simplex, sp. nov., 130

Notodontidas, scent

organs of, 123
Nymphalidse, scent or-
gans of, 123
Nymphula, 174
Obisium carolinensis, sp.
nov., 12
parvulum, sp. nov., 12
synopsis of species, 1 1
Odontata, list of N. Y., 39
OEcanthus angustipennis, 142
latipennis, 142
nigricornis, 142
niveus, 142
(JLdematophorus lithodac-

tylus, larva of, 21
C£netus virescens, pupa

of, 72

Olpium obscurum, 10

Omophron americanum, 141
Ophiogomphus rupinsu-

lensis, 44
Opsidia gonoides, gen.

nov. et sp., 102
Ordgarius bisaccatL s, 88
Orchestina saltitans, 77
Orthoptera, scent or-
gans of, 125
Oribata emarginata, 129
paluslris, sp. nov., 128
Oribatella setosa, sp. n., 129
Orneodes hexadactyla,

larva of, 20

Oreta rosea, larva of, 67

Oxyptila conspurcata,

90

monroensis.

90

Oxyptilus persicelide cty-

lus, larva of.

21

Oxyopes s.alaris.

91

Packard, A. S., articles

by, 27, 30, 69, 1 10,

>75

Packardia elegans,

larva of.

146

gemin.Tta, larva of.

146

Pachygnatha, list of L. I.,

89

Pachydiplax longipennis.

48

PanagKus, synopsis of,

73

Paonias excsecatus,

133

Papilio ajax.

141

Papilionidoe, scent or-

gans of.

123

Parasa chloris, larva of,

146

Paraplagia cinera, sp.

nov..

lOI

Paraphyto chittendeni.

gen nov. et sp.,

105

Pardosa, list of L. I.,

91

Patrobus, synopsis of

species.

74

Perithemis domitia,

48

Perophora melsheimerii.

young larva of.

175

Perophoridae, scent or-

gans of,

123

Pholcus phalangoides,

77

Phidippus audax.

92

rufus,

92

Philodromus, list of

L. I., 90

91

Phalangids, two Cali-

fornian species of.

66

Phryganidia californica.

larva of.

21

Phyciodes nycteis.

143

Phylloscirtus pulchellus,

142

Phyto setosa, sp. nov.,

99

Phrurolithus formica, sp.

nov..

81

similis, sp. nov..

81

Plathemis trimaculata.

47

Pirata, list of L. I.,

91

Pisaura undata,

91

Platypteryx arcuata.

larva of,

67

Platypterygidae notes on,

166

Platyptilus rhododactylus

larva of.

21

Plectana stellata,

88

Plutella porrectella, larva

of.

•9

Pcecilia,

171

Poecilochroa variegata.

78

Pogonus texanus.

75

Polypogon,

>74

Polyptychus quercus,
Prosthesima, list of L. I.,

insularis, sp. nov.,

nova, sp. nov ,
Proceedings N. Y. Ent.

Soc , 93,

Pseudomyothyra tortricis,

sp. nov.,
Pseudoscorpionida, notes

on the,

synop.iis of,
Psychodidae, habits of.

133
77

78
78

144

55

134

Pterostichus, synopsis of, 181

Pyrausta, 173

Py rails, 173

Romphaea fictilum, 83

Runcinia aleatoria, 90

Saitis pulex, 92

Salticus albocinctus, 93

Saturnia, 171

Scopula, 174

.Scent glands of insects, no

Schrank's genera, 168

Scytodes thoracica, 77

Sibine stimulea, larva of, 146
Simjethis pariana, larva

of, 18

Simulidse, habits of, 134

Singa maculata, 89

variabilis, 89
Sisyrosea inornata, larva

of, 146
Slug Caterpillars, histo-
ries of, 145
Smerinthus populi, 133
Smerinthinis, notes on, 132
Somatochlora, list of N Y., 46
Spermophora meridionalis, 77
Sphinx plebeius, larva of, 58
Spiders, list of Long

Island, 76
Spilosoma congrua,

young larva of, 177

Spiropalpus spiralis, 86

Steatoda borealis, 84
Stemonyphantes buccu-

lentus, 87

Synageles picata, 93

scorpiona, 93

Synemosyna formica, 93

Tabanidiii, habits of, 134

Tapinopa bilineata, 87

Tachopteryx thoreyi, 44
Tachinidae, synopsis of

genera of, 49

Tegenaria derhami, 82
Tenthredinid^, scent

organs of, 124

Tetragoneuria cynosura, 46

semiaquea, 46

19G

Index.

Tetragnatha grallator, 89

laboriosa, 89

Tineina, scent organs of, 122

Tettigidea acuta, sp. n., 15

armata sp. nov., 107

depressa, v. nov., 107

apiculata, sp. nov., 16
prorsa var. elongata,

var. nov., 16

spicata, sp. nov., 108

Tettiginae, N. Am.. 14, 107

Thanatus rubicundus, 90

Thargalia, list of L. I., 80

Thecla acadica, 143

augusta, 141

damon, 14 1

niphon, 141

Theridiosoma gemmosa, 89

Theridula sphaerula, 84

Theridium, list of L. I.,

albidum, sp. nov.,
Thryptocera dunningii,

sp. nov.,
Tipellus duttoni,
Tinea pellionella, larva

of,
Tischeria complanella,

larva of,
Titanoeca americanus,
Tmarsus caudatus,
Tmeticus, list of L. I.,
Tortricidia flavula,

larva of,

fasciola, larva of,

testacea, larva of,
Townsend, C. T. H.,

article by,
Trachelas tranciuilla,

83

I'ramea Carolina,

47

84

lacerata.

47

Trechus, synopsis of,

76

54

Tr dactylus terminalis

142

90

Triptogon modesta,

133

var. occidentalis.

^33

19

Trochosa cinerea,

91

rubicunda.

91

20

Ulesanis americana.

85

83

Uloborus plumipes,

83

90

Vixia infumata.

89

87

Webster, F. M., articl

;s

by, I

39,

158

146

Wickham, H. T., ar-

146

ticle by.

180

146

Xysticus, list of L. I.,

89

,90

fraternus, sp. nov ,

90

134

Zabriskie, J. L., article

by,

192

81

Zygoballus, list of L. !

92

Announcement.

AUCTION SALE OF INSECTS.

The New York Entomological Society for the past few
years has held regular auction sales of insects for the benefit of
the Journal. These sales have proven not only of value to the
members of the Society, but also of great assistance towards de-
fraying the cost of publishing the Journal. In order to give all
parties not residing in New York, or those who cannot attend
the sales, a chance to purchase, it has been decided to publish
from time to time a list of the rarer species on hand, so as to
enable interested parties to send in their bids. The following is
a list of the species now on hand.

THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

Lepidoptera.

Papilio eurymedon.
Argynnis montinus.
Colias var. ariadne.
Chionobas semidea.
Pieris oleracea.
Seirarctia echo.
Arcda virgo.
Euprepia americana.
Spilosoma prima.
Spilosoma antigone.
Cerura borealis.
Cerura occidentahs.
Hyproprepia fucosa.
Schizura apicalis.
Ichthyura brucei (or van.).
Parorgyia parallela $ .
Platoeceticus gloveri.
Oiketicus abbotii.
Lophopteryx elegans.

Notodonta stragula.
Oedemasia badia.
Alypia langtonii.
Nerice bidentata.
Pheosia rimosa.
Hepialus 4-maculatus.
Euchaetes oregonensis.
Eucheetes englenensis.
Hepialus gracilis.
Composia fidelissima.
Burtia belae.
Hyparpax auristriata.
Hyparpax auristriata var. tyria.
Gorlyna purpurissata.
Anarta schonherri.
Plusia epigea.
Plusia viridisignata.
Smerinthus cerisyii.
Triptogon modesta.

Coleoptera.

Cicindela longilabris,
Cicindela tortuosa.
Cychrus lecontei.

" viduus.
Carabus chamissonis.
Pasimachus subsulcatus.
Nebria sahlbergi.
Pterostichus hudsonius.
Pterostichus sculptus.
Amara hypeborea.
Lebia furcata.
Batrisus globosus.
Staphylinus tomentosus.
Languria marginipennis.
Brachyacantha lo-pustulata.
Saprinus ferrugineus.
Hyperaspis lugubris.
Hyperaspis bigeminata.
Pytho americana.
Byrrhus geminatus.
Anthicus scabriceps.
Georyssus pusillus,
Ditoma 4-guttata.
Lemophlacus modestus.
Corymbites virens,

" nudianus.

'' cruciatus.

" resplendens.

Elater apicatus.
Elater rubricus.

Cryptohypnus abbreviatus.

" sanborni.

" restrictus.

" exiguus.

Anthophilax attenuatus (rare).
Elaphidion truncatum ?
Bellamira scalaris.
Leptura 6-maculata.
Leptura chrysocoma.
Rhopalopus sanquinicollis.
Acmaeops pratensis.
Euryptera lateralis.
Neoclytus muricatulus.
Pogonocherus penicellatus.
Cryptocephalus bivius.
Cryptocephalus obsoletus.
Bassareus croceipennis.
Colaspis costipennis.
Prasocuris varipes.
Monoxia consputa.
Amphicoma vulpina.
Polypleurus nitidus.
Phlceodes diabolicus.
Epitragus tomentosus.
Cteniopus murrayi.
Thanasimus undulatus.
Eugnamptus striatus.
Balaninus uniformis.
Anchor) us floridanus.
Dryocoetes autographus.

Send bids to

C. F. GROTH, Treasurer,

139 E. 40th St., New York City.

J our II. N. y. lint. Soc.

F:irl\- stn.ues ot Heterocnnipn obliqiin
and H. uuttivitta.

/oHr)i. N. V. Rut. Soc.

I 'oi. III. ri. II.

/-''-»-

T^^^S^^ ^

^ ':.J!^.

>-.

Domes of Cicada septendecim.

Jo urn. N. Y. En I. Soc.

Vol. III. PL II f.

Larva and Pupa of HepialJLte.

Joitni. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. III. PL IV.

Larva of Hepialus luimuli and hectus.

Joiirn. N. Y. Ent. Soc

VoL in. PL V.

Scent Glands of Insects.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. III. PL VI.

Life-History of Apoda Y-inversa.

Journ. N. V. But. Soc.

Vol. III. PL VII.

Carabidce N. E. America.

Vol. III.

No. 1,

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

Entomological Society.

?Pct)otei) to (JrntoiuoloQu in (S>cncral.

MARCH, 1895.

Editeil by \Vm. Uri/ tknmli.i.kk.

Published Quarterly for the Sooiety.

N K \\ V O R K.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Notes on the Pseudoscorpionida. By Nathan Banks. i

New North American Tettiginse. I. By Albert P. Morse, .... 14

A Combination of two Classifications of Lepidoptera. By Harrison G. Dvar. . 17

Life-History of Heterocampa ohliqua. By A. S. Packard 27

A Clew to the Origin of the Geometrid Moths. By A. S. Packard. . . 30

Domed Burrows of Cicada septendecim. By Benjamin Lander. • • • 33
Local Entomological Notes :

The Odonata of New York State. By Philip P. Calvert. . . .39

JOU RN AL

OF THE

^cxu "^orli ^ntotnological J^ocicty*

Published quarterly by the Society. Will contain about 200 pages per
volume, with as many plates as possible. All communications relating to the
journal should be sent to the Editor Wm. Beutenmiiller, 931 Park Ave., and
all subscriptions to the Treasurer, Mr. C. F. Groth, 139 East 40th St.
New York City. Terms for subscription, $2.00 per year, strictly in advance.
Single copies 50 cents. Money Orders should be made payable at Station H.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

All subscribers to Volume III, of the Journal are
requested to promptly remit their annual subscription
now due, to the Trea.surer, C. F. Grotii, 139 E. 40th St.,
New York City. Money Orders should be made payable
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Those who have not a complete set of the Journal,
should obtain the wanting volumes now, as only a limited
number of copies are left over.

Vol. III.

No. 2.

JOU RN AL

OF THE

NEW YORK

Entomological Society

Devoted to BntomolOQP in General.

JUNE, 1895.

Edited by William Beutenmullek.

Pu-blished Quarterly for the Society.

NEW YORK,
1895. ■

I IRA PRINT. LANCASTER, PA,

CONTENTS.

Page-
Notes and Descriptions of Tachinidae. By D. W. Coquillett, . . 49

A Variety of the Larva of Sphinx "flebeius. By Wm. Beutenmuller, ■ . 59

Notes on Two Callimorphas. By Harrison G. Dyar, . 59

On the Food-Habits of Certain Dung and Carrion Beetles. By Charles Uison

Clakk, .61

Notes on a Collecting Tour in Connecticut. By R. L. Ditmars, 62

Two California Phalangids. By Nathan Banks,. 66

Notes on Drepanid Larvae. By Harrison G. Dyar, 66

On the Larvae of the Hepialidae. By A. S. Packard, . . . . . 69

Preliminary Hand-Book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern America. By Charles

W. Leng and Wm. Beutenmuller, . . 73

Local Entomological Notes:
A List of Spiders of Long Island, with Descriptions of New Species. By Nath.\n

Banks, . ..... 76

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, 93

vJOURN AI^

Published quarterly for the Society. Will contain about 200 pages per
volume, with as many plates as possible. All communications relating to the
Journal should be sent to the editor, Wm. Beutenmiiller, 931 Park Ave.,
and all subscriptions to the Treasurer, Mr. C. F. Groth, 139 East 40th St.,
New York City. Terms for subscription, ^2.00 per year, strictly in ad-
vance. Single copies, 50 cents. Money Orders should be made payable
at Station H.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

All subscribers to Volume III of the Journal are requested to
promptly remit their annual subscription, now due, to the Treasurer,
C. F. Groth, 139 East 40th St., New York City. Money Orders
should be made payable at Station H.

Those who have hot a complete set of the Journal should ob-
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Vol. in.

No. 3.

JOUR N AL

OF THE

NEW YORK

Entomological Society

Devoteb to ]£ntomoloop in Ocncral.

SEPTEMBER, 1896.

Edited by William Bbutenmullek.

Publisheci Quarterly for the Society.

NEW YORK.
1895.

THE NEW UA PniNT, LANCA8TU, fA,

CONTENTS.

Page-
New Genera and Species of Tachinidae. By D. W. Coquillett, ... 97

New North American Tett ginae. By Ai.ijkrt P. Morse, . . 107

The Eversible Repugnatorial Scent Glands of Insects. By A. S. Packard, iio

Some Acarians from a Sphagnum Swamp. Hv Nathan Banks, 128

Larva of Demas J)ropinquilinea; its Systematic Position. By Harrison G. Dyar, 130
Note on Smerinthinae. By A. Radcliffe Grote, ... 132

On the Correlation of Habits in Nemoscerous and Brachycerous Diptera between
Aquatic Larvae and Blood-Sucking Adult Females. By C. II. Tyler

TOWNSEND, 134

Descriptions of the Preparatory Stages of Ennomos alniaria (/.?w//). By Wm.

Heutenmui.i.er, .... .... 137

Note on Hyperchiria to var. lilith. By Wm. Beutenmui.i.er, 138

The Earth "Worm as a Tree Planter. By F. M. Webster 139

Local Entomological Notfs:

Insects at Watchogue and Beulah Land, Staten Island, N. Y. By Wm. T. Davis, 140

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, . 144

OF THE

Published quarterly for the Society. Will contain about 200 pages per
volume, with as many plates as possible. All communications relating to the
Journal should be sent to the editor, Wm. Beutenmiiller, 931 Park Ave.,
and all subscriptions to the Treasurer, Mr. C. F. Groth, 139 East 40th St.,
New York City. Terms for subscription, $2.00 per year, strictly in ad-
vance. Single copies, 50 cents. Money Orders should be made payable
at Station H.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

All subscribers to Volume III of the Journal are requested to
promptly remit their annual subscription to the Treasurer, C. F.
Groth, 139 East 40th St., New York City. Money Orders should
be made payable at Station H.

Those who have not a complete set of the Journal should ob-
tain the wanting volumes now, as only a limited number of copies
are left over.

/^

Vol. III.

No. 4.

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

Entomological Society.

H>ev>ote& to Bntomolocj^ in (3eneral.

DECEMBER, 1895.

Edited by William Beutenmuller.

Ptablished. Quarterly for the Society.

NEVV YORK.
1895.

THE Nl« (RA PRINT, UNCA$TER,

COMTEMTS.

Page.
The Life Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars By Harrison G. Dyar

and Miss Emily L. Morton, 14c

On the Probable Origin, Development, and Diffusion of North American Species of

the Genus Diabrotica. By F. M. Webster, 158

Final Note on the Platypterygidae. By A. Radcliffe Grote, 166

ANewDatana. By Harrison G. Dyar, . 167

Schrank's Genera. By A. Radcliffe Grote, 168

Early Stages of Some Bombycine Caterpillars. By A. S. Packard, . . 175

Preliminary Hand -Book of the Coleoptera of North-eastern America. By H. F.

WlCKHAM [to de continued), . 180

Correction of a Misidentification of Attacus Splendidus. By Harrison G. Dyar, 191

Local Entomological Notes, ... 192

Egg Capsules of Chrysochus Auratus. By J. L. Zabriskie, 192

OF THE

Helm ^orh Wntontcrlo^iir^l ^^ctjeig^

Published quarterly for the Society. Will contain about 200 pages per
volume, with as many plates as possible. All communications relating to the
Journal should be sent to the editor, Wm. Beutenmiiller, 931 Park Ave.,
and all subscriptions to the Treasurer, Mr. C. F. Groth, 139 East 40th St.,
New York City. Terms for subscription, ^2.00 per year, strictly in ad-
vance. Single copies, 50 cents. Money Orders should be made payable
at Station H.

THK

NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Organized June 29, i?

-Incorporated June 7, 1893.

The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each
month (except July and August) at 8 p. m., in the American Museum of Natural
History, 77th Street and Eighth Ave.

All interested in Entomology are cordially invited to attend.

Annual dues for Active Members, ^3.00; Associate Members, ^2.00.

Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to
Mr. C. F. Groth, Treasurer, 139 East 40th Street, New York City.

Officers for the Veai« 1895.

rresident, J. L. ZABRISKIE 28 Regent Place, Flatbush, Brooklyn.

Vice-President, CHAS. PALxM, 172 East 64th Street, New York.

Treasurer, Q. Y. GV^QIYi, . . 139 East 40th Street, New York.

Rec.Secretary,'L.Yi. ^OMTY^I., 164 East 117th Street, New York.

Cor. Secretary, RAYMOND L. DITMARS, . . . 1666 Bathgate Ave,, New York.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Ottomar Dietz, G. W. J. Angell, Gustav Beyer,

R. Ottolengui, C. Schaeffer.

PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

E. Daecke, F. Rabe, L. H. Joutel,

Wm. Beutenmuller,

field committee.
L. T. Munch, Julius Meitzen.

Aich, Herman,
Allchin, Harry,
Angell, G. W. J.,
Bennett, Henry C.,
Beutenmiiller, Wm.,
Beyer, Gustav,
Bird, Henry,
Bimbaum, Martin,
Bornhagen, H.,
Burchell, James,
Clarkson, Frederick,
Daecke, E.,
Dietz, Ottomar,
Ditmars, Raymond L.,
Doll, Jacob,
Dyar, Harrison G.,
Fay en, Emil E.,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Fillion, Francis,
Gallatin, J. M.,
Groth, Christian F.,
Havell, G. H.,
Hulst, Rev. G. D.,
Joutel, Louis H.,
Kretz, Dr. F. H.,
Kudlich, Dr. H. F.,
Kiichler, F.,
Langmann, Dr. F.,
Loos, Herrman,
Love, Dr. E. G.,
Meitzen, Julius,
Mohns, Julius,
Miinch, Louis T.,
Ottolengui, Dr. R.,
Palm, Charles,

Prime, Dr. Wm. C,
Rabe, Franz,
Ray, David H..
Riederer, Ludwig,
Rosevelt, Warren G.,
Schaefter, C,
Sass, C. W.,
Shoemaker, Ernest,
Schuyler, Montgomery,
Schaus, Wm.,
Seibelt, Otto,
Seifert, Dr. Otto,
Slosson, Mrs. A. T.,
Smith, Arthur,
Tunison, Chas.,
Uhlenhaut, F.,
Zabriskie, Rev. J. L.

Taxidermist and Dealer in E^ntoniological Supplies.

Fine Carlsbader Insect *

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MANTFACTCRKRS AND IltlPORTF.hS OF

GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS^

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Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and'
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Other articles are being added. Send for List.

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in their new Price-List, No. XXXVII, offer more than 12,500 speoies-
of well-named LEPIDOPTERA, set or in papers, from all parts of thes
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DISCOUNT FOR CASH ORDERS.

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