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JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Beboteti to (£iUomol03g in General.

Volume IV, 1896

Edited by Wm. Beutenmuller.

NEW YORK.

Published for the Society
Quarterly.

1896.

w®«**

«C

4

Banks, Nathan,

New California Spiders, . 88

Additions to the List of Long Island Spiders, . . 190

A New Species of Gomphus, . . . . . *193

Beutenmuller, William,

Food-Habits of North American Cerambycidae, . . 73

Description of a New Moth, . . . . . *149

Cockerell, T. D. A.,

Diabrotica in New Mexico, ...... 200

New Species of Insects taken on a trip from Mesilla Valley
to the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, . . .201

Davis, William T.,

The Dog’s Head Butterfly on Staten Island, . . . 200

Dyar, Harrison G., and Miss Emily Morton,

The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars. — II, 1

Dyar, Harrison G.,

A New Gloveria, . . . . . . . .22

On the Probable Origin of the Pericopidae : Composia
fidelissima, ........ 68

The Larva of Syntomeida epilais, . . . . .72

Note on the Head Setae of Lepidopterous Larvae, with
special reference to the appendages of Perophora melshei-
meri, ......... 92

The Life-History of the Florida form of Euclea delphinii, . 125
Description of two Noctuid Larvae, . . . . 145

Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars. — III-VI, 167
A New Anisota, . . . . . . . .166

Fox, William J.,

Synopsis of the Species of the Nysson, inhabiting America,
North of Mexico, . . . . . . .10

53 5. *105

Contents of Volume IV.

772384

ly

Contents.

Grote, A. Radcliffe,

Note on the Geographical Distribution and Mimicry of
Apatela, . . . . . . . . . 81

Correction of the Type of Agronoma and Note on Laspeyria, 85
Note on Sarnia californica, ...... 201

Linell, Martin L.,

A Short Review of the Chrysomelas of North America . 195

Morse, Albert P.,

Some Notes on Locust Stridulation, . . . . .16

Both Sides of Butterflies, ...... 20

Illustrations of North American Tettiginae, . . -49

Packard, A. S.,

Literature on Defensive or Repugnatorial Glands of Insects, 26

The Phosphorescent Organs of Insects, . . . . 61

Desiderata of North American Notodontidae, . . *94

Notes on the Transformations of Higher Hymenoptera. — I, 155

*

Schaus, William,

* New Species of Heterocera . . . . . 51, 13Q

New Species of Heterocera from Tropical America, . 147

Scudder, Samuel H.,

The North American Species of Nemobius, . . -99

Skinner, Henry,

Impressions received from a study of our North American
Rhopalocera, . . . . . . . .107

Slosson, Mrs. Annie Trumbull,

Note on Enaemia crassinervella (Mieza igninix), . . 86

Webster, F. M.,

The Probable Origin and Diffusion of North American
Species of the Genus Diabrotica. — II, . . . 67

Wickham, H. F.,

Preliminary Hand-Book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern
America (continued from Vol. Ill, p. 180), . . -33

Description of the Larvae of some Heteromerous and Rhyn-
chophorus Beetles, . . . . . . .118

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society,

5°, 95, 207

JOURNAL

OF THE

JM J9oph €jntomoIogiraI iSoriflf'g.

Vol. IV. MARCH, 1896. No. 1.

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG

CATERPILLARS.— II.

. PLATE I, FIGS. I-24.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A. M., Ph. D. and Miss Emily L. Morton.

Si bine stimulea Clemens.

i860. — Empretia stimulea Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XII, 158.
1862. — Empretia stimulea Morris, Synop. Lep. 130.

1864. — Empretia stimulea Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. Ill, 340.

1869. — Limacoaes ephippiatus Harris, Corresp. p. 361, pi. 1, fig. 7.

1890. — Empretia stimulea Packard, 5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Com. 147.

1892. — Empretia stiimilea Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I, 539.

1892. — Sibine ephippiatus Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I, 540.

1894. — Sibine stimulea Neumoegen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 72.

Larva.

i860. — Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 159.

1869. — Harris, Corresp. p. 175, pi. 2, figs. 10, 11.

1869. — Packard, Guide Stud. Ins. 289.

1876. — Wetherby, Cincin. Journ. Sci. II, 369.

1877. — French, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill. XV, 187.

1883. — Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fruits, 113.

1885. — Hubbard, Ins. Aff. Orange, 142.

1888. — Beutenmuller, Ent. Amer. IV, 75 (Food Plants).

1890. — Packard, 5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm. p. 146, fig. 50; p. 424 (Food
Plants).

1893. — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 85, pi. I, figs. 1-3 ( egg
larval stages).

1894. — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 216.

1895. — Comstock, Manual Stud. Ins. 225, fig. 246.

2

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal and lateral spaces broad, subventral space narrow, con¬
tracted. Ridges very slight, the subdorsal indicated only by the change
in direction in the slope of the body, lateral and subventral ridges more
distinct, approximate. The ancestral warts converted into fleshy
horn-like processes, unequally elongated ; in stage I bearing a few
slender setae (Plate I, fig. i); after the first molt, the subdorsal and
lateral rows covered with numerous urticating spines, the subventral
row rudimentary, represented by two weak setae. Of the subdorsal
row, the “horns” on joints 3 to 5 and n to 13 are distinct, those on
joints 6 to 10 rudimentary, but a seta is present even in the last stage.
Of the lateral row, the one on joint 5 is absent.

Depressed areas very feebly developed, only their glandular cen¬
ters distinguishable as slight pits, partially free from skin spines ; the
dorsal row (1) consequently paired, the addorsal row (2) still slighter,
only distinguishable on certain segments or at favorable times, such as
just before a molt. Of the lateral rows, the lateral (4) and lower inter-
segmental lateral (6) can be made out as slight pits. No others visible.
In the contracted subventral space, the two large rows (7 and 8) appear
as faint glandular dots, nearly in line. Skin at first smooth, in the
later stages finely spinulose.

At the last molt, besides certain changes in color, the length of
the “horns” is markedly reduced and their skin-spines shortened.
Certain highly modified, easily detachable skin-spines appear, the
shorter ones, designated “caltropes” by Dr. Packard, occur in patches
at the ends of the horns of the lateral row on joints 6 to 1 1 ; the long
ones arise from four circular areas of the skin at the posterior end of
the body between the terminal horns, and correspond to the cal trope
patches of the lateral horn of joint 12 and the subdorsal one of joint 13,
which bear the true caltropes in the lower forms of our “larvae of type 2.”

The coloration is bright and conspicuous, being probably of a
warning nature connected with the defensive armor. It is of a peculiar
and striking pattern, which doubtless aids in the effect produced.

The larva is a generalized one in the slight degree of retraction of
joint 2; the presence of many-spined warts; the slightly marked ridges
and poorly developed skin structure. It is specialized in the unequal
degree of prolongation of the warts on the several segments, the wart
of the lateral row on joint 5 being entirely suppressed, while the spir¬
acle on that segment is moved up out of line with the others; in the

March, 1896.] DYAR AND MORTON, NEW YORK SLUG CATERPILLARS.

3

conversion of the primitive setae into urticating spines on the two upper
rows of warts and in the development of certain detachable specialized
skin spines in the last stage.*

Affinities, Habits, Etc.

The genus Sibine contains but one species in North America, north
of Mexico, though represented by several in Central and South
America, with most interesting larvae, to judge by Sepp’s figures.
Our larva is nearly allied to Euclea , Adoneta and Parasa, possessing
in common with them most of the special structural characters de¬
scribed above. It is the most specialized larva of its group (<; type 2”).
This is one of our most common species of Eucleidae, and has a wide
range of food plants; basswood, cherry, chestnut, oak, corn leaves and
Cantia indica being a few among its many favorites. The young larvae
feed indifferently on the upper or underside of the leaf, consuming all
but a thin skin, and unlike y-inversa, feeding around themselves, leav¬
ing irregular patches on the surface where they have fed (Plate I, fig. 21)
until they reach the third stage, when the whole leaf is devoured in
large holes, either on the edge or in the body of the leaf.

The species is single brooded, the moths (Plate I, fig. 15) appear¬
ing in July. The males fly, seeking their mates in the early twilight,
and on favorable nights (warm and damp with a slight breeze) come
in swarms to the cages, their wings fluttering and dancing rapidly over
the surface of the gauze wire, where the females are confined, or dart¬
ing in circles about the cages seeking an entrance. The couples remain
paired usually until the same hour the next evening, though occasion¬
ally they separate earlier. The females lay their eggs during the night,
in patches of from thirty to fifty, on the upper side of the leaf. The
eggs hatch in ten days, but the larvae develop slowly, maturing in Sep¬
tember or even not until October. The larva of stimulea is well known
for its stinging properties; the nettle-like spines being capable of inflict-

*We conceive the “caltropes” (Plate I, fig. 5) to be modified skin spines and
the long spines (Plate I, fig. 7) to be modified “ caltropes.” We trace the following
series. In Euclea indetermina there are no detachable spine patches, but only
“caltropes.” E. pcenulata ( elliotii ) has one pair of patches; E. delphinii two
pairs, but smaller and less developed than in Sil>ine. The spines also are smaller
and have a swollen base, looking like elongate “ caltropes.” We expect to figure
them when we reach Euclea. The caltropes are about the same size in all
(0.068 mm.), but the spines become larger as they are better developed. In pcenu¬
lata their length is 0.28 mm.; in delphinii , 0.56 mm. and in stwiulea 0.89.

4 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

ing quite a severe pain and retaining this power even when spun into
the cocoon.

Criticisms of Previous Descriptions.

We have given a list of eleven descriptions or figures of this larva.
All but one of them treat of the general characters of the larva, prin¬
cipally the mature larva. Harris’ figures are probably the best, though
far from exact. Dr. A. S. Packard in 1893 gave the first account of
the life history, though but partially, with figures of structural details.
His figure of stage I is incorrect in two respects. He represents three
rows of tubercles on joints 3 to 5, where there are but two, and .shows
the spiracle on joint 5 in line with the others with a tubercle above it,
whereas there is really no tubercle there and the spiracle is not in line
(compare our figure, Plate I, fig. 1). Dr. Packard has well figured the
principal other structural elements except the long detachable spines
(Plate I, fig. 7). These are one of the most noticeable elements; but
we have seen no exact published account of them. Harris calls them
“deep purplish red, velvet-like spots;” Packard mentions them as “ a
pair of rust brown flattened branches of singular spinules ” and Dyar
refers briefly to an “ elevated brown structure like many spines close to¬
gether ” in his general description of the mature larva. The Rev. J.
L. Zabriskie has exhibited preparations of these spines to the New York
Entomological Society, but the minutes of the meeting have not been
published.

Dr. Packard describes the several stages as if there were but five.
He appears to have had stage I, stage IV toward the end of the stage,
stage V (described twice) and stage VIII, the last ; but he has num¬
bered them consecutively.

Mr. Dyar, in his description of the mature larva, has referred, by
error, the last two horns of the subdorsal row to the lateral row, which
causes him to speak of “ an extra pair at the anus ” and to locate the
spine patches wrongly.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg. — (Plate I, fig. 20). Elliptical, very flat, almost as thin as
paper, thin shelled, laid in a mass of fifty or more, imbricate in alterna¬
ting rows like shingles on a roof, neatly and regularly set. Transparent,
yellowish, clear, the shell covered with neat irregularly hexagonal,
pentagonal or even quadrangular reticulate opaque lines ; rarely one of
these cell areas is circular. The lines are narrow, not perceptibly

March, 1896,] D\TAR AND MORTON, NEW YORK SLUG CATERPILLARS.

5

raised, but very distinct. Surface smooth and level, or a little grooved
longitudinally from shrinking. Dimensions i.8xi.2Xo.i mm.

The embryo lies curled on its side, the head and tail touching,
greatly flattened laterally. Before hatching it shortens and thickens,
the egg swells up so as to be much higher than before and the larva
emerges through a small hole which it eats in the shell.

S/age /. — (Plate I, fig. i). Shape essentially as in the mature larva.
The horns only grow a little after hatching, being distinct before.
Tubercles of the subdorsal row (tubercles i+ii), of lateral row (iii), each
with three setae, all raised on conical projections of the body (Plate I,
fig. 3) forming horns; those on joints 3, 4, 5, n and 12 of the sub¬
dorsal row about twice as long as the others. Lateral row on joints 3,
4, 6, to 12, subequal. Subventral row represented by small setae. Joint
2 not retracted below joint 3 even when walking, setiferous. Cuticle
smooth, without spines. Color entirely light yellow, without marks,
the horns a little whitish. Head concolorous with the body, clear yel¬
low; ocelli brown; width .3 mm. (calculated .25 mm.). Length on
hatching 1.3 mm.

The larvae do not feed in this stage, but after hatching and eating
a portion of the shell become quiescent and molt in two days.

Stage II. — Horns densely spined with many sharp stiff bristles, as
in the mature larva (Plate I, fig. 4). The subdorsal on joints 3 to 5,
1 1 and 1 2 longer than the others, but rather shorter conic than before ;
joints 6 to 10 with only one or two short setae, the tubercles rudimen¬
tary. Lateral row moderately developed on joints 3 and 4, smaller on
joints 6 to 12, the spines less numerous than on the subdorsal horns,
some of them hair-like. Spiracles moderately distinct, arranged as in
the figure of stage I. Color whitish yellow without marks. Segments
distinct, skin smooth, with just an indication of granulations. Magni¬
fied 350 diameters, this appears as an irregular puncturing or confused
shagreen of the surface, but indistinct. Joint 2, as in the previous stage.
Head pale yellow, ocelli black, mouth brown ; width .4 mm. (calculated
.35 mm.). Cervical shield is distinct, dark, bisected, level with the
skin. Toward the end of the stage, a whitish line appears along the
subdorsal ridge, defined by black dots inwardly and a black line out¬
wardly on joints 6 to 10; the horns become shaded with blackish, and
the space between them crossed by transverse lines. Length of the
larva, 1.3 to 2 mm.

Stage III — (Plate I, fig. 2, diagram of the markings). Elliptical,
highest through joints 4 and 5, diminishing posteriorly; ridges not

6

Journal New York Entomolocical Society.

[Vol. IV.

sharp, all rounded ; subdorsal processes fleshy, hornlike, those on joints
3, 4, 5, n and 12 long, densely spined, on joints 7, 8 and 9 very short,
consisting of a wart with three or four spines, rudimentary on joints 6
and 10, short on joint 13. Lateral row on joints 3, 4, 6 to 12, mode¬
rate, spined, those on joints 3 and 4 slightly larger than the others ; on
joint 13 a few spines. Subventral edge scarcely ridged, setiferous.
Skin closely covered with minute spinulose granules, close set, without
tubercular bases, a little sunken in places corresponding to the usual de¬
pressed areas, especially in the dorsal intersegmental ones, but obscurely,
and the areas are scarcely distinguishable. The color is subject to some
variation in different examples. When well developed, the color is light
green, the horns translucent whitish, except the subdorsal on joint 4
which has a faint vinous tinge, on joint 5 dark purplish vinous, and on
joint 11 pale purple. A waved black subdorsal line, the pair connected
by shaded streaks over the dorsum on joints 3, 4, 5 and 11, about two
on each segment, leaving square or rounded patches of the ground color
between the pairs of horns, that on joint 5 distinctly round. Subdorsal
band broken on joints 6 to 10 (Plate I, fig. 2) and on joints 7 to 9
bordered above by a white band, the dorsal space here filled in with a
blackish shade, which forms an elongated patch. Posterior end of the
body and lateral region immaculate. Head green, shaded with brownish
below, eyes black ; width .5 mm. Length of the larva 2 to 3 mm.

Stage IV. — Essentially as before, the markings better defined.
Dorsal intersegmental depressions small, paired, or single next to the
large horns, at the base of which is indicated a paired addorsal seg¬
mental row. Horns of both rows on joints 3 and 4 pale flesh pink, the
subdorsal on joints 5 and 11 purple, on joint 12 yellowish, the rest
nearly colorless. Dorsal and lateral region of joints 3 to 5 and dorsal
region of joint 1 1 purple, except the small paired greenish impressed
spots and an unpaired median oval yellow one on joints 5 and 11.
Dorsal patch on joints 7 to 9 blackish, bordered with white at the sides
and below by a waved line. This white and black marking is repeated
around the rudimental subdorsal tubercle on joints 6 and 10, closely
approximated to the adjacent large horn. Ground color of the dorsum
green, replaced by yellow on joints 5, 6, 10 and 11; lateral region
whitish. An elliptical white spot subdorsally between the horns of
joints 11 and 12. The spines on the horns and skin spinules essentially
as in the mature larva, the latter passing on to the horns where they be¬
come elongated into short spines. Width of the head .7 mm. (calcu¬
lated .7 2 mm.). Length of the larva 3 to 5.5 mm.

March, 1896.] DYAR AND MORTON, NEW YORK SLUG CATERPILLARS. T

Stage V. — Horns shorter than before at first, but they grow consider¬
ably during the stage, spines longer; the rudimentary horns on joints 6
to in smaller. Armature essentially as before. Color essentially the
same. Horns on joints 3 and 4 flesh-colored, subdorsal on joints 5 and
11 dark purple brown, this color covering joints 3 to 5 as far as the
lateral horns and joint 1 1 below the subdorsal horn and the dorsal patch
on joints 7 to 9, which is bordered as before. A yellow dorsal spot be¬
tween joints 6 and 7, and 9 and 10 ; a distinct round yellow dorsal spot
on joints 5 and 12, a white subdorsal patch on joint 12 as before. The
rest of the dorsal and lateral areas bright yellowish green, the lateral
ridge and subventral area colorless. Two intersegmental lateral depres¬
sions can now be distinguished beside the dorsal ones. Subdorsal horns
on joints 12 and 13 colorless like the lateral ones, above which a straight
white line is separated from the green lateral area by a dark transparent
line. A faint white line on the subventral ridge. Width of the head 1
mm.; length of the larva 5.5 to 9.5 mm.

Stave VI. — (Plate I, figs. 17 and 18). Similar to the preceding.
Patches over the large horns and adjacent, brown, shading darker at the
edges; the anterior one covering the lateral horns, the posterior the
subdorsal horns on joint 1 1 and surrounding the white patch between
joints 11 and 12 ; a small dorsal linear spot on joint 4, a round one on
joints 5 and 11, yellow. Green dorsal blanketdike patch reaches to the
lateral horns extending over joints 6 to 10 and running back laterally
beneath the subdorsal horns to end in a point on joint 12. It is edged
with black and white in the following manner : A subdorsal crimson
brown dash on joints 6 and 10, a dusky band above the lateral horn ;
central elliptical patch crimson brown, blackish at the edge, then crim¬
son, bordered with white and laterally by a crimson brown line. Be¬
tween the subdorsal horns of joints 1 1 and 12a large rounded pentag¬
onal white spot. Horns on joints 3 and 4 fleshy brown, the subdorsal
on joints 5 and 11 purplish brown, 3.5 to 6 mm. long, the rest colorless.
Body rounded rectangular in dorsal aspect, the ends larger than the
middle ; subdorsal ridge evenly rounded over, lateral ridge prominent,
subventral space very small, colorless, a white line along the subventral
edge. Depressed areas very small, forming slight hollows, the dorsal
and two lateral intersegmental rows present, the rest not distinguish¬
able. Skin smooth to the naked eye, under a strong lens seen to be
densely covered with pointed conical skin spines, dark or colorless ac¬
cording to the ground color, elongated on the horns. Spines stiff,
straight and smooth, black tipped, reddish on the long horns, colorless

8

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

on the short ones. Width of the head 1.4 mm. (calculated 1.47).
Length of the larva 9.5 to 13 mm.

Stage VII. — As in the preceding stage. Stage VII differs from
the last stage (VIII) as follows : The horns are longer (compare figs. 10
and 9) and their skin spines shorter (Plate I, figs. 22 and 13). The
purple brown color is less extensive, being absent from the subventral
area and the posterior end of the body, confined to the regions described
above, and its tint is rather paler. The patches of “caltrope” spines
are present, but smaller than in the last stage and there are no tufts of
detachable spines. The long horns grow from 3.5 mm. to 5.8 mm.
during the stage and are suddenly shortened to about 2 mm. at the last
molt. Width of the head 2 mm. ; length of the larva 13 to 18 mm.

Stage VIII. — (Plate I, fig. 16). Head beneath joint 2, but 2 not
beneath 3 ; joints 3 and 4 somewhat folded. Dorsum rises nearly per¬
pendicularly in front, rounds over at joint 5, slopes gently and slightly
to joint 11, and is then nearly perpendicular to the anus. No subdorsal
ridge, the body evenly rounded, the sides almost perpendicular. On
joints 3, 4, 5 and 11 a pair of suborsal fleshy processes, furnished with
long stiff spines, salmon colored with black tip (Plate I, fig. 4) ; among
them a very few spatulate setae (Plate I, fig. 14). The processes on
joints 3 and 4 are short, those on joints 5 and 11 long (2 to 3.5 mui.),
on joint 12 small and still smaller on joint 13. A similar lateral row on
joints 3, 4, 6 to 12, all short. On joint 12, above the lateral process,
and on 13 anterior to it, is an elevated velvety brown spot, composed of
closely set, detachable spines (Plate I, figs. 7, 23 and 24; fig. 8 shows
the appearance of the skin after these spines are detached). These
spines have a pale yellowish shaft and brown-black tip. Body smooth
to the naked eye, under a lens finely spinulose (Plate I, figs. 11, 12 and
13) with paired dorsal and two lateral rows of intersegmental shallow
pale-colored pits. Color dark purplish vinous ; a pale yellow, elliptical
spot dorsally on joints 5 and 11, edged with blackish ; a much larger
similarly colored one on each side subdorsally behind the large horn on
joint 11 ; a large bright green patch covers the back and sides of joints
6 to 10 like a blanket, extending on joints 11 and 12 laterally, and
leaving an elliptical patch of the ground color dorsally on joints 7 to 9
like a hole in the blanket. The blanket patch is narrowly edged with
black and broadly with white. Head pale greenish, eyes black, mouth
brown ; width 3 mm. The anterior edge of joint 2 bears many setae,
and there is a group of them before the spiracle. Cervical shield a
skinny area with a few punctures on its anterior border, square behind,

Journ. N. V. Ent. Soc.

Vol. IV. PL /.

Life-History of Sibine stimulea.

March, i896 1 DYAR AND MORTON, New YORK SLUG CATERPILLARS.

9

the anterior corners cut off, 2 mm. wide. A fold runs across joint 2
obliquely from the anterior corner of the cervical shield backward
above the spiracle. Two hairs subventrally (iv 4- v) on every segment
except joint 2. Thoracic feet small, colorless, with a terminal brown
claw. About eight setae on the suranal lobe and seven on each paranal
lobe, the latter not different from those just assigned to the subventral
row. Subdorsal tubercules represented by tiny spines on joints 6 to 10,
as in the previous stage. On the upper side of the lateral horns on
joints 6 to 11, near the tip, are a series of patches of minute detachable
spines, designated “caltropes” by Dr. Packard. (Plate I, fig. 5.) A
few are also found among the detachable spines at the end of the body,
but of a somewhat different shape. (Plate I, fig. 6.) The length of
these “caltropes” is about .07 mm. Length of the larva 16 to 23 mm.

Cocoon . — (Plate I, fig. 19). With the characters of the group.

Explanation of Plate I.

( Sibine stimulea. )

1. Larva in stage I, enlarged.

2. End of stage III, a diagram showing the genesis of the markings of the central

dorsal area.

3. A horn of stage I, 175 diameters.

4. A permanent spine (seta) of a long horn X 5°-

5. A “ caltrope ” from a lateral horn X 175.

6. A “ caltrope ” from among the detachable spines X J75-

7. A detachable spine X 5°-

8. Skin after the removal of the detachable spines X r7S*

9. Diagram of front view of larva, stage VIII.

10. Diagram of front view of larva, stage VII.

11. A seta of the rudimentary subdorsal horn of joint 8 with the adjacent skin spines

X 5°-

12. The same region X *75> showing the skin spines enlarged.

13. The skin spines on a horn X !75-

14. A solitary spatulate seta from the end of the subdorsal horn of joint 5 X l75-

15. Sibine stimulea.

16. Mature larva.

17. Larva stage VI, natural size.

18. The same, dorsal view.

19. Cocoon.

20. A group of eggs as laid on the leaf.

21. Feeding traces of the larva at the first period of eating.

22. The skin spines on a horn, penultimate stage X I75-

23. 24. Base and apex X 175 °f the spine shown in fig. 7.

Figures 15 to 21 by Miss Morton, the rest by Dr. Dyar.

10

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF NYSSON INHABIT¬
ING AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO.

By William J. Fox.

Handlirsch’s monograph of this genus is, unfortunately, as far as
the American species are concerned, not as complete as his papers on
the allied genera. This is accounted for by the scarcity of American
material at his command, he having had but eight of the twenty-one
species then known from this region, two of which were described by
him for the first time. This lack of material probably accounts for the
absence from his paper of synoptic tables of our species; and it is
hoped the present paper will remedy this want. To be sure, our species
were tabulated by Cresson in 1882, but as our knowledge of characters,
both specific and sectional, has been increased since then, the present
paper can hardly be considered superfluous.

The Tribe Nyssonini consists of the genera Alyson, Didineis and
Nysson , of which the two former were tabulated in 1894 *

Females.

1.

2.

3-

4-

5-

6.

7-

Hind tibiae more or less serrated . 2

Hind tibiae not serrated . 4

Metanotum (postscutellum) bilobate ; size rather large; abdomen black, with

yellowish maculations . 3

Metanotum without lobes; size small; first two segments of abdomen red.

solani.

Legs red . texanus.

Legs black . fuscipes.

Submedian (anal) cell of hind wings terminating somewhat beyond, or at the

origin of the cubital vein . 5

Submedian cell of hind wings terminating before the origin of the cubital

vein . 11

Scutellum margined, though not strongly, at the sides, covered with large,

sparse, shallow punctures (spots on first abdominal segment largest) . 6

Scutellum not margined at the sides, strongly, and usually closely punctured. 8
Second ventral segment at the base truncate, viewed from the side almost form¬
ing a right angle . spinosus.

Second ventral segment otherwise formed . 7

Pygidial area broad, subtruncate at tip, with large, somewhat confluent punc¬
tures; lateral spots of first dorsal segment covering almost the entire seg¬
ment . plagiatus.

* Entomological News, VII

March, 1896.] FOX, NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NySSON.

11

Pygidial area narrower, rounded at tip, longitudinally rugoso-punctate ; lateral
spots of first dorsal segment confined to apical portion of the segment,
transverse . aequalas.

8. Clypeus bituberculate at apex ; punctuation of the head and thorax very coarse,

almost rugose (medial and hind femora more or less red) . . . .compactus.
Clypeus not tuberculate; punctuation strong, but rather close and not rugose. 9

9. Abdomen not at all red . 10

Abdomen with the two basal segments more or less reddish (punctuation of head

and thorax very close, appearing granular; punctuation of abdomen subtile).

rusticus.

10. Punctuation of head and dorsulum distinctly separated, that of the abdomen

strong and very distinct . . . lateralis.

Punctuation of head and dorsulum, particularly the former, very close, that of
abdomen rather subtile, most distinct on first segment . fidelis.

1 1. Scutellum distinctly margined laterally . 12

Scutellum not margined laterally . „ . 15

12. Abdomen not at all reddish . 13

Abdomen reddish basally . 14

13. Basal enclosure of middle-segment with coarse, irregular ridges, thereby mak¬

ing the enclosure reticulate ; abdominal punctures strong, but not very deep.

opulentus.

Basal enclosure of middle-segment with the ridges regular, longitudinal on
basal two-thirds, then oblique; abdominal punctures deep . mellipes.

14. Scutellum coarsely rugoso-punctate ; wings clear ; a yellow line on pronotum

and scutellum . bellus.

Scutellum with coarse, longitudinal folds; wings subfuscous; no yellow on pro¬
notum or scutellum (punctuation of head and dorsulum unusually coarse).

basilaris.

15. Black, with pale markings; a divided tubercle between the ocelli; punctuation

of head and thorax strong and separated . . albomarginatus.

Black, with abdomen red ; space between ocelli not tuberculate ; punctuation of
head and thorax very close and rather fine . bicolor.

Males.

Hind tibiae more or less serrated; last dorsal segment 4 dentate . 2

Hind tibiae not serrated; last dorsal bidentate . 3

2. Legs red . texanus.

Legs black . fuscipes.

3. Second ventral segment truncate at base, viewed from the side almost forming a

right angle . spinosus.

Second ventral segment otherwise formed . 4

4. Submedian cell (anal area) terminating beyond or at the origin of the cubital

vein . 5

Submedian cell terminating before the origin of the cubital vein . 13

5. Last dorsal segment ciliated between the teeth . 6

Last dorsal segment not ciliated between the teeth . . . 7

12

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

6. Last dorsal segment not prominent between the teeth, subtruncate; lateral spots

on first dorsal segment large, covering almost the entire segment, plagiatus.
Last dorsal segment prominently angulate between the teeth ; spots on first seg"
ment transverse, confined to apical portion of segment . aequalis.

7. Clypeus bituberculate at apex ; punctuation of head and thorax very coarse

almost rugose (hind femora, in part, reddish) . compactus.

Clypeus not tuberculate at apex . 8

8. Abdomen not at all reddish . 9

Abdomen reddish basally (clypeus and scape beneath yellow ; abdomen with
sparse, shallow punctures) . . . rusticus.

9. Apical antennal joint scarcely enlarged or curved, obtuse at apex, the preceding

joint not produced at apex beneath (tegulae black; dorsulum rugosely punc¬
tured; punctures of abdomen distinct but feebler than in lateralis').

simplicicornls.

Apical antennal joint enlarged, strongly curved, truncate at apex, the preceding

joint produced somewhat beneath at apex . 10

10. Clypeus and scape yellow (punctures of abdomen rather subtile) . 1 1

Clypeus black . 12

11. Antennae short, stout, when stretched back not reaching the tegulae; form

rather robust, tegulae dark . tristis.

Antennae longer, slenderer, when stretched back reaching, or almost reaching,
the tegulae ; form narrower ; tegulae pale-testaceous, or with a yellow spot.

fidelis.

12. Abdomen with unusually strong punctures, those of the front distinct and
separated ; scutellum marked with extremely large, sparse punctures.

lateralis.

Abdomen subtilely punctured ; punctuation of front close, so that it has a gran.

ular appearance ; scutellum coarsely rugose . subtilis.

13. Apical antennal joint obliquely truncate at tip, more or less curved . 14

Apical antennal joint rounded at tip, or obtusely truncate, not or scarcely
curved ; markings white ; first segment with a continuous fascia.

albomarginatus.

14. Abdomen not all reddish, legs reddish testaceous; enclosure of the middle
segments with its ridges evenly spaced . mellipes.

Abdomen reddish basally ; coxae, trochanters and femora black, tibiae and
tarsi pale . . pumilus.

1. Nysson texanus Cress.

Nysson texanus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, p. 223, $ £ •

Paranysson texanus Cresson, ibid. IX, p. 273.

Nysson texanus Handlirsch, Sitzb. Akad. d. Wissensch. Wien, Math.
Naturw. Classe, I Abth. XCV, Bd. p. 297.

Texas, Nebraska; Montana; Lewiston, Idaho (Aldrich); Las
Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell). Recorded by Handlirsch from
Georgia and South Carolina.

March, 1896.J FOX, NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NySSON.

13

2. Nysson fuscipes Cress.

Paranysson fuscipes Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 274, $ 9.

Nysson fuscipes Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 301; pi. 4, f. 23.

Washington; Oregon; California. As pointed out by Handlirsch,
this species seems confined to the extreme Western States, in fact, those
bordering on the Pacific Ocean.

3. Nysson solani Ckll.

Nysson solani Cockerell, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, p. 294, £.

Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell). This species has the hind
tibiae serrated, agreeing in that respect with the two preceding species,
but the metanotum is not lobed. It seems to be isolated from the other
species as far as its relationship is concerned. The only known speci¬
men lacks the second (petiolated) submarginal cell, which deficiency I
consider to be but an anomaly.

4. Nysson spinosus Forster.

Sphex spinosa Forster, Novae Species Insect, p. 87.

Nysson spinosus Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 337, pi. IV, f. 5, 17, 25-28, pi. V, f. 11.
9 g . (For full synonymy see this work.)

North America (Handlirsch). I have only seen European speci¬
mens for which I am indebted to Herr F. F. Kohl, of Vienna.

5. Nysson plagiatus Cress.

Nysson aurinotus Packard (non Say), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. VI, p. 440, £

Nysson plagiatus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 276, g Handlirsch.
1. c. p. 348, pi. 4, f. 11, 21, pi. 5, f. 10.

Illinois; Indiana; Louisiana (Handlirsch) ; Texas; Washington.
Our largest species.

6. Nysson aequalis Patt.

Nysson cequalis Patton, Can. Ent. XI, p. 212, Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 350,
pi. 4, f. 10, 22, 9 $.

Massachusetts (Patton); Camden County, New Jersey (in July);
Baltimore, Maryland, and South Carolina (Handlirsch) ; Georgia,
Illinois.

7. Nysson aurinotus Say.

Nysson aurinotus Say, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. I, p. 368 ; Handlirsch, 1.
*c- P- 353* Pk 5« f- I3-

Indiana (Say) ; Illinois (Handlirsch). Unknown to me.

8. Nysson Frey=Gessneri Hdl.

Nysson Frey-Gessneri Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 355, $ , pi. 5, f. 12.

Georgia (Handlirsch). Unknown to me.

14

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

9. Nysson compactus Cress.

Nysson compactus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 278, $ .

Washington State.

10. Nysson tristis Cress.

Nysson tristis Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 281, $ .

Washington State.

11. Nysson lateralis, Pack.

Nysson later ale Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. VI, p. 440, $ .

Nysson lateralis Patton, Can. Ent. XI, p. 213, 9 .

Canada (Provancher) ; Maine, New Hampshire, Virginia, Illinois
(Patton).

12. Nysson subtilis, sp. nov.

— Cheeks margined posteriorly beneath, coarsely punctured; front closely
punctured, appearing strongly granular, feebly ridged above antennae ; between
ocelli flat, not tuberculate ; clypeus strongly punctured, transversely depressed before
apical margin, the latter subtruncate ; antennae stout, scape shining, strongly punc-
ured, flagellum opake, the last joint curved, nearly as long as the three preceding
united, obliquely truncate at tip, preceding joint slightly produced beneath at apex;
dorsulum with strong, tolerably well separated, punctures; scutellum rugose, no
margined laterally ; mesopleurae strongly rugoso-punctate ; middle-segment with the
spines sharp, slenderer than in lateralis , enclosure longitudinally and somewhat ir¬
regularly ridged; hind tibiae not spinose ; wings subhyaline, nervures dark, petiole of
second submarginal cell a little shorter than the height of cell, submedian cell of pos¬
terior wings terminating a little beyond the origin of the cubital vein ; punctures of
abdomen subtile, much feebler than in lateralis, stronger on first segment,
second ventral strongly convex, particularly toward the base, but not truncate anter¬
iorly, last dorsal bidentate as in the allied species. Black, the tubercles, and a trans¬
verse spot at each side of the first three dorsal segments, yellow ; tarsi and anterior
tibiae in front, testaceous ; clypeus and anterior orbits with silvery pubescence. Length
6 mm.

Algonquin, Illinois (Nason). Easily distinguished by the entirely
black front and subtile punctuation of the abdomen.

13. Nysson rusticus Cress.

Nysson rusticus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 283, $ 9.

Washington; Moscow, Idaho (Aldrich); Colorado.

14. Nysson nigripes Prov.

Nysson nigripes Provancher, Add. Hym. Quebec, p. 269, g •

Hull, Canada (Provancher). Unknown to me. Placed near rus¬
ticus provisionally, as it may belong elsewhere.

March, 1896.] FoX, NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NySSOX.

15

15. Nysson rufiventris Cress.

Nysson rufiventris Cresson, ibid, p. 283, 9 •

Montana; Colorado.

16. Nysson fidelis Cress.

Nysson fidelis Cresson, ibid, p. 282, 9 g .

Montana ; Colorado.

17. Nysson simplicicornis, sp. nov.

g — Cheeks not margined posteriorly beneath, rather finely punctured; front
with distinct, somewhat separated and strong, punctures, slightly prominent above the
antennae ; between ocelli flat, not tuberculate ; clypeus transversely depressed before
apical margin, which is subtruncate ; antennae slenderer than in the allied species
scape shining, punctured, flagellum opaque, the apical joint not curved or enlarged,
obtuse at tip, the preceding joint not at all produced at apex beneath ; dorsulum with
coarse shallow punctures, or rugoso-punctate ; scutellum coarsely punctured, not
margined laterally ; mesopleurse coarsely punctured but less so than the dorsulum ;
middle segment with the spines sharp, slender, enclosure irregularly ridged; hind
tibiae not spinose ; wings sub-hyaline, nervures and stigma black, petiole of second
submarginal cell shorter than the height of cell, submedian cell of posterior wings
terminating at the origin of the cubital vein, punctures of the abdomen distinct, finer
and closer, however, than in lateralis , second ventral segment strongly convex, with
the punctures sparser, last dorsal bidentate. Black ; spot at apex of four anterior
femora beneath and on dorsal segments 1-3, whitish ; mandibles reddish medially ;
tarsi somewhat testaceous ; clypeus and sides of face with dense silvery pubescence.
Length 5 mm.

Ingham County, Michigan (G. C. Davis), July 17th. Smaller
than the allied species with black abdomens and is at once separated
by the different terminal antennal joint.

18. Nysson opulentus Gerst.

Nysson opulentus Gerstacker, Abh. Naturh. Gesell. zu Halle, X, p. 114, g
Nysson opulentus Cresson, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 279, 9-
Nysson opulentus Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 357, 9 $ •

New York. The $ I have not seen.

19. Nysson mellipes Cress.

Nysson mellipes Cresson, Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 279, g 9 .

Colorado ; Dakota ; Montana.

20. Nysson tuberculatus Hdl.

Nysson tuberculatus Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 363, g 9 •

Wisconsin and South Carolina (Handlirsch). Unknown to me.
It is said to be close to basilaris , but seems to differ somewhat in the
punctuation of abdomen, greater extent of black on legs and presence

16

Journal New York Entomological Society. |Voi iv

of pale spots on scutellum. I am inclined to regard hasilans and
tuberculatus as synonymous, however.

21. Nysson basilaris Cress.

Nysson basilaris Cresson,.Ti\ Am. Ent. Soc. IX, p. 281, 9*

Georgia.

22. Nysson bellus Cress.

Nysson bellus Cresson, ibid. p. 280, 9 •

Montana and Texas.

23. Nysson pumilus Cress.

Nysson pumilus Cresson, ibid. p. 405, g .

Nevada.

24. Nysson albomarginatus Cress.

Nysson albomarginatus Cresson, ibid. p. 278, $ 9 •

Nevada. Easily distinguished by the pale, continuous fasciae of ab¬
domen. The unique 9 type has also two, tranverse, pale spots on first
segment, near base. These may not be constant in a series, however.

25. Nysson moestus Cress.

Nysson moestus Cresson, ibid. p. 280, $ .

Washington State.

26. Nysson bicolor Cress.

Hyponyzson bicolor Cresson, ibid. p. 284, 9 •

Nysson bicolor Handlirsch, 1. c. p. 402.

Washington State. The unique type of this species lacks the third
submarginal cell.

- + -

SOME NOTES ON LOCUST STRIDULATION.

By A. P. Morse, Wellesley, Mass.

Every observer of outdoor Nature is familiar to a greater or less
extent with the peculiar rattling or crackling sounds produced by
certain locusts or “grasshoppers” in flight. When at rest these in¬
sects are quite inconspicuous, their colors resembling closely the pre¬
vailing tints of their surroundings, but when in flight many of them at¬
tract notice not only by their stridulation, but also by their strikingly
colored wings in which yellow and red with black markings predomi¬
nate.

March, 1896.]

Morse, Notes on Locust Stridulation.

17

These locusts belong to a group, the (Edipodinse, usually given
subfamily rank, of which fifteen species are found in New England. One
of the best known and most widely distributed of these in eastern North
America is a species whose wings are black with a pale buff outer bor¬
der and with a few spots at the tip ; this is the Carolina locust. It is
very common on dusty roadsides and waste places in the latter part of
summer and the early autumn. Owing to the prevailing tint of quiet *
brown which clothes the majority of individuals they are known in some
localities as “ Quakers.”

Just how the rattling sound is produced is a matter of some specu¬
lation ; it is, however, entirely under the control of the insect, which
can produce it or not at will. So far as recorded, only the male stridu-
lates, though I suspect that the females of some species occasionally do
in a less degree. Owing to the noise being produced in flight it is dif¬
ficult not only to observe the exact method of its production, but also
to determine with certainty that it is confined to one sex. It is usually
stated to be caused by the striking of the front edge of the wing against
the under side of the wing- cover. This might occur as the result of an
up-and-down blow or, as I venture to suggest, of a slight antero- poste¬
rior movement bringing the prominent veins of the under side of the
wing- cover (humeral trunk and ulnar or anal veins) into collision with
the raised veins of the base of the wing.

Certain species, however, produce not only rattling, but distinct
snapping sounds consisting of separate loud snaps or clacks, e. g., Cir-
coteitix vernicu/atus, which often dances up and down in the air while
doing so and not infrequently ends its powerful and erratic flight with
a rattle immediately before alighting. It has seemed to me that the
clacks may be produced in a different manner from the rattling sounds,
and the following is suggested as a possible explanation.

If the wing-cover of any of our larger (Edipodinse be examined
there will be readily seen near its point of attachment, about in its mid¬
line, between the bases of two of the conspicuous veins (humeral trunk
and anal) and pressing them apart, as it were, a distinct prominence.
From this spring the two ulnar veins. If the wing-cover be inverted a
depression will be found corresponding to the external prominence.

In this depression lies the elevated base of the median vein of the wing
when the wings and wing-covers are closed, and this arrangement holds
these organs in place in the position of rest without any direct effort of
the insect. If the wing-cover of a newly killed or relaxed GEdipodine
be properly manipulated it will leave its place with a distinct snap, due

18

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

to the sudden slipping off of the base of the wing-cover from the base
of the wing. This arrangement is highly developed in the genus Cir-
cotettix , whose members are noted for the clacking noise produced in
flight, which it seems to me may perhaps be thus produced by the sud¬
den, and more or less rapidly repeated, opening and closing of the
flight-organs.

There is another group of locusts found with us, fewer in species,
smaller in size, and of less conspicuous habits, but more plentiful in
numbers than the GEdipodinae, which stridulate not during flight, but
when at rest, — these are the little oblique-faced Tryxalinae. In this
group the sound is produced by rubbing the hind thighs against the
wing-covers, and both the apparatus and its working are readily ob¬
served. It consists, in most of our species, of a row of fine teeth pro¬
jecting from the inner side of the hind thighs of the male in such a
position as to engage the elevated veins of the basal part of the wing-
covers, by this means setting up vibrations in the latter. This may be
readily demonstrated in the fresh insect or a relaxed specimen. The
sounds produced in this way are entirely different in character from
those made by the GEdipodinae in flight, being a scraping or scratching,
as distinguished from a rattling, crackling, or rustling.

There is, however, a genus ( Mecostethus ) of this group which is
allied to the GEdipodinae in structure, and the males of one of its species
produce the loudest note made by any of our Tryxalinae. In this genus
the hind thighs of the males are destitute of teeth, which are borne in¬
stead upon a supernumerary vein of the wing- covers, which is raised
above the others. In the species referred to the teeth on this vein are
high and very acutely pointed.

This additional vein is found in all our representatives of the
CEdipodinae, which stridulate in flight, and the discovery of this ar¬
rangement of the apparatus in Mecostethus led me to examine this vein
in several species of GEdipodinae to see whether it was ever supplied
with a rasping surface; for if so, these locusts also could doubtless
stridulate when at rest. It was found in several species to be provided
with teeth of different degrees of effectiveness, and not long afterward I
was enabled to witness the use of this form of stridulating apparatus by
an CEdipodine.

While walking up the Mt. Washington carriage-road one bright
morning in early September I came upon a group of several males of
Circotettix verruculatus sunning themselves by the roadside in the
shelter of an overhanging cliff. The night had been quite cool and

March, 1896.]

Morse, Notes on Locust Stridulation.

19

they had evidently but just become sufficiently warmed by the morning
sun to take an active part in life, and in consequence allowed a closer
approach than is the usual custom of this wary species. Two of them
seemed more wide awake than the others, and as they crawled about
would occasionally stop, slightly elevate the hinder part of the body
and rapidly move the hind thighs up and down against the wing-covers,
producing a distant “ scotching ” sound clearly audible at a distance
of three or four feet. This act was repeated several times at intervals of
a few seconds. No females were seen near by.

Desiring to make further observations on this mode of stridulation
in the QEdipodinse I secured one day after my return several examples
of Encoptolophus sordidus and Arphia xanthoptera and enclosed them,
together with some grass, in a pasteboard box of about a cubic foot ca¬
pacity, covered it with netting and placed it in the sun. Both sexes of
both species were represented, but of females there were but two of each.

At first their efforts were entirely in the direction of escape, but after
a short time they became more quiet and were left by themselves, an
occasional approach being made to see how matters stood. Nothing of
interest was learned from the Arphias, but after some time two males of
E. sordidus , oblivious to their surroundings, became attentive to one of
the females. Aroused by her near presence they crawled rapidly about,
and as they approached her would stop, stridulate for a second with
their hind thighs, and excitedly leap toward or upon her, when, being
repulsed, they would repeat the operation. The sound produced was a
very high-pitched “ l'chi-i'chT-T'chi-i'chT.”

Another sound of an entirely different character was made by them
in a different manner. The hind thighs, instead of being closely ap¬
plied to the wing-covers, were spread somewhat apart and violently
vibrated, moving, as nearly as could be judged, up and down with ex¬
treme rapidity and striking as they did so upon the bottom of the box.
The sound produced was a peculiar “r-r-r-rd” or “ r-r-r-rt,” low in
tone and of considerable volume, leading me to think from its quality
that it was due in part to the vibration of the pasteboard bottom. Once
it seemed as if the wing-covers took some part in it, vibrating laterally;
but as the act was witnessed but twice, both times from the side, and
was too rapid for the eye to follow, I am uncertain of the exact method
of its production.

Lack of time in suitable weather prevented further observations,
but these are reported in the hope of bringing out information on the
subject and inducing other observers to pay some attention to this in¬
teresting habit.

20

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

The occurrence in the (Edipodinae of stridulation when at rest
seems to have been entirely overlooked in late years, though observed by
Yersin in CEd. fas data. Among the Acridinse Caloptenus italicus and
Melanoplus femur-rubrum have been observed by Yersin and Scudder
respectively to perform the stridulatory movements, though no sound
was noted in either case. Yersin was disposed to believe that all locusts
provided with well-developed wing-covers execute such movements,
whether accompanied by sound or not. And it is not unlikely that
sound is often produced too faint or fine for our ears to perceive.

Nothing is known of stridulation in the Tettiginae, but it seems
possible that it may occur in the same manner, i. e., by friction of the
hind thighs on the side of the pronotal process or anterior edge of the
wing which in this group take the place of the wing-covers. In the
Eremobinae both sexes are said by Saussure to be often provided with
special musical apparatus of two kinds, one used at rest and one in
flight and both differing from those here mentioned.

- + -

BOTH SIDES OF BUTTERFLIES.

By A. P. Morse, Wellesley, Mass.

Every collector of butterflies and every student of variation in
these insects is interested in methods whereby both surfaces of the wings
of his favorites can be studied with a minimum amount of labor and in¬
convenience. Book-boxes, so-called, with glass top and bottom and
cork gummed to the glass, answer very well in a permanent collection,
but for one which is receiving additions and to whose owner expense is
an item to be closely considered, so that an entire case or cases cannot
be given up to a species, some method is necessary which will more
readily permit of rearrangement when desired. With this end in view
I several years ago designed the following plan, which is here presented
in the hope that it will be of interest or use to others. While metal
strips filled with cork have been used for some time I believe that the
method of rearrangement suggested is entirely novel.

The cases for which the plan was designed are of the standard
museum pattern, i6x 19x3 inches outside, 15 x 18 inside measurement,
the top and bottom of glass, the sides of wood joined by tongue and
groove, the tongue being either of wood or metal. The plan, however,
is applicable to almost any form or size of case preferred. Aside from

Maich, 1896.]

Morse, Both Sides of Butterflies.

21

its increased weight a glass bottom, as well as top, is to be preferred for
all cases of considerable size, as it does away with the troublesome
shrinking which is inseparable from the use of large sheets of wood un¬
less made in three-ply, as in the manufacture of desks, etc.

The method is this : Procure twice as many thin strips of some
straight-grained wood with as little tendency to warp as possible, such as
cherry or basswood, one-quarter inch in thickness, as long as the inside
measurement of the front of the case and as wide as the case is deep in¬
side. On one side of these strips are sawed, with a fine saw, slots one-
fourth inch in depth at intervals of half an inch. Two strips will be
needed for each case (front and back), making twice as many strips as
cases, one-half of which should have the first slot sawed at a distance of
one-half inch from the end, the other half at a distance of three-quarters
inch ; the reason for this will be seen later. These strips may be pro¬
cured at slight expense from the maker of the cases or a box manufac¬
turer.

Next, get a reliable tinsmith to cut some strips of tin three-
quarters inch wide and fourteen and seven-eighths inches long and bend
them up into troughs one-fourth inch wide and deep with vertical sides.
To one side of each end of a trough should be soldered neatly the short
end of an L-shaped piece of the same material one-fourth plus three-
fourths inch long and nearly one-fourth inch wide. These lie flat upon
the bottom of the case out of sight beneath the wooden strip and act as
feet to hold the trough upright during rearrangement. To give as much
supporting surface as possible they should be attached to opposite sides
of the trough. The portion of the side of the trough opposite the at¬
tached piece should be cut through and turned down flat, widening the
supporting base, or it may be removed entirely, leaving the end of the
trough with a single vertical edge which fits into the slots sawed in the
wooden strips. These edges being on opposite sides of the trough
necessitate the different position of the slots on the front and back
strips previously mentioned. The troughs are then to be filled with
strips of cork and the whole to be painted over a dead white or black
as preferred. The tin troughs ready to be filled may be obtained for
about three cents apiece, in lots of one hundred or more.

The troughs are held in position by the slots sawed in the wooden
strips and may be placed within an inch of each other, or within one-
half inch in the case of very small specimens by cutting a little off the
ends of the L-shaped feet, or as far apart as desired. The wooden
strips are held in place at front and back of the case by short, headless

22

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

pins or brads thrust into the sides of the case, and if equal in width to
the depth of the case are held down by the cover, or they may be nar¬
rower and then held securely in place by a pin above each end.

For examination the case may be placed upon a table covered with
white or dark cloth or paper according to the background desired, and
may be instantly turned upside down, allowing both sides of the entire
series of specimens to be examined when desired without a moment’s
delay.

A NEW GLOVERIA.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

Mr. L. O. Howard has sent me several examples of a Lasiocampid
collected in Arizona for the Department of Agriculture, which seems to
represent an undescribed species. I take pleasure in dedicating it to
this well known entomologist.

Dendrolimus howardi, sp. nov.

Female. Like Quadrina diazoma. Clay color (Ridgway, pi. V, fig. 8) irro-
rate with pale chocolate brown scales. Two faint, brown, nearly straight lines, one
across the cell, the other at the outer third of the wing, the most distinct mark. A
very faint white discal dot. Subterminal line irregular, broken, faint, twice out¬
wardly curved, at veins 3 and 4 and 6 to 8. Secondaries and thorax pale brown,
about the tint of the transverse lines of the primaries ; abdomen a little paler. Ex¬
panse 49 to 66 mm.

Male. Considerably like the male of D. gargatnelle Strecker (The male of
Q. diazoma being unknown). Sepia (Ridgway, pi. Ill, fig. 3), along the outer
margin of primaries succeeded by a semi-transparent zone, which shades into raw
umber (R. Ill, 14) over the basal half of the wing, composed of brown and yellow¬
ish hairs. Discal dot round, distinct, white. Lines as in the female, faint, darker
than the wing, the subterminal especially obscure, broken into a series of brown
intervenular dots, the one at the anal angle the most distinct. Secondaries sepia, a
semitransparent space covering the outer third except for a narrow outer margin.
Body dark, mixed with yellowish hairs. On the primaries the subterminal line is
much fainter than in gargamelle; the transverse space encroaches on it whereas in
gargatnelle it just reaches the line. Basally in both it reaches to the discal dot.
The bright yellowish costal shade is not present in gargatnelle. The secondaries
dark chocolate, not bright reddish brown; the transparent space reaches out
^rther than in its ally, leaving only a narrow band instead of an outer third.
Expanse 38 to 45 mm.

The types are three pairs in the National Museum and one pair in
my collection. All bred specimens.

In markings the female is perhaps not different from Quadrina diazoma .

March, 1896.]

Dyar, A New Gloveria.

23

Grote, the type of which is rubbed and the faint transverse anterior line and
discal spot may have been obliterated, not being mentioned in the de¬
scription. The wings are, however, clearly not short and broad as de¬
scribed (and as shown also in the photograph before me); but are, as
usual, rather long, the outer margin gently convex. The size, too, is
much smaller; but the specimens may have been reduced by breeding,
although Mr. Howard does not think that this can be the case to any
great extent. Otherwise this form is distinct from any in our fauna,
nor is there anything like it in the Biologia Centrali-Americana. Mr.
Druce and Mr. Schaus have both described several Lasiocampids since
the date of the Biologia ; but a perusal of their descriptions does not
suggest that any of them have to do with the present insect.

Synopsis of the American Dendrolimus 9 9 .

Gray, the subterminal line distinct.

Subterminal line sharply and regularly dentate . arizonensis.

Subterminal line undulate, irregular . dolores.

Brown-gray to yellowish brown, subterminal line obscure.

Dark grizzled gray brown, discal dot white . gargamelle.

Paler, luteous brown, only traces of discal spot.

Wings as usual, rather elongate . . howardi.

Wings short and broad, depressed at apices . . . diazoma.

The following notes, sent me by Mr. Howard, show the dates
observed for the emergence of the moths as bred at Washington.

“ April 10, 1895. Received from J. W. Tourney, Tuscon, Arizona
a web of a Lasiocampid and some partly grown larvae found feeding on
Quercus emoryi ; only observed on a few trees. Accompanying them
was a strip or band of web taken from the tent. Mr. Tourney has been
informed that great bands of such web hang from the branches imme¬
diately around the tent like long streamers.

The larvae are bright ferruginous with a yellowish lateral stripe and
dull black head.

There are three median dorsal rows of white soft hairs and a lateral
row of same color.

April 20th. Larvae are feeding both on buds just opening as well
as on the dry leaves of oak. One tachinid fly issued ; it is Exorista
thlecarum.

July 1 st. One larva spun up.

July 10th. One moth, a female issued.

July 1 6th. Five males issued; two were ruined, the remaining
three spread.

24

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[ Vol. IV-

July 18th. One female issued; left in cage to copulate.

July 19th. Two females and four males issued. Eggs were de¬
posited in the cage.

July 2 2d. Three females and five males issued. Two more batches
of eggs^deposited.

July 23d. Three females and two males issued.

July 24th. One female and one male issued. More eggs were
deposited.

July 25th. Two males issued.

July 26th. One female issued.

July 29th. Two issued. (Sex not stated.)

August 2d. Two issued.

August 5th. One female issued. Some of the eggs hatched.

August 8th. One male issued.

August 9th. More larvae hatched.”

The following descriptions have been drawn lip from alcoholic
specimens preserved at the Department of Agriculture, some of which
have been kindly presented to me by Mr. Howard.

Eggs. — Oval ; one end bluntly rounded, the other conical, slightly
flattened above and below. Pure white, very slightly shining, a small,
round, yellowish translucent spot in the centre of each flattened side.
(The large end is eaten away in all the specimens, by the young larvae,
so I am not able to describe the micropylar region.)

Length 1. 8 mm., width 1. 5 mm. and 1.4 mm. through the flattened
sides. Shell minutely roughened under a half-inch objective, but
without marks. Laid in irregular clusters without any covering.

Stage I. — Head and thoracic feet shining black; cervical shield,
leg plates and anal plate, as well as a dorsal patch on joint 13, brown
black. Body grayish white with a row of subdorsal segmentary orange
spots, diffuse and broad. Warts small, black, each with several hairs,
fine, spinulated and rather long. Arrangement of the warts normal
(Psyche vii, 259), the secondary warts very feebly developed, obscure;
warts iv and v also obscure, vi divided. On the thorax the posterior
subdorsal wart (iia) is larger than in Clisiocampa and bears several
hairs. No secondary hairs. Width of head 1.05 mm.

Stage IV. — Head, cervical shield, joints 12 and 13 dorsally, anal
plate and anal feet black; width of head 3.0-3. 2 mm. Body gray,
mottled with black, defined in a series of subdorsal dots and narrow
lateral line, between which runs a broad orange-red band. Hair fine,

March, 1896.]

Dyar, A New Gloveria.

25

white, rather thick, with a series of little short dorsal tufts. Venter
dark gray with a series of black medio-ventral spots. Body quite
densely clothed with secondary hairs, the warts almost obsolete, some of
the largest ones persisting, black. Leg plates dark.

Last stage. — Head black, the lower segment of clypeus, side pieces
and median suture whitish ; mouth pale; all covered with soft white
secondary hairs; rounded, rather large, not retracted; width 5.5 to
6.4 mm. Body curiously transversely streaked with whitish and red-
brown, silky hairy, flattened ; no warts. There is a rather broad shaded
blackish band below the spiracles, relieved by a series of whitish inter-
segmental patches below, otherwise grading into the dark venter, mot¬
tled with black and light red on each side of the median black patches.
Above the substigmatal line the marks are transeverse, except a narrow
brown-black broken lateral line which cuts them. The ground color is
whitish, shading into bright brown subdorsally, with about six obscured
transverse streaks of brown black, most distinct intersegmentally. They
become clouded in a dark brown shade centrally on the segment and
are relieved by an orange subdorsal transverse dash on the posterior
third on joints 4 to 12, a rather conspicuous making, defined before by
darker brown ; an anterior dark brown ad-dorsal patch. These trans¬
verse markings are produced by a growth of fine short dark brown sec¬
ondary hairs in four transverse lines over the dorsum, a broken blackish
dorsal and ad-dorsal shading on the ground of the original broad
orange-red subdorsal band. At the lower edge of the orange dash a
dark red shade obscurely parallels the longitudinal superstigmatal line.
Cervical shield velvety black with two white streaks below it. Anal
plates black, joint 12 heavily clouded with blackish. Thoracic feet
reddish, abdominal dark, with a bright whitish streak down the outer
side. Hair soft, fine, white, tufted dorsally and subventrally centrally
on the segments. Warts absent, all the hairs secondary ; no percepti¬
ble enlargement below the cervical shield ; joint 12 not enlarged.

The short brown hairs are stiff thick-walled tubes, smooth with
pointed conical ends ; they are widest at terminal third and taper a lit¬
tle toward the base, minutely granular- roughened just before the tip.
The long white hairs are more slender, colorless, thin walled and
smooth, gently tapering toward the tip. There is a slight roughening
toward the tip of short lamellar points. Length of the short hairs .4 to
.6 mm., of the long ones 3 to 6 mm. The short hairs are evidently of
a defensive nature as they become detached when the larva is handled
and entering the skin produce some irritation and finally small blisters
which last for several days.

26

Journal New York Entomological Society.

LVoi. iv.

Cocoon. — Thin, almost papery, of dark brown silk, single, but
with some loose silk without ; elliptical, less definite in shape than in
Clisiocampa, the ends thinner than the central portion. Size 35 x 15 mm.

Pupa _ Robust, the abdomen large, thicker than the thorax,

slightly curved ventrally, the anal rounded, pilose, without cremaster ,
three moveable incisures, viz. 4-5, 5-6, 6-7th abdominal segments
(corresponding to joints 8-9, 9-10, 10-11 of the larva) the other in¬
cisures behind the 8th abdominal segment distinct, but fixed. Spiracles
large, distinct, present on abdominal segments 2 to 8. Cases smooth,
compact, firmly united, the joinings marked by darker lines ; the leg
cases reach to the end of the third abdominal, wing cases to middle of
the fourth, antennae cases opposite the end of the fourth segment.
Head and thorax pilose, abdomen less distinctly so; cases smooth.
Color light reddish brown, the incisures, spiracles and sutures darker.
Length 25 mm., width 10 mm.

LITERATURE ON DEFENSIVE OR REPUGNATO-
RIAL GLANDS OF INSECTS.

By A. S. Packard.

Aldrovandus, U. — De animalibus insectis libri septem cum singulorum
iconibus ad vivum expressis. Denuo impress : Bonon. apud Clementem Ferronium
1638, p. 273. [The first edition was in 1602.]

Moufet, T. — Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum . . London,
1634. pp. 185-186.

Goedart, J. — Metamorphosis naturalis sive insectorum historia . . Amstelo-
dami, 1700. Pars 2, p. 136. [French ed. of 1700, t. 2, p. 162; Lister’s Latin ed.
London, 1685, p. 60.]

Reaumur, R. A. F. — Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des insectes . .
Paris, 1736, t. 2, pp. 266-269, pi. 21-22. [t. 2, partie 2, pp. 21-23 of the Amster¬

dam ed. of 1737-1748.]

De Geer, C. — Observation sur la propriete singulidre qu’ ont les grandes
chenilles a quatorze jambes et a double queue, du saule, de seringuer de la liqueur.
(Mem. sav. etrang. Paris, 1750, i, pp. 530-531, pi. Goetze und Bonnet, etc. au-
serlesene abhandlungen, 1774, p. 220.)

Schaffer, J. C. — Neuendeckte theile an raupen und zweyfaltern . , Regens¬
burg. J754-

Sulzer, J. H. — Die kennzeichen der insekten . . Zurich, 1761, pp. 65-67
pb 5. % 34-

Muller, O. F. — Pile-larven med dobbelt hale, og dens phalaene . . Kjoben-
havn, 1772, pp. 53-56, pi. 2, fig. 3-5.

March, 1896.] PACKARD, On DEFENSIVE GLANDS OF INSECTS.

27

Amoreux, P. J. — Notice ties insectes tie la France, reputes venimeux, . .
Paris, 1789, pp. 282-285.

Bonnet C. — Memoire sur une nouvelle partie commune a plusieurs especes de
chenilles. (Mem. math. d. savants etrang. Paris, 1755, ii, pp. 44-52.) Collection
complete des oeuvres de C. Bonnet, ii, 1779. pp. 3-16.

- Memoire sur la grande chenille a queue fourchue du saule, dans lequel

on prouve, que la liqueur que cette chenille fait jaillir, est un veritable acide, et un
acide tres-actif. (Mem. math, de savants etrang. Paris, 1755, 2> P- 267-282.

Collection complete des oeuvres de C. Bonnet, 1779, ii, pp. 17-24.)

Schwarz C. — Neuer raupenkalender . Nurnberg, 1791. Abth. 1, p. 59.

Petzhold C. P. — Lepidopterologische beytriige. ( L. G. Scriba’s beitrage
zu der insekten-geschichte, Frankfurt am Main, 1793, heft 3, pp. 230-251.)

Nouvelle Dictionaire d’ Hist. Nat. xv, p. 487. ( Larva of Hydrophilus
ejaculates with a slight noise a foetid and blackish fluid.)

Rengger, Johann Rudolph. — Physiologische untersuchungen iiber die
thierische haushaltung der Insecten. Tubingen, 1817. ( In the chapter entitled

Abgesonderte Safte bei den Raupen, he speaks of the glandular apparatus of the
larva of B. vinula, noticing the general form of the secretory sack, that it opens out
in two muscular evertible points, out of which the secretion is ejected.)

Kirby and Spence. — Introduction to entomology . . 2d. ed. i. 1815, Lon¬
don, 1818, ii, pp. 238-239.

Dufour L. — Memoire anatomique sur une nouvelle espece d’insecte du genre
Brachinus. (Ann. de mus. d’histoire nat. xviii, 1811, pp. 70-81.)

- Recherches anatomiques sur les carabiques et sur plusieurs autres coR-

opteres. (Ann. d. Sci. Nat. 1826, viii, pp. 5-54.)

- Memoire sur les metamorphosis et l’anatomie de la Pyrochroa coc-

cinea. Glande odorifique. ( Ibid, ii ser. Zoologie. xiii, 1840, pp. 340-341.)

Lyonet, P. — Recherches sur l’anatomie et les metamorphoses de differentes
especes d’insectes. Ouvrage posthume, publie par M. W. deHaan, Paris, 1832.

Morren, C. — Memoire sur l’emigration du puceron du pecher ( Aphis per-
siccB ), et sur les caracteres et l’anatomie de cette espece. (Ann. Sci. Natur. Zool.
1836, VI, pp. 65-93, pi. 6-7.)

Ratzeburg, J. T. C. — Die forstinsekten . . . Theil I, Die kafer . . 1837,
. . . p. 246.

Aube, C. — [Note sur une secretion fetide d’ Eumolpus pretiosus.~\ (Ann. Soc.
Entom. Fr. 1837, s- L t. 6; Bull. p. 58.)

Lacordaire, J. S. — Introduction a l’entomologie, 1838, ii, p. 45.

Meckel, von Hemsbach, Johann Friedrich. — Mikrographie einiger Drii-
senapparate der niederen Tbiere. (Anat. Phys. u. Wiss. Med. 1846, p. I— 73, pi.
1-3) p.46. Miiller’s Archiv.

Stein, Friedrich. — Vergleichende anatomie und physiologie der lnsekten.
Berlin, 1847.

Leidy, Joseph. — History and anatomy of the hemipterous genus Belostoma.
(Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Ser. 2, 1847, I» Pt- !• PP- 57—67. pi. 1.)

- Odoriferous glands of invertebrata (Proc. Acad. Phila. 1849, 234-

236. 1 PI.). Ann. & Mag. N. H. Ser. 2, 1850, v, pp. 154-156.

28

Journal New York Entomolocical Society.

[Vol. IV.

Dufour, L. — Recherches anatomiques sur les Dipteres. 1851, pp. 195,313.
(Alimentary canal of Sepsis contains the seat of a “ glande odorifique.”)

Chapuis et Candeze. — Catalogue des larves des coleopteres . . . (Mem-
Soc. Sci. de Liege, 1853, viii, pp. 351-653, pi. I— 9, pp. 611-612.)

Sieboid, Carl Theodor. — Lehrbuch der vergleichenden anatomie der wir-
bellosen Thiere, 1848. Burnett’s transl. Boston, 1854.

Burnett, Waldo Irving. — Translation of Siebold’s Anatomy of the Inverte¬
brates, 1854 (Note on the osmeteria of Papilio asterias, which he regards as an odor¬
iferous and defensive, rather than tactile organ, p. 415).

Karsten, H. — Bemerkungen liber eininge scharfe und brennende absonder-
ungen verschiedener raupen. (Muller’s Archiv fur Anat. Phys. u. Wiss. Med. 1848,
pp. 375-382, pi. 11-12) describes the poison glands at the base of the spines of Sa-
turnia larvae.)

- Harnorgane des Brachinus complanatus Fabr. Fig. (Muller’s Ar¬
chiv, 1848, pp. 367-376.

Saussure, Henri de. — Recherches zoologiques de l’Amerique centrale et
du Mexique. 6eme Partie. Etudes sur les Myriopodes et les Insectes. Paris, i860.

Gerstaecker, C. E. A. — Ueber das vorkommen von ausstiilpbaren hautan-
hiingen am hinterleibe an schaben. (Archiv f. Naturgesch. 1861, xxi, pp. 107-115.)

Laboulbene, Alexandre. — Note sur les caroncules thoraciques du Malachius.
(Annales de la Societe Ent. de France. 3e Ser. vi, pp. 521-528, 1858).

Liegel, Hermann. — Ueber den Ausstiilpungsapparat von Malachius und
verwandten Formen. Inaugural Dissertation. Gottingen, pp. 31, I pi. [n. d.
since 1858 and before 1878.]

Leydig, F. — Zur anatomie der insecten. (Archiv f. Anat. Phys. u. Wiss.
Med. 1859, pp. 33-89, 149-183, pi. 2-4) p. 35 and 38.

- Biolog. Centrabl. x, 1890, pp. 395-396, Ueber bombardier Kafer.

Claus, C. — Ueber die Seitendriisen der Larve von Chrysomela populi.
(Zeits. f. Wissench. Zoologie, xi. 1861. pp. 309-314. Taf. xxv.)

- Ueber schutzwaffen der raupen des gabelschwanzes (Wiirzburger Na-

turw. Zeitschrift, 1862, iii, xiv, Sitz. am. 28, Juni, 1862.

- Ueber die wachsbereitenden hautdriisen der insecten. (Sitzungsber.

gesells z. beford. d. gesammt. naturw. zu Marburg, June, 1867, No. 8. pp. 65-72.)

Rogenhofer, Alois. — Drei Schmetterlingsmetamorphosen. ( Verhandlungen
der K. K. zoolog.-bot. Gesellschaft, Wien, xiii, 1862, pp. 1224-30.)

Fitch, Asa. — Eighth report on the noxious and others insects of . .New
New York (Trans. N. Y. State Agric. Soc. 1862, xxii, pp. 657-684.), p. 677.
[Separate, p. 195.]

Guenee, Achille. — Annales Soc. Ent. de France, Ser. IV, 1867, pp. 696-
697. PI. 13.

Landois, L. — Anatomie der bettwanze, Cimex lectularius , mit beriicksichti-
gung verwandter hemipterengeschlecter (Zeitsch. f. Wiss. Zool. 1868, xvii, pp,
206-224, pi. 11-12, p. 218-223.)

Studer, Theodor. — Mittheilungen der naturforsch Gesellschaft in Bern.
i872-’73, No. 792-811, p. 101.

Candeze, E. — Les moyens d’attaque et de defense chez les insectes. (Bull.
Acad, royale de Belgique, 2 Ser. xxxviii, 1874, pp. 787-816.)

29

March, 1896.] PACKARD, On DEFENSIVE GLANDS OF INSECTS.

Mayer, Paul. — Anatomie von Pyrrhocoris apterus. (Reichert und du Bois-
Reymond’s Archiv f. Anat. Phys. etc. 1874, pp. 313-347, 3 Taf.)

Scudder, Samuel Hubbard. — Odoriferous glands in Phasmidce. (Psyche,

i, 137-140, Jan. 14, 1876; Amer. Nat. x, p. 256, April, 1876, drawings shown by

W. J. Fewkes to show their structure and position.)

- Prothoracic tubercles in butterfly caterpillars. (Psyche, i, 168, April

14, 1876.)

- Organs found near the anus of the 9 pupa of Danais, which recall the

odoriferous organs mentioned by Burnett, transl. Siebold’s Comp. Anat. as occur¬
ring in Argynnis and other genera. (Psyche, iii, 278, 1882, p. 453, note 22.)

- [Glands and extensile organs of larvae of blue butterflies.] (Proc.

Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist, xxxiii, p. 357-358, 1888.)

- Butterflies of Eastern United States, i-iii, 1889.

- New light on the formation of the abdominal pouch in Parnassius.

(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, Dec. 1892, published Jan., 1893, 249-253.)

Muller, Fritz. — Die stinkkolbchen der weiblichen maracujafalter. (Zeitschr.
f. Wiss. Zool. 1877, bd. 30, p. 167-170, pi. 9.)

Helm, F. C. — Ueber die spinndriisen der lepidopteren. (Zeits. f. Wiss. Zool.
1876, xxvi, pp. 434-469, pi. 27-28.)

Plateau, Felix. — Note sur une secretion propre aux coleopteres dytiscides.
(Ann. Soc. Entom. Belg. 1876, v, xix, pp. 1-10.)

Edwards, William H. — Notes on Lyccena pseudargiolus and its larval his¬
tory. (Can. Ent. x, Jan. 1878, pp. 1-14. Fig.)

- On the larvae of Lyccena pseudargiolus and attendant ants. (Can. Ent.

x, July, 1878, pp. 131-136.

Voges, Ernst. — Beitrage zur Ivenntniss der Juliden. (Zeitsch. f. Wissen.
Zoologie, xxxi, p. 127, 1878. The scent glands are retort-shaped bodies, the
necks of which open into foramina repugnatorial)

Rye, E. C. — Secretion of water-beetles. (Ent. Month. Mag. xiv, 1877-78,
pp. 232-233.

Forel, A. — Der giftapparat und die anal driisen der ameisen. (Zeits. f. Wiss.
Zool. 1878, xxx, Suppl. pp. 28-68, pi. 3-4.).

Saunders, William. — Notes on the larva of Lyccena scudderi. (Can. Ent.

X, Jan. 1878, p. 14. Attended by ants so that the author supposes that it has
glands like those described by W. H. Edwards, in the same journal of the same date.)

Weismann, A. — Ueber duftschuppen. (Zool. Anzeiger, 26th Aug. 1878,
jahrg. i, pp. 98-99 )

Qissler, Carl Friedrich. — On the repugnatorial glands in Eleodes. (Psyche,

ii, Feb. 1879, pp. 209-210.)

- [Odoriferous glands on the 5th abdominal segment in nymph of Lach-

nus strobi.~\ (Fig. 273, p. 804 of Packard’s Report on Forest and Shade Tree Insects,

1890.)

Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. — [Ueber ein neues organ bei den acridio-
deen.] (Verhandl. k. k. Zool. Bot. Gesells. Wien, 1879, xxix; Sitzungsber. pp.
26-27.)

- Verh. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. (A peculiar organ on hind femora

of Acrididse.)

30

Journal New York Entomological Society. ivoi.iv.

Rougement P. — Observations sur l’organe detonnant du Brachinus crepi¬
tans Oliv. (Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, 1879, xi, pp. 471-478, pi.)

Goossens, Th. — [Sur une organe entre la tete et la premiere paire de pattes
de quelques chenilles.] (Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ix, p. 4, 1869. Bull. pp. 60-61.)

- Des chenilles vesicantes. (Ann. Ent. Soc. France (6) Tome vi, p. 461-

464, 1887.)

Coquillett, D. W. — On the early stages of some moths. (Can. Ent. March*

1880. xii, pp. 43-46, p. 45.)

Chambers, Victor Tousey. — Notes upon some tineid larvae. (Psyche,
iii, July, 1880, p. 67. Certain retractile processes “frftm the sides of certain seg¬
ments of the larva.”)

- Further notes on some Tineid larvae. (Psyche, iii, p. 135, Feb. 12,

1881. Larva of Phyllocnistis has 8 pairs of lateral pseudopodia on first 8 abdominal
segments.)

French, G. h. — Larvae of Cerura occidentalis Lint, and C. borealis Bd*
(Can. Ent. July, 1881, xiii, pp. 144-145.)

Passerini, N. — Sopra i due tubercoli abdomanali della larva della Porthesia
chrysorrhcca. (Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1881, xiii, pp. 293-296.)

Klemensiewicz, Stanislaus. — Zur naheren Kentniss der Hautdrusen bei
den raupen und bei Malachius. (Verhandlungen d. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien,
xxxii, pp. 459-474, 1882, 2 Taf.)

Weber, Max. — Ueber eine Cyanwasserstoffsaure bereitende Driise. (Archiv
fiir Mikr. Anat. 21 Bd. p. 468-475, T. 24, 1882.)

Bertkau, Philip. — Ueber den Stinkapparat von Lacon murinus L. (Archiv
f. Naturg. 1882. Jahrg., 48, pp. 371-373.)

Dimmock, George. — Organs, probably defensive in function, in the larva of
Hyperchiria varia Walk. ( Saturnia io Harris). (Psyche, iii, pp. 352-353, Aug. 19.

1882. Account of lateral eversible glands on 1st and 7th abdominal segments; they
emit neither moisture nor odor. )

- On some glands which open externally on insects. (Psyche, iii, 387 —

399, Jan. 15, 1883. Treats of poison glands, glandular hairs, eversible glands of
Cerura, etc.)

Coleman, N. — Notes on Orgyia leucostignia. ( Papilio, Nov.-Dee. 1882.
[Jan. 1 883 ] , ii, pp. 164-166. p. 165.)

Muller, F. — Der anhang am hinterleibe der A era a-weibchen. ( Zool. An-
zeiger, 6 Aug. 1883, jahrg. vi, pp. 415-416.)

Dewitz, H. — Ueber das durch die Foramina repugnatoria entleerte Secret bei
Glomeris. ( Biol. Centralblatt, iv, 202-203, 1884).

Williston, S. A. — Protective secretion of Eleodes ejected from anal gland.
(Psyche, iv, p. 168, May 1884.)

Poulton, Edward Bagnall. — Notes in 1885 upon lepidopterous larvae and
pupae, including an account of the loss of weight in the freshly-formed lepidopterous
pupae. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, June, 1886, pp. 156, 157, 159.)

- Notes in 1886 upon lepidopterous larvae, etc. (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon¬
don, Sept. 1887, pp. 295-301.)

- Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larvae, etc.

don, 1888, p. 597.)

( Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon-

March, 1896.J PACKARD, On DEFENSIVE GLANDS OF INSECTS.

31

Kiinkel, J. — La punaise de lit et ses appareils odoriferants. (Comptes Rendus,
ciii, 1886, pp. 81-83. Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th Ser. xviii, 1886, pp. 167-168.)

Packard, Alpheus Spring. — The fluid ejected by notodontian caterpillers
(Amer. Nat. 1886, xx, pp. 811-812.)

- An eversible “gland” in the larva of Orgyia. (Amer. Nat. 1886, xx,

p. 814.)

- 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. Insects injurious to forest and shade trees,

p. 136, 1890.

- Hints on the evolution of the bristles, spines and tubercles of certain

caterpillars. ( Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xxiv, 1890, p. 551.)

- Notes on some points in the external structure and phylogeny of lepi-

dopterous larvae. (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, xxv, 1890, pp. 83-114.)

Loman, J. C. C. — Freies Jod als Driisensecret. (Tijdschr. Neder. Dierk.
Ver. Deel 1, 1887, PP* 106-108.)

Riley, Charles Valentine. — Proc. Ent Soc. Washington, March 13, 1888.
i, pp. 87-89.

- Notes on the eversible glands of larvae of Orgyia and Parorgyia leuco-

pheea and P. clintonii (achatina). (See 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. p. 137.)

Denham, Ch. S. — The acid secretion of Notodonta concinna. (Insect Life,
i, p. 147, 1888. Hydrochloric acid).

Michin, Edward A. — Note on a new organ, and on the structure of the
hypodermis, in Periplaneta orientalis. (Quart. Journ. Micros. Sc. Dec. 1888, xxiv,
I PI.)

- Further observations on the dorsal gland in the abdomen of Periplaneta

and its allies. (Zool. Anz. 27 Jan. 1890, pp. 41-44.)

Maynard, C. L. — The defensive glands of a species of Phasma, Anisomorpha
buprestoides. (Contributions to Science, i, April, 1889.)

Schaeffer, Caesar. — Beitrage zur Histologie der Insekten. (Zool. Jahrb.
Morph. Abth. iii, pp. 611-052, T. 29, 30, 1889. Treats of the ventral glands in
prothorax of caterpillars. Scales and hairs are secretions from the very greatly
enlarged hypodermic cells).

Gilson, G. — Les glandes odoriferes der Blaps mortisaga et de quelques
autres especes. (La Cellule, v, 1-21, PL, 1889.)

- - The odoriferous apparatus of Blaps mortisaga. (Rep. 58th Meeting

Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc. 1889, pp. 727-728.)

Haase, Erich. — Ueber die Stinkdriisen der Orthoptera. (Sitzgsber. Ges.
Naturf. Ereunde, Berlin, pp. 57-58, 1889. '

- Zur Anatomie der Blattiden. Zool. Anz. xii, Jahrg. pp. 169-172, 1889.)

Herbst, Curt. — Anatomische Untersuchungen an Scutigera coleoptrata.
(Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Articulaten. Dissert. Jena, pp. 36
(Hautdrusen, Coxal — Organ.), p. 1, 1889.)

Wheeler, William M. — Hyd rocyanic acid secreted by Polydesmus virginien-
sis Drury. (Psyche, v, p. 422.)

- New glands in the hemipterous embryo. (Amer. Nat. Feb. 1890, p.

187. Odorous (?) glands).

Jackson, W. Hatchett. — Studies in the morphology of the Lepidopera.
Pt. i. (Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 2 ser. zool. v, May, 1890.)

32

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Krauss, Hermann. — Die Duftdriise der Aphlebia bivittata Brulle (Blat-
tidae) von Teneriffa. (Zool. Anz. xiii, Jahrg. 1890, pp. 584-587, 3 figs.)

Fernald, H. T. — Rectal glands in Coleoptera. (Amer. Nat. xxiv, p. 10c-
101, PI. 4, 5, 1890.)

Vosseler, Julius. — Die Stinkdriisen der Forficuliden. (Arch. Mikr. Anat.
xxxvi, 1890, pp. 565-578, Taf. 29.)

Carlet, G. — Sur les organes secreteurs et la secretion de la cire chez i’Abeille.
(Comptes Rendus, Tome no. pp. 361-363, 1890).

Carriere, J. — Die Driisen am ersten Hinterleibsringe der Insektenembryonen.
(Biol. Centralblatt, xi, pp. Tio-127, 1891.)

Borgert, Henry. — Die Hautdriisen der Tracheaten. (Inaugural Diss. Jena,

1891, pp. 1-80.)

Lang, Arnold. — Lehrbuch der Vergleichende Anatomie, English Trans, by
Henry M. and Matilda Bernard, 1891, pp. 458-459.

Kennel, J. von. — Die Verwandtschaftverhaltnisse der Arthropoden (Schriften
herausgegeben von der Naturforscher Gesellschaft bei der Universitat Dorpat, vi.
Dorpat, 1891).

Patton, W. H. — Scent-glands in the larva of Limacodes. (Can. Ent. xxiii,
Feb. 1891, p. 42-43. 8 pairs of glands with pores along the edges of the back.)

Batelli, Andrea. — Di una particolarita nell integumento dell’ Aphrophora
spumaria. Monitore Zool. Ital. Anno 2, p. 30-32, 1891. (Dermal glands in the
hindermost segment.)

Ash, C. D. — Notes on the larva of Danima banksii Lewin. (Ent. Month.
Mag. Sept. 1892, p. 232. ( Fig.) Notodontian larva protrudes from under side of

prothoracic segment a y-shaped red organ like that of Papilio. No odor or fluid
given out.

Bernard, Henry M. — An endeavor to show that the tracheae of the Arthro-
poda arose from setiparous sacs. (Spengel’s Zool. Jahrbuch, 1892.)

Latter, Oswald. — The secretion of potassium hydroxide by Dicramira vi -
nula, and the emergence of the imago from the cocoon. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London,

1892. 287, also xxxii. Prof. Meldola added that the larva of D. vinula secretes
strong formic acid, and is the only animal known to secrete a strong caustic alkali.)

- Further notes on the secretion of potassium hydroxide by Dicramira

vinula (imago) and similar phenomena in other Lepidoptera. (Trans. Ent. Soc.
London. Nature, 1895, P* 55 x- March 20, 1895.)

Zograff, Nicolas. — Note sur l’origine et les parentes des Arthropodes, prin-
cipalement des Arthropodes tracheates. ( Congres Internationale de Zoologie 2m®
Session a Moscow, Aug. 1892. Part 1. Moscow, 1892, pp. 278-302, 1892. Cyano-
genic glands in Myriopods, p. 287.)

Swale, H. — Odour of Olophrum piceum. (Ent. Month. Mag. v, Jan., 1896,
p. 1-2.)

Cuenot, L. — The ejection of blood as a means of defence by some Coleop¬
tera. (Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sc. France, April 16, Nature, April 26, 1894.)

Holmgren, Bmil. — Studier ofverhudens och de kortelartade hudorganens
morfologi hos skandinaviska macrolepidopterlarver, 9 Taf. (K. Svenska Vetenskaps-
Akademiens Handlingar, Bd. xxvii, No. 4, Stockholm, 40, 1895, PP* 82.)

March, 1896.] WlCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.

33

PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE COLEOPTERA
OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.

By H. F. Wickham.

(Continued from Vol. Ill, p. 190.)

Amara Bon.

This genus includes those Pterostichini in which the terminal joint
of the palpi is not dilated, the labial with the penultimate joint plurise-
tose in front and longer than the last one. The elytra are without the
dorsal puncture. The genus is of great size and offers considerable
diversity of form, some of the species resembling Pterostichus or Har-
palus , while the majority have a facies which is unmistakeable. The
form of the thorax has served a good purpose in the primary separation
into groups, after which secondary sexual characters must be largely
relied upon. By the kind permission of Dr. Horn, his synopses and
descriptions have been used in this paper (almost without change except
in the way of condensation) for those portions of the genus on which
he has written. The first part, the subgenus Lirus , has been largely
taken from the descriptions of Dr. LeConte, who, however, had not
tabulated the species. No attempt has been made to disturb the exist¬
ing status of species, the idea being simply to give a clue to the < identi¬
fication as they now rest. A careful revision of the forms with sub-
cordiform thorax is a desideratum but must be left to those who have
access to types.

Synopsis of Species.

I. Thorax broader in front of the base, narrowed posteriorly and usually more or

less cordiform . 2

Thorax narrowed anteriorly, broad towards the base or sometimes slightly nar¬
rowed in that part . 14

2. Posterior tibiae not pilose internally in either sex . 3

Posterior tibiae of male densely pilose internally . 1 1

3. Middle tibiae simple in both sexes . 4

Middle tibiae of male bidentate internally . 6

4. Hind angles of prothorax not carinate . 5

Hind angles of thorax with distinct carina . similis.

34

6.

8.

9-

io.

n.

12.

I3-

14.

*5-

16.

*7-

18.

19.

20

21.

22.

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. IV-

Larger (8-io mm.), elytral striae distinctly punctured, prothorax punctured from

side to side at base . avida.

Smaller (6 mm.), elytral striae nearly smooth, thorax not punctured at base.

arenarfa.

Thorax sinuate on the sides near base, hind angles rectangular or prominent. .7

Thorax not sinuate on sides near base, hind angles obtuse . . . 9

Elytra more parallel, more than three times as long as the prothorax.

rufimanus.

Elytra more rounded on sides, less shining, less than three times as long as pro.

thorax . 8

Sides of prothorax more rounded, more suddenly sinuate at base, hind angles

rectangular, prominent . laticollis.

Sides of prothorax less rounded, less suddenly sinuate at base, hind angles rect¬
angular, not prominent . carinata.

Thorax nearly quadrate, elytral striae fine, finely punctate anteriorly, .elongata.
Thorax broader than long, elytral striation less fine, punctuation quite evident. 10

Blackish piceous, elytral striae more finely punctate . . .hyperborea.

Blackish, elytra brown, striae more strongly punctate . brunnipennis.

Prosternum with side pieces smooth . 12

Prosternum with side pieces punctured, scutellar stria long . apricaria.

Prosternum g not punctured . septentrionalis.

Prosternum g with oval punctured space . 13

Scutellar stria short or wanting, meso- and metasternal side-pieces punctured.

exarata.

Scutellar stria long, meso- and metasternal side-pieces smooth . latior.

Posterior tibiae of g densely pilose internally . 15

Posterior tibiae of g not or scarcely pilose internally . 23

Spur of anterior tibia trifid . 16

Spur of anterior tibia simple . 17

Hind angles of thorax obtuse, four antennal joints largely pale. . . . angustata.
Hind angles of thorax sharp, rectangular, only three basal antennal joints

pale . pallipes.

Antennae not carinate, prosternum of g not punctured . • . 18

Antennae with joints 2-3 carinate . 21

Scutellar stria terminating in an ocellate puncture . impuncticollis.

Scutellar stria without ocellate puncture . 19

Striae of elytra punctured, base of thorax finely punctured . basillaris.

Strife of elytra not or obsoletely punctured, base of thorax smooth . 20

Thorax narrowing from base to apex, form broad, robust, terminal spur of ante¬
rior tibia shorter than usual . crassispina.

Thorax narrowing from in front of base, form oblong-oval, tibial spur normal,
legs piceo-rufous, hind angles of thorax obtuse, the puncture rather distant

from side margin . Clipreolata.

Scutellar stria with ocellate puncture . fallax.

Scutellar stria without ocellate puncture . 22

Basal impressions of thorax very faint, strife of elytra and surface of thorax not
punctured, form oblong oval . protensa.

March, 1896.] WlCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.

35

23.

24.

25-

26.

27.

28.

29.

3°-

Basal impressions of thorax distinct . polita.

Antennae and legs piceous black . . 24

Antennae pale, legs usually so . 25

Elytra with silken lustre, intervals with more or less uneven surface, color vari¬
able . interstitialis.

Elytra shining, intervals flat, even, smooth . .erratica.

Prosternum plurisetose at tip; metepisternum longer than wide at base, .obesa.
Prosternum bisetose at tip, sides of thorax distinctly deplanate, legs rufo-testa-

ceous; $ shining, 9 opaque . remotestriata.

Prosternum without setae, sides of prothorax not deplanate . 26

Prosternum of $ with a small group of punctures . ; . 27

Prosternum of $ smooth as in 9 . 28

Form rather broadly oval, not twice as long as broad, legs rufo-testaceous.

chalcea.

Form oblong, twice as long as broad, thorax very broad, legs rufo-testaceous.

gibba.

Sides of thorax oblique behind, apex of scutellar stria united to first, .harpalina.
Sides of thorax not oblique behind the middle, scutellar stria free at apex. ... 29
Thorax distinctly emarginate at apex, front angles sharply prominent . subaenea.

Thorax nearly truncate at apex, anterior angles very obtuse . 30

Sides of metasternum and met-episterna coarsely punctate . rubrica.

Sides of metasternum and met-episterna smooth . musculus.

It will be noted that two species belonging to the sixth division
{. Lirus Zimm.), are omitted from the table, namely L. fulvipes Putz.
and L. canadensis Putz., no specimens being at hand for comparison.
The descriptions are intercalated in the proper place.

A. avida Say. — Black or piceous, broad, oblong, thorax wide,
narrowed posteriorly, hind angles nearly rectangular, base with numer¬
ous coarse punctures extending entirely across, basal foveae ill defined
though moderately deep. Elytral striae deep, distinctly punctured.
Antennae and legs rufous. Length 8-9.5 = .3 2-. 38 in.

Habitat : NewYork, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa.

A. arenaria Lee. — Much smaller that the preceding, piceous
black, tip of abdomen reddish, legs, antennae and palpi rufous or rufo-
testaceous. Thorax with sides rounded, narrowed at base, median
longitudinal line deep ; the base is not punctured or only extremely
finely so, and the basal foveae are smooth. Elytra shining, striae mod-
eratety deep and scarcely visibly punctate. Length 6 mm. = .24 in.

Habitat : New York (Buffalo), Mt. Washington, New Hampshire.

A. similis Kirby. — .Black or nearly so, shining, prothorax sub¬
quadrate, narrower at base, sides rounded, margin reflexed, of uniform

36

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

width, hind angles carinated, obtuse, basal impressions deep, punctured.
Elytra rather finely striate, punctures small but distinct. Legs rather
dark rufous, antennae rufo-piceous, stout. Length 11-12 mm. = .44-
.48 in.

Habitat : Canada, Northwest Territory, New Hampshire (Mt.

Washington).

A. rufimanus Kirby. — Blackish, with very distinct greenish
tinge, shining, form elongate. Thorax short, moderately narrowed
posteriorly, sides rounded and with a sharp sinuation near the hind
angles which are rectangular and prominent ; basal impressions deep,
punctured and with an acute carina on outer margin. Elytra very
long, sides parallel, striae well marked and distinctly punctured except
toward the tip. Legs and antennae rufous. Length 11. 5-1 2 mm. =
46-.48 in.

Habitat : Canada, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Colorado, Magdalen
Island.

The above description is made out from a pair named lacustris
Lee., in my collection. The name is considered a synonym of ruji-
manus Kirby, though there is little of value in the last description.

A. laticollis Lee. — Broader and more oblong, piceous black, less
shining, thorax larger in proportion to the elytra which are more
rounded on the sides. Sides of thorax much rounded, sinuate near
base, hind angles hardly as prominent as in rufimanus, basal foveae
deep, the carina well marked and acute. Elytral striae with very dis¬
tinct punctures except towards the tip. Antennae, legs and epipleurae
rufous. Length 11-14 mm. = .44-. 5 6 in.

Habitat : Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Illinois, Mis¬
souri, British America.

A. carinata Lee. — Differs from laticollis by the characters given
in the table. These points are to be made out with tolerable ease from
comparison though seemingly rather indefinite. Length 12-15 mm* =
.48-.60 in.

Habitat : New Mexico, Colorado, Manitoba, Illinois.

A. elongata Lee. — Elongate, oblong-ovate, slender, rufo-piceous,
thorax about equal in length and breadth, sides rounded, hind angles
somewhat obtuse, basal foveae bistriate, punctate, carina broad, not
much elevated. Elytra broader than the thorax and with fine striae
which are finely punctate anteriorly. Length 10 mm. = .40 in.

Habitat : Lake Superior region.

A. hyperborea Dej. — Moderately elongate, blackish piceous,.

March, 1896.] WlCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA, 37

thorax narrower behind, sides rounded, oblique near the base and not
sinuate. Hind angles obtuse, basal foveae bistriate, basal region punc¬
tate, carina present but rather blunt. Elytra oblong ovate, striae punc¬
tured, less distinctly so at apex. Legs reddish. Length 9-1 1 mm. =
•36--44 in-

Habitat : Labrador, White Mountains, New Hampshire.

A. brunnipennis Dej. — Oblong, head and thorax blackish -
aeneous, thorax with sides rounded, punctured behind, basal foveae
bistriate. Elytra brownish or obscure reddish, oblong, subparallel,
striate-punctate, suture and margins blackish. Antennae and base of
tibiae rufous, femora and tarsi rufo-piceous. Length 8.5 mm. = .34 in.

Habitat : Labrador, White Mountains, New Hampshire.

A. canadensis Putz. — Piceous, elytra submetallic, palpi testa¬
ceous, antennae and legs brownish. Prothorax transverse, sides angu-
late, slightly rounded, hind angles rectangular, basal margin bisinuate,
base punctulate, basal foveae two, oblong, impressed. Elytra convex ob¬
long-ovate, humeri somewhat rounded, striae punctate. Episterna and
sides of abdomen punctured. Length n mm. = .44 in.

Habitat : Northern Canada.

This species is unknown to me, the above description being trans¬
lated from Putzeys. It probably will be easily recognized by the shape
of the prothorax.

A. fulvipes Putz. — Black, shining, palpi, antennae and legs ru¬
fous. Prothorax with the sides rounded, not sinuate, narrowed ante-
riorally and posteriorly. Anterior angles somewhat prominent, but
rounded, hind angles acute, slightly prominent. Elytra oblong-ovate,
narrowed behind, humeri obtusely angulate. Length 10 mm. — .40 in.

Habitat : Missouri (Putzeys), Allegheny, Pennsylvania ( Ham¬
ilton.)

The description is translated from Putzeys. The Pennsylvania
specimens sent as this species have the thoraxic margin somewhat sinuate
near the base, which is coarsely punctured ( to a varying degree of den¬
sity ) in the region of the foveae, which are only moderately distinct.
The female is broader and less shining than the male, and the sides
of the thorax are more rounded.

A. apricaria Payk. — Oblong oval, piceous, surface feebly bronzed.
Head smooth, frontal impressions moderate, antennae pale rufous.
Thorax one-half broader than long, sides moderately arcuate in front,
slightly sinuous and feebly narrowed toward the base, hind angles rec-

38 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

tangular, slightly prominent. Basal foveae deep, the inner one rounded,
carina obtuse, one-fourth the length of the thorax ; basal third of thorax
punctured, punctures coarse, sparser in the middle. Elytra oval, mod¬
erately deeply striate (less so at apex), striae crenate-punctate. Scutellar
stria long, thoracic side pieces coarsely punctured, abdomen moder¬
ately coarsely punctured at sides. Length 8 mm. = .32 in. The de¬
scription is taken from Dr. Horn’s account of Putzeysii , which, he
writes, is a synonym of the above.

Habitat : Newfoundland, Massachusetts, Europe.

A. septentrionalis Lec. — Elongate, oblong oval, blackish-pice-
ous, more or less aeneous above, thorax one-half broader than long,
narrowed in front and behind, sides broadly rounded, base sparsely
punctate, foveae deep, double, hind angles sub-obtuse. Elytra striate,
stria finely punctured, smooth at tip. Antennae rufous, legs rufo-pice-
ous. Prosternum with a broad feeble longitudinal channel, less evident
in the female. Length 7.5 mm. = 30 in.

Habitat : Lake Superior, New York.

A. exarata Dej. — Convex, form sub-ovate, color blackish-pice-
ous. Thorax sub-quadrate, somewhat narrowed behind, basal foveae
double, punctured. Elytra with deep-punctured striae. Antennae and
legs rufous. Length 8-9 mm. = .3 2-. 36 in.

Habitat: Northeast America in general.

A. latior Kirby. — Piceous, more or less bronzed. Prothorax
broader than long, not sinuate at base, sides rounded, hind angles rec¬
tangular. Basal foveae double, punctured, elytra striate, striae punc¬
tured, less distinctly at apex. Length 9-10 mm. = .36-. 40 in.

Habitat: New Hampshire, Canada, Lake Superior, Illinois,
Wisconsin, Nebraska, Oregon, Idaho, Vancouver Island.

A. angustata Say. — Body oval, above black with cupreous re¬
flections. Thorax broad, narrowed from the base, emarginate at apex,
surface impunctate except in the neighborhood of the basal foveae which
may be sparsely punctate ; hind angles acute. Elytra not wider than
the thorax, narrowed from the base, striae deeper behind, impunctured ;
legs rufous. Length 6.25-7 mm. — .25-. 28 in.

Habitat: “Middle and Southern States.” Ohio, New York,
New Jersey, Wisconsin, Nebraska.

A. pallipes Kirby . — Elongate, oval, above cupreous or blackish-
cupreous, thorax narrowed from about the middle to the apex, basal

March, 1896.] Wickham, Coleoptera of N. E. America. 39

fovae double, slightly punctured ; elytra broader that the thorax, striae
not deeper behind. Legs rufous. Length 7.5 mm. = .30 in.

Habitat : New York, Wisconsin, Canada, New Jersey, Iowa.

A. crassispina Lee. — Broadly oval, aeneous above, body beneath
and legs rufo-piceous, thorax twice as broad as long, narrowed ante¬
riorly, sides obliquely rounded, sub-explanate behind, base hardly fove-
ate, elytral striae impunctate, not deeper behind. Antennae piceous, the
three basal joints testaceous. Length 9 mm. = .35 in.

Habitat : Lake Superior.

A. cupreolata Putz. — Oblong oval, above bronzed, thorax nar¬
rowing from a point in advance of the base. Legs piceo-rufous, hind
angles of thorax slightly obtuse.

Habitat : New Jersey, Illinois.

A. fallax Lee » — Oval, aeneous above, thorax nearly twice as
broad as long, moderately narrowed anteriorly, sides rounded, anterior
angles not prominent, basal foveae indistinct, elytral striae not deeper
behind or only slightly so. Legs black, tibiae piceous at base. Length
7.5-9 mm. r= .30-.36 in.

Habitat : Lake Superior, New York, Alabama.

A. protensa Putz. — Oblong oval, scutellar stria without ocellate
puncture. Thorax with very faint basal impressions, surface not punc¬
tured. Elytral striae smooth.

Habitat : Illinois (Teste Bolter).

A. polita Lee. — Oval, shining, more or less cupreous, thorax
twice as broad as long, narrowing anteriorly from before the middle,
basal foveae small but deep. Elytral striae not deeper behind, legs
black. Length 6.25 mm. = .25 in.

Habitat : Canada, New York, Nebraska, New Mexico, Idaho.

A. interstitialis Dej. — Oval, somewhat oblong, moderately con¬
vex, color variable from brownish bronze to bright green, cupreous or
nearly black. Antennae usually black, first joint sometimes pale.
Thorax less than twice as wide at base as long, hind angles rectangular.
Elytra with fine indistinctly punctured striae, intervals slightly convex
usually with undulating surface, the alternate ones often slightly more
elevated, surface distinctly alutaceous. Body beneath smooth, and,
with the legs, piceous black. Length 6.5-10 mm. — .26-40 in.

Habitat: Nova Scotia to Hudson's Bay, Alaska, Kamtschatka,
south to Pennsylvania and northern California. Also found in Europe.

40

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

A. erratica Sturm. — Elongate oval, aeneous, cupreous or nearly
black, shining. Antennae piceous black, two basal joints often red.
Elytra differing as noted in table. Length 6-7.5 mm- = .24-. 30 in.

Habitat : About as in the preceding, not coming farther south
than Canada and Vermont.

A. obesa Say. — Oblong-oval, narrower in front, piceous-black,
shining, the elytra opaque in the female. Antennae ferruginous or
brownish. Thorax about one-half broader than long, sides arcuate at
apical half, then nearly parallel to base. Hind angles rectangular, disk
moderately convex, basal foveae two, the outer deeper and with an ex¬
ternal carina. Basal region punctate, smoother at middle. Elytra
striate, striae finely punctured and more deeply impressed at apex, in¬
tervals slightly convex $ , or flat 9 . Beneath piceous black, legs piceous
or rufo-piceous. Length 9-12 mm. = .36-.48 in.

Habitat : New York, District of Columbia, Indiana, Montana,
Michigan, Idaho, Hudson Bay, Colorado, Nebraska, Utah, Oregon,
Washington.

A. remotestriata Dej. — Oblong-oval, moderately convex, brown¬
ish or very slightly piceous, males shining with faint bronze lustre,
females dull. Antennae always rufo-testaceous. Thorax about one-
half broader at base than long, slightly wider at middle than at base,
sides arcuate, hind angles sharply rectangular, basal foveae double, shal¬
low, basal region sparsely, often very feebly, punctate. Elytra finely
striate, striae smooth or very finely and feebly punctate, intervals flat in
both sexes. Body beneath smooth, metathorax and abdomen darker,
epipleurae paler. Legs always pale rufo-testacous. Length 6.5-8 mm.
= .2 6-. 3 2 in. A terrestris Lee., is synonymous.

Habitat: New York, New Jersey, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa,
Montana, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Canada, British Columbia,
Washington, Oregon, Northern California.

A. chalcea Dej. — More broadly oval and more convex than
remotestriata, piceous, shining in both sexes, surface slightly bronzed.
Antennae pale. Width of thorax at base not equal to twice the length,
feebly narrowed anteriorly. Sides arcuate nearly from the base, hind
angles rectangular, two foveae on each side, both rather large and deep,
and coarsely punctured. Elytra finely sharply striate, striae not punc¬
tured, intervals flat. Beneath piceous black, legs rufo-testaceous.
Length 6.5-7 mm. — .26-. 28 in.

Habitat: Massachusetts, New York, District of Columbia, North

March, 1896.] WlCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.

41

Carolina, Georgia, Texas, Michigan, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Colorado.

A. gibba Lee. — Oblong-oval, distinctly narrower in front, brown¬
ish or nearly piceous, shining, a feeble trace of bronze luster, legs
always pale. Antennae pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax one and three-
fourth times as wide at base as long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, sides
regularly arcuate, base slightly narrowed, hind angles rectangular.
Entire basal region usually punctate. Elytra distinctly wider at base
than the thorax, sides arcuate, disc moderately deeply striate, striae
finely but distinctly punctate, intervals flat, slightly convex near the
base. Body beneath darker, shining. Length 6. 5-7. 5 mm. = .26-
.30 in.

Habitat : Lake Superior region, Colorado, Arizona, South Cali¬
fornia, New Jersey.

A. harpalina Lee. — Form oblong, rufo-piceous or testaceous,
moderately shining. Legs and antennae rufo-testaceous. Thorax at
middle less than twice as wide as long, slightly narrowed in front, sides
arcuate in front, oblique at basal half, hind angles sharply rectangular,
basal region vaguely bi-impressed each side, this whole region punctate.
Elytral base wider than that of thorax, disk moderately deeply striate,
striae finely crenately punctured, intervals convex. Beneath usually
paler than above, sides of metasternum and episterna very coarsely and
closely punctate, the sides of first three ventral segments more sparsely
so. Length 6.25-7 mm. = .25-. 28 in.

Habitat: Utah and New Mexico. Reported from New Jersey

under the synonym aeutangula Putz.

A. subaenea Lee. — Form oblong-oval, narrowed anteriorly, pic¬
eous, faintly bronzed, shining. Antennae rufo-testaceous. Thorax
about one half wider at base than long at middle, distinctly narrowed
at apex, sides regularly arcuate, front angles prominent, hind angles
rectangular. Elytra not wider at base than the thorax, striae moder¬
ately deep, finely crenately punctured, intervals convex. Beneath
usually paler than above, sides of metasternum and first two ventral seg¬
ments with a few coarse punctures. Length 5-7 mm. = .20-.28 in.

Habitat : Lake Superior Region, Nebraska, Colorado.

A. rubrica Hald. — Oblong, moderately convex, rufo-testaceous
to castaneous, shining in both sexes. Antennae pale. Thorax not
twice as wide as long, very little narrowed in front, apex very feebly
emarginate, sides regularly arcuate, hind angles usually very obtuse, disc
convex, basal impressions very feeble, usually punctured, sometimes quite

42 Journal New York Entomological Society. fVoi. iv.

smooth. Elytra at base very slightly wider than the thorax, striae mod¬
erately deep, finely crenately punctured, intervals convex. Beneath
paler, sides of metasternum and the met-epimera with coarse punctures.
Ventral segments coarsely sparsely punctate at sides of the first four.
Legs pale rufo-testaceous. Length 6-7 mm. = .24-. 28 in.

Habitat : Middle States region to Texas and Colorado.

A. musculus Say. — Oblong oval, rufo-piceous or piceous, shin¬
ing, sometimes faintly aeneous. Antennae pale. Thorax rather more
than half wider than long, distinctly narrowed anteriorly, sides arcuate,
hind angles usually obtuse, sometimes nearly rectangular, basal impres¬
sions almost obliterated, surface near hind angles sparsely indistinctly
punctured or entirely smooth. Elytra at base not wider than the tho¬
rax, striae moderately deep, finely crenately punctured, intervals slightly
convex. Beneath of nearly same color as above, abdomen usually paler,
first ventral segment with a few punctures at sides. Legs rufo-testa-
ceous. Length 5-5.5 mm. = .20-. 22 in.

Habitat: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, District of Columbia,
North Carolina, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Arizona.

Loxandrus Lee.

Differs from Pterostichus and allied genera by the anterior tarsi
being obliquely dilated in the males. The species included are usually
black, shining, iridescent beetles, rarely with any color-markings be¬
yond the tendency to piceous or yellow shades of the appendages. They
occur chiefly in the Southern States, and are difficult of separation be¬
sides being quite rare in collections. A tabular arrangement of the
characters regarded as of specific value by previous writers will allow us
to separate them as follows : the species from the region under consid¬
eration all belonging to Dr. LeConte’s division in which the side margin
of the prothorax is not explanate posteriorly, and the hind angles
rounded or rarely rectangular.

Synopsis of Species.

Elytra with a post-median ferruginous spot . celer.

Elytra immaculate.

Smaller (.20-.18 in.). Color of legs variable, hind angles of prothorax
with the tip rounded . agilis.

Larger (.38-. 40 in.).

Hind angles of prothorax rounded at tip . minor.

Hind angles of prothorax rectangular . erraticus.

L. celer Dej. — Black, moderately brilliant, antennae and legs

March, 1896.] WlCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.

43

blackish-brown, the first joint of the former ferruginous. Elytra with
a common reddish sutural spot near the tip ; striae extremely finely
punctured, intervals flattened, the third with one large puncture,
slightly in advance of the middle, near the second stria. Prothorax
subquadrate. Length 6-7 mm. = .24.28 in.

Habitat : Illinois, Florida, Texas.

L. agilis Dej . — Black, shining, iridescent, prothorax subquadrate,
narrower anteriorly, the base punctured at middle, hind angles rounded
at tip. Legs piceous or ferruginous, antennae ferruginous at base be¬
coming darker toward the tip. Elytra with strongly punctured striae.
Length 5-6 mm. = .20-. 24 in.

Habitat : District of Columbia, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, south to
Florida.

L. minor Chaud. — Black, shining, thorax moderately rounded at
sides, base nearly smooth, the hind angles obtuse with the extreme tip
rounded. Elytral striae finely punctured, interstices moderately convex.
Antennae dark, except the three basal joints which are reddish. Legs
reddish or with femora piceous. Length 9-10 mm. — .36-. 40 in.

Habitat : Louisiana, District of Columbia, Arkansas, Indiana, Illi¬
nois, Missouri.

L. erraticus Dej. — Black, shining, iridescent, prothorax sub¬
quadrate, the hind angles not rounded. Elytra striate, striae with obso¬
lete punctures. Legs reddish or brownish, femora ordinarily darker.
Antennae dark, first two joints reddish. Length 9.5 mm. = .38 in.

Habitat : Illinois, Florida, Louisiana.

Diplochila Brulle.

Flattened insects of rather broad form and smooth surface. The
elytra have the eighth and ninth striae very close together, the third in¬
terspace has a large puncture near the middle; the elytral margin is not
interrupted at posterior third as in the Pterostichini. Supra-orbital
setigerous punctures, two. The species are few in number and may be
distinguished by these characters :

Synopsis of Species.

Thorax with hind angles moderately well defined.

Seventh stria of elytra feeble, not approaching the sixth in distinctness.

Smaller (13-15 mm.) . laticollis.

Larger (18-20 mm.) . var. major.

Seventh stria of the elytra about as distinct as the sixth. Thorax less narrowed

in front, more so at base . impressicollis.

Thorax with hind angles obtusely rounded. Smaller, elytral striae finer, seventh
almost obliterated . obtusa.

44 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

D. laticollis Lee. — Black, somewhat shining, thorax transverse,
sides slightly rounded and feebly sinuate towards the base, hind angles
distinct. Elytra moderately deeply rather finely striate, the striae with
fine punctures, seventh feeble. Length 13-20 mm. = .52-.80 in.

Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illi¬
nois, Iowa, Canada, Nebraska, Kansas, Michigan, Florida.

D. impressicollis Dej. — Usually black, sometimes the alternate
elytral interstices are reddish. The thorax differs from that of laticollis
as stated in the table ; and the seventh elytral stria, while sometimes
slightly fainter than the sixth, is still distinct. Length 16-17 mm. —
.64-.68 in.

Habitat'. New York, Canada, Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, Illinois,
South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Oregon.

D. obtusa Lee. — Black, smaller than the other species and with
the outer striae of the elytra very weak, the sixth being often quite fee¬
ble, while the seventh may be almost obliterated. The thorax has
rounded hind angles and very deep well-defined basal foveae. Length
11-12 mm. = .44-.48 in.

Habitat : Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Nevada.

Dicselus Bon.

Usually large species of black, purplish or metallic color, the
thorax broad, the elytra usually deeply striate, the seventh interval
carinate from the humerus to a varying distance. With the exception of
leevipennis , which extends into western Arizona, they are confined to
the region east of the Rocky Mountains and to Mexico, being more
numerous in the Atlantic States, especially those to the south.

Synopsis of * Species.

Elytral intervals very irregular, broken up by deep rugosities or by ocellate punc¬

tures . sculptilis.

Elytral intervals regular, or at least entire.

Thorax broad at base, narrowed at apex.

Elytra brilliant, brassy or cupreous . . . splendidus.

Elytra violaceous or purplish . purpuratus.

Elytra black.

Elytral intervals feebly alternating, humeral carina moderately long. .furvUS.
Elytral intervals equal.

Striae very distinctly punctured . crenatus.

Striae not or very finely punctured.

Smaller species (15-18 mm.).

Form shorter, thorax with one segiterous puncture near middle of

March, 1896.] WlCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.

45

margin . ovalis.

Form elongate, thorax with two setigerous punctures near middle of

margin . elongatus.,

Larger species (20-25 mm.).

Form elongate, sides of thorax reflexed posteriorly . ambiguus.

Form broad, sides of thorax not or but slightly reflexed posteriorly,
elytral intervals rather narrow, convex . dilatatus.

Thorax narrowed at base, elytra feebly shining . teter.

Thorax about equally narrowed at base and apex, humeral carina short, elytra very
shining . politus.

Most of the above characters have already been used in the syn¬
optic table of Diccelus published some time ago by Dr. Horn in the
Brooklyn Bulletin. The arrangement has been changed to suit the
different conditions consequent upon the more restricted fauna under
consideration. The setigerous punctures referred to under ovalis and
elongatus are actually anterior to the middle, but the above wording
has been adopted to keep students from misconstruing the punctures
meant. There is usually a sub-basal puncture to be seen and often a
sub-apical bristle as well.

D. sculptilis — Black, shining, but without metallic luster.

Easily known from the other species of the genus by the peculiar rough¬
ness of the elytra, the alternate intervals being curiously broken and
distorted. The bottoms of the striae are granulate or marked with ocel-
late punctures. Length 16-20 mm. = .64-.80 in.

Habitat : Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, South
Dakota, Kansas, District of Columbia, Maryland, Manitoba.

D. splendidus Say. — Blackish with violaceous or purplish reflec¬
tions, especially on margins of pronotum and on lower surface of body.
Upper surface of prothorax marked with fine wavy lines, mostly trans.
verse in direction, median longitudinal line very clear and sharp-cut.
Elytra coppery or brassy, shining, striae deep, intervals convex. Length
18-25 mm* = .76-1.00 in.

Habitat : Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Louisiana.

D. purpuratus Say. — Very closely resembling splendidus , but
differing in being of a purplish or violaceous color, without brassy
elytra, the antennae and legs black. The form is more elongate than in
splendidus , and the head larger in proportion. Length 20-25 mm* =
.80-1.00 in.

Habitat'. New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Indiana,
Louisiana, Florida, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa.

46 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

D. furvus Dej. — Form short, broad, color blackish-opaque, or
slightly shining. The median thoracic line is feeble, the lateral margins
slightly reflexed. Elytral intervals alternating, striae smooth. The in¬
terval between the sixth and seventh stria bears several punctures near
the base. Length 15 mm. = .60 in.

Habitat : Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Florida.

D. crenatus Lee. — The district punctuation of the elytral striae
will serve to separate this species from its neighbors. I have seen no
specimens and am unable to give other differential characters. Length
15-16 mm. — .60-. 64 in.

Habitat : Louisiana, Texas ; recorded also from Buffalo, New
York.

D. ovalis Lee. — Black, form short, the median thoracic line very
distinct and deeper near base and apex. Elytral striae deep, smooth,
intervals not alternating, humeral carina long. Length 15-16 mm. =
.60-. 64 in.

Habitat: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Mary¬
land, District of Columbia, Ohio, Texas.

D. elongatus Bon. — Form more elongate than in the preceding
species, thorax with deep and distinct longitudinal median line, two
deep setigerous punctures anterior to the middle of the prothorax.
Elytra with deep regular striae, intervals convex, not alternating.
Length 15-18 mm. — .60-. 76 in.

Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Indiana,
Ohio, Maryland, District of Columbia, Texas, Iowa, Louisiana, Mis¬
sissippi.

D, ambiguus Laf. — A large species of black color, either
opaque or more or less shining. The sides of the thorax are reflexed
behind, the form elongate. Length 20-22 mm. — .80-.87 in.

Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, District of
Columbia, Alabama, Mississippi.

D. dilatatus Say. — Black, dull, or with a slight surface luster.
Form broad, short, sides of thorax hardly reflexed posteriorly; elytra
with broad deep striae which are almost smooth except for traces of
punctures near the tip. Length 20-25 mm- — .80-1.00 in.

Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland,
Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, District of Columbia, Virginia, Alabama,
Texas.

March, 1896.] WlCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.

47

D< teter Bon. — Black, slightly shining, thorax broader in front
of middle and considerably narrowed behind, longitudinal median line
very deep. Elytra deeply striate, striae smooth, intervals regular, very
convex. The form of thorax gives somewhat the appearance of certain
Pterostichi. Length 20-22 mm. = .80-.88 in.

Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, New Jer¬
sey, District of Columbia, Virginia.

D. politus Dej. — Smaller, black, very shining, form resembling
that of teter. but the thorax is more nearly quadrate, being less narrowed
behind. The elytra are regularly, smoothly and deeply striate, the
humeral carina short and obtuse. Length 12-15 mm. = .48-. 60 in.

Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, District of Co¬
lumbia, Florida.

Licinus Latr.

Antennae with thre ebasal joints glabrous, eighth and ninth striae
of elytra distinct ; elytra strongly sinuate at apex, seventh interval not
carinate.

4

L. silphoides Fabr. — Black, somewhat shining, thorax rounded,
punctate. Elytra with three rather faint costae, punctato-striate, inter¬
spaces deeply and closely punctured. Length 14-15 mm. = .5 6-. 60 in.

Habitat : Massachusetts. Not a true member of our fauna, be¬
ing a European species.

Badister C/airv.

Small beetles of a form suggesting our common species of Agono-
derus. They differ from the three preceeding genera in having only
two basal joints of the antennae entirely glabrous. The eighth and ninth
elytral striae are not approximated, the third interval has two dorsal
punctures. A condensation of Dr. Leconte’s table will suffice to separ¬
ate the species of northeastern America as follows :

Synopsis of Species.

Elytral striae deep, interspaces narrow, convex. Elytra rufo-piceous, darker behind,

antennae and legs reddish . notatus.

Elytral striae fine, interspaces flat.

Elytra spotted.

Prothorax, legs and elytra bright yellow, the latter with broad median band in¬
terrupted at suture and an apical blotch iridescent black . pulchellus.

Prothorax black, legs and elytra orange, the latter with broad median band and
apical spot black, confluent longitudinally from 4th to 6th stria, maculatus.
Elytra not spotted, sometimes bicolored.

48

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Prothorax and legs testaceous, elytra piceous, margined at base, sides and
suture with testaceous, epipleurse testaceous. Hind angles of prothorax
broadly rounded . obtusus.

Piceous, head as broad as the prothorax, hind angles of latter obtuse and slightly
rounded . ferrugineus.

Black or nearly so, legs yellow.

Hind angles of prothorax very much rounded . flavipes.

Hind angles of prothorax not or feebly rounded, margin piceous.

Side margin of prothorax narrow, not more reflexed towards base . micans.
Side margin broader, more reflexed near base . reflexilS.

B. not at us Hald. — The characters given above will amply dis¬
tinguish this species, as it is the only one in our fauna with deep elytral
striae and narrow convex interspaces. Length 4.5 mm. = .18 in.

Habitat : Canada, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Louisiana,
Iowa.

B. pulchellus Lee. — Above bright yellow, head black, elytra with
a very large submedian spot on each, reaching nearly to the suture and
each with an apical spot, black. The two spots on each elytron may
be connected by a broad longitudinal stripe or may be quite separate.
Beneath mostly black, the legs and prothorax yellow. Antennae dusky,
first joint yellow. Length 5. 5-6. 5 mm. = .22-. 26 in.

Habitat : New York, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, Canada,
Georgia, Florida.

B. maculatus Lee. — Black, thorax with deep transverse im¬
pression, elytra orange-yellow with black markings as given in the table.
Legs yellow, antennae dusky, first joint testaceous. Length 6 mm. =
.24 in.

Habitat: Pennsylvania.

B. obtusus Lee. — Piceous, shining; prothorax, base of antennae
and legs testaceous. Elytra obscure reddish, side margins paler. Hind
angles of prothorax rounded, basal impressions round, deep and fovei
form, transverse lines quite feeble, longitudinal median line deep.
Length 5. 8-6. 5 mm. — .23-. 26 in.

Habitat : Lake Superior, Montana (Helena).

B. ferrugineus Dej. — Above, head black, thorax reddish or
rufo-piceous ; elytra piceous with bluish or greenish iridescence, mar¬
gin narrowly testaceous. Beneath, blackish except the prothorax
which is reddish, legs testaceous. Antennae blackish, first joint yellow-
testaceous. Other characters will be found in the table. Length 4.5-
5 mm. r= .18-. 20 in.

March, 1896.] WlCKHAM, COLEOPTERA OF N. E. AMERICA.

49

Habitat: California and Alaska — said to be found at Buffalo,
N. Y.

B. flavipes Lee. — Black, thorax somewhat narrowed behind, hind
angles very much rounded, longitudinal line deep, basal impressions
small but deep. Elytra more deeply striate than usual in this group,
the interstices more convex ; in color they are blackish with a bluish -
metallic luster; legs yellowish testaceous, antennae fuscous. Length
6 mm. — .24 in.

Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, Florida.

B. micans Lee. — Differs from the preceding in the form of the
hind angles of the prothorax (as stated in the table) and in the fact that
the luster of the elytra is simply blue, not metallic. The striae of the
elytra are less deep and the interstices less convex. Length 5-6 mm.

Habitat: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Illinois,

Georgia, Florida.

B. reflexus Lee. — Smaller than micans, piceous, shining, margin
of prothorax and elytra testaceous, the latter with faint metallic reflec¬
tions. Prothorax trapezoidal, narrowed behind and with the sides
more strongly margined than usual, the margin broader and more
strongly reflexed near the base ; hind angles very obtuse. Legs yellow¬
ish, antennae piceous, tip of last joint pale. Length 4 mm. — .16 in.

Habitat : New York, Michigan, Lousiana, Pennsylvania.

( To be continued. )

ILLUSTRATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN TETTIGIN/E.
By A. P. Morse, Wellesley, Mass.

(See articles in this Journal, March and September, 1895.)
Explanation of Plate.

Figs.

I,

la,

lb.

Nojnotettix

parvus $ .

ii

2,

2a,

2b.

ii

crista tus g .

ii

3>

3a>

3b.

ii

compressus $ .

ii

4,

9;

4a> $

. Tettigide

a prorsa.

ii

5>

9;

ii

parvipemtis.

ii

6,

9;

6a, $

ii

lateralis (?), from Indiana.

a

7>

9-

ii

acuta.

ii

8,

9;

8a, g

ii

apiculata. •

ii

9,

9;

9a>$ ■

a

spicata.

ii

10,

9;

10 a,$

a

•

armata.

[ Vol. IV.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

50

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO¬
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of June 18th, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History. President
Rev. J. L. Zabriskie in the chair. Twelve members present.

Mr. Beutenmuller proposed for active membership Dr. G. Lang-
mann and Mr. David H. Ray, and for corresponding membership Mr.
F. H. Johnson.

An invitation to join the Philadelphia, Newark and Brooklyn Ento¬
mological Societies in a field meeting at Jamesburg, New Jersey, on
July 4th, was received and accepted with thanks.

Mr. Beutenmuller read a paper “On Collecting at Watchogue
Staten Island,” communicated by Mr. Wm. T. Davis.

Mr. Johnson exhibited a piece of stone which he found over an ant
nest and which had been bored through by the ants, who used the
hole as one of the entrances to their nest.

Mr. Fayen exhibited a gooseberry leaf, with the stalk partly eaten
through by Gymnetron teter , a weevil, living in the seed pods of the
Mullein.

“ A Copy of Comstock’s Manual to the Study of Insects,” was ex¬
hibited and recommended to the members of the society.

Mr. Zabriskie spoke on species of Coleophora living on Juncus,
which he said appeared in salt meadows near the sea shore of Long
Island. Adjournment.

Meeting of September 17th, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History. In absence of
the President Mr. Ottomar Dietz was elected chairman pro tern. Nine
members present. The treasurer’s report was read and accepted.

Dr. Langmann and David H. Ray were elected members of the
society and Mr. F. H. Johnson as a corresponding member.

Notes on the summer’s collecting were given by the members.
Mr. Dyar showed the larva of a Harrisina from Texas which had two
of the segments entirely black, thus differing from the eastern species
which has all the segments with yellow bands. He also exhibited the
larva and moth of Alypia langtoni from the White Mountains, N. H. —
Adjournment.

Journ.

N. V. Ent. Soc.

Vol. IV. PI. II.

North American Tettiginae.

JOURNAL

OF THE

TDpfo |)orh Cfntomologirfll SforiFtg.

Vol. IV. JUNE, 1896. No. 2.

NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA.

By William Schaus.

Perophora funebris, sp. nov.

g. Wings and abdomen dull brownish black with the basal and outer lines
almost imperceptible, the latter starting from the costal margin at two-thirds from the
base, convexly oblique to vein 7 and then straight to the middle of inner margin.
Underneath, this line is wavy and closer to the outer margin. The 9 is dark brown
with the markings as in the $ and an oval spot in the cell. Expanse $ 45 mm.
9 62 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Perophora nigrescens, sp. nov.

Wings pale gray, shaded with brown on the extreme outer margins and finely
speckled with black, especially on the median space of the primaries. The primaries
with a broad black shade at a third from the base and an outer black band angled at
vein 7 ; at the end of the cell a small diaphanous spot. The secondaries with a
median black line. Underneath darker, with only an outer line which is curved on
both wings. Body light gray speckled with black. Expanse 42 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Perophora musa, sp. nov.

Body dark gray, the abdomen dorsally shaded with red. Wings above gray,
finely and thinly speckled with black; an indistinct median darker shade minutely
speckled with red ; at the end of the cell a transparent spot ; the costal margin nar¬
rowly red ; the outer line, fine, dark brown, starting obliquely from the costal mar¬
gin at four-fifths from the base, forming an angle between veins 7 and 8, and then
slightly wavy to the middle of the inner margin of the secondaries. Beyond the line
the wings are slightly darker and shaded with red on the inner margins and at the
angle on the primaries. Underneath the primaries are darker and the veins on both
wings are shaded with red. Expanse $ 43 mm. 9 5 1 mm*

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

This species is allied to P. despecta Walk.

52

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Perophora pulverula, sp. nov.

Wings above gray finely and thinly speckled with black, a wavy basal brown
line, and an outer very dentate brown line ; at the end of the cell two contiguous di¬
aphanous spots circled by a fine brown line; fringe brown. Underneath paler with
no basal line, and the outer line is closer to the margin and more lunular than den¬
tate. Expanse £ 50 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Perophora grisea, sp. nov.

Body and wings above pale brownish gray, thinly speckled with black; a mi¬
nute transparent spot at the end of the cell on the primaries; the outer line lunular,
fine, dark gray, followed by a brownish shade which widens towards the anal angle of
the secondaries and is outwardly margined with a blackish line forming long projec¬
tions between the veins. Underneath pale brownish gray with an outer and a sub¬
marginal dentate blackish line. Expanse $ 45 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Perophora deprava, sp. nov.

Primaries acute, the outer margin convex opposite vein 3. Wings above light
gray minutely speckled with black ; an indistinct gray transverse line at a third from
the base on the primaries ; a black spot at the end of the cell ; the outer line dark,
forming a black spot on the costal margin, then concave to vein 7 where it is rounded,
and then wavy to the inner margin; the fringe brownish gray. Underneath the
wings are darker with the outer line finely dentate. Expanse $ 35 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Perophora olivia, sp. nov.

Thorax pinkish brown. Abdomen olive brown with darker scales on the anal
segment. The basal three-fourths of the wings olive brown, with a large round yel¬
low spot in the cell on the primaries. Two nearly contiguous straight black lines,
separated by a fine pinkish brown shade from the anal angle on the secondaries, to
vein 8 on the primaries, where the inner line forms an indistinct angle to the costal
margin, and the outer line follows vein 8 to the outer margin, above which the costal
margin and apex are dark brownish. The outer margins broadly pink shaded with
olivaceous on the extreme margin. Underneath the same but paler. Expanse 42 mm.
Habitat: Columbia.

Colabata dora, sp. nov.

Thorax grayish ; abdomen yellowish brown irrorated with darker scales. Pri
maries grayish thickly mottled with darker scales ; the outer margin broadly yel¬
lowish, a very indistinct wavy basal line, a small yellowish spot containing a brown
point in the cell ; an irregular outer wavy shade separating the darker portion of
the wing from the yellowish outer margin ; a terminal lunular brown line ; the base
and extremity of the fringe brownish. Secondaries light brown, somewhat yellowish
on the outer margin; a fine median transverse line and a broad submarginal brown
shade. Underneath cream color with two median transverse brown lines and a ter¬
minal lunular line on the primaries. Expanse 50 mm.

June, 1896.] Schaus: New Species of Heterocera. 53

1

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Closely allied to C. marginalis Walk. ( hneosa Wlk.), but darker
and with the markings less distinct.

Apatelodes velutina, sp. nov.

Head and patagiae violaceous gray, center of thorax very dark brown ; abdomen
brown with grayish scales on the posterior portion of each segment. Primaries with
the basal portion light brown limited by a dark line, heaviest on the costal margin,
slightly oblique to below vein 2, and then turning in to the inner margin, preceded
on the inner margin near the base by a dark brown shade ; the median space velvety
gray limited by a dark wavy outer line and containing an indistinct pale streak at the
end of the cell; the outer margin gray mottled with reddish brown; a dark velvety
brown spot on the costal margin near the apex, followed by two small transparent
white spots. Secondaries reddish brown, much darker at the anal angle, above which
is the commencement of a transverse line. Underneath the wings are dull reddish
brown with a transverse whitish line crossing both wings. Expanse 9 38 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Apatelodes corema, sp. nov.

Body light brown with some gray scales on the patagise. Primaries light creamy
brown; some grayish scales along the costal margin; a basal, indistinct, wavy gray
line, followed on the inner margin by a large patch of gray scales ; the outer trans¬
verse line deeply wavy, outwardly shaded with pale scales and followed by two tians-
parent spots between veins 4 and 3 and 5 an£l 5. Secondaries light reddish brown.
Underneath light reddish brown ; an indistinct median transverse shade and an outer
line, fine and straight on the primaries, but forming a series of black points on each
vein on the secondaries. Expanse 9 43 mm-

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Apatelodes sericea, sp. nov.

Head dark brown. Thorax pale fawn color, the posterior portion dark velvety
brown preceded by a fine transverse line. Abdomen brown, very dark doisally at
the base. Primaries above pale fawn color; a fine oblique line near the base fiom
the costa to the submedian vein, below which is a broad dark shade resting on the
inner margin and outwardly bordered by a fine grayish line; a wavy, narrow median
transverse shade ; the outer line very fine and wavy with a dark point on each vein ;
some brownish submarginal shades near the apex and a small transparent spot. Sec¬
ondaries brown, very dark on the inner margin ; an indistinct transverse pale line.
Underneath fawn color shaded with brown at the apex of the primaries ; on the sec¬
ondaries a median brown spot and an outer grayish line; some submarginal brown
shades. Expanse $ 45 mm. 9 65 mm*

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Thelosla, gen. nov.

Antennae pectinated in the g , pubescent in the 9 • Le§s slightly hairy. Pri¬
maries with the costal margin slightly sinuate, acute at the apex, and the outei mar-

54

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

gin very convex at vein 5. Veins 6-io-stalked. Secondaries rounded in the gr
somewhat oblong in the 9 j the costal margin nearly straight ; neuration as in Co ta¬
bu ta Walk. = Dorisia Mosch.

Thelosia phalfena, sp. nov.

g . dark reddish brown above without markings. Underneath duller brown
with the costal margins of the primaries and secondaries entirely and thickly speck¬
led with chrome yellow scales ; a black point in the cells and an outer transverse
brown line.

9 . Thorax violaceous gray. Abdomen reddish brown. Primaries above
olive brown with two darker transverse lines, the inner one faintly curved, the
outer one straight and parallel with the outer margin; the base of the wings and the
outer portion of the transverse lines heavily shaded with lilacine scales ; a cluster of
similar scales in the cell. Secondaries light reddish brown with an indistinct spot in
the cell and an outer transverse darker line. Underneath yellowish brown ; a dark
transverse streak in the cell and an outer brown line ; some lilacine scales at the apex
of the primaries. Expanse g 30 mm. g 45 mm.

Habitat : Nova Friburgo, Brazil.

Thelosia camina, sp. nov.

J . Thorax gray. Abdomen light brown. Primaries fawn color finely speck¬
led with brown; an inner transverse brown line, and an outer similar line, slightly
curved from the costa to vein 2, and then straight to the inner margin. Secondaries
brownish at the base, fawn color on the outer portion ; an indistinct dark median
line. Underneath grayish brown with an indistinct transverse line and minute spot
in the cell. Expanse 38 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Closely allied to T. phalcena Schs. but with the outer line always
different ; in one specimen the median space is heavily shaded with
dark brown.

Thelosia truvena, sp. nov.

g . Body light brown ; patagke and a transverse posterior line on each segment
of the abdomen light gray. Primaries above brownish gray, finely speckled with
darker scales ; a straight brown basal line followed by a brownish shade ; a minute
brown spot in the cell, followed by a straight brown line ; an outer and a subtermi¬
nal very fine and indistinct brown line, between which the dark scales form an indis¬
tinct band. Secondaries light fawn color with two very indistinct transverse brownish
lines. Underneath pale fawn color with a median transverse line, a minute brown
spot in the cell and an outer wavy brown line on the secondaries. Expanse 30 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Thelosia tropea, sp. nov.

Thorax gray with a dorsal dark streak. Abdomen brownish shaded with gray
posteriorly on the segments. Primaries gray ; a broad basal transverse angular brown
band, and an outer band nearly straight on the inner side, but outwardly angular and
followed by a very fine angular subterminal line ; in the cell a pale gray streak.

June, 1896.]

Schaus: New Species of Heterocera.

55

Secondaries light brown. Underneath primaries gray shaded with brown along the
costa, and an indistinct subterminal line ; secondaries brownish with a median darker
line. Expanse 28 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Tarema, gen. nov.

Antennae pectinated as in Perophora. Primaries with the costal and outer
margin slightly convex, the inner margin straight; veins 4, 5, 6 starting from disco-
cellular ; 7 and 8 stalked from upper angle of cell ; a wide space between 8 and 9 ;
Secondaries with the apex very rounded ; veins 3 and 4 from lower angle of cell ; 5
from middle ; 6 and 7 on short stalk from upper angle.

Tarema rivara, sp. nov.

$ . Abdomen reddish brown. Primaries gray along the costa, reddish on the
inner margin above the inner angle and at the apex ; a whitish transverse outer line
at two-thirds from the base, followed from the costa to the middle of the outer margin
by a similar line ; an oblique dark spot circled with whitish in the cell. Secondaries
reddish ; a black spot in the cell and a black transverse median line ; the costa
shaded with gray. Underneath mottled gray and dull red with a double, wavy, sub¬
marginal whitish line and the discal spots rather more conspicuous. Expanse 27 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

What I believe to be the 9 of this species has the reddish shades
replaced by dark brown.

Sibine extensa, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark glossy brown nearly black. Abdomen light reddish
brown. Primaries reddish brown darkest in the cell ; four-fifths of the costa, the
median nervure broadly, and the fringe with a silky hue ; a single minute white
spot beyond the cell. Secondaries light reddish brown with the fringe very dark at
the anal angle. Underneath reddish brown. Expanse $ 38-46 mm. 9 54-64 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

I have retained for this species a MSS. name given by the late
Hy. Edwards.

Sibine plora, sp. nov.

$ . Body dark silky brown, the center of the thorax reddish. Primaries dark
silky brown ; a streak below the median vein, one through the cell to the apex, and
the outer margin dull reddish brown. Secondaries reddish brown, very dark on the
inner margin, the veins somewhat paler. The 9 has a violaceous hue over the silky
brown portion of the primaries, and the secondaries are light brown, with dark
fringe.. Expanse $ 34 mm. 9 45 mm-

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

This species is allied to S. modest a Cr., of which I have a good
series from the same locality.

56

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Sibine auromacula, sp. nov.

g . Body dark silky brown. Primaries silky brown ; a large round and a small
golden spot below the median vein, and three similar spots beyond the cell, the mid¬
dle one much the largest and s-shaped. Secondaries with the costal and inner mar¬
gins broadly dark brown, the rest of the wing white, transparent. Underneath dull
brown, except the transparent portion of the secondaries. The entirely light red¬
dish brown with the golden spots rather larger than in the $ . Expanse ^ 31 mm.
J 50 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela; Pernambuco, Brazil.

Aidos castrensis, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray. Abdomen brownish. Primaries light gray, the inner
margin brownish ; two dark indistinct spots near the base ; an outer interrupted
blackish line, dentate on veins 3, 4 and 5 ; a terminal row of blackish points ; a short
upright white line on the inner margin near the angle. Secondaries white faintly
tinged with pink on the inner margin ; a terminal row of brown spots. Expanse 25
mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Perola platona, sp. nov.

Dark reddish brown ; primaries with some still darker indistinct basal streaks
extending to the end of the cell ; an indistinct dark shade from the apex to the mid¬
dle of the inner margin. Expanse 35 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

Veins 2 and 3 on the primaries, also 7, 8 and 9 are stalked as in
Perola murina , Walk. The following species should be placed in the
genus Perola: Trabala drucei Schs., T '. bramalis Schs., T. eircur
Schs., T. rubens Schs., T. druceoides Dogn., Asbolia sericea Mosch.

Perola sucia, sp. nov.

Body brownish yellow, the patagiae violaceous gray. Primaries fawn color
thickly mottled with grayish scales ; a median transverse darker shade consisting of
blotches of gray scales ; an outer irregular row of small dark gray spots, and a few
similar spots below the apex on the outer margin ; the extreme margin finely brown.
Secondaries brownish yellow. Underneath brownish yellow without markings. Ex¬
panse 30 mm.

Habitat : Rio Janeiro and Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Closely allied to Perola subpunctata Walk.

Prolimacodes, gen. nov.

Differs from Eulimacodes in having vein 10 arise from the cell.

Prolimacodes triangulifera, sp. nov.

Body brown. Wings the same shade with a fine white line extending a short
distance along the costa from the base, descending from the middle of vein 1 b and

June, 1896.]

Schaus: New Species of Heterocera.

57

then faintly sinuate to the apex ; the portion enclosed by this line is heavily shaded
with darker brown. Expanse 30 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

This species strongly resembles E. scapha Harris.

Dalcera obscura, sp. nov.

Dark golden brown, the costal margin of the secondaries somewhat paler. Ex¬
panse 21 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Dalcera citrina, sp. nov.

Entirely pale lemon color. Expanse 17 mm.

Habitat : Trinidad, B. W. I.

Eupoeya jamaicensis, sp. nov.

Primaries above silvery white. Secondaries light gray, darker along the outer
margin. Underneath primaries grayish with the veins white, and a terminal dark
gray line. Secondaries below white with the outer margin dark gray. Expanse
17 mm.

Habitat : Jamaica, B. W. I.

The neuration of this species agrees with Eupoeya nivalis Pack.
Cyclara, gen. nov.

Wings short and rounded. Primaries — vein 3 from lower angle of cell ; 4 and
5 from angle in discocellular; 7, 8, 9 from very long stalk at upper angle of cell
10 also from upper angle of cell. Secondaries with veins 3 and 4 from lower angle
of cell ; 5 and 6 from discocellular ; 7 from upper angle. Antennoe pectinated.

Cyclara ovata, sp. nov.

Wings rather diaphanous brownish gray. Primaries with a darker basal shade
and a median transverse dentate and irregular brown line outwardly edged with
white, which is more distinct on the inner half of the wing ; a small subapical daik
brown spot. Expanse 19 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Carama flavescens, sp. nov.

Body and primaries yellowish white. Secondaries white. The wings rather
thinly scaled. Expanse 40 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Carama grisea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brownish white. Abdomen grayish brown. Wings grayish
brown, a white spot at the end of the cell on the primaries. Expanse g 32 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Carama parva, sp. nov.

Entirely pure milky white. Expanse 9 3° mm*

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

58

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Trochuda impura, sp. nov.

Head and thorax yellowish. Abdomen white, subdorsally fawn color. Pri¬
maries whitish yellow ; two oblique parallel brownish lines, one at a third from the
base, the other from the apex to the middle of the inner margin. Secondaries white.
Expanse 9 43 mm-

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Megalopyge Iapena, sp. nov.

Body whitish gray, with indistinct transverse brown shades. Primaries very
pale brownish gray, whiter beyond the cell and between the veins near the outer
margin ; at the end of the cell a small reddish brown spot ; below the median vein
a large reddish brown spot composed of long crinkly scales. Secondaries and under¬
neath yellowish white. Expanse g 35 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

Megalopyge fieldia, sp. nov.

g. Head white, brown behind. Collar white anteriorly, brown posteriorly.
Thorax brown edged with white in front and with two white tufts posteriorly.
Abdomen brown with a subdorsal row of white tufts. Primaries with the basal
half brown except the costa which is white with a few long brown streaks;
a dark brown spot at the end of the cell ; the outer half of the wing brown with the
veins whit sh and two transverse white lines breaking the brown up into irregular
spots; there are also some white longitudinal streaks between the veins on the outer
margin. Secondaries brown ; white at the base of the costal margin ; some whitish
spots on the fringe. Underneath brown, some ; white marginal streaks ; the inner
margin of the primaries broadly white. Expanse 45 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Megalopyge vipera, sp. nov.

9 . Head brown. Collar white. Thorax brown. Abdomen brown with a few
grayish scales subdorsally. Primaries brown, the basal two-thirds with crinkly
white scales along the costa, and transverse brownish streaks to the inner margin,
and a dark brown spot at the end of the cell as in M. albicollis Walk. ; the outer
margin broadly grayish brown without markings. Secondaries grayish brown.
Underneath dull brown. Expanse 53 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

This species is very closely allied to M. albicollis Walk., which is
placed by Kirby as a synonym of M. nuda Stoll, but M. nuda is
quite distinct, as I have seen specimens in the collection of Mr. Ober-
thiir which agree perfectly with Stoll’s really excellent figure.

Megalopyge trujillo, sp. nov.

$ . Head cream color ; palpi black. Body brown. Primaries brownish gray ;
a large white spot at the base, a smaller one at the end of the cell connected with the
basal spots by a white line; an outer transverse irregular white band between which

June, 1896.]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

59

and the median nervure the veins are whitish ; fringe cream color. Secondaries
creamy with the veins and some scales at the base darker.

9 . Almost entirely smoky brown ; the fringe cream color ; at the base and
near the apex of the primaries some white scales ; the median space mottled with
blackish crinkly scales. Expanse $ 34 mm. 9 50 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Named after my assistant collector, Mateo Trujillo.

Citheronia aroa, sp. nov.

Head and thorax reddish, the latter yellow beneath the patagise. Abdomen
red with transverse yellow bands. Primaries above mouse gray ; a bright yellow
soot at the base ; an orange spot in the cell and a large similar spot below the me¬
dian vein ; an outer row of orange spots from near the apex to the inner margin, fol¬
lowed by a broad irregular orange band. Secondaries orange, shaded with red at the
base ; a red spot in the cell and a narrow transverse dark red line, shaded with
gray at the anal angle. Underneath the markings are the same as in C. mexicana
Grote & Rob., to which this species comes nearest. Expanse $ 85 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

Citheronia azteca, sp. nov.

Head red with some white hairs under the antennae. Collar white, broadly
margined with red posteriorly. Thorax red with three yellow lines. Abdomen red ;
a large white subdorsal spot at the base and a fine yellowish band posteriorly on each
segment. Primaries gray with all the veins broadly red ; at the base two creamy
spots ; a similar spot at the end of the cell and an outer row of transverse creamy
spots between the veins; fringe on the inner margin red. Secondaries above bright
yellow, the veins red ; a large red space at the base and a red spot at the end of the
cell ; a transverse narrow gray shade to the anal angle and some grayish spots be¬
tween the veins on the outer margin. In the 9 the secondaries have the yellow
replaced by gray with two wavy yellow transverse bands. Expanse g 105 mm.
9 108 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

Allied to C. splendens Druce, but quite distinct.

Adelocephala acuta, sp. nov.

Body pinkish fawn color. Primaries very acute at the apex, reddish fawn color
shaded with lilacine at the base and on the outer margin ; two fine transverse brown
lines, one from near the middle of the costa to the inner margin at a third from the
base, the other from the apex to the inner margin at two-thirds from the base ; in the
cell an indistinct grayish spot containing a minute white point. Secondaries reddish
fawn color with a large cluster of dark red hairs tin the inner margin. Underneath
the primaries are orange with a triangular gray space occupying the outer margin
and a large black spot with a white point at the end of the cell. Secondaries fawn
color with an indistinct transverse line. Expanse 55 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

60

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Heliconisa catherina, sp. nov.

Body fawn color ; antennae black. Wings with the basal two- thirds fawn color,
becoming diaphanous outwardly ; the outer third of the wings black with some indis¬
tinct brownish streaks between the veins; a brownish spot at the end of the cells.
Expanse g ioo mm.

Habitat : Santa Catherina, S. E. Brazil.

Dirphia bertha, sp. nov.

Head reddish. Thorax black, the patagiae edged with yellow. Abdomen red
in the $ , brownish in the 9 • Primaries above very dark gray ; all the veins orange
edged on either side with pale yellow ; a yellowish streak in the cell, and another
between the median and submedian veins; at the end of the cell a small dark red
spot circled with black. Secondaries in the $ red with long yellow hairs at the
base ; the outer margin black interrupted by yellow veins ; fringe yellow ; a large
black spot with a brownish centre crossed by a white line at the end of the cell. In
the 9 the secondaries are pinkish shading to gray on the outer margin, where the
veins are tinged with yellow; the discal spot as in the male. Underneath the wings
are dull gi'ay in the 9 with yellowish veins ; in the $ the primaries below are red
and the disc of the secondaries yellowish with broad black margins, all the veins be¬
ing yellowish. Expanse $ 88 mm. 9 74 mm*

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

I name this beautiful species Bertha in honor of the wife of E. D.
Jones, Esq., who has done so much to give us a knowledge of the
fauna of Southeast Brazil.

Dirphia taglia, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brown, the latter with a few white hairs. Abdomen red
dorsally, whitish laterally and underneath. Primaries brown ; near the base three
lilacine transverse bands ; a dark spot in the cell ; a dentate outer brown line shaded
on either side with lilacine ; a subterminal brownish indistinct line beyond which the
outer margin is lilacine gray. Secondaries brown with an outer and a submarginal
wavy lilacine band ; at the end of the cell a large dark spot containing some lighter
scales and circled with yellow. Underneath light brown, both wings crossed by an
outer lilacine band and the outer margins are broadly lilacine. Expanse 9 74 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Allied to Dirphia perdix Massn.

June, 1896.]

Packard: Phosphorescent Organs of Insects.

61

THE PHOSPHORESCENT ORGANS OF INSECTS.

By A. S. Packard.

The nature of the phosphorescent organs and their physiology has
never seriously engaged the attention of students in this country, and I
have thought that some account compiled from the latest and best re¬
searches might stimulate inquiry in this country, where fire-flies are
universally common.

Phosphorescence is not infrequent in the Protozoa, Coelenterates,
Worms, and has been observed in the bivalve Pholas, in a few abyssal
Crustacea, in Myriopods ( Geophilus ) , in an Ascidian, Pyrosoma, and
in certain deep-sea fishes.

In insects luminosity is mostly confined to a few Coleoptera, and
besides the well-known fire-flies, an Indian Buprestid ( Buprestis ocel -
lata ) is said to be phosphorescent; also a Telephorid larva. Other
luminous insects are the Poduran Anurophorus , Fulgora , and certain
Diptera ( Culex and Tyreophora').

The seat of the light is the intensely luminous areas situated either
in the head (Fulgora), in the abdomen (Lampyridae), or in the thorax
(in a few Elateridte of the genus Pyrophorus). The luminous or photo¬
genic organ is regarded by Wielowiejsky and also by Emery as morpho¬
logically a specialized portion of the fat-body, being a plate consisting
of polygonal cells, situated directly under the integument, and supplied
with nerves and fine tracheal branches.

tr

Fig. A. Sagittal section through the hinder end of a male Luciola ; the
organs above the phosphorescent plate only drawn in outline, s, integument of the
last segment, somewhat removed by the section-knife from the phosphorescent tissues.

62

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV

d, dorsal layer 0f the phosphorescent plate penetrated by irregular tracheal branches.,
and rendered opake by numerous urate concretions imbedded in it ; v, ventral phos¬
phorescent layer of the plate, with perpendicular tracheal stems whose branches, where
they pass into capillaries bear lumps which stain brown with osmic acid, n, struct-
urless substance ( coagulum ? ) filling the end of the last ventral segment. B. Iso¬
lated portion of the ventral layer of the phosphorescent plate, tr, tracheal stem sur¬
rounded by a cylindrical lobe; p, parenchymcell attached to the cylinder; capil.
lary, without the spiral threads ; m , coagulum stained brown. C. a tracheal stem
of the vential layer : at the fork of the brown-stained capillaries are lumps stained
brown with osmic acid. D. a part of C. more highly magnified showing the remains
of the tracheal end-cells ( tc ) enveloping the brown lumps ( m )— after Emery.

In Luciola as well as in other fire-flies, including Pyrophorus , the
phosphorescent organ or plate consists, as first stated by Kolliker, of two
layers lying one over the other a dorsal one (d.) which is opake, chalky
white, and non-photogenic, and a lower one (z/.), the active photogenic
layer, which is transparent, d hrough the upper or opake layer and on its
dorsal surface extend large tracheae and their horizontal branches, from
which arise numerous very fine branches which pass down perpendicu¬
larly into the transparent or photogenic layer of the organ. Each
tracheal stem, together with its short branches is enveloped by a cylin¬
drical mass of transparent tissue, so that only the short terminal
branches or very fine tracheal capillaries project on the upper part of
the cylinder. These finest tracheal capillaries are not in Luciola filled
with air, but with a colorless fluid, as was also found by Wielowiejsky
and others in Lampyris.

These transparent cylinders, with the tracheae within, forming
longitudinal axes, resemble lobules. These lobules are so distributed
that they appear on a surface section of this plate as numerous round
areas in which circular periphery the tracheal capillaries are arranged
with the axially disposed tracheal end-cells. These “ tracheal end-cells ”
are only membranous enlargements at the base of the tracheal capillar¬
ies ( Wielowiejsky). The cylindrical lobules are separated from each
other by a substance consisting of abundant large granular cells (par-
enchym cells ) among which project the tracheal capillaries. The cyl¬
indrical lobules extend to the hypodermis and come in contact only
by their lateral faces with the parenchym.

1 he structure of the upper opake chalky white layer of the phos¬
phorescent organ is, compared with that of the photogenic lower por¬
tion, very simple. In its loose, pappose, mass are no cellular elements,
but when treated with different reagents it is seen to be filled with
countless urate granules (guanine) swimming in the fluid it contains,

'

June, 1896 ] Packard : Phosphorescent Organs of Insects. 63

the cell plasma appearing to be dissolved, the cells having lost their
cohesion.

In comparing the phosphorescent plate or organ of Luciola with
that of Lmnpyris , the general structure, including the clear cell ele¬
ments of the cylindrical lobules, which envelop the perpendicular tra¬
cheal twigs and their branches, and also the granular parenchymatous cells
are alike in both, though the arrangement and distribution of the ele¬
ments in Luciola is more regular, in Lampyris the tracheal stems being
irregularly scattered through the parenchym.

Wielowiejsky found in the larval and female Lampyris a higher
degree of differentiation than in the male, and Luciola has a more dif¬
ferentiated photogenic organ than Lampyris , as seen in the more regu¬
lar structure of the lobules.

As regards the light apparatus of Pyrophorus , or the cucujo,
Heinemann shows and that as in the Lampyridae, it consists of distinct cells
may be regarded as a glandular structure. It is rich in tracheae and
the other parts already described. In still later researches on a Bra¬
zilian Pyrophorus Wielowiejsky shows that the phosphorescent plate
consists of two layers, the upper usually being filled with crystalline
urate concretions, and entirely like those of the Lampyridae^ consisting
of distinct polygonal cells, among which are numerous tracheal stems,
with taenidia, and coursing in different directions, when freshly filled
with air, and sending capillaries into the underlying photogenic layer.
The latter shows in its structure a striking difference in the cellular ar¬
rangement from that of Lampyrids. In the upper or non-photogenic
layer are tracheal capillaries which pass down into the underlying cellu¬
lar plate and which are in the closest possible relations with the single
cells, a point overlooked by Heinemann.

Physiology of the Phosphorescence.

As is well known, the phosphorescence of animals is a scintillating
or glowing light emitted by various forms, the greenish light or lumi¬
nous appearance thus produced being photogenic, i. e., without sensi¬
ble heat.

Langley rates the light of the firefly at an efficiency of 100 per
cent., all its radiations lying within the limits of the visible spectrum.
“Langley has shown that while only 2.4 per cent, of luminous waves
are contained in the radiation of a gas-flame, only 10 per cent, in that
of the electric arc, and only 35 per cent, in that of the sun, the radia¬
tion of the fire-fly ( Pyrophorus noctilucus') consists wholly of visible
wave-frequencies.” (Barker’s Physics, p. 385.)

(54 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

The spectrum of the light of the cucujo was found by Pasteur to be
continuous. (C. R. French Acad. Sc. 1864, ii, p. 509*) A. later ex¬
amination by Aubert and Dubois, showed that the spectrum of the light,
examined by the spectroscope is very beautiful, but destitute of dark
bands. When, however, the intensity diminishes, the red and orange
disappear, and the green and yellow only remain.

Heinemann studied the cucujo at Vera Cruz, Mexico. At night
in a dark room it radiates a pale green light which shows a blue tone to
the exclusion of any other light. The more gas or lamp light there is
present, the more apparent becomes the yellowish green hue, which in
clear daylight changes to an almost pure very light yellow with a very
slight mixture of green. “ In the morning and evening twilight, more
constantly and clearly in the former, the cucujo light, at least to my
eyes, is an intensely brilliant yellow with a slight mixture of led. In a
dark room lighted with a sodium light the yellow tone entirely disap¬
pears : on the other hand the blue strikingly increases.” As regards
the spectrum he found that almost exactly half of the blue end is want¬
ing and that the red part is also a little narrower than in the spectrum
of the petroleum flame.

Prof. C. A. Young states that the spectrum given by our common
firefly ( Photinus ? ) is perfectly continuous, without trace of lines either
bright or dark. “ It extends from a little above Fraunhofer’s line C, in
the scarlet, to about F in the blue, gradually fading out at the extremi¬
ties. It is noticeable that precisely this portion of the spectrum is com¬
posed of rays, which while they more powerfully than any others affect
the organs of vision, produce hardly any thermal or actinic effect. In
other words, very little of the energy expended in the flash of the fire is
wasted. It is quite different with our artificial methods of illumination.
In the case of an ordinary gas light the best experiments show that not
more than one or two per cent, of the radiant energy consists of visible
rays; the rest is either invisible heat or actinism ; that is to say, over
98 per cent, of the gas is wasted in producing rays that do not help in
making objects visible.” (Amer. Nat. iii, 1870, p. 615).

Panceri also remarks that while in the spectroscope the light of
some Chcetopteri, Beroeand Pyrosoma, exhibit one broad band like that
given by monochromatic light, that of Lampyns and Luciola is poly¬
chromatic (Amer. Nat. vii, 1873, P- 3X4-)

The physiology of insect-phosphorescence is thus briefly stated by
Lang : “ The cells of this luminous organ secrete, under the control of
the nervous system, a substance which is burnt during the appearance
of the light ; this combustion takes place by means of the oxygen con-

June, 1896.] Packard : Phosphorescent Organs of Insects. 65

veyed to the cells of the luminous body by the tracheae, which branch
profusely in it and break up into capillaries.”

Emery states that the males of Luciola display their light in two
ways. When at night time they are active or flying the light is given
out at short and regular intervals, causing the well-known- sparkling or
scintillating light. If we catch a flying Luciola or pull apart one rest¬
ing in the day time, or cut off its hind body, it gives out a tolerably
strong light, though not nearly reaching the intensity of the light-waves
of the sparkling light. In this case the light is constant, yet we notice,
especially in the wounded insect, that the phosphorescent plate in its
whole extent is not luminous, but glows at different places as if phos¬
phorescent clouds passed over it.

It is self-evident that a microscopic observation of the light of the
glow-worm or fire-fly is not possible, but an animal while giving out its
light, or a separated abdomen, may readily be placed under the micro¬
scope and observed under tolerably high powers. By making the ex¬
periment in a rather dark room Emery saw clear shining rings on a dark
background. “ All the rings are not equally lighted. Comparing this
with the results of anatomical investigation, and it is seen that the rings
of light correspond with the previously described circular tracheal capil¬
laries, i. <?., the limits between the tracheal-cell cylinder and the paren-
chym-cells. The parenchym-cells are never stained of a deep brown ;
this proves that its plasma may be the seat of the light-producing oxy-
dation. Hence this process of oxydation takes place in the upper surface
of the parenchym-cells, but outside of their own substance. The
parenchym-cells in reality secrete the luminous matter ; this is taken up
by the tracheal end-cells and burnt or oxydized by means of the oxygen
present in the tracheal capillaries. Such a combustion can only take
place when the chitinous membrane of the tracheae is extraordinarily
fine and easily penetrable, as is the case in the capillaries of the photo¬
genic plate ; therefore the plasma of the tracheal cells only oxydizes at
the forking of the terminal tracheal twigs and in the capillaries.” (Emery.)

The color of the light of Luciola is identical in the two sexes, and
the intensity is much the same, though that of the female is more re¬
stricted. The rhythm of the flashes of light given out by the male is
more rapid, and the flashes briefer, while those of the female are longer,
more tremulous and appear at longer intervals.

Emery then asks : What is the use of this luminosity ? Is it only to
allure the females of Luciola , which are so much rarer than the males ?
Contrary to the general view that it is an alluring act, he thinks that
phosphorescence is a means of defense, or a warning or danger-signal

66 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

against insectivorous nocturnal animals. If we dissect or crush a Luciola
it gives out a disagreeable cabbage-like smell, and perhaps this is suffi¬
cient to render it inedible to bats or other nocturnal animals. An acrid
taste they certainly do not possess.

It has long been known that the eggs of fire-flies, both Lampyridce
and Pyropliorus , are luminous. Both Newport and more recently Wie-
lowiejsky attributes the luminosity not to the contents of the egg, but to
the portions of the fat-body cells or fluid covering on the outside of the
eggs, due to ruptures of the parts within the body of the female during
oviposition. The larvae at different ages are also luminous.

The position of the luminous organs changes with age. In the
larvae of Pyrophorus before moulting, according to Dubois, the luminous
organs are situated only on the ventral side of the head and prothoracic
segment. In larvae of the second-stage there are added three shining
spots on each of the first eight abdominal segments, and a single lumin¬
ous spot on the last segment. These spots are arranged in a linear
series and thus form three luminous cords. In the adult beetles there
is a luminous spot in the middle of the first abdominal sternite, but the
greatest amount of light is produced by the two vesicles on the hinder part
of the prothorax, the position of which varies according to the species.

Literature.

Peters, W. — Ueber das Leuchten der Lampyris italica. (Muller’s Archiv
f. Anatomie, 1841, p. 229-233.)

Kolliker, A. — Die Leuchtorgane von Lampyris, eine vorlaufige mittheilung.
(Verhandl. d. phys. medizin. Gesellsch. Wiirzburg, 1857, viii, p. 217-224.)

Schultze, Max. — Ueber den Bau der Leuchtorgane der Mannchen von
Lampyris splendidula. (Sitzber. d. niederrhein. Gesellsch. f. Natur. u. Heilkunde zu
Bonn, 1864, Sep. p. 7.)

- Zur Kenntniss der Leuchtorgane von Lampyris splendidula. (Archiv

f. mikroskop. Anat. 1865, i, p. 124-137, 2 pi.)

Wielowiejsky, H. Ritter von.— Studien iiber die Lampyriden. (Zeits. f.
wissens. Zool. 1882, xxxvii, pp. 354-428, 2 pi.)

Emery, Carlo. — Untersuchungen iiber Luciola italica L. (Zeits. f. wis¬
sens. Zool. 1884, xl, pp. 338-355, 1 pi.)

- La luce della Lticiola italica osservata col microscopio. (Bull. Soc.

Ent. Ital. Anno 17, 1885, pp. 351-355* 1 P1-)

Heinemann, C. — Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Leuchtorgane Mexikan-
ischer Cucujos, Pyrophorus. (Archiv f. mikroskop. Anat. 1886, xxvii, pp. 296-383.)

Dubois, R. — Contribution a l’etude de la production de la lumiere par les
etres vivants. Les Elaterides lumineux. (Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1886, Annee
ii, pp. 1-275, 9 pk)

Wielowiejsky, H. Ritter von. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Leuchtorgane
der Insekten. (Zool. Anzeiger, 1SS9, Jahrg. xii, pp. 594-600.)

June, 1896.] Webster: North American Species of Diabrotica.

67

THE PROBABLE ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF
NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF THE
GENUS DIABROTICA.— II.

By F. M. Webster.

Since the publication of my paper in No. 4, Vol. Ill, of the Jour¬
nal, a considerable amount of information relative to the subject has
since either been communicated to me, or placed at my disposal where I
did not before feel at liberty to use in print. I have, therefore, thought
best to add this supplementary note, including in it a few correc¬
tions.

Professor Cockerell has very kindly prepared the following table
illustrating the position of his D. vittata var. incerta , Ckll. found
by him from Mesilla Valley southward to Juarez, Mexico, opposite El
Paso, Texas, on the Rio Grande :

A. Antennae with the three basal joint pale.

a. “ Legs yellow, the knees, anterior tibiae and tarsi, and the tips of the middle

and posterior tibiae and their tarsi, piceous.” (Horn). vittata Fab.

b. Legs more or less darkened, but basal third of anterior femora, and basal

two-thirds of middle and posterior femora, and hind tibiae more or less in mid¬
dle, yellow. vittata var. incerta Ckll.

B. Antennae all black. Legs all black except bases of femora, trivittata Mann.

In regard to the distribution of these in the valley of the Rio
Grande, Prof. Cockerell gives me the following table :

000 ft I ^anta Fe, D. 12-punctata , (1 specimen not taken by himself).

( Gallinas Canon, D. atripennis , (reported by the Snow party).

*5,000 “ Albuquerque,

*5,000 “ Socorro,

3,000 “ Mesilla Valley,

D. longicornis.

D. 12-punctata , . . D. lemniscata. Collected by Prof.
YVickham, at Alberquerque.

or

_ 6(

T . ) D. tricincta.

Juarez, Mexico, - _

j D. vittata var. incerta ,

The occurrence at Gallinas Canon should have been credited to
Prof. Snow and not to Prof. Cockerell. Prof. Wickham calls my at¬
tention to the fact of Dr. Horn’s having observed a close resemblance
between Andrector 6-punctatalAoTn, and Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv.,
while he had himself confused a second species of Andrector with
Diabrotica tricincta Say, and placed them in his collection as all be-

* These records of elevations are supplied by myself and taken from surveys
made by the U. S. Geological Survey and published in 1890. The elevation of
Juarez, Mex., opposite El Paso, Tex., is but little less than 3,800 ft.

68 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

longing to the latter species. Andrector is placed in the same sub-tribe
as Cerotoma and Diabrotica , which would rather oppose the idea of a
protective mimicry, though by no means disproving it. W e simply need
more information in regard to the matter as all may be alike inedible.

Since my paper was published, I have found the larvae of Dia¬
brotica vittata so excessively abundant in some greenhouses near Cincin¬
nati, as to entirely ruin the cucumber vines being grown therein. The
date of my observations was December 28, and at that time I found
adults, and larvae from one-half to two-thirds grown, but mostly the
former.

- » -

ON THE PROBABLE ORIGIN OF THE PERICOP-
IDJE: COMPOSI A FIDELISSIMA II. -S.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A. M., Ph.D.

The Pericopidae are a tropical American family of moths with the
venation of Noctuidae, most allied in their colors, perhaps, to the Diop-
tidae. Three genera occur in our fauna, Gnophcela , Composia and
Daritis.

In placing the North American families in systematic position on
their larval characters, I was able to show from the writings of Bruce
and Cockerell that the abdominal tubercles of Gnophcela were the same
as in the Arctiidae; but was unable to get further in the absence of ma¬
terial and the unfortunate brevity of the published descriptions. Now,
however, I have obtained many larvae of Composia , and have been
able to rear them by the kind assistance of Mr. F. Kinzel. They were
found on the vines of Echites umbellata ( determined by Mr. Kinzel )
at Palm Beach, Florida, during the Christmas holidays. Composia is
a moderately specialized Pericopid type, and its larvae may be supposed
to be characteristic of the family. The following are the larval char¬
acters :

Warts many haired, simple, not tufted, the arrangement as in the
Arctiidae, but with a distinct tendency to the coalescence of the two
upper warts on the meso- and post-thoracic segments. Primitive first
stage present, wart formation not highly specialized, head setae very
simple, no secondary hair formation. Body long, cylindrical, Noctui-
dous rather than Arctiiform, joint 12 slightly enlarged.

June, 1896.]

Dyar: On the Origin of Pericopidae.

69

As to the origin of this family, three alternatives seem possible :

(1) from the Arctiidae (2) from the Noctuidae (3) from the Dioptidae.

(1) . This alternative seemed to me at first sight most plausible.
However, the subcostal vein of secondaries in the Pericopidae is free
from the radius and the wart formation of the larva is of a simple type.
Therefore, if of Arctiid origin, they are a branch representing a more
generalized type than the present Arctiidae. But no confirmatory evi¬
dence for this possible origin occurs to me.

(2) . By pushing the origin a little further back, we reach a deriva¬
tion from the Noctuidae. This involves an independent wart formation
from that in the Arctiidae ; that is that we may suppose that the Arcti¬
idae and Pericopidae arose simultaneously, or nearly so, from Nociuid
ancestors, but independently and with separate larval wart formation,
the Pericopidae remaining the more generalized. I do not think of
any confirmatory evidence for this view.

(3) . The Pericopidae and Dioptidae differ in that in the former
cubitus is four-branched while three-branched in the latter. This dis¬
tinction is not sharp, since in Gonorct heliconiata ( a Pericopid ) vein 5
arises only a short distance below the fold representing media. In Di-
vptis phe loides , Phryganidia calif ornica and Tithraustes haemon (Diop¬
tidae ), vein 5 is a distinct continuation of medial fold. The families
almost intergrade, as the confusion in the genera in Kirby’s catalogue
bears witness.

The larvae of the Dioptidae ( only known to me in Phryganidia )
have single Noctuidous setae. To derive the Pericopidae from them,
we must suppose an independent wart formation analogous to that of the
Apatelidae from the Noctuidae or the Eupterotidae from the Notodonti-
dae, but simpler than either.

Now as confirmatory evidence, we have in the moths the marked
similarity in build and pattern of coloration j also a tendency in both
families to the coalescence of veins 3 and 4, not seen in the Noctuidae
and Arctiidae. The Noctuid habitus of the larva is also equally con¬
sonant with an origin from the generalized Noctuiform Dioptid larva as
from any existing type of the Noctuidae.

I think that we may conclude, therefore, that the Pericopidae are
a family representing a specialized form of Dioptidae, with independent
moving of vein 5 toward 4 and wart formation in the larvae. Their
geographical distribution is also in favor of this conclusion, since, being
confined to America, their origin from the strictly American Dioptidae
is more reasonable than from either of the world wide Noctuidae or
Arctiidae.

TO Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

Finally a word concerning the origin of the Dioptidae to trace the
ancestry a step further. In this Journal (Vol. iii, p. 3°—32)’
Packard argues for the derivation from a common ancestor of the
11 Geometrids, Dioptids, Hypsids and Syntomids — Euchromiidre.
It is true he makes this ancestor to be the Lithosiidae, why I am unable
to imagine. We have no evidence of the extensive degeneration which
is implied in deriving the simple Geometrids and Hypsids (a low
Noctuidous type) from the highly specialized Lithosiidae, with their
four-branched cubitus and modified wart formation in the larvae. To
my mind, the present group nearest to the ancestral form of the Noc-
tuina (which includes the four families mentioned by Dr. Packard) is
the Notodontidae.* We see in them a combination of the generalized
position of vien 5 with the single haired tubercle of the larva. The two
families next nearest this stem are the Dioptidae on one side and the
Geometridae on the other. Therefore I agree with Dr. Packard’s main
proposition, and we may derive the Dioptidae from low on the main
stem of the Noctuina, near the ancestors of the Geometrids, as illustrated
in the genealogical tree shown on the accompanying plate (Plate III,

fig- 9)- j

COMPOSIA FIDELISSIMA: ITS LIFE HISTORY.

1866 — Herrich-Schaffer, Cor. Blatt. Reg. XX, 13 1.

1867— Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. VI, 303.

1890 — Dyar, Ent. News, I, 105.

1 89 1 — Dyar, Ent. News, II, 50.

1892 — Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 190.

1 S94 — Neunioegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 26.

Composia olympia Butler.

1871 — Butler, Ann. Nat. Hist. (4) VIII, 290.

1884 — Druce, Biol. Cent. Am. pi. n, fig. 1.

1890 — French, Ent. News, I, 153, fig.

Eggs. _ Large, spherical, except for the flattened base; deep

ocher yellow, slightly shining. Diameter 1.3 mm.; height .9 mm.
The reticulations are small, rounded hexagonal, visible under a half
inch objective. (Plate III, fig. 1). Twenty-four eggs were found on
the back of a single leaf, irregularly distributed and rather remote from
each other.

Stage I. _ Head rounded, shining, concolorous with the body;

width .5 mm. Body dull orange, segments 5-6, 9-1 1 reddish purple ;

* In some characters the Dioptidae themselves are more generalized than the
Notodontidae, e. g., the presence of traces of a third anal vein in hind wings as shown by
Prof. Comstock ; but on the whole they must rank a little higher.

June, 1896.]

Dyar : On the Origin of Pericopid^e.

71

warts dusky, those on the purple segments blue-black; thoracic feet and
leg plates black; hair black, strong and stiff, singly from the warts,
spinulated and pointed. The arrangement of the tubercles is normal
for the primitive first stage of the Noctuina. (Plate III, fig. 2).

Stage II. — Head .8 mm. Warts many haired, the hairs black ex¬
cept a pair of long white ones which overhang the head, arising from
the upper wart on joint 3. The warts have a central hair and radiating
crown of secondary hairs except iv, which is single haired. Wart vi
present, large. On, the thorax there are two warts above the stigmatal
wart closely approximated. The coloration is as before.

Stage III. — Head 1.1 mm. The dark segments of the body are
mottled by the general orange tint; otherwise as before. This differs
from the next stage in being more decidedly orange, the blackish shad¬
ings more livid.

Stage IV. — Head 1.6 mm. Like the mature larva.

Stage V. — Head 2.2 mm. No change except in size.

Stage VI. — Head 2.8 mm. From the width of the head this is an
interpolated stage, but it was persistently passed through by all the
larvae observed at first. Later some examples of a brood omitted it and
in these the width of head in Stage V was about 2.5 mm

Stage HI. — General appearance beautiful bright crimson and shin¬
ing violet blue, sparsely hairy. Head and body crimson red, not shin¬
ing ; warts shining red, certain of them shining violet-blue, the areas
around these warts discolored, blackish. Spiracles pale orange. On
joints 2 to 4, only the two lowest warts bluish ; on 5, 6, 9, 10 and n all
the warts blue, the blackish shades predominating subdorsally ; on joints
7, 8 and 12 warts iv to vi bluish. This distribution of color is subject
to some variation. Hairs sparse, only 8-10 to a wart, stiff, barbuled,
rather short, black; from wart i on joint 3 and from i on joint 13 a
single stiff white hair, four times as long as any other, projects forward
and back, probably serving as a tactile organ. In many instances one
or both of the posterior hairs are missing. Warts i to vi and leg-plate
normal, iv rather small ; on joint 3, i and iia nearly fused but separable,
more remote on 4; ii b rudimentary, a single hair; iii a single hair;
iv + v and vi normal warts ; on joint 2, hairs from the anterior and
posterior edges of cervical shield, a wart before the spiracle and a sub-
ventral wart. Head setae simple (Plate III, fig. 4); width 3.2 — 3.4 mm.
The mature larva is figured on the plate (fig. 3).

Cocoon. — This can scarcely be called such. It consists of a few
threads which serve to entangle the hooks on the head and cremaster.

72

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Pupa. — (Plate III, fig. 5). Cases large, compacted, a large prom¬
inent knob at the base of the wing case; abdomen small, conically
tapering, but enlarged on the dorsal side toward the base ; three move-
able incisures. The lines of the wing veins and the abdominal segments
are marked by punctures. Corresponding to the position of the larval
warts and to the legs are a series of tufts of flattened straw-colored scales.
Two pairs of hooks on the head (Plate III, fig. 8), and many strong ones
on the cremaster (Plate III, fig. 7)- The color is a rich mahogany red
with blue and violet shadings especially on the wing cases. Length 20,
width 7 mm.

Food Plant. — The leaves of Echites umbellata. Kindly determined
by Mr. F. Kinzel, to whom I am also indebted for a supply of the plant.
In confinement the larvae will also eat oleander, but did not occur on
this plant in nature. Mrs. Slosson informs me that she has found the
larvae on Canavalia obtusa.

Habitat. — This species reaches us from Brazil, being found also in
Central America and the West Indies. It is abundant in Key West, as
I learn from Mr. Brownell, and its northernmost record is on the strip
of land between Indian River and the sea. Eggs, larvae in all stages
and moths were found at the same time, and the species doubtless
breeds continuously.

THE LARVA OF SYNTOMEIDA EPILAIS Walk.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

This larva was met with on the oleander at Palm Beach, Florida,
in January, 1890, and again in the same place in 1896. Its life history
will be found described in the second volume of “ Insect Life,” page
360, and the object of the present note is to call attention to the figure
on the plate (Plate III, fig. 10).

The hair tufting of this larva is decidedly unusual. All the hair
tufts are gathered into slender pencils, not spreading tufts as usual, so
that here the body is entirely exposed to view. Some of these hair
pencils are long, others very short and warts iv and v are much re¬
duced, nearly obsolete.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. IV. PL III.

Larvae of Composia fidelissima and Syntomeida epilais.

June, 1896.] Beutenmuller: Food-Habits of Cerambycidje. 73

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Egg of Composia Jidelissima enlarged X 2°-
“ 2. Larva, stage I X 18.

“ 3. Mature larva, natural size.

“ 4. Front view of the head X I0> showing the setae.

“ 5. Pupa, slightly enlarged.

“ 6. A group of scales from the body of the pupa X 4°*

“ 7. Some of the hooks of the cremaster X 3°-

“ 8. One of the head hooks X 4°-

« 9. Genealogical tree of the Lepidopterous superfamily Noctuina, showing the

probable origin of the North American families from a Tineid stock.
The European Lemoniidae are included as a connecting link. The
narrow cross bars indicate points at which cubitus became 4-branched
on the fore wings; the broad shaded bars, points at which the larva-
tubercles became warts.

“ 10. Mature larva of Syntomeida epilais , natural size.

- ♦ -

FOOD-HABITS OF NORTH AMERICAN
CERAMBYCID2E.

By William Beutenmuller.

In the American Entomologist, Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 237 and 270,
the late Dr. C. V. Riley published a paper on the food-habits of the
long-horn beetles or wood-borers. Since then considerable has been
added to our knowledge on the food-habits of this family of beetles. It
has therefore been deemed advisable to republish Dr. Riley’s paper with
such additions which have been made. For personal credit the reader
is referred to Dr. Riley’s paper and Packard’s Fifth Report U. S. Ento¬
mological Commission. We are also indebted to Mr. L. H. Joutel for
many notes incorporated in the present paper and which have not been
published elsewhere.

Ergates spiculatus Lee. — This western species is recorded as
living in the roots of coniferous trees, especially pine.

Mallodon dasystomus Say. — Bores in the wood of oak, hack-
berry ( Celtis ) and pecan hickory, and undoubtedly other species of
hickory.

Mallodon melanopus Linn. — Lives in box elder ( Negundo
aceroides), oak and hackberry (1 Celtis ).

74 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

Mallodon serrulatus Lee. — Breeds in hackberry ( Celtis ), and
probably also oak.

Orthosoma brunneum Forst. — Bores in decaying pine, hem¬
lock and probably other coniferous trees, also in hickory, walnut, oak
and chestnut.

Prionus laticollis Drury. — Lives in the trunks and roots of lin¬
den poplar, oak, chestnut, apple, pine and grapevine.

Prionus californicus Mots. — Breeds in decaying stumps and
roots of live-oak.

Prionus pocularis Dalm. — Infests the roots and stumps of pine.

Prionus imbricornis Linn. — Lives in roots of grapevine, pear
trees and herbaceous plants.

Homoaesthesis emarginatus Say. — Is supposed to live in trunk
and roots of pine.

Tragosoma harrisii Lee. — Breeds in stumps of decaying pine
trees.

Asemum moestum Hald. — Lives under and in the bark of oak,
pine, spruce and other conifers and also in roots of grapevine.

Asemum atrum Esch. — Bores in the trunk of pine trees.

Criocephalus nubilus Lee. — Lives in the roots of pine, as does
C. agrestis Kby., and probably also the other species of the genus.

Smodicum cucujiforme Say. — Breeds under bark of oak, hack-
berry and beech.

Physocnemum brevilineum Say. — Lives in dry wood of elm

trees.

Hylotrupes bajulus Linn. — Inhabits fir, spruce, pine, hemlock
and other coniferous trees.

Hylotrupes li gneus Fab. — Bores under the bark of cedar {Juni¬
per US').

Phymatodes variabilis Fabr. — Lives under bark and in the
branches of oak and hickory.

Phymatodes varius Fabr. — This species like P. variabilis, also
lives in oak and hickory.

Phymatodes amcenus Say. — Bores in dead wood of grapevine.

Phymatodes obscurus Lee. — Has been bred from branches of
live-oak in California.

75

June, x896.J BEUTENMULLER : FOOD-HABITS OF CERAMBYCID^E.

Callidium antennatum Newm. — Breeds under the bark of
pine and cedar ( Juniperus ), making tortuous galleries.

Callidium janthinum Lee. — Lives under bark of pine.

Callidium aereum Newm. — Has been bred from chestnut logs.

Oeme gracilis Lee. — Lives in dead wood of oak ( Quercus agri-
folia) in California.

Dryobius sexfasciatus Say. — Lives in oak and beech, under
the bark.

Gracilia minuta Fabr. — Breeds in the wood of the sweet birch
( Betula lenta). Raised from oak twigs by Mr. Joutel.

Chion cinctus Drury. — Bores in the trunk of hickory.

Eburia 4=geminata Say. — Lives in the trunk of honey-locust,
hickory and probably also in ash.

Romaleum atomarium Dr. — Bores in the twigs of oak, hack-
berry ( Celtis ), and in the dry leaf stems of palmetto.

Elaphidion inerme Newm. — Bores in the twigs of oak and
orange.

Elaphidion mucronatum Fabr. — Bores in twigs of oak, hack-
berry, palmetto and grapevine.

Elaphidion parallelum Newm. — Breeds in twigs of oak, hickory
plum, apple and grape.

Elaphidion villosum Fabr. — Lives in the twigs of oak, hickory,
beech, chestnut, birch, sumac, plum, apple and grapevine.

Elaphidion irroratum Fabr. — Bores in the trunk of black man¬
grove in Florida.

Tylonotus bimaculatus Hald. — Found under bark of tulip tree,
also lives in ash and dead hickory.

Heterachthes 4-maculatus Newm. — Breeds in branches of
hickory.

Phyton pallidium Say.~ Lives in branches of hickory.

Megobrium edwardsii Lee. — Lives in wood of live-oak in
California.

Molorchus bimaculatus Fabr. — Has been bred from hickory
branches, also bores in maple twigs.

Callichroma splendidum Lee. — Breeds in wood of gum-elastic
tree in Texas.

76

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Megaderus bifasciatus Dup. — Has been taken from cedar

timber in Texas.

Tragidion coquus Linn . — Bores in oak.

Tragidion armatum Lee. — Breeds in the flower stalks of Yucca

angustifolia (T ownsend ) .

Purpuricenus humeralis Fabr. — Lives in oak stumps.

Sch izax senax Lee. — Lives in dead wood of apricot.

Stenophenus notatus Oliv. — Breeds in dead hickory limbs.

Cyllene antennatus White. — Lives in the wood of mesquite in
Arizona.

Cyllene picta Drury. — Bores in the solid wood under the bark of
hickory, walnut, butternut and occasionally in the honey-locust

( Gleditschia ).

Cjdlene robinae Forst. — Very destructive to the trunks of locust.
Cyllene crinicornis Chev. — Has been taken in Texas on syca¬
more ( Platanus ), in the wood of which the species probably breeds.

Plagionotus speciosus Say. — Lives in the solid wood of sugar
maple.

Calloides nobilis Say. — Breeds in chestnut and oak trees; also
beaten from hickory by Mr. Joutel.

Arhopalus fulminans Fabr. — Bores in the sap wood of chestnut
and oak.

Xylotrechus annosus Say. — Breed in the wood of willow.

Xylotrechus convergens Lec. — Has been bred from a branch

of a species of thorn ( Cratcegus ).

Xylotrechus colonus Fabr. — Bores under bark of maple, oak
and hickory.

Xylotrechus nauticus Mann. — Has been bred from dead
branches of live-oak in California, also from Eucalyptus .

Xylotrechus undulatus Say. — Beaten from spruce (Abies') in the
wood of which the species probably breeds.

Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fabr. — Breeds in trunkand branches
of hickory, ash, elm, oak, chestnut and pine, also beaten from locust.

Neoclytus muricatulus Kby. — Breeds in the trunk and branches
of pine.

Tune, 1896.] Beutenmuller : Food-Habits of Cerambycidal. 77

Neoclytus luscus Lee. — Breeds in hickory limbs and probably
also in the trunk of the tree.

Neoclytus capraea Say. — Bores in ash, elm and hickory, limbs
and trunks.

Clytanthus albofasciatus Lap. — Lives in the limbs of hickory
and in the wood of the grapevine. C. ruricola also breeds in hickory.

Microclytus gazellula Hald. — Bores in the branches of oak.

Cyrtophorus verrucosus Oliv. — Lives in the wood of wild red
cherry and quince ; has also been beaten from hickory.

Tillomorpha geminata Hald. — Has been bred from branches of
hickory.

Euderces pini Oliv. — Occurs on pine trees.

Euderces picipes Fabr. — Has been raised from hickory and
chestnut branches.

Zagymnus clerinus Lee. — Bores in the dry leaf stems of pal¬
metto in Florida.

Atimia confusa Say. — Occurs on pine tree.

Distenia undata Oliv. — Bores in the wood of chestnut and horn¬
beam ( Car Pinas').

Desmocerus palliatus Forst. — Lives in the lower parts of the
stems of elder. D. auripennis , also lives in the same plant.

Rhagium lineatum Oliv. — Lives under the bark of pine and
spruce.

Anthophilax mirificus Bland. — Has been found under the bark
of spruce (Abies menziesii).

Gaurotes cyanipennis Say. — Has been found ovipositing on
butternut and oak.

Bellamira scalaris Say. — The beetle and pupa of this species
have been taken under bark of the yellow birch ( Betula lute a), also
found ovipositing on maple.

Typocerus zebratus Fabr. — This species mines the oak.

Leptura zebra Oliv. — Inhabits the oak, chestnut and pine.

Leptura vagans Oliv. — Lives in wood of yellow birch ( Betula
lute a).

Leptura emarginata Fabr. — Has been found ovipositing in
limbs of white oak by Mr. Joutel.

78 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

Leptura abdominal is Ha Id. — Lives in the wood of red cedar

{Jump eras).

Leptura canadensis Fabr. — Breeds in the trunk of hemlock

( Tsuga Canadensis') .

Ipochus fasciatus Lee. — Lives in the wood of sumac ( Rhus

integrifolia and laurina). I. pubes cens Casey, has similar habits.

Monilema. — The species of this genus are said to feed on various
species of prickly pear, and the larvae probably live in the wood and
roots of these plants.

Cyrtinus pygmaeus Hald. — Has been bred from locust (Ro-
binia pseudacacia ), also beaten from hickory.

Psenocerus supernotatus Say. — Lives in the wood of dog¬
wood ( Cornus ), apple, and in the stems of the currant.

Monohammus — The larvae of this genus bore inthesolidwood and
in large branches of pine, fir (Abies), and probably other coniferous trees.

Dorcaschema nigrum Say. — Breeds in dead limbs of hickory.

Dorcaschema alternatum Say. — Found in mulberry and
osage orange. D. wildii is also found on these trees, and their larvae
probably live in the roots or trunks.

Hetcemis cinerea Oliv. — Has been taken on mulberry (Morus
rubra), and probably lives in the wood of this tree.

Cacoplia pullata Hald. — Beaten from oak by Mr. Joutel.

Goes tigrina De G. — Bores in the solid wood of hickory, oak
and walnut, but seems to prefer white oak.

Goes pulchra Hald. — Bores in various species of hickory.

Goes pulverulenta Hald. — Breeds in the branches of beech

(Fagus ferrugineus) and hornbeam ( Carpinus ).

Goes oculata Lee. — Found on hickory also G. debilis , which
also breeds in oak branches.

Goes tessellata Hald. — Breeds in oak.

Plectodera scalator Fabr. — Bores in the roots of cottonwood
(. Populus ) and willow.

Acanthoderes 4=gibbus Say. — Breeds in the twigs of hickory,
oak, beech and hackberry (Celtis).

Acanthoderes decipiens Hald. — Bores in twigs of hickory.

Acanthoderes morrisii Uhler. — Lives in twigs of the tulip-tree.

June, 1896.]

Beutenmuller : Food-Habits of Cerambycid/E.

79

Leptostylus aculiferus Say. — Breeds under bark of sweet-gum
(. Liquidambar ), oak and apple ; also reported as boring in osage orange.

Leptostylus biustus Lee. — Lives in dead branches of orange in

Florida. Breeds in hickory twigs (Joutel).

Leptostylus commixtus Hald.— Breeds in the wood of locust.

Leptostylus macula Say. — Lives in the twigs and under bark
of chestnut, oak, hickory, walnut, apple and butternut.

Liopus variegatus Hald. — Has been bred from dead chestnut

branches.

Liopus fascicularis Harr. — Bores in dead wood of prickly-ash
(Xanthoxy lus) and locust.

Liopus cinereus Lee. — Has been bred from twigs of locust
and hickory.

Liopus crassulus Lee. — Bores in dead twigs of hackberry ( Cel -
tis) in Texas.

Liopus alpha Say. — Breeds in the twigs of sumac ( Rhus glabra)
and apple. ,

Dectes spinosus Say. — Has been bred from the stems of the
great ragweed (. Ambrosia trifida).

Lepturges querci Fitch. — Breeds in the twigs of hickory, also
beaten from oak.

Lepturgus fascetus Say. — Bred from apple branches by Mr.
Joutel.

Lepturges symmetricus Hald. — Bred from chestnut branches
by Mr. Joutel.

Hyperplatys aspersus Say. - Lives in dry twigs of poplar (cot¬
tonwood), hickory and has also been beaten from chestnut.

Hyperplatys maculatus Hald. — Lives in dead parts of the
orange in Florida ; also breeds in dry twigs of apple, hickory and poplar.

Urographis fasciatus De G. — Lives under the bark of oak,
maple and hickory; bred from apple and pear by Mr. Joutel; also
beaten from limbs of chestnut.

Urographis triangularis Hald. — Bores under the bark of hack-
berry ( Celtis ).

Acanthocinus nodosus Fabr. and A. obsoletus Oliv. — The
larvae of both these species live under the bark of pine. The latter
species also breeds in hickory.

80

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

Hoplosia nubila Lee. — Larva bores in dry beech and basswood
twigs.

Pogonocherus mixtus Hald. — Bores in the branches of willow.

Ecyrus dasycerus Say. — Larva bores in the twigs of hickory
and locust.

Eupogonius vest it us Say. — Bred from hickory and beaten from
chestnut.

Eupogonius tomentosus Hald. — Larva mines the branches of
the pine.

Oncideres cingulata Say. — Lives in the twigs of hickory, per¬
simmon, oak, cherry, apple, pear, orange, and said to also affect other
trees.

Oncideres putator Thom. — Larva lives in the twigs of the mes-
quite in Arizona.

Ataxia crypta Say. — Bores in dry cotton stalks, and in dry
twigs of hackberry ( Celtis ), box elder ( Negundo aceroides), and oak.

Hippopsis lemniscata Fabr. — The full grown insect and larva
has been found in the stalk of Ambrosia.

Saperda obliqua Say. — Bores in the trunk of the common alder.

Saperda calcarata Say. — Bores in the solid wood in the trunk
of poplar and also said to live in linden.

Saperda Candida Fabr. — Lives in the trunks of apple, pear,
plum, quince, cherry, thorn, mountain-ash, and june-berry (. Amelan -
chier).

Saperda fayi Bland. — Breeds in the branches of thorn {Cra-

tcegus. )

Saperda vestita Ohv. — Lives in the large branches and under
bark of linden.

Saperda discoidea Fabr. — Breeds under the bark of hickory.

Saperda tridentata Oliv.— Larva lives under the bark of elm.

Saperda lateralis Fabr. —Lives under the bark of hickory.

Saperda mcesta Lee — Lives in the smaller branches of poplar
and willow.

Saperda concolor Lee. — Bores in young shoots of poplar and
willow.

June, 1896.] GROTE : On DISTRIBUTION AND MlMICRY OF APATELA. 81

Saperda puncticollis Say. — Breeds in poison-ivy (. Rhus toxi¬
codendron).

Mecas inornata Say. — Bores in the roots and lower part of the
stems of Helenium tenuifolium , also recorded as living in the shoots of
willow and poplar.

Oberea bimaculata Oliv. — Burrows in the stems of blackberry
and raspberry.

Oberea schaumii Lee. — Larva bores in the twigs of cottonwood
(poplar).

Oberea mandarina Fabr. — Bores in the twigs of poplar.

Oberea quadricallosa Lee. — Lives in the stems of willow.

Tetraopes tetraophthalmus Forst. — The larva bores in the
roots and lower parts of the stem of milkweed ( Asclepias ). The larv?e
of the other species of the genus probably also live in a similar manner.

Dysphaga tenuipes Hald. — Breeds in dead limbs of hickory.

♦

NOTE ON GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND

MIMICRY OF APATELA.

By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.

The majority of the species of Apatela occur in North America,
where their range is extraordinarily extended, since they are found from
Hudson’s Bay territory in the north to the tropical regions in Mexico ;
they appear to be absent from the West Indies. From North America,
north of Mexico, sixty species are described, the European fauna has a
total of fifteen (consult Grote, Die Verwandtschaft zwischen der Noc-
tinden-Fauna von Nordamerika und Europa, Gerhandl. Gesell. Deutsch.
Naturf. und Aerzte, Bremen, 1890). A surprising number of species
have been collected in Bastrop Co., Texas, by Belfrage; from this State
twelve species are recorded. From California only four species are cer¬
tainly known, perdita , spinea, lupini , felina ; the last is, according to
Dr. Dyar, an Acronycta , the second and third I have referred to a dis¬
tinct subgenus, Merolonche , but, after seeing the European menyanthidis ,
it appears possible to me that spinea is congeneric or, at least, related.
The bulk of the species are found over the temperate regions of the
South American Continent, from Lower Canada to the Gulf ; from New

82 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. iv.

England to Colorado. According to the classification of the larvee, 'five
subgroups are common to Europe and North America. Strictly “ re¬
presentative ’’ species, true species of replacement, seem to be only alni
and funeralis, euphorbia and sperata , auric oma and impressci , leporina
and vulpinci , while, although the moths are very near, the larvae of psi
(or tridens ) differ rather decidedly from occidentalism so that psi
tridens and occidentals appear rather as parallel species. The species
referred to Hybona and Trioena are very numerous in North America,
the larvae being more or less easily distinguishable, while the moths
differ chiefly in their relative proportions, the psi pattern being re¬
peated in morula , occidentalism has la, furcifera , betulce , grisea, tritonam
quadrat a, lobe lice , radcliffei. Peculiarly European groups are offered
by those named by me Apatelam Cuspidia, peculiarly American are
Megacronycta, Philorgyiam Tricliolonche and Lepitoreuma. Taking all
the groups in the synopsis as distinct, we have eight American, three
European and five common to both faunae, from larval characters alone.

Although in North America the genus Apatela offers peculiar out¬
growths, so to speak, its affinity with the European is decided. We
may therefore regard it as one of the survivors of a former holoarctic or
circumpolar fauna, which would have been forced southwards, both in
America and Asia, by the advent of the Glacial epoch. Traces of this
European affinity are found in the moths of Japan, and has then the
same origin. To the same shifting of the faunal extension, the sunder¬
ing of species once occupying an extended territory, through climato¬
logical changes, we must ascribe the fact that the genus Or eta is found
in Japan and North America. If my suspicion that the California
spinea and the European menyanthidis are related is verified, it would
be another link in the chain of facts which go to show that the Rocky
Mountains have proven a barrier to the extension of certain types to
the eastward. Conversely the Citheroniidse occur only in the East.
We find in California a true Saturnia and true or typical Hypenam to¬
gether with Arctian and other types having a strong European facies.
It seems natural to suppose that these have taken a west coast direction
in the glacial movement to the south, and there now maintain them¬
selves. The occurrence in Maine and Canada, north of the Great
Lakes, of species of Pyrausta and Agrotis , which we know from British
Columbia or northern parts of California, may be explained not only
on the general principle of a southward migration over the whole terri¬
tory, but possibly by the fact that inter-communication between the
West and East meets to the northward in certain places less difficult

rune, 1896.] GROTE : On DISTRIBUTION AND MlMICRY OF APATELA. 83

barriers. There is also the dependency upon food plants and geog-
nostical conditions to be considered. At any rate, the central Cali¬
fornia fauna must be studied from the point of view that it is isolated
upon a comparatively narrow strip of land as compared with the fauna
?ast of the main range. And this view must be taken of the fauna of
the West Coast, both in North and South America, wedged in as it is
between the sea and the mountainous backbone of the New World.

The very near relation between the moths of psi, tridens and occi¬
dentalism while the larvse are so strikingly different, recalls the case of
Datana and Phalera, though here the larval characters are decidedly
stronger and even structural. We may assume that here the tendency
to split into distinct larval forms was early developed, and that it ex¬
emplifies the fact that specific characters in Apatela are best, perhaps
first, expressed in the younger stages. The two European species seem
altogether nearer, and lead to the impression that they have a more im¬
mediate connection, while the American probably left the common an¬
cestor at the close of the Tertiary.

In 1894, Dr. Harrison G. Dyar discussed the appearance of the
larvae of Apatela , and his remarks are in part applicable to the Euro¬
pean forms. The diversity is mainly ascribed to a “mimicry of all
sorts of objects, from that of resemblance to the foliage ( grisea , tn'fona),
to warning colors ( oblinitd ) and mimicry of special objects, such as
spider’s nest ( vulpina ) or of some other specially defended larva ( rad-
cliffei mimics Datana , or luteicoma , which probably mimics Orgyia ).”
Previously, in 1893, Dr. Chapman had discussed the mimicry of the
larvae as follows: “The protection which the full grown larvae have
from their enemies, owing to their special form and coloring, is a mat¬
ter that in its details, has very largely eluded me ; I have, in fact, seen
very few Cuspidia in the wild state. Psi and tridens are usually con¬
spicuous ; strigosa no doubt closely assimilates to a hawthorn leaf with
a bit of brown dead leaf or twig. My observations on leporina were
made and repeated a good many times on the green white-haired form
occurring on alder ; this larva sits somewhat curled round, near the
middle of the underside of a leaf. Looking down from above it is ab¬
solutely hidden, looking up from beneath it ought to be very evident,
but this is far from being the case. I have several times missed a larva
till I have looked three or four times, and have also fancied I saw a
larva when none was there. In looking up from below through the
foliage of an alder tree, most of the lower leaves are in the shade of the
upper ones, but here and there a gleam of light falls through on to a

84 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv

portion of a leaf, and gives it quite a different tone and appearance, as
seen from beneath. A larva of leporina seated beneath an unillumi¬
nated leaf, precisely resembles one of these patches.” It is the Ameri¬
can representative of leporina , my vulpina , which Dyar fancies bear?,
in its position on the leaf, a resemblance to a spider’s web. I have at
one time fancied that the larva of alni and funaralis , had deterrent
colors, but conclude that it is a case of mimicry. The black body re¬
sembles a wet twig, the creamy dorsal patches mould, while the spatu-
late hairs are like the filaments of club mosses. The somewhat slow
and stealthy movement which I have noticed in this to me repulsive
larva, adds to the deceptive likeness to these inanimate objects so com¬
mon in the woods. The young larva of alni , resting in a curled posi¬
tion on the leaf above, seems to imitate in its colors bird excrement.

With regard to the mimicry of caterpillars we must remember that
larvEe are exposed to the attacks both of vertebrates and invertebrates.
Birds prey upon them, and they have every reason to fear the attacks of
insect parasites. The law of vision may thus be assumed to be the same
for the vertebrate as for the insect eye. Both the bird and the wasp
must be deceived by the appearance of alni and of funeralis , and pass
them over, if the mimicry is to be effective. It may be argued, from
the unity in the manifestation of mimicry, no general indications being
apparently offered, of mimicry working in two directions to meet different
visual conditions in its enemies, that it succeeds both with the bird and
the wasp in a percentage of instances. The original percentage, like the
original variation was small, but sufficient to establish the original di¬
rection, and, once established, it is evidently worked out by heredity to
the condition in which we now find it. To be effective with the wasp,
as with the bird, the mimicry of alni must produce a similar effect upon
the retina of both ; in this case not only the form, but the color, must
be seen, both together suggesting to the brain of bird and insect not the
real, but a different, and, to them, indifferent object. The immunity is
probably only the result of cursory examination, but even this is suffi¬
cient to justify the variation. So far as the larval groups in Apatela are
established, they partly show a special direction in the means to secure
immunity from their enemies. Thus the more typical forms of the sub¬
genus Hyboma resemble foliage, while several species belonging to the
genus Pharetra seem deterrent. The general neutral gray tint of the
moths has been commented upon by authors as adapted to conceal them
from observation in their usual resting places, in the crevices of the bark
and against the trunks of trees. The moths which choose such resting

June, 1896.] GROTE : NOTE ON AGRONOMA AND LASPEYRIA.

85

places in the daytime have generally gray or blackish, protectively col¬
ored primaries, of such neutral tints as to deceive the eye in passing rap¬
idly over an extended surface. But in Apatela the direction of the
mimicry, the object copied, differs in the larva and moth of the same
species. The independent direction of the larval efforts in this respect
is important evidence in sustaining the view that in metamorphosis the
stages acquire characters useless to the succeeding, and that here the
larva 0 {Apatela has attained an* independent perfection as regards ulti¬
mate peculiarities of adaptive structure applicable only to the conditions
of its own particular' stage.

CORRECTION OF THE TYPE OF AGRONOMA AND

NOTE ON LASPEYRIA.

By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.

It has been recently stated by Mr. John B. Smith that the type of
Agronoma , given by me in the Bremen List, May, 1895, P- 23> viz:
vestigialis, does not correspond in structure with jaculifera , the type of
Feltia , inasmuch as the front is not roughened or tuberculate and the
front pair of tibiae are not heavily armed. Still my reference of Feltia
to Agronoma will hold. The material examined by me in Bremen in
1893-4, when writing the list, is no longer accessible to me* and I am
not sure what species I examined. But Hiibner’s genus Agronoma con¬
tains, beside vestigialis , both crassa and exclamationis . I have ex¬
amined here, in the Roemer Museum, specimen of crassa. The fore
tibiae are heavily armed, the front is roughened or tuberculate, the male
antennae are pectinate. It is therefore a Feltia. Inasmuch as vestigi¬
alis is referred as belonging to Agrotis in a restricted sense, and as
congeneric with the type segetum , as established by me and adopted
by me in the “Revision,” it follows that the type of Agronoma
must be changed and crassa , the first species cited, is then the type.
Hiibner establishes Agronoma for species having the general aspect of
jaculifera ; the claviform is usually suffused with a darker color. Proba-
bly the European species exclamationis , corticea, obesa , graslini and
fatidua belong to Agronoma and share the structure of crassa. The
name of our common North American species will then remain, as
claimed by me in the list : Agrotis ( Agronoma ) jaculifera Gn. Those
using my Bremen List will please make the correction and I am much

86 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

obliged to Mr. Smith for this opportunity of showing its necessity. As
soon as possible I hope to bring the European and American species into
more complete accord. Up to the present I have had insufficient ma¬
terial and opportunity.

I have lately had the opportunity of examining the Sectio I of Ger¬
mans Prodromus, 1 8 1 1. In this the author establishes the genus Las-
peyria for flexula. Duponchel’s genus Aventia, 1841, has been in
general use for this species, but it must apparently now yield to Germar’s
earlier term. We would now have the species of Schrank’s genus
Drepana finally properly referred. To me, at least, this is a matter of
satisfaction, as I have occupied myself with the group at various in¬
tervals since 1862. Of these genera Ci/ix, Platypteryx and Laspeyna
are confined to Europe, Drepana and Falcana are common to Europe
and North America, Or eta to Eastern Asia and North America. Las-
peyria must be removed from the family Platypterygidte and referred to
the Agrotidee, subfamily Hypenince.

NOTE ON EN/EMIA CRASSINERVELL A Zell
(MIEZA IGNINIX Walk.).

By Annie Trumbull Slosson.

Walking one day in February along the shore at Punta Gorda,
Florida, I saw a small larva upon my sleeve. It seemed to have spun
down by a thread, and, looking up, I saw many similar larvae suspended
from leaves and branches of a shrub. This shrub was one quite com¬
mon along the west coast. It has sharp and stout thorns and small,
rather coriaceous leaves of dark green. I have never seen it in flower
or fruit, and do not know its name.

I carried home some of the larvae with the food plant. From their
general appearance I thought them Limacodids. They fed well in con¬
finement, throve and grew. At the end of a week or two, as I was leav¬
ing Punta Gorda, and feared I might not be able to procure proper food
on the east coast, I liberated many of my captives, and, believing in the
survival of the fittest, retained only the largest and healthiest. The lim¬
ited supply of food proved sufficient, and I brought several larvte to
maturity. Soon after I reached Palm Beach these spun curious little
cocoons, very Limacodid-like in appearance, and of the same tough

June, 1896.] Dyar: Larva of Anaemia Crassinervella. 87

parchment texture. In the meantime I had sent to Dr. H. G. Dyar
some of the larvce for examination and identification. He wrote me
that they were evidently highly specialized Tineids and of much inter¬
est, and expressed his hope that I would raise the moth. In a little less
than four weeks from the time the cocoons were made the moths ap¬
peared. I at once recognized them as Mieza igninix Walk., the Ence-
mia crassinervella of Smith’s check-list. This dainty little creature,
with primaries of silvery white, striped and dotted with black and sec¬
ondaries of vivid rose color, is not uncommon at Punta Gorda, and I
had taken it several times this season resting on leaves near the spot
where I found the larvae. Dr. Dyar will publish a full description of
the larva, with notes.

A DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA FOUND BY MRS. SLOSSON.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph. D.

Considerable interest attaches to Mrs. Slosson’s discovery of the
larva of Encemia crassinervella, since in it we find an exposed feeding
Tineid. These are always of interest, for as soon as the Tineids aban¬
don their concealed mode of life numerous specializations occur, and
usually in the direction of some higher family of the group — the super¬
family Tineides. I was able recently to describe a Tineid ( Butalis
basilar is Zell), which had assumed many characters of the Pterophoridae,
and now I shall describe the present species with strong tendencies
toward the Eucleidae, yet without losing its essential Tineid characters.

Larva. — Flattened, thick, head partially retractile, but large,
joint 1 2 slightly enlarged dorsally ; shape of Harrisina, but more flex¬
ible, suggesting the Eucleidae by the soft, subventral region ; feet very
soft, short, of the normal number. Setae single, except a few irregularly
distributed secondary setae, or rather reduplications of the primary ones,
short, stiff, glandular tipped. Setae i and ii approximate, in line trans¬
versely, a secondary seta adjacent to i or ii or both, irregular in posi¬
tion. Seta iii single; iv and v approximate, yet by no means consoli¬
dated ; iv a little above v, with or without a secondary seta below and
behind it ; vi double ; two setae on the leg. Joints 3 and 4 with both
primary and sub-primary setae, a secondary seta near i a and i b and
near iia and iib on joint 4, but variable. Seta iii seems absent on
joint 4, though present on 3. Cervical shield large, black, with six

88 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

setae, normal. Spiracles large, circular, Eucleid-like, a soft, eversible,
colorless space above tubercle vi on the segments with feet.

Head black, the sutures pale ; labrum white. Body with the dor¬
sum broadly black, containing a narrow white dorsal line, a broader
pale orange addorsal line, darker orange at the slightly elevated
tubercles i and ii, especially on joints 3, 12 and 13; a narrow white
subdorsal line. Eateral region colorless ; a broad white lateral line above
tubercle iii, edging the black dorsum ; a narrow white stigmatal and a
subventral line. Spiracles yellowish ; setae pale. Anal plate whitish,
slightly marked with black. Skin finely transparent granular, the
markings appearing as if below the surface, as is so common in the Eu-
cleidae. Hooks of the abdominal feet in a half circle on the inner side
of the planta. Length of the larva 8 to 9 mm. Width of head about
1.3 mm.

Cocoon. — Rounded, flattened on two sides by the leaves between
which it was spun, of a firm hard texture like the cocoon of the Eu-
cleidte and of the same dark brown color. There is, howrever, no
lid for the emergence of the moth, but the pupa forced a crack along
one side where the cocoon was angulated by the leaf and emerged en¬
tirely on the escape of the moth. The pupa is simply a soft transparent
yellowish skin without cremaster, possessing the usual Tineid char¬
acters.

- # -

NEW CALIFORNIAN SPIDERS.

By Nathan Banks.

Most of the following new species of spiders were contained in a
collection sent me for determination by Prof. V. L. Kellogg, of Leland
Stanford Junior University.

Theraphosid^e.

Atypoides californica, sp. nov.

Length ceph. 5.5 mm., breadth, 4 mm.; abdomen long 6 mm. The cephalo-
thorax is pale, head fusco-olivaceous, mandibles still darker, legs and sternum pale,
abdomen brownish, venter lighter. Eyes similar to A. riversi, but the cephalothorax
plainly broader than in that species; the groove simply a round impression, not
elongate ; legs shorter and more spiny than in A. riversi, there being a fe,v spines on
anterior tarsi, smooth spaces above on the patellce ; second joint of palpi almost as
long as the anterior femora; six spinnerets, the small pair thicker than in A. riversi,
superior pair shorter than in that species, the last joint not longer than the penulti¬
mate, and conical in shape.

June, 1896.]

Banks: New California Spiders.

89

Black Mt., Calif., Oct. 23, trap-door alongside of creek. Mr. R.
W. Doane, collector.

Drassid^e.

Poecilochroa pacifica, sp. nov.

Length 7 mm. Cephalothorax and legs reddish, latter darker toward tips ; man¬
dibles red brown; sternum reddish; abdomen black, with a broad white stripe on
each side above, reaching from base to beyond middle, connected at middle ; some
indistinct pale chevrons above the black spinnerets ; venter black, with a large basal
area pale. Much resembling, at first sight, P. variegata, but different pattern on
abdomen, and pale anterior legs and mandibles; the dorsal groove longer and more
distinct; the posterior row of eyes straight, or barely recurved, the P. M. E. more
than once their diameter apart ; the sternum broader. The epigynum shows a nearly
circular dark area, with a narrow transverse cavity in its posterior part.

Univ. Campus; Nov. [R. W. Doane].

Agalenid^e.

Agalena pacifica, sp. nov.

Length 8-12 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish, seam black, a straight black
stripe each side ; mandibles rather reddish ; sternum reddish or yellowish ; legs yel¬
lowish, often with rather indistinct dark bands ; abdomen pale, with a black stripe
each side above, a curved line partly around the spinnerets, and a line on each side
of venter, black ; epigynum reddish. P. M. E. about their diameter apart, faither
from the P. S. E. ; A. M. E. hardly one-half their diameter apart, and as close to the
A. S. E. ; last joint of the superior spinnerets no longer than the penultimate. The
epigynum consists of a large rounded cavity, broader than long, opening behind into
a cavity that extends to the transverse groove. The male palpi are black, the tibia
much longer than broad, rather curved on the outer side, and has at base a double
projection, each branch with a rounded tip, and at its tip, on the under side, a short
straight projection; the tarsus is not prolonged much beyond the bulb, theie is a
short curved tube at tip of bulb, a curved plate on inner side towaid base, and some
short pieces near the center.

Palo Alto and Black Mt. ; Oct. and Nov. [R. W. Doane.].

Agalena californica, sp. nov.

Length 7— 10 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellow, with a black seam, and a stiaight
black stripe each side ; mandibles more reddish ; sternum pale in middle, always
dark on sides; legs pale, darker toward tip, and with many clack bands; abdomen
thickly spotted with black, forming a stripe each side, two curved pale marks at base,
followed by pale spots ; venter with a black line each side, and black spots on middle.
Eyes similar to A. pacifica ; apical joint of superior spinnerets nearly twice as long
as penultimate; epigynum showrs a cavity much l^roader than long, and the anteiioi
margin at middle projecting backward. The tibia of the male palpus is about as
long as broad, writh a concave hard piece on the outer side, the basal lidge of which

00 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

is rather prominent ; at the tip on the under side is a curved projection ; on the inner
side of bulb is a long pointed piece, and near the tip is a short, stout tube.

Palo Alto and Black Mt., Oct. and Nov. [R. W. Doane].

Tegenaria californica, sp. nov.

Length 3.5 to 4 mm. Cephalothorax pale, with a black margin, dark spots on
the radial furrows, a larger one over the dorsal groove, which gives off branches, the
narrower pair curve to the P, S. E., the broader pair extend to the P. M. E.; eyes on
black spots ; mandibles testaceous, sternum blackish ; abdomen black, with white
spots, mostly near base, and some narrow chevrons near tip; venter spotted, the
spinnerets black ; legs pale, four marks on underside of femora, one on patellae, three
on tibiae, two or three on metatarsi. Cephalothorax low, moderately broad; anterior
row of eyes straight, A. M. E. smaller than others, hardly one-half their diameter
apart, posterior row procurved, the P. M. E. fully their diameter apart, and as far from
the equal P. S. E.; sternum broad, pointed between hind coxae, sides rounded ; legs
long, with scattered slender spines and hairs; abdomen nearly twice as long as
broad, pointed behind. The epigynum shows two oblong dark marks, reddish and
separated at base, black and united at tip. The tibia of the male palpus has a furrow
at base, with a ridge each side, and a small projection at tip ; tarsus very large, al¬
most globose, with a slender tip, half as long as the main part, the bulb is circular,
not much convex, with a stout, short, curved tube from centre, and a hyaline sheath.

Black Mt. and Univ. Campus; under boards, etc., Nov. [R. W.
Doane].

Epeirid^e.

Epeira excelsa, sp. nov.

Length £ 7 mm.; abdomen 5 mm. wide at base. Cephalothorax and legs pale
yellow or brownish-yellow, usually without markings except bands at tips of metatarsi ‘
and hind tibiae ; sternum brown ; abdomen brown or yellowish, a pale yellow band
connecting the two basal humps, beyond sometimes with two blackish spots ; venter
dark in middle, with an indistinct yellowish mark each side. A. M. E. twice their
diameter apart, P. M. E., fully once their diameter apart, scarcely larger than the
A. M. E.; cephalothorax clothed with whitish hair; legs with many spines; sternum
triangular, broader than long, abdomen broader than long, with a large conical hump
each side above, rounded at tip. The epigynum has a short stout finger lying across
a transverse area, the finger reaching but little beyond the furrow.

Palo Alto, Calif., May. [R. W. Doane].

Z ilia californica, sp. nov.

Length £ 7 mm., ceph. 3.3 mm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, tibia I 3.5 mm The
cephalothorax is whitish, marginal seam black, a large triangular black spot over the
pars cephalica, somewhat ragged around dorsal groove, extending down on clypeus
and on red-brown mandibles, sometimes showing darker middle and side-lines ; ster¬
num pale, broadly margined on the.sides with black; legs pale, with black bands at
middle and tip of femora, tip of patellae, middle and tip of tibiae, and less distinct be¬
yond abdomen grayish, with a broad folium, rather silvery near the middle, black

June, 1896.]

Banks: New California Spiders.

91

on edge and margined with silvery ; sides finely striped with black ; venter with a
broad black stripe, narrowed toward tip, then widened to surround the dark spinner¬
ets. A. M. E. more than their diameter apart, P. M. E. about their diameter apart,
much farther from the S. E. ; first pair of legs much the longest, three spines above
on femur IV ; abdomen elliptical ; the epigynum shows a dark transverse area, three
times as wide as long, and behind with a small projection from the middle.

Palo Alto, Calif. ; Oct. and Nov. [R. W. Doane] ; also Olympia,
Wash.

Misumena californica, sp. nov.

Length 7 mm. Cephalothorax brownish, with a broad white middle stripe ;
mandibles white, brownish at base ; sternum and legs pale yellowish ; abdomen
rather dirty whitish, with indistinct veinings and some black dots near center ; venter
pale, sometimes with a few black spots in middle. Cephalothorax as broad as long,
equal to tibia I ; P. M. E. a trifle further apart, but no larger than A. M. E. ; legs
thickly clothed with stiff bristles, four or five pairs of spines under tibia I, six or seven
under metatarsus I ; sternum not broad ; abdomen broadest behind middle, quite
high, pointed at tip ; the epigynum shows a semi-circular cavity, divided by a narrow
septum, and two holes behind.

Los Angeles, California, [A. Davidson].

Misumena pictilis, sp. nov.

Length 5 mm. Cephalothorax greenish yellow, black on anterior side margin,
three black dots on each side in a straight row behind the P. S. E., eyes on white
spots ; mandibles greenish, each with a black point ; legs greenish yellow, with some
scattered black dots on the anterior pairs ; sternum yellowish ; abdomen greenish
white, with a large reddish brown spot above, narrower in front, pointed behind,
outlined by black dots and some others scattered in it, two large white spots near
base and a series of double white spots behind ; venter pale. Cephalothorax as
broad as long, shorter than tibia I ; P. M. E. barely further apart, and hardly larger
than A. M. E. ; legs slender, spines long, four pairs under tibia I, five or six under
metatarsus I ; sternum shield shaped ; abdomen broadest behind the middle ; the
epigynum shows a rounded cavity, broader than long, divided by a rather broad sep¬
tum, which is widened near the middle.

Palo Alto, California. [Stanford University Coll.].

92

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

NOTE ON THE HEAD SET.® OF LEPIDOPTEROUS
LARV®, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
THE APPENDAGES OF PERO-
PHORA MELSHEIMERII.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph. D.

The peculiar flattened antenna-like organs on the head of Cicinnus
melsheimerii have long been known. Harris says : “ On each side, just
behind the five ocelli, are two flexible, slender, spathulate antennae (?)
which, however, seem to be without joints and incapable of motion.”
Again he says: “On each side of the middle of the head there is a
black flexible kind of antenna, very slender where it joins the head and
broader toward the end like the handle of a spoon.” Dr. Packard re¬
marks : 1 1 This larva is especially remarkable for new structures not known
to exist in any other caterpillars, viz., a pair of long appendages, the
use of which is quite unknown. They arise by a slender stalk behind
and a litde above the eyes, on each side of the head ; the base is cylin¬
drical, but the appendage soon becomes flattened or compressed and
flattened bulbous at the end. The structures are brittle, not flexible,
and they easily break off.” From the foregoing it would appear that
the homology of these structures has not been recognized, although it
is a very simple one. The structure is an enlarged and flattened seta,
exactly analogous to those on the body of Apatela funeralis and a few
other larvae. That one of the head setae should assume this form is per-
haps unique, but no more surprising than that some of the body setae
should do so. As to its function we are ignorant, as is also the case in
regard to the Apatela , though we may surmise that in both cases it is to
present a terrifying appearance toward small enemies. In A. funeralis
these grotesque setae certainly heighten the effect produced by the con¬
spicuous larval coloration, and it may be that in C. melsheimerii , when
the head is protruded from the case, these setae on it have a similar
deterrent effect.

Figure i represents the front view of the head of a larva belonging
to the Noctuina (Agrotides). I have numbered the setae on the epi-
cranium from above downward. Setae i and ii are near the median
suture, iii in the central part of the lobe, iv above and before the fourth
ocellus (numbered from below upward), v behind the fifth ocellus, vi
behind the eyes as a whole on a level with the third ocellus, vii is

June, 1896.] Dyar : Head Sette of Lepidopterous Larv/e.

93

within the circle of the eyes above and behind the second ocellus, viii
is before the second ocellus, and ix is above the base of the antenna.
The clypeal setae are shown, but not numbered. Figure 2 represents
C. melsheimerii. It is evident at a glance that the spathulate seta or
antenna-like appendage is the fourth epicranial seta. The head of C.
melsheimerii is coarsely roughened with broad rounded pits. All the
upper setae (namely i and ii on epicranium and the three upper clypeal
setae) are greatly reduced, only tiny rudiments remaining. Seta iii is
small but distinct, iv is enormously enlarged and flattened, situated
above and behind the fourth ocellus. All the lower setae are normally
developed.

Cicinnus belongs to the Microlepidoptcra (Tineides), and the exact
position of its head setae is in many respects more directly comparable
with other Tineides. For example in Plutella porrectella , seta viii is
situated before the fourth ocellus as in Cicinnus and not low down near
seta ix as in the Noctuidous larva shown. However, I have preferred
to figure the Noctuidous larva, as the comparison is thus given a wider
scope.

- ♦ -

DESIDERATA OF NORTH AMERICAN NOTODON-

TIDiE.

By A. S. Packard.

The following gaps or desiderata occur in our knowledge of the
larvae or the life-history of the North American Notodontidae, and at¬
tention is drawn to them here in order that collectors and students may
aid us in filling them up. It is particularly requested that the desired

94 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

eggs and larvae may be sent to the author in order that colored draw¬
ings may be made of them for future publication in Part II. of the au¬
thor’s monograph of the Bombycine Moths of North America.

Three genera are still unknown, either in the egg, larval or pupal
stage ; these are Ellida ,• Euhyparpax and Ny stale a.

Eggs and larva in all stages of

Gluphisia wrightii.

rupta.

albofascia.

formosa

lintneri.

Apatelodes angelica.

Datana californica.
floridana.
modesta.

Eggs and early larval stages of

Ichthyura apicalis.

inornata.

strigosa.

brucei.

Lophodonta basitriens.

Eggs and larva in all stages of

Drymonia georgica.

Lophopteryx elegans.

camelina.

Eggs and stages I and II of

Notodonta stragula.

Eggs and all the larval stages of

Notodonta simplaria.

Ellida caniplaga.

Dasylophia thyatiroides.

Eggs and larva of the two forms of

Symmerista albifrons.
Eggs and larva of

Symmerista packardii.
Eggs of Hyparpax aurora.

Eggs and all the larval stages of

Hyparpax perophoroides.
Hyparpax venus.
Euhyparpax rosea.

Eggs and larva in all stages of
Schizura apicalis.
Schizura perangulata.
Eggs and stages I, II, III, of
Seirodonta bilineata.
Heterocampa manteo.
Heterocam pa astarte.
Eggs and all the larval stages of

Heterocampa chapmani.
Heterocampa plumosa.
Heterocampa hydromeli.
Heterocampa belfragei.
Heterocampa subrotata.
Cerura occidentalis.
Cerura occidentalis.
Cerura scolopendrina.
Nystalea indiana.

The pupa of each or any of these is desired, either alive, or in alco¬
hol, or the cast shells. Eggs and larvae of the following are also de¬
sired : Platysamia ceanothi , gloveri , Columbia ; Edeniileuca maia ; junor
grotei, and yavapai, (. Euleucophceus ) tricolor , pamina ; Coloradia pa?i-
dora ; Limacodes biguttata , reclilinea , y-inversa. Semyra beutenmulleri ,
Adoneta leucosigma and pygmcea, Heterogenea ccesonia , Tortricidia
flavula , minuta and fasciola. Gloveria arizonensis Tolype velleda and
laricis , Artace punctistriga. A. S. Packard, Providence, R. I. Ad¬
dress during July and August, Merepoint, Cumberland Co., Maine.

June, 1896.]

Proceedings of the Society.

95

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO¬
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of October i, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

In absence of the President, Mr. Dietz was chosen chairman pro .
tem. Eight members present.

An invitation from the Brooklyn Entomological Society to attend
their meeting and view the Neumoegen collection of Lepidoptera,
was received and accepted with thanks. It was moved that a stand¬
ing invitation be extended to the members of the Brooklyn Society to
attend any of our meetings.

Mr. Shoemaker exhibited some Lepidoptera, among which was a
specimen of Limenitis , evidently a cross between Ursula and disippus.

Mr. Joutel showed specimens of Taxotes cylindricollis , Belamira
sca/aris, Leptura canadensis var. erythropus , Goes pulchra , G. pulveru-
lentus , Saperda obliqua and also Leptura eniarginata which he found
ovipositing in the branch of a white-oak tree.

Adjournment.

Meeting of November 5, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Eleven members present.

The Treasurer’s report was read and approved.

A communication from the Scientific Alliance staling that the ex¬
penses of the Alliance were estimated at $600, and that the share of the
Society would be $30 (5 %).

It was moved and seconded that the Treasurer be authorized to
pay this sum.

The Committee on By-laws reported progress.

Mr. F. Kiichler was proposed for active membership by Mr. Beu-
tenmiiller.

A paper entitled “On the Probable Origin, Development, and
Diffusion of North American Species of Diabrotica by F. M. Webster,”
was read. (See Vol. Ill, page 158). Mr. Zabriskie exhibited Micro-
centrum laurifolium which he caught by imitating the call, with a quill,
which was so perfect as to deceive the insect.

96

Journal New York Entomological Society.

LVoi. iv.

Meeting of November 19, 1S95.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Eleven members present.

Mr. F. Kiichler was elected an active member.

Mr. Joutel gave some notes on the life history of the species of
Saperda and Goes , illustrated by specimens of beetles and their work.
Also some young larvae of S. obliqua at work in alder. He mentioned
that nine of the 13 species were found in New York City.

Mr. Beutenmiiller and Schaeffer exhibited S. cretata and S. moesta
from the west.

Rev. Zabriskie mentioned digging a S. vestita from apple, and
read an article on the English way of setting butterflies.

Rev. Zabriskie also read a paper on the egg cones of Chrysochus
auratus illustrated by beetles and cones.

Adjournment.

Meeting of December 3, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Rev. J. L. Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.

Mr. Ditmars read a paper entitled “ Collecting at Delaware Water
Gap. ’ ’

Mr. Beutenmiiller showed Papilio homerus from Jamaica and a
pair of Eudamonia argus from Africa which he said were worth £15.

Dr. Prime spoke on the book worm and mentioned that the head
was so hard it was impossible to crush it with a knife blade. They seem
to prefer old books.

Rev. Zabriskie showed the leaves of Hazel rolled into a ball by the
weevil, Attelabus rhois. He said it was always the fourth leaf from the
tip that the insect used to make its packet. It is found in early July.

Mr. Beutenmiiller showed root of cherry tree perforated by larva of
Paranda brunnea, also an elm branch attacked by Hylesinus opaculus.

Adjournment.

Meeting of December 17, 1895.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Rev. J. L. Zabriskie in the chair. Eleven members
present.

Mr. Chas. Upson Clark was proposed as corresponding member.

The President appointed Messrs. Dietz, Groth, Beutenmiiller and
Dyar as a Committee on Nominations.

June, 1896.]

Proceedings of the Society.

97

Mr. Dyar showed a rather rare series of plates colored by hand on
the Bombycidae. Mr. Joutel had examples of Hexarthrum ulkei and
its ravages in a pine board. Also larvae.

Meeting of January 7, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

In the absence of the President, Dr. R. Ottolengui was elected
temporary chairman. Eight members present.

Treasurer report was read and accepted.

The following members were dropped from the roll : Mohns,
Rix and Rosevelt. Mr. Charles Upson Clark was elected as corre¬
sponding member.

Mr. Herman Hug was proposed as active member by Dr. Kudlich.

The nominations for the year were :

President, Rev. J. L. Zabriskie ; Vice-President, Charles Palm ;
Recording Secretary, Louis H. Joutel j Corresponding Secretary, R.
L. Ditmars ; Treasurer, C. F. Groth.

Executive Committee: Messrs. J. L. Zabriskie, E. G. Love,
Dietz, H. G. Dyar, C. F. Groth.

Publication Committee: E. Daecke, C. Schaeffer, L. H. Joutel,
Wm. Beutenmiiller.

Field Committee : L. T. Munch, Julius Meitzen.

On motion the Recording Secretary was directed to cast an
affirmative ballot for these candidates, after which the officers were de¬
clared elected.

Meeting of January 21, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Rev. J. L. Zabriskie in the chair. Fourteen members
present, also Profs. Putnam and Sirrine.

Mr. Beutenmiiller read a paper entitled “The Sesiidte inhabiting
America, North of Mexico.*

Prof. Putnam gave a short account of the life history of the bum¬
ble bees.

Dr. Ottolengui exhibited 25 rare Lepidoptera, a number of which
had not been named.

Adjournment.

* Will be published in Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 1896.

98 Journal New York Entomological Society. ivoi. iv.

Meeting of February 4, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.

Mr. Beutenmiiller gave some notes on Catocala. He stated that
C. ccilifornica had been made a variety of Walker’s C. electilis , but
that calif ornica was a good species and electilis a Mexican species al¬
lied to junctura. He further stated that C. cassandra was the same
as electilis , a figure of which was published by Mr. Druce in Biologia
Centrali- Americana Het. Vol. I, pi. xxxi, Pg. 8.

After discussion, adjournment.

Meeting of February 18, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Eleven members present.

A paper by Mr. A. P. Morse “ On the stridulating Organs of Or-
thoptera” was read (see ante p. 16).

Mr. Dyar gave some notes on Head Setae of Lepidopterous Larvae.
He stated that the setae did not show much variation in position in the
different larvae he had examined. In regard to the flattened append¬
ages of Perophora melsheimeri he said that they were called antennae
by Harris, who afterwards modified his statement. Mr. Dyar, by aid
of diagrams showed that they were flattened hairs and originated from
the setae and corresponded to the hairs of other larvae in position. He
also showed a larvae of Apatela funeralis which, in the last stage has all
its hairs flattened.

Dr. Seifert exhibited a work on the European hybrid Lepidoptera,
illustrated by many colored plates.

Adjournment.

Meeting of March 3, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Twelve members present.

A communication from the New York Microscopical Society ex¬
tending an invitation to participate in their annual exhibition was re¬
ceived and accepted with thanks.

Mr. Schaeffer read a paper on the Coleopterous genus Nodonota, in
which he gave the characters by means of which the species could be
separated from other allied genera. He also spoke about the species oc¬
curring in the vicinity of New York, illustrated by a series of specimens.

Mr. Joutel exhibited specimens of Hickory, showing the borings
made by the hickory borer ( Cyllene piculs').

After discussion, adjournment.

OF THE

JM JBorh ditfomologiral jSoriFf'g.

Yol. IV. SEPTEMBER, 1896. No. 3.

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NEMOBIUS.

By Samuel H. Scudder.

The North American species of the Orthopteran genus Nemobius
Serville are more numerous than has been supposed, notwithstanding
that several species have been more than once described as distinct.
Prof. L. Bruner, of Lincoln, Neb., has kindly sent me a considerable
series from his collection; Mr. A. P. Morse, of Wellesley, Mass., has
placed his collection, mainly from New England, in my hands ; the
collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology and of Mr. S. Hen-
shaw have been at hand ; and these, with a few specimens from the Na¬
tional Museum, added to my own, form the basis of the following ta¬
ble and descriptions. Although Trinidad belongs zoologically to South
America, I have added one species found there. The number of
known species is hereby doubled, and doubtless more await discovery.

I should add that “ Nemobius circumcincfus ” Scudd. (Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, 143) from Mexico is a Prothacustes and iden¬
tical with the later described P. mexicana Sauss.; the species given by
Provancher (Faune Ent. Can., II, 24) as “ Nemobius ( Anaxipha )
septentrionalis Scudd.” was named for him by me as Anaxipha septen-
trionahs, but it is identical with Anaxipha exigua (Say); it was for¬
merly (Nat. Canad., VIII, 61) called by him Nemobius exiguus, as
Says species; an insect referred to as (t Nemobius marginata ” by
Miss Murtfeldt (Ins. Life, V, 155) is probably an accidental error, as
no such name has been given ; li Nemobius? pulicarius ” Walk. (Cat.
Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., I, in), is an Anaxipha. This covers all the
North American species referred to Nemobius , except those given be¬
low in the synonymy.

I have followed Saussure in employing the female alone (or almost
.alone) in constructing the following table, since the males of several of

100 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi.iv.

the species are unknown to me. Only the more important synonymy
is given.

Table to determine the N. A. species, of Nemobius.

A1. Ovipositor as long as or barely shorter than the hind femora, generally rigidly
straight.

b1. Tip of ovipositor unarmed; last joint of maxillary palpi very obliquely ex¬
cised at apex.

c1 Tegmina short ; wings wanting ; last joint of maxillary palpi bicolored,
the oblique apical excision of lower margin beginning before the mid¬
dle . . distinguendus.

c2. Tegmina long ; wings very long ; last joint of maxillary palpi unicolored,
the oblique apical excision of lower margin beginning beyond the middle

. . . ensifer.

b2. Tip of ovipositor serrate or dentate ; last joint of maxillary palpi almost
transversely excised at apex.

cb Ovipositor distinctly (at least a tenth) longer than hind femora.

d1. Blackish; dark and light colors of tegmina of 9 feebly contrasted

longitudinally above (Northern) . fasciatus.

d2. Grayish ; dark and light colors of tegmina of 9 strongly contrasted

longitudinally above as on sides (Southern) . canus.

c2. Ovipositor barely as long as, or slightly shorter than, hind femora.

d1. Teeth of ovipositor blunt, little elevated; wings generally very long

. socius.

d2. Teeth of ovipositor sharp, well elevated, well separated; wings
wanting.

e1. Tegmina of 9 nearly or quite twice as long as pronotum ; of
$ strongly rounded apically, feebly margined with pallid at sides

of dorsal field only, if at all . utahensis.

e2. Tegmina of 9 scarcely longer than pronotum ; of $ broadly
rounded apically, with the dorsal field distinctly margined with

pallid throughout except at base . ambitiosus.

A2. Ovipositor distinctly shorter than the hind femora, usually a little arcuate.

b1. Tegmina of 9 nearly or quite as long as the abdomen; wings generally
twice as long as tegmina.

c1. Ovipositor no longer, or scarcely longer, than head and pronotum to¬
gether.

d1. Face without vertical pale stripes ; lateral field of 9 tegmina
tapering only on the apical third, subequal before it..neornexicanus.
d2. Face with a pair of narrow, vertical, percurrent, pale stripes next
the inner margin of the eyes ; lateral field of 9 tegmina regularly

tapering almost from the base . trinitatis..

c2. Ovipositor distinctly longer than head and pronotum together.

d1. Tegmina of 9 apically truncate, a little shorter than the abdo¬
men; wings wanting . aterrimus.

d2. Tegmina of 9 apically rounded, as long as the abdomen; wings
generally present and then very long . cubensis..

Sept. 1896]

Scudder : North American Nemobius.

101

b2. Tegmina of 9 much shorter than the abdomen ; wings wanting.
c1. Ovipositor barely arcuate.

d'. Tegmina of 9 no longer than head and pronotum combined.

mormonius.

d • Tegmina of 9 distinctly longer than head and pronotum com¬
bined.

e1. Longitudinal markings ofhead continuous to extreme back of
same ; ovipositor with distinct and well separated teeth at apex.

toltecus.

e . Longitudinal markings of head interrupted at the crown, the
whole back portion immaculate, sharply defined from the portions
in fiont at the summit, which is feebly subcarinate transversely;
ovipositor with fine, close, minute denticulations. . . . mexicanus
c2* Ovipositor distinctly though but feebly arcuate . carolinus.

Nemobius distinguendus, sp. nov.

Head not very full, castaneous black, with a straight, oblique, bright luteous
stripe above the eyes, passing from the antennal scrobes to the back of the head on
either side ; eyes not prominent ; antenna; blackish fuscous ; maxillary palpi pale,
the last joint infuscated except at base, very obliquely excised apically, beneath, over
more than the apical half. Pronotum black, feebly tinged with testaceous laterally,
rather closely hirsute with rather short fulvous bristles, equal, nearly twice as broad
as long. Tegmina covering two-thirds of the abdomen, apically well rounded uni¬
form testaceous, but with the lateral field feebly infuscated ; wings aborted. Legs
blackish above, dull flavous beneath like the under surface of the body. Cerci very
regularly tapering to a fine point, about as long as the pronotum and tegmina com¬
bined. Ovipositor fully as long as the hind femora, straight, slender, the apical blades
scarcely enlarged at the base, regularly tapering, scarcely more than twice as long
as their basal breadth, wholly unarmed, the tip acute. Length of body, 10 mm.; of
hind femora, 6.9 mm.; of ovipositor, 7 mm.

i 9 . Orizaba, Mexico (L. Bruner).

Nemobius ensifer, sp. nov.

Head rather full, blackish castaneous, faintly striate with testaceous posteriorly,
lutescent down the face; eyes not very large, rather full and prominent ; antenna’
testaceous, somewhat infuscated beyond the basal portions ; maxillary palpi luteo-tes-
taceous, the last joint very obliquely excised apically beneath for a little less than
a f ltS length- Pronotum fusco-castaneous, sparsely hirsute with black bristles of no
great length, equal, about half as broad again as long. Tegmina three-fourths as
ong as the abdomen, the tip very strongly rounded, subacuminate, the veins blackish
or fuscous, the ground fusco-castaneous, more or less clouded ; wings very long. Legs
dirty luteous marked above with fuscous. Ovipositor considerably longer than the
ind femora, very slender, a little arcuate, the apical blades rather long, scarcely en¬
larged basally, subequal in basal half, tapering beyond, wholly unarmed, the tip blunt,
ength of body, 10 mm.; of hind femora, 7.75 mm.; of ovipositor, 8.25 mm.

i 9- Central America, Rev. Th. Heyde (L. Bruner).

102

[Vol. IV.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

This species and the preceding can be confounded with none of
the others from the unarmed blades of the ovipositor. The males are

unknown.

Nemobius fasciatus.

Gryllus fasciatus De Geer! Mem. Ill, ^22, pi. 43> 5 0773)-

Nemobius fasciatus Scudder ! Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. VII, 430 (1862);
Glover, Ill. N. A. Ent. Orth. pi. 6, fig. 13 (1872); Saussure, Miss. Scient. Mex.
Rech. Zool. VI, 389 (1874); Stal ! Rec. Orth. Ill, 1 (1875); Saussure, Mel.
Orth. II, 242 (1877); Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. \ I, 266, pi.

5, fig. 9 (1894).

A chet a hospes Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 281 0775)*

Acheta servilis [Say, Mss.] Harris! Catal. Ins. Mass. 56 (1835).

Acheta ( Nemobius ) vittata Harris! Treat. 123 (1841).

Acheta vittata Rathvon, Rep. U. S. Dep. Agnc. 1862, 380, pi. fig. 16

(1862).

Nemobius vittatus Scudder! Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. VII, 430 ( 1862); Glover,
Ill. N. A. Ent. Orth. pi. 3, figs. 9, 10 (1872); Saussure, Miss. Scient. Mex. Rech.
Zool. VI, 389 (1874); Scudder ! Rep. Geol. N. H. I, 364, fig. 48 (1874).

Nemobius fasciatus vittatus Beutenmuller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Rat. Hist.

VI, 267, pi. 5, fig. 10 (1894).

Nemobius exiguus Scudder ! Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. VII, 429 (1862).

? Nemobius margin ata Murtfeldt, Ins. Life, V, 155 (1893).

This species is dimorphic : long-winged, with tegmina reaching
commonly to the end of the abdomen {fasciatus); and apterous, with
short tegmina {vittatus). To the former belongs A. hospes Fabr., and
to the latter A. servilis Say and N. exiguus Scudd., this last not being

Acheta exigua Say, which is an Anaxipha.

Both forms occur throughout the range of the insect, which is from
Nova Scotia to North Carolina in the east, westward to the plains. I
have seen specimens from as far north as northern New England, Mon¬
treal, Michigan, Minnesota and Manitoba, and as far west as South Da¬
kota, Big Horn Mts. and Pine Cliffs, Wyo.; South Bend, West Point,
Sydney and Lincoln, Neb.; Topeka, Shawnee and Barbour Cos., Kans.
(all these western localities in Bruner’s collection), as well as the Platte
River, Nebr., and Iowa; and as far south as Decatur, Ala. (L. Bruner),
and Virginia. It has been reported from other southern localities,
which are probably correct, as Kentucky (Garman) and Mississippi
* (Ashmead); but of others I have some doubt, such as South Carolina,
Louisiana and Texas (Scudder), East Florida (Walker) and Peru !
(Bolivar), where probably other species are in question. In New Eng¬
land Mr. A. P. Morse has taken it on the top of Graylock, Mass.,

Sept. 1896 ]

Scudder : North American Nemobius.

103

(35oo0> but White Mountains, N. H., it occurs only in the val¬

leys, so far as yet known.

Nemobius canus, sp. nov.

Head rather large and pretty full, beset with black bristles, gray from a mingl¬
ing of dull fuscous and testaceous, above and posteriorly often separated into longi¬
tudinal stripes, the lower part of the face lutescent ; eyes moderately prominent,
subglobose ; antennae luteous, more or less, but nearly always slightly, infuscated ;
maxillary palpi luteous, the last joint infuscated, apically excised with a transverse
obliquity. Pronotum subequal with slightly convex sides, generally less than half
as broad again as long, sparsely beset with moderately long black bristles, luteo-
testaceous, flecked more or less feebly, or suffused more or less generally with fuscous,
especially mesially above and inferiorly on the sides, on the latter deepening to a
fuscous stripe. Tegmina of $ hardly covering the abdomen, light testaceous often
infumated toward base, laterally with an equal fuscous stripe next the dorsal area; of
^ with an added fuscous longitudinal stripe on the dorsal face, outwardly, and either
but little longer than half the abdomen and truncate ( brevis ), or nearly as long as
the abdomen and well rounded ( ampins ); wings either wanting ( brevis ) or twice
as long as the tegmina (ampins). Legs luteo-testaceous, the hind femora a little
infuscated. Cerci fuscous, slender, scarcely longer than head and pronotum together.
Ovipositor much longer than the hind femora, straight, the apical blades n )t enlarged
at the base, regularly narrowing by the slope of the inferior margin, the tip acute,
the upper edges serrate, the teeth not crowded. Length of body, <^,8.5 mm., £ ,
12 mm.; of hind femora, $ , 7.5 mm., 9 > 8.6 mm.; of ovipositor, 9.5 mm.

6 <?, 10 q . Dallas, Texas, (Boll); Texas, (Belfrage, Lincecum).

This species is closely allied to N. fasciatus , like which it appears
in two forms, brachypterous and macropterous. It is possibly only a
geographical race of that species, remarkable for its cinereous aspect
and the striped appearance of the 9 tegmina.

Nemobius socius.

Nemobius socius Scudder ! Proc. Post. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX, 37 (1877).

This species was described from a single female from Georgia, in
which the tegmina are almost as long as the abdomen, and the wings, if
present, wholly concealed. It is the only such specimen I have seen.
All the others, of whichever sex, have the wings very long. Addi¬
tional specimens come from Sandford (Frazer) and Charlotte Harbor,
Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson), from New Orleans, La. (Akhurst, Schaum),
and from Texas (Lincecum, “under stones” Belfrage, Bell, Aaron)
the last from the Gulf Coast.

Nemobius utahensis, sp. nov.

Head not very full, dark fuscous mottled more or less with tawny, sometimes
forming longitudinal streaks ; eyes not very prominent ; antennae testaceous or cin¬
ereous; maxillary palpi dull testaceous, the apical joint, excepting the basal third,

104

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

blackish fuscous. Pronotum equal, much less than half as broad again as long,
sparsely beset with black bristles of no great length, fuscous, with a more or less dis¬
tinct, sometimes very distinct, testaceous, humeral stripe. Tegmina of $ shorter
than the abdomen, very pale testaceous, strongly infumated at base, the lateral
field with a piceous stripe ; of 9 covering a little more than half of the abdomen,
very broadly rounded or subtruncate apically, testaceous with the lateral piceous
stripe of the $ and a basal dorsal piceous spot. Legs fusco-testaceous. Ovipositor
scarcely as long as the hind femora, straight or very faintly arcuate, the apical blades
scarcely enlarged at the base, slender and tapering regularly to a fine point, with
open serration. Length of body, $ , 7.5 mm., 9, 8 mm.; of hind femora, $ , 6.6
mm., 9 , 6.25 mm. ; of ovipositor 6 mm.

i $ , 2 $. Spring Lake, Utah, July (U. S. Nat. Mus.) ; Salt Lake
Valley, Utah, Aug. 1-4; an immature $ was also taken at same date.

This is a smaller species than N. fasciati/s, with relatively shorter
ovipositor.

Nemobius ambitiosus.

Nemobius ai?ibitiosus Scudder ! Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX, 81 (1871).

This species is only known in brachypterous form and is probably
never macropterous. It has been found only in Florida, at Ft. Reed
(Comstock), Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson), Sandford (Frazer),
Indian River (Priddy), and Jacksonville (Ashmead). The last two
localities are derived from Bruner’s collection.

Nemobius neomexicanus, sp. nov.

Head rather tumid, fusco.s or fusco-castaneous, paler below; eyes rather
small, not very prominent ; antennae dull luteous, maxillary palpi luteous, the last
joint infuscated only at extreme tip. Pronotum tapering slightly forwards, less than
half as broad again as long, sparingly beset with long black bristles, testaceous or
fusco-testaceous. Tegmina of both sexes as long as the abdomen, infumated except
along the sides of the dorsal surface and the costal margin, which are pallid, apically
strongly rounded, the lateral field in the 9 subequal basally, tapering only on the
apical third ; wings twice as long. Legs luteo-testaceous, the hind femora a little
infuscated. Cerci slender, hardly so long as the pronotum and tegmina together.
Ovipositor about as long as head and pronotum together, straight, the apical blades
not basally enlarged, tapering regularly to a point, above sharply, rather strongly,
and rather distantly denticulate. Length of body, $ , 7 mm., 9> 7-25 mm.; of hind
femora, , 4.5 mm., 9 > 5 mm.; of ovipositor, 3 mm.

2$, 3$. Las Cruces, N. Mex. ; Los Angeles, Cal.; Sierra el
Taste, Lower Cal. ; Comondu, Lower Cal. ; all through L. Bruner.

Nemobius trinitatis, sp. nov

Head rather tumid, fuscous ; eyes hardly at all tumid; antennae testaceous;
maxillary palpi pallid, the last joint more or less infuscated apically, not more than
half as long again as the penultimate joint. Pronotum scarcely tapering, about half

Sept. 1896.]

Scudder : North American Nemobius.

105

as broad again as long, more or less mottled with testaceous at the humeral angle.
Tegmina as long as the abdomen, well rounded apically, fusco-fuliginous, more pallid
along the union of the lateral and dorsal fields, the former in the £ tapering through¬
out; wings twice as long. Legs fusco testaceous or fuscous. Ovipositor about as
long as the head and pronotum together, straight, not very slender, the apical blades
a little enlarged basally, tapering regularly to a point, almost as long as the stem,
bluntly, feebly and minutely serrulate. Length of body, ^,7.5 mm., 9»7 mm.; of
hind femora, $ , 6 mm., 9 , 5.5 mm.; of ovipositor, 2.6 mm.

i <?, 2 9. Trinidad (Uhler). This species must be nearly allied
to N. longipe?inis Sauss., which I know only from description, but has
a shorter and straighter ovipositor.

Nemobius aterrimus, sp. nov.

Head not very large, moderately full, black, more or less striped with castaneous
above, posteriorly ; eyes not very prominent ; antennoe fusco-luteous ; maxillary palpi
fusco-luteous, the last joint infuscated except at base. Pronotum faintly tapering an¬
teriorly, less than half as broad again as long, black, provided scantily with long,
curved, black bistles. Tegmina black or blackish fuliginous, a little shorter than
the abdomen, in the 9 truncate apically ; wings wanting. Legs dark fusco-testaceous.
Ovipositor distinctly longer than head and pronotum together, but very much shorter
than the hind femora, distinctly arcuate, the apical blades broadened basally, regu¬
larly tapering to a fine point, very minutely and closely serratulate. Length of body,
Z , 9 mm., 9 ) 6.5 mm.; ofhind femora, g , 6.25 mm., 9 > 5-5 mm.; of ovipositor 3 mm.

i<£, i 9 Jacksonville, Fla.; Priddey, Ashmead (L. Bruner).

Nemobius cubensis.

Aemobius cubensis Saussure, Miss. Scient. Mex. Rech. Zool. VI, 384 pi. 7,
fig. 5 (1874); Gundlach, Ent. Cub. II, 367 (1891).

Ne?nobius volaticus Scudder! Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX, 36 (1877).

The doubtful reference by Bruner (Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sci., Ill,
32) to this species as coming from Nebraska is perhaps incorrect, but
I do not know to what species the reference belongs.

There is some variation (at least in the United States) in the fine¬
ness of the serration of the blades of the ovipositor in this species. It
is almost invariably long winged, but I have three females which are ap¬
parently apterous, though with long tegmina, one from Ogle Co., Ill.
(Allen), the second from Chicago, Ill., the last from Florida. These
first two localities are far north of any other known to me, excepting a
single Z from Norway, Me. (Smith) in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology {possibly wrongly labelled as to locality). Other specimens I
have seen come from Georgia (Morrison), different places in Florida,
such as Lake Worth and Charlotte Harbor (Mrs. Slosson), Sandford
(Frazer), Capron (Comstock), and Indian River (Priddey-L. Bruner),
Texas (Belfrage), Carrizo Springs, Tex. (Wadgymar-L. Bruner), Cuba

106

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[ Vol. IV.

(Gundlach), San Jose del Cabo, Mex. (Cal. Acad. Sci., through L.
Bruner) and Nicaragua (Shimek-L. Bruner). Saussure says it occurs
in Cuba, Mexico and Brazil.

Nemobius mormonius, sp. nov.

Head fiavo-testaceous, marked slightly with fuscous, not very full ; antennae
flavous, inclining to testaceous, sometimes a little infuscated ; maxillary palpi flavous,
the last joint only about half as long again as the penultimate, its apical third infus¬
cated. Pronotum flavous, much marked and blotched with fuscous, especially in the
central portion of the disk and at the lower margin, equal, less than half as broad
again as long, clothed sparsely with moderately long black hairs. Tegmina no longer
than head and pronotum together, covering only half of the abdomen, apically trun¬
cate, black, with the veins, a humeral stripe, and both inner and costal margins pallid.
Legs testaceous, more or less infuscated. Ovipositor much longer than head and
pronotum together, much shorter than the hind femora, very feebly arcuate, slender,
the apical blades distinctly enlarged at the base, long, tapering regularly and gently
to a very fine point, delicately but not very closely serratulate. Length of body, 7
mm.; of hind femora, 4.75 mm.; of ovipositor, 3.5 mm.

29, and one nymph. St. George, Utah, April (E. Palmer).

Nemobius toltecus.

Nemobius toltecus Saussure, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1859, 316; Id. Miss. Scient.
Mex. Rech. Zool. VI, 386 (1874).

See the remarks under the next species.

The tegmina cover the abdomen in the $ , but only about one-half
of it in the 9 , and in both wings are wanting. Originally described
from Mexico (Oaxaca is specified by Saussure in 1874), I have seen spe¬
cimens only from the same country — Orizaba, Jalapa and Tepic, all
through Prof. L. Bruner, the last from the collections of the California
Academy of Sciences.

Nemobius mexicanus.

Nemobius mexicanus Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus. I, 57 (1869).

Nemobius sp. Bruner! N. A. Fauna, VII, 266 (1893).

It would seem impossible to determine Walker’s species with any
certainty without reference to his type. His description is about equally
applicable to the present species, and to N. toltecus, but I have regarded
this as more probably Walker’s species from his description of the head,
which cannot apply to N. toltecus, while Saussure’ s description seems
to exclude the present species. The essential distinctions between the
two are given in my table.

The $ tegmina cover the abdomen, but those of the 9 are shorter
and wings are wanting in both. It was originally described from
Oaxaca, Mex.; Bruner’s specimen, as quoted above, comes from Pana-

sept. 1896.] Skinner: Study of N. American Butterflies. 107

mint Valley, Cal. I have also seen specimens from Mexico (Sumi-
chrast), near Mescico, Mex. (Palmer), and from Jalapa, Orizaba and
Menanitlan, Mex. (L. Bruner).

Nemobius carolinus.

Nemobius carolinus Scudder ! Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX, 36 (1877).
Cyrtoo^iphus variegatus Bruner ! Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc. Ill, 32 (1893).
Nemobius affinis Beutenmuller ! Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 249,
267, PL 5, fig. 11 (1894).

No macropterous form is known. There is considerable variation,
apparently independent of locality, in the fineness of the denticulation
of the blades of the ovipositor.

Specimens before me come from Jackman, Me. (Harvey — A. P.
Morse), Norway, Me. (Smith — Mus. Comp. Zook), Blue Hill, Milton,
Mass. Sept. (S. Henshaw), Adams, Mass. (Morse), South Kent and
Canaan, Conn., (Morse), New York (Beutenmuller), Ithaca, N. Y.
(Morse), Orange, N. J., (Beutenmuller), Maryland (Uhler), Vigo Co.,
Ind. (Blatchley), District of Columbia and Virginia (Bruner), North
Carolina (Morrison, Henshaw), Lake Worth, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson),
Lake Okeechobee, Fla. Palmer), New Orleans, La , (Shufeldt — U. S.
Nat. Mus.), Texas (Boll), Texas “ Flying to light” (Belfrage), Lin¬
coln, West Point and South Bend, Nebr. (Bruner).

IMPRESSIONS RECEIVED FROM A STUDY OF OUR
NORTH AMERICAN RHOPALOCERA.

By Henry Skinner, M. D.

I wish to speak of specific values — a subject which has always agi¬
tated the scientific mind, and perhaps always will in the future. My
excuse for writing on such a subject is the fact that I believe the proper
kind of studies will enable us to approximate an absolute specific value,
or at least get much nearer the truth than is now shown by a study of
our catalogues and lists of species. I do not care to go into the trite
subject as to what is a species, but think it only fair to give my own
view, or that which I should follow in the rearrangement of our species.
I look upon the species as the unit of classification, and therefore it is
all important to have the basis of classification as scientifically accurate
as possible. I would divide the definition of species into two heads :

108 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi iv.

First, the morphological, or groups of individuals more or less alike in
appearance, form, structure or color; second, the physiological, or
those forms of life capable of producing fertile offspring among them¬
selves. A species based on the morphological part of our definition I
hold to be purely tentative (as we must apply the physiological part of
the definition before we can be absolutely sure we have a valid species,
but unfortunately it is only seldom, or after the lapse of much time,
that specific value is capable of such proof). Now, my idea is that in¬
stead of relying to too great an extent on morphological differences we
could fix the value of those modifications by analogy or comparative
value. That is, if I should say that certain species (and giving a list,
say of 25) represent my idea of specific value, I think students would
get a better idea of what I meant than if I should spill any amount of
ink in definitions and controversies. On the other hand, I could give
a list of so-called species that did not represent my idea of true specific
value. I can give a better idea of my meaning on this subject when I
come to compare the value of our species and when I refer to them as now
listed. Our species were described by a number of authors, and therefore
represent to a large extent many individual ideas. However, our last
Catalogue (that of 1884, by Mr. W. H. Edwards) gives the list of
species according to the best knowledge and belief of our foremost stu¬
dent of the diurnals.

I shall speak of the great variation in insects and say something of
its causes, especially in the Lepidoptera. Some of our writers seem to
have ignored absolutely the lessons these variations teach, especially
when describing species. We have been so busy describing species and
doing systematic work in this country that we have not had time to
look into those interesting biological problems that have received so
much attention abroad. There are many things which influence varia¬
tion in the Lepidoptera which are more or less well known, but this
knowledge has not been sufficiently applied in describing species, or
perhaps in some cases has been ignored. The principal causes which
bring about variation are different geological formations and soils ; dif¬
ferent foods ; season ; climatic conditions ; horizontal and vertical dis-
distribution or what might be called longitude and latitude; altitude
which produces apparently the same effect as vertical distribution.

1 hese causes may all be covered in a general way by calling them the
effects produced by geographical distribution. Heat and cold may act
locally at different times or is in other cases a factor in vertical distribu¬
tion. “ Succulent overgrown herbage produces large pale colored im-

Sept. 1896.] Skinner: Study of N. American Butterflies. 109

agos, while dry semi-withered food produces dark imagos of small size.
Heat accelerates the pupal stage and cold retards it and the effect is
shown in the imagos. The character of the season influences the re¬
sulting imagos and also the number of broods. Sometimes species
which are usually single brooded may in special season become double
brooded, and those which are normally double brooded may produce
an additional brood. The individuals of these different broods differ
and in some cases to such an extent as to have been described as differ¬
ent species. Nearly, if not all, butterflies produced from wintering
chrysalids are different in appearance from the subsequent summer
brood or broods. Pieris napi and rapce are whiter with the blackish
markings nearly obsolete. Papilio turnns from wintering chrysalids in
this locality look like the Arctic form. Species of Lyccena in their
spring dress are very different from those produced later. Even what
might be called anatomical differences are produced by season ; thus in
some of the Lycasnidae the spring brood is tailless, whilst the summer
generation of the same insect is provided with these appendages.

In passing from the sub-tropical heat of the Rhone Valley through
successive zones which are to be met with before reaching the perennial
snows of the Gorner Grat and the peaks overhanging the Riffel, a col¬
lection of insects may be made which represents in temperature a dif¬
ference of latitude as great as from Italy to Scandinavia. I am quite
positive that if studies were made from large amounts of material from
different localities the observing student would soon learn to tell from
whence a given specimen of a species came, from its appearance alone.
This is specially true of forms having a wide geographical range.

In Anthocharis belia by prolongation of the pupal stage we get var.
ausotiia which has the underwings (underside) white with yellowish
green blotches, instead of being green with silvery spots. The spring
brood of Vanessa antiopa has whitish wing borders instead of buff. In
Holland a pale yellow border, and in Sweden, Norway and Lapland
have white borders throughout the year. The same species from Penn¬
sylvania can be distinguished from California examples, the latter being
more nearly related to the European form. Lyc<z?ia agestis, a well
known little brown butterfly, with a marginal row of rich orange spots,
common in the south of England during May and August, when pro¬
ducing but a single annual brood, appears in July as a variety {artaxer-
xes ) that presents the black spots on the wings replaced by white ones,
and which was for a long time on that account regarded as a distinct
species.

110

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

It has become an established fact that those color-bands with charm¬
ing ocellated spots that so enhance butterfly kind, should everywhere
vary, and in certain localities vanish ; and many drab and brown wings
fluttering among grass and shade, and from time to time have exhibited
hillsman’s spots that have caused a cry of new species, or prompted ex¬
perts to enter on description where others see but variety. The large
Heath Butterfly may be reckoned among these. This kind in the
north of England at an elevation of two thousand feet, according
to Mr. T. Marshall, and in some parts of Ireland, according to Mr.
Birchall, has the eyes painted on its sandy wings greatly decreased in
number; and on the Perthshire Mountains, conjointly with the English
type, an aberration is sometimes seen even less ocellated, and this
anomaly we find has established itself in Lapland as the local form is is
of the species, the most boreal variation. Our species are said to be
darker than the same or allied forms in Europe.

It has frequently been noticed that in the mountains of Europe, as
well as in this country, that as we ascend the butterfly becomes
smaller and darker and their sexes often lose the color differentiation.
Woody coverts and proximity to the sea, as also the smoke of towns
and manufacturing districts, are associated with variety and melanism.
The system of variation in such localities is the same and the cause
is constant, while external conditions of environment are multifarious.
Thus the shades of New Forest afford a constant variety, valesina of
Argymus paphia , which instead of being fulvous is brown and spotted
instead of streaked along the nervures; it will thus be noted that altitude
produces much the same effect as shade.” Erebia blandina , from
Morecombe Bay, has the brown bands on the fore-wings replaced by
yellow.

The Lepidoptera at Hastings and on the coast of Wales have been
noticed as being often deviations from the types. On small islands
butterflies have been considered to have enlarged wings, but it should
then be noticed these islands lay far south in latitude, a consideration
that might cause us to hesitate in accepting the premises on Darwin’s
explanatory theory that the larger wings are acquired from battling with
the winds. “ Species found in Japan have a much greater expanse
than the individuals of the same species from Europe. Albinism is
thought sometimes to be produced from light colored soils. Thus it is
active on the English Chalk Downs, where it produces varieties in un¬
stable genera of moths.” The large Heath Butterfly is a very large
insect (var. typhon') in Cumberland and Scotland on high hills; whilst

sept. 1896] Skinner: Study of N. American Butterflies. Ill

on low moss lands, on which water is charged with iodine, in Cumber¬
land, Westmoreland and Lancashire, it is a rich fulvous brown insect,
larger and stronger built ; and when these are acted upon by hydro¬
chloric acid gas they assume the exact color of the hill specimens. The
dark Annulet moth ( Gnophos ob sc fir aria ) on chalk lands is a light
colored grey or drab insect. In carboniferous limestone districts it is
a lead-colored insect, whilst on the New Red Sandstone formation it
varies from a rich ochreous color where oxide of iron is present in the
soil to a dark, almost black insect on the white sandstone parts of the
New Red formation, thus clearly pointing to geologically caused changes
of color. Any of these latter forms acted upon by chlorine appear as
highly colored grays. The same remarks apply to Dianthcecia car-
pophaga. On chalk it is light buff; on ‘‘New Red” here, darker;
but all buff in Cambrian at Llangollen ; and at Penmaenbach darker
still, buff or ochreous brown ; and on quartoise early rock, rich dark
cold grey-brown, as in the Isle of Man, and at the Howth, in Ireland,
ochrey shades being rarely observable upon them ; but, acted upon by
hydrochloric acid gas they all turn to a beautiful bright light fawn buff,
veritable carpophaga of the chalk.

It is to be observed, however, that some varieties we might be in¬
clined to attribute to certain formations may be the result of a food
proper to the soil. Thus in the cases of the Welsh Wave Moth
(. Acidalia contiguaria ) , bred continuously on heather from moss lands,
all specimens become varieties, fumose specimens, whilst fed on succu¬
lent plants they are large light colored specimens, rarely darkish, but
never so dark as when fed on heather from the moss. “ We find sea¬
sonal varieties not alone alternating in ordinary years, but witness their
production by fluctuations in annual temperatures. rl hus while many
butterflies produce one or two annual broods, in certain years, those or¬
dinarily single brooded become double brooded; or those which are
double brooded produce three annual generations.”*

I now wish to apply some of these facts to our own Lepidoptera and
wish to say in the beginning that want of exact localities and exact data
on our specimens has been most pernicious and detrimental to all such
studies. In many cases specimens are without localities or dates of cap¬
ture or only have a State locality. Studies of variation produced by
geographical variation in the broad sense indicated, or the effect pro¬
duced by seasonal broods, are impossible without such data. I also wish

* I am indebted to Insect Variety, by A. II. Swinton, for these facts in relation
to European Diurnals.

112 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

to condemn, in the most emphatic way, colored squares, silver or beau¬
tiful golden ones in the same way, and also numbers unless the absolute
data and locality are also given. After many years lists which refer to
numbers are lost, or the makers have not indicated on the lists what
they mean, and many a time I have been driven frantic in looking over
old collections. As a friend once said, God alone knows what they
mean, and He won’t tell. When I commenced my collection I was satis¬
fied to have a single pair to represent the species, but now I cannot get
enough individuals to represent all manner and kinds of variation
brought about by natural causes. In the past I therefore knew this
species or that, but now in many of our genera I nearly get brain fever
in trying to determine where a species begins or ends.

In looking over our lists I would divide the species, so-called, into
two classes, species and gradational or geographical forms. It should
be remembered that most of our American entomologists were located
in the Eastern part of the United States and were familiar with our
Eastern species. When specimens were received from the West, more
particularly the Pacific coast, it was of course seen that there was a
difference between the Eastern and Western forms, especially where a
few specimens were examined. This led to the description of new spe¬
cies (so-called), but there was a total ignorance of distribution, or what
gradations or variations might be found between the extremes of locali¬
ties. The same thing in a lesser degree occurs now. We are dependant
upon specimens from localities where collectors accidentally happen to
be, and our specimens (or species) show marked variations, in many
cases due only to difference of locality. Nothing can be more perni¬
cious than determining species from locality, yet some naturalists advo¬
cate this. The very fact that you determine a species by locality shows
the whole weakness of such a procedure. What would be thought of a
person who would describe a new species thus : Papilio humbugi differs
from Papilio sp. by being found in Oregon, the latter flying in the vi¬
cinity of Philadelphia. This would be really better and indicate more
than trying to describe minute geographical differences, and then really
identifying the thing by difference in locality. I am positive that should
some one go to work and hunt up the original descriptions of some of our
species and find out the locality from whence came the types, and then
get specimens representing the furthermost point of distribution and de¬
scribe all these as new species, they would produce species of equal
value to some of those already described and in our lists. It is per¬
fectly legitimate to describe apparent new forms, but they should be

sept. 1896 j Skinner: Study of N. American Butterflies. 113

considered tentative only, and when the intervening gradational forms
are found the true value of the new form should be recognized. The
trouble with which we have to contend in such cases is that if we revise
the work of others we are very apt to make them our enemies, and un¬
pleasant controversies arise.

It has been said that there is no such species as Papilio ajax but the
forms walshii , abbotii , telamonides and marcellus , which together make
the species ajax. I do not object to this so long as the relationship is
made apparent, but I would consider it entirely wrong to list these as
distinct or specific names. The fault I find with our lists is that there
is no exact comparative value among our so-called species. In one in¬
stance relationship may be thus indicated, and in other cases parallel
value or relationship has not been so recognized.

I now propose to take a glance at our species and give some opin¬
ions as to their comparative value. I do not say that my ideas always
represent exact facts, but I think they will incline toward the truth and
indicate what lines of study may be taken up in this contention. I do
not mean to be hypercritical toward the work of our American students,
as their work equals that done in any part of the globe. Moreover I do
not see how any one can suppose that the naming of a new species indi¬
cates the value for all time, as names are only tentative until proven ab¬
solute, as far as the doctrine of evolution will allow.

In our own country we have the wonderful effect of vertical dis¬
tribution, seasonal changes, differences of soil, climate, food, geology
and, in fact, everything which suggests itself in this connection. In
the genus Papilio we have twenty-six named as entitled to specific rank.
Of these twenty-six nine are of doubtful value in varying degrees and I
would arrange them thus, Ihoas, pergamus , hollandii , brucei , nezahual-
coyotl , oregonia, nitra , rutulus , brevicauda , those of least value being
mentioned first and the rest following in order given. Thoas is a
synonym of cresphontes , pergamus of indra . Rutulus is probably a
horizontal race of turnus , and was described as such by its author
Boisduval. I have a specimen of Papilio taken here (Philadelphia) that
would pass as rutulus . I believe a sufficient number of specimens of
turnus and rutulus representing geographical distribution would prove
their identity. I may say right here that I believe the imago the cul¬
mination of nature’s effort, and that while studies of transformation are
most valuable they will not solve the problem of specific difference or
identity. It would take too much space to go into details in regard to
all these, and I will only give opinions in most instances. Brevicauda

114 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi.iv.

would also have to be studied from the standpoint of distribution.
Nezahualcoyotl is the brevicauda of philenor. Do some of these forms dif¬
fer any more from their nearest allies than the extremes of the vertical
distribution of turnus ? Take, for instance, the Arctic form or the form
from wintering chrysalids in this locality (Philadelphia). I have two
females of turnus , one from Philadelphia and the other from Florida.
One expands 3 inches and the other 6; the Florida example thus having
a greater expanse of 3 inches. They differ as markedly in other ways,
the Southern form being a rich orange and the local one almost white.

I have nothing to say about our species of Parnassius, except that
I doubt that the true nomion has been taken in North America.

In Pier is we have ten species, and of these I consider three of
doubtful value — nelsoni , virginiensis and occidentalis. The putting
virginensis as a var. of napi and also as a species was probably the work
of the printer’s devil. Looking at the list and seeing var. vernalis of
protodice reminds me of the fact that all butterflies to a greater or less
extent differ in the spring or generation from wintering chrysalids,
from those produced from eggs of the first, and if seen fit all should be
called vernalis. Thus the spring generation of the Himalayan Papilio
polyctor is called variety vernalis , and properly so, but the spring gen¬
eration of Pieris occidentalis is called calyce. Would it not be better to
call all spring variations the variety ver?ialis of the different species
where the spring generation is different from subsequent broods. Some of
the varietal names of species of Pieris are also synonymous of forms
found in Europe. For instance, in Alaska we have var. bryonice of
napi , of which I believe hulda is a synonym.

In Anthocharis we have fifteen species. Of these flora , rosa,
reakirtu , thoosa , stella , julia , hyantis and morrisonii are of doubtful
value. Rosa seems to be the same, or at best a var. of olympia. I
should say it represented the southern end of the vertical distribution.
Reakirtii , I believe, has been proven to be the vernalis of sara .
Thoosa is probably the female of cethura. Julia and stella are slight
modifications of var. reakirtu. Flora is a distribution modification of
sara. Hyantis is probably a brood variation of ausonides. Sara
and reakirtu both have interesting dimorphic females, one yellow, the
other white.

In Callidryas, sennas will probably be proven to be a synonym of
eubule. In Kncogonia we have four species and a variety, and I be¬
lieve them to be all one thing.

In the genus Cohas much good could be done by obtaining col¬
lections from various localities, with proper data. We have in this

sept. 1896] Skinner: Study of N. American Butterflies. 115

genus twenty species. Of these we have harfordii , moina , alexandra ,
edwardsii, emilia, of doubtful value. Now, in regard to hecla , meadii
and we know them from Greenland and Iceland, Laggan and
Colorado, but do we know that they are not found over the intervening
territory, and do we know that if they are thus found they would not
show intergrades or evidences of the effect of vertical distribution ? The
Lapland hecla is quite different from the Greenland one, and shows as
much difference as some of our so-called species. Danais strigosa is
likely to prove a variety of berenice.

In the genus Argynnis we have fifty-eight species, of which about
eighteen are of doubtful value. I have a large amount of specimens
with proper data and the more I get the less I know in one direction
(in relation to species as listed) and the more in regard to the real
value of variation. The wonderful and interminable variation in this
genus has already been pointed out. The presence or absence of silver
spots below is in many species of no value whatever, and my studies
would lead me to believe that an unsilvered form always has a silvered
form, of regular or irregular appearance, except in a few such species
as alberta , astarte. We may also have hybrids each year which oc¬
cur annually, yet, of course, do not actually reproduce their kind. The
difference produced by vertical and horizontal distribution is tremen¬
dous. Take, for instance, cybele from Maine and Florida, the difference
is fifty- fold greater than between aphrodite from Maine and aphrodite
from Colorado ( cipris ). Aphrodite from Maine and from the mountains
of North Carolina are also wonderfully different in size and maculation
arid really differ to a greater extent than some of the gradational forms
listed as species. I am studying this interesting genus and will now
point out so-called species which show gradational forms or have been
proven one and the same thing. I have found white females of cybele
like unto leto and would refer reader to Ent. News, Vol. V, p. 318.

We want to know more about nitocris , but can’t do anything until
we get more material. Cipris is the form of aphrodite found in Colo¬
rado. Alcestis I have, showing every intergrade into aphrodite.
Electa is so close to atlantis as to hardly warrant a varietal name and
differs no more than other local forms of atlantis. The one found at
Nepigon is not exactly like either. The forms clustering around ition-
ticola and rhodope are legion, hardly any two being alike. Chitone
has hardly any two individuals alike and there are all grades of silver
spots beneath — from nothing to a silver mine. Inornata is probably
an unsilvered form of some of the other known species. Artonis (un¬
silvered) has been taken in coitu with {eurynome) silvered, both ways,

116

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

female artonis and male eurynome , and male artonis and female eury¬
nome. This is also true (I think) of the eurynome found in Alberta,
N. W. T., and the unsilvered clio. There is no doubt about these be¬
ing all one species, and we may possibly add to them opis and bischoffi ,
the latter representing the upper end of the vertical chain, it being the
dark arctic form which we would naturally expect. We need more
information about Columbia , hippolyta , s emir amis , Uliana, laura, ru-
pestris , mac aria, egleis, bellona and epithore. Carpenterii is the Al¬
pine form of cybele and it is of interest to know that it has been produced
in Colorado and Arizona by altitude and in British America by latitude.
A friend has recently told me he was sure he had seen the form alcestis
flying with aphrodite in North Carolina. Some of our smaller species
are also gradational geographical forms, as, for instance, montinus ,
boisduvalii and butler ii may also come in this category.

In regard to the anicia group of Melitcea I have the wisdom of Soc¬
rates, “ I know that I know nothing; others know not even this.” I
have species, lots of them of value equal to those already described.
Wrightii is the Southern form of leanira, and I have intergrades. Most
of our specimens of leanira came from San Francisco and of wrightii
from Los Angeles Co. Let us have the gradations from between.
Sterope, acastus , palla and whitney ii are dangerously close. I should have
said that alma is the desert form of leanira, and fulvia is very close to
alma, if not the same. Hoffmanni I believe to be an aberration of
whitneyii . Perse and char a are probably seasonal forms of one species.
Thekla I take to be an aberration of bollii.

Phyciodes batesii needs investigation. I mistrust its specific value.
Camillas is probably the central area form of pratensis. Mr. Edwards
has established the identity of Synchloe adjutrix and crocale from the
physiological standpoint (breeding). This had already been pointed
out by Godman and Salvin from the morphological standpoint.

In Grapta the doubtful species are hylas , rusticus and silvius.
Silenus looks like an occasional aberration. In the species of Vanessa
and Pyrameis we have my idea of true species. Junonia ccenia ,
genoveva and nigrita are probably all one.

I have a large amount of material in Apatura and feel sure the
species as listed will be reduced in number. I think the species of
Ccenonympha as they now stand will be reduced at least one-half. Ocelli,
spots and color are all of doubtful value as we now interpret them. My
quotations from the English literature on the subject apply to our species
also. I can see but one species in Hipparchia ridingsii and dionysius .

Sept. iSg6.] Skinner: Study of N. American Butterflies. 117

Satyrus needs study and revision, and I do not care to say much about
them now, only that aricine has almost less than varietal value. Mr.
Edwards has published a most interesting and instructive account of the
species of Chionobas found in California, Oregon and Vancouver. He
shows that these forms differ slightly and also shows that in the certain
localities where they have been taken (where collectors are accidently
found) the characters of the localities are different. He also says they
are not found in the intervening territory. Now from my point of view
I would not expect them to be the same if taken many miles apart, but
would expect to find certain differences of less than specific value.
The part of his argument which does not seem to me to be conclu¬
sive or proven is the alleged fact that the forms are not found in
the intervening territory. I think they are probably found in places
and that they would show the gradational, geographical, vertical, dis¬
tributional differences seen in all Lepidoptera. I know this to be ab¬
solutely true of other species occurring in Oregon and Vancouver, and
that they differ as much if not more than do Chionobas calif oriiica
and gigas. This is true, for instance, of Parnassius clodius. Are we,
therefore, to give one of these forms a new name ? Of the semidea
group I have nothing to say at present. Libythea bachmani and carin-
enta I believe to be one species, larvata probably being a variety of the
latter form. Carineiita differs from its more northern representative in
the same way as many other butterflies found North and South — for in¬
stance, like Pamphila var. egeremet and otho. Lemonias mar mo, duryi,
cythera and virgulti need investigation both geographically and in re¬
gard to seasonal broods. Calephelis species are open to some doubt.
Thecla and Lyccena need study badly, also from the geographical and
seasonal standpoints, especially the latter. All Lycaenidae should have
on pin exact date of capture as well as exact locality. Melinus is a
species of great variability and found all over the United States; it is
the same thing whether from Maine, Vancouver, Florida or Arizona —
the same tune but with variations. There are too many to mention,
and I am sure there will be a certain amount of dropping in values.

In Chrysophanus , on a guess, I should say arota and virginiensis
were perhaps seasonal differences and xanthoides and dione differ be¬
cause the one is found in California and the other in Iowa. Floras would
seem to be a variety of helloides , if it is not the dorcas of Kirby. The
Greenland hypophlceas differs wonderfully from Pennsylvania specimens,
and is more entitled to specific value than is sirius , the more Eastern
rubidus. The one shows the vertical differences and the other the hori-

118 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi.iv.

zontal effects of distribution. I am studying the genus Lyccena and
think many names will eventually have the same value as those under
pseudargiolus , of which we now have nine names. They represent what
many of the others will in the future— gradational geographical forms
and seasonal variations. When people put date and locality on the
pins we will be able to find out these things. I have expressed my
views in regard to Pamphila. See Can. Ent., Vol. XXVII, p. 261. The
variations of comma should not be entitled to specific value. The spe¬
cies in Nisoniades are in bad shape and need careful study. I believe
we have some synonyms among them. The species of Aegiale are in¬
teresting, and may be modifications produced by season, condition of
food plant, etc. Neumoegeni is a very distinct species. The others
are more nearly related.

- ♦ - -

DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAE OF SOME HETERO-
MEROUS AND RHYNCHOPHORUS BEETLES.

(Plate IV, figs. 1-6 )

By H. F. Wickham.

The following descriptions have been written for the sake of mak¬
ing known to American students the immature stages of some of our
beetles. In view of how little has been done in this country, it will not
surprise most Coleopterists to hear that they all belong to genera in
which none of the species peculiar to our continent have yet been
studied in the larval state.

Nearly all of the details are from camera-lucida drawings of balsam
mounts ; they are, however, not all on the same scale, being made from
time to time as leisure offered and with different instruments.

Megeleates sequoiarum Casey. (Fig. 1.)

Larva cylindrical, elongate, tapering slightly to each end. Color
in spirits yellowish:, head somewhat darker, mouth parts castaneous.
Length 16 mm. Head barely perceptibly narrower than the prothorax,
sides rounded, front nearly vertical, flattened. A distinct ridge runs
down on each side of the frontal declivity to the base of the mandibles.
The ocelli are situated on the upper or posterior portion of this ridge
and are connected with each other by a transverse, very tortuous raised
line. Antennae situated exterior to the mandibles, apparently four-

Sept. 1896.]

Wickham : Larwe of Some Beetles.

119

jointed, although what appears as the first joint may possibly be merely
a cephalic process. The second and third joints are of about equal
length, though the third is of much less diameter ; the fourth is small
and springs from a termino-lateral point instead of from the center of
the tip of the third. Mandibles very heavy; in lateral outline they show
a strongly bidentate tip, while the inner edge near the base is serrate.
One mandible (in a balsam mount) shows also a strong tooth just above
the serrated portion. Maxillae with subcylindrical outer lobe, which
is somewhat smaller toward apex; inner lobe sub-reniform, face with
numerous shortish spines; palpus 3-jointed, joints not greatly differing
among themselves in length but decreasing gradually in thickness.
Mentum slightly elongate, truncate at tip, ligula with sides oblique
from the base to the broadest portion, which is slightly posterior to the
point of insertion of the palpi; angles rounded, apex with median pro¬
longation bearing at tip a pair of rather short divergent bristles ; palpi
two-jointed, the second joint slightly shorter and much more slender.
A dissection exposing the upper floor of the labium shows a basi-
median parabolic band of pubescence (see Fig. 1, mt.), surrounding
a strong brown chitinous piece, articulated to another support at its pos¬
terior extremity. A similar structure is found in the mouth of Hymen-
orus. Clypeus about twice as broad as long, narrower anteriorly, angles
rounded ; labrum somewhat semicircular in outline, surface bristled as
shown in figure.

Prothorax longer than the meso or metathorax, the last two about
equal to each other. Abdomen of nine segments, the first seven differ¬
ing but little in length among themselves, the eighth a little shorter, the
ninth much so ; it is terminated by a pair of short spines springing from
the dorso-posterior margin. Legs short, coxae conical, trochanters tri¬
angular in lateral view, outer side much the longest, femora broader at
tip, tibiae narrowed to apex, claw curved, simple, bearing two bristles
near the base on the lower surface. Spiracles nine, the largest situated
near antero-lateral mesothoracic margin ; segments one to eight of the
abdomen, each with one near the latero-median point.

The specimens described were given me by Dr. F. E. Blaisdell,
who obtained them in woody fungi in Calaveras Co., California.

Meracantha contracta Beauv. (Fig. 2.)

Form elongate cylindrical, not tapering; color yellowish or brown¬
ish, the head and dorso-median portions of all the segments darker,
ventral surface paler than the upper. Length of full grown specimen
19 mm. Head slightly narrower than the prothorax, shining, rather

120

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

finely and not densely punctured ; there is an impressed line on the
front extending in a parabolic course from the base of one mandible
well up on to the vertex, thence curving around and running down to
the other mandible. Bristles few but long. Antennae four-jointed, first
joint much broader and somewhat longer than the second, which is in
turn slightly broader but much shorter than the third ; fourth joint very
small, tipped with one long and two short bristles. Ocelli are situated on
the sides of the head behind the bases of the antennae. Labrum transverse,
sides rounded, anterior margin truncate and slightly sinuate, angles
broadly rounded. There are three long bristles on each side and a se¬
ries of about fourteen shorter ones around the margin. Mandibles very
heavy and strongly toothed ; a side view is figured; other aspects show
that the tip is emarginate or bidentate. Maxillae armed on the inner
face with a regular series of strong spines; there are also a few smaller
scattered spines on the surface. Palpi three-jointed, first and second
joints about equal in length, the latter narrower, third joint smaller and
shorter. The second joint bears two very long bristles, the others are
smooth. Mentum subcordiform in outline, ligula very small, tipped
with two short spines, palpigers broad, palpi heavy, the first joint much
smaller than the second.

Prothorax about twice as long (on dorsal surface) as the mesothorax,
the anterior side margin oblique, so that the segment is shorter on the
ventral surface than on the dorsal. The scute is slightly roughened,
but shining, the whole anterior margin marked with very fine longitu¬
dinal rugosities. The mesothorax is short, the metathorax about one-
half longer, surface sculptured like that of the prothorax except that
there are none of the fine longitudinal rugosities. Abdomen of nine
segments, the first eight of which are almost alike, very convex above,
ventral surface with a deep longitudinal impression each side Ninth
segment obliquely truncate and deeply excavated on upper surface, the
excavation coarsely rugose, ventral surface with numerous bristles. From
the region of the suture between this segment and the eighth protrudes
on the ventral aspect a small brown semicircular plate, tipped by two
papillae. Spiracles in nine pairs, the largest being situated on the under
surface of the mesothorax in front of the coxae, while the remainder are
found on the abdomen near the anterior margin of the sides of segments
one to eight. Legs moderate, not differing much in length among
themselves, the anterior pair a trifle stouter, coxae very prominent,
claw sharp, curved in lateral aspect (it is twisted out of place in the
camera-lucida drawing) and armed beneath with two spines or bristles.

Sept. 1896.]

Wickham : Larwe of Some Beetles.

121

These larvae are found occasionally about rotten wood near Iowa
City and are remarkable for the shape of the last abdominal segment.
The change to pupa takes place in April, one of mine pupating on the
twenty-second of the month, the beetle appearing on May fourth. The
pupa is white, lying naturally in a curved position. Length, measured
along the chord of the arc, 14 mm. The sides of the abdominal seg¬
ments are armed with flattened processes, bearing each a short spine at
tip; these processes are two in number on each side of the second, third,
fourth and fifth segments ; on the first segment there is but one, a short
one, while the single one on the sixth is of moderate size. The last
segment is excavated above and armed with a pair of long sharp termi¬
nal spines.

Hymenorus obscurus Say. (Fig. 3.)

Larva very elongate, slender, subcylindrical ; back very convex,
venter flattened, and with a longitudinal furrow on each side. Color, in
life nearly white, in spirits yellowish, surface shining. Length, 12 to
13 mm. Head about as wide as the prothorax and of darker color
than the rest of the body, antennae four-jointed, first and second joints
about equal in length, the first broader ; third joint about one and one-
half times as long as the second, rounded at tip, a ring of small spines
surrounding the subterminal enlargement ; fourth joint small, papilli¬
form, trisetose at tip. Labrum more than twice as broad as long, sides
rounded, apex truncate or very slightly emarginate, margin bristly, a
few scattering spines on the surface, under face with a parabolic band
of small spines (See Fig. 3 lbr.). Mandibles very heavy, deeply emar¬
ginate, strongly toothed, and with a broad basal molar portion. Max¬
illae with two rows of very strong spines on the inner face, as well as
numerous scattered ones. Palpal joints decreasing gradually in thick¬
ness, apparently four in number, as shown in Fig. 3 max. ; there is,
however, some slight damage done to the basal portion in my prepara¬
tion, so that I do not feel quite sure. The last joint has a fringe of
small spines around the tip. Labium of moderate size, palpi thick,
second joint narrower ; the prolongation of the tip of the ligula is of
considerable size, nearly reaching to end of first palpal joints, and bears
at apex two bristles about equalling it in length. The chitinous sup¬
ports are two — the basal piece about as broad as long, rounded at base,
rather deeply emarginate and distinctly sinuate at tip, angles prom¬
inent ; the apical piece elongate, narrow and deeply notched at tip.
Prothorax longer than the mesothorax and metathorax, which are about
equal to each other in length. The mesothorax bears a spiracle on

122 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

each side in front of the coxae. Abdomen of nine segments, the first
eight about equal in size, each bearing a pair of spiracles, which are
situated near the antero-lateral margin ; ninth bluntly conical, bristly,
beneath with a pair of papilliform appendages projecting from beneath
a plate lying near the anterior margin. Legs moderate in length, very
bristly, coxce very prominent, claw not toothed.

The larvae were found in a rotten oak stump, and were at first
taken to be Elateridae. The change to pupa took place April 27th,
the beetle appearing May 6th. The pupa is white, 7 mm. long ; sides
of abdomen with compressed three-toothed processes ; terminal segment
with two short curved spines.

Acamptus rigidus Lee. (Fig. 4.)

Living larva white, head yellowish, mandibles castaneous. Form
rather short, robust, position at rest, curved. Length 5 mm., width al¬
most 2 mm. Head large, deflexed, oval in frontal view. A rather
deep impressed line runs the length of the median region above. Sur¬
face rather sparsely bristly, the bristles longer and more numerous near
the sides. The antennae cannot be made out distinctly, but are very
short and borne in pits over and outside of the mandibles. Eyes are
wanting. Mandibles heavy, triangular, strongly chitinized, inner edge
sinuate and with a strong tooth near the tip. Maxillae heavy, basal
portion furnished on the masticatory face with several (eight or
nine) strong articulated spines; palpus two-jointed, the joints thick,
basal one the thicker and somewhat the longer. Mentum mostly mem¬
branous, the basal portion therefore indistinctly limited. The terminal
part bears four moderate spines at tip ; the palpi are two-jointed, the
basal joint much the longer. Thoracic segments membranous, broader
than the head ; they do not bear legs, but each has on the ventral sur¬
face a pair of large tubercles which bear ambulatory bristles — about six
to each tubercle but not all of the same length. Abdominal segments
not well differentiated from the thoracic, soft in consistence, the term¬
inal one obtuse. All the segments are bristly towards the sides, and on
the back are seen four long bristles which arise near the tip of the
abdomen. The median portion of the ventral surface is devoid of
them. The dorso-terminal portion of the abdomen has a squamose ap¬
pearance, but under a high power these apparent squamules are seen to
be short sharp spines.

Larvae were sent me by Mr. A. B. Wolcott from near Bloomington,
Illinois; they were taken, March 13th, from the interior of a soft maple
tree. According to Mr. Wolcott’s account, this tree had received, at a

Sept. 1896.]

Wickham : Larvae of Some Beetles.

123

point about five feet from the ground, an injury which had removed
the bark, the exposed place then being attacked by the large horn-tail,
Tremex columba. For about an inch from the surface the wood was
quite hard, but inside of this shell was quite badly decayed and soft.
The young Acamptus larvm were found just entering the soft wood on
sides of the Tremex burrow, while the large ones were taken at the end
of a gallery of an inch or two in length, this gallery having its origin
from the side of that of the Tremex. The full grown larvae had formed,
at the date mentioned, rounded cells, apparently for pupation ; these
cells had no evidence of silk in their construction. Mr. Wolcott has
kindly furnished a drawing to illustrate the work of this larva (Plate
IV, Fig. 6). The burrow of the Tremex is shown at Tr, while
that of the Acamptus is marked Ac. The black spots in the latter
show where the larva had made short secondary burrows for the depth
of an eighth of an inch or so. All of the larvae taken by Mr. Wolcott
were found with the head pointing upward, whether the burrow ran
up or down. This may simply be the position of rest for the winter.
A few adults were taken with the young, at the date cited, but they were
more numerous in November preceding. None have been seen on the
outside of the tree, nor do any of the healthy trees seem to have been
attacked.

Yuccaborus, sp. (Fig. 5.)

Larva robust, natural position curved, consistence soft. Color
nearly white, head testaceous, mouth dark brown. Head more strongly
chitinized than the rest of the body, its upper surface sparsely bristled,
median line distinct for about one-half of the distance from the hind
margin when it forks, separating into two lines, one of which extends
towards each anterior angle. Antennae extremely short and contained
in pits at the sides of the head near the mandibles. Clypeus separated
from the front by a distinct suture ; in form transverse, approximately,
thrice as broad as long, narrower anteriorly, sides oblique. Labrum as
broad as the anterior margin of the clypeus but shorter than the sclerite,
sides rounded, bristled as shown in the figure. Mandibles extremely
heavy, triangular in outline, the inner margin irregular but without de¬
fined teeth. Maxillae with very heavy base, inner face flattened and
armed for about one -half of its length with a dense covering of bristles.
Palpi two-jointed, the first joint much stouter than the second. Labia
palpi two-jointed, almost like the maxillary ; the ligula is emarginate at
tip, and each of the projections thus formed bears a bunch of bristles at
apex. Prothorax about as long as the meso- and meta-thorax combined,

124 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi.iv.

dorsal shield strongly chitinized and with a yellowish tinge. There are
no legs, but each of the thoracic segments bears on its ventral surface a
pair of setigerous tubercles which are doubtless locomotive in function.
Abdomen increasing gradually in size from the first to the third segment,
thence gradually decreasing to the fifth. The remaining segments (ap¬
parently three in number) are much smaller than the preceding and
decrease more rapidly in size. The eighth segment is deeply and broadly
longitudinally sulcate, each of the lateral ridges (one of which bounds
this excavation on each side) bearing an elongate setigerous tubercle
near the anterior and another near the posterior border. The whole
ventral surface of the body is traversed by rather deeply impressed longi¬
tudinal lines, which, running crosswise of the segmental incisions, give
a somewhat tuberculate appearance to this region. On the dorsal sur¬
face the plications are parallel to the segmental incisions. Length io mm.

Pupa tolerably closely reproducing the form of the beetle, the head
and beak sparsely set with short and sharp spines. The pronotum
bears a pair on the median line near the base ; on each side of and a
little posterior to this middle pair lies another pair, and, still exterior,
another. The anterior portion of the pronotum bears one spine on each
side near the front margin, separated from each other by a space some¬
what less than the width of the head ; behind and somewhat to the
side of these spines are two others, one on each side. The meso- and
meta notum each bear two rows of spines which converge posteriorly.
The abdominal segments are armed with transverse rows. Length 12
mm.

Numerous pupte and adults with one larva were found near Browns¬
ville, Texas, infesting a dead yucca. They occur in the decaying por¬
tion immediately underlying the old bases of the leaves. The specific
identity of the beetle is not settled, but it may turn out to be the same
as one of the Mexican species.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. I. Megeleates sequoiarum Casey.

Fig. 2. Meracantha contracta Beauv. %

Fig. 3. Hymenorus obscurus Say.

Fig. 4. Acamptus rigidus Lee.

Fig. 5. Yuccaborus, sp.

Fig. 6. Piece of wood from soft maple tree, showing burrow of Acajnptus (Ac.)
springing from burrow of Tremex (Tr.).

All details are marked alike, viz. — lbr.=labrum ; Mt.=labium; Md.=Mandible ;
Max.=Maxilla ; ant.=antenna.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. IV. PL IV, ;

Life-History of Euclea delphinii.

Sept. 1896.] Dyar : Life History of Euclea Delphinii.

125

THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE FLORIDA FORM OF

EUCLEA DELPHINII.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A. M., Ph. D.

(Plate V, Figs. 1— 13. )

Larvae found at Lake Worth, Florida, in January, 1896, differed
from any previously seen by me, and were supposed to represent some
species of Euclea or Monoleuca not previously bred. However, the
moths which emerged proved to be E. delphinii. I present herewith
an account of their life-history in advance of that which Miss Morton
and I will work out of the New York form, since I have been fortunate
enough to observe all the stages. I am much indebted to Mr. F. Kin-
zel, of Palm Beach, for a supply of food plants during the winter
months.

The larvae are nearest in pattern and structure to the form provi¬
sionally called E. pcenulata ( elliotii ) by Miss Morton and myself (Journ.
N. Y. Ent. Soc., Ill, 146). They differ in coloration and in having
a pair of caltrope patches on the subdorsal horns of joint 13, which are
absent in pcenulata. In both there is a single group of detatchable
spines and the subdorsal line is unbroken by discolorous patches. The
synonymy and relations of the several forms of the delphinii group, as
well as figures of the caltropes and spines will be deferred to our paper
on the New York species, where we hope to discuss these matters in full.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal and lateral spaces broad, subventral space narrow, con¬
tracted ; ridges very slight, the lateral the most distinct, approximate to
the subventral. Fleshy horn-like processes unequally elongated ; in
stage I bearing primitive setee ; after first molt the subdorsal and
lateral rows covered with numerous urticating spines, mixed with less
developed spines bearing setae ; subventral row rudimentary. The sub¬
dorsal horns are well developed on joints 3 to 5 and 11 to 13, moderate
on joint 8, very small on 6, 7, 9 and 10, but none are rudimentary as
they are in Sibine. Of the lateral row the one on joint 5 is absent.

Depressed areas feebly developed, usually only their pale glandu¬
lar centers visible, under favorable circumstances also the areas them¬
selves as slight hollows, smoother than the general surface ; dorsal row
(1) paired, double between joints 3-4 and 4-5, ad-dorsal (2) slight;

126 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi.iv.

the lateral row (4) and lower intersegmental lateral (6) quite distinct,
the former reniform.

Skin at first smooth, in the later stages covered with minute clear,
conical granules, rather sparsely distributed. These little granules are
intermediate in development between the sharp-pointed skin spines of
Sibine and the low, rounded, smooth, colorless granules of Apoda.
They are not present on any of the horns, which are armed only with
the spines and setae. Caltrope patches appear toward the tip of the
horns of the lateral row at about stage VII. They are present on joints
6 to 1 2 and also on the subdorsal horn of joint 13. In the last stage a
single pair of detachable spine patches appears, situated above the sub¬
dorsal horn of joint 13, the patch small, slender, obliquely truncate.

The coloration is on the whole mimetic and adapted to escape ob¬
servation. These larvoe persistently hide by day in their native habitat,
creeping into curled leaves or any other similar protected place on their

food plant.

The larva is closely comparable with Sibine (Journ. N. Y. Ent.
Soc., IV, 2), on the whole slightly less specialized, as seen by the
smaller and imperfectly developed detachable spines and the less un¬
equally developed horns. Its skin structure is, however, considerably
higher than that of Sibine.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Eggs. _ Laid singly, or in patches of two to seven, slightly

overlapping. Flattened, the upper surface low arched, elliptical, but
not of a constant shape ; 1.6 x .9 x .2 mm., or about these dimensions,
varying in thickness as well as in outline. Nearly transparent as seen
on the leaf, milky whitish on glass, and pale lemon yellow on white
paper, shining ; reticulations obscure, narrow, linear, angularly 4 to
6-sided areas, only seen in a strong direct light. The eggs hatch in

seven days from the time they are laid.

Stage I. — The embryo forms as usual curved ventrally, flattened
laterally, the head and tail touching. Before hatching it shortens and
thickens slightly, but still well compressed, and emerges through a hole
at the top of the egg. Head pale with a large black eye ; width about
.2 mm, retracted beneath joint 2, which may be partly retracted below
joint 3. Body rather square, the horns all present as described for the
mature larva, but the short ones relatively longer (Plate V, Fig. 1). The
arrangement is as in Sibine and is shown on the plate. The subdorsal
horn on joint 8 is only partially reduced in size. There is a tendency

Sept. 1896.]

Dyar : Life History of Euclea Delphinii.

127

for the smallest horns to he crowded toward the neighboring large ones,
whereby the subdorsal horn on joint 6 approaches the one on 5, that on
7 the one on 8, etc. Setse rather long, stiff, sharp pointed, three from
the apex of each horn. Cuticle perfectly smooth, transparent. The
larva is pale yellowish, the color of the egg, without marks. It does
not feed at all in this stage, becoming quiescent immediately after
hatching and molting in three days. Length of larva 1 mm.

Stage II. — Subdorsal horns on joints 3 to 5, 8, n and 12 large,
rounded, bristly with stiff, black-tipped spines; those on joints 6, 7, 9
and 10 very small, rounded, each with one spine; lateral row with many
spines, the horns on joints 3 and 4 larger than the rest. Body squarish,
ridges marked by the large tubercles, widest through joints 3 and 4.
All pale yellowish white, much more opaque than before. Skin finely
granular dotted ; no marks. Head pale, eye black, mouth brown,
width .3 mm. Toward the end of the stage the horns of subdorsal row
on joints 4, 5 and 1 1 become brick red in some examples. Length 1
to 2 mm.

Stage III — Very shining, green, but principally from the alimen¬
tary canal showing by transparency. A narrow, faint yellow subdorsal
line along the ridge; horns on joints 3 to 5, 8, n and 12 bright red ;
lateral row colorless with green tips. The horns are moderately well
covered with black-tipped spines; the subdorsal ones on joints 6, 7, 9
and 10 have only one or two spines. Skin finely and rather remotely
watery granular. Dorsal and ad-dorsal depressed areas indicated by
whitish dots, also the large lateral intersegmental (4). The larvae eat
rounded patches on either side of the leaf (Plate V, Fig. 13). Width
of head .4 mm.; length of larva 2 to 3 3 mm.

Stage IV. — Resembles the mature larva in shape and appearance.
Green, a narrow yellow subdorsal line, the same horns red as before.
The subdorsal horns on joints 6 and 10 are very small with three or four
spines, those on joints 7 and 9 moderate with six to eight spines. A
narrow pale dorsal line. Double intersegmental dorsal, ad-dorsal and
two lateral obliquely set rows of white glandular dots. The lateral horn
on joint 4 is a little larger than the others. Head whitish, the eye
black ; width .6 mm. Skin granules rather remote, concolorous or
colorless, non-setiferous, conical but not sharp pointed, about .005 mm.
in diameter. All the horns are smooth, without skin granules. No
trace of caltropes. Length of larva 3.3 to 5.3 mm.

Stage V. — Head shining, very pale greenish, eye black, mouth
brown ; width .8 mm. Green ; the skin transparent with a faint green

128

;voi. iv.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

tint from the blood, the effect increased by some bright green pigment,
not evenly distributed. In the dorsal space it is absent between the
large horns, being therefore especially noticeable in two square patches
on joints 6—7 and 9—10. Between these patches and the yellow sub¬
dorsal line is a slight space which will become the waved dark green
line ; but as yet it is not indicated. Yellow subdorsal line broad, ir¬
regular. In the lateral space the green pigment is situated in a band
below the subdorsal line, separated from it by a space which is already
defined faintly as a dark green line. The green pigment encloses the
upper intersegmental whitish dots, but below this the body is only green
from the blood. A narrow distinct whitish dorsal line. Horns green¬
ish except the six red pairs. The short horns are as well spined as the
long ones, in proportion. Skin finely watery granular. Length 5.3 to
7 mm.

Stage VI. — Elliptical, flattened, highest through joint 5, though
not conspicuously so. Green, dorsum flat, not tapering much at the
ends, yellowish green, a narrow yellow dorsal line and a dark clear
green waved line above the subdorsal band ; intersegmental glandular
dots whitish ; the green band is most pronounced on joints 6 to 10, giv¬
ing the appearance of a central darker green patch, but this disappears
under a lens. Subdorsal line rather broad, yellow, extending from
joints 3 to 13. Horns short and slender, the longest ones on joints 3,
4, 5, 8, 11 and 12 bright red, the others moderate, colorless. Lateral
space nearly colorless, shaded with light green on the lateral ridges be¬
tween the depressed spaces, two rows of white glandular dots in the
broad intersegmental hollows. Lateral horns rather long, alike, pale
green, those on joints 3 and 4 tipped with brownish. A broken, pale
lateral line. Subventral space contracted, colorless. Head green, jaws
brown, ocelli black ] width 1 mm. Spines colorless \ skin with fine
clear granules. Length of larva 7 to 10 mm.

Stage VII. —Essentially the same. There are now present a series
of caltrope patches toward the tips of the lateral horns on joints 6 to
12, and on the subdorsal horn on joint 13. Width of head 1.6 mm.
Length of larva 10 to 14.5 mm. The dark green lines adjoining the
subdorsal and lateral ridges vary in distinctness in different larvae, grad¬
ually becoming more distinct as the larvae grow.

Stage VIII— As before. The red horns vary in color in differ¬
ent examples, some being faintly colored or even greenish,
pair of pointed, slender, pale brown, black-tipped patches of detachable
spines above the subdorsal horn of joint 13; caltrope patches pale

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. IV. PL V.

Coleopterous Larvae.

Sept. 1896] Dyar : Life History of Euclea Delphinii.

129

brown, on the upper side of the lateral horns of joints 6 to 12 and on
the sides of the subdorsal horn of joint 13. Larva pale yellowish green,
a yellow subdorsal band below the skin on joints 3 to 13, edged below
by a dark green line, narrow, rarely partly replaced by red (Plate V,
Fig. 3); a deeply waved green line above the subdorsal and lateral ridges,
both edged with yellowish. Dorsal yellow line faint. Intersegmental
glandular dots whitish. The subdorsal dark line is faint at the extremi¬
ties, but gives no longer any appearance of a central patch. Skin
sparsely watery granular. Width of head, about 2.5 mm.; length of
larva, 14.5 to 20 mm.

Cocoon and pupa as usual. The cocoon is 11x6.5 nun. *n size
and is surrounded by a slight irregular web ; color, dark brown.

Food Plants . — The larvae were found each on a different plant, as
follows: Mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle ), Sea Grape ( Co c colob a uvi-
ferd), Cocoanut Palm and Coccoloba flondana. All the four larvae
produced moths ; the last two mated in the box, and I obtained from
them eggs and finally 95 little larvae. These ate whatever was offered
them, as is usual in the Eucleidae.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Larva stage 1, lateral aspect, semidiagrammatic X 5° ; head protruded.
Fig. 2. Larva stage 1, dorsal aspect X 40; head retracted.

Fig. 3. Mature larva X 5 5 three-quarters view, head retracted in the ordinary posi¬
tion of rest.

Fig. 4. Outer part of a thoracic foot of mature larva X 200 showing the claw and
terminal setae.

Fig. 5. Jaw of same X 5° seen from within.

Fig. 6. Spiracle x 50 showing radiate structure.

Fig. 7. A simple seta and tubercle, mature larva, X 5°-
Fig. 8. Another, showing the tubercle elongated.

Fig. 9. The same, further advanced.

Fig. 10. A short urticating spine, the seta reduced to the piercing cap, the tubercle
forming the poison-holding shaft.

Fig. 11. The same ; a larger spine from a long horn.

Fig. 12. One of the exceptional flattened setae X 200.

Fig. 1 3. Leaf showing the feeding traces of the larva in stages II and III, natural size

130

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. iv

NEW SPECIES OF AMERICAN HETEROCERA.

By William Schaus.

Eurata helena, sp. nov.

Head and thorax black ; two round yellow spots on collar. Abdomen abov
with segments 1-3 crimson, 4 and 5 yellow; otherwise black; a broad black sul
dorsal line from the base and a tinge of black between the segments. Wings browr
ish black, thinly scaled. The primaries with two contiguous white spots near the en
of the cell, and another spot below them; beyond the cell four white spots, the lowe
very minute; at the base two minute yellow spots. Secondaries with two whii
spots at the end of the cell and the inner margin broadly crimson. Underneath tt
same. Expanse, 34 mm. ,

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Eurata maritana, sp. nov.

Head and thorax black ; collar with two large yellow spots. Abdomen wit
the basal segments crimson and a black and orange subdorsal spot, segments 2 and
black with lateral spots; segments 4 and 5 yellow separated by a transverse blac
band; otherwise black underneath, segments 4 and 5 are yellow. Wings smol
black. Primaries with an oblong creamy spot at the base ; two large white media
spots; four large white subapical spots. Secondaries with a trace of a whitish line
the end of the cell. Expanse, 36 mm.

Habitat Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Allied to E. picta H. S.

Syntomeida broadwayi, sp. nov.

Antennce and head black with a metallic green spot. Collar black with tvt
small metallic pale green spots. Patagias black with two similar but larger spo
Thorax and abdomen dorsally dark metallic green, the segments of the abdomen ve
distinct ; underneath black with a large white patch at the base of the abdome
Legs dark metallic blue ; fore femora white ; tarsi with a broad white circle and
crimson streak above the white circle on the fore pair. Primaries dull greeni
black with the following small vitreous spots ; one below the median vein at a thi
from the base ; one at the end of the cell ; two just beyond the cell ; a slightly larg
spot near the outer margin between veins 2 and 3, and a minute spot just above
separated by vein 3. Secondaries of the same color, with a small vitreous streak at t :
base on the inner margin, and adjoining it a minute round spot ; another sm
vitreous spot at the end of the cell. Underneath the wings are dark metallic gree
Expanse, $ 41 mm.

Habitat: Trinidad, B. W. I.

I am indebted for a specimen of this new species to W. E. Broa
way, Esq. of the Botanical Gardens.

5ept. 1896.]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

131

Chloropsinus senetus, sp. nov.

Body velvety black. Primaries dark bronzy green with the veins still darker.
Secondaries smoky black with a faintly diaphanous streak at the base. Expanse,

33 mm-

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Allied to Chloropsinus viridis Druce.

Eupyra ferens, sp. nov.

Head and thorax blackish. Three white points on the collar and one at the
base of the primaries. Abdomen greenish black with a subdorsal, lateral, and ven¬
tral row of white spots. Wings dark metallic green. Expanse, 45 mm.

Habitat : Peru.

Allied to E. baccha?is Schs.

Eupyra albicincta, sp. nov.

$ . Antennae dark metallic blue. Head black. Collar white. Thorax black.
Abdomen metallic blue ; the base broadly white which gradually extends laterally
and underneath. Legs black streaked with metallic blue and white ; fore coxae
white. Wings metallic peacock blue, with the veins and fringe black ; a large oval
vitreous spot at the base of the secondaries ; the cell and costal margin of the secon¬
daries blackish. The 9 differs in having a small vitreous spot on the primaries be¬
low the median vein at about the middle of the wing, and there are two small vitre¬
ous spots in the cell of the secondaries. Expanse, $ 45 mm., 9 5° mm-

Habitat: Chimbo, Ecuador.

I received this beautiful species from Mr. Oberthiir.

Eupyra sylva, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brown ; two minute white spots on collar. Abdomen golden
brown ; a large subdorsal white spot at the base and some lateral white spots on the
first four segments. Primaries golden green with the following vitreous spots ; a
large one about the middle of the wing below the median vein ; a small one at the
end of the cell, and another minute one beyond the cell ; near the outer margin a
large spot between veins 3 and 5, crossed by vein 4. Secondaries brownish black ;
the inner margin with long white hairs ; a large vitreous spot at the base, followed by
a similar spot about the center of the wing. Expanse, 37 mm.

Habitat : Rio Janeiro.

Very closely allied to E . cephaiena Druce.

Sphecosoma melissa, sp. nov.

Head white spotted with black. Collar yellow. Thorax yellow, with five
black streaks. Abdomen: basal segment black with two yellow spots, the other seg¬
ments yellow banded with black and a fine subdorsal black line. Legs yellow.
Wings yellowish hyaline with the margins and veins finely brown ; some yellow at
the base of the inner margin on the primaries. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

132

Journal New York Entomological Society.

LVoi. lv.

Cosmosoma lucia, sp. nov.

Body black above with a subdorsal row of metallic blue spots from the head to
the anal segement. Underneath, thorax and legs red. Wings hyaline margined
with black, widely at the apices ; veins black, especially the discocellulars on the
primaries. Expanse, 36 mm.

Habitat: St. Lucia, B. W. I.

Cosmosoma durca, sp. nov.

Body black with a subdorsal and a lateral row of metallic green spots. Wings
hyaline. The primaries with the base and margins broadly black, the costa narrowly
so ; a black spot at the end of the cell. Secondaries with the outer margin black.
Expanse, 31 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Cosmosoma dukinfieldia, sp. nov.

Head black with a blue spot. Thorax black, a grayish spot on the patagia?.
Abdomen black shaded with metallic blue at the base and laterally. Y ings hyaline.
Primaries with the base and outer margin broadly blackish brown ; the costal and
inner margins mottled pale fawn colour and black ; a broad black spot at the end of
the cell ; all the veins black. Secondaries with the outer margin black. Underneath
the thorax is spotted with metallic blue. Expanse, 42 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Sansaptera, gen. nov.

Antennae pectinated. Palpi porrect, second point long. Primaries long and
narrow, the outer margin very oblique, the inner angle rounded ; the submedian
vein very short. Secondaries very minute, almost imperceptible, with the anal angle
prolonged.

Sansaptera cocho, sp. nov.

Head black with two metallic points. Thorax black; two metallic blue spots on
the collar. Abdomen black with a subdorsal and a lateral row of metallic scales ;
underneath white at the base. Primaries hyaline, veins and margins black, the
outer margin broadly so; a black spot at the end of the cell; the base black with
some metallic spots. Secondaries brownish black. Expanse, 29 mm.

Habitat: Cavallo-cocho, Peruvian Amazons.

Argyrceides sanguinea, sp. nov.

Antennae black. Head black with white lines. Collar yellow. Thorax black >
a yellow line on patagire. Abdomen black at the base with a yellow spot ; the sec¬
ond segment yellow ; otherwise crimson dorsally with three transverse black streaks;
beneath and laterally black ; anal tuft black. Wings hyaline, finely margined with
black. Discocellulars more heavily black on the primaries. Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Syntrichura brodea, sp. nov.

Head black spotted with white. Body dorsally brilliant metallic green, the

Sept. 1896.]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

133

patagice edged with black ; underneath the coxae and a large spot on the abdomen
white. Wings hyaline with black margins. The costal margin of the secondaries
white. Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat : Trinidad, B. W. I.

Philoros marita, sp. nov.

Antennae black. Head gray ; orange behind the antennae. Collar and thorax
light brown ; the patagiae dorsally shaded with yellow. Abdomen black. Primaries
light brown ; the median, submedian and veins 3, 4 and 6, finely yellow ; fringe
yellowish. Secondaries dull black; fringe white. Underneath blackish gray, the
disc of the primaries paler. Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Pygoctenucha dukinfieldia, sp. nov.

Head crimson. Collar crimson with a black lateral spot. Thorax crimson ;
patagke black. Abdomen black ; anal segment crimson. Legs black ; red at the
joints. Wings dull black. Expanse, 51 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Allied to P. bombycina Perty.

Aclytia terra, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark brown ; a metallic blue point between the antenna.
Abdomen metallic blue ; a subdorsal black line and transverse black bands on the
segments ; at the base long tufts of brown hairs ; coxae orange ; a ventral orange band.
Primaries dark brown. Secondaries black with a broad diaphanous streak from the
base to beyond the cell. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Allied to A. conspicua Druce = lucania Schs.

Charidea katima, sp. nov.

Head black and blue. Collar metallic blue. Thorax black with three
metallic blue streaks. Abdomen metallic blue. Fore coxae white; Primaries
black shaded with blue at the base, the submedian vein and a broad streak above it
red ; a broad oblique red band beyond the cell, from the subcostal vein to nearly the
outer margin above the angle. Secondaries with the basal half rich metallic blue,
the outer half black. Underneath the same without the red basal streaks on the
primaries. Expanse, 36 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Eucereon amadis, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark brown ; two minute reddish yellow spots behind the
antennae. Abdomen chrome yellow ; black at the base and subdorsally on second
segment ; a lateral black line ; Anus black. Primaries dark brown ; the veins, an
angular basal line, a small spot in the cell, a transverse outer line forming a large
ciuve beyond the cell and l'eaching the inner margin about its center, and a terminal
row of angular spots yellowish brown; the terminal spots filled in with darker

134

[ Vol. IV.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

brown. Secondaries semi-hyaline, whitish, the veins and the margins dusky black.
Underneath the primaries are black with some vague whitish spots beyond the cell.

Expanse, 39 mm.

Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico. Also in coll. British Museum.

Eucereon patrona, sp. nov.

Head, collar and thorax pale brownish gray, with a broad velvety brown lateral
streak. Abdomen dorsally crimson with some black hairs subdorsally on the first
three segments ; laterally a broad black streak ; anus black ; underneath yellow.
Primaries pale brownish gray with some dark but indistinct streaks along the mar
gins forming vague transverse lines, which become lost in a broad velvety brown shade
extending from the base to nearly the apex. Secondaries whitish, semi-hyaline
the veins and fringe brownish ; the apex and anal angle clouded with brown. Ex
panse, 43 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela; Orizaba, Mexico.

Eucereon velutina, sp. nov

Head and thorax gray ; patagiae brown. Abdomen dorsally with the basa
half black, the anal half orange with subdorsal and lateral black spots. Underneatl
blackish with two yellow stripes. Primaries rich brown, paler at the base of th<
inner margin ; a basal dark line from the costa ; a narrow triangular dark space 01
the outer margin ; an outer wavy line almost imperceptible above vein 4, but ver
dark and becoming broader below it to the inner margin. Secondaries smoky black
the costal margin yellowish ; a black point in the cell. Expance, 27 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Eucereon cinctum, sp. nov.

Head black ; reddish posteriorly. Thorax smoky brown with some pinkis
streaks and a pink subdorsal spot posteriorly. Abdomen black above with a broa
crimson space before the anal segment; underneath brownish with two yelk^
streaks. Primaries smoky black with the veins, a basal, an outer and a submargiru
transverse line fawn color; a slight diaphanous spot in the cell and another beyon
it. Secondaries hyaline with the outer margin broadly black. Underneath tb
primaries are black spotted with white. Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat: Trinidad, B. W. I.

Erithales capsica, sp. nov.

Plead pale gray with a minute black spot. Collar pale gray with two lait
black spots. Thorax pale gray ; a black dorsal line ; two small spots on patagi.
Abdomen above gray at the base, otherwise pink with a dorsal grayish line. Unde
neath white. Primaries grayish white with black spots as in E. guacolda Poey , b
larger. Secondaries with the base semi-hyaline white, the outer half gray. Undt
neath the wings are dark. Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Allied to E. guacolda Poey, and E . quadricolor Walk, which
wrongly placed under Theages in Kirby’s Catalogue of Moths. T1

;pt. 1896 ]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

135

enus Erithales will no doubt sink as a synonym of Eucereon , or
he latter must be divided into several genera. Of the twenty-nine
pecies I possess I make five groups according to slight differences in
leuration.

Vmaxia juvenis, sp. nov.

$ . Head yellow above, crimson underneath. Collar yellow. Thorax viola-
eous brown. Abdomen crimson above, yellow ventrally. Primaries bright yellow ;
large violaceous brown space from the costal vein at a third from the base to the
mer angle, except the costal margin itself, which remains yellow, and a small yellow
pot at the middle of the inner margin, this latter spot being edged with crimson; and
aere are also some crimson scales at the base of the inner margin ; some dark gray-
dr spots in the cell ; beyond the cell three transverse rows of spots, the first and
uter rows small, the center row also small except towards the outer margin where
hey become large and confluent and are more or less shaded with crimson; the ex-
renreties of the veins crimson. Secondaries pink ; broadly yellowish along the cos-
al margin.

9 . Differs in having the dark basal space broken up into large spots more or
sss broken up into large spots more or less confluent, and the rows of transverse spots
specially the central row, consists of a series of large spots edged with crimson. The
horax is also mottled with yellow. Expanse, $ 33 mm., £ 42 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

\maxia dyuna, sp. nov.

Head yellow posteriorly shaded with crimson. Collar yellow. Thorax dark
[ray, mottled with yellow and crimson, the patagice finely edged with crimson. Ab-
lomen above pink, mottled with yellow at the base ; underneath white. Primaries
>right yellow ; at the base some small grayish spots circled with crimson, and beyond
hese a large similarly colored and irregular space extending from the subcostal vein
0 the inner margin, where it reaches the inner angle ; two terminal rows of small dark
pots ; the median yellow space with some small spots and at a fourth from the apex
bur large and confluent brownish gray spots extending from vein 5 to the costal
nargin. Secondaries yellowish white, shaded with pink, along the inner margin,
expanse, 36 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

?seudalus, gen. nov.

Antennae pectinated. Thorax broad. Abdomen slight, short. Primaries
)road, outer margin oblique ; veins 7-10 stalked; 6 from upper angle of cell. Sec-
mdaries broad ; veins 3 and 4 nearly from a point at lower angle of cell ; veins 5 and
1 absent ; 6 and 7 stalked.

3seudalus limona, sp. nov.

Head and legs orange, the latter spotted with black. Collar and thorax
mght yellow. Abdomen whitish. Primaries bright yellow ; three black points
lear the base and an oblique row of black points on the veins from the middle of the

136 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

submedian nervure to near the apex ; a small black mark in the cell. Secondaries
white. Expanse, 36 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Idalus citrina Druce is congeneric with this species.

Thalesa, gen. nov.

g , Antennae pectinated. Primaries broad, produced along the inner maigin
apex acute; inner angle rounded. Veins 7> 6, 9 stalked. Secondaiies as broad as
long; rounded at the apex and inner angle. Veins 5 and 8 absent; discocellular
open in the g , forming an angle inwardly in the 9. Vein 7 widely curved above
vein 6. Veins 3 and 4 from lower angle of cell.

Allied to Idalus and Eupseudosoma. Type, Thalesa ( Halisidota )
seruba H. S. In the ? the wings are long and narrow as in Halisidota .
Thalesa seruba is usually confounded with Halisidota niveigutta Walk,
and the females can only be distinguished by the neuration.

Symphlebia aryllis, sp. nov.

Body orange yellow. Primaries bright yellow; the outer half of the veins
brown ; the subcostal vein to the end of the cell black, broadly bordered above with
creamy yellow, containing a long black streak ; a basal creamy yellow space above
the submedian vein containing a short fine black streak. Secondaries testaceous
Underneath testaceous. Expanse, 64 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

This species is almost identical with Lophocampa nervosa Feld.
(Reise Novara, T. 101, Fig. 6.) in its markings, but the neuration is dif¬
ferent.

Castrica, gen. nov.

Antennae finely pectinated. Primaries long and broad, the outer margin
slightly produced, between veins 5 and 6; the neuration as in Symphlebia, Felder.
Secondaries in the g somewhat quadrate with the angles rounded. Vein 2 fiom
lower angle of cell in the g , before the angle in the 9 ; veins 3 and 4 stalked ; vein
5 absent ; vein 6 usually absent ; sometimes present in the 9 as a short branch of
vein 7. Veins 7 and 8 from upper angle of cell in the g , slightly stalked in the 9;
a costal spur in the g .

Castrica oweni, sp. nov.

Body yellow. Wings yellow heavily shaded with smoky gray through the cell
towards the apex and submarginally ; a clearer spot in the cell followed by a dail
spot. Secondaries pale yellow. Expanse, g 41 mm., 9 47 mm<

Habitat: Venezuela, Costa Rica. Named after Prof. E. T. Owen.
Prumala, gen. nov.

9 . Antennoe finely pectinated. Primaries large and broad. Veins 4 and 5 fron
lower angle of cell; 6 from upper angle; 7-10 stalked. Secondaries broad, oval
veins 3 and 4 from lower angle of cell ; vein 5 absent ; 6, 7, 8, from angle of upper cell

Sept. 1896.]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

137

Prumala jamaicensis, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brown. Abdomen red. Primaries above brown ; three spots
in the cell ; an outer and a submarginal row of small indistinct gray spots finely cir¬
cled with dark brown. Secondaries pink. Underneath the wings are red with a
small black spot on the primaries beyond the cell. Expanse, 49 mm.

Habitat: Jamaica, B. W. I.

Nezula, gen. nov.

Antennae very long, minutely pectinated. Primaries long, narrow, the outer
margin very oblique, the inner margin very short. Vein 6 from upper angle of cell ;
7,8,9 stalked ; 10 and II stalked. Secondaries triangular in the $ oval in the 9 »
veins 3 and 4 stalked ; 6 and 7 stalked in the 9 5 veins 6 absent in the $ ; vein 5
absent in both sexes.

Nezula grisea, sp. nov.

Head and front of thorax yellow ; body otherwise gray. Wings gray, darker
in the female than in the male. Expanse, g 21 mm., 9 24 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela.

Trichromia (. Hiibn ) pandera, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray. Abdomen and secondaries bright yellow. Primaries
violaceous gray with a very broad yellow space from the middle of the costal margin
to the middle of the outer margin, slightly extending towards the apex on the ex¬
treme margin, giving the apical gray portion the appearance of a rounded spot.
Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela.

This species closely allied to Neritos repanda Walk.

Bertholdia, gen. nov.

Antennae finely ciliate. Body stout. Primaries with the outer margin convex
below apex, then oblique. Veins 6-10, usually stalked, 6 sometimes from upper angle
of cell. Secondaries triangular with the angles rounded. Veins 3 and 4 from lower
angle; 5 from discocellular ; 6 absent; 8 from cell following close along vein 7.
Underneath on the primaries a g sexual gland between the median and submedian
veins near the base.

Named in remembrance of Bertnold Neumoegen. Type of
genus, Bertholdia ( Trichromia ) specularis H. S.; Halesidota trigona
Grote belongs to the same genus. Trichromia Hiibn., has onytes Cr., as
type of the genus and Neritos Walk., will become a synonym of
Trichromia Hiibn. Specularis has little in common with Zatrephes
where the species has been placed by Mr. Kirby.

Bertholdia albipuncta, sp. nov.

Head brown, palpi white. Collar brown finely edged with white and with a
large white central spot. Thorax brown. Abdomen dorsally red ; ventrally white ;
a lateral row of black spots. Primaries above brown minutely specked with black ;

138

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

a small white spot on the submedian vein at a third from the base ; a large subapical
vitreous space, on the costal margin, posteriorly shaded with lilacine ; the veins
crossing this space flecked with dark brown ; a whitish marginal line. Secondaries
white ; at the base pinkish. Underneath the base of the primaries shaded with red.
Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat : Mexico to Brazil.

Easily distinguished from B. specula? is H. S. and B. trigona
Grote by the white spot on the collar and the marginal white line.

Lophocampa andensis, sp. nov.

Head brown; frons whitish. Thorax brown, the collar and patagiae edged
with white. Abdomen brown. Primaries brown flecked with yellowish scales and
with four transverse rows of large white spots, the second row bifurcate from the
median vein to the costal margin ; fringe brown spotted with white. Secondaries
white; a brown spot at the apex. Expanse, g 40 mm.

Habitat: U. S. Colombia.

I consider the following species as belonging to the genus Lopho¬
campa Harris; caryce Harr., propinquens Hy. Edw., bicolor Walk.,
agassizii Pack., maculata Harr., and courregesi Dogn. The following
species have two or three costal spurs on the secondaries ; subalpina
French, albigutta Bdv., ambigua Strk.; ?ninima Neum., has veins 3,
4 and 5, on the secondaries from a point; sobrina Stretch and lugens
Hy. Edw have veins 4 and 5 stalked on the secondaries and two costal
spurs.

Edwardsi Pack, and labecula Grote seem intermediate between
Lophoca?npa and Halisidota. My observations have reference only to
those species which I possess.

Halisidota typical will include tesselaris A. & S., with its forms
interlineata Walk., cinctipes Grote and atra Druce, also several species
described under Phcegoptera , such as daraba Druce, ergana Dogn.,
aconia H. S., and thalassi?ia H. S. Many of the species placed under
Halisidota will require new genera, including the following species, which
I describe under that genus until I can obtain more material.

Halisidota pulverea, sp. nov.

Body chrome yellow. Primaries chrome yellow thickly covered with dark
striae and specks, confluent in places and forming an indistinct basal and outer line;
a submarginal row of blackish points; a large black point at the end of the cell.
Secondaries yellow, a small brown submarginal spot between veins 5 and 6. Under¬
neath whitish yellow ; some brownish striae on the costal and outer margins of the
primaries. Expanse, g 42 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Belongs to the same group as strigulosa Walk., mandus H. S.,

Sept. 1896.]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

139

oruba Schs.; veins 7-10 on primaries stalked and secondaries with veins 3
and 4 more or less stalked and vein 8 short. H . strigulosa varies, the
Brazilian specimens agreeing with the neuration of this group, but Mexi¬
can specimens have vein 10 from the cell, thus connecting it with the
group of alsus Cr., atomaria Walk., pectinata Schs., catenulata Hubn
and laroipa Druce.

Halisidota margona, sp. nov.

Body chrome yellow, the patagioe inwardly shaded with brown. Primaries
acute with outer margin straight and oblique ; yellow, the inner margin dark brown ;
fine wavy brown lines cross the wings, very indistinct at the base; the outer and
submarginal lines double, filled in with a slightly darker shade than the ground color,
and the submarginal line ceases at vein 5; a terminal row of darker spots edged
with brownish between the veins ; a dark spot at the end of the cell. Secondaries
whitish yellow. Expanse, 52 mm.

Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico.

Allied to H. strigulosa Walk.

Halisidota quanta, sp. nov.

Head and thorax chrome yellow, the collar finely edged with brown. Abdomen
buff above, whitish underneath. Primaries chrome yellow with transverse darker
lunular shades and a broad dark gray streak from the base to just below the apex.
Secondaries white. Underneath yellowish white. Expanse, 38 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Neuration agrees with Mexican specimens of H. strigulosa Walk.

Halisidota rosetta, sp. nov.

Head and collar dark buff ; thorax paler. Abdomen pink above ; underneath
buff with three gray streaks. Primaries yellow with some indistinct fine lunular
streaks, especially towards the outer margin ; a fine dark brown line along the
median nervure to vein 4 ; a short black streak between veins 5 and 6 ; a submar¬
ginal row of minute dark spots. Secondaries white. Expanse, 43 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Neuration agrees with H. quanta Schs.

Halisidota pectina, sp. nov.

Antennse very deeply pectinated in the g. Head and thorax dark buff; two
black points on the collar and two on each patagia. Body chrome yellow. Primaries
yellow with a broad basal and median transverse grayish shade ; a double terminal
and subterminal fine dark wavy line, the space within filled with a darker shade ;
the fringe yellowish with some black spots. Secondaries yellow. Expanse, g 41 mm.

Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico.

Allied to what I have as alsus Cr., though I am doubtful about
the identification, having no Surinam specimens and Cramer’s figure
being rather poor.

140 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi.iv.

Halisidota thyophora, sp. nov.

Body yellowish buff ; two minute dark points on the collar. Primaries pale
yellow, somewhat diaphanous, the costal and inner margin yellower ; three basal, two
median, three outer and three terminal, fine, irregular transverse lines, the median
and outer lines becoming confluent on the inner margin ; on the costal margin some
black points indicate the lines and there is a submarginal black point between veins
5 and 6 ; some dark points on the fringe. Secondaries yellowish white. Expanse,

38 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

I have used a Mss. name of Moritz on a specimen in the Saunders
collection at Oxford. This species is allied to H. ceiioiic Butl., with
which it agrees in neuration. Both are allied to tcxta H.. S. in neura-
tion, but vein 8 is sometimes present as a short spur on the secondaries,
whereas all my specimens of texta are without it.

Euhalisidota sablona, sp. nov.

9 Body fawn color. Primaries fawn color with some buff spots at the base,
along the costa, in the cell and a subterminal row ; a few minute black scales scat¬
tered over the wing. Secondaries pale buft, the outer margin broadly and inegu-
larly powdered with dark scales. Expanse, 58 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Phaegoptera nexoides, sp. nov.

Differs from P. nexa H. S., in the greater extension of the brown on the pri¬
maries, leaving only a basal white spot, a faint white median shade and a subterminal
white band. The collar has no white spots, but the patagise are broadly bordered
with white dorsally. The secondaries are yellowish white with the veins and a nar¬
row marginal shade dark gray. Expanse, 55 nim.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Phaegoptera chorima, sp. nov.

Head and thorax black; the collar posteriorly reddish; a dorsal red spot on
the thorax and a reddish point on the patagise ; abdomen dorsally red ; a large
black subdorsal spot near the base ; beneath black with a lateral row of red spots.
Coxie red. Primaries grayish brown with darker shades ; a basal dark yellow band
edged with black, forming an angle on the median nervure and not reaching the
inner margin ; a yellow spot edged with black in the cell and connected by a black
shade with the costal margin ; an outer row of contiguous triangular spots bordered
with black ; some subterminal and terminal spots similarly colored but small. Sec¬
ondaries smoky brown with some yellowish spots on the outer margin towaidsthe
apex. Expanse, 72 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

A very close ally of P. funiosa Butl.

Phaegoptera rizoma, sp. nov.

Head black, frons with two white spots. Collar black with a lateral white

Sept. 1896.]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

141

streak. Thorax reddish, broadly brown subdorsally ; patagiae brown with a broad
white streak. Abdomen red above with a subdorsal black streak ; some transverse
black streaks posteriorly; a row of black spots laterally; underneath black with two
white streaks. Primaries black ; a broad white curved band from the base of the
costal margin to the apex ; two small white marginal spots between veins 2 and 3,
and 3 and 4. Secondaries dull blackish brown ; a broad white streak at the base
and some white spots near the apex. Expanse, 40 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Phaegoptera ? aurogutta, sp. nov.

Palpi, head, and thorax black, the latter with a large crimson tuft posteriorly. Ab¬
domen black with some yellow transverse lines posteriorly. Primaries greyish black
with golden yellow spots ; six on the costa ; three in the cell, and two at the end of
the cell; one between veins 7 and 8; twTo between veins 6 and 7 ; the same between
5 and 6, 6 and 4, and 4 and 3 ; three between veins 2 and 3 ; eight between the median
and submedian ; one on the inner margin near the angle ; eight spots on the fringe.
Secondaries light brown ; a dark spot in the cell ; the apex black, and some diffuse
blackish shades along the outer margin ; the fringe yellow. Expanse, 40 mm.

Habitat: U. S. Colombia.

Mazseras francki, sp. nov.

Head and collar dark red, the latter with two black points. Thorax dark red¬
dish brown. Abdomen red at the base, otherwise yellow above with a subdorsal and
a lateral row of large black spots. Primaries above dark reddish brown with a pink
spot on the inner margin at the base. Secondaries pinkish white, the veins, fringe
and inner margin broadly pink. Underneath the disc and inner margin of the pri*
maries pink. Expanse, 60 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Allied to M. co7iferta\Na\k.

Mazaeras rusca, sp. nov.

Head and thorax vermilion red, the patagise with two brownish streaks. Ab¬
domen yellow "with a dorsal and a lateral row of small black spots. Primaries ver¬
milion red, the veins gray ; fine grayish strise form an indistinct outer and a subter¬
minal band. Secondaries pink with the disc yellowish white. Underneath the
primaries are red ; the apex and outer margin brownish. Expanse, 44 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Chastoloma dissimilis, sp. nov.

Palpi black. Head and thorax buff. Abdomen orange with a large dorsal spot
of dark metallic blue, g . Primaries hyaline, the costal and inner margins buff, the
former with three blue black marks, the latter with a dark upright line beyond the
center. Secondaries hyaline, the costal and inner margins orange.

9 • Primaries yellowish brown, darkest on the inner and outer margins ; two
small black marks on the costa and a line on the inner margin as in the male and

142

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

reaching vein 2. Secondaries orange with a broad blue black mark from the anal
angle to vein 3. Expanse, $ 41 mm., £ 55 mm.

Habitat: U. S. Colombia.

Apparently allied to Choetoloma actinobola Feld.

Palustra sericea, sp. nov.

Head, thorax, and abdomen underneath brown ; abdomen above chrome yellow
Primaries brown. Secondaries grayish brown, whitish at the base. Underneath the
base of the costal margin chrome yellow, the disc towards the base whitish. Expanse.

9 53 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Motada dukinfieldia, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brownish gray. Abdomen yellowish above with a subdorsal
row of black spots ; underneath brown with transverse yellow bands. Wings
brownish gray, all the veins broadly creamy yellow; the fringe creamy yellow. Ex¬
panse, 9 60 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Motada bergi, sp, nov.

Head and thorax brown. Abdomen brown with a broad lateral yellowish band.
Wings brown, the veins on the primaries distinctly paler ; the discocellulars darker.
Expanse, £ 37 mm., 9 42 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Motada honora, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark brown, the patagioe with some golden hairs. Abdomen,
above and anus golden yellow with some indistinct narrow, black, transverse bands ;
Underneath darker brown. Primaries rich brown with the veins darker. Secon¬
daries light brown with some golden hairs at the base. Expanse, 9 4° nam.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Motada paula, sp. nov.

Body brownish gray, the abdomen paler than the thorax. Primaries fawn
color with a black point at the end of the cell. Secondaries white, the margins
narrowly fawn color. Expanse, $ 30 mm., 9 39 mm>

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Motada amaryllis, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light reddish brown. Abdomen black with yellow transverse
bands, concealed however by the long pale fawn color hairs which cover the body.
Primaries pale fawn color, the fringe whitish. Secondaries whitish with tinged fawn
color. Expanse, $ 30 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

What I believe to be the 9 of this species is entirely yellow with¬
out any marking. Expanse, 38 mm.

I

Sept. 1896.]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

143

Motada variegata, sp. nov.

Head black. Collar yellow. Abdomen black with a pale lateral band. Prim-
aries dark brown, the veins on the outer half finely white ; two small white spots in
the cell connected by a blackish streak, a large round black spot at the end of the
cell; some irregular white markings on the inner margin; a fine, indistinct and
interrupted whitish outer line ; a submarginal wavy white shade. Secondaries
white ; a dark spot in the cell; some irregular dark blotches along the outer margin.
Expanse, 43 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Some specimens of this species are very much darker.

Titya lanuginosa, sp. nov.

Body of grayish brown; the anal segment silvery gray. Wings grayish brown;
the primaries with a basal dark shade from the costa to the submedian ; a velvety
black spot in the cell; an outer wavy transverse dark shade, outwardly bordered with
paler gray. Expanse, 9 67 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Hydrias amaryllis, sp. nov.

Body bright yellow. Wings bright yellow, the veins darker on the yellow por¬
tion ; two broad transverse straight gray bands, edged on either side with white, the
basal band indistinct on the secondaries ; the outer band from near the apex of the
primaries to the anal angle of the secondaries. Expanse, $ 37 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Hydrias vitripuncta, sp. nov.

Body reddish brown. Primaries reddish brown, the basal half darker, limited
by a fine pale line, oblique from the costa, then curving inwardly towards the inner
margin ; a subterminal row of whitish lunular marks ; a terminal yellowish line ; on
the fringe grayish lunules. Secondaries reddish brown ; a submarginal row of
whitish hyaline spots, the third from the apex being the largest and is placed just be¬
yond the cell. Expanse, $ 30 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

Hydrias marna, sp. nov.

Head and thorax violaceous gray. Abdomen lilacine brown. Primaries fawn
color thickly speckled with dark brown scales ; the base, inner margin and half of the
outer margin above the inner angle, lilacine gray ; an outer yellowish transverse line ;
the apical portion of the outer margin whitish; a subterminal row of fawn color quad¬
rate spots ; the extreme margin fawn color. Secondaries reddish brown ; the costal
margin paler with dark specks : a transverse median and a subterminal whitish line.
Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Hydrias venalia, sp. nov.

Body fawn color. Primaries reddish fawn color, darker at the base and limited
by a double irregular dark gray line ; a small dark gray spot on the costa at the base ;

144 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv

a black point in the cell; an outer wavy gray line exteriorly shaded with white fol.
lowed by an indistinct grayish line ; a subterminal row of gray spots. Secondaries
white ; the costal margin reddish fawn color with the commencement of transverse
gray lines. Expanse, 29 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela.

Hydrias chera, sp. nov.

Body brownish gray. Primaries brownish gray, dark at the base ; a brown
point in the cell ; an outer, wavy dark gray line ; a subterminal irregular dark line ;
the lines heaviest on the costal margin. Secondaries brown ; the costa and apex
broadly gray; a median and a submarginal wavy dark line. Expanse, £ 41 rum.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Hydrias funerea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark gray speckled with white ; abdomen brown. Primaries
and costal margin of secondaries finely and thickly mottled gray and dark brown ; an
indistinct trace of a basal, median, outer and subterminal dark transverse shade,
secondaries otherwise brown. Wings underneath brown. Expanse, 47 rum.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Hydrias mediana, sp. nov.

Head and thorax grayish. Abdomen brown. Primaries brown, the median
space whitish limited on either side by a grayish shade ; a small dark spot at the
base; a subterminal dark wavy line. Secondaries brown; the costal maigin
broadly whitish with traces of a median and subterminal dark shade. Expanse, 31
mm.

Habitat: Rio Janeiro.

Hydrias chamicuros, sp. nov.

Body and wings brown; on the primaries a large white spot on the middle of
the costal margin, and a similar spot on the inner margin ; an indistinct outer and
terminal dark shade. Secondaries with the trace of three broad white lines on the
half of the costal margin. Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat: Peruvian Amazons.

Hydrias boresa, sp. nov.

Body fawn color. Primaries fawn color, shaded with smoky black, especially
in the disc and broadly along the costa; the veins on the outer half of the wing red¬
dish brown ; a subterminal wavy, smoky black shade. Secondaries pale fawn color,
the inner margin with brownish hairs ; a large dusky black space at the apex sending
a subterminal smoky shade towards the anal angle. Expanse, $ 22 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

Ocha drucei, sp. nov.

Body creamy white. Primaries pale fawn color, whitish along the inner mar'
gin ; a double wavy brown basal line ; two minute black points in the cell, one above
the other; two outer wavy brownish lines; some submarginal brownish shades at the

sept. 1896.] Dyar : Two Noctuid Larwe. 145

apex and middle of the outer margin ; fringe spotted with brown. Secondaries
creamy yellow ; some brownish shades on the costal margin. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Macromphalia arpia, sp. nov.

g. Body brown. Primaries brown, the outer half indistinctly shaded with
gray; a dai'k brown spot in the cell. Secondaries grayish brown, with a darker
median line and indistinct broad submarginal shade.

. Anal segment dark silky gray. The wings uniform brown with a dark
spot in the cell on the primaries. Expanse, ^31 mm., £ 52 mm.

Habitat : Buenos Ayres.

Artace manoba, sp. nov.

Head, and patagiae white; thorax and abdomen gray with long white hairs at
the base of the latter. Primaries white ; a broad gray shade from the middle of the
inner margin to the apex, where it is cut by a white line; the extreme outer margin
finely gray. Secondaries white, the extreme margin gray. Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

- - ♦ -

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NOCTUID LARV2E.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

Spargaloma sexpunctata Grote.

Head small, pale yellowish testaceous, ocelli black; width, 1.8 mm. Body slen¬
der, cylindrical, green; feet all about alike, the anal pair divergent. Tubercles con-
colorous setae moderately long, single, white, normal in arrangement for the Noctuidae,
iii rather close to the spiracle, iv substigmatal, posterior ; three setae on the leg plate.
The larva is without marks, though the tracheal line may be seen with a lens. The
last three stages were observed with widths of head .8, 1.15 and 1.8 mm.

Resembles the larva of Sarrothripa, but the setae are shorter and it
spins no web. Solitary on the Dogbane ( Apocynuiri ).

Deva purpurigera Walker.

Head small, green with black ocelli ; width, 1.5 mm. Body slightly enlarged on
joints 5, 6, 7 and 12; tubercles low rounded cones on the prominent segments, the
segmental incisures deep, the segments rounded, so that the larva appears more
humped and angled than is actually the case. Color translucent green, not yellowish
marked with bright opaque white, in the semblance of oblique transverse bands. On
the thorax the white stigmatal band is still intact, though cut down at the incisures ;
behind on the abdomen it is cut through at these points and produced subventrally ;
the subdorsal band is obliquely divided between tubercles i and ii, the hinder portion
joining the stigmatal white patch centrally on each segment. The bands unite con¬
fusedly with a narrow geminate dorsal line. Feet only present on joints, 9, 10 and
13, reddish tipped; thoracic feet green. Tubercles normal for the Noctuidae, iii,
especially on joints 5 and 6, shining black. It was regarded at first as the egg of a
parasite, till it was noticed that it was alike on both sides. Tubercle vii consists of
three rather distant setae on joints 5 to 8. Length about 30 mm.

Solitary on Meadow-Rue ( Thalictrum ), towards the end of May.
Green and white, curiously hunched up.

146

Journal New York Entomological Society.

description of a new moth.

By William Beutenmuller.

[Vol. IV.

Ottolenguia, gen. nov.

Primaries. _ Vein I free ; median four-branched ; veins 6-IO all simple, un¬

branched ; veins 1 1 from the subcostal near the middle of the cell ; vein 1 2 from base.

Secondaries. — Two internal veins ; median vein four-branched ; veins 6-7 from
apex of cell; vein 8 from base, sinuate and close to 7 at the outer part of the cell. A
distinct frenulum hooked into a loop on the subcostal vein of the primaries.

Antennae strongly pectinated in the male, simple in the female; palpi from 2 to
3 mm long, with short scales ; eyes rather large, naked ; tongue very short. Body
long and slender, extending much beyond the hind wings. Fore, wings elongated,
much longer than broad ; costa somewhat sinuate at the middle in the male, apex
acute; hind angles obliquely rounded; outer margin entire. Hind wings extending
to the hind angle of the fore wings, outer margin sinuate above the middle, apex acute,
hind angle rounded, costa somewhat sinuate at the middle. Legs. slender, closely
scaled ; middle tibiae with one pair of spurs ; hind tibiae with two pairs.

Ottolenguia reticulina, sp. nov.

Wings above and below pale cinnamon brown, with numerous fine reticulations
of a darker color, and with transverse irregularly angled lines. The line on the mid¬
dle of the fore wing is bifurcate from the end of the cell to the costa. Head, thorax,
abdomen and legs pale cinnamon brown. Expanse, g 25 mm. , 9 00 mm.

Habitat : Flamingo, Florida (Coll. R. Ottolengui) ; Riverside,

California (Coll. A. Bolter).

An example of this species from Florida
was in Hy. Edward’s collection for a number of
years awaiting identification. Mr. Edwards
did not describe the specimen, not knowing
where to place it generically. The insect was
also seen by a number of well-known Lepidop-
terists who likewise were unable to recognize it,
or place it generically. This specimen unfor¬
tunately got broken beyond repair.

In looking over Dr. R. Ottolengui’ s collec¬
tion recently I discovered a female of the same
species, and another male specimen was sent to Mr. Dyar by Mr. Bolter
for naming. The species is certainly a very perplexing one, as regards
its position in classification. It does not seem to fit in any of the fami¬
lies of Lepidoptera, except the Thyrididse near the Indian genus Her-
donia (see Hampson, Moths of India, Vol. I, p. 367> fig- 248). I am
under obligation to Mr. Dyar for a study of the venation of the genus.
The figure is twice natural size.

JOURNAL

OF THE

JJFto J9orfe (jfntomologiffll jSotiFfyj.

Vol. IV. DECEMBER, 1896. No. 4.

NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM TROPICAL

AMERICA.

By W. Schaus.

CASTNIID^E.

Castnia gramivora, sp. nov.

Body light brown above, whitish underneath ; the patagiae iridescent olivaceous
green. Primaries light brown, somewhat olivaceous at the base and along the inner
margin ; on the outer half of the wing a large semi-diaphanous space, not reaching the
margins and crossed by brown veins, also interrupted anteriorly by a large brown
spot extending from the costal margin. Secondaries brown, reddish at the base ; a
terminal row of reddish brown spots on the outer margin, preceded by a large semi-
diaphanous space. Underneath the wings are much paler. Expanse, 64 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

This species was discovered by E. D. Jones, Esq., who tells me
that it is found flying in the grasses after the manner of certain
Noctuidae.

Castnia corrupta, sp. nov.

Entirely dark brown, changing to dark metallic green in certain lights ; the
anus orange red. At the anal angle of the secondaries a red spot adjoining some
creamy white clusters of scales which extend towards the center of the wing. Un¬
derneath the wings are powdered with reddish scales, forming an indistinct terminal
band on the primaries and two more distinct bands on the secondaries. Expanse,
1 10 mm.

Habitat : Colombia.

Castnia veraguana Wtw.

Castnia veraguana Westwood, Trans; Linn. Soc. London, Ser. 2, Zool. I, p.
168, pi. 30, fig. 1 ; Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Het. p. 24, pi. 14, fig. 4.

I have recently obtained what I believe to be the g of the above species. The
primaries agree very well with the type figured, only the subapical white spots are
more oblique in my specimens. The secondaries differ in being velvety black with
a marginal row of large red spots extending on to the fringe. Expanse, 108-130 mm.
Habitat : Colombia.

Journal New York Entomological Societ\. [Voi.iv.

Should my description refer to a new species then I propose for it
the name of C. govara.

AGARISTID/E.

Arpia, sen. nov. , .

Palpi short, porrect, pubescent. Antennae long, filiform. Primaries straig i on
the costal margin and inner margin; the outer margin oblique in the * slig y
convex in the 9 ; vein 6 from upper angle of cell; veins 7, 8,9, ^ a point at e
of small areolet. Secondaries with the neuration as m Copidyras , from which this
genus differs chiefly in the arrangement of veins 7, 8, 9, on the primaries.

Arpia janeira, sp. nov.

Head thorax, and abdomen dark grey; patagiae reddish brown. Pnmaiies
with the costa broadly greyish fawn color, separated from the outer and posterior por¬
tion of the wing, which is dark brown, by a fine white line which starts from
costa near the apex, descends obliquely below vein 4, curves upwards into the enc o
the cell, again descends obliquely, nearly touching a large dark brown spot, oval in
shape which occupies the base of the inner margin, and then recedes to the inner
margin near the angle. Secondaries yellow with a broad black margin. Under¬
neath yellow; the secondaries margined with dark brown; the primaries with he
costa narrowly, the apex broadly brown, and a transverse broad brown band from the
costa to the inner margin near the angle. Expanse, 42 mm.

Habitat: Rio Janeiro. .

Phasis meridiana, sp. nov.

Plead and thorax black. Abdomen yellow with a subdorsal and a lateral ye -
low line Primaries black with a creamy yellow oblique band beyond the cell from
the subcostal to vein 2. Secondaries bright yellow with all the margins very broadly
black, limiting the yellow to a very small space. Underneath the yellow band on
the primaries is wider. Expanse, 48 mm.

Habitat : Rio Paranapanema, S. Brazil.

LITHOSIIDNE.

JVUepha coresa, sp. nov.

Head black. Collar andpatagise golden yellow. Thorax dark grey, abdomen
vellow Primaries : basal half golden brown including a large golden yellow space
from the base; beyond golden yellow with a bright carmine spot; the outer margis
broadly golden brown advancing inwardly about the center and touching the carmine
spot. Secondaries orange red with the fringe brown. Underneath primaries orange
with the apex and outer margin brown ; the secondaries yellow. Expanse, 15 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Talara rosacea, sp. nov.

Plead grey, posteriorly red ; collar grey, laterally red ; thorax dark grey ; abc 0-
men grey, the base and anus red. Primaries pink, the inner margin broadly dark
grey. Secondaries red. Underneath red, the inner margin on the primaries narrowly

grey. Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Dec. 1896 ]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

149

Talara grisea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax grey ; abdomen red. Primaries dark grey. Secondaries white ;
the apex and outer margin greyish. Underneath the same. Expanse, 18 mm.
Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Talara ruficollis, sp. nov.

Head and body greyish black, collar reddish. Primaries greyish black. Second¬
aries dull black. Expanse 18 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Talara domina, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark grey. Collar and abdomen red. Primaries dark grey.
Secondaries brownish grey. Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Talara barema, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light grey. Abdomen pale yellow. Primaries light grey
speckled with brown scales; a cluster of dark scales about the middle of the wing.
Secondaries pale yellow. Underneath pale yellow, the disc and costa of the primaries
brownish. Expanse, 16 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Talara obscura, sp. nov.

Body black. Primaries glossy black with a faint greenish tinge. Secondaries
dark brown. Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, Rio Janeiro.

Talara bombycia, sp. nov.

Body greyish brown. Primaries light grey, shaded with brown at the base,
along the costa and on the outer margin near the apex and inner angle ; a dentate
white line crosses the wing at a third from the base, and there is a curved white
line beyond the cell from the costal to the inner margin. Secondaries smoky brown.
Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Odozana varda, sp. nov.

Head and thorax blackish. Abdomen red. Primaries dark brown glossed
with violet. Secondaries with the base red to the anal angle ; the apical portion
and outer margin black. Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Odozana olivacea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brownish green. Collar yellow. Abdomen red. Primaries
glossy, olivaceous green. Secondaries red ; the costal and outer margins narrowly
black, the apex broadly black. Underneath the primaries are black. Expanse,
20 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

150

[Vol. IV.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

Odozana pascuala, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brownish grey. Collar yellow. Abdomen orange red.
Primaries brownish grey. Secondaries crimson, the costal margin yellowish, the
outer margin black, the median vein black. Underneath primaries black, the costal
half at the base red. Secondaries orange with black outer margin. Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Odozana cuprea, sp. nov.

Head black. Thorax coppery brown. Abdomen with the basal half fawn
color, the anal half red. Primaries coppery brown. Secondaries pale reddish yel¬
low, a large brownish space at the apex. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Odozana margina, sp. nov.

Head and thorax grey. Collar and patagise dorsally red. Abdomen red.
Primaries glossy brown, the inner margin yellow. Secondaries red, the outer maigin
black. Expanse, 16 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Nodoza, gen. nov.

Differs from Odozana in having the $ antennas deeply pectinated and the anal
angle of the secondaries much prolonged.

Nodoza tristis, sp. nov.

Head, thorax and primaries chocolate brown. Abdomen blackish. Second¬
aries brown, slightly hyaline at the base ; a dark spot at the end of the cell. Ex¬
panse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Zonoda, gen. nov.

Allied to Odozana , but the $ has a large tuft of hairs on the inner margin of the
primaries underneath, and the secondaries have very long tufts of hairs on the inner
margin, which is cleft and very prolonged.

Zanoda fasciata, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brown. Collar and patagise yellow. Abdomen yellow.
Primaries light glossy brown ; a yellow oval spot at the base of the inner margin ,
a broad yellow median band, sometimes divided and leaving a costal spot and one on
the inner margin. Secondaries yellow, the apex and fringe black. Expanse,.

23 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Zanoda dives, sp. nov.

Head and thorax coppery brown. Collar yellow. Abdomen red. Primaries cop¬
pery brown with a median transverse yellow band. Secondaries red; costal margin
Cwhite, outer margin black. Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Dec. 1896 ]

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

151

Trichomelia placida, sp. nov.

Body dark grey. Primaries pale grey, all the veins finely dark. A quadrate dark
spot in the cell and an outer transverse dark irregular line. Secondaries pale grey.
Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Castro Parana.

Allied to T. celenna Schs., but the secondaries much paler and the
markings on the primaries different.

Trichomelia parima, sp. nov.

Dark smoky grey, the veins on the primaries finely brown ; an indistinct median
shade on the primaries widest on the inner margin. Expanse, 25 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

lllice subfulgens, sp. nov.

Head and thorax creamy yellow. Abdomen grey. Primaries light brown iri¬
descent ; the inner margin, half of the outer margin above the angle, and a broad
median shade creamy white. Secondaries grey whitish at the base. Underneath
dark grey, the base of the secondaries white. Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Lithosia sadima, sp. nov.

Body grey. Primaries above light silky grey, the costal margin faintly yellow¬
ish. Secondaries grey, fawn color at the base and broadly along the inner margin.
Underneath blackish grey, the inner half of the secondaries fawn color. Expanse,
28 mm.

Habitat : Castro Parana.

Crambidia parvita, sp. nov.

Entirely pure dull white. Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

NOLINaE.

Calligenia marmorata, sp. nov.

Head and collar white. Thorax and abdomen fawn color. Primaries white ;
a transverse brown line at the base, then a lunular steel grey spot connected with the
costal margin by a brown spot; a third brown spot from the costal margin to the
cell; on the inner margin a large oval brown spot anteriorly shaded with grey ; two
brown blotches above the outer portion of the oval spot and between it and the costal
margin ; a subterminal brown band and a minute brown spot on the apex. Second¬
aries hvhite, with a narrow brown outer margin. Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat : Castro Parana.

Calligenia erminea, sp. nov.

Body white. Primaries white; an indistinct brownish median line; four mi¬
nute dark spots on the costa; from the inner angle to below the apex on the outer
margin a lunate spot, mottled grey and white; on the extreme outer margin some

152

[Vol. IV.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

minute brown spots. Secondaries white, the outer margin black. Underneath
white ; on the primaries a broad subterminal blackish shade, projecting about its
center’ to the outer margin ; the costa smoky. Secondaries with a black outer

margin. Expanse, 14 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Nola panthera, sp. nov.

Head and thorax white. Abdomen grey. Primaries white with four rows of
small black spots ; a black spot in the cell between rows 2 and 3, and another between
rows 3 and 4. Three submarginal spots, one on the costa, one near the inner angle
and another about the middle of the outer margin; a terminal row of black points.
Secondaries whitish, slightly grey along the outer margin. Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Nola hermana, sp. nov.

Head brown. Collar grey edged with brown. Abdomen grey. Primaries
grey ; a large triangular brown space occupying the basal half of the costal margin ;
a double outer fine black line, forming a prolonged curve at veins 3 and 4; the grey
portion of the wing minutely speckled with brown. Secondaries pale brownish grey.

Expanse, £ 23 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Allied to N. terulosa Druce.

Nola rodea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax grey. Abdomen pale brown. Primaries grey ; a brown spot
on the costa at the base and a broad median brown shade from the costa to the inner
margin; a fine blackish basal and outer line; a subterminal dark grey shade an
some minute brown terminal spots. Secondaries whitish, the apex broadly grey.

Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Nola garuba, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light grey. Abdomen pale brown. Primaries whitish ; on
the costa, a basal and a median dark brown spot ; a fine dark curved outer line, most
distinctly marked on the inner margin ; a subterminal and a terminal grey shade.
Secondaries greyish brown. Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Allied to N. sexmaculata Grote.

Nola divisa, sp. nov.

Body cream color. • Primaries with the basal half creamy white, shaded with
brown ; three round tufts of raised scales in the cell ; outer half grey, thickly speckled
with black, so the outer and subterminal lines are very indistinct ; the apex tinge
with white. Secondaries white. Expanse, 19 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Nola arana, sp. nov.

Head white, frons brown. Collar and thorax pale brown speckled with black
and dark brown scales. Abdomen light brown. Primaries fawn color speckled with

Dec. 1896. J

Schaus : New Species of Heterocera.

153

yellowish scales ; the costa also speckled with black and dark green scales ; near the
base of the cell a large cluster of greenish black scales and an oblique mark of sim¬
ilar scales from the costa subapically ; the apex whitish ; two round tufts of raised
scales in the cell ; a faint submarginal brownish shade. Secondaries greyish brown ;
a minute spot in the cell. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Nola natama, sp. nov.

Head and thorax white. Abdomen cream color. Primaries white on the basal
half and at the apex; some olive shadings along the costa; the outer line formed of
minute clusters of velvety black scales, heavily shaded on either side with brown and
yellowish scales. Secondaries dark grey. Expanse, 18 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Nola solvita, sp. nov.

Body dark grey. Primaries whitish grey, thickly speckled- with brown and
black scales, giving the wings a dark appearance ; an indistinct basal and outer line ;
a faint median shade and another, subterminal ; fringe brown. Secondaries smoky
grey. Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat : Castro Parana.

LYMANTRIIDyE.

Orgyia falcata, sp. nov.

Body grey. Primaries with the basal third brownish grey, limited by a wavy
dark brown line and crossed at the base by a similar line which does not reach the
inner margin; the rest of the wing grey with a curved lunular line beyond the cell
enclosing toward the costal margin, a large smoky space ; at the end of the cell a
small brownish spot, a subterminal brown shade streaked with dark brown near the
apex ; a terminal brown line ; fringe pale at the base, dark terminally. Secondaries
brownish grey with the fringe as on the primaries. Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

This species is allied to O. leucostigma S. & A., but the primaries
are somewhat produced at the apex.

0

CYLLOPODIDHE.

Rhosus unipuncta, sp. nov.

Body dark brown, anus orange. Primaries very dark velvety brown, thinly
speckled with greyish scales ; a large oblique white spot beyond the cell ; fringe
light brown. Secondaries dark brown, fringe mottled white and brown. Un¬
derneath dark brown, the primaries with a white discal spot and the apex narrowly
white ; secondaries with two white lines from the base, fringe white. Expanse,
37

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

154 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

Scotura nervosa, sp. nov.

Head orange; body grey. Primaries grey, all the veins whitish. Secondaries
white with all the margins broadly steel grey. Expanse, 3® mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

#

Allied to Scotura venata Butl.

Ephialtias tryma, sp. nov.

Body black above ; abdomen underneath white. Legs black above, white un¬
derneath. Wings black ; on the primaries a broad oblique yellow band on the outer
half from the subcostal to the submedian vein. Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat : Trinidad, B. W. I.

CERATOCAMPIDzE.

Eacles mason i, sp. nov

Head and collar yellow. Thorax reddish brown. Body yellow, somewhat red¬
dish subdorsally. Primaries yellow, so thickly covered with reddish brown scales and
still darker transverse strise, that the yellow is only conspicuous at the apex on the
costal margin, and near the inner angle on the outer side of the subterminal line, which
is dark, straight and rather closer to the outer margin than in the other described
species ; the basal line is broad, slightly wavy and hardly apparent in the general dark
tone of the wing; in the cell two indistinct dark spots ; the outei margin at its center
suffused with lilacine scales. Secondaries yellow ; a large reddish brown space along
the inner margin at the base ; the discal spot reddish brown with some cential whitish
scales ; a straight transverse dark line from the apex to the inner margin at two thirds
from the base ; this line outwardly bordered with yellow chiefly towards the angle ;
the outer margin otherwise dark reddish brown. Expanse, £ 118 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

It affords me great pleasure to name this fine species after my good
friend, J. T. Mason, Esq., of Denver, Colorado, whose discovery of E.
imperialism var. nobilis was not recognized by Mr. Neumoegen when
describing it. I may here mention that I captured in April at Orizaba
a fine $ of Eacles OrmondeiSohs., which was originally described from a
9 specimen. The two sexes scarcely differ.

PSYCHIDiE.

Oiketicus jonesi, sp. nov.

Entirely lilacine grey without any markings. Expanse, g 42 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Dec. 1896.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

155

NOTES ON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE
HIGHER HYMENOPTERA.— I.

By A. S. Packard.

The following descriptions of the larval and pupal stages of some
of our more common Hymenoptera belonging to the fossorial families,
together with the wasps and bees, were drawn up over twenty years
ago and were preserved in the hope of adding others. But lack of
time and material has prevented such additions and what few notes
have been gathered are now offered for publication. The descriptions
are, so far as possible, comparative, as this is especially needful in the
case of larvae whose mode of life is so similar, and which therefore pre¬
sent very slightly marked specific as well as generic characters. In no
group of animals, perhaps, are there such slight larval characteristics as
in those of the Hymenoptera, the phytophagous forms being excepted.
This is evidently due to their living confined in closed cells, to their
lack of the necessity or power of locomotion, and to the fact that im¬
mediately after birth they can feed on food, whether vegetable, such as
pollen, or the bodies of other insects or spiders stored up for them by
the prevision of their parents. They live in total darkness, hence are
eyeless; they have no enemies to shun, hence have no defensive spines
or armature of any kind. The reduction in the limbs and mouth-parts,
and the lack of any differentiation in form, ornamentation, or color
of the integument; even the undeveloped proctodaeum, all tend to
prove that the larval forms of these Hymenoptera are due to modifica¬
tions from simple disuse, for their embryology shows that they have de¬
scended from insects whose larval forms were out-of-door feeders,
probably like those of the saw-flies, and provided like them with ab¬
dominal as well as thoracic legs.

It is to be hoped that our entomologists will hereafter pay more at¬
tention to the habits of our wasps and bees, for the wonderful differen¬
tiation of the bodies of the adults is correlated with their varied and
striking modes of life and their high degree of intelligence.

r

Pompilus funereus St. Farg.

Larva. — This larva is with some hesitation referred to the above
species, but it belongs to a common New England species. The head
is round, scarcely longer than broad; the surface of the front not very
convex, being much shorter and broader than in Polistes. Eyes on the

156 Journal New York Entomological Society. |Voi. iv.

front edge, with a long oblique testaceous line, a little angulated oppo¬
site the base of the clypeus. Antennal tubercle situated on the outer
edge of a round area opposite the base of the clypeus ; supra-clypeal
piece obtuse, the suture separating it from the epicranium indistinct.
Clypeus transverse, half as long as broad ; the sides very oblique,
marked by testaceous oblique lines; front edge straight. Labrum
broad, being one-third as long as broad ; thin, flat, bilobate, overlapping
the mandibles, but so thin and expanded that they can be seen through.
Mandibles unusually short, stout, thick and broad, not much longer |
than broad, unidentate, the outer edge produced into a short obtuse
point; within curved towards the retreating inner edge. Maxillae
smaller and slenderer than usual, ending in the maxillary palpi, which
are short papillae. Labium as usual, with two papilliform palpi, be¬
tween which is the rudiment of the lingua, forming a transverse chit-
inous line. In my two alcoholic specimens the head is bent upon the
breast, nearly reaching the middle of the body. Ihe body is very
short and broad, dilating in the middle. The end is unusually acute,
the lateral region is more prominent, convex and tuberculated than any
of the genera of other allied families ; much more so than in Odynerus.
The segments are unusually short, dorsally thickened posteriorly, giv¬
ing a serrate appearance to the outline of the body, the tip sternally is
much exserted and of the same size with the tergite ; the two forming a
terminal rounded knob.

In its round flattened head bent forward and under the body, the
broad transverse clypeus and broad short bilobate thin transparent
labrum, and especially the one-toothed, short, broad mandible which
differs entirely in form from the other genera previously noticed, we
probably have mostly family characters separating the Pompilidse from
the Sphegidse and Larridae and other families. It widely differs from
the larval Pelopceus in its short flattened body and prominent pleurites,
and thickened rings generally, but it approaches it in the head-char¬
acters, which are the most reliable, in its transverse clypeus and thin
bilobate labrum, and in the short mandibles; but they are still much
stouter, and the clypeus and labrum are less exserted, while the head is
shorter, broader and rounder.

Chalybion cceruleum (. Linn .).

Larva. — The specimens occurred at Kelly’s Island, Ohio.

Head longer than broad ; full convex, with a slight mesial impres¬
sion ; the anterior and inner edge of the eyes marked by a curvilinear

Dec. 1896.] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. 157

testaceous or chitinous line, opposite and just within the lower end of
which are situated the antennal rudiments, situated in a round depres¬
sion. Supraclypeal piece obscurely marked at the base. Clypeus sub-
trapezoidal, angular in the middle on each side ; twice as broad as long ;
base and front edge transverse, the front edge slightly concave, exserted
so as partially to envelop the base of the mandibles. Labrum very free,
exserted and overlapping the mandibles ; more than twice as broad as
long, bilobate, the corners rounded, the front edge excavated; thin,
translucent. Mandibles short, twice as long as broad at base, triden-
tate, the mesial tooth largest, the inner smallest. Maxillae rather long
and slender. Rudiments of the palpi acute, longer and more pointed
than usual. 'Labium a little wider than usual, the rudiments of the
labial palpi acute. Body long cylindrical, the segments of uniform
size and shape, not thickened much behind, but still as much so as in
the larva of Megachile , for instance, and in this respect very different
from Crabronid and Pompilid larvae. The pleural region is not promi¬
nent. The body is very cylindrical ; the tip broad obtuse, the terminal
tergites and sternites broad and flat, together forming an orbicular area,
very different from the exserted prominent knob-like ending of the
larva of Pompilus .

It differs from the larva of Pompilus in the short curvilinear tes¬
taceous line, in the short broadly trapezoidal clypeus and the distinct
exserted labrum. The mandibles differ from those of Pompilus in be¬
ing tridentate and twice as long. The front edges of the segments
are thickened, but not so convex as in Pompilus , giving a serrate ap¬
pearance to the body. Tip rounded, full, not nearly so acute as in
Pompilus. The larvae of the two genera differ greatly; indeed, more
than one would suspect, considering that they are representatives of two
allied families.

Pelopaeus cementarius ( Drury ) (flavipes Fabrl).

Pupa. — The pupa of Pelopceus differs from that of Po lisle s and
Vespa in the head being raised more from the pectus. The palpi are
visible along their whole length. The legs are much longer, and the
pedicel is of the same shape as in the adult. The head is much as in
the imago. The mandibles long, slender, curved, covering the base of
the maxillae and lingua. The scape of the antennae is oblique ; the
flagellum reaches to the posterior coxae, resting between the two anterior
pairs. The maxillae are slender, not reaching to the entire labium. Ot
the rhabdites or blades of the ovipositor, only one pair is visible ; the

158

Journal New York Entomological Society.

LVoi. iv.

inner ones are enveloped by the outer pair, which are united into one
piece in Polistes ; above, a small inner pair lies between, slenderer than
those beneath. The edges of the abdominal segments are a little more
thickened than usual, and slightly spinulose ; on the side is a promi¬
nent long slender tubercle.

Fig. I. Larva and pupa of Pelopceus cementarins. ( Trouvelot del.)
Sphex tibialis St. Farg.

Larva. — The body of the living larva is somewhat flask-shaped,
slightly flattened, gradually widening from the head towards the pos¬
terior fifth of the body. The head is small and not prominent. There
are 13 segments behind the head ; the pleural or lateral ridges are rather
prominent, those of each segment well defined, the posterior halt of
each segment much thickened, giving a crenulate outline to the tergum;
the last segment is full, orbicular, the end of the abdomen being full.

Fig. 2. Larva of Sphex tibialis ; a, side view of head, enlarged. (Trouvelot del.)

Stigmus fraternus Say.

Larva. — Body moderately long, slender, cylindrical, tapering
slowly towards both extremities ; the segments short, very convex, sub-

Dec. x896.] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. 159

acutely so, so that dorsally there are subacute extensions of the thick¬
ened posterior portion. The terminal segments cylindrical, less con¬
vex, the terminal or tenth ring cylindrical, not flattened, large and
full. Beneath, the rings are very convex. The pleural region not very
distinctly marked. Color a beautiful roseate tint. Head long and as
narrow as usual, though no more so; full and convex; supra-clypeal
piece large, subtriangular, indistinctly marked. Antennal fossa rudi¬
mentary ; placed rather farther back, or rather the clypeus is so much
shorter than usual as to give it the appearance of being situated farther
back. Clypeus short and broad, transversely oblong, base convex,
front edge a little concave, as broad as the base; the sides parallel,
acutely convex. Labrum large chitinous, transparent, as broad as the
clypeus, bilobate, with a distinct median line. Mandibles rather slen¬
der, long, incurved, very acute. Maxillae cylindrical, 2-jointed, tip or
rudiment of the palpi minute. Labium much as usual, flattened, cylin¬
drical, ending in a transverse chitinous line, being the rudiment of the
lingua? on each side of which are the minute rudiments of the palpi.

Described from living specimens.

Pupa. — Head full, convex in front, much as in the adult ; ocelli
prominent ; papillae acute. Antennae folded over the base of the nar¬
row, acute, curved, prominent mandibles as described in Cemonus, and
reaching to the first pair of trochanters. Lingua much shorter than in
Cemonus ; the palpi very small and slender. The fore legs are very
slender, the tarsi just reaching to the middle trochanters, while the hind
tarsi reach to the middle of the abdomen. The ovipositor is exserted,
the wings covering the middle tibiae and femora. Length, .15 inch.

It differs from Cemonus in generic characters observed in the imago.
The palpi are much smaller ; lingua and maxillae much shorter, and
mouth-parts generally much weaker. The head is more ovate, full and
convex in front, where it is sunken and depressed in Cemonus. The
antennae are much slenderer, and the abdomen longer and slenderer,
as the hind legs scarcely reach to the middle, where in Cemonus they
pass beyond. The mandibles are much more slender, their tips being
more acute.

Cemonus inornatus {Say').

Larva. — Body oblong, long, and greatly flattened, the lateral
ridges of that segment very large, broadly triangular, becoming larger
and more pointed towards the end of the body. The body does not
narrow any until the nth segment, when it suddenly tapers off. Above#

160 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

the rings are broad, slightly convex, in the middle of the body the
dorsal arches of the segments are thickened suddenly so as to give a
serrate outline to the back when seen laterally ; the prominences being
largest and most acute on the 4th to 7th segments of the body, count¬
ing from the head. The lateral region is very distinctly separated from
the dorsal. The prothoracic segment narrow and rounds a little toward
the front edge. The head is flattened. 1 ip of abdomen rounded ob¬
tuse, 10th segment small, broad, short, obtuse, not being cylindrical
and rounded as usual. Length, .32 inch.

The above are mostly generic characters. Compared with the
larva of Rhopalum there are great differences. The head is broad and
unusually flattened, the rudiments of the eyes are more prominent and
conspicuous than before, owing to the flatness of the surface. The
supra-clypeal piece is unusually short, broad, flat and triangular. The
clypeus is very short, subtrapezoidal. The posterior half is sub-triangu¬
lar, smooth, and the anterior third is roughened with the edge etraight.
The labrum is nearly three times as broad as long, slightly bilobate, less
so than in Blepharipus . The mandibles are large, stout, incurved, un¬
equally bidentate, the inner tooth very distinct, large, dark and chiti-
nous. Maxillae and labium rather small, cylindrical ; palpi acute, as
usual.

Its broad flattened head and body, serrate sides and back, and the
conspicuously bidentate mandibles and prominent eye-rudiments, as well
as the peculiar flattened abdominal tips, will at once distinguish the larvae
of this genus.

The larva lives in irregular burrows like those of Rhopalum. All the
genera of this group apparently have similar habits, living in loose
galleries in the elder and other pithy plants. The larvae were found,
May 14th, in irregular borings in the larger stems of the elder ; the gal¬
leries were short, not communicating, and were filled with Aphides,
whose black carcasses were found remaining in the old burrows, which
were over half an inch long and about .12 inch broad.

Pupa. — Front much excavated and depressed, eyes and ocelli
very prominent. Antennae bent angularly over the base of the man¬
dibles so that the scape does not rest flat on the front but is raised at a
considerable angle before the base of the flagellum bends over ; they
reach to the first trochanters, the joints are round, very convex, with
broad sutures between. Mandibles very long and prominent, lingua
short, not much longer than broad, square at the edge. Maxillae not
distinguishable; maxillary palpi 6-jointed, long and slender, reaching

Dec. 1896.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

16 L

to fourth joint from end of antennae. Labial palpi 3-jointed, reaching *
to fourth joint of maxillary palpi. Legs long and slender, especially
the tarsi. Wings long, partially overlapping the middle tibiae. The
hind tarsi reach to beyond the middle of the abdomen. Thorax and
abdomen much as in the adult. Ovipositor not retracted. Hind
femora and tibiae folded in the pedicel, between the thorax and ab¬
domen. Length .25 inch.

Passalaecus mandibularis Cresson.

Pupa. — 9. The head is much as in Cemonus , but the eyes are
much narrower. The mandibles are greatly elongated, projecting far
beyond the head, the tips meeting but not crossing, as they do in the
imago. The antennae are folded at right angles over the base of the
jaws, reaching back to the base of the mesosternum. The maxillae are
very short, merely enclosing the labium whose base is wedged in be¬
tween them. Both pairs of palpi are shorter and thicker than in Ce¬
monus. The labium is distinctly triangular, with the front edge square ;
the palpi are 4-jointed, the basal joint minute, third longer than the
second ; fourth nearly twice as long as the third, reaching just beyond
the base of the maxillary palpi, the latter reaching to the last joint but
two of the antennae. Wings as in Cemonus , though a little shorter.
The limbs are arranged much as in Cemonus; the forelegs reach to the
trochanters of the 2d pair, and the hind tarsi to the middle of the 4th
abdominal segment. The abdomen is sessile, regularly ovate, the basal
segment being 2/3 as long as broad, as in Cemonus , the tip ending in a
long slender needle-like mucronate spine ; the ovipositor is long and
slender, exserted, the inner pair of rhabdites chitinous, the middle pair
very small, slender and filiform, the 3d and outer pair somewhat in¬
curved, much shorter than those in Cemonus , which are long and
straight, while in Cemonus the mesial pair are not chitinous in the
specimens before me, which, however, is apparently of the same age as
those of Passalcecus ; thus showing excellent generic characters.

In the specimen examined, which is a pupa to all intents and pur¬
poses, the body is surrounded with a subimago pellicle. It is easily
recognized by its long-curved projecting jaws, the long slender body.
It was found in small galleries in the stem of syringa the last of May,
in company with Cemonus.

Rhopalum pedicel latum Pack .

Larva. — Body short and thick, tapering rapidly towards the head
and tip of abdomen, flattened beneath a little, very convex above ; seg-

162

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

'j

• ments convex, those of the thorax broad, regularly convex, smooth, not
thickened posteriorly; quite different from those of the abdomen. The
abdominal segments shorter posteriorly above than the thoracic ones.

The posterior portion of the segment thickened so as to form a rounded
tubercle, which is very prominent and distinct when the body is much
curved. This portion is thickened ; the tuberculous portion is much
smaller in proportion to the rest of the segment than usual in Apidse.

The tip is quite extensible, subacute, terminating in a small knob-like
portion. Genitals not apparent, the skin being too thick. A few sparse
long hairs over the body, in which respect this genus differs from those
of the other families, and it differs in its elongated extensible tip, though
it is probable that this part became contracted in alcohol ; when con¬
tracted, the terminal segment is rather square, not being rounded at the
tip. Length of body .25 inch.

The larva burrows in the dust made by the larva of an ^Egeria in
the pith of the Spiraea, spinning little thin silken cocoons, half a dozen
of them occurring in a space of the stem an inch long, lying loose in the
galleries, some lying across the stem, and others lengthwise. The
cocoon is very thin and slight compared with that of Crabro sex-macu-
lata , being composed of only a few silken threads. Found April 18th.

Pupa. _ 9. The middle joint of the antennal scape is bent at right

angles to the flagellum, the third joint being continuous with the flagel¬
lum, while in Pelopoeus flavipes it is more oblique, as the front of the
head is longer and more horizontal, while in Rhopalum it is at right
angles to the longitudinal axis of the body. The head is more vertical,
less flattened on the pectus of the thorax. Mandibles thick and stout,
convex, much more so than in Pelopoeus . The antennae do not quite
reach to second pair of trochanters ; in Pelopaus , they reach beyond
the third pair ; they also reach the tip of the maxillary palpi, which in
Pelopoeus reach half their length. They rest close to each other along
the median line of the body. The maxillary palpi are straight, not
slightly elbowed near the base; they reach to the tip of the
antennae; the labial palpi are proportionately longer, reaching nearer
the tip of the maxillary pair than in Pdopceus, and less elbowed or
angulated at tip. The anterior tarsi end just before the middle trochan- >
ters ; the middle tarsi terminate near the end of the pedicel of the ab¬
domen, and the third tarsi end near the middle of the third abdominal
segment. Tip of abdomen with the terminal tergite very acute, elon¬
gated, extending beyond the ovipositor; the last sternite is oblong,
flanked on each side by two cylindrical pieces. On the head between

Dec. 1896.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

163

the ocelli and antennae are two very prominent acute tubercles. The
ocelli are very large ; the thorax much as in the imago, but broader,
and the propodeum is more horizontal, the enclosure being indistinct ;
the mesial furrow well marked. The pedicel is broader than in the
imago ; the rings of the abdomen more dentate on hind edges, while the
abdomen, including the propodeum, is much longer than in the imago.

Fig. 3. Larva and pupa of Rhopalum pedicellatum , enlarged ; h , temporary
tubercles on head of pupa. (Trouvelot del.)

These details of difference in the pupa apply but to the mouthparts,
which are not withdrawn in the pupa, as in the imago, and would not,
therefore, be so well noticed in the imago, where these parts are much
more difficult to compare.

It was interesting to find half- grown larvae associated with the ma¬
ture pupa April 18th, showing a possibility of two broods.

Odynerus (probably albbphaleratus Saussure).

Larva. — The head is considerably longer than in Vespa; more
elongated, narrower and more convex, globose. The clypeus and
mouth-parts are more advanced, more prominent. Situation of eyes is
not indicated by the narrow testaceous stripe. The supra-clypeal tri¬
angular piece is more distinctly marked than in Vespa or in the larval
Apidae ; it is obtusely pointed behind at the apfex. The site of the an¬
tennae forms a depressed area on a distinct piece between the eyes and
supra-clypeal piece.

164

[Vol. IV.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

The clypeus is very distinct, transversely oblong, with the edges
square. The labrum is large and divided deeply with two lobes, which
are separated as if composed of two pieces ; they overlap the mandibles
so that the black tips only remain in sight. Mandibles short, stout,
very thick, tridentate; the teeth short, subacute, the innermost being
the smallest. The maxillae and labium are much as usual ; prominent,
bulging at the end, terminating in the usual papillae ; the lingua repre¬
sented by a transverse chitinous line. The body is cylindrical, long, a
little curved upon itself. The skin is hard and thick, so that the
genitals, nerves and dorsal vessel do not show through it. The seg¬
ments are short, very convex, much thickened, especially on the tergum
and the pleural line. The posterior half of each segment is more
thickened than in any of the other genera of Vespidse or Apidae ob¬
served, and also the pleural ridges, giving to the outline of the back a
dentate or serrated appearance. Tip of abdomen moderately obtuse.

The larva of Odynerus differs from Vespa in the long head, square
clypeus, the very distinct bilobed labrum, which are unusually deeply
fissured, and by the tridentate, stout mandibles ; while by the serrated
outline of the back it is related more to the larval Crabronidae and
Pompilidse. It is interesting to observe the distinct supra-clypeal piece.

Odynerus albophaleratus Saussure.

Pupa. _ Compared with Vespa the head is much more horizontal,

and there is no supra-clypeal tubercle; the mandibles are much more
elongated ; the maxillae and lingua are as much exposed and exserted
beyond the tips of mandibles as in V *spa, but the whole reach farther
towards the end of the body, to the 2d trochanters. The maxillae and
lingua are a little slenderer than in Vespa. The antennae are more ob¬
lique at the base, not being bent at nearly right angles as in Vespa.
They extend just to the 3d trochanters, as the thorax and body gener¬
ally is wider and shorter than in Vespa. The legs spread a little farther
apart, but are proportionally of the same length and reach the same
relative distance from the end of the abdomen as in Vespa. The hind
tibial spaces are shorter and smaller than in Vespa. The abdomen is
much shorter and more spherical ; the terminal joints are shorter, being
withdrawn more within the abdomen. The 9 genitals are more acute,
the terminal sternite much shorter, smaller and less exserted, than in
Vespa , while the blades of the ovipositor are much exserted, and longer

and slenderer.

Seen sideways, the head of Odynerus is more globular, the eyes

Dec. 1896.] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera.

165

Fig. 4. Larva (enlarged 9 times), and pupa of Odynerus albophaleratus.
(Trouvelot ael.)

Fig. 5. Semipupal stages a , b, of O . albophaleratus ; c, d, under side of head
and thorax of semi-pupa; e,f mouth-parts at different stages; m s, median segment.
(Emerton del.)

16G Journal New York Entomological Society. LVo1 iv-

more indented, the thorax more convex, with the limbs and wings ar¬
ranged much the same. The propodeum is longer and slenderer, and
the subpedunculate abdomen is as in the imago, the two first segments
being greatly lengthened over the terminal short retracted ones, and the
tip is more incurved, so that the hind tarsi reach to the tip, and the ab¬
domen is rounded ovate, where in V tspa it is oblong.

- - - — -

A NEW ANISOTA.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

Many larvse of the following species were found at West Palm
Beach, Florida, on live oak in January, 1896. I am indebted to Mr.
L. H. Joutel for obtaining me food plants for them during the winter.

Anisota consularis, sp. nov.

Male ; smaller than the female ; body ochreous brown, wings dark purplish
brown, a larger ill-defined subhyaline space in the center of the fore wings ; a round
white discal dot. Terminal -space more purplish than the basal part of the wing.

Closely resembles the male of A. senatoria in color, but the hind wings are
rounded as in the female, not angulated at apex and anal angle, and the t.-p. line is

much more obscure.

Female ; wings purplish brown, basal and terminal spaces darker ; a white dis¬
cal dot and faint blackish strigse. Hind wings with a purplish mesial band.

Darker than either senatoria or stigma , the lines less distinct ; wings opaque,
not thinly scaled as in virginiensis. Types male and female, bred from larvse.

Larva. Primary spines black, secondary granules sparse, white. Head shin¬
ing red brown, width 3.5 to 4 mm. Body red-brown, a dorsal, subdorsal (i), lateral
(iii), stigmatal and subventral clouded black bands. Dorsal and stigmatal bands
harp* and narrow, the others clouded, the subventral filling the whole space. All
except the subventral are bordered by white shaded lines on the lower side, that be¬
low the stigmatal line very distinct. All the lines become obsolete on joint 12,
leaving the anal end and all the feet red-brown. In large examples the skin has a
fleshy tint, different from the head and plates, while the shaded lines tend to be

broken at the primary spines.

The following table will separate the larvae of Anisota.

General color not green.

With secondary white granules.

Brown without distinct black bands .

A subdorsal and stigmatal dark red stripe and faint black

bands .

stigma.

virginiensis.

Ground color relieved by wdiite shades ; nine distinct

bands .

Without white granules; heavily black banded.. .

General color green . . •

black

. consularis.

...... senatoria.

_ rubicunda.

4

Dec, 1896.] Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 167

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG

CATERPILLARS.— III-VI.*

(Plates VI-IX.)

By Harrison G. Dyar, A. M., Ph. D.

Tortricidia pallida Herrich-Schaffer.

1854 — Limacodes pallida Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 183.

1854 — Limacodes flavula Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 185.

1864 — Tortricidia pallida and Jlavula Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 347.

1891 — Tortricidia Jlavula Dyar, Psyche, VI, 128.

1892 — Tortricidia pallida and Jlavula Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 551.

1892 — Isa textula Morton, Ent. News, III, 1.

1892 — Tortricidia Jlavula Dyar, Ent. News, III, 62.

1894 — Tortricidia Jlavula Neumoegen and Dyar, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 75.

Larva.

1891 — Dyar, Psyche, VI, 145.

1892 — Morton, Ent. News, III, 1. (as Isa textula).

1893 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 104 (as young larva of Heterogenea sp.).
1893 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 105 (as Heterogenea testacea).

1893— Packard, Hoc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 106 (as Heterogenes Jlexuosa).

1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 220.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space moderately broad, narrowing only a little toward the
extremities, arched; lateral space broad, oblique, concave; subventral
space small, retracted. Ridges slightly prominent, never tubercular,
furnished with single or furcate swollen -tipped setae in stage I, afterward
smooth or with rudimentary setae. Outline from dorsal. aspect elliptical
notched at the anterior part of joint 13 to form a short quadrate tail.
Skin covered with close, appressed, rather large, clear granules which
appear immediately after the first molt and increase slightly in number
at subsequent molts. Depressed spaces large, well developed, deep with
sharp perpendicular sides, the bottom flat and finely granulated. These
spaces are very conspicuous and so large as to divide the coarsely granu-

* Miss Morton has given up her cohperation in these articles. The assistance
which she has kindly continued to furnish me will be specially acknowledged in each
case.

168 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

lar general surface into a series of latticed ridges. They are as follows :
(i) large, intersegmental, angularly elliptical; (2) small, addorsal,
segmental, rounded triangular; (3) under the subdorsal iidge, small,
triangular, shallow; (4) large, lateral, intersegmental, elongate or nar¬
rowly elliptical; (5) of moderate size, above the lateral ridge, rounded
triangular, segmental ; (6) very small, shallow, alternating with the lower
part of the fifth series just above the lateral ridge. In the subventral
space a shallow ill-defined series (7) alternate with the spiracles, and
another similar one (8) is situated below them.

This larva is throughout very smooth, the setae practically disap¬
pearing at first molt. The coloration is green, a large red mark in the
shape of an irregular diamond or large blurred cross gradually appears
on the back, beginning in the form of a small patch between two yellow
lines. The marking appears to be mimetic of red patches or galls on
its food plants.

The larva is rather highly specialized, especially in regard to its
skin structure which somewhat approaches that of Eulimacodes , while
the setae disappear early. Its shape, however, is quite normal and typ¬
ical of the smooth Eucleids in general, and the sette of stage I are in a
less advanced degree of degeneration than in Apoda y-inversa or Tortn-
cidia fasciola.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

This larva is allied to the small species which I have doubtfully
identified as Heterogenea flexuosa and doubtless also to the European
H. ase/la, though this has not been examined by me. It belongs to
the group of the northern smooth Eucleids, and represents a more primi¬
tive state than Apoda in that setae ia and ib on joint 4 and i and ii on
joints 5 to 12 are partly united into a furcate or Y-shaped spine, both
limbs of equal length, whereas in Apoda one limb has been reduced to #
a slight prominence.

The moths emerge over a considerable period of time. Full grown
larvae may be found unusually e^rly, often during July, while others do
not mature till late in September. This power of early emergence
gives the species a northern range. In the Adirondacks it was the only
Eucleid met with. In Long Island eggs and young larvae were found
on the trees at the same time that other larvae were matured.

The larva is a rather low feeder, occurring on higher bushes and
the lower branches of trees, along the edges of woods, etc., not as a
rule in very shaded locations. Rarely more than one larva is found on

Dec. 1896.] Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 169

the same plant. The larva remains on the back of a leaf, where its
shape and coloration are adapted to its concealment.

The material from which this life history was worked out was col¬
lected by me in stage I at Keene Valley and the eggs found at Bellport,
Long Island. Miss Morton endeavored to obtain fertile eggs from some
cocoons which I sent her, but was unable to do so. I am indebted to
Mrs. Knopf for assistance with the plate.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

This larva remained undescribed till very recently. In my orig¬
inal description I say “the usual elliptical depressions hardly distinct.”
This may be corrected by omitting the word “hardly.” Miss Morton
first described the eggs. She says they are “without form,” though I
should describe them as regularly elliptical and greatly flattened. I do
not find them “ invisible to the naked eye on the leaves ” since I have
found them in the woods without the aid of a lens. Dr. Packard’s de¬
scriptions seem to contain but one error, besides the inaccurate nomen¬
clature, for which I am partly responsible. His “ young larva of
Heterogenea, sp.” is stage VI, and his “full-grown larva of Hetero-
genea testacea” and “larva of Heterogenea jlexuosal ” are stage VII
of T. pallida. The “full-grown larva of Heterogenea, sp.” is another
insect.* The error referred to is on page 105, where Dr. Packard says
“there is a median dorsal row of impressed rounded warts, which do
not bear bristles . . . ”. I think it is evident that these structures are
the glandular centers of the dorsal depressed spaces, and have no ho¬
mology, or even analogy with warts.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg. — Elliptical, flat, transparent on smooth green leaves, whitish
■ translucent on whitish leaves, shining ; reticulations faint, visible in a
strong side light under a half inch objective as narrowly linear elongate
hexagonal lines, slightly more opaque than the shell. Size 1.0 x .6 mm.
Laid singly on the under side of the leaf.

Stage /. — (Plate VI, figs. 1 and 2) Elliptical, rather elongate, dor¬
sal and lateral spaces rather broad. Along the subdorsal ridge, a row
of Y-shaped setae with expanded cleft tips, changing to two separate
t setae on joints 3 and 13 ; two lateral setae on joints 3 and 4 ; along the
lateral ridge a row of single swollen-tipped setae on joints 3 to 12.

* Doubtfully identified Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Ill, 146, as Heterogenea ftexuosa.

1^0 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

Color translucent whitish with a slight green tint after the larva has
eaten. Skin smooth. Length .7 to i.i mm. The larva feeds normally
throughout the stage.

Stage II. _ Setae rudimentary, the mature structures well assumed.

More rarely distinct, short, black setae persist, arranged two on the sub¬
dorsal ridge, one on the lateral ridge. Subdorsal ridge rather square,
dorsum flat, rounded; tail quadrate, sides concave. Lateral ridge
moderate, subventral region small, retracted. Depressed spaces all
present as in the mature larva, deep, pit-like, the latticed ridges narrow,
distinct, composed of one row of large, clear, appresscd granules.
Color pale greenish without marks. The larva eats a track the width of
its body, but only two or three times as long as wide. Length 1 .1 to
1 .7 mm.

Stage III — Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate; all pale green.
Skin structure the same as before. Usually the setae are so rudimentary
as. scarcely to be visible; more rarely, quite distinct. The larva has
the shape and appearance of the mature form, but is without marks.
Toward the end of the stage a yellow subdorsal line may appear, with a
round reddish patch centrally on the back. Length 1.6 to 2.2 mm.

Stage IV. — Elliptical, both ends rounded, the anterior more ob¬
tusely; dorsum arched, the highest point a little before the middle.
Ridges low, not prominent, the subventral ridge shorter than the lateral.
Body smooth, not tuberculate nor scalloped, setae nearly obsolete. Skin
coarsely clear granular, except on the large depressed spaces which are
arranged as in the mature larva. The granules along the lateral ridge
are subpapillose, slightly divided at the tip in some cases. Subventral
space more coarsely granular. Color light yellowish green, a trace of
reddish along the dorsal space on joints 6 to 9. Length 2.2 to 3.3 mm.

Stage V — Subdorsal ridge rounded, lateral moderately prominent,
smooth, as before; tail subquadrate, a little contracted at the base.
Green, a wine red shading occupying the dorsal space on joints 7 to 9
with traces of a yellow subdorsal line. Skin surface much as before,
but the granules on the latticed ridges are more numerous, forming
more than one row. They resemble angularly appressed glass beads.
Setae obsolete, scarcely discernible except at the ends of the body. Sub¬
ventral depressed areas rather well developed, comma-shaped, com¬
posed of the larger upper one (7) joined to a smaller lower one (8);
the granules are more pointed and less well developed than above the
lateral ridge. Later, in the larva observed, the dorsal patch became
pentagonal, vinous red, pale centrally and covering three greenish im-

Dec. 1896.] Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 171

pressed spots ; broadly bordered with yellow, which color also extended
along the subdorsal ridges half way to the tail. Length 3.5 to
4.7 mm.

Stage VI. — Depressed spaces deep and well marked, finely sha-
greened granular in the bottom. Latticed ridges coarsely densely clear
granular as before. Areas in the subventral space reniform, (7) and (8 )
conjoined, the granulations of this space finer than above the lateral
ridge. Body green, at first scarcely marked, but during the stage the
dorsal red patch appears. This varies greatly in shape in different
larvae, from a small transverse bar (Plate VI, fig. 3) to a large patch
covering the dorsum of joints 5 to 9 and extending part way down the
sides. There is a more or less distinct yellow subdorsal line, broken
where it crosses the red patch, the patch bordered with crimson and
yellow. The patch is of a varying shade of purplish red with a more
or less distinct central square blotch on joints 7 and 8, the enclosed de¬
pressed spaces of dorsal row (1) centered with a dark dot. The patch
may have an irregular outline as in the mature larva, but it does not
reach either extremity. A small reddish patch may occur on joint 3.
Length 4.7 to 6.7 mm.

Stage VII. — Smoothly rounded, elliptical, the tail subquadrate;
highest through joint 5, evenly rounded (Plate VI, fig. 5). Subdorsal
ridge rounded, dorsal space rather narrow, lateral broad, gradually
sloping. Lateral ridge smooth, prominent, exceeding the subventral
ridge. Subventral space small, hollowed. Depressed spaces large and
deep, arranged as described above (Plate VI, fig. 8), their bottoms finely
granular. Latticed ridges coarsely clear granular. Body green with a
large dorsal marking which varies from narrow (Plate VI, fig. 6) to
broad* (Plate VI, fig. 7) and from bright red to dull purplish in differ¬
ent examples. It has a pale salmon colored center, often square and cov¬
ering only one depressed space (joints 7-8) or rarely larger, occasionally
wanting. The patch is bordered with crimson and yellow and is usually
darker around the edge and on the latticed ridges. It usually narrows
on joints 3 to 5, widens again, reaching the lateral depressed space (4)
on joints 5-6, is incised in a curve and broadens to the lateral margin
.at joint 8 ; narrows again in an incised curve to the depressed space (4)
on joints 9-10, and there tapers to the tail, thus forming a large, blurred
Ted cross. . Most of the depressed spaces on the sides are pale with darker
green centers. Length of the larva 6.7 to 9.5 mm.

*It is difficult to illustrate the range in the size of this marking without a long
series of figures. The patch may be even larger than shown in figure 7.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. IV.

172

Cocoon.— With the characters of the group.

Food-plants.— Oak, wild cherry, birch, maple, chestnut and witch-
hazel have been observed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

*

Fig. x. Larva in stage I, dorsal view enlarged.

“ 2. The same, side view.

“ 3. Young larva X 5> the dorsal marking just starting.

“ 4. The same, older X 5-

“ 5. Side view of mature larva, anterior end to the right.

“ 6. Mature larva, enlarged, restricted pattern.

“ 7. Another larva, broad pattern.

“ ' 8. Larva, dorsal view, showing the depressed spaces of dorsal and lateral areas;

a, dorsal depressions <i); t>, ad dorsal (2); c, upper lateral segmental
(3) ; d, lateral depressions (4) ; e, lower segmental lateral (5) ;/, lower
intersegmental lateral depressions (6).

The left side of joint 7 (third abdominal segment) illustrates the granu¬
lation.

“ 9. 71 pallida , imago.

Eulimacodes scapha Harris.

1855 — Limacodes undifera Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. pt. V, 1149.

1864 _ Limacodes scapha Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, 298.

1864 _ Limacodes scapha Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 341.

1878 _ Eulimacodes scapha Moeschler, Verhl. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, XXVII, 672.

1882 — Limacodes ( Eulimacodes ) scapha Grote, Check List, 17.

1891 — Liviacodes scapha Smith, List, Lep. 28.

1892 — Eulimacodes scapha Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 5 35*

1894 — Eulimacodes scapha NeumoegEN & Dyar, Journ N. ^ . Ent. Soc. II, 73’

Larva.

1841 — Harris, Rept. Ins. Mass. 303.

1864 — Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 341.

1869 — Harris, Ent. Corr. pi. 3, fig. 8.

1873 — Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. A. 201.

1881— Packard, Bull. 7, U. S. Ent. Comm. 77.
x883 — Edwards & Elliot, Papilio, III, 128.

1885 — Uimmock, Psyche, IV, 279.

1885 — Hubbard, Ins. Affect. Orange, 144.

1890 — Packard, 5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm. 147, 490.

1893 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 98.

1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 223.

1895 — Comstock, Gmde Stud. Ins. fig. 257.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. IV. PL VI.

Life-History of Tortricidia pallida.

Dec. 1896.] Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. H3

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal area broad, narrowing before to a rounded margin on joint.
3, narrowing behind to a point in the tail-like termination of joint 13.
Lateral area absent, the subdorsal and lateral ridges at first closely ap¬
proximate, later fused into a single, sharp, high, rounded ridge. Sub-
ventral area broad, forming all the sides, perpendicular, flat or hollowed,
highest in the middle, diminishing to almost nothing at both extremities.
Subventral ridge very slight, just indicated at the lower edge of the
body. Primitive first stage absent, the warts present in stage I reduced
by degeneration, bearing two setae, uniformly developed; in the later
stages disappearing, the rudimentary setae persistent, Subventral row
represented by small setae. Both the lateral and subdorsal warts are
situated on the single subdorsal ridge. Depressed areas strongly de¬
veloped but scarcely sunken, flat, plate-like, shagreened and with angu¬
lar margins ; the dorsal row (1) elongate transversely, hexagonal, the
addorsal (2) small, rounded triangular; those of the lateral area want¬
ing; subventral plates fully developed, rounded angular, the upper sub-
ventral (7) large, ovate, the lower (8) rounded triangular; two other
small rows above the subventral edge (9, and near the spiracles (10).
Skin at first almost smooth, but soon covered with granules which are
flattened, appressed and rounded and appear as if overlapping like the
scales on a fish, on the sides from below upward, outwardly from the
middle of the dorsum to the upper side of the subdorsal ridge where the
two directions of scaling meet. The scaling is only present on the lat¬
ticed ridges between the closely set, slightly sunken armor plates (meta¬
morphosed depressed areas). There is a slight hump or rounded angu¬
lation on the ridge at joints 7-8, but this may be absent or there may
be two such humps, the second at the junction of joints 8 and 9. Just
under the edge of the subdorsal ridge from side view is a series of
glandular spots which can secrete drops of a clear odoriferous fluid.
They are situated above and a little before the upper side of the large
intersegmental plates (7) and appear in the cast skin as round beads.
It is possible that they represent the depressed spaces of lateral area.

The coloration is adapted for concealment, the green ground work
variously patched and spotted with yellowish and brown being obscure
on the leaves toward autumn. The peculiar square box-like shape, pro¬
duced by the union of subdorsal and lateral ridges, may be of use in sug¬
gesting to its enemies an appearance unlike that of most insect larvae,
more unusual indeed than the majority of Eucleidae.

i

[^4 Journal New York. Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

This larva is on the whole the most highly specialized North Ameri¬
can Eucleid. It belongs to the group of smooth Eucleids, but is the
only one in which the primitive first stage has disappeared. Though it
lacks the specializations of the spined Eucleids, it exceeds them by the
number of its peculiar modifications, namely, the union of the ridges to
the exclusion of the lateral space, the high modification and development
of the depressed spaces and the conversion of the skin granules into

scales.

Affinities, Habits, Etc.

The genus Eulimacodes was founded by Moeschler on a species
from Surinam. A larva apparently identical with our scapha is figured
by Sepp (Suranim. Vlinders, PI. 129) from this locality, but the moth,
which he calls gibbosa , is quite distinct. Of our two species one is found
in Arizona and doubtless occurs farther south. Therefore we may re¬
gard the present species, scapha , to be of South American origin and we
should not expect to find it represented in the European fauna.

The moths fly in July and the larval stages occupy the summer months,
the insects reaching maturity in August and September. The eggs are
laid singly and the larvte live on the under sides of the leaves, solitary,
though not greatly scattered, as often several or many occur on the same

plant.

There is a wide range in variation with something of a local ten¬
dency. In Long Island the form with smooth subdorsal ridge is common,
with no hump or only one small one (Plate VII, fig. 13). d he back is
green or variously spotted with yellow and brown, rarely entirely brown,
the sides generally green. In the wooded parks near New York the single
or double humped form is morg common, often with brown markings on
the sides. The larva shown in fig. 14 was collected at Fort Lee, N. J.,
and a curious example with two humps on one ridge and but one on the
other occurred at Scarsdale, N. Y. I have collected a long series with
a wide range in variation near Woodstock in Greene county.

I am indebted to Miss Morton for a number of young larvae and to
Mr. Doll for fertile eggs and cocoons. Mrs. Knopf has kindly assisted

with the plate.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

We have several recognizable figures of this peculiar larva, but no full
account of its life history. Dr. Packard describes two of the early stages,

calling them “II?” and “ IV, or that before the last.” I infer from the

Dec. 1896.] Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 175

measurements given that they really were stages IV and V. Two of the
references include a general account of the finer external structure. A
general and not unnatural error has been made in considering the sunken
armor plates to represent the segments. Edwards and Elliot say “the seg-
ments are arranged like the plates of a tortoise,” Dr. Packard refers to
a marking “along the sutures ... of the segments,” and I have said
“joints 3 to 13 have each a plate.” These structures are situated be¬
tween the segments, overlapping on two adjoining ones. Dr. Packard
found but seven spiracles ; but he must have had before him an abnor¬
mal larva, as all my specimens possess the usual number.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg, — Elliptical, flat, 1.8 x 1.2 mm., the skin very thin, white and
iridescent ; the fresh egg is transparent with a slight pale yellow tint
when laid on glass and becoming more opaque as the embryo de¬
velops but not darkening in color. Reticulations rounded, obscure,
rarely angular, not characteristic; the surface of the egg is slightly
shagreened. Another egg measured 1.7 x 1.4 x.i mm. Laid singly on
the leaves.

Stage /. — Elliptical, more pointed behind than before ; dorsum flat,
a little arched, separated from the perpendicular sides by a ridge bearing
two rows of tubercles, each with two setae (Plate VII, figs. 1 to 3). These
represent the usual subdorsal and lateral rows, but situated in close ap¬
proximation to each other. On joint 3 four tubercles, on joint 4>
three, and on joint 13, three. A subventral row of simple setae. The
shape is less boat-like than the mature larva, though all the essential
features are indicated. Pale yellowish, a broad dark band along the
ridge below the skin and therefore appearing in a slightly different po¬
sition according to the point of view. The band is connected with its
fellow at the ends and also by a bar in the center of the dorsum. Dorsal
skin smooth, depressed in gentle hollows representing the dorsal (1)
and addorsal (2) depressed spaces; bases of tubercles wrinkled, sub-
granular ; lateral (subventral) skin also smooth, with two rows of taint
depressions. Venter clearer yellow than the body ; head pale. Length
1.2 to 1.9 mm. The larva feeds in this stage.

Stage //.—Tubercles absent, a single tiny seta represents each.
Subdorsal ridge rounded, prominent. Dorsum hollowed, sides perpen¬
dicular. Skin obscurely granular, the granules flattened, nearly con¬
tiguous, not really overlapping but suggesting scales, especially before

1 7 G Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

the larva is filled out by feeding. Depressed areas irregularly sculp¬
tured, creased, regular, the dorsal (i) transversely elongate, hexagonal,
addorsal small, rounded; latticed ridges very narrow, almost linear,
but the areas not much depressed. Sides hollowed below the round
bulging ridge, which has a segmental row of round clear glandular areas
on its lower aspect; surface slightly granular without well-defined
sculpturing, two angular areas just indicated, the upper (7) pentagonal,
the lower (8) rounded. Color greenish, the ridge broadly brown with
the connecting band as before at the highest part of the dorsum. The
back is a little angled at the segment posterior to this band (joints 7-8).
Length 1.8 to 2.9 mm.

Stage II 7. — Much as before, but the depressed areas or plates are
better defined. They are large, almost contiguous, still somewhat de¬
pressed, irregularly shagreened, the narrow latticed ridges, and especially
the high bulging subdorsal ridge, distinctly scaled as in the full-grown
larva. The dorsal plates (1) have a paired character as seen by a cen¬
tral line and two glandular dots on each side (PI. VII, fig. 7). On the
sides the plates are depressed, not very distinctly bounded. There can
be distinguished besides those formerly seen (7 and 8) also a small seg¬
mental row just above the subventral edge (9). Dorsal and lateral
areas sunken, ridge prominent, rounded, smooth. Shape elliptical,
square anteriorily, tail obtusely pointed, the back evenly arching from
head to tail. Coloration at first as before, but soon the great diversity
in individual markings appears. In three larvae from eggs laid by the
same moth, three types appeared. The sides in all remained pale
green, but the back was variously marked with reddish-brown. The
extent of variation is from the minimum of a line along the subdorsal
ridge with connecting transverse bar to the maximum of a complete
brown dorsal space. Length 2.9 to 3.9 mm.

Stage IV. — The larva now exactly resembles the mature form ex¬
cept in size. The plates are quite distinct and the scale-like skin gran¬
ules well developed. Markings better defined than before and as vari¬
ous as at maturity. Length 3 9 to 5 6 mm.

Stage V. — Head greenish-white, eye black, jaws brown with two
black bands; palpi pale. All the plates are distinct (Plate VII, figs. 7
and 8), the scaling as in the mature larva. Plates shagreened, scarcely
sunken, the dorsal ones (1) divided by a slight raised line. Hump on
joints 7-8 quite well marked, but varying in different larvae ; tail round
pointed. In an example selected for description the dorsum was
cream v-brown, the ridge above, all the dorsal latticed ridges and a nar-

Dec. 1806.] Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 177

row dorsal line on the second to eighth plates dark-brown ; hump oppo¬
site fifth plate very dark ; glandular centers of plates also dark ; a
white spot in the ridge at the eighth plate (joint 10-11) and a little one
at the seventh plate best seen from the side. First dorsal plate and all
the sides dark leaf-green, the glandular centers of the upper plates (7)
dark. Length 5. 6 to 7. 9 mm.

Stage VI. — Shape and markings as in the next stage. The last
four stages are throughout practically alike. Length, 7.3-12 mm.

Stage VII. — Elliptical, ending in a pointed tail ; dorsum slightly
concave (Plate VII, fig. 6) lowest along a line just above the subdorsal
ridge where the dorsal and lateral scaling meets, greatly arched ; sides
perpendicular, concave, diminishing at each end and without ridges,
the whole shape box-like. Setae fine and obscure, a single one on the
dorsal and lateral aspect of the ridge and a few microscopic ones on the
sides near the spiracle, the latter secondary. Depressed spaces con¬
verted into scarcely sunken angular plates, the dorsal ones (Plate VII, fig.
7) suggesting the plates, of a tortoise. A row of ten segmentary glands
on the lower side of the subdorsal ridge secrete an odoriferous fluid when
the larva is irritated. Plates as described above, the latticed ridges
scaled, the two directions meeting at the lowest point of the dorsum
(Plate VII, fig. 11); scales arranged as if overlapping (Plate VII, fig. 12);
plates irregularly finely granular (Plate VII, fig. 12). Setae weak,
normal (Plate VII, fig. 5). Opposite the fifth dorsal plate the ridge is
thrown into a prominence more or less distinct, sometimes also one at
the sixth plate (Plate VII, fig. 14). These humps are intersegmental,
representing the incisures of joints 7-8 and 8-9. A white spot on the
ridge at eighth plate. Color very variable, scarcely two specimens
alike. Ground color green, more or less replaced on the dorsum by
brown or yellow or both, variously mottled and spotted, the latticed
ridges and glandular spots darker usually. Sides less commonly marked
with brown, but occasionally so and independently of the dorsum.
The order of appearance of the dark marks is from the hump and white
spot, spreading on the dorsal area, and from the middle of the
subventral edge and the white spot, spreading on the lateral area. I
have not seen either an entirely green or entirely brown specimen.
Length, 12 to 18 mm.

Food-plants. — Various shrubs and trees. Oak, chestnut, wild
cherry, hickory, sweet gum, bayberry, linden, witch hazel and hop horn-
bean have been noted by me.

178 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Fig. I. Larva in stage I, dorsal view, enlarged.

“ 2. One tubercle, more enlarged.

“ 3. Stage I, side view, semidiagrammatic, to show arrangement of tubercles.

“ 4. Young larva, stage IV, enlarged.

“ 5. Seta of subdorsal ridge, mature larva.

“ 6. Front view, stage VI, showing the high ridge and hollow dorsal area.

“ 7. Dorsal view, stage VI, showing the armor plates and their arrangement.

“ 8. The same, side view, showing the plates of subventral area.

“ 9. Feeding traces on a small white oak leaf.

“ 10. Eulimacodes scapha.

ii ii. Skin on dorsum, a portion of one segment showing part of two plates, the
latticed ridge between and the addorsal plate as far as the subdorsal
ridge.

“ 12. The joining of the scaled latticed ridge and the armor plate, more enlarged.

“ 13. Mature larva, slightly enlarged, Long Island form, without humps.

“ 14. The same, two-humped form from Fort Lee.

Phobetron pithecium Smith & Abbot.

*

1797 — Phalcena pithecium Smith & Abbot, Lep. Ins. Georgia, II, pi. 74.

1827— Phobetron abbotana Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 398.

1841 _ Ecnomida pithecium Westwood, Nat. Lib. Exot. Moths, 183.

1841 — Litnacodes pithecium Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass, 304.

1864 _ Phobetron pithecium Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 340.

1864 —Thyridopteryx nigricans Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 350.

1864 _ Limacodes hyalinus Walsh, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, 299.

1864 _ Limacodes tetradactylus Walsh, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, 300.

1869 —Limacodes pithecium Harris, Ent. Corr. 244.

1885 — Phobetron pithecium Dimmock, Psyche IV, 280.

1894 —Phobetron pithecium Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 11,-70.

Larva.

1797 — Smith & Abbot, Lep. Ins. Georgia, pi. 74.

1841 — Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 304.

1856 — Fitch, Third Report Ins. N. Y. 381.

1838 — Duncan, Nat. Libr. XX, pi. 21.

1862 — Morris, Synop. Lep. N. A. 127.

1863 — Walsh, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IX, 297.

1870— Riley, Am. Entomol. II, fig. 209.

1872 — Lintner, 26th Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist. 149.
1881 — Packard, Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, 47.

1883 — Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fruits, 112.

1885 — Hubbard, Ins. Affecting Orange, 143.

1889 — Lintner, 5th Rept. N. Y. State Entomol. 184.

1893 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 97 and 101.

1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 218.

Vol. IV PI. VII.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

10 X3 14

Life-History of Eulimacodes scapha.

Dec. 1896.] Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 179

Special Structural Characters.

Outline rounded quadrangular, exclusive of the appendages, dorsal
space broad, even, flat; lateral space broad, subventral comparatively
broad, continuous with the lateral space, not retracted. Ridges prac¬
tically absent, the subdorsal indicated by the change in direction of
slope between back and sides. Tubercles greatly modified : stage I
represents a primitive first stage, but tubercles i and ii on abdomen, ia
and ib, iia and iib on thorax are completely united into a single spine,
probably by a process, such as is indicated by the Y-shaped and pronged
setae of T. pallida and T. fasciola. Tubercle iii of joint 5 is absent.
After stage I the setae reappear double, normal. The ultimate structure of
the warts, which appear at first molt, is remarkable. The subdorsal
series are attached by very broad bases, greatly encroaching on the dor¬
sal and lateral spaces, and are produced laterally into fleshy appendages
of different lengths. These appendages are constricted at about the
center of the attachment; the basal part bears seta i in its center; the
terminal part bears seta ii at the apex. The lateral row of warts form
small, rounded, button-like structures, concealed for a long time beneath
the large subdorsal appendages. These warts of both rows are composed
of soft spongy tissue and they readily become detached at their bases,
leaving a small denuded area, which does not bleed. If the appendages
are detached toward maturity, they are not regenerated ; but if early in
life a partial regeneration occurs at each molt, so that the structure
may attain nearly its normal appearance. The subdorsal warts are each
pushed a little forward so as to partially cover the segment in front.
The warts bear at first stiff, smooth, pale setae. Gradually a series of
fine, secondary, branched hairs (Plate VIII, fig. 11) appears, and in the
last stage, completely replaces the primary coating, leaving only the
primitive setae and a few club-shaped black hairs, which represent the
last degenerate form of the original coating. In the case of the lateral
horns the change from simple to fine branched hairs at the last molt is
more sudden. The skin is covered with a sparse coating of fine black
hairs from, large tubercles (Plate VIII, fig. 15). The depressed spaces
are hardly represented at all ; the spiracular series (7) only is faintly
shown. The appendages are formed by the subdorsal horns of joints 4
to 1 2 inclusive ; all the others form warts of the small button-like type.

This curious larva seems to mimic a dead dry leaf. In respect to
its adaptive characters it is highly specialized, perhaps the most highly
specialized of any Eucleid ; yet in respect to its setae it is very primitive.
It belongs distinctly to the section of spined larvae from the absence of

180

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

a tubercle of the lateral row on joint 5, and the moving up of the spir¬
acle • yet it is without stinging spines, the warts are hairy, a primitive
first stage is present as in no other spined Eucleid, and the arrangement
of the warts on the thorax corresponds strictly with that of the smooth
Eucleids, there being three well developed warts on joints 3 and 4. It
is therefore, a generalized form, a connecting link between the groups
of Eucleid se and of particular interest. If we disregard its special
adaptation, which is unique, this form represents the early stem of the
spined Eucleids, at a time before the primitive first stage was lost, be¬
fore the setae had become poisonous spines and while the original num¬
ber of warts were yet present on the thorax. It is only slightly removed
from the stem of the smooth Eucleids, differing from them in the
specialization of joint 5, the complete coalescence of setae land 11 in stage .

I, and in the only partial degeneration of the original setae* of the
warts, which is complete in the smooth Eucleids, but in Phobetron
advances slowly throughout ontogeny. The number of larval stages
appears to be abnormally large. I have not specially investigated the

constancy of this number.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

The allies of this larva are to be found in South America. Stoll
figures the larva of hipparchia exactly like that of pithecium , as far as
can be seen from the figure. We have also in Florida the species
beutenmuelleri , which seems nearly allied, though the larva is unknown.
The habits are in general similar to those of the other Eucleidte. The
eggs are laid singly, and the larvae live on the under sides of the leaves
tilHthe last stage, where they rest on the upper side and feed fully ex¬
posed. Full grown larvae may be found during September; the eggs

are laid in July, and there is but a single brood.

The full grown larva strikingly resembles a part of a dead leaf

which had fallen on the surface of the foliage.

For material I am indebted to Miss Morton for the eggs and stages
I and II, which she obtained from moths bred from cocoons which I
sent her for that purpose. I have also found the larva as young as stage
III, at Bellport, Long Island. Mrs. Knopf kindly made the original
drawings of figures 2 to 7, 13 and 14 of the plate.

* The primary set* remain on the warts, single; the secondary wart hairs de-
aenerate and almost completely disappear in the last stage ; the final coating ot .
fine hairs is, therefore, tertiary, and belongs to the special adaptations.

Dec. 1896.] Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 181

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

There are no descriptions of the youngest stages of this species.
The references given above cover descriptions and figures of the mature
larva, many of them inadequate. Walsh describes a larva as tetradac-
tylus with but four pairs of long appendages instead of six. I think he
had before him a specimen in which the appendages of joint 8 were
broken off on both sides, which would leave “the third and sixth
pairs” long as he describes, if the missing appendages be not counted.
This is very probable, as I often find larvae in various degrees of dilapi¬
dation. A specimen occurred in which all the appendages were absent
except the last two pairs. It was a hardly recognizable object, yet alive
and healthy. I have also recorded* an example in which the third ap¬
pendage (joint 6) was absent on both sides.

Dr. Packard described a larva as “ Phobetron, sp.,” apparently re¬
garding it as distinct from the common form ; but his brief description
contradicts pithecium in nothing. This larva is said to possess some
stinging power, but Dr. Packard figures no stinging spines among his
excellent plates (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., xxxi, pi. II and III, figs. 11 and
1 2), and I have been unable to find any such on the larva. a

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

■Egg. — Flat, circular, not elliptical as usual, scarcely shining, dark
ocher yellow, almost brownish; diameter 1.2 to 1.4 mm., height about .1
mm. Reticulations rounded hexagonal, regular, very obscure scarcely
defined lines resembling the joinings of cells. Laid singly, very rarely
two overlapping. The developing embryo finally causes the egg to turn
dark brown. Hatches in 10 days.

Stage /. — -Rounded elliptical, the spaces proportioned about as in
the mature larva, on joints 3 and 4 are three, on joint 5 one, and on
joints 6 to 13, two each of long spines, subequal, composed of a taper¬
ing proximal portion with enlarged base and more slender tapering dis¬
tal portion (plate, figs. 1 and 2). Of the subdorsal row, those on joints
7, 9 and 11 lean outwardly, alternating with the others. All have the
bases slightly wrinkled. Below the spiracles a series of setae arise from
the subventral edge. Color dark brown, darkest along the subdorsal
ridges; a broad whitish dorsal line. Spines white at base, the ends of
the proximal part (hypertrophied tubercle) black, the distal part (seta)
dusky, both finely spinulose. Head blackish, especially on the vertex.

When first hatched, the tubercles are small and bear only the dusky

* Ann. New York Academy of Sciences, VIII, 218, note 2.

182 Journal New York Entomological Society. -[Voi iv.

set£e, shorter than the white hairs of subventral row ; but soon the
tubercles elongate, forming the pale basal portion of the spine. Skin
smooth, slightly shining. The larva feeds in this stage. Length 1.2

to 1.8 mm.

Stage II. _ Instead of the spines of the subdorsal row are now

present on joints 4 to 12 a series of laterally extended, short, conic,
fleshy appendages, projecting about half their length beyond the sides ;
those on joints 7, 9 and 11 much shorter than the others, which are of
equal length ; all densely covered with coarse, smooth, pale spines.
The other setae, namely all those of joint 3, the lateral row and those on
joint 13 form small pale tubercles, with a single hair, inconspicuous,
being obscured by the appendages of the subdorsal row. Color dead-
leaf brown, the tips of the appendages whitish, the outline evenly
fringed by the white spines. Dorsal space narrow, clothed by a few
small dark setae, On the sides, owing to the broad attachment of the
subdorsal appendages, the lateral space occupies but one-third, the sub-
ventral space two-thirds of the area, both perpendicular. Lateral area
brown; subventral dull whitish. Length 1.8 to 2.5 mm.

Stage ///—(Plate VIII, fig. 3) Elliptical, the back flat, produced
by laterally extended appendages ; side area small. Appendages as be¬
fore, but longer, each slightly constricted near the base, rather sparsely
covered with stiff, pale setae, arising from conical bases. Yellowish-
brown, a double blackish spot on the top of each appendage, the tips
pale ; subventral edge white. A tuft of fine short hairs in the center of
each segment of dorsal space. Lateral tubercles with single seta; sub¬
ventral setae double. Head testaceous, the eye black. Length 2.5 to
3.5 mm.

Stage IV. _ Appearance as before, but the horns are more densely

covered with the sharp stiff, pale- yellowish setae. The basal portion of
each horn is divided off by a constriction, approximately bisecting the
short horns. The horn on joint n is proportionately longer than be¬
fore ; otherwise as in the previous stage. Color brown, fringed by the
pale spines, the long horns shaded in a darker tint. Length 3.5 to

5 mm.

Stage V— (Plate VIII, fig. 4) The discrepancy in the sizes of the
horns has increased. Those on joints 6, 8 and 10 are elongated, those
on joints 7 and 9 remain short and that on joint 1 1 is about as long as
the one on joint 12. The lateral tubercles are almost invisible, being
covered up by the subdorsal ones ; but they are furnished with a crown
of stiff hairs besides the central 'seta. Color brown, the horns darker

Dec. 1896.] Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 183

with a central pale line and pale tip ; setae pale, simple as before, but
supplemented by many very fine short curved hairs, also simple. The
primitive setae may be distinguished, arranged as in the mature larva, i
on the basal portion, ii on the apex of the subdorsal horns. Length 5
to 7 mm.

Stage VI. — Long horns longer, short ones shorter in proportion
than before, the second, third and fifth pairs (joints 5, 6 and 8) curved
backward, sickle-shaped the seventh pair (joint 10) forward. Nine pairs
visible from above, first and eighth short, fourth and sixth very short.
Each has a distinct constricted basal piece, the terminal setae of both
portions arising from a round tubercle. Horns covered with large stiff,
smooth, pale setae and also with fine, short, broadly branched hairs
which become very dense at the apices of the long horns, giving the ap¬
pearance of rusty brown tips. On the short horns these fine setae are
few or absent. A few dark hairs on the dorsum as before. Lateral
horns and the lower ones of thorax short, conic, with many pale spines
and a pale bare tip. Color brown, the horns darker with a white stripe
up the middle. Subventral area broadly white. As the larva grows
the bases of the subdorsal horns swell up on the lower side. Length
6.5 to 8.5 mm.

Stage VII. — Shape and proportions of the appendages much as in
the mature larva, but slenderer and the posterior ones less closely applied
to each other. The first, second, third and fifth pairs curve backward,
the seventh and eighth forward, the tenth pair is just visible from above.
Clothing of the horns more modified than before. The fine brown
branching secondary hairs are thick, especially along the anterior edges
of the long horns ; the coarse pale hairs are still present about as be¬
fore on the basal pieces and short horns, but on the long horns outwardly
reduced in number and partly converted into long pale setae irregularly
spinulated toward the tip on one side. Lateral tubercles with a bare
tip, from which arises the primitive seta, surrounded by a circle of stiff
hairs. Color brown, the horns darker, a pale gray line up the middle
of each, furcate on the basal pieces ; subventral edge white. The long
white hairs are on the posterior edge of the horns, away from the greatest
number of fine brown hairs. Length 8 to 10 mm.

Stage VIII. — All pale whitish brown with scarcely any marks.
Hair clothing almost exactly as before, except for the addition of a few
black, club-shaped spinulated hairs (Plate VIII, fig. 12) on the long
horns. Seta ii of subdorsal row on the long horns arises from a bare
cone surrounded by a brush of little black spines. Lateral row well

184 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

spined, but the spines all simple, the seta from a bare cone as before.
The coarse seta; on the horns still present, rather less in number than be¬
fore, and the fine branched hairs are more numerous. The long horns
bear six kinds of hairs in this stage: (i) the primitive setae, (2) the
smooth pale setae, (3) the long pale spinulated hairs, (4) the fine felted
secondary hairs, (5) the club-shaped black hairs and (6) the fine spines
on the tip. Length 10 to 13.5 mm.

Stage IX. — (Plate VIII, figs. 5, 6 and 7) Shape as described above.
The third, fifth and seventh pairs of appendages longest, second and eighth
next, first, fourth, sixth and ninth short. The side view (Plate VIII, fig.
6) shows how these may be variously elevated by the larva. The body
is sparsely clothed with fine dark setae (Plate VIII, fig. 15), the appen¬
dages both of subdorsal and lateral rows covered only with the fine
branched secondary hairs (Plate VIII, fig. n). The primitive setae re¬
main and at the tips of subdorsal horns a circle of very short black
branched hairs (Plate VIII, fig. 10). These are absent on the side horns
(Plate VIII, fig. 8). The black club-shaped hairs also remain, irregu¬
larly scattered toward the tips of the long horns ; but all of the stiff pale
setae are absent. Any of the appendages of either row may be detached
by slight force. They leave a bare area, and the subdorsal ones show a
double attachment (Plate VIII, fig. 9) corresponding to setae i and ii.
The larva is quite uniformly colored, varying from tan color to purplish
brown. The subventral edge is usually broadly white and the sides and
under sides of the horns darker than the upper surface. The fine hairs
on the horns are so dense and closely felted that they give the shape to
the appendages as shown in the figures 5, 6 and 7. Length of larva
13.5 to 22 mm.

Cocoon.— As usual except that as all the tubercles are shed at the time
of spinning, they remain on the outside of the structure and give it a
characteristic appearance.

Food-plants. _ Various low shrubs and the lower branches of trees.

I have records of oak, chestnut, sassafras, dogwood and ash.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Fig. I. Diagram of stage I, side view, showing the arrangement of the setae.

“ 2. Stage I, two-thirds view X

“ 3. Stage III, dorsal view X IO-
“ 4. Stage V, dorsal view X 5-

“ 5. Front view of mature larva enlarged.

“ 6. Side view of same.

“ 7. Dorsal view of the same X 2-5-

Jo urn. N. V. Ent . Soc. Vo L IV. PI. VIII.

Life- History of Phobetron pithecium

Dec. 1896.] Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 185

Fig. 8. One of the warts of the lateral row enlarged.

« 9. One of the long horns (detached) of subdorsal row, enlarged, ventral view,

showing the double attachment.

“ 10. The terminal seta (ii) and the area immediately around it from the tip of
one of the long appendages.

« 11. One of the branched secondary hairs of the thick coating of the appendages

X 175*

“ 12. Apex of one of the club-shaped hairs which remain on the long appendages
in the last stage X 20°-
“ 13. Male moth, Phobetron pithecium.

“ 14. Female moth, “ “

“ 15. A group of the skin setae with their tubercles. *

Sisyrosea textula Herrich-Schaeffer.

*

1854 — Litnacodes textula Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 184.

1864 — Isa textula Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 347.

1867 — Limacodes inornata Grote & Robinson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. VIII,
372.

1876 — Sisyrosea inornata Grote, Can. Ent. VIII, 112.

1882 — Sisyrosea inornata Grote, Check List, 17.

1891 — Isa inornata Dyar, Ent. News, II, 156.

1891 — Isa inornata Smith, Check List, 28.

1892 — Sosiosa textula Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het, I, 551.

1894 — Sisyrosea inornata Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 70.

LARVA.

1869 — Harris, Ent. Corresp. pi. ii, fig. 7 ; pi. iii, fig. 6.

1887 — Hulst, Ent. Amer. Ill, 66.

1889 — Dyar, Can. Ent. XXI, 77.

1893 — Beutenmueller, Bull. Amer, Mus. Nat. Hist. V. 89.

1 8yfi — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 97; pi. iv, figs. 13, 14.

1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 219.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space narrow, especially centrally, lateral space broad, very
oblique, subventral space very small, retracted ; form much flattened,
the principal part of the visible surface consisting of the lateral spaces.
Outline elliptical; subdorsal ridge slight, lateral pronounced. Horns
of both ridges extended laterally, those of the subdorsal ridge reduced
in size, flattened, subequal, those of joints 8 and 10 slightly shorter.
Lateral horns produced and flattened, slender, fringing the sides and
touching the leaf when the larva is at rest, subequal, those of joints 13
slightly longer. The spines on the horns are of the normal stinging
type after stage I, but not strongly developed and they tend to degener-

186 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi iv.

ate in the later stages, their piercing caps being partly replaced by setse.
Those on the red anterior edge are shortened and darkened by black
pigment. The arrangement of the horns is normal for the spined Eu-
cleids, a single segmentary subdorsal row on joints 3 to 13 and single
lateral row on joints 3, 4, 6 to 12. In stage I the horns are surmounted
by a central swollen-tipped seta and a small series arranged around it in
a radiating circle. Skin covered by a series of curious wavy folds which
extend on the horns also, but Jess distinctly. This structure is unique
and its origin obscure, though it seems to be produced by the ordinary
skin granules becoming concave and their raised edges confluent.

Depressed spaces represented by whitish rings with dark centers,
fairly well developed; (1) and (2) are situated closely in line in the
small dorsal space, both paired ; (4) and (6) are situated on the pos¬
terior half of the segment in the lateral space in two small areas devoid
of green pigment, which are connected narrowly along the incisure; (5)
is small and round, situated below (6) just above the base of the lateral
horn toward the front edge of the segment. Subventral space without
distinct marking. The spiracle on joint 5 is situated above the line of
the lateral horns, nearly uniform with the white spots (5); those on
joints 6 to 12 are below the horns, well hidden in the retracted sub-
ventral space. No caltropes or detachable spines are present. This
highly specialized larva departs widely from its congeners in many re¬
spects. Its form is unique and its skin structure much more specialized
than any of the other spined Eucleids. The horns are nearly equally
developed, and in this respect the larva is more generalized than its
allies, as also the presence of more than three setae on the horns in stage
I, indicating less advance in the degeneration of this stage. The
peculiar lateral direction of the horns is somewhat paraded in Phobetron ,
though this does not indicate any close relation between these insects,
since the hairs are in one case primitive setae and in the other degener¬
ating spines. The coloration is protective, and together with the peculiar
shape enables the larva to escape observation to a sufficient extent.

Affinities, Haeits, Etc.

With the possible exception of S. nasoni , the larva of which is un¬
known, the present species has no near allies in our fauna. Belonging
as it does to the spined Eucleids, its origin may be traced to the South.
Not improbably this type of larva will be found to occur in the tropics
of America, but at present I know of none.

S. textula is single brooded. The moths emerge rather late in the

Dec. 1896.3 Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 181

season — during July. The eggs are laid singly and well scattered. The
young larvae after emergence from the egg rest at the edge of the leaf
on the under side and moult at once without feeding. During their life
history they remain on the under side of the leaves, finally falling to the
ground to spin their cocoons during September. They occur on forest
and shade trees, not usually on very low bushes.

There are eight larval stages normally, occasionally nine, the extra
stage being interpolated between the last two as in Enclea.

The present life- history was worked out from a newly hatched
larva which I found on a white oak leaf at Bellport, Long Island, rest¬
ing beside its egg shell.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

Harris’ figures are good. In the colored one the yellow subdorsal
line is omitted, while in the structural one the thoracic region is not
properly segmented. Dr. Hulst describes the head as “ strongly bifid,
etc.,” evidently referring to the anterior edge of joint 3 ; otherwise the
description is excellent. In my own first general description I omitted
to mention the subdorsal horns. In my later one I located the second
and third subdorsal pair too far forward (they are on joints 4 and 5,
not on 3 and 4 with a gap at 5 as I stated), and I mistook the lower
lateral segmental glandular dots (5) for spiracles on joints 6 to 12, thus
placing them above, instead of below, the lateral horns. Mr. Beuten-
mueller locates the red marks on segments 8 and 10 instead of 9 and 11,
probably owing to a failure to recognize the true relations of the anterior
horns. Dr. Packard treats this species with unusual brevity, confining
his remarks to an explanation of the figures of the spines of the lateral
horns. Yet, curiously enough, an error has crept in, for the figure is
stated to represent ‘ * one of the lateral tubercles of the first abdominal
segment” (joint 5), which really bears no lateral horn at all.

The attention given to this curious larva heretofore is far less than
it deserves. The early stages are entirely unnoticed.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg. — Elliptical, flat, reticulations distinct in the empty shell,
linear, triangular, quadrangular, rarely pentagonal, irregular ; transpar¬
ent, colorless, the shell white; size 1.6 X -9 mm. Laid singly on the
under side of a leaf.

Stage I. — (Plate IX, fig. 1) head whitish, eye black; body ellipti¬
cal, dorsal space broadest anteriorly, gradually narrowed to the tail, not

188 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

narrower centrally. Segments fairly well marked ; skin perfectly
smooth. A subdorsal and a lateral row of thick processes with an api¬
cal seta and radiating crown (Plate IX, fig. 2) the terminal half of each
more slender than the basal half and with an enlarged tip. There are
eleven of the horns in the subdorsal rbw (joints 3 to 13) and nine in the
lateral row (joints 3, 4, 6 to 12), all about alike in size. The subdorsal
row stand at about 450 with the body, the lateral row are horizontal.
Color whitish, a faint, more opaque yellowish tint on joints 6 to 9
centrally. Length 1.1 mm. The larva does not feed.

Stage //.—Horns shaped much as before, but covered with pale,
black-tipped spines with swollen bases as in the mature larva (Plate IX,
fig. 6), but only about twelve on each horn. Skin finely clear granular.
Dorsal depressed spaces (1) double, small and round. Horns of sub¬
dorsal row all alike ; those of lateral row on joints 3 and 4 a little lon¬
ger than the rest, the apical spine setiferous. Dorsal space rather
broad, even, rounded at joint 3 ; lateral space rather large, diminishing
at the ends; subventral space very small. Ridges marked by the
moderate rounded horns, the subdorsal row projecting rather more than
450, but not horizontal. The larva is not greatly flattened, both the
ridges being prominent. Under a high power the skin appears creased
shagreened, almost scaly, uniform. Color ground glass white, immacu¬
late, except the black tips of the spines. Length 1.1 to 1.8 mm.

Stage ///.—Elliptical, gently flattened ; dorsal space rather narrow,
of even width, lateral space broad, oblique, diminishing at the ends;
subventral space small, contracted. Horns subequal, slender, tapering,
conical, the subdorsal ones extending at about 6o°, the lateral hori¬
zontal ; spines slender, short, with small black tips. The subdorsal
horn on joint 13 and the lateral ones on joints 3 and 4 are a little
larger than the others. Skin closely shagreened, as if the granules were
appressed and concaved instead of convex as usual. Color light yel¬
lowish green, the horns paler; a pale yellow line along the subdorsal
ridge, straight, faint at the ends, the pair connected by a faint bridge

on joint 9. Length 1.8 to 3 2 mm.

Stage IV. _ Elliptical, flattened ; subdorsal horns considerably

shorter than the lateral ones, all slender, tapering, the pair on joint 13
larger. Dorsal space narrow, a little wider at both extremities. Color
pale green, a faint yellow line along the subdorsal ridge with a little led
dot in the bridge at joint 9. Horns paler, the subdorsal on joint 3 and
lateral on 3 and 4 have reddish tips. There is some light green pig¬
ment in the dorsal space, supplementing the color of the blood. An

Dec. 1896.] Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 189

obscure raised area down the anterior side of each segment ; lateral de¬
pressed spaces (4) and (6) show as white dots. Dorsum evenly sha-
greened, the white paired dots (1) visible on joints 3 and 4, and 4 and
5. Length 3.2 to 4.4 mm.

Stage V. — Similar to the mature larva in shape, subdorsal horns
projecting horizontally, only half as long as the lateral horns, those on
joints 8 and 10 slightly shorter, that on joint 13 longest; all slender,
fringed by the black-tipped spines. Skin wrinkled shagreened, the
horns also wrinkly. Yellowish green, the yellow subdorsal line broad,
a red dot on joint 9 anteriorly. Subdorsal horns of joint 3 and lateral
of 3 and 4 red throughout, the subdorsal pair on 3 connected by a faint
red line. Other subdorsal horns yellowish green, the one on joint 9
more distinctly yellowish. Lateral (4) and lower intersegmental lateral
(6) dots visible as before. Length 4.4 to 6 mm.

Stage VI. — Flattened, dorsal space narrowed centrally at joints 7
to 11. Subdorsal horns one-third the length of the lateral ones, those
on joints 8 and 10 shorter, all flattened, projecting horizontally. Color
green, the dorsal space pigmented. Dots of. depressed spaces (1)
double and paired on joints 3 to 4, elsewhere scarcely indicated. On
the sides a green line on the anterior side of the segments, the posterior
part whitish and containing a large reniform glandular spot (4), a large
round green centered one (6) and a small white dot (5) on the green
band below. A yellow line on the subdorsal ridge, a central red dot on
joint 9 surrounded by yellow. Anterior horns dark red as before, joined
by a red stripe and armed by black spines. The other horns pale and
armed as before. The black spines differ only in color from the others.
Skin covered with long waved ridges instead of granules. Length 6 to
8.3 mm.

Stage VII. — Essentially as before, and also closely like the mature
larva. Color green, a red dot on joints 9 and 1 1 anteriorly between
the yellow subdorsal lines ; front edge red as before with short black
spines. Some of the spines of lateral horns bear long setse instead of
short tips, and thus cause a more fringed appearance. Length 8 to
12.6 mm.

Stage VIII. — (Plate IX, figs. 3, 4, 5 and 7) Shape as described
above. Green, pigmented in dorsal space and on the raised bars along
the anterior edge of the lateral segments. Glandular dots whitish, the
spots on the sides (4) and (6) surrounded by some green pigment and
appearing as broken whitish rings with dark centers. Anterior edge
red, rarely also the tips of all the horns. A distinct yellow subdorsal

190 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

line running onto the horn of joint 13. Red marks on joints 9 and 10
usually broken into paired dots, sometimes supplemented by smaller
dots on joint 12. Dorsal depressed dots (1) and (2) small, paired,
distinct. Spines as before, the skin coarsely creased as in the previous
stages. Length 12. 6 to 18. 5 mm.

Food-plants. — Chestnut, oak, beech, elm, maple, hop hornbeam,
hickory and linden have been observed.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Larva in stage I, side view, enlarged.

One of the tubercles of stage I, further enlarged.

Mature larva, side view enlarged.

The same, front view.

The same, dorsal view.

Portion of the lateral area of one segment, showing the skin sculpture, the
three depressed spaces (the upper one (4) only in part) and the lateral
horn with its spines — enlarged ; anterior side to the right.

Dorsal view of the mature larva showing all the depressed areas except (4),
which are nearly completely hidden beneath the subdorsal horns.
Feeding traces of the larva on a black oak leaf, in stages II and III.
Sisyrosea textula, female.

The same, male.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF LONG ISLAND

' SPIDERS.

By Nathan Banks.

Since the publication of my list of Long Island spiders (Journ. N.
Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. Ill, pp. 76-93)* 1 have discovered several species
not previously known from the locality, and a few species that appear to
be new. These bring the total number of spiders up to 276. Almost
as interesting as the discovery of a new form is that of a rare one. Of
that little Oonipid, Orchestina , I now have several specimens of both
sexes. Gayenna frater?ia is now known to me by another $ . Both
sexes of Agrceca minuta have been taken not uncommonly in May and
June. Another male has been taken of Cornicularia minuta . Hyctia
pikei is not very rare on salt-grass at Bayville. The species new to the
list are as follows :

DRASSIDiE.

Prothesima, sp? An immature $ from among dead leaves in Oc-

Fig. 1.
« 2.

“ 3-
“ 4-

“ 5-
“ 6.

“ 7-

“ 8.

“ 9-
“ 10.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. IV. PL IX.

Life-History of Sisyrosea textula.

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

<

Dec. 1896.]

Banks: Long Island Spiders.

191

tober. The cephalothorax and legs are pale-yellow ; the anterior tibiae
rather blackish ; abdomen pale, with black marks as follows : a basal
band, a broad band before the middle, containing four pale dots, a nar¬
row band beyond middle, and a large triangular spot before the tip,
containing some small, pale chevrous ; the first three bands are con¬
nected by a dark medium stripe.

AGALENID^E.

Coelotes longitarsis Em. — Several specimens under leaves in
Carpenter’s woods, October.

DICTYNID^E.

Dictyna, sp? — Several specimens under rubbish on the beach, at
Bayville, July. Perhaps it is D. bosioniensis.

THERIDIDiE.

Spintharus f la vidus Hentz. — Swept from herbage in woods,
August ; both sexes.

Theridium globosum Hentz. — In low herbage, June.

Teutana triangulosa Wcilck. — One specimen in the house.

Crustulina guttata Reuss. — Under dead leaves, June, July.

Ceratinopsis interpres Cambr. — Swept from an old field, June;
several specimens.

Lophocarenum erigonoides Em. — In moss, October.

Tmeticus tridentatus Em. — Not uncommon under leaves in wet
woods, October, November.

Tmeticus plumosus Em. — One <? , October, under leaves.

Tmeticus flaveolus Banks. — In moss, October.

Tmeticus pallidus Em. — In moss, October.

Gonatium rubens Blk. — One $ , in woods, October.

Microneta viaria Blk. — Under dead leaves, October.

EPEIRID.E.

Larinia borealis Bks. — A fine 2 of this northern spider was
taken from a mud-dauber’s nest, in June.

Eugnatha straminea Em. — Mill Neck, sweeping, May.

THOMISIDAE.

Philodromus, sp.? — Two young specimens were taken from a pine
tree at Bayville, perhaps P. robustus Em.

192 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

LYCOSID^E.

Lycosa carolinensis Hentz. — In old fields, June.

Lycosa ocreata Hentz— In fields, June; some are very pale,
others very dark colored.

Pardosa brunnea Em. ? — One $ from Mill Neck ; the palpus
is like this species, and the legs are properly marked, but the cephalo-
thorax and abdomen are wholly dark, and very hairy.

Pardosa littoralis, sp. nov.

Length, 9 6 mm., $ 5 mm. Cephalothorax pale yellowish, with a black seam
on posterior sides, eyes on black, a broad, brown, straight stripe from each dorsal eye
to the hind margin, leaving a pale median area broader in front ; clypeus and man¬
dibles pale ; legs pale yellowish ; sternum and venter pale, each with a median dark
stripe, abdomen dark brown above, a pale yellow basal spear-mark, and behind this
are two rows of geminate pal e\ spots. In the $ the stripes on the cephalothorax
are broader and black ; the clypeus and mandibles dark ; the palpi all black ; the
femora mostly black, except at tips ; the abdomen, above and below, and the ster¬
num, black ; a few pale spots on the bases of hind coxae. The cephalothorax is
not very long and not much narrowed in front, the legs are rather short, with two
pairs of long spines under the anterior tibiae and metatarsi. The epigynum shows
a triangular depression, one and a-half times longer than broad, with. rounded coi¬
ners, and a narrow median finger which broadens in the posterior third to occupy
nearly the whole cavity. The male palpus, from the side, shows three, black,
rounded projections, the lower one the smallest.

Several specimens from a salt marsh near Mill Neck, in June.

OXYOPIDiE.

Oxyopes salticus Hentz. — From an old field, June.

ATTIDiE.

Attus palustris Peck. — One- specimen, Mill Neck, October.

Icius diminutus, sp. nov.

Length, 9 2. 6 mm. Cephalothorax rather shining yellow-brown, eye-region
darker, iridescent; mandibles, sternum and legs yellow-brown, tarsi rather paler;
abdomen brown above and below, with many scattered pale dots, and a distinct
white band around base. The cephalothorax is rather low, with parallel sides ; eye-
region very short, very much broader than long, as broad behind as in front ; legs
short, anterior pair not much stouter than others, hind metatarsi spined only at tip,
anterior coxae separated by more than width of labium ; sternum pointed behind.
The epigynum shows, in a triangular area, two inverted horseshoe-shaped marks.

One female, Bayville, June, under dead leaves. Readily known
by its small size, and white basal band.

Dec. 1896.]

Banks: A New Gomphus.

193

Saitis minusculus, sp. nov.

Length, 9 2.3 mm., g 2 mm. Cephalothorax reddish brown, blackish in eye-
region ; mandibles whitish ; legs pale, prominently banded with black, except the an¬
terior femora in the 9 which have a dark stripe each side, and the femora and an¬
terior tibiae of the g which are wholly dark ; sternum brown ; abdomen in the g
black, above and below, in the 9 gray, with two rows of small, indistinct pale spots
above ; venter whitish with three parallel dark stripes ; body mostly clothed with
fine white hair; $ palpi snow white. Eye-region plainly less than thoracic region,
broader in front than behind ; legs short, third pair about as long as fourth ; hind
metatarsi spined at middle and tip ; anterior coxae separated by more than width of
labium. The epigynum shows two large, connate circular spots ; the $ palpus has
apparently no projection or a very small one, to the tibia, the bulb is large, trans¬
versely divided, part of the basal half dark colored, a short straight style at the end
of the upper half.

One <£, one $ , and one young $ , under leaves, Sea Cliff, N. Y.,
May. Easily recognized by its small size, banded legs, and white pal¬
pus of the $ .

A NEW SPECIES OF GOMPHUS.

By Nathan Banks.

Perhaps the first thing to do in describing a species of Gomphus as
new is to apologize for doing so. Specimens of this species have been
sent to me several times during the past few years, and I have been un¬
able to fit it to any of the numerous species. To several of them it is
closely allied, yet appears to differ from them more than some of them
differ from each other.

The species of the genus Gomphus , as restricted, can be arranged
in several groups. One, the one in which this new species would fall,
may be characterized as follows : apex of $ abdomen not dilated, tenth
segment black above ; no spines on the vertex of the 9 . In this sec¬
tion would fall G. parvulus , fluvialis , amnicola , lividus , albistylus ,
nczvius and brevis. The new species, which is from Ithaca, N. Y., is
readily separated from G. parvulus by several characters, such as larger
size, wholly pale front, the markings on thorax, etc. In G. fluvialis
the ninth segment of the $ is nearly four times as long as the tenth;
in the Ithaca species it is about twice as long ; G. fluvialis also differs
in the shape of the front, in various markings, and in shape of the $
appendages. G. amnicola is compared to G. fluvialis. The append¬
ages are stated to be the same ; no mention is made of a difference in
the length of the tepth segment from that species ; a longitudinal ridge

194 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

is mentioned on the center of the vesicle ; none is seen in the Ithaca
species ; the basal fascia of the front is said to be triemarginate, such
cannot be affirmed of the new form ; nor has the latter a black margin
on the labrum, and the dorsal carina is not unusually high. However,
G. amnicola must be more closely related than any of the preceding
species. G. lividus differs considerably in markings, etc.; it is, rather,

a southern species.

To the other three species, G. brevis , albistylus and ncevius , the
Ithaca form is closely allied. The last two of these are known only
from the female. But they are all too small ; G. albistylus , which is
the largest, has the abdomen of 29 mm. long ; in the Ithaca species it is
33 to 35 mm. long. G- albistylus has various black markings around
front and mouth-parts, also a yellow spot in middle of vertex, these not
present in the new species; besides the prothorax is differently spotted,
the stripes on the dorsum of thorax different, different abdominal mark¬
ings, and the vulvar lamina is different. G. ncevius is similar to the
preceding species, but the vulvar lamina is still shorter and rounded at
the tips ; this species is still smaller, abdomen only 25 mm. long ; other
differences the same as in G. albistylus. G. brevis has the abdomen
26 mm. long, the pterostigma pale yellow, various markings on front and
near mouth, in the $ a tooth behind the eye near the occiput, the
border of occiput straight ; none of these apply to the Ithaca species,
nor will the markings on thorax and abdomen agree with it.

Gomphus descriptus, sp. nov.

Abdomen $ and 9 32 to 35 mm. long (exclusive of appendages). Hind wing
30 to 31 mm. long. Pterostigma yellow brown, about 3 mm. long, over 3 to 4 cells
in $ , over 5 in 9 ; two rows of discoidal cells ; 12 to 14 antecubitals, 10 to 11 post-
cubitals. Front and mouth-parts uniform greenish, except brown tips to mandibles,
base of front above narrowly black ; vertex black, sometimes pale near base of occiput;
occiput yellowish ciliated with black; behind eyes yellowish, black toward occiput
vescicle rounded, slightly rounded and elevated at each end ; border of occiput in 9
slightly concave in the middle, in $ wholly and evenly convex; no spines on vertex of
9 . The prothorax black, a long spot in front, a double one in middle, and a larger one
on each side yellowish. Thorax greenish, more yellowish behind, with dark brown
stripes as follows : a median one, bifid behind where the carina parts, wider in front,
narrowly reaching the front margin, and thus connecting to the antehumeral ; there
is always a little portion of the dorsal carina, in front of its highest point, yellow ; a
broad antehumeral stripe projecting inwards above, connecting above to the narrower
humeral stripe, and sometimes below, leaving only a short green line ; aline on sides
before the stigmata, bent above ; another line on the posterior suture. The anterior
femora are usually greenish behind, and in the 9 the posterior ones in front. The ab.

domen is black, in $ there is a yellow stripe above on 1 and 2, a line, often not reach-

*

Dec. .896 j Linell: On North American Chrysomelas. 195

ing the ends of the segments, on 3 to 7, sometimes on base of 8 ; membrane at base of
9 and 10 yellow; sides of 1 yellow, and of 2, except behind the ears and on posterior
margin ; yellow on base of 3 ; sometimes on 4 to 7 a basal spot, and sometimes an
apical one on 7 ; sides of 8 mostly yellow, with a projection above ; bol-der of 9 yellow,
and lower apical portion of 10; 10 about one-half as long as 9 ; appendages black;
superior pair longer than 10, divaricate, acute at tip, at half their length on inner side
below is a large sharp pointed tooth ; inferior pair but little shorter, and with the
branches more widely divaricate, than the superior pair, upturned at tip. In the 9 ,
the dorsal stripe on I and 2 is much broader and the sides of 1 and 2 wholly yellow;
on the sides of 3 to 7 is a long yellowish mark with its tip turned down, on most of
the segments the basal portion of this mark is separated from the rest ; sides of 8 yel¬
low, with projections upward; sides of 9 and 10 yellow, and a narrow median stripe
above on 10; superior appendages black, rest yellowish; vulvar lamina black, one-
third as long as 9, apical half bifid and divaricate, the tips acute.

Described from six males and two females, collected at Ithaca, N. Y.,
and sent me by Mr. MacGillivray ; May 21, 1890; May 15, 1894;
May 18, 1895.

- -

A SHORT REVIEW OF THE CHRYSOMELAS OF

NORTH AMERICA.

By Martin L. Linell.

The following attempt at a synopsis of the species entered in our
check-list under the generic names of Doryphora and Chrysomela , is
based principally upon the material in the U. S. National Museum, but
I am also greatly indebted to Messrs. Schwarz and Hubbard and Mr.
H. Ulke for access to their extensive collections as well as for valuable
information.

The genera may be separated as follows :

Last joint of palpi short, truncate.

Mesosternum prominent, tuberculiform between the coxae. Anterior femora of

male strongly toothed . Labidomera Chevrolet

Mesosternum not surpassing the level of prosternum. Femora simple.

Leptinotarsa Stal.

Last joint of palpi not shorter than penultimate.

Claws parallel, connate at base . ZygOgramma Chevrolat.

Claws divergent.

Sides of thorax not incrassate. Elytra with darker markings limited by

impressed punctures . Calligrapha Erickson .

Sides of thorax incrassate. Elytra not maculate. . . .Chrysomela Linnk.

Genus Labidomera Chevrolat.

Contains only L. clivicollis Kirby, and its variety L. rogersit

196

[Vol. IV.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

Leconte. It is dark blue, elytra reddish yellow with typically a common
large cruciform post-scutellar spot, an elongate triangular humeral spot
and a V-shaped subapical. The humeral and scutellar spots are often
confluent, forming a broad transverse band. The variety has the spots
broken up into smaller ones and occurs principally in Texas and Kansas.

Genus Leptinotarsa Stdl.

Elytra unicolorous.

Reddish yellow ; antennae, palpi, legs and scutellum black ; elytra punctate in

subgeminate striae. (Tex., N. Mex., Ariz., Mex.)

L. rubiginosa Rogers.

Dark cupreous green, very large; elytra densely confusedly punctate; intervals
aciculate. (Southern Calif., Mex.) . L. behrensi Harold.

Black; elytra green or blue, finely irregularly punctate. (Tex., Ariz., Mex.)

L. haldemani Rogers.

Elytra vittate.

Thorax immaculate.

^Eneous; elytra yellow, irregularly bigeminately punctate, with four mter-

rupted aeneous vittae. (Tex., Ariz., Mex.) - L. lineolata Stal.

yEneous black ; ventral surface and legs pale ; elytra regularly striate with

a narrow dorsal and a marginal vitta yellow. (Tex., Mex.)

L. dahlbomi Stal.

Rufescent ; elytra pale, with suture, two discal vittse and margin piceous.

(Lower Cal., Ariz. Collection Ulke.) - L. peninsularis Horn.

Black ; elytra pale, regularly striate, each with four dark vittse. (N. Mex.,

Mex ^ . L. melanothorax Stal.

Thorax maculate.

Ventral surface and legs entirely black.

Elytra with suture, five vittse and epipleura black; strise of confused
punctures. (Southern Calif., Mex.) L. undecimlineata Stal.
Ventral surface and legs yellow, maculate with black.

Elytral strise of confused punctures ; suture and five vittse black.

Epipleura pale . . . L. decemlineata Say.

Epipleura black towards apex (Agua Negra, Tex., Mex.j

L. multitaeniata Stal.

Elytral strise regular, punctures in single rows ; epipleura pale.

Elytra each with five vittse, third and fourth approximate, often
united. (Southern States west to Kansas.)

L. juncta Germar.

Elytra each with four vittse, more or less abbreviated, third and
fourth not approximate. (Brownsville, Tex., Mex.)

L. defecta Stal.

Genus Zygogramma Chevrolat.

Thorax brown with anterior angles pale ; intervals of elytra punctate.

Oval, brown ; elytra pale, with the epipleura, suture and four vittse black or
brown, the first vitta free ; the second interrupted near apex, leaving a

Dec. 1896. j Linell: On North American Chrysomelas.

197

free spot; the fourth strongly abbreviated, with a free spot at the middle
of the sides. (Southern States to Mont, and Ariz.

Z. exclamationis Fabricius.

Oval, brown, smaller; elytra pale, with sutural and subsutural vittse confluent,
the second and third joining at two-thirds the length, a free spot near
apex and a very short fourth vitta behind the humerus ; epipleura pale.
(Kans., Neb., Mont., Dak.) - . Z. conjuncta Rogers.

Like previous form but generally paler In color and the elytral vittse broken up
into spots. (Kans., Dak., Mont.) . Z. var pallida Bland.

Oval, brown, of medium size ; elytra pale with brown vittse, the subsutural united

with the sutural ; two broad discal vittse generally connected near apex
the fourth vitta entirely wanting; epipleura and the margin posteriorly

brown. (Ariz., N. Mex., Colo., Utah) . Z. continua Leconte.

(syn. fasciatipennis Jacoby.)

Thorax unicolorous, brown or seneous.

Globosely oval, brown, slightly bronzed ; elytra pale with dark vittae ; subsut¬
ural united with sutural, two confluent discal vittse, no isolated spots.

epipleura pale with dark margins. (East of Rocky Mts.).

Z. sutural is Fabricius.

Like previous form, but the subsutural and discal vittse free, var. casta Rogers*
Globosely oval, brown, slightly bronzed; elytra pale with narrow vittse; the

subsutural free, slightly abbreviated ; the second and third sinuous, ab¬
breviated and united at two-thirds the length; the fourth very short,
confluent at base with the third ; two or three isolated spots posteriorly ;
epipleura pale with brown margins. (Tex., Kans., Ariz.)

Z. disrupta Rogers.

Like previous form, but smaller and still more globose ; the second vitta twice
interrupted, the fourth represented by a spot only. (Tex., Col.)

Z. heterothecae sp. nov.*
Oval, dark seneous ; elytra pale with a sinuous vitta extending from the humerus
to near the suture one-fourth from apex, thickened at middle, hooklike at
apex and with a short humeral stripe attached to its base ; an oval spot
near the scutellum and three smaller ones posteriorly near the lateral mar-
gin; sutural vitta striatopunctate, trifid at base; epipleura and margin

pale. (Tex.; Southern Ariz., Mex.) . Z. malvze Stair

Oval, ferruginous ; elytra yellow with markings as in Z. malvce, but subsutural
vitta free for at least half the length and the epipleura margined with

brown. (Ariz., N. Mex.) . Z. tortuosa Rogers

Oval, brown, more or less bronzed ; elytra pale with a broad sutural vitta, rami¬
fied before and behind the middle, a broad arcuate band from the

* Chrysomela festiva Fabricius. “ Nigrosenea, elytris lineis tribus suturaque
antica flavis. Statura C. fastuosce at duplo minor. Habitat America.” Suffrian
suggests that this may be identical with casta Rogers, but I can not see that the
description fits this or any other North American species.

\ Mr. E. A. Schwarz informs me that he collected this species in abundance at
Columbus, Texas, feeding on the leaves of the Composite plant, Ideterolheca scabra.

[Vol. IV.

I9g Journal New York Entomological Society.

humerus to behind the middle, a small round spot on the side of the disc
and another one near apex.; epipleura and an elongate marginal spot just
behind the middle also dark. (Southern Ariz.) . Z. Opifera Stal.

Elongate oval, feebly convex, brown, slightly bronzed; elytra pale with a broad
sutural vitta, epipleura and spots Eeneous ; two larger basal spots, the
exterior one emarginate behind, a small spot at the suture before middle,
a larger one, strongly arcuate, behind the middle and many smaller ones
posteriorly. (Tex;, N. Mex., Ariz.) . . Z. piceicollis Stal.

Elongate oval, feebly convex, greenish black. Elytra pale ; epipleura, a broad
sutural vitta, twice ramified posteriorly, an oblique humeral vitta, con¬
nected with the sutural band at middle, an oval spot between humerus
and scutellum, four or five discal spots on posterior half and the lateral
margin behind the middle, aeneous. (Mex., Ariz. Collection Ulke.)

Z. signatipennis Stal.

Genus Calligrapha Erickson.

Elytra vittate.

Thorax uniformly brown. Epipleura dark.

Oval, ferruginous. Last joint of palpi strongly dilated. Sides of thorax
coarsely punctate. Elytra yellow with broad sutural and discoidal
ferruginous bands ; the latter longitudinally more or less divided by
yellow. (East of Rocky Mts.) . .C. lunata Fabricius .

Oval, convex, brown, slightly bronzed. Elytra pale with a broad sutural
and dorsal vitta bronzed, the latter angularly incised at middle ex¬
teriorly. (East of Rocky Mts.) . C. similis Rogers.

Like the preceding but globosely oval, with the sutural vitta truncate at base
and dilated at apical third and the discal vitta abbreviated posteriorly.
(Kans., Neb.) . C. incisa Rogers.

Regularly oval, convex, brown. Elytra pale ; an entire sutural and two
discal vittae of subequal width and parallel, brown; the inner discal
vitta somewhat shorter. (Capron, Fla.). .C. cephalanthi Schwarz.

Thorax brown with apical and lateral margin pale. Epipleura pale.

Oval, convex, dark brown. Elytra pale with sutural and one discal vitta
brown, the latter abbreviated behind. (Kans , Neb.)

C. praecelsis Rogers.

Thorax pale with dark discal mark. Epipleura pale. Elongate oval, less con¬
vex, seneous black.

Elytra pale with sutural and one discal vitta black; the latter more or less
sinuate exteriorly. (Atl. to Pac States.) - C. elegans Olivier.

As the preceding, but the discal vitta of elytra obliquely divided behind
middle. (Los Angeles Co., Cal. ) . . . . var. californica, subsp. nov.

Elytra irregularly maculate.

Epipleura of prothorax not impressed.

Legs red, epipleura of elytra pale.*

* I have seen only a single specimen of C. scalaris (from Bethlehem, Pa.), with
seneous epipleura.

Dec. 1896.] Linell: On North American Chrysomelas.

199

Thorax entirely green.

Oval, green. Elytra pale with a broad, three or four times rami¬
fied sutural vitta ; a larger curvate humeral and many
smaller spots, one of which is placed close to lateral margin
at middle. (East to Neb. and Tex.)

C. scalaris Leconte.

Like preceding but elytral markings narrow and subsutural stripe
free. (Eastern States to Neb.) . ,C. philadelphica Linne.

Markings broader, especially the humeral stripe, .var. spireae Say.

Thorax pale, at least in part, lateral margin of elytra unspotted.

Oval ferruginous. Thorax pale with ferruginous spots. Elytra
with numerous small black spots. (Mo. to Wash.)

C. multipunctata Say.

Oval, green. Thorax green or brown with pale apical and lateral
margins. Elytra pale with slender sutural and subsutural
lines and numerous small spots, green. ( Eastern States to
Ore.) . . . C. bigsbyana Kirby.

Legs and epipleura black.

Oval, convex, greenish black. Elytra with heavy black markings con¬
nected, and enclosing angular pale spots. (Canada.)

C. pnirsa Stal.

Epipleura of prothorax canaliculate.

Epipleura of elytra pale.

Oval, convex, bluish black. Elytra pale with narrow black markings ;
sutural, subsutui*al and two parallel sinuous stripes from the
humeral region to beyond middle, the exterior one connected
with a humeral spot; several smaller spots posteriorly. (El
Paso, Tex., Ariz., N. Mex., Mex.) . C. dislocata Rogers.

Like the preceding but the markings of elytra much broader and the
subsutural confluent with the sutural stripe. (Pac. States to
Neb.) . c. sigmoidea Leconte.

Epipleura of elytra black.

Legs red.

Elongate oval, bluish black. Elytra pale with strong black mark¬
ings; a sutural vitta trifid in front; a long stripe from the
humerus arcuate towards suture before the middle, abruptly
parallel with suture to behind middle and again arcuately
bent and reflexed towards the margin ; an oval spot between
the humerus and scutellum, a V-shaped one at apex and sev¬
eral on the sides of the disc ; also a marginal spot at middle.
(Ariz., N. Mex.) . C. serpentina Rogers.

Legs black.

Very small, globosely oval, black. Elytra with a broad black sut¬
ural vitta, abreviated at base, and with about 9 large pale
spots surrounded by black rings ; a small marginal spot at
middle. Kans. (Collection Ulke ), Mex.

C. multiguttata Stal.

200 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

Size, form and elytral markings resembling C. scalaris, Leconte
.. but lateral margin unspotted. (Mex.) (Ariz., fide

Crotch.) . C. sylvia Sml*

Genus Chrysomela Linne.

Marginal groove of thorax not reaching to apex.

Ovate, green or blue, apterous. Elytra sulcate, finely punctate in regular stiise.
(Alaska) . C. subsulcata Mannerheim.

Oblong, black, winged; elytra margined with fulvous, intervals irregulaily
punctate. (Colo., Kans., Neb., Dak.) . C. flavomarginata Say.

Like preceding but without yellow elytral margin. (Col. to Ore.)

C. basilaris Say.

Marginal groove of thorax entire.

Oval, convex, winged, violaceous ; elytra golden green or purple, more or less
irregularly striato-punctate. (Tex. to Neb.) . C. auripennis Say.

Like preceding but entirely bluish black. (Tex., Idaho, Cal.)

C. inornata Rogers.

Oval, bluish black, apterous. Lateral margin of thorax more incrassate and
strongly rounded. (Rocky Mts.) . C. montevagans Leconte.

Globosely oval, aeneous black, subopaque, winged. Elytra finely alutaceous be¬
tween the punctures. (N. Y. to Fla., Tex. and Mo.)

C. subopaca Rogers.

THE DOG’S HEAD BUTTERFLY ON STATEN

ISLAND.

By W. T. Davis. ;

In the ‘‘Canadian Entomologist” for last July and August the
fact is recorded that Colias ccesoma , the Dog’s Head butterfly, had been
taken last June near Toronto and in Southern Manitoba. This southern
butterfly has never been recorded from the vicinity of New \ ork City
and its name does not occur in any of the local lists. Its appearance
during the past summer on parts of Staten Island is, therefore, of con¬
siderable interest. A single specimen was taken in June at Eltingville
by Capt. Robert D. Wainwright, and on July nth the writer saw quite
a number flying across a sandy, over-grown field near Rossville. .There
was a strong wind blowing and very few of the butterflies tarried on the
Asclepias flowers. The next day there was less wind and several were
captured, though they were not so common as on the nth. By the
25th of July they had ceased flying. It may be of interest to add that
Thecla titus was common this year on the flowers of Asclepias tuber os a
in certain sandy portions of the island.

*From Crotch’s remarks (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., XXV, p. 50). I suspect
that he has wrongly identified this species and that the C. sylvia of Stal does not be¬
long to our fauna.

Dec 1896.] Cockerell : New Insects from New Mexico.

201

DIABROTICA IN NEW MEXICO.

The Table of the distribution of Diabrotica given by Prof. Web¬
ster on p. 67 has gone wrong either in copying or printing. The altitude
of the Mesilla Valley is 3800 ft. D. tricincta was not taken at Juarez,
but in the Mesilla Valley; Mr. Wickham says it is also found in
Northern Arizona, and at Albuquerque, N. M. D. longicornis (not
lemniscata ) was found by Mr. Wickham, at Albuquerque. D. lem-
niscata is from Socorro (Snow). T. D. A. Cockerell.

NOTE ON SAMIA CALIFORNICA.

By A. R. Grote.

Mr. Beutenmiiller writes to me that, as to Sarnia calif ornica, this
name is the first published (1865) with description and must have pref¬
erence for the species. Dr. Behr writes to Mr. Beutenmiiller that the
name “ ceanothi" was by mistake left out of the original description,
and that no such name as “ Samia rubra Behr,” to which specific title
Neumoegen and Dyar give preference, was ever published by him. I
stated in the “ Saturniidenf that no description under the name
“rubra" is known to me. The descriptions of the species under the
name 11 ceanothi" (1868) and “ euryalus ” (1875) are both later than
its description as calif or 711c a ; although the two first names were in use
in collections, as it now appears, they were neither of them sanctioned
by description at the time my original paper appeared.

NEW SPECIES OF INSECTS TAKEN ON A TRIP
FROM THE MESILLA VALLEY TO THE SAC¬
RAMENTO MTS., NEW MEXICO.

By T. D. A. Cockerell.

From September 27 to October 7, 1896, the writer went on a trip
to the Sacramento Mts., in company with Prof. C. H. T. Townsend.
Among the insects obtained are several new species, some of which are
described herewith :

COCCIDyE.

Icerya (Crypticerya) townsendi, sp. nov.

9- Long. 5, lat. 4, alt. 3.5 mm., subglobose, dark pink becoming dark pur¬
plish, thinly covered with white mealy secretion, which forms dorsal and sublateral

202 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

#

longitudinal series of wart-like white prominences. Viviparous (ovoviviparous), the
young leaving the egg before being excluded from the body of the parent.

Legs and antennae dark brown, the distal margins of the antennal joints broadly
pallid. Antennae n-jointed, slender, joints I, 2 and II subequal in length and
longest, the others subequal and shorter, 3 about as long as broad; 4 and 5 shorter
than 3 and broader than long, 5 shortest; 6 to 10 longer than broad. 3 may be as
long as 2. Femur rather stout. Tibia longer than femur. Tarsus curved, about
half as long as tibia. Claw pallid, broad, narrowing to a point. Mouth parts small.

Larva at period of hatching I mm. long, bright red, sparsely powdered with white
meal, legs and antennae black. Antennae 6-jointed, 6 much longest; formula 6(2i)«
3(54). End of body with 6 long hairs on each side, of which the first three and last
are about equal, and the other two very much longer. The two especially long ones
are very close together.

Habitat: Mescalero Reservation, a short distance below the
Agency, at base of stems of Gutierrezia sarothrce, October 2. Orthezia
nigrocincta Ckll., occurred in numbers on the same plants. On July
26, 1892, Prof. Townsend found a single specimen of Icerya on Gutier¬
rezia microcephala about 10 miles south of Navajo Springs, Arizona. I
did not see the specimen which was sent to Dr. Riley, but it was very
possibly 7. townsendi.

A tew weeks ago Prof. Townsend discovered at Mesilla an Icerya
on stems of Pluchea borealis, while collecting Phenacoccus helianthi ,
which abounds on the same plant. This is larger than 7. townsendi
(long. 6.5, lat. 5.5, alt. 5 mm.), dark purplish grey, speckled with
white secretion, with very distinct longitudinal rows of yellow-white
mealy protuberances. These wart-like protuberances number about 8
in the dorsal row ; the sublateral row is anteriorly single, of three, then
giving way to two rows, of about 6 each. There is also a lateral row of
about 9. The legs and antennae resemble those of tozvnsendi. On
breaking open the body, I found a quantity of orange-yellow fluid, in
which the larvae had not yet reached the hatching stage, and so could
not be compared with those of townsendi. This Icerya on Pluchea I
propose to call I. townsendi var. pluchece, as its characters scarcely war¬
rant us in regarding it as a distant species. 7. townsendi is closely
allied to 7. rosce ; and especially, it would seem, to 7. australis, which
Masked regards as a variety of roses.

It may be remarked here that Icerya ( Proticerya ) rileyi Ckll.,
was found in abundance on mesquite a few miles south of 1 ularosa ; a
new locality.

Dactylopius dasylirii, sp. nov.

9 . Length 4 mm. or slightly less, dark olivaceous, covered with white meal.

Dec. 1896.] Cockerell : New Insects from New Mexico. 203

No lateral tufts, but sides very mealy ; thick caudal tufts like those of D. virgatus,
not very long. Antennoe very slender, 8-jointed. Formula 83(1 2) (456)7. All the
joints longer than broad. 8 with three whorls of hairs. 3 very slender, nearly as
long as 8. 1 longer than its breadth at base, 8 about or nearly as long as 6+7.

Joints with sparse whorls of long hairs. Color of antennae brown. Legs ordinary,
small, slender, pale brown. Tarsus about half as long as tibia. Claw short, moder¬
ately curved. Tarsal digitules extremely slender, filiform, with minute knobs. Digi-
tules of claw about as long as claw, stout, bulbous at base. Tibia with four strong
bristles on outer margin. Caudal tubercles low, rounded, with a rather long bristle,
some short bristles, and a couple of short stout spines. The 9 does not stain the
liquid in which it is boiled. Young larva light yellow.

Habitat : Organ, N. M., 5,100 ft., in great numbers at bases of
leaves of Dasylirion wheeleri . The larvae live at the extreme base of
the leaf, which is pallid; the adults a little further up. This is a typ¬
ical Dactylopius , and quite different from D. olivaceus Ckll., which
lives “ in cavities in leaves ” of Yucca.

Dactylopius gutierreziae, sp. nov.

9. Slate color, small (when boiled and flattened under cover-glass, long. 2,
lat. I mm.), forming a long firm snow-white ovisac, 4 to 6 mm. long, about I mm.
broad, on the narrow leaves of the Gutierrezia.

9 • Elongato-oval, does not stain the liquid in which it is boiled; antennae and
legs pale. Antennae 8-jointed, of the usual Dactylopiine type. Formula
812(37)(46)5- 5 is broader than long. 3 is conspicuously shorter than 2. 1 is very

large. 8 has three whorls of hairs. Anal ring with the usual 6 hairs. Caudal
tubercles very low, with the usual hairs, the longest a little longer than those of the
anal ring. Legs ordinary. Trochanter with a rather short bristle. Tibia almost as
long as femur, tarsus rather more than half as long as tibia. Claw small, not much
curved. Tarsal digitules filiform, without knobs. Digitules of claw stout, but very
short, shorter than claw.

Habitat : Mesilla Valley between Las Cruces and Organ, abun¬
dant on Gutierrezia sarothrcz , var. Also abundant on G. sarothrcz
near the Muscalero Agency, at the type-locality of Icerya townsendi.
This is not a typical Dactilopius , but is allied to such forms as D. town¬
sendi and D. steelii. Its ovisac is exactly like that of Phenacoccus . It
has a chalcidid parasite.

Ceroplastes irregularis Ckll., var. rubidus, var. nov.

9 • Scale very dark madder red or pinkish-brown, with the short dorsal line of
secretion showing up conspicuously white. Margin of waxy scale dull white.
Boiled in caustic soda, the liquid is turned claret color.

Habitat : Whitewater, abundant on Atriplex canescens. At this
time (beginning of October) the scales were full of the pink eggs. The
dark pink-brown wax of this insect is very peculiar, and was perfectly
constant in the locality, the typical form not being observed anywhere
in the vicinity.

204 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.iv.

CECIDOMYIID^E.

Cecidoinyia neomexicana, sp. nov.*

$ . Length 3 mm. Dark slate grey. Sutures of abdominal segments reddish
two longitudinal hairy bands on thorax; abdomen hairy. Halteres dull white.
Antennae 2+12 jcinted, very dark grey, sometimes pale; legs grey, paler. Wings

greyish, venation normal; vii (following Comstock’s nomenclature) veiy weak; fold
representing v distinct, iii 2+5 reaching margin a little above tip of wing; lower
margin with a fringe of hairs. Antennal joints elongate, cylindrical, not moniliform
with sparse whorls of short hairs ; joint 3 much longer than 4. Pupa-shell red-brown*
Galls numerous, many together, on twigs of Atriplex canescens ; globular, 8 to
12 mm. diam., yellowish- white. Composed of loose felted hairs, so that the outside
is soft, wool-like in appearance, yielding to pressure. The cell within is green, not
at all woody. Flies issued from September 30 to October 1.

Habitat: Organ, N. M., 5100 ft. Also common on Tularosa
Creek. The fly resembles C. atriplicis , Twns., but the gall is quite
different. Prof. Townsend has known the galls of C. neomexicana for
several years, but had failed to obtain the fly.

APIDHE. ,j

Perdita townsendi, sp. nov.

9 . Length about 7.5 mm., shining, fairly pubescent. Head dark Prussian
green, area between clypeus and antennae black. Vertex, occiput and cheeks with
conspicuous white pubescence, sides or front also pubescent. Front minutely granu¬
lar, with sparse small punctures. Clypeus, sparsely but distinctly punctuied, moder¬
ately high, rounded at top, notched. Eyes very dark brown. Clypeus except
the usual black dots, lateral face-marks, two spots representing supraclypeal marks,
scape except a black streak at and above, and basal half of mandibles, prim¬
rose yellow. Lateral face-marks shaped almost exactly as in P . rectangulata , but
separated from clypeus by a black line, and the narrowing about level with
the lower part of the antennal sockets, the linear upward extension very short.
Flagellum dark sepia brown above, yellow beneath. Thorax with moderately
dense white pubescence, shining dark greenish-blue or bluish-green, the
mesothorax more green, the metathorax more blue. Mesothorax smooth, sparsely
punctured ; metathorax minutely granular, or rather tessellate. T ubercles and hind
border of prothorax narrowly, very pale yellow. Tegulse hyaline with a yellow basal
mark. Wings milky-hyaline. Stigma and nervures colorless. Marginal cell with
the poststigmatel portion slightly the longer. Second submarginal large, narrowed
about half to marginal. Third discoidal distinct. Legs primrose yellow ; patch on
anterior and middle tibise behind, and hind tibiae except extreme base, black. Small
joints of hind tarsi darkened. Abdomen broad and flat, very pale yellow, with con¬
tinuous brown-black bands, occupying the adjacent apices and bases of segments,
1-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 4-5, the first two of these four bands being broader than the
others. Segment I has also its base black, leaving only a rather narrow transverse

* Mr. Coquillett refers C. neomexicana to Asphondylis, where I suppose C.
atriplicis should also go. T. D. A. C.

Dec. 1896.] Cockerell : New Insects from New Mexico. 205

band of light yellow, broken in the middle. Venter very pale yellow without marks.
The mandibles are notched within near the end.

$ . Length about 6.5 mm. The yellow color darker ; flagellum orange beneath.
Margin of stigma and adjacent nervures brownish, marginal cell therefore very dis¬
tinct. 3d discoidal excessively weak. Face all yellow beneath level of antennae, ex¬
cept clypeal dots, and small triangles at junction of clypeus, supraclypeal mark, and
dog-ear marks. Supraclypeal mark slightly notched or depressed in median line
above, not at all produced upwards. Lateral marks running obliquely from antennal
sockets to a point on the margin of the eye, forming an angle of about 45O thereat-
Mandibles yellow except tips. Labrum yellow with a dark spot on upper border
medially. Prothorax yellow with a dark transverse band. Legs wholly yellow, ex¬
cept a dark stripe on hind tibiae, and dark last three joints of hind tarsi. Abdomen
with five bands instead of four, some presenting square sublateral bulgings on anterior
edge, not always obvious.

Habitat : White Sands by Whitewater, N. M. Many of both sexes
found by Prof. Townsend visiting flowers of Bigelovia , October 6th.
On the same day we found a purple-flowered Aster at Whitewater
visited by P. towjisendi, 1 $, 1 9, on e P. fallax , Ckll., and one P.
semicrocea , Ckll. The $ townsendi from the Aster has the abdomen
more darkened, so that it might be said to be black with light bands.

P. townsendi is allied to P. bigelovice , but very distinct. The 9 is
larger, and the femora are entirely yellow, etc. In my table of Perdita
(Proc. Phil. Acad., 1896) it runs down to 77. The $ in the table
runs down to 42. $ bigelovice differs at once from it by the yellow of

the face extending above level of antennae in the median line.

Perdita stottleri, sp. nov.

9 • About 6 mm. long. Differs from townsendi in its small size, and in hav¬
ing the front femora with a large black patch behind, the middle femora with a black
speck near the end, and the hind femora with the upper hind edge broadly black for
the apical three-fifths. The clypeus is hardly so high as in townsendi , and the lateral
face-marks run gradually to a point, the angulation being barely perceptible. The
supraclypeal spots are present as in townsendi.

Differs at once from bigelovice by the pale yellow venter of abdo¬
men, as in townsendi , that of bigelovice being dark brown. The abdo¬
men above also is marked just as in townsendi. The femora in bigelovice
are all black except at their distal ends, in stottleri only marked with
black, in townsendi without any black.

Habitat : By Tularosa Creek at the store on the edge of the Mesca-
lero Reservation, October 1st. One specimen on flowers of Bigelovia
graveolens var. glabrata ,* a few feet within the boundary-line of the

* The Bigelovia graveolens var., along Tularosa Creek is very attractive to flies]
Prof. Townsend will report elsewhere on those of the families in which he is inter

206 Journal New York Entomologigal Society. [Voi. vi.

reservation. The species is named after Lieut. Stottler, the Indian
Agent, whose work among the Mescalero Apaches excited our strongest
admiration. P. stottleri is very near to townsendi (which occurs on a
different Bigelovia ), but six 9 townsendi were compared with it, and
none show any tendency to intergrade.

Perdita chrysophila, sp. nov.

g , Length 5.5 mm. Head and thorax very dark bluish green, scutellum and
clypeus black, supraclypeal area seneous. Abdomen piceous-brown above and below,
the hind margins of the segments rather broadly hyaline; apex orange. Labium
dark brown. Mandibles black with the tips dark rufous. Scape black, flagellum
very dark brown. Tegulre pale brown. Wings milky-hyaline ; costal nervure, mar¬
gin of stigma, and radial nervure sepia-brown; the other nervures pallid. Pubes¬
cence dull white. Legs piceous black, the tarsi becoming brown.

Head very large, subquadrate ; cheeks unarmed, shining, not very pubescent.
Front shining, microscopically tessellate, with distinct but very sparse punctures.
Face tolerably hairy. Thorax shining, tolerably hairy. Mesothorax and scutellum
with distinct but very sparse punctures. Metathorax shining, very obscurely sculp¬
tured. Marginal cell with its poststigmatal portion much the longest ; its end
squarely truncate. Second submarginal narrowed more than half to marginal
Third discoidal excessively weak or wanting.

Habitat : Organ, N. M., 5100 ft., September 28th, on flowers of
Verbesina encelioides , one taken others seen. Near to P. arcuata Fox,
to which it runs in table of Perdita , but it does not have the pale color
on mandibles and anterior tibiae.

Two other species of Perdita were taken on the trip, namely : P.
albovittata, Ckll., Parker’s Well, October 7th. Three 9 9 visiting

flowers of Baileya multiradiata.

P. spharalcece Ckll. Whitewater, October 6th, one 9 on Spha-
ralcea angustifolia. Organ, September 28th, three 9 9 at flowers of
Mentzelia , with no Spharalcea near. The occurrence of this species on
Mentzelia is contrary to all previous experience, and surprised me much.

I will take this opportunity of stating that the flowers visited by P •
callicerata and P. solitaria have now been examined with care; the
former visits Baileya multiradiata at Las Cruces, the latter Pectis pap-
posa in Soledad Canon. _ .

ested, but I may as well give a list of determinations just received from Mr. Coquil-
lett through Mr. L. O. Howard. (1) On the Bigelovia at store below Agency, with
Perdita stottleri: Exoprosopa sp., Phorbia sp. (2) On the Bigelovia at camp just
below Agency, Oct. 2: Sparnopolius fulvus Wied., Phthiria diversa Coq., Lordo-
ius diversus Coq., Exoprosopa caliptera Say, Anthrax syrtis Coq., Odontomyia ni-
grirostris Loew, Pegomyia communis Walk., Sapromyza vulgaris Fitch, and Sar-
cophoga sp. Mr. Linell has also identified an CEcanthus, which was rather common
on the Bigelovia; just below the Agency, October 2d, as (E. fasciatus. T. D. A. C.

Dec. 1896.] Cockerell : New Insects from New Mexico.

207

' ALEURODIDZE.

Aleurodes berbericola sp. nov.

Empty pupa-case .75 mm long, oval, colorless, without a fringe, margin radiately
striate ; vasiform orifice an elongated triangle, the base cephalad, the sides nearly
twice as long as the base ; operculum hemispherical or semilunar, its base being con¬
cave; lingua elongate subspatulate, extending nearly as far beyond the operculum as
the breadth of the latter, but not to the tip of the orifice. No conspicuous submar¬
ginal orifices.

Adult J .60 mm. long, anterior wing 1.25 mm. Head and body entirely deep
orange yellow, legs pale lemon yellow, wings pure white without marks. Eyes jet
black, each one completely divided. Genitalia ordinary, the usual two bristles on
each side of the end of the abdomen. ,

Habitat: On a shrubby Berber is, the pupae on the leaves, the
adults flying about the plants. Mescalero Reservation, Tularosa Creek,
below the Agency, October 2d.

This is surely a distinct species, though the adult is much like sev¬
eral others. The vasiform orifice, etc., present some similarity to those
of the larva of A. decipiens Maskell, but in other respects there is no
resemblance between the species.

- ♦ - -

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO- '

LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting on March 17, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Eleven members present.

Mr. Birnbaum read a paper on Phosphorescent Insects and Plants,
illustrated by insects and figures. Discussion by Messrs. Dyar, Loos,
Beutenmiiller and Zabriskie. Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited some branches
from the United States of Colombia with the borings of a large carpenter
bee with live larva and imagos, the tunnels being about an inch in
diameter.

Meeting of April 7, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Eleven members present.

Dr. Love spoke on the larva of the Bot-fly.

Dr. Lagai exhibited some entomological preparations, preserved in
formaline, which included some interesting life-histories of insects. Af¬
ter discussion the meeting adjourned.

208

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. iv.

Meeting of April 22, 1896.

An auction sale of insects was held for the benefit of the Journal.
The specimens for this purpose were donated by Mrs. Slosson, and
Messrs. Palm, Bradford, Dyar, Ottolengui, Schaeffer, Munch, Loos
and Joutel. Many of the species brought good prices ; the total amount
realized being $77.35. Dr. Ottolengui and Mr. Beutenmuller acted as
auctioneers.

Meeting of May 5, 1866.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

In the absence of the President, Mr. Beutenmuller was elected
chairman pro tem. Nine members present.

Mr. Beutenmuller spoke of the 4th of July field meeting to be held
at Hemlock Falls, N. J., to which the Society had been invited.

Dr. Love moved to appoint a committee of three, of which the
chairman of this meeting shall be chairman. Accepted.

Mrs. Louise Moschell was proposed as an active member by Mr. L.
H. Joutel.

Mr. Dyar exhibited examples of the Callemorphas of our fauna and
showed some larva of C. falvicosta from Maryland.

Dr. Love gave a few notes on the field meeting, made by the So¬
ciety to St. Mary’s Lake.

Adjournment.

Meeting of May 19, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zarbriskie in the chair. Eleven members present.

Mr. Beutenmuller spoke on the advisibility of sending the Journal
to the different Entomological Societies with a view to exchange. After
discussion Dr. Love moved that the publication committee be author¬
ized to send out vols. 3 and 4 at its discretion, not to exceed 25 copies.

Mrs. Louise Moschell was elected an active member.

A vote of thanks was given to Mr. Miller, of No. 141 E. 40th St.,
for giving the use of his hall to the Society to hold the auction sale of
insects.

Mr. H. Loos read an interesting paper on the stridulating and hear¬
ing organs of insects in which he gave the different ways of producing
sound and explained the sound-producing organs of the different in¬
sects. Illustrated by plates, microscopical slides and insects.

Dr. Love exhibited an interesting series of slides illustrating the
mechanism of the drum of the Cicada.

Index to Volume IV.

imptus rigidus, larva

of, 1 22

inthoderes, food of, 78

dalia contiguaria, 1 1 1

ytia terra, sp. nov., 133

ilena californica, sp.

nov., 89

•acifica, sp. nov., 89

roeca minuta, 190

ronoma, note on, 85

los castrensis, sp. nov., 56

pia langtoni, note on
larva of, 50

urodes berbericola, sp.
nov., 206

ara, synopsis of, 33

pecies of, 33

axia dyuna, sp. nov., 135

ivenis, sp. nov., 135

:hocharis belia, 109

otes on, 1 14

hophilax mirificus, 77

sota consularis, sp.
nov., 200

irvse of, 201

itela, notes on, 98

meralis, 81

itelodes corema, sp.
nov., 53

iricea, sp. nov., 53

elutina, sp. nov., 53

itura, notes on, 116

ynnis, notes on, 1 1 5

yrceides sanguinea, 132

opalus fulminans, 76

'ia, gen. nov., 148

meira, sp. nov., I48

anthoptera, sp. nov., 148

ice manoba, sp. nov., 145

mum atrum, 74

loestum, 74

xia crypta, 80

nia confusa, 77

dabus rhois, 96

is palustris, 192

poides californica, sp.
nov., 88

ister, synopsis of, 47

ks, D., articles by, 88,

190, 193

Bellamira scalaris, 77

Bertholdia, gen. nov., 137

albipuncta, sp. nov., 137

Beutenmixller, W., articles

• by> 73»

Cacoplia pullata, 78

Callichroma splendidum, 75

Callidium, food of, 75

Callidryas sennse. 1 14

Calligenia marmorata, sp.
nov., 151

erminea, sp. nov., 15 1

Calligrapha, synopsis of, 198
Calloides nobilis, 76

Caloptenus italicus, 20

Carama grisea, sp. nov., 57

flavescens, sp. nov., 57

parva, sp. nov., 57

Castnia corrupta, sp.

nov., 147

granivora, sp. nov., 147
veraguana, sp. nov., 147
Castrica, gen. nov., 136
oweni, sp. nov., 136

Catocala, notes on, 98

Cerambycidse, food of, 73
Cecidomyia neomexicana,
sp. nov., 203

Cemonus inornatus,

larva and pupa of, 159
Ceratinopsis interpres, 191
Ceroplastis irregularis,

var. rubidus, var. nov., 203
Chsetoloma dissimilis, sp.

nov., 141

Chalybion coeruleum, lar¬
va of, 156

Charidea katima, sp. nov. ,133
Chion cinctus, 75, 75

Chionobas, note on, 1 1 7
Chlorospinus senetus, sp.

nov., 13 1

Chrysomela, synopsis of
species, 200

synopsis of genera, 195
Chrysophanus, notes on, 117
Circotettix verruculatus, 17
Citheronia aroe, sp. nov., 59
azteca, sp. nov., 59

Cockerell, articles by, 200,201

Coelotes longitarsis, 191

Colabata dora, sp. nov., 52
Coleoptera, N. E. Amer-

^ ica’ 33

Colias, notes on, 1 14

csesonia, 200

Cornicularia minuta, 90

Cosmosoma dukinfieldia,
sp. nov., 132

durca, sp. nov., 132

lucia, sp. nov., 132

Crambidia parvita, sp.

nov., 15 1

Criocephalus nubilus, 74

Crustulina guttata, 91

Cyclara, gen. nov., 57

ovata, sp. nov., 57

Cyllene, food of, 76

Cyrtinus pygmaeus, 78

Cyrtophorus verrucosus, 77
Clytanthus albofasciatus, 77
Dactylopius dasylirii, sp.
nov., 202

gutierreziae, sp. nov., 203
Dalcera citrina, sp. nov., 57
obscura, sp. nov., 57

Danais strigosa, 115

Dectes spinosus, 79

Dendrolimus howardi,

sp. nov., 22

life-history of, 24

synopsis of species, 23
Desmocerus, food of, 77
Deva purpurigera, larva of,

145

Diabrotica, notes on spe¬
cies of, 67, 200

Dianthcecia carpophaga, 1 1 1
Dicaelus, synopsis of, 44, 45
Dictyna, 19 1

Diplochila, synopsis of, 43
Dorcaschema, food of, 78
Dirphia bertha, sp. nov., 60
taglia, sp. nov., 60

Distenia undata, 77

Dryobius sexfasciatus, 75

Dyar, H. G., articles by, 1, 22,
68, 72, 87, 92, 125,
145, 166, 167
Eacles masoni, sp. nov., 154

210

Index.

Eburea 4-geminata, 75

Elaphidion, food of, 75

Ensemia crassinervella,

note on, 86

Encoptolophus sordidus, 19
Epeira excelsa, sp. nov., 90
Ephialtias tryma, sp. nov., 154
Ergates spiculatus, 73

Erithales capsica, sp. nov.,

134

Eucreon amadis, sp. nov., 133
cinctum, sp. nov., 134

patrona, sp. nov., 134

velutina, sp. nov., 134
Euclea delphinii, life-his¬
tory of, 125

Euderces picipes, 77

pini, 77

Eugnatha straminea, 19 1
Euhalisidota sablona, sp.

nov., 14°

Eulimacodes scapha, life-
history of, 172

Eupoeya jamaicensis, sp.

nov., 57

Eupogonius, food of, 80

Eupyra albicincta, sp.
nov., 131

ferens, sp. nov., 131

sylva, sp. nov , 131

Eurata helena, sp. nov., 130

maritana, sp. nov., 130

Fox, \\f. J-, article by, 10

Gaurotes cyanipennis, 77

Gayenna fraterna, 190

Gloveria, synopsis of spe¬
cies of, 23

Gomphus scriptus, sp.

nov., 194

Gnophos obscuraria, 1 1 1

Goes, food of, 78

Gonatium rubens, 19 1

Gracilia minuta, 75

Grapta, note on, 116

Grote, A. R., articles by,

81, 85, 201
Gymnetron teter, 50

Halisidota margona, sp.
nov., 139

pectina, sp. nov., 139

pulverea, sp. nov., 138

quanta, sp. nov., 139

rosetta, sp. nov., 139

thyophora, sp. nov., 140

H^rrisina, note on, 50

Heliconisa catherina, sp.
nov, 60

Heterachtes 4-maculatus, 75

Heterocera, New Species

of, 51, 13°

Hetoemis cinerea, 78

Hexarthrum ulkei, 97

Hipparchia ridingsii, 116

Hippopsis lemniscata, 80

Homoaesthesis emargina-
tus, 74

Hoplosia nubila, 80

Hyctia pikei, 19°

Hydrias amaryllis, sp.
nov., 143

boresa, sp. nov., 144

chamycuros, sp. nov., 144
chera, sp. nov., 144

funerea, sp. nov., 144

marna, sp. nov., 143

mediana, sp. nov., 144
venalia, sp. nov., 143

vitripuncta, sp. nov., 143
Hylotrupes, food of, 74

Hymenorusobscurus, larva

of, 121

Hyperplatys, food of, 79

Icerya townsendi, sp nov., 201
Icius diminutus, sp. nov., 192
Illice subfulgens, sp. nov., 15 1
Ipochus fasciatus, 78

Labidomera, synopsis of, 195
Lampyris, phosphorescence
• of, .63

Larinia borealis, 19 1

Laspeyria, note on, 85

Lepinotarsa, synopsis of, 196
Leptostylus, food of, 79

Leptura, food of, 77

emarginarta, 95

Lepturges, food of, 79

Libythea, notes on, 117

Licinus silphoides, 47

Liopus, food of, 79

Lithosia sadima. sp. nov., 1 5 1
Locust stridulation, 16

Lophocampa andensis, sp.

nov., 138

Lophocarenum erigonoi-
des, 191

Loxandrus, synopsis of, 42
Luciola, 62

Lycsena, notes on, 1 1 7

artaxerxes, 109

agestis, 109

Lycosa carolinensis, 192

ocreata, 192

Macromphalia arpia, sp.

nov., 145

Msepha coresa, sp. nov., 148
Mallodon, food of, 73, 74

Mazoeras francki, sp. nov., 14]

rusca, sp. nov., 14]

Megaderus bifasciatus, •jt
Mecas inornata, 8i

Mecostethus, 1$

Megalopyge fieldia, sp.
nov., 5!

lapena, sp. nov , 5!

trujillo, sp. nov., - 5I

vipera, sp nov., 5I

Megeleates sequoiarum,
larva of, 11!

Megobrium edwardsii, 71

Melitaea, notes on, ni

Meracantha contracta, larva
of, 1 1<

Microclytus gazellula, 7;

Microneta viaria, 19

Mieza igninix,

Misumena californica, sp.
nov., 9

pictilis, sp. nov., 9

Molorchus bimaculatus, 6

Monilema, food of, 7

Monohammus, food of, 7

Morse, A. P., articles by,

16, 20, 4

Motada amaryllis, sp. nov., 14
bergi, sp. nov., 14

dukinfieldia, sp. nov., 14

honora, sp. nov., 14

paula, sp. nov., 14

variegata, sp. nov., 14

Nemobius ambitiosus, 10

aterrimus, sp. nov., ic

canus, sp. nov,, 10

carolinus, 10

cubensis,- ic

distinguendus, sp. nov.,

ic

ensifer, sp. nov., ic

fasciatus, ic

mexicanus, ic

mormonius, sp. nov., ic

neomexicanus, sp. nov.,

ic

socius, sp. nov., ic

toltecus, sp. nov., ic

trinitatis, sp. nov., I(

utahensis, sp. nov., ic

Neoclytus, food of, '

Nezula, gen. nov., I'1

grisea., sp. nov., If

Nisoniades, note on, 1
Nodoza, gen. nov., If

tristis, sp. nov., If

Nola arana, sp. nov.,. If

divisa, sp. nov., If

Index.

211

garuba, sp. nov., 132

hermana, sp. nov., 152
natama, sp. nov., 153

pantherea, sp. nov. , 152

rodea, sp. nov., 152

otodontidse, desiderata
of, 93

ysson, synopsis of N.

Am. species, 20

simplicicornis, sp. nov., 15
subtilis, sp. nov., 14

berea, food of, 81

;ha drucei, sp. nov., 144
dozana cuprea, sp.

nov., 150

olivacea, sp. nov., 149
pascuala, sp. nov., 150
varda, sp. nov., 149

dynerus albophaleratus,
larva and pupa of,

163, 164

udipoda fasciata, 20

eme gracilis, 75

iketicus jonesi, sp. nov., 156
ncideres,, food of, 80

itolenguia, gen. nov.,
reticulina, sp. nov., 146
rgyia falcata, sp. nov., 153
rthosoma brunneum, 74
xyopes salticus, 192

ickard, A. S., articles
by, _ 26, 61, 93, 155
dustra sericea, sp. nov., 142
imphila egeremet, 117
ipilio, notes on, 113

irdosa brunnea, sp. nov.,

192

littoralis, sp. nov., 192
issalaecus mandibularis,
pupa of, 161

ilopasus cementarius, pupa
of, 157

iricopidse, origin of, 68
;rdita chrysophila, sp.

nov., 206

stottleri, sp. nov., 205
townsendi, sp. nov., 204
;rola platona, sp. nov., 56
sucis, sp. nov., 56

irophora deprava, sp.

nov., 52

funebris, sp. nov., 51

grisea, sp. nov., 52

melsheimeri, note on, 92
musa, sp. nov., 5 1

nigrescens, sp. nov. 5 1
olivia, sp. nov., 52

pulverula, sp. nov., 52

Phoegoptera aurogutta, sp.
nov., 14 1

chorima, sp. nov., 140

nexoides, sp. nov., 140

rizoma, sp. nov., 140

Phasismeridiana, sp. nov., 148
Philoros marita, sp. nov., 133
Rhilodromus, 1 9 1

Phobetron pithecium, life-
history of, 178

Phosphorescent Organs of
Insects, 61

Photinus, 64

Phyciodes, notes on, 1 16

Phymatodes, food of, 74

Physocnemum brevilineum,

74

Phyton pallidium, 75

Pieris, notes on, 109, 114
Plectodera scalator, 78

Plagionotus speciosus, 76

Pcecilochroa pacifica, sp.

nov., 89

Pogonocherus mixtus, 80
Pompilus funereus, larva
of, 155

Prionus, food of, 74

Proceedings, N. Y. Ent.

Soc., 50, 95, 207

Prolimacodes, gen. nov., 56
triangulifera, sp. nov., 56
Prothesima, 190

Prumala, gen. nov., 137
jamaicensis, sp. nov., 137
Psenocerus supernotatus, 78
Pseudalis, gen. nov., 135
limona, sp. nov., 135

Purpuricenus humeralis, 76
Pygoctenucha dukinfiel-
dia, sp. nov., 133

Pyrophorus noctilucus, 63
Rhagium lineatum, 77

Rhopalocera, studies of, 107
Rhopalum pedicellatum,
larva and pupa of, 162
Rhosus unipuncta, sp.

nov., 153

Romaleum atomarium, 75
Saitis minusculus, sp. nov., 1 93
Samia californica, 201

Sansaptera, gen. nov., 132
cocho, sp. nov., 132

Saperda, food of, 80

Satyrus, notes on, 117

Schaus, W., articles by,

51, 130, 147
Schizax senax, 76

Scotura nervosa, sp. nov., 154 j

Scudder, S. H., article by, 99
Sibine auromacula, sp.
nov., 56

extensa, sp. nov., 55

plora, sp. nov., 55

stimulea, life-history of, 1
Sisyrosea textula, life-his¬
tory of, 185

Skinner, H , article by, 107
Slosson, A. T., article by, 86
Slug Caterpillars, N.Y., 1, 167
Smodicum cucujiforme, 74
Sparaloma sexpunctata,
larva of, 143

Sphecosoma melisa, sp.

nov., 13 1

Sphex tibialis, larva and
pupa of, 158

Spiders, New Species of, 88
Spintharus flavidus, 19 1

Stigmus fraternus, larva
and pupa of, 139

Stenophenus notatus, 76
Synchloe adjutrix, 116

Symphlebia aryllis, sp.

nov., 136

Syntomeida broad wayi,
sp. nov., 130

epilais, larva of, 72

Syntrichura drodea, sp.

nov., 132

Talara barema, sp. nov., 149
bombycia, sp. nov., 149
domina, sp. nov., 149

grisea, sp , nov., 149

obscura, sp. nov., 149

rosacea, sp. nov., 148

ruficollis, sp. nov., 149
Tarema, gen. nov., 33

rivara, sp. nov., 33

Tegenaria californica, sp.

nov., 90

Tentana triangulosa, 19 1

Tettiginse, North Ameri¬
can, 49

Tetraopes, food of, 81

Thalesa, gen. nov., 139

Thecla, notes on, 1 17

Thelosia, gen. nov., 33

camina, sp. nov., 34

phalaena, sp. nov., 34

tropea, sp. nov., 34

truvena, sp. nov., 34

Theridium globosum, 19 1

Tillomorpha geminata, 77

Titya lanuginosa, sp. nov., 143
Tmeticus, Long Island
Species of, 19 1

212

Index.

Tortricidia pallida, life-

history of 167

Tragidion, food of, 76

Tragosoma harrisii, 74

Trichomelia parima, sp.
nov., 15 1

placid a, sp. nov., 15 1

Trichromia pandera, sp.
nov., 1 37

Trochuda impura, sp. nov., 58
Tylonotus bimaculatus, 75

Typocerus zebratus, 77

Urographus, food of 79

Vanessa an tiopa, 109

Wickham, H. F., articles

by, 33> 118

Webster, F. M., articles

by, 67

Xylotrechus, food of, 76

Yuccaborus, larva of, 123

Zagymnus clerinus, 77

Zanoda, gen. nov., 150

dives, sp. nov., 150

fasciata, sp. nov., 150

Zilla californica, sp. nov., 90
Zygogramma, synopsis of, 196

%

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

IBeboteti to lEntomologp tn (General.

Volume V, 1897.

Edited by Wm. Beutenmuller.

NEW YORK.

Pi J BUSHED BY THE SOCIETY,
Quarterly.

1897.

Press of

The New Era Printing Company.
Lancaster, Pa.

Contents of Volume V.

anks, Nathan,

Descriptions of Two New Smynthurids,
Some Syrphidae from Long Island,

eutenmuller, William,

Note on Catocala elda . . . . . . .

Note on Melittia satyriniformis, . . . . . -34

Preliminary Hand-Book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern
America (continued from Vol. IV, p. 49). . . 36

On the Two Species of Eudaemonia, . . . . .166

alvert, Philip P.,

Additions to the Odonata of New York State,

Note on Lestes virgo, ......

hapman, T. A.,

Notes on the Pupa of CEta floridana, . . . .

OCKERELL, T. D. A.,

A New Aleurodes found on Aquilegia,

A New Aleurodes on Rubus from Florida,

Biological Notes on some Coleoptera from New Mexico,

avis, Wm. T.,

Intelligence Shown by Caterpillars in placing their Cocoons,

91

150

127

42

96

149

42

OANE, R. W.,

The Immature Stages of Diabrotica soror, . . -15

yar, Harrison G.,

The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars VII-XII,

1, 5, 10, 51, 61, 167

On the Larvae of Certain Sawflies (Tenthredinidae), . .18

(Eta floridana, . . 48

Note on Mr. Grote’s Remarks on the Saturnians . . .66

Gluphisia severa in New Jersey ... . . 96

On the White Eucleidae, and the Larvae of Calybia slossoniae,

121

IV

Contents.

A Comparative Study of Seven Young Arctians, . . 13

Notes on the Larvae of Lagoa pyxidifera, . . . .16

New Sawflies (Tenthredininae) with Descriptions of Larvae,

19

Grote, A. Radcliffe,

The Correct Title : Noropsis elegans, . . . • -3

The Classification of the Saturniides, .... 4

An Attempt to Classify the Holarctic Lepidoptera, by Means of
the Specialization of the Wings. Part I. — The Day-Butter-
flies, . . . . • • * • • • H

Hayward, Roland,

Preliminary Hand-book of the Coleoptera of Northeastern
America (continued from page 40), . . . L

Linell, Martin L.,

New Genera and Species of North American Curculionidae, . 4

MacGillivray, Alex. D. ,

New Species of Tenthredo, ..... 10

Packard, A. S.,

Notes on the Transformations of the Higher Hymenoptera,

II— III, . 77> I(

Schaus, William,

New Species of Geometridae from Tropical America, .. 1*

Townsend, C. H. Tyler,

Diptera from the Lower Rio Grande, or Tamaulipan Region of
Texas. — I, . . • • • • • • 1

Locality and Food-Plant Catalogue of Mexican Coccidae, . 1 >

Van Duzee, E. P.,

List of Dragonflies taken near Buffalo, N. Y. ,

Webster, F. M.,

Tenacity of Life in Adults of Cryptorhynchus lapathi, . . 3

The Protective Value of Action, Volitional, or otherwise, in
“ Protective Mimicry, ” ......

Notes on Various Species of Coleoptera, . . . .21

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society,

• 97 >

I JOURNAL

OF THE

TDffo J9orh Cjnfomologirfll SoriF^g.

Vol. V. MARCH, 1897. No. 1.

LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG CATER¬
PILLARS.— VII-IX.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Ph.D.

PLATES I-II.

Tortricidia fasciola Herrich-Schazffer.

1854 — Lima codes fasciola Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 186.
i860 — Limacodes laticlavia Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 157.

1864 — Lithacodes fasciola Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 345.

1882 — Limacodes fasciola Grote, Check List, 17.

1886 — Lithacodes laticlavia Hy. Edwards, Ent. Amer. II, 9.

1891 — Limacodes fasciata Smith, List Lep. 28.

1892 — Lithacodes fasciola Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 555.

1894 — Tortricidia fasciola Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 7 6.

Larva.

1860-Alemens, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phil. XII, 157.

1872— Lintner, 26th Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist. 149.

1883 — Saunders, Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, 179.

1893 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 101.

1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 221.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space broad, flat, narrowing to the ends in a short rounded
margin, gently arched ; lateral space broad, oblique, slightly concave,
narrowing to the ends; subventral space small, retracted. Subdorsal
ridge slight, angulated, smooth at maturity, the tubercles disappearing
during ontogeny and finally the setse also. Lateral ridge moderately
prominent, also smooth at maturity. Head and joint 2 well retracted.
Segments unusually distinct, the incisures marked, cleft-like. Dorsal
outline elliptical, joint 13 forming a broad quadrate termination. De¬
pressed spaces (1) to (8) present, deep, but not large, the margins

2

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[ Vol. V.

rounded, not sharply defined; (4) is evidently situated in the incisure
on the posterior edge of its corresponding segment. (1) and (4) are
the largest and have distinct dark centers, both transversely elongated.
Skin granules large, rounded, contiguous, rather confused and irregular
so that the surface appears creased and coarsely shagreened rather than
covered with distinct granules. In stage I the setae are arranged as in
Apoda y-mversa and have the same structure. Their course of reduc¬
tion in the later stages is also the same. The skin granules when first
appearing are of two forms, numerous fine ones and a few larger ones
which form short spines on the ridges. These persist till the last stage,
when the granulation is rendered uniform, but confused.

The coloration is a light yellowish green, marked obscurely with
yellow, adapted to the color of the leaves it feeds on.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

This larva is nearly allied to Apoda y-inversa and to what 1 now
think is A. bigut tat a, * also in a less degree to the Packardias. It dif¬
fers from these in the peculiar granulation. In referring the species to
Tortncidia , the characters of the moth alone were considered. On the
whole the species seems not strictly congeneric, phylogenetically, with
either Apoda or Tortricidia , and the name Lithacodes would be justified,
if any good characters could be found in the moth. From Tortricidia
pallida and Heterogenea flexuosa (?) this larva differs in the slight
development of the depressed spaces which are as in Apoda. The shape
is similar in both.

T. fasciola ranges to the north, probably as far as T. pallida and it
also ranges well to the south. It is an abundant species in New York,
the larvae always well separated and living on a variety of plants, for
the most part low. Occasionally the larvae will be found on very low
shrubs. 1 hey are not particular as to the position of their food plant
in regard to light, being found in open as well as dark woods. The
small eggs are laid singly on the backs of the leaves in July and the
larvae mature in September. There are seven larval stages, occasion¬
ally eight, the larvae feeding in stage I, as in all the smooth Eucleids. f

A newly hatched larva was found by me on wild cherry and carried
through to maturity. I am indebted to Miss Morton for fertile eggs,
from which also I followed out the life history.

* Described as Apoda y-inversa, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 221.
t Our statement to the contrary in the case of Apoda y-inversa is an error.

March 1897.] DYAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 3

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

Dr. Packard’s description is the only one of importance. His fig¬
ure of Stage I is not drawn in a detailed manner, many of the setae being
omitted or incorrectly drawn. The description is like the figure, but is
not corroborated by my observations. I think the setae at the extremi¬
ties were not carefully examined, and the spiracles have been put in in
the wrong place. The lowest row of short setae in the figure probably
represents the subventral row, not shown in my figure (Plate I, Fig. i)
and the spiracles should be above it. Besides stage I, Dr. Packard de¬
scribes the last three stages, V, VI and VII (marked III?, IV? and
“last stage”). I find the descriptions excellent. The dorsal and
lateral depressed spaces are quite fully described and located, though
the upper segmental lateral (3) are said to be situated “ on a suture ”*
which is not the case. I also object to the centers of the dorsal depres¬
sions (1) being called warts, and the broken yellow line along the lat¬
eral ridge being described in the same series as the lateral depressed
spaces, f

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Eqg. — Elliptical, narrower than usual, not greatly flattened, the
upper surface arched; size .7 X .5 mm., height about .2 mm. and there¬
fore unusually high in proportion. Reticulations obscure, irregularly
hexagonal, linear. Color whitish translucent with a very faint yellow
tint. They hatch in eight days.

Stage I. (Plate I, Fig. 1). — Head whitish, eye black, mouth brown.
Body highest at joints 3-4, rather square. Setae arranged as in Apoda
y Inver sa and with the same structure, colorless. Body all whitish,
without marks. The subdorsal setae on joints 5, 7, 9 and 11 lean out,
alternating with the others ; all have expanded cleft tips, the subdorsals
on joints 4 to 1 2 with a short spur near the base. The lateral setae on
joint 5 leans upward more than the others. After eating, the blood be¬
comes pale green and the dark alimentary canal shows by transparency.
Length .7 to 1.1 mm.

Stage II. — Elliptical, tail squarish; dorsal space broad, lateral
moderate, subventral small ; ridges prominent, tubercular ; two setae on

* “ On each of the lateral slopes of the plateau are four rows of lemon yellow
spots, the highest and first being a row of minute transverse spots situated on the

suture.”

t “ The fourth row is on the margin of the body, and is a broken series of short
lines.”

4

New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. v.

Journal

subdorsal ridge, one on lateral ridge of abdomen (Plate I, Fig. 4). a
secondary seta; above the spiracle and the two of subventral row below
it Upper seta; long, stiff, black at apex. Skin with sparse granules
produced into slender spines, longest and most numerous along the
ridges at the bases of the setae ; a few distinct spines in the dorsal space,
but in the lateral area mostly fine granulations only. Color translucent
pale greenish, no pigment. Segments well marked. Length i toi.6 mm

Staae III. _ Body moderately elongated, elliptical, more elongated

than T. 'pallida. Skin very finely granular, frosted under a half-inch
objective, which hardly resolves the fine granules ; conical, clear, pointed
tubercles, much larger than the granules, are distributed in a single row
along the low, rounded latticed ridges, becoming pale secondary spines
on the tubercles. Tubercles low and rounded, the subdorsal ones with
two, lateral with one large, dark, stiff setae. Ridges prominent, normal.
Color pale green, alimentary canal dark. Toward the end of the stage
a faint yellow line appears along the subdorsal ridge and yellow dots in
the dorsal depressed spaces (i); all the depressed spaces faintly shown.

Length 1.5 to 2.6 mm. ..

Stage IV. _ Ridges well marked, tubercular, setae black.

quadrate, composed of the last abdominal segment. Depressed spaces
as in T. pallida , but ill defined, the separating latticed ridges obscure.
Skin finely granular, the larger spinose granules few in number except
on the ridges. Color light green, dorsum dark, translucent. A narrow
yellow line below the subdorsal ridge, a series of yellowish dorsal rings
in the depressed spaces (i), seven of them distinct ; a row of latera

whitish spots (4)- Length 2.5 to 4 mm.

Stage V. _ Elliptical, tail quadrate, dorsal space moderate, lateral

broad, oblique, subventral small, retracted. Ridges only slightly tuber¬
cular. Latticed ridges low, with both coarse and fine granules as be¬
fore, the former becoming pale spines on the ridges, especially the lateral
one (Plate I, Fig 5). Color yellowish green, a narrow, wavy, yellow,
subdorsal line; yellow rings in depressed spaces (1), two yellow dashes
in (4), separated by a green spot ; the other depressions show as yellow
dots. There may be a distinct dark green spot between spaces (1 ) and

(2) in certain larva;. Length 3.5 to 6.7 mm.

Stage VI. _ (Plate I, Figs. 2 and 3.) Ridges slightly tubercular with

distinct black setae, but without secondary spines ; shape elliptical, the
tail quadrate as in the mature larva. Skin confused granular, the gran¬
ules resulting from the two kinds of the former stage, alike now except
in size, somewhat flattened in the dorsal space and irregular.

March i897-1 DyAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 5

ish green, a narrow, slightly wavy subdorsal yellow line, free at the
ends; depressed spaces (i) to (6) yellow, (i) green centered, (4) bi¬
sected by green, (6) above the lateral ridge, nearly divided by the in¬
cisure; traces of a white sub ventral line and a broken yellow one on the
lateral ridge. Length 5 to 7.7 mm.

Stage VII. _ (Plate I, Fig. 6.) Smooth, the setae absent; shape as

described. Depressed spaces moderately developed, without sharp
edges. Skin granules irregular, confused. Color yellowish green, dor¬
sal space and upper half of lateral space pigmented, below more trans¬
lucent. Subdorsal line yellow, narrow, waved by slightly darker green
segmental dots above; lateral line broken, faint, all joining on joint 13,
the subdorsals also on joint 3 anteriorly. Subventral edge white. De¬
pressed spaces (1) to (6) pale yellow, (1) and (4) plainly green cen¬
tered. Length 7 to 13 mm.

Food-plants observed. — Wild cherry, white birch, bayberry, dog¬
wood, chestnut, sugar plum, oak, linden, maple, beech, hop hornbeam,
hickory and huckleberry.

Adoneta spinuloides Herrich-Schceff er .

1854 — Lima codes spinuloides Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. figs. 187, 188.
i860 — Adoneta voluta Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 158.

1864 — Cyclopteryx leucosig?na Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 345.

1865 — Limacodes ferrigera Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. pt. XXXII, 486.

1882 — Adoneta spinuloides and leucosigma Grote, Check List, 17.

1894 — Adoneta spinuloides and leucosigma Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. \ . Ent.
Soc. II, 71.

Larva.

i860 — Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. XII, 158.

1882 — Ballard, Papilio, II, 83.

1883 — Edwards & Elliot, Papilio, III, 129.

1892 — Beutenmiiller, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. His. IV, 68.

1 893 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 92.

1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 213.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space moderately broad, narrowing to the ends, lateral and
subventral spaces both moderate, subequal, the latter scarcely retracted.
Body elongate, narrow, rising rather rapidly to joint 5, thence sloping
to joint 13. Ridges all slight, subdorsal indicated by change in direc¬
tion between back and' sides, lateral very slight, the row of horns form¬
ing most of it. Horns short and small, rounded, the subdorsals on
joint 3 to 5 and 11 the largest, those on 8 and 13 next, the rest all

6 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

quite small. Skin densely and coarsely covered with subconic clear
granules, uniformly and without distinct depressed spaces, (i) indicated
by paired white dots in a slight intersegmental furrow, (3) just indi¬
cated, whitish, (4) as faint pale rings. In the subventral space large rather
indistinct hollows (7) alternate with the spiracles, forming perpendicular
segmental ridges, reaching to the subventral edge. Caltropes are pres- |
ent in the last stage only, in little patches on top of the lateral horns on
joints 6 to 11 and large patches on lateral of 12 and subdorsal of 13.

The first stage does not differ from that of Enclea delphimi and
the mature larva, though differing in shape, is also adapted for conceal¬
ment by its coloration. Its defensive armor is even more reduced than
in the Euclea mentioned.

Affinities, Habits, Etc.

In the shortened horns the larva closely resembles Euclea delphimi.

It is more generalized than this species since there are no detachable
spines and the bright colors remain. It is more specialized than E.
indetermina in the shortening of the horns and the alteration in shape,
which resembles Par as a chlons, except in the absence of a tail. Our
two Eucleas, the Paras a and Adoneta , form a closely allied group.

The eggs of Adoneta are laid in July and the larvae mature in Sep¬
tember as usual. The larva is a low feeder and, as several eggs are not
infrequently laid at once, several larvae are usually found on the same
plant. The bright colors of the larva possibly have little warning effect
as the spines are nearly functionless ; but they may serve rather as in
the smooth Eucleids to suggest patches on the leaves.

I am indebted to Miss Morton for the eggs of this species. She
has also furnished the material for Dr. Packard’s descriptions and thus-
our present knowledge of this life history is entirely dependent upon her.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

Though there are but few references to this larva, it may be said
to be well known, owing to the early date of Clemens’ writing and to
Dr. Packard’s very full and excellent account. In my description the
lateral horns are located below the spiracles ; the true position is given
by Edwards & Elliot. Mrs. Ballard’s ‘‘strap-shaped lines, buttoned at
either end,” are to be interpreted as transverse streaks between the
paired dots of depressed spaces ( 1). Dr. Packard describes the “ whole
life history” in five stages. There are really seven, and Dr. Packard
has doubtless been misled by a too hasty generalization from observa¬
tions of the Notodontidse. The stages which he gives seem to be I>

March 1897.] DYAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 7

III,* IV, VI and VII, which illustrates the life history very well,
though it is not a complete account of it, as it purports to be. The de¬
scription and figure of stage I are in error in placing a lateral horn on
joint 5. In stage “IV” (=VI) the paired glandular dots (i) are
again called “ warts,” and in the last stage he says “ these dots appear
to be modified surface dorsal pdiferous warts ...” I do not think
they are. The appearance is glandular and I have seen in T. fasciola
a small drop of moisture in the location of each one of these depressed
spaces which I believe was the secretion, not at the time evaporated.
Besides, all the normal primary warts are situated elsewhere, and there
are no warts, primary or secondary, in the whole order Lepidoptera in
such a position (in the incisures). That they are not secondary warts
is indicated by the fact that they are not more distinct in the early
stages and never bear any setae, as would be expected if they were
degenerate warts.

Dr. Packard regards Adoneia as one of the more generalized forms
of its group, and with this I agree, though I think it is not so generalized
as Euclea indetermina. He says: “ This larva indicates in some points
of its structure its descent, and that of the group to which it belongs, from
the Attacinae ; these points are the setiferous tubercles and the distinct¬
ness of the segments from one another, the sutures being well marked.”

Recently Dr. Chapman also falls in with this view. He says
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1896, p. 584): “ My observations on the
spines of Limacodes and Eac/es, and again of these and Sphinges and
Saturnids .... and the observations of Poulton and Weissman, on the
larvae of Aglia , Sphingidae, etc., leave no room for doubt that all these
families are related The question of the relation between the

Sphingides and Saturniides, which Poulton, Weissman and Muller dis¬
cuss, is aside from the present matter, and cannot be answered with the
same certainty till some more generalized Sphingidae are found. But
the relationship which is claimed between the Eucleidae and Saturniides
on account of the spines, seems to me of exactly the same nature as that
between the species of Apatela and the several families in which Mr. But¬
ler once distributed them, based with equal probability on the similar
structure of the hairs. |

*Mr. Bridgham is quoted as stating that this stage was drawn “after the first
molt.” However, I imagine that the true first molt escaped his observation, as I do
not suppose he was looking for a molt before the larva had eaten anything.

f The stinging spines of the Saturnians (Hemileuca, etc.) are not ancestrial to
the whole group, nor are they so in the Eucleidae, which I expect to illustrate in a
genealogical tree to be given at the end of these articles.

8

Journal New York Entomological, Societ\.

[Vol. v.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg. _ Elliptical, flat, 1.1 X .7 mm., milky whitish when laid on

glass, reticulations obscure. Laid singly or in patches of two to ten,

slightly overlapping. They hatch in seven days.

Stage /.—(Plate I, Fig. 8) Structure as in Euclea ; eleven horns in

subdorsal row, nine in lateral row, the one on joint 5 absent. Three
set^e on each horn, tapering, slightly enlarged and notched at' the tips.
Color uniform, translucent whitish; skin smooth; head white, eye
black. Length .9 mm. The larva does not feed in this stage and

molts in two days from the time of hatching.

Stage //.—Head white, eye black, mouth brown ; horns spined,
the long subdorsals, with a bunch of black-tipped spines, the short ones
with one spine ; lateral row moderately spined. Color opaque whitish ;
dorsal depressed spots (1) paired, greenish, two pair on the incisures
3-4 and 4-5, those on interspaces 8-9 and 9-10 connected into a trans¬
verse streak. No marks except a white line along the subdorsal ridge.
Length, .9 to 2.2 mm.

Stage ///—Thickest through joints 4-5 ; dorsum flat, sides nearly
perpendicular; lateral ridge moderate, shape as in the mature larva.
Subdorsal horns on joints 3, 4, 5, 8, n and 12 large, rounded, not long,
the others very small, but with several spines, lateral horns all small.
Color whitish, dorsum and upper half of sides green from food; a
white subdorsal line, thickened at the large horns, causing the dorsal
space to widen and contract. In the wide spaces on joints 4-5 and 6-7
a rounded patch of pale purplish pigment, and in the space 9-10 a
smaller whitish patch. Skin finely clear granular except on the horns.
Dorsal dots (1) white. Later all the dorsal patches become purple-red
and there is another on joints 3-4 ; subdorsal horns faintly yellowish.
Length, 2.1 to 3.3 mm.

Stage IV. — Structure as in the mature larva. Skin clear granular,
the paired white dots (1) visible where the ground color is purple.
Markings at first as at the end of the last stage ; later the subdorsal
horns on joints 3 to 5 are tipped with red ; a yellow line on subdorsal
ridge, bent up at the large horns, the dorsal space filled in with dark
purple except in a space from joint 7 posteriorly to joint 9 anteriorly.
Sides green, the lateral horns colorless. Length, 3.2 to 4.7. mm. .

Stage V. _ Horns as in Euclea delphinii , the spiracle on joint 5

moved up. Long horns on joints 3 to 5 and 12 red tipped, the short
ones pale yellow, lateral ones colorless. Colors as before, the waved

March 1897.] DYAR I LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 9

purple patches extending on joints 3 to 7 and 9 to 12, separated by a
green space. Spines with black tips, rather delicate ; skin closely and
finely clear granular. Depressed spaces (1) and (2) indicated as glan¬
dular dots, large lateral ones (4) as ill defined hollows, all obscure.
Head greenish, eye black. Length, 4 to 6.5 mm.

Stage VI — As before; patches dark reddish purple. Subdorsal
horns on joint 6 and 7 moved outward a little, not in line with the
others ; that on 8 rather larger than the other short horns. A distinct
green line edges the subdorsal band below. Dorsal purple band broken
as before or continuous, incised at the large horns. Sometimes the sub¬
dorsal horns of 11 and 13 are red tipped as well as 3 to 5 and 12. The
purple band is bordered with crimson ; a pale dorsal line ; no caltropes.
Length 5.7 to 9 mm.

Stage VII. — (Plate I, Figs. 9, 10 and n) Appearance as before,
but there are caltrope patches (Plate I, Fig. 14) on top of the lateral
horns of joints 6 to 12 and a large one on joint 13. Dorsum purple,
darker at the edges, incised by yellow on joints 4, 5, 8, 11 and 12 ; a
straight pale dorsal line and the glandular dots (1) whitish, two pairs
on incisures 3-4 and 4-5, one pair in the other incisures. Addorsals
(2) indicated as tiny pale dots, seen on joints 9 and 10. Long horns
on 3, 4, 5, 8, 11, 12 and 13 red, the rest yellow, the largest .6 to .7
mm. long, the shortest rounded. Sides green, darker below both ridges,
a broken whitish line along lateral ridge. Depressed spaces (4) show
faintly and an ill defined hollow between the segments subventrally (7).
Skin with low conic clear granules (Plate I, Fig. 12); spines small, black
tipped (Plate I, Fig. 13). Length 8.2 to 11.8 mm.

Besides this, the usual form, examples occur with more red, or
with less.

Form A _ Normal; no red except the subdorsals of 3 to 5, 8, 11

and 12, and the lateral of 3. Sides green, a broken yellow line on lat¬
eral ridge.

Form B. — Subdorsal horns 3 to 13 and lateral 3 all red; some
yellow shading in the lateral space, the lateral line nearly continuous.

Form C. — Horns red and a vermilion stripe connecting their
bases on joints 3 to 12 ; purple marks with a crimson edge and a blurred,
irregular, crimson band in the lateral space, shading into the subdorsal
red anteriorly ; below it a yellowish or whitish shading.

Form D. — Subdorsal horns on 3 reddish, all the rest yellow ; dor¬
sal purple band pale, edged with green inside the yellow line, divided
by yellow on joints 8, 11 and 12.

10

Journal New York Entomological Society. [VoL.v.

Food-plants observed. — Willow, oak, wild cherry, bayberry, lin¬
den, witch-hazel, chestnut, beech and sour-gum {Nyssa).

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig.

it

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

Tortricidia fasciola.

1. Larva in stage I, side view, enlarged.

2. Larva In stage VI, side view, enlarged.

3. The same, front view.

4. One segment, stage VI, showing setae.

5. Skin granules at one of the setae of lateral row.

6. Mature larva, enlarged, dorsal view.

7. Moth of T. fasciola.

Adoneta spinuloides.

8. Larva in stage I, side view, enlarged.

9. Mature larva, side view, enlarged.

10. The same, front view.

11. The same, back view.

12. One of the short horns of subdorsal row and adjacent skin granules.

13. A single spine, enlarged.

14. Caltropes from a lateral horn.

15. Moth of A. spinuloides.

Euclea indetermina Boisduval.

1 864 — Ca l loch lor a vernata Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 339-
1882 — Pa rasa chloris Grote, Check List, 17.

1891 — Parasa viridus Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 154’

1891 _ Parasa viridus Smith, List Lep. 28.

1893 — Euclea indetermina Dyar & Doll, Ent. News, IV, 31 1.

1894 — Euclea indetermina Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. \ . Ent. Soc. II, 68.

Larva.

1 797 — Smith & Abbot, Lep. Ins. Ga., pi. 73*

1832 — Boisduval, Cuvier’s An. Kingd. (Griffith), PI. 103, Fig. 8.

1852— Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 323.

1858 — Duncan, Nat. Libr. XX, PI. 21.

1878— Andrews, Psyche, II, 271 (as Parasa chloris ).

1885— Edwards & Elliot, Papilio, III, 128.

1885 — French, Can. Ent. XVII, 161.

^93— Dyar & Doll, Ent. News, IV, 31 1.

1894- — Dyar, An. N. Y. Acad. Sci, VIII, 214.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space broad, narrowing only slightly at the ends, curving
down anteriorly and posteriorly at joints 3—5 and 11— 13. Sides nearly

Joum. N. V. Ent. Soc.

Vo/. V, PI. I.

11

Life-Histories of Tortricidia fasciola and Adoneta

spinuloides.

March 1897.] DVAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 11

perpendicular, the lateral and subventral areas practically continuous,
the latter not retracted, spiracles exposed. Elongate, subcylindrical,
the subdorsal ridge marking the change in direction of back and sides ;
lateral ridge slight. Horns well developed, irregular, well armed with
strongly stinging spines. Subdorsals on joints 3 to 5, 8, 11 and 12 long,
those on 5, 8, n and 12 longest, 6, 7, 9 and 10 very short; lateral
horns moderate, those on joints 3 and 4 longest, that on 5 absent. De¬
pressed spaces feebly developed, (1) to (4) (7) and (8) indicated by
obscure dark, impressed dots, (1) paired. Skin densely finely spinulose-
granular, the granules colorless. Patches of caltropes are present on
the lateral horns of joints 6 to 13 and subdorsal horn of 13, but no de¬
tachable spines. The larva is very brightly colored. In the first stage
the horns have the structure and arrangement of E. delphinii , three
setae from the apex of each.

This larva stands near Sibine stimulea in degrees of specialization.
Its skin structure is higher, but the detachable spines are absent and the
coloration is less diversified. It is, therefore, on the whole, a little
lower than Sibine. It stands, perhaps, nearest the main stem of the
spined Eucleids of any of our species. The horns at maturity are
scarcely modified in relative proportions from the condition in stage I ;
the primitive bright warning colors are present and the urticating spines
are in full functional activity, neither as yet affected by degeneration.
The shape is more like that of an ordinary lepidopterous larva than
usual. Therefore, we may regard E. indetermina as, on the whole,
most like the ancestor of the spined Eucleids of any New York species,
exclusive of Phobetroji pithecium , which represents a still older con¬
dition.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

This species is a typical representative of the group of spined
Eucleids. Its near allies are found throughout South America and in
India. Our nearest species is Euclea delphmii. The moth, however,
so closely resembles that of Parasa chloris that the two species were for
a long time confounded. They were separated by Grote in 1881, but
Herrich-Schaeffer’s figure was not correctly identified. It was sug¬
gested by Andrews, from the structure of the larva, that the species
should be placed in Euclea rather than in Parasa , and this opinion is
confirmed by the venation of the moth.

E. indetermina has a suiithern range. It occurs around New York
City, but seems to be entirely absent from the Hudson valley. It is
rather local in its appearance, often being common in certain localities

12 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi v.

and absent in others near by. Though not gregarious many are often
found on the same bush. They are low feeders, not occurring on trees

to any extent.

The eggs are laid during July and the larvae mature toward the
middle of September. They remain on the under sides of the leaves in
spite of their very conspicuous coloration. The effect of a touch of
their spines is about the same as that of Sibine stimulea . The larvae
have eight stages, occasionally nine. Two examples bred from eggs of
the same moth varied in this respect. They do not feed in stage I,

which is rapidly passed through.

I am indebted to Miss Morton for obtaining for me the eggs from
moths bred from larvae part of which I collected and part obtained from

Mr. Doll.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

All of the references given are to figures or descriptions of the ma¬
ture larva, none of them going into structural details. The two best are
that of Professor French (1885) and my own (1894). . I notice nothing
important of a positive nature to criticize except that in Prof. French s
account the segments from which the horns are said to arise are not

quite accurately numbered.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg. _ Singly, or in small groups, slightly imbricated. Elliptical,

flattened, translucent pale ocher yellow on glass, 1.5 x .9 mm.; reticu¬
lations obscure, visible only in a strong light, rounded hexagonal,
nearly linear, somewhat irregular. No special characters. They hatch

in nine days.

Stage /.—(Plate II, Fig. 1.) Not different in structure from Euclea
delphitiii , the horns proportioned the same, each with three setee with
slightly swollen tips. Color rather dark yellow, shining, the long
horns whitish. Segments well marked ; skin smooth. Shape as usual,
elongate, squarish, the horns low conical, prominent, their bases con¬
tiguous. Length 1.1 mm. d he larvae do not feed in this stage.

Stage //.—Subdorsal horns on joints 3, 4, 5, 8, n and 12 large,
rounded ; the rest, small, all furnished with stinging spines ; the short
subdorsals (joints 6, 7, 9, to) bear only one spine and are crowded up
adjacent to the next large horn. Spines pale, black tipped. Ridges
whitish, but dorsal and lateral spaces faintly shaded with dull red;
horns pale. Dorsal depressed spaces (1) cleft-like with paired dots.. In
shape the larva is thickest through joints 4-5, the outline elliptical;

March 1897.] DYAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 13

dorsum flat, sides nearly perpendicular, composed of both lateral and
subventral spaces. During the stage the color changes. Dark brown,
the subdorsal horns pale yellow, only the long ones visible. Subventral
space very narrow, the bulging subventral edge colorless. Length i.i
to 1.8 mm.

Stage III. — Upper side dark velvety brownish red as far as the
upper edge of the lateral horns; subdorsal horns on joints 3, 4, 5, 8, n
and 12 large, thick, light yellow, the short horns not showing; lateral
horns all small and with the subventral space light yellow. Skin ob¬
scurely finely granular. Dorsal pale dots paired, very faint. The
short subdorsal horns have one spine only. Length 1.8 to 3 mm.

Stage IV. — (Plate II, Fig. 2.) As before. Color velvety red-
brown, the long horns and subventral region pale yellow ; a white line
along subventral edge. Later the long horns become orange at the tips
and a straight white line appears along the middle of the sides between
the subdorsal and lateral horns, broken segmentally. Body high, sides
nearlv perpendicular, horns erect. The short subdorsals have two or
three spines and are situated as before adjacent to the long ones.
Length 3 to 4 5 mm.

Stage V. — The six pairs of long horns prominent, thick, alike and
well spined ; bright red ; the four short ones small, rounded, incon¬
spicuous, yet reddish. A faint pinkish dorsal line and traces of one
along the subdorsal ridge, ill defined on the dark purple ground which
reaches to the lateral horns. Lateral horns faintly pinkish. Subventral
region colorless, white on the lower edge. Later in the stage all the
horns are fine red and three pale lines can be seen, an addorsal pair be¬
sides the dorsal, these new lines faint and broken by the large horns.
Also three pale lines in the lateral space, one above and one below the
original lateral line. Length 4.5 to 7 mm.

Stage VI. — Horns short at first and pale, but they quickly grow.
Color all purple brown, the horns red. Dorsum with three bluish
white lines, the outer ones waved and indistinct, lateral space with
three yellowish white lines, only the middle one distinct ; subventral
space with two white lines ; obscure red lines along the two rows of
horns. Skin finely clear granular. Later the broad lateral pale line
and subventral edge maybe tinged with red. Length 7 to 10.5 mm.

Stage VII. — The purplish black ground is now so much narrowed
that it appears rather as dark lines on a pale ground. Dorsal space
contracted at joints 3, 4, 5, 8, 11 and 12, traversed by three bluish
white and four purple lines, somewhat broken. Subdorsal ridge whitish

14 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

above, broadly red centrally, the horns bright red. Sides blackish
purple, a broad lateral line and the subventral edge red; a narrow
whitish line above and below the lateral red line, the upper broken. A
broad pale stigmatal line. Lateral horns red. Spines pale with black
tips ; skin clear granular. Small patches of caltropes are present on the
tips of the lateral horns on joints 6 to 12 in eight stage larvae. Length,
10.5 to 16 mm.

Stage VIII. — (Plate II, Fig. 3) Shape as described. The blackish
lines are now still narrower and appear plainly as lines. Dorsal space
bluish white with four black lines, waved and confluent opposite the
large horns. The rest of the ground color pale yellow, the horns fiery
red. Red bands along subdorsal and lateral ridges, in the middle of
lateral space and along subventral edge. Sides with four black lines,
subconfluent in pairs; subventral area with two black lines. Joint 2
purplish ; venter honey brown. The red side-band is partly cut by the
pale, dark centered, depressed spaces (4) ; spaces (1) small, paired,
dark. Skin clear granular (Plate II, Figs. 4 and 6). Caltrope patches
(Plate II, Fig. 10) present on the lateral horns of joints 6 to 12 and the
subdorsal of joint 13. Spines enlarged at base, pale with black tips
(Plate II, Fig. 8). Length, 16 to 22 mm.

In the yellow form all the red markings are bright yellow. It did
not come under observation in the early stages, but doubtless differs
from this only in the absence of red, beginning with stage IV. The
yellow form seems the more generalized of the two.

Food-plants. — The larvae feed on various kinds of low brush. I
have notes of finding them on wild cherry, oak, hickory and bayberry.

Fig. 1.

“ 2.

“ 3-

“ 4-

“ 5-

“ 6.

“ 7-

“ 8.

“ 9-

“ 10.

“ 11.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Larva in stage I, side view, enlarged.

Larva end of stage IV, dorsal view, enlarged.

Full grown larva, enlarged.

Skin granules from the region of the subventral ridge X 50, showing setae
iii and iv.

Base of same seta X x75-

Skin granules from region of subdorsal ridge X *75-

Abnormal skin granules from region of joint 2 X 1 75-

End of one of the large horns X 5°» showing the wrinkled skin and spines.

Tip of a stinging spine X I75-

Caltropes in position X 1 75-

Moth of Euclea indetermina.

Jo urn. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

VoL V ; PI. II.

Life-History of Euclea indetermina.

March 1S97.] DOANE : EARLY STAGES OF DiABROTICA SOROR.

15

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF DIABROTICA SOROR.

By R. W. Doane.

[Mr. R. W. Doane, a student of entomology in this University
(Stanford), undertook during the college year 1895-96 the study of the
life-history of Diabrotica soror , the Pacific Coast representative of the
destructive Diabroticas. Despite the abundance of soror , its serious
ravages on flowers and fruits, and a lively interest on the part of ento¬
mologists in its habits, its life history has remained unknown. By rea¬
son of Mr. Doane’s removal, his work, well begun and successfully
prosecuted as far as carried, has been interupted. The following de¬
scriptions of the egg, larva and pupa, together with a few notes on the
habits of the species, are extracted from his notes. — Vernon L. Kellogg,
Stanford University, California.]

The following descriptions were made from a number of specimens
taken in the field and laboratory.

Egg. — Length, .7 mm.; width, 5 mm.; oval, dirty white in color ;
surface finely sculptured by minute hexagonal pitted areas. These
areas under a higher power lens show several irregular depressions
within their own surface.

Full-grow7i larva. — Length, 12 mm.; width, 1.3 mm.; body
cylindrical, slightly tapering toward the head ; the twelve segments be¬
hind the head indistinctly separated. General color, except the head,
dorsal shield and last abdominal segment, dirty white, often becoming
more yellowish before pupation. Head dark brown above and on the
sides, same color as rest of body below; posterior margin with a deep,
quite broad, V-shaped incision, ending in a broad deep suture which
runs cephalad for nearly one-third the length of the head, then divides
into two well-marked sutures which extend to the base of the antennae.
These sutures divide the head into three distinct parts, the anterior
part being the largest, the other two parts are equal and constitute the
posterior and part of the lateral portions of the head. There is a dark
median line ending at the tip of a small V-shaped incision in the anter¬
ior margin of the head, and a few rather strong hairs scattered over the
surface of the head. Antennae white, three-jointed ; first joint a little
broader than its length, second joint the shortest, narrower than the
first, third joint cone-shaped, its greatest width about equal to its
length. No eyes. Labrum same color as rest of the head. Mandibles
dark brown, darker at tips, other mouth parts and appendages whitish.

16

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Cervical shield brown, paler than the head, broadly shield-shaped with
quite a broad median white line, a few rather long hairs and several
shorter ones scattered over the surface. The remainder of the pro¬
thorax, the meso- and meta-thorax same color as the rest of the body.
Legs pale, three-jointed, supported by dark brown chitinous frame¬
work ; several short rather stout hairs on each segment ; a whitish,
elliptical, striated lobe arising beside the single brown tarsal claw.
Segments four to eleven, all similar, skin wrinkled, somewhat papillose,
a few scattering hairs over each segment ; on the lateral margin of each
segment is a long stiff hair just posterior to one and sometimes two
smaller and shorter hairs. Dorsal shield of posterior segment semi¬
circular in outline, dark brown, finely sculptured so as to produce num¬
erous hexagonal pitted areas much resembling the markings on the
eggs; several strong marginal hairs and two sub triangular processes

near the posterior end. A single fleshy proleg.

The larva agrees almost perfectly with Prof. H. Garman s descrip¬
tion of the larva of D. 12-punctata as given in Psyche, Vol. VI, p. 48.
The only special difference I would note is in the description of the dor¬
sal shield of the posterior segment which he describes as follows : “ Dor¬
sal shield of posterior body segment nearly circular m outline, brown,
with numerous minute black specks, slightly rimmed at posterior mar-
o-in, and in young examples obscurely bituberculate ; furnished with
several strong marginal hairs, and with four minute, striate, centrally-

placed spatulate appendages.”

Pupa. _ Whitish or straw-colored. Length .4 mm., width .2 mm.

Scattered brown hairs over the body arranged as follows : six on the
head arranged in three transverse pairs, one pair close to the base and
just cephalad of the antennae, one just caudad of the antennae, and one
near the meso-dorsal angle of the eyes ; ten on the prothorax, one pair
on the anterior margin, one pair near the lateral margin, and one pair
near the posterior margin, a pair just anterior and a larger pair just
posterior to the middle near the mesal line ; an arched row of four hairs-
each on the meso- and meta-thorax; a pair in the middle and one on
each side of each abdominal segment ; last three segments with another
pair slightly anterior to and more widely separated than the median

pair; last segment also with a pair between and a pair in the bases o

the caudal spines, and another pair just anterior to the lateral pair.
Caudal spines usually slightly curved, brownish at tips. Each femur
with three hairs near the extremity. Wing pads clear white, covering
the proximal part of the posterior femor. Antenna curving outward

March 1897.] BeUTENMULLER : NOTE ON CaTOCALA ElDA. 17

around the femora of the meso- and meta-thoracic legs, then meeting
on the median ventral line between them.

As the pupa grows older the eyes, wing parts, parts of the legs and
antennae and the tips of the mandibles begin to turn much darker.

Soror is especially injurious to the interests of the flower-grower.
The beetles eat unsightly holes in the buds and petals of roses and
chrysanthemums, and other showy flowers. It feeds on leaves too, and
is almost unrestricted in range of food-plants. Fruit-growers often suf¬
fer serious loss by the beetle’s eating the young forming fruit. The
apricot seems especially the object of attack. Hardly any kind of gar¬
den vegetable is free from its attention.

The eggs are deposited, in breeding jars or out of doors, from %
to an inch below the surface of the ground, near the base of some
plant, sometimes singly but usually in numbers of from 20 to 50. The
eggs hatched in the breeding jars in about eighteen days. The lame
developed slowly. Larvae of various sizes, some full grown, some
newly hatched*. were found around the roots of different plants out of
doors in March, April and May. The larvae do not bore into the roots,
as longicornis and 12-punctata do, but eat the roots from the outside,
sometimes cutting the young rootlets entirely in two. The larvae were
found in abundance feeding on the roots of sweet-peas and alfalfa, and
sparingly on other plants.

As the larva becomes full-grown it approaches the surface of the
ground and forms an oval or spherical cell in which it lies ten or twelve
days, semi-quiescent, before pupation. The pupal stage lasts from ten to
fourteen days. The first out-of-doors pupae were found early in April.

No special opportunity of combatting the pest is offered by its im¬
mature stages. The wide range of food-plants of larva and adult, and
the underground life of the immature stages, make it a particularly
difficult insect to fight.

NOTE ON CATOCALA ELDA Behr.

By Wm. Beutenmuller.

This insect was described as a distinct species from a specimen
taken in Oregon. Since then three examples have been taken in British
Columbia, and last summer Mr. Doll raised a single specimen from a
larva found on Long Island, N. Y. It is, without doubt, nothing more
than a gray variety of C. relicta. Mr. Palm already called attention
to this fact. (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., I, p. 21.)

18

Journal New York Entomological Sociei\.

[Vol. v.

ON THE LARV/E OF CERTAIN SAW-FLIES

(TENTHREDINID/E.)

By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph. D.

Trichiosoma crassum Kirby.

Mr. MacGillivray has sorted out my bred material into two species
of Trichiosoma , T. triangulum and T. crassum. There was no corre¬
sponding difference in the larvae, however, and, therefore, that of T.
crassum may be described as being indistinguishable from that of T.

triangulum. (See Ent. News, vi, 199.)

Food-plants. — Willow, poplar, wild cherry and alder.

Hylotoma scapularis King.

The flies mentioned in Can. Ent., xxvii, 344, under label 2B were
pronounced by Mr. MacGillivray to be males of this species. The fol¬
lowing is the present state of this confusing subject .

Larvae head black or red.

No paler subdorsal line.

Tubercles distinctly black.

Head red, body yellow ; on birch .

Head black, rarely reddish, body yellow; on wild cherry . S.

Tubercles blackish only, or pale in black rings. '*

Head blue black, body yellow ; on oak .

A pale yellow subdorsal line.

Head red or black, body greenish-yellow ; on willow . . 2C

Head pale testaceous with vertical dark band.

Body green, tubercles nearly all pale .

Here are five rather distinct types of larvae. From V have been
bred H. pectoralis , H. scapularis ? and H. cceruleus $ ; from S has
been bred H. mcleayi ; from 2B H. scapularis $ \ larvae 2C were bred
from eggs laid by a female H. clavicorms ; 2L produces H. mcleayi $
and H. virescens ( clavicornis ) $ .

Description of larvae 2B. Four last stages observed with widths of
head .8, 1.1, 1.8 and 2.5 mm. Head rounded, uniform blue-black,
the sutures scarcely visible ; small black setae in front. Body cylindri¬
cal, subventral ridge prominent; thoracic feet large, pale yellowish
brown, the large basal joint blue-black. Abdominal feet on joints 6 to
10 and 13 small, the last pair rudimentary, pale at tip, their bases dotted
with black. Segments coarsely 3-annulated with nine large (.35 mm.)
setiferous tubercles in an approximate square, the lower posterior one
moved inward ; another behind the spiracle ; these tubercles are black-

March 1897]

Dyar: Larvae of Saw-Flies.

19

ish or yellow, edged with black. Subventral ridges oblique, prominent,
pale, but margined with black and bearing many setae. Anal plate ob¬
scure, blackish. Between- the setae are numerous small black dots bear¬
ing still more minute setae. A row of four ventral setiferous black spots
on each segment anterior to the legs and six medio-ventral segmentary
round orange spots posterior to the feet on joints 6 to io. Forms a
reticular cocoon of yellow silk.

Macrophya bilineata MacGillivray.

Head whitish, eye black, a large black patch on vertex, neat, al¬
most pyriform. Body segments 7-annulated with minute black setae on
the second and fourth annulets. Body tapering a little posteriorly,
straight or curled spirally, feet on joints 6 to 13. Whitish, translucent,
not shining, appearing green from the food except subventrally ; a faint
black lateral shade bounding the apparently green area ; a single small
sooty black suranal spot. Tracheae distinct; thoracic feet clear with
brown tips. Width of head 1.8 mm.

Ultimate stage. — Annulate, slightly shining, all immaculate, waxy,
whitish emerald green. Head slightly testaceous, eye black, no marks.
Enters the ground.

Food-plants. — Viburnum op ulus and V. cassinoides.

Macrophya mixta MacGillivray.

Head reddish on vertex, eye black, no marks; width 1.8 mm.
Body waxy greenish, 7-annulate, no marks. Another example had a
dusky lateral shade defining the dorsal color which appears darker than
the subventral region on account of the food showing by transparency.
Ultimate stage like the preceding species.

Food-plant. — Viburnum opulus.

These two species of Macrophya occurred together and only one
example of each was bred. I suspect that they are not specifically
distinct.

Tenth redo remota MacGillivray.

Resembles T. cressoni, but less yellowish green, the skin being
colorless and only green from the food ; no subdorsal band of fat, at
most only a few scattered granules. Widths of head observed .6, .8,
1.4, 1.8, 2.2 mm.

The egg forms a regular elliptical swelling near the middle of a

leaf, 2 x 1.5 mm., under the lower epidermis, the saw-cut on the upper
side.

Larva. — Head large, prominent, with grooves before the vertices

20

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.v.

of the lobes; pale below, orange above, shining, eye black, no marks.
Joint 2 small, the body only slightly tapering; feet on joints 6 to 13.
Whitish translucent, not shining, food green the whole length, plainly
visible. Thorax scarcely enlarged ; segments finely and neatly 7-annu-
late, the incisures more distinct, slightly folded. Under a lens white
points are present on the second and fourth annulets. No marks;
thoracic feet colorless. Tracheal line not very distinct.

Ultimate stage. — Head shining whitish testaceous, eye black ; body
shining, pale clear honey yellow, rather whitish, somewhat opaque,

neatly annulate ; no marks.

Food-plant. — Yellow birch.

Taxonus dubitatus Norton.

Stage before last.— Head pale yellowish, a trace of brownish from
minute dottings ; a very small brown dot in apex of clypeus and behind
eye, eye in a black spot. Body sordid waxy, green from food, anal
end dark; segments 7-annulate, first and second annulets largest. No¬
marks except the small black spiracles, antennas, palpi, jaws and claws

of thoracic feet.

Last stage . — Head pale brownish, a big black patch behind the
eye. Body without marks except a large black subdorsal patch on joint
13 anterior to the anal flap; green from food, faintly yellowish, paler
subventrally. Others have more spots on the head.

Foad-plant. — O nocle a, sp. Occurred around New York City.

Taxonus albidopictus Norton.

Head shining pale brownish, a large triangular black patch on the
vertex connects with a like one on the clypeus ; another patch at its
apex on the black eye reaching back to the occiput ; these three patches
have diffuse edges and the vertical and lateral ones are connected by a
dark cloud; mouth brown; width 1.2 mm. Feet on joints 6 to 13;
segments 7-annulate, rather unequal, annulet 2 large; slightly shining,
smooth ; dorsum to spiracles dark green, under the lens obscurely longi¬
tudinally streaked and divided by the pale dorsal vessel, especially on
the thorax; on joint 13 a large round smoky black lateral patch; joint
2 anteriorly, subventral region and feet translucent whitish, thoracic
feet black marked; spiracles black, tracheal line white. Bored in
wood. Found on Onoclea sensibilis at Rouse’s Point, N. Y.

Mr. MacGillivray remarks “this differs from the description (of
Norton) in having more of black on the base of the abdomen and in
having the apex of the posterior femora whitish. Judging from Pro-

March 1897.

Dyar : Larvae of Saw-Flies.

21

vancher’s description it is undoubtedly albidopictus The larvae of
these two species of Taxonus cannot be certainly distinguished.

Harpiphorus tarsatus Say.

Eggs- — Laid under the lower epidermis, sawed through from
above; close to the midrib in a long line, the cuts united ; one edge of
the swelling is on the midrib or large vein, the other parallel to it but
wavy, composed of the numerous saw cuts; width i mm.; length 4 to
30 mm., according to the number of eggs laid; punctures .8 mm. apart.

Stage /. — Nearly colorless, head with a smoky tint especially in a
shade upward from the black eye ; width .5 mm.

Stage II. — Head brownish, a shade upward from the black eye;
width .6 mm. Body all subtranslucent white, no marks ; food green in
thorax, more yellowish posteriorly; segments finely annulate. Body
shape much as in the mature form ; length 4.5 mm.

Stage III. — Head dark blackish brown, eye black; width .8 mm.
Body without marks.

Stage IV. — Head brownish, a darker shade on the outer sides of the
lobes; width 1.0 mm. Body whitish, the food green, anal plate
brownish, feet colorless.

Stage V. — Head shining black ; width 1.2 mm. Joint 2 anteriorly,
subventral region and feet pale yellow ; dorsum sordid pale olivaceous
without marks, slightly shining ; annulations obscure ; anal plate dark.
Length 12 mm.

Stage VI. — Head shining black; width 1.6 mm. Joint 2 and
subventral region pale yellow ; dorsum with a blackish rectangle on each
segment on a whitish ground, the rest of the dorsum colored nearly like
the sides. Later the coloration is more like the next stage.

Stage VII. — Like the next stage, but the marks a little fainter ;
with of head 2 mm.

Stage VIII. — Head small in proportion, lower than joint 2, all black,
slightly shining, width 2.5 mm. Joint 2 anteriorly, subventral region,
venter and feet orange yellow; dorsum to spiracles olivaceous black,
annulet 2 in the middle and whole of annulet 4 to the subventral color
pale greenish gray, both interrupted by the olivaceous dorsal vessel.
Segments 6 -annulate, the second and fourth with minute setae. Anal
plate black, darker than the dorsal marks. Thoracic feet spreading,
pale yellow, not very large ; abdominal feet all well developed. Body
large at joint 2, gradually tapering posteriorly, rapidly at the end of
joint 13. Length about 25 mm., width 4 mm. The pale dorsal bands

22

[Vol. V_

Journal New York Entomological Society.

*

contain fat granules. In some examples they are broad and the dark
markings diffuse and pale. No bloom or white down.

Stage IX. _ (Ultimate.) Exactly as in the last stage except that the

dorsal pale annulets are light blue instead of greenish gray, the black is
bluish rather than olivaceous and the skin is very slightly more shiny.
Head 2.5 mm. The larvae bore in wood to pupate.

Food- plant _ Dogwood ( Cornus alter nif olid).

Harpiphorus varianus Norton.

Described by me (Can. Ent., xxvii, 196) as H. tarsatus. The
flies of these two species are occasionally alike in color, as Mr. Harring¬
ton indicates, but Mr. MacGillivray has separated them by the structure
of the female saw-guide and saw. The larvae are abundantly distinct.

Harpiphorus versicolor Norton.

Eggs. _ About three laid side by side under the lower epidermis

from above ; a short row nearly parallel to a side vein ; 1.5 X *6 mrn-»
swelling the leaf; faintly yellowish with a green cential area.

Stage /. — Head pale brown, eye black; width .33 mm. Body
curled, whitish, rather opaque, without bloom. Food green in the
slightly enlarged thorax.

Stage //.—Head pale brownish, darker over the vertex ; width .5
mm. Body annulate, colorless or greenish from food, mealy white.

Stage III. _ Head black, mealy only in a band across between the

eyes ; width .8 mm. Body yellow, well covered with the white mealy

secretion.

Stage IV. — The same. Width of head 1.1 mm.

Stage V.— Width of head 1.5 mm.

Stage VI— Head black, slightly mealy except the eye and mouth ;
width 2. 1 mm. Body coarsely 6-annulate, mealy or short woolly to and
including the subventral folds ; no marks whatever ; feet on joints 6 to
13. Thorax slightly enlarged.

Differs at once from H. varianus , in being without the black anal
plate.

Stage VII. — (Ultimate.) Head black, yellow below the eyes, no

bloom; width 1.5 or 2.1 mm. Body shining, the subventral folds and venter

ocher yellow, dorsum blue gray, marked with leaden black on annulets ir

3, 5 and 6 subdorsally and on all the annulets laterally, leaving a dor¬
sal and a subdorsal line of the ground color connected on annulets 2 and

4. The lower end of this dorsal color is incised before the spiracle by
the upper yellow subventral fold. Feet all pale ; bores in wood. Found
on Cornus at Greenwood Lake, N. J.

March 1897.]

Dyar: Larwe of Saw-Flies.

23

The following species have been named by Mr. C. L. Marlatt :

Schizocerus prunivorus Marlatt.

Egg. — In a pyriform slit under the lower epidermis at the middle
of one edge of the leaf ; laid singly. The larva hatches and eats a curi¬
ous winding slit down into the leaf ; later this reaches the edge.

Stage I. — Head pale greenish testaceous, eye black ; width .4 mm.
Body segments well marked, the incisures more perpendicular in front
than behind, faintly 3-annulate. Translucent with a greenish tint; ali¬
mentary canal visible. Thoracic feet large, colorless with black shades
at their bases; abdominal ones very small on joints, 6 to 1 1 and 13,
colorless; joint 13 slightly bulging, with very small anal prongs.

Stage II. — The same ; head green, width .6 mm.

Stage III. — Head .75 mm. All leaf green, blackish shades at the
bases of the abdominal feet, eye black, mouth brown. Large suranal
prongs green and a smaller more approximate subanal pair. Joint 13
a little enlarged. On joints 5 to 13 a series of small, colorless, eversible
lateral glands. Abdominal feet rudimentary.

Stage IV. — Head 1.T5 mm. All leaf green, a little brownish at
the vertex, eye black. Body leaf green, shining, 3-annulate, food
darker. Thoracic feet clear with a blackish cloud at base ; abdominal
ones rudimentary. Six anal prongs ; a small pair at end of plate, a large
lateral pair, reddish tinted and the small subanal pair. Lateral glands sit¬
uated substigmatally, posterior. Subventral ridge distinct; tracheal
line fine.

Stage V. — Head pale green, thickly brown dotted, eye black; width
1.4 mm. Body green, faintly 3-annulate, slightly blotched with yel¬
lowish subventrally ; a black subventral shade on the thorax in spots at
the bases of the feet which are green, clearer at tip. Subventral ridge
fluted, glands small ; the four suranal prongs brownish, subanal pair
green. Tracheal line distinct ; spiracles dark ; no marks. Cocoon in
the ground, reticular, of yellow silk.

Found on Primus pennsylvanica and Amelanchier canadensis at
Jefferson Highlands, N. H., and on Primus serotina at Bellport, Long
Island, N. Y.

Camponiscus americana Marlatt.

Head pale brown, shining, eye black ; width 1.5 mm. Thorax en¬
larged, the feet spreading, pale; abdominal ones on joints 6 to 11 and
13. Segments indistinctly annulate, incisures well marked, folded.
Whitish, not shining, the food makes the dorsum to spiracks green, the

24

[ Vol. V.

Journal New York. Entomological Society.

posterior end of alimentary canal forms a blackish shade which looks
like a mark at first glance. Thorax higher than head. Sits flat on the
venter, usually curled spirally when at rest. Five stages were observed,

but not consecutively.

Found on the poplar at Plattsburgh, N. Y., and at Jefferson High-
lands, N. H.

Pontania populi Marlatt.

This is evidently what Mr. Marlatt had in mind when he said of
the habits of the larva; of Pontania , “ at least one America species de¬
velops in the rolled or folded edge of the leaf.”* The present species
forms at first a small gall, but soon the leaf rolls over, gall and all, form¬
ing two or three turns and the larva lives in the tube so formed, without
spinning any sort of web.

There are probably five larval stages. The larva remains in the
gall up to as late as the fourth stage, but is usually out to feed in the
third. It may be in the rolled part permanently in stage IV.

Gall.— A low irregular swelling on the upper side of the leaf, the
nearest veins enlarged and tending to curve backward, rolling the leaf
with the back side inward. Under side of gall thin, flat or irregularly
rugose ; above scarcely much thickened but folded up. Green or yel¬
lowish, an ill-defined swelling about 5 mm. in diameter, concealed in

the rolled leaf.

Stage II. _ (In gall.) Head pale brown, paler over the clypeus ;

body shining whitish; width of head .36 mm.

Stage III. — Head pale brown above clypeus; width .55 mm.
Body annulate, shining, no marks ; anal prongs dark.

Stage IV. _ Plead very pale brown ; width .7 mm. Body colorless.

Stage V— (In leaf.) Head all pale brown ; width 1.0 mm. Body
segments 3-annulate, whitish, scarcely shining, food green ; two dusky
brown corneous patches precede the dark tipped anal prongs.

The larvae never eat the whole leaf, but the parenchyma only, even
in the last stage. They spin small brown cocoons.

Found on Populus grandidentata at Fort Lee, N. J. There is
more than one brood in the season, the larvae infesting the successive
leaves of young shoots.

Pontania terminalis Marlatt.

Allied to the preceding. Egg deposited under the lower epidermis
forming a small gall-like swelling ol the type of P. populi, but less pro-

* U. S. Dept. Agriculture, technical series, No. 3, 1896, p. 8.

March 1897.]

Dyar: Larwe of Saw-Flies.

25

nounced. A green elevation of the upper surface ; below a thin skin,
not swollen, but slightly yellowish ; the leaf rolls over tightly in a close
coil to two whole turns, finally as far as the midrib, from one half to the
whole of one side of the leaf being involved. The little larva lives in
the gall, but soon comes out of it and rests in the rolled part.

Stage II. — Head pale brownish, the eye black; width .3 mm.
Body all whitish, food forming a narrow green line ; slightly shining,
annulated, thoracic feet of good size.

Stage III. — Head and anal flap shining black ; width .4 mm.
Body whitish, slightly shining, annulate.

Stage IV. — Head shining black; width .55 mm. Body shining,
no distinct setae, irregularly 4- to 5*annulate; feet on joints 6 to 11
and 13. Body whitish, slightly opaque, food green; the whole of anal
flap black ; anal prongs short, black.

Stage V. — Head pale in the sutures, a large black patch on each
lobe and one in the clypeus; width .8 mm. Body 3-annulate, smooth,
not shining, whitish with a slight yellow-green tint, food green ; anal
end concolorous, no patch at all, though the frass gives a dusky shade.
Prongs very short, brown tipped. The larvae eat the parenchyma only,
as in the preceding species.

Found on willow at Van Cortlandt Park, New York City.

Pteronus dyari Marlatt.

I supposed this species to have been bred from the same larvae
which produced Amauronematus luteotergum (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,
xxii, 304), but Mr. Marlatt finds the flies distinct. Further observa¬
tions are needed.

Pteronus hyalin us Marlatt.

I have described the larvae as Nematus lateralis (Trans. Am. Ent.
Soc., xxii, 307).

Pteronus lombard ae Marlatt.

Larvae indistinguishable from those of P. ventralis , feeding on pop¬
lar instead of willow (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxii, 305 ).

Pteronus populi Marlatt.

Indistinguishable from P. hudsonii Dyar in coloration in the last
stage.

Egg. — In a cluster of saw cuts close together, but irregular, under
the lower epidermis at the apex of a leaf.

Stage I. — Head .6 mm. Larvae all blackish. Gregarious, eating
holes in the leaf.

2G Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Stage II. — Head, calculated, .75 mm. All blackish.

Stage III — Head 1.2 mm., shining black. Body black, immacu¬
late at first; later, in some, faint yellow lateral spots as in P. ventralis.

Stage IV. — Head black, width 1.6 mm. Body greenish, tubercles
and streaks on the annulets slaty black, not entirely confluent, leaving
some of the green ground color especially dorsally and laterally ; orange
spots distinct; feet colorless.

The males spin at the end of this stage, or at least with this colora¬
tion and width of head.

Stage V. — Head 2.2 mm. Coloration as described for P. hudsonii
(see Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xxii, 306). Anal prongs short, black tip¬
ped.

Found on Populus grandidentata at Jefferson Highlands, N. H.
Apparently the same larva also on willow at Greenwood Lake, N. J.,
and received from Mrs. Slosson from Franconia, N. H. There is more
than one brood in the year.

Pteronus ostryae Marlatt.

Head 1.6 mm, pale testaceous, a black patch at the vertex, eye
black. Body all green, tar brown on the folds, annulate, not shining,
no marks, no setae.

This larva fell to the ground while I was examining a hop hornbean
tree. It was ready to spin and I have not observed it feeding or in the
appropriate coloration.

Amauronematus oregonensis Marlatt.

Whitish green, pilose, solitary on woolly willow at Keene Valley,
N. Y., and Jefferson Highlands, N. H. It has just the appearance of
the back of the leaf.

Whitish green, a white addorsal and stigmatal line, produced by
the edges of the dorsal vessel and the tracheal line, supplemented by a
few white granules under the skin laterally. Segments 3-annulate,
with concolorous warts on each annulet, bearing short white pile.
Feet on joints 6 to 11 and 13. Thoracic feet colorless outwardly,
greenish at base. Head same color as body, eye and mouth black ;.
width 1.2 to 1.4 mm.

Ultimate Stage. — Head shaded with pale blackish, eye black;
width as before. Body greenish paraffin color, shaded with black on
the three annulets except for a central subdorsal space on each, in a
narrow dorsal line and in stigmatal spots, and spots on the subventral
folds. No setae, the dark spots representing the warts. Feet colorless.

March 1897.]

Dyar : Larwe of Saw-Flies.

27

Both now and in the previous stage (except for the hairs) very like the
following species.

This or the following larva is described by Dr. Packard in the 5th
Report, U. S. Entomological Commission as “unknown saw fly larva"
on page 589, number 72 of willow insects.

Amauronematus similis Marlatt .

Straight, solitary on woolly willow at Plattsburgh and Keene
Valley, N. Y., and Jefferson Highlands, N. H.

Abdominal feet on joints 6 to 1 1, very slight on 13. Head whitish,
a little mottled with green, not shining ; width 1.4 mm., eye and mouth
black. Body a little flattened, subventral region rather prominent, the
posterior segments slightly tapering. Color soft leaf-green, not yellow¬
ish, not shining ; a distinct white subdorsal line, the pair approaching
and nearly touching on joint 13 ; the line sends down a mottled white
streak on all the annulets as far as the tracheal line, sometimes separated,
forming a lateral line of streaks, A few obscure white dots ventrally.
The white bands and streaks are composed of white granules below the
skin. Feet pale, thoracic ones clear. Segments not very distinctly
6-annulate, no tubercles; spiracles minute, brown.

The larvae feed resting on the edge of the leaf. In some examples
there are small black dots on the thorax and subventrally on the ab¬
domen.

Ultimate Stage. — Slightly shining, light green, translucent like
ground glass, uniform. Segments 6-annulate, the second and third larger
than the others. Dorsal vessel a shade darker, its sides showing faintly
whitish ; tracheal line narrow, thread-like.

Later the larva is shaded with blackish on all the annulets and the
top of the head; bores in soft or decayed wood to pupate.

Amauronematus dyari Marlatt.

Larvae described by me (Can. Ent., xxvi, 187) as Nematus mono-
chroma; later determined by Mr. Marlatt as N. brunneus (Can. Ent.,
xxvii, 342). The final decision makes it a new species.

Amauronematus azaliae Marlatt.

Solitary edge-eaters on Azalea; found at Jefferson, N. H., in June.
The larvae all disappear before the end of June, and there is only one
brood in the year.

Head a pale green, finely brown- dotted except a narrow space bor¬
dering the brown clypeus ; eye black; width 1.2 mm. Segments irre-

28 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

gularly and faintly 5 -annulate ; shining green, the dorsal vessel dark,
the tracheal line evident ; no marks except little dusky rings subven-
trally defining the obsolate tubercles, which can also just be distin¬
guished dorsally with a lens, though perfectly concolorous. Anal
prongs very short, remote, obscurely black-tipped. Setae very fine and
short. Thoracic feet clear with brown claws.

The larvae became streaked with dusky blackish on the annulets,
bringing out the tubercles more distinctly and entered the ground to
spin.

Hemichroa laricis Marlatt.

Head pale brown, dotted, eye black ; a pale arcuate line over the
clypeus: width 1.4 mm. Body segments 5-annulate, the last two annu¬
lets folded; feet on joints 6 to n and 13. Body green, shaded with
opaque pale green pigment subdorsally and broadly stigmatally, leaving
more translucent dorsal and lateral straight lines and small irregular
areas among the subventral folds. The bright green fat granules com¬
posing the pigment are aggregated along the dorsal vessel, tracheal line
and subventrally. Feet concolorous, the thoracic clear with brown
claws. Tracheal line straight, white. The larvae are solitary and rest
on a needle of the food plant with the head toward the twig. They
are very difficult to distinguish in this position, since the brown head
harmonizes with the bark and the green-striped body with the leaves.
Found on the larch at Jefferson Highlands, N. H.

This larva is described by Dr. Packard in Fifth Report United
States Entomological Commission as “ Selandria (?) sp.,” on page 901,
number 26 of larch insects.

Pachynematus affinis Marlatt.

Feet on joints 6 to n, none on joint 13. Body segments 6-annu-
late, the last two annulets small and folded, whitish. Tubercles on the
second and fourth annulets. Head pale greenish with a bright testaceous
tint by transparency, eye black, jaws brown; width 1.8 mm. Body
pale green with a distinct, straight, rather broad white stigmatal line on
joints 5 to 12, lost posteriorly in a whitish shade which covers joints 12
and 13; the edges of the dorsal vessel form a distinct white geminate
line on joints 3 to 11, pulsating, lost in the white tint posteriorly. A
blackish green subdorsal band on thorax, also on the abdomen, but of
varying distinctness. Tubercles small, concolorous and obscure, setae
rudimentary, dark, situated in two transverse rows, on the second and
fourth annulets, and thickly on the subventral folds. Abdominal feet
green ; thoracic clear with brown tips.

March 1897.]

Dyar : Larvae of Saw-Flies.

20

Swept from grass at Jefferson, N. H.; also on grass by Mr. L. H.
Joutel at Greenwood Lake, N. J.

Pachynematus pubescens Marlatt.

Head round, shining, testaceous, eye black; width 1.3 mm. Body
pale pinkish brown, a broad addorsal and stigmatal white band. The
former borders the dorsal vessel and the pair are separated by the dark
blood ; the latter is edged above by a blackish shade. All the lines
run from joint 2, but are lost on joint 13, the frass showing as a dark
shade. Body slightly shining; segments indistinctly 5 -annulate ; feet
concolorous.

Found on Carex near the summit of Mt. Washington by Mrs.
Zella Dyar.

Pachynematus gregarious Marlatt .

Eggs . — Laid in an irregular group of slits under the lower epi¬
dermis toward the center of a leaf. The slits are close together and
after the larvae emerge remain as irregularly placed, lunate, hollow
ridges, elliptical when fresh; 1 x.5 mm.

Stage I. — Head blackish brown; width .35 mm. Body colorless.

Stage II. — Head pale with a black shade across the clypeus and on
each side nearly to the vertex. Body shining, colorless; the lateral
outline fluted, food green; sides of thorax bulging; tail often elevated.
Thoracic feet dusky and the sides of the thorax dusky spotted.

Stage III. — Head .5 mm. Much as in the next stages, but the
black parts brownish and shaded.

Stage IV. — Head .8 mm. As in the next stage, but the black more
diffuse. The black marks on the body are small, but the elevations are
present. Thorax enlarged, fluted.

Stage V. — Head 1.0 mm., rounded, tinted with pale testaceous,
almost colorless except for a broad deep black band which runs trans¬
versely across the clypeus over the eyes and turns up posteriorly to the
vertex, becoming smoky; mouth brown. Feet on joints 6 to 11, none
on joint 12 and scarcely a trace on joint 13, yet the larvae sit flat on the
venter on the surface of the leaf. Thorax a little enlarged ; abdomen
slightly tapering, smallest posteriorly. Segments obscurely 4-annulate,
the first annulet broad ; pale, whitish, tinged with yellow, translucent,
the alimentary canal showing green. On the abdomen on joints 5 to 11
a row of large round elevated black patches stigmatally and another
above the bases of the feet, a little anterior to the middle of the seg¬
ments. On joint 12 the spots are smaller, absent on joint 13. On
thorax a small lateral spot and a large one above the base of each leg.

30 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Body shining ; tracheae evident where not obscured by the large spots.
Thoracic feet marked with brown ; abdominal ones short, colorless.
There are six colorless, eversible, ventral glands on joints 6 to n.

Stage VI. _ (Ultimate.) Head pale, the marks duskily clouded ; a

patch over eye and streak on vertex. Body whitish, the black marks
supplemented by a series of black streaks on the annulets, diffusely
spreading over the dorsum. The body is scarcely shiny and does not
appear sticky. Width of head .8 or i mm.

Found on the willow at Jefferson, N. H., and Englewood, N. J.

These larvae are gregarious, with all the appearances of slugs,
though they are really not sticky as they look, but only very shiny.
The number of feet and the ventral glands shows them to belong to the
Nematinae, although from general appearance one would suppose them
to be some species of Eriocampa or Monostegia .

I was much surprised that the flies should belong to Pachy item a tu s .
The other larvae of this genus are solitary grass feeders, whereas a larva very
similar to this species is described as that of a species of Pnstiphora *

- « - -

TENACITY OF LIFE IN ADULTS OF CRYPTORHYN-

CHUS LAPATHI.

By F. M. Webster.

On August 24th, by invitation of Mr. Ottomar Reinecke, I visited
the locality near Buffalo, N. Y., locally known as Beer Creek, where
my friend had only a short time before discovered this species. We
arrived on the ground about 3 p. m., leaving about 5 p. m., and dur¬
ing that time I was fortunate enough to capture eighteen specimens.
These were placed in a small collecting bottle, heavily charged with
cyanide of potassium, and had been prepared only a few days before.
I had put in so much of the cyanide of potassium that it soon dis¬
colored the plaster parts in which it was embedded and collected so
much moisture that my battle was hardly fit for use. The specimens
were placed in this bottle as collected, and remained therein until after
11:30 p. m., or from six to seven hours, when they were removed and
placed in a small tight tin box. The following morning they were ex¬
amined, but gave no signs of life. On returning home and opening
the box, on August 29th, not only were nearly all alive, but several
were found in copulation !

* P. murtfeldtice Marlatt. “ A smooth greenish slug with black head, feeding
on black willow.” Tech. ser. 3, U. S. Dept. Agr., p. 117.

March 1897.]

Grote: On Noropsis Elegans.

31

THE CORRECT TITLE: NOROPSIS ELEGANS Hubn.

By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.

There are few species of moths, the Latin name of which has been
given so variously as the very pretty insect which 1 venture to believe
should be known in the future as Noropsis elegans Hiibner sp. It is
found commonly in the West Indies and in Mexico, but within the po¬
litical boundaries of the United States is only hitherto reported from
Texas, so far as I am aware. Not improbably it may be found in Flo¬
rida and, like the “ Spanish Moth,” Xanthopastis timais, it may be
found at points further north upon the Atlantic coast line.

And first as to the specific title. The moth is first figured by
Cramer under the name Phalcena hier o glyphic a ; but at that date accord¬
ing to Guenee and the posthumous work of Moeschler upon the lepidop-
terous fauna of Porto Rico, p. 149, there was already a Phalcena hiero-
glyphica of Drury, a different species. The rule is : once a synonym,
always a synonym, and at that time no second species of Phalcena ,
bearing the name of hieroglyphica , was permissable. It was then de¬
scribed as Bombyx f estiva by Fabricius, Syst. Ent. 579, according to
these same authorities. I find Bombyx f estiva in Fabricius’ Mantissa,
II, 127, No. 157? 1 7^ 7, which has no locality and is very briefly diag¬
nosed as : B . alis deflexis flavescentibus bast coeruleo maculatis apice
nigro punctatis and which is probably this species. But the same or a
similar objection meets us with regard to the name f estiva. There was
already, according to Guenee and Moeschler, a Bombyx f estiva of Huf-
nagel. The next name is Diphthera elegans of Hiibner. Guenee ob¬
jects to this name also, because there was another noctid called elegans ,
and this objection is sustained apparently by Moeschler. But there was
no Diphthera of that name at the time (1810). It is well known that
Guenee objected to the recurrence of specific names in the same lepidop-
terous family as liable to cause confusion. The genera being then im¬
perfectly limited and the structural features not well understood, there
can be no doubt that the evil of duplication was strongly felt. Yet
there is no rule of nomenclature which would cover such change. It is
now generally recognized in Europe, that a change, made in the same
work by an author in a specific title proposed by himself, should be ad¬
mitted. If admitted, then there is no limitation as to the name to be
changed and, in the case of the changes of his own names, proposed by

32 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Guenee in the 3d vol. of the Spec. Gen., it makes no difference, there¬
fore, whether the change is made by him in the first or second use of
the name. It must be followed and Guenee’s request be granted, be¬
cause the question of priority does not come into play. We have no
right to change the second use of the name, when Guenee asks us to
change the first. And there is no doubt that the use twice over of the
same name in nearly allied genera is productive of confusion. In my
own case I was led to propose to take “ me titans ” as the type of Apatnea ,
because Ochsenheimer had a species of this name in the genus which I
wrongly took to be the common Gortyna nictitans L. sp., whereas it is
a species or variety referable to the genus Oligia. But we have no right
to change the specific names of other writers on this account and I
think that the fourth name for our species, fastuosa of Guenee, must be
referred to the synonymy. As there has been a neglect of the “Man¬
tissa” of Fabricius, it may be well to include this citation in the syno¬
nymy of the species.

We have now arrived at what seems to be the correct name for the
species, viz : elegans Hiibn. But a difficulty meets us as to the generic
title also. The generic title Euglyphia , from the Verzeichniss, is pre¬
occupied by Hiibner himself, with the exception of a single letter, in the
name Euglyphis. What is evidently the same name, even when dis¬
tinguished by the change or addition of a single letter, cannot be again
admitted. Here the question is quite clear from the almost identity of
the terms. We cannot admit Euglyphis and Euglyphia , any more than
we can admit Oenosandra and Oenosanda. The similarity would in¬
evitably create that confusion which the rule was intended to obviate.
The reason given by Herrich-Schseffer, Schm. Cuba, III, 8, for retain¬
ing Euglyphia, that the prior Euglyphis was “probably” not a valid
genus, has no bearing on the case. The nomenclator is not called
upon to judge of the validity of biological groups. Guenee proposed
the generic title Noropsis for our species, while Herrich-Schseffer ob¬
jects (/. cl) that this term is too near Nor ops, already used in zoology.
If it were so, it would be a reason for a new term, and it is a delicate
question, since the derivation is identical. But I am inclined to believe
that the two are sufficiently distinct and that we may rest content in the
title Noropsis elegans Hiibn. sp., for the pretty moth and let it go at

that.

March 1897.]

Banks: On Two New Smynthurids.

33

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SMYNTHURIDS.

By Nathan Banks.

We hardly expect to find in the tiny, soft-bodied spring -tails the
curious peculiarities that often excite our wonder in the higher groups.
The differences between species too often lie in uninteresting details.
Sometimes the pattern of markings or the covering of scales attract our
attention, but for the most part there is much similarity in appearance.
In Florida the writer collected a Smynthurid distinguished from all
known species by possessing a distinct median spine on the body; it has
been described by Mr. Mac Gillivray as Smynthurus floridanus.

Some years ago while collecting on Long Island I found a species
of Smynthurus with clavate hairs on its back ; the specimen was in some
way lost, but this year I have rediscovered it. Beside the clavate hairs,
which separate it from all other species, this form is also peculiar in
having between the eyes two tubercles. The other species which I de¬
scribe below was swept from weeds on the top of the highest hill on Long
Island ; it is peculiar in having at the tip of the body horn-like tubercles.
This form I have named in honor of that distinguished authority on our
Thysanura, Mr. Mac Gillivray.

Smynthurus clavatus, sp. nov.

Length 1.2 mm. Head yellowish, with some irregular reddish spots and a
median stripe between antennae and eyes ; antennae yellowish, darker at the tips ;
abdomen rich brownish, rather purplish on the sides, anal tubercle yellowish ; leg s
pale, mottled with brownish, furcula paler, but dentes somewhat purplish. (I have
seen specimens darker throughout.) Head quite broad, with two conical elevations
between the eyes, and a few small tubercles bearing short stiff hairs, simple hairs in
front ; antennae very short, first joint no longer than broad, second twice as long, third
as long as first and second together, fourth about as long as the third, consisting of
two parts, the basal the longer, the apical part tapering, only a few scattered short
simple hairs on the antennae; dorsum of abdomen with scattered large clavate hairs,
simple short spike-like bristles on the anal tubercle ; legs short, with one claw and
a tenant hair at tip (apparently), clothed with stiff short hairs ; furcula short, dentes
about as long as the diameter of the anal tubercle, curved and with a few simple hairs
below (when in place), mucrones one-third the length of the dentes, rather stubby,
with minute teeth along the lower edge.

One specimen under loose bark of a decayed log in a swamp, Oc¬
tober, Sea Cliff, N. Y.; two others (darker in color) escaped me.
Easily distinguished by the short antennae, tubercles between eyes, and
clavate hairs on dorsum.

34

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

Smynthurus macgillivrayii, sp. nov.

Length 9 mm. Pale yellowish, whitish below, a black stripe each side start.
ing from the eye and running back to the base of the anal tubercle, on the abdomen
it is very much maculose, broader, and connected to the one on the opposite
side ; legs and furcula pale hyaline. Body clothed with short fine simple scattered
hairs, those on the abdomen recurved. Antennae rather long and slender, the first
joint’no longer than broad, the second twice as long, the third as long as both
together, the fourth twice as long as the third, indistinctly subdivided into eight or
nine joints, the basal one the longer; legs of moderate length, slender, apparently
but one claw and a tenent hair at tip; at the tip of the abdomen near the base of the
anal tubercle there is on each side a distinct conical apparently corneus horn or
tubercle, seen from above they project somewhat outward; furcula of moderate
length, the dentes longer than the d,ameter of the anal tubercle, with some fine hairs
below, the mucrones remarkably short and weak, about one-fourth as long as the
dentes and very much smaller in diameter, minutely serrate below.

Several specimens swept from weeds on Harbor Hill, L. I., N. Y.,
in May. Readily recognized by the pattern, and the tubercles at tip

of the abdomen.

- - ♦ - -

NOTE ON MEL1TTIA SATYR1NIFORMIS miner.

By Wm. Beutenmuller.

Melittia satyriniformis HObner, Zutrage Exot. Schmett. 1825, III, p. *76>
AC7 4.C4 ; Boisduval, Suites a Buffon, Nat. Hist. Lepid. 1874, p. 471

Algeria cucurbitce Harris, New England Farmer, Vol. VII, 1828, p. 33 5 Am

Journ. Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXXVI, 1839, P- 3'°! Ins- Ini' VeSet- 's' Ed’ 1841
p. 232; 1. c. 2d Ed. .852, p. 253; 1. c. 3d Ed. .862, p. 33l 1 I- c. 4* Ed. .863, p
330: DOUBI.EDAY, Harris’ Corresp. 1869, p. 161 ; Scudder. Hams Corresp. pp
360, 385; Riley, 2d Rep. Nox. Ins. Mo. 1870, p. 64; Reed, Rep- Ent. Soc. On
tario, 1871, pp. 99-9°; Thomas (1st Rep.), 6th Rep. Nox. Ins. Ill. 1S7S, p. 41.
Martin, (Thomas’ 5th) 10th Rep. Nox. Ins. Ill. 1881, p. 107 ; Saunders, Ins. lnj.

Fruit, 1883, p. 361.

Trochilium ceto Westwood, Cab. Orient. Ent. 1848, pi. 30, fig. 6.

Melittia ceto Walker, Cat. Lepid. Het. B. M. pt. VIII, 1856, p. 66 ; Morris,

Svnop. Lepid. N. Am. 1862, p. 335 5 Grote’ Check Llst of Molhs’ *f82’ Yv
Hv Edwards, Ent. Amer. Vol. Ill, 1888, p. 223; Beutenmuller, Ann. N.V.

Acad. Sciences, .890, p. 20 ; Smith, Cat. Ins. N. J. 1890, p. 228; ^

N. J. 1891, p. 385; 1. c. 1893, p. 503; Econom. Ent. 1896, p. 259. Rellico ,
Can. Ent. Vol. XXIV, 1892, p. 43 and 209 ; Insect Life, Vol. V, 1892 p. 82.

Melittia cucurbitce Walker*, Cat. Lepid. Het. B. M. p. > 1 5 » P‘

(as var.? ceto); Packard, Guide Study of Insects, 1869, p. 279 (and other editions);
Boisduval, Suites a Buffon, Nat. Hist. Lepid. 1874, P- 469; Cook, 13th Rep. bt.
Bd. Agricul. Mich. 1875, p. 116; Coleman, Papilio, Vol. II, 1882,^50; Hulst,

* Walker places cucurbitce as a var.? of ceto.

March 1897.] Beutenmuller : On Melittia Satyriniformis. 35

Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Vol. VI, 1883, P- Lintner, Country Gentleman, Vol.
XLIX, 1884, pp. 477, 487 and 517; 2d Rep. Nox. Ins. N. Y. 1885, pp. 57-68;
Smith, Insect Life, Vol. IV, 1891, p. 30; Beutenmuller, Bull. Am. Nat. Hist.
Vol. VIII, 1896, p. 1 1 3.

Trochilium cucurbitce Morris, Synop. Lepid. N. Am. 1862, p. 139.

Nigeria ( Melittia ) cucurbitce Packard, 9th Rep. U. S. Geol. Geograph. Sur¬
vey (Hayden), 1877, p. 769; French (in Thomas’ 2d Rep.), 7th Rep. Nox. Ins.
Ill. 1878, p. 173;

Melittia amcena Hy Edwards, Papilio, Vol. II, 1882, p. 53; Beutenmuller,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 1896, p. 113.

In my paper entitled, “Critical Review of the Sesiidse, found in
America, north of Mexico,” page 113 (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. VIII.) I made the following statements regarding our common
quash-borer Melittia cucurbitce. “This well-known species was de¬
scribed by Harris as Algeria cucurbitce , and later by Westwood as
Trochilium ceto; consequently the former name must be used. Double¬
day (Harris corresp., 1869, p. 161) states that Ageria cucurbitce is
Melittia satyriniformis Hiibner, and, if so, this latter name would have
precedence. Mr. Samuel Henshaw kindly examined for me Hlibner’s
work (Zutrage Exot. Schmett., 1825), in the library of Harvard Univer¬
sity, and writes me as follows: “The figure of Melittia satyriniformis
differs from all cucurbitce that I have seen in coloration ; the abdomen
is dark blue-black with light blue margins to lack segment and without
a trace of the orange so conspicuous in cucurbitce .” In view of this
fact I thought it best to retain Harris’ name until more light could be
obtained on the subject. Since then Prof. John B. Smith was kind
enough to examine for me Hiibner’s Zutrage in the library of the Acad¬
emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and he writes me as follows :
“The insect which Hiibner figures as satyriniformis is without any
sort of question the moth of our common squash-borer. In this copy
the coloring is good and represents our insect in a male specimen.
The description is more full than usual and calls attention to several
little details that correspond perfectly with our insect, and I have no
doubt that Hiibner’s figure refers to our species.”

It seems to me quite evident that the plates of different copies of
Hiibner’s works are differently colored and misleading. I have no
doubt as to Prof. John B. Smith’s conclusions regarding the identifica¬
tion of satyriniformis , and I would propose that hereafter M. cucurbitce
be called M. satyriniformis. The type of M. amcena was kindly sent
to me for examination by Prof. Snow, and it is absolutely the same as
satyriniformis , there being no differences whatever between the two.

36

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE COLEOPTERA
OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.

By William Beutenmuller.

(Continued from Vol. IV, p. 49.)

The following description of the species of Tachys , may be of ser¬
vice to those desiring to identify their species. Ihe genus needs revi-
sion and a comparison of the types of the species must be made before
any synopsis can be prepared.

T. proximus Say. — Head and thorax piceous; antennae rufous,
thorax transversely subquadrate, slightly contracted behind ; posterior
angles rectangular ; dorsal line distinct, basal ones indented ; elytra
testaceous with a black spot on the middle hardly attaining the mar- i
gin, scutellar region dusky; striae very obtuse, obsolete, wanting at
sides and apex, impunctured, intervals convex; underside piceous,

paler at tip ; feet testaceous. Length 2.5 mm.

Habitat: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio.

T. scitulus Lee.— Flavo-testaceous, glossy; head dark brown,
front black; thorax convex, rounded at sides, retracted behind, hind
angles obtuse, not rounded ; margin behind the middle reflexed ; elytra
broader than the thorax, elongate, somewhat convex ; flavo-testaceous
with a dark brown fascia behind the middle ; sutural stria entire, re¬
curved behind ; second stria abbreviated ; remaining striae almost ob¬
solete; fourth interval with a large piliferous puncture before the mid¬
dle and one near the apex ; marginal stria much abbreviated anteriorl) ;
underside rufo-piceous; legs testaceous. Length, 2.5 mm.

Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio.

T. pumilus Dej. — Rufo-testaceous ; thorax subquadrate, hind
angles sub-acute ; elytra oblong-oval, shining bluish behind ; first and
second striae distinct, external striae obsolete, with impressed punctures ;
underside blackish brown ; legs testaceous. Length, 2 mm.

Habitat : Illinois, Florida.

T. corruscus Lee. — Piceous, with a bluish reflection, shining;
thorax broader than long, sides rounded, slightly retracted behind, base
at each side obliquely truncate; hind angles strongly obtuse,, disc
slightly convex ; elytra much broader than the thorax, elongate, slightly
narrower anteriorly, subconvex, with two piliferous punctures ; sutural
stria deep, entire, almost touching the base and strongly recurved be-

March 1897.] BEUTENMULLER : COLEOPTERA N. E. AMERICA.

37

hind ; remaining striae obsolete ; marginal stria abbreviated anteriorly,
with four punctures at the humeri ; legs testaceous. Length, 2.25 mm.

Habitat : New York and westward to the Rocky Mountains.

T. ventricosus Lee. — Piceous, glossy ; head and thorax somewhat
rufous; thorax slightly convex, transverse, somewhat narrowed on each
side behind, hind angles obtuse, slightly prominent; elytra ovate,
broader than the thorax, bipunctate, sutural stria deep posteriorly, remain¬
ing striae obsolete; legs and antennae flavo-testaceous. Length, 2.5 mm.

Habitat : New York and southward.

T. laevis Say. — Piceous, body tinted with rufous; head rather
darker ; antennae paler at base ; palpi whitish ; thorax transversely sub¬
quadrate, hardly narrowed behind, lateral edge not excurved behind,
angles slightly obtuse, angular, basal edge nearly rectilinear, dorsal line
obsolete, basal ones wanting ; elytra not punctured and without striae,
except an obsolete sutural one; legs testaceous. Length, 1.5 mm.

Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio.

T. pallidus Chd. — Elongate, head and thorax reddish-testaceous,
elytra darker, tips paler ; legs palpi, and base of antennae pale testace¬
ous; thorax broader than long, sides rounded, feebly sinuate before the
hind angles which are acute, surface slightly convex; elytra slightly
wider than the thorax, sides feebly arcuate, sutural stria continuous,
other striae almost obsolete, near the inner basal angle is a small circu¬
lar wart-like elevation. ’ Length, 2.3 mm.

Habitat: New Jersey.

T. occultator Casey. — Reddish-tetaceous, head nearly black; legs
pale testaceous ; form robust; thorax with sides strongly rounded, feebly
sinuate behind ; posterior angle rectangular, prominent ; median line
feeble ; elytra distinctly wider than the thorax, sides feebly arcuate, su¬
tural stria strongly marked, arcuate without, then a feeble second
stria, and beyond traces of a third stria ; two minute punctures ; mar¬
ginal stria interrupted. Length, 2.8 mm.

Habitat : New Jersey (Cape May).

T. nanus Gyll. — Deep black, polished, antennae brown, base and
palpi and legs rufous ; thorax nearly as broad as the elytra, somewhat
narrowed and slightly sinuate behind ; angles rectangular, basal edge
rectilinear ; elytra with dorsal stria, outer striae obsolete, impunctured,
lateral stria wanting; feet piceous. Length, 2.25 mm.

Habitat : N. E. America. Usually found under bark of decaying
trees.

3g Journal New York Entomological Society. LVo1- v-

T. flavicauda Say. — Black, elytra from near the middle to the
tip pale yellowish; antennae, labrum and palpi pale rufous; thorax
transverse, quadrate, broadest in the middle, not contracted behind,
hind angles rectangular ; basal edge rectilinear ; elytra with striae lm-
punctured, wanting at the sides and tips, intervals convex; feet pale

rufous; venter piceous at the tip. Length, 1.5 mm.

Habitat : N. E. America. Common under bark of decaying trees.

T. senescens Lee. — Pale rufo-piceous, head dark brown, elong¬
ate ; antennae testaceous, apex fuscous; thorax transverse, quadrate,
sides slightly rounded, base on each side oblique, hind angles obtuse
and a little elevated, not rounded, disc convex; elytra flat, with bluish
reflection, broader than the thorax, sides almost parallel, slightly nar¬
rower anteriorly, apex truncately rounded, external striae obliterated,
punctured, with 5 or 6 striae moderately distinct, a little deeper behind,
and nearly touching the base ; lateral stria broadly interrupted ; under
side rufo-piceous ; feet pale testaceous. Length, 2.25 mm.

Habitat : Arkansas, Georgia.

T. tripunctatus Say. — Piceous, head and thorax darker; anten¬
nae light brown, paler at base ; palpi yellowish ; thorax with the dorsal
line distinct, terminating on the basal margin in an impressed puncture,
on each side of which is another rather smaller puncture, basal lines

much dilated and deeply undulating the posterior edge of the thorax;
elytra with about four rather obtuse striae, not extending to the tip
or base, lateral striae wanting, except a marginal one which is inter¬
rupted, on each side of scutel and on the humeri is an indention.

Length, 2.2 mm.

Habitat : New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.

T. vivax Lee.— Rufo-piceous, lateral margin of elytra rufo-testace-
ous, dilated at the apex and humeri, thorax transversely quadrate,
hind angles acute, base foveolate, sides strongly rounded before the
middle, straight behind the middle, disc moderately convex, longi¬
tudinal line fine, transverse anterior impression absent, posterior deep
with three large punctures at the middle; elytra broader than the
thorax, convex, sutural stria entire, third and fourth striae obliterated
behind; third stria with two punctures, marginal stria interrupted.

Legs testaceous. Length, 2.5 mm.

Habitat : New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and westward.

T. capax Lee.— Convex, shining black; antennae rufo-piceous,
legs rufo-testaceous ; thorax strongly rounded at the sides, slightly

March 1897.] BEUTENMULLER : COLEOPTERA N. E. AMERICA.

39

sinuate behind, angles rectangular and with a short carina, dor¬
sal line moderately distinct, before the base are three punctures and
at each side foveolate; elytra oblong-oval, a little broader than the
thorax, bipunctate, sutural stria, deep and entire, second obliterated at
apex, third less distinct and lateral stria obliterated. Length, 3.25 mm.

Habitat : New Jersey, District of Columbia and westward. Al¬
lied to T. tripunctatus and vivax, but is more convex than the first and
has the sides of the thorax much more rounded than the second.

T. xanthopus Dej .. — Blackish brown, shining, antennae at base
and legs testaceous ; thorax transversely subquadrate, foveolate on each
side posteriorly, angles rectangular ; elytra ovate, two impressed punc¬
tures, two dorsal striae distinct, external striae obsolete. Length, 1.75 mm.

Habitat : New York, New Jersey and westward.

T. ferrugineus Dej . — Rufo-piceous, elytra paler at the sides, an¬
tennae and legs testaceous ; thorax strongly rounded at the sides before
the middle, straight behind, disc subconvex, dorsal line fine, posterior
transverse impression deep with three large punctures at the middle ;
at the angle deeply impressed ; elytra convex, sutural stria deep and
entire, second stria abbreviated at each end, third slightly evident with
two punctures, marginal stria broadly interrupted. Length, 2.25 mm.

Habitat : Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Illinois,
Arkansas, Colorado.

T. incurvus Say. — Piceous, elytra with a honey yellow line from
the humeri to the apex, where it is a little dilated, antennae honey yel¬
low ; under side piceous; legs honey yellow; thorax a little con¬
tracted gradually to the base, dorsal line slight, basal transverse line
deep and wrinkled; elytra polished, with a deep sutural stria, second
stria obsolete and an interrupted stria on the lateral margin; a
dilated indentation each side of the scutel, and a smaller one on the
humerus. The dilated vitta on each side curves near its tip a little
towards the suture. Length, 2 mm.

Habitat : N. E. America. Common ; in the hills of the red ant.

T. nebulosus Chd. — Closely allied to T. incurvus, but is less con¬
vex, and the thorax is less distinctly rounded at the sides and less re¬
tracted behind the middle.

Habitat : Pennsylvania.

T. granarius Dej. — Pale rufo-piceous, shinning, antennse at base
and legs testaceous : thorax strongly rounded at sides, and retracted
behind the middle, hind angles strongly obtuse, not rounded, basal

40

[Vol. V.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

impression deep ; elytra convex, smooth, with two fine punctures, sutural
stria almost touching the base, marginal stria broadly interrupted.

Length, 2 mm. . ...

Habitat : Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois.

Resembles T. xanthopus but lacks the second sutural stria ; it is also
smaller and paler in color.

T. gemellus Casey. — Slender, convex, dark rufous, base of an¬
tennae and legs testaceous ; thorax broader than long, sides rounded ;
feebly sinuate before the hind angles, which are obtuse, median line
fine ; elytra scarcely wider than the thorax, sutural stria fine, with
traces of a second stria. Length, 2.4 mm.

Habitat: New Jersey (Cape May).

T. dolosus Lee. — Pale rufous, elongate, convex; thorax rather
flattened, quadrate, sides slightly rounded; posterior transverse impres¬
sions deep, finely punctate ; base deep, more marked at the angle ; elytra
broader than the thorax, elongate, smooth, distinctly bipun ctate ; su¬
tural stria almost touching the base, marginal stria interrupted. Length,

2.25 mm.

Habitat : Massachusetts, District of Columbia, Illinois, Missouri,
Arizona, Texas.

T. fuscicornis Chd. — Entirely reddish brown, with the last seven
joints of the antennae fuscous. Thorax of the form of grananus,
with the rounded sides directed obliquely towards the base; hind angles
a little prominent and acute ; transverse basal impressions less deep,
and has but one puncture at the middle. Elytra elongate, like those of
dolosus , but the sides are more rounded and above are more convex.
Length 2.5 mm.

[To be Continued.')

SOME SYRPHIDiE FROM LONG ISLAND.

By Nathan Banks.

The flies in the list given below were taken within a few miles of
Sea Cliff, L. I., N. Y. The island, or at least this portion, is not so
rich as the adjacent mainland in this group of insects. Specimens are
usually more rare here, and species common elsewhere are unknown, or
at least uncommon, here. Such, for example, is the case with the two
large species of Heliophilus, with Syrphus torvus , Mesograpta geminata,
and others. Along the shore we find two characteristic species.
Eristalis ceneus and Triodonta curvipes. Among the more interesting

March 1897.]

Banks: Syrphidje from Long Island.

41

species may be mentioned Baccha aurmota , Pterallastes thoracicus ,
Paragus tibialis and Neoascia globosa.

Paragus angustifrons Loew. One, September.

Paragus tibialis Fall. Several, July.

Chrysogaster nigripes Loew. A few, June.

Chrysogaster nitida VVied. Common, June, July.
Melanostomum obscurum Say. One, May.

Melanostomum mellinum Linn. A few, July.

Platychirus quadratus Say. A few, July.

Platychirus hyperboreus Stoeg. Two, July.

Syrphus arcuatus Fall. One, September.

Syrphus americanus Wied. Several, May, June.

Syrphus ribesii Linn. A few, July.

Xantogramma flavipes Loew. Several, July.

Allograpta obliqua Say. Common, July, August.

Mesograpta marginata Say. Several, July.

Sphaerophoria cylindrica Say. Common, July, August
Neoascia globosa Walk. One, May.

Sphegina lobata Loew. One, May.

Baccha lugens Loew. One.

Baccha fuscipennis Say. Common, July, August.

Baccha aurinota Walk. One, July.

Rhingia nascia Say. Common, July, August.

Volucella evecta Walk. Several, June, July.

Sericomyia chrysotoxoides Macq. One, October.

Eristal is tenax Linn. Common, April, July, Sept., October.
Eristalis aeneus Fabr. Common, April, July.

Eristalis dimidiatus Wied. Several, April, July.

Eristalis transversus Wied. Several, May, July.

Eristalis flavipes Walk. Two, August.

Heliophilus conostomus Will. Several, June.

Pterallastes thoracicus Loew. One, May.

Mallota pcsticata Fabr. Several, July.

Mallota cimbiciformis Fall. One.

Triodonta curvipes Wied. Common, July, September.
Tropidia quad rata Say. Several, May.

Cynorhina analis Macq. Several, June.

Somula decora Macq. One, June.

Syritta pipiens Linn. Common, June, July, August.

42

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

ANEW ALEURODES FOUND ON AQUILEGIA.

By T. D. A. Cockerell.

Aleurodes aureocincta, sp. nov.

g . Body about i mm. long, blackish, with some dull ochreous markings, a
conspicuous yellow spot in front of base of wings. The body is very white-mealy, so
as to appear grey. Legs yellowish grey, femora blackish, knees cream color. Hind
femora extending as far as tip of abdomen; forewings about twice as long as body.
Base of antenna very stout. Eyes completely divided. Wings snow white, with a
suffused dusky spot at end of nervure, most obvious on anterior wings. Forewings
with the main nervure apparently branched just as in Aleurodicus , but the seeming
upper branch is only a fold, as may be seen on examination by transmitted light un¬
der a compound microscope. Lower branch of main nervure arising at extreme base,

so that there are practically two nervures.

Pupa, a little over I mm. long, oval, dorsally black, with a very broad pale

marginal area, which is pale lemon yellow in specimens which have given the imago;
but white in others, probably parasitized, which have not hatched. The margin of
the black area is dark brown. There is no fringe, but a dark line runs close to the
margin, separating a narrow marginal area which looks like a very shoit fringe. On
the dark portion of the pupa the segments are very distinctly marked ; the light mar¬
ginal portion is strongly but minutely corrugated all over, something like the skin of
one’s finger-tips under a lens ; while margin is very finely stiiate and feebly scalloped.
The vasiform orifice is approximately an isosceles triangle, with the angles rounded,
the basal side straight, the caudad sides bulging. The operculum is rounded, much
broader than long, somewhat less than the outline of a hemisphere ; the lingua is
broad and rounded at end, and projects beyond the operculum. The lingua and
operculum together have much the outline of an English “cottage loaf ” of bread,
except that the operculum is too broad at base.

Habitat : On leaves of Aquilegia , Organ Mts., New Mexico (E. O.
Wooton). It is severely parasitized by Pteroptrix flavimedia Howd.
Mr. Howard (Revis. Aphelininse, p. 19) in recording the parasite, leaves
it to be inferred that the locality is Las Cruces; the Aquilegia, however,
does not occur there.

A. aureocincta could not well be confused with any other North
American species. _ _ _

INTELLIGENCE SHOWN BY CATERPILLARS IN
PLACING THEIR COCOONS.

By Wm. T. Davis.

Usually the cocoons of the American silk-worm moth ( Telea
polyphemus ), fall off with the leaves in autumn, or a few dangle from the
trees by a thread or two, which the caterpillars have accidently ex-

March 1897.] DAVIS : INTELLIGENCE SHOWN BY CATERPILLARS. 43

tended beyond the petioles of the leaves. During the storms of winter
most of these unsecurely supported cocoons are also broken loose and
complete their descent to the ground. We have found in early August
an American silk-worm cocoon attached to the side of a house, about
five inches from the ground, and on the ioth of last January, Mr. Chas.
W. Leng and I, while walking on the ice in a Staten Island swamp,
discovered one firmly woven to a forked branch of a rose bush, that
stood in the water. It was as well secured to the forked branch as a
Cecropia cocoon would have been. Of course to have fallen off with
the leaves would have resulted in the death of this particular Polyphemus ,
and we presume that it was in some way the realization of this fact that
caused the caterpillar to attach the cocoon so securely.

On the bushes and small trees that grow in the water on the margin
of Silver Lake, on Staten Island, we have found a Luna moth cocoon
and also an Angulifera cocoon firmly attached to branches. It is the
habit of both of these species to construct their cocoons on the ground,
but not being able to do so in the cases cited they did the next very
best thing possible.

The above are perhaps not quite as interesting cases of the care
taken by caterpillars to preserve their cocoons and themselves as the
one mentioned in the “ Proceedings of the Natural Science Associa¬
tion some years ago under the caption of “ Woodpeckers and Cecropia
Cocoons.” As is well known, Cecropia caterpillars spin their cocoons
in a variety of places, often on fences, sometimes at the base of elder
bushes and sometimes at the ends of swaying branches, when the food-
plant happens to be a tree. The cocoons spun near the ground are
often devoured by mice that gnaw through the silken coats to the edible
pupa within. Those placed on tree branches are more safe from the
attacks of mice, but are liable to be eaten by woodpeckers. On the
14th of January, 1888, I saw a Downy Woodpecker investigating a Cecro¬
pia cocoon in a white maple, the woodpecker thrusting its bill in and
pulling it out of the cocoon quite frequently. After a while it flew to
another cocoon a few feet away, but it being on such a small branch it
was unable to successfully pick it open as the branch swayed up and
down. It was then plain what a great protection it was to the insects to
place their cocoons near the branch ends, though no doubt they are
sometimes killed by the swaying of these branches during a storm.

When the woodpecker was gone, I cut the cocoon off, and found a
small hole in its side quite near the branch, where it was easiest to drill
because the silken fabric gave way the least to the strokes of the bird.

44 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Cutting open the other side of the cocoon, I found that the pupa shell
was sucked nearly dry of its contents. The Cecropia cocoons occur
commonly on white maples and are generally placed near the ends of
the long drooping branches, and it will be seen from the foregoing that
it is probably the safest situation afforded by the tree. If a woodpecker
is successful in making a hole into a cocoon, it is, nevertheless, some¬
times disappointed at its contents. I have found a cocoon that con¬
tained the tough pupa case of the Ophion ichneumon fly, that had been
drilled in the side by a woodpecker, and then abandoned, leaving the
parasite unharmed.

- + -

THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SATURNIIDES.

By A. Radcliffe Grote, A. M.

The publication by Dr. Dyar * of a critical notice of my recent
paper (June, 1896) f on the Saturniides , affords me, in replying, the
opportunity of briefly stating the characters which I found in the group.
I founded the two families into which the superfamily naturally divides
(any other division being in my opinion unnatural) as follows :

Vein IV, anastomosing with IVX
Vein IV2 out of the cross-vein ....

Saturniid^.'
. ... AGLIIDAi,

Perhaps some reason should have been given by Dr. Dyar for call¬
ing this fundamental difference in the neuration “artificial,” while con¬
tracting it with a “natural classification which should combine severa.
such special ones.” But this combination does not exist; it remains
ideal. It reminds one of the hazy statement, that we must take charac¬
ters from all parts of the insect, which procedure, without a stric
weighing of values, would lead us nowhere. But the fact is, that al
though I have taken the structure of the Radius as the principal charac¬
ter, determining as it does the dichotomous division of the superfamily
I have not left out of sight the characters of differentiation offered by th<
larvae and cocoons. I have worked out the gradual modifications^
the Radius in the highest of the two families. I have not “selected ” :
random or arbitrary character, which would in the end fail. I hav>
been obliged to take the fundamental character which carries with it al

* Can. Ent. XXVIII, 270.

t Mittheilungen aus dem Roemer Museum zu Hildesheim, No. 6.

March 1897.] GROTE I CLASSIFICATION OF THE SaTURNIIDES. 45

the rest. And this proves the value, that the character does not

fail. *

The adverse statement fails, when I show, that in the larval special¬
ization (the diminution of the tubercles and armature), the antennal
structure (the attainment of the equally lengthy pectinations), the nega¬
tion and the complexity in the attachment of the cocoon, a consonant
direction is held and a perfectional advance throughout the Saturniidce
(including Hei?iileucd). Dr. Dyar’s statement that I have transposed the
position accorded by him to Hemileuca and Aglia is strictly correct and,
as I try to show here, entirely defensible. The former, Dr. Dyar would
place with the Automeris group on account of the stinging spines. But
I prefer to consider the eversible glands and stinging spines of the cater¬
pillar as here characters of convergence. Their presence is explainable
by the consideration that both Hemileuca and Automeris have probably
arisen or diverged from a common point nearer the basis of the phyl-
lum. It is easier to see that the stinging spines are a subordinate char¬
acter when we find them again in unrelated groups : e. g. Apodidce. It
is not possible for me to “ suppose that vein IV 2 has moved towards
[V1 in Hemileuca separately from the type of Attacus and Saturnia
where this process is congenital.” Since I show that the type is fully
attained in Hemileuca , it is plainly already congenital in the Hemileu-
tinee. The real morphological value of this “ movement” is strangely
underrated by Dr. Dyar. In reality it is profound. It amounts to a
reorganization of the wing through the action of the Radius upon an¬
other pattern. Ip a paper subsequently read by me at the Frankfort
meeting, I have tried to trace the process by which the lower and more
generalized Agliid wing has passed into the higher, more specialized
Saturniid type. The difference, as we now find it, is, relatively speak-
mg, primary, palingenetic, not adaptory and secondary, as appears to me
the change of the armature into stinging spines.

With reference to Aglia, which I believe to be a specialized and
very much isolated type, I regard it as having left the main Agliid
stem before the devolution of Citheroma as we now find this group.
The loss of the pair of anal tubercles is to be set down solely to the
Cither oniince. I do not derive Algia from Citheronia , but from the
stem before Citheronia. Dr. Dyar charges me with entertaining more

* Since my paper went to press, the Roemer Museum has received additional
material of South American Saturniides in all stages. In a paper read September
23(1> at the Frankfort meeting, I show that in all the new material the characters
pointed out by me hold good and sustain my general classification.

46

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

beliefs than I am conscious of possessing. I think I should believe
with difficulty that a purely structural character, not correlated with
habit, could be twice evolved in the same limited group. But I cer¬
tainly have believed that the larva of Aglia is derived from the main
stem of the family Agliidce and quite independent of the Saturniidce ,
and I believe this still. I think that these supposed contradictory lar¬
val characters can be straightened out to accord with my classification.
It seems to me that Dr. Dyar has failed to notice my genealogical tree
in its vertical aspect. My friend is not impressed as I hoped he might
be with this magnificent specimen of zoological gardening. The verti¬
cal sequence is : Attacus ,

Saturnia ,

Aglia ,

Hemileuca ,

Citheronia.

But I have separated the interlacing branches and show that there
are two natural main stems, to the higher of which I most decidedly
refer Hemileuca. Aglia has so grown over toward the Saturnians that
Dr. Dyar fails to find its real issue. It does not follow, because Dr.
Dyar has converted me fully to the value of the larval tubercles, that I
should be equally fortunate, on a much more modest scale, and bring
him round to the transposition of Hemileuca and Aglia. But I may
hope to do so. In my original paper I am much indebted to Dr. Dyar
for information, without which I could not have cleared the superfamily
from alien families which had found place in it, nor have made my
paper so complete. This gratitude is not in the slightest way impaired
by my attempt to rescue my classification in this one particular from
an adverse criticism. I am glad of the occasion to insist upon the
seeming greater reasonableness of my views.

The difficulty in the way of believing that Hemileuca has inde¬
pendently attained the type of Saturnia lies in the physiological steps of
the progress. It appears to Dr. Dyar to be merely an approaching of
vein IV2 to vein IV x at base, but I have shown that vein 1V2 remains
nearly quiescent ; it is the cross-vein which becomes transformed so as
to form a continuous part of the vein.* It is part of a general mor-

*As I have shown, the cross-vein between IV2 and I becomes oblique in
Aglia and Citheronia , and shows a step towards Saturnia or Hemileuca ; therefore^
so far as the radial evolution is concerned, the two first are the lower. The affinity
of Aglia and Citheronia lies in the fact, that in both groups the initiatory movement is
displayed. Hence I derive Aglia from the main stem before Citheronia and after
Automeris had left it.

March 1897 ] GkOTE : CLASSIFICATION OF THE SATURNIIDES. 47

phological change in the structure of the wing, tending to the oblitera¬
tion of the cross- vein, the permanent attachment of the two upper
branches of the median vein to the Radial series and of the lower
branch to the Cubitus. Such a grand alteration in the pattern of the
neuration must take place through a series of gradual steps, no one of
which i i fortuitous. To suppose that a member of the Aglid series of
a low type (vein VIII of secondaries being retained) could attain such
a stage as Hemileuca presents, presupposes a total subversion of struc¬
tural sequence. No one, I think, who had studied the neuration atten¬
tively could entertain so violent a view. I close this reply to Dr. Dyar’s
otherwise kind notice with a confession of my inability to understand
what it is in the spacing of the analytical table which makes it unintelli¬
gible, and a recapitulation of the characters of the higher structural
groups of the Saturniides as established by me. I conclude that the
classification is plain and obvious and is preferable to the obscure char¬
acters upon which Dr. Dyar would regard Aglia and Hejnileuca as
types of distinct families. So far as my studies go I have found no
grounds for increasing the family types in the Saturniides , since all the
genera examined by me fall naturally and easily into their places under
one or the other of the two families limited in my paper.

Radius 5-branched . SPHINGIDES.

Radius 3-4-branched . SATURNIIDES.

(1) Vein IV2 anastomosing with IVL . Saturniida;.

Cell open . Attaciile. i.

Cell closed.

Hind wings wanting vein VIII . Saturniin^. 2.

Hind wings with VIII present . Hemileucin^e. 3.

(2) Vein IV2 from the cross-vein . Agliid^e.

Cell apically depressed.

Hind wings wanting vein VIII . AGLIINZE. 4.

Hind wings with vein VIII present . Citheroniin^:. 6.

Cell rectangular . Automerin^e. 5.

In view of the radius being 5-branched and the internal vein (VIII)
of the secondaries being retained throughout, I consider the Sphingides
as lower, less specialized, than the Saturniides. But, since both groups
are parallel, both rooting in the Tineides , their relative position in a
linear arrangement is less important and, as I say in the “ Systema,” I
have tried to keep the original sequence of Linne where this can be
done without violence. In this case there may be other points, such as
the specialized larvae, the advanced prothorax and salient head, the
narrow wjngs and the cylindrical and tapering abdomen, all fitting the

48

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

moths for their arrowy flight, which may balance the lower type of neura-
tion in the Hawk moths. A result of my recent studies is the recogni¬
tion of the compact structure of the Sphingides , so that I return to a
view published by me a long time ago, but since practically abandoned,
that the family Sphingidce is probably only susceptible of tribal division.
Such an instance does not occur a second time in the Lepidoptera, the
series, certainly until we come to Acherontia , affording me no character
which seems of sub-family value, corresponding in any way to the fea¬
tures which I have used as basis for these groups in the Saturniides.

- ♦ -

OETA FLORIDANA Neumoegen.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D.

Mr. Neumoegen briefly described this form (Can. Ent., xxiii, 123)
as a variety of O. aurea Fitch, from the upper Indian River, Florida.
I have been acquainted with the larva for some time at Lake Worth and
Miami, but only recently bred them to imago. The larvae live grega¬
riously in a large, loose and open web among the leaves of the bitter-
wood tree, Simaruba glauca. They are unusually long and slender, of
a dark brown color, and remaining motionless in the web, look like
pieces of sticks accidently caught in a spider’s web. The pupa is
formed in the same location and is colored in the same manner.

O. floridana , larva. Slender, the abdominal segments elongated, one-half
longer than thick, the thoracic segments not unusually elongated. Head rounded,,
scarcely bilobed, prominent and proportionately large ; black, a labial line, bases of
antennae, and the tubercles of the setae white ; width 2 mm. Thoracic feet large and
well developed, the abdominal ones small, short, the crotchets simple, distributed
rather regularly over the surface of the plant, not in rows. Setae simple, the sub¬
primaries present. The prothoracic shield is united with the pre-spiracular tubercle,
forming a large shield, bearing the usual nine setae ; subventral tubercle with three
setae. Mesothorax with ia and ib, iia and iib, iv and v approximate, iii remote, vi
with two setae. Abdominal setae somewhat modified on account of the lengthening
of the segments ; iv and v are drawn far apart and, though not more out of line than
is frequent, v is slightly the more dorsad of the two, which, together with its remote
position, suggests somewhat the condition found in the Sphingidae. Tubercles i and
ii are nearly in line, iv is small and vi very large ; vii is composed of one large and
two small setae above the base of the foot. Otherwise normal.

Color chocolate brown; a broad orange-brown dorsal band, reaching to tubercle
ii and along joints 3 to 12, contains a dorsal row of small white spots and a similar
border on each side; a row of tiny white dots above tubercle iii; another broad
brown band subventrally, from tubercles v to vii and joints 4 to 1 1 , bordered above
by a narrow pulverulent white line ; a dark spot on tubercle vi ; spiracles pale ; setae
white; length 25 to 30 mm.

JOURNAL

OF THE

TDpfo ]9oph Cfnfomologiral 2orWg.

Vol. V.

JUNE, 189T.

No. 2.

NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF NORTH
AMERICAN CURCULIONID^E.

By Martin L. Linell.

i

TRIBE ANTHONOMINI.

Anthonomus xanthoxyli, sp. nov.

Broadly oval, dark ferruginous, densely covered with small scales, variegated with
white, gray, light and dark brown, with purplish reflection on the upper surface, and
grayish white, somewhat intermixed with brown on the ventral surface and legs;
beak coarsely substriately punctate, scaly and subopaque on the basal half, sparsely
punctate, glabrous and shining on the apical half ; antennae slender, second joint one-
half longer than the third, third equal to fourth; eyes large, protuberant, narrowly
separated above; frontal fovea deep, elongate; head rugose, densely scaly; thorax
transverse, rounded at the sides, broadly constricted at apex ; disc densely covered
with grayish and brown scales, a narrow dorsal line and a transverse one across the
middle forming a white cross, the latter line broadly bordered by dark brown ; elytra
wider at the base than the thorax, slightly wider behind the middle, strongly decli¬
vous at apex; striae fine, the punctures concealed by the scales; intervals nearly flat,
the third at base and the suture on the declivity elevated ; scutellum and two spots at
its apex conspicuously white ; scales of the disc variegated in grayish and pale brown,
the extreme base dark brown, and of the same color is a very large triangular spot
each side behind the middle not touching the suture and bordered with lighter
gray; ventral segments each with a row of pale hairs; femora armed with a large
triangular tooth, with scales variegated in brown and gray ; tibiae scaly at base, out¬
wards with sparse grayish hairs; the anterior and middle tibiae angulated one-third
from base but not toothed, the posterior ones simple ; tarsi sparsely hairy, pale ; claws
black. Length, 2 mm.

Numerous specimens collected by Mr. E. A. Schwarz at San Diego,
Texas, on Xanthoxylum pterota , living in the seeds. Type No. 1399,
U. S. N. M.

This species belongs in the subgenus Anthonomocyllus of Dietz, char¬
acterized principally by the widely separated middle coxae, and is

50

[Vol. V.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

closely allied to A. elegcins Lee., but is smaller, less variegated and the
tibioe are unarmed.

Anthonomus brevirostris, sp. nov.

Subovate, robust, black, shining, with a slight seneous lustre, clothed with long
white appressed hairs, very sparsely above, densely beneath; beak very short,
scarcely longer than head and thorax, glabrous, opaque and coarsely punctato-striate
behind the insertion of the antennae, shining and sparsely punctate at apex ; antennae
inserted far beyond the middle, slender, entirely testaceous, sparsely pubescent ; first
joint of funicle short, strongly clavate, second slender, much longer than third ; fol¬
lowing joints gradually wider; eyes feebly convex, free behind ; head short, sparsely
and finely punctulate, finely but deeply sulcate above the eyes; thorax broader than
long, sides broadly rounded from the base, apex broadly but feebly constricted, disk
very sparsely, comparatively finely punctate, each puncture with a long scale-like
hair ; scutellum very conspicuous by dense white scale-like hairs ; elytra oval, about
one-fourth wider at base than the thorax and one-half longer than wide, with striae of
distant, deep but rather fine punctures ; the striae impressed only at the side-margin
and apex ; intervals nearly flat, obsoletely punctulate ; surface with very sparse long
white hairs, condensed into spots on the base of the sixth (sometimes also at the
apical fourth) and at the middle and apical fourth of the fourth intervals ; pubescence
of the ventral surface generally dense but all the sutures and the median line of me¬
tasternum and abdomen sparsely pubescent ; legs sparsely hairy, piceous, posterior
femora at base, apical half of the tibia and the tarsi testaceous; all the femora
sharply toothed ; anterior tibia bisinuate internally, incurved at apex ; tarsi short, the
first joint slightly longer than the second. Length (from apex of thorax), 2 to 2.3

mm.

Four examples collected at Brownsville, Texas, by Prof. C. H. T.

Townsend. Type No. 1400, U. S. N. M.

This species belongs in the nigrinus group of Dietz, characterized
by the third and fourth ventral segments equal in length, and should be
placed with A. faber Dietz, from which it is readily distinguished by
the sparser and finer punctuation.

Anthonomus testaceosquamosus, sp. nov.

Oblong oval, pale ferruginous, densely clothed with oval, uniformly colored, pale
yellowish scales ; beak very short, feebly curvate, dark ferruginous, shining ; basal
part to the insertion of the antennae deeply punctato-striate, clothed with sparse scale¬
like hairs and some oval scales at the base, apical part glabrous, confusedly punctate;
antennae slender, testaceous with infuscate, densely pubescent club ; second joint of
funicle twice as long as the third; eyes large, convex; front flattened, fovea deep;
thorax much wider than long, strongly rounded at the sides and broadly constricted
at apex; base strongly bisinuate; surface densely and coarsely punctate; scales
nearly uniform in size, oval, somewhat more condensed on the median line. Scutellum
densely scaly, not different in coloration ; elytra at base much wider than thorax,
oval, not wider behind ; striae fine, concealed by the scales ; intervals flat ; scales

51

June, 1897.] LlNELL I NEW NORTH AMERICAN CURCULIONID/E.

narrow, hairlike; anterior thoracic opening very oblique; prosternum short in front
of the coxae ; scales of ventral surface oval, very dense, more narrow and less dense
on the last ventral segments ; legs pale testaceous, all the femora armed with a sharp-
tooth, tibice feebly bisinuate, claws black. Length (from apex of thorax), 2.5 mm

Three examples collected at Brownville, Texas, by Prof. C. H. T.
Townsend. Type No. 1401. U. S. N. M.

This species should enter the squamosus group of Dietz next to A.
squamosus Lee., from which it differs by its much smaller size and
rounded sides of the thorax. The strongly shining beak will readily
distinguish it from A. tectus Lee.

Brachyogmus, gen. nov.

Claws simple, divergent; hind tibiae mucronate ; prosternum short in front of the
coxae; antennal scrobes straight, directed against the eyes, but abbreviated long be
fore reaching them ; form convex, thorax narrow.

Brachyogmus ornatus, sp. nov.

Subovate, piceous, the ground color entirely concealed by large rounded scales,
variegated with white, black and ferruginous ; beak somewhat longer than head and
thorax, cylindrical, moderately stout, slightly curvate, at base densely scaly with white
and ferruginous, outwardly shining piceous ; scrobes commencing two-fifths from the
apex, broad and deep for about one-half the distance towards the eye, then gradually
evanescent ; antennae slender ; scape reaching the eye, suddenly clavate at apex, fer¬
ruginous ; funicle as long as the scape, seven jointed, darker ferruginous, each joint
bearing a whorl of long stiff white hairs, first joint clavate, twice as long as the sec¬
ond, second to seventh subequal in length, gradually but slightly wider ; club ellipti¬
cal, piceous, densely pubescent; eyes moderately large, feebly convex, rounded;
front wide between the eyes, depressed, with ferruginous scales ; head short, the scales
white, forming three broad longitudinal stripes; thorax as broad as long, very
convex, broadly not strongly constricted at apex ; sides strongly rounded ; base bisin¬
uate ; scales white, variegated with ferruginous, on each side of the white median line
a broad black stripe, variegated with ferruginous, interrupted before the apex ; scu-
tellum purely white; elytra at base fully one-third wider than thorax, twice as long
as broad, slightly wider behind the middle; humeri prominent with arcuate margin;
striae narrow, deeply impressed, the punctures concealed; intervals flattened, the
sutural elevated towards apex ; scales variegated in white, ferruginous, black and me¬
tallic green, in the basal region around the scutellum mostly ferruginous ; a humeral
spot, a broad band across the suture before the middle and numerous, often rectang¬
ular, spots, forming two irregular transverse fasciae posteriorly, are dark mixed
with black and metallic ; ventral surface with the scales white, mixed with ferrugin¬
ous at the sides. The first four abdominal segments gradually shorter, the fifth equal
to the fourth ; pygidium concealed in the female, partly exposed and perpendicular
in the male ; femora clavate, obtusely, toothed, variegated with white and ferruginous
scales; tibiae stout, strongly mucronate at apex, variegated with white and metallic
green scales, towards apex with white hairs replacing the scales; tarsi short, narrow,

52

[Vol. V.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

piceous, clothed with white hairs; first joint scarcely longer than second, the third
slightly wider; claws strong, black. Length (from apex to thorax), 2.2 mm.

Four examples collected in Los Angeles Co., Cal., by Mr. D. W.

Coquillett. Type No. 1402 U. S. N. M.

This genus may be placed near Epimechus Dietz, from which it

differs in the abbreviated scrobes and the narrow thorax.

TRIBE BARINI.

Stenobaris, gen. nov.

Pygidium completely exposed, oblique; antennae inserted before the middle of the
beak, club oval, densely pubescent, is long as the preceding four joints combined,
second funicular joint as long as the next two combined ; tarsal claws very small,
free; anterior coxae large, very narrowly separated; prosternum slightly convex,
transversely impressed at the apical margin ; beak not separated from the head, slen¬
der, cylindrical, arcuate, as long as the thorax ; body slender, sparsely clothed with
linear scales, not condensed into spots.

This genus should take its place near Plesiobans Casey, from which
it differs by the slender form, narrow prosternum, longer second funicu¬
lar joint and the vestiture not forming any spots.

Stenobaris avicenniae, sp. nov.

Elongate, lanceolate, shining, aeneous, beak, antennae and legs rufo-ferruginous ;
beak nearly smooth, finely punctate on the sides at base ; antennae slender, scape not
reaching the eye ; club piceous, the basal joint large, composing one-half of the mass;
eyes feebly convex, narrowly separated above ; head aeneous, alutaceous, coarsely but
not densely punctate, rugose and scaly between the eyes ; thorax cylindrical, as long
as wide, narrowed but not constricted at apex ; disc very coarsely and densely punc¬
tate, each puncture bearing a narrow yellowish -white scale at the bottom, a few
broader, irregular, smooth intervals between the punctures near the middle; elytra
at base distinctly broader than thorax, with prominent humeri, nearly two and a-haif
times as long as broad ; sides parallel for four-fifths the length, then arcuate to apex;
stride fine, coarser at the base, subobsoletely punctate; intervals flat, remotely trans.
versely strigose, each striga with a small puncture, bearing a long narrow grayish-
white scale ; ventral surface with squamiferous punctures, rather dense on the thoracic
segments, sparser on the abdomen; legs with sparse scale-like hairs; tarsi very short;

fimbriate. Length, 3 mm.

Type No. 1403, U. S. N. M. Five examples in the collection of
Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz, two of which they have presented to
the National Museum. They were collected at Punta Gorda, Fla.
(July 14), on black mangrove ( Avicennia nitidci ) and were labelled by
Mr. Schwarz with the manuscript names used above. In form this
insect is nearly as slender as the species of Barilepton.

June, 1897.3 Linell: New North American Curculionid^e.

53

Onychobaris rufa, sp. nov.

Oval, convex, shining, entirely rufo-ferruginous, clothed with very short, incon¬
spicuous setae ; beak shorter than the thorax, strongly arcuate, not tapering to apex,
second funicular joint one-half longer than the third; thorax scarcely wider than long’
strongly constricted and tubulate at apex ; sides distinctly tumid between the con¬
striction and the middle, fully as broad there as at the base, subsinuate behind the
middle ; disc punctured as in O. sub to ns a Lee., the punctures circular, less than one-
third the width of the scutellum, not in contact on the middle but rugosely confluent
at the sides; elytra at base not wider than thorax, scarcely one-half longer ; sides be¬
hind the humeri decidedly convergent ; striae abrupt, not very broad, obsoletely punc¬
tate; intervals flat, twice as wide as the grooves, coarsely and closely but not
deeply punctate, the third and fifth wider with the punctures confused, the others
with single rows; anterior coxae small, more remote than their own width; proster¬
num nearly flat, slightly impressed at the constriction, with two deep punctiform
grooves and two obsolete rudimentary carinae each side, the exterior one very short ;
abdomen sparsely punctate at the middle, densely at the sides and apex ; tarsi with
the first joint as long as the two following, the terminal joint as long as the three
basal joints combined. Length, 3.8 mm.

Two examples were collected in the sand-dunes at Great Salt Lake,
Utah (June 25), by Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz, who have presented
one of them to the National Museum. Type No. 1404, U. S. N. M.

Pachybaris xanthoxyli, sp. nov.

Form and size of Pporosus Lec.-Robust, convex highly polished, black, elytra,
antennae and legs rufo-piceous ; vestiture very sparse of snow-white scales, smaller and
narrow on the ventral surface, larger and obovate on the elytra and sides of thorax ;
beak slender, strongly arcuate, coarsely punctato-striate, separated from the front by
a deep transverse impression; the prolongation of the antennal scrobes towards the
apex broad and deep, not gradually narrowed as in P. porosus ; head sparsely and
finely punctate; thorax strongly constricted, almost tubulate at apex; disc finely and
sparsely punctate, a line of coarse punctures on the apical constriction, the inflexed
sides coarsely rugose; basal lobe obsoletely emarginate; scutellum small, trapezoidal;
e ytia with narrow, deeply impressed, feebly crenulate grooves; intervals very broad
and flat, each with a single series of small scale-bearing punctures ; prosternum in
front of the coxae deeply canaliculate. Length, 4 mm.

One example collected by Mr. E. A. Schwarz on Xanthoxylum
pterota , at San Diego, Texas. Type No. 1405, U. S. N. M.

By the deep frontal groove this species approaches the genus Lino-
notus Casey , but the small scutellum and the want of antecoxal processes
associate it more naturally with Pachybaris.

Oligolochus robustus, sp. nov.

Oval, convex, robust, shining, rufo-piceous ; beak, antennal funicle and legs ru¬
fous; vestiture of dorsal surface consisting of large yellow scales, forming three broad
ongitudinal vittae on the thorax, the median vitta inturrupted at middle, smaller spots

54 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

on the base of the third and fifth intervals and scattered scales along the third, fifth,
seventh and ninth intervals ; ventral surface and legs sparsely clothed with smaller
yellowish-white scales ; beak slender, a little longer than thorax, arcuate near the
base, distinctly flattened at apex, strongly, unevenly punctate ; antennae inserted a
little beyond the middle, scape not reaching the eye, funicle with the first joint longer
than next three combined, the second somewhat longer than the third ; club large,
oval, densely pubescent, with the basal joint one-half of the mass ; eyes flat, widely
separated above, with a few large erect yellow scales at the anterior margin on the
base of the beak ; head separated from the beak by an obsolete constriction, aluta-
ceous, sparsely and finely punctulate ; thorax one-third wider than long, rounded on
the sides, broadly constricted at apex; disc sparsely punctate at the base, moie
coarsely and rugosely at the constriction and on the sides ; the median line smooth,
entire, fusiform ; a large smooth space on the disc each side, approaching the base ;.
scutellum small, glabrous; elytra scarcely wider than thorax, slightly longer than
wide, broadly arcuate from base to apex; humeri not prominent ; -striae broad, deep
and abrupt ; intervals flat, scarcely wider than the striae, each with a sigle row of
rather coarse punctures ; ventral surface coarsely and rather densely punctate ; pios-
ternum flat, separating the coxae by about one.-half their width, apical constriction en.

tire. Length, 2.6 mm.

Type No. 1406, U. S. N. M. One example from New Jersey, pre¬
sented to the National Museum by Mr. Chas. Tunison, of New York.
Another specimen from the District of Columbia is in the collection of
Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz. The species resembles O. convexus
Lee. in sculpture, but may be readily distinguished by the robust form,
yellow scales and the humeri not being prominent.

Oligolochus longipennis, sp. nov.

Elongate, ovate, narrowed behind, less convex, shining, rufo-piceous, beak, an¬
tennae and legs rufous ; vestiture of narrow white scales, sparse and nearly uniformly
distributed; beak slender, a little longer than thorax, regularly arcuate, scarcely flat¬
tened at apex, less coarsely, unevenly punctate ; basal constriction feeble ; a few
erect longer scales at the margin of the eye ; antennae inserted distinctly beyond the
middle of the beak ; scape far from reaching the eye ; first joint of funicle as long as
the next three combined, the second a little longer than the third ; head alutaceous,
very sparsely and minutely punctulate; thorax slightly wider than long, sides
slightly tumid before the middle, nearly parallel to base, broadly constricted at apex;
disc coarsely and densely, on the sides and at the constriction rugosely, punctate; a
smooth median line, abbreviated each end ; the white scales uneven in size, on the
sides and along the base larger, on the middle of the disc very small and inconspic¬
uous; scutellum small, with a couple of scales; elytra not wider than thorax, one-
half longer than wide, strongly narrowed from the humeri and compressed on the
sides near the apex; humeri not prominent ; striae deep and abrupt, moderately wide;,
intervals flat, each with a row of rather coarse scale-bearing punctures, the scales
forming a spot on the base of the third interval; ventral surface coarsely and densely
punctate ; prosternum flat, separating the coxae by one-half their width, apical con¬
striction entire; legs sparsely punctate and scaly. Length, 2.8 mm.

June, 1897.] Linell : New North American CurculionidyE.

55

One example from Burnett Co., Texas.

Type in the collection of Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz.

This species is easily distinguishable by the densely punctate thorax,
the uniformly distributed scales and the elongate form, tapering behind.

Zygobaris coelestina, sp. nov.

Robust, subihomboidal, convex, glabrous, strongly alutaceous, opaque, intensely
dark blue ; beak separated from the front by a shallow depression, short, arcuate, cy¬
lindrical slightly flattened at apex, shining, sparsely punctate, basal half bluish green,
apical half piceous; mandibles short, decussate, strongly bifid at apex ; scrobes deep,
directed interiorly; antennse inserted a little beyond the middle of the beak, ferrugi¬
nous, the scape not quite reaching the eye ; funicle stout, the first joint as long as the
three following combined, the second and third subequal, the outer joints gradually
wider; club oval, pointed, finely tomentose; eyes large, flat, widely separated above;
frontal fovea small, punctiform ; head globose, sparsely and finely punctulate ; thorax
scaicely wider than long, conical; sides somewhat rounded; apical constriction broad
and feeble ; disc sparsely and finely punctate, more coarsely at the sides, without
trace of median line ; scutellum small, smooth, shining green ; elytra at base slightly
wider than thorax, gradually, moderately narrowed behind, broadly rounded at apex ;
humeral callus at base of seventh interval conspicuously elevated; strise linear, dis¬
tinctly impressed, with remote fine punctures, much larger at base between the scutellum
and humeral callus; intervals flat, each with a single series of remote, small, submuri-
cate punctuies; thoracic segments beneath coarsely and deeply but not very densely
punctate, each puncture at the bottom with a small narrow white scale ; prosternum
flat, separating the coxae by their own width, with a small shallow depression near
the apical margin enclosing two large deep punctures ; ventral segments finely, very
sparsely, apical half of the fifth very densely, punctate; legs bluish green, alutaceous
as the body, sparsely finely punctate, each puncture with a short white hair; tarsi
short, ferruginous, fringed with grayish hairs; third joint moderately broad, bilobed ;
claws small, distinctly connate at base. Length, 4 mm.

Type in the collection of Messrs. Hubbard and Schwarz, taken at
Cocoanut Grove, Fla. (April 25). Mr. Schwarz informs me that another
specimen is in the collection of Dr. Horn.

Catapastus signatipennis, sp. nov.

Robust, rhomboidal, convex, black, somewhat shining ; antennae and legs pice¬
ous ; beak as long as thorax, strongly curvate, piceous ; base thickened, coarsely ru¬
gose and squamulate, the basal constriction distinct ; apex glabrous, punctato striate ;
antennae inserted beyond the middle of the beak ; scape not reaching the eye ; first
joint of funicle as long as the next four combined, second equal to third ; club oval,
large; head nearly glabrous, alutaceous, obsoletely punctulate; thorax wider than
long, conical, distinctly constricted at apex, coarsely and densely punctate, densely
covered with rounded scales, forming a broad brown band along the middle and yel¬
lowish white on the sides ; a denuded spot on each side of the basal lobe ; elytra dis¬
tinctly wider than thorax, broadly rounded and feebly convergent on the sides,

56 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

rounded at apex; striae narrow but abrupt; intervals broad, flat, sparsely, confusedly
and subrugosely punctate ; vestiture sparse, of brown narrow scales and broader yel¬
lowish ones ; the latter forming a spot at the base of the third interval and a large W-
shaped mark across the suture at middle ; ventral surface rather sparsely punctate,
each puncture bearing a narrow white scale ; prosternum separating the coxae by
one-half their width, broadly sulcate, the sulcus deeper in front and with two deep
punctiform fovese at the constriction; legs sparsely punctulate, each puncture with a
narrow white scale, the femora exteriorly towards apex with brown scales ; tarsi very
short, fringed with white hairs ; claws parallel, connate at base. Length, 2 mm.

Four examples collected at Key West, Fla., by Mr. E. A. Schwarz,
two of which are presented to the National Museum by Messrs. Hubbard
and Schwarz. Type No. 1407, U. S. N. M.

Catapastus albonotatus, sp. nov.

Rhomboidal, convex, piceous black, very sparsely clothed with scattered white
scales, very narrow and small on the ventral surface and larger but still sparser on
the thorax and elytra, collected into small spots on the base of the second interval,,
on the base of thorax opposite the humeral umbone and on the base and apex of
the episterna of metathorax ; beak thick, not flattened at apex, strongly curvate and
abruptly bent at middle, coarsely striato-punctate, with a few minute scales towards
the base; basal constriction obsolete, the upper margin of the eye with a white scale;
antennae inserted beyond the middle of the beak, piceous, the scape not reaching the
eye ; funicle with first joint obconical, second scarcely longer than third ; club large,
oval; head sparsely punctulate; thorax as long as wide, slightly rounded at the
sides, feebly constricted at apex, only moderately coarsely punctate, the punctures
separated by about their own diameter ; smaller scales wanting, the large white
scales about a dozen outside of the basal spot ; scutellum glabrous ; elytra at base
wider than thorax ; sides behind the humeri strongly convergent ; striae narrow, re¬
motely not conspicuously punctate ; intervals flat, each with a series of small re¬
mote punctures and fine transverse stngae ; the white scales mostly on the third, sev¬
enth and ninth intervals ; ventral surface sparsely punctate ; prosternum separating
the coxae by nearly their own width, broadly impressed, with two punctiform foveae
at the constriction ; legs piceous, sparsely punctulate ; tarsi short, ferruginous, fringed
with white hairs. Length, 1.7 mm.

Type No. 1408, U. S. N. M. One specimen in the National Mu¬
seum from Lake Worth, Fla., presented by Mr. Ottomar Dietz, of New
York ; another one exactly similar in the collection of Messrs. Hubbard
and Schwarz from Key West, Fla. In the latter collection is a third
specimen also from Key West, which has more numerous scales above,
condensed into three vittae on the thorax; the spots are diffused and the
beak and legs ferruginous, but there is no difference in sculpture. The
glabrous scutellum with a spot each side at once distinguishes this spe¬
cies from C. conspersus and C. diffusus.

June, 1897.] Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 57

LIFE HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG
CATERPILLARS— X-XI.

PLATES III-IV.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Ph.D.

Euclea delphinii Boisduval.

l797 — Phalcenci cippus Abbot & Smith, Lep. Ins. Ga. II.

1832— Lima codes delphinii Boisduval, Cuvier’s An. Kingdom (Griffith), pi.

CIII, fig. 6.

1S41 — Limacodes cippus Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg. 303.

1854 — Limacodes querceti Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 174.

1854 — Limacodes quercicola Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 175.
lS55 —Euclea cippus Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. pt. V, p. 1143.

1855 — Eticlea viridiclava Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1154.

i860 — Euclea pcenulata Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 159.
i860— Nochelia tardigrada Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 160.

1864 — Euclea monitor Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 337.

1864 — Euclea ferruginea Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 337. ^

1864— Euclea bifida Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 338.

1882 — Euclea querceti Grote, Check List, 17.

1882 — Euclea quercicola Pilate, Papilio, II, 67.

1887 — Euclea elliotii Pearsall, Ent. Amer. II, 209.

1891 — Euclea cippus Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 15 1.

1891 — Euclea cippus var. interjecta Dyar, Ent. News, II, 61.

1891 — Euclea cippus Smith, List Lep. 28.

1892 — Eticlea querceti Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 547.

*894 — Euclea delphinii Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 67.

Larva.

1832— Boisduval, Cuvier’s An. Kingd. (Griffith), pi. CIII, fig. 7.
i860— Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 160.

1878— Andrews, Psyche, II, 272.

1881 — French, Papilio, I, 144, 141;.

1890 — Packard, 5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm. 144.

1891— Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 152.

I^93 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 89, 101.

*894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 214.

*895 — Comstock, Man. Stud. Ins. 223; fig. 258.

Synopsis of Varieties of the Moth in New York.

Form delphinii. Green confined to a small triangular basal patch and subapi-
cal dots (plate III, fig. 1).

Form querceti. The basal green patch has a short projection on the outer side
(plate III, fig. 2, left wing).

58 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Form interjecta. A row of green dots connects the basal and subapical green
marks (plate III, fig. 3, right wing).

For m viridiclava. The green forms a continuous band, bordering the cell,
notched on the outer side (plate III, fig. 4).

Form elliotii. The green band encroaches on the cell, or even surrounds the
discal dot (plate III, fig 5).

Synopsis of Varieties of the Larva.

Form A. — Flesh colored, horns and ridges bright red shading to pinkish ; black
lines all present, waved, confluent, forming irregular areas about the glandular dots ;
no quadrate spots; often no detachable spines (plate III, fig. 9).

For vi B, — Sordid purplish, the black lines shaded ; horns and ridge broadly
bright ferruginous, broken on the interspaces, 6-7, 9-10 and 11-12 by quadrate dark
brown spots.

For?n C. — Dorsum sordid purplish, sides green; marks as in lorm B (plate II f,
fig. 6).

Form D. — Green, the black lines faint; horns and ridge yellow, broken by
quadrate spots as in form B (plate III, fig. 8).

Form E. — Green, the ridge and horns red ; quadrate brown spots on joints 3-4,
4-5, 6-7, 9-10 and 11-12 (plate III, fig. 7).

Special Structural Characters.

These characters have been already given for the Florida form (see
Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., iv, 125). In the New York forms there are
usually no caltrope patches on the subdorsal horns of joint 13. The
patch on the lateral horn of joint 12 is present when there is only one
pair of detachable spines (on joint 13), but absent when the second
pair is present, and even absent in stage vii, before the spines have ap¬
peared, so that it may be determined in this stage whether there will be-
one or two spine patches. The second pair of spine patches appears
above this horn (lateral of joint 12) and replaces the caltropes function¬
ally ; but probably the spines are not homologous with caltropes as we
formerly supposed (Journal, iv, 3, foot note) since both may be present
on the same horn and the caltropes abruptly disappear before the spines,
not being converted into them.

Our larvae do not hide by day so persistently as the Florida form,
though the habit is present in some degree.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

The range of variation in the moths as they occur in New York is
illustrated on the plate (figs. 1 to 5). The variation of the amount of
green on the fore-wings is from delphinii , the minimum, to elliotii , the
maximum. The ground color also varies from dark ferruginous brown

June, 1897.] DYAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 59

to ocherous brown and the bright red shade bordering the green out¬
wardly may be distinct or wanting.

The forms have a certain dependence on locality. In the Hudson
valley the delplimii form predominates, rarely becoming as green as
viridiclava ; on Long Island the tendency is towards green and the
elliotii form is frequent. The species ranges to the South, our locality
being toward its northernmost extension. In the southern part of
Florida the delphinii form appears, approaching the true cippus of Dutch
Guayana. According to Cramer’s figure, cippus is a brown moth with
three green patches, the third at the end of the cell, apparently. This
is a form which our species has no tendency to assume, and if it really
extends into South America, it is more likely to be represented by
Euclea cemilia Stoll, which differs from the delphinii form in having
the basal patch yellow, instead of green, a variation which is occasion¬
ally indicated in New York specimens.

Euclea dicolon Sepp, is also nearly related, but has a very dif¬
ferently colored larva. In the Mississippi valley and Texas, the forms
pcenulata and incisa occur. The larva of the latter is unknown and
I have no opinion as to its relation to our species ; but the larva of
pcenulata as described by Professor French does not differ from those
which have produced viridiclava and elliotii here. The moth of
pcenulata is only slightly more green than elliotii and it seems prob¬
able that it is a variety of our species.

The variation in the larvae is considerable. In our preliminary
synopsis (Journal III, 146), we recognized pcenulata as distinct from
delphinii on the characters of the number of detachable spine patches
and coloration ; but further experience renders this view untenable.
There is a certain local tendency coupling the forms of larvae with the
moths as indicated in our table. In the Hudson valley the larvae are
generally green with red or yellow horns, the subdorsal band broken by
brown spots and the four spine patches well developed. On Long
Island the terra cotta form prevails, though not exclusively, without the
brown spots and with feebly developed spine patches. However, rarely
the terra cotta colored form has four spine patches ; such a larva pro¬
duced a moth of elliotti. Then the Florida larvae, having the charac¬
ters of pcenulata in the unbroken subdorsal band and single pair of spine
patches, but the green color of delphinii , have recently been described in
this journal. The moths were delphinii , and thus all the differential
characters have vanished, leaving a single variable species with a ten¬
dency towards local forms.

GO

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

The species is single brooded in New York. The moths fly in the
last of June and in July. The eggs are deposited in the evening, before
ten o’clock, usually singly, or but few together, not in the rather large
patches of Sibine. They hatch in seven days. The larvae pass through
the usual eight stages, occasionally nine. In this case a stage is interpo¬
lated between the last two. It usually is like stage VII, but may be
like the last stage with the presence of detachable spines. The first stage
is quickly passed through without feeding, but afterwards development is
more slow. Mature larvae may be found in September.

The coloration of these larvae is much less conspicuous than that of
Sibine stimulea and their defensive armor is weaker in proportion, the
spines being distinctly less venomous.

Miss Morton has obtained fertile eggs of the Long Island form from
cocoons collected by Mr. Doll. The youngest larvae which I have found
in the field have been in stage III.

'

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

The references to Abbot & Smith, Harris, Morris, Packard and
Duncan, given in Edwards’ catalogue of transformations of N. A.
Lepidoptera under the heading E. cippus , do not refer to this species,
but to E. indetermina or S. stimulea. The present references are to
descriptions or figures of the mature larva and cover the principal col
orational forms. This larva has been on the whole so slightly investi¬
gated that there is little of a positive nature to correct. Dr. Packard’s
latest description is full and very good. He says “ there seem to be no
caltropes ... in the cuticle of this genus,” but above (page 90) he
describes 11 a pale brown patch like a mass of sand ” on the upper side
of the lateral horns of joints 6 to n, which are really the patches of
caltropes, though he failed to recognize them. The detachable spines
are correctly located, but not described in detail. The lateral horns
are not referred to their respective segments, and the position of the
spiracle on joint 5 is not described.

Dr. Packard’s remarks on page 91 agree with my own views, except'
that I regard this species as tending to become protectively colored, the
bright warning color having partly disappeared. Hence the habits of
concealment exhibited by the larvae.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

My description of these stages of the Florida form will suffice for
the New York ones. At first all are alike, though the mature larva is

Journ. N. V. Ent. Soc. Vo/. V. PI. JJI,

Life-History of Euclea delphinii.

June, 1897.] DYAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 61

so various. There is usually no permanent color till stage IV and after
that the differently colored larvae gradually differentiate themselves. I
have followed out the full life history of the Long Island form in two
instances, but do not find enough to warrant redescribing the stages in

full.

Food-plants . — Oak, chestnut, bayberry, Andromeda , beech, sour
gum ( Nyssa ) and wild cherry.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Euclea delphinii, natural size.

“ 2. Form querceti.

“ 3. Form inter] ecta.

“ 4. Form viridiclava.

“ 5. Form elliotii.

“ 6. Larva from Dutchess Co., form C.

“ 7. The same, form E.

“ 8. The same, form D.

“ 9. Larva from Long Island, form A.

“ 10. A short horn of subdorsal row X 45> with adjacent skin granules.

“ 11. A detachable spine of the Florida larva X I75-
“ 12. The same from a Long Island larva with one pair of patches.

“ 13. The same from a larva with two pairs of patches.

“ 14. A spine without the basal bulb ; rare; X I75-

“ 15. An unusually short spine ; Florida larva.

“ 16. A caltrope from among the detachable spines.

“ 17. Caltropes in position on a lateral horn X I7S*

Parasa chloris Herrich-Schaffer.

1854 — Necera clitoris Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. fig. 176.

1864 — Limacodes viridus Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 251.

1881 — Far as a fraterna Grote, Papilio, I, 5.

1882 — Parasa fraterna Grote, Check List, 17.

1891 — Parasa chloris Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 154.

1891 — Parasa chloris Smith, List Lep. 28.

1894 — Parasa chloris Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 72.

Larva.

1864 — Reakirt, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 251.

1887— Hy. Edwards, Ent. Amer. Ill, 169.

1891 — Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 154.

1893 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 91.

1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 217.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space broad, of nearly even width, except at the extremities,
where it narrows considerably. The dorsum rises abruptly to a maxi-

62 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

mum at joint 5 and then slopes to the tail, the slope becoming steeper
after joint it. Lateral space broad, nearly perpendicular and contin¬
uous in direction with the broad, not retracted subventral space. Sub¬
dorsal ridge well indicated by the abrupt change in direction between
back and sides; lateral ridge slight; subventral edge prominent, two
setae on each segment. Horns at first as well developed as usual in the
group (larvae of type 2), but soon reduced, finally to small rounded
spinose buttons. The subdorsal horns of joints 3, 4, 5, 8, n and 12 re¬
main longer than the rest; that on joint 13 becomes early consolidated
with its fellow into a tail directed posteriorly, at first cleft and spiny,
later more uniform. The lateral horns are all small, subequal, situated
on joints 3, 4, 6 to 12 as usual. The head is concealed under joint 2, but
this joint is scarcely retracted, its spiracle remaining exposed by a lat¬
eral retraction of joint 3. The spiracle on joint 5 is moved up out of
line with the rest, all being plainly visible, as the whole subventral re¬
gion is freely exposed.

After stage I, the spines on the horns are of the stinging type, but they
are gradually reduced in size and number and become functionless. In
the last stage they are so much aborted that they are imperfectly erected
after the molt and the group remains pointing inward over the back in
the case of the larger horns. The small, black, piercing caps remain
and the spines do not become setiferous, except in the case of some of
the smallest anterior horns.

Depressed spaces feebly developed, represented by black spots; (1)
round, distinct, paired; (2) and (3) tiny dots, segmental; (4) distinct,
narrowly elongated and slightly oblique, in the middle of the lateral
space; (7) slightly elongated, alternating with the spiracles; (8) a tiny
dot above the subventral edge.

Skin covered with very small, dark, pointed spines, which become
round, clear granules just above the subventral edge only. Small patches
of caltropes are present on the upper side of the reduced lateral horns on
joints 6 to 12. No detachable spines.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

This larva seems to represent a recent offshoot of the main stem of
the spined Eucleids. In its first stages it is very closely allied to Euclea ,
but finally the colors and armor degenerate and the shape is altered to
one adapted for concealment. This direction of modification is indi¬
cated in both Euclea delphinii and Adoneta spinuloides , but here it is
fully carried out. The tail, which is so like that of Packardia and Euli -

June, 1897.] DYAR I LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 63

mac odes, is homologous with neither, as it is composed of the two sub¬
dorsal tubercles of joint 13 united, and not of a simple prolongation of
the body. While the larva departs so widely from the primitive form of
the spined Eucleids, the moth is generalized. I take the green thorax
and band on the fore wings to be the primitive pattern of maculation, as it
appears almost identically in both this species, and Euclea indeterinina ,
whose larva are so different, and reappears in many South American and
Indian species. P. chloris, then, is a form belonging to the most typical
group of spined Eucleids, the moth unmodified, but the larva recently
specially adapted.

The larvae are found on the lower branches of trees, not on low bushes
or brush. A rather low overhanging limb in a well shaded place is a
favorite location. The eggs are laid singly, but often several on the
same leaf and not infrequently of two or more ages, as different moths
tend to select the same branch for oviposition. The eggs are laid from
the middle to the end of July; the larvae become mature at the end of
August and during the most of September. They rest on the under¬
sides of the leaves, feeding singly.

Eggs of this species occurred to me rather numerously at Bellport,
Long Island, and this life history was worked out from them. The eggs
are not as difficult to detect as usual on account of their proportionate
large size.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

The published descriptions refer only to the mature larvae, and are
not as full as could be desired. Both Edwards and Packard speak of
the subdorsal horns as “ retractile tubercles.” I think this term mis¬
leading. The horns have the normal structure, though short and de¬
generate, and only appear to be retracted by the movements of the
flexible skin. Dr. Packard figures the spines and skin spinules (com¬
pare Plate IV, figs. 12, 13 and 14) with rather small magnification; but
no one else has even attempted to treat of the finer structure, and the
early stages have been altogether neglected.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg> — (Plate IV , fig. 8.) Elliptical, flat, transparent and very
shining; 1.6 X 1.2 mm. Reticulations angular, linear, irregular, dis¬
tinct. The leaf is perfectly visible through the eggs, which resemble
spots of moisture or some clear gummy substance.

Stage I. — (Plate IV, figs. 1 and 2.) Elliptical, dorsum broadest
centrally, narrowed at the large horns ; sides perpendicular. Horns

64 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

arranged exactly as in Euclea, from which the larva is indistinguishable.
Color all opaquish white, no marks. Length 1.2 mm. The larva does
not feed in this stage.

Stage II. — Horns rounded, large, the subdorsals on joints 3, 4, 5,
8, 11 and 12 with many black-tipped spines, those on joints 6, 7, 9 and
10, with one or two spines. Lateral horns moderate, rounded, spined.
Color all ground glass white. Skin finely granular; segmental incisures
cleft-like; depressed spaces not indicated. Body widest at joint 5, nar¬
rowing a little toward the ends. Subdorsal horns on joint 13 small, ap¬
proximate, projecting posteriorly to form a subquadrate tail. Later a
chocolate brown shade appears dorsally on joints 3 and 4, the highest
part of the body, which slopes backward from this point. Toward the
end of the stage the full markings of the next stage may be assumed.
Length 1.2 to 2.1 mm.

Stage III. — Elongate, the sides parallel, joints 3 and 4 a little the
highest; subdorsal horns elongate rounded, those on joints 3, 4, 11 and

1 2 large, 8 moderate, the rest with but one or two spines; lateral horns
very small with five or six spines, those on joints 3 and 4 the largest.
Color honey yellow, a white line along subdorsal ridge, the pair con¬
nected by a narrow angular bridge on joints 5 and 11; dorsum on joints
3, 5 and 11 chocolate brown; a brown line along the lateral horns. De¬
pressed spaces (1) and (2) indicated, faint, also the large lateral ones
(4). Skin nearly smooth, finely remotely granular or punctate. The
tail horns are partly fused into a short, cleft, spiny process; spines black
tipped; head pale brown, eye black. Length of larva 2.1 to 3 mm.

Stage IV. — As before, the dorsum rather broad. Long horns large,
rounded, whitish, with brown tips, short spined, the one on joints 8 and

13 white. Short subdorsal horns and the lateral ones of joints 6 to 12
small, inconspicuous, concolorous; a short notched tail. Body all
brown, except a space in the dorsum on joints 6 to 10, which is green¬
ish ; a narrow white subdorsal line with white bridges as before, but on
joints 5, 11 and 12; a white line along the subventral edge; a faint
darker line along the lateral horns. Largest depressed spaces moderate ;
skin as before. Length, 2.9 to 4.5 mm.

Stage V. — Dorsum of joints 3, 5, 11 and 13, lower half of sides and
tips of subdorsal horns on joints 3 to 5 dark brown; the rest of the body
fleshy brown ; dorsal vessel greenish ; a fleshy pink tint along the sub¬
dorsal ridge with a narrow bridge on joints 5, 11 and 12; a pink line
along subventral edge. Bases of subdorsal horns on joints 3 to 5, all of
horns 8, 11 and 12 and the short, approximate tail-like pair fleshy pink;

June, 1897.] Dyar: Life- Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 65

other horns obscure. A broken, double, waved, pale addorsal line.
Depressed spaces very obscure. Skin sparsely, very finely granular.
Horns moderate, with slender, black- tipped spines. The anterior end
of the larva is darkly colored, joint n conspicuously pale. Length 4.4
to 6.2 mm.

Stage VI — Horns rounded, small, the subdorsals on joints n to 13
pinkish white, the rest brown, concolorous ; proportions as before, tail
cleft. Body dark-brown dorsally, and on the upper half of the sides,
marked with paler as before; the lines on the ridge and the bridges
rather faint. Central dorsal and waved addorsal faint, broken white
lines. Horns all spined, but the spines on joints 4 and 5 point inward,
not erected. Length 5.9 to 8.5 mm.

Stage VII. (Plate IV, fig. 9, ventral view). Fleshy brown; dorsal
and waved addorsal broken, segmentary, salmon marks; thorax and
subventral edge shaded darker; subdorsal horns of 11 light. Horns
short, rounded; tail slightly cleft, spiny. Dorsal paired dark dots (ij
joined by a whitish band; (4) oval, dark, narrow holes low down on the
sides. A narrow salmon line along the subdorsal ridge edged with dark
above ; sides with tour salmon lines ; a conspicuous pinkish line along
subventral edge, bordered above by crimson and brown. Horns all dark
except the subdorsals on joints 1 r to 13 ; the long ones form rather large

buttons. The shape is like the mature larva. Length 7.5 to 13

mm.

Stage VIII— Tail pointed, spinose sometimes still cleft. Caltropes
present (Plate IV, figs. 13 and 16) on the lateral horns of joints 6 to 12
in a large patch, the caltropes themselves with larger side spines than
usual. Skin finely, rather densely spinulated (Plate IV, figs. 10, 13 and
14), much as in Sibine stimulea. Color without dark shades, the ground
a sordid greenish marked with the numerous waved salmon-colored lines
(Plate IV, figs. 3, 4 and 5), brighter posteriorly. There are five in the
dorsal space, five in the lateral space, all somewhat confused. A narrow
blackish line on subdorsal ridge, none on the lateral one. Subventral
edge broadly pink, edged above by a dark red line. Depressed spaces
(1) small, paired; (4) narrow elongate; (7), round, pit-like; (8) in¬
dicated, all blackish— no others. Horns short, the large ones with the
spines turned in (Plate IV, fig. 11) dark, those on joints 11 and 12
whitish, contrasting. Shape as described above. In some examples the

posterior portion of dorsal space is of a very bright, fiery color. Length
10.6 to 20.3 mm.

Food-plants — Oak, chestnut, wild cherry, hickory and bay berry.

66

LVoi. v.

Journal New York Entomological Society.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig.

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

a

it

u

tt

it

it

tt

tt

NOTE ON MR. GROTE!S REMARKS ON THE

SATURN IANS.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

Mr. Grote’s reply to my criticism on his paper “ Die Saturniiden
is disappointing. I had hoped that he would adopt my suggestion to take
three or four entirely different characters, work each out independently
in the same manner as he has done for vein IV2 of primaries and let the
evidence from these show whether his classification or mine was the
nearest the natural one. Instead Mr. Grote defends his classification
on the original grounds and misstates (unintentionally of course) and
belittles the larval characters. The matter is certainly simplified by
“setting down the loss of the pair of anal tubercles solely to the Cither-
oniinse.” The only objection that I know to this ingenious solution
is that it is not a statement of fact. But, seriously, it remains that the
genealogical tree deduced by Mr. Grote is contradictory to the one that
I have made on larval characters. My original statements are not af¬
fected, so far as I can see, by Mr. Grote’s insistance on the importance
of his characters ; it is open to me to insist equally on the importance
of mine. Collateral evidence only can decide the question, and this
Mr. Grote has not adduced. In reply to Mr. Grote’s kind wish to con¬
vert me to his views, I again point out the path to that end, or at least
the path which must lead to the end of a mutual agreement, whether on
Mr. Grote’s system or mine, or some other more natural one, which we

neither have thought of.

1. Larva stage I, side view.

2. The same, front view,

3. Mature larva, enlarged, side view, feeding.

4. The same, front view.

5. The same, back view.

6. Feeding traces of stage II.

7. The same of stage III.

q Ventral view of larva, the body shrunken preceding a molt, enlarged.

10 Skin granules at subventral edge, grading into the general spines above.

1 1. One of the large horns of subdorsal row, the spines imperfectly erected X 5°*

12. Tip of spine, more enlarged.

13. Horn of lateral row, showing caltrope patch and skin spines.

14. Skin spines of same region, more enlarged.

15. Spines from a different region.

16. Caltropes, X 225-

17. Parasa chloris , natural size.

Journ. N. V. Ent. Soc.

Vol. V PI. IV.

Mkm

14

16

Life- History of Parasa chloris.

June, 1897.]

Webster : On Protective Mimicry.

67

THE PROTECTIVE VALUE OF ACTION, VOLI¬
TIONAL OR OTHERWISE, IN “PROTECTIVE

MIMICRY.”* .

By F. M. Webster.

Whatever in the form, color or actions of an organism tends to en¬
able it to escape from its enemies, or more readily secure a proper supply
of food, is, to a certain extent, protective in its effects. Forms, not in
possession of such advantages, will, in case of an unusual abundance of
enemies, or a deficit m the supply of food, be the least likely to survive
In this paper it is the intention of the author to discuss only such cases
of protective mimicry” as require some special movements, or the
assumption of some peculiar or unique position, on the part of the pro¬
tected form, in order to continue or complete the deceptive effects of
its shape, color or coloration.

There are a number of insects that, prepared and placed in our cab¬
inets, have comparatively little resemblance to each other, while in the
midst of life and activity, are distinguishable from each other only with
extreme difficulty. An example may be found in Podosesia syringe
Harr., which somewhat resembles Polistes annularis Fabr., in form, while
its movements are almost an exact reproduction of those of the latter spe-
cies, w 1C is an armed wasp, while the former is a helpless moth. The
varying Hare, Lefus americanus uirginianus Harlan, no doubt derives
more or less protection from the color of its fur, but this protection does
not appear to be supplemented by any correlative action on the part of

Many naturalists object to the use of the term “protective mim¬
icry for the reason that it implies mental capabilities supposed to be
con ne to the human race. The statement is made, and by those
w ose opinion is worthy of the greatest respect and most careful con¬
sideration, that the influences of natural selection are amply sufficient to
account for all such phenomena, and that we do not need to assume the
presence of volition as a factor in such phenomena. In some quarters
the initial step, m an investigation of the phenomenon of “ protective
mimicry, is to close the door, so to speak, against any possibility of
e most primitive kind of intelligence, on the part of the mimicing
species, while to admit that a mimicing insect has any conception of its
ownappearance, is the most dangerous sort of heresy. Now there are

* Read before the Ohio State Academy of Science, December 30, 1896!

0g Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

quite a large number of zoologists who both work and think, who do
not believe that natural selection is adequate to explain all of the phe¬
nomena that come to the notice of the naturalist, and as a leader
of those who hold this view, we have that venerable thinker, Herbert
Spencer. It is clear enough that natural selection will maintain or even
perfect what has already been begun, but that it can set the machinery
of protective mimicry in motion — can bring a case of protective mim¬
icry or coloration into existence, seems extremely doubtful. In the first
place, we must remember that “self-preservation is the first law of na¬
ture,” even in man. No human being will voluntarily take his or her
own life unless mentally deranged, or as a sacrifice to some great and
important principle, or to save the lives of others. Old and battle-tried
soldiers, whose acts of bravery have become known from one side of the
world to the other, have acknowledged that the impulse to break and
run, when first going into battle, had each time to be overcome. If self-
preservation is the first law of nature, then fear and the sense of pain
are the police powers, so to speak, that enforce the law. The soldier
who drops his gun and runs away, instead of facing the enemy, has al¬
lowed the fear of pain or death to overcome his sense of duty and he
seeks a place of greater safety ; seeks to preserve his life. Among all
animal life below man, we find a different condition to exist, in that the
whole aim and object of life is to reproduce. The same phenomena
may be observed, even among plants, the whole of the remaining vitality
of an injured tree or a girdled vine, being exhausted in producing a few
seeds or seed inclosing fruit. In fact, almost a parallel may be observed
to some extent among consumptive men and women. Among lower
animal life, unless the young require the protecting care of the parents,
as soon as this duty of reproduction is accomplished death, generally
speaking, occurs, although among insects the period of reproduction may
vary from a few hours to several years, according to species. Protection,
in the egg stage, is usually accomplished, where such is needed, by the
mother insect in her selection of a place of oviposition, but both herself
and the larvse may need protection from natural enemies, and such pro¬
tection may result from a close resemblance to other protected species,
or to inanimate objects, thus deceiving, to a greater or less extent, the
natural enemies that threaten their destruction. It often occurs that the
form and color of the adult or of the larva is such as to afford protec¬
tion, but there are many cases, where, without the assuming of certain
positions, to represent forms not preyed upon, or inanimate objects, like
twigs, lichens or portions of flowers, or where peculiar movements are

June, 1857.]

AY ebster : On Protective Mimicry.

69

necessary to complete the deception, form and color would fall far short
of protecting. The point in dispute is as to whether these actions are
of volition, and with the anticipation of protection to be derived there¬
from, or are they involuntarily, and to be classed with the blushing of a
timid maiden when becoming suddenly confused, or the whitening of
the face of the less timid, when brought suddenly face to face with what
appears certain death ? The timid maiden is in no danger, and blushes
not because she intended or wished to, but because she had no power to
avoid so doing ; while the frightened one was in danger, but equally
unable to prevent a different change of color in her face, though no
protection would result. If, as we suppose, the sense of pain decreases,
as we descend in the scale of animal life, than the action that, with form
and coloration, tend to deceive the enemy, must be made in order to
escape destruction. A recent writer in Natural Science (Vol. IX, p.
299) states that while sitting in a tree, rifle in hand, waiting for a tiger^
his attention was caught by a kind of slow cricket, which exactly re¬
sembled a small patch of gray lichen, skurrying round the trunk of a
neighboring tree, with a lizard in full pursuit. “'Just as the lizard came
up with it, the cricket, falling in with a slight depression in the bark,
stopped dead and flattened itself out, and the lizard was utterly con¬
founded. There it stood, looking ludicrously puzzled at the mysterious
disappearance of its prey, which was just under its nose.” Here we
have a sense of danger, a fear of death, and an attempt to escape death
by flight; and when still pursued, certain actions that rendered the pe¬
culiar coloration of the insect of greater life-saving value than flight,
were employed. With no knowledge of its own resemblance to a patch
of lichens, and equally ignorant of the protective value of this resemb¬
lance, would the insect not have continued to attempt escape by further
flight? How did it know that the pursuer was an enemy? How did
it become aware that, to receive the benefit of its appearance, it must
stop, when it had before followed the opposite course ? If it had no
knowledge of its appearance, how would it be able to separate one of
the opposite sex from a patch of lichen? Without such a knowledge
how can there be sexual selection at all ?

Under the head of “A Case of Mimicry,” Prof. Otto Lugger, in
Entomological News, Vol. VI, pp. 138.140, gives a quite similar case
of protective mimicry, as observed by him in Marmopteryx gibbicostata
Walk. Professor Lugger saw on an elm tree what appeared to be the
remains of a moth that had apparently been left over from the dinner
of a spider, and, recognizing it as new to his collection, like every

70 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. v.

other entomologist, preferring a poor specimen to none, attempted to
secure it, when he was astonished to see his treasure take wing and
disappear. Returning again to the same tree an hour later, he ob¬
served a second specimen, or perhaps the same one in the same
position, but this took wing and disappeaied. Returning again next
day, he began to brush the trunk of the tree with a small limb,
as is usually done in flushing Ccitoccilci. Finally, a moth alighted
within two feet of him, ran rapidly a few inches and disappeared. It
was then that the observer saw that the moth, after reaching the tree,
would run to some projecting piece of bark that had a certain gray
color so common upon old elm trees, then make a quarter turn,
and fold its wings in a peculiar way upon the spot selected, that
blended so well with it as to become invisible. In the normal position
of these moths when at rest the color of the upper surface of the wings-
would contract with the color of the surface on which it was resting ;
as only the color and markings of the under side of the lower wing, and
a narrow margin of the upper edge of the under side of upper wing,
harmonize with the grayish spots before mentioned, and therefore these
last must be displayed and the others hidden. The moth by making a
quarter turn, and by pushing the upper wings deeply between the lower
ones, effectually hides all colors not in harmony with its surroundings.
As the colors upon the exposed parts vary somewhat from a very pale to
dark, the insect, in order to render the deception complete, must se¬
lect a spot of the proper shade to correspond ; yet Prof. Lugger states
that of the hundreds of moths he saw, none could be detected upon the
trees unless the spot upon which they were observed to settle was kept
carefully in sight until they were approached closely. In this case the
deception was more largely a matter of action than of coloration, and
the action would certainly imply a knowledge of not only the colors of
its own wings but of its surroundings also. Collectors of Catocala are
familiar with similar phenomena among that group of moths, as a scar
or slight blaze, such as is often made by woodmen to mark paths or
boundaries, are more often selected for resting places than other parts of
the trees.

In North American Entomologist, Vol. I, p. 3°> Dr. D. Kelli-
cott has called attention to the fact that the moth Alaria florida Guen.,.
conceals itself during the day in the withering blossoms of the Evening
Primrose, (Enothera biennis. The inner two-thirds of the fore wings
of this moth are bright pink, while the outer third, hind wings and
abdomen, are pale yellow. The moth enters the flower before day.

June, 1897. J

Webster: On Protective Mimicry.

71

with its body resting upon the style, the four-parted stigma projecting
beyond the tip of the abdomen, appearing like a part thereof, and when
the sun appears the two petals that were above the moth soon wilt and
fall down over the roof-like wings, concealing the hinder portion, leav¬
ing the yellow part exposed as a part of the blossom, and so effectually
is the moih concealed in this way during the day, that only a trained
eye can detect its presence, and even then with extreme difficulty.

Some time after Dr. Kellicott had published his observations, and be¬
fore I knew of them, I find, from looking over some old note books where
I had recorded observations made in Illinois, that a specimen of this
moth was taken by myself under much the same circumstances, except
in this case the pink color was exposed from under a reddening, discol¬
ored leaf of Evening Primrose, in such a manner that the yellow
was concealed and the deception was so marked that I made a record
of it at the time. I still have the moth in my possession, and I have
never taken a specimen except on this plant, and concealed in the
manner indicated by the observations of Dr. Kellicott and myself.

In “A Naturalist in the Transvaal,” pp. 41, 42, Mr. W. L. Distant
calls attention to the fact that while a butterfly, Hamanumida dczdalus,
in Senegambia, Calabar and the Cameroons, according to report, always
settles with the wings vertically closed, and which so closely resemble
the soil of the district, that it can with difficulty be seen, the color
varies with the soil in different localities, yet in the Transvaal, and
Natal, he was never able to observe it to rest except with horizontally-
expanded wings, by which its protection was almost equally insured, by
the assimulative color of the same to the rocks and paths on which it
was usually found. Here we have an insect breaking away, or at any
rate differing radically from a prevailing habit, where such habit would
tend to expose it to natural enemies, and following that habit where it
derives protection therefrom.*

In the case of Podosesia syringes, which when in flight the abdomen
has almost the exact position of Polistes annularis , when it is at rest,
the posterior segments are bent downward and kept in motion, and if

* While quite foreign to this particular point, it is interesting to note the dif¬
ference in the action of our domestic sheep, in different parts of the country, on the
appearance of sudden danger, like a wolf or dog. In the eastern and central-western
states, a flock will break and run for a place of safety, and if still followed will
scatter, each individual for itself. But in the far West, on the appearance of a like
danger, the sheep will run directly to a common centre, and arranging themselves
in a circle, heads outward, await further movements of the enemy.

72 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

it falls to the ground it will walk about precisely like the wasp it seems
to resemble the most closely, so that its actions constitute by far the
greater portion of the mimicry, and therefore are to the greatest extent
protective in effects.

Among those species which resemble ants the most closely, and ap¬
pear to derive protection therefrom, we fina that, besides a more or less
close resemblance in form and color, they have the erratic, rapid move¬
ments of such species of ants as they most resemble. Pilophorus bifas-
ciatus Fab., a species of Hemiptera which is here in Ohio frequently as¬
sociated with a species of black ant that is common and very often ob¬
served running up and down the trunks of trees and out on the limbs
and twigs, does not closely resemble one of these ants when pinned and
placed in the cabinet of a collector ; but when running about over the
trees they have the quick, erratic movements of the ants, and are then
very difficult to distinguish from their associates.'1' In this case the de¬
ception is largely due to movement, and but for this there would be little
resemblance. Belt, in “The Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 3I4> speaks
of a species of spider that appeared so exactly like a species of stinging
ant that he did not distinguish the difference until he had killed the
spider, and adds that “the resemblance is greatly increased by the spider
holding up its two fore legs, like antennae, and moving them about just
like an ant.”

Not over a couple of hundred yards from where I am now standing I
was some years ago collecting small insects from the leaves of an elm tree,
and saw what at a glance I took to be the excreta of a bird on the upper
surface of a leaf, and, avoiding it, was busily engaged with my collect¬
ing. On making a sudden thrust I brought my hand in direct contact
with the leaf, and not perceiving any excreta on my hand looked for an
explanation, when, to my utter astonishment, the larger portion of the
supposed excreta was observed to take legs and run across the leaf, and
I found that it was nothing more or less than a small spider, whose back
was clouded with a blackish area, surrounded with white. A white
splotch remaining on the leaf proved to be only an irregular sheet of
spider web, but almost exactly counterfeiting the appearance of semi¬
liquid bird excreta that had become dried, and I saw at once through
the whole deception. Taken separately, the spider was easily recog¬
nized, but placed on its sheet of thin white web and the deception was

* In this case the rays of light reflected from the polished, black surface of the ab¬
domen of the ant, appear like a transverse whitish band, very like in appearance to
the transverse white fascse on the wings of the bug.

June, 1897.] Webster: On Protective Mimicry. 73

complete, and I have no doubt but that it not only escaped its enemies,
but secured a better supply of food in consequence of its concealment,
though in plain light, in a most exposed position. Mr. Henry O. Forbes,
in his “A Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago,” p. 63,
gives a similar experience of his in Java. In this case the observer saw
what he supposed to be a butterfly at rest on a splotch of bird excreta on
a leaf. Mr. Forbes carefully approached his prize until he was able to
seize it between his fingers, when, to his astonishment, the wings parted
from the body, which was left behind, and he still thought it had ad¬
hered to a small splotch of bird excreta until he touched the latter with
his finger to find if it was glutinous, when, to his delighted astonishment,
he found that the supposed excreta was really a peculiarly colored spider
lying on its back, with its feet crossed, and on an irregularly shaped
film of web, appearing like a splotch of excreta, with its central and
denser portion of a pure chalk- like color, streaked here and there with
black, the white margin being drawn out into a narrow streak, with a
slight thickening at termination near the margin of the leaf. Two years
after, in Sumatra, Mr. Forbes, while waiting for his servants to procure
some botanical specimens for him, rather dreamily plucked what ap¬
peared to be an excreta-marked leaf, and, while looking at it, mentally
wondered why it was that he had never found a second specimen of the
curious spider found in Java, when suddenly the supposed excreta bit
him, and he was astounded to learn that he actually had a second spec¬
imen in his hand (loc. cit., p. 216).

In transmitting his specimens to Rev. O. P. Cambridge, for deter¬
mination, Mr. Forbes used this expression : “ the similitude is so exact
that the spider might have had consciousness, and it could not have
been more exact if the spider did have it,” referring, of course, to the
placing of itself on its sheet of web and the deceptive resemblance pre¬
viously mentioned, though he really had no intention of crediting the
spider with any conscious design, as Rev. O. P. Cambridge at first supposed.
The latter gentleman, however, offered the following explanation of the
phenomenon (loc. cit., pp. 1 19-1 21) : “It seems to me, on the con¬
trary, that the whole is easily explained by the operation of natural se¬
lection, without supposing consciousness in the spider in any part of the
process. The web on the surface of the leaf is evidently, so far as the
spider has any design or consciousness in the matter, spun simply to
secure itself in the proper position to await and seize its prey. The silk,
which by its fineness, whiteness and close adhesion to the leaf causes it
to resemble the more fluid parts of the excreta, would gradually attain

74 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

those qualities by natural selection, just as the spider itself would grad¬
ually, and probably pari passu , become, under the influence of the same
law, and more and more like the solid portion.” And further, in a foot
note on p. 121 : “Is not this exactness probably the result of the un¬
consciousness of the spider ? Conscious-design would possibly have re¬
sulted in a failure and abandoning the plan, or at least in a more clumsy
imitation.” *

To a great many naturalists it would appear as though if conscious¬
ness were present at all it would first exhibit itself in protecting life and
afterwards in sustaining it. Without life food would be unnecessary,
and the same consciousness that would lead the spider to take certain
precautions to sustain life would impel it to take other or, perhaps, the
same precautions to protect its life. The earlier attempts might be
crude, but so long as they obscured the spider from the equally crude
vision of either foe or victim, it would suffice. Of course, if it should be
found that these species of spiders are inedible, then the whole effect of the
deception would be to aid in sustaining life, but this is yet to be shown.
Besides, it does not appear impossible that a kind of obscure and lim¬
ited consciousness may have developed, springing, perhaps, from in¬
herited instincts sufficient to enable these spiders and various species of
insects to take advantage of action or movements, in order to protect
their lives and perpetuate their species, but not extending beyond this
point in development.

When, in the earliest development of animal life on the globe, one
form or individual began to prey upon another, then self-preservation
became necessary, and death a catastrophe to be feared and avoided.
We would, here, have the first fear-incited efforts put forth to escape
destruction by flight — the first impulse that seizes even man at the pres¬
ent day, when suddenly exposed to impending danger. The next effort,
usually put forth by an organism, is to hide or secrete itself from a
danger that, perhaps, cannot be avoided by flight. The second of these
efforts, it is possible, might have followed the first very rapidly in
time of development, and, later on, as the struggle for life became more
severe between different forms, concealment for the purpose of surpris¬
ing and capturing prey might have developed, and still later, the at¬
tempt at defense on the part of the form pursued, would lead to trials
of strength between the attacking organism and the organism attacked,

*These isolated observations give us no data whereby to judge to what extent
individual spiders vary from each other in their architecture, or to what extent, if
any, the young profits by imitating its parents.

June, 1897.]

Webster : On Protective Mimicry.

75

but the object of all of these efforts would be the protection of life, by es¬
caping capture and securing food to sustain that life, and the most suc¬
cessful would be the most apt to survive.

But have we not had, during all of this time, a consciousness of pos¬
sible destruction and volition in the efforts put forth to get out of the way
of an enemy in pursuit ? Do not these, in fact, coexist with animation
itself ; and does not their presence really afford natural selection the
primary foundation with which to begin the development of certain
characteristics, and perfect such to an extent necessary to the life of an
organism ?

Another kind of phenomena, commonly termed feigning death, also
comes within the scope of this paper, and includes such species as, when
they are alarmed, either fall to the ground or assume certain rigid po¬
sitions while attached to plants, or both, so as to appear either dead or
like some lifeless object. Many insects, when disturbed, will draw up
their legs and falling down remain perfectly still and rigid until the
supposed enemy has passed on. Very many of our beetles do this, and
because of our common opossum Didelphys virginiana , taking a similar
course in its attempts to escape death, the action has been vulgarly
termed “playing possum.” Species belonging to the Coleopterous
genera Chlamys and Exema , however, are shaped and colored so as to
almost exactly represent the excreta of caterpillars, and when feeding,
if disturbed, will drop to the ground if not caught by the leaves of the
plant upon which they are feeding, and as they lay perfectly still, may
be unrecognized by even fairly good entomologists. But, even the pe¬
culiar form and color of these insects would fall far short of protecting
them while feeding, as their position at that time is so entirely different
from that under which the excreta of caterpillars is usually observed ;
but, when they loose their hold, and drop to the upper surface of a
lower leaf and either remain there or roll off and fall upon the ground,
the deception is complete.

The resemblance of the larvae of Geometridae, to small twigs of trees
and shrubs is everywhere observed, and as universally excites feelings of
delight and surprise. When disturbed, the caterpillars assume a rigid
position, more or less transverse to the limb upon which they are lo¬
cated, so that their position, together with the peculiar form and color
of their bodies, render them not easily detected. In some species, the
form of the body is such as to closely resemble a dead twig, even to the
buds thereon. In this case it requires the assumption of the peculiar
and rigid position, in order to complete the deception so far as it is

16 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

complete. On one occasion I found several eggs of a parasitic fly, one
of the Tachinse, placed among the bases of the legs, where the enemy
could by no possibility have placed them had the caterpillar not occu¬
pied the peculiar position that it assumes when disturbed, thus showing
that the deception was not complete.

An interesting point is here brought out, as, if all individuals at¬
tacked died, there would be no progeny and, therefore, no transmission
of acquired life preserving consciousness, this could only be brought
about by individuals that were attacked and escaped death. A new
enemy would be more crude and bungling in its work, and thus allow
of a greater number of escapes.

Now, in all of these phenomena we have form and color, supplemented
by action, the object of all of which, taken together, is the protection
of life. Indeed, what else have these organisms to protect? And of
what service would life be to an organism, without intelligence enough,
to, in a measure, enable the possessor thereof to protect that life ? In
all of these actions and movements, do we not have the same kind of
consciousness, intelligence and volition, that we do in the case of a bird
building a nest, with the expectations of laying its eggs in that nest and
rearing its young? Are not all of these positions assumed, and move¬
ments made, with the sole aim of protecting life — continuing to live ?
Did not life and a life protecting intelligence co-exist, in the beginning,
in some primitive organism, and was not this primitive, live-protecting
intelligence, developed side by side with form and color, until the
present conditions of affairs has been the result? The term “ protective
mimicry,’ ’ is misapplied when used to designate this developed con¬
dition, because that term implies the personation of different objects, by
different individuals of the same species, at the same time and in the
same exact locality, which is not the case. But, though the same
species may “ mimic” different species in different localities, or differ¬
ent sexes may “mimic” different species, or one sex “mimic” and
another not, yet these conditions cannot be changed to meet any sudden
change of environment. Not only will the forms, colors and colora¬
tions continue long after the enemy to be protected from has dis¬
appeared, but as Mr. Distant has shown (“A Naturalist in the Trans¬
vaal,” p. 66,) the “ mimicing ” form may continue to “ mimic,” even
when the mimiced form has fallen far below it in point of numbers and
becomes almost or even quite extinct.

It was Mr. Bates who wrote in his “ The Naturalist on the Amazon,”
that “on the wing of the butterfly is written, as on a tablet, the story

June, 1897.] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. 77

of the modification of the species, so truly do all changes register them¬
selves thereon,” and it seems to me that in the brains of so-called “ mim ic¬
ing ” species of insects, we might, if we could but understand the full sig¬
nificance of brain cells, read therein the records of the development of a
dim, obscure consciousness, a volition and an intelligence that has kept
pace with the requirements of these organisms, in protecting their lives
and perpetuating their race. Man himself comes into the world, little
less than a mere automaton, but with an inherited basis for future de¬
velopment of an individual consciousness. He begins his education
with the alphabet, but does not transmit even a knowledge of this al¬
phabet to his offspring, who must begin precisely where he himself be¬
gan. But there has descended to his children, that which will enable
them to master the alphabet with more aptitude and less difficulty.
Now, if we descend the line of animal life, until we reach these insects
whose movements go far toward perfecting the protection afforded by
their form, color and coloration, may we not expect to find the founda¬
tion for a “species consciousness” that will enable the possessors to
protect their lives from enemies of long standing and gradually, though,
perhaps very slowly, adapt themselves to shunning the attacks of more
recent foes ? Or, to put the question in other words, with a protective
appearance, will there not go either a consciousness of that appearance,
or an inherited foundation for such a consciousness, that will the better
enable an insect to apply its protective inheritance, and in the use of all
of these, as a means of perpetuating its kind, follow strictly in the line
of all other animal life?

♦

NOTES ON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE
HIGHER HYMENOPTERA. II.

By A. S. Packard.

Polistes (probably P. canadensis Linn.').

Larva. — It differs generically from Vespa in its head being about
twice as large ; the body is much shorter, a third shorter than in Vespa,
and more ovoid ; the end sharper, the body narrowing rapidly towards
the tip, which is more pointed than usual ; towards the head it tapers
rapidly, the prothoracic segment being small in proportion to the head.
The lateral ridge of the body is but slightly prominent. The body is
not entirely cylindrical, but very convex above, and flattened beneath.
The last sternite is twice as broad as long ; the sides of the anal opening

78 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

are more exserted and prominent, the last tergite being much more pro¬
duced than in Vespa. The nervous system is nearly the same in the
middle of the body, but owing to the shorter segments the ganglia are
nearer together, and each ganglion is opposite each suture ; the size of
the ganglia and of the cords are the same, but the ganglia appear to be
a little farther separated than in Vespa, in the specimens examined.

The head is very large, round, short and broad, full, convex above.
The eye-slits are long, narrow, oblique and prominent. The antennal
tubercles are flat, depressed, large and conspicuous, and are placed on
each side of the clypeus and in a line with the anterior or lower end of
the eyes. The clypeus is large, very regularly equilaterally triangular,
the apex or posterior portion separated by a slight suture from the ante¬
rior and much -larger portion : the front edge is straight and aligned with
the squarely docked front edge of the side of the head. Labrum very
broad and short, nearly as broad as the clypeus is long ; the front edge
is straight, the sides well rounded ; rounded, swollen, full and very prom¬
inent at the end. Mandibles broad, triangular, very acutely bidentate,
much shorter and broader at base than in the Apidae, very convex on the
outer side. Maxillae large, full, swollen, with two small corneous tu¬
bercles on the interior next the mouth. Very full and bulging exter¬
nally. Labium well separated from the mentum by a distinct suture,
with two terminal tubercles. Mentum broad, low, triangular, not quite
reaching to the outer side of the maxillae, but nearly as broad as the
head.

It differs from the larva of Vespa in having the antennal tubercle a
little more approximate, the clypeus more regularly triangular and more
distinct, while the labrum is very much larger and excessively swollen.
The mandibles are very different from those of Vespa, being bi¬
dentate, very acute, broad at base, triangular, while in Vespa they are
tridentate, oblong, and as wide at the tip as at the base, the teeth being
rather equal and blunt, while the mentum is not prominent. The en¬
tire head is freer from the body in Polistes, and harder, more corneous
than in Vespa.

Both Polistes and Vespa larvae differ from those of Bombus and
Apidae in general in having the clypeus and mouth-parts larger; by the
antennal tubercles being more distinct, by the presence of the eye-slit,
by the larger mandibles and maxillae, while the entire head is larger in
proportion to the rest of the body, and the surface of the segments are
smooth. The end of the body is more acute, and the lateral ridge less
marked. (In the larva of Pompilus, the segments are more thickened

June, t897.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

79

than in Megachile.') The sides of the epicranium at the insertion of the
jaws in Vespa do not bulge out, and become squarely truncated as in
Polistes.

Fig. 6. Polistes, a, larva beginning to change to pupa; b , semipupa; b< , ventral
view of head and thorax; c, pupa, X3> (Emerton del.)

Pupa. — Compared with that of Vespa maculata the body is much
longer and slenderer and the tubercle on the head is not near so large
and prominent. The clypeus is longer and fuller ; the labrum is small.
The antennae have the joints half as long, and the appendage, as a
whole, is still less bent than in Vespa , and much shorter than in Vespa ,
not reaching to the tip of the anterior legs. The trochanters are very
much larger than in Vespa and at least twice as long. The maxillae are
much shorter than in Vespa, the lingua not so deeply bifid. The legs
are much longer than in Vespa and the wings do not reach so near the
tibial spurs as in Vespa, while the hind legs nearly reach to the tip of
the abdomen. Seen sideways, the legs and wings, especially, are much
more oblique and parallel to the longer axis of the body than in Vespa.
The thorax and long narrow subpedicellate abdomen are much as in the
imago. The ovipositor is still exserted, while the last tergite is greatly

80 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

expanded, forming an irregularly hexagonal expansion, the end of
which is broad and square, with the edge excavated.

Vespa (probably. V. arenaria Fabr.').

Larva. — The head is about as long as broad, the vertex very slightly
depressed in the mesial line. Eyes well marked by a long narrow testa¬
ceous line. Antennae rather remote from the sides of the clypeus,
when compared with those of Polistes ; the round flattened antennal
area, situated within an ovate much larger area, is obsolete in Polistes.
The clypeus is much longer and narrower than in Polistes , extending
farther back towards the vertex ; the posterior portion not being so
clearly divided from the anterior part as in Polistes. It is a quarter
longer than wide, and it differs very much from Polistes by its front
edge contracting and narrowing towards the labrum, where in Polistes
it rather spreads, so that the labrum is much narrower, being less swol¬
len, nd shows a tendency to become bilobate. Mandibles stout, thick,
oblong, bidentate, the teeth small, cylindrical, not nearly so sharp as
usual. The maxillae are 2-tuberculate, swollen externally. The labrum
is distinct from thementum, with two terminal tubercles, and a terminal
testaceous line, probably the lingua.

The body is long, cylindrical, not curved on itself so much as in
Polistes owing to its posture in the broad cell, which is longer and nar¬
rower than that of Polistes. Posteriorly each segment is somewhat thick¬
ened, as are the pleural ridges. The end of the abdomen is rather blank,
the last sternite large and transverse, while the tergite is considerably
smaller than in Polistes. The elements of the ovipositor are distinct,
two rather remote tubercles visible on the 8th abdominal segment, and
4 arranged in a semicircle on the 9th, the two inner ones much larger
than the minute outer pair. Above, owing to the thinness of the pelli¬
cle along the median line of the body, the dorsal vessel can be distinctly
seen in the alcoholic specimens; each section of the vessel dilating prob¬
ably near the posterior edge of each segment where the valves are prob¬
ably situated and dilating not angularly so to speak from the insertion
of the succeeding section.

Halictus parallelus Say and H. ligatus Say.

Larva. — Body very slender, cylindrical, quite different from the
broad flattened body of Andrena ; it is rather obtuse behind, but in
front tapering slowly towards the head, which is of moderate size, and
of the width of the prothoracic segment. The thoracic segments are a
little tuberculated on each side ; they are much more convex than the

June, 1897 1 1 ACKARD : I RANSFORMATIONS OF HYMENOPTERA.

81

abdominal segments which are nearly smooth and very round. The
specimen described was not fully grown and was found by Mr. J. H.
Emerton, August 13, with eggs of the second brood.

When the larva has voided all its excrement the tubercles over the
whole body become very prominent, extending from low down on the
side of the body, forming high, regular, very prominent transverse
ridges, which beneath the abdomen are more prominent than on the in¬
side of the thorax. Length, .40 inch.

In examining the larvae of H. parallels and H. ligatus the head
only differs, so far as one can tell, by the sides of one species bulging
out; in the mandibles of H . ligatus being longer and slenderer, and
the notch below being longer and ending in a distinct seta.' The head
in the two species is of about the same size ; the clypeus is of the same
shape, the head above being a little more divided in H. parallels than
in H. ligatus. The entire larva of H. ligatus is much longer and
slenderer than that of H. parallelus , and the thickened tuberculous
portion of the segments inclined to be a little more prominent. These
differences are sufficient to produce changes in form, rendering the
identification of the larva easy, but the best specific characters are the
differences in size and slenderness of form. The larvae being just in
the period approaching the semi-pupa stage, the head is protruded and
the segments more or less elongated, as the parts of the pupa growing
beneath press out the larval skin in various directions. The ovipositor
can not be detected beneath the thin larval skin.

1 his larva (the following description applies to it when in the early
semi-pupa stage, and there are no hairs yet developed) differs from that
of Andrena vicina in being longer and slenderer in proportion. The
antennae are shorter, stouter and more clavate. The mandibles in this
stage are not corneous. The maxillae are shorter, the lingua much
longer than the tips of both pairs of palpi, which are of the same length
as in Andrena. The two tubercles behind the ocelli are unusually
prominent. Of the three ocelli, which are arranged at points in an
equilateral triangle, afterwards becoming a very slight curved line, the
middle one in front is not raised.

In front of the ocelli, arranged transversely in a slight curved line,
are four low, flat tubercles which resemble the ocelli; these disappear
when the pupa becomes mature. The head and front, including the
clypeus and labrum, are as in Andrena , but the supra-clypeal region in
the specimen before me is better marked. The legs are a very little
slenderer, and the hind tarsi do not reach nearly to the tip, but only
half way, as the abdomen is much less elongated than in Andrena.

82 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

The thorax is very convex, there are two high prominent tubercles
on the scutellum, which are higher and longer than in Andrew, also
two smaller ones on the meta-scutellum (none on the port-scutellum).
The propodeum is more like an abdominal segment than a thoracic one ;
it is broad and square-cornered, twice as broad as long, not yet sepa¬
rated from the abdomen. The latter is now one-half larger than the
head and thorax. The segments posteriorly are very convex, and the
edges very distinctly, thickly and finely dentate ; the end or terminal
segment of the abdomen is long and slender.

The presence of the four deciduous semi-pupal tubercles on the head,
which in this stage are so large and distinct, and which are arranged in
a transverse line just in front of the ocelli, is interesting and deserves
further investigation, as their use is unknown. The fact that all these
tubercles disappear afterwards is of additional interest, also the circum¬
stance that they do not exist at all in the corresponding stages of Apis
and of Bombus is perhaps a characteristic of that sub-family of Apidae
(Andr ended) of which Halictus is a member.

The pair of tubercles on the meso-scutellum and meta-scutellum are
also of corresponding interest. They are scarcely homologous in po¬
sition with those of Oxybelus, except those on the meta-scutellum. The
serrate, very convex abdominal segments are noteworthy, as being a
“ low” feature. Also noticeable are the great differences between the
two high posterior tubercles on the sides of which are situated the two
posterior ocelli, so different from the anterior sunken ocellus.

Andrena vicina Smith.

Larva. _ In Andrena vicina the larva is not only much larger, stouter

and thicker than that of Halictus (AT. paratlelus and ligatus), and not so
long in proportion, but the thickened tuberculous portion of the segments
is broader, and not so sharply ridged. The two tubercles on the head
are more prominent. The clypeus is wider and squarer, and the entire
clypeal region broader ; the mandibles are stouter and blunter, as are the
maxillae ; the best characters are the stouter, more truncate mandibles,
and the more raised tubercles on the vertex.

Head with the vertex rather deeply impressed by the median line;
on each side is a high, prominent, acute tubercle. The lateral region on

each side of the depressed median portion bulging, convex. This median
region is divided into two slightly convex pieces. The clypeus is divided
into an anterior and a posterior portion. The labrum is nearly square,
quite distinct from the clypeus; the edge is square, the sides narrowing
very slightly towards the front edge. On each side of the front edge of

june, i897.j Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

83

the clypeus is a dark, corneous, minute, stout, acute spine. (The use of
this process is unknown ; it is not present in the larva of Sphex, and is
an interesting larval structure.) The mandibles are long, narrow, in¬
curved, the tip very acute and rather long. The maxillae are cylin¬
drical, stout, short and thick, obtuse, ending in a corneous, black, low,
obtuse tip. The labium is short, divided a little at the end, and in the
middle into two short, obtuse tubercles.

Compared with the larva of Bombus the vertex is not so rounded and
smooth, while the lateral eye-pieces are remote and more bulging in front,
leaving a broad, depressed mesial interspace ; the distinction so marked
in Bombus between the clypeus and labrum is in Andrena almost an¬
nulled, the labrum in Andre?ia being at first easily mistaken for an an¬
terior portion of the clypeus, until after comparison has been made ; its
edge differs from that of Bombus and most other hymenopterous larvae
in being square, entire and much longer, while the trophi, i. e., the max¬
illae and labium, are in Andrena a little shorter, less produced beyond
the mandibles and labrum. In Andrena and Halictus the segments are
much more convex and angular, more tuberculous, while the last ab¬
dominal segment is broader, more transverse than in Bombus , where it is
orbicular.

Fig. 7. Andrena vicina , pupa, enlarged nearly three times. (Emerton del.)

Nomada (probably imbricata Smith).

Larva.— The head is much smaller in proportion to the rest of the
body than in Andrena, smoother and rounder, somewhat flattened, seen
from in front somewhat square, with the angles rounded off ; the eye¬
pieces not full convex as usual, but continuous with the middle of the
front, which is not depressed mesially. Two black chitinous tubercles
situated rather far apart on each side of the epicranium in a line with
t e insertion of the mandibles, being much farther apart than the sides

34 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

of the clypeus, which is short and narrow, projecting from the epicra-
nium and shorter than the labrum. The latter is squarish, convex and
rounded at the end, which is thickened, with the edge entire, and pro¬
vided with four chitinous acute tubercles, two on the edge and two be¬
hind. There is a deep depression or pit between the labrum and the
insertion of the mandibles. The latter are short, very stout, thick,
conical, suddenly ending in an acute mucronate point or spine ; they
are short, situated far apart, and in my alcoholic specimen do not meet,
only reaching to the sides of the labrum. Maxillae unusually short, low,
obtuse, thick, terminating in two very minute corneous, low, obtuse tuber¬
cles. Labium stout, short, thick, obtuse. Body long and slender, the
segments very regularly convex, scarcely thickened, more so in the
middle of the body than in the prothoracic segment, where it is most
marked in Andrena ; the lateral region distinct, the smaller portions
less marked than in the higher genera, an important distinction, especi¬
ally observable in the lower genera of fossorial Hymenoptera, such as
Sphex, where there is scarcely any difference in shape between the pro-
thoracic and the abdominal segments. Beneath, the segments are
smooth, regularly convex, not thickened. The body is straightened out
more than usual, tapers unusually fast towards the end of the abdomen.
The last segment is much more rounded, more prominent or exserted,
more convex, and free from the rest of the body than usual, even in
Sphex.

On a part of the head, and on the sides, and vertex, and on the
tergum are blackish pigment cells ; the thickened tergal portion not
ending in spinules as usual. The spiracles are large and more distinct
than usual in non-parasitic Apid larvae.

In all respects the larva of this parasitic genus is lower, more de¬
graded, much less differentiated than in the non-parasitic Apid larvae;
the lateral region is less marked ; the tuberculous thickenings nearly ob¬
solete, and the whole body more attenuated, tapering rapidly towards
the head and end of the abdomen, and is more cylindrical. The head
is rather smaller in proportion than in the non-parasitic Apid larvae.
The very hard chitinous mandibles ; the almost obsolete maxillae, the
thickened, rounded, entire labrum, with its 4 tubercles, the minute,
faintly marked clypeus, the convex surface of the epicranium, not mesi-
ally depressed, with a subtriangular depression such as usually occur in
non-parasitic larvae of this family, are signs of degeneration, or at least
of adaptation to its parasitic habits, and slightly reminds us of the head
of dipterous larvae. The absence of spinules on the surface of the
tergum is noticeable.

June, 1897.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

85

Fig. 8. Nomada probably imbricata , a, semipupa ; b, pupa. X 3* (Emerton del. )

Nomada imbricata Smith.

Pupa. — The pupae of both sexes occurred in the nests of Andrena
vicina.

$ . Head not so broad as in Andrena. Ocelli situated in a curved
raised line ; on the upper and posterior edge of the orbit are three con¬
spicuous spines, which are not present in the other genera, and are
evidently of use in locomotion. Front of the head much narrower and
depressed next to the orbits ; the insertions of the antennae are nearer
together than in Andrena. Supraclypeal piece well marked, though
the outlines are as yet indistinct. The clypeus is broad, subtriangular,
the surface very convex. Labrum not distinct, separated by suture
from the clypeus, somewhat triangular in form, with the front edge well
rounded. Mandibles long, cylindrical, regularly incurved; tips uni-
dentate, subacute. Antennae stout, not clavate, reaching to the inser¬
tion of the posterior trochanter, also reaching just to the tips of the
maxillary palpi; the joints as long as broad, each with a mesial constric¬
tion. From the labrum drops down a long slender pointed tongue-like
piece (the epipharynx) into the base of the maxillae (also present in the
pupa of Bombas). The lingua reaches beyond the tip of the antennae;
the tip long, slender and pointed. Paraglossae as long as the part of the

86 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

tip of the lingua extending beyond the end of the maxillae. The 5-
jointed labial palpi reach one-half way between the end of the lingua
and the end of the maxillae; the joints of both pairs of palpi rapidly de¬
creasing in size; the maxillary palpi 6-jointed, reaching only to the tip
of the maxillae, thus being much shorter than the labial palpi, whereas
in the pupa of Andrena they reach to and are parallel with the tips of
the other pair. All the mouth parts are twice as long as in Andrena ,
and in this respect Nomada seems more allied to Bombus , etc., but
otherwise, and in its elongated body especially, it is much lower. The
legs are slenderer than usual, the tarsi folded on the breast as usual,
the hind legs only reaching to the middle of the abdomen, which is un¬
usually long and slender, the segments long, very convex, the sutures
large, broad, deeply impressed, the hind edges much thickened, dentate
beneath (not so in Andrena) showing that the pupa of this parasitic
form probably moves about a good deal in its cell. On the hind edge
of the 7th and 8th abdominal segments grow out a pair of tubercles,
those on the 7th small and simple, the 2d pair (on 8th) very much
larger and ending in a nipple-like papilla. The 9th sternite is
square and slightly excavated at the edge, while the terminal (probably
10th) tergite is elongated into an acute extensible point tipped with
black. These rhabdites agree well in form and position with those of
$ Andrena vicina ; they are, however, a little longer, more exserted,
and the 10th tergite is longer, slenderer and more pointed.

Thorax : The mesial groove and parapsidal grooves of the meso-
thorax are deep and better marked than usual. The scutellum rises into
two prominent tubercles which are larger than in Andrena , while the
meta-scutellum is smaller, being small and scarcely tuberculated. The
propodium is broad and flattened, contracting somewhat posteriorly.
The hind tarsi are spinulated on the outer edge.

9 differs from $ in the head being a little wider and the body
thicker ; the antennae are of the length and size in both sexes, though
differing in the adult, and the mouth-parts are precisely the same. Tip
of the abdomen : ovipositor with three pairs of rhabdites almost en¬
tirely exserted ; the tip is precisely as described in the $ , ending in an
acute prolonged point, and the square end of the 9th urite forming the
under side of the anus is the same as in the $ . (This identity in the
pupa is interesting. The $ and 9 external genitals seem to be strictly
homologous in position though the genitals of the $ only consist of two
pairs of appendages (rhabdites) arising from the 8th segment. The $
has one abnormal segment more, this being absorbed in the 9 . In the

June, 1897.1 Van Duzee : Dragonflies Near Buffalo, N. Y. 87

abdominal $ tip of Andrena the 7th urite is rounded, triangular, cover¬
ing in the two small rhabdites on the 7th segment; those on the 8th
are large, smooth, full, simple, not ending in apapilla, as in Nomada ;
the 9th urite is full, not so flat and excavated or as deep as in Nomada ;
the 10th tergite rounder and shorter than in Nomada.

- — + -

LIST OF DRAGONFLIES TAKEN NEAR
BUFFALO, N. Y.

By E. P. Van Duzee.

During the seasons of 1895 and 1896 I took up the collection of the
local Neuropteroid insects as a recreation from the heavier work I had
been doing on the Hemiptera. The time at my disposal was very lim¬
ited, only a few half-days during the summer, therefore it is not likely
that this list, which enumerates 41 species, is anything like a fair repre¬
sentation of our local Odonat fauna.

The principal localities mentioned are the following : Squaw Island
and Black Rock Harbor, in Niagara River, are within the limits of Buf¬
falo City. Ridgeway, Ont., is on the north shore of Lake Erie, twelve
miles west of Buffalo, and Point Abino is just beyond. Between these
stations is a large swamp separated from the lakes by sand-dunes, reach¬
ing in places a height of 100 feet. About here is by far the best col¬
lecting grounds within many miles of Buffalo. Stations at Tonawanda
and Amherst are on a deep stagnant creek which affords excellent breed¬
ing grounds for many of the Dragonflies. Colden and Boston are 20
miles southeast from Buffalo, among hills about 600 feet in height,
where the country is well wooded in places, and traversed by rapid
streams. Lancaster, Elma and Hamburgh are on the level country,
about 10 miles east and south from Buffalo. Clarence is farther east,
and there and at Hamburgh are bog swamps that harbor many Odonata
and other insects both interesting and distressing.

Several interesting localities not far from Buffalo have not yet been
visited for the Odonata. Among these is Niagara Falls, and it is not
improbable that this and other places at Chippewa, the lower end of
Grand Island, etc., will yield numbers of fine species not on this list.
Two or three species from the upper end of Grand Island taken by Mr.
Philip Fischer have been included to make this list more complete.

For the determination of these Dragonflies I am indebted to the kind-

■

88 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

ness of Dr. D. S. Kellicott, and Mr. P. P. Calvert has kindly under¬
taken to revise the list and publish it in connection with his additions to
the list of Dragonflies of New York State :

Calopteryx maculata Beauv. This pretty insect makes its home
in deep woods and in gullies among the hills where a rift in the foliage
admits the sunlight to the little pools that form along the hill-side
streamlets. Here they often congregate in great numbers on the bushes
overhanging the water. On the level country about Buffalo this species
is rarely seen and then only near water in the heaviest woods.

Lestes uncata Kirby. June to August. I have taken this species
only in boggy woods where the water rarely if ever dries away during
the summer. In such situations it flies about the swampy openings
where the hot rays of the sun make the mosquitos lively and the collec¬
tor miserable.

Lestes rectangularis Say. Not common. Taken near deep
stagnant streams in August and September.

Argia putrida Hageti. Through July and August this species is
common along some of our smaller creeks where a rapid current is bro¬
ken by projecting stones. I have never seen it near still water as re¬
corded by Dr. Kellicott.

Argia violacea Hagen. Rare. Taken in company with the pre¬
ceding species in August.

Erythromma conditum Hagen. Taken flying over a ditch of
running water at Hamburgh, N. Y., in June.

Amphiagrion saucium Burm. Common about swampy places
through July and August.

Enallagma carunculatum Morse. Very abundant from late
June to September on Squaw Island in Niagara River and along the
shores of Lake Erie where the shallow water is overgrown with reeds.

Enallagma hageni Walsh. Squaw Island, June nth, two ex¬
amples.

Enallagma exsulans Hagen. Taken immature at Black Rock
Harbor about June ist, and mature, in July in a bog swamp at Clarence.

Enallagma signatum Hagen. Numbers taken along a sluggish
creek north of Williamsville in September.

Ischnura verticalis Say. This is the most abundant Agrion
about Buffalo. It occurs in immense numbers on Squaw Island and
along Niagara River and the shores of Lake Erie where fields of rushes

June, i897.] Van Duzee: Dragonflies near Buffalo, N. Y. 89

cover the shallow water. It it also common along all of our inland
streams and ponds. Here they have been taken from May to Septem¬
ber. The orange females appear to be more abundant than the blue.

Anomalagrion hastatum Say. Two males captured among the
rushes on the shore of Lake Erie at Point Abino, August 8, 1896. The
smallest of these expands but 20 mm.

Gomphus spicatus Selys. Taken in a tamarack swamp at Clarence
in July, and rarely about Black Rock Harbor, in June.

Gomphus fraternus Say. Abundant along Niagara River in June.
I have taken it only about still water.

Gomphus villosipes Selys. Taken on Grand Island, in Niagara
River, by Mr. Philip Fischer, of this city.

Epiasschna heros Fab. Common. June and July. I can
verify Dr. Kellicott’s remark that this species seems to enter our houses
from choice.

Boyeria (formerly Fonscolombia) vinosa Say. One example
of this interesting species was taken by me from a bush in deep woods
far up on a hillside at Colden, N. Y., August nth, 1896. A little
water run was near, represented then by an occasional pool, and here
may have been the home of the larva.

Aeschna constricta Say. August and September. Taken im¬
mature in July. I have found this species most commonly in hilly
country where a small brook meanders through open woods and pasture
lands. In such places it is sometimes abundant. On the level country
about Buffalo it is rarely seen.

Anax junius Drury. Common everywhere through June and
July. I once watched one of these insects pursuing gnats about a spruce
tree until it was so dark I could no longer discern him before the fading
light in the western sky.

Macromia illinoiensis Walsh. Taken by Mr. Philip Fischer on
Grand Island. In July, 1895, I saw an example of this species resting
on a store window in the heart of the city.

Epicordulia princeps. Common about Black Rock Harbor
through June and July.

Tetragoneuria cy nosura Say. June. With the next.

Tetragoneuria semiaquea Burm. Very abundant at Black Rock
Harbor during June, 1895. Early in the month they were mostly soft

90 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

and immature. But even when fully matured they were sluggish and
easy to capture. By the middle of July they had mostly disappeared.

Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys. One female taken on the side
of a house nearly a mile from the river in May. Dr. Kellicott identified
this as spinigera with some doubt, but expressed himself as certain that
it was distinct from either of the two preceding.

Somatochlora tenebrosa Say. One example of this beautiful in¬
sect was taken in a tamarack swamp at Clarence, N. Y., July 2, 1895.

Somatochlora linearis Hagen. Taken on Grand Island byJMr.
Philip Fischer.

Tramea lace rata Hagen. One specimen taken in the^city far
from the water on August 20th.

Libellula basalis Say. Common through June and (July along
Niagara River and Tonawanda Creek, where the water is deep.

Libellula quadrimaculata Lin?i. Numbers seen about a springy
spot among the hills in July, 1895. These, though perfectly mature,
were of a rich olive brown color, becoming greenish on the mesonotum,
and the black basal triangles on the hind wings were conspicuously
veined with white. Though differing in some respects fromTtypical ex¬
amples, Dr. Kellicott pronounces them undoubtedly quadrimaculata.

Libellula semifasciata Burm. June and July. Rare’about Buf¬
falo, but seen in considerable numbers along the railroad ditches at
Ridgeway, Ont.

Libellula pulchella Drury. June to August. Abundant] every¬
where but especially about Black Rock Harbor.

Plathemis trimaculata De Geer. Common around mill-ponds
and stagnant pools everywhere in the country about Buffalo, but' rarely
seen along Niagara River.

Leucorhinia intacta Hagen. Very abundant on the stones and
water plants in Niagara River and Black Rock Harbor through June
and early July. This species shows much variation in the extent of the
yellow markings on the abdomen and of the fulvous shade on the base
of the wings. When fully colored it is a most beautiful insect. Back
in the country it is rarely seen, only a few individuals find their home
along deep sluggish streams.

Diplax rubicundula Say. Common from July to September. The
immature taken in June.

June, 1897.] Calvert : Odonata of New York State.

91

Diplax obtrusa Hagen. Clarence, N. Y., July 2d; Elma, N. Y.,
September 15 th and Ridgeway, Ont., August 10th.

Diplax costifera Hagen. Common along a dusty roadway near a
mill pond, in the town of Amherst, September 2, 1895. Not seen
elsewhere.

Diplax vicina Hagen. This species with rubicundula and obstrusa
occur together in low, wet meadows and along small streams, but rubi¬
cundula is here much the most abundant form. I have also taken vicina
among the reeds on the shores of Lake Erie, at Point Abino.

Diplax corrupta Hagen. The immature of this large species were
abundant on reedy shores of Lake Erie, at Point Abino, on August 31,
1896. In this state their rich fulvous color varied with black and pale
green, and their glossy golden wings spread out to the sunlight, made
them beautiful objects. When mature the colors become obscured and
the insect is much less attractive.

Mesothemis simplicicollis Say. Quite abundant along Tona-
wanda Creek, August 12, 1896. Here the females were depositing their
eggs on the confervae near the shore. In doing this they hovered a few
inches above the water, dipping to the surface at intervals of a few sec¬
onds with a rhythmic vibratory motion, each time bringing the tip of
the abdomen in contact with the aquatic weeds that were to serve as a
nidus for their eggs.

Pachydiplax longipennis Burnt, Rare. A few examples were
found in June, 1895, about the Sagittaria in Black Rock Harbor.

- « -

ADDITIONS TO THE ODONATA OF NEW YORK

STATE.

By Philip P. Calvert, Philadelphia, Pa.

In this Journal for March, 1895 (Vol. III, No. 1, pp. 39-48) I
published a list, with notes, of all the species of Odonata known to me
to inhabit New York State. Soon after, Dr. Lintner sent me notes on
the Odonata in the State Collection at Albany, including many made
by Dr. Hagen, and also a considerable number of unidentified dragon¬
flies for determination. This material and the results of its study have
been referred to by Dr. Lintner in his recently published Eleventh Re¬
port as State Entomologist, for 1895, P* io5> and are here marked (L.).
Professor Kellicott has kindly sent me a few notes which are designated

92 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

(K.). References are made to the paper by Mr. Van Duzee, in this
number of the Journal on the dragonflies of Buffalo (VD.). The
original list embraced 85 species; we now know 102 species and varie¬
ties as found in this State.

A. Additional Notes on Species Previously Listed.
Subfamily Calopterygin^e.

I. Calopteryx maculata Beauvois. Schenectady, July 14, 1875;
July 12, 1877; common at Le Grange’s Mills, Guilderland, Albany
Co., June 24, 1893 (L.). Buffalo (VD.).

5. Hetaerina americana Fabr. Albany Co. (L.).

Subfamily Agrionin^e.

9. Lestes uncata Kirby. Buffalo (VD.).

II. Lestes forcipata Rambur. Schoharie (L.).

12. Lestes rectangularis Say. New Baltimore, Schoharie (L.).
Buffalo (VD.).

13. Argia putrida Hagen. Schoharie (L.). Buffalo (VD.). .

14. Argia violacea Hagen. Buffalo (VD.).

16. Erythromma conditum Hage?i. Hamburgh (VD.).

18. Amphiagrion saucium Burm. Centre, now Karner(L.),

Buffalo (VD.).

20. Enallagma civile Hagen. “New York,” Hagen, 1861. The
specimens from Saratoga Lake cited in my previous list belong to no. 21.

21. Enallagma carunculatum Morse, instead of “ Enallagma)
sp. n.” In addition to the Saratoga Lake specimens mentioned under
no. 20 — Three males, one female, Lake Pleasant, July 29, 1887; one
male, Piseco Lake, August 29, 1888 (L.). (P. P. Calvert det.). Ni¬
agara, etc. (VD.).

22. Enallagma ebrium Hagen. Schoharie (L.).

23. Enallagma hageni Walsh. Lake Bluff at Huron; Lake
Pleasant, July 10, 1887; Albany, July 6 (P. P. Calvert det.) (L.)
Squaw Is. (VD.).

27. Enallagma exsulans Hagen. Black Rock, etc. (VD.).

28. Enallagma signatum Hagen. Williamsville (VD.).

29. Ischnura verticalis Say. Schoharie (L.). Annandale, June
19th, by Mrs. C. W. Throop; recorded by Dr. Lintner, nth Rep. State
Ent. N. Y., p. 288. Buffalo (VD.).

June, 1897 ] Calvert : Odonata of New York State.

93

Subfamily Gomphin^e.

34. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh. Schoharie (L.).

36. Gomphus brevis Hagen. Schoharie (L.). Dr. Hagen’s
note on the specimen, according to Dr. Lintner, is “Possibly G. quadri-
color of Walsh.”

38. Gomphus spicatus Selys. Clarence, etc. (VD.).

39. Gomphus fraternus Say. Niagara (VD.).

40. Gomphus adelphus Selys. Kenwood, June 17, 1876 (L.).
“Never [l. e., previously?] seen by me; 1 $ in Selys’ coll, from A.
Fitch.” Hagen, 1877.

41. Gomphus villosipes Selys. Grand Is. (VD.).

43. Dromogomphus spinosus Selys. Earner, Albany Co., June
7, 1870, Hagen det. (L.).

Subfamily H£schnina:.

45. Epiaeschna heros Fabr. Albany (L.). Buffalo (VD.).

.46. Boyeria* vinosa Say. Schoharie; one female, Piseco Lake,
August 31, 1888, one male, Elk Lake, August 22, 1893 (P. P. Calvert
det.) (L.). Colden (VD.).

48. ./Eschna juncea Z. var. verticalis Hag. Schoharie (L.).

49. y-Eschna clepsydra Say. Schoharie (L.).

50. ^Eschna constricta Say. Schoharie (L.). Buffalo (VD.).

51. Anax junius Drury. Schoharie (L.). Buffalo (VD.).

Subfamily Cordulin^e.

53- Epicordulia princeps Hagen. Black Rock (VD.). Ken¬
wood (L.). Albany, July 5th, within doors, by Mrs. A. Lansing; re¬
corded by Dr. Lintner nth Rep. State Ent. N. Y., p. 288.

54- Tetragoneuria cynosura Say. Black Rock (VD.). Staten
Island, June, by Mr. W. T. Davis.

55. Tetragoneuria semiaquea Burm. Black Rock (VD.).

58. Somatochlora tenebrosa Say. Oswego Co., Aug. 23-23
(K.). Clarence (VD.).

*Mr. McLachlan has pointed out (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6, xvii, p. 424, June,
^96,) that the generic name Fonscolombia, proposed by de Selys in 1883, was Pre_
occupied by Lichtenstein for Hemiptera in 1877, and consequently suggests Boyeria
— after Boyer de Fonscolombe — instead.

94

[Vol. V.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

Subfamily Libellulin^e.

62. Tramea Carolina L. Schoharie (L.)

63. Tramea lacerata Hagen. Buffalo (VD.).

64. Libellula basalis Say. Kenwood (L.). Niagara River, etc.
(VD.).

69. Libellula exusta Say. One female, Croton on Hudson,
May 17, 1896, by Mr. W. T. Davis.

70. Libellula quadrimaculata L. Schoharie ; Karner, May
28, 1880, (L.). Buffalo (VD.).

71. Libellula semifasciata Burnt. Buffalo (VD.).

72. Libellula pulchella Dru. Schoharie (L.). Buffalo, etc.
(VD.).

73. Plathemis trimaculata DeGeer. Schoharie, Albany (L.).
Buffalo (VD.).

74. Micrathyria berenic z Drury. Sheepshead Bay, Long Island,

July, 1889. (P. P. Calvert, det.) (L.).

77. Celithemis eponina Drury. Lake Bluff, Wayne Co., July 10,
1880 (L.).

78. Leucorhinia intacta Hag. Centre (now Karner), June 4,
1870, Hagen det (L.). Croton on Hudson, May 17, 1896, by Mr. W.
T. Davis. Niagara River, etc. (VD.).

79. Diplax rubicundula Say. Buffalo (VD.).

81. Diplax costifera Hagen. Amherst (VD.).

82. Diplax vicina Hageti. Schoharie, Hagen det.; Piseco Lake,
August 31, 1888 (P. P. Calvert det.) (L.) Buffalo, etc. (VD.).

84. Mesothemis simplicicollis Say. Tonawanda Creek (VD.).

85. Pachydiplax longipennis Burtn. Black Rock (VD.).

B. Species Added to the Previous List.

Subfamily Agrionin^e.

86. Lestes virgo Hagen (sp. n.) [in MS.]. Lake Bluff, Wayne
Co. (L.). (Not seen by the writer.)

87. Lestes vigilax Selys. “New York” (L.).

88. Enallagma fischeri Kellicott. Presumably Ithaca, in Cor¬
nell University Collection (K.).

89. Enallagma geminata Kellicott. Parish, August 24 (K.).

June, 1897.] Calvert: Odonata of New York State.

95

Subfamily Gomphin/e.

90. Ophiogomphus mainensis Packard. Schoharie, Hagen
1877; Keene Valley, 1,000 feet elevation, July 6, 1892 (L.).

91. Gomphus plagiatus Selys. One male, Bethlehem, September,
1880 (P. P. Calvert det.) (L.).

92. Gomphus amnicola Walsh. Bethlehem; Hagen det. (L.).

93. Gomphus descriptus Banks. Ithaca, May 21, 1890; May
^94; May 18, 1895. Recorded by Mr. Banks in this Journal

iv, p. 195.

Subfamily Cordulegasterin^e.

94. Cordulegaster erroneus Hagen. Keene Valley, 1895 (L.).

Subfamily yEscHNiN^E.

95. >Eschna pentacantha Pamh. Baldwinsville, Onondaga Co.,
June, by R. H. Pettit; recorded by Mr. Banks in Ent. News vi, p 124.

Subfamily Cordulin^e.

96. Macromia illinoiensis Walsh. Grand Is., etc. (VD.).

97. Somatochlora walshii Scudder. One male, Keene Valley

Essex Co., Aug. 5, 1889. (P. P. Calvert det.) (L.).

98. Somatochlora linearis Hagen. Oswego Co., August 23-21;
(K). Grand Is. (VD.).

99. Tetragoneuria spinigera Selys. Buffalo (VD.).

Subfamily Libellulin^e.

79 a' Diplax rubicundula Say var. assimilata Uhler. “New
York” (L.).

100. Diplax obtrusa Hagen. Keene Valley, July and August;
Piseco and Elk Lakes, August (P. P. Calvert det.); Centre (L.). Re¬
corded from Hastings, Oswego Co., August and September, by Prof.
Kellicott in Ent. News, vi, p. 239. Clarence, etc. (VD.).

10 1. Diplax corrupta Hagen. One male on the sea-shore near
New Brighton, Staten Island, June 27, 1896, by Mr. Wm. T. Davis,
and submitted to the writer for examination. Mr. Davis recorded that
the frons, base of the wings and abdomen were scarlet in life. Compare
also Mr. Van Duzee’s paper. This is a common western species which
perhaps is extending its distribution eastward. See also Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc., xx, p. 264.

Dr. Lintner also mentions four species of Agrioninae, indicated as
new by Dr. Hagen, but these the writer has not seen.

96 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

GLUPHISIA SEVERA IN NEW JERSEY.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

Fourteen larvae of this species were collected by Mr. Beutenmiiller
and the writer at Fort Lee, N. J., in May, 1896. The larvte pupated
early in Juns; imago in April, 1897, of the form avimacula Hudson.
The food-plant was Populus grandidentata. Stages IV. and V. were
observed, differing in no respect from Californian examples (see Dr.
Packard’s monograph, p. 98) eggs were obtained from a bred 9 • They
correspond exactly with my description except that there is no black
spot at the micropyle. This spot in the Californian egg was probably
unnatural. The reticulation of the eggs are very small and rather ob¬
scure. This species is probably not particularly rare, but escapes obser¬
vation on account of the unusually early date of appearance.

A NEW ALEURODES ON RUBUS FROM FLORIDA.

By T. D. A. Cockerell.

Aleurodes ruborum, sp. nov.

9 . Very minute, about or hardly 1 mm. long; body and legs pale lemon yellow;
wings puhe white, spotless. The main nervure appears to fork as in Aleurodicus, but
only the lower branch is a real nervure, the nervure bending at the apparent fork,
which is only a little more than half way from the base of the wing ; the apparent
upper fork is simply a fold. The second nervure arises from the main nervure nearly
at the base of the wing. The margins of the wings, after maceration in caustic soda,
appear delicately beaded. Eyes not completely divided. Antennae 7-jointed, second
joint excessively stout, its breadth at top, which is obliquely truncate, being at least
as great as that of basal portion of femur. Third joint long, cylindrical, coarsely
ringed throughout; fourth short and oval, broader than third; fifth narrow, cylin¬
drical, a little longer than fourth, and very much narrower; sixth cylindrical, al¬
most or quite as long as 4-)- 5 ; seventh shorter than sixth, but longer than fifth ; third
about as long as 4-)~5-)-6. Anterior tibia very slender, its distal end swollen.
Middle and hind tibia not nearly twice as long as their tarsi. Genitalia ordinary.

Pupa: About | mm. long, oval, flat, delicately transversely ribbed, with a delicate
fringe of long, glossy rods, easily broken off ; the longest of these rods may be almost
or quite as long as the breadth of the pupa. Color of pupa black ; by transmitted light
after boiling in caustic soda extremely dark vandyke brown. Margin presenting at
intervals round, clear orifices, about 14 on each side. Vasiform orifice an elongate
triangle, the base about two-thirds the length of a side ; operculum heart-shaped, or
approximately so, with the corners rounded and the base about as long as a side ;
lingua projecting only a little beyond, the projecting portion semilunar in outline,
showing seme tendency to crenulation, after the manner of A. erigerontis.

June, 1897.]

Proceedings of the Society.

•J7

Habitat : Pupae abundant on under sides of leaves of a cultivated
Rubus at Lake City, Florida, sent by Mr. A. L. Quaintance. Imago
emerging at the middle of February. As this occurred on a cultivated
Rubus , Mr. Quaintance thought it barely possible it might be an intro¬
duced species, but it is probably native in Florida. It certainly is not
the European A. rubi Signoret, which is more or less marked with
black, and has black legs and spotted wings. More nearly it resembles
the English species A. rubicola Douglas, 1891, which has a yellow
body and immaculate white wings ; but in rubicola the pupa is not black,
there is not the fringe of our species, the lingua projects much more be¬
yond the operculum, and there are decided differences in the legs and
antennae of the imago.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO¬
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of June 16, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.

The evening was devoted to a discussion of the best methods of mounting and
preparing of insects.

The Treasurer reported the balance of the Journal fund as $368.06 and the
Society fund as $133.73.

Mr. Beutenmiiller read a notice from the Philadelphia Society about the 4th, of
July excursion.

Meeting of September 15, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Mr. Beutenmiiller was elected temporary chairman. Nine members present.

The Treasurer reported on the funds of the Society.

The Executive Committee was instructed to organize, and devise ways and
means to increase the membership and to invest the money of the Society.

The following resignations were reported and accepted : H. Aich, D. H. Ray,
G. D. Hulst, A. Smith.

Col. Nicolas Pike was proposed as an active member by Mr. Beutenmiiller.
A number of rare coleoptera were exhibited by Messrs. Schaeffer, Meitzen and Joutel
and after discussion the meeting adjourned.

Meeting of October 6, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Seventeen members present. Visitors:
Dr. George H. Horn, of Philadelphia, and Mr. Blackburn.

Treasurer reported a bill of $24.00 from the Scientific Alliance as the Society’s
share of the expenses for the year.

98

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

The Executive Committee reported that card-cases to contain cards giving the
meeting days and other information of the Society be placed at the Museum and other
similar places, and that the moneys of the Society be deposited in the name of the So¬
ciety.

Dr. Ottolenqui moved that the publication committee publish a new list of Lepi-
doptera, with Dr. Dyar as editor. After discussion the motion was lost, owing to the
want of funds.

Mr. Blackburn was proposed as active member by Mr. Beutenmiiller.

Mr. Palm spoke of the Coleoptera collected by Mr. Kunze in Arizona, in which
he said that Plusiotis lecontei was found in the sawdust of old saw-mills, and that
Dynastes grantii was found in numbers in the tops of ash trees.

Mr. Joutel exhibited the flowers of the cruel-plant with insects hanging from
them, and he explained the manner in which the insects were caught by the flowers.

Dr. Horn gave an informal talk about the region gone over by Mr. Kunze and
also about Coleoptera generally. The meeting then adjourned.

Meeting of October 20, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Twelve members present.

Colonel Nicholas Pike and Mr. C. V. Blackburn were elected as active members.

Dr. H. G. Dyar spoke on the first larval stage of the Eucleidae (Limacodidoe).
This stage was discribed of ten different species inhabiting New York, and the rela¬
tions of the species to each other were shown. The results confirm the position as¬
signed to the family on larval characters derived from the adult larvae, leading back
to an ancestral form from which the whole group may have been derived. It appears
that this ancestral form must have been more like Lagoa than any other known larva,
a conclusion entirely in harmony with the author’s previous results.

Mr. Joutel gave a few additional notes on the cruel-plant ( PJiysianthus aliens').
After discussion of both subjects the meeting adjourned.

Meeting of November 17, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.

Dr. Seifert spoke of the experiments he was making with the larvae, pupae and
eggs of moths and butterflies with a view of finding the effects of heat and cold on
them. The results were very marked, as shown by the dark forms of Arctia arge,
produced by cold and the light ones by heat, when placed near a series of normal
specimens. Many of the pupae, eggs and larvae were kept in 120° Fahr. for 100
hours, others were frozen. He found that the eggs of some species slowly developed
in a freezing temperature.

President Zabriskie exhibited several crickets from Florida.

Mr. Beutenmiiller gave an account of the capture of the dog’s-head butterfly on
Staten Island by Mr. Wm. T. Davis. He also said that it was probable that the
larva of Every x versicolor spun a slight cocoon and pupated in the branches of its
food plant, which grows in swamps where there is always more or less water on the
ground, so that it would be unable to pupate like the others of the genus. After dis¬
cussion the meeting adjourned.

Meeting of December i, 1896.

Held at the Amerian Museum of Natural History.

June, 1897.]

Proceedings of the Society.

99

President Xabriskie in the chair. Eighteen members and six visitors present.

Dr. Horn was expected to give a talk on Coleoptera, but was unable to attend
on account of sickness. A general discussion of insects took place.

Mr. Beutenmiiller gave a preliminary account of some of the insects caught dur¬
ing his trip through North Carolina, among which were Nomaretus debilis , Cychrus
andrewsn , C. bicannatus , Pterostichus blanchardi and several species of Platyttus.

Meeting of December 15, 1896.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Mr. Beutenmiiller was elected temporary chairman. Twelve members present.

A letter of regret from Dr. Horn was read explaining his absence at the last
meeting.

Messrs. Palm, Groth and Joutel were appointed a committee to nominate officers
for 1897.

Mr. Beutenmiiller read a paper on “A trip to the land of the sky in Western
North Carolina,” in which he gave a description of the scenery and people as well
as some amusing incidents of travel and spoke of the insects he caught, among which,
besides those exhibited at the last meeting, were a host of Hymenoptera, Diptera and
Lepidoptera ; he also exhibited a number of photographs illustrating the trip.

Meeting of January 5, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Zabriskie in the chair. Ten members present.

Dr. G. Lagai and Miss Margaret Jaggers were proposed for active membership.

The Nominating Committee reported on officers for 1897 : For President, Chas.
Palm; Vice-President, £. G. Love; Treasurer, C. F. Groth; Recording Secretary,
L. H. Joutel; Corresponding Secretary, H. G. Dyar; Executive Committee!
Messrs. J. L. Zabriskie, O. Dietz, E. G. Love, C. F. Groth, II. G. Dyar; Publication
Committee : Messrs. E. Daecke, C. Schaeffer, L. H. Joutel, Wm. Beutenmiiller.

On motion the Recording Secretary was requested to cast an affirmative ballot,
and the candidates were declared elected.

Th® Treasurer read his annual report, which was referred to the executive com¬
mittee for auditing and to report to the Society thereon.

A vote of thanks was given to the retiring officers.

The advisability of holding an annual exhibition of inseccts was discussed and
the matter was referred to the Executive Committee for action.

Mr. Beutenmiiller called attention to Dr. Packard’s work on the monograph of
the Notodontidse, saying that it was one of the best monographs extant and ought to
be in the possession of every student of Lepidoptera. A limited number of copies
were in the hands of Dr. Packard and to be had for $15 per copy.

Meeting of January 19, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Twelve members present.

Dr. G. Lagai and Miss Margaret Jaggers were elected active members.

The resignation of Mr. Birnbaum was read and laid over to next meeting.

The President appointed Messrs. Munch and Schaeffer on the Field Committee
and Messrs. Beutenmiiller and Love on the Scientific Alliance Committee.

The Committee on Constitution reported on the revised constitution and by¬
laws, which were adopted and ordered printed.

100 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Meeting of February 2, 1897

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Vice-President Love in the chair. Eleven members present.

The Auction Committee reported that a number of insects had been donated to
the society by Messrs. Ottolenqui and Dyar.

It was decided to appoint a committee of three to devise ways and means of in¬
creasing the membership of the Society.

Dr. Ottolenqui exhibited a series of Ecpantheria scribonia showing the typical
form merging into the form demidata , and questioned the correctness of the variety,
saying it was only a worn specimen. Dr. Dyar replied by saying that in the true
denudata the scales did not hold very well and were sooner lost than in the typical
scribonia. He also showed a series of Nadata gibbosa, in some of which the white in
the fringes was entirely absent and in others only represented by one or two white
scales, thus agreeing with the description of doubledayi, and proving that it was a
synonym of gibbosa. He mentioned that Clisiocampa distria was very common and
destructive in New Hampshire the past summer.

Dr. Dyar spoke on a winter trip to Miami, Fla. He described the country and
mentioned the species of Lepidoptera seen. Insects were not abundant, but two
especially interesting l.epidopterous larvae were found ; the first was the larva of the
little black Euchromian Syntomedia minima , which has only recently been found in
Florida. The larvae occurred sparingly and were observed in all their stages. The
larva is red, tufted with dark grey hairs resembling somewhat some of the species of
Euchcctes , but with the warts of an Euchromian, not an Arctian. The second species
was discovered on the Mangrove while rowing up the Miami river. It is the larva
of Eupoeya slossonice Pack., a moth whose family position has been in dispute. Dr.
Packard described the form as a “new species of Limacodes-like moth,” while Dr.
Dyar had considered it Megalophygid. The larva proved to be a true Eucleid
closely allied to Fhobetron. Dr. Dyar described its most essential characters, show¬
ing that it was in effect a green Fhobetron on which had been superimposed the
special adaptation of our Sisyrosea textula ( inornata ).

Mr. Doll showed an example of Catocala elda bred from a larva found on Long
Island, on silver poplar. He also showed a beautiful aberration of Anisota stigma
suffused with black, and one of Melitcea chalcedon , also a cross evidently between
Limenitis Ursula and disippus. He also had several aberrations of Cecropia, one
of which had the transverse band crowded to the edge of the wings, making a unique
insect.

Dr. Seifert exhibited some Lepidoptera showing the effects of heat and cold on
eggs and pupce. The Lunas which he showed had the eggs frozen twenty days.
The eggs of V. antiopa were kept frozen thirty days, the effect on the imagos was a
general loss of brightness in the males and a gain in the females. The October
brood were most affected.

Meeting of February 16, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Vice-President Love in the chair. -Thirteen members present.

The resignation of Dr. Kretz was read and accepted.

The Auction Committee reported that Mrs. Slosson and Mr. Doll had donated a
number of insects for the Journal fund, a list of which was read.

June, 1897.]

Proceedings of the Society.

101

. Dr' Love aPPointed Messrs. Beutenmuller, Schaeffer and Joutel as a committee
to increase the membership of the Society.

The Publication Committee reported that arrangements were being made to give
a senes of lectures to the public and asked for a sum of money to defray the ex¬
penses; on motion the sum of fifty dollars was set aside for the purpose.

Dr. Love showed specimens of Phyllotreta artnoracia , an imported beetle, and
said they were very common in Wisconsin and were doing considerable damage.
They were very partial to horse-radish.

. Mr‘ beutenmuller showed some Papilio chrysalids with the imagos among
which were those of t/icas and cresphontes . He pointed out the differences in their
shape and characters which proved that they were not varieties, as some authors had
claimed, but distinct species. He also pointed out the differences between P. bairdii,
astenas and oregoma, stating that bairdii was a variety of oregonia and not of
astenas, and also spoke on the relationship between brevicatida and asterias. The

chrysalid of Ormthoptera , sp. and Papilio philenor were almost identical in shape
but differed in size.

Mr. Joutel spoke of the close resemblance of grasshoppers to leaves and showed
two remarkable examples from Brazil.

Meeting of March 2, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Ten members present.

A note from Mr. Morris K. Jessup was read, giving the use of the large lecture
hall of the Museum for the Society’s lectures.

A letter from the Scientific Alliance asking for nominations by the Society of a
Peison t0 receive the first grant of the Newberry fund was read. After discussion the
C01 responding Secretary was requested to notify the Secretary of the Scientific Alliance
that this Society had no candidate to propose.

Mr. Beutenmuller read a paper by Mr. William T. Davis, entitled, Intelligence
Shown by Caterpillars in Placing Their Cocoons (see antea, p. 42).

In a discussion by the members the opinion was expressed that the cases cited
were accidental and were not a sign of intelligence.

Mr. J. Doll showed a series of Pseudohazis in which the variation was well
shown, it being impossible to tell where one species finished and the other began, the
ifferences being evidently only local variations.

Meeting of March 16. 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Eleven members present.

The following resolutions were adopted :

. Whereas, The present rate of postage on specimens of natural history to

oreign countiies being the same as letter rates, a burden some and excessive rate

and ’

Whereas, An amendment is to be proposed at the next International Postal
ongress (amendment to Article XIX (samples), 4 of the Regulation of Details and

Ureter) whereby such subjects shall be admitted to the mails at the rate of samples of
merchandise.

Therefore, be it Resolved, That it is the sense of the New York Entomological
Society that the amendment should be adopted, and

102

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[ Vol. V.

Resolved , That the Postmaster-General be requested to instruct the American
delegate to vote for the same.

The delegates of this Society were requested to also bring the resolutions before
the Scientific Alliance.

The President appointed Messrs. E. G. Love, J. L. Zabriskie and H. G. Dyar
to act as auditors for 1897.

Mr. Loos on behalf of the Agassiz Chapter asked permission to join our field
meetings. On motion the Chapter was invited to take part in our field meetings.

The Publication Committee reported that they had arranged for two lectures ;
one by Prof. Lyman A. Best, on Insect Mimicry, on April 10th, and the other by Dr.
E. G. Love on the Study of Insects and their Transformations on April 24th.

Mr. Zabriskie exhibited the secondary parasites on Chlamys plicata , the generic
name of which he stated was Teterasticus. He also showed the parasite from the
eggs of Chelymorpha argus.

A paper on the Protective value of Action, Volitional or otherwise in “ Protec¬
tive Mimicry,” by Mr. F. M. Webster, was read and discussed by the members (an tea,
p. 67).

Meeting of April 6, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Ten members present.

The Corresponding Secretary reported that he had sent the Resolutions on
postage, which were offered at the last meeting, to the Postmaster General. Dr.
Dyar was instructed to notify other scientific societies of the resolutions, and to re¬
quest their cooperation.

A request from the Swiss Entomological Society, to exchange publications was
received and referred to the Publication Committee.

Tickets for the annual reception of the New York Microscopical Society were
received and acknowledged with thanks.

The Publication Committee reported that final arrangements had been made for
the two public lectures by the Society, and tickets for the same were distributed.

Dr. Dyar spoke on the geographical distribution of the Eucleidse with relation
to past geological conditions. Maps of the former distribution of land and water
were shown, so far back as the early Mesozoic (Triassic). It was shown that on
the assumption that the Eucleidse had never crossed considerable areas of water, that
it was necessary to regard their origin as dating from this early period. Their present
geographical distribution was also explained. There are no known fossils in this
family, which renders direct palaeontological evidence unavailable. Mesozoic insects
in general are known to be similar to those now existant as remarked by Germar, and
Bar is of the opinion that the absence of flowers in the Carboniferous is no proof of
the absence of Lepidoptera. A mine of a Tineid is known from the Cretaceous.
Now the Eucleidse, in respect to the moths are not so highly specialized as many
Tineids, and it seems possible that they may have existed in the Triassic in spite of
the absence of fossil Lepidoptera an order which seems unusually poorly represented
in the rocks. However, Dr. Dyar showed conditions which may have been capable
of transporting the Eucleidse across areas of water, showing that the present argu¬
ment may be more interesting than conclusive. After discussion, adjournment.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF INSECTS TO BE SOLD AT
AUCTION BY THE NEW YORK ENTO¬
MOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The sale will take place early next fall, and date, as well as a final
list, will be given in the September number of the Journal. For
further information apply to L. H. Joutel, 164 E. 117th St., New York,
who will also take charge of bids of those who cannot attend the sale.

COLEOPTERA.

Cicindela var. splendida.

“ cuprescens.

“ var. media.

Omophron gilae.

Cychrus angusticollis.
Calosoma externum.
Pasimachus strenuus.
Dasychiiius obesus.

Morio monilicornis.
Pcerostichus subcordatus.

“ isabelke.

“ appalachius.

“ rostratus.

Evarthrus engelmanni.

Dicaelus elongatus.

Chlaenius erythropus.

“ prasinus.

Necropborus pustulatus.
Brachyacantha 10-pustulata.
Mtlasis pectinicornis.

Cebrio bicolor.

Gyascutus obliteratus.

Buprestis lauta.

“ lineata.

Melanopbila notata.
Ihrincopyge ambiens.

Polycesta californica var. elata.
Acmaeodera pulchella.

“ variegata.

Dolichosoma foveicolle.
Elasmocerus terminatus.
Cymatodera inornata.

“ ovipennis.

Clerus ichneumoneus.

Ichnea laticornis.

Amphecerus punciipennis.
Photuris frontalis.

Strategus antaeus.

Mallodon dasjs'omus.

Eburia quadrigeminata.
Elaphidion inerme.

“ parallelum.

Molorchus longicollis.
Heterachtlies 4-maculatus.
Purpurecenus humeralis.
Stenosphenus notatus.

Calloides nobilis.

Neoclytus devastator.

Leptura gigas.

Ipochus fasciatus
Lagochirus araneiformis (Fla.).
Leptostylus biustus.

Lypsimena fuscata.
Monohammus titillator.

Saperda puncticollis.

“ discoidea.

Euryscopa lecontei.
Coscinoptera vittigera.

Bassareus lituratus.
Cryptocephalus leucomelas.
Phyllobrotica lurida.

Creburius larvatus.

Adimonia externa.

Oedionvchis miniata.

Argopistes scyrtoides.
Microrhopala erebus.

Cassida bivittata.

Phloedes diabolicus.

Cryptoglossa verrucosa.

Eleodes pimelioides.

“ opaca.

Polypleurus nitidus.

Amphedora nigrophilosa.
Blapstinus sordidus.

“ pulverulentus.

Phaleria limbata.

Platydema ellipticum.

Ditylus caeruleus.

Cephaloon lepturides.

Mordella inflammata.

Pyrota mylabrina.

Cantharis nuttalli.

“ cyanipennis.

Tbecesternus humeralis.

Artipus floridanus.

Gononotus lutosus.

Eudiagogus pulcher.

Plinthus carinatus.

Pissodes strobi.

Dorytomus mucidus.
Chalcodermus aeneus.
Rhynchophorus cruentatus.
Pachnaeus distans.

Brenthus anchorago.

Ranais Berenice.
Argynnis montinus.
“ freya.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Grapta faunus.

Junonia coenia ex larva.
Eunica tatula (Fla.).

Argynnis frigga.

“ eurynome.

Apatura clyton.

Victorina steneles.

Anaea troglodyta (Fla.).

Erebia descoidalis.

“ epipsodea.

Chionobas chryxus.

“ jutta.

Eumenia atala.

“ larva and pupa.

Thecla acis (Fla.).

Neophasia menapia.

Pieris ilaire.

Colias elis.

Parnassius clodius.

Papilio«olicaon.

“ eurymedon.

“ daunus.

“ rutulus.

Erycides batabano.

Thyreus abbotii, ex larva.

rhilampelus achemon, ex larva.

Everyx myron var. cnolus.

Pseudosphinx tetrio.

Dilophonota ello.

“ edwardsii.

Cautetbia grotei.

Pachylia ficus.

Sphinx luscitiosa, ex larva.

“ plebeius, ex larva.

“ albescens.

‘‘ eremitus, ex larva.

Dolba hylreus, ex larva.

Paonias astylus, ex larva.

Sciapteron dollii.

Composia fidelissimia.

Alypia langtonii.

“ wittfeldii.

Psychomorpha epimenis.

Exoprosopa fascipennis.

Anthrax lucifer.

“ limatula.

“ alternata.

“ fulvohirta.

“ fulviana.

Stratiomyia picipes.

Volucella esuriens.

“ pusilla.

Therioplectes trispilus.

Tabanus fronto.

Calliphora groenlandica.

Spilomyia 4-fasciata.

Isodontia philadelphica.

Zethus slossonae.

Zethus spinipes.

Microbembex monodonta.

Sphaeropthalma mutata.

Monobia quadridens.

Vespa Carolina.

Timetes petreus (Fla.).
Anartia schonherri.

Burtia belae.

Cosmosoma omphale.
Syntomedia minima.
Euchromia epilais.
Callimorpha contigua.

Arctia nevadensis.

“ incorrupta.

“ phyllira.

“ docta var. a.

“ determinata.

“ figurata.

Seirarctia echo.
Phragmatobia rubricosa.
Ecpantheria permaculata.
Halisidota cinctipes.

“ labecula.
Parorgyia plagiata.

Oiketicus abbotii.

Laria rossii (rare).

Lagoa pyxidifera.

“ opercularis.
Phryganidia californica.
Ichthyura apicalis.
Notodonta basitriens.
Pheosia portlandia.
Coloradia pandora.
Sphingicampa bicolor.
Anisota virginiensis.
Heteropacha rileyana.
Plepialus argenteomaculatus
“ gracilis.

Plusia contexta.]

“ vaccinii.

“ simplex.

Agrotis rubristrigata.
Panopoda rufimago.

Calpe canadensis.

DIPTERA.

Flermetia illucens.
Physocephalus excisus.
Bombylius mexicanus.
Chrysops flavidus.

Pyrgota undata.

Baccha fuscipennis.
Proctacanthus brevipennis.
Echinomyia florum.
Plecteria flaviventris.
Dasyllis posticata.

Calabata fasciata.
Cyrtopogon chrysopogon.

HYMENOPTERA.

Megachila melanophcea.

“ xylocopoides.
Urocerus abdominalis.
Polybia cubensis.
Trypoxylon collinum.
Melissodes bimaculata.

ANNOUNCEMENT.

The annual auction sale of insects for the benefit of the Journal
Fund, will be held November i 6th, 1897, at No. 1 41 East 40th St., N. Y.,
when the insects listed in the June number of the Journal and those in
the present list will be sold to the highest bidder.

Those who cannot attend the sale in person may send their bids to

L. H. Joutel, 164 East 117th Street, New York, who will furnish any
information desired. y

The Publication Committee.

Additions to the list of insects published in the June number of the

Journal :

COLEOPTERA.

Cychrus Andrewsii.
Calosoma lugubre.
Bembidium erosum.

“ aproximatum.
“ striola.

“ pictum.

“ lorquinii.
Platynus fossiger.

“ sinuatus.
Plerostichus validus.

“ adoxus.
Hippodamia glacialis.
Tritoma festiva.
Chrysobotrys octocola.
Megapenthes stigmosus.
Dicerca tenebrosa.

Canthon vigilens.

Aphonus castaneus.
Phymatodes thoracicus.
Callimoxys fuscipennis.
Toxotus vestitus.

cylindricollis.
Leptura cordifera.

Leptura canadensis.

“ chrysocoma.

“ vittata (yellow legs).
“ crassipes.

“ nigrella.

“ aspera.

Pogonocherus mixtus.

Acanthocinus obsoletus.

Saperda vestita.

“ tridentata.

“ lateralis.

Trichodes Nuttalli.

Coscinoptera vittigera.

Saxinis saucia.

Lina obsoleta.

Monoxia con sputa.

Disonycha quinquevittata.

Phalera longula.

“ globosa.

Rhipiphorus limbatus.

Rhynchites seneus.

Pterocolus ovatus.

Rhinoncus pyrrhopus.

lepidoptera.

Ellema bombycoideSj.
Cressonia juglandis.
Pamphail massasoit.
Sanninoidea exitiosa $ 9 •
Cerathosia tricolor.

Arctia trivittata.

“ parthenice.

“ virgo.

“ virguncula.

Xenoglossa strenua.
“ patricia.

Arctia nais.

“ phalerata.

Orgyia definita.

Parorgyia clintonii.
Ichthyura vau.
Gastiopacha americana.
Polygrammate hebraicum.
Alaria florida.

Plusia contexta.

IlYMENOPTERA.

Xenoglossa pruinosa.

Blown larvce of Orgyia gulosa.

JOURNAL

»

OF THE

39orh 6lntomoIogiraI

^ol. V. SEPTEMBER, 1897. No. 3.

NEW SPECIES OF TENTHREDO.

By Alex. D. MacGillivray, Ithaca, N. Y.

The species described below are arranged analytically so that the
labor of reading descriptions in determining specimens may be reduced
to a minimum. The grouping is the same as that used by Norton in the
Transactions of the American Entomological Society and consequently
can be compared directly with it.

1. Antennae wholly or in part pale . 2

Antennae wholly black . ^

2. Antennae wholly pale . ^

Antennae in part black .

3- Abdomen black at base and rufous at apex, with the basal plates rufous.

redimaculus MacG.

Abdomen entirely black. £ . — Black, with the following parts whitish-fuscous :
the labrum, the base of the mandibles, the apical half of the front femora be¬
neath, and a square spot on the sides of the basal plates ; the antennae pale
luteous beyond the second segment ; the clypeus squarely emarginate ; the
third segment of the antennae one-fourth longer than the fourth ; wings hya¬
line, very slightly infuscated ; the veins, including the costa and the stigma,
black. Length, 12.5 mm. Habitat. — Jay, Vermont (A. P. Morse.)

dubitatus, sp. nov.

4- Abdomen rufous beyond the basal plates . basilaris Prov.

Abdomen rufous beyond the third segment . bilineatus MacG.

5. Head more or less yellow above the base of the antennae . 6

Head black above the base of the antennae . . . 12

6. Abdomen wholly or in part yellow . 7

Abdomen wholly or in part rufous . g

7» Pectus pale . g

Pectus black. £> . — Black, with the following parts yellow : the clypeus, the
labrum, the mandibles except at apex, a triangular spot between and beneath
the antennae, the lower half of the cheeks, an ovate spot above the base of
each antennae, the inner margin of the eyes (interrupted opposite the bases

104 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

of the antennae, extending beyond the eyes, and dilated behind), a spot on
the collar, the teguloe, a large spot above the anterior coxae, a large spot on
the pleurae, an oblique line on the metapleurae, a spot above the posterior
coxae, the scutellum, the legs, including the coxae, except a black line above
and the apices of the posterior tarsi, and a longitudinal band on each side
of the basal plates and abdomen (appearing as a lateral margin to the ter-
gum and the venter, its mesocaudal angles on each dorsal segment produced
internally, and a narrow line on the caudal margin of the ventral segments) ;
the clypeus emarginate ; the third segment of the antennae one-third longer
than the fourth; the wings hyaline, slightly clouded; the veins, including
the costa, black; the stigma brownish, paler beneath. Length, io mm.
Habitat. — Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid) - perplexus, sp. nov.

8. Posterior tibiae black above. $ .—Black, with the following parts yellow : the
clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the face beneath the an¬
tennae, an ovate spot above the base of each antenna, the cheeks almost en¬
tirely, the inner margin of the eyes (reaching beyond the eyes and dilated
behind), a broad line on the collar, the tegulae, a large spot above the an¬
terior coxae, the mesopleurae and the metapleurae except a narrow black line
between them, the scutellum, the postscutellum, the basal membrane, the
sides of the basal plates, a line on the posterier margin of the basal plates,
the prosternum, the pectus, all the legs except a black line above and the
posterior tarsi, the venter, the first and the second segments of the tergum
except a black spot at base, and the remainder of the tergum ; the clypeus
squarely emarginate; the third segment of the antennae one-fourth longer
than the fourth ; the wings hyaline ; the veins, including the costa, black; the
stigma black, brownish at base and apex. Length, io— II mm. Habitat. —
Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid); Juliaetta and Moscow, Idaho
( Professor J. M. Aldrich) . linipes, sp. nov.

Posterior tibiae black at apex. 9 .—Black, with the following parts yellowish-
white : the labrum, the clypeus, the mandibles except at apex, the cheeks,
a spot above the base of each antenna, the tegulm, a large spot on the col¬
lar, a spot above the anterior coxae, a broad stripe on the pleurae, a spot above
the posterior coxae, the front and middle coxae except above, the apices of the
posterior coxae, the trochanters, the front legs beyond the coxae (the tibiae and
the tarsi are greenish), the middle femora (one specimen has a small black
spot on the apex above), the middle tibiae except a black spot at apex
above, the basal segment of the middle tarsi beneath, the basal half of the
posterior femora, the posterior tibiae except at apex, the scutellum, a line on
the postscutellum, the basal plates, the vehter except the apical segment and
the sheaths of the ovipositor, and the sides of the segments of the tergum
(their inner caudal angles dilated along the caudal margin of the segments,
coalescing at middle) except on the filth segment (the black on the middle
of the tergal segments is in the shape of a wide equilateral triangle, in one
specimen the fourth segment is entirely pale) ; the clypeus emarginate ; the
third segment of the antennae twice the length of the fourth; the wings
hyaline, slightly infuscated towards the apex; the veins and the costa black;
the stigma fuscous, paler beneath. Length, 1 1 mm.

Sept. 1897.] MacGillivray : New Species of Tenthredo. 105

$ . — The markings have more of a greenish tinge, with the following dif¬
ferences in the arrangement of the pale markings : a spot on the middle of
the pectus, the five basal ventral abdominal segments (the remainder black),
and the apical two-thirds. of the third and the fourth segments of the tergum

yellowish (the following segments black). Length, 11 mm. Habitat. _

Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid); Seattle, Washington (S. Bethel).

obliquatus, sp. nov.

9. Pectus pale . IQ

Pectus black . j

10. Anterior tibiae with a black line above. $ 9 .—Black, with the following parts

yellowish-white : the clyepus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the
face below the antennae, a line on the inner orbits extending half way to the
caudal margin of the head, the cheeks broadly, the collar, the tegulae, the
pronotum at side, the V-spot, two spots on the postscutellem, the caudal por¬
tion of the metathorax, the prosternum, the pectus, the pleura?, a line at the
base of the wings, a spot above the posterior coxae, the sides of the basal
plates, the venter, the coxae and trochanters, the anterior femora except a
short line at apex above, and the remainder of all the legs except a black line
above and the most of the posterior tibiae ; the tergum beyond the third seg¬
ment, including the saw-guides, rufous ; the third segment of the antennae
twice as long as the fourth ; the wings hyaline; the veins black; the stigma
pale at base. Length, 10 mm. Habitat.— Franconia and Mt. Washington,
L. H. (Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson) . secundus, sp. nov.

Anterior tibiae wholly pale. 9 • — Black, with the following parts yellowish-
white : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the cheeks en¬
tirely, the inner margin of the eyes, extending beyond the eyes (the cephalic
margin of the black spot on the vertex trilobed), a spot on the collar, the
tegulae, a spot above the anterior coxae, the V-spot, a broad angulate mark on
the pleurae, a line on the metapleurae, a spot above the posterior coxae, a spot
on the pectus, the postscutellum, the basal membrane, the sides of the basal
plates, the first abdominal segment, the venter at base, and the front legs be¬
neath ; the legs rufo-luteous except the parts named above and a black spot
on the apex of the anterior femora above and a black ring on the basal one-
third of the posterior tibiae ; the five apical abdominal segments, including the
venter, rufous; clypeus squarely emarginate, the third segment of the anten¬
nae one-third longer than the fourth; the wings hyaline, slightly yellowish;
the veins brown ; the costa and the stigma luteous, the apex of the stigma
brownish. Length, 12 mm. Habitat. — Winchendon, Massachusetts (A. P.

^lOTSe) . simulatus. sp. nov.

11. Anterior tibiae black above . *magnificus MacG.

Anterior tibiae wholly pale. 9 • — Black, with the following parts yellow : the
clypeus, the labrum, the front beneath the antennae, a spot above the base
of each antenna, an ovate spot at the inner angle of the eye, the cheeks, the
collar, the tegulae, a triangular-shaped mark on the pleurae, the posterior
mesal portion of the pectus, the front and middle coxae, the posterior coxae

*This species was originally described as a Macrophya.

106 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

except at base, the trochanters, the front and middle femora except a black
line above, the front tibiae except a dash above at base, the middle tibiae ex¬
cept a black line above, the posterior femora at base, the posterior tibiae be¬
neath slightly at base, the front and middle tarsi and the apical segment of
the posterior tarsi, a spot above the posterior coxa and the side and \ enter of
the basal plates and the three basal abdominal segments; the abdomen, ex¬
cept the saw-guides, rufous beyond the third segment; the third segment of
the antennae one third longer than the fourth ; the wings hyaline, very slightly
yellowish; the costa, the stigma, and the veins luteous; the clypeus broadly
and roundly emarginate. Length, ii mm. Habitat. Mt. Washington, N.

H. (Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson.) . novus, sp. nov.

12. Pectus pale . *3

Pectus black . 21

13. Posterior femora wholly or in part pale above . 14-

Posterior femora black above . *7

14. Posterior femora fulvo-ferruginous or sanguineous . 15

Posterior femora in part black . I(>

15. Abdomen wholly ferruginous . frigidus MacG.

Abdoman in part black. . — Black, with the following parts whitish : the
clypeus, cheeks, a fine line on the latero-caudal margin of the pronotum, the
tegulae, a spot on the pleurae, a spot on the pectus, a spot above the posterior
coxae, the sides of the basal plates, a line on their posterior margin, and the
anterior coxse ; the legs, including the coxse, shading from luteous to rufous
except a spot on the trochanters, the base of the femora above, a black line
on the apex of the posterior tibiae above, and the posterior tarsi ; the abdomen,
including the venter, rufous, except a transverse spot on the base of the first
segment and the apical segments ; the clypeus deeply and squarely ema>-gi-
nate; the third segment of the antennse one- third longer than the fourth ; the
wings hyaline, yellowish along the veins ; the veins brownish ; the costa and
stigma black. Length, 11 mm. Habitat.— Olympia, Washington (Trevor
Kincaid) . pallipectis, sp. nov.

16. Four anterior femora wholly pale. £>. — Black, with the following parts yel¬
low : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at tip, the cheeks, the
face beneath the antennae, a spot above the base of each antennae, the col¬
lar, the tegulae, the ventral margin of the pronotum, an angular mark on the
pleurae, a spot above the posterior coxae, the pectus at middle behind, the
coxae except the base of the posterior pair, the trochanters and the base of
the femora; the following parts rufous: the front and middle legs slightly
beyond the middle of the femora, the middle of the posterior femora, the
basal three-fourths of the posterior tibiae, and the abdomen beyond the basal
plates except the saw-guides; the posterior femora and tibiae black at apex;
the wings luteous; the veins brown; the costa and stigma luteous except the
apex of the stigma. Length, 1 1.5 mm. Habitat. — Mt. Washington, N. H.
(Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson) . . . pallicolus, sp. nov.

Four anterior femora with a black line above. $ . — Yellow, with the following
parts black : the antennae, the head except an ovate spot above the base of
each antennae, the basal two thirds of the cheeks, the clypeus, the labrum, the

Sept. x897 ] MacGillivray : New Species OF Tenthredo. 107

base of the mandibles, a spot on the pronotum, deeply angulate beneath, the
mesothorax and the metathorax except the scutellum, a spot on the pleurae
t ie pectus, a spot above the posterior coxae, the basal one-half of the basal
plates, a line on the base of the first abdominal segment, and a spot on the
apex of the femora; with the following parts rufous : the apical segments of
the abdomen, the apex of the posterior tibiae and the posterior tarsi ; the cly-
peus squarely emarginate ; the third segment of the antenna twice the
ength of the fourth ; the wings yellowish hyaline ; the veins blackish ; the
the costa and the base of the stigma luteous; the apex of the stigma brown-
isi. Length, ii mm. Habitat.— Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid.)

. . ... . , . , magnatus, sp. nov.

7. erior 1 ias black. $ .—Black, with the following parts yellowish white •

the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the cheeks, an inter-
lupted line on the pleurae, a line on the collar, a spot on the tegulae, a spot
above the posterior coxae, the sides of the basal plates, a spot on the pectus,
t e coxae, the trochanters, the femora except a black line above, the front and
middle tibiae beneath, the venter, and a narrow margin on the apex of the
second and third abdominal segments; the clypeus narrowly and squarely
emarginate; the third segment of the antennae one-third longer than the
fourth; the wings hyaline, the apical third smoky; the veins, including the
costa and the stigma, black. Length, 13 mm. Habitat.— Olympia, Wash¬
ington (Trevor Kincaid') .

Posterior tibiae in part pale above . jg

18. Four anterior tibiae entirely pale . .

Four anterior tibiae with a black line above. $ Black, with the following
parts yellowish-white: the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except
at apex, the cheeks for two-thirds the length of the eye, the palpi, the
tegulae, a broad mark on the collar, an oblique spot on the pleurae, a
spot on the pectus, a spot above the posterior coxae, the sides of the
basal plates, the coxae and the trochanters except a black line above, the
ront and middle femora, the tibiae and the tarsi except a black line above,
and the posterior femora (becoming rufous towards the apex) except a black
me above; the following parts rufous: the posterior femora and tibia and
tea domen beyond the basal plates; the clypeus squarely emarginate ; the
third segment of the antenna twice the length of the fourth ; the wings hy-
a me, the veins black; the costa and the stigma luteous, darker at their junc¬
ture. Length, 10.5 mm. Habitat-Olympia, Washington (Trevor Kincaid).

1 his species has been sent to some correspondents under the name rubel-
loides .

9. Collar pale. .![’’[*’****’’’**’*’ . messica, sp. nov.

Collar black. -Black, with the following parts yellow*:’ the clypeus,* the
labrum, the mandibles except at tip, the cheeks, the tegula, a spot on the
posterior part of the mesopleurae, a spot above the posterior coxae, a vertical
me beneath the posterior wings, the sides of the basal plates, the basal mem¬
brane and the coxae, trochanters, and front tibiae except a black line above*

6 following parts rufous: the abdomen, including the venter beyond the’
asal plates, the middle and posterior femora except a black line above, the

[Vol. V,

Journal New York Entomological Society.

tibice and the tarsi ; the head and thorax densely and finely punctulate ; the
wings luteous; the veins, including the costa and stigma, black; the third
segment of the antenn® twice as long as the fourth ; the clypeus squarely
emarginate. Length, 12 mm. Habitat— Seattle, Washington (S. Bethel).

stigmatus, sp. nov.

pleur® and pectus marked with rufous . ventricus MacG.

Pleurae and pectus marked with yellow. $ .-Black, with the following parts

yellow : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the cheeks,
the tegul®, a spot on the collar, a spot above the anterior coxae, the prOster-
num, the pectus, an angulate mark on each pleura, the cox® and trochanters
beneath, the front and middle femora beneath, the front tibiae beneath, the su¬
ture between the mesothorax and the metathorax, a spot above the posterior
cox®, a spot on each side of the basal plates, and a fine line on the caudal
margin of the basal plates ; the following parts rufous : the posterior femora,
the middle and posterior tibi®, the front and middle tarsi (the posterior tarsi
are black), and the abdomen beyond the middle of the first segment; the
clypeus roundly emarginate ; the third segment of the antenn® one-fourth
longer than the fourth ; the wings hyaline ; the veins brown ; the costa and
the stigma luteous. Length, 12 mm. Habitat.— Plattsburg, New York (H.
G Dyar) . . sp. nov.

Four anterior femora and tibi® black above. 9 .-Black, with the following
parts yellow : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the
cheeks, two spots above the base of the antenn®, the tegul®, the collar, a
line on the pleur®, the ventral part of the pronotum, a vertical line beneath
the posterior wings, a spot above the posterior cox®, a spot along the lateral
margin of the cox® at apex, the legs beyond the cox® except above, a longi¬
tudinal band along each side of the abdomen, and the caudal margin of the
ventral segments ; the wings slightly infuscated ; the veins and the stigma
black, the stigma some paler at base ; the third segment of the antenn® twice
the length of the fourth ; the clypeus squarely emarginate. Length, 9 mm.

Habitat.— Colorado (Carl F. Baker) . lateralbUS, sp. nov,

Four anterior femora and tibi® rufous. 9 . — Black, with the following parts

yellowish : the clypeus, the labrum, the mandibles except at apex, the col ar
the tegul®, a line on the pleur®, a spot above the posterior cox®, the sides 0
the basal plates, the cox® and trochanters except a black line above, and th<
front femora, tibi®, and tarsi beneath; the following parts rufous: the fron
femora above except a black spot at apex, the front tibi® and tarsi above, the
the middle and the posterior legs beyond the trochanters except a black spo
at the base of the femora above, a spot on the apex of the second and thirc
abdominal segments, and the following segments, including the venter; th'
clypeus deeply emarginate; the third segment of the antenn® one-thirc
longer than the fourth ; the wings hyaline, the veins black ; the costa luteous
the stigma brownish. Length, 10 mm. Habitat.-Olympia, Washington
(Trevor Kincaid) . capitatus, sp.no*

Sept. 1897.]

Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

109

NOTES ON THE TRANSFORMATIONS OF HIGHER

HYMENOPTERA— III.

By A. S. Packard.

Megachile (possibly centuncularis Linn.').

Larva.— Head of the usual proportions, of good size compared with
the rest of the body. Eye-pieces prominent, full and convex. Towards
but below the vertex, in between the eye-pieces, is a depressed subcordate
area, with a subacute depressed tubercle on each side of the median
line, which may be the antennae; between this area and the clypeus is
a transverse raised portion ; on each side of this ridge and aligned with
the side of the labrum at its base is a minute corneous tubercle, which
may be the antennae, though I think not.

The clypeus is considerably shorter than broad ; its base is a little
subacutely produced onesidedly, the front edge deeply excavated ; the
surface is not convex and increases in width towards the anterior edge.
The labrum is broadly subtrapezoidal, twice as broad as long ; base
rounded, semi-circular; anterior edge rather deeply excavated, render¬
ing it slightly bilobate. Mandibles slender, not narrowing much towards
the end, which is unequally bidentate, the inner tooth the smaller-
they are much broader, stouter and thicker at the end than in Andreni.

he maxillte are long and slender, acutely pointed at the tip on one
side, the inner lobe being produced and incurved, while the outer acute

,° 6 or tu^erc'e 's minute ; this is easily overlooked and more remote
:rom the other lobe than usual ; they are long enough to touch each
3ther._ The labium is long, square at the end, corneous; below and
Posterior to this square corneous or chitinous edge are two minute acute

■pines on each side of the labium, which are probably the rudimentary
abial palpi. 3

The body is thickest towards the posterior end, on the terminal fifth
>f the body, whereas in Andrena it is thickest at about the middle •
owards this last fifth the body gradually increases in thickness, and
hen suddenly rounds off, so that the end is much rounder, more obtuse
han in Andrena and the larva of Apidte in general. The penultimate
termte is larger and broader than in Andrena , while the last sternite
1 smaller; differences readily appreciable. On the whole the larva of
egachtle resembles that of Bombus more than that of Andrena.

As regards the head characters, the larval Megachile differs from the

110

[Vol. V.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

larva of Andrena in its head being a little larger, the antennal tubercles
being flatter and much less prominent ; the eye-pieces less globose and
spreading less laterally. The clypeus is longer and larger, and the
front edge deeply excavated, where in Andrena it is square and entire.
The labrum is narrower, the front edge more excavated, being hardly
at all so in Andrena. The mandibles are stouter ; the maxilla large
and slender, as is the labrum, which has a broad, thickened, square
chitinous tip, not present in Andrena , the end of which in Andrena is

fleshy.

Fig. 9. Megachile centuncularis. a, larva; b , c, pupa. (Emerton, del. )

Pupa. _ Head broad and flat, subtriangular, the front flattened;

the supraantennal area broad and flat ; seen laterally the head is much
more vertical than in Bombus , and is more like Apis ; seen from above
the head is much broader, supraclypeal piece transversely oblong-trian¬
gular, thus setting the antennae far apart. Clypeus transverse, broader
than long, with two curvilinear lateral lobes which are much longer
and more curved than in Bombus. Labrum square, longer than broad,
the edges square, the sides contracting slightly towards the anterior
edge, which is square, not rounded or excavated. Mandibles long,
stout, thick, not incurved, but rather bent inwards so as to meet just
in front of the labrum. The eyes are more prominent and farther apart
than in Bombus. Antennae more rectangularly bent than in Bombus
owing to the greater width of the head ; the joints are shorter, much
more convex ; only reaching to just beyond the middle of the anterior
tarsi, whereas in Bombus they reach to the second joint of the posterior
tarsi. The maxillae reach just beyond the anterior tarsi ; neither pair
of palpi are visible. Paraglossae extending to half-way between tips of
lingua and the maxillae. The mouth parts are less loosely arranged on
the breast than in Rhopalum , Pelopeeus and the other fossonal forms.

sept. 1897 ] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. Ill

The legs are very short compared with those of Bombus, only the last pair
meeting, the terminal joints of the tarsi folded together and lying con¬
tiguous to each other; tarsi much shorter and thicker than in Bombus.

Abdomen broader and squarer, more truncated at tip than in Bom¬
bus, the terminal urites as in Bombus ; the rhabdites nearly retracted,
iorming a pair of papillae which are rounded and thick.

The body is less curved on itself and the prothorax shorter. The
mesoscutellum is less prominent and convex, while the abdomen is
longer and narrower; the segments more thickened at the end, and
spined more prominently.

The tegulae are, as in Bombus , divided into an anterior flattened area,
on the side of which, just above the pleurites, are the spiracles, and a
posterior raised thickened area on the posterior half of the segment,
which is much flatter, less ridged and convex than in Andrena, resem¬
bling Bombus more in this respect ; this flattened ridge widens more
towards the pleurites. The pleural region with elevated thickened tub¬
ercles, a separate knob on each segment. The ridges on the tergites
and pleurites are no more distinctly marked on the prothorax than
elsewhere, and not, in fact, so much as on the abdomen. Beneath
the sternites are a little more ridged, more convex than in Andrena.
The whole surface above and beneath is covered with minute hairs,
which are absent in A?idre?ia.

The pupa can at once be distinguished from that of Andrena by the
prothoracic segment not being thickened any more and not quite so
much as the abdominal ones, by the head being a little larger, and by
the body not so rapidly tapering towards the head, and being thickest
on the posterior one- fifth.

In all these characters Megachile closely approaches Bombus. In the
head-characters it closely resembles Bombus ; the clypeus, however, is
not so small and distinct, and the labrum is a little larger, and less dis¬
tinctly bilobate, while also the supraclypeal area is quite different, not
being so triangularly depressed ; posteriorly the shape is much the same.
The labrum differs in the tips being rounded, fleshy, and with a termi¬
nal lunate area. The maxillae are more acute, terminating in longer
spines. The body is broader and flatter, the pleural region a little more
prominent, and the terminal segment quite different, the tergite being
much smaller than the sternite, which is very different from that of
Botnbus. Megachile does not have the minute thoracic tubercles end¬
ing in minute spines present in Bombus ; the thickenings of the rings
posteriorly are more marked in Megachile than in Bombus , and the
body is more hirsute.

112 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Ceratina dupla Say.

Larva. — The following description was drawn up from living speci¬
mens.

Head rather long and narrow, as in Megachile ; full and convex ;
the vertex elevated convex, with fine hairs ; front scarcely so broad as
in Megachile. Clypeus full, convex. Labrum exserted, square, thick
and very prominent ; end much thickened, excavated beneath. Man¬
dibles as in Megaehile, long and thick, suddenly bent in under the
labrum, so that the tips are not visible. Antennae rather thick, bent at
a considerable angle on the side of the clypeus; the scape longer and
slenderer than in Megachile , the flagellum a little clavate, the tips
reaching to the end of the maxillary palpi, or near the tips of the
first tarsal joint when the leg is normally folded. Ocelli similar to
those of Megachile , forming raised, acute papillae ; the maxillae are
nearly twice as long as in Megachile , reaching to the middle of the
body and to the second pair of trochanters. The palpi three-jointed,
rapidly tapering toward the tip; the basal joint much the largest.
Labial palpi two-jointed, reaching to the tip of the second pair of legs ;
lingua long and slender, like that of Bombas in length, reaching to the

Fig. io. Ceratina dupla. Larva ; a, head enlarged. (Trouvelot, del.)

tip of the second abdominal segment. The legs much slenderer than
in Megachile , the tarsal joints especially slenderer and longer than in
Megachile , and reaching the same relative distances toward the tip of
the body. In the median line of each of the second to the fifth ab¬
dominal segments is an acute spine, the hind tarsal joints lying on each
side of and parallel with them ; these spines I have not before noticed.
The last sternite is full and large, rounded triangular. The ovipositor

Sept. 1897.] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. 113

is exserted, the rhabdites, as usual, forming a square tip. The thorax
above is much as in Megachile , but the abdomen is more contracted at
base, and a little more acutely produced at tip, but otherwise much as
in Megachile ; the edges of the abdominal segments are posteriorly
much thickened and minutely dentate. Length, .30 inch.

It differs from Megachile in its longer, narrower head, narrower full
clypeus, the shorter, squarer labrum, the long lingua and maxillae, the
latter being nearly twice as long as in Megachile , also in the presence
of the four acute spines along the under side of the abdomen, as well
as in the longer, slenderer legs and the narrower base of the abdomen.

Xylocopa virginica (. Drury ).

Larva. — Received July 8 from M. James Angus, of West Farms,
N. Y.

Length, 1 inch ; thickness, .28 inch. Larva nearly full grown.
The head is very small, and the jaws move rapidly, being thrust out
back and forth from beneath the labrum, which is very movable.
Body cylindrical and tapering to a point, so as to be very much alike at
both ends. The usual lateral swollen area is very faintly marked, ren¬
dering the body still more cylindrical than usual. The segments of the
body are quite convex, the sutures being rather deeply impressed, but
they are not tuberculated above, though somewhat thickened on the
hinder edge.

The larva is much like that of Bomhus , but slenderer and tapering
more towards each end.

Fig. 11. Xylocopa virginica. Larva natural size. (Emerton, del.)

Anthrax sinuosa Wiedermann.

Larva — We received July 8, 186I, from Mr. James Angus, the
larva of this species (see Guide to Study of Insects, 397), but have not
published the following description: Body smooth, flattened, slowly
tapering towards each end, so that it is difficult to tell which is the head
or tail end. The head is oblong, with the jaws on the under side, re-

114 Journal New York Entomological Society. ivoi. v.

tracted. The segments above not very convex, though the sutures are
very distinct and well impressed. Laterally they dilate into a large
subacute tubercle. The end of the body is smooth, rounded, subacute.
There are no hairs. Color dusky, white on the head and end of the
body. Length of body, .20; width, .05 inch.

Bombus fervidus.

Nesting-habits , Larva and Pupa. — The nest and young of this spe¬
cies, together with the bees, were found by Mr. F. W. Putnam, at Brid-
port, Vt., August 5, 1863. The nest occurred with several others un¬
der the grass in deserted mice nests. There were only three imago bees
in the nest, as it was collected at noon time when the rest of the colony
was out. One bee, however, left its cell soon after the brood was col¬
lected.*

All the workers, sixty-five in number, had escaped from their cells
and deserted the nest, the brood-cells having had their upper third ir¬
regularly eaten away. The bodies of four or five workers remained in
certain cells in which they had died. I have never found any traces of
ichneumon parasites in any Bombus nest.

j Dimorphic Forms. — The colony also contained 13 males, 5 small
and 8 large individuals ; also 9 queens, of which 3 were small and 6
large. The measurements were as follows :

Average length of 4 workers with the hair all grown, .55 in.;
breadth, .35 in.

Average length of 3 females, with the hairs just beginning to grow,
.62 ; breadth, .38 in.

Average length of 6 females, naked and white, .67; breadth, .43 in.

Average length of 5 males, dark and hairy, .52 ; breadth, .30 in.

Average length of 8 males, naked and white, .55 ; breadth, .33 in.

From this it will be seen that there are two sizes of males and two
of females, among bumble bees. Whether this holds good for the
workers must be proved by further observations.

In the two sets of males and females there was as much variation in
length between the individuals as between the two sizes taken collect¬
ively. The difference in size between the smallest males and females
was .10 inch, and the difference in size between those of the larger set
was from .01 to .12 inch; the difference in size between the smallest
male and the largest female was .25, being .3 more than one-half the
length of the smallest male.

* Also see notes on the habits of some species of bumble bees, by F. W. Put¬
nam. Proc. Essex Institute, IV, October, 1864, 98-104.

115

sept. is97.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

Of the first brood of males and females the latter were not nearly so

dark and hairy as the males, which were just ready to leave their cells
except one which was a subimago.

. 1 first observed this dimorphism in the pupae taken from this nest •

it was better seen than in examining the adult bees.

The eggs are elongated cylindrical, with the ends truncated and
rounded off; and they are slightly curved in themselves.

Larva of Worker.— In their general form the larvae of Bombus agree
closely with those of Apis and Megachile. In outline lunoid the body
is thick, cylindrical, though a little flattened, and the rings rapidly
diminish in width towards each end of the body. In their natural atti¬
tude the larvae when in their cells are doubled upon themselves, so that
the under side of the head is closely oppressed to the tip of the abdo¬
men. The enlarged pleural surface, which forms a raised lateral rid-e,
aids in giving, the flattened appearance to the body. On the hinder
half of each ring of the body is a tergal raised, flattened band proceed¬
ing on each side from the lateral ridge, leaving a transverse depressed
ovate lanceolate area, at each end of which is a spiracle. There are ten

spiracles, one for each thoracic ring and one on each of the first seven
abdominal rings.

Beneath the body is flattened, and the sternal region is very distinct

from the raised pleura. Each ring has its surface raised into two trails-
verse ridges.

Above, the thoracic rings differ from the abdominal ones in having
the raised portions cover nearly the whole surface, which actually takes
place in the prothoracic ring. It is on this raised portion that the
minute horny acute papillae are situated ; two for each second and third
ring, and three on the middle of the prothoracic ring in a transverse
line. . The arrangement of these tubercles does not essentially vary in
the different species. The prothoracic ring is a third narrower than in
the metathoracic ring, though as long. The tenth and abdominal ring
is in outline equal in size to that of the head, being orbicular when seen
from behind. Its surface is marked below by an oblong square raised
mesial portion, twice as long as broad. There is no anal outlet since the
intestine is a blind sac. The p and $ genitals can be distinctly seen,
so that the sexes of the larvse can be easily distinguished.

Of the two pairs of stylets on the ninth ring, the most basal and outer
are triangular, and the inner sides nearly meet over the mesial line of
the body. The smaller outer and more remote pair have their greatest
length across the ring ; their tips nearly meet on the mesial line of the

116 Journal New York Entomological Society. [v6l v.

body and near the tips of the middle pair of stylets. The pair of the
eighth ring is later developed. They appear first as two oval rings remote
from the middle, and larger axes at right angles to body. Early in the
semipupa stage, when they first appear as two slender elongated stylets,
lying across the eighth ring, with square bases facing each other on each
side of the mesial line of the body, while the ends look outward towards
either side of the body, at this time the mesial pair or true ovipositer
on the ninth ring is long and slender, while the outer pair have only
their triangular tips developed, which slightly converge toward tips of
second pair.

Fig. 12. Bombus fervidus. Pupa.

Bombus vagans.

Nesting-habits , Larva and Pupa. — In the empty cells there were no
larvae or eggs to be found. In the bottom the sides a little way up were
covered with a thin layer of meal or pollen which had been placed in
them by the queen, and this thin layer of refuse left had been pressed to
the side of the cell by the body of the fully-fed larva which had rejected
it. In one empty cell there was a considerable quantity of pollen, which
was exceedingly fine, and under high powers presented a spherical shape,
the surface being thickly punctured.

In the twelve workers there was no remarkable variation in size, such
as was observed in another colony of pinned bees, undoubtedly of the
same species. The single male was of the same size as the worker ; it
slightly exceeded some workers in size, but was smaller than some
others ; among a set of alcoholic specimens it could not at first glance
be distinguished from the workers ; there is no difference in the length
of the maxillae or of the labial appendages.

From the nest which Mr. Putnam found in an old stump under a
barn, August 15, he took only fifteen adult bees, viz., one male, two fe¬
males and twelve workers ; but the number of bees then constituting the

sept. 1897.] Packard: Transformations of Hymenoptera. lit

colony could be estimated by counting the empty cells. These were
wanting in the upper third, or rarely the upper half, which had been
eaten away by the bees to allow the occupants to escape ; the edges
being rough and irregular. Some of the cells were nearly all gone, three-
fourths of some of them having been removed ; these were situated on
the sides of or nearly beneath the bunches of small cells which sur¬
rounded the single female or queen cell.

At this date there were 58 empty cells, hence the colony, if all were
alive, was of course composed of that number of individuals ; of these
all were workers except a single male and two females.

Larva. — The larvae are easily distinguished from those of B.fervi-
dus and B. separates, which is the more unexpected, since the two last
named species agree so closely after the specimens compared have been
in alcohol. The head is considerably smaller, nearly one-fourth so,
than m fervidus , while the transverse raised bands across each ring are
much thicker, and the lateral raised pleural lines are much more promi¬
nent than in B.fervidus , thus making the under side of the body ap¬
pear flatter and the upper side more convex than in fervidus. The
whole body is more lunate, compact and blunter at the extremity than
m fervidus. Such are the differences in comparing twenty larvae with
an equal number of those of fervidus. Whether these differences are
constant, and have been stated correctly, future study will prove. The
sizes of the different stages of growth correspond very exactly with
those of the equivalent stages in fervidus.

Eggs — The eggs of this and all the species when compared do not
differ, and if they were all intermingled, the species could not be picked
out.

Pupa. — Comparing some (eight) $ semipupae with an equal num¬
ber of 9 semipupae of B . fervidus, there are no differences, not even
in the tip of the abdomen.

Compared with the male of fervidus it is very considerably smaller
and slenderer, the abdomen being sensibly more produced towards the
more acute tip and the limbs are throughout more slender. The head
is shorter and broader. The second joint of the antennas is longer,
passing beyond the eyes, where in fervidus they do pass beyond the
lower angle and outer edge of the eyes. The maxillae and lingua are
shorter than in fervidus , being just as described in the worker pupae of
B. separatus, and are unitedly narrow, as in the last named species.
The limbs are no longer, but all the joints are considerably narrower
than in fervidus. Here, as in the other sex, the genital armature does

I

118 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

not differ materially in the two species compared. Perhaps the lateral
pair of stylets are shorter, while the inner mesial parallel stylets are a
little longer, though these differences are only adopted provisionally.
Length of $ , .44; width, .24 inch.

Both the 9 and 9 are of the same size (the latter only .02-.03 less)
and agree much more closely with the same states in fervidus than does
the $ . Still, however, the body and limbs are a little more slender, the
mouth parts are shorter, and the head broader than in fervidus.

Average length of worker pupa .43 ; breadth .23 inch.

Average length of female pupa .58 ; breadth .28 inch.

One under-sized individual is .32 X .18.

Bombus separatus Cresson.

Nest , Larva and Pupa. — This nest was found by Prof. Putnam, July
23d, under the grass, in a deserted field-mouse’s nest, in a rather damp
situation. The active members of the colony were ten bees (no males
among them), which were captured and pinned. On examining the
nest I found that it consisted of 36 cells, of which all but 23 contained
females and workers; of the remaining 13, which were all worker cells,
two contained pollen (or honey) closely packed ; the rest were empty
and with the tops eaten off. The other 23 contained one worker in
the semipupa stage, ten worker larvae, one female larva, five semipu-
pal females and four female pupae. There were also 20 eggs and 1 2
young larvae in the masses of bee head which were found attached to
the sides or top of the queen cells, as shown in Fig. 13. When placed
on the top of a cell the bee head formed a rounded mass, which, on be-

Fig. 13. — Bombus separatus. a, cell with mass of pollen on top; b , one with
pollen enclosing two eggs; c , view from above; d, worker cell. (Author del. )

sept. 1897.] Packard : Transformations of Hymenoptera.

119

ing opened, disclosed four partitions, two at each end of the slightly el¬
lipsoidal area, with two at each side ; the two lateral ones being widely
separated, but the other two only separated by a thin partition.
These are walled in by the queen bee after she has placed one or two
eggs in each cell. Out of this mass of food the young larvae when
hatched begin by eating the food to gradually construct their cells in
the manner observed and described by Professor Putnam. One would
suppose that there would be one larva only in each compartment, but
on the contrary I found two young larvae in each. The eggs are the
same as those of B. fervidus , no specific differences being discernible.

The larvae wrere young, none being more that one-third the size of the
workers in the semipupa stage, while the single female larva was of full size.

The young larvce compared with those of B . fervidus . — They are so
similar that it would be impossible to distinguish them. The larvae of
B. fervidus differ more among themselves than do those of B. separatus
and B. fervidus ? The size of the head and proportions of the body,
are the same. The thickened portions of the segments are also much
the same, though there is a difference in that this portion is a little
thicker in B. fervidus , but this is not a constant character. Indeed,
in comparing two larvae of the two species mentioned, each nearly a
quarter of an inch long, I can see no difference between them.

Pupa of Worker. — It can best be described by comparing it with that
of B. fervidus , of which I had the greatest number of specimens. Be¬
sides being a little smaller, it differs in form, being more plump, nearly
a line shorter, and slightly broader. The head is more triangular, be¬
ing shorter and at the same time proportionately broader. The eyes
converge slightly towards the mouth. The antennae and clypeus and
labrum, as well as the ocelli, show no appreciable differences.

The genital armature and tip of the abdomen in general do not, con¬
trary to our expectation, afford good specific distinctions. We see,
therefore, that the pupae differ specifically in their size and proportions,
while the perfect bees have added the more readily recognized differ¬
ences in coloration and hairiness.

Of the ten worker pupae two were a little larger, almost in the sub-
imaginal stage, and dark, and belonging apparently to the second
brood of workers.

Average length of 2 worker pupae of the first brood, .5o ; breadth,
.32 inch.

Average length of 8 worker pupae of the second brood, .46 ; breadth,
.28 inch.

_ <

Female Pupa _ The pupae of the females are equal in size to that of

i

120 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

the largest B. fervidus , and the female pupae differ in the same char¬
acters as already given for the worker pupae. In this species, as in all
other bees and wasps, the only external difference between the workers
and females is that of size.

The female pupae were all of one and the same size, white and naked.
Apis mellifica Linn.

Larva of Worker. — I am not aware that a careful and comparative de¬
scription of the larval honey-bee worker has been published. The follow¬
ing descriptive comparisons have been made with larva of the bumble bee :

Closely resembles larva of Bombus , but the body is shorter, broader,
flatter, with the head less prominent than in Bombus. The body is much
rounded towards the head and abdomen, tapering very equally at both
ends ; the segments but slightly convex, while the lateral region is less
prominent than in Bombus , less so than usual ; and the posterior por¬
tion of the segments is less thickened than usual. On the anterior part
of the back (tergum) of each ring is a broad sublunate area, behind
which, and especially on the sides, the ring becomes more convex. The
tip of the abdomen is subelliptical, being round, but longer than broad ;
the tergites and sternites not well marked. It, however, resembles the
larval Bombus quite closely. Genitals well marked on eighth ring at
front edge, appearing as two minute parallel slender tubercles, also a
pair on the ninth and tenth segments less distinctly marked, but a little
larger. The head is of about the same proportion to the rest of the body
as in Bombus ; it is a little longer than broad, the front not very con¬
vex. Eye-ring not very full. The median line between the eyes is
deeply impressed. The antennae each form a deeply depressed minute
tubercle on each side of the base of the clypeus. Supraclypeal area in¬
distinctly marked. The clypeus is square, as long as broad, much
longer and narrower than in Bombus. The labrum is broad, bilobate,
covering the ends of the mandibles ; broader and more transverse than
in Bombus. The maxillae are rather slenderer than usual, subacute,
ending in a minute acute spine. Labrum as usual, ending in a slightly
chitinous transverse ridge. Mandibles cylindrical, acute, ending in a
single point, more fleshy, and more like the maxillae than usual.

Position of Larva _ It is doubled on itself in the bottom of the

cell, being more doubled than in Bombus , and with a softer, thinner
skin. The cell of the semipupa is closed over, and the body of the latter
is elongated and extended along the length of the cell. There is nothing
in the shape of the larva to justify the inference that Apis is not a higher
genus, more specialized, than Bombus.

Sept. 1897.]

Dyar: On the White Eucleidve.

121

ON THE WHITE EUCLEID^E AND THE LARVA OF
CALYBIA SLOSSONLE (PACKARD).

PLATE V.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A. M., Ph. D.

There are in Europe and Asia a number of moths colored white or
nearly so, belonging to the family Hypogymnidae (Lymantriidae=Lipar-
idse). In the earlier days of the description of American species, several
kinds were found superficially resembling them, which were therefore
described as Liparidae and are still listed so in Kirby’s catalogue, though
really presenting fundamental differences. However, as early as 1882,
Dewitz showed that one of the larger species was a Eucleid from an ex¬
amination of a cocoon, and, some ten years later, Packard was led to
the same conclusion in describing one of the smaller species which Mrs.
Slosson had then just discovered in Florida.

T. he species are all subtropical, inhabiting regions where not much
entomological work is being done; but fortunately one of them extends
into our country and I was able to discover the larva, the characters of
which confirm the opinions of Dewitz and Packard. They are here
presented at length.

I have examined Grote’s types of Phyrne immaculata and Euproctis
pygmcea, sent me by Dr. Skinner. There is no question but that the
former is Packards Eupoeya nivalis. Grote’s type bears the cocoon
and number 229. This particular specimen was not sent me, but Dr.
Skinner states that it is a female, which accounts for the non-pectinated
antennae. Two specimens with the same labels “Cuba” and “Dr.
Wilson ” were sent.

Genus Calybia Kirby.

1865. — Phyrne, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. V, 246 (preoc. Rept. 1843).

1892. — Calybia , Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 446.

j893- — Eupoeya , Packard, Ent. News, IV, 169.

Synopsis of Species.

Under side of primaries entirely white . immaculata Grote.

Under side of primaries partly gray, especially along costa.

Secondaries white above.

Primaries white above.

An inconspicuous yellowish dot near anal angle in male.

slossonire lack.

122 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

A distinct zigzag yellow-brown mark above anal angle.

pygmaea Grote .

A subterminal smoky band on primaries . fumosa Grote.

Secondaries gray above . . . jamaicensis Schaus.

Genus Leucophobetron, nov.

There are two species which differ from Calybia in the much larger
size (25 to 35 mm.) and the divergent tufts at the tip of the abdomen
in the male, both described as Liparidse. Dewitz has shown (N. Act.
K. Leop. Deut. Akad. Nat. xliv, 252) that one of them is a Eucleid and
it is probable that the other is also. The first is L. argentiflua * Geyer
(Samml. Exot. Schmett, iii, pi. 18, 1836), from Cuba; the second is
Z. argyrorrhcea Hiibn. (Zutrage Exot. Schmett., ii, Figs. 245, 246,
1823). For convenience I would separate them from Euproctis and
Eupoeya under the above term.

Synopsis of Species.

Wings with a large dark spot above anal angle . argentiflua Gey.

Wings white, immaculate . argyrorrhcea Hiibn.

Calybia slossoniae {Packard').

1893. — Packard, Ent. News, IV, 169.

1894. — Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, III.

1895. — Dyar, Can. Ent. XXVII, 15.

1895. — Dyar, Can. Ent. XXVII, 245.

Larva.

1897. — Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIX, 68.

1897. — Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. V, 100.

Special Structural Characters.

Outline elliptical, more narrowly so if the appendages are excluded ;
dorsal space broad, even, flat; lateral space broad, sloping, rounded;
subventral space rather broad, continuous with the lateral space, not re¬
tracted. Ridges practically absent, the subdorsal indicated by the
change in slope between back and sides. Tubercles greatly modified,
as in Phobetron. In stage I a subdorsal row of single spines with en¬
larged bases, two on joints 3 and 13; lateral spines obsolete, repre¬
sented by obscure papillae ; subventral setae large and distinct. Ulti¬
mately the subdorsal warts are attached narrowly, but with very broad
bases, encroaching on the dorsal and lateral spaces and produced later-

* Mr. W. F. Kirby has very kindly examined Hiibner’s works for this species
and has sent me the above correction to the reference in his catalogue.

Sept. 1897.]

Dyar: On the White Eucleid^e.

123

ally into fleshy appendages of nearly equal length, the anterior ones a
little shorter. These appendages are constricted at about the centre of
attachment, the basal portion forming an elevated heart-shaped piece,
bearing seta i above, the terminal part forming a tapering horn with
seta ii at the apex. The lateral row of warts are rudimentary, consist¬
ing of small, naked finger-shaped papillae, hardly larger than the spira¬
cles. The subdorsal horns may be detached, but less readily than in
Phobetron, and they leave a slight scar, from which a very little fluid
exudes. The appendages are situated on joints 3 to 13, one more than
in Phobetron , and are directed downward so as touch the leaf and cover
the sides. The warts bear long, finely feathery fringe-hairs with smooth
bases, other short smooth hairs, short club-shaped feathered hairs and
the primitive setae i and ii. The skin is covered with a rather dense
coating of fine, short, pale hairs from large colorless tubercles. No de¬
pressed spaces seen ; the skin is hollowed laterally, but in an ill- defined
manner. The warts are not shed on forming the cocoon. There are
no stinging spines.

This interesting larva is colored to escape observation. The adap¬
tation is the same as is Sisyrosea textula , but derived from a phylo-
genetically dissimilar stock. The fringing horns consist of the sub¬
dorsal instead of the lateral series and the fringe hairs are feathered sec¬
ondary setae instead of degenerated stinging spines.

Affinities, Habits, Etc.

The only close ally of this larva among our species is Phobetron ,
and, quite unexpectedly, it is a very close ally. Dr. Packard, judging
from the moth, was of the opinion that it was not allied to Phobetron,
placing it near Heterogenea . I placed it still further away, in the Me-
galopygidae. The larva has all the essential characters of Phobetron ,
even in some detail. The adaptation being different, the superficial
appearance is different, resembling Sisyrosea rather closely, but it really
has no near affinity with the spiny Eucleids. From Phobetron it differs
as follows: (1) the middle tubercle of joint 4 is absent; (2) the lateral
tubercles are reduced to insignificant papillae instead of existing as
small warts; (3) the subdorsal horns are all of the same length, the
weak segments of stage I appearing only in the coloration in certain
examples, which lack the red tips on the horns that are short in Phobe¬
tron ; (4) there is a horn on joint 3 instead of a small wart; (5) the
color is green instead of brown, with a thinner hair coating. The larva
is more specialized than Phobetron on the whole. In the equal length

124

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v

of the horns it would be lower, except that this character may not be
primary. The hairs are also less specialized.

The allies of our Calybia are in the West Indies and on the South
American coast, as seen by the species reviewed above. C. slossonice
is the Floridian representative of C. pygmcea Grote from Cuba, differ¬
ing from it in the smaller size of the mark at the anal angle. My male
specimens all possess a small but evident yellowish mark in this loca¬
tion. In the females it is absent.

During the winter season the cocoons of C. slossonicz may be found
more or less commonly on the leaves or bark of the mangrove trees
throughout southern Florida. The chalky white cocoons are very con¬
spicuous on the green leaves, but on the whitish bark hard to detect.
The white color of the moth seems to have the same protective value.
It is remarkable why so many of the cocoons are spun upon the leaves,
as if the instinct to seek the place for which the cocoon is adapted were
lapsing. As the larvae live on a plant which is always situated in water,
they never leave it, even to spin. The moths emerge in about seven
weeks, but scattering. The eggs are laid almost at once. They hatch
in 15 days. The larvae are solitary, resting on the under sides of the
leaves; when young they eat little spots and channels through the
lower epidermis, but at maturity the whole leaf is eaten as usual.

Detailed Description of Certain Stages.

Egg. — Elliptical, flat, somewhat irregular in size and shape, but
never circular; translucent, pale yellow both on glass and leaves; 1.6
X1.9, 1. 4X1. 2, etc. Laid singly. Reticulations rather prominent, quad¬
rangular, irregular, distinct. The form of the developing embryo may
be rather plainly seen (Plate V, Figs. 1 to 14).

Stage I. — Head retracted, joint 2 mostly exposed. Dorsum flat, the
sides nearly perpendicular, rounded. A subdorsal row of spines, the
basal portion enlarged next the body, tapering, ribbed ; distal part
stiff, dark. Arrangement as in Phobetron except for the absence of the
lower spine on joint 4. Lateral spines reduced almost to obliteration
(Plate V, Fig. 15). Segments 7, 9 and 11 weak, as shown by the
horns leaning out. Pale yellowish, an irregular, geminate, brown dorsal
line and a broader dark subdorsal shade below the subdorsal horns.
Bases of the tubercles white. Length .75 mm.

Last Stage. — Elliptical, rather thick centrally, but pressed down at
each end, fringed by the conical fleshy appendages (Plate V, Fig.
22). Anterior pair short, curved, the rest straight, of about equal

Sept. 1897]

Dyar: On the White Eucleidte.

125

length after the fourth pair. Short haired above, fringed on the 'sides
with long, soft, white hairs (Plate V, Fig. 20), which form a continu¬
ous, thought not very conspicuous fringe. At the base of the appen¬
dages, the fleshy, heart-shaped pieces rise above the dorsum and also
above the base of the appendage, converting the dorsal area into a
channel. They have short, rudimentary white hairs (Plate V, Fig.
21), besides seta i. Color light yellowish green, all the horns tipped
with orange red, most so anteriorly. A blood red, diamond-shaped
patch with whitish centre in the depressed dorsum on joints 4-5, 7, 9
and 11, four patches, the anterior one slightly elongate. Horns on
joints 3 and 4 very faintly orange shaded. Sides hid by the horns,
smooth, green. The traces of the lateral horns are seen with difficulty
on removing the horns, as small whitish papillae. Subventral setae be¬
low the spiracles rather distinct. The horns arise about the centre of
the segments from small depressions, and there is a smooth bulge of the
skin below. The spiracle on joint 5 is in line with the others, but ap¬
pears slightly unsymmetrical, rather higher on the fold in proportion.
In the beginning of the stage the larva is all green, the dorsal marks
appearing gradually. They vary somewhat in different examples. In
another example the horns on joints 7, 9 and 1 1 were without the red
tips. Lateral papillae on joints 3, 4, 6 to 12.

Cocoon. Rounded, elliptical, white, with streaks of brown without,
brown within ; the usual circular lid (Plate V, Fig. 24). In spin¬
ning, the larva elevates the horns and begins to spin silk around the
base of its body. The cocoon is thus gradually built up, supported
against the larva itself until finally the horns are enclosed. They do
not become detached. The silk first forme^l dries white, making the
white color of the cocoon, through which the brown appears in spots.

Food-plant. — Mangrove ( Rhizophora mangle).

Parasites.

Tachinid flies, which are usually such frequent parasites of Eucleid
larvae, seem to be absent in this case. This is doubtless due to the
peculiar habitat of Calybia, for if the Tachinae should infest these
larvae, the maggots would all perish at the time of pupation by falling
in the water.

Two hymenopterous parasites infest the larvae freely. One ( Pelecy -
stoma eupoeycB Ashm.) destroys the life of the larva while it is in the
last stage. The host retains a life-like shape, but becomes bright red
(Plate V, Fig. 23) and hardens. The parasite issues from a hole in

126

[Vol. V.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

the empty larva skin, which remains adhering to the leaf, still present¬
ing the appearance of the figure.

The second parasite ( Crypturus dyari Ashm.) is even more abun¬
dant, infesting nearly half of the cocoons found. It shows no sign till
the larva has spun, when, instead of the moth, the hymenopteron ap¬
pears, eating a jagged hole in the cocoon, instead of emerging by the
lid. The full grown larvae of the insect may be found by opening the
Calybia cocoons at the right time. It is flattened ventrally, dorsal seg¬
ments arched, distinctly segmented, 13 segments including the head. A
prominent substigmatal ridge along joints 5 to 12, just below the small
spiracles, fluted by the incisures. The body is thickest at joints 7 and
8 and tapers each way to the rounded ends. Head small, membran¬
ous, rounded, smooth, somewhat bulging in the position of the imaginal
eyes \ no ocelli \ antennae represented by two tiny points \ labium some¬
what prominent, the only distinct organ, with folds or sutures marked
faintly in brown. Color uniform whitish yellow, slightly shiny, rather
opaque. Dorsal vessel less opaque, appearing darker, substigmatal
ridge whitish. The skin surface, except on the head, is marked with
very small rounded colorless granules, regularly spaced at about twice
their own diameter from each other. The diameter is about .01 mm.
Length of larva 6.5 mm., greatest width 3.3 mm., greatest thickness
2.5 mm.

Mr. Ashmead’s description of these parasites has appeared in the
Canadian Entomologist.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fig. 1. Egg; unfertilized X 1 3-

“ 3. Embryo, 50 hours.

4. Embryo, 60 hours.

5. Embryo, 100 hours

7. Embryo, 5 days.

8. Embryo, 7 days.

9. Embryo, 8 days.

10. Embryo, 9 days.

11. Embryo, 10 days.

12. Embryo, 1 2 days.

13. Embryo, 14 days.

14. Embryo, 15 days.

“ 2. Egg, segmenting, 30 hours.

Fig. 15. Larva, stage I ('semidiagram-
matic).

“ 16. Subdorsal spine of stage I en¬

larged.

“ 17. The same, not fully expanded.

“ 18. Skin setae of mature larva, en¬

larged.

“ 19. A short, stiff hair.

“ 20. A long, feathered hair.

“ 21. Short, feathery or branched hair.

“ 22. Mature larva X 4-

“ 23. Parasitized larva.

“ 24. Cocoon on a twig.

“ 25. Moth of Calybia slossonice.

t

Jour 7i. N.

V. E?it. Soc.

Vo/. V. PI. V.

Early Stages of Calybia Slossoniae.

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Sept. 1897.] Chapman : Pupa of CEta Floridana.

127

NOTES ON THE PUPA OF CETA FLORIDANA.

PLATE VI.

By T. A. Chapman, M. D.

Length, 13 millimeters; width, 2^ millimeters. Tolerably uniform
width to the fourth abdominal segment, thence tapering finally to
extremity.

Color. — Deep sepia, nearly black. A pale nankeen coloring in a
broad dorsal stripe, along all the abdominal segments, extending out¬
wards as far as the anterior trapezoidal tubercles, and having a narrow
double line of the dark sepia or black color down its centre ; traces of a
similar coloring in a narrow supra and another infra-spiracular line.

The same color surrounds the marginal tubercles and at pitted
markings in the situation of the third and fourth ventral prolegs.

Similar color on the front of the headpiece and a narrow line on
each side of the prothorax and a broad patch in the centre of the meso-
thorax, ventral line of fifth and sixth abdominal segments also paler.

Dehiscence is by complete removal of front headpiece, by splitting
down the back of the prothoracic segment and two- thirds of the meso-
thoracic.

The antennae separate from wings two-thirds of the way down and
slightly from leg cases which also open a little at anterior ends ; they
remain attached together below and also to wings ; eye pieces remain
in situ.

The two portions of prothorax somewhat separated from mesothorax,
but attached by delicate membrane, and show fine radiating structure
of first spiracle. (Plate VI, Fig. 3.)

Structure. — There is no posterior headpiece; the separated front
piece is roughly hexagonal, the two sides being hollowed to receive the
ends of the antennae ; and in the pale area here there are on each side
two spines or hairs (antennae-basal hairs?), the inner one curled at the
ends into a circle and a-half. In face piece the central portion above
has three hair points on each side and terminates in a rounded projec¬
tion (labrum) ; beneath from each side are two rounded lappets (man¬
dibles); these occupy about the central third of the face (Plate VI, Fig. 1);
at the summit of the first pair of legs between the eyes and antennae is
a small separate portion (max. palp.). The maxillae, second legs and
antennae reach to the extremity of the wings close to the hind margin of
the fourth abdominal segment, to which they are fixed.

128 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

The maxillae just fall short sufficient to show the extremities of the
third pair of legs.

The first pair of legs extends two-thirds of the way down, and be¬
tween these and the maxillae, extending one-third of the way down from
nearly the top of the maxilla, is a piece (first femur) jointed in the
centre. The second leg has a small facet against the maxillary palp,
cutting off the first entirely from the antennae.

Each prothoracic portion has two hair points some distance apart ;
the two on the mesothorax are close together.

The metathorax appears to have two pairs on each side. The hind
wings do not disappear under the fore wings till they have reached the
fourth abdominal segment; they present a well marked Poulton’s line ;
this is also very well marked along the extremity of the forewing.

The first four abdominal segments are fixed : the spiracles of the sec¬
ond and third find room by slightly indenting the wings.

The fifth and sixth segments are free. On the second and following
abdominal segments is an anterior trapezoidal and a supraspiracular
hair ; also a prespiracular hair ; and on the fourth and following a sub-
spiracular hair. A posterior trapezoidal is nowhere determined dis¬
tinctly ; but above and behind the spiracles is a small pale area with
three small circular lacunae. The abdominal spiracles project as pale
truncate cones.

The last segment terminates in a conical spine apparently with an
elaborate armament, and has several fine hooks round its base and some
hair-like spines in the anal region; but it is impossible to clear this of
silk sufficiently to make sure of anything.

The whole surface of the pupa is marked by transverse lines or sulci
waved and with fine branches running into the intermediate areas
(Plate VI, Fig. 7), reminding one, especially on the wings, and probably
similar in structure to the sulci between cerebral convolutions ; these
vary very much over different parts of the pupa; on the centre of the
wing, for instance, forming a vortex like the ridges of the tip of the
finger. On portions of the abdominal segments the fainter mark¬
ings are disposed more like the folds in a cushion where it is uphol¬
stered. These folds are very beautiful on the antennae, but here and
elsewhere are too complicated for a detailed description. The claws
(Plate VI, Fig. 2) on the true legs of the larva are remarkably long and
narrow, the same length, and one-fourth the width of the preceding
joint; this appearance is emphasized by this joint being of very uniform
width and squarely truncated at its distal extremity. The pupal nerva-

Jo urn. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. V. PL VI.

Pupa of Oeta floridana.

tIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY CF ILLINOIS

Sept. 1897 ]

Chapman : Pupa of (Eta Floridana.

129

tion of the wings is indicated by paler lines. Along the inner margin
of the upper wings for quite the basal half is a narrow strip almost free
from surface markings ) this is, however, delusive, being really the sur¬
face of hard chitin of the upper wings which touches the lower one.

. Note.— Dr. Chapman writes: ‘‘It belongs to my section, Pyra¬
mids, which have obtect structure in practically all respects except the
possession of traces of maxillary palps. I should be inclined to place it
somewhere near Yponomeutidae.” The anal hooks were accidentally de¬
stroyed in the specimen that I sent to Dr. Chapman. The cremaster is
a long, thick and wide projection with four hooks at the end (Plate VI,
Figs. 4> 5 6). There is also a row of hooks at the base running

around the anal aperture, and a series of stiff spines further forward, as
shown in the figures.

(Eta aurea was originally described by Fitch as a Lithosian ; Riley
placed it with the Tineids at first, later with the Zygaenidse ; Smith put
it in the Heterogynidse in the list of 1891, but in the addendum Wal-
singham s opinion is quoted that the moth belongs to the Tineidse, thus
reverting to the original position given by Fabricius. The larva is a
true Tineid. (See the description in March number of this Journal.)

H. G. Dyar.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Leg cases, etc., of pupa ; M., mandible ; m. p., maxillary palpus ; mx., max
ilia; it., anterior trochanter; if., anterior femur; 1., first leg; 2I., second
leg ; 3I., third leg ; a., antenna.

Fig. 2. Claw of larva.

“ 3. Anterior (prothoracic) spiracle.

“ 4. End of pupa, ventral view.

“ 5. End of pupa, dorsal view.

“ 6. End of pupa, lateral view.

“ 7. Sculpturing of pupa shell.

130

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEVEN YOUNG

ARCTIANS.

PLATES VII AND VIII.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph. D.

The larvae of the Arcticans, including in this term both Arctiidae
and Euchromiidae, are much more highly specialized than those of the
Noctuidae. This specialization tends to force back into the first stage
certain characters properly belonging to the later stages, and it is pro¬
posed to briefly consider some of the forms which this modification of
stage T assumes.

The arrangement of the tubercles in stage I of the Arctians corre¬
sponds with that normal for the whole group Bombycides.* The setae
are of the finely spinulated type, with pointed tips, never glandular, in
this respect distinguished from the Ptilodontidae (Notodontidae) and
certain lower Tineid genera, as pointed out by Dr. Packard. The
seven species taken to illustrate this paper, represent three unequal
groups of the Arctian phylum. From the Arctiidae proper I have taken
Spilosoma virginica (Fig. i), A. antigone (Fig. 2) and Hyphantna
cunea (Fig. 3); from the Phaegopterid group, Halisidota maculata
(Fig. 4) and H. caryce (Fig. 5); from the Euchomiidae Cosmosoma
auge (Fig. 6) and Ctenucha virginica (Fig. 7). I have arranged
these as nearly as possible in ascending order of specialization, and it
will be noticed how exactly this corresponds with the arrangement
founded on the wing veins of the imago. That is, the Spilosoma group
represents a more generalized type than the Halisidotas, the latter hav¬
ing reduced secondaries and shortened subcosta, whereas in the Euchro¬
miidae subcosta is entirely absent. The degree of difference of these
groups also is the same in both larva and imago. While the larval
Halisidotas are more specialized than the Spilosomas, they do not differ
from them enough to determine family characters. The Euchromiidae,
however, do differ to this degree, the special character being the union
of setae ia, ib and iia on thorax to form a single wart. In Halisidota

*7. e ., the Noctuina as defined by me or Agrotides of Mr. Grote. I find that
these names must be replaced by the old term Bombyces or Bombycides, because
Bombyx really belongs to this superfamily, and not to the Saturniides, as I formerly
supposed, following the conclusions of Professor Comstock. I have recently made a
careful examination of stage I of Bombyx, at the suggestion of Mr. Grote, with the
above result.

Sept. 1897.]

Dyar: Study of Young Arctians.

131

carya this process is foreshadowed on the metathorax, but while iia is
partly united to i it forms a distinct wart on the mature larva.

This parallelism between the relative advance of larval and imaginal
characters is worthy of notice in view of the numerous cases of the re¬
verse tendency.

The details of the seven selected species are shown in the accompany¬
ing plate.

Spilosoma virginica.

The setae aie perfectly normal for stage I, all the subprimaries
absent. Of the six primary setae on the cervical shield, four remain on
the shield, the others are detached and reduced, so that I detect only
one seta on the small detached piece. The setae of the prespiracular
tubercle are also less than in the primitive Tineid stock. On the other
thoracic segments, ia and ib are united, iib separate and reduced, all
characteristic of the Bombycine type of wart formation. On the abdo¬
men tubercle i is small, the rest large, vii with two setae on segments 1
and 2, one on 7, 8 and 9, instead of the primitive three setae; leg
plates well marked. Tubercle viii present next the midventral line (not
shown in the figure). u Joint 13 ” is evidently composed of two seg¬
ments, on the anterior portion (9th abdominal) tubercles i to iii on one
large wart, iv and v on another ; on the anal plate (10th abdominal) all
the five setae on a single disk.

This is the type from which we start — an Arctian in the primitive
first stage.

Spilosoma antigone.

The detached piece of the cervical shield is rudimentary. General
tubercles as in virginica , except for a peculiar modification whereby
tubercle iia on thorax has become three or four-haired (in different in¬
dividuals) and iii on abdominal segments 1 to 8, four or five-haired ;
on the ninth abdominal iii seems to be only three haired, as I find but
five hairs on the large wart composed of tubercles i to iii. No subpri¬
mary setae ; ventral setae as in virginica .

This modification is to be interpreted as a partial wart formation,
pushed back into stage I, yet unaccompanied by the subprimary setae,
which in phylogeny must have preceded any wart formation.

Not only in stage I is S. antigone unusually specialized for it genus,
but in the later stages it has assumed the plumage and habits of Arctai
(■ Eyprepia ), as noticed by Mr. Hulst (Ent. Amer., II, 16). This
specialization is not shared by the imago, and is consequently without

132 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

effect on the generic location of the species ; it is probably the result
of comparatively recent adaptation.

Hyphantria cunea.

Tubercles small, normal, two small areas detached from the cervical
shield probably represent the two outer primitive setae. Setae all single
as in S. virgmica , but on the thorax subprimary seta iii is situated on a
small wart behind seta iv and on the abdomen subprimary vi is present
on segments i to 8, small anteriorly, but of fair size further back.

In this larva there is no precocious wart formation, but the subpri¬
mary setae appear in stage I almost perfectly formed (v is absent on
thorax). According to my views, the Arctiidce are descended from the
Noctuidce, , and here is a case where the specialization of the larva has
crowded back into stage I the typical structures of the Noctuidce , the
primitive first stage being absent, yet without the supervention of wart
formation until stage II.

Halisidota maculata.

As in S. virginica , but for a doubling of setae iii on abdominal seg¬
ments i to 8 and the partial fusion of iv with iii. Subprimary tuber¬
cles absent.

Here we have a partial precocious wart formation in the doubled
setae on iii analogous to the condition in N. cintigone but considerably
less developed, not affecting the thorax at all. I regard this species as
more specialized than the preceding chiefly on account of the fusion of
tubercles iv and iii, a condition found also in some of the Lymantriidae,
a high type in another line of evolution.

Halisidota caryae.

Tubercle iv unconnected with iii, but iii doubled as in H. maculata.
On segments i to 8 subprimary tubercle vi is present. No subprimaries
on thorax, but iia partly fused with i on mesothorax ; otherwise normal
as in S. virginica.

This larva exhibits a partial precocious wart formation and a partial
appearance in stage I of the subprimary tubercles. It therefore shows
an incompletely developed combination of the characters of Hyphantria
cunea and Spilosoma antigone and is consequently higher than either.
It is more advanced than H. maculata in the presence of the sub¬
primaries.

Cosmosoma auge.

Tubercles weak ; setae single, normal, no subprimaries. This larva
is placed higher than all the preceding on account of the complete

Jo urn. N. V. Ent. Soc.

Vol. V. PI. VII.

Young Larvae of Arctiidae.

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Journ . N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. V. PI. VIII.

Young Larvae of Arctiidae.

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

133

sept. 1897.] Hayward : Coleoptera of N. E. America.

union of tubercles 11a and i on the thorax. In other respects there is
present only a normal primitive first stage, just as in S. virginica , except
for the purely specific characters of less cornified smaller tubercles, etc.

Ctenucha virginica.

Tubercles well developed, set* all single as in C. auge, but in addi¬
tion subprimary vi is present on abdominal segments i to 8: no sub-
primaries on thorax.

This represents in the Euchromiid phylum the same stage reached
by H. cunea in the Arctiid branch, but not quite fully as there is here
no trace of the subprimaries on the thorax.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES VII AND VIII.

Fig. i. Spilosoma virginica, stage I. Fig. 5. Halisidota caryse. Fig I

“ 2' SP,losoma antigone, « « .. 6. Cosmosoma auge, <•

“ 3' HyPhantria cunea, <• « « 7. Ctenucha virginica, *< «

“ 4. Halisidota maculata, “ «

PRELIMINARY HAND-BOOK OF THE COLEOPTERA
OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA.

By Roland Hayward.

(Continued from Vol. V, p. 40.)

The present part of the “Hand-Book,” relating to Bembidium, has
been prepared at the request of the Editor of this Journal, made some
time ago, but the fulfilment of which has been unavoidably delayed.

. ' m faCt’ an abridgment of a larger paper on the species occurring
in America north of Mexico, which the author had in preparation at

ht, the rCqUeSt WaS m3de’ and which has on[y recently been

the '! H (Trans‘ Am“- Ent- Soc-> i897> xxiv, pp. 32-143). To this
he student is referred for more complete descriptions, as well as for
bibliography and synonymy.

In order to economize space, the species have not been arranged in
groups, as has been done in the paper above cited, but are all included
>n one table. It will be observed that in all but two of our species
( avigatum and semistriatum) the dorsal punctures of the elytra are
confined either to the third interval or to the third stria. In those just
cited, however, they are arranged in irregular rows on all the intervals,

134 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

with the setse arising from them well marked. They are included in
the category “third interval with dorsal punctures.”

Bembidium Latr.

Antennae slender, arising under a slight frontal margin, the two
basal joints glabrous. Head with two supra-orbital setae. Mandibles
with a setigerous puncture in the scrobe. Palpi with the penultimate
joint obconical, pubescent, the last joint small, subulate. Prothorax
with a setigerous puncture each side and another in the hind angle.
Elytra glabrous, striate, the margin interrupted posteriorly with an in¬
ternal plica; sutural stria not recurved at apex. Mesosternal epimera
wide. Middle coxal cavities entirely inclosed by the sterna. Anterior
tibiae deeply emarginate, the apical angle not obliquely truncate, ^.arsi
slender, the claws simple.

The males have the first two joints of the anterior tarsi dilated, the
first slightly elongate, nearly quadrate, the second more or less triangu¬
lar, with the inner angle slightly prolonged.

The species of this genus are very numerous. They are all below
the average size, ranging from two to about nine millimeters. Most of
them are riparial in their habits, though some are found in moss,,
amongst old leaves or under bark, while a few occur almost everywhere.

Synopsis of Species.

Eyes large or moderately large, convex . 2

Eyes small, flattened . 49

2. Elytra with the humeri subangulate, third interval with dorsal punctures. ... 3

Elytra with two dorsal punctures on the third stria . 12

Elytra with the humeri rounded, third interval with dorsal punctures . 28

3. Mentum with a short, bifid tooth ; striae of elytra more or less abbreviated be¬

hind . 4

Mentum with a large, entire tooth ; striae of elytra entire .

4. Elytral intervals with rows of sparsely placed setigerous punctures. 5

Robust, convex ; green or bronzed, shining ; prothorax subquadrate, slightly
wider at base than apex ; base of antennae and legs testaceous, the femora

sometimes darker. Length, .22-.29 inch; 5.5-7.25 mm . laevigatum.

Elytra with two dorsal punctures on the third interval.

Robust, slightly convex; aeneous or nigro-aeneous ; prothorax subquadrate,
wider at base than apex; antennae black, mote or less rufous at base; legs
black or dark piceous, often slightly aeneous, the tibiae and tarsi sometimes
rufo-piceous. Length, .18-. 28 inch ; 4 $-7 mm . nitidum.

5. Elytra with two impressed quadrate foveae on the third interval, each enclosing

a dorsal puncture . ^

Elytra without trace of foveae ; two dorsal punctures on the third interval. ... 9

sept. i897.] Hayward : Coleoptera of N. E. America.

135

10

6. Elytra with the fourth stria sinuate .

Elytra with the fourth stria straight. . . . . . * * * 8

7. Slender, elongate, convex ; thorax as long as wide, not wider at' base’ than apex

hind angles subacute ; elytra deeply striate, the stride distinctly punctate • lees
aeneous, the femora at base and the tibiae more or less testaceous Length
•19-22 mch; . . inaequale’

Broader, less convex ; thorax distinctly wider than long, slightly wider at base
than apex; hind angles varying from subrectangular to subacute ; elytra less

! eep y strlate> the strPe more finely punctate ; legs variable, usually nearly as
in inczquale. Length, . 19-.26 inch ; 4.75-6.25 mm . Iittorale.

8. Broad, slightly depressed ; thorax nearly twice as wide as long, not wider at base
t an apex, sides arcuate in front, deeply sinuate behind, basal fovea: distinctly
bistriate, hind angles subacute, carinate ; elytra finely striate, the stria: finely

punctate; legs varying from asneo-piceous to ameo-testaceous. Length 22- 28
inch; 5.5-7 mm . . ,

Robust ; thorax about one-half wider than long, wider at base than apex, sides
slightly arcuate in front, sinuate behind, basal foveae feebly or obsoletely bi-
striate, hind angles prominent, acute; elytra deeply striate, the striae deeply
punctate ; legs dark aeneous, the femora at base and the tibiae more or less

rufous. Length, .22-.30 inch ; 5.5-7. 5 mm . punctatostriatum.

9. thorax wider at base than apex .

Thorax not wider at base than apex .

Robust, bronzed, shining ; thorax nearly twice as wide as long, sides arcuate in
front, sinuate behind, hind angles acute, carinate ; elytra moderately deeply
striato-punctate ; legs rufo-piceous, slightly aeneous, the femora rufous at base

Length, .23-.25 inch; 5.75-6.25 mm . robusticolle.

Feebly convex; bronzed, varying to bluish-black, shining; thorax about one-half
wider than long, sides moderately arcuate in front, sinuate behind; hind
angles slightly prominent, subacute, very finely or obsoletely carinate • elytra
deeply striato-punctate; legs ameo-piceous, the femora at base and the tibiae

rufous. Length, .22-.26 inch; 5.5-6.5 mm . COxendix.

More lobust ; bronzed, usually coppery, elytra with the discs obscurely testaceous •
thorax rather less than one-half wider than long, sides arcuate nearly to base,"
feebly sinuate in front of the hind angles, which are subrectangular and feebly
carinate; elytra moderately deeply striato-punctate, the punctures usually
greenish; legs testaceous. Length, .18-.27 inch; 4.5-6.75 mm.

Eighth stria of the elytra moderately near, but distinct from the margin . 13

Eighth stria of the elytra indistinct from the margin; humeri rounded . 16

13. Humeri of elytra subangulate, all the striae entire; hind angles of thorax not car¬

inate; color more or less bronzed, sometimes greenish or bluish . 14

Humeri of elytra rounded ; hind angles of thorax carinate . ! c

14. Elytra with the dorsal punctures large, round, foveiform.

Thorax narrower at base than apex, sides moderately arcuate in front, slightly
sinuate behind, hind angles subrectangular; elytra finely striate, very finely

alutaceous, shining. Length, .20-.24 inch ; 5-6 mm . americanum

Elytra with the dorsal punctures normal.

11

12.

136 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Broad, dilated, depressed ; thorax narrower at base than apex, sides strongly
arcuate in front, sinuate behind, hind angles obtuse; elytra moderately
deeply striate, much more finely at tip; legs dark rufous. Length, .26-.2g

inch; 6.5-7.25 mm, . dilatation.

More elongate, feebly convex; thorax scarcely narrower at base than apex,
sides slightly arcuate in front, feebly sinuate behind, hind angles subrect-
angular ; elytra more deeply striate ; legs piceous, the femora at base and
the tibiae often rufous. Length, .23-. 27 inch; 5.75-6.75 mm. .honestum.
More convex; thorax more narrowed behind, apex truncate, sides strongly
arcuate in front, sinuate behind, hind angles subrectangular ; elytra more
deeply striate, the stria more deeply, almost crenulately punctate. Length,

.22— . 25 inch; 5.5-6.25 mm . chalceum.

Elongate, depressed ; thorax slightly narrower at base than apex, sides arcuate
infront, sinuate behind, hind angles acute, slightly prominent; elytra moder¬
ately finely striate, the stria distinctly punctate, with an ill-defined discal
spot about one-third from apex testaceous; legs rufous. Length, .20-. 23
inch; 5-6.75 mm . blanchardi.

15. Robust, very convex; nigro-aneous often tinged with green; thorax one-half

wider than long, narrower at base than apex ; elytra deeply striato-punctate,
the stria dilated, the first and second entire, the fifth represented by a
groove at apex; base of antenna and legs rufous. Length, - 15— . 18 inch;

3.75-4.5 mm . nigrum.

Less convex, elongate; black, slightly aneous; thorax narrower at base than
apex, apex truncate ; elytra with the first, second, third and seventh stria entire ;
legs dark piceous or black. Length, .15-. 18 inch; 3.75-4.5 mm. . .longulum.
More robust than longulum ; nigro-aneous, the elytra sometimes tinged with
brown ; thoi'ax scarcely narrower at base than apex, about one-half wider than
long; elytra with all the stria entire; legs piceous or rufo-piceous. Length,
.15-. 20 inch; 3.75-5 mm . concolor.

16. Thorax trapezoidal, scarcely convex, the basal fovea distinctly bistriate with the

outer stria as long or longer than the inner, hind angles distinctly carinate ;

legs dark . *7

Thorax trapezoidal, scarcely convex, the basal fovea unistriate or feebly bistriate
with the outer stria very small, hind angles at most very finely carinate; legs

rufous or testaceous, the femora rarely darker .

Thorax cordate, convex, narrower at base than apex; basal fovea bistriate . .21

17. Form depressed; thorax slightly wider than long, as wide at base as apex; elytra

finely striate, the stria very finely or obsoletely punctulate ; color piceous or
nearly black, scarcely aneous;' legs piceous. Length, .27-. 35 inch; 6.75—

8.75 mm . planatum.

Smaller species ; stria of elytra impunctate.

Elytra distinctly wider than the thorax; depressed, slender, elongate; nearly
black, the elytra usually more or less brownish ; thorax scarcely one-half
wider than long, slightly narrower at base than apex, sides arcuate in front,
oblique or obsoletely sinuate behind, hind angles obtuse, but not rounded >
elytra moderately deeply striate; legs rufo-piceous. Length, .16-. 19 inch;
4-4.75 . simplex.

sept. 1897 ] Hayward : Coleoptera of N. E. America.

13T

iS.

19.

Very close to simplex, but less elongate; thorax scarcely narrower at base than
apex, sides sinuate behind, hind angles rectangular; legs piceous or nearly
black, rarely rufo-ptceous. Length, .i6-.no inch ; 4-5 mm. . . planiusculum.
Elytra very slightly wider than the thorax, finely striate, the outer strte very
me, especially towards the tip, dorsal punctures large ; black, more or less
bronzed, depressed ; thorax nearly twice as wide as long, scarcely narrower
at base than apex, sides arcuate to base, hind angles obtuse, but not rounded •

legs black. Length,., 7-23 inch; 4.25-5.75 mm . incertun,.’

Dasal impressions of thorax with the outer stria small, but distinct . io

Basal impressions of thorax with the outer stria obsolete; larger species ’’ ’.” 20
Thorax distinctly narrower at base than apex.

Elongate, slender, very depressed; piceous or nearly black, the elytra more
or less brownish ; thorax with the sides distinctly sinuate behind, hind
angles rectangular; head large, scarcely narrower than the thorax; elytra

slightly wider than the thorax, subparallel, deeply striato-punctate, all the strite

entire; legs rufous. Length, .2, -.25 inch ; 4.25-5-25 mm . grandiceps.

thorax very slightly narrower at base than apex.

Moderately elongate, depressed; head and thorax nigro-seneous, elytra
dark brown or piceous, moderately deeply striato-punctate on the disc, less
so at sides and tip, the five inner striae entire, the sixth and seventh abbre¬
viated behind, the latter often wanting; thorax about one-half wider than
long, sides feebly sinuate behind, hind angles subrectangular ; legs rufous

Length, .19— .22 inch; 4-75~5-5 mm . guexi.

^lghdy elongate, less depressed, nearly black, usually slightly aeneous or
bluish; elytra less wide as compared with the thorax, .striate nearly as in

6X1 ’ the Slx inner strias entire> the seventh abbreviated behind or want-
ing; thorax more than one-half wider than long, sides obsoletely sinuate
behind, hind angles slightly obtuse; legs rufous. Length, .22-.2C inch •

20. Head and thorax nigro-seneous, the latter with the hind ’angles’ rectaLgu^or
subobtuse ; elytra testaceous with darker transverse bands or nigro-ameous
transversely banded with testaceous, more or less deeply striato-punctate the
six inner striae entire, the seventh varying from entire to wanting; legs’ tes¬
taceous or nearly rufous, the femora rarely darker. Length, .24-. 34 inch ;

** * . * . transversale.

)tra each with a well-defined basal and another subapical spot pale; legs rufo-
testaceous . &

Elytra either immaculate or with a pale submarginal spot near the apex . 22

Elytra very pale testaceous, narrowly rufous or rufo-piceous along the suture' to
behind the middle, where there is a large spot of the same color, often con¬
nected with the margin by a narrow transverse line ; head and thorax nigro-
reneous ; elytra finely striato-punctate, the five inner strife entire ; legs testa¬
ceous, the femora sometimes darker. Length, . 17-.20 inch 4.25-5 mm.

** Th°raX disf "C.tly narrower at base than apex, sides strongly arcuate infi^wrfy
sinuate behind, hind angles rectangular ; elytra moderately deeply striato-punc¬
tate, intervals convex. Length, .21-25 inch; 5.25-6.25 mm. ...ustulatum.

21

138 Journal New. York Entomological Societ\. [Voi. v.

Thorax slightly narrower at base than apex, sides moderately arcuate in front,
sinuate behind, lnnd angles rectangular; elytra moderately finely stnato-punc-
tale, intervals nearly flat ; form less convex and color more brownish than in
„s lulatum. Length, ,18-26 inch ; 4 5-6-5 . lucidum.

22. Thorax wider than long . * . * ‘ ’ ' ' ,

Thorax as long as wide ; nigro.ameous, elytra often brownish at base with a sub-

marginal pale spot about one fourth from apex, which is rarely wanting
moderately finely striato-punctate, the first and second strite entire, the fifth
represented by a groove at apex; legs rule- testaceous. Length, .16-20 inch ;

,4-5 mm .

24. Head as wide as the thorax at apex . . . '**'**. ,

Head small, narrower than the prothorax at apex; elytra with a su margina

pale spots near the apex, which is rarely wanting. .

Elongate, convex; elytra finely striato-punctate, the striae not dilated, in er-
vals feebly convex ; antennas piceous, the first joint rufous ; legs rufous, the
femora usually darker. Length, .24-. 30 inch ; 6-7.5mrn.bimaculatum.
More convex ; thorax more narrowed behind ; elytra deeply striato-punctate,
the striae dilated on the disc, much finer at sides and tip; antennae fus¬
cous the basal joints paler; legs pale yellowish tsetaceous. Length, .24-
.28 inch; 6-7 mm . . . .* postremum.

25. Elytra with the first and second striae entire, the fifth either entire or lepresente

by a groove at tip, the others abbreviated behind . .

Elytra with all the striae entire ; dark viridi -aeneous, the elytra without sub-
^ marginal pale spot, moderately deeply striato-punctate, more finely at sides
and tip; legs rufous. Length, .22-24 inch; 5.5-6 mm . canadense.

26. Hind angles of thorax rectangular . . . • 27

Hind angles of thorax obtuse, but not rounded ; -rather slender, elongate, color

varying from brownish to black, slightly aeneous; elytra without submarginal
pale spot, rather deeply striato-punctate; thorax with the sides feebly sinuate

in front of the hind angles; legs rufous. Length, .23-28 inch; 5-75“ 7 mm‘

texanum.

27 ' Moderately robust; black, usually slightly aeneous or bluish, the elytra rarely
"* with a submarginal pale spot, rather deeply striato-punctate ; sides of thorax

distinctly sinuate behind ; legs rufous. Length .20-24 inch ; 5-6 mm.

picipes.

Elongate, slightly convex; black, slightly aeneous, elytra without submarginal
pale spot, finely striate, striae distinctly punctate ; legs black or dark piceous.

Length, .16-18 inch; 4-4.5 mm . . . . .

28 Elytra with two dorsal punctures on the third interval . • * 29

Elytra with rows of sparsely placed, setigerous punctures on all the intervals; all

the striae abbreviated behind; frontal striae normal . 4»

29. Frontal striae normal ; elytra distinctly striate, with at least the first and secon^

Frontal striae double, oblique, the outer interrupted . 42

Frontal striae double, nearly parallel, the outer entire . 45

Frontal striae very oblique, strongly convergent, double, the outer often very

feeble, abbreviated behind . 4

i

Sept. i897 ] Hayward : Coleoptera of N. E. America.

139

30. Thorax narrower at base than apex . OI

Thorax not perceptibly narrower at base than apex . og

31. Form depressed ; all the striae of the elytra entire . * 32

Form more or less convex . ^

32. Head and thorax coarsely alutaceous, cupreo-aneous, elytra testaceous with a

humeral spot, a small oblong spot on third interval, about one-third from base,
and two transverse bands bronzed or nearly black, the first slightly behind the
middle, the second about one-fourth from apex, the last three connected by a
narrow sutural line; thorax cordate, nearly twice as wide as long; base of an-

tennoe and legs testaceous. Length, .20-.24 inch; 5-6 mm . cordatum.

Dark viridianeous, elytra with the apex, a subapical spot, and rarely a short
transverse band in front of the middle testaceous ; head and thorax aluta¬
ceous, the latter subquadrate, slightly narrower at base than apex, sides at most
obsoletely sinuate behind, hind angles obtuse; legs rufous or rufo-piceous.
Length, .15-.18 inch; 3.75-4.5 mm . intermedium.

33. Elytra with all the striae entire; thorax more or less cordate . 34

Elytra with several striae abbreviated behind . t ^5

34. Head and thorax nigro aeneous, the former finely alutaceous ; elytra aneo-pice-

ous with a subhumeral blotch, a transverse band behind the middle and some¬

times the apex paler, the markings ill-defined; form elongate; legs testaceous.
Length, .20-.23 inch; 5-5.75 mm . graciliforme.

Head and thorax viridiaeneous, alutaceous, elytra testaceous with a transverse
band slightly behind the middle, another between this and the apex and some¬
times a sub basal cloud fuscous, striae scarcely less deep at tip ; legs testaceous.
Length, .16-18 inch; 4-4.5 mm. . viridicolle.

Dark viridi-aneous, elytra usually with a narrow transverse band about one-third
from base, another about one-third from apex and an apical spot testaceous, the
three usually connected along the margin ; head alutaceous ; elytral strise
much finer at tip; legs testaceous. Length, .16-. 18 inch; 4-4 5 mm.

fraternum.

Much smaller, elongate ; head and thorax black or slightly aneous, the former
very finely alutaceous; elytra varying from testaceous with black markings to
nearly black with paler markings; legs rufous. Length, .10-13 inch-

2.5-3.25 mm... . timidum!

35. ihorax with the hind angles distinctly carinate . 35

Thorax with the hind angles very finely or not carinate ; head distinctly aluta¬
ceous ; larger species . ^

36. Head at most very finely alutaceous ; form and color nearly as in timidum , but

slightly more elongate and more convex, with the sides of the thorax usually
more deeply sinuate behind ; elytra with the first and second stria entire, the
fifth represented by a groove at tip ; legs testaceous. Length, . 10-. 13 inch ;

2 ? 3 mm . versicolor.

Head not alutaceous; robust; black, slightly aeneous ; sides of thorn x arcuate in

front, oblique behind, hind angles obtuse ; elytra slightly wider than the
thorax, with the first, second and fifth stria entire; legs piceous. Length,

at * 1 1_ 13 inCh 5 2‘ 75-3-25 mm . * . morulum!

°7- Moderately convex, elongate ; aneous or nigro-aneous, elytra with the apex, a sub-

140

[Vol. V.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

apical spot, often a short transverse band in front of the middle and a narrow
line along the margin testaceous; ihorax with the sides arcuate nearly to base,
sinuate in front of the hind angles, which are subrectangular and finely,
almost obsoletely, carinate; legs rufo-testaceous. Length, .17-.22 inch;

4.25-5 5 mm . constrictum.

Convex, slender, very elongate ; color nearly as in constrictum , the apex and
margin of the elytra more or less testaceous; thoiax with the sides arcuate
to base, hind angles obtuse, not carinate; legs rufo-testaceous. Length,
.18- 24 inch; 4. 5-6 mm . contractum.

38. Thorax squarely truncate at base ; head alutaceous . 39

Thorax slightly obliquely truncate each side at base . 4l

39. Hind angles of thorax rectangular . . 4°

Hind angles of thorax obtuse ; feebly convex ; head and thorax viridi-aeneous

elytra fuscous, with a humeral lunule, a transverse fascia behind the middle
and the apex testaceous; thorax with the sides arcuate to base ; elytra very
slightly wider than the thorax; legs rufo-testaceous. Length, .16-. 18 inch ;
4-4.5 mm . aeneicolle.

40. Nigro- aeneous ; elytra moderately deeply striate, marked nearly as in gracili-

forme , the markings ill-defined ; head and thorax rather finely alutaceous ;
legs varying from rufous to piceous. Length, .20— .24 inch; 5— 6 mm.

dentellum.

Brown- bronze, elytra testaceous, marked somewhat as in cor datum) the maikings
ill-defined and broader; head and thorax very distinctly alutaceous; legs

rufo-testaceous. Length, .17-.19 inch; 4.25-4.75 mm . versutum.

Nigro aeneous, elytra either testaceous variegated with black, or black variegated
with testaceous, the markings well defined.

Legs testaceous. Length, .14-. 19 inch ; 3.5-4.75 mm . variegatum.

Legs black or dark piceous. Length .13-16 inch ; 3>25~4 mm. . .nigripes.

41. Head not alutaceous; form and color nearly as in postfasciatum ; elytra without

postscutellar depression, more finely striate, the striae not dilated at base, the
markings narrower and paler ; head and thorax bright viridi- or cupreo-

aeneous ; legs testaceous. Length, . 20- 23 inch ; 5-5.75 mm . dorsale.

Head alutaceous; broad, dilated; elytra more than one-half wider than the
thorax, deeply striate, the striae dilated at base, with a transverse depression
behind the scutellum ; head and thorax cupreo-aeneous, elytra testaceous with
a small spot on the third interval about one-third from base, a transverse band
about the middle and another between this and the apex nearly black;
legs testaceous. Length, .20-. 24 inch ; 5— 6 mm . postfasciatum.

42. Thorax cordate, pedunculate or subpedunculate ; form moderately elongate ; hind

angles of thorax not carinate; elytral striae abbreviated behind . 43

Thorax cordate or subcordate, truncate at base . 44

43. Moderately convex, slender ; black, slightly aeneous, elytra with a subhumeral

pale spot ; thorax less than one-half wider than long ; legs piceous or nearly
black, the tibiae and tarsi usually paler. Length, . 12-.14 inch ; 3-3 5 mm.

mutatum.

Moderately convex ; brownish aeneous, elytra with a subhumeral spot and usually
a small submarginal one behind the middle yellowish testaceous; thorax

141

Sept. i897.] Hayward : Coleoptera of N. E. America.

scarcely wider than long; legs yellowish testaceous. Length, .12-. 14 inch ;
sr 3, ^ ■•••••• . pedicellatum.

blightly depressed ; color varying from brownish to nearly black, slightly ceneous,
elytra with a large, triangular subhumeral spot, and a smaller one, behind the
middle, yellowish testaceous ; thorax rather more than one half wider than
long; legs yellowish testaceous. Length, .10-. 14 inch; 2. 5-3.5 mm.

. .. , , quadrimaculatum.

44- Black, slightly aeneous; thorax cordate, slightly wider than long, very distinctly

narrower at base than apex, basal impressions unistriate ; elytra more than
one-half wider than the thorax, variegated with testaceous markings along the
margin; legs testaceous. Length, .10-. 14 inch ; 2.5-3_5 mm . affine.

Piceous or nearly black, the elytra often tinged with brown, unicolorous ; thorax
about one-half wider than long, subcordate, slightly narrower at base than
apex, basal impressions bistriate; elytra slightly wider than the thorax; legs
rufo-testaceous. Length, .10-. 13 inch ; 2.5-3.25 mm...., . . . muscicola.

45- Slightly elongate, moderately convex; black, often tinged with greenish, elytra

with a subapical spot and the apex pale ; thorax subquadrate, slightly nar¬
rower at base than apex, hind angles carinate ; elytra moderately finely striate,
the striae abbreviated behind, the two inner nearly entire ; legs rufo-testaceous

. ^Leng!h,:I37I4inch; 3-25~3 5 mm . sulcatum’

40. Thoiax distinctly wider than long; elytra about one-half wider than the thorax. 47

Thorax scarcely wider than long; hind angles rectangular; convex, nigro-
seneous, the elytra often brownish, deeply striato-punctate, with a subapical
spot and the apex pale testaceous, legs testaceous. Length, .08-. 11 inch;

. 3 , . assimile.

Hind angles of thorax acute; form slightly elongate, convex; color black,

scarcely aeneous, the elytra with a subapical spot and the apex more or less
testaceous; basal impressions of thorax unistriate; elytra finely striato-punc¬
tate; legs piceous or rufo-piceous. Length, .13-.15 inch; 3.25-4 mm.

47-

anguliferum.

Hind angles of thorax rectangular; less elongate than anguliferum ; color nearly
as in that species, the elytral spots more marked; basal impressions of thorax
bistriate; striae of elytra deeper; legs rufous or pale rufo-piceous. Length,

.12 .15 inch, 3-3.75 mm . . cautum.

4*. Slightly elongate, convex; black, scarcely aeneous; thorax distinctly narrower
at base than apex ; striae of elytra with deep, not closely placed punctures ; legs
yellowish testaceous. Length, . 1 5-. 17 inch; 3.75-4.25 mm. .semistriatum.

49. Maxillae with the outer lobe biarticulate ; elytra with two dorsal punctures on the
third striae.

Thorax about one-half wider than long, basal impressions moderately deep ;
elytra oblong-ovate, slightly wider than the thorax, deeply striate, the’
striae entire ; form elongate, depressed ; color dark rufous, the elytra vary¬
ing to slate-color; legs rufous. Length, .14-.16 inch; 3.5-4 mm.

puritanum.

Maxillae with the outer lobe with the two joints united; mandibles long, slender,
nearly straight; elytra with two dorsal punctures on the third interval.

Feebly convex; rufous or rufo-piceous; thorax slightly wider than long, dis-

142 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

tinctly narrower at base than apex, hind angles rectangular ; strice of elytra
sparsely and very finely punctate ; legs rufous. Length, .17— .22 inch; 4.25—

5 5 mm . oblongulum.

B. laevigatum Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 84.

A large and easily recognized species. By the arrangement of the
dorsal punctures it recalls semistriatum.

Habitat: New Hampshire to South Carolina and westward to
Montana and Texas.

B. nitidum Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 55, tab. 1,

• Fig. 7 (Per y pirns').

Habitat : Canada and the more northern portions of the country
from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

B. inaequale Say. — Journ. Ac. Phil. 1823, ser. i, III, p. 15 1.

In color this species is usually greenish bronze. The surface is
more or less alutaceo-granulate with elevated smooth spaces.

Habitat : The eastern portions of the country, extending westward
to the Rocky Mountains and Texas.

B. littorale Oliv. — Ent. 1790, II, p. 6, pi. i, Fig. 7 a b.

A variable species. The surface is more or' less alutaceo-granulate
and the color varies from bronze to nearly black. The elevated smooth
spaces of the elytra vary in number and extent.

Habitat: The more northern portions of the continent from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. It occurs also in Europe and Siberia.

B. carinula Chaud. — Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1868, ser. 2, NX, p. 239.

Habitat : The more northern portions of the continent from the
Atlantic to the Pacific.

B. punctatostriatum Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II,
p. 83.

The color is bronzed. The surface is more shining than in the last
three species, and, as a consequence, the elevated smooth spaces of the
elytra are feeble or nearly obsolete. The quadrate foveae on the third
interval are also less marked.

Habitat: From the Atlantic to the Pacific, extending as far south
as Arkansas.

B. robusticolle Hayw. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV,

p. 50.

Habitat : Michigan, Iowa and Kansas.

Sept. 1897.] Hayward : Coleoptera of N. E. America.

143

B. coxendix Say.— Journ. Ac. Phil. 1823, ser. i, III, p. 15 1.

Habitat : Illinois, Lake Superior region, Manitoba, Nebraska, Kan¬
sas, Colorado, New Mexico and Texas.

B. confusum Hayw. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV, p. 52.

This species has for some time been regarded as a variety of the pre¬
ceding, but seems distinct by the characters above given. It is the
nitidulum of Dejean.

Habitat : The Eastern United States, extending westward to Colo¬
rado.

B. americanum Dej. — Spec. 1831, V, p. 84.

This and the next four species differ from the others in which the
dorsal punctures are placed on the third stria by the subangulate elytral
humeri.

Habitat : The greater part of the region east of the Rocky Moun¬
tains.

B. dilatatum Lee — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 455 ( Ochthe -
dromus).

But two specimens are known to me. Of these one is Leconte’s
type, from Columbia, Pa. The other is from the Indian Territory and
in Dr. Horn’s collection.

B. honestum Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 82. .

This has been previously known as antiquum Dej. It approaches
the next very closely.

Habitat : Canada and the United States from the Atlantic to the
Rocky Mountains and Texas.

B. chalceum Dej. — Spec., 1831, V, p. 88.

Habitat : The same region as the preceding, but apparently less
abundant.

B. blanchardi Hayw.— Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV,

p. 56.

Habitat'. Lowell, Mass.

B. nigrum Say.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 85.

Habitat : Canada and the Eastern and Central States, extending
westward to Iowa and Kansas.

B. longulum Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 457 (^Ochthe dromus).

Habitat : Lake Superior region, the Rocky Mountains and Cali¬
fornia.

144

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

B. concolor Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 54 (. Peryphus ).

Habitat : Maine, the Lake Superior region and from thence west¬
ward to the Pacific Coast. It is essentially a northern species.

B. planatum Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 456 (O e lithe dr o mu s).

Our largest species of Bembidium . In form it recalls certain species
of Platynus.

Habitat : Lake Superior, the Rocky Mts., Nevada, Oregon, Wash¬
ington and British Columbia.

B. simplex Lee. — List Col. N. Am. 1863, p. 14 (list name);
Hayw., Trans., Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV, p. 63.

Very closely allied to the next species.

Habitat : Labrador, Canada, the Hudson Bay Territory, the White
Mts. of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, the mountains of
North Carolina, the Lake Superior region and Missouri.

B. planiusculum Mann. — Bull. Mosc. 1843, XVI, p. 215.

Habitat : Lake Superior, the Rocky Mts. and from thence westward
to the Pacific Coast and northward to Alaska. But two specimens have
been seen by me from the Lake Superior region.

B. incertum Mots. — Bull. Mos. 1845, XVIII, p. 350 (No tophus').

The dorsal punctures are larger and more prominent than in most
of the species of the genus.

Habitat: Lake Superior region, the Rocky Mountains, Alaska and
the Northwest.

B. grandiceps Hayw. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV,
P 7°*

The head is unusually large in this species, being scarcely narrower
than the thorax.

Habitat : Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, the District of
Columbia and Texas. It seems to be local.

B. guexi Chaud. — Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1868, ser. 2, XX, p. 242.

Habitat : The northeastern States, extending southward to Virginia
and westward to Lake Superior.

B. fugax Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 467 (Ochthedromus).

Habitat : Canada, Vermont, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and Illinois.

B. transversale Dej. — Spec. 1831, V, p. no.

A very variable species. As here constituted it includes several spe¬
cies that were based upon characters which become evanescent when
a large series of specimens is studied.

Sept. 1897.] Hayward : Coleoptera of N. E. America.

145

Habitat : Gulf of the St. Lawrence, Canada, Michigan and the
Lake Superior region and from thence westward to the Pacific Coast.

B. canadense Hayw.— Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV, p.
77-

This species differs from its allies in having all the striae of the
elytra entire. It most nearly resembles the western B. striola.

Habitat: Ottawa, Canada.

B. bimaculatum Kirby — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 52
( Peryphus ).

Habitat : The more northern portions of the continent from the At¬
lantic to the Pacific, extending southward in the mountainous regions to
Colorado and Nevada.

B. postremum Say.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1834, IV, p. 437.

Habitat : Massachusetts (Lowell), New York, Pennsylvania (Alle¬
gheny) and Illinois. Apparently quite local.

B. ustulatum Linn.— Syst. Nat. 1758, I, p. 416 ( Carabus ).

Habitat : 1 he region east of the Rocky Mountains, Europe and Si¬
beria.

B. Iucidum Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 466 ( Ochthedromus).

It resembles the preceding very closely and may possibly prove to be
merely a variety of that species.

Habitat : Hudson Bay Territory, Lake Superior region, Minnesota,
Manitoba, and from thence westward to the Pacific Coast.

B. fuscicrum Mots. — Etud. Ent. 1855, p. 79.

Habitat : Manitoba, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Ore¬
gon. _ . _

B. scopulinum Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 53 ( Pery¬
phus ).

A very pretty and well-marked species.

Habitat: Labrador, Canada, Manitoba and the more northern
States, extending westward to Colorado.

B. picipes Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 54 (. Peryphus ).

Specimens rarely are seen with a submarginal pale spot. This is
the form described as plagiatum Zimm.

Habitat: Eastern States, Lake Superior region, Minnesota, Mis¬
souri and Texas.

B. texanum Chaud. — Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1868, ser. 2, XX, p. 240.

Habitat : Iowa, Missouri, Indian Territory and Texas.

146

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V

B. grapii Gyll. — Ins. Suec. 1827, IV, p. 403.

Habitat : Northern Europe, Greenland, the more northern portions-
of this continent, and high altitudes in the White Mountains of New
Hampshire, the Rocky Mountains and the Sierras.

B. cordatum Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 457 ( Ochthe -
dromus').

Habitat: New York, Missouri, Nebraska, Colorado, Indian Ter¬
ritory and Texas.

B. graciliforme Hayw. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV,.
p. 97.

This species has been confused with the next in collections. It is,
however, more slender, and differs essentially in the form of the thorax.

Habitat: Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Illinois and
Iowa.

B. dentellum Thunb . — Mus. Nat. Ac. Ups. 1785, p. 50, not 10

( Car abas').

In this and the preceding the markings are ill-defined.

Habitat : The northern portions of this continent and Europe.

B. versutum Lee. — Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 1878, XVII, p. 594.

Habitat : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Michigan and Wisconsin.

B. dorsale Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 84.

Habitat : The central region of the country. It seems to be most
abundant in the States between the Mississippi River and the Rocky
Mountains.

B. postfasciatum Hamilton. — Can. Ent. 1893, XXV, p. 303.

Confused in many collections with the preceding, which it resembles
uite closely.

Habitat : Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas
and Texas.

B. viridicolle Laferte. — Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 48 (. Notaphus ).

Habitat : Massachusetts, the Central States, Manitoba and the
Rocky Mountains.

B. fraternum Lee. — Proc. Ac. Phil. 1857, p. 6.

Habitat : Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, Pennsylvania and.
Massachusetts.

B. aeneicolle Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 459 {Ochthe dromus).

Habitat: Lake Superior region, Manitoba, Wyoming and Col¬
orado.

Sept. 1897 ] Hayward : Coleoptera of N. E. America.

147

B. variegatum Say.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 89.

A very variable species. As defined by me, it includes patruele
Dej. and conspersum Chaud., there being apparently no constant char¬
acters for their separation.

Habitat : The greater part of the United States and Canada from
the Atlantic to the Pacific.

B. nigripes Kirby— Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 57 ( Notaphus ).

Capable of but feeble distinction from the preceding. The legs are
dark piceous or black, and the form is rather less elongate, while the
size averages somewhat smaller.

Habitat : Anticosti and the Gulf of the St. Lawrence, the Lake
Superior region, Manitoba, Alberta, the Rocky Mountains, Oregon,
Washington, British Columbia and Vancouver Island.

B. intermedium Kirby. — Faun. Bor. Am. 1837, IV, p. 58
{Notapkus).

Habitat: Illinois, Manitoba, Montana, Nebraska, Kansas, In¬
dian Territory, Mississippi, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona
and southern California.

B. timidum Lee . — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 460 ( Ochthedromus ).

Habitat : Lake Superior region, Manitoba, Colorado, Utah,
Nevada and along the Pacific Coast from California to British Columbia.

B. versicolor Lee.— Ann Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 460 {Ochthedromus).

Habitat : The greater part of the United States and Canada.

B. constrictum Lee.— Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 462 ( Ochthe¬
dromus r).

Habitat : The Atlantic Coast, extending westward to the Rocky
Mountains and Texas.

B. contractum Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 85.

Closely allied to the preceding, but differs, in addition to the char¬
acters above given, by its more slender and elongate form.

Habitat : The Atlantic States from Massachusetts to Florida and
westward to Ohio and Tennessee.

B. morulum Lee. — New Species Coleopt. 1863, pt. i, p. 19.

Habitat: Hudson Bay Territory.

B. mutatum G. & H. — Cat. 1868, I, p. 416.

Habitat : Hudson Bay Territory, Mt. Washington, N. H., Lake
Superior region and high altitudes in the Rocky mountains.

148 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

B. pedicellatum Lee. — Proc. Ac. Phil. 1857, p. 6.

Habitat : Pennsylvania, District of Columbia, Maryland and Mis¬
souri. Apparently very local

B. quadrimaculatum Linn. — Syst. Nat. 1758, I, p. 416 ( Cara -

bus').

Habitat : The entire region east of the Rocky Mountains, Europe
and Siberia.

B. affine Say. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1823, II, p. 86.

Habitat : The Atlantic and Central States, extending southward to
Florida, Texas and Arizona.

B. muscicola Hayw. — Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1897, XXIV, p. 122.
This species has for some time been erroneously regarded as the
European B. lampros Hbst.

Llabitat : Canada, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Michigan and
Illinois. Specimens have been seen labeled “ Cal.”

B. sulcatum Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 463 ( Oehthedromus ).
Habitat : Canada, Hudson Bay Territory, Massachusetts, the
Lake Superior region and Illinois.

B. ariguliferum Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1852, V, p. 185 ( Oehthedro¬
mus ).

Often confused with cautum , from which it is rather feebly distinct,
by the characters above given.

Habitat : California, Vancouver Island, Nevada, Manitoba, Mich¬
igan, Pennsylvania, New Hampshire (Mt. Washington) and Canada.

B. cautum Lee. — Ann. Lyc. 1848, IV, p. 464 ( Oehthedromus ).
Habitat: Alaska, Washington, Utah, the Rocky Mountain region
and Massachusetts. It has also been recorded from Mt. Washington,
N. H., and from Michigan.

B. assimile Gyll. — Ins. Suec. 1810, II, p. 26.

Llabitat : The greater part of North America and Europe.

B. semistriatum Hald. — Proc. Soc. Phil. 1843, I, p. 303

(Lwpha).

Recalls leevigatum by the arrangement of the dorsal punctures.
Habitat : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Ken¬
tucky.

B. puritanum Hayw. — Trans. Am. Ent. Ac. 1897, XXIV, p. 129.
Resembles most closely the Californian B. laticeps.

Habitat : Massachusetts.

sept. i897.] Cockerell : Biological Notes on Coleoptera.

149

B. oblongulum Mann . — Bull. Mosc. 18152, XXV n 208
(Tree has). y

Referable to Amerizus Chaud., by the peculiar structure of the outer
lobe of the maxillae, were that genus allowed to stand.

Habitat : Canada, Vermont, the White Mountains of New Hamp¬
shire, Massachusetts (Lowell), Ohio, Michigan, Alaska, California and
Mexico.

(To be continued.')

- ♦ -

BIOLOGICAL NOTES ON SOME COLEOPTERA

FROM NEW MEXICO.

By T. D. A. Cockerell, Mesilla, N. M.

In the course of some studies of plant fauna, the following memo*
randa have been made. The contemplated work treating of the several
plant faunae in detail is not likely to be finshed for some years, so it
may be well to offer some of the results in advance.

CHRYSOMELIDyE.

Calligrapha serpentina Rog.

In Mesilla this breeds abundantly on Sphceralcea angustifolia. On
July 20 I found one ovipositing on the under side of a leaf next to the
midrib. The eggs are placed irregularly in a heap, loosely united by a
viscid secretion, the majority endwise on the leaf. The egg is 2 mm.
long, cylindrical, rounded at each end, pink (the color oft red rasp¬
berry, granular from the presence of innumerable closely-placed low
tubercles, the extreme tips smooth and shining. Although the egg
masses are very conspicuous at a short distance, they could be over¬
looked easily on the plant, being about the size and color of the flowers.
The larvae are gregarious on the under side of the leaf and are brown-
black to dark brown, with long black hairs on which appear pale ob¬
jects which, on close inspection, are seen to be the stellate hairs of the
plant detached. I do not describe the larvae further, as I sent some to
Professor Wickham, who will probably describe and figure them.

Chrysomela tortuos (det. Wickh.)— On July 10 I took one
at Deming on Ephedra .

Doryphora decemlineata Say.— Abundant on Solanum elceagni -
fohum in Mesilla, breeding. This species belongs to the Upper Sonoran,

150 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

not the Transition, and in New Mexico N. e l ceagni folium is its normal
food plant.

Coptocycla clavata Fab ., (det Wickh.) — On Physalis in Mesilla.

Chelymorpha argus Licht ., (det. Wickh.) — In August on Sola¬
tium elceagnifo lium in Mesilla.

Colaspis flavida Say, (det. Wickh.) — Rather common on culti¬
vated (mission) grape vines in Mesilla, July 22, etc.

CURCULIONID^E.

Trichobaris compacta Casey , (det. Wickh.) — Common in Mesilla
on Datura metelioides, breeding in the stems.

Otidocephalus vittatus Horn , (det. Natl. Mus.) — Common on
Bigelovia graveolens, var., Tularosa Creek, below the Mescalero Agency,
October 2. The species found on Bigelovia in the Mesilla Valley has
been referred to O. nivosus Casey.

SCARABJEIDAE.

Atsenius inops Horn , (det. Wickh.) — Flying in great numbers in
a sandy place, about 5:30 P. M., beginning of October, at Las Cruces.

Cyclocephala dimidiata Burm. — Common at Mesilla in flowers

of Datura metelioides . Also at Selden.

SCOLYTIDZE.

Xylocleptes cucurbitae Lee., (det. Dep. Agr.) — Bred in the spring
of 1897 in numbers from dead stems of Cucurbita feetidissima (=per-
ennis) in Mesilla.

LAGRIIDHL

Statira opacicollis Horn. — San Augustine, on the east side of
the Organ Mountains, August 29, in great numbers in flowers of Datura.

BUPRESTIHE.

Agrilus couesii Lee. — Santa Fe, August 3, on Mentzelia nuda.

Anthaxia aeneogaster Lap. — Ruidoso Creek, 7,500 feet, on
Rosafendleri (E. O. Wooton. coll.).

- * -

The dragonfly mentioned on p. 94, of the June number of the Jour¬
nal, as Lestes virgo Hagen (sp. n.) [in MS.], is, I find after examina¬
tion of Hagen collection in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at
Cambridge, Mass., the same as Lestes inequalis Walsh. — Philip P. Cal¬
vert.

JOURNAL

OF THE

JOfb gorfe Gfafomologiral Koriftj.

Vol V.

DECEMBER, 1897.

No. 4.

A.

B.

AN ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY THE HOLARCTIC
LEPIDOPTERA BY MEANS OF THE SPE¬
CIALIZATION OF THE WINGS.

PART I.—' THE DAY-BUTTERFLIES.

By A. Radcliffe Grote, A.M.

Forewings with vein IX present . PAPILIONIDES.

a i. vein 1V2 of primaries inclines to Cubitus . PARNASSIIDyE

az. Vein IVt of forewings from Radius . ParnassiiiL

d2. Vein IVi of forewings from crossvein . Thaidin^e

a 1. Vein IV2 of primaries placed centrally . PAPIT TO NTTn at

Forewings with vein IX wanting . .H E S PER I A DES

bl. Radial veins on primaries not arising separately, or if separate less than five
in number.

b2. Vein III4 to costa before apex.
b3. Wings not angulate.

^ cin I\ 2 not central on both wings. . . PIERIDyE

b5. Vein III 1 arising from above cell . Pierinaj*

b5. Vein III, arising beyond cell . T ! ’ ' 1 LeptidA

2. v ein III4 to external margin below apex . . NYMPHALIDyE

b6* Vem 11 absorbed by III to junction with I on secondaries Nymphalin,e

b6. Vein II absorbed by III to a varying point but always before junction

with I . . . .

,, . TTT . .

b2. \ ein III4 t° apex.

b7. Vein V III not marked on primaries . AGAPETIDyE

b 8* Crossvein of secondaries joins Cubitus . ■ . . . Pararginje.

b 8. Crossvein of secondaries joins vein IV3 . Agapetin/e!

3* u angukte . .

b7. v em VIII marked on primaries.

b9* Vein III2 beyond extremity of cell . LIMNADID/E.

b9. Vein III2 before extremity of cell . NEMEOBIIDAL

b4> v ein IV2 central on both wings.

bio. Vein I of hind wings developed . RIODINIDyE

bio. Vein I of hind wings absent . LYCyENIDyE

b 11. Vein I Vi of primaries directly joining Radius . Theclin^e.'

b 11. Vein I Vi of primaries indirectly joining Radius . . . Lyc^eninas.'

152 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

bi. Radial veins on primaries arising separately and five in number.

bi2. Vein IV2 of primaries approaching cubitus . MEGATHYMID/E.

bi2. Vein IV2 of primaries placed centrally . HESPERIADvE.

bi3# No costal vein (vein I) on primaries . Pamphilinaj.

bi3. A costal vein (vein I) on primaries . Hesperin^.

The division of the Day Butterflies rests upon the presence of a strong
and short downwardly curved vein at the base of primaries and joining
the internal margin in the Parnassi-Papilionidse, and its absence in all
the other Day Butterflies. Whether we homologize this vein with the
loop at the base of vein VII, which we call VIII, or give it a separate
number the character is unaffected, for the loop runs in a contrary di¬
rection, and the opposite development of the vein in the Swallow-tails re¬
mains to be accounted for. But I cannot so homologize this peculiar vein
and for several reasons. We find in Castma , Actias , Telca} Thyndop -
teryx, a lower prolongation of the loop VIII. It seemed to me at one time
that here might be a trace of this vein IX which would have anastomosed
with VIII and finally have disappeared. But the greatest encourage¬
ment, that I might discover the phylogeny of Papilio , was offered me
by the drawings of Mr. Meyrick in the Geometridse. For here appeared
vein VIII as a degenerate (dotted in the drawings) nervure, and, be¬
hold, IX was present likewise and indicated by a curved continuous line
joining internal margin as in Papilio. Here I said, can I never be mis¬
taken. This is the internal vein of the Papilionides. But when I, my¬
self, tried to find Mr. Meyrick’s vein in nature, it was not there. The
pertinacity with which Mr. Meyrick repeats this vein in his drawings of
the Geometrid wing leads one to suspect that he has really perceived it
on some special occasion and now brings it in ( 1 . <?., Venilia maculand)
where there is no occasion. But I have small hopes.

The general resemblances, striking as they may be between the Hes-
periades and Papilionides, or between Papilio and the rest of the Day
Butterflies, might be all developed upon another line and the connec¬
tion between the two would in that case be placed farther back still.
Any system which places the Papilionides between the groups of the
other Day Butterflies, all of which appear to me to hang more or less
closely together, must first account for the fundamental neurational
differences before it can be entitled to credit, dhe diurnal habit might
be set down, with other features, to convergence.

There are two chief directions in which changes are making in the
structure of the butterfly wing. The first is traceable throughout the
order. Its aim is the breaking up of the system of theMedia, one

Dec. i897.] Grote : Classification of Lepidoptera. 1 53

of the three primary veins. Its progress is not uniform, but is evi¬
denced in different ways. The comparative completion of this effort
affords a particular gauge of the standing of the form. The second
direction occurs sporadically in* very different groups. It consists
in an absorption of the branches of the Radius, so that their normal
number is diminished. It is probably reminiscent of what has taken
place on the hind wings, as we see from Hepialus. When we apply
our knowledge of these two tests of specialization to the Day-Butter¬
flies, we find that the second, or sporadic direction, occurs in the
Parnassidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, thus independently in otherwise
very different groups. It is thus a secondary character and we
find it again in a group so dissimilar to the Day Butterflies as the
Saturniades, while it is not indicated in the Hawk Moths. The first or
general direction of specialization we find indicated by most Lepidoptera,
in some of its stages. It is a fundamental movement and has probably
a mechanical cause. The Pieridae unite the two directions in a palpa¬
ble manner, more strongly so than the Lycaenidae, which exhibit, in the
Theclinae, the second direction very completely. In the Pierinae
(. Mancipium , Pier is, etc.) the first direction is shown by the transfer of
vein IVi, the upper branch of the Media, to the Radius. This state of
affairs we find only again so strongly marked in Nemeobius. In the
four-footed Butterflies the first direction, or suppression of the Media,
asserts itself in the total degeneration of the crossvein ; while the two
upper branches of the Media are pulled towards the Radius, the cell
opens completely. Thus the Media, as a system, ceases to exist. But
in the Nymphalidae, the upper branch of the Media does not become
completely absorbed by the Radius, as in the Pieridae, in which latter
the cell is never so completely opened as in the former family. Again
the second direction is not taken up at all by the brush-footed butter¬
flies, the Radius remaining generalized, five-branched. Judging
from the condition of the hind wings especially, the Agapetinae
and Limnadidae are less specialized than the Nymphalidae. The
Libytheidae overlap the more generalized Meadow-Browns. The neuia-
tion of the Libytheidae is almost repeated by the Nemeobiidae, which
latter retain no essential wing characters of the Riodinidae (Erycinidae)
or Lycaenidae. I tried to explain its position on the Lycaenid branch
by the view that the evolution of the neuration has taken a parallel
direction to that of the Pieridae and the four-footed Butterflies. On
the neuration by itself we must, and I now do, exclude Nemeobius
from the Lycaenid branch. Its junction with this branch must remain

154 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

problematical. There are three patterns of the wings of Day But¬
terflies: the Papilionid, the Pieri-Nymphalid, the Lycseni-Hesperid.

I cannot place Nemeobius satisfactorily because I am told it is a Ly-
cgenid while its wings are of the pattern of the Pieri-Nymphalids.

The plan of the Lycsenid and Hesperid wing is identical. The first
only differs from the latter, by the commencement of the absorption of
the radial veins. It is, in my opinion, very improbable that the Lycae-
nid and Hesperid wing should be separately evolved. The Lycaenid
wing is a continuation of the Hesperid and can be directly inferred from
it. The process of absorption which divides Lyccena from Hesperia ,
makes a further step and produces Thecla . The morphological value
of the stages is similar.

Although, from any limited study, the neuration appears as a whole
fixed, it is not so; it has its flux, perhaps its reflux. A wider compari¬
son brings this out already and it will bring it out more and more. The
neuration has a present meaning which cannot be overlooked. To
neglect or pass over its teaching, the conclusions we may derive from its
variations, is to detract from the picture, to make this picture by so
much an inaccurate one, of the present condition and the probable past
and future of the organism. In the Lepidoptera, the veins which seem
to be most stable are the main branches, the Radius and Cubitus. Per¬
haps the latter with its two branches is the more constant. The play is
now with the Media and its system of branches. Even in so fast
bound, so concrete a group as the Sphingidae, where everything seems
exhausted tending to a future development, where there is so little that
is lax and pliable in any stage of the insect, the branches of the median
system still shift, vein IV i sometimes leaves the crossvein and appears
attached to the Radius, while IV2 varies in its inclination to the Cubitus.
So rigid and stark a neuration as we find in the Hawk Moths seems to
defy the investigator and to tax his patience beyond its power. But
finally even here something will be yielded to the diligent enquirer. He
will be able on occasion at least to distinguish between the more gen¬
eralized and the more specialized form and this through the veining of
the wings. The wing of the Hawk Moths has assumed a certain stability
from its meeting in a high degree the requirements of flight and holds
fast to this pattern of veining in consequence.

The art of the student is exercised to seize upon what is disparate
and bring these characters together into deeper harmony. No doubt,
a record lies for us to read in the neuration of the wings ; the difficulty
lies in properly revealing it, in an adequate interpretation. What I

Dec. 1897 ]

155

Grote : Classification of Lepidoptera.

have called the “moving veins” appear to follow a still active law of
development. Of the three primary veins, Radius, Cubitus and
Media, the two main trunks have attained a certain fixity opposi¬
tion through processes which have been carried on during an unmeasur¬
able past. The criticism which our knowledge of the direction of the
venation allows us of the recently published systems of classification is :
that these are often founded on characters the relative value of which
has not been ascertained, their recurring nature not taken into account.
It is as though I had placed Nemeobius among the Pieridae, because its
pattern of venation demanded it, and then proceeded to erect a violent
system upon such a basis after the fashion of Mr. Meyrick. But much
better work will be done in working out all the variations in a single
organ, endeavoring to bring out clearly the value of these variations
and allowing the existing classificatory sequence, I might say the Lin-
nean sequence, as a rule, to stand. The work before us is still to make
what is now difficult, easy. When we have reached this goal upon any
point of our subject, there will arise plenty to take up the matter and
display their penetration upon it further.

So we see that the principal gain from these studies is the attainment
of a measure, a distinct register, of specialization. By it the groups and
genera drop more naturally into their places. And these studies are
critical of Mr. Meyrick’s pretensions, who would arrange the Lepidop¬
tera upon neuration but offers us a mass of incorrect figures, an impos¬
sible phylogeny and the proof positive that he has nowhere understood
the movement of the veins. So, too, they reach classificators who
blindly thrust the Swallowtails between the Blues and Hesperids, and
they show that these also, have not even understood the conditions of
the problem they assume to have solved with so much pomp of learning.

In Comstock s “ Evolution and Taxonomy,” to which work my in¬
debtedness is very grea*, I find no distinct recognition of the two main di¬
rections of evolution in the wings as such, while there is everywhere ap¬
parent the laudable effort to correlate the changes with mechanical causes.
The suppression of the Media is detailed on page 76. In this, my first
direction, the movement of IV2 is thus discussed: “But in which
direction would one expect the base of vein V2 to migrate ? Occupying
an intermediate position between radius and cubitus it may go either
way. It is like a stream in the middle of a level plain, a trifle may
change its course.” The view taken by me is that there is a contest be¬
tween Radius and Cubitus for the possession of the residue of the
Media, after base and crossvein have degenerated. The two principal

156 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

veins are the residuary legatees of the branches of the Media, and the
determining cause as to which shall succeed to the odd or middle branch
lies in the habit of the insect in flight. The strengthening of the Ra¬
dius implies a more sailing, that of the Cubitus a more hovering flight,
with quicker up and down movement as in the Hawk Moths. Comstock
distinctly regards the crossvein as established after base of Media has
disappeared to hold the branches. I do not. The crossvein appears to
me a residue which is next attacked after the base of Media has been
absorbed. If the middle branch refuses to follow either Radius or Cu¬
bitus it falls away by want of a base of supply, as in Lycczna and Hes¬
peria. (See “Evolution and Taxonomy,” p. 70.) The axiom ex¬
pressed by me i The amount of the absorption is the measure of the
specialization , is intended to embody the leading principle which is to
guide our pterogostic studies.* In the Pieridae alone have I found
both positions of IV2 expressed. While in Leptidia the position on
secondaries is cubital, in all the rest of the genera it is radial. I follow
Comstock’s general view in considering this as here indicating dichot¬
omy of descent and establish upon it a subfamily division.

To summarize the principal openings through which I have tried to
carry the working theory of the evolution of the wings beyond what had
been previously attained :

1 . I try to shew that the suppression of the Media is the result of a
continuous movement which, after absorbing the connection of the sys¬
tem with the base of the wing and thoracic sources of supply, next dis¬
integrates the crossvein and distributes the branches between Radius and
Cubitus. It is probable that the crossvein is an old character, an
adapted survival of a former system of crossveins.

2. That that part of the crossvein closing the cell, and lying between
the median branches and either Radius or Cubitus, becomes functionally
the base of the branches in their new auxiliary position after the disin¬
tegration of the central or connecting portion of the crossvein. Its
former morphological character as a portion of the crossvein becomes
gradually lost, the angles rounded off.

3. The absorption of the radius branches is sporadic on different
lines of descent and is a reminiscent action of the absorption on the
secondaries which has here already generally fully taken place and been

* The inequality of the specializing movement has been recognized by mein
various places: Die Saturniden, 11, etc. The correlation of flight with the portion
of the middle branch of Media is endeavored to be established by me in the “ Tag-
falter,” etc., pp. 4 and 5.

Dec. 1897 ]

Grote: Classification of Lepidoptera.

151

carried to its extreme. I try to show, in pursuance of this observation,
that it is questionable whether we can believe that the corresponding
simplification can be attained by the Radius of the primaries, from the
different position and conditions of the two wings. It is also interfered
with by the absorption of IVi. This proves the absorption of the
Media to have commenced after the absorption of the radial veins on
secondaries.

4. I try to show that the general movement is inaugurated with the
secondaries and that these show its effects more plainly than the pri¬
maries in one and the same individual. We must logically expect this
to be the case from the entire course and the resulting theory of the
specialization as applied to the wings, and regard it as arising from
mechanical causes.

To descend to the application of these conclusions to classification,
I try to show :

1. That the position assigned by Scudder and Comstock (1. c. Ill,)
to the Swallowtails, next above the Hesperidae, cannot be maintained
in view of the pattern of the wings. The wing pattern of the Hes-
periadae and Lycaenidae is really the same and the interpolation of the
Papilionidae at this point is a violent proceeding.- Far better is the
position assigned to the Papilionidae by Chapman ; best of all the plac¬
ing of the Parnassi-Papilionidae, in a linear series, at the commence¬
ment of the Day Butterflies. The longitudinal vein IX on primaries,
being a subprimary vein offers a subprimary character for dichotomy.
The wing of Papilio loses its generalized characters, by a gradual pro¬
cess of specialization, in Parnassius. The Parnassi-Papilionidae differ
by a “high” character, the loss of VIII on secondaries, from all the
other butterflies. They are thus comparable with the Attacinae, the
most specialized of Moths.

2. I have shown the indissoluble nature of the alliance between the
Parnassiidae and Papilionidae and that the former are more specialized
and should “head the series.” The similiarity in color between the
Parnassians and Pierids is adventious and secondary.

3. I have shown that the Nymphalidae retain the radius in a gener¬
alized condition. That the higher groups alone show a perfection on
on the opening of the cell, but that the upper branch of the Media is
not absorbed by the Radius (as in Mancipium , Pier is, Nemeobius ) but
retains generally its position on the crossvein at the extreme upper cor¬
ner of the cell. I thus show that there is small ground, from the neura-
tion, for any supremacy of the Nymphalidae, still less of the Agapetidae,

158 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

or Limnadidae, which are distinctly less specialized than the Nymphalidae
proper. So that we see that the statement of the Editor of the Phila¬
delphia “ Check List,” that, in his “opinion,” the Nymphalidae are
“ correctly placed at the head of the Rhopalocera ” is not derived from
what this writer elsewhere calls “scientific knowledge” or “science,”
but is plainly the result of an effort to get into good company. It is
characteristic also of this sort of “opinion,” that when we turn to the
List itself we find it to “head” with the Limnadidae, the most gener¬
alized of the four-footed Butterflies. The success of the Nymphalid
branch in attaining a variety of forms and a vast array of species
has been great, and this tends to our believing it to he so dominating.
It is, however, lateral, not on the main line. In the accompanying
diagram the opening of the cell has led me even to give the higher
groups perhaps too exalted a position, but this is a minor point. The
connection of the Charaxini, a foreign group, with the main stem of the
Nymphalidae is problematical. I have commented on its position else¬
where, and it must be brought into place when the tropical butterflies
are studied upon the basis here set forth.

4. It may be further assumed, that, in former periods of time, the
grouping was laxer than to-day, and that the families we now are able
to separate were once interconnected by forms which have dropped out.
At that time the four or brush-footed butterflies may have been more
nearly connected with the six-footed stem. From small and specialized
groups we cannot expect the birth of new features, but from large and
spreading assemblages, presenting a wide range of character. That
such a state of affairs existed in the Whites, we have the testimony of
Leptidia to prove. This butterfly appears now as an isolated survivor
of what was probably a large group of Pieridae. The abyss separating
Leptidia from the Pierinae is profound and I am informed that even
more important deviations still exist in the family. The Pierids may
then well represent the matrix from which the four-footed type pro¬
ceeded.

5. Boisduval’s groups of Suspensi, Succincti, Involuti, based on the
fashion of fastening the chrysalis, have no existence as phylogenetic as¬
semblages, hence are improperly used in this manner by Mr. Scudder.
The Papilionid, Pierid and Lycaenid Succincti have clearly reached the
habit independently. It is a fallacy to believe, with Mr. Scudder, that
there is a regular progression from the cocoon of the moths to a total ab¬
sence of the use of silk. Instances are not rare where the generalized
forms spin little or no silk and the specialized forms on the same phyloge-

Dec. 1897] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 159

netic line, make large and complex cocoons. This envelop to the pupa
is so clearly an adaptive secondary character, that in one, single, upon
all other characters, homogeneous group, like the Emperor Moths, the
habit runs through the entire scale, from utter absence to a specializa¬
tion hardly elsewhere attained, the hanging cocoons of Philosamia,
Attacus and Callosamia. Only on paper does the sequence seen by
Mr. Scudder exist. The specializations of the butterfly do not keep
pace with Mr. Scudder’s imaginary series, Pieris is more specialized
than Nymphalis , and Nymphalis than Oeneis. The differences in the
mode of attachment are brought by Mr. Scudder into an artificial con¬
nection. As to the “ shrouds” of the Involuti, the utmost we can
grant to Mr. Scudder is, that the mode of attachment in Hesperia may
represent a stage by which the cocoon-making larva prepared itself to
abandon this habit. To make more of the observation than this is to
trifle. In a similar way the fact that in Thais the girdle has slipped up
to the “nosehorn” may figure a stage between the Succincti and Sus-
pensi. But Parnassius does not follow this lead. Among the Agape-
tidae, Oeneis is a generalized form. The most specialized Satyrids,

I have met with, are Pararge and Lasiommala. In these vein IV3 of
the hind wings has effected its junction with the Cubitus. But in Oeneis
alio this junction is not attained and vein IV3 springs still form the
cross vein as in the mass of the more generalized forms. Oeneis belongs
evidently to the genera allied to Erebia , in which vein I is developed,
curved and running to a point. Herein it departs from Eumenis , in
which this vein is blunt as in the Parargin^. The character of IV3
offered by Oeneis is important. It shows that this vein has not been
fully absorbed by the system of the Cubitus, in this genus and the
whole subfamily, Agapetinae, to which Oeneis belongs. From a study
of the imago, Mr. Scudder’s classification is thus clearly to be rejected.
The view that the Lycaenid Succincti are specializations of the Papili-
onid is clearly an imaginary one.

6. The sequence in the above table is that recommended by me to
be followed in catalogues and collections. The tribes are omitted be¬
cause they are not sharply divisible. They are more or less lax group¬
ings of allied genera near extensions of the generic idea. Each family
or superfamily commences with the more specialized forms. To reverse
this order in collections or catalogues is, I believe, impracticable from
the nature of the objects here studied.

160 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAM.

A. Papilionid stem (Papilionides) characterized by the presence on forewings
of vein ‘ IX;’ B, Hesperid stem (Hesperiades) characterized by the absence of the
same vein. The titles of groups in italics denote that in these a reduction of the
radial branches occurs (specialization through the second evolutionary movement).
All the groups are arranged with regard to the specialization of the wing in the two
principal directions. The first direction lies with the breaking up of the system of
the Media and the final redistribution of the outlying three branches between the
Radius and Cubitus, and this reaches a culminating point in the disintegration and
disappearance of the cross vein (Nymphalinae). In the Moths the same phenomenon
is repeated in the Attacinae ( Rothschildia , Sarnia, Philc samia, Callosamia, Atta-
cus.y, Ila is the six-footed Pierid and main branch; lib the four-footed (brush¬
footed) Nymphalid branch ; both have the same essential wing pattern, or style of
distribution of the veins and this is shared also by lie, the Nemeobiid branch. I Id
is the Hesperid main branch; lie the Lycaenid specialized branch; Ilf is the Hes¬
perid generalized branch. The pattern of lid, et seq ., differs from the Pieri-Nym-
phalid branches by the simpler, more equidistant veining. The specialization, in
the first direction, displays itself here by the disintegration of the cross-vein without
a shifting of the outer branches, which latter remain in situ.

— - ♦ - —

NOTES ON THE LARVA OF LAGOA PYXIDIFERA.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

Since Abbot & Smith’s work, in 1797, there has been no original
reference to the larva in literature. It may be fitting that the one-hun¬
dredth anniversary of the discovery of the larva should be celebrated
by a brief redescription, especially as Abbot & Smith’s figure is some¬
what erroneous and misleading. Their figure gives the impression of a
longitudinally banded larva, whereas it is really uniformly colored.
The larvte occurred to me in some numbers at Miami, Florida.

Feet and warts, as usual in the genus, distinct; head retracted.
Body slate gray; hair dense, concealing everything, regularly directed
backward, soft, smooth, pale whitish gray with an under tint of darker
gray which predominates narrowly along the subventral edge and in a
disheveled anterior tuft above the hood. Dorsal line slightly keeled ;
anal hair short ; no tufts. Anal plate reddish. In the earlier stages the
hair is thin and fluffy, white ; but the body shows through sordid whit¬
ish with a brownish dorsal band divided by a pale line and a broad
brown lateral band. The spiracular glands show white. Edge of cer¬
vical shield and anal plate orange tinted. Cocoon and pupa as in L.
crispata. Feeds on the young shoots of live oak. The larva differs
from that of L. crispata only in color.

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Dec. 1897.]

Schaus : New Species of Geometridte.

161

NEW SPECIES OF GEOMETRID^E FROM TROPICAL

AMERICA.

By William Schaus.

Hypnochlora olvidaria, sp. nov.

Body white. Wings white, covered with transverse strice of a dull green, thicker
in places and forming two transverse shades from the costal margin of the primaries
to the inner margin of the secondaries. Expanse, 9 mm.

Habitat'. Castro, Parana.

Comostola pallidaria, sp. nov.

Body yellowish white. Wings above white, thicky flecked with light green
scales; fringes white, costal margin of the primaries white. A black discal point on
primaries and secondaries. Underneath the wings are white. Expanse, 13 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Racheospila arpata, sp. nov.

Head reddish. Thorax bright green. Abdomen whitish greenj with a sub¬
dorsal row of reddish tufts. Wings bright green, with a reddish point, in the .cells.
The primaries with the outer margin purplish, wide at the inner angle, very narrow
between 3 and 4, then widening slightly, and not continuing beyond 6, the fringe
purplish. Secondaries with a large purplish spot, inwardly shaded with yellow at
the apex ; the anal angle also purplish and the fringe of the same color. Underneath
greenish wrhite, showing the markings of the upper surface. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Rio Janeiro.

Named after my friend, M. J. Arp, of Rio Janeiro.

Nemora masonaria, sp. nov.

Hea,d brown. Thorax green. Abdomen dorsally brownish, laterally white.
Wings white, thick irrorated with dark green striae and scales; two indistinct very
fine, wavy green lines cross both wings. Primaries with a small dark green discal
spot. Underneath greenish white, the costal margin of the primaries finely brown.
Expanse, 17 mm.

Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico.

I take pleasure in naming this species after J. T. Mason, Esq., who
has kindly given me a specimen.

Aplodes fringillata, sp. nov.

Head thorax and abdomen white. Wings above bright green, the outer margins
and fringes pearly white. A basal white spot on the primaries. An inner and a sub-
marginal white line on both wings, between the latter and the extreme margin the
veins are white. A white discal point on each wing. Two white spots on the inner
margin of the primaries contiguous to the white lines. Underneath greenish white.
Expanse, 15 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana. •

162

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

Tachyphyle janeira, sp. nov.

Palpi white. Head, thorax and abdomen green. Wings above green, a smoky
brown space occupying the base of both wings, except the costal margin of the pri¬
maries; an outer wavy dark line, heaviest on the primaries and outwardly shaded
with luteous, crosses both wings, beyond which the nearly entire outer margin is black
except the apex of the primaries and the anal half of the outer margin on the second¬
aries. A black discal point on each wing. Underneath nearly white, the outer mar¬
gin of the primaries and the apex of the secondaries heavily shaded with black. A
round black spot near the base of the primaries and a transverse basal black mark on
the secondaries. Expanse, 31 mm.

Habitat: Rio Janeiro.

Azelina paranaria, sp. nov.

Antennae pectinated, outer margins angular. Wings above pale reddish gray
specked with black, the primaries with the space between the two lines reddish browny
especially along the outer line. A round black discal spot on each wing. On the
primaries the inner line extends from the costa, forming a deep curve close below the
discal spot, and then two other large curves towards the inner margin, but not so deep
as the first; the outer line wavy. Secondaries with only the outer line, which is
nearly straight and shaded with brownish near the inner margin. Some termina,
black points. Underneath the wings are greenish gray, with brown outer line finell
wavy on the primaries, dentate on the secondaries, a dark annular discal spot on each
wing. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Nearest Azelina lindigii Feld.

Azelina jonesaria, sp. nov. i

Wings very slightly dentate. Antennae simple. Body and wings greyish
brown. The primaries having the inner line wavy and oblique from the costa to the
median at the origin of vein 2 ; the line recommences again at the median nearer
the base, and forms an angle at the submedian. This line is outwardly shaded with
very dark brown. The outer line is parallel with the outer margin, very slightly
wavy with a deep indentation on the submedian vein. This line is inwardly shaded
with rich brown, outwardly outlined finely with buff which is followed by a broad
grayish shade, beyond which the margin is buff with a subterminal brownish shade.

A terminal row of spots. The discal spot consisting of two small velvety brown
contiguous spots one above the other and sometimes forming a line. Secondaries
grayish brown. A submarginal buff line inwardly shaded with darker brown. Un¬
derneath dark fawn color, irrorated with black scales. A black discal point on the
secondaries. An outer dentate whitish line. Expanse, 31 mm.

The 9 differs in having the medial costal space of the primaries more light
reddish brown, and the general ground color of the wings more of a gray. The
terminal spots are yellow. Underneath the outer line is more angular and shaded
with dark brown. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Dec. 1897.]

Schaus : New Species of Geometrida;.

163

Semiothisa paranaria, sp. nov.

Primaries excavated below apex. Secondaries with angle. Body and wings
creamy buff, thinly speckled with brown. On the primaries a basal curved line light
olive brown. An inner wavy brown shade on both wings followed on the primaries by
another wavy olive brown shade. A minute cluster of brown scales at the origin of vein
2. An olive brown streak at the end of the cell. On the secondaries a black discal
point. A broad greenish gray outer shade on both wings, narrowing near the apex
on the piimaries and cut by a brownish streak. The fringe buff except in the excava¬
tion below the apex where it is dark olive brown. Underneath yellowish buff with
the markings as above, but the outer shade is more in the appearance of a band inter¬
rupted by the veins which are yellow. A whitish patch at the apex of the primaries.
Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Semiothisa masonata, sp. nov.

Primaries with apex rounded and then excavated. Secondaries with an angle.
Wings lilacine brown, the outer margin somewhat darker; the basal line slightly
curved, fine biown. The inner line fine, nearly straight and contiguous on the pri¬
maries to a dark brown spot on the costal margin. The outer line first curved, then
nearly straight till the secondaries, where it is very wavy, fine, brown, outwardly
shaded with buff. Beyond the outer line a brown costal spot on the primaries also
a cluster of brown scales between veins 3 and 4. A black discal point on secondaries.
Underneath yellowish, irrorated with brown. The basal and inner lines more heavily
marked, the outer line very fine and followed by a more distinct brown line which is
nearly straight and is outwardly rather heavily shaded with brown. Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

Epione cinerea, sp. nov.

Body and wings silvery brown gray, irrorated with black and white scales.
Veins pale, distinct; an outer row of black points on the veins, connected by a fine
brownish line, crosses both wings. The primaries with an indistinct white inner line,
and a large black discal point, a subapical reddish brown shade. Underneath the
markings less distinct, and the anterior portion of the outer line shaded with brown.

A black discal point on the secondaries. Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat: Rio Jalapa.

Acrosemia ochrolaria, sp. nov.

Head and thorax reddish. Abdomen yellowish brown. Wings reddish, both
crossed by a wavy brown line, outwardly shaded with gray, which starts from a sub-
apical gray spot on the costa of the primaries. A terminal brownish gray line partly
dentate on the primaries, and forming a row of spots on the secondaries. A black
discal point on each wing. On the primaries an inner transverse line, slightly curved,
brown, inwardly shaded with gray. Underneath the wings are buff, the transverse
lines smoky and most apparent on primaries. Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

164 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Boarmia cariaria, sp. nov.

Pale grayish fawn color irrorated with dark striae and specks, a basal curved
black line not reaching the costal margin, a subbasal dark shade from the costa to
the submedian vein; the median shade outwardly curved below the costa, and
marked with a series of black points on each vein; this shade is closely followed by
the outer line which is black and also marked with black points on each vein ; be¬
yond the outer line an indistinct brownish shade, and a subterminal wavy white
line. On the secondaries the median shade and outer line are widely separated. A
brownish spot at the end of the cell on both wings. Underneath the wings are yel¬
lowish white ; on the primaries a terminal black shade widest at the apex, which is
itself white ; the costal margin of the primaries yellowish with fine black striae. Ex¬
panse, 38 mm.

Habitat : Peru.

Described from a long series showing no variations, the species is
closely allied to B. roccaria Obt.

Boarmia orizabaria, sp. nov.

Body gray. Wings white, thinly irrorated with black specks ; the veins on the
outer half of the wings yellow ; some yellow shades at the base ; the basal line fine,
black ; the median shade and outer lines black, indistinct on the primaries ; on the
secondaries the median shade is formed of two parallel bands and more conspicuous,
the outer line is fine and well marked ; a yellow shade follows the outer line on both
wings ; the apical portion of the primaries is blackish crossed by a wavy white sub¬
terminal line, the apex itself being gray. A broad subterminal black band on the
secondaries. A large black spot in the cells. Underneath white ; a black spot in
each cell ; a large black space on the apical portion of the primaries, leaving the
apex white. On the secondaries, a few black marks on the outer margin below the
apex. Expanse, 37 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

This species is very distinct from any described form known to me.
I possess a $ also quite similar but in poor condition.

Boarmia dukinfieldia, sp. nov.

Body gray; a black transverse line on the basal segment of the abdomen. Wings
whitish, thickly irrorated with brownish scales, especially beyond the outer line. The
basal line velvety black, very conspicuous ; the median shade consisting of a fine
brownish line rather indistinct except on the inner margin of the secondaries. A dark
brown point in the cell ; the outer line black, dentate and wavy, followed on the pri¬
maries at vein 4. by a dark shade extending towards the outer margin ; the outer line
followed by two brownish bands ; a subterminal whitish wavy line on the primaries,
the extreme margin distinctly outlined in black, the fringe white, spotted with black
at the end of veins. Underneath the wings are dark gray, especially along the mar¬
gins, and are crossed by an outer line marked with dark points in the veins. Ex¬
panse, 35 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Dec. 1897]

Schaus : New Species of Geometrida:.

165

Boarmia sapulena, sp. nov.

$ fawn color, thickly irrorated with brownish scales especially on the outer half
of the wings, the basal line fine, blackish, indistinct ; the median shade, dark, broad,
indistinct, suffused with the ground color, the outer line fine, wavy, black, followed by
a light brownish shade; an ill-defined smoky terminal band, divided by a semilunular
white line. Abdomen with two dorsal rows of black spots. Underneath wings sor¬
did white, faintly irrorated with brownish scales, and a faint dark subapical shade on
the primaries and the discal spots indistinct. Expanse, 31 mm.

9 Fawn color, thickly irrorated with brownish scales, no lines visible. A broad
transverse median shade and the outer line replaced by a series of black points on the
veins, followed by a faint browish shade. The discal spots very indistinct. Expanse,
42 mm.

Habitat : Petropolis, Rio Janeiro, San Paulo.

Boarmia luciaria, sp. nov.

Thorax brown. Abdomen gray. Primaries dark brown with the median space
between the basal and outer lines light gray, these two lines black, well defined; a
faint median brownish line, the discal spots brownish, circular, with grayish centre;
an indistinct subterminal dentate blackish line inwardly powdered with grayish scales.
Secondaries with the basal half light gray, crossed by a faint brownish median line,
the outer line black, distinct ; the marginal half dark brown with an indistinct sub¬
terminal grayish shade. A terminal row of black points. Underneath the wings are
whitish at the base and then heavily shaded with black. Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat : St. Lucia, B. W. 1.

Boarmia aztecaria, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray. Abdomen somewhat paler. Wings semi-diaphanous,
whitish gray, slightly irrorated with darker gray and blackish striae. Primaries
with the base somewhat brownish ; the basal line velvety black, oblique from costa
to median, thep slightly curved inwardly to the submedian and afterwards very
oblique inwardly towards the base of the inner margin; a broad blackish sinuate me¬
dian line extending on to the secondaries, where it curves down along the inner mar¬
gin; the outer line velvety black and fine, starting from the costa at four-fifths from
the base, obliquely curved to vein 5, where it shoots out a short black line towards
the outer maigin, and then wavy and sinuate to the middle of the inner margin, just
above which it touches the median line ; on the secondaries a wavy black outer line.
The extreme margin finely black. The discal spots small and faintly marked.
Underneath white, showing the markings of the upper side. Expanse, 42 mm.

Habitat: Orizaba and Oaxaca, Mexico.

A very fine and distinct species.

Boarmia franckia, sp. nov.

Wings fawn color irrorated with black scales, thickly so on the basal and me¬
dian spaces. The basal and outer lines fine, black and parallel, very oblique out¬
wards from the costa, and then angled and inwardly oblique to the inner margin ;

166

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

the outer line followed on both wings by a brown band : the median shade dark,
very dentate on the primaries; the discal spots small, black \ on the outer margin
some diffuse brown and whitish shades ; the extreme margin finely black. Under¬
neath pale fawn color irrorated with grayish scales; an indistinct outer row of
points on the veins. Expanse, 39 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Boarmia nebularia, sp. nov.

Wings pale fawn color, thickly irrorated with pale brownish scales ; the lines
very indistinct and represented rather by shades and heavier suffusion of scales; the
outer line semilunular on the primaries, straight on the secondaries ; a subterminal
row of dark spots, more noticeable on the secondaries ; a terminal row of black
points. Underneath the wings are pale fawn color, thinly irrorated with brownish
scales; a black point in the cells and a broad subterminal dark shade. Expanse,

35 mm-

Habitat : Petropolis, S. Brazil.

The sexes are quite similar.

♦

ON THE TWO SPECIES OF EUD/EMONIA.

PLATES XI-XII.

By William Beutenmuller.

Several examples of E. brachyura and E. argiphontes and their
larvae, from Sierra Leone, Africa, are in the collection of Old World He-
terocera of William Schaus, Esq., which was recently donated by him
to the American Museum of Natural History.

Eudcemonia brachyura (Plate XI) is pink, with the spots yel¬
lowish. The larva is deep black on the upper side with the
extreme sides broken with yellowish, and the under side wholly yel¬
lowish (possibly green in life). Anal plate with the two thorny spines,
cervical shield and head testaceous. Along each side of the body are
three rows of spines with branches of shorter spinules, on the anterior
edge of the cervical shield are four short spines. Length 33 mm. Aug-
gust 21, 1895. E. argiphontes (Plate XII) is brown with pinkish shades
and a dark transverse band across each wing. The larva is yellowish
(probably green in life), mottled with black along the sides, cervical
shield, lateral row of spines and those on 1, 2, 3, 11 and 12 segments
black. Remaining rows of spines yellow (green) tipped with black,
with the spinules also tipped with black. On each side of the segments
3 and 4 is a black band broken on the dorsum by the ground color.
Thoracic feet brown. Length 37 mm., July.

Dec. 1S97.]

Dyar : New York Slug Caterpillars.

16T

THE LIFE -HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG

CATERPILLARS.— XII.

PLATE IX, FIGS. I-IO.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A M., Ph.D.

Apoda biguttata Packard .

1864 — Limacodes biguttata Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 34i.

1865— Limacodes tetraspilaris Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. XXXII, 486.

1874— Limacodes biguttata Stretch, Zyg. & Bomb. N. A. pi. 8, fig. 16.

1882— Limacodes biguttata Grote, Check List.

1892—Apoda biguttata Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, p. 553.

1894— Apoda biguttata Neumogen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 73.

Larva.

1894 Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 221 (as A. y-inversa).

Special Structural Characters.

. Dorsal sPace broad, narrowing slightly toward the extremities,
ending behind in the broadly quadrate joint 13, not strongly arched.
Lateral space broad, oblique, scarcely concave, narrowing a little to¬
ward the extremities. Subventral space small, contracted. Ridges at
first prominent and tubercular, setiferous, later smooth, granular, the
subdorsal ridge formed only by the change in slope between back and
sides. Setae of Stage I single, on the thorax ia-iib and iv, on abdomen
i-iii converted into tapering spines with expanded trifid tips, the upper
two on joints 4-12 united into a single spine of which one seta forms a
knot-like prominence on the other, exactly as in A. y-inversa. These
setae lean in alternating directions. Later the warts are represented by
short setae, normal in number, not united together ; in the last stage al¬
most entirely absent. Depressed spaces fairly well developed, small,
but not very sharply defined, but all present (i)-(8). Skin at first
smooth, later with secondary spines on the tubercles and conical
granules, finally uniformly covered with round clear granules. After
the last molt the specific white coloring definitely appears, of the same
general character as A. y- inversa. There are six or seven stages. In
the former case the stage before the last as here described is omitted.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

This larva does not differ structurally from A. y-inversa with which
; 1 1S stnctly congeneric, and the same remarks will apply to both species.
vSee Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Ill, 152.) In color it is the same whitish

1G8 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

green as its ally, but differs in the absence of the transverse yellow line
on joint 3.

The eggs are laid singly on the lower branches of the oak, its only
food plant. The larvae feed in Stage I eating the parenchyma from be¬
low in little patches. The moths emerge at the end of June, my exam¬
ples all appearing between the 25th and 29th of that month. The
males separate from the females before morning and are not found in
copulation during the day. The species is single brooded, mature
larvae occurring in the middle of August and into September.

This is the larva originally described by me as A. y-inversa. (See
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Ill, 153 and V, 2.) I found them rarely at
Plattsburgh, Clinton Co., and on Esopus Island in the Hudson River
opposite Hyde Park, Dutchess Co. They were unusually abundant at
Lellport, Long Island, in the summer of 1896 and I bred them in some
numbers with the kind assistance of Mr. L. H. Joutel, who kept the
cocoons over winter for me.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

-Egg- — Elliptical, rather opaque whitish, white on both glass and
leaf; 1.2 x .7 mm. Reticulations very small and obscure, irregularly
quadrangular. They hatch in 7 to 8 days.

Stage /. (Plate IX, fig. 1.) — Distinctly segmented, opaquish white,
the spines whiter. Rounded and narrowed behind, truncate before,
highest in front. Dorsal and lateral spaces moderate, flat, not hol¬
lowed ; ridges slight. No marks except a large black spot on the head,
which consists of a patch of pigment below the skin of joint 2 and is
visible even to the naked eye. Head smoky, especially on the vertex,
die sutures of clypeus black; mouth brown, a pale area around it.
When retracted, the head looks black. Setae long, slender with broad¬
ened bases, tapering, the subdorsal row of joints 4-12 with distinct side
prongs, one-third the length of the other limb. Tips enlarged and
cleft. Basal two-thirds of seta milky white, apex transparent, smooth,
becoming black. On joint 3 five setae, the same on joint 4 but the
upper two consolidated. The lateral seta of joint 5 leans upward and
the subdorsals of joints 5 > 7 > 9 and 11 lean outward, alternating with
the others. Two simple subdorsal setae on joint 13. Skin smooth,
slightly shining. Later the larva is very shiny, a hollow appears above
the base of each subdorsal tubercle in the dorsal space and a distinct
white line under the skin along subdorsal and lateral ridges. Spines
no longer conspicuously white. Length .9-1.5 mm. The larvae feed
in this stage. Duration about 5 days.

Dec. 1897.]

Dyar: New York Slug Caterpillars.

169

Stage II. (Plate IX, fig. 2.) — Blunt, squarish, highest at joints 5-6.
Pale green, a whitish line along subdorsal ridge, a little wavy. Sub¬
dorsal tubercles on joints 3-13 and middle ones on joints 3 and 4 con¬
ical, clear, with two black setae each; lateral row on joints 3-12 with
one seta, all with small, short, colorless, secondary setae with blunt tips.
Skin with sparse watery granules (Plate IX, fig. 6). Largest depressed
spaces indicated. The primary setae are conic and sharp tipped, the
secondary ones bulbous. The dorsal space appears as a dark green
band from the food showing by transparency. Length 1.5 to 2.5 mm.

Stage III. — Thickly conic, clear granular, otherwise as before.
The dorsal depressed spaces show faintly as whitish dots. Subdorsal
line more distinct, nearly straight ; lateral tubercles setose. Head about
.4 mm. wide, whitish, eye black, mouth brown. Length 2. 4-3. 5 mm.
Duration 4 days.

Stage IV. — Elliptical with square tail. Dorsal space flat: lateral
concave, subventral, short. Subdorsal ridge slight, lateral one well
marked. No subdorsal tubercles, setae arising from the ridge, two dark
stiff ones on each segment with no secondary setae. On the lateral
ridge, low raised tubercles with some secondary setae. Skin densely
clear granular, the granules slightly conic. Color green, a yellow line
along the subdorsal ridge on joints 3-13, not joining each other at
either end. A distinct dorsal row (with dark centers) and a fainter
lateral row of whitish intersegmental dots. Head .5 mm. wide, pale,
eye black. Later the ad-dorsal depressed spaces are indicated, and a
darker green shade appears above and below the subdorsal line Length
3. 5-4. 6 mm.

Stage V. — Ridges even, not tubercular ; skin densely clear granular,
the granules large, conic, especially large along the lateral ridge, but no
longer setiform. Setae of both ridges black, arising from the ridge.
Dorsal (1), addorsal (2), small ones below the ridge (3), large lateral
(4), upper segmental (5) and lower inter- segmental (6) white dots, the
two largest (1) and (4), dark centered, all these areas smoother than
the skin between, lacking the granules in a small space, not much
deepened, the edges graded and obscure. Body elliptical, tail quadrate,
notched on the sides. Dorsal, and upper half of lateral space pig¬
mented, green ; below this transparent leaf green ; a broad yellow sub¬
dorsal line on joints 3-13, dark edged above and below. The larva
looks much smoother than before. Length 4. 5-6. 5 mm.

Stage VI. — Head about 1.3 mm., green, eye black. Body smooth,
no setae perceptible with a lens except the two pale ones of subventral row

170 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

(iv and v) which look long. Skin densely clear granular, the granules
large, coarse, conic as before, but less sharply pointed and situated
more closely along the lateral ridge. Tail quadrate, slightly laterally
notched. Color whitish green, a broad yellow line along the subdorsal
ridge, very slightly waved, edged with dark green as before. A faint
white line along subventral edge. All the depressed spaces (r) to (6)
indicated by yellowish dots, small, shallow, only ( i ) with a rather sharp
edge and fine granular bottom, the others nearly covered by the large
bordering granules. Subventral space very finely granular. Spiracles
round, whitish, normal, in line. Later the color becomes gradually
whiter, the subdorsal lines approach each other at the ends, but are
separated by a space of .5 mm. No transverse line on joint 3. Length
6. 3-9. 5 mm. Duration of the stage 8 days.

Stage VII. — (Plate IX, fig. 8). Shape as described above. Skin
closely clear granular, frosted. Whitish green, clearer on joints 3-5 ;
broad subdorsal lines pale yellow, edged with dark green above and less
distinctly so below ; an obscure whitish subventral line. Subdorsal lines
free at the ends. Depressed spaces whitish, not contrasting, (1) and
(4) faintly dark centered. Granules rounded, not conic as before; not
contiguous, but the sides a little angularly adapted to each other. De¬
pressed spaces very small, the smallest, as (2), covered over by the
granules which are a little smaller there than elsewhere. Space (1) a
small elliptical smooth area. Setae inperceptible. The shape is as in
A. y-inversa except that the lateral ridge is more prominent, exceeding
the subventral ridge. Length 9.5-12 mm.* Duration of the stage 7
days.

Cocoon and pupa as usual.

Food-plants. — Oak. Usually on Q. alba , less commonly on other
oaks.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. Larva in stage I, dorsal view, enlarged X 60.

“ 2. Larva in s' age II, side view, enlarged X 3°-

t( 3. Larva in stage VII, front view, enlarged.

“ 4. The same, side view.

“ 5. Moth of Apoda biguttata, natural size.

“ 6. Granules of stage II, enlarged.

“ 7. Larva in stage VII, early in the stage, dorsal view.

“ 8. Larva in stage VII, mature.

“ 9. Granules of stage V enlarged, from area of subdorsal ridge.

“ 10. The same, stage VI.

* A larva with six stages had the following lengths: I, .9-1.5 mm., II, 1. 5-2.4
mm., Ill, 24-3.6 mm,, IV, 3.6-5. 5 mm., V, 5.5-84 mm , VI, 8.0-1 1.2 mm.

Jou?‘n. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

VoL V. PL IX.

Life- History of Apoda biguttata.

Dec. 1897.] Townsend : Diptera from the Tamaulipan Region. 1T1

DIPTERA FROM THE LOWER RIO GRANDE OR
TAMAULIPAN REGION OF TEXAS.— I.

By C. H. Tyler Townsend.

The present paper is the first of a series to be published on the
dipterous fauna of the region of the Lower Rio Grande, in Texas and
Tamaulipas. The material described was collected by the writer, princi¬
pally near Brownsville, Texas, while engaged as Field Agent of the
Division of Entomology, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.

The writer has already published, in the Transactions of the Texas
Academy of Science, i, pp. 71 to 96, a paper on biogeography, which
includes mention of the Lower Rio Grande district. This district forms
a part of the Tamaulipan fauna, which may be recognized as extending
from the Nueces river region in Texas to the central or southern part of
the Mexican State of Vera Cruz. Several months’ collecting done by the
writer in the Lower Rio Nautla region of the State of Veracruz, since the
above paper on biogeography was published, has shown that that local¬
ity must come within the limits of the Tamaulipan fauna, as possessing
many temperate forms of insects. A considerable number of these tem¬
perate forms may range as far south as the Coatyocoalcos river, or even
farther.

It is pointed out in the above mentioned paper that at best the
insect fauna of Lower Rio Grande, from an examination of some 500
species of Coleoptera and Diptera, shows somewhat less than twenty-
five per cent, of Neotropical forms. Probably the percentage will run
lower on the examination of a greater mass of material. The district is
mainly Lower Sonoran ; but there is, beside the Neotropical (. Mexican
province of the tropical transition zone), a considerable element of
Austroriparian , and even a few Upper Sonoran forms reach down to it
from the west, while a maritime Antillean fauna reaches up the Mexican
coast line and keys to Padre Island. The fauna of this district is there¬
fore rich in forms, as particularly evidenced by the Coleoptera so far
collected, for no less than five great life provinces tend here to meet and
intermix their constituent elements to a greater or less extent.

For the determinations of the flowers on which the diptera men¬
tioned in this paper were taken, I am indebted to Dr. J. M. Coulter and
Mr. F. V. Coville.

SIMULIIDAL

Simulium tamaulipense, sp. nov.

9. Length, mm. Near S. meridionale , but smaller and the outer one on

m

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

each side of the three thoracic lines not curved outward at posterior end. Eyes vel¬
vet black, face and front silvery ; the front with usually a trace of a linear black vitta
in one specimen very distinct, in another entirely wanting. Antennae yellowish, with
a silvery covering Thorax silvery, with three longitudinal lines ; the middle one
longest, very narrow and linear; the outer ones heavier, straight, slightly divergent
posteriorly. Looked at from directly above, the outer lines appear curved, outwardly
convex. Scutellum and metascutum below scutellum, both brownish in some lights^
but in others they seem to be wholly silvery, the various portions appearing different
in color to the view at the same time. Abdomen silvery, but the third and fourth
segments wholly brownish, sometimes with a round median silvery spot on each.
Legs yellowish, shaded with silvery, tarsi blackish or brownish ; hind metatarsi yel¬
lowish, except at distal end. Wings clear, whitish, veins dilute pale yellowish. Hal-
teres and wing bases pale dilute yellowish.

Four 9 ’s, Reynosa, Tamaulipas. A small species taken on car win¬
dows of railway train, May ioth.

Described from four dried specimens.

SYRPHID^E.

Baccha clavata Fab.

One $ bred from pupa found in square of cotton at Carmen, about
four miles up the river from Brownsville, May 24th. The pupa was
fastened by its anal end to the inside of the square. It may be described
as follows:

Pupa. — Length, 5^3 mm. Pale greenish yellowish. Oval with a
flat ventral surface, full and rounded on anterior end, more tapering
and pointed on posterior end. A few short hair-like filaments of in,
tegument on dorsal surface in five transverse rows, the first row being
on anterior end above cephalic plate.

The adult was found issued May 31st. Facial stripe greenish
black. Thorax dark metallic greenish. Scutellum greenish across the
disk. Posterior border to the insertion of the antennae dark greenish.
Otherwise the coloring was normal.

Baccha tropicalis, sp. nov.

$. Length, nearly or quite 12 mm. Eyes of a beautiful soft yellowish-olive
color, frontal triangle rust-yellow except sides which are pale greenish-yellow, with
a round or slightly oval black spot anteriorly near basis of antennae, and a pointed
spot before posterior angle. Front with thin black hair. Antennae rust-yellow, the
third joint with a brownish tinge, arista same color as third joint. Face pale green¬
ish yellow. Ocellar area soft deep black, a brassy-yellowish space behind it between
eyes. Occiput gray-cinereous. Thorax on the sides, and scutellum, the same color as
the whole plurae, bright clear yellow with hardly a greenish tinge, the scutellum and
posterior sides of thorax with slightly more of a greenish or olivaceous tinge. Pectus

Dec. i897 ] Townsend : Diptera from the Tamaulipan Region. 173

with a slight rosy tinge to the yellow. Disk of thorax abruptly rust-yellowish brown;
with a narrow black vitta near border on each side, interrupted at suture and bor¬
dered on inside with a rust-yellow margin, but on outside with a hardly perceptible
one between the vitta itself and the rust-yellowish brown line belonging to the ground
color ; in the middle with a pair of narrow uninterrupted vittse, both narrowly mar¬
gined inside and out with rust-yellow. Semicircular area below scutellum blackish,
yellowish next scutellum. First segment of abdomen almost wholly yellow with a
greenish tinge. (N. B. — The above description was made from fresh specimens just
captured. What follows is drawn from dried specimens. ) The colors change
somewhat in dried specimens. Two broad blackish vittae often appear on mesoscu-
tum after specimens have become dried. The semicircular area of metathorax below
scutellum is divided into two crescent-like portions, the lower one and lower half of
upper being brown, and the rest yellowish. Abdomen yellowish-red or reddish-yel¬
low, but I believe it is more of a rust-yellowish in fresh specimens, and certainly
much lighter ; first segment broad, lunate, with yellowish hairs ; hind border of each
segment darker, also base of second segment same except extreme base which is yel¬
lowish. Third, fourth and fifth segments with a median pair of narrow, closely ap¬
proximated, longitudinal, parallel, brown lines. Legs yellow, the distal half of hind
tibiae brownish. Anterior-basal half of wings yellowish, extending on outer border
distally to end of third costal cell, inner border of yellow thence extending back some¬
what irregularly to middle or basal third of anal cell, except that it runs down the
inner border of apical cell inside of spurious vein ; inner-apical half, or rest of wing,
dilute fuscous, the centers of the two posterior, anal, discal and submarginal cells be¬
ing dilute or sub-clear. A wrinkle in distal end of second basal cell, extending into-
discal cell ; three whitish spots in transverse line, one on proximal end of this wrin¬
kle, one on spurious vein which is here slightly enlarged, and one opposite in margi
nal cell. Halteres yellowish, with a brownish tinge on knobs.

9 . Length, 1 1 mm. Differs from g as follows : Eyes not contiguous. Rust
yellowish of front extending back nearly to ocellar area, a narrow median blackish
vitta on its posterior half. Posterior portion of front brassy -yellowish, narrowly en¬
closing ocellar area in front. Wings with the yellow as in $ , but with no fuscous
except at end of submarginal cell, very narrowly in end of marginal, on vein at distal
end of anal cell, and faintly on small cross-vein. Abdomen with the two median
lines on third to fifth segments heavier, with slightly oblique more or less faint brown
lines on sides, and with lateral edges of third to sixth segments brown. Second
segment pale brownish with a broad yellowish curved anteriorly convex fascia across
middle. The £ has the abdomen wider than the $ .

Nineteen specimens, as follows : One $ and two $ ’s, Brownsville,
June 21. Taken on flowers of Clematis drummondii Torr. & Gray,
and Monarda clinopodioides Gray. Nine $ ’s and five $ ’s, Browns¬
ville, June 22. Taken on flowers of Clematis drummondii. Also one
$ not on flowers. One $ , Roch’s Resaca, about three miles up the
river from Brownsville, June 25. On flowers of Cle?natis drummondii,
in opening of heavy timber — big trees with hanging moss.

Belongs to the neotropical group of phcetoptera Schin., livida

174 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Schin., flavipennis Wied., etc., which occurs from Brazil to the tropical
portions of Mexico'

Volucella esuriens, var. mexicana Mcq.

Brownsville, April 7. Ramirez and San Miguel, Tamaulipas, on
the Matamoras and Monterey Railway, May 10th; and same date num¬
bers seen hovering constantly about a large wood pile of well-seasoned
mesquite near La Mesa, a wood stop west of Ramirez. They were
probably seeking an opportunity to oviposit where their grubs could find
longicorn larvae on hatching from the egg.

San Tomas, about seven miles down the river from Brownsville,
June 7. At this date this species was found extremely numerous in the
palmetto thicket at San Tomas, but always flying high up amongst the
tops of the palmetto (Sabal mexicana ) moving very swiftly, and in such
numbers making altogether a noise like a swarm of bees.

Brownsville, June 23. Two $ ’s and two 9 ’s taken on flowers of
Gaillardia pulchella Fong. Also taken up to July 14th.

Point Isabel, Texas, on the coast, June 29. One $ taken on
flower of a composite near beach. This species ranges from the Texas
and Mexican coast line at sea level to the table lands of the Northwest,
reaching the top of San Francisco mountain in Arizona, nearly 13,000
ft. above the sea. It thus extends from the tropical to the boreal life-
zones, which is an exceptionally wide range and one not often attained.

Eristalis furcatus Wied.

One $ , Brownsville, June 24, on foliage. This species may be
distinguished by its velvety black vittate thorax.

The present specimen has the spots on each side of second and third
segments very distinct, of good size, and yellow, with a faint tinge of
reddish brown on the hinder pair. There is no trace of the median
whitish spot near the hind margin of second segment. Schiner (Nov.
Reise, 362) has pointed out that this whitish spot is not visible in the $ ;
the third and fourth segments have each a pair of metallic shining spots,
separated by the median velvety black, which unites the anterior median
triangular velvety black spot with posterior marginal fascia of the same
color. The pale golden pile of frontal triangle is mixed with black pile
posteriorly. Antennae brownish yellow. Length, 9 mm.

This is a tropical species, ranging from Rio Janeiro and Argentina
to tropical Mexico. It has been taken at an altitude of 6,000 feet at
Amula in the mountains of Guerrero (Williston, Biol. C. A. Dipt.,
Ill, p. 62).

Dec. 1897 ] Townsend : Diptera from the Tamaulipan Region. ] 75

Eristalis tricolor Jaenn.

Thirty-three <?’s and eight $’s, as follows: San Tomas, one $
June 16, and one 9 June 23, in palmetto jungle. Brownsville, six $ ’s
and one 9 taken on flowers of Lippia lanceolata Michx, June 22; one
$ taken on flowers of Gaillardia pulchella Fong, June 23; twenty-
four $ ’s and six 9 ’s taken on flowers of Lippia lanceolata , June 24; and
one $ , June 28.

The $ taken June 16 shows a very faint line of brown on posterior
half of edge of second abdominal segment, and a still fainter trace on
third segment. Face silvery-white, with whitish-brassy pile. Front a
little cinereous, with longer hair of same color as that on face. Anten¬
nae brownish yellow. Front and middle knees yellowish, extending half
way down tibiae, the rest of middle tibiae yellowish brown, only the ex¬
treme proximal end of hind tibiae yellowish. Wings very faintly flavous
tinged on antero-basal position. Length, 10 y2 mm.

The other specimens measure from 8 to 11 mm. in length. They
are all quite constant in abdominal coloration. All the 9 ’s, however,
and a very few of the $ ’s, show gradations to a variation (9 of
June 22) in which the black thoracic band is rather deeply invaded an¬
teriorly in the middle by the cinereous, and also has an arcuate border of
cinereous behind next the scutellum and entending to wing bases on each
side. This makes the thorax wholly cinereous excepting a pronounced
lunate band of black before hind margin, with its concavity forward.
The scutellum is yellow as in other specimens.

Eristalis vinetorum Fab.

Brownsville, June 1, two specimens, $ , 9. One $ on flowers of
Verbesina encelioides Benth & Hook., June 18. One $ on flowers of
Monarda clinopodioides Gray, and two $ ’s on flowers of Lippia lanceo¬
lata Michx., June 22. Three <£’s and four 9 ’s taken on flowers of
Gaillardia pulchella Fong. Also $ , 9 , July 3. San Tomas, four $ ’s
June 9 and 23, in palmetto jungle.

Length, 11 to 13 mm. All agree closely with Williston’s descrip¬
tion, except that the fourth abdominal segment in his specimens was a
little retracted, thus hiding the opaque black transverse fascia on ante¬
rior border.

CONOPID^E.

Zodion albonotatum, sp. nov.

Two specimens; one, Brownsville, June 24; the other, woods
back of Fort Brown, July 3. -Both taken on flowers of Lippia lanceo¬
lata Michx.

176

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

Length, 7-8 mm. Differs from all described species by the whitish markings
of the thorax. Face, cheeks and front light yellowish, covered with a silvery- white
bloom ; a little less than posterior half of front abruptly velvety dark brown or black¬
ish, the anterior portion of front being more yellowish than the face. Antennae
brown, the tip of second joint often with a yellowish tinge, and the third joint with a
reddish-brown tinge. Occiput fuscous or blackish, with some thin blackish hairs.
Thorax and scutellum soft velvety brownish-black, with a medain pair of rather
closely approximated ashy-whitish vittae extending little more than half way or at
most two-thirds way to scutellum, and with'silvery-whitish pollinose spots as follows :
A round one on humeri, a transversely elongate one just back of humeri cleft and
widened below and notched anteriorly; the whole posterior border of scutellum,
widest in the middle ; and two rather rounded spots, forming really one longitudinally
elongate marking but divided by a suture, immediately in front of each lateral corner
of scutellum. First abdominal segment soft brownish-black, with a few black hairs
on sides; second segment black on basal half on sides, but on only front border in
middle, and with a pair of transversely elongate narrowly coalesced oval black spots
near hind margin, the rest of middle portion of segment being of a shade between
fuscous and golden yellow, the posterior half of sides broadly deep golden-yellow,
pollinose continued narrowly along hind border, the black of anterior lateral angles of
segment with a patch of black hairs ; third segment wholly deep golden yellow polli¬
nose, except a pair of large sub-lunate black spots rather deeply notched on outside,
widened behind, reaching anterior margin, coalesced anteriorly, separated posteriorly
by a golden-yellow median line running half way to front border, narrow hind border
of whole segment golden-yellow; fourth and fifth segments wholly deep golden-yel¬
low, except a pair of well-separated median black spots near hind margin, those on
fourth segment being of good size, those on fifth small and dot-like ; sixth segment
wholly deep golden-yellow ; two segments composing anus blackish, with a silvery
sheen. Legs blackish brown, the whole with a considerable silvery sheen especially
the under sides of tibiae which are more yellowish, pulvilli and claws except the tips
yellowish. Wings a little fuscous, the antero-basal half yellow. Halteres pale-yel¬
lowish. The black of abdomen has a slight olive tinge ; and in old specimens the
deep golden-yellow pollen sometimes becomes greased, and shows then only a black¬
ish color.

TACHINID^E.

Ocyptera euchenor Walk.

Eleven specimens, Brownsville, as follows: One $ t June 22, on
flowers of Lippia lanceolata Michx. The front in this specimen was not
fully developed, indicating recent issuance from pupa. Six $ ’s and
four 9 ’s, June 24, also on flowers of Lippia lanceolata.

Length of $ ’s 8-9 mm. ; of 9 ’s 8j4-9 mm. Although there is
only one millimeter difference in the length of the $ ’s, there is a
marked difference in their comparative size and stoutness. Nearly all
of the specimens have the prevailing color of the abdomen red, but one
9 has it more black than red. Most of the specimens, including all

Dec. 1897] Townsend: Diptera from the Tam aulipan Region. 177

the 9 ’s, have the tip of abdomen distinctly blackish, but several $ ’s
have it more or less reddish.

Giglio-Tos makes this species a queried synonym of O. dosicides
Walk. The specimens which I originally referred to O. euchenor (Tr.
Ent. Soc. Wash., 1891) varied in length from 8-10 mm. ; while those
I referred to O. dosiades were not only much shorter, but proportionately
much smaller in size, so that it seemed hardly probable that all belonged
to one species. I am aware that size may be of no importance as a
specific character, and since I have more recently found specimens of
all gradations in size between the two forms, so that it was impossible to
separate them into two series, I am inclined to believe in their identity.
I advocate, however, the use of the name euchenor , instead of dosiades
as used by Giglio-Tos, and this for the reason that the description of
euchenor better applies to the normal specimens. Were we to take the
name that comes first in the pagination of Walker’s List, we would have
to employ epytus , which is manifestly only a synonym of euchenor.

Jurinia apicifera Walk.

Eight specimens, Brownsville, as follows: Two, $ , 9 , June 21 ;
one $ , June 22, and four 9 ’s, June 24, taken on flowers of Lippia
lanceolata Michx. ; and one $ , June 28. Length, nJ^-14 mm.

The species which I have always recognized as apicifera Walk,
may be distinguished by the following characters : The front (except
vitta), thorax and scutellum are characteristically brassy-yellowish
(sometimes grayish-brassy) pollinose; the abdomen is shining black,
the fourth segment being conspicuously silvery (or grayish-ashy) polli¬
nose.

One of the specimens above mentioned ( $ , June 24), in which the
thorax and scutellum have become greased, shows the ground color of
the disc of thorax to be opaque black, while the humeri and lateral
margins are tawny-yellowish, and the whole scutellum is brownish-
yellow.

This species has the frontal vitta of a soft brick-yellow, sometimes
ocher-yellow. The occiput is clothed with brassy-yellow hair of the
same tinge as the pollen of thorax, sides of front, and scutellum. The
whole face, including sides of face and usually most of cheeks, in these
Brownsville specimens is pure silvery-white ; while in northern speci¬
mens from Michigan it is usually very distinctly golden. I have already
remarked on this peculiarity of difference between northern and southern
specimens (Tr. Am. Ent. Soc., XXII, p. 70). There are four narrow

178 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

blackish vittse on the thorax, all sub-equally separated from each other,
the median pair being linear and more abbreviated behind than the
others, which are more interrupted at the suture and curved inward be¬
hind. The hypopygium of the $ ’s is more or less reddish. The
brassy pollen of thorax extends downward over the whole pleurae, and
on the underside of the front femora, in both sexes. The front tarsi of
9 do not seem to be dilated. The scutellum bears three strong
posteriorly appressed marginal bristles on each side, of which the middle
one is the shortest ; a short and weaker also appressed strongly decus¬
sate X-like pair in the middle on margin; and a shorter but sub-erect
and straight pair immediately in front of the decussate ones. In the
other points given by Williston (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 1888, p. 300),
the specimens agree.

LOCALITY AND FOOD PLANT CATALOGUE OF

MEXICAN COCCID/E.

By C. H. Tyler Townsend.

The following is a complete list, with full localities, distribution,
and food plants, of all the scale insects so far identified from Mexico.
The number, which in 1893 was but 18, now reaches 80, including vari¬
eties, and four species found at Brownsville, Texas, which must surely
occur near Matamoros. The new species mentioned, have been de¬
scribed by Professor Cockerell in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol.
XXIX, p. 265, who has recently worked up the last lot of material col¬
lected for the Department of Agriculture. That portion of the material
collected between April 24 and May 10, 1896, in Yucatan, Campeche
and Laguna, was secured while on a trip for the Department. The
determinations of all the species of my own collecting have been made
by Mr. Pergande and Professor Cockerell. Mr. Pergand determined
most of the well-known species, while Professor Cockerell worked up
new and less known forms.

%

Llaveia axinus Llave. (a) Halfway between Salina Cruz and Te¬
huantepec (Oaxaca). On unknown prickly bush, May 29, 1896. Coll.
Towns. ( b ) Tlacotalpam (Vera Cruz). On Jatropha sp., and Spon-
dias sp. Coll, by Llave.

Peculiar to Mexico. “ I believe the genus Llaveia will prove to be
identical with Ortonia , from Ecuador and Guatemala” (Ckll.).

Dec. 1897.] Townsend: Catalogue of Mexican Cocchle. 179

Llayeia axinus, var. dorsalis Duges. Mexico (exact locality not
known to me). Coll. Duges.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Icerya purchasi Mark, (a) Guaymas (Sonora). On orange,
Sept. 23, 1894. Coll. Towns. (£) Hermosillo (Sonora). On orange,
Sept. 25, 1894. Coll. Towns, (c) Magdalena (Sonora). On orange
and lime, Sept. 26, 1894. Coll. Towns. (</) Victoria (Tamaulipas).
On orange, Oct. 16, 1894. Coll. Towns. ( e ) Monterey (Nuevo Leon).
On orange, Oct. 17, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in California, Florida, Australia, New Zealand,
South Africa, Sandwich Islands.

Icerya montserratensis R. 6° H. Izamal (Yucatan). On
orange, April 28, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Montserrat Trinidad, Grenada.

Icerya pa meri R. 6° H. Guaymas (Sonora). On grape. Coll.
Palmer.

Peculiar to Mexico. This species was described from cast larval
skins, and may prove to be identical with some species more recently
described.

Coccus cacti L. Southern Mexico. Formerly cultivated on
Opuntia , in parts of southern Mexico, Oaxaca, Guerrero, etc.

Known elsewhere in Madeira, Canary Islands, Algeria, Spain, In¬
dia, etc., where it was introduced for cultivation long ago. Also occurs
in Jamaica.

Coccus tomentosus Lam. Guanajuato and Silao (Guanaj.)
On Opuntia sp. Coll. Duges.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Coccus confusus Ckll. var. La Puerta Rancho (Tamaulipas).
In masses on Opuntia sp., May 6, 1895. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado.
“The specimens are larger than the normal confusus ” (Ckll.)

Capulinia sallei Sign. Mexico (exact locality unknown). On
plant called “ capulino." Coll. Salle probably.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Conchaspis angraeci, var. hibisci Ckll. Tampico (Tamaulipas).
On Malvaviscus arbor eus called “ tulipanf October 14, 1894. Coll.
Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico. The typical C. a?igrceci is known only from
Jamaica and Trinidad.

180 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Conchaspis newsteadi Ckll. (sp. n.) VeraCruz (VeraCruz).
On frangipanni, Feb. 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico. “Surprising discovery! Three species of
the genus are now known ; angrceci in Jamaica on an orchid (Hope
Gardens), with the variety hibisci collected by Townsend in Tampico;
another not yet published, found by Green in Ceylon ; and now the
third, this one found by Townsend in Vera Cruz. What the native
country of the genus is, I know not. It may be oriental. I called this
species after Mr. Newstead because he gave a very good illustrated ac¬
count of the genus (as Pseudinglisia ) only a few months after I pub¬
lished it.” (Ckll.)

Eriococcus dubius C£//.— -Valles (Tamaulipas). On unknown
plant, Oct. 13, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Phenacoccus yuccas Coq. {a) Tlaltizapam (Morelos). On
lime, Oct. 7, 1894. Coll. Towns. (J?) Mexico (D. F.). On banana in
sheltered patio, Dec. 27, 1892. On Yucca sp., probably Y. filifera ,
Oct. 8, 1894. Both coll. Towns. (c) Guadalajara (Jalisco). On
orange, Agave sp., banana, Yucca sp., Colocasia sp., Oct. 9 and 10,
1894. Coll. Towns, (d) Agnas calientes (A. C.). On Pelargonium
sp., Amaryllis sp., Oct. n, 1894. Coll. Towns, (e) San Luis Potosi
(S. L. P.). On orange, lime, cherimoya, Lantana sp., pomegranate,
Tacoma slans, a malvaceous tree, and a caprifoliaceous shrub, Oct. 12,
1894. Coll. Towns. (/) Tampico (Tamaulipas). On orange, Oct.
14, 1894. Coll. Towns, (g) Las Esteros (Tamaulipas). On Mimosa
sp., Oct. 15, 1894. Coll. 1 owns, (li) Monterey (Nuevo Leon). On
fig, Oct. 17, 1894. Coll Towns. (/) Campeche (Camp.). On
Tecoma slans, April 25, 1896. Coll Towns, (_/) Progreso (Yucatan).
On fig, May 16, 1896. Coll. Towns. Jalapa (Veracruz). On orange,
May 19, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico and California.

Phenacoccus helianthi Ckll.v ar. Northern Tamaulipas (proba-
biy). Occurs in Lower Rio Grande Valley. On cotton at Santa
Maria, Texas, May 7, 1895. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Lower Rio Grande Valley. The typical form is found
in southern New Mexico on sunflower.

Dactylopius citri Boisd. (a) Orizaba and (b) Cordova (Vera
Cruz). On coffee. Coll. Segura, (c) Uruapan, ( d ) Ario, (<?) Cuicat-

lan> (/) Jacona, (g) Tacambaro (Michoacan). On coffee. Coll.
Segura.

Dec. 1897.] Townsend: Catalogue of Mexican Coccid^e. 181

Known elsewhere in eastern United States, Florida, Jamaica,
Trinidad.

Dactylopius virgatus Ckll. Northern Tamaulipas (probably)*
Occurs in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. On Cei'eus pnnceps , guava,
and Abutilon holosericeum , at Brownsville, Texas, June i to 17, 1895.
Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere only in Jamaica.

Dactylopius nipae Mask. Jicaltepec (Vera Cruz). On guava,
July 19, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere only in Demerara and Trinidad.

Dactylopius olivaceus Ckll. Cindad Porfirio Diaz (Coahuila).
In cavities in leaves of Yucca australis , Nov. 25, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico (so far as known, but doubtless occurs in
Texas).

Dactylopius sonorensis Ckll. San Ignacio (Sonora). Hymen-
oclea monogyra, called “gecotaP Sept. 26, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Orthezia insignis Dougl. var. (a) Guadalajara (Jalisco). On
orange, Oct. 9 and 10, 1894. Coll. Towns. (<£) Agnas Calientes
(A. C.). On lime, and (accidentally) tomato. Oct. n, 1894. Coll.
Towns. ( c ) Izamal (Yucatan). On chile, Capsicum sp., May 14,
1896. Coll. Towns. This may be either the true form or the variety.

( \d ) Vera Cruz (Vera Cruz). Plant not given. May 7, 1893.
Coll. Ckll. (*) Guanajuato (Guam). Coll. Duges.

Known elsewhere (typical form) in Jamaica, Trinidad, Antigua,
Demerara, Ceylon.

Lecaniodiaspis radiatus Ckll. (sp. n.) Near Salina Cruz
(Oaxaca). On plant resembling Equisetum , May 29, 1896. Coll.
Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico. “This is the first record of the genus from
Mexico. The species belongs in the subgenus Prosopophora , and is
closely allied to others of the genus ” (Ckll.).

Asterolecanium pustulans Ckll. (a) Pacific Coast of Mexico
(locality unknown). On climbing plant. Coll. Craw, on plants enter¬
ing port of San Francisco, (b) Vera Cruz (Vera Cruz). On potted
plant, May 7, 1893. Coll. Ckll.

Known elsewhere in Florida, Jamaica, Montserrat, Antigua, An¬
guilla, Grenada, Demerara, Brazil, Sandwich Islands.

182 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Tachardia mexicana Comst. Tampico (Tamaulipas). On
Mimosa sp. Collector unknown; material found by Comstock in Mu¬
seum Comparative Zoology.

Feculiar to Mexico.

Tachardia larreae Comst. Northern Sonora (probably). On
Larrea tridentata. Recorded by Comstock as occurring in southern Ari¬
zona and Mexico.

Peculiar to the Larrea region of southwestern Arizona and north¬
ern Sonora. Tachardia is a Neotropical genus entering the United
States only in Arizona and New Mexico (and probably Texas).

Lichtensia lutea Ckll. Vera Cruz (Vera Cruz). On Croton
sp., May 7, 1893. Coll. Ckll.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Pulvinaria camellicola Sign. (?). Tehuantepec City (Oaxaca).
On Ficus sp., May 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Europe, New Zealand. As Professor Cocker¬
ell did not see these specimens they may be the same as his P. simulans.

Pulvinaria simulans Ckll. var. Northern Tamaulipas (prob¬
ably). Occurs in the lower Rio Grande Valley. On a cultivated cap-
rifoliaceous shrub -at Brownsville, June 1, 1895. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere only in Georgia.

Pulvinaria simulans Ckll. Monterey (Nuevo Leon). On
“ fitolaca,” which is another name for avocado pear, Oct. 17, 1894; and
Oct. 1, 1895. Both coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere only in Trinidad (Port of Spain). Professor
Cockerell says: “Nearer the Trinidad type, from which it hardly dif¬
fers, than the Brownsville insect. It has 7-jointed antennae, 3d joint
longest, the rest subequal, 6 a little shorter, 2 a little longer than 1.
Tarsal digitules filiform, digitules of claw short, bulbous at base, and
with very large knobs.”

Ceroplastodes niveus Ckll. Montezuma (Chihuahua). On
spiny shrub, May 12, 1893. Coll. Ckll.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Ceroplastes irregularis Ckll. Montezuma (Chihuahua). On .
Atriplex canescens, May 12, 1893. Coll. Ckll.

Peculiar to Chihuahua and southern New Mexico.

Ceroplastes cistudiformis Towns & Ckll. Guanajuato (Guan.).

On Bignonia sp. and Chrysanthemum sp. Coll. Duges.

Dec. x897.] Townsend: Catalogue of Mexican CoccidyE. 183

Peculiar to Mexico. Very near to C. psidii , Chav, which occurs
in Brazil.

Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comst. (?) San Rafael (Vera
Cruz). On Castilloa elastica (rubber tree), March 6, 1896.* Coll.
Towns.

Known elsewhere in Jamaica, Florida.

Ceroplastes floridensis Comst. Balantam (Yucatan). On
Ficus sp., May 10, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Florida, Louisiana, Jamaica, Barbadoes.

Ceroplastes mexicanus Ckll. (a) Guaymas (Sonora). On
Tecoma stans , Sept. 24, 1894. Coll. Towns. ( [l ?) San Luis Potosi
(S. L. P.). On Tecoma stans , Oct. 12, 1894. Coll. Towns. (c)
Tehuantepec City (Oaxaca). On Ficus sp., May 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Ceroplastes ceriferus Anders. Cuantla (Morelos). On Malva -
viscus arbor eus , Oct. 7, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in India, Japan, Australia, Antigua, probably
Brazil. This determination was made by Professor Cockerell, who then
considered the following species to be identical with ceriferus. It may,
therefore, be the same form as the following, which was determined by
Mr. Pergande, who holds the two to be distinct.

Ceroplastes dugesii Towns. (?) (a) San Rafael (Vera Cruz). On
large tree with red bark, called “ chaco” and “ palo mulatof Feb. 29,
1896. Coll. Towns. ( b ) Guanajuato (Guan.). On Malvaviscus
arboreus and M. acerifolius. Coll. Duges.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Lecanium hemisphasricum Targ. Laguna, on Carmen
Island (Campeche). On caprifoliaceous shrub (?), April 24, 1896.
Coll. Towns. '

Known elsewhere in Jamaica, Trinidad, Antigua, Montserrat,
Pennsylvania, California, New Zealand, Australia, Europe.

Lecanium hesperidum Linn. ( a ) Tampico (Tamaulipas). On
orange, Oct. 14, 1894. Coll. Towns. ( b ) San Luis Potosi (S. L. P.).
On lime, Oct. 12, 1894. Coll. Towns. ( c ) Monterey (Nuevo Leon).
On avocado pear, Oct. 17, 1894. Coll. Towns. (Y) Chihuahua
(Chih.). On orange in sheltered patios, Oct. 19, 1894. Coll. Towns.

* I think this is a mistake made at the Dept. If I am not mistaken, I took this
on avocado pear. — C. H. T. T.

184 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

(<?) Nuevo Laredo (Tamaulipas). On guava and rose, Dec. 13, 1894.
Coll. Towns. (/) Matamoros (Tamaulipas). On orange, June 1,

1895. Coll. Towns. (g) Izamal (Yucatan). On orange, April 28,

1896. Coll. Towns, (h) Vera Cruz (Vera Cruz). On rose, May 7,
1893. Coll. Ckll.

Known elsewhere in Europe, New York, Ohio, District Columbia,
Georgia, Florida, Texas (Brownsville and Corpus Christi, Coll. Towns.),
Utah, California, Jamaica, Trinidad, Sandwich Islands, Chili, New
Zealand, Australia, South Africa. Concerning the material collected
at Izamal, Yucatan, Prof. Cockerell says: “Is this species to all ap¬
pearances, but material hardly adequate.”

Lecanium oleae Bern, (a) Agnas Calientes (A. C.). On olean¬
der, Pelargonium sp. and plant called “ marguerita” Oct. n, 1894.
Coll. Towns. (b) San Luis Potosi (S. L. P.). On orange, lime and
Tecoma stans , Oct. 12, 1894. Coll. Towns, (c) Las Esteros (Tamau¬
lipas). On Mimosa sp., Oct. 15, 1894. Coll. Towns, (d) Monterey
(Nuevo Leon). On fig, Oct. 17, 1894. Coll. Towns, (e) Nuevo
Laredo (Tamaulipas). On guava, Dec. 13, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Jamaica, Antigua, Trinidad, Florida, South
Carolina, Texas (Brownsville and Corpus Christi, Coll. Towns.), Cali¬
fornia, Sandwich Islands, Japan, France, Australia, New Zealand.

Lecanium terminal iae Ckll. Vera Cruz (Vera Cruz). On lilia¬
ceous plant, May 7, 1893. Coll. Ckll.

Known elsewhere only in Jamaica.

Lecanium schini Ckll. Guanajuato State. On Schinus molle. Coll.

Duges.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Lecanium imbricatum Ckll. Alta Mira (Tamaulipas). On
Mimosa sp., Oct. 15, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Tamaulipas and the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Sev¬
eral specimens were found by me on cotton at San Tomas, near Browns¬
ville, Texas, April 5, 1895.

Lecanium sallei Sign. Mexico (no exact locality). Plant un¬
known. Coll. Salle.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Lecanium chilaspidis Ckll. (sp. n.). Tehuantepec City (Oaxaca),
on CJulaspis linearis , May 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico. This is a large species “ Belongs to a typic¬
ally neotropical series, and is a very distinct species ” ( Ckll.').

185

Dec. i897.] Townsend: Catalogue of Mexican Coccid^e.

Lecanium perditum Ckll. (n. sp.). Xcolak (Yucatan). On
Ficus sp., May io, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico. Professor Cockerell says: “This is a most
interesting species, and must go in Eulecanium , a subgenus heretofore
con fined jto the Holarctic region. It is very close in many respects to
Z. antennatum , Signoret, of the northeastern United States (on oak).
At the same time, it indicates an approach from Eulecanium to the neo¬
tropical forms Z. batatcE , Ckll. (Antigua, on roots of sweet potato),
and Z. bacchandis, Ckll. (Brazil, on Bacchans ), two species, the rela¬
tionships of which had heretofore been wholly obscure.”

Lecanium, sp. n. (?) San Luis Potosi (S. L. P.). On pods of
Tecoma stans, Oct. 12, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Leconopsis dugesii Sign. Mexico (probably Guanajuato).
Plant unknown. Coll. Duges.

. Peculiar to Mexico.

Aspidiotus rapax Comst. Northern Tamaulipas (probably).
Found in great numbers on oleander at Point Isabel, Texas, Tune 8
1895. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Florida, New Mexico, California, Antigua.

Aspidiotus tricolor Ckll. (sp. n.). Near Salini Cruz (Oaxaca).
On shrub not identified, May 29, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico. “Very near to A. rapax , Comst., and A. ulmi ,
W. G. Johnson, but seems distinct. The three species constitute a lit¬
tle group. A. ulmi is from Illinois ” (Ckll.).

Aspidiotus nerii Bouche. ( a ) Chihuahua (Chih.). On olean¬
der, rose, olive, and tree called “ palo dulce ,” Oct. 19, 1894. Coll.
Towns. ( b ) Aguas Calientes (A. C.). On oleander and shrub called
“ trueno ,” Oct. n, 1894. Coll. Towns. ( c\ ) San Luis Potosi (S. L.
P.). on “trueno,'' Oct. 12, 1894. Coll. Towns. (Z) Guadalajara
(Jalisco). On Yucca sp., Oct. 9, 1894. Coll. Towns. (<?) Matamoros
(Tamaulipas). On Melia azedarac, June 6, 1895. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in eastern United States, California, Honolulu,
Australia.

Aspidiotus crawii Ckll. (sp. n.). Mexico (locality not known).
On twigs said by owner to be sarsaparilla, but which are pronounced by
both Craw and Cockerell to be grape vine. Coll. Craw on plants enter¬
ing port of San Francisco.

Peculiar to Mexico. “Closely allied to A. cydonice, Comst.” (Ckll.). ,

186 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Aspidiotus perseae Cornst. Mazatlan (Sinaloa). On cocoanut
palm. Coll. A. de Cima.

Known elsewhere only in Florida. “ Attention should be drawn
to the singular occurrence of Florida coccids on the Pacific coast of
Mexico, the same not being found on the east slope so far as we know.
The species are Aspidiotus persece , Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides and
Comstockiella sabalis— the last, however, represented by a variety, mexi-
cana. So also to Aspidiotus personatus on the west slope and appar¬
ently not on the east slope, but common in the West Indies ” (Ckll.).

Aspidiotus reniformis Ckll. (sp. n.). Tehuantepec City
(Oaxaca). On leaves of Ficus sp., May 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico. “Nearest to A. per sea, Comst., but very
distinct ” (Ckll.).

Aspidiotus townsendi Ckll. Cindad Porfiro Diaz (Coahuila).
On leaves of shade tree in plaza, Nov. 17, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico (and probably Texas).

Aspidiotus nigropunctatus Ckll. San Luis Potosi (S. L. P.).
On “ trueno ,” Oct. 12, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Aspidiotus yuccas Ckll. Cindad Porfirio Diaz (Coahuila),
On Yucca australis , Nov. 25, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico (and probably Texas).

Aspidiotus ficus Ashm. (a) Tampico (Tamaulipas). On
orange and tangerine, Oct. 14, 1894. Coll. Towns. — ( b ) Chihuahua
(Chih.). On “polo dulce,” Oct. 19, 1894. Coll. Towns. ( c )
Matamoros (Tamaulipas). On orange, Dec. 9, 1894. Coll. Towns.
( d ) Laguna, on Carmen Island (Campeche). On orange and oleander,
April 24, 1896. Coll. Towns, (e) Vera Cruz (Vera Cruz). On
rose, May 7, 1893. Coll. Ckll.

Known elsewhere in Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Texas (Brownsville,
Coll. Towns.), Australia, Ceylon, Japan.

Aspidiotus scutiformis Ckll. (a) Victoria (Tamaulipas). On
orange, Oct. 16, 1894. Coll. Towns. ( b ) Monterey (Nuevo Leon).
On orange and pomegranate, Oct. 17, 1894. Coll. Towns. (c)
Soledad (Vera Cruz). On avocado pear probably, May 8, 1893.
Coll. Ckll.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Aspidiotus articulatus Morg. (o') Tampico (Tamaulipas.) On

Dec. 1897] Townsend: Catalogue of Mexican Coccid^e. 187

orange, Oct. 14, 1896. Coll. Towns. (A) San Rafael (VeraCruz). On
orange, June 14, 1896. Coll. Towns, (c) Laguna, on Carmen Island
(Campeche). On orange, April 24, 1896. Coll. Towns, (A) Izamal
(Yucatan). On orange and cocoanut palm (on nuts), April 28, 1896.
Coll. Towns. (<?) Balantam (Yucatan). On Ficus sp., May 10, 1896.
Coll. Towns. (/) Vera Cruz (Vera Cruz). On rose, May 7, 1893.
Coll. Ckll.

Known elsewhere in Jamaica, Barbadoes,Nevis,Trinidad,Demerara.

Aspidiotus personatus Comst. Acapulco (Guerrero). On
cocoanut palm. Coll. Craw on plants entering port of San Francisco.

Known elsewhere in Cuba, Jamaica, Barbadoes, Demerara. “It
is singular that this species, so common in the West Indies, but seem¬
ingly wanting on the Gulf coast of Mexico, should now turn up on the
Pacific side ” (Ckll.).

Aspidiotus mimosse Comst. Tampico (Tamaulipas). On
Mimosa sp. Collector unknown ; material found by Comstock in
Museum Comparative Zoology.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Aspidiotus (sp. incert. off.) perniciosus Comst . Northern
Tamaulipas (probably). Occurs abundantly in Lower Rio Grade Val¬
ley. On Fraxinus viridis var., at Brownsville, Texas, April to May 31,
1895. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Lower Rio Grande Valley. A. perniciosus is known in
California, New Mexico, Florida, Virginia, eastern Maryland, Australia.
“ Does not look like perniciosus outwardly and surely must be distinct,
though the microscopic characters of the 9 agree so far as I can see ”
(Ckll.).

Aspidiotus, sp. nov. San Luis Potosi (S. L. P.). On avocado
pear, Oct. 12, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Aspidiotus, sp. nov. (?). Hermosillo (Sonora). On tree called
“ bagote ,” probably Parkinsonia sp., Sept. 25, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Aspidiotus, sp. nov. (?). Monterey (Nuevo Leon). On rose,
Oct. 17, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Aspidiotus, sp. nov. (?). Tehuantepec city (Oaxaca). On Chil-
aspis linearis , May 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico.

188 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Comstockiella sabalis, var. mexicana Ckll. Mazatlan (Sina¬
loa). On palms supposed to have come from this vicinity. Coll. Craw
on plants entering port of San Francisco.

Peculiar to Mexico. The typical form, C. sabalis Comst., is known
only from Florida.

Diaspis persimilis Ckll. (sp. nov.). Laguna, on Carmen Island.
(Campache). On fruit of “ chicosapote” April 24, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Mexico. “So near to D. amygdali ( lanatus ) that I
had at first a notion to treat it as a geographichal race. Very 1 nterest-
ing discovery, scientifically and economically” (Ckll.). D. amigdalt
is known in Jamaica, Grand Cayman, Santo Domingo, Barbadoes, An¬
tigua, Martinique, Trinidad, Florida, Georgia, District of Columbia,
California, Japan, Hong Kong, Ceylon, Australia, Cape Colony.

Diaspis cacti , var. opuntiae ^dkll. ^Ycolah ("Y^ucatan). On
tia sp., May 10, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere only in Kingston, Jamaica. The variety opunti -
cola Newst., is found in British Guiana; while the typical form/?, cacti
Comst., is a native of Arizona and New Mexico, but has been recently
reported by Masked to occur in India.

Aulacaspis rosae Bouch. Chihuahua (Chih.). On rose, Oct.
19, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in eastern United States, Europe, Jamaica,
Demerara, California, Central America, Sandwich Islands, China,
Australia, New Zealand.

Aulacaspis boisduvalii Sign. Alta Mira (Tamaulipas). On
Bromelia pinguin , Oct. 15, 1894. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Jamaica, Barbaboes, Trinidad.

Pseudoparlatoria parlatorioides Comst. Acapulco (Guerrero).
On cocoanut palm. Coll. Craw on plants entering port of San Fran¬
cisco.

Known elsewhere only in Florida.

Parlatoria pergandei Comst. Matamoros (Tamaulipas). On
orange, June 1, 1895. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Texas (Brownsville. Coll. Towns.), Florida.

Mytilaspis citricola Pack . or sp. nov. Tehauntepec City
(Oaxaca). On Chilaspis linearis , May 26, 1896. Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere (Af. citricola ) in Florida, California, Tahiti,
Trinidad. “ Mytilaspis sp. with the general appearance of citricola>

Dec. 1897. j Townsend: Catalogue of Mexican Coccid^e. 189

material inadequate. If it is not citricola , it certainly is not any of the
known Mexican species. The group to which it belongs is a very crit¬
ical one, and one must have good material ” (Ckll.).

Mytilaspis gloverii Pack. ( a ) Tampico (Tamaulipas). On
orange, Oct. 14, 1894. Coll. Towns, (b') Matamoros (Tamaulipas).
On orange, Dec. 9, 1894, and June 1, 1895. Coll. Towns. (<r) La¬
guna, on Carmen Island (Campeche). On orange, April 24, 1896.
Coll. Towns. (, d ) Izamal (Yucatan). On orange, April 28, 1896.
Coll. Towns. ( e ) Jalapa (Vera Cruz). On orange, May 19, 1896.
Coll. Towns.

Known elsewhere in Louisiana, Florida, south Europe, Texas
(Brownsville. Coll. Towns.), Bolivia (La Paz), California, Japan,
Ceylon.

Mytilaspis philococcus Ckll. Guanajuato (Guam). On cac¬
tus. Coll. Duges.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Mytilaspis carinata Ckll. Acapulco (Guerrero). On “ plants
like AnthuriumP Coll. Craw on plants entering port of San Fran¬
cisco.

Peculiar to Mexico.

Howard ia biclavis Conist. Southern Mexico. On lime. Coll.
Craw on plants entering port of San Francisco.

Known elsewhere in Tahiti, Trinidad, Sandwich Islands, Ceylon.
Chionaspis citri Co?nst. ( a ) Tamipico (Tamaulipas). On
orange and tangerine, Oct. 14, 1894. Coll. Towns, (b) San Rafael
(Vera Cruz). On orange, June 19, 1896. Coll. Towns, (c) Laguna,
on Carman Island (Campeche). On orange, April 24, 1896. Coll.
Towns. ( d ) Izamal (Yucatan). On orange, April 28, 1896. Coll.
Towns.

Known elsewhere in Louisiana, Cuba, Bermuda, Antigua, Trini¬
dad, Demerara, Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Japan, Samoa.

Chionaspis furfurus, var. ulmi Ckll. Northern Tamaulipas
(probably). Occurs in Lower Rio Grande Valley. On Ulmus crassi-
folia in Brownsville, Texas, May 1, 1895. Coll. Towns.

Peculiar to Rio Grande Valley. C. furfurus Fitch, is known in
Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, Maryland, southern California.

This ends the list of species so far known from Mexico. It should
be stated that Lecanunn verrucosum and Dactylopius calceolaria have
been erroneously recorded from Mexico.

190 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

Professor Cockerell’s paper on Mexican Coccidae, in 1893 (Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 6, Vol. XII, pp. 47-53), brought the list of
species and varieties then known up to 30, his paper having added 12
species. The early additions to the list are shown in the following
table adapted from Cockerell :

Species known from Mexico before Signoret’s time, ... 3

“ added by Signoret (1873-75), . 2

“ “ Comstock (1882-83), . 3

“ “ Riley and Howard (1890) . 2

“ found by Duges (up to 1893) . 8

Total up to 1893, . 18

In 1893, Cockerell found, on a trip through Mexico, 12 additional
species, bringing the list up to 30. Since then the number has been in¬
creased by the writer, who found 19 additional species in 1894; 8
further additional in 1895; and 16 still further additional in 1896. In ad¬
dition to these, Mr. Alexander Craw has found, up to 1897, in the course
of his horticultural quarantine work at San Francisco, 7 more species,
thus bringing the total up to 80 in all with the close of the year 1896.
Therefore, in three years (1894, 1895 and 1896) the list of Mexican
Coccidae has been increased 50 species, and that during only a few
weeks each year, probably not exceeding three months altogether, dur¬
ing which time much other work was also attended to. This indicates
the surprising results to be obtained in collecting and investigating
scale-insects in Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, as well
as South America, which is still less known in this respect. The writer
is at present engaged in collecting further material in Mexico, and has
a considerable number of species already which are doubtless additional
to this list, but it will be some time before they can be worked up.

NEW SAWFLIES (TENTHREDININAE) WITH DE¬
SCRIPTIONS OF LAR VJE.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D.

Siobla excavata Norton.

Antennae short and thick, a little thickened before apex ; posterior
tibiae not reaching apex of abdomen ; eyes reaching almost to base of
mandibles ; labrum round, pointed ; lanceolate cell with oblique cross

Dec. 1897.]

Dyar : New Sawflies, and Larwe.

191

nervure ; under wing with one middle cell or none. Black, coarsely
granular and with a fine golden yellow pubescence. Head black, cly-
peus and labrum bright yellow, two basal joints of antennae orange yel¬
low, palpi pale. Thorax black, posterior edges of prothorax, cenchri,
trochanters, basal two thirds of all tibiae and apex of anterior femora
yellow ; tegulae orange yellow ; apex of tibiae and tarsi light brown. Ab¬
domen black, basal plates yellow, first segment brown centrally, each
segment with a narrow posterior yellow line, the terminal segment half
yellow; venter black. Wings faintly yellowish smoky, veins black, costa
and stigma brown, the latter yellow at base ; a black dot in the second
submarginal cell. Length of male 10 mm., female n mm. S. robusta
Kirby seems to be the same species. Larva characterized Can. Ent.,
XXVII, 339 as “5c.”

Stage I. — Head .35 mm., brown-black, shiny; skin dark.

Stage II. — Head .53 mm., black, slightly pruinose. Body dull gray,
scarcely darker dorsally except from the food showing by transparency ;
thoracic feet black ; subventral region white ; no spots.

Stage IV. — Head .9 mm., dark gray, body pruinose gray, brighter
subventrally, annulate. No marks. Length 10 mm.

Stage V. — Head black except around the mouth, covered with white
bloom ; width 1.3 mm. Dorsal area faintly grayish, lateral black spots
distinct, two on each segment ; a series of small black spots subventrally
along the bases of the feet, three on each segment. Subventral region
yellowish, black points present ; a white bloom.

Stage VI. — Head black, pale around the mouth ; width 1.6 mm.
Body as in the mature larva but the gray less evident, marks all smaller
and fainter. A thick white bloom gradually appears.

Stage VII. — Head shining black with a faint white bloom; antennae
short, pointed ; width 2.0 to 2.2 mm. Thoracic feet large, slender, di¬
vergent, abdominal ones small, present on joints 6 to 13. Segments 6-
annulate with minute black points on the second and fourth annulets, a
few others on the third annulet, stigmatal and subventral folds. Body
pruinose leaden gray, a thin white bloom on a sordid greenish leaden
ground ; a series of diffuse, quadrate, black patches laterally, two on
each segment between annulets 1-2 and 4-5. Upper subventral fold
faintly yellowish, obscured by the bloom ; lower fold black, forming a
nearly continuous band. Subventral region white ; feet and venter
whitish ; thoracic feet largely black. Solitary feeders, do not curl.

StageVIII. (ultimate) — Head leaden black, but over theclypeus and
below antennae whitish; width 2.2 mm. Body annulate, shining, leaden

192 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

black throughout, no bloom ; a series of large lateral patches, one on a
segment, on joints 2 and 5-12 covering the spiracles, creamy yellow.
These patches are as broad as the width of annulet 2 and posterior half
of annulet 1. Thoracic feet leaden, clear at the joints ; abdominal feet
clear at tip. On attaining this stage the larvae enter the earth.

Found commonly on the button bush ( Cephalanthus occidentals)
around New York City early in June, a large and striking larva, often
completely defoliating the plants of their young leaves. They all disap¬
pear by the middle of June and the flies do not appear till the following
spring.

Macrophya trisyllaba Say.

Found by Mrs. Slosson at Franconia N. H., feeding on the elder

( Sambucus racemosa).

Upper half of head black, lower white. Body segments 7-annu-
late with distinct white points on the second and fourth annulets.
Dorsum to the spiracles black, mottled with sordid white principally in
a festooned narrow subdorsal line and straight dorsal one. Below the
spiracular line whitish with several small black spots on each segment
and one on the base of the foot. Anal plate black. Thoracic feet pale
with a mark at the base ; abdominal feet on joints 6 to 13.

Ultimate stage. — Smooth, without points, shining waxy, the black
coloration as before but paler, dotted with whitish and the creases of
the annulets pale, hence the general appearance is paler than before.
Head pale, eye black ; a dusky shade over the vertex. The larvae enter
the ground to hibernate.

Mrs. Slosson sent me a few of these larvae in September ; the fly
emerged the following spring :

Tenth redo atroviolacea Norton , var. peratra, var. nov.

Agreeing exactly with the description of Tenthredopsis atroviolacea , Norton,
except that there is no white spot on the posterior coxae and the third joint of an¬
tennae is one and one-half times as long as the fourth. This is doubtless a variety of
T. atroviolacea. The fly is entirely black, head, thorax and legs dull with large
punctures, wings rather opaque violaceous, the venation of the posteriors as described
for the male of T. atroviolacea. One male, bred from larva.

The larva is a very curious one. For a Tenthridinid remarkably
specialized, having reached the stage of some Noctuid Lepidoptera
(e. g. , Pseudoglossa lubricalis or Cucullia artemisice).

Looks a little flattened, but thick and robust. Feet on joints 6 to
13. Head round, dull black ; width 1.4 mm. Body segments 7-annu-
late, the whole body soft dark gray, the ground color uniform. A

Dec. 1897.]

Dyar: New Sawflies, and Larv/e.

193

series of short thick papillte, one on each annulet in subdorsal and lat¬
eral even regular rows, and other smaller ones scattered subventrally.
First row (subdorsal), which is the shorter, has the papilla on annulet
1 orange, 2-4 black, 5-6 orange, 7th black; second row (lateral) which
is larger, has 1st to 4th orange, 5th to seventh black; two behind the
spiracle and two subventrally posteriorly pale orange ; two groups of
six to eight very small ones on the upper and lower subventral folds
whitish. Sides with a number of small black spots. On thorax there
are less of the papillae, but the alternation in color is similar. Anal
plate not differentiated.

Ultimate stage . — Smooth, very shiny, entirely dark slaty blue black,
papillae indicated by very small concolorous points. Thoracic feet pale.
Enters the earth at once to form a moderately firm hibernating cell.

Sent me by Mrs. Slosson from Franconia, N. H., feeding on the
elder.

Mogerus caryicolus, sp. nov.

Lanceolate cell petiolate, under wings without middle cells, but a distinct mar¬
ginal vein in the male, none in the female ; eyes rather distant from base of mandi¬
bles. Shining black, abdomen largely whitish.

Male. — Head black, clypeus emarginate and with the palpi white. Thorax
black, posterior edge of prothorax, tegulse, cenchri and all the sutures on the sides and
below white ; coxae lined with black and white ; legs luteous brown, base of tibiae
slightly marked with black, tarsi dusky. Basal plates of abdomen and extreme base
of first segment black, the rest luteous above, sordid white on the sides, the tips of the
segments faintly marked with subapical black lines ; spiracles showing as black dots.
Venter of abdomen darker, each segment broadly banded with black at the base, ex¬
tending part way up the sides. Veins dark brown, stigma and costa pale luteous,
shaded with brown at the margins. Wings clear.

Female. — Black above, clypeus white with brown tip, palpi pale. Thorax
black, the middle and side lobes of mesothorax brown with a black central streak in
each ; posterior half of prothorax and tegulas white ; upper half of pleura brown ;
coxae and trochanters marked with black and white. Abdomen black dorsally, sides
and venter sordid greenish white, the posterior edges of all the segments with a fine
white line ; ovipositor sheaths blackish; spiracles black dotted. Length 6.5 mm.

There is some variation in color. Another female has the brown on thorax
largely replaced by black, but the sutures on the sides distinctly marked in white as
in the male. The abdomen is narrowly black banded below and the segments above
are black only on the anterior portion. Costa and stigma pale.

I have placed this species in Mogerus on the characters of the male.
The female is a Blennocampa.

Larva. — Head 1 mm., shining greenish white, eye in a black spot.
Body green, faintly 5-annulate, with short Y-spines, all whitish, uniform.

194

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

Feet on joints 6-13. Thoracic feet colorless ; dorsal vessel dark green,
no marks. The spines are arranged three on second annulet, the upper
one forked, the two lower simple and short ; one small point low down
on third annulet ; three on fourth annulet, the two upper forked ; two
on each division of subventral fold, all simple, short.

Last stage. — No change. Head 1.3 mm. The head and thoracic
feet seem a little greener than before.

Ultimate stage. — Smooth, waxy, scarcely shining, all pale whitish
green, dorsal vessel dark. Segments indistinctly 3-annulate. Head
concolorous with body, eye black; width 1.3 mm. Length 11 mm.
The Y-spines are entirely absent.

Found on young hickory leaves at Fort Lee, N. J., during the last
of May. Single brooded. This is doubtless the larva briefly described
in Dr. Packard’s 5th Report U. S. Entomological Commission, page
317, as “Selandria sp.”

Harpiphorus maculatus Norton.

A specimen with three submarginal cells on one side and four on
the other was bred from a larva on Potentilla Canadensis at Fort Lee,
N. J. Head with a tiny brown spot behind the eye and dot at back of
occiput on vertex. In ultimate stage head whitish, with a leaden
patch on vertex. (See Can. Ent., XXVIII, 236.) The larva was
intermediate between H. maculatus and Monostegia ignota in having
but a trace of black spots on the head, and the imago was also interme¬
diate in the number of submarginal cells.

Variety coryli, var. nov.

This larva is single brooded, disappearing before the middle of
June. Found not uncommonly on the hazel at Plattsburg, N. Y., and
VanCortlandt Park, New York City, in some cases rather destructive to
the plants. I suppose this larva to represent a distinct species and re¬
ferred to the larva as “5F” in Can. Ent., XXVII, 339. It differs in
what seem good specific characters from the larva of H. maculatus , yet
I do not find any differential points between the flies.

Solitary, usually out straight, sometimes curled, sitting on the
under side of the leaf. Head faintly testaceous, a diffuse leaden black
patch on the vertex behind ; eye in a black spot; width 1.2 mm. The
black spot reaches well down the side of the head, but the whole face is
pale; a trace of white bloom. Thorax a little enlarged, abdomen
scarcely tapering, slightly smaller posteriorly. Dorsum gray to spi¬
racles, uniform or centrally dorsally on abdomen nearly white; sub-

Dec. 1897.]

Dyar : New Sawflies, and Larv/E.

195

ventral region white ; a gentle white bloom ; feet colorless. Segments
6-annulate. Joint 2 and the anal flap white. No points on the body
and no spots.

Ultimate stage . — Head pale, pale silvery gray over the vertex-
Body neatly 6-annulate, shining, dorsum pale greenish, silver gray end¬
ing above the tracheal line, brownish on joints 12-13; subventral
region and legs pale, waxy greenish. Folds shaded with tarry brown.
Spiracles dark.

Pontania robusta Marlatt.

No gall, but a portion of the leaf simply folded over. The egg is
deposited under the lower epidermis near the edge, not far from the
petiole. The larva eats little patches of the parenchyma on the under
side scattering three-fourths of the way to the apex, apparently while
the leaf is young; these patches are slightly swollen, discolored, pale,
and as a result the outer fourth of the leaf folds back, neatly touching
the surface, forming a hollow in which the larva lives. Finally the
larva eats the whole leaf, emerging from its house and eating the apex
of the leaf to return to the house again after feeding. The leaf is not
rolled at all, simply folded. Fresh eggs were found May 9th. At that
time the young leaf was neatly folded back though not fully grown. On
expanding the folded part it was seen to be slightly larger than normal,
forming a lobe on the leaf. The egg was situated under the lower
epidermis, elliptical, white, .4X.8 mm.

Stage I. — Head .35 mm. wide; all whitish translucent, the food
showing by transparency. Head shining, body less so, the segments
indistinctly 3-annulate; setae fine, white, apparently a row on each
annulet. Anal prongs colorless. Thoracic feet spreading. Length
1.5 mm.

Stage 1 1. — Head .5 mm., pale brown, eye black, mouth brown.
Body slender, colorless, translucent; segments irregularly 3-annulate,
the first annulet flat, not bulging. Setae whitish, very obscure. Anal
segment somewhat swollen, prongs short. Feet on joints 6-1 1, 13.

Stage III. — Width of head .7 mm. As in the last stage. The
apex of the leaf is not eaten, the larva still feeding on the parenchyma
in a patch around the anterior edge of its house.

Stage IV. — Head 1 mm. The same. One was observed to
emerge at the posterior end of the house near the petiole.

Stage V. — Head very pale brown, dotted, shining, eye narrowly
black, jaws large, black, width 1.3 mm. Body shining, translucent,

196 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

slightly yellowish tinged with green, principally from the food. Seg¬
ments 4-annulate, the fourth small, three rows of fine but rather long,
colorless setoe on the first three annulets. Thoracic feet rather large,
colorless; abdominal small, on joints 6-1 1, 13, colorless; short, blunt
anal prongs, also colorless. No marks and the head is pale brown.
The larva eats the whole leaf when it emerges, sitting on the edge, the
body curled down a little on one side of the leaf. The larvae will rasp
with their prongs when in the houses if disturbed. At the end of the
stage the larvae enter the ground. Body all pale emerald green, the
head brown. Anal prongs rudimentary, brownish, situated on the edge
of the anal flap.

Found on the small leaved poplar yPopulus tre77iuloides ) at Fort
Lee, N. J. I have also seen the characteristic houses on the poplar
near New York City and at Jefferson, N. H. There is only one brood
a year, the larvae disappearing at the end of May or a little later. The
houses remain on the tree much longer. Cocoons formed on the
ground. The fly corresponds with Mr. Marlatt’s description of the
female ; the male is not like his description.

Pontania pallicornis Norton.

With the habits of P. robusta but living on the willow. The
smooth leaves are closely folded over, the house long on the narrow
leaf, 25 to 40 mm., about one-fourth of the leaf turned over, so that the
outer edge just reaches the midrib. The folded part at the angle where
it is bent is slightly swollen and yellowish, caused by little scattered
patches eaten from the under side.

Egg slits under the lower epidermis half way between the midrib
and margin.

Stage I. — Head brownish, not black, width 2 mm. Body as in the
next stage, small, colorless, whitish. The larva was seen sitting by the
egg slit, no food in the alimentary canal and no marks of eating, yet a
good folded house, the leaf swollen between the veins. This was a
very young leaf.

Stage II. — Head shining blackish brown, nearly black ; eye black ;
width, .3 mm. Body colorless, the food green by transparency.

Stage III. — Head brownish black, paler than before; width .4
mm. Body the same, but the anal end appears black from the con¬
tained frass, intensified by a black subdorsal patch which is now pres¬
ent. Prongs short, blunt, black.

Stage IV. — Head pale, dotted with brown over the vertex, a dark

Dec. 1897.]

Dyar: New Sawflies, and Larvae.

197

brown trilobate patch on the clypeus, eye black; width .6 mm. Seg¬
ments indistinctly annulate, rather coarsely two-ridged, showing on the
subventral outline; on thorax only simply ridged; tubercles concolor-
ous, setae fine and pale. Subdorsal anal black patches preceded by a
narrow transverse band ; anal point black ; body greenish.

Stage V. — Head pale brown, darker on the clypeus, eye black;
width 1.2 mm. Thoracic feet rather large, colorless, abdominal ones
moderate on joints 6-1 1, 13. Body transparent, green from food and
slightly so from blood. Anal flap distinct ; rounded, marked with a
deep black subdorsal patch on each side. Points rudimentary, dark ;
tracheae evident, d he larva comes out the apex of the house and eats
the whole leaf. Single brooded ; the larvae can be found till the mid¬
dle of June. (Cocoons formed on the ground.) On the willow at Van
Cortlandt Park, N. Y.

Pontania gracilis Marlatt.

Galls on the willow at Van Cortlandt Park, N. Y. City and also

sent me by Dr. Lintner in numbers from Gouveneur, N. Y., on Salix
petiolata.

Gall as described by Marlatt (U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Ent., Tech.
Ser. 3, p. 39), but not quite so large. Nearly spherical or a little
elongated in the direction of the leaf, nearly evenly divided by the leaf,
projecting half its width beyond the edge ; single or rarely two on a
leaf, situated near the petiole to one side of the midrib. Smooth,
green, a few corky dots, very little red blush if any. Size 7 to 10 mm.
in diameter. The shell is thin, containing a large hollow.

Siage III. — Head .5 mm., lower half white, vertex above black,
eye smoky blackish, jaws brown. Body opaquish white, rather densely
finely pilose; thoracic feet quite large, abdominal ones on joint 6 to n
and 13, small. Anal end obliquely sloping, dusky shaded dorsally on

joint 13. No prongs. The larva can move the body violently up and
down.

Stage IV. — Head paler, dotted above; width .7 mm. Anal end
round pointed from dorsal view with a few tiny dark specks. Body all
opaquish white.

Stage V. — Head pale brown, sometimes with a blackish shade in
clypeus and up from eye, eye black ; width .85 to 1 mm. Body whitish
colorless, segments 3 -annulate with slightly watery shiny tubercles on
each, not distinctly pilose, the setae fine. A single, small, pointed,
blackish minute tip to anal plate. The anal end is round pointed with
a few dusky dots above.

198 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. v.

When the galls are withered the larvae emerge, colored uniformly
whitish ash gray, and bore in soft wood to form their rather frail
cocoons. There is but one brood in the year.

Pontania hyalina Norton .

Gall. — Mr. Marlatt gives a figure and description of the mature gall
(Tech. ser. 3, U. S. Dept. Agr., PL Fig. 2, p. 37) in a place where
the galls were numerous. As the eggs are laid only in the very young
leaves and the species is polygoneutic, this necessarily happens in the
case of the later broods, where only the few growing shoots are availa¬
ble for oviposition. Earlier in the season the galls are more scattered,
usually but one on a leaf, generally remote from the petiole, but some¬
times near or adjoining it. Situated between the midrib and the mar¬
gin, rarely reaching the edge, never exceeding it. .When the young
leaf is just unrolled and still reddish, the egg is deposited by an ellipti¬
cal cut below the epidermis on the under side, an inconspicuous punc¬
ture. As the leaf grows, the egg area enlarges by natural growth of the
leaf, becoming also slightly thickened and surrounded by a bright crim¬
son ring. This red ring later thickens faster than the central portion,
producing the irregular shape of the mature gall. This is elliptical with
irregular surface, especially below, evenly divided by the leaf, usually
green or pinkish below, reddish or even brown and withered above,
often black spotted; 8x5x6 mm. Some are very irregular below,
grooved on one or both sides where crossed by the veinlets, thick, suc¬
culent and watery rather than fleshy, cavity small, elliptical, green in¬
side. At maturity they are hollowed to a shell. The full grown larva
eats a hole in the gall and escapes, leaving the empty gall on the tree
where it may become the hiding place for other insects. A larva of
Ichthyura was found in one. The galls are found on the trees at all
stages at once, there being no regularity in the succession of broods.
There appear to be five larval stages.

■Egg. — Irregularly elliptical, smaller at one end, shining translu¬
cent white; .6x.2 mm. Found in a gall which had attained the size
of 4.5 x 2 mm. and consisted of an annular swelling with a central hole
extending through the leaf. The egg was at one one side of the hole.

Stage II. — Head round, shining, dusky blackish ; width .35 mm.
Body uniform bright emerald green, segments 3-annulate, minutely set-
iferous ; anal end slightly tapering, rounded. Thoracic feet large, ab¬
dominal ones very small, rudimentary, present on joints 6 to n ; all
emerald green like the body.

Dec. 1897 ]

Dyar : New Sawfltes, and Larvae.

199

Stage V.— Head leaden blackish, sutures of clypeus broadly pale,
eye black; width .95 mm. Body yellowish green, darker from the
shade of the alimentary canal, ill-defined wrinkly 3-annulate, minutely
setiferous, no distinct tubercles. Anal end bluntly rounded, brown
dotted above. . Feet moderate, on joints 6 to n ; tracheal line evident.

At maturity the larva eats a hole in the gall, through which it
pushes out the frass for some time before it is ready to leave the gall.

Sometimes more than one hole is eaten or even an adjoining part of the
leaf.

Cocoon. — Oval, brown, dense and opaque, sometimes formed be¬
tween leaves on the tree or in a deserted gall.

Found on a large smooth-leaved willow tree at Bellport, Lono-
Island.

St rongy Iogaster abnormis Provancher.

Larvae found on knot weed (. Polygonum l apathifo linin') in New York
City differed from those which I have previously recorded on Rumex
(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 31 1), as follows: Head whitish with a
gray patch before the apex of each lobe ; a brown patch in clypeus;
a very slight bloom. Subventral folds slightly angulated and with the
white points suggesting somewhat the appearance of S. pinguis , espe¬
cially as the larvae when occasionally sitting on the upper surface of

the leaf may be somewhat sinuate. Anal segment green, concolorous
with the rest.

Strongylogaster pinguis Norton.

Under the upper epidermis in an irregularly elliptical area
1.7 x 1.4 mm., transparent, overlaid by the reticulations of the epider¬
mal cells. Before hatching the larva swells up somewhat and a ring of
air forms around it, appearing like a white margin.

The newly hatched larva has a width of head of about .3 mm., con¬
firming my former observations, which I had doubted (Trans. Am. Ent.
jSoc., XXII, 308) and showing that there are probably seven stages in¬
stead of six. My descriptions, then, refer to stages I, II, IV-VII.

Found on black oak at Bellport, Long Island.

Acordulecera dorsalis Say.

The larvae recorded in Can. Ent. XXVII, 340 as “ 6U ” on hick-
ory, proved to be not different from this species when raised to maturity.

A. number were found at Fort Lee, N. J., on pig nut hickory. I have
ilso seen others in which the head was partly black and partly pale.
The food plant was not the cause of the difference in color of the heads,
is I have seen the black form also on the oak.

.

200

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. v.

Lophyrus fabricii Leach.

Gregarius on pitch pine (. Pinus rigida) at Bellport, Long Island,
N. Y.

Stage before last. — Head blackish brown, shiny ; width 1.5 mm.
Body greenish white, a little shining, immaculate except for a faint,
double, dusky suranal cloud; segments 6-annulate with minute points
on the first, second and fourth. Thoracic feet black ; abdominal ones
present on joints 6 to 13.

Last stage. — Head round, higher than wide, smooth, shining
brown-black ; eye blacker ; width 2 mm. Body slightly greenish,
white, opaque. A broad, regular, sub-dorsal gray shade line on joints
2-13, rarely a narrow fainter dorsal one. A row of square black spots
above the stigmatal line resting on the tracheae, broken and partially
disconnected by the annulets, one spot on a segment, covering annulets
2 and 4 on joints 3-1 2 ; a large, geminate, sooty black suranal patch.
Subventral region white without marks. Thoracic feet black, except at
the joints ; abdominal on joints 6-13. Rarely the subdorsal shade is
faint. The lateral spots vary somewhat, those on the thorax the small¬
est. Segments 6-annulate, 1st, 2d and 4th with a transverse row of
minute black points.

When disturbed the whole brood will elevate the thoracic parts
simultaneously.

Ultimate stage. — Head sordid whitish, shaded with black on the
vertex, eye black. Body dull grayish, subventer waxy yellowish, a
double dorsal, a broad lateral inky black, smoky band, cut by the in¬
cisures. Thoracic feet faintly blackish, banded. Anal flap broadly
inky.

Cocoon. — Elliptical, dense but thin, light brown, single.

Eleven females bred from a single brood of iarvte, vary in the num¬
ber of joints of antennae. Seven have 16 joints, three 17 and one is
intermediate, being very indistinctly 17-jointed. The specimens corre¬
spond with the description of L. pini-rigidce Norton, which I consider
a synonym of fabricii.

Eriocampa juglandis Fitch.

Head large, full at the vertex, nearly colorless, shining, a little
yellowish, covered with a thick white bloom ; eye black, mouth brown.
Body appears dark, greenish or blackish gray, but when denuded of
wool it is colorless, though darkly shaded from the contents of the
alimentary canal ; coarsely and deeply 6-annulate. The subventral

Dec. 1897 ]

Webster : Notes on Coleoptera.

201

fold has some mealy bloom ; dorsum covered with long tufts of white
down which is secreted slowly after each molt, in long, flattened masses,
two dorsal, two subdorsal, three lateral, the posterior one lower ■ sub¬
dorsal tufts longer than the unpaired dorsal ones. The wool may be¬
come 5 mm. long and curls a little. Three stages observed with widths
of head i.t, 1.5 and 2.1 mm.

Ultimate Stage. — Head 2.1 mm. Perfectly smooth, uniform
opaque yellowish white, head shining and a shade darker, eye black.
Segments indistinctly transversely wrinkled. Body robust, thick, as
high as wide ; thorax very slightly enlarged.

Food-Plant. — Butternut. Found at Greenwood Lake, N. J.

Dr. Packard has confounded this species with Monophadnus caryce
Norton (5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., 339). Fitch’s butternut larvae,
on being bred, prove to belong to Eriocampa , and moreover they differ
from the hickory larvae of Norton in being blackish, while the latter
are described as greenish beneath the wool.

NOTES ON VARIOUS SPECIES OF COLEOPTERA.

PLATE X.

By F. W. Webster.

It has always appeared to me as a good plan to record the little,
detached observations that are made by almost every observing ento¬
mologist. Taken individually, these are very often almost devoid of
scientific value, but we all of us know how much light some point, of
itself unimportant, will throw upon the problem of a life history, when
we attempt to work this out, or construct it from the known facts at our
disposal. It is as if a huge piece of chinaware were to be dashed into
an infinite number of fragments, and these scattered broadcast over the
land, and the attempt then made to bring these fragments together, and
from them construct the piece anew. It would probably occur that
many pieces would have to await the discovery of one, and again, a
piece would fit fairly well into the wrong place, and the error could
only be detected by the right fragment finally turning up and indicating
its proper place.

Some of these notes have been, in the main, recorded elsewhere,
but without illustration ; and it seems to me to be a matter of mutual
benefit to have, somewhere, as accurate illustrations of as many of our
species as possible.

202

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. v.

My two specimens of Odontceus Jilicornis Say, a male and a female,
were taken nearly twenty years ago in a small tract of woods, in
northern Illinois, under a decaying log, and I think in late November.

My only specimen of Tyloderma variegaiwn (Horn) was taken in
early spring, April, I believe, in an ant hill, located in grass land. It
was in hibernation, doubtless, as T. foveolatum Say, breeds in the stems
of the Evening Primrose, CEnothera biennis , and T. fragarice , in the
crown of the Strawberry. My T. variegatum is from Illinois and col¬
lected many years ago.

Lina scripta Fab., has increased in some places and become quite
destructive to young willow and poplar trees, being especially trouble¬
some in nurseries, where such trees are being grown. It has been found
to be a matter of considerable difficulty to manage these insects, espec¬
ially the adults, with insecticides, and hand picking was found expen¬
sive. The present year has witnessed a very material decrease in num¬
bers of not only adults but in a marked degree among the larvae. The
cause of this was pointed out to me by an observing nurseryman, who
was not an entomologist, and who stated that there were several other
bugs that were destroying the young. On examination, I found these
several so called bugs to be the several stages of development of the
Spined Soldier Bug, Podisi/s spinosus Dallas. I have since noticed the
very young larvae of the bug, stationed about an egg cluster of the beetle
and destroying the young as fast as they hatched, and also attacking
much larger larvae while these were feeding on the leaves. This year,
the trouble by the beetle has been so slight as to obviate the necessity of
using preventive and remedial measures against them.

Not unfrequently we have statements to the effect that insect larvae
can be killed by shaking them from the plants, in excessively hot
weather, especially if the plants are growing in sand. As showing the
possibilities in this direction, though I have never had much faith in it,
I will say that during the terribly hot weather which occurred in this
country about the first of August, while walking along the pavement, I
saw an adult Phytonomus pmictatus Fab., attempt to passover a portion
of the pavement composed of thick glass for the purpose of lighting the
room beneath. The beetle had hardly touched the glass before it began
to exhibit signs of distress, and ere it had passed over an inch of the
glassy space it turned frantically about, but before it could escape from
its torture it rolled over and died. The temperature at the time was
above ioo° Fah., on the sunny side of the walls of the buildings, as in¬
dicated by thermometers.

Dec. 1897.]

Webster: Notes on Coleoptera.

203

Our Coccinellidae do not appear to have many Hymenopterous para¬
sites. I have, however, the dried skin of a nearly fullgrown larva of
Coccinella g-?iotata Hbst. , probably, punctured by several round holes,
showing that a parasite had developed within and several individuals
made their escape. Just what the parasite is, aside from its being a
Hymenopter, I cannot conjecture, but the h( les for escape are un¬
mistakable. This was found at Painesville, Ohio, August 5th.

Valgus canaliculatus Fab., Plate X, Fig. 3. This has come to be
a fruit tree pest in southern Ohio, where the adult works very serious
injuries by eating out the fruit buds of the pear and other fruits, in
spring. I can find little regarding this habit in our literature, the
single instance of this injury being recorded in Insect Life, Vol. 1, p.
53, where Mr. W. W. Meech, Vineland, N. J., stated that the adult ate
out the young buds of the quince. The larvae are known to develop in
decaying wood, and my assistant, Mr. Mally, has found the beetles
hibernating under decaying stumps.

Ci ioceris asparagi Linn., is making its way slowly but steadily
west and southwest into Ohio, seemingly spreading more rapidly in
these directions than to the southward. There is hardly a doubt but
that it has made its way through New York, and along the south shore
of Lake Erie, between the lake and the Alleghany Mountains, broaden¬
ing out in its area in northwestern Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio.
It now covers the area laying east of a line drawn from a point located
some distance west of Cleveland, to near the point where Ohio, Penn¬
sylvania and West Virginia corner upon each other, and the Ohio river
ceases to form the boundary line between the two States and passes into
Pennsylvania at this place. Professor A. D. Selby, Botanist of the Ohio
Experiment Station, informs me that an introduced plant, the Golden
Hawk-weed, Hieracium aurantiacum L., a native of the Alpine regions
of Europe, and introduced into this country prior to 1818, without
much doubt, is now apparently spreading over Ohio from western Penn¬
sylvania in almost exactly the same way.

In regard to Oberea bimaculata Oliv., I have only to again call at¬
tention to a point already published, unillustrated,* in regard to the
astonishing amount of excreta evacuated by the larvae during the space
of 24 hours. The adult is shown, slightly magnified, in Plate X, Fig.

1, the larva, also magnified at the left. These larva: burrow out the
center of the twig’ as shown in Plate X, Fig. 2, cutting out round holes

* [nsects of the Year in Ohio, F. M. Webster and C. W. Mally, Bull. 9,
hew Ser., U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Division of Entomology, p. 43.

204 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. v.

through the walls thus left, for the ejectment of the excreta. This ex¬
crement is shown at the right of Fig. i, also enlarged, and falls down
on the outside in more or less broken and detached masses. The larva
is, when nearly full grown, certainly less than an inch in length, and
the amount of these ejectments were so astonishing that I determined to
get some definite idea of the exact amount. We had at the same time
two larvse under observation in the Insectary, one working in apple,
the other in Witch Hazel, Hamamelis virginiana , and the castings of
each were carefully saved during a period of twenty-four hours. In
both cases the weight, 0.05 gram, was the same; and placed end to
end, the detached pieces measured twenty-four and three-eighths inches
in the one case, the other being too much broken to measure correctly,
but probably did not differ materially from the first. This is giving an
amount of evacuation for each hour from 11.00 a. m. to 11.00 a. m.,
the period of time covered by the test, amounting to considerably more
in length per hour than the length of the larva itself.

Cyllene picta Drury, has come to have a fondness for Osage orange,
Maclura aurantiaca , hardly second to that for the Hickory. From a
section of Osage orange fence post, one and one-half feet in length and
four inches in diameter, placed in the insectary, there emerged between
February 4th and April 14th, twenty-seven individual adults, the
greatest number to appear in a single day being four, on February 24th.
The beetle is shown in Fig. 3, Plate X, while the closely allied species,
C. robinitz Forst, which breeds in Robinia pseudacacia L., is shown in
Fig. 4.

To our knowledge of Cryptorhyndius lapathi Gyll., Plate X, Fig.
6, I have little to add, beyond what was given in Journal New York
Entomological Society, Vol. V, p. 30. My specimens survived for a
time, the last one having died the latter part of November. There was
no indication of oviposition, and probably this does not take place until
spring, the insect developing to the adult, largely at least, by September.
The adults kept, fed daily by puncturing the bark of willow with which
they were provided, gouging out the cambium layer. They simply
make a hole the size of the beak, and then by circling about excavate a
circular cavity under the outer bark. In Europe the species attacks
Salix cinerea, S. alba , Populus, Betula , Alnus , and Rumex hydro-
lapathum , from which last it probably derived its specific name.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE X.

Fig. 1. Adult, larva, and excreta of the latter, of Oberea bimaculata Oliv.

Fig. 2. Section of twig burrowed out by O , bimaculata , showing holes in the walls

for ejectment of the excreta of the larva.

N.

Y.

Jour ?i.

Ent.

Soc.

Vo/. V. PI. X.

5

Habits of Coleoptera

LIBRARY
Of THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Dec. 1897.]

Proceedings of the Society.

205

Fig. 3. Cy lien e pic ta Drury. Fig. 5. Valgus canaliculatus Fab.

Fig. 4. Cyllene robinice Forst. Fig. 6. Cryptorhynchus lapathi Gyll.

All figures are slightly enlarged, and drawn Tom nature by Miss Lydia M.
Hart, under supervision.

♦

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGI¬
CAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of April 20, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Vice-President Dr. Love in the chair. Thirteen members present.

The Publication Committee reported that a lecture, by Prof. L. A. Best, had
been given and called attention to the next by Dr. E. G. Love, to be held April 24th.

A vote of thanks was given to Professor Lyman A. Best for his lecture given
before the Society.

Mr. Joutel spoke on the breeding habits of beetles. He stated that each species
always worked in the same way, and that some larvse live only on the sap that they
cause to flow from their wounding the trees and so renders it impossible to raise them
in the breeding box. He exhibited a collection of fifty species mostly Longicorns
bred by him, among which were Callidium antennatuih, four species of Elaphidion ,
Heterachth.es 4-maculatus , Phyton pallidum , Stenosphtnus notatus , Cyllene pictus , X.
colonus , two species of Euderces, Leptura emarginata, L. lineola , Cryptophorus verru¬
cosus, Saperda puncticollis , inoesta , discoidea and obliqua , Elasmocerus terminatus and
I chile a laticollis.

Dr. H. G. Dyar spoke on the morphology of the abdominal legs of the Megalo-
pygidse. He showed that there were two sets of legs of different functions, first, the
ordinary legs with hooks on abdominal segments 3 to 6 and 10, used for prehension,
and second, a series of paired soft pads on segments 2-7 used as sucking disks for ad¬
hering to smooth surfaces. The structuie is peculiar and proves interesting as lead-
ing up to the creeping disks of the Eucleidae where the prehensile legs have dis¬
appeared and the disk is formed by an extension of these short pads.

Mr. R. L. Ditmars read a paper entitled “ Spiders,” in which he gave a short
history of their classification and structure, together with a sketch of their habits and
uses. He called attention to their poison glands and fangs and compared them with
those of the poisonous snakes. He illustrated their webs and explained their mode of
construction.

Meeting of May 4, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Ten members present.

A vote thanks was given to Dr. E. G. Love for his lecture on the “Study of
Insects and their Transformations,” delivered on April 24th.

206

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

Prof. D. S. Martin spoke on insect inclusions in fossil resins. He stated that
many years ago he was an insect collector and collected in what is now the heart of
the city. He said the subject of fossil insects had been well studied in Europe, and
that the resins and insects had been found in many geological epochs. The resins
being an excellent preserving medium, the insects were usually in good condition.

Fossil resins begin to appear in the Cretaceous but insects are not found in them ;
it is only when we come to the Eocene that insects begin to appear in the resins.
1 he resin is a product of Pinus succinefera. He gave a history of the formation and
Us distribution and said that the African resins are of the latest Tertiary or Quaternary,
and are found near the equator, that copal is not so hard as amber, and that Zanzibar
is very rich in insects, but that they have not been well studied. The Zanzibar
gum is found thirty to forty miles from the present beach, and is from a tree called
Tricolobium zanzibariense which still grows in Zanzibar, and as the tree is a beach
lover, it shows that the sea has receded that much.

Fossil resins, he said, are also found at the Magdallen River in South America*

Professor Martin exhibited many specimens, which included beetles, flies, ants,
and bees, some like the Termes (white ants) were like those still found in the West
Indies. After discussion, adjournment.

Meeting of May 18, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Fourteen members present.

The Auditing Committee reported the accounts of the Treasurer as correct.

Dr. G. H. Horn presented four of his recent papers on Coleoptera to the
Society.

Mr. BeWenmuller exhibited a number of hybrid moths, among which were
crosses between Actias luna and selene , P. ceanothi and cecropia , P. gloveri and
cecropia , P. gloveri and Columbia. He also showed the cocoons of the hybrids
w hich partook of the characters of both parents.

Dr. Dyar gave a few notes on his studies of the larvae of sawflies, and called at¬
tention to their large thora ic and small abdominal feet, just the opposite to the Lepi-
doptera. He said they were suhject to dipterous and hymenopterous parasites in the
same proportion as the Lepidoptera but of different species. He also spoke of the
setae and their arrangement, but had not carried his studies to completion.

Mrs. A T. Slosson gave a few notes on her winter collections at Biscayne Bay
and Miami, Florida, and said that the flora and fauna were entirely different to those
of Lake W< rth.

Dr. Prime gave a graphic description of the environs of Miami, Florida, and
mentioned that there was a solid foundation of coral covered by vegetable mould in
the hollows, and that the solid land extends along the coast in a strip about four miles
vide, the bay being on one side and the everglades on the other; insect life is con¬
fined to this narrow strip and to the rows of keys that extend along the coast three to
five miles from the main land. He gave an amusing example of landscape gardening
around the hotel, which was to cut down every tree, shrub and bush to the ground,
leaving a barren clearing surrounded by virgin forests.

Dec. 1897.]

Proceedings of the Society.

20T

Mr. Beutenmuller informed the Society of the sudden death of Mr. Martin L.
Linell.

“Martin Larson Linell was born at Gronby, Sweden, June 24, 1849, and died
suddenly May 3, 1897, of heart failure. He matriculated at the University of Lund,
Sweden, in 1870. His father intended to fit him for the ministry, but he left the Uni¬
versity at the end of his third year for the railway mail service. In 1879 he married
and came to America, being employed first in a chemical laboratory in Brooklyn and
afterwards becoming Curator of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. In i888‘ he
was appointed an aid in the Department of Insects in the United States National
Museum, which position he held at the [time of his death. He was an invaluable
museum worker, and during his] nine years in Washington he worked over and ar¬
ranged a very large share of the collection, and had recently began describing all of
the new coleoptera. ” A bibliography of his published wiitings will be printed in the
Entomological News.

Meeting of June 21, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Ten members present.

The advisability of holding a field meeting on July 4th was discussed and left
in the hands of the field committee for action.

Mr. Palm exhibited a number of moths from Arizona, amongst which was an un¬
identified cossid.

Mr. Munch showed a specimen of Purpuricenus humeralis var axillaris which
he had bred.

Meeting of October 5, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural Plistory.

Vice-President Dr. Love in the chair. Eleven members present.

Mr. Beyer proposed for membership Mr. Charles Nushardt.

Mr. Joutel reported on the donations of insects for the auction sale by Mrs. Slos-
son, Messrs. Love, Seifert, Palm, Shoemaker, Ottolengui, Dyar, Cockerell, Doll,
Miinch, Joutel and Beutenmuller. A vote of thanks was given to all for their gen¬
erous donations.

Prof. Cockerell communicated a note on the three species of Xewglossa , found
in New Mexico. He stated that these bees are commonly found in his locality and
visit the flowers of Cucurbita , and that they are almost confined to this genus of
flowers. X. strenua is described by him as X. cucurbitarum , but Mr. Fox stated
that it agrees with Cresson’s Melissodes strenua. It is, however, a true Xenoglossa.

Dr. Dyar spoke on the Pyromorphidm found in New York, The family is a
small one, allied to the Zygaenidae of Europe and more remotely to the Eucleidae.
There are three species in New \ ork, Harrisina ainericana , Acoloithus falsarius and
Pvromotpha dimidiata. The larva of the first is familiar, yet it needs fuither re¬
search, as there are two forms which may be different species. One form, described
by Harris, is yellow with black warts ; the other is banded with purple and has a
white lateral line. The latter has not been bred recently. Harrisina is gregarious
and feeds on the leaves of grape and woodbine. The larva supposed to be Acoloithus

208

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. V.

is solitary, and feeds on grape, but rests on the withered portion of the leaf, with
which its brown color harmonizes. A specimen of the larva of this species was shown.
The larva of Pyromorpha , previously unknown, was discovered and bred last season.
It is brown and feeds on dead leaves on the ground. The larvm were bred on oak
leaves, and some inflated specimens were shown.

Mr Beutenmuller said that he has found Harrisina americana on the leaves of
Judas tree ( Cercis canadensis') in Central Park, and found Pyromorpha dimidiata at
Parkville, Long Island, amongst grass at the border of a dense woods, and that the
insect was very local, being confined to only a short stretch of grass. The flight is
short and soft, thus rendering it easy to capture.

Rev. Zabriskie showed Phengodes plumosa from Flatbush, Long Island, and
Phellopsis obcordata from White Lake, N. Y., and also a borer, unknown to him,

% t

in the stems of currant.

Mr. Munch exhibited some beetles taken by him during the past season. Ad¬
journment.

Meeting of October 16, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Vice-President Dr. Love in the chair. Twelve members present.

Mr. Charles Nushardt was elected an active member. Mr. Beutenmuller pro¬
posed Mr. C. F. Hartman for active membership.

Mr. Beutenmuller gave some notes on the genus Anthocharis. He stated that
this name had to be dropped in preference to the name Euchloe. This last name was
proposed by Hiibner (Verzeich. bek. Schmett. , 1816) and the former by Boisduval
(Spec. Gen., I, 1836, p. 556). He further stated that we had too many species in our
list and that in long series of sara and the var. reakirtii which run from white to yel¬
low, Stella and julia could not be picked out. Thoosa Scudder is probably the same
as reakirtii 9 and the specimens in the Neumoegen collection from which descriptions
were made by W. H. Edwards (Can. Ent. , xi, p. 87) were without doubt the same
as reakirtii , but the type in Scudder’ s collection must be examined to definitely settle
this question. Flora , he thought -was a small reakirtii , and atisonides certainly noth¬
ing more than a race of the European ausonia. Strecker so places the species in
his catalogue. By antis is suspiciously close to ansonides and may prove to be the
summer brood. All the specimens of ansonides in the Hy. Edwards’ collection were
taken from March to May and all the hyantis in July. Rosa is without much doubt
a variety of olympia. A. creusa, cethura , pima , lanceolaia and genutia are good
species. A. morrisonii was not known to him.

It is our painful duty to herewith announce the death of Dr. George H. Horn,
the well known and eminent coleopterist. He died at Philadelphia, Pa., November
25, 1897, in his fifty-eighth year of age.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vot. V. PL XI.

Eudaemonia brachyura.

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Journ. N. Y. E/it. Soc.

Vo L V. PL XII.

Eudaemonia argiphontes.

LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Index to Volume V.

Acoloithus falsarius, larva

of, 207

Acordulecera dorsalis,

larva of, 199

Acrosemia ochrolaria, sp.

nov., 163

Actias luna, 43

Adoneta spinuloides, life-
history of 5

^schna clepsydra, 93

constricta, 89, 93

pentacantha, 95

var. verticalis, 93

Agapetidae, 15 1

Agliidae, classification
of, 44, 47, 15 1

Agrilus couesii, habits of, 150
Aleurodes aureocincta,

sp. nov. , 42

ruborum, sp. nov., 96

Allograpta obliqua, , 41

Amauronematus azalia,

larva of, 27

dyari, note on, 27

oregonensis, larva of, 26
similis, larva of, 27

Amphiagrion saucium, 88
Anax junius, 89, 93

Andrena vicina, larva of, 82
Anisota stigma, 100

Anomalagrion hastatum, 89
Anthocharis, species of, 208
Anthonomus brevirostris,
sp. nov., 50

testaceosquamosus, sp.
nov., 50

xanthoxyli, sp. nov. , 49

Anthaxia aeneogaster, 150
Anthrax sinuosa, larva of, 113
Apis mellifica, larva of, 120
Aplodes fringillata, sp.

nov., 161

Apoda biguttata, life his¬
tory of, 167

Arctia arge, 98

Arctian, young larvae of, 130
Argia putrida, 88, 92

violacea, 88, 92

Aspidiotus, food habits

of, j 85, 186

Asterolecanium pustulans, 181
Ataenius inops, note on, 150
Attacinae, classification of, 47

Aulocaspis boisduvalii, 188

rosae, 188

Automerinae, classifica¬
tion of, 47

Azelina jonesaria, sp.

nov., 162

paranaria, sp. nov., 162

Baccha aurinota, 41

clavata, 172

fuscipennis, 41

lugens, 41

tropicalis, sp. nov., 172

Banks, N. , articles by, 33, 40
Bembidium, synopsis of, 133
Beutenmuller, W. , arti¬
cles by, 17, 34, 36, 133
Boarmia aztecaria, sp.

nov., 165

cariaria, sp. nov., 164
dukinfieldia, sp. nov., 164
franckia, sp. nov., 165
luciaria, sp. nov., 165
nebularia, sp. nov., 166
orizabaria, sp. nov., 164
sapulena, sp. nov., 165
Bombus fervidus, larva

and habits of, 115

separatus, larva, pupa
and habits of 116

vagans, larva and pupa
of, 1 18

Boyeria vinosa, 89, 93

Brachyogmus ornatus, sp.

nov., et. gen., 51

Butterflies, classification
of, 151

Calopteryx maculata, 88, 92

Calligrapha serpentina, 149

Callosamia angulifera, 43

Calybia, synopsis of, 121

slossoniae, life history
of, 1 21

Calvert, P. P. , articles

by, 91, 150

Camponiscus americana,
larva of, 23

Capulinia sallei, 179

Catapastus albonotalus,

sp. nov., 56

signatipennis, 55

Catocala elda, 17

Celithemis eponina, 94

Ceratina dupla, larva of, 112
Ceroplaster, food-habits
of, 182, 183

Chapman, T. A., article
by, 127

Chionaspis, food-habits of, 189

Chelymorpha argus, 1 50

Chrysogaster nigripes, 41

nitida, 41

Chrysomela tortuosa, 149

Citheroniinae, classifica¬
tion of, 47

Clisiocampa distria, 100

Coccus, food-habits of, 179

Coccidae, food-habits of, 178

Coccinella 9-notata, 203

Cockerell, T. D. A.,

articles by, 42, 96, 149
Colaspis tristis, 150

Coleoptera, N. E. Am.,

36, 133

Conchaspis agraeci var.

hibisci, 179

newsteadii, 180

Comostola pallidaria,

sp. nov., 161

Coptocycla clavata, 150

Cordulegaster erroneus, 95

Cosmosoma auge, larva
of, 132

Crioceris asparagi, 203

Cryptorhynchus lapathi,

30, 204

Ctenucha virginica,

larva of, 133

Curculionidae, sp. nov., 49

Cyclocephala immaculata,l50
Cyllene picta, 204

robiniae, 204

Cynorhina analis, 41

Dactylopius, food-habits of,

180, 181

Davis, W. T. , article by, 42
Diabrotica soror, larval
stages of,

15

210

Index.

Diaspis cacti, var. opuntia,

188

persimilis, 188

Diplax corrupta, 91, 95

costifera, 91, 94

obtrusa, 91, 95

rubicundula, 90, 94

var. assimilata, 95

vicina, 91, 94

Diptera, notes on, 171

Doane, R. W., article by,

15

Doryphora, 10-lineata, 149
Dragonflies, Buffalo, 87
Dromogomphus spinosus, 93
Dyar, H. G., articles by,

1 » 18, 48, 57, 66, 96, 98
121, 129, 130, 160, 167,
190.

Dynastes grantii, 98

Ecpantheria denudata, 100
scribonia, 100

Enallagma, carunculatum,

88, 92

civile, 92

ebrium, 92

exulans, 88, 92

fischeri, 94

hageni, 88, 92

mainensis, 95

signatum, 88, 92

Episeschna heros, 89, 93

Epicordulia princeps, 89, 93

Epione cinerae, sp. nov. , 163
Eristalis, species of, 41, 174

Eriocampa juglandis,

larva of, 200

dubius, 180

Erythromma conditum, 88, 92
Euchloe, species of, 208

Euclea delphinii, life-

history of, 57

indetermina, life-history
of, 10

Eucleidoe, 98, 102, 121

Eupoeya slossonise, 100

Everyx versicolor, 98

Fossil insects, note on, 206
Geometridae, new species
of, 161

Gluphisia severa, note on
larva, 96

Gomphus adelphus, 93

amnicola, 95

brevis, 93

descriptus, 95

fraternus, 89, 93

plagiatus, 95

spicatus, 89, 93

villosipes, 89, 93

Grote, A. R., articles by,

3L 44, I51

Halictus ligatus, larva of,

80

parallelus, larva of, 80
Halisidota caryae, larva of,

132

maculata, larva of, 132
Harpiphorus maculatus,
var. coryli, larva of, 194
tarsalis, life-history of, 21
varians, larva of, 22

versicolor, life-history of, 22
Harrisina americana,

larva of, 207

Hayward, R., article by,

J33

Heliophilus conostomus, 41
Hemichroa laricis, larva
of, 28

Hemileucinae, 47

Hesperiadse, classi¬
fication of, 152

Hetserina americana, 92
Howardia biclavis, 189

Hylotoma scapularis,

larva of, 18

Hymenoptera, trans¬
formations of, 77, 109
Hyphantria cunea,

larva of, 132

Hypnochlora olvidaria,
sp. nov., 161

Icerya, food-habits of, 179
Ischnura verticalis, 88, 92
Jurina apicifera, 177

Lagoa pyxidifera, larva
of, 1 60

Lecanium, food-habits

of Mexican, 183, 184
Lecaniodiaspes radiatus, 181
Lecanopsis dugesii, 185
Lepidoptera, classica-

tion of, 15 1

Lestes, list of N. Y., 88, 92
inaequalis, 150

Leucorhinia intacta, 90, 94
Leucophobetron, synop¬
sis of species, 122

Libellula, list of

N. Y., 90, 94

Libytheidae, 151

Lichtensia lutea, 182

Limenitis disippus, 100

Ursula, 100

Limnadidae, 15 1

Lina scripta, 202

Linell, M. L. , article by 49
Llaveia axinus, 178

var. dorsalis, 179

Lophyrus fabricii, larva
of, 200

Lycoenidae, 15 1

MacGillivray, A. T. ,

article by, 104

Macromia illinoiensis, 89, 95
Macrophya bilineata,

larva of, 19

mixta, larva of, 19

trisyllaba, larva of, 192

Mallota cimbiciformis, 41

posticata, 41

Megachile centuncularis,
larva and pupa of, 1 09

Megalopygidae, on larvae
of, 205

Megathymidae, 152

Melanostomum mellinum, 41
obscurum, 41

Melissodes strenua, 207

Melitaea chalcedon, 100

Melittia satyriniformis, 34

Mesograpta marginata, 41

Mesothemis simplicicollis,

9L 94

Micrathyria berenice, 94
Mogerus caryicolus, sp.

nov. et larva, 193

Mytilaspis, food-habits
of Mexican, 188, 189

Nadata gibbosa, 100

doubledayii, 100

Nemora masonaria, sp.

nov., 161

Nemeobiidae, 151

Neoascia globosa, 41

Nomoda imbricata, larva
and pupa, 83, 85

Noropsis elegans, 31

Nymphalidae, 15 1

Oberea bimaculata, 203

Ocyptera euchenor, 176

Odonata, N. Y. species, 91
Odontaeus filicornis, 201

Oeta floridana, larva and
pupa of, 48, 127

Oligoloclius longipennis,
sp. nov., 54

robustus, sp. nov.,’ 53

Onychobaris rufa, sp. nov.,

53

Ophiogomphus rupinsulen-
sis, 93

Orthezia insignis, 181

Otidocephalus vittatus, 150

Parasa chloris, life-his¬
tory of, 61

Paragus angustifrons, 41

tibialis, 41

Pachybaris xanthoxyli,
sp. nov., . ^ 53

Pachynematus affinis,
larva of, 28

gregarius, life-history
of, 29

pubescens, larva of, 29

Pachydiplax longipen-

nis, 91, 94

Packard, A. S., articles
by, _ 77, 109

Papilio bairdii, 100

brevicauda, 100

cresphontes, 100

oregonia, 1 00

thoas, 100

Papilionidce, 15 1

Parlatoria pergandei, 188

Parnassidae, 15 1

Pieridae, 1 5 1

Plathemis trimaculata, 90, 94
Platychirus hyperboreus, 41

quadratus, 41

Platysamia cecropia, 43

Polistes canadensis, larva
and pupa of, 77

Pontana gracilis, larval
stages of, 197

hyaline, life-history of, 198

pallicornis, life-history
of, 1 96

populi, life-history of, 24

robusta, life-history of, 195

terminalis, life-history
of, 24

Pseudoparlatoria parlato-
rioides, 188

Pterallastes thoracicus, 41

Pteromus dyari, 25

hyalinus, 25

lombardae, 25

ostryae, larva of, 26

populi, life-history of, 26

Protective mimi cry, 6 7

Proc. N. Y. Ent.

s°c., 97, 205

Phenacoccus lielianthi, 180

yuccae, 180

Phyllotreta armoraciae, 101

Phytonomus punctatus, 202

Pyromorphidae, note on
larva of, 207

Index.

Racheospila arpata, sp.

nov., 161

Rhingia nascia, 41

Riodinidae, 15 1

Saturniidae, classification

of, 44

Saturninae, classification
of, 47

Saturnians, note on, 66

Sawflies, larvae of, 18

Schaus, W., article by, 161

Schizocerus prunivorus,

life-history of, 23

Semiothisa masonata, sp.
nov., 163

paranaria, sp. nov. , 163

Simulium tamaulipense,
sp. nov., 171

Siobla excavata, life-his¬
tory of, 190

Sisyrosea textula, 101

Slug caterpillars, 57, 167
Smynthurus clavatus, sp.
nov., . 33

macgillivrayii, sp. nov. 34

Somatochlora decora, 41

linearis, 90, 95

tenebrosa, 90, 93

walshii, 95

Sphaerophoria cylindrica, 41
Sphegina lobata, 47

Spilosoma antigone,

larva of, 131

virginica, larva of, 13 1

Sphingides, 47

Statira opacicollis, 150

Stenobaris avicenniae, sp.

nov. etgen., 52

Strongylogaster abnormis,
larva of, 199

pinguis, larva of, 199

Syrphidae, list of, 40

Syrphus americanus, 41

arcuatus, 41

ribesii, 41

Syritta pilieus, 41

Tachardia larreae, 182

mexicana, 182

Tachyphyle janeira,

sp. nov., 162

Tachys, N. E. Am., 36

Taxonus albodopictus,

larva of, 20

dubitatus, larva of, 20

Telea polyphemus, 42

Tenthredo basilaris, 103

bilinearis, 103

capitalis, sp. nov., 108

211

dubitatus, sp. nov., 103

frigidus, sp. nov., 106

hyalinus, sp. nov., 108

lateralbus, sp. nov., 108

linipes, sp. nov., 104

magnatus, sp. nov., 107

magnificus, sp. nov. , 105

messica, sp. nov., 107

nigritibialis, sp. nov., 107

novus, sp. nov., 106

obliquatus, sp. nov., 105

peratra, var. nov., 192

pallicolus, sp. nov., 106

pallipectis, sp. nov., 106

perplexus, sp. nov., 105

redemaculatus, sp. nov. ,

103

remota, larva of, 19

secundus, sp. nov., 105

simulatus, sp. nov., 105

stigmatus, sp. nov., 108

ventricus, 108

Tetragon euri a cy nosura,

89, 93

semiaquea, 89, 93

spinigera, 90, 95

Tortricidia fasciola, life-
history of, 1

Townsend, C. H. C.,

articles by, 1 71, 178

Tramea Carolina, 94

lacerata, 90, 94

Trichiosma crassum,

larva of, 18

Trichobaris compacta, 150

Triodonta curvipes, 41

Tropidia quadrata, 41

Tyloderma foveolatum, 202

variegatum, 202

Van Duzee, E. P. ,

article by, 87

Valgus canaliculatus, 203

Vanessa antiopa, 100

Vespa arenaria, larva of, 80

Volucella esuriens, var.

mexicana, 174

Webster, F. M., articles
by, 31,67,201

Xantogramma flavipes, 41

Xenoglossa strenua, 207

Xylocopa virginica,

larva of, 113

Xylocleptes cucurbitee, 150

Zodion albonotatum,

sp. nov., 175

Zygobaris coelestina,

sp. nov., 55

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS

JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Beboteti to ISntomoloQp tn General.

Volume VI, 1898.

Edited by Wm. Beutenmuller.

NEW YORK.

Published by the Society,
Quarterly.

1898.

Press of

The New Era Printing Company
Lancaster, Pa.

Contents of Volume VI.

ucer, Carl F.,

Notes on Siphonaptera, with Descriptions of Four New Species, 53
vnks, Nathan,

Some Mexican Phalangida, . . . . . # jgj

tutenmuller, William,

Note on the Nest of Vespa Crabro,
Three New Species of Sesiidse,

vsey, Thos. L.,

Studies in the Ptinidae, Cioidae and Sphindidae of America, . 61

3QUILLETT, D. W. ,

Notes and Descriptions of Oscinidae,

On the Dipterous Family Scatophagidae,

A New Dipterous Genus belonging to the Therevidae,
Descriptions of Some Lepidopterous Larvae,

44

160

187

249

4vis, Wm. T.,

Preliminary List of the Dragonflies of Staten Island, with Notes

and Dates of Capture, . . . . . . 193

^ar, Harrison G.,

The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars, XIV

— XVII, ...... i, 94, 151, 241

New American Moths and Synonymical Notes, . . -33

On the Larvae of Certain Nematinae and Blennocampinae, with
Descriptions of New Species, . . . . . 1 2 1

Descriptions of Larvae of Hemileucids from the Argentine

Republic, . 150

Life-History of Calybia Slossoniae, . . . . . 158

Notes on Certain South American Cochlidiidae and Allied

Families, . . . 231

IV

Contents.

Grotf., A. R.,

An Attempt to Classify the Holarctic Lepidoptera, from the
Specialization of the Wings, II,

Reply to Dr. Dyar’s Note, ......(

Holland, W. J.,

Notes on Lepidoptera, ....... '

Kunze, Richard E.,

Life-History of the Two Forms of Cerura Nivea, . . . i<

Motter, Murray Galt,

A Contribution to the Study of the Fauna of the Grave. — A Study
of One Hundred and Fifty Disinterments with Some Addi¬
tional Observations, ....... 2<

Schaus, William,

New Species of Noctuidae from Tropical America, . . ic

New Species of Heterocera from Tropical America, . . i;

Seifert, Otto,

Life-History of Feralia Jocosa, . . . . . . i<

Smith, John B.,

Notes on Species of Noctua, with Descriptions of New Forms, <
Townsend, C. H. T.,

Diptera from the Lower Rio Grande or Tamaulipan Fauna of
Texas, II, ^

Townsend, C. H. T., and Cockerell, T. D. A.,

Coccidse Collected in Mexico by Messrs. Townsend and Koebele
in 1897, ......... if

Webster, F. M.,

Notes and Development of Drasteria Erechtea, ... 2

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society,

i99> 2f

OF THE

JQffo 39orfe 6|nforaoIogirflI Koriffg.

Vol. VI. MARCH, 1898. No. 1.

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK
SLUG CATERPILLARS— XIII-XIV.

PLATE I, FIGS. I — 1 2.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Ph.D.

Packard ia geminata Packard.

1864 — Cyrtosia geminata Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 343.

1864— Cyrtosia albipunctata Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 344.

1865— Cyrtosia ocellata Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. IV, 322.

1866 —Packardia geminata Grote & Robinson, Ann. Lyc. N. H. N. Y VIII
373- ‘ ’ ’ *

1880 — Fackaraia goodellii Grote, Can. Ent. XII, 242.

J^94 — Packardia geminata, albipunctata Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soc. II, 109.

Larva.

^i— Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 157.

1891 — Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIII, 277.

1893— Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 107. (as “ Larva of Hetero-
genea ( 7 ortricidia ? ) ”)

1894— Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 222.

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space moderately broad, flat, narrowing to both extremities,
arched; lateral space broad, oblique, narrowing to the ends; subven-
tral space two-thirds as wide as the lateral one, distinct, only slightly
retreating, suddenly narrowed in front, tapering behind. Ridges
tubercular and setiferous till the last molt, then smooth ; subdorsal
ridge obsolete, indicated by the rounded angular change in direction
between back and sides; lateral ridge slight, dividing the lateral and
subventral spaces, subtubercular even in the last stage. Sette at last
rudimentary ; in stage I with the structure and arrangement of Apoda
y-inversa except that the subdorsal spines have the short branch very

2

Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. vi.

rudimentary and the third spine of joint 2 is lacking. Body elongated,
sides subparallel, rounded toward the anterior end, joint 13 produced
into a slender pointed tail. Skin covered with large, irregular, conic
not contiguous, clear granules. Depressed spaces (1) to (8) present,
small, ill defined, but devoid of the coarse granules. Color very
whitish green, opaque; a white line along the subdorsal ridge with
upper dark green, clear border. The centers of the depressed spaces are
also whitish, but obscured in the general white shading; (1) and (4)
have green centers, but not contrasting. A fainter white line along
lateral ridge and subventral edge. The larva is whiter than the backs
of the leaves on which it rests, a condition necessary to offset the dark
shade which its thickness produces when looked at from beneath. The
larva stands about on the same level as A. y-inversa in degree of speciali¬
zation, exceeding it in the presence of the tail-like modification and
slightly more reduced sette of stage I, but falling behind in coloration.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

This species belongs to the group of which Apoda biguttata is typical,
the palaearctic smooth Eucleids. It departs a little from this type as
noted above, but not in important characters. Its nearest ally is the
other species of the genus, P. elegans. The moths emerge unusually
early in the season, at the same time as Tortricidia testacea , at or be¬
fore the middle of June. The females rest quietly and do not fly at
all till after pairing, even though several nights intervene.* Normally
emergence from the pupa takes place during the day, the moths pair
the subsequent night and the eggs are deposited in the next night.
Flight of the males begins rather late at night, not till after 9:30
P. M. The eggs are deposited singly on the under side of the
leaves. The larvae frequent dry woods and bushes on the edges of
fields. They do not inhabit damp or dark locations. Very often the
larvae are found on low small plants only a few inches from the ground,
and they are never high feeders. Larvae occurred not uncommonly at
Bellport, Long Island, in a dry pine and oak woods on small wild cherry
bushes which had about six leaves apiece and did not exceed a foot in
height.

* Most 9 Eucleids fly on the second night after emergence, and if not mated
the previous night, refuse the g entirely. Phobetron and Calybia are an exception,
for they will mate after an infertile flight, but in this case the eggs are without
vitality, most only proceeding to the first embryonic stages, and those that do hatch
never live to mature.

March, 1898.] DYAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 3

This species has a northern range. I obtained it at Jefferson High¬
lands, N. H., in the White Mountains, where only a few species of
Eucleidae are found. Its southern limit is not known, though it occurs
throughout New York. It is one of our rarer species, yet locally fairly
common.

There are six or seven stages. The former number is here described.
When seven stages occur, the extra one is interpolated after stage V.
It resembles stage V closely, the white depressed spaces being a little
more distinct, setae large. The larva under observation fell behind in
length from the measurements given more and more in each stage, but
attained the same final size, owing to the extra stage. The young larva
possesses distinct urticating power, in spite of the absence of stinging
spines. The sharp setae, though not converted into true spines, proba¬
bly function similarly.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

I have given the characters of the mature larva several times. I sup¬
pose Dr. Packard’s brief description of an unidentified form to have
been taken from this species, although the description is scarcely deter¬
minate. It could hardly be anything else, however.

In the present descriptions I have gone a little beyond my brief in
including in the synomymy the dark forms albipunctata , goodellii and
ccellata. Nothing but the pale form geminata was bred from these larvae,
so that there is a possibility of another species.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg . — Rather narrowly elliptical, flat as usual, translucent white on
glass, shining like a wet spot on the back of the leaf ; I-3X.7X-1 mm.
Reticulations rather distict all over the egg, but much rounded, like cir¬
cular shallow pits, varying a little in size. They hatch in 14 days.

Stage /. — Rounded, thick, tail rounded ; spaces all of moderate
width, the subventral one small. Color translucent whitish. Spines
transparent, short, clubbed-tipped, the subdorsal ones on joints 5, 7 and
9, leaning out slightly and the lateral one of joint 5 leaning up. Joint
2 not much retracted, a large cervical shield with several fine setae. The
subdorsal spines on joints 4-12 have just a trace of the side branch, seen
in certain lights as a small irregularity. Skin smooth ; slight segmental
hollows are present dorsally at the upper sides of the bases of the tuber¬
cles. Arrangement of the setae (Plate I, fig. 2), as in Apoda y-inversa
■except that there is only one middle seta on joint 4. The outer third

4 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vl

of the seta is everted from the middle portion on hatching, sometimes
remaining incompletely so. No spines present on first emerging from
the egg. Length, .9-1.7 mm.

Stage II. — (Plate I, fig. 2.) — Rather elongated elliptical, tail
rounded quadrate, joint 3 truncate in front. Setae normal, two on the
subdorsal ridge, one on the lateral, distinct, long, sharp pointed. The
middle row on the thorax is represented by two setae on joint 3, and by
one only or a large and a small one on joint 4. Ridges distinct, the
dorsum and sides concave. Head retracted ; joint 2 partly so. Skin
rather densely frosted with clear conic granules, not contiguous, no¬
where produced into secondary spines. Depressed spaces hardly indi¬
cated (1) as slight hollows, not differentiated by the granules and very
small. Color pale whitish green, evenly tinted. Length, 1.6-2. 5 mm.

Stage III. — Narrowly elliptical, tail small, square. Dorsal and
lateral spaces broad, sub ventral smaller. Ridges marked, high, seg-
mentarily tubercular, the setae stiff, black, distinct. Color plate trans¬
lucent whitish green, a faint white line under the subdorsal ridge, not
reaching either extremity. Skin with remote, low, rounded granules
(Plate I, fig. 4), no spines anywhere. Depressed spaces small, shal¬
low, not sharp edged, smooth in the bottom. Length, 2. 3-3. 5 mm.

Stage. IV. — Elliptical, tail produced a little and tapering, notched.
Whitish green, a distinct white band below the skin of subdorsal ridge
on joints 4-13. Lateral ridge prominent, even with the subventral
edge or a little beyond it. Dorsal impressed whitish dots (1) distinct
on the central segments, interrupting the faint green line of the dorsal
vessel. Skin smooth except for the remote, irregular, clear granules,
the surface slightly sunken to represent the depressed spaces. Length,
3.5-5. 2 mm.

Stage. V. — Somewhat more like mature larva; tail truncate. Skin
more densely clear granular, the granules nearly contiguous. Subdorsal
ridge with a distinct yellowish white line on joints 3-13 ; a row of dor¬
sal dots (1), only five of them distinct (joints 5-9). Ridges gently un¬
dulating from the outline of rudimentary tubercles. Setae short, distinct.
Depressed spaces indicated, but like the rest of the skin, granular.
Color, translucent green, dark, not yellowish. Head green, eyes black.
Length, 5.2-7 mm.

Stage VI. — (Plate I, fig. 6.) Shape as described. Skin granules
transparent, contiguous, covering the whole surface. Depressed spaces
very small, the dorsal (1) smooth, whitish with green centers ; addorsal
ones (2) absent on the surface, but represented by white dots below the

March, 1898 ] DYAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 5

skin. Lateral large areas (4) and (6), indicated by pigment under the
granules, the smaller ones not represented. Tubercles obsolete, setm
minute. The body is elongate, rather narrow, highest through joints
7-8. Color, whitish green, becoming whiter during the stage as the pig¬
ment is slowly deposited. A dorsal green line interrupted by the dorsal
impressed spots, subdorsal lines straight, yellowish white, connected on
joint 3 and on the tail, edged above with dark green. A row of white
dashes on the lateral ridge, the large depressed spaces (4) becoming
whitish with dark centers like (1). Length, 7-1 1.5 mm.

Cocoon and pupa as usual.

Food-plants. — Wild cherry, white birch, black birch, oak, bayberry,
sour gum, hickory and Clethra alnifolia have been observed.

Packard ia elegans Packard.

1864 — Cyrtosia elegans Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 342.

1864 — Cyrtosia fusca Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 343.

1881 — Fackardia nigripunctata Goodell, Can. Ent. XIII, 30.

1891 — Fackardia elegans Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 157.

1894 — Fackardia elegans Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 76.

Larva.

1864 — Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 343 (cocoon; no larva).

1881 — Goodell, Can. Ent. XIII, 31 (brief desc.).

1890 — Packard, 5, Kept. U. S. Ent. Comm. 149 (quotes Goodell).

1891 — Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIH, 277.

1893 — Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 100.

1894 — Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 222.

Special Structural Characters.

Elongate elliptical, rounded before, joint 13 produced into a pointed
tail. Dorsal space rather narrow, diminishing a little at the ends,
slightly arched, highest at joints 6-7; lateral space broad, concave;
subventral space broad, narrowly retracted in the middle. Ridges
moderate, the lateral the most distinct, subtubercular, setiferous; smooth
in the last stage. Skin rather coarsely clear granular, always without
secondary spines. Depressed spaces feebly developed, (r) and (4)
show faintly as pale rings, seen by transparency as if at the bottom of
pits with convergent sides. Pigment unusually scanty ; a band of green
color extends along the upper half of lateral area below the subdorsal
ridge, elsewhere the body is transparent, faintly colored greenish by the
blood. Dorsal vessel plainly seen and the contents of alimentary canal,
showing through the dorsal space. At the end of the last stage the

6 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

pigment fills in somewhat better. Tail conic, setae of joint 13 widely
separated on it. First stage as in P. geminata.

Affinities, Habits, etc.

Closely allied to Packardia geminata , differing only slightly. The
granulation is more dense, appearing earlier in ontogeny, but the pig¬
mentation is much degenerated. The moths do not emerge as early in
the season as P. geminata , yet fairly early, June 25th to July 2d, in
my examples. The females are less quiescent than the allied species
and fly violently if not mated the first night after emergence. After
this night they will not mate at all, even though males be present, but
continue to lay infertile eggs, or else refuse to lay and die in a few
days. The eggs are deposited singly on the under sides of the leaves
where the larvse live.* The larvae frequent dark woods. The deep
shade seems to be the essential factor as they will occur in any woods
whether wet or dry if dark enough. I have found them on the thin
pale leaves in the dry woods on Goat Island at Niagara Falls and also
in an almost swampy grove in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City.
I have found them on Long Island, not commonly, as dark woods are
rare on the Island. The larvae are low feeders, but not so low as P.
geminata. As in the case of its ally, the larvae can be found in fair
numbers by looking in the right places. Except by breeding the moth
is seldom taken.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

Mr. Goodell mentions the larva without detailed description. Sub¬
sequently it has been described adequately by Dr. Packard and myself.
Dr. Packard describes a series of dorsal dark green spots which he says
“does not form a tubercle or flattened wart.” This is, indeed, very
true, because the spot is the center of the dorsal depressed space. I
suppose the only reason for making this statement to be the same false
idea of the homology of these structures to which I have referred under
Tortricidia fasciola.

* Professor Poulton remarks (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, p. 591), “ it is well
known that these larvae (Eucleidae) rest on the upper surface of the leaves of their
food plants.” I cannot imagine on what this statement is based. Of the nineteen
species of North American larvae now well known to me, only one (Phobetron pithe-
cium ) ever rests on the upper side of the leaf, and this in the last stage only when
its peculiar shape and color make it resemble a piece of dead leaf that had fallen from
above. I cannot well believe that the two European species have different habits
from our smooth Palaearctic Eucleids.

March, 1898.] Dyar : Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 1

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Pgg- — Elliptical, flat, 1.0X.6X.1 mm.; whitish transparent,
colorless. Reticulations distinct, irregularly quadrangular, narrow,
raised. In the bright light with the green leaf behind they appear as
narrow black lines, bordered by a bright area on both sides, the flat
cell-areas dusky grayish. They hatch in 10 or n days.

Stage I. — Just like P. geminata, the spines arranged the same
(Plate I, fig. i); all short with irregularly knobbed tips. Branches of the
sub-dorsal spines just distinguishable as little protuberances. Elliptical,
rounded, dorsum and sides grooved, subventral space small. Ridges
smooth, setae colorless. Skin shining, smooth, colorless, transparent ;
food green ; head concolorous. Length, .8-1.4 mm.

Stage II. — Obscure, not shining, pale whitish, just tinted with green,
translucent. Elongate elliptical, narrow, the tail narrowly quadrate.
Ridges slight, non-tubercular, two setae on subdorsal ridge, one on lat¬
eral ridge, normal, except only one on the middle row of joint 4 ; black
tipped and with stout expanded bases. Skin granules small, sparse, low
conic, clear, alike everywhere, not produced on the ridges. The largest
depressed spaces, (1) and (4), are indicated as slight hollows. Length,
1.3-2. 1 mm.

Stage III. — Elongate elliptical, narrowing posteriorly, tail rounded,
not produced. All frosted whitish, scarcely tinted with green. Setae
distinct, sharp, black tipped, arising from slight tubercles on the subdor¬
sal ridge, distinct conic segmentary ones on the lateral ridge. All of
skin surface and tubercles covered densely with small low conic clear
granules, uniformly even over the obsolete depressed spaces, where they
are scarcely thinner. The granules are very numerous, almost con¬
tiguous, but rounded, not appressed. (Plate I, fig. 5.) The shape is
now unusually narrow, dorsal space not narrowing much to the ends.
Very colorless, translucent, the blood only slightly green and no pig¬
ment present. Length, 1. 8-3.0 mm.

Stage IV. — Narrow, elongate, truncate before; tail produced, but
tubercular like the ridges. Frosted whitish from the granules and,
therefore, slightly opaque ; almost entirely without pigment, the blood
visible pulsating, slightly green tinted. An obscure whitish dot under
the subdorsal ridge at each intersegmental space, representing a sub¬
dorsal line. Setae short, black and distinct. Granules small, even,
dense, but not quite contiguous, running uniformly over the whole sur¬
face; depressed spaces scarcely indicated anywhere. Length, 2. 8-4.0

mm.

8

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol VI.

Stage V. — Elongate, anterior end rounded, posterior pointed but
without a well formed tail. Dorsal space moderate, even, but little
arched, lateral broad, subventral moderate. Ridges low tubercular,
with distinct dark setae. Skin clear granular, whitish; all very trans¬
parent, green pigment only in the upper half of lateral space, none in
dorsal space which appears darker from the food showing by transpar¬
ency. A waved subdorsal line, bent inward on the interspaces, free at
the ends. Depressed spaces not visible, except faint white rings to
represent the lateral ones (4). Length, 3. 8-5. 8 mm.

Stage VI. — Narrowly elliptical with a pointed tail ; setae short, black,
distinct. Pigment in the upper half of lateral space, the rest of the
body clear green from the blood, translucent and whitish in the edges.
A wavy yellow subdorsal line, free at the ends. Dorsal depressed
spaces (1) very faintly indicated by whitish dots, visible centrally only ;
lateral (4) as large intersegmental white rings, but probably at least
the glands of all the spaces (i)-(8) are present, as drops of moisture
were observed in the appropriate position of them all in the larva under
observation. Skin granules rather coarse, dense, but not contiguous,
the depressed spaces not differentiated. Length, 5.0-8. 5 mm.

Stage VII. — (Plate I, fig. 9, 10). Shape as described. Patches
of pigment in the dorsal space surround the rings of depressed spaces
(1). Light yellowish green, lateral edge clearer, dorsal space darker.
A waved, narrow, yellow, subdorsal line, free at the ends; tail
reddish brown above. The absence of pigment in the dorsal space
makes it look hollow, though it is really flat. Six of the depressed
spaces (1) are visible as white rings, around which more or less light
emerald green pigment forms in rings, transverse bands or even
filling all of the dorsal space (Plate I, fig. 10.). The subdorsal
line is composed of a series of intersegmental, inwardly lunate, joined
yellow marks. Lateral space to lower edge of depressed spaces (4)
pigmented light green, (4) large pale rings with dark centers. A trace
of pale dots along lateral ridge intersegmentally. Tail long, pointed ;
setae very small, pale. Skin granules rather large, somewhat irregular,
not quite contiguous, at the largest depressed spaces, (1) and (4), less
distinctly granular over the slight hollows. A broken white subventral
line. Length, 7.1- 13 mm.

Cocoon and pupa as usual.

Food-plants. — Linden, witch-hazel, hop-hornbeam, beech, maple,
black birch, wild cherry, sour-gum, black oak, chestnut, hickory and
Leucotho'e racemosa, have been observed.

Journ . N. V. Ent. Soc

Vol. VI. PL /•

Life- Histories of Packardia geminata and elegans

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

March, 1898.] GrOTE ; CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA.

9

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Stage I of Packardia , dorsal view, enlarged.

2. Stage II, side view enlarged.

3. The subdorsal setae of one tubercle, stage II, more enlarged.

4. Granules of Packardia geminata, stage III, enlarged.

5. Granules of Packardia elegatts, stage III, enlarged.

6. Mature larva P. geminata , three-quarters view.

4‘ 7- Moth of P. geminata.

8. The same, dark form. var. albipunctata.

9. Mature larva of P. elegans , three-quarters view, partially pigmented.

“ 10. The same, dorsal view, fully pigmented form.

u II. Moth of P. el- gaits.

J2. The same, pale form, var. fusca.

AN ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY THE HOLARCTIC LEP¬
IDOPTERA FROM THE SPECIALIZATION

OF THE WINGS.

PART II.— THE IIAWK AND EMPEROR MOTHS.

By A. Radcliffe Grote, A.M.

C. Radius 5 -branched; vein IV2 central or cubital; hind wings with intercostal

crossvein . . . SPHINGIDES.

ci. No costal vein (vein I) on primaries; vein III2 absorbed by Radius;

crossvein degenerate; vein IV2 decidedly cubital . ENDROMIDIDzE.

ci. A costal vein (vein I) on primaries; vein III2 from Radius before ex¬
tremity of cell; crossvein entire ; vein IV2 not decidedly cubital

SPHINGIDAL

Radius 3-4 branched; vein IV2 central or radial; hindwings with no intercostal

crossvein . . s VTURNI ADES.

di. Vein IV2 continuous with vein IVt . SATURNIADzE.

d2. Cell open . Attaciiee.

d2. Cell closed.

d3. Hindwings without vein VIII . Saturniapee.

d3- Hindwings with vein VIII . Hemileuciple.

di. Vein IV2 from crossvein . AGLIADzE

d4. Hindwings without vein VIII.

d5. Crossvein, between IV2 and IV r, directed obliquely outwardly

Agliapj^e.

d$. Crossvein transverse . Automeriple.

d4. Hindwings with vein VIII . CITHERONlADzE. *

<D

* This table ( 6, P), and that of the Day-Butterflies (A, A), is compiled in ac~
-cordance with the sequence in the Lepidoptera which I recommend, and not altering
(the Linnean arrangement upon opinionative grounds.

10

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

ENDROMIDIDaE.

The subprimary tubercles of the larva (3 and 5) in stage I are
wanting on the thoracic segments ([ to III). On the abdominal seg¬
ments the subprimary tubercle 6 is also wanting. In the “Saturnii-
den,” page 6, 1 figure abdominal segment, but the bristles marked “ 6 ”
are too low down for this and evidently belong to 7. I indicate this
doubt in the text (p. 5). On the same segments the tubercles 5 and 4
are separate. There appears to me no insuperable objection to the
view, that Endromis represents an isolated form of the Hawk Moth
stem, separating soon after this stem had emerged from the Tineid
trunk. The retention of the intercostal vein is then an independent sur¬
vival of a character shared by both when the Endromid branch made its
separate way. Dyar has enabled us to show that the type of the En¬
dromid larva is opposed to the Saturnian and the latter' to the Sphing¬
oid type. The neuration excuses me in considering Endromis as an aber¬
rant Sphingoid type. It is not improbable that the larva of an existing
generalized Sphinx might throw some light on the matter through a
comparison of parallel stages. When we turn from the larva to the
pupa, we find that the segments of the abdomen are capable of move¬
ment in Endromis and by their aid the pupa is forced out of the cocoon
before exclusion, as in Anthrocera , Cossus and the Tineides gen¬
erally. Preparations before me of Endromis and Anthrocera , hatched in
my breeding cages, show a striking similarity in this habit. The Sphing-
idae seem to have the habit also, inasmuch as the naked pupa is stated
to wriggle its way to the surface of the ground to allow the escape of the
moth. Such species as transform on the surface within a slight cocoon
have not, to my knowledge, been observed as to this point. This habit
indicates a direct connection of the Sphingides with the Tineides.
The links between Endromis and Sphinx appear to have dropped out
also those by which we might more surely trace the relationship between
adult forms of the Sphingides and Tineides. Nevertheless, I call atten¬
tion to the fact that the Anthroceridae represent a Tineid branch possi¬
bly related to the stem which threw off the existing Sphingides.

Leaving these characters, we will consider the neuration. And first
the shape of the wings is modified, and this probably in accordance
with the method of flight. Disposed as I am to consider the Sphingides
and Saturniades as parallel groups, each specialized in a different way,
and the Saturniades unquestionably the more highly so, I would com¬
pare the Endromididse with the Saturniadse and the Sphingidse with the

March, 1898.] GROTE I CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA.

11

Agliadae (the Citheroniadae especially). For the moment we will con¬
sider and compare the Endromid and Sphingoid wing. The vein on
costal edge of primaries (vein J) present in the Hawk Moths is absent in
Endromis. This vein (or thickening, according to some of the costal
edge) is found in the Hesperian^ but not, so far as I know, in the Pam-
philinae. The most striking difference between Endromis and Sphinx ,
is found in the evident effort in the former to get rid of vein III 2.
This springs from the Radius, near IIIi, in the Hawk Moths. In En¬
dromis it is absorbed and appears as a short branch before apex.* This is
a secondary character, belonging to the general direction of a diminution
in the normal number of the radial veins. This direction has appar¬
ently been followed out and brought to a higher stage throughout the
Saturniades. But the inequality of its expression is here no indication
of the phylogeny, seeing that it is everywhere exhibited in different per¬
fection and upon different lines of descent. It is my second direc¬
tion in the general evolution of the lepidopterous wing.

In my first direction ,f the suppression of the Media, Endromis has
progressed further than Sphinx. For the cubital direction of vein IV2,
often only indicated in the Hawk Moths, here becomes assured and evi¬
dent. The crossvein already shows signs of degeneration. The wing,
in broadening, has lost the strength requisite to sustain swift and pro¬
longed flight. There is, in Endromis , a less crowding of the veins;
they do not appear so like rigid and parallel rods. There is a larger
space between the Cubitus and vein VII, so that VI there appears as a
fold in the membrane. Both families retain VIII as a loop to VII on
primaries, and there is no trace of other internal veins. On secondaries
vein VIII is equally preserved. Looking at the two wings I am met
with no character which renders it unlikely that they may have had a
common origin. Here is where positive character may be said to end
and where the tact and experience of the observer comes into play.
But, on the threshold of this disputable region, I can yet point to the
intercostal vein and throw the onus of proof on those who dispute the
classification. As between Endromis and Sphinx there is no question
which has submitted to most specialization in the neuration. In both

*In Amphidasys betularia the absorption of III2 by III 1 is clearly seen to be
in process of being carried out.

f Perhaps we should call this rather the “ second direction,” seeing that the sup¬
pression of the radial veins is used as a primary divisional character of the Suborder,
but in the lepidoptera, as we find them now, the breaking up of the median system
excites everywhere the chief interest.

12 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

main directions Endronus shows the most progress. Still, we shall have
to discuss the relation between these specializations and habit, although
here the matter may detain us no further.

It may be here remarked that it is not strictly correct to speak of
the Cubitus “becoming three or four branched.’’ The Cubitus is always
two-branched. It is the movement of the lower branches of the
Media, which become varyingly attached to the Cubitus, thereby giving
the appearance of increasing the number of the cubital veins. In the
opposite direction, it is the same way with the Radius.

SPHINGIDiE. !

The absence of homology between the anal horn of the Hawk Moths
and the similarly situated hypertrophied tubercle of the Emperor Moths
has been determined by Dyar and is illustrated by me in the “ Satur-
niiden,” pp. 7-8. The two groups have then no immediate connection
and the correspondence with the Citheronians is illusory, the common
habit of pupation of secondary acquirement. The venation, both of
Endromis and Sphinx , entirely warrants this view of the case. We
need not detain ourselves with these matters here but pass on to the
venation. The mass of preparations I have made show me that this offers
no characters of precision for a division into subfamilies. The wings
appear cast, like iron, into the same mould. Still there is a play with
the branches of the Media and it is often not difficult to decide, as be¬
tween distinct forms, which is the more specialized. Harder to embrace
these forms into groups. A form like Cephonodes picus seems special¬
ized from the amount of absorption of vein IVi by the Radius on
primaries, the retreating, almost vanished cell on secondaries, the fusion
of IV3 with Vi. Cephonodes is more specialized than Hemans. As
between Macroglossum and Aellopos it is hard to distinguish ; they seem
practically identical. The obliquely transverse and rigid crossvein of
primaries is the same and all goes to show that the position assigned by
me to Aellopos in 1865, among the Macroglossians, is correct and that
its placement among the Chaerocampians in the Philadelphia List is er¬
roneous. A study of the neuration seems to favor the idea that the
Macroglossians are really the more highly specialized of all the groups.
On the other hand, that portion of the hind wing between Cubitus and
the anal margin appears generally more lappet-like in the Macroglossians
(shared by Aellopos') as compared with the Elephant Hawk Moths.
There is a decided indentation of the outer margin between V2 and VII.
Almost does this character seem a probable test to distinguish the groups.

March, 1898.] GROTE : CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 13

Still, it reappears more or less evidently and constantly not only in the
Chterocampians but in the Eyed Hawk Moths; an indentation appears
in Sphinx ligustri and Hyloicus pinastri and is replaced by a broad ex¬
cision between Vi and VII in Dilina tilice. It appears less evidently in
elpenor and lineata. There seems then mainly the movement in the
branches of the Media, which simply affords a criterion for the relative
specialization. Judged by this, Axherontia atropos is more specialized
than the majority of the Smerinthoid types, although it is overlapped by
tilice and nearly reached by Smerinthus populi . * The shape of the
secondaries in the Eyed Hawk Moths varies much. This differs even
in Ccilasymbolus astylus and Eusmerinthus geminatus , while Copismer-
inthus ocellata and the allied North American species are distinguished
by the tibial claw.

On the whole, then, theneuration of the Sphingidae offers apparently
no opposition to the general sequence of Kirby, which is that adopted
by me in the Buffalo Catalogues, except that I gave the Eyed Hawk
Moths a central position. But, for probably the true reason, viz., that
I regarded the Smerinthinse as nearer a more original Sphingoid type,
from which the present groups have emerged in different directions. I
was much struck by the resemblance of Ambulyx with Smerinthoid
genera, and fancied that the Chaerocampians might have had a separate
and nearer connection with the stem which the Eyed Hawks represent.
Hence I gave these a central position. The discovery of Ambulyx sexo~
culata Grote, strengthened this view of the case. But the arrangement
of the genera adopted by Kirby is open to betterment in the light
thrown by the details of the neuration. This is, however, a matter
for the future student and need not to be here discussed.

From an examination of Siberian and European examples I would
here simply correct Kirby’s list of the species of Smerinthus and Eus-
mennthus (Cat. pp. 711, 712). Copismerinthus is not a synomym of
Eusmerinthus Kirby, as wrongly cited (p. 712) but of Smerinthus
Kirby. This author has not understood the character and mixed the
species. Eusmerinthus wants, Copismerinthus has, a tibial claw.

* From a note made by me when examining Latreille’s works, populi is indi¬
cated as the type of Smerinthus, by being once solely cited. I regret that my note
is not definite and that I have been unable, despite several efforts, to again consult
all of Latreille’s publications. Kirby prefers Dilina of Dalman, 1816, for tilice , and.,
this is probably correct.

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Eusmerinthus Grt., 1S77.
Type : E. geminatus.

1. kindermanni Led.

2. ccecus Men.

3. planus Walk.

argus Men.

4. geminatus Say.

? jamaicensis Dru

Copismerinthus Grt., 1886.

Type : C. cerisii.

1. ocellata Linn,
v. atlanticus Aust.

2. cerisii Kirb.
opthalmicus Boisd.

vancouverensis Butl.

3. ? saliceti Boisd.

The classificator must rely in great part on the body characters, the
pattern of ornamentation, and, so far as I see, will run no great risk of
being contradicted by the neurational features overturning his group¬
ings. Nevertheless, when taking the question of specialization in hand,
the neuration will afford him valuable hints which he will do well to re¬
spect. As to the name for the above genus ( Copismerinthus ) Kirby has
adopted my former and original opinion that ocellata was the type of
Smennthus , an opinion I retained in my “Hawk Moths of North
America.” But, from my notes of Latreille, I believe populi may be
really the true type of his genus. Whichever way the matter is settled,
by reference to the original works, I have at least here sorted out the
species accordingly as the front tibiae are or are not armed. The North
American genera Paonias (for exccecatus ), Calasymbolus ( astylus ) seem
to me on other grounds distinct from each other and from the above.
(Consult an article on the frenulum of the British species of Smennthus ,
by Geo. C. Griffiths, Ent. Record. VI, 250.)

Saturniades.

In the “ Saturniiden,” p. 6, I figured the first larval stage of the Silk¬
worm, Bombyx mori , showing, from the arrangement of the tubercles,
that this larva was related to the large group circumscribed by Dyar and
which I had called Agrotides. The Silkworm has therefore to be ex¬
cluded from the Emperor Moths. The Saturniades, cleared of this
foreign element, have been taxonomically defined by Dyar by the
presence in the larva of a system of subprimary tubercles, wanting in
the Sphingides, as here accepted.* The pupa gives the moth within the
cocoon. The Citheronian habit is not recorded. A nearer relation¬
ship, such as we can show for the Sphingides, with the Tineides is not
yet indicated. There exists a temptation to regard the Ptochopsychidse

* Mr. Grote has misunderstood me. I separate the Saturniides and Sphingides on
the position of tubercle iv ; neither group has distinguishable sub-primary tubercles.
Endromis is a Bombycid except for the absence of sub-primary tubercles in stage I,
which I do not regard as a strong character at present. I shall return to this point

elsewhere. — H. G. Dyar.

March, 1898 ] GROTE I CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA.

15

and Psychidae as standing in a connection with the ancestral line of the
Emperor Moths, which may be merely noticed in passing.

Bearing in mind the two directions in which the evolution of the
wing is chiefly displayed, we find in the Attacinse their fullest develop¬
ment. In fact the wing of Rothschildia jacobcea represents almost the
ideal apex of the movement. In the first direction, the Media and its
system, as such, has completely disappeared. The crossvein has
vanished. Veins IV 2 and IV 1 form part of the system of the Radius,
vein IV3 forms part of that of the Cubitus. That portion of the cross¬
vein, belonging to it morphologically, lying between IV2 and IVi, has
become physiologically the base of vein IV2*. In the second direction,
the radial branches are reduced to three from five. Added to this, the
concave inner margin of the secondaries has lost vein VIII. By this
latter character we are reminded of Papilio , and that the concave margin
is a specialization is made clearer in this case by its more excessive de¬
velopment, attended by a shrinking in the length of vein VII, in the
more specialized Parnassius.

There will come a time, to speak after the fashion of Mr. Strecker,
and the ancient Greeks, when the uncritical classification which thrusts
the Papilionides between the Blues and the Skippers (these latter two,
as we believe, nearly related) will be read with amazement. The fable
that the Papilionid wing is the most generalized must give way to the
view that it is peculiarly specialized by the suppression of vein VIII of
secondaries. Generalized it is, as compared with Parnassius , but it
should not be compared with the other butterflies, since it has had a
different line of development. Undoubtedly, the irritable defense of
Mr. W. H. Edwards that Papilio has six walking legs and Nymphalis
only four, was not sufficient to dispel the illusion clinging to the system
of Bates. It was also felt that the more ideal championship of Wallace,
that Papilio was so large and complete, could not excuse its being
placed “ at the head of a phalanx in reality, a phalanx spreading over
the plain of the present without a leader. All this was perceived, and
other similar attacks upon a system adopted by my friend Dr. Scudder,
and thus made part of the supreme cult of Boston, fell equally power¬
less. So that newcomers, rising from obscurity, felt themselves obliged
to confess the creed as a matter of “ my opinion,’’ and to follow up the
futile expression of credo quia ineptum by the statement that “ the
sequence is in accord with the more conservative modern classification.”
Where this more conservative modern classification leads to we may see

* Compare Mittheilungen aus d. Roemer-Museum, No. 8, p. 24.

16

Journal New York Entomological Society. tvoi. vi-

in the case of Mr. Meyrick, who puts the Caradrinidae “ at the head.”
As matters stand Mr. Meyrick will undoubtedly be applauded to the
echo by Mr. Hulst. Because, in the Lepidoptera, “students have
specialized (!) and few collectors, even, go outside of the Macro-
Lepidoptera.” Prof. J. B. Smith has, “therefore (?) secured the co¬
operation of Dr. Plenry Skinner in the Rhopalocera and Dr. Skinner
warrants the endorsement of the Preface of the Philadelphia List by
placing the Milkweed Butterfly “at the head” of the “ Nymphalidse.
After this specimen of “modern classification” one may well put the
List by with the feeling that whatever may be the cardinal error of the
Boston creed, neither in Brooklyn or Philadelphia is there any salva¬
tion. The suppression of vein VIII of the secondaries, in the most
specialized of the Emperor Moths, is a direct monition of the value of
the character in the Papilionides. In this latter super-family the more
specialized forms show clearly additional features of advancement, so
that the lessons taught by the suppression of vein VIII is no longer
needed to enable us to appreciate their development. The reason why
this was not considered is, that the gauge for specialization offered by
the wing was not understood, so that loose notions as to sequence and
rank we&re not only permitted, but, the more bizarre they were the more
they were thought “scientific,” until at last we are landed in the

anarchy offered us by Mr. Meyrick.

The Attacinae have served us here for a text upon Papilio , and to the
Emperor Moths we now return. The fact that the diminution of the
radial veins in a secondary development, occurring in pursuance of
evolutionary law, up and down throughout the more specialized groups
(such as the Parnassinse, Pierinae, Lycseninse, Saturniadae and Aghadae),
is shown by a table published by me separating the genera of Attacinae
as the Radius is 3 or 4 branched. For a study of the whole insect leads
me to regard the 3-branched Philosamia as a specialization of the 4-
branched Attacus with which its phylogeny probably lies, rather than as
nearly related to Sarnia ; with which it has the suppression of III3 in

common.

Leaving the Attacinae, with open cell, we come to the more gener¬
alized Saturnianae* with the crossvein present and, so far as I can see,
almost everywhere at least partially functional. Undoubtedly here is a

* It is more correct to commence with the more generalized forms, but I have be¬
come convinced that in the Lepidoptera it will always be more practical to adhere to
the Linnean sequence, and this for a variety of reasons, among them this, that the
contrary course will never be adopted by “ collectors,” who wilLhus be deprived of
the light thrown or reflected by “ scientists.”

March, 1898]

Grote: Classification of Lepidoptera.

IT

gap. The gradual stages of disintegration of the crossvein, such as I
found in the Pierinae and Ny iqphalinae I have not so distinctly met with
in the Emperor Moths. But the first step towards this stage is marked in
the Saturnianae and has already everywhere attained full expression. It is
the conversion of the crossvein between IV2 and IVi into the physio¬
logical base of IV2, so that the crossvein proper seems to lie merely be¬
tween I\ 2 and IV 3 and we can classify the Saturnianae under the rubric :
vein IV2 continuous or on a long stem with vein IVi. That the Satur¬
nianae have attained a high relative grade of specialization is seen by the
loss of vein VIII on secondaries and the absorption of the radical veins
on primaries. They have lagged behind the Attacinae in the first direc¬
tion : the suppression of the Media and its system. * One point more
and I have done with this typical subfamily. In the Saturniades vein
\III appears as a loop to VII on primaries. In Actias and Telea
(proving the relationship ot the dissimilar appearing imagos) this vein
VIII has an outer inferior spur or prolongation. Is this a trace of the
vein VIII in its former position as a parallel vein ? Or is it a trace of an
absorbed additional vein ? Or is it a sporadic, or extra-growth ? We
notice it in Castnia. Its isolated appearance in two Saturnian genera
makes it remarkable. Misled by Mr. Meyrick’s figures of Geometridse*

I at one time thought the curved internal vein of Papilio might corre¬
spond to the internal vein figured by him in Venilia macularia . But it

seems not, since the vein figured by Mr. Meyrick does not exist in the
Geometrid form.

Next, we come to the Hemileucinae, and here is a case of dis¬
puted classification, a matter I try here to uncover, with the help of the
annexed diagrams of neuration obtained by photographic process.
Both Professor Comstock and Dr. Dyar unite my Hemileucinae with my
Automerinae under one - family,” which they call Hemileucidae after
Packard. The origin of this notion may be traced back to Grote and
Robinson, who, in 1866, established the group Hemileucini with the
same contents. f A glance at the figure of the neuration of Hemileuca
maia, which may also be found in Professor Comstock’s beautiful Man-
ual, p. 342 (a book I regret to have only recently become acquainted
with), shows that its condition is what we might expect from a more
generalized Saturnian. On the secondaries vein VIII is retained, and
the retention of this vein is a generalization and repeated everywhere.
This affords no proof of the want of relationship between Hemileuca
and Saturn ta ; if it did, it would equally imply a want of consanguinity

* Consult : Ill. Wochenschrift fur Entomologie, Band II, No. 38^ ~

t Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 376, October, 186b.

18

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Volvi.

with Automeris. But here it is evidently vein VIII which is added to
what is, in its total pattern, in its flowing venation, its wide interspac¬
ing, its treatment of the Media and its system, its position of vein IV2
—in all these points— the wing of a Saturnian, not the wing of an
Aglian. What the addition of vein VIII makes to the wmg of an
Aglian we see in Citheronia. The student will follow me here better by
a glance at the figures given, in this way complying with Hamlet’s re¬
quest to look first on this picture and then on this. How impossible
does it not seem, that a classification can be correct (and a classification
which represents even approximately the phylogeny) which would de¬
rive the Automerid from the Hemileucid wing, or the reverse ! . Is it
conceivable that the malleable Hemileucid wing should have stiffened
into the Automerid? Or that the rigid wing of Citheronia should have
produced both ? Or to believe with Dyar, that the wing of Aglia could
have become transformed into the wing of Saturnia and Attacus, while
the very wing of Aglia, its pendant, the wing of Automeris , should
break out with Hemileuca ? For those who believe in the “more con¬
servative modern classification” it will be no argument to appeal to
Hiibner and that this writer considered maia to be a Saturnia ; and,
in fact we see that Hiibner was often mistaken, such as Professor
Smith never is. But, in spite of all his mistakes, we believe that here
Hiibner is quite right; right also, in the “ Tentamen” and in the
“ Verzeichniss,” in recognizing two main groups of the Emperor Moths,
which we call Saturniadse and Agliadie, and that Hemileuca belongs
to the first and Automeris to the last. We shall try to make this clearer

by our remarks on the next family.

AGLIADiE.

It is to Dr. Packard that we are indebted for calling our attention
to the fact that Aglia is a specialized Citheronian, and this from other
grounds than the neuration, grounds we must here pass over. Before
taking up the neuration of the Agliadte, we will revert for an instant to
Hemileuca again. The vein we call Illr + 2 in Hemileuca springs from
the Radius above the cell. In the Agliadae this is the normal condition
of affairs. Its point of emergence travels upwards a little in Aglia, as
compared with Automeris, and herein is the latter the more generalized.
But in Saturnia it has already been absorbed to a point of issuance
from III3 4- 4, just before the apex. Now, this is just what we would
expect in a generalized Saturnian, and it follows naturally the presence
of vein VIII in Hemileuca. But the type of Saturnia , the long stem
upon which IVi and IV 2 sit, is already fully developed in Hemileuca.

March, 1898.] GrOTE : CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA.

19

There remains, then, but the absorption of Illi + 2 on primaries, and
the loss of VIII on secondaries to evolve out of Hemileuca the type of
Saturma ; and this without violence and following the lines of evolu¬
tion which we have shown to be followed by the lepidopterous wing.
Now to form the Hemileucid wing out of the Citheronian or Automerid
type we must have recourse to violence, and this violence is apparently
not considered but committed by Professor Comstock and Dr. Dyar.

The neurational type of Aglia and Automeris is practically identical,
so that their position is parallel to that of Attacus and Saturnia. We
may consider them together. They differ exactly by characters on a
line with the evolutionary advancement we have everywhere pointed
out. In the first direction a hesitating and half-expressed step has
been taken by Ag/ia. The cross-vein, still uneven, still distinctly rem¬
iniscent of its true character as a crossvein becomes oblique between IV2
and I Vi. In all the Automerinse from South America I have yet been
able to study, the cross -vein is transverse as in Automeris io. The point
of issuance of IIIi -f 2 varies somewhat, but little. In this, the second
direction, as we have above seen, Aglia is again more specialized. But
otherwise the wings are identical. Neither express any of the distin¬
guishing features of the Saturnian type. Inasmuch as the first direction,
the suppression of the Media, is everywhere less progressed, both Aglia
and Automeris are more generalized than the Hemileucid and Saturnian
type. In their progression they have lost vein VIII of secondaries, here
passing Hemileuca by, while the absorption of the radial veins would have
rested at the Hemileucid stage. These are all secondary lines of ad¬
vancement, unequally entered upon. We conclude that Aglia repre¬
sents Automeris in the Old World and that it is the more specialized
type. Both have sprung from the same near ancestors, the same stem,
whether independently, or together, or whether Aglia may be looked
upon as the outcome of an Automerid form, we can only surmise. But
there they are and they belong together, their sundering, by any sys¬
tem of classification, from their common stem, is an act of violence and
equivalent to a denial of any lessons to be derived from the neuration,
at least so long as their common characters cannot be explained away.
We are confident that it is impossible and that the classification we pro¬
pose is natural and in accordance with the facts.

It does not diminish the difficulty to multiply the families ; if we,
out of the six subfamily groups originally proposed by me, make, in¬
stead of two, the whole six figures as families in our books. Always
will Hemileuca, Saturnia and Attacus come together, always will Cithe-
ronia, Automeris and Aglia coalesce upon the type of wing. That

20 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.vi.

there is a difference in the closeness of contact we have urged. This
difference is the measure of their nearness to a common ancestor. 1 hus
Attacus and Saturnia are close together, while Hemileuca stands aparta
little, still sharing the common type of wing which is indicated y
the long stem of the two upper branches of the Media. And Aglia and
Automeris are, in an opposite way, quite nearly related; while Citheronia
stands still further off from these and is much more by itself, though still
exhibiting the Aglian type of wing, the absence of stem to the upper
branches of the Media, the transverse cross vein, the stiff, equal dis¬
tanced, parallel veins. To a brief review of what we have published

about Cither onia we devote the rest of this paper.

The student must study with this paper what Dr. Dyar has written
in Can. Ent., 1896, 303, and the phylogeny there given. The drawing
there given is correct, except that I suppose the original Aglian stem (as¬
sumed to be represented by the existing Citheronian branch) has given
off both Aglia and Automeris ; whether together, or one after another, or
whether Aglia be an outcome of Automerid like ancestors, which I am
now inclined to assume, I do not decide. My original view of the
separation of the six into the two groups is here maintained. I placed
Hemileuca parallel with Citheronia , or but slightly advanced from the
difference in general type, from the common retention of vein VIII of
secondaries. Above Citheronia , as having proceeded from the same
stem I placed successively Automeris and Aglia , the latter being the
most specialized. The antennal characters bear out this division. In the
AMian group the female antennm are short and simple, with few excep¬
tions in specialized forms. In Attacus and Saturnia they become
pectinate. I consider Citheronia as specialized in peculiar directions,
and as having lost much original character and added new ; still, by the
retention of vein VIII, as being, rather, the representative in direct line
of the original stem. But this view is, for the moment at least,
subordinate in importance to the correct placing of Hemileuca , to the
breaking up of the assemblage of Automeris and Hemileuca by Grote
and Robinson, Packard, Comstock and Dyar. This is the main classih-
catory result which I believed to have attained in my recent studies of the
Emperor Moths. For, whether Citheronia represents the main branch
(in assuming which I am not a little influenced by Dr. Packard’s
paper), or whether Automeris , is clearly of inferior value to the main
fact, that Aglia , Automeris and Citheronia belong together, while At-
taels , Saturnia and Hemileuca represent another, and, on the whole,
more advanced phylogenetic line upon the same stem. The student

March, 1898] GROTE : CLASSIFICATION OF I.EPIDOPTERA. 21

may consult also my illustrated paper in the <( Verhandlungen der
Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte ” 1896, p. 197. In a
linear series we would arrange the generic types thus : Attacus , Saturnia ,
Hemileuca , Aglia, Automeris, Citheronia.

In a foot-note, Journ. N. Y, Ent. Soc., VI, 46, I have written that the
crossvein becomes oblique in Aglia and Citheronia. As I recollect, I
had in my mind to write Eac/es, but a fresh study of the latter genus,
and all the Citheronians now accessible to me, has led me to the con¬
clusion that everywhere in this group the cross vein remains transverse.
No steps that I can now clearly recognize as such have been taken, as in
Aglia, towards an independence of IV2. But even were my former
statement correct, the argument supposed to be drawn from it is futile.
For the movement is secondary in its nature and would not indicate any
necessary nearer connection between Aglia and Citheronia. What we
want is primary character, underlying the general type of the wing and
this we have found in the long stem of IV2 and IVi in Saturnia ,
together with the other comparative characters here discussed, as opposed
to the issuance of IV2 from the crossvein in Aglia, together with the
equally opposing features above summarized.

We have above admitted that the peculiarly Citheronian type of the
Agliadae, stands at a greater distance from Aglia and Automeris than
these two from each other. It remains here to point out these differ¬
ences and emphasize the conformity to a common type of wing. The
wing in the Citheronians has pursued a slightly varying form of special¬
ization of the Media from the other groups of Emperor Moths, one that
we meet on occasion again in the Day-Butterflies and also the Hawk
Moths. How far this variation is caused by the mechanics of the wing,

I cannot now enter upon. Vein IVi travels up the lower edge of the
Radius, and the extent of its absorption by the Radius is the measure of
the specialization of the genera. These stand, in ascending order,
Eacles, Citheronia, Anisota. I do not know the neuration of Sphingi-
eampa, nor whether it bears out my formerly expressed idea that it stood
nearer to Eacles than to Citheronia. ' It is probably a specialized form.
But although the wings of Citheronians are on the whole perhaps more
specialized, as compared with Automeris , and in a different way, we
have more than a reminder of the Aglian and Automerid pattern. The
Radius is four-branched, and this is the natural precusory stage of the
threc-branched, here the Aglian and Automerid, wing. In Anisota vein
III 1 -f 2 has traveled up the Radius and is given off beyond the cell. In
the median system vein IV2 inclines to the Radius, and vein IV3

99

[Vol.*VL

Journal New York Entomological Society.

comes into near contact with the Cubitus, thus following the course of
specialization in the entire group, by which the middle branch of the
Media becomes radial in disintegration. But the pattern remains dis¬
tinctly Aglian, the veins are stiff, tend, even in the most highly special¬
ized forms, to remain equidistant, there is no effort to lead to the
Saturnian pattern, indeed there seems no possibility of a progression in
this direction, vein IVi having taken quite a contrary course, a course
entered upon already by the most generalized form, Eacles. But this
course is possible from the Aglian, not possible from the Saturnian types.
Vein VIII of the secondaries is retained, while it is shortening. Know¬
ing, as we do from Dyar’s studies, that the larva conforms to the Satur-
niades type, it becomes a matter of comparative less importance whether
we confer upon the Citheronians family rank. Under this general view
of the position of Cither onia , we consider the slighter correspondences
in venation with the Hawk Moths to stand in relation to the narrowing
of the wings and the habit of pupating in the ground to have been
separately acquired. The Citheronians have pursued a peculiar path in
evolution and one that stands in relation with their comparatively
limited geographical distribution. They seem confined, as long aga
pointed by me, to America, east of the rocky backbone of the two

continents.

From the clear exposition of Dyar, Can. Ent., 28, 303, it seems im¬
possible to reconcile a phylogeny based on the larval tubercles of the
Saturniades with the one proposed by me on the neuration. Taking the
latter as the final appeal we are obliged to suppose, that Attacus and
Saturnia on the one hand and Aglia on the other have independently
acquired the tubercles on anal plate. According to the value placed by
Dyar on these organs, I must agree that this seems impossible. On the
other hand, I cannot find it probable, indeed, it scarcely seems to me
possible, that Aglia (which, in the same wing pattern of venation,
clearly represents a more specialized type than Automens ) should belong
to the Saturnian branch and wing pattern, as a generalized type. Nor
does it seem to me within the range of probability, that Automens or
Citheronia could have produced the wing pattern of Hemileuca. On
our respective trees, the groups represented by Hemileuca and Aglia
change places. The female antennae of Aglia, Automens and Cither¬
onia are of one type, so far as I can see ; also those of Attacus, Satur¬
nia and Hemileuca hold together, both types appearing distinctive.
Hemileuca is just what one would expect of a generalized Saturnian
Aglia, just what one could agree that a specialized Automerid might

March, 1898.] GROTE : CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA.

23

be. Vein VIII on secondaries has been retained by the two “ lowest”
groups on the respective branches, Hemileuca and Citheronia , exactly
as appears most natural, in my tree, wheras in Dyar’s Hemileuca goes
to the top. The association of Hemileuca and Automeris as equivalent
groups by Dyar seems, from this point of view, impossible. The whole
wing pattern of the Agliid branch on my tree holds together, with
Citheronia as its slightly dissenting feature, while the whole wing pat¬
tern of my Saturnian branch holds together without any discordant ele¬
ment whatever, unless the presence of A III in Hemileuca is one, but this
does not prevent Dyar placing it with Automeris . So that it is possible,
from the neuration, to admit of three “families:” Saturniadae, Agli-
adx, Citheroniadse. Further than this we cannot go, and the matter
must be left for more light. If Aglia belongs to the Saturnian branch
and Hemileuca to the Automerid, then Dyar is correct, if not, then I
am justified.

The strength of Dyar’s argument and his system in general lies in'
the indifferent nature of the position of the tubercles. Where such
ornaments or their details can be proven to be useful to the organism,
adaptive, they are clearly secondary and their importance fails. I
cannot judge of the value of the tubercle on the anal plate, but
must take Dyar’s word for it that it is primary. So we are at a
deadlock. The pattern of the wing venation, not the position of
the movable veins, is for me primary. In this case Hemileuca dis¬
plays the Saturnian pattern. The presence of vein VIII on second¬
aries is subordinate in value to this. Hemileucay from the pattern
of neuration, can not, by any reasonable process, have either been

derived from Automeris , or alongside of it, or represent its ancestor _

the role Dyar expects to fill, since it is less specialized. Its capabilities
are exceeded by one and all of these demands. Automeris , on the other
hand, may very well have thrown off Aglia, indeed I believe that Aglia
sprang from Automerid-like forms. I can also clearly see, that Saturnia
must have sprung from Hemileucid-like forms, j So different are Saturnia
and Aglia they are with difficulty compared. Citheronia , while at the
bottom, showing the Castnia-like pattern of Aglia and Automeris , pre¬
sents a modification in the movement of vein IVi, analogous to the
Sphingidae, Pierids and Nemeobius. Attacus and Saturnia show the
Nymphalid movement of the meridian branches, but add to it the Pierid
and Lycsenid specialization of the radial branches. Rothschildia iaco-
b(z<z has the most specialized neuration of any lepidopteron known to
me. On another line, the common White butterfly competes with it.

'24 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.vi.

Not only does Rothschildia carry the Nymphalid and Lyctenid secon¬
dary movement of the veins to an extreme, but it shows also the sub¬
primary Papilionid specialization of the hindwings, the inner margin
hollowed out, and VIII vanished, characters evinced by the Attacinse.
No better proof can be offered to sustain the thesis, that rank is a rela
tive conception and that corresponding specializations are worked out
upon different phylogenetic 'lines. And we see that it is inevitable, that
systematists like Mr. Scudder, who erect an imaginary sequence upon
the fastening of the chrysalis, or other congruous class of facts, and
finding some example, like Oeneis, which meets their fancied require¬
ments, proceed to place this “ at the head ” of the lepidoptera, must be
doomed to disappointment.

The arrangement for the new check list may be provisionally laid
down here, so far as embraced, by the two parts of my revision now
published. I may say, that, so far as my preliminary studies, are con¬
cerned, I believe to recognize eight superfamilies in the Lepidoptera :
Papilionides, Hesperiades, Sphingides, Saturniades, Bombycides (Agro¬
tides), Tineides, Micropterygides and Hepialides. I would keep as
near as may be to the Linnean sequence, transferring the Sesiadse and
Anthroceridse from the Sphinges to the Tineides; and the Cossidse,
Apodidse, Ptychopsychidse and Psychidse from the Bombyces to the
Tineides.

To sum up : In Hemileuca, as in Saturnia , veins IV i and IV2 are
furcate at the extremity of a long stem. This stem is morphologically
the extension of that piece of the cross- vein lying between IV 1 and the
Radius. Vein IV 1 is thus prevented absolutely from ascending the
Radius, as it can in Aglia and Automens , where no such extension
takes place or offers to take place, and does in Citheronia. The neg¬
ation here demands, in a positive manner, the classification advanced
by me. No looking at the neuration “broadly,” no trifling as to terms
or the theoretical value of certain changes in the movable veins, can
ever obscure this point, which proves that Aglia can never be brought
into a connection, either as a derived or original representative form,
with the typical Saturnians. The dichotomy proposed by me is borne
out by all exotic Saturnians I have been able to study. On the other
hand, the reference of Endromis to the Sphingides is not positively de¬
manded by the neuration ; a shorter vein, connecting II and III, and
bending down II, near base of hindwings js present in Bombyx mon.
From uncompleted studies in the Lachneidse, this may not be homol¬
ogous. The union is at most not contradicted strongly. It becomes

Classification of Lepidoptera.

library
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Journ. JV. Y. Ent. Soc.

Classification of Lepidoptera.

■>

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

r

'March, 1898.]

G rote : Classification of Lepidoptera.

25

somewhat probable by the extension of the movable pupa from the web,
a character not found in the Bombycides (Agrotides).

Fam.

I.

a

II.

Fam.

III.

IV.

a

V.

u

VI.

46

VII.

46

VIII.

66

IX.

■66

X.

46

XI.

46

XII.

Fam.

XIIT.

66

XIV.

Fam.

XV.

66

XVI.

66

XVII.

A. Papilionides.

PARNASSIIDA2. Type. P. apollo.

Papilionid^e. “ P' machaon.

B. Hesperiades.

PlERIDAS.

Nymphalid.e.

Agapetid.e.

LlMNADID/E.

LlBYTHEIDyE.

Nemeobiid^e.

RiODINID/E

Lyc^enid^e.

Megathymid,e.

Hesperiad,e.

Type. P. rapce.

“ N. he cilia.

“ A. galathea.

“ L. chrysippus.

“ L celtis.

“ TV lucina.

“ A\ lysippus.

“ L. endymion (teste Scudder.)
“ M. yuccce.

“ //. m a face.

C. Sphingides.

Exdromididze. Type. E. versicolor.

Sp.hingid/E. “ A. ligustri.

D. Saturniades.

Saturniad^e. Type. S. pavonia maior.

Agliad^e. “ 4, tau.

Cither 0x1 ad^e «* C. regalis.

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES II AND III.

iR

The accompanying hgures of the neuration of Saturniades are obtained by photo¬
graphic process and may thus be relied upon for exactness. The numbering of the
veins is in accordance with the corrected Redtenbacher- Comstock system as applied
to the Lepidoptera. Him Radial veins j IV Median veins 5 V m Cubital veins.

Fig* I. Saturnia pavonia maior. This and the succeeding represent the
Saturnian type, in which IV2 becomes continuous with IVi. The crossvein ap¬
pears to obtain merely between IV2 and IVi the middle branch of the Media
becomes Radial. In the Attacinae, here not represented, the crossvein vanishes.

Fig* 2. — Hemileuca maia. — The same Saturnian type is exhibited with the
secondary distinctions that vein IHi-f 2 springs from the Radius above the cell. In
Saturnia it has travelled upwards to a point just before apex; by this character
Hemileuca is more generalized. Also with the difference that vein VIII of hind
wings, suppressed in Attacus and Saturnia , is here retained. Else it equals
Saturnia.

Fig* 3- — Aglia tau. This and the succeeding figure represent the Aglian type
of wing. Attention is called to the oblique outward direction of the still uneven
portion of the crossvein between IV2 and IVi, the first indication of a secondary
movement tending to the disintegration of the system of the Media.

Fig. 4* — Automeris io. The crossvein is transverse, and no indication of the
secondary movement of the crossvein in Aglia is observed. The point of issue of
II 1 1 H- 2 is removed further towards the base of the wing. In these two points the
Automerid wing lags behind, or is more generalized, than the typical Aglian wing.
Else it equals Aglia.

Proposed Genealogical trees of the Hawk and Emperor Moths with reference chiefly to the neuration

26

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.vi.

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March, 1898.] Webster : Development o? Drasteria erechtea. 27

NOTES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA

ERECHTEA (Cramer).*

PLATES IV AND V.

By F. M. Webster.

The preparatory stages of this species have been studied by Professor
French, f and I have no expectation of adding anything to his careful
and painstaking work. Mr. M. V. SlingerlandJ has also reared the
species from the egg, but his studies relate more especially to the char¬
acters of the adults and those of closely allied species and varieties. My
own studies were begun with the idea of watching the individual devel¬
opment of the young as closely as I was able, gleaning any points re¬
garding such development as was possible, and which had not been al¬
ready recorded. I can hardly claim that the work was premeditated,
as, but for what might be termed a bit of carelessness, the study would
have never been commenced.

September 24th, I captured a female moth and, killing her as was
supposed, placed her on the setting board. On the following day it
was found that she had revived and though unable to release herself,
had struggled about and completely ruined herself so far as a desirable
specimen was concerned (which I later had cause to regret), and, in the
meanwhile, deposited a number of eggs. As she was captured among
grass and clover, it was probably during the performance of that duty
that she fell into my hands, and the labor was finished while pinned
upon the setting board.

The eggs were of a malachite green, as described by Professor
French, but I found them somewhat more flattened at the poles than he
has described, though the drawings made from alcoholic specimens
hardly represent them as they appear when freshly deposited, the flat¬
tening at the poles being closely illustrated by the appearance of the
upper end in the middle of the three illustrations on Plate IV, the eggs
from which drawing was made being those deposited by an unmated
female.

The eggs were placed near a bunch of grass, transplanted to the
vivarium, but they hatched while no one was about the insectary to ob-

*Read before Section “ F,” Zoology, of A.A.A.S., Detroit, Michigan, August 10

1897.

f Papilio, Vol. IV, pp. 148-149.

flnsect Life, Vol. V, pp. 87-88.

28

[ Vol. VI.

Journal New York. Entomological Societ\.

serve them, and it was not until several days that the young were found
on the blades of timothy. On October 10th, however, they were found,
and at that time had precisely the appearance that French ascribes to
the larvae before first moult, viz., the two extremities of the body were
of a pinkish color while the intermediate portion was of a greenish hue,
which I ascribed at the time to the color of the food showing through
the almost transparent walls of the body. In this case, I believe the
egg stage was about twelve days, instead of five days, as observed by
Professor French, as the eggs had not hatched on October 8th, and the
larvae did not show the reddish stripes, which indicate the period fol¬
lowing first moult, on October 12th, but did show them on the 14th.
This would give an egg period of twelve days, and the larval period to
first moult five or six days, instead of three, as Professor French found
it to be at Carbondale, Illinois. Was this difference due to latitude or
to the advanced season when my observations were made ? This will
certainly be an interesting question. The very young larvae have every
appearance of belonging to the Geometridae, and when feeding on the
blades of grass, eat the substance of the blades only, leaving the veins
and the epidermis almost intact. After the first moult they begin to
eat through the leaves and along the edges, causing cleanly cut notches.
The grass plant was now enclosed by a glass cylinder placed in a ver¬
tical position, and the larvae, by jerking the posterior part of the body
while hanging to the grass blades by the feet, threw the excreta away
from them, and it could be observed in abundance on the inside of the
glass, where it had been caught and held by the moisture collected
there. If in any way disturbed, however, they hang by the penulti¬
mate and anal pairs of feet and wave the body about frantically, and
then remain quiet, clinging by the three pairs of prolegs, the body
arched nearly in the form of the letter S, the anterior feet and legs bent
backward beneath the body, which is usually placed parallel with the
blade on which it is stationed, but not holding to or touching it. On
November 4th, some of the larvae were observed in the act of moulting,
the first time I had observed them to do so, though this was doubtless on
account of my not having been able to give them daily attention. It
will be observed that these larvae were now a few days less than a month
old. Professor French found the date of last moult to vary from 19 to
25 days from hatching.

My larv£e had now become reduced to six, and by the 19th of Novem¬
ber, these varied so greatly in size that I was led to measure the lot,
and by so doing found that there were really two series, in point ot

March, 1898 ] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 291

size, each series comprising three individuals and measuring in length
as follows: i inch ; iTV inches; ii inches, and inch; if inch ;
and f inch. The larva measuring inch moulted on November 19th.

On account of being almost continually absent from home, I was
now compelled to turn the larvse over to my assistant, Mr. C. W. Mally,
who gave them nearly all the attention they had throughout the re¬
mainder of the time that they were under observation.

After December 1, the larvae appeared to increase in size very rap¬
idly, the larger ones becoming lighter in color, and could hardly be
distinguished from the yellowish and brown blades of grass, more or
less eaten, and along which they would stretch themselves and remain
for a long time, occasionally moving the head from side to side with a
sort of trembling motion. This protective coloration had been observed
from the time of the first moult of the larvae, the brown stripes and
greenish background blending with the discoloration of the part of the
blades of grass that had been attacked, while the lighter green corre¬
sponded with the portions of uneaten epidermis, backed by the green
color of the blades behind them. As the larvae became more aged the
colors changed to a more decided brown hue, intermingled with yellow¬
ish, and with this change there came a decided disposition to pass more
of the time nearer the base of the grass plants, where these colors pre¬
dominated, than higher up, where the prevailing color was a uniform
green. Earlier in the life of the larvae, the upper portion of the blades
of grass were more generally attacked, none being cut off from below
and falling down to turn to yellow and brown, while now at this later
period, many blades were eaten only for a short distance above the ground
and falling down took on the yellow and brown. Whatever might
have caused this change of habit, it was certainly not on account of the
lower portions of the blades being more tender and succulent, though
with the continually increasing bulk of the individual larva there would
naturally follow a greater aversion to activity, and a less disposition to
climb to the higher portion of the blades of grass.- It seems to me that
we here have a most interesting case of adaptation, and one that was
not anticipated when these observations began.

On December 3 the three larger larvae began to show signs of un¬
easiness, crawling about the cages, and again stretched at full length on
the side of the same, and again down among the grass, feeding.

December 7, one of the larger larva, which will be hereafter desig¬
nated as No. 1, and the adult and chrysalis is shown under this number
in the illustrations, settled down in a corner of the breeding cage, fas-

30 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

tened a few silky threads over itself, a labor which was completed the
following day, and passed into the pupal stage, having passed a larval
period of, approximately, sixty-one days, and seventy-four days from
time of deposition of the egg.

The remaining two of the three larger larvae crawled down to the
bottom of the breeding cage and began constructing their cocoons, but
died before pupating. The imago of larva No. i, issued January 13,
1897, thus giving a pupal period of thirty-five days, and one hundred
and nine days from date of oviposition.

Of the series of three smaller larvae, after December 4, two of them
increased in size very rapidly, and, in fact, seemed to be gaining upon
those of the first series, while the third, which, so far as could be de¬
termined, had continued to be the smaller since the time of measure¬
ment on November 19, did not increase in size so rapidly. While the
two just mentioned became slightly lighter in color, precisely as had the
three larger ones, this one continued to be much smaller and darker in
color, the blackish stripes being quite conspicuous.

The first larva of the three smaller ones to pupate will be designated
as No. 2, the moth and cocoon beeing so numbered in the accompany¬
ing illustration. This was one of the two light colored larvae of this
series, and began fastening the blades of grass together on the night of
December 8, the imago issuing January 19, 1897, after a pupal period
of forty-one days, and one hundred and fifteen days from date of ovi¬
position of the egg.

The third larva reared to the adult moth will be designated as No.
3, including adult and cocoon. This was second of the lighter colored
of the second and smaller series, and began pupating during the night
of December 9, but did not finish doing so until the following day, leav¬
ing the blades of grass which it had begun fastening together, with the
evident intention of constructing a cocoon therefrom, and appropriated
a bit of cotton that happened to be within reach, and constructed its
cocoon from that, thus forsaking a natural material for an artificial, and
seemingly one of more practical utility. I he imago appeared January
23, 1897, after a pupal period of forty-four days, and one hundred and
seven days from the deposition of the egg.

The third of this series and the smallest of the larvae studied,
escaped from its breeding cage, December 15, evidently when searching
about for a satisfactory place in which to spin its cocoon. It continued
to be of a darker color throughout, but had attained to the same size as
its fellows. Later, an adult of this species was found dead in the insec-

March, 1898.] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 31

tary, during the latter part of January, and as this was the only example
found and the date of finding corresponds so nearly with that of the
•appearance of the remainder of the whole series, together with the fact
that there was hardly a possibility of a larva having been unintentionally
introduced from without, there is little doubt but that this was the imago
from the larva which had escaped from its breeding cage. It was very
■ similar to No. i, being about the same size, but somewhat darker in

color. The mother of the whole three being lighter and of the type of
No. 2.

About October xo, 1896, Mr. Mally brought in from the fields three
larvae, seemingly nearly full grown, and these were placed on clover and
blue grass in a breeding cage in the insectary. About October 22, all
three of these formed cocoons similar to the one shown in No. 4, which
is composed of three clover leaflets fastened together, while still attached
to the petiole, thus making a neat and deceptive case, having three quite
conspicuous angles. 1 he weight of the pupa of course caused them to
turn downward, but even then they appeared like a drooping, withered
leaf, and for this reason very apt to be overlooked. One of these three
pupae was preserved for a cabinet specimen, the second died, while the
third transformed December 6, and is shown with cocoon in No. 4.

Of two larvae brought in from the fields and placed in jelly cups
about October 21, one formed a very slight cocoon of silk as shown in
No. 5, and the other fastened blades of grass together, as shown in No.
6, notwithstanding both were supplied with grass for food, and hence
both had the same material from which to construct their cocoons. The
imagos both appeared December 18, 1896.

The latitude of Wooster, Ohio, where these experiments were carried
on, is 40 0 48', while that of Carbondale, Illinois, where Professor
French studied the species, is about 370 45'. It will be observed that
with him the egg period was less than half as long as with me, while
with him the species developed in from 41 to 66 days from the egg,
the majority going from 48 to 53 days, with me this period varied from
107 to 1 15 days. The eggs which furnished the basis for his breedings
were deposited August 13, and those which I followed were deposited
on September 24 or 25.

I am quite certain that, here in northern Ohio, the insect goes into
the winter in the larval stage, as I have observed nearly full grown larvae
crawling about after the middle of November, though hibernation may
also occur with pupae or even adults. In southern Ohio, I have ob¬
served seemingly freshly emerged adults early in April. All of my

32 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi vi.

larvae upon which these studies are based were kept in the insectary,,
and in a temperature varying probably from 6o° to 75 ° Fah.

The species is a grass as well as a clover insect, as will be observed
from the foregoing, and as the striped body of the larvae would indicate,
but it would seem that the clover leaf is especially desirable as material
for constructing the cocoon, and it is just possible that the lack of this
building material would account for the great variation in tastes in select¬
ing such as was at hand to supply the place of clover leaves, thus the

better illustrating natural selection.

The variation in rapidity of growth I am totally unable to account
for, as there was an abundance of food, and the larvae were never
crowded. With the individual variation in size and time required for
development in the larvae, as well as their difference in coloration, to
gether with the equally striking difference in the appearance of the
adult, it would seem that in this case at least individual variation offered
no very narrow basis for the evolution of forms, which, under a favor¬
able environment, might still further progress through varieties to species.
That this may have actually transpired, is witnessed by the exceedingly
close resemblance between Drasteria erechtea Cram, and D. crassiuscula
Haw., either one of which might have given origin to the other, through
the same course of evolution as that, seemingly, being followed at pres¬
ent by varieties agricola G. & R., ochreci Grt. , and distincta Neum., the
two latter being considered by Mr. Slingerland as varieties of D. crassi-
us cilia. It only requires that these varieties become sterile to each other
and the parent stock when crossed, in order for them to become species,
as valid as either of the two just mentioned.

Explanation of Plates IV and V.

Fig. 1.
“ 2.

“ 3-
“ 4-

“ 5-
“ 6.

“ 7-
« 8.

Drasteria erechtea and cocoon.
<< «< « <<

« «< <« <<

« «« « «

« << «( <<

« « « «

Eggs, enlarged (pi. IV).

Larva, enlarged (pi. V).

Jo urn. N Y. Ent. Soc .

Vol. VI. PL IV.

(

Drasteria erechtea

(.IQRARY
Of THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. VI. PI. V.

Drasteria erechtea

library
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

March, 1898.]

33

Dyar: New North American Moths.

NEW AMERICAN MOTHS AND SYNONYMICAL

NOTES.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D.

LITHOSIIDyE.

Hyproprepia mexicana Driue.

18S5. Lithosia mexicana Druce, Biol. Cent. Am. Lep. I, 131, pl. 13 ff 2> .
1892. Crambidia mexicana Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 338.

Dark mouse gray, a narrow yellow line on costa, through middle of cell to mar¬
gin and along the internal margin, just a trace on the outer half of submedian fold.
Secondaries all gray. Sides and posterior part of thorax and tip of abdomen pink.

Two specimens, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Coll
U. S. Nat. Mus.

More heavily shaded with gray than in the specimen figured by
Druce, but doubtless conspecific.

Bruceia hubbardi, sp. nov.

Similar to B. pulver in a Neum., but smaller. The colors are the same in both
species but the diffuse dark powderings of fore wings are differently shaped. In
hubbardi there is a series of terminal dots, absent in pulverina, and there is a dis¬
tinct angular line resting on anal angle where in pulverina there is only a diffuse
powdering. Expanse, 22-25 mm-

1 2? $ Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H, G. Hubbard), July 4

Type no. 3840, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Crambidia lithosioides, sp. nov.

Dark slate gray, secondaries lighter at base. A very narrow pale yellow line
a ong costa almost to apex, along anterior edge of collar, broken centrally, and on
postenor orbits faintly; otherwise immaculate. Expanse, 21 mm.

One 9 , Texas. (Belfrage.) Type No. 3784, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Resembles Lithosia bicolor.

Crambidia uniformis, sp. nov.

Dark slate gray, all the veins of primaries finely lined in dull-ocherous ; second
aries and abdomen a shade paler gray. Expanse, 19 mm.

One 9, Washington, D. C. (F. C. Pratt). TyDe No. 3790, U. S
Nat. Mus.

Size and appearance of C. lithosioides , but without the ocherous
costa.

Palpidia, gen. nov.

Primaries 12-veined, median 4-branched, veins 3 and 4 on a short stalk, 7 to 9
stalked, 10 from the apex of the cell ; 1 1 from sub costal. Secondaries 8-veined,

Journal New York Entomological Socieia. [voi.\ l

median 3-brancfied, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 from the cross.vein, weak 6 and 7 from the
apex ol the cell, 8 joined to subcostal for one-third of the length of the cell. Frenu.

Eves larged no ocelli; antennae simple (V), palpi long, obliquely ascending
twice as long as the head and rising above the vertex, second joint long, closely
scaled, third distinct, small. Body slender, legs with long spurs, two pair on the
hind tibse ; wings long, narrow, the costa nearly straight but depressed at apical

third, outer margin straight, curved at anal angle; secondaries considerably shorter

than primaries. , . .

In the synoptic table falls with Tantura Kirb., but this genus
possesses ocelli and must be removed to the Noctuidse (see later in this

‘article).

Palpidia pallidior, sp. nov.

Pale ocherous, veins pale ocherous, all the interspaces thickly irrorate with black
scales. Secondaries whitish. 1

One 9. Cocoanut Grove, Florida (E. A. Schwarz). Type No.

3783, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Resembles Cr ambidia pallida Pack.

euchromiim:.

Lycomorpha Harris.

The account of this genus by Neumoegen and Dyar (Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soc., I, 102) contains two important errors. We did not observe
that vein 8 was present on the hind wings of coccinea Hy. Edw., having
only examined the type without removing it from the drawer, and hence
wrongly allowed it to remain in Lycomorpha. We mistook for L. fill-
aens Edw the specimens which stand in the Edwards collection as
^Ptychoglene cequalis and described these. It will be noticed that our
description contradicts Edwards’ original one (Papilio I, 116). These
specimens bear a label, I think, in Mr. Schaus’ handwriting, but they
do not belong to Ptychoglene , as vein 8 of secondaries is .absent; more¬
over they do not fit Walker’s description of P. cequalis , as the costal
edge is not black and the thorax is red instead of black. I propose to
call them Lycomorpha schaus 1.

Lycomorpha pulchra, sp. nov.

Head and body black ; thorax above, including collar and patagia, red. Wing,
bright red, the fringes of both narrowly black and a very narrow black line on the
outer fourth of costa and internal margin of primaries. Expanse, 25 mm.

1 $ , Texas (Belfrage). Type No. 3786, U. S. Nat. Mus. .

Of the species described as Lycomorpha, sinuata and coccinea y
Edw. belong to Ptychoglene (Arctiidse); mexicana Druce, cons tans

March, 1898.]

Dyar : New North American Moths.

35

rata> later™1* and fusca Hy. Edw. to Triprocris ; marginata, notha
Hy. Edw. and centralis Walk, to Pyromorpha (Pyromorphidse); augusta
Hy. Edw. is a Euchromian, but it does not belong to Lycomorpha as
vein 10 is stalked on fore wings and 5 is present on hind wings. It
may form a new genus when this family is revised, or may come in
some genus at present unknown to me. It falls into Ctenucha in the
synopsis. From the description I think regia Schaus must go with it
Of the other species I have seen but half, and they may not all be con¬
generic. Judging from the above, they may belong anywhere in five
genera of three families, representing two super-families. But, assuming
them to be congeneric, they separate as follows. Those which I have
reason to believe correctly placed generically are preceded by an as¬
terisk. Species not placed, chlora Schauf.

Synopsis of Lycomorpha.

1. Thorax all black _

. . . . . . 2

Thorax black ; patagia red or yellow .

Thorax all red . . g

2. Secondaries dull orange, with narrow black margin . teos Sckait*

Secondaries with a broad black margin . viridiceps Feld 6° A 'or.

3. Primaries with black reaching from outer margin to near middle of wing . * 4

Black border of primaries covering about one third of wing . 6

Black border confined to the fringe .

4- Outer black in the form of a border .

Outer black a longitudinal band . ....7.'..*fumata "mtchl.

5- Primaries orange at base . . .*pholus Dru.

Primaries red at base . *mi„iata Pack.

. Secondaries black almost to costal margin . con tormina Hy. Edw.

econdaries black on outer half . desertus $ Hy. Edw.

7- Red; secondaries nearly all black . *fulgens Hy. Edw.

' grange ; secondaries with fringe only black . anacreon Bruce.

o. .Primaries red, with rather broad outer black border. . . . *schausi Dvnr

Primaries red, with black fringe . " ‘ ^

Primaries orange, with two transverse black bands _ desertus 9 Hy. Edzv.

9. Secondaries with outer black border covering half or more of wing..*grotei Pack
Secondaries with only the fringe black . *pu!chra Dyar.

ARCTIID^E.

. In my revision of g^era (Can. Em. XXIX, 212), I included two
with “ vein 8 of secondaries wanting.” This is not strictly the case in
the sense that vein 8 is wanting in the Euchromiidie by coalescence
with 7, for in the series culminating in Eupseudosoma and Eucereon it
has disappeared by atrophy, apparently, while in Bertholdia it is vein 6

36

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

that has disappeared by coalescence with 7. In some species of this
group vein 8 coalesces with 7 to end of cell, producing the appearance
of the absence of vein 8. These two groups of Phsegopterids are thus
essentially Arctian, though apparently showing the Euchromian struc-

ture. . ,

Bertholdia was erected by Mr. Schaus in this Journal (IV, 137) with

type specular is H. S., containing three species. These are superficially

recognizable by the large triangular vitreous patch on costa, but other

spectes without this mark must ultimately come in the genus. Mr.

Schaus has kindly given me a number of specimens of Bertholdia ,

among which I recognize a new form, apparently uncharacterized.

Bertholdia schausiana, sp. nov.

Intermediate between specularis and trigona. Primaries lead color, shaded with
pink more or less, especially toward anal angle, dotted with black. Costa red, ex¬
cept at the vitreous patch, where it is yellow. The patch is excavated superiorly be¬
tween vein 6 and rosta, produced outward in the interspace 5-6 or simply angled, the
lower border nearly straight, lightly shaded with yellow, the veins black dotted. The
shape is most like trigona but distinctly angled in the interspace 5-6 and not pointed
below. Basal yellow spots absent, or one small one present. Body and hind wings

as in trigona. Expanse, 33-39 mm-

i <? , 3 9 9 from Mr. Schaus without locality. (Coll. Dyar.)

Synopsis of Species.

1.

2.

(Group 1 with large vitreous patch.)

Secondaries vitreous with gray outer border . specularis H. S .

Secondaries white, without gray border . . . . • • 2

Primaries with white subterminal line . albipunctata chans.

Primaries without this line . . 3

Subapical patch rounded below, scarcely crossing vein 4 ; basal spots reduced
F schausiana Dyar,

Subapical patch pointed below to vein 3, or further expanding downward ; basal
spots usually expanded . trigona Grote.

Gorgonidia, gen. nov.

Primaries with median vein 4 branched, cross vein of cell slightly concave, &
from the apex of cell, 7-10 stalked ; secondaries with vein 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked,
8 joining the subcostal for over half the length of the cell. Wing long, produced, the
secondaries small, trigonate. Palpi robust, not reaching vertex of head, first and
second joints subequal, third minute. Ocelli touching the eye. Male antennae serrate
ciliate. Two pair of spuis on hind tibiae.

The male has a stridulating organ on the thorax like that of the
Asiatic genus Dionychopus, i. e„ Spilosoma (?) nivens Mdnet. of Kirby’s
catalogue. (See Psyche, VII, 415. 'or description.)

March, 1898.]

Dyar : New North American Moths.

37

Gorgonidia mirabilior, sp. nov.

Primaries vermilion red, crossed from the costal margin nearly to the middle by
three yellow bands, narrowing inferiorly and edged with black except below ; an
elongated slate colored patch beyond the cell reaching the margin, sharply truncate
basally, its lower inner angle produced to join a large rounded similarly colored patch
which rests on the anal angle separated from the edge by a narrow red line and reach¬
ing above to vein 2 and basally to near the middle of the wing. Secondaries pink¬
ish red, vermilion on costa and internal margin. Body vermilion, ocherous tinted on
head and front of thorax ; posterior edge of collar pink in the middle. Posterior
edges of abdominal segments below narrowly white. Femora, tibiae and tarsi black,
lined and powdered with white.

i $ , Piches & Perene Vs., 2,000-3,000 feet, Peru. (Soc. Geog.
•de Lima). Type No. 3791, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Closely allied to Zatrephes buckleyi Druce from Ecuador, and Z.
gat leppi Druce from Bolivia, which will also come in this genus.

Trichromia neretina, sp. nov.

Head dark ochre yellow on vertex, front purplish brown. Thorax purple brown;
abdomen bright red dorsally, pale yello v below ; legs pale yellow, fore femora
bright red in front, tibiae and tarsi outwardly ocherous. Fore wings purplish brown,
a yellow band from middle of costa to middle of outer margin, very narro w and dis¬
located (at vein 4 ) centrally, wide on the margins and running very narrowly along
costa, more widely along outer margin to apex, cutting off the apical portion of the
ground color into a rounded spot. The ground color is darkened where it joins the
yellow. Secondaries straw yellow, tinted with ochre on the margins. Below as
above, but the dark marks fainter, the basal patch pale and diluted with pink, the
apical one more uniformly slaty. Expanse, 27 mm.

i $ , Piches & Perene Vs., Peru, 2,000-3,000 feet. (Soc. Geog.
de Lima.) Type No. 3792, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Very similar to Neritos repanda Walk., but entirely without the sex
mark.

Tnchroima and Neritos may probably be separated by the sex
mark, if not otherwise; but at present the species are mixed and I list
them together below. Six of the species listed by Kirby seem not con¬
generic. I have not examined specimens, but think that amastris and
asana Druce, as well as cutheans Druce (described since the catalogue)
will fall near, if not in Bertholdia Schaus.

Synopsis of the similar species of Trichromia and Neritos.

1. Secondaries dark brown . > 2

Secondaries pale yellow or pink . . . . . ^

2. Yellow band of primaries broken in the middle . onytes Cr.

Yellow band crossing the wing . ^

3- Abdomen dark, head red . psamas Cr.

Abdomen red above, head yellow . sithnides Druce.

38

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

4-

5-
6.

7-

8.

9-

Yellow band of primaries crossing the wing .

Yellow band broken in the middle .

Abdomen red or pink above .

Abdomen yellow .

Head yellow, secondaries pink .

Head ocherous on vertex only ; secondaries yellow . . .

Head reddish brown, secondaries yellow . . .

Male with elliptical sex mark near base of fore wing

Male without a sex mark . . .

Head yellow .

Head gray .

Costal spot yellow .

Costal spot broadly centered with brown ... .

. 5

. 9

. 6

. 8

. patara Druce.

. 7

. samos Druce.

. repanda Wlk.

. . . .neretina Dyar.

. tipolis Druce.

. . . pandera Schaus.
flavoroseus Walk.
. cotes Druce.

Trichromia is not a Lithosian, as placed in Kirby’s catalogue, as
ocelli are present. The neuration of the species here described is as

follows :

Primaries with 4-branched median, cross-vein of cell strongly angulated, form¬
ing a right angle, 6 from the apex, 7-10 stalked, 10 given off before 7, 11 close to
apex of cell, 12 from base. Secondaries with two internal veins, median 3-branched,
veins 3 and 4 on a long stalk, 5 absent, cross vein angled, 6 and 7 on a long stalk, 8
joining the subcostal for only about one-third of the cell, curving and rather remote
from 7, strong. Tibial spurs normal, small. The ocellus is pale, situated in a black
ring which is about as wide as the diameter of the ocellus itself and does not touch the

eye.

Pygarctia muricolor, sp. nov.

Fore wing mouse gray with a slight bronzy reflection, translucent except along
the margins and apically ; hind wing translucent grayish, darker along the outer
margin, pale at the anal angle. Head dark gray in front, vertex ochre yellow ; collar
mouse gray, narrowly edged with ochre behind ; thorax gray, the edges of the pata-
gia a shade lighter ; below ocherous, including coxae ; legs gray. Abdomen buff, a
dorsal row of small dots and a rather broad lateral band mouse gray. Expanse, 41

mm.

1$, Chiricahua Mts. , ' Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No.
3787, U. S. Nat. Mus.

To give a wider comparison with southern forms this species may be
provisionally placed in the genus Opharus Walk, on superficial resem¬
blance. The following are its structural characters :

Accesory cell present, veins 7-10 from its apex, 8 and 9 stalked ; 8 of secondaries
joining cell for half its length, faint at the tip ; no veins absent. Palpi oblique, por-
rect, not reaching the vertex, first and second joints subequal, third half of the sec¬
ond ; tibial spurs normal, short. Body slender ; antennae long ; hind wings rather
large.

Assuming the described species of Opharus to be congeneric, they
would separate as follows :

March, 1898] DYAR : NEW NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS. 39

1. Abdomen continuously marked with orange or yellow, not transversely

banded, . 2

Abdomen not continuously orange, transversely banded or spotted with pale, 6
Abdominal without marks, dark . 1]t

2. Abdomen dark dorsally . basalis Walk.

Abdomen ocherous dorsally . ^

2. Abdomen with lateral spots . 4

Abdomen with a lateral band .

4. Secondaries unicolorous, translucent at base . euchzetiformis Hy. Ed?a.

Secondaries ocherous on basal half. . ruficollis Druce.

5. Abdomen blackish below . gemma Schaus.

Abdomen ocherous below . muricolor Dyar.

6 Abdomen yellow or red, transversely black banded . 7

Abdomen dark brown, spotted with testaceous or white .

7. Secondaries brownish .

Secondaries pink on internal margin . rhodosoma Bull.

8. Large, two yellow dots on head . gigas Dogn.

Smaller, thorax with small blue dots . albipunctatus Druce.

9. Abdomen with testaceous spots on the sides . procrioides Walk.

Abdomen banded with yellowish and with white spots . mundator Druce.

Abdomen with white spots only . IO

10. Two lateral rows of white spots on abdomen . tristis Schaus.

One such lateral row . dolens Druce.

11. Primaries brown . carbonarius Dogn.

Primaries gray . . I2

12. A darker shade crossing the cell . morosus Schaus.

Primaries uniform dark gray . Iugubris Schaus.

Ptychoglene flammans, sp. nov.

Deep bluish black. Fore wings bright scarlet, the outer margin broadly black,
broadest at anal angle and twice inwardly waved, namely at submedian and discal
folds ; inner margin narrowly lined with black. Costal edge of secondaries broadly
red on basal two-thirds. Below as above, the outer border of primaries straighter
within. Expanse, 31 mm.

2 $ $ . Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No.

3785, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Apparently allied to phrada Druce, but the border of primaries is

irregular.

Ptychoglene has the venation of Eubaphe , but differs in the longer
narrower fore wings. In this genus will also come coccinea Hy. Edw.
as North American.

Of the described species, pomponia Druce is Eubaphe ostenta Hy.
Edw.; splendida Druce is green and can hardly belong to this genus.
The others separate as follows. I have marked with an asterisk those
examined by me.

00

40

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[ Vol. \ I.

«. Thorax, including patagia, black . 2

Patagia red or orange, at least at base . ^

Thorax, including patagia, red . *COCCinea Hy. Edw.

'2. Primaries black along costal edge . • . 3

Primaries red along costal edge . . 5

3. Secondaries black except along costa . 4

Secondaries red with black border . . *sanguineola Bdv.

4. Costal edging of primaries broad . . *erythrophora Feld.

Costal edging of primaries narrow . . . . . . aequalis Walk.

5. Outer border even . phrada Druce.

Outer border twice dentate . *flammans Dyar.

Outer border sinuately widened below . *sinuata Hy. Edw.

6. Costal margin of primaries red . 7

Costal margin black at base . *ra Druce.

7. Secondaries black or mostly so . ^

Secondaries orange on basal half . pamphylia Diuce.

S. Primaries black except red costal line . rubromarginata Druce.

Costal half of wing red . xylophila Druce.

Primaries red, outer margin, broadly black . pertunda Druce.

NYCTEOLID^E.

Arctiidce , Nycteolince , IIampson, Moths of India II, 128.

Noctuidce, Sarrothripince , Hampson, Moths of India II, 365*

Cymbidce, Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 279.

Nycteolidce , Smith, List. Lep. 23.

Pseudoipsidcz , Grote, Syst. Lep. Hild.

Nycteolcc , Hubner, Tentamen.

Pseudoipes , Hubner, Tentamen.

I see no sufficient distinction between Hampson’s Nycteolinse and
Sarrothripinae. The primary distinction founded on vein 8 of second¬
aries is negatived by some of his Sarrothripinse, and the structure of the
groups seems otherwise the same. The males have the bar-shaped
retinaculum in both. The green and gray moths differ superficially,
but the larvge and cocoons are the same and are not Arctian. They
are excluded from the Lithosians by the presence of ocelli. Family
type Nycteola revayana Scop.

Nycteola proteella, Walsh.

1864, Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 609, note (as Tortricid).

1867, Walsh, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. VI, 272, note.

Similar to revayana , but smaller and without the prominent angles at base of
costa of fore wings. Gray, shaded with brown. Basal line curved, t.a. line straight,
black, narrow ; t.p. line wavy, strongly arcuate outward opposite cell ; s.t. line undu¬
late, shaded. The wing is nearly uniformly grayish with the lines faint, or heavily
shaded with blackish and brown between the lines and more distinctly marked ; very
variable. Expanse, 1 4- 1 7 mm.

March, 1898.]

Dvar : New North American Moths.

41

Three examples from Walsh collection, U. S. Nat. Mus.

NOCTUID^.

Cydosia Westwood.

. New synonyms of this genus are Pentlietria Hy. Edw. and Tantura
Kirby. C. majuscula , the type of the genus, belongs to Cydosia. Neu-
moegen and Dyar placed it in the Lithosiidae, but ocelli are distinctly
present, as I have proved in fresh material. We could not examine the
type freely, so failed to discover them.

The other species of Penthetria , namely parvula , from Florida, is a
Tineid forming a curious pedunculate, lace-work cocoon. It is at pres¬
ent without reference to any genus.

Synopsis of forms of Cydosia.

Primaries with three golden brown bands.

Many white spots on wing and thorax . nobi litella Cr

Without white spots . ...’!!!!!! auri vitta (7. R.

Primaries without any markings . majuscula Hy. Edw.

Euclidia diagonalis, sp. nov.

Pattern of markings as in E. inter calcaris Grt., but the pale mark that arises
near the anal angle is directed to the outer third of the cell instead of joining the
pale reniform as in the allied species. Other markings similar but rather more
drawn out longitudinally. A black streak runs through the cell, obscuring the puncti-
form orbicular. The white t. p. line is rather diffuse and shaded, straight, joining
the oblique mark below. Expanse, 44 mm.

One 9 , Mesino Valley, New Mexico (Wheeler Survey, through A.
S. Packard). Type No. 3844, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Apatela minella, sp. nov.

Closely allied to A. fragilis Guen. but uniformly shaded with dark gray. Head,
thorax and fore wings blackish gray, the lines as in fragilis , the centers of t. a. and
t. p. lines whitish and rather contrasting. Ordinary marks outlined in black, the

basal dash indicated. Abdomen dark gray; secondaries scarcely darker than in
fragilis.

One 9 . Type No. 3843, U. S. Nat. Mus.

The. specimen is without locality label, but probably from Rocky
Mountain region.

This may be a western form of fragilis.

NOLIDHR

Following Dr. Chapman’s views on the phlyogeny of this group, I
place them as a distinct family at the bottom of the Bombyces or between
the Bombyces and Tineides. The larval characters correspond with this

42

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

position. Hampson makes them a subfamily of Arctiidae and Meyrick
includes them in the Arctiadae, with which no fault is to be found if

their different origin be kept in mind.

The following is a revision of our species, following Meyrick for

genera.

Primaries io-veined,
Primaries n -veined,
Primaries 12-veined

Synopsis of Genera.

g antennre ciliate .

$ antennse slenderly pectinate . . .

. .Rceselia

_ Nola

Meganola

Roeselia Hit bn.

Argyrophyes Grt. falls as a synonym on Meyrick’s definition ; also

Lebena Walk.

Synopsis of Species.

1. Primaries gray . 1 2 3

Primaries in part white . . 3-

2. Three costal dots, on basal, t. a. and median lines . triquetrana Htch.

Two costal dots, on basal and t. a. lines . mi tin a Butl.

3. Wing shaded, grayish on costa and anal angle . SOrghiella Riley.

Wing with marks contrasted, in part black . 4

4. Basal white space cut off from costa . menalopa Zell.

Basal white space reaching costa, at least narrowly . 5-

5. Median band broad . pustulata Walk.

Median band define! only on outer half . cilicoides Grt.

The type of Nolaphana triquetrana Fitch is in the Nat. Museum,
and is trinotata Walk. ’=s=- sexmaculata Grt. So /a hyemahs Stretch H.
minna Butl.

Nola Leach.

Synopsis of Species.

1. T.p. line outwardly arcuate opposite cell . 2'

T.p. line nearly straight, not bent . 4

2. Wing lines usually heavy as compared with costal spots . . . 3

Wing lines slight, costal spots heavy . . phylla Dyar.

3. Larger, markings blurred on a dark ashen ground . fuscula Grt.

Medium, markings somewhat contrasted on a whitish ground, .minuscula Zell.
Smaller, the markings usually slender, the ground more ashen . ovilla Grt.

4 Basal dash on primaries less distinct than outer costal dot . involuta Dyar.

Basal dash strong . exposita Dyar.

Nola involuta, sp. nov.

II tv. minuscula Dyar, Psyche, VI, 248 (1892).

Fore wing dusky gray ; t. a. , t. p. and s. t. lines oblique, parallel, fine, finely
dentate or dotted, nearly straight, the s.-t. faintest, but waved and bordered out¬
wardly by a pale shade. On costa at base a brown dash ; a brown tuft of scales on

March, 1898.]

Dyar : New North American Moths.

43

t. a. line below costa, surrounded more or less by a diffuse cloud. Hind wing
whitish, gray on the margin. Expanse, 18 mm.

Two $ $ , Los Angeles, Cal. (Koebele, Coquillett), 9 Santa Barbara,
Cal. (Dyar). Type No. 3779, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Nola exposita, sp. nov.

||iV. hyemalis Dyar, Psyche VI, 110(1891).

Fore wing pale gray, thinly scaled; t. a , t. p. and s. t. lines oblique, parallel,
fine, finely dentate, nearly straight; lines obscure, especially the s.t On costa at
base a brown dash ; a brown tuft of scales ont. a. line below costa ; a slight brown
shade between t. a. and t. p. lines, especially on internal margin. Secondaries
whitish, translucent. Expanse, 16 mm.

One $ Phoenix, Arizona (Dyar;. Type No. 3780, U. S. Nat. Mus.
Close to involuta, but the larval habit is different.

Nola phylla, sp. nov.

Thorax and primaries bright silver gray. Lines as in minus cula, but very slen¬
der, minutely dentate. Three raised whitish dots in the cell, above which two dis¬
tinct brown-black marks on costa, one at base, the other at end of cell. Secondaries
and abdomen dark gray. Expanse, 1 7 mm.

Two 9 9 , Long Island, N. Y. (Dyar), Washington, D. C. (Koebele);
also several other specimens. Type No. 3781, U. S. Nat. Mus.

The larva lives on the oak, but is different from ovilla and has differ¬
ent habits.

Meganola, gen. nov.

Primaries 12-veined, median 4 handed, 7-10 stalked, 7 given off before 10.
Secondaries 7-veined, median 2-branched, vein 4 absent, 5 given off a little below mid¬
dle of cross vein, 6-7 stalked, 8 joining subcostal for about one-third the length of
cell. Hind tibke with two pairs of spurs, legs long, slender. Palpi about three times
as long as head, broad, flattened, thickly scaled, obliquely descending. No ocelli.
Primaries with three raised tufts of scales.

Meganola conspicua, sp. nov.

Thorax ani fore wings dark gray. T.a. line just visible, arcuate, dentate ; t p.
line rather distinct, blackish, bent inward below median vein and obsolete on costa,
finely blunt-dentate, free or closely paralleled inwardly by the median line which,
when present, is irregularly dentate and bent towards base on costa ; subterminal line
obscure, inwardly waved, faintly bordered with whitish outwardly. A row of fine
terminal white points with black scales inwardly. On costa at base a brown dash and
a few brown scales also on the raised patches in middle and at end of cell. Second¬
aries grayish, pale at base. Expanse, 26 mm.

Three 9 9, Texas; Colorado; Fort Grant, Arizona (H. G. Hub¬
bard). Type No. 3789, U. S. Nat. Mus.

44

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

lacosomhre.

Lacosoma arizonicum, sp. nov.

$ fore wing slightly incised at anal angle and roundedly produced at vein 3, the
apex rounded, not falcate ; hind wing rounded, somewhat sharply angled at anal
angle, and slightly excised between the veins. Body flesh color, shaded with rosy
pink on head and pectus ; antennae yellowish with long pectinations. Wings pale
brown, the basal half shaded with rosy pink, sparsely irrorate with brown. An ob¬
scure discal dot on both wings, black, overlaid with white, and a narrow, very slightly
flexuous outer common brown line. Expanse, 29 mm.

One $ . Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No.
3789, U. S. Nat. Mus.

PYROMORPHID^E.

Acoloithus rectarius, sp. nov.

Entirely black, the collar concolorous. Fore wings slightly bluish, hind wmgs
greenish. Expanse, 13 mm.

One example, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type
No. 3788, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Possibly not distinct from Harrisina mexicana Schaus, which I have
not seen.

- - - ♦ -

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID JE.

By D. W. Coquillett, Washington, D. C.

The insects comprising this family belong to the group of acalyptrate
Diptera in which the auxiliary vein is imperfect or wanting, and the
crossvein, which usually separates the discal from the second basal cell,
is wanting, as is also the anal cell. The legs are short and rather
robust. The only other family possessing these characters is the Ephy-
dridse, but in these the head is usually much broader than high, the
aristae of the antennae are sometimes long pectinate on the upper side,
the sides of the face are usually provided with bristles and the oral
opening is often excessively large, none of which characters occur in

the Oscinidae.

In studying up the extensive series of specimens contained in the
collection of the National Museum several new forms were met with,
and it was found necessary to make a few corrections and additions to
the genera given in Osten Sacken’s catalogue. A large series of speci¬
mens of Opetiophora straminea , the type species of this genus, collected
in Texas by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, shows that this genus is a synonym of

March, 1898.] CoQUILLETT : DESCRIPTIONS OF OsCINIDyE.

45'

Hippelates. Elachiptera is the older name for Crassiseta, as Mosillus
is of Gymnopa . The last named genus is not mentioned in Williston’s
recent manual. One European genus, Eurina , is now for the first time
reported from this country, and a new genus, Ceratobarys , is erected
for the Hippelates eulophus of Loew. The genus Sigaloessa of Loew,
although placed by its author in the Asteidae, and by Dr. Williston in
the Drosophilidae, may with propriety be admitted into the present
family, from which it does not differ in any more important character
than the shortened second longitudinal vein.

The genus Elliponeura is unknown to the writer in nature ; all of
the other genera reported from this country are represented in the
National Museum collection.

Table of Genera.

1. Costal vein terminating at the tip of the third vein . 2

Costal vein continued to the fourth vein . 5

2. Hind crossvein present .

Hind crossvein wanting . Elliponeura.

3. Posterior femora not thickened . . .

, . * . 4

Posterior femora unusually thick . Meromyza.

4. Front projecting in front of the eyes at least two-thirds the length of their hori¬

zontal diameter .

Front not projecting more than one-half of the diameter of the eyes. .Chlorops.

5. Third joint of antennae at least twice as long as wide . Ectecephala.

Third joint only slightly longer than wide . . . Eurina

6. Hind tibiae each bearing a stout curved spur at tip of inner side . 7

Hitd tibiae destitute of such spurs . g

7. Antennal arista unusually broad . Ceratobarys

Antennal arista slender . Hippelates.

8. Tip of second vein less than the length of the hind crossvein beyond the first.

Sigaloessa.

Tip of second vein several times the length of the hind crossvein beyond the
first .

. 9

9. Arista of antennae not broadened . IO

Arista unusually broadened . Elachiptera.

10. Last section of fourth vein three or more times as long as the penultimate sec¬

tion .

. . 11

Last section less than twice as long as the penultimate section _ _ _ Mosillus.

11. Antennal arista bare or pubescent . I2

Antennal arista short plumose . Gaurax

12. Epistoma noticeably produced forward . Siphonella

Epistoma not produced forward . Oscinis

Descriptions of New Species.

Eurinaexilis, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, antennae, thickened base of the arista, the
clypeus and occiput, except the sides and lower part of the latter, black ; frontal

46

[Vro\. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

triangle polished, toward the sides striated, its lower end broad, rounded, reaching
lower end of the front, sides of the latter bare ; third joint of antennae subquadrate,
only slightly longer than broad. Thorax black, the sides and pleura yellow, the
latter marked with four black spots, mesonotum coarsely punctured, scutellum yel¬
low, convex. Abdomen black, the sides and venter yellow. Coxae, femora and
tibiae reddish yellow, the middle of the hind tibiae and all tarsi black. Halteres yel¬
low. Wings grayish hyaline, third and fourth veins stroDgly diverging apically, hmd
crossvein twice its length from the small. Length, 4 to 5 i^n*

Fourteen specimens, Beverly, Mass., June 4 and 20 (Edward Bur¬
gess), and Colorado (Carl F. Baker and H. K. Morrison). Type No.
3798, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops aristalis, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the front triangle, third joiat of antennae, clypeus and occiput ex¬
cept the sides and lower part black, arista white, the thickened basal part yellow ;
frontal triangle polished, the sides converging to below the middle of the front,
then as a narrow line extending to the lower edge of the front, sides of the latter
bearing short, black, bristly hairs ; third joint of antennae one and one-half times as
long as broad, concave above and convex below ; palpi unusually large, projecting
nearly one-third of their length beyond the anterior oral margin. Thorax yellow, the
mesonotum subshining, marked with five nearly contiguous black vittoe, the pleura
marked with three blackish spots ; scutellum yellow, convex. Abdomen dark
brown, the sides and venter yellow. Coxae, femora and tibiae yellow, the tarsi
brownish. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein one and two thirds times
its length from the small. Length, 3 to 4 mm.

Three specimens. North Carolina and southern Georgia. Collected
by H. K. Morrison. Type No. 3799, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops scabra, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, second antennal joint and narrow upper edge
of the third, the clypeus and occiput except the sides and lower part, black, arista
brown, the thickened base black ; frontal triangle polished, its sides converging to
below middle of front, then nearly parallel, extending to lower end of front, sides of
the latter bearing short black bristly hairs ; third joint of antennae orbicular, slightly
shorter than wide. Thorax black, the sides and pleura yellow, one or two spots on
the pleura, and the sternum largely black ; mesonotum subshining, coarsely punc¬
tured ; scutellum yellow, convex. Abdomen dark brown, the sides and renter yel¬
low. Legs reddish yellow, a broad black band near middle of each hind tibia, apices
of tarsi brown. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossveia over twice its
length from the small. Length, 3 to 4 mm.

Two specimens. Oswego, N. Y. Collected July 17, 1896, by
Professor Sheldon. Type No. 3800, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops rubida, sp. nov.

Head yellow, an ocellar dot and narrow upper edge of the third antennal joint,
black ; frontal triangle polished, punctured, each puncture bearing a short hair, a me-

March, 1898.] CoQUILLETT : DESCRIPTIONS OF OsCINID/E.

47

<dian, longitudinal carina on lower half of the triangle sides of triangle converging to
lower end of front, pointed at the apex, sides of front bearing short black bristly
hairs ; third joint of antenna orbicular, slightly longer than wide. Thorax yellow,
five dorsal vittae and two spots on the pleura, reddish yellow ; scutellum light yellow,
flattened. Abdomen black, the ends, side? and venter yellow. Legs reddish yellow.
Halteres light yellow. Wings hyaline, the hind crossvein slightly more than its length
from the small. Length, 3 mm.

Two specimens. Colorado (H. K. Morrison), and Placer Co.,
Cal., in August (A. Koebele). Type No. 3801, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops graminea, sp. nov.

Head yellow, an ocellar spot, one on lower part of the triangle, the third anten¬
nal joint, thickened base of arista and two vittae on the occiput, black, sides of triangle
partly or wholly brown, terminal portion of arista white ; frontal triangle opaque,
punctured, bare, the sides converging to lower end of front, the apex broadly rounded |
sides of front bare ; third joint of antennae orbicular, slightly shorter than wide.
Thorax yellow, opaque, five dorsal vittae and three or four spots on the pleura, black -
scutellum convex, yellow, toward the sides brown. Abdomen black, the narrow hind
margin and sides of each segment, and middle of venter, yellow. Legs reddish yel¬
low, apices of femora, both ends of the tibiae, and bases of the tarsi, light yellow,
Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein slightly more than its length from
the small. Length, 3 mm.

Two specimens, Lancaster, Cal. Bred by A. Koebele. Type No.
3802, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops pullipes, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, antennae including the arista, the clypeus,
palpi and occiput except the sides and lower part, brown or black ; frontal triangle
polished, the sides converging to lower end of front, sides of front bare ; third anten¬
nal joint subquadrate, slightly longer than wide. Thorax polished, the dorsum black,
sometimes marked with two yellow vitUe, pleura yellow, marked with four black
spots; scutellum yellow, flattened. Abdomen black, hind margins of the fourth
(usually) and fifth segments yellow. Legs brown or black, the trochanters, apices of
femora, both ends of tibiae, and bases of tarsi, yellow. Halteres yellow. Wings

hyaline, hind crossvein slightly more than its length from the small. Length, 2 to 4
mm.

Sixteen specimens. Santa Fe, N. Mex. (T. D. A. Cockerell, in
July and August), and Canon City, Colo. (H. F. Wickham); other
specimens from Colorado were collected by C. F. Baker and H. Iv.
Morrison. Type No. 3803, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops assimilis Macq. An examination of the type of Siphon-
ella obesa Fitch proves that it is a synonym of the above mentioned
species. Chlorops trivialis Loew and C. bistriata Walker belong in
the same category.

48

[Voi. vr..

Journal New York Entomological Society.

Chlorops prolifica O. S. A study of co- types of this species re¬
ceived from Dr. J. A. Lintner, shows it to be a synonmy of C. variceps

Loew.

q aurax anchora Locw . 1 his species has been re-described by Dr.
Williston under the name of Elachiptera dispar in Forbush and Fer-
nald’s report on the Gypsy Moth, page 39°*

Gaurax montanus, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, antennae, except the arista, face, cheeks,,
proboscis and palpi, yellow ; frontal triangle polished, the sides convex, the lower
end not reaching below lowest fourth of the front, sides of front opaque ve vety \
third joint of antennae reniform, one and one-half times as broad as long, arista-
densely short plumose. Thorax polished black, a large yellow spot above the middle
coxae ; scutellum semicircular, yellow, the extreme base brown. Abdomen black,
the base yellow. Legs, including the coxae, light yellow. Knob of halteres black,,
the stem yellow'. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Two specimens. Mt. Washington (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) and White
Mts., N. H. (H. K. Morrison). Type No. 3804, U. S. Nat. Museum..

Hippelates capax, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, the face, cheeks and palpi, yellow ;;
frontal triangle subshining, the sides convex, the lower end not reaching below the
lowest third of the front, sides of front except the lower part opaque velvety, each-
bearing a row of short bristles ; third joint of antennae circular, arista pubescent ;
vibrissas rather large. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen black, subshining, the ven¬
ter basally yellowish. Legs dark brown, bases of femora and of tibiae, yellow.
Knob of halteres bright yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 3 mm.

Northern Illinois. A female specimen collected October 27, 1895,,
by Dr. W. A. Nason. Type No. 3805, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Hippelates bicolor, sp. nov.

Head black, lower part of the front, antennae, except the extreme apex, and the-
arista, face, cheeks and palpi, yellow ; frontal triangle polished, the sides concave,,
the apex reaching lower end of front, bristles on sides of front very short, vibrissae
wanting ; third joint of antennae reniform, one and one-half times as broad as long..
Thorax and scutellum polished black, the latter semicircular, wider than long.
Abdomen yellow, sometimes marked with a dorsal row of black spots and a latera -
black vitta. Legs and halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Lake Worth, Fla. Two specimens collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson.
Type No. 3806, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Siphonella inquilina, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, antennae, face, cheeks and palpi',
yellow ; frontal triangle polished, the sides convex, the apex not reaching below the-
lowest fourth of the front ; third joint of antennae orbicular, slightly wider than
long ; palpi projecting one third of its length beyond the oral margin. Thorax

March, 1898.] COQUILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OsCINIDjE.

49

ack, polished in front of the scutellum bearing numerous black, bristly hairs ; scu¬
te um black, subtnangular, along the sides bearing numerous black, bristly hairs and
a e apex with a pair of bristles which are pressed together toward their tips. Ab-
omen black, the base yellow. Coxae, femora and tibiae black, the trochanters and
tarsi yellow. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Thirty-two specimens. Virginia; and St. Louis and Kirkwood
Mo. Type No. 3S07, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Oscinis virgata, sp. nov.

. Head yell°w, an ocellar dot, which sometimes extends over the entire frontal
triangle, the occiput except the lower edge, the antennas including the arista, the
cypeus and apex of proboscis, black; frontal triangle polished, reaching only slightly
below the middle of the front, the latter bearing numerous short, black bristles ; "third
loint of antennae suborbicular, slightly wider than long. Thorax subshining, yellow
the mesonotum marked with three black vitte, a brown spot beneath the humeri anj
another beneath the wing ; metanotum in the middle black ; scutellum yellow, semi-
circu ar Abdomen black, the venter yellow. Coxae, femora and tibiae yellow, outer
side of front femora, and the front and hind tibia, tinged with brown; tarsi brown
Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 3 mm. Colorado.

A specimen of each sex collected by Carl F. Baker. Type No
3808, U. S. Nat. Museum. 71

Oscinis pectoralis, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, occiput except the lower edge, and the antennae
me udmg the arista, black ; frontal triangle polished, reaching only slightly below the
middle of the front, the latter bearing black bristly hairs ; third joint of antennae
nearly circular, slightly wider than long. Mesonotum subshining grayish black, the
sides and pleura reddish yellow, a brown spot beneath the humerus and another near
mi e o pleura ; scutellum grayish black, semicircular ; metanotum black. Ab-
domen black, the base and venter yellow. Coxae, femora and tibiae yellow, the tarsi
brown. Wings hyaline. Length, 3 mm.

Franconia, N. H. A female specimen collected by Mrs. A. T.
Slosson. Type No. 3809, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Sigaloessa flaveola, sp. nov.

Yellow, dorsum of thorax and of abdomen reddish yellow, the antennal arista
and anterior oral margin black, a vitta on middle of occiput, a spot on front end of
thorax, one above each humerus, a vitta on upper part of pleura and two spots on the
ower part, brown ; knob of halteres brown. Frontal triangle very small, scarcely
exceeding the ocelli ; third joint of antennee orbicular, as long as wide. Wino-s
> alme, third and fourth wings strongly converging toward their tips, apex of second
vein only slightly beyond the hind crossvein. Length, 1.5 to 2 mm.

Eight specimens. Franconia, N. H., Biscayne Bay, FJa. (Mrs. A.
T. Slosson), and Washington, D. C. The specimens from the latter
ocality were collected on windows by the writer during May and July
Type No. 3810, U. S Nat. Museum.

Journal New York Entomologigal Society. [Voi vi.

DIPTERA FROM THE LOWER RIO GRANDE OR
TAMAULIPAN FAUNA OF TEXAS— II.*

By C. H. Tyler Townsend.

TABANID M. \

Tabanus atratus F.

Two $ $ . April 1 6, and July n. Brownsville, Texas.

The eyes are slightly pubescent. First posterior cell completely
closed, very short petiolate. Length, 20 to 22 mm.

SYRPHIDyE.

Eupeodes volucris O. S.

One 9 . May 2. Brownsville, Texas. Taken on foliage.

Length, 7 mm. Has ground color of abdomen brown, instead of
black. &This record extends the range of this species very considerably
It is a characteristic species of the Plains, belonging distinctively to the
Upper Sonoran subregion, and is one of those species which indicate
the extension of the dilute Upper Sonoran to the Lower Rio Grande
region. There is a certain element of Upper Sonoran present in the
Tamaulipan fauna; and it is interesting to reflect that the dilute Upper
Sonoran reaches to, and actually meets and mixes with the dilute Neo¬
tropical here on the Lower Rio Grande.

Baccha tropical is Towns.

This species was described in Section I. It is most nearly allied to
B. notaia Loew of Cuba, a specimen of which from Florida has recently
been identified by Mr. W. D. Hunter (with Dr. Williston’s assistance).
The Florida specimen, while stated to be a $ (Can. Ent. April, 1896,
p. 97), possesses the peculiarities of wing coloration and abdominal
markings distinctive of the 9 of tropicalis. If it be a $ , it is certainly:
a most aberrant one, judging from the usual sexual characters in this
Neotropical group of Baccha .

Note.— While referring here to Mr. Hunter’s papers, I wish to
point out a few errors that he has made. In the Can. Ent. for April,
1896, p. 96, he states that up to that time there had been recorded only
one specimen of Baccha tarchetius Walker, besides the type in the
British Museum ; and that that specimen was from New Jersey, col¬
lected by Mr. Keeti, and is now in the National Museum. If he will
refer to the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. for March, 1895, p. 38, he will find

* Section I of this paper appeared in Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 1897.

March, 1898.] Townsend: Diptera from the Tamaulipan Region. 51

I that I recorded the species there from the District of Columbia, in a $
which I collected August 19. On page 101 of the same paper, Mr.
Hunter says that, with the exception of Kansas records, Spilomyia
quadrifasciata Say had not been recorded “outside of some of the ex¬
treme eastern States.” I have recorded it from Michigan, in my paper
above referred to. The fact that, throughout his paper, he repeatedly
quotes Snow’s records of species from Colorado and New Mexico, and
entirely ignores my previous records of the same species of Colorado,
New Mexico and Arizona, indicates that my paper was not seen by him.
The drawing of broad statements as to distribution, without consulting
the literature bearing on the subject gives rise to wrong impressions and
can not be too strongly condemned ; especially when it is remembered
that my paper was a long and important contribution, on Syrphidse par¬
ticularly as well as other diptera, and appeared fully a year before, and

in such a prominent medium as the Transactions of the American En¬
tomological Society !

Volucella tamaulipana, sp. nov.

$ 9* Length, 5K to 8/^ mm., both sexes ranging through these sizes.

The 9 in life is easily distinguished by having a lighter or more yellowish abdo¬
men and scutellum than $ . This is not by any means apparent in dried specimens.
Front and face light yellow, fa;e much produced downward to a blunt point ; face and
front white-pilose, vertex with black hair, cheeks with heavy shining black or brown
stripes ; facial stripe much less distinct, fuscous, brown at oval margin. Face very
gently concave above the slight tubercle. Frontal vitta moderately broad, shining
brown, lighter arteriorly. Frontal triangle yellow, tinged with fuscous along middle,
hairs somewhat brownish. Antenme about half as long as face, reddish-yellow ; third
joint subequilateral, a little bulged on edges of basal portion, and slightly narrowed
on apical portion ; arista hardly as long as antennae, thinly long hairy above, and
to more thickly short hairy below. Thorax greenish- black, thickly clothed with shoit
ye ow hair, with a patch of black hair on posterior central portion of disk next the
< yellow prescutellar spot, whole of scutellum and larger or smaller prescutellar
spot bright yellow, the wide lateral margins of thorax same except a fuscous
space immediately above base of wings. A yellow spot on pleurre directly be¬
low humeri, and a fuscous pale area in front of wing bases. Hair of scutellum
bright yellow on anterior half or less, abruptly black on posterior half. Some longer
weak bristles or hairs on edge of scutellum. Metanotum shining black, with an
arcuate line of yellow next scutellum, and a fuscous are* between. Disk of scutellum,
viewed from above, appears broadly fuscous Abdomen of a general yellowish brown ;
ret segment blackish in middle, and black on narrow hind border ; second segment
wholly light yellow, except the sinuate hind margin blackish or brown, or with a
medlaQ line of the brownish separating the elongate lateral yellow markings.

ird segment with the same yellow markings quite distinct on anterior half
of segment in some specimens, more or less distinctly divided by a median vitta,

52

[Vol VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

in o hers very indistincL When distinct these spots are usually evenly rounded on
whole hinder border, and often reach to but little short of hind margin of segment.
Fourth segment usually yellow on anterior lateral portion, often indistinct in dried
specimens. Pubescence of fourth segment wholly white ; of third white on front
margin, very narrowly on median line but covering about half the length of segment
on sides ; pubescence of second white on about anterior half, somewhat irregularly
following the yellow markings. Rest of pubescence of abdomen black. Pubescence
of venter white, except near apex. Legs yellowish-brown, the knees yellowish, the
tarsi clear brownish-yellow except last two joints (and sometimes tip of next) black.
Second vein strongly sinuous near extremity. Wings hyaline, narrowly tinged with
yeliow along whole costa ; less than the oblique apical third yellowish fuscous, with
brown cloud on section of second vein at extremity of marginal cell, and a subhyaline
space before it. A lighter space in end of first posterior cell. Heavy clouds on
aotedor crossvein, the crossveins at tip of second basal cell, and the origin of third
vein. Brown cloud of stigma connected with that of anterior crossvein by a fuscous
patch. Clouds of origin of third vein and tip of second basal cell are also connected
by fuscous. Fuscous of tip narrowly and irregularly extended along inner margin ot
wing. The proximal boundary of the apical fuscous of the wing extends approxi¬
mately from the end of the dilute stigma obliquely across to the end of second

posterior cell.

Eleven 9 s, and twenty-four <£s, as follows : All the 9 s June 24, ex¬
cept one June 28 : all the ^s June 24, except two June 25, one June 28,
and one July 3, near Brownsville, Texas. All on flowers of Lippia
lane eo lata Michx., except two $ s (June 25) which were hovering in
air under shade of a large tree in woods. Others were seen hovering in
this manner and poised in the air, in company with them. In copula
June 24.

This species belongs to the group of V \ pusilla , satur, etc. The ap¬
ical fuscous of the wing has the same inner boundary shown in the figure
of pusilla given by Williston (Synopsis Syrph. pi. 6, fig. 3). It is one
of the short, stout species, with the abdomen subround, and wider than

the thorax.

CONOPIDiE.

Zadion albonotatum Toivns.

The species was described in Section I. It is on the order of Z.
splendens Jaeun., being practically, so far as effect goes, a melanistic
and intensified color form of that species. It is, however, a perfectly
good spec:es, being quite distinct in its emphatic coloring.

March, 1898.] BAKER: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SlPHONAPTERA. 53-

NOTES ON SlPHONAPTERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS

OF FOUR NEW SPECIES.

By C. F. Baker.

Early in the course of my studies on the Siphonaptera I wrote Dr.
Berg in Buenos Ayres, relative to the Pulex grossiventrix of Weyenberg
which I had referred to Sarcopsylla. He very kindly sent me speci¬
mens of both male and female. These show some remarkable charac¬
ters which justify the foundation of not only a new genus but a new
family. I would here again call attention to the fact that we have yet
no record of any fleas from bats in this country. The bat species are
among the most interesting. I hope collectors having the opportunity
will certainly secure specimens from any of our bats.

Family MEGAPSYLLIDAE, fam. nov.

Body very large in the pregnant female, but the abdomen does not lose the nor¬
mal texture or structure, the sutures remaining distinct, although much connective
membrane is exposed between the plates. Antennm normal. Eyes very large, in a
rather small head. Mouth parts very stout, the labial palpi six or seven jointed
(impossible to say which without dissection). Fourth tarsal joint very small, more
or less connate with fifth, causing the tarsi to appear four-jointed. Last tarsal joint
and claws greatly en'arged, the spines on the former inclining to somewhat foliaceous.

Megapsylla, gen: nov.

Head evenly rounded above in female, uneven and unituberculate in front in the
male. Prothorax in the female with five or seven remote, short, stout, dark bro wn
teeth ; in the male unarmed. Fore tibiae very small and short, but swollen. Max¬
illae small, extending only to one-half of second joint of maxillary palpi.

Megapsylla grossiventris ( Weyenb.).

1879, Weyenberg, Boletin de la Acad. Nat. de Ciencias Repub. Argent. Ill,
p. 188. ( Pulex grossiventris. )

1 895 » Baker, Can. Ent. XXVII, p. 3. ( Sarcopsylla grossiventris. )

Length of g' 2. 5-3.5, of 9 4 mm. to often 6.5 mm. when pregnant. Head and
thorax, with legs, reddish to dark brown, abdominal plates dark smoky. Edges of
antennal groove very minutely and thickly spinose. Sparingly bristled, but the
bristles stout ; the spines on the legs heavy, those on the fore tibiae becoming very
thick and tooth-like, and those on the fifth tarsal joint more or less flattened. Claws
very large and recurved to the length of the fifth tarsal joint. Dorsal segments each
with a single row of long bristles, six on a side. Upper claspers of male very large,
naked, twice as long as broad, sides subparallel, tips obliquely cut off downward and
backward.

Lives on the Armadillo (. Dasypus minutus ) in the Argentine Re¬
public (Weyenberg and Berg.)

54 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Pulex longispinus Wagner, Horae. Soc. Ent. Ross. XXIII, 1859, p.

355-

Pulex Iamellifer Wagner, ibid. XXIX, 1895, p. 504.

The descriptions of these two species did not come to my hands
until after the publication of the Preliminary Studies. They both be¬
long in my Division I of the genus. The former name was also un¬
fortunately used by me. To the species described under this name by
me I will now give the name divisus. An examination of further ma¬
terial may show it to be a Typhlopsylla.

Pulex multispinosus, sp. nov.

Male. Length, 3 mm. Head flat above, strongly rounded in front, face nearly
vertical. Eye rather small but distinct, and near lower edge of head. Antennal
groove extending obliquely through center of head to near upper margin ; near the
lower edge of head, with three very long and stout spines and three smaller in front
and three long and stout ones behind. Bristles on second antenDal joint as long as
third joint. Labial palpi about equalling fore coxae in length. Pro-, meso, and me-
tanotums of nearly equal length, their discs with numerous small bristles ; the pro-
notum provided with a “comb” of about forty teeth. Dorsal segments, each with
one row of medium-sized bristles, twelve on a side, and two rows of minute bristles ;
ventral segments with a single row each, of four or five on a side. Tarsal spines, all
small and weak, especially those on fore tarsi. In fore tarsi joints 2 and 5 are °f
equal length, a little longer than I and about equalling 3 and 4 together. In middle
tarsi joints 2 and 5 are of equal length and about three- fourths of I which equals 3
and 4 together. In hind tarsi 1 equals 2 and 3 together, 2 equals 3 and 4 together,
while 5 is scarcely half of 1. The decrease in length and width of joints in hind tarsi
is very marked. Upper claspers very short and broad, trapezoidal in shape and un¬
armed.

Described from one male collected at Raleigh, N. C., by Messrs.
H. H. and C. S. Brimley. The host is the Rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus .)
This species belongs to my Division II, but is widely distinct from any
described species. It has a greater number of teeth in the pronotal
comb than any described flea excepting Hystrichopsylla obtusiceps .

Pulex gillettei Baker.

Prof. A. P. Morse has taken this species on the Screech Owl ( Me¬
gascops asio ) at Wellesley, Mass. The habits of the birds of prey make
them at least temporary hosts for several species of fleas usually found
elsewhere.

Pulex howardii Baker.

This flea is proving to be one of our most common and widely dis¬
tributed species, both geographically and as to hosts. Mr. D. B. Young

March, 1898.] BAKER : NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SlPHONAPTERA. 55

has collected it at Newport, Herkimer Co., N. Y., on the Wood-chuck
0 Arctomys monax ) and the Flying Squirrel (. Sciuropterus volucella).
Mr. Hubbard has taken it from a nest of the Silvery Mouse ( Cereus

giganteus ) at Tucson, Ariz., and in debris of the Colorado River at
Yuma, Ariz.

Pulex brunneri Baker.

Collected by Professor J. M. Aldrich at Moscow, Idaho, on theSper-
mophile ( Spermophilus columbianus').

Belonging to a group of my Division II, which is composed of
| essentially American species. This group includes hirsutus, eolora-
densis , bruneri , montanus and divlsus, and is distinguished by having
one or both of the apical spines on the second joint of hind tarsi greatly
elongated and exceeding in length joints 3 and 4 together.

Pulex arizonensis, sp. nov.

Male. Length, 2 mm. Head evenly rounded from occiput to mouth. A few
bristles below, before and behind antennal groove. Bristles on apex of second an¬
tennal joint few but long. Eyes normal. Labial palpi somewhat exceeding fore
coxae. Pronotal comb of eighteen spines. Dorsal segments with two rows of bristles
each, the principal row of six to seven bristles on a side. Fore and middle tarsi very
weakly spmed, hind tarsi with spines long and slender. In fore tarsi joints 1 and 3
are of equal length and a little shorter than 2, while 5 is as long as 1 and 2 together.
In middle tarsi joints I, 2 and 5 are subequal in length and as long as 3 and 4 to¬
gether. In hind tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together, and is somewhat shorter than 2,
while 1 equals 2 and 3 together ; the bristles on the apex of joint 1 are about as long
or shorter than joint 2. Upper claspers unarmed, little more than twice longer than
wide, sides subparallel, bent below, apex rounded.

Described from a male taken by Mr. Hubbard at Tucson, Ariz., in
a nest of Silvery Mouse.

Typhlopsylla pectiniceps Wagner. Horae Soc. Ent. Ross, XXIII,
i889> P- 347*

Typhlopsylla bidentatiformis Wagner. Ibid., p. 351.

These are two other species previously also overlooked by me. The
former is widely distinct from any other Typhlopsylla by reason of hav¬
ing combs of fourteen teeth each on either side of the head. The latter
is quite near the unipectinata of Taschenberg.

Typhlopsylla assimilis Tschb. (var. ?).

Three females, nearer this species than any other, were taken on
the Screech Owl ( Megascops asio) at Wellesley, Mass., by Professor A.

P. Morse. This occurrence is to be considered accidental. These

56

[Vol. VI,

Journal New York Entomological Society.

specimens cannot at present be definitely referred to this species with¬
out the males.

Typhlopsylla nudata, sp. nov.

Female. Length, 2 mm. This species is well distinguished by the almost entire
absence of bristles on the body, coxce and femora. The labial palpi about equal, the
maxillary palpi somewhat exceed, the fore coxm in length. Head otherwise normal,
no vestige of eyes. Spines of tibiae few and rather weak, spines on fore and middle
tarsi very weak, almost entirely absent on the former ; on hind tarsi long and slender,
those on apex of first joint shorter than joint 2, but one of those on apex of joint 2 is
much longer than joints 3 and 4 together, as in Pulex bruneri and allies. Middle
and hind femora apparently deeply emarginate behind, before the apex, with an acute
tooth before the emargination, a character not before noted in any American flea
(Skuse mentions it for his St ephano circus). In fore tarsi joints 1, 2, and 3 are sub -
equal in length and little longer than 4, while 5 equals 1 and 2 together. In middle
tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together and is a little longer than I, the first four joints
decreasing in length in this order, 1, 2, 3, 4- In hind tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4
together and 1 equals 3, 4, and 5 together, while 2 is somewhat longer than 5.

Described from two females taken by Mr. Hubbard from inner nest
of Neotoma albigula , at Tucson, Ariz. This is the most interesting spe¬
cies of the genus yet found in North America. When the final disrupt¬
ing of Typhlopsylla comes this will fall in a genus by itself.

Typhlopsylla charlottensis, sp. nov.

Female. Length, 1.75 mm. Head with two oblique rows of spines, the lowest
much the stronger. Bristles on apex of second antennal joint short. Labial palpi
nearly equalling fore coxm. Pronotal comb of fourteen stout teeth. Dorsal segments
with two rows of bristles, the principal row of five to seven long stout bristles on either
side; ventral segments with three to four on a side. Fore coxae strongly bristled.
Spines of fore and middle tarsi very weak, of hind tarsi strong. In fore tarsi joints
1 and 2 are equal in length, 5 equals 3 and 4 together, and 4 is one-half of I. In
middle tarsi 1 equals 2 and 3 together or 4 and 5 together, while 2 equals 5. In in
tarsi spines all short, joint 2 is three-fourths of I, equals 3 and 4 together and is one-

fourth longer than 5*

Described from two females taken in a mouse nest atMassett, Queen
Charlotte Islands, by Rev. J. H. Keen. It is nearest to atnericana,
from which, however, it is very distinct as described above.

starch, i8v8 ] HOLLAND I NOTES ON LePIDOPTERA. 5*7

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.

By W. J. Holland, LL.D., F.Z.S., &c.

The species named Lycczna fuhginosa by Mr. W. H. Edwards and
as such listed in his Catalogue of the Butterflies of North America, pub¬
lished as an Appendix to the First Volume of the Butterflies of North
America, has been in the Catalogue annexed to Volume II transferred
to the genus Thecla. This is a palpable error, as an examination of the
types reveals. I called the attention of Dr. Skinner to this fact long
ago, and recently upon the occasion of a short visit paid me by Mr.
Beutenmuller, I likewise called his attention to it. The fact seems to
be worthy of publication. Edwards was right in his original location of
the species. The upper side is of a uniform grayish brown and the
mai kings of the underside as well as the form of the wings are of a truly
lycsenine character.

Entomologists have been puzzled for many years past by their fail¬
ure to discover anywhere within the limits of the United States speci¬
mens of the species named Pamphila omaha by Mr. W. H. Edwards.
The original description, which appeared in the Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vol. II, p. 21, stated that the
type came from “ Pike’s Peak” and was contained in the collection of
Mr. Newman, of Philadelphia, the well known collector, of whom the
writer cherishes pleasant memories. In a letter recently received from
Mr. Edwards he tells me that the specimens were collected by Mr.
William Wood. Wood, I am informed, was a, taxidermist, who also
traded in a small way in insects, and had a lot of miscellaneous stuff in
his shop coming from all sorts of places. He was not at all careful,
so I am told, and but little dependence could be placed upon his lo¬
cality labels, which were as likely to be incorrect as correct.

After Mr. Edwards had written his original description of P. o??iaha
he returned the types to their owner. If I am not mistaken they are
contained at present in the collection of the American Entomological
Society of Philadelphia. At all events, two specimens labelled Pamphila
omaha Edwards, are to be found there, corresponding perfectly with
the description given by Edwards. They are mounted on common
pins, not insect pins.

In the Edwards Collection there is a single specimen of Pa?nphila
omaha, marked “ P. omaha, = mingo, Edw ., Kanatuha Co., W. VaP
Mr. Edward writes me that so far as he is able to recall the facts this
specimen, which is the original type of his Pamphila mingo , was taken,

58

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

as the label states, in Kanawha County. He tells me that having re¬
turned the types of P. omaha , he fell inadvertently into the error of re¬
describing the species three years afterwards under the new name.

In my studiesof the He-periidse I have been led to amass an exceed¬
ingly large collection of the Hesperiidae of the world, and the other day
Dr. Barnes, who was with me spending a little time in the examination
of the Edwards Collection, called my attention to the obvious identity
of P. omaha with the East Indian Telicota mcesouies Butler, of which
I possess a large series of specimens. I had not noted the fact before,
but, when my attention was called to it, the positive identity of the two
things became at once manifest.

I strongly suspect that Pamphila omaha Edwards is not a native of
this country. If we had only to do with the types originally acquired
by Mr. Newman from William Wood I should have no hesitation what¬
ever in saying that we are dealing with an error brought about by a mis¬
taken locality-label. The assertion of Mr. Edwards that the type of
P. mingo was taken in Kanawha County is the great obstacle to such a
conclusion. Still it is possible that Mr. Edwards was mistaken also.

Elwes in his recent Revision of the Oriental Hesperiidae, published
in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. XIV, p.
254, gives the synonymy of the species. I reproduce it here, intercalat¬
ing the additional synonyms of American origin :

Telicota dara Kollar.

Hesperia dara Kollar, Hugel’s Kaschmir. Vol. IV, p. 455 (1848).

Hesperia omiha W. H. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. II, p. 21 (1863).

Pa77iphila mcesa Moore, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 509, PI. XXV, fig. 9.

Hesperia mingo W. H. Edwards, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. VI, p. 207
(1866).

Pamphila flava Murray, Ent. Mo. Mag. XII, p. 4 (1875).

Pamphila nitida Mabille, Pet. Nouv. II, p. 1 14 (1877).

Pamphila taxilus Mabille, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXI, p. 38 (1878).

Carteroaphalus omaha Strecker, Butt, and Moths of N. A. p. 175 (1878).

Pa?nphila trachala Mabille, Pet. Nouv. II, p. 237 (1878).

Pamphila mccsoides Butler, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Ser. 2, Zool. Vol. I, p-
554(1879).

Padraona mcesoides Moore, Lep. Ceylon, I, p. 171, PI. LXXI, figs. 5, 5a (i83i)

Carterocephalus omaha Edwards, Butt, N. A. Appendix (1884).

Telicota mcesoides Distant, Rhop. Malay, p. 383, PI. XXXIV, fig. 24(1886).

Padraona pseudomasa Moore, Lep. Ceylon, I, p. 170 (1881).

Padraona dara Watson, Hesp. Ind. p. 57 (1891).

Padraona dara Leech, Butt. China etc. p. 596, pi. XL, figs 13, 14. vars*
(1891).

March, 1898.]

Holland : Notes on Lepidoptera.

59

Pamphila hetarus Mabille, Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. HI. no ^1 n
72(1883). ’ ' P*

Pamphila hetarus Staudinger, Iris, II, p. 145 (1889).

Padraona hetarus Semper, Schmett. Philipp, p. 303, PI. XLIX, fia. 15, 5
{1892).

; ■' Whether all of the several forms thus merged under Telicota dara

Kollar, are positively identical may perhaps be questioned a little, but
1 ^ *he identity of T \ omaha , with the form described as P. mcesoides by
Butler there is not a shadow of doubt.

Mr. Elwes, in his revision of the Hesperiidae of the Oriental Region
referred to in the foregoing paragraph, describes as a new species a Teli-
cotd to which he gives the name of simplex (Cf. p. 253, PL XIX, Fig.
15, £ ). This is the same species which I described in the Proceedings
of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXV, p. 79, PI. IV, fig.
4, under the name Telicota subrubra. I do not much wonder that from
the wretched figure I gave, Elwes was unable to make out the species,
and I am thankful to him for having given so good a figure. Of course,
his name sinks as a synonym. Had he noted my description and asked
for information as he did in reference to some other species, I might
have helped him to avoid the error. His work is a splendid contribu¬
tion to our knowledge of the subject, and minor errors of this sort are
likely to occur in the case of the most careful student.

Much has been written concerning Limenitis fioridensis Strecker,

[ anc^ Limenitis eros W. H. Edwards. The latter author insists upon
the distinctness of his species from that named by Strecker. I cannot
agree with him. With the type of L. eros before me, and after having
carefully examined the insect named L. fioridensis by Strecker, I am
sure of the identity of the two. Strecker’s name has priority.

What is Zeuzera canadensis Herrich-Schaeffer ? Under this name
the distinguished lepidopterist of Ratisbon named and figured a species
of Zeuzera , which, he informs us, came from “ Quebeck ” (sic). From
the time of the publication of his plate to this present hour no such
insect has turned up on American soil. I recently purchased, while in
London, a set of a Zeuzera from Natal, which is undoubtedly the insect
figured by Cramer as Noctua asylas (Pap. Exot., PI. 137, fig. C). Is
not this species of Cramer the same as the one figured by Herrich-
Schaeffer ? It looks to me as if possibly Z. canadensis might be an
African form, and that we are dealing in this case again with a mistaken
local ity-label. Quien sabe ? *

* 1 was ^mpted to drop a line to Dr. A. G. Butler of the British Museum re¬
questing him to confer with Sir George F. Hampson and let me know whether my

GO Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vl.

REPLY TO DR. DYAR’S. NOTE.

By A. Radcliffe Grote.

In reply to Dr. Dyar’s note, this Journal, V, 66, I would state that,
having no preparations of the larvae, I may have failed to follow en¬
tirely Dr. Dyar’s remarks and any misstatement of them has arisen in
this way. I would suggest that Dr. Dyar figure them in outline as I
have done with the neuration. I consider the “ stinging spines ” as
adaptive, secondary characters, unfit for classificatory purposes of this
nature and not decisive of phylogeny. With regard to the anal tuber¬
cle, Dr. Dyar regards it as primary — of this I cannot judge, but natur¬
ally accept this dicta. And this is the only main point. I regard the pat¬
tern of neuration as “ primary ” and that it unites, in one phylogenetic
group, Hemileuca and Saturnia and Automeris and Agha. As to other
characters, the structure of the female antennae appears to fall in very
well with my classification as also the specializations of the pupal en¬
velop. This whole case seems to converge into : anal tubercles vs. pat¬
tern of neuration. It is a test case and should be settled before we go
any further. It appears to me a physiological impossibility that Agha
should be derived from the Saturnian branch or that Hemileuca should
be derived from the Aglian stem. From his point of view Dr. Dyar
thinks the reverse and hence a settlement of the controversy, which
should not be suffered to run into side issues, is very desirable.

surmise as to the identity of Z. canadensis , H. S. with Z. asylas of Cramer met with
their approval. I have just received the following reply contained in a letter written
January 1st, 1898.

“As desired, we have looked into the identity of Zeuzera asylas Cram, and Zm
canadensis H. Sch., and have come to the conclusion that you are quite correct in
the belief that both figures represent the same African species. We have nothing ap¬
proaching it from any temperate country and all the species of this type appear to be
inhabitants of the tropical parts of the old world.’ ’

I accept it then as established that Zeuzera canadensis H. Sch. is a synonym for
Z. asylas Cram., and the species should be stricken from our lists of North American,
species. Herrich- Schaefer’s locality “ Quebeck ” was evidently an error.

JOURNAL

OF THE

J2f(d gork 6}nkmoIogiraI JJoripfyj.

_ _ _ _

voL VI. JUNE, 1898. No. 2.

STUDIES IN THE PTINID^E, CIOIDiE AND SPHIN-

DID^E OF AMERICA.

By Thos. L. Casey.

The term “America,” in the above title, is employed to designate
that portion of the American continent embraced within the boundaries
of the United States. There should be no more ambiguity in designat-
j ing the United States of America as America simply, than in calling the
j United States of Brazil, or the United States of Colombia by the last
word of their respective titles. It may perhaps be considered egotistical
foi us to appropriate to ourselves the name characterizing the continents
of the western hemisphere, but as we have no other title to distinguish
us among the numerous aggregates of united states which compose these
continents, there is no reasonable motive' for avoiding the apparent
conceit.

i ptinid^e.

Ptilinini.

The insects of this tribe form an appropriate introduction to the
Bostrichinae, for they are evidently a connective bond with the Anobiini.
Our species have not been studied for many years. We have two
genera as follows : —

Antennae strongly flabellate in the male, serrate in the female . Ptilinus

Antennae slender and feebly serrate in the male, shorter and somewhat stouter but
rather more strongly serrate in the female . Euceratocerus

The eyes are rather larger and more convex in Euceratocerus than
n Ptilinus , but are much smaller in the female than in the male. Select¬
ing the apparent males by this character I have been unable to observe
iny pectination of the male antenna in pleuralis , though it may exist
n horni , of which I have not seen the male.

G2

Journal New York Entomological Society. [\oi. vi.

Ptilinus Geoff.

The long slender pubescent appendages of the male antenna are not
an extreme development of the usual serriform structure, but project
from the base of the joints, the joints themselves being slender and some¬
times cylindrical. In the female, however, the joints are prolonged out¬
wardly and in an obliquely anterior direction, forming a truly and quite
strongly serriform antenna. The males differ from the females not only
in the structure of the antenna but in the much denser sculpture of the
entire body, and frequently to a very great degree in the form of the
prothorax. In the following table of the species included within my
cabinet, all the discriminating characters refer to the female, except in
the case of flavipennis , of which the only known example is a male

Color uniform throughout or very nearly, the elytra not paler. . . . *

Color blackish, the elytra flavate . . .

2-Prothorax sinuate at the sides subapically, the apex more or less prominent in a

rounded or feebly sinuate lobe . . * * * . \

Prothorax arcuately oblique subapically, the apex ungulate and slightly prominent 6

Prothorax broadly and evenly arcuate at apex, feebly sinuate in the mid e. . . . . . 7

■2 _ Elytra distinctly punctured only toward the base, the punctures nearly obselete

toward tip ; thoracic lobe feebly and evenly crenulate. California, .basalts Lee.

Elytra distinctly punctured throughout . *** 4

4 _ Thoracic lobe narrowly rounded and with a few closely approximate serrules at

tip Pennsylvania to Indiana . . S ay

Thoracic lobe bioadly rounded, with a feeble cuspiform emargination and minutely

and evenly serrulate throughout . . . . * * * *

e _ Scutellum elongate, finely and densely rugose ; epipleuree gradually wider at base.

female. _ Body rather stout, cylindrical, dark piceo-castaneous in color throug -

out the legs scarcely, the antennae much, paler ; lustre rather dull, the pubes¬
cence very short and dense on the elytra. Head convex, minutely and densely
granulate, the transverse frontal impression distinct. Prothorax distinctly wi er
than long, widest at about the middle, narrowed slightly to the base, rapidly and
just visibly sinuate to the apical lobe ; surface minutely and densely granulose
toward base, more coarsely, sparsely and irregularly so toward apex, the median
line finely impressed. Elytra three-fourths longer than wide, equal in width to
the prothorax, minutely and densely subgranulose in texture, with the punctures
rather strong, sparse and distinct, feebler toward tip, where they are more dis¬
tinctly intermingled with small granules and the ground lustre is more shining.

Length 4.0 mm.; width 1.5 mm. Nebraska. ..... . . lobatus, sp. nov.

Scutellum quadrate, coarsely rugose ; epipleurse rapidly wider at base Ma e.— y-
lindrical, opaque, black, the legs scarcely paler, the antennae pale rufous, the
rami infuscate ; pubescence extremely minute and not very conspicuous. ea
convex, dull, minutely subgranulose, the eyes convex, separated on the front by
about four times their own width. Prothorax about a third wider than long,
broadly, evenly arcuate at base, gradually narrowed and arcuate at the sides from

June, 1898.]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

G3

the broadly rounded basal angles to the apex, the latter much narrower than the
base and evenly and more strongly arcuate ; surface densely granulato-rugose
throughout, the median line very fine and subobsolete. Elytra three-fifths longer
than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and much more than twice as long,
very densely granulato-rugose and opaque, the punctures distinct throughout,’
with about two impressed series along the lateral margin. Female.— A little
larger and paler in color than the male, with more shining elytra, upon which
theie are more distinct traces on each of three or four feeble ridges. Prothorax
larger, fully as wide as the elytra, rounded at the sides, widest just behind the mid¬
dle, the surface more sparsely^and decidedly granose toward tip. Elytra scarcely
three-fifths longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax. Length 3.0-3. c
mm.; width 1. 1-1. 2 mm. Indiana . pruinosus, sp. nov.

6— Llytral punctures only distinct near the base, where they are fine. Female.—
Evenly cylindrical, piceous, the legs and antennae paler; pubescence very short,
even, extremely dense, yellowish in color and conspicuous on the elytra; lustre
rather shining. Head evenly convex, minutely granulato-rugose, the epistomal
impression small and rather feeble. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the
sides parallel and feebly arcuate ; apex broadly and evenly ogival ; surface mi¬
nutely granulose, becoming nearly smooth at the sides toward base, the granules
coarse and pronounced toward apex except laterally. ' Scutellum quadrate, feebly
convex, dull. Elytra fully three-fourths longer than wide, about twice as long as
the prothorax, smooth and alutaceous, without trace of impressed lines at any
part. Abdomen rather convex, the second segment somewhat longer than the
first. Length 2.8-4.0 mm.; width o. 9-1.4 mm. California (Sta. Cruz Mts.).

acuminatus, sp. nov.

7— Elytra with fine, even and somewhat impressed striae in both sexes. Male. _

Cylindrical, blackish, the elytra generally a little paler; legs and antennae pale,
the flabellum infuscate ; surface dull, the humeral callus more shining. Head
short, inserted to the eyes which are well developed and strongly convex ; sur¬
face but feebly convex, densely scabrous and opaque ; antennal joints very short,
the rami very long and slender. Prothorax a little shorter than wide, parallel
and straight at the sides, broadly and evenly rounded in apical third or fourth,

. with a minute sinus at the middle ; surface coarsely, densely and roughly gran-
ulato-scabrous throughout the width, becoming much more finely so and smoother
•toward base. Scutellum moderate, subquadrate. Elytra three-fourths longer
than wide, a little more than twice as long as the prothorax and rather wider,
densely dull and finely granulato-rugose, the second and fifth intervals uniting
and rather convex near the declivity, the ninth also becoming broader and slightly
convex behind. Feviale. — Rather shining and dark rufo-testaceous throughout,
the prothorax similar in form but rather shorter and fully as wide as the elytra’
with the rugulosities more distinct and isolated, nearly smooth toward base, the
head more elongate, narrower and with the eyes small and distant from the pro¬
thorax; elytra rather flattened on the posterior declivity, with the intervals
slightly uneven. Length 30-4.2 mm.; width 0.9-1.4 mm. California (Sta.
Cruz Mts ) . ramicornis, sp. nov.

o Elytra with rather strong punctures unevenly arranged throughout. Male. _

Cylindrical, blackish and opaque, the elytra flavate ana less dull; legs paler, the

64 Journal New York Entomologigal Society. [Voi. vl

antenna pale flavate ; pubescence short, fine and moderately distinct. Head
rather short, inserted nearly to the eyes, which are well developed and very con¬
vex ; surface moderately convex, dull and subscabrous ; antenna moderate m
length, the rami unusually short and gradually thickened from their bases, the
ramus of the fourth joint three times as long as the joint. Prothorax distinctly
shorter than wide, the outline broadly parabolic irom the base continuously
around the apex, the sides becoming almost parallel near the base, which is-
broadly arcuate, finely margined toward the middle ; surface densely granulato-
scabrous, larger individual granules but slightly evident toward tip. Scutellum
longer than wide, dull, obtuse at tip as usual. Elytra three-fourths longer than
wide, twice as long at the prothorax and scarcely wider, the punctures equally
visible throughout, rather large but sparse and with but the vaguest suggestion
of lineal arrangement. Length 2.4 mm.; width 0.8 mm. California (Los
Angeles Co.) . flavipennis, sp. nov.

The female in this genus generally has a short acute transverse ridge
near the apex of the last ventral segment, but in ramicornis the fifth seg¬
ment is simple in that sex, having merely a very small and shallow im¬
pression at the apex. The male usually has the fifth ventral simple or
slightly more convex at the apex, where it is broadly and evenly rounded.

Acuminatus is represented before me by seven females varying greatly
in size, and the male is apparently rare; on the other hand ramicornis
is represented by nine specimens, only two of which are females. Tho-
racicus Rand. , is not known to me at present and is therefore omitted

from the table.

Euceratocerus Lee.

The fifth ventral segment is generally impressed in the female of Eu¬
ceratocerus and is rather shorter than in the male, where it is simple.
The species are all elongate and subcylindrical, though rather less con¬
vex than in Ptilinus, the head minutely and densely granulose, the pro¬
thorax less minutely and very clearly and evenly granulate throughout
the disk, but rather more densely at the summit of the more convex
median parts near the base. The elytra have very fine, scarcely im¬
pressed striae, which extend nearly to the apex in ho mi, and that species
is well distinguished from any of the California representatives by the
two basal impressions of the pronotum. The species are very much
more closely allied among themselves than those of Ptilinus , and the
male appears to be very rare in comparison with the female. The four
species in my cabinet may be identified as follows from the female :

Basal joint of the hind tarsi very much shorter than the entire remainder, the second
joint relatively more elongate ; pronotum impressed at each side near the basal
margin; elytra more elongate ; eyes separated by rather less than three .time*
their own width. Texas . horni Lee.

June, 1898 ]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

65

Basal joint but slightly shorter than the entire remainder, the second joint relatively
much shorter; pronotum not impressed sublaterally at base . 2

2 — Pleural sulcus below the humeri deep and strongly marked; elytra twice as long

as wide; eyes separated by evidently more than three times their own width.
Body rather stout, the elytra subdilated near the tip, blackish-piceous above,
the legs and antennas dark rufous or rufo-piceous ; surface feebly shining, the
pubescence extremely short, pale, dense and conspicuous on the elytra. Head
short, inserted to the eyes, dull, the epistomal impression well marked. Pro¬
thorax three-fifths wider than long, rounded at apex, the sides thence strongly di¬
verging and feebly sinuate, becoming parallel and broadly rounded in basal half;
basal angles rounded. Elytra twice as long as wide, more than three times
as long as the prothorax and fully as wide, a little wider at apical third ; humeral
angles rounded. Length 3. 7-4.5 mm.; width 1. 3-1-7 mm. California (Sta.

CruzMts ) . pleuralis, sp. nov.

Pleural sulcus narrow and feeble .

3— Elytra fully twice as long as wide; eyes small, separated by fully four times their

own width. Body very slender, nearly as in pleuralis but narrower, the elytra
not distinctly wider behind and fully three and one-halftimes as long as the pro¬
thorax, the latter nearly similar in outline but still more transverse, the sides be¬
coming parallel in less than basal half, with the median line similarly finely im¬
pressed anteiiorly. Length 2.9 mm.; width 1.0 mm. California (locality not

indicated) . macer, sp. nov.

Elytra much shorter, three-fourths longer than wide ; eyes more convex and better
developed, separated by three times their own width. Body suboblong, moder-
ately convex, dull, blackish, almost similar throughout to pleuralis but shorter,
the prothorax relatively rather smaller and the elytra much shorter, not distinctly
dilated subapically, and with the minute subgranuliform rugulosity still finer
and the pubescence a little denser, the fine striae distinct to the summit of the
convex declivity. The hind tarsi are longer than in pleuralis. Length 3,4
mm.; width 1.25 mm. California (locality not indicated) . .saginatus, sp. nov.

The descriptions are derived throughout from the female, the only
male accessible to me being one of the four examples of pleuralis. This
male is very much smaller and narrower than the female, with the eyes
better developed and separated by slightly more than twice their own
width ; the prothorax is more transverse and almost semicircular in
outline from the base around the apex, near which it is perhaps more
correctly broadly parabolic; the last ventral segment is simple, rounded
ta apex and not quite as long as the two preceding combined ; the an¬
tennae do not differ essentially in structure from those of the female, but
are rather more slender.

Bostrichini.

The genera of Bostrichini have not been considered in their mutual
'dationships for twenty years, when a review of them was published by
Dr. Horn. I find it necessary to increase the genera recognized by

66

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

that author by five, the species hitherto placed in Sinoxyton being quite
heterogeneous and in no single instance truly a member of that genus.
Sinoxylon dinoderoides , Amphicerus fortis and Dinoderus brevis are
also types of distinct genera. The genus proposed for the last named
species is called Patea in the table. The genera known thus far may be
thus distinguished : —

Tarsi long, with the last joint relatively shorter, the second joint usually elongate ;
claws and tibial spurs stouter, grooved beneath, the edges of the groove minutely

crenulate . 2

Tarsi short, the four basal joints subequal among themselves and together nearly
equal to the fifth; claws smaller and more slender, not at all crenulate within. .9

2 _ Funicular joints of the antenna; very short and closely united, together never

longer than the first joint of the club, the latter long, loose and strongly com¬
pressed . . . . . . . . . . • . . . •••3

Funicular joints more elongate and less closely united, together generally much

longer than the first joint of the club . ^

3 — Antennal club 3-jointed . ^

Antennal club 4 jointed . . • .Tetrapriocera

4 _ Antennae io-jointed, the elytral declivity with well-marked spines or tubercles. .5

Antennae 9-jointed, the elytral declivity without spines or tubercles at the sides, or
with very rudimentary tuberculiform irregularities, excavated near the suture,
the latter with a spiniform elevation ; antennal club moderate in development,

its joints decreasing in width and only very feebly serriform . Xylopertha

5— Antennal club moderately developed, its first and second joints nearly similar in

form; elytral declivity sexspinose . XylobiopS

Antennal club greatly elongated, its first and second joints dissimilar in form, the
former more or less outwardly produced at apex ; elytral declivity quadritubercu-
lose Dendrobiella

6 _ Joints of the antennal club strongly compressed and deeply bistnate from the ap¬

ical margin; front simply tumid; hind angles of the prothorax rounded.

Amphicerus

Joints of the antennal club strongly compressed but not striate, the two sensitive patches
near the apices of the joints rounded and feebly marked ; front lamellarly promi¬
nent behind the clypeus ; hind angles of the prothorax not rounded. . Apatides
Joints of the antennal club but feebly compressed and generally quite convex, the
first two more or less transverse, with the two sensitive patches rounded and sub-

apical ; front not transversely prominent . 7

7 _ Tibiae dentate externally ; claws abruptly bent at base, not distinctly crenulate ;

size very large . Dinapate

Tibiae not dentate; claws evenly arcuate; size moderate or small . 8

8 — Front margined at the sides ; eyes well developed . BostrlchUS

Front not margined, convex ; eyes small . • . Micrapate

9 _ Antennae with the two basal joints relatively smaller, the funicle well developed;

club rather short, 3-jointed.

Antennae io-jointed; body elongate, the head exserted . Dinoderus

Antennae 11-jointed; body short and stout; head deeply inserted . Patca

June, 189S.J

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

67

In Tetrapriocera and Patea the antennae are n jointed. In all the
others they are io-jointed, except in Xylopertha and in one species of
Bostrichus, where they have but nine joints. Tetrcipnocevci loiigicor)iis
(— schwarzi Horn) is the only known species of that genus. Xyloper -
tha is confined, as might be expected, to the subsiberian fauna of the
Pacific coast, where it is represented by bidentata , declivis and suturalis ,
hitherto placed in Sinoxylon, which genus has the two basal joints of the
antennal club short and transverse. Xylobiops is proposed for the Sinoxy-
loii basillare, texatiwn , s extub er cul&tuni and flondcinutn of the present
lists. Dinapate wright, /, the type and only known species of the genus,
is the largest bostrichid known ; it will probably soon become extinct
by reason cf the destruction of its food-plant for commercial purposes.

Dendrobiella, gen. nov.

This genus inhabits the warmer parts of the North American con¬
tinent and also the "Aest Indies; the species known to me may be iden¬
tified by the following characters : —

*

Elytial punctures distinct throughout the disk, except at the sides, where they are obso¬
lete, finer toward base, coarser posteriorly to the brink of the declivity, the latter
smooth and impunctured as usual throughout the genus.

Larger species, 5-5~6 mm. in length, blackish in color . sericans Lec.

Smaller species, 4 mm. in length, rufo-piceous in color . quadrispinosa Lec .

Elytral punctures rather fine and sparse but distinct toward base, becoming wholly
obsolete toward the declivity. Male.— Head well developed, the surface flat¬
tened, polished, nude and finely, sparsely punctulate, bituberculose at the base of
the \ ertex ; eyes moderate, very prominent ; antennae pale, longer than the width
of the head, the first seven joints together scarcely longer than the first joint of
the club, the tenth joint long and narrow. Prothorax wider than long, slightly
narrowed anteriorly, broadly truncate at apex, the sides becoming parallel be¬
hind the middle ; apical asperities moderately coarse and obtuse at the sides; disk
polished, finely, subimbricately punctulate toward the middle in more than basal
half. Elytra shining, the pubescence rather long, fine, decumbent, fulvous and
conspicuous; apical truncature flat and shining, the tubercles moderate, the lower
more obtuse. Female. — Smaller than the male but nearly similar, except that
the head is smaller, more convex, less shining, feebly convex, punctured, pubes¬
cent and devoid of tubercles. Length 4.3-50 mm.; width 1.75-2 1 mm.
Texas (Brownsville) . pubescens, sp. nov.

Elytral punctures wholly obsolete, being feebly traceable only very near the base.
Male. — Head moderate, flattened, becoming concave behind the frontal margin,
minutely, sparingly puberulent, slightly shining, finely and rather closely punctu¬
late throughout; two small tubercles of the vertex on a transverse line through the
posterior limits of the eyes ; antennae but little longer than the width of the head,
nearly as in pubescen s. Prothorax much wider than long, feebly narrowed in

68

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

apical half, very broadly truncate at apex, the apico-lateral serrules acute, about
three in number ; sculpture nearly as in pubescens , except that the disk is finely,
sparsely punctulate toward base, without trace of imbricate sculpture. Elytra
smooth, conspicuously pubescent; apical tubercles small and rather feeble,
Length 5.0 mm.; width 2.0 mm. Island of Jamaica . sublaevis, sp. nov.

It is probable that pubescens is the species identified as sencans by
Gorham in the “Biologia.”

Amphicerus Lee.

This is a rather large and important genus among our bostrichids,
not at all closely allied to Apate as is said to be the case by Mr. Gor¬
ham in the “Biologia,” the two differing radically in the form of the
antennal club among other characters. The species known to me are
as follows : —

Elytra deeply margined at apex . _ . 2

Elytra not strongly margined at apex, smaller species, brown or testaceous in color,
with the sculpture toward the base of the pronotum less broadly granulose and

more nearly strigose . . . . . . . 7

2 _ Elytra 4-tuberculate at the summit of the apical declivity, less distinctly so in the

female; body generally black throughout . 3

Elytra bituberculate at the summit of the apical declivity, rudimentarily so in the fe¬
male ; color dark brown, the elytra less coarsely punctate . 6

2 _ Pubescence of the elytra wanting or not distinguishable under low power . 4

1’ubescence of the elytra conspicuous but decumbent . . 5

4 _ Elytra of the female more elongate, distinctly more than twice as long as wide,

with coarse and close-set punctures. Southern Texas to Honduras.

punctipennis Lee.

Elytra of the female distinctly shorter, about twice as long as wide, with smaller and
sparser punctures. Female. — Body cylindrical, black, polished and glabious.
Head two-thirds as wide as the prothorax, with the eyes rather large, very con¬
vex and prominent; vertex transversely tumid and pubescent; sculpture
coarsely granulato-rugase ; antennae as long as the width of the head, dark rufo-
piceous. Prothorax as long as wide, parallel and broadly arcuate at the sides,
narrowed and serrate at the sides anteriorly, the apex sinuato-truncate, with the

apical teeth small ; surface coarsely asperato-granose anteriorly, smooth with
flattened contiguous tubercles posteriorly. Elytra more than twice as long as the
prothorax and a little wider, the punctures coarser and closer toward the sides
and strongly and coarsely confluent on the apical declivity ; tubercles rudiment¬
ary. Abdomen with whitish pubescence, minutely and densely punctulate, with
coarse punctures interspersed. Length 12.0 mm.; width 4.0 mm. lexas (Gal¬
veston) . maritimus, sp. nov.

2 _ Female. — Body very slender, cylindrical, shining, black with a feeble piceous

tinge. Head three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, the eyes very convex and
prominent; vertex moderately tumid, the surface granulato rugose with a smooth

June, 189S.]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

69

median spot posteriorly; antennae rather stout, not quite as long as the width of
the head. Prothorax obviously shorter than wide, narrowed somewhat from
very near the base, more rapidly and arcuately and with moderate serrules an¬
teriorly, the apical sinuation narrow with the teeth small ; surface coarsely as-
perato-tuberculate anteriorly, smoother in basal two thirds, the sculpture becom¬
ing coarsely subimbricate in the middle toward base, with the surface shining
and the median line finely impressed. Elytra much more than twice as long as
wide, nearly three times as long as the prothorax and just visibly wider, the
punctures coarse and close-set, subserial in arrangement, coarse, contiguous and
subconfluent on the declivity, the tubercles feeble, especially the inner. Abdo¬
men finely punctulate, pubescent, the scattered larger punctures rather small.
Legs quite slender. Length 9.0 mm.; width 2.5 mm. Kansas, Iowa and
North Carolina . gracilis, sp. nov.

'6 Pubescence distinct, decumbent. Sutural series rather impressed, the suture ele¬
vated on the declivity. Head rather small, the eyes moderate in size. Elytra 1
punctures not serial in arrangement, but with traces of three fine raised lines.
Indiana and Kansas . . . bicaudatus Say.

7— Prothorax emarginate at apex, fully as long as wide and with the usual terminal
teeth of the lateral series. Male. — Rather stout, cylindrical, shining, dark testa¬
ceous-brown in color; antennae pale ; surface virtually glabrous. Head moderate,
nearly two-thirds as wide as the prothorax, broadly, almost evenly convex, with
a large median impunctate area; transverse impression behind the clypeus deep
and distinct; eyes small and but moderately prominent; antennae fully as long as
the width of the head. Prothorax fully as long as wide, the sides broadly arcuate,
becoming parallel only very near the base, converging anteriorly where the ser¬
rules are prominent and close-set in less than apical half; apex narrowly sinuate,
surface tuberculose anteriorly, becoming smooth and polished in basal half and
almost sculptureless toward the sides but sparsely imbricatostrigose toward the
middle. Elytra short, one-half longer than wide, equal in width to the pro¬
thorax, strongly but not very closely, confusedly punctate, more closely but
scaicely coalescently behind, the declivity very steep, more convex at each side
above but not tuberculate, the suture elevated. Abdomen finely, strongly and
densely punctulate, the scattered coarser punctures not visible, the pubescence even,
decumbent and rather dense; last segment shorter than any of the preceding.
Hind tarsi very much longer than the tibiae. Length 6.7 mm ; width 2.2 mm.
Texas (El Paso) . grandicollis, sp. nov.

Prothorax truncate at tip, with the angles obtuse and rounded, without trace of pro¬
cesses . . g

5 — Larger species, the prothorax much wider than long and trapezoidal in form;
Female. — Rather slender, cylindrical, shining, subglabrous, dark rufo-testaceous
in color. Head well developed, nearly three-fourths as wide as the prothorax,
the surface granose throughout, tumid posteriorly, the epistomal suture just be¬
yond the middle of the length and impressed toward the middle, the epistoma
large ; eyes very large, convex and prominent ; antennae obviously shorter than
the width of the head, with the club relatively very long, the five joints of the
funicle together barely equal in length to its first joint. Prothorax much wider
than long, the sides parallel and feebly arcuate nearly to the middle, then

>10

Tournal New York Entomological Society. [Volvi.

j f

strongly convergent to the truncate apex, the latter not visible from above but
narrow and feebly sinuate ; declivity coarsely asperate above, smoother near the
apex, subserrate laterally, the teeth not extending to the apex; basal half rather
dull in lustre and with short strigiform lines not densely placed. Elytra about
twice as long as wide, between two and three times as long as the prothorax and
rather wider, rather coarsely, deeply and irregularly but uniformly and quite
densely punctate, very densely and perforately so behind, the declivity moder¬
ately steep, more convex at each side but not tuberculate, the suture elevated.
Abdomen closely punctulate, the pubescence moderately abundant. Tarsi very-
long. Length 6.5-7.0 mm. ; width 2.0-2.2 mm. Texas (El Paso).

brevicollis, sp. nov..

Small species, 4.5— 5.5 mm. in length, the prothorax as broad as long. Body elongate,
cylindrical, sparsely clothed with moderately long semi-erect hair; elytra
coarsely and seriately punctate; under surface sparsely punctate. California
(Fort Yuma) . teres Horn

Grandicollis is described from what appears to be the male, but
the eyes are very small when compared with those of brevicollis , of”
which the four homogeneous examples before me seem to be females;
both of these species and probably teres also, which I have not seen,
have the funicle of the antennae much shorter than in the others; in
grandicollis the five joints together are however quite distinctly longer
than the first joint of the club ; in brevicollis they are barely as long as
the first joint but do not have the closely crowded structure observed in
Sinoxylon and Tetrapnocer a. In brevicollis there are a few erect hairs
observable near the sides of the elytra especially behind, but otherwise
the surface is glabrous and the punctures are only feebly subseriate in
arrangement.

Apatides, gen. nov.

This genus is amply distinct from Amphicerus in the characters of
the table. We have the following three species: —

Inner margin of the epipleurce continuous and obliquely ascending at base to the
humeral angles in the female ; basal angles of the prothorax acute and promi¬
nent ; head and abdomen finely punctate, the former slightly tumid or subcari-
nate along the middle toward the frontal margin. Lower California and

California (Yuma) . fortis Lee.

Inner margin of the epipleurse discontinuous at base in the female, basal angles of the
prothorax not at all rounded but at the same time not distinctly piominent, the

surface less impressed before the angles . *

2 — Vertex gradually ascending to the prominent frontal margin, finely and sparsely
punctate, the abdomen minutely punctulate throughout ; thoracic processes-
separated by rather more than a third of the total w.’.dth. A/ale. — Head three-
fifihs as wide as the prothorax, the latter nearly as long as wide, with the

June, xs98.] Casey : North American Coleoptera. 71

apical processes long and obliquely convergent ; surface with the usual isolated
tubercles toward base. Elytra twice as long as wide, just visibly wider than the
prothorax, the apical declivity flattened, becoming alutaceous in lustre and
almost impunctate toward the suture, which is elevated Female — Similar to
* the male but larger, with the thoracic processes short and parallel, the elytra
rather more than twice as long as wide and more distinctly wider than the pro¬
thorax, the apical declivity convex and coarsely perforato-pucctate throughout,,
the suture moderately elevated. Length 13.0-15.5 mm. ; width 4.3-5. 1 mm.

Texas (El Paso) . robustus, sp. nov.

Vertex more tumid and convex, less finely and quite strongly punctured throughout;
abdomen strongly though sparsely punctured toward base ; thoracic processes
more approximate, separated by but little more than a fourth of the total width.
Female. — Plead moderate in size, the eyes very convex and prominent as usual.
Prothorax not quite as long as wide, nearly as in robustus but less devoid of
sculpture toward the basal angles. Elytra not at all mere than twice as long as
wide, the apical declivity rather more convex at each side than in robustus ,
steeper and a little less coarsely punctured. Abdomen polished as usual, the
punctures becoming finer and denser toward apex. Length 12.5 mm.; width
4.3 mm. Arizona (Locality not specified — Levette Cabinet.)

puncticeps, sp. nov.

The male of fortis has the apical processes more convergent and
longer than the female, but there seems to be no modification of the
elytral declivity near the suture. Individuals vary much in size as usual
in the Bostrichinse.

Bostrichus Geoff.

The genus Bostrichus , as represented in America, differs remark¬
ably from Amphicerus in the structure of the antennal club, the joints
being short, subglobose, and with the sensitive spaces small and circu¬
lar ; it also differs in having the basal angles of the prothorax acute and
prominent, but in that respect resembles Apatides, from which it differs
in turn in the structure of the antennal club and frontal parts of the
head. The following table comprises all the species known to me at
present : —

Prothorax narrowly and deeply sinuate at apex, with the limiting processes promi¬
nent and generally unciform ; elytra each with two ridges more or less distinct

or interrupted . .

Prothorax sinuato-truncate at apex, with the limiting angles acute and somewhat
prominent ; vestiture hair-like, decumbent and unevenly distributed ; elytra

without trace of ridges ; species smaller and more slender . 5

2 Hind tarsi fully as long as the tibiae ; unciform processes of the prothorax more

prominent. Atlantic regions . 3

Hind tarsi shorter than the tibiae ; unciform processes shorter, not differing in form
irom the lateral sen ules . ±

72

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

3 —Vestiture of the elytra squamiform ; inner ridge strong and continuous to the

apical declivity . . . bicornis Web.

Vestiture more hair-like and still more unevenly disposed in clusters ; inner ridge

feeble and much interrupted, the outer almost obsolete . armiger Lee.

4 _ Elytral vestiture long and hair-like, very sparse and almost evenly disposed ;

ridges fine, feeble and subobsolete . californicus Horn

^ — Antennae io-jointed as usual . . truncaticollis Lee.

Antennae 9-jointed. Evenly cylindrical, black, the antennae and tarsi paler ; vesti¬
ture coarsely hair-like, fulvous in color, dense and conspicuous, somewhat un¬
even on the elytra but much less nucleated than in truncaticollis. Head
moderate, opaque, pubescent, the eyes well developed ; antennae as long as the
width of the head, the funicle 4-jointed. Prothorax nearly as long as wide,
roughly tuberculose, pubescent, the basal angles acutely prominent; median
line somewhat depressed. Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, two and
one-half times as long as wide, coarsely, densely, unevenly punctured and finely
tuberculose. Legs rather short and slender, the hind tarsi longer than the tibiae.
Length 6.4 mm. ; width 1.8 mm. New Jersey (Woodbury).

angustus, sp. nov.

In the males the elytral apices are minutely spinulose throughout,
but there is very little sexual difference otherwise, except that the male
is generally smaller and with the elytra less elongate. It will probably
prove necessary to "generically separate the American species of Bostn-
Bius from the European forms, when the family is monographed as a
whole.

Micrapate, gen. nov.

This genus is founded upon the Sinoxylon dinoderoides of Horn,
and its allied species, and I have ventured to include also the S. simplex
of that author, although the size is so much greater that renewed obser¬
vation would possibly disclose some divergencies of a generic nature. I
should have been disposed to refer the specimens described above under
the name Amphicerus brevicollis to S. simplex , were it not for the fact
that the basal parts of the pronotum are said to be “ densely punctate,"
which language it would be impossible to apply to brevicollis , where the
sculpture of that part consists of short, isolated and longitudinal raised
lines, as in the Amphicerus teres of Horn. It is a peculiarity of Mi¬
crapate that the basal parts of the pronotum are truly and simply punc¬
tate, and not in any way asperate, granose or tuberculose. Our species
are as follows : —

Pronotum less densely or rather sparsely punctured toward base ; size much smaller,

never materially exceeding 4 mm. in length . 2

Pronotum densely punctate toward base . 3

2 — Surface ‘* feebly shining suture moderately and evenly elevated on the apical
declivity. Arizona and Texas (Brownsville) . dinoderoides Horn

June. t£o8.]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

13

Surface strongly shining ; sutural elevation on the declivity strong, its summit for a
short distance at the middle of the declivity, still more elevated, dilated and
canaliculate. Female.— Similar to dinoderoides but smaller, the epistomal suture
more deeply impressed and more remote from the apical margin. Prothorax
nearly as long as wide, similar to dinoderoides but still more sparsely punctate
toward base. Elytra rather coarsely, strongly punctured and very densely so,
the punctures rather sparser toward the suture except on the declivity, but not as
sparse as in dinoderoides , the surface unevenly rugose by anteriorly oblique light.
Under surface finely and densely punctulate, confluently so on the sterna. Length

3.4 mm.; width 1. 15 mm. District of Columbia . cristicauda, sp. nov.

3 — Size larger, 6.5 mm. in length. Body piceous, the elytra brownish; head opaque,
tuberculate, the maxillary palpi with the last two joints equal ; prothorax wider
than long; elytra not wider than the prothorax, very coarsely and closely punc¬
tate, the punctures of the declivity coarser and denser, the sutural region slightly
elevated, especially in the apical declivity. Body beneath moderately densely
punctate, sparsely pubescent. Texas (southwestern) . ; . simplex Horn

I have here regarded the specimens recently taken by Mr. Wickham
in the extreme southern part of Texas, near Brownsville, as represent¬
ing the true dinoderoides , but actual comparison will be necessary to
decide, as these examples are certainly strongly shining.

Dinoderus Steph.

The rather numerous species of this genus may be outlined in the
table which follows. Punctatus and trunccitus are the only discordant
elements after eliminating brevis , and they may have to be separated at
some future time.

Apex of the elytra convex, the suture only very rarely somewhat prominent, the

apical margin not concave or prominently margined; pubescence erect . 2

Apex of the elytra more abruptly truncate, concave and prominently margined at tip;.

pubescence decumbent . 13

2 — Pronotum with granuliform and separated tubercles toward base . 3

Pronotum with flattened and generally subcontiguous tubercles toward base ; side
margins almost devoid of serrulation except at apex ; body more cylindro-

convex . 8

3 — Elytra polished or strongly shining . 4

Elytra opaque; color dark brown or blackish-piceous . 5

4 — Elytra with very close-set perforate punctures, larger than the width of the in¬
tervals, the latter tuberculose ; color dark brown throughout. Michigan, Can¬
ada and Europe . substriatus Fay/e.

Elytra with less coarse and impressed punctures, not larger than the width of the
intervals, the latter less elevated and more feebly but distinctly tuberculose;
color black or blackish. Head moderate, exserted, with a polished constriction
at base as usual; surface subopaque, granulose, the epistomal suture distinct;
apex sinuate; eyes small, convex ; antennce stout, dark rufous, not as long as the

14 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

width of the head. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the apex broadly arcu¬
ate, the sides becoming parallel and feebly arcuate near the base, seriate through¬
out, rather strongly at the rounded basal angles and still more coarsely around
the apex ; base broadly lobed ; surface with small, strong and isolated granules
throughout, intermingled anteriorly with some larger sparse asperities. Scu-
tellum small. Elytra not quite twice as long as wide, more than twice as long as
the prothorax and slightly wider; surface with series of moderately coarse punc¬
tures, confused near the suture and smaller and less seriate on the flanks ; inter¬
vals asperate ; apex evenly convex, with the punctures confused and asperate.
Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulato-rugose and finely, sparsely pubescent.
Length 4.0-4.8 mm ; width 1.3-J.6 mm. California (Calaveras Co.), Colorado
and Idaho (Cceur d’Alene) . pacificus, sp. nov.

Elytra with less coarse and more impressed punctures, nearly as in pacificus and not
larger than the width of the intervals, the latter perfectly even, polished and
devoid of tubercles or asperities throughout. Body deep black, the erect haiis of
the elytra rather short. Head dull, sparsely pubescent, the epistoma broadly
sinuate. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, arcuately swollen toward base,
broadly rounded and asperato-tuberculose at apex ; disk granose toward base.
Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, rather short, four-fifths longer than
wide, the punctures seriate in arrangement, densely confused near the sutuie,
more broadly toward base, small and irregular in arrangement toward the side
margins, the apical declivity evenly convex and not at all granulose though more
closely and unevenly punctate. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulate. Length
2.7— 3.7 mm.; width 0.8— 1. 2 mm. Wyoming (Laramie) and Arizona.

sobrinus, sp. nov.

5 _ Elytral granules strong and well defined, arranged in even single series along the

intervals . .

Elytral granules subobsolete except on the declivity, the punctured series contiguous,
with the intervening ridges narrow and alternately slightly stronger . 7

6 _ Elytra roughly and densely punctate on the declivity, the tuberculose intervals

equal throughout, finely and confusedly on the flanks. Head short and transverse,
granose, the basal constriction exposed as usual ; eyes small ; antennae short, the
club paler; epistomal suture subobsolete. Prothorax slightly shorter than wide,
nearly as in pacificus . Elytra not quite twice as long as wide, lathei wider
than the prothorax, the lustre dull, the sculpture coarse and rough, the punctures
of the series large, deep and approximate but circular and well defined, except at
the sides. Abdomen minutely, sparsely punctulate, feebly pubescent. Length
4.0 mm.; width 1.4 mm. New Mexico (Fort Wingate) . . . asperulus, sp. nov.

Elytra finely, evenly and strongly granose on the declivity; intervals separating the
punctured series equal in elevation ; punctures of the series coalescent and not
well defined. Head short and transverse, finely granose, the labrum declivous,
the eyes and antennae moderate. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, broadly
rounded and strongly asperate anteriorly, the sides feebly diverging to the
rounded and asperate basal angles ; disk with the granules equal, strong and
isolated toward base. Elytra but little wider than the prothorax, scarcely twice
as long as wide, densely sculptured in even series, except near the suture and

June, 189S. ]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

75

more broadly on the flanks, the elevations polished. Length 5.2 mm.; width
1.6 mm. Arizona (Seligman) . amplus, sp. nov.

Elytra rather sparsely and strongly granose on the declivity; intervals separating the
punctured series alternating in prominence; punctures of the series subtrans-
verse, subcoalescent and not well defined. North Carolina. . . porcatus Lee.

7— Punctures of the elytral series confluent, opaque and not well defined. Head
transverse, opaque and granulose ; eyes small ; antennse short, dark rufous, the
club not paler. Prothorax nearly as in pacijicus , the 1 asal angles less rounded.
Elytra about twice as long as wide, slightly wider than the prothorax and much
more than twice as long; sculpture very dense, the surface densely opaque;
erect hairs moderate in length, stiff and fulvous. Abdomen rather dull, finely,
sparsely punctulate. Length 3. 0-4.0 mm.; width 0.9- 1.2 mm. Virginia (Nor-

. opacus, sp. nov.

S— Elytral punctures confused in arrangement, at least toward the sides and suture. .9

Elytral punctures forming perfectly even series throughout the width, the intervals

even . .

•9— Apical declivity of the elytra granulose, the punctures more close-set throughout. 10

Apical declivity simply punctate . ! !

10— Elytral punctures distinctly asperate throughout. Body and legs blackish, the

antennse rufo-piceous ; surface moderately shining. Head short, not very
densely granose. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the sides feebly conver¬
gent from near the broadly rounded basal angles, merging gradually into the
broadly rounded and moderately serrulate apex ; surface sparsely, rather strongly
asperate anteriorly, more closely granulate toward base, the granules flattened,
less dense laterally. Elytra about two-thirds longer than wide, twice as long as
the prothorax and scarcely wider ; punctures not very coarse, serial in arrange¬
ment, the intervals flat and even ; apex evenly convex, strongly grano-tubercu-
lose. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulate. Length 3.7 mm.; width 1.2
mm. New Jersey . hispidulus, sp. nov.

Elytral punctures circular, not asperate on the disk and toward the suture, feebly
granuliferous on the convex declivity; elytra polished, the intervals flat; serial
arrangement of the punctures only observable along the middle of each elytron.
South Carolina . densus Lee.

Elytral punctures abnormal, not rounded but somewhat dilated at their posterior
limits, serial in arrangement and well separated, more confused near the suture
and broadly toward the sides, not granulose except posteriorly and on the de¬
clivity. Body evenly cylindrical, shining, dark piceous, the elytral vestiture
sparse, stiff and erect. Head nearly smooth, constricted at base as usual. Pro¬
thorax nearly as long as wide, oval, asperulate anteriorly, the basal angles
rounded ; disk with the flattened and nearly contiguous tubercles toward base
small. Elytra perfectly cylindrical, barely twice as long as the prothorax and
perceptibly wider, not quite twice as long as wide, polished. Length 2.4 mm. ;
width 0.7 mm. Pennsylvania . parvulus, sp. nov.

11— Dark rufo-piceous, the elytra blackish, highly polished with rather small and

simple punctures, which are only feebly subserial in arrangement, becoming
very small and feebler on the flanks and simple on the declivity. Indiana and
South Carolina . . cribratus Lee.

76 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. *vi,

12— Body small, narrow, subglabrous, highly polished and pale rufo-testaceous-
throughout; apical margin of the prothorax rather crenulate than serrulate.

Iowa (Keokuk). Cosmopolitan and introduced . . . . .pusillus Fabrm

13 _ Antennae with the second joint nearly as slender as the third, the funicle brist¬

ling with long coarse hairs anteriorly; ridge of the apical declivity short ; head
strongly, transversely tumid behind the epistoma. New York, Indiana and

South Carolina . . Say

Antennae with the second joint stout, the funicle not more setose in front; declivity

more abrupt and flat, with the marginal ridge long. California.

truncatus Horn

I have not been able to compare substriatus * of the table with Eu¬
ropean examples, and the identification is taken from the books; it is
referred to the genus Stephanopachys by Heyden, Reitter and Weise,
who separate also pusillus under the generic name Rhizopertha ( Rhyzo -
pertha). The differences seem to be scarcely generic in value.
Truncatus of Horn, I have not seen.

CIOIDiE.

The Cioidae are intimately related to the Bostrichinae, as shown by
general organization, and particularly by the two small rounded sensitive
areas near the apices of the joints of the antennal club, greatly devel¬
oped in the genus Flesiocis ; but, at the same time, they are closely al¬
lied also to some groups at present assigned to the Clavicornia, such as
the Cryptophagidae and Mycetophagidae. In fact, the assemblages
which are at present collectively known as the Clavicornia, are so heter¬
ogeneous among themselves as to indicate that they do not form a natu¬
ral division of the Coleoptera at all, but are in many cases the extreme
developments of various types of Serricornia or Adephaga, and the
Heteromera belong near them in immediate succession. Bergmus has
a purely serricorn habitus, and yet has been placed with the Myceto¬
phagidae. I believe that the Cryptophagidae and Mycetophagidae
should not be widely separated from Cioidae and Sphindidae, and I am
in favor of removing them from the so-called Clavicornia and placing
them in the Serricornia near Cioidae. This would be far more natural
than to remove the Cioidae to the Clavicornia. The Cucujidae, consist¬
ing of the subfamilies Passandrinse, Colydiinae, Monotominae, Rhyso-
dinae, Lyctinae, Silvaninae, Brontinae, Cucujinae and Hemipeplinae should
also be removed from the Clavicornia and follow Cioidae, Cryptopha¬
gidae, etc., in the Serricornia. The Hemipeplinae form a natural tran¬
sition to the Heteromera. _ _ _

* Dinoderus substriatus is said by Mannerheim (Bull. Mosc., 1853, p. 233), to
inhabit also the Kerai Peninsula, in Alaska.

June, 1898]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

77

The Cioidse consist of two. subfamilies, Cioinoe and Rhipidandrinse,
distinguished by clavate and compactly serrate antennae respectively.
The American genera of Cioinae are as follows : —

Antennae 10 jointed . . 2

Antennae 9-jointed . 7

Antennae 8-jointed ; body glabrous . 8

2 — Prosternum well developed before the coxae; lateral edges of the pro thorax

acute to the apex . .

Prosternum very short and transversely excavated before the coxae; lateral edges of
the prothorax becoming subobsolete at the apex . 6

3 — The prosternum simple or nearly so . 4

The prosternum tumid or carinate along the middle . 5

4 — Body setose or pubescent the vestiture erect and bristling, the anterior tibiae finely

produced and dentiform externally at apex, sometimes simple . Cis

Body glabrous, the anterior tibiae wholly unarmed at apex ; elytral suture margined
toward tip ; body elongate, the head rather less deflexed than usual, the head
and prothorax simple in the male, the latter with a deep rounded setigerous
fovea at the centre of the first ventral segment . Orthocis

5— Body glabrous or with very short decumbent pubescence or inclined setae.

Xestocis

6— Body very short, oblong-oval in form, with stiff erect pubescence as in Cis.

Brachycis

7— Body stout, convex, coarsely cribrate and setose; anterior tibiae strongly, ob¬

liquely produced and acute externally at apex . . Plesiocis

Body narrow, cylindrical, feebly sculptured and glabrous, the anterior tibiae thickened
and externally rounded and spinulose at apex . Ennearthron

8 — Anterior tibiae swollen, rounded and spinulose externally at apex as in Ennear¬

thron ; head and prothorax strongly modified in the male . Ceracis

Anterior tibiae narrowly triangular, the external edge straight throughout and
minutely spinulose ; head and prothorax not modified in the male. . Octotemnus

The term glabrous, as used above, signifies the absence of distinct
pubescence; with high power each puncture can be seen to bear a very
small hair. Many of Mellie’s species are still unknown to me, and
the localities of some of them may be open to doubt; a few may possi¬
bly be synonyms, as, for example, atripennis , which may have been
founded upon a damaged specimen of fuscipes. It is possible that the
Cis pumicatus of Mellie may prove to be an Octotemnus. Ceracis is
very closely allied to Ennearthron , and was indeed considered to be
more properly a subgenus by Mellie. The figure of C. sal/ei, on plate
4 of the monograph, seems to have been taken from a specimen of
Ennearthron mellyi. *

* I am indebted for several very interesting species of Cioidse to my friend, P.
Jerome Schmitt, of Westmoreland county, Pa., and Mr. Wickham has also contrib¬
uted a number of interesting species in Bostrichime, Cioidae and Sphindidce.

IS

Journal New York Entomological Society. [ voi . vi.

Cis Latr.

Only those species represented before me are included in the follow¬
ing table : —

Elytra with shallow, variolate and nude punctures, intermingled with others smaller and

deeper which bear the setae . . 2

Elytra deeply punctured throughout, all the punctures bearing hairs or setae . II

2 — Body stout and convex, the elytra confusedly rugulose; maxillary palpi very stout;

anterior tibiae acute and feebly everted externally at tip ; apical angles of the
prothorax right and somewhat prominent, the apex prolonged and broadly

rounded over the head ; base not distinctly margined . 3

Body narrowly elongate oval and more depressed, the surface less rugose but with the
elytral series more distinct ; maxillary palpi variable but generally less stout ;
antennal club smaller, with the two basal joints wider than long ; apical angles
of the prothorax obtuse, the apex broadly, evenly rounded over the basal parts of
the head, the base finely margined; scutellum transversely oval . 8

3 — Elytral bristles moderate in length, more or less distinctly serial in arrangement,

the antennal club long and loose, with the two basal joints as long as wide ; head
and pronotum finely, evenly punctured, the elytral punctures fine, not very dis¬
tinct and rather sparse ; male sexual characters very feeble . 4

Elytral bristles extremely short, distributed uniformly but without order ; antennal
club shorter, with the two basal joints wider than long ; male characters pro¬
nounced . 7

4 — Third and fourth joints of the antennae elongate and equal, each as long as the

fifth and sixth together. Body stout, shining, castaneous in color, the head
moderate, with the clypeal margin feebly reflexed and broadly subtruncate ; eyes
rather well developed; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the sides reflexed,
feebly convergent and feebly, evenly arcuate from the obtuse basal angles to the
apex ; elytra one-half longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax and just
visibly wider. Length 2.4-2. 8 mm. ; width 1.05— 1.25 mm. North Carolina

(Asheville) . . . - _ Carolina?, sp. nov.

Third joint much longer than the fourth, the latter distinctly shorter than the fifth
and sixth combined . . . 5

5 — Concave side margin of the pronotum not at all inwardly prolonged at base ; body

large, generally pale in color, shining; prothorax more than one-half wider than
long, the basal angles very obtuse and rounded ; sides slightly convergent and
very feebly, evenly arcuate throughout ; elytra barely one half longer than wide,
nearly two and one-half times as long as the prothorax and slightly wider, the
humeral callus small but pronounced. Length 2 8-3.0 mm. ; width i.i-iqmm.

Montana ( Missoula) . pallens, sp. nov.

Concave margin more or less distinctly prolonged inwardly at base ; color black or
piceous-black, the size smaller . . . 6

6 — Male with the prothorax simple throughout. Atlantic regions, from Massachusetts

to Iowa and Texas (Houston) . . . fuscipes Mell.

Male with the prothorax broadly impressed at apex. Body moderately stout, strongly
convex, blackish in color and shining, the elytral punctures generally stronger

June, 1898.] Casey: North American Coleoptera. 79

than those of the pronotum, with the impressed lines distinct ; head with the
clypeal margin moderately reflexed and broadly sinuato-truncate in both sexes ;
prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides feebly convergent, rather more
rounded near the base; elytra one-half longer than wide, fully twice as long as
the prothorax and just visibly wider posteriorly. Length 1.8-2.75 mm. ; width
0.8-1. 2 mm. Pacific coast — Vancouver Island, Washington State (Tacoma) and
California (Humboldt Co. and Alameda) . impressa, sp. nov.

7 — Body rather stout, strongly convex, oblong-suboval, shining, blackish in color

throughout, the legs and antennae dark rufous; vestiture very short and almost
scale-like, erect as usual; head moderate, the eyes well developed, convex and
prominent ; prothorax one half to three-fifths wider than long, the sides rather
widely reflexed, slightly convergent and broadly, evenly arcuate throughout, the
basal angles very obtuse ; surface finely, closely punctured but polished ; elytra
more than one-half longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long as
the prothorax and very slightly wider, the humeral callus small ; surface con¬
fusedly rugubse, finely punctate and with slightly evident longitudinal lines and
short transverse rugos. Male. — Head concave, the clypeal margin reflexed and
broadly bidentate ; prothorax impressed transversely at the apical margin, the
latter moderately reflexed, with a small rounded sinuation at the middle. Fe¬
male. — Head flat, the clypeal margin very slightly reflexed, broadly, feebly
sinuato-truncate, the prothorax rounded and unmodified at apex. Length 2.2-
2.5 mm. ; width 0.9-1.1 mm. Rhode Island (Boston Neck), .pistoria, sp. nov.

8— Anterior tibiae finely everted and acute externally at apex . 9

Anterior tibiae simple at apex . 10

9— Pronotum not impressed at the apical angles, the flanks deeper, the side margin

feebly reflexed, more strongly about the basal angles. Female. — Body elongate-
oval, moderately convex, piceous, the elytra black; legs and antennae paler,
rufous, shining, the bristles short and pale, moderately abundant, not arranged
in definite series on the elytra though with feeble suggestion of such arrange¬
ment at certain parts; head moderate, the eyes small, the clypeal margin broadly
arcuate ; prothorax nearly as long as wide, circularly arcuate in apical third, the
sides thence nearly straight and parallel to the basal angles, which are very ob¬
tuse; base arcuate; punctures rather fine, strong and close-se ; elytra three-
fourths longer than wide, two and one-third times as long as the prothorax and
scarcely wider; punctures fine, strong, close-set, the impressed lines distinct and
with rather coarser irregular punctuation. Length 2.3 mm.; width 0.8 mm.
Colorado (Salida) . striolata, sp. nov.

Pronotum impressed at the apical angles, the side margins strongly, narrowly and
equally reflexed throughout. Female. — Nearly similar to striolata but shorter,
the prothorax fully one third wider than long, with the sides subparallel, evenly
and feebly arcuate throughout, the apex broadly, evenly arcuate ; punctures fine,
strong and rather close-set; elytra two-thirds longer than wide, two and one-half
times as long as the prothorax, the surface polished, with distinctly impressed
lines of much coarser punctures, which are shallow, nude and variolate as usual,
the bristles arranged more definitely in series. Male. — Smaller than the female
and more slender, the clypeal margin rather strongly rounded near the eyes and
remotely and feebly bituberculate at the middle ; prothorax only slightly shorter

4

80

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

than wide, the sides feebly convergent and evenly and feebly arcuate from the
base, the apex circularly rounded, the surface dull; elytra polished, nearly as in
the female; first ventral segment foveate at the centre. Length 2.0-2. 2 mm.;
width 0.65-0.75 mm. Utah (southwestern) . fraterna, sp. nov.

10 — Body more slender, picious black throughout. Female. — Narrowly elongate-
oval, moderately convex, shining ; legs and antennae rufous ; bristles short, pale
as usual, arranged in almost regular series on the elytra; front feebly convex ;
eyes moderate in size ; clypeus broadly arcuate, very short before the eyes; pro¬
thorax nearly one-third wider than long, the sides feebly convergent, evenly ancl
feebly arcuate from base to the rather pronounced apical angles, which are not
rounded, the apex circularly arcuate, the punctures fine but deep, moderately
close ; elytra two-thirds longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long
as the prothorax and somewhat wider, the humeral callus minute ; series well
impressed, almost regular but not much more coarsely punctate, the intervals
sparsely punctulate. Length 1.9 mm; width 0.7 mm. California (Lake Tahoe)-

macilenta, sp. nov.

Body stouter and more cylindric, bicolored, the head and prothorax rufous, the elytra
black. Female. — Oblong-subcylindric, moderately convex, slightly dull in

lustre; bristles short, feeblv subserial on the elytia; head feebly convex, the
clypeus broadly arcuato-truncate, oblique at the sides to the eyes, which are
snail; prothorax fully one-third wider than long, nearly as in macilenta, the
basal angles more broadly rounded ; elytra scarcely more than one-half longer
than wide, but little more than twice as long as the prothorax and not wider,
the impressed lines feeble and somewhat irregular, more coarsely punctured.
Length 1.4-1.8 mm.; width 0.55-0.75 mm. California (Calaveras, Humboldt,
Lake and Los Angeles Cos.) . versicolor, sp. nov.

11 — Vestiture of the elytra stiff and bristle-like . 12

Vestiture of the elytra long, slender and hair-like but erect and conspicuous ; elytra!

punctures arranged without order, not at all seriate at any point ; last joint of the

maxillary palpi acutely pointed . 25

12 — Vestiture more or less distinctly serial in arrangement . 13

Vestiture not at all serial at any point, the punctures evenly distributed . 15

15 — Body strongly cylindro-convex, the elytral punctures differing among themselves
in size, the larger forming more or less indefinite series; bristles unusually
long . . . x4

Body narrow, parallel, distinctly depressed, the punctuation dense, the elytral punc¬
tures more uniform in size, the bristles moderate in length, forming close and
nearly even series. Pennsylvania to Texas . creberrima Mell.

14 — Sides of the prothorax becoming straight and parallel behind the middle. Maler
— Body subcylindric, somewhat shining, castaneous in color, the bristles coarse,,
erect, longer than the width of the scutellum, subserial on the elytra ; head mod¬
erate, the front flat, the eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed, remotely and
feebly bituberculate, a small sinus just without each tubercle and thence strongly
oblique for some distance to the eyes; prothorax nearly as long as wide, circu¬
larly rounded at apex, narrowly subsinuate at the middle ; angles obtuse ; base
finely margined ; surface very obsoletely, transversely impressed at apex ; punc¬
tures uneven in size, small, deep, not very close-set; scutellum pointed behind;

June, 1898.]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

81

elytra two-thirds longer than wide, equal in width to the prothorax and barely
twice as long, obtuse at apex ; series of coarse punctures scarcely impressed.
Female. — Nearly similar to the male, the clypeal margin evenly arcuato-truncate,
the prothorax not modified. Length 2 4-2.9 mm.; width 0.9-1. 1 mm. Utah
(southwestern) . mormonica, sp. nov.

Sides of the prothorax subparallel and evenly arcuate throughout. Male.— Similar
to mormonica in the modifications of the clypeus and prothorax, pale piceous,
polished, the bristles long, stiff and erect, subserial on the elytra; eyes small ;
prothorax fully one-third wider than long, the angles obtuse; punctures moder¬
ately fine, deep, somewhat uneven in size, rather close-set ; elytra less than twice
as long as wide, as wide as the prothorax and barely twice as long; punctures
rather coarse and close-set, the larger only partially forming indefinite and
scarcely at all impressed series. Length 2.0 mm ; width 0.85 mm. Pennsyl¬
vania (Westmoreland Co.) . horridula, sp. nov.

«5 — Body obese and strongly convex, suboval; male sexual characters pronounced,
the female also having the apex of the prothoi-ax at least feebly bilobed ; apical

angles of the anterior tibiae everted and acute externally . 16

Body subcylindric, convex ; male sexual characters feeble, the clypeus fine-ly bitu-
berculate; maxillary palpi slender; prothorax margined at base, the angles
obtuse . 21

16 — Clypeus angulate at each side near the eyes in both sexes . 17

Clypeus emarginate in the middle and bidentate, not angulate near the eyes . 20

17 — Elytra very nearly one-half longer than wide . 18

Elytra very short, scarcely one- third longer than wide . . . 19

18 — Elytral punctures rather close-set. Male with the clypeal margin reflexed and

quadridentate, the apex of the prothorax with two broad porrect triangular pro¬
cesses, separated by a rounded sinuation. California . vitula Mann.

Elytral punctures rather sparse, the integuments more shining. Female. — Body
elongate-oval, very convex, polished, castaneous, the legs, antennae and some¬
times the anterior parts paler ; bristles of the prothorax very small and rather
fine, not conspicuous, of the elytra coarse, moderately long and rather sparse ;
head concave apically, the clypeus broadly rounded and obscurely quadrangulate ;
eyes rather small ; prothorax one-fourth wider than long, the sides feebly con¬
vergent and very feebly, evenly arcuate from base to the rather obtuse but some¬
what prominent apical angles ; base transverse, very feebly lobed at the middle,
very finely margined ; apex advanced, rounded and feebly bilobed ; punctures
fine and moderately close ; scutellum obtuse, wider than long ; elytra as wide as
the prothorax and slightly less than twice as long, perfectly even, the punctures
deep, very much larger than those of the pronotum. Length 2.3-2. 5 mm.;
width 1. 15 mm. California (Humboldt Co.) . illustris, sp. nov.

19 — Female. — Body stout, oval, strongly convex, pale in color, polished, the elytral
bristles very short, those of the prothorax rather inconspicuous ; head nearly as
in illustris, less concave anteriorly, the eyes very small ; prothorax nearly as
in illustris but shorter, nearly one-half wider than long, the punctures very
small and rather sparse ; surface occasionally with a very obsolete median
canaliculation near the apex; elytra very short, scarcely two-thirds longer than
the prothorax, strongly convex, obtusely rounded behind, the punctures rather

82 Journal New York Entomoloqical Society. [Voi vr.

coarse but feebly impressed and quite sparse. Length 2.1 mm.; width 1.0 mm.
Louisiana . . congests, sp. nov.

20 — Male. — Cylindric-oval, not very stout, strongly convex, pale in color probably

from immaturity, rufo-testaceous, shining; bristles very stout but short, distinct
and rather close on the prothorax, somewhat sparse on the elytra ; head and
eyes rather well developed, the front flat ; clypeus strongly reflexed, triangularly
bidentate ; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides rather strongly con¬
vergent and arcuate from base to apex, the latter reflexed and triangularly bi¬
dentate; base truncate; punctures quite coarse, deep and close- set; elytra less
than one-half longer than wide, four-fifths longer than the prothorax, the punc¬
tures about equal in size to those of the pronotum but sparser. Length 1.4
mm. ; width 0.6 mm. California . duplex, sp. nov.

21 — Prosternum normally convex ; anterior tibia- externally everted and acute at

apex; scutellum small, not wider than long; prothorax rounded at the apex;,
male with the first ventral simple. Male. — Body narrowly cylindric-oval,
moderately convex, piceous-black, with the legs and antenna pale ; surface
shining; bristles coarse, pale, erect, moderately sparse, even in length on the
elytra; head and eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed, bituberculate ; pro¬
thorax nearly as long as wide, parabolically rounded anteriorly, with a small and
very feeble median sinuation, the sides becoming straight and parallel toward1
base ; punctures fine but perforate, rather close-set ; elytra rather more than one-
half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and twice as long, the punc¬
tures rather coarse, well separated and subeven in size. Length 2.0 mm. ;.
width 0.7 mm. California (Lake Tahoe) . hystricula, sp. nov.

Prosternum broadly and feebly biconcave; anterior tibiae thickened and rounded ex¬
ternally at apex ; scutellum larger ; prothorax feebly sinuate from above at the
converging sides of the apex ; maxillary palpi with the last joint more acutely

pointed; male with the first ventral foveate at the middle . 22

22 — Eyes small, the body more elongate and cylindric . . . 23

Eyes large and well developed; body stouter and more cylindric-oval . 24

23 — Antennal funicle longer than the club. Male. — Moderately convex and shining,
rather pale castaneous, the bristles stiff, moderately long and rather abundant ;
head rather well developed, the clypeal tubercles small and separated by a fourth
of the entire width ; prothorax nearly a fourth wider than long, rounded and some¬
what lobed at apex, the sides becoming nearly straight and parallel toward?
base; punctures rather strong and close set though not very coarse ; elytra one-
half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and rather more than twice as
long, the punctures quite coarse, impressed and somewhat close-set. Length
1.75-1.8 mm.; wddth 0.75 mm. Montana (Missoula) . montana, sp. nov.

Antennal funicle equal in length to the club. Male. — Dark rufo-piceous, the elytra

black, the legs and antennae pale, shining, the bristles stiff, erect and pale but
rather sparse throughout ; head well developed, the minute tubercles of
the clypeus separated by a little more than a fourth of the width ; prothorax
nearly as in tnontana but nearly a third wider than long, with the punctures-
much less close-set ; elytra one-half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax
and rather more than twice as long, the punctures moderately coarse, deep and

June, 18*8 ]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

83

not very close-set. Length 1. 5-1.7 mm.; width 0.65-.75 mm. Vancouver
Island, Washington State and Northern California . soror, sp. nov.

24 — Male . — Black and shining, the anterior parts picescent; legs and antennae pale ;
bristles rather sparse, short and somewhat inconspicuous anteriorly, longer on
the elytra; head well developed, the minute clypeal tubercles separated by a
fifth of the width; prothorax nearly as in soror but fully two-fifths wider than
long, the punctures strong and well separated ; elytra suboval, not more than
two-fifths longer than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and distinctly more
than twice as long; punctures only moderately coarse but deep and quite
sparse. Length 1.6-1.75 mm- 5 width 0.75 mm. New York.

curtula, sp. nov.

25 — Anterior tibiae everted and acute externally at apex; hairs very long, a fifth or

sixth as long as the entire width of the elytra. Male. — Body stout, cylindric,
polished, piceous in color, the vestiture very long and bristling, abundant; head
and eyes moderately developed ; front feebly concave ; clypeus with two long
slender erect and widely separated processes; prothorax slightly wider than
long, the sides just visibly convergent and nearly straight from base nearly to
the apex, then rounding and strongly convergent to a trapezoidal and obliquely
upturned lamina, which is subtriangularly emarginate at tip; surface with
rather strong and close-set punctures, feebly impressed at apex behind the
lamina; elytra short, cylindric, obtuse at apex, two-fifths longer than wide, as
wide as the prothorax and three-fifths longer, the punctures rather coarse, even,
moderately close-set, the surface not at all rugose. Female. — Smaller than the
male, the clypeus feebly reflexed at each side ; prothorax shorter and more trans¬
verse, simple. Length 1.75-2. 1 mm.; width 0.75-0.9 mm. Florida (Lake
w°rth) . . . ..hirsuta, sp. nov.

Anterior tibiae simple at apex, not dilated or produced ; hairs shorter, about an eighth
as long as the entire width of the elytra. Female. — Oblong oval, moderately

convex, shining, pale rufo-testaceous, the vestiture only moderately abundant
and not dense; head moderate, the eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed
at each side ; prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, parabol cally rounded
at apex, the sides becoming parallel and nearly stra;gbt behind the middle ;
punctures fine and ra'her sparse, elytra suboval, rather ogival at tip, two-fifths
longer than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and more than twice as long,
the punctures somewhat coarse but feeble, well separated ; humeral callus rather
small and feeble. Length I 4 mm.; width o 65 mm. Alabama.

ursulina, sp. nov.

Fuscipes is our most abundant species, and the west coast impressa
resembles it very much in external appearance. Mellie states that the
anterior margin of the head in the male of fascipes is surmounted by
two very small tubercles ; this is not the case in the representatives be¬
fore me, but as Mellie included with his American specimens some
from Madeira, it is probable that he had one of these under observa¬
tion, and that it is a species different from fuscipes. Vitula of Manner-
heim, is assigned to Enneartliron in the Henshaw list, but without

84 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

reason, as it is in no way related to that genus, and the Cis dichrous , of
that list, is a manuscript name, appearing only in the LeConte list of
Coleoptera. Hirsuta and ursulina are remarkable in having long fine
and bristling pubescence. Hystricula seems to have the elytral bristles
vaguely inclined to serial arrangement, and it is undoubtedly more
closely allied to mormonica than to the three species immediately fol¬
lowing it in the table. The Alaskan Cis ephippiatus , of Mannerheim,
(Bull. Mosc., 1853, p. 234), isomitted from our lists. It is unknown to
me, but seems to be peculiar in having the elytra profoundly and re¬
motely, subseriately punctate, red, with a large common transverse
black spot at the middle, which attains the margin at each side.

Orthocis, gen. nov.

This genus is very closely allied to Cis , but differs in the more
parallel form of the body, in its glabrous surface, margined elytral
suture and absolutely simple apex of the anterior tibiae. The maxillary
palpi are rather stout, the ligula large and corneous, the antennae long,
with the two basal joints of the funicle elongate and the club rather
small and loose. The head and clypeus are absolutely simple in the
male, and the only visible male sexual character is a small oval opaque
and densely pubescent area at the centre of the first ventral segment, at
the point occupied by a deep circular fovea in some species of Cis.
Our two species greatly resemble each other but may be distinguished
as follows : —

Ligula broader and flat ; third antennal joint nearly or quite as long as the next two
combined ; body rather less elongate, the sides of the prothorax somewhat less
rectilinear, otherwise similar to the following. New York .... punctata Mell.
Ligula narrow and convex ; third antennal joint distinctly shorter than the next two
combined. Male. — Oblong, parallel, moderately convex, polished, black, the
legs and antennae rufous, glabrous, each puncture of the elytra with a very minute
simple silvery hair ; head well developed, convex, the eyes small and prominent ;
clypeal margin perfectly simple, evenly arcuate from side to side ; prothorax two-
fifths wider than long, the sides parallel and straight, rather widely reflexed ;
apex broadly arcuate and slightly advanced angles obtuse ; base finely margined ;
punctures rather fine but deep, well separated; elytra two thirds longer than
wide, rather wider than the prothorax and nearly two and one-half times as
long, obtusely ogival at apex, the sides very feebly arcuate ; punctures confusedly
arranged, rather small but deep and somewhat sparse, the surface smooth ; ely¬
tral suture margined toward tip. Length 2.3-2. 5 mm.; width 0.85 mm. Cali¬
fornia (Alameda Co.) . ' . aterrima, sp. nov.

June, 1898.]

Casey : North American Coleoptera.

85

Xestocis, gen. nov.

A few species of peculiar facies are separated under this name, be¬
cause of the prosternal carination. The antennae are of the normal
structure, with the club well developed and the second funicular joint
only slightly longer than wide. The anterior tibiae are strongly oblique
and acute externally at apex, except in opalescens , where the external
angle is slightly thickened and rounded. The maxillary palpi are usually
rather slender. The first ventral segment is subfoveate and densely pu¬
bescent at the centre of the disk in the males. Our five species are

strongly differentiated among themselves, and may be described as fol¬
lows : —

Boby glabrous .

. ****************•*••••••••••••••••••••••#•, .,, 2

Body clothed with short pubescence or bristles . . 3

a— Clypeus bidentafe in the male, the prothorax simple and rounded at apex in both
sexes. Male.— Suboval, very dark rufo piceous, sometimes paler, polished; head
and eyes moderately developed; protliorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides
just visibly convergent from base to the obtuse apical angles, rather distinctly and
evenly arcuate; lateral margin very fine, the base finely margined, more dis¬
tinctly in the middle ; punctures minute and rather sparse ; elytra less than one-
half longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax and barely wider, rather
narrowly rounded at apex, very feebly subrugulose, minutely, sparsely punctate.
Length I.5-I.9 mm.; width 0.7-0.85 mm. Canada (Toronto), New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Indiana and Iowa . levettei, sp. nov.

)peus monocerate in the male, the prothorax with two long slender porrect pro¬
cesses. Male. Oblong-oval, convex, testaceous, polished, glabrous, each punc¬
ture with an excessively minute hair ; head and eyes moderately developed, the
front impunctate, broadly concave, the clypeus reflexed, with a long erect par¬
allel process at the middle, feebly expanding toward apex, the latter very feebly
emargmate ; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the sides moderately conver¬
gent and evenly arcuate throughout, the apex prolonged over the head and with
two long remote straight and porrect processes, the surface behind their separating
sinus broadly impressed ; punctures fine, not very sparse ; elytra short, one third
longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax at the median line and some¬
what wider, rather rapidly and narrowly rounded at apex, the sides arcuate ;

, surface nearly smooth, minutely, rather sparsely punctate. Female.— Nearly
similar to the male, the clypeus broadly sinuate at the middle, the prothorax
broadly rounded at apex. Length 1. 2-1.35 mm. ; width 0.55-0.6 mm. Penn¬
sylvania (Westmoreland Co ) and Rhode Island ( Boston Neck). . miles, sp. nov.

0 Lpper surface normal ; vestiiure distinct, even but arranged without order ; punc¬
tures of the eljtra intermingled with larger sparse punctures, which are’ some¬
times disposed in vague series ; clypeus bidentate in the male . 4

Upper surface covered with a waterproof crust, through which the extremely minute
simple hairs protrude . . ^

] 4 ^ esflture composed of small simple and subdecumbent hairs Male.— Oblong-
ova], moderately convex, rufo testaceous, feebly shining; prothorax wider than

86 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vl

long, minutely but strongly, closely punctate ; elytra two-fifths longer than wide,
ogivally rounded at apex, finely, rather closely punctured and vaguely subrugose.
Alaska (Sitka) and Queen Charlotte Islands (Massett) . biarmata Mann.

Vestiture composed of coarse stiff and suberect squamules. Male.— Slightly smaller
than biarmata but similar, oblong-oval, moderately convex, testaceous, feebly
shining, the bristles short and abundant ; head rather small, feebly concave, the
eyes moderate ; clypeus triangularly reflexed at each side ; prothorax nearly one-
half wider than long, the sides just visibly convergent, feebly and evenly arcu¬
ate ; angles obtuse ; apex subangularly produced and rounded, with the tip very
narrowly sinuato-truncate ; punctures moderately fine, deep and quite demise
elytra not quite one-half longer than wide ; less than twice as long as the^pro-
thorax and somewhat wider, feebly rugulose, minutely and rather closely punc¬
tate, the punctures smaller than those of the prothorax ; apex ogivally rounded.
Length 1.6 mm.; width 0.7 mm. Pennsylvania (locality not recorded).

insolens, sp. nov;

5 _ Male. — oblong oval, rather stout, only moderately convex, polished, dark piceo-

testaceous ; head moderate, the eyes small but prominent ; front broadly concave,
the clypeus acutely, bitriangularly reflexed ; prothorax one-half wider than
long, the sides very feebly convergent, rather strongly, evenly arcuate ; apex,
subtriangularly prolonged, with the tip minutely emarginate and feebly reflexed ;
punctures rather fine but distinct, slightly separated ; lateral margins narrowly
reflexed ; elytra short, scarcely a third longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax
and four- fifths longer, the apex rather acutely ogival ; surface not very finely,
evenly and rather closely punctate. Length 1. 4-1.6 mm ; width o 6-0 75 mm.
Pennsylvania (Westmoreland Co.) . Opalescens, sp. nov.

Biarmata is misprinted “ bicarinatus in the Henshaw list.

Brachycis, gen. nov.

The chief peculiarities of the single type of this genus are the short
and suboval form, very short, transversely excavated prosternum and ob¬
solescent side margin of the prothorax at the rounded and obtuse apical
angles. The antennal club is strongly developed, as long as the pre¬
ceding six joints combined and has the sensitive apical pores small but
deep and bristling with white setae, thus leading up to the remarkable
Plesiocis which follows. The maxillary palpi are rather slender and
acutely pointed, and the anterior tibiae are finely, acutely and almost
perpendicularly produced externally in a well-marked process. Sexual
characters are wanting in the single specimen before me, which is prob¬
ably a female: —

Broad, moderately convex, oblong- oval, piceous, the elytra, legs and antennal shaft
paler rufo-tes'aceous ; body clothed above with stiff pale and erect setce, moder*
ate in length and density, uniformly distributed ; head rather small, the eyes mod¬
erate ; cl)peus simple, subtruncate; prothorax two-thirds wider than loDg ,

June, 189s.]

Casey: North American Coleoptera. 87

angles rounded, the sides strongly convergent and broadly arcuate from base to
apex, the latter broadly subparabolic, not extending much over the head ; punc¬
tures not very coarse but deep, rather close-set ; elytra oblong, very broadly, ob-
use y rounded at apex, one- fourth longer than wide, two and one-half times as
ong as the prothorax, and, at apical third or fourth, visiLly wider; sides nearly
straight; punctures rather coarse, deep and somewhat close set, the surface
nearly smooth. Length 1.4 mm.; width 0.75 mm. New York (Ithaca)

brevicollis, sp. nov.

Plesiocis, gen. nov.

. Thls genus> which is also represented at present by a single species
!S. remarkably distinct in the structure of the antennae, which are 9-
jointed, with the club large and well developed, more corneous than
usual, dark in color and with the two sensitive subapical pores on each
side large, rounded and filled with white spongy pubescence ; the club
is nearly as long as the entire basal portion, with its first two joints
transverse and obtriangular. The maxillary palpi are well developed,
but rather slender, the prosternum normal, the process however rather
thin and sublamellar. The anterior tibiae are strongly, obliquely pro¬
duced and acute externally at apex. The male has very simple charac¬
ters, the clypeus having two minute and rather approximate tubercles,
but the first ventral segment has, as in so many other cases, a small pubes¬
cent fovea at the centre of the disk. The type resembles a large sub-
cylindrical Cis : _

Body cylmdric- oval, strongly convex, piceous-brown, shining, the legs and antennal
shaft rufous ; vest.ture rather sparse, the hairs coarse, pale, stiff and erect, mod¬
erate in length ; head rather small, the eyes moderate, convex ; front flat, finely
punctate ; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides feebly convergent and
slightly arcuate, the basal angles rather broadly rounded, the apical obtusely
subprominent ; lateral margin narrowly reflexed ; base finely margined ; apex
roadly rounded, slightly produced over the head ; punctures coarse, perforate
and close set ; elytra one- third longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax
an scarcely at all wider, the sides nearly straight, the apex very broadly and
obtusely rounded; punctures coarse, perforate, close-set and arranged evenly
but without order, the interspaces smooth. Length 2. 1-2. 3 mm ; width 1 0-1 1
mm. California ( Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras Co. ) . cribrum, sp. nov.

Ennearthron Mellie.

The small cylindrical species which compose this genus may be
readily identified by the characters given in the table. The antennte
ire slender, with the club rather feeble, the first joint of the funicle
generally equal to the next two, which, with the last are equal and
non 1I1 form. Prosternum moderately developed before the coxae, with

■88

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

the process very narrow and sublamellar. The male characters are
always pronounced and generally affect both the clypeus and thoracic
apex, but these characters greatly diminish in degree in the smaller and
less developed males, these depauperate individuals not differing much
from the females in either the present genus or Ceracis. In both of
these genera the male also has a small deep pubescent fovea, not at the
centre, but near the posterior margin, of the first ventral segment,
characters of the following table are taken throughout from what appear
to be fully developed males only: —

Male with the clypeal margin broadly and strongly reflexed in a trapezoidal process, the

thoracic process bidentate . . * ' * *

Male with a long slender erect clypeal process, the thoracic apex simple and rounded;

species very small .

2— Elytra without trace of impressed lines . * * * * * * *

Elytra with very feebly and unevenly impressed lines, the punctures feebly sub¬
serial in arrangement . * .

3— Male with the thoracic processes longer, narrower and more approximate ; punc¬

tuation feeble, the elytral punctures always confused in arrangement. Atlantic

and Gulf regions . * . * ' '

Male with the thoracic processes shorter, more widely separated and more lamellarly

triangular ; punctuation stronger, the elytral punctures generally confused but

occasionally very feebly subserial. Pacific Coast regions .

4— Apex of the pronotum rather feebly impressed behind the processes . 5

Apex of the pronotum strongly, transversely impressed behind the processes. Mod¬
erately slender, polished, piceo rufous in color ; head well developed, concave,
tie clypeal process large and well developed, with the apex feebly sinuate at
the middle ; prothorax slightly wider than long, the sides parallel and nearly
straight, the angles all rounded ; processes long, slender and distinctly diverging
as usual ; base and sides finely margined ; punctures fine and sparse ; elytra less
than one-half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and two-thirds longer,
the surface very feebly subrugulose, sparsely and very minutely punctate, the
punctures much more minute than those of the pronotum ; apex evenly rounded.
Length 1. 2-1.5 mm.; width 0.45-0-6 mm. Texas (Columbus) and Louisiana.

piceum, sp. nov.

5— Elytra fully one-half longer than the piothorax, slender, cylindric oval, black,
rather strongly shining ; legs, mouth parts and antennse pale ; punctures fine and
rather sparse ; thoracic processes rather short. Canada to Pennsylvania (melljt

Men., MKkolor Csy.) . thoracicorne .Z*.

Elytra very short and quite strongly cuneiform, very much less than one half longer
than the prothorax. Rather stout, the head polished and concave, the eyes
small ; clypeal process well developed but with the sinuate sides rather rapidly
converging, the apex a little less than half as wide as the head, feebly sinuate*
truncate ; prothorax large, not quite as long as wide, the sides parallel and
broadly arcuate, the corneous processes moderately long and rather stout,
punctures fine but distinct, only moderately sparse ; elytra at base as wide as the

Junt. 1698.] Casey : North American Coleoptera. 89

prothorax, the sides nearly straight and distinctly convergent, the apex narrowly
rounded ; punctures rather sparse and very minute, the surface feebly rugulose
Length 1.3 mm.; width 0.53 mm. Louisiana (Morgan City).

r rp, . laminifrons, sp. nov.

6— I horacic process of the male abruptly formed.

Thoracic process gradually formed, its sides merging gradually and obliquely into 'the
sides of ihe prothorax ; thoracic punctures quite dense .

7- ElytraI punctures rather coarse and closer ; thoracic process one' half as wide ns the

ely tra. Body rather stout, blackish, the elytra piceous ; legs and oral organs pale ;
ustre moderately shining ; head and eyes modera ely developed ; clypeal process
very broad only moderate in length, almost transversely truncate ; prothorax only
slightly wider than long, the sides parallel and broadly arcuate ; apical process
very b.oad, deeply sinuate ; punctures strong and close set ; elytra quite distinctly
narrower than the prothorax and scarcely more than one-half longer ; one-half
longer than wide, the sides parallel ; apex broadly rounded ; surface feebly rugu¬
lose strongly punctured, less closely than the prothorax. Length 1.4-1 7 mm •
width 0.55-0.7 mm. California (southern) . grossulum, sp. nov.’

ytral punctures fine but distract, rather sparse, the thoracic process much less than
one-naif as wide as tbe elytra . ^

Thoracic punctures close-set ; angles of' the clypeal process' scarcely 'at' all 'round'ed
Blackish, the elytral punctures generally very feebly subserial in arrangement.
California (especially northern coast regions) . californicum Csv

Thoracic punctures sparse ; angles of the clypeal process rounded. Body evenly
cylindric, moderately shining, more or less rufo-testacecus in color, tbe elytra
sometimes blackish toward base ; head and eyes moderate, the clypeal process
moderately strong, with the sides rather strongly convergent and the apex broadly
sinuate ; prothorax slightly transverse, the sides parallel and almost straight
round, ng anteriorly, the process rather feebly developed, sinuate at apex ; elytra
scarce y one- a onger than wide, as wide as the prothorax and three- fifths
longer, the sides parallel and straight, the apex broadly rounded ; punctures fine

Lerg,h 1 2 mm ; ^

9-Narrowly cylindric blackish, the elytra rufe^ent' ai 'tip ,' Ugs, tro“ a^d Imennra

? \ ‘ T ,.m°‘ ieTatJ :>y Sbini°S > head well developed, the clypeus moderate

’ "g *’ V * " Str°n8l> converSent’ 'be apex broadly sinuato-tiuncate

and the angles blunt ; piothorax but little wider than long, the sides subparallel

nd very shghtly arcuate j process rather short, sinuate at tip; elytra fully one -
f longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and fully three fourths longer
somewhat parabolically rounded a, tip, the punctures fine but strong, but little
smaller than those of the prothorax and much less close-set. Length i.i-i a

o-M^d' W."fh ° 4~° -5 California A°geles). . .convergens, sp. nov.
oderately stout, piceous to blackish in color, with the elytra paler ; legs, tropbi

and antennae pale, the club dusky; surface polished; head well developed

broadly concave, the clypeus only moderately reflexed, the apex broadly truncate-

prothorax but little wider than long, the sides subparallel and broadly, distinctly

arcuate ; process rather short, lamelliform, with a triangular incisure at the mid

die, the process abruptly formed ; punctures very fine and sFarse ; elytra short,

c)Q Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. \i.

less than one half longer than wide, scarcely as wide as the prothcrax and one-
half longer, evenly rounded at apex, the punctures minute and sparse, those of

the series larger and closer. Length I 0-1.2 mm ; width 0.4-0 5 mm- Florida.

pull ilium, sp. nov.

, I _ Narrowly cylindric -oval, moderately shining, pale flavo- testaceous throughout;

head and eyes well developed, the front concave; clypeal process narrow, long, the
apex strongly rounded ; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the apex evenly and
circularly rounded, the sides becoming parallel toward base; punctures very minute,
sparse and feeble ; base distinctly margined as usual ; elytra fully as wide as the
prothorax and two-thirds loDger, not quite one-half longer than wide, parabolic-
ally rounded at tip, margined at base, the punctures sparse, very feeble and ex¬
tremely minute, even smaller than those of the prothorax; .surface smooth.
Length i.o-l.i mm.; width 0.4-0.45 mm. Florida . unicorne, sp. nov.

Unicorne is evidently closely related to the Brazilian corniferum of
Mellie, but in that species the cephalic process is said to be broad, re-
curved and narrowed to the acute apex.

Ceracis Mellie.

This genus is scarcely distinct from Ennearthron , agreeing in facies
and in every structural feature except the antennae, which are S-jointed,
one of the small joints of the funicle being eliminated. The swo species

before me are as follows : —

Rufctestacecus, the elytra blackish toward base ; punctures very minute and sparse,
the remaioing characters nearly as in pundulata. Louisiana [Mellie], Nort

Carolina and Pennsylvania (Westmoreland Co.) . . Sa*. ^ *

Black throughout, the head and prothorax sometimes picescent ; legs, trophi and an-
tenure pale ; surface polished, the elytra nearly smooth ; head and eyes well de¬
veloped ; clypeal process rather well developed, with its sides but slightly con¬
verging, the apex broadly sinuato-truncate ; prothorax slightly shorter than wide,
the sides feebly convergent and broadly arcuate from the base to the rather pro¬
nounced but obtuse apical angles ; process very abruptly formed, moderate in
length, the exterior angles somewhat everted and the apex deeply sinuate ;
punctuation quite deep and close set but rather fine; base finely margined;
elytra at base as wide as the proihorax, less than one half longer than wide;
the sides nearly straight and feebly convergent ; apex broadly rounded, base not
in the least margined ; punctures finer and sparser than those of the prothorax,

confusedly arranged. Length 1. 25-1. 3 mm. ; width o 55-0.6 mm.

punctulata, sp. nov.

The species recently described from Lower California by Dr. Horn,
under the name similis, appears to resemble sallei, but differs from
both the above in having the elytral punctures coarser than those of the
prothorax, a very exceptional character in Ennearthron and Ceracis.

June, 1898 ]

Casey: North American Coleoptera.

91

Octotemnus Mellie.

This is a very pronounced and distinct genus, differing from E„-

7cte 7(\bl h 7 uUtHne, °f the b°dy’ ab5ence of male sexual char¬
acters of the head and prothorax, and in tibial structure. The maxil-

arj pa pi are slender and pointed, the antennal club well developed
and very loose. the joints being attached by very slender p Xt Tnl

V h 1e sens,t‘ve P°res approximate at each side of the apex The
prosternurn is short and somewhat concave before the coxte, with the pro

c s; hm d laminate. There is no fovea on the first ventral segment

near the bale the tote “ feeb'y and approximately bi-impressed
near the base, the intervening area elevated and prolonged backward in

S ThTr8/Ular StrUCtUre "0t -^^dSelsewhere :f«h:

ly. The surface is glabrous, but the elytra have a few widely dis-
persed erect setae. Our two species are very closely allied : they mlv
be described as follows from the male: _ '

Form more narrowly oval ; sire larger, the basal abdominal proce-s of the male
very acute at apex, pale testaceous, polished throughout ; head and eyes well
developed, the latter convex; front broadly, evenly convex very mfautlly
parsely punctate ; clypeal margin slightly thickened for a short distance from
be eyes ; prothorax but little wider than long, circularly rounded at apex Z
sides diverging slightly ,0 the base ; angles all very broadly rounded • base v rv
minutely margined ; punctures very minute, feeble and spaL ; elytra’ Mly one

coast (from Vancouver to San Francisco) .... dLnudatu*' ^ °

“er t.°T bnd ”0Ie br°adly OVa1’ P°1Uhed> th* Pactum -re oS;

2'7 T’ ,he dyt,a bare'y 0ne'half than wide, distinct!^

han the prothorax and barely twice as long, the surface nearly smooth, very mi-

nutely, sparsely punctate. Length 1.35-.. 6 mm.; width o 6-0 6S mm
Rhode Island, New York and Pennsylvania . tevis; £ „

Both of these species are very common, and it is remarkable that

<t~'b«l. Perhaps the O,

ell,, ma, h„h, b„t lh,t ^

leans, is said to have the prothorax longer than wide and the
>tra only one half longer than the prothorax, which language agrees
, ously also with the figure and in no way suits either of the above

92

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI

SPHINDIDiE.

This family forms a very good transition to the Cryptophagidte.
The antennae are of a more perfectly clavicorn type than m . Qo «te,
d have a large compact club, with the ninth joint variable size
The mentum is very large, in striking contrast to the Cioidae where
is unusually minute. The maxillary palpi are =^11 slender and pointed

and the anterior coxse rather widely separated. YV

tS continuous with the front, narrowed and continued over the larg r
van of the mandibles, the labrum being small, almost^ atrophied m
Odontosfihindus , the epistomal suture fine and posteriorly arcuate.
The eyes are large, convex and coarsely faceted. The two genera be ore

me may be distinguished as follows:— t

Tarsieh”^^

ticulate at the sides, the elytra with impressed series of J

Tarsf pentamerous ; antennte ro-jointed, the club variable, 2 0r ^,0“^^r0t^

not denticulate, the elytra with unimpressed senes of fine punctme^^o^

Another ^enus, ' Eurysphindus, has been described by LeConte, bin
I have seen no example; the inferior flanks of the prothorax are said
to be deeply concave and the body clothed with erect hair.

Odontosphindus Lee.

These species are much larger than those of Sphindus and are
distinguishable at once by the characters of the table ; the two species

are as follows : —

Sides of the prothorax scarcely at all reflexed, finely margined. AtUmfenegmns^

Tonvex T —e as long at the width of the head, the first joint large, the set

ond more slender, contorted at base as usual ; prothorax qu.te

the sides feebly arcuate ; punctures rather coarse and close s > Y

^ibly wider than the pmlrax, three-fourths longer than wide, the seria pun

— ... — "

( Sonoma Co. . .

Clavicornis is materially larger than denticollis, and has a large
more transverse and more coarsely punctured prothorax.

June, 189?.]

Casey: North American Coleoptera.

93

Sphindus Chev.

The species of this genus are small and oblong, with duller surface
lustre and moderately long, rather sparse pubescence, serial in arrange¬
ment on the elytra. The three species before me may be thus sepa¬
rated : —

Antennal club 2 jointed .

Antennal club purely 3-jointed .

2— Pronotum minutely and ratter closely punctured, more or less rufo-piceous in

color. Atlantic regions to Iowa . americanus Lec.

Pronotum more coarsely and quite sp rsely punctured. Body black, stouter, dull in
lustre ; head and eyes moderate in size, the epistoma polished ; antennm a little
longer than the width of the head, the club only moderately stout, the tenth joint
twice as long as the ninth ; prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, the sides just
visibly convergent from base to apex, feebly arcuate ; apex broadly arcuate ; ely¬
tra scarcely a fourth longer than wide, barely wider than the prothorax and two
and one-half times as long ; serial punctures rather fine, the intervals dull and
minutely shagreened. Length 1.9 mm.; width 0.9 mm. Colorado (Buena
Vista-8000 feet) . crassulus, sP. nov.

3— Narrowly oblong, more shining, piceous black, the elytra, legs and antenme pale

testaceous ; head moderate, the eyes large and convex, separated by about three
times their own width ; antenna moderate in length, the last three joints forming
a compact subcylindric club; prothorax much smaller than in the two pre¬
ceding species, transverse, the sides subparallel ; surface evenly convex, very
minutely and not very closely punctulate ; elytra two-fifths longer than wide,
about a fifth wider than the prothorax and three times as long ; serial punctures
feeble but distinct, the intervals smooth and alu'aceous; apex obtuse^ rounded
as usual. Length 1.7 mm.; width 0.7 mm. Canada (Toronto).

trlnifer, sp. nov.

Americanus varies greatly in size as usual in this and neighboring
families \ it is quite abundant and occurs in fungi of various species.

94

Journal New York Entomological Socieiy.

[Vol. VI.

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK
SLUG CATERPILLARS.— XV.

PLATE VI, FIGS. I— II.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Pii.D.

Heterogenea flexuosa Grote .*

j88o _ Limacodes flexuosa Grote, North Am. Ent. I, 60.

!88o _ Limacodes ccesonia Grote, North Am. Ent. I, 60.

1 894 _ Heterogenea ccesonia and flexuosa Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y

Ent. 80c. Ill, 74-

Larva.

j878 _ Glover, Ill. North Am. Ent. pi. 95, fig. 19.

1893 _ Packard, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 105 (as “full grown larva of

Heterogenea sp.”). .

!8qc— Dyar & Morton, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Ill, 146 (in synopsi )•

1896 _ Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, pi. VI, figs. 3 and 4 (as Tortncxdia

pallida').

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space narrow, of even width, scarcely narrowing at the ends,
gently arched; joint 13 rounded prominent. Lateral space broad,
oblique, narrowing to the extremities; subventral space small, re¬
tracted. Subdorsal ridge slight; indicating the change in direction
between back and sides; lateral ridge rather prominent, overhanging
the subventral space. Outline elliptical, joint 13 only slightly notched
on the sides, not forming a quadrate tail. Depressed spaces (i)-(S)
present, the subventral ones (7) and (8) only indicated, the others
sharp edged and deep, large, dividing the surface into latticed ridges as
in Toriricidia pallida , (4) the largest, transversely elongated, the lower
segmental (5) moderate, the intersegmental (6) very small, alternating
exactly in line with the lower edge of (5). Skin surface covered with
coarse clear granules, the depressed spaces finely granular in the base.
In the first stage the setae are arranged as in T. pallida , but disappear
at the first molt when all the structural characters are assumed nearly
in their mature form. Coloration of the pattern and colors of T.
pallida , modified in detail.

* This is not a Heterogenea ; but I reserve generic corrections till the end ol
these articles.

June, 1898.] Dyar: Life-Histories N. Y. Slug Caterpillars.

95

Affinities, Habits, Etc.

This larva is very closely allied to T. pallida, but differs in several
characters, nearly all of which are a higher specialization. In stage I
the setae ’are smaller, not so distinctly alternating and the anterior limb
of the Y-shaped spines is slightly shortened. After the first molt the
setae are nearly obliterated, being much more reduced than in T. pallida.
The granules are smoother, more appressed, not subpapillose on the
lateral ridge as in the younger stages of T. pallida and the depressed
spaces are, if anything, larger. The red mark appears at the same time
or sooner than m its ally, but is never so large. It does not exceed the
lateral extension of T \ pallida of stage V even in the last stage, VII,
though the longitudinal extension is the same in both in the case of the
most heavily marked H. flexuosa. The amount of variation is perhaps
not greater in flexuosa than in its ally, though the breaking up of the
red band gives the appearance of greater diversity.

The moths emerge during the last week in June and lay the eggs
singly on the backs of the leaves. The favorite food plant is the chest¬
nut and the larvae occur on the lower of the main branches of this tree,
not on the low shoots nor on any but the old matured leaves. The oak
is also a food plant ; I have found the larvae abundantly on Q. coccinea,
very rarely on Q. alia. The larvae mature early in September. This
species occurs scattered all over New York State, usually rare, but occa¬
sionally locally common. I have taken it in most of the wooded parks
around New York City and at various places in Long Island. The
present life-history was completed from a newly hatched larva which I
found in Bronx Park after a two days’ search, in which I was kindly
assisted by Mrs. P. N. Knopf and Miss L. I. Hoff.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

Dr. Packard has described this larva without knowing what it was.

I have made an unfortunate error in the description of Tortricidia
pallida (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 170-1), and included characters
of H. flexuosa in stages II, III and VI. The figures on the plate of
the young larva (figs. 3 and 4) represent stages IV and VI of H. flexuosa.
The text of T. pallida will be specifically corrected in the “ additions
•and corrections ’ ’ to follow at the end of these articles.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Elliptical, flat as usual; i.iX-7 mm., the shell colorless,

white.

Stage I. — Rounded elliptical, tail round ; skin smooth, depressed a

[Voi vl

9G Journal New York Entomological Society.

little dorsally above the bases of the tubercles in paired hollows. All
colorless. Set* Y-shaped in the subdorsal row on joints 4-”. the
front limb a little shorter than the back one (Plate VI, fig- 0 i two setae
on joints 3 and 13 ; a middle row of two on each of joints 3 and 4 i a
single lateral row on joints 3-1 a. Tips of set* a little enlarged not
distinctly swollen. Subventral set* very fine, obscure, all pale,
colorless, eye black ; body whitish, food greenish. Length, .9-1.4 mm.

Stave //.—Narrowly elliptical, tail rounded quadrate ; dorsum
broad "and flat, the subdorsal ridge forming its sharply angled edge.
Smooth, regular, all the depressed spaces (i) to (6) large and very dis¬
tinct. Sides concave, lateral ridge smooth ; subventral area retracted..
Latticed ridges covered with smooth, dense, frosted, appressed granu es,
one row wide, uniform, not papillose anywhere. Setae- absent. Color
opaque whitish ; later distinctly pale green. Length, 1.3-1.8 mm.

Stage III. _ Rounded, rather broadly elliptical, sides concave at first

so that the dorsum stands up as a broad ridge gently arching from head
to tail Tail slightly notched at the sides, rounded. Depressed spaces-
very distinct, (4) narrowly elongate. Latticed ridges beaded with clear
appressed granules, not generally over one granule wide in the narrower
parts. Bottoms of the spaces finely granular, dotted, the larger ones
with shallow, saucer-like centers. Color green ; a yellow line appears
along the subdorsal ridge on joints 5-9, widened a little on each seg¬
ment. Usually no other marking, but there may be a small, faint, or
even distinct dark red dot between the lines on joint 8, or surrounding
the depressed space (1) of joints 7-8. Length, 1. 8-2.4 mm.

Stage IV. _ Rather narrowly elliptical; tail rounded quadrate.

Dorsum rather narrow, a little grooved at first. Lateral ridge extend¬
ing beyond the subventral one. Depressed spaces large and sharp, the
latticed ridges scarcely more than one granule wide, but the granules
becoming wedge-shaped. All smooth, no setae. Color light green, the
yellow subdorsal lines reaching joints 5-10. The dorsal yellow mark
varies from a narrow yellow bridge on joint 8 to a red bar on joints 7
(see the plate of T. pallida, pi. IV, fig. 3) or even a rather large round
red patch, which does not encroach on the subdorsal lines. Lengt 1,

Stage V. _ Shape as in the mature larva; tail rounded, scarcely

notched at the sides. Dorsum not broad, sides oblique, concave. Lat¬
ticed ridges several granules wide, smoothly evenly granular, a litt e
frosted. Spaces finely shagreeened with a circular shallow saucer-like
centre. Color green, spaces not discolorous except a little yellow in

Jane, i898.] DYAR : LlFE-HlSTORIES N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 9t

(4); a yellow subdorsal line on joints 3-12, not quite reaching either
extremity, the pair unconnected at the ends, but centrally on joints 6-9,
broadened to the top of the depressed spaces (4) and enclosing in the
•doisal space a reddish patch on joints 7-8 with salmon-colored margin
and dark brown latticed ridges. In some examples a reddish mark
appears on joint 3 between the subdorsal lines. Length, 3. 2-4.3 mm.

StaSe VI. Structures as before, tail rounded quadrate. Depressed
spaces large, the latticed ridges closely clear granular. Green, the
large lateral depressed spaces (4) shaded with yellow. The yellow
subdorsal lines reach joints 3 and 13, entirely free * or joined by a
yellow bridge on joints 7 to 9 containing a red spot of varying form,
corresponding to the variety of the larva. In an example from
Bellport, Long Island, the spot was cordate, the depression in front,
pink and edged with a crimson line. In another it was in the
form of a cross, darker, shaded with brown on the latticed ridges and
encroaching on the subdorsal line. (See T. pallida , pi. VI, fig. 4.)
In others the shape was circular, or of the form of the “club” or

spade as usually depicted on playing cards. There is also another
spot at the anterior end. In the Bellport larva it was elliptical, cover¬
ing joint 3 dorsally, bright red and edged with yellow. In another
from Fort Lee, N. J., it was shaded with dark brown like the central
spot. It was present in a larva which lacked the central spot entirely.
Length, 4. 2-6. 3 mm.

Stage VII. — (Plate VI, figs. 5 to 9.) Shape as described. Dorsal
space of uniform width, scarcely narrowing anteriorly. Skin rather
regularly coarsely watery granular on the latticed ridges, the depressed
spaces narrow, finely granular. Color pale yellowish green, pigmented
in the dorsal and upper half of lateral space, clearer green below. All
the depressed spaces yellow in the bottom, the largest with glandular
green centers. Subdorsal line yellow, straight from joint 3 to the tail,
rather broad. On the anterior edge of joint 3 a red mark, widened
along the edge, produced backward in the dorsal space more or less.
The central dorsal red mark is very variable. It may be absent (Plate
VI, fig. 8) or represented only by a narrow yellow bridge on joint 8
slightly red tinted (Plate VI, fig. 9). The usual form is a rounded
cross, reaching on the sides nearly or quite to the lateral depressed
spaces (4) and in the dorsal space on joints 7 to 9 ; it may be enlarged
to a hexagon (Plate VI, fig. 6) or extend in a dorsal band the whole

* Out of 263 larvae which were found in an oak woods at Yaphank, L. I., only
■three were entirely without the yellow bridge (Plate VI, fig. 8).

gg Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

length (Plate VI, fig. 5). The color is crimson, marked with purplish
brown or blackish on the latticed ridges in the place of the usual spots,
a more or less distinct square pale spot covering the depressed space (1)
of joints 7-8. Length, 6.3-10 mm.

Cocoon as usual.

Food-plants. — Chestnut, oak, hickory, wild cherry.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Stage I, side view enlarged, diagrammatic.

« 2. One of the single setse more enlarged.

« 3. Larva in stage III enlarged.

“ 4. Granules from young larva.

“ 5. Mature larva, enlarged, full pattern.

“ 6. The same, widest spot.

“ 7. Front and side views.

“ 8. Mature larva, most reduced pattern.

“ 9. The same, a small red spot.

“ 10. Moth of Heterogene a flexuosa.

« 11. The same, variety casonia.

NOTES ON SPECIES OF NOCTUA WITH DESCRIP¬
TIONS OF NEW FORMS.

PLATE VII.

By John. B. Smith, Sc.D.

In 1890 I published a revision of the species theretofore lumped under
the generic term Agrotis, as Bulletin No. 44 of the U. S. National Mu¬
seum, and divided up the species among fifteen genera, new and old..
The general conclusions reached in that paper have approved themselves-
to me since that period; but the increased material has necessitated

some changes in the standing of certain species.

The genus Noctua as restricted by me contained species with all the
tibiae spinose, the anterior not heavily armed ; front smooth and feebly
convex ; antennae in the male ciliate only; vestiture hairy, scaly or mixed ,
primaries with apices rectangular or rounded, and as a whole rather
subparallel, if varying in width.

Nothing essential need be added to this description, and all the new
forms since seen fit very nicely into the definition. Most of the addi-

Jour 7i. N. Y. Ent. Soc

Vo/. VI. EL VI.

9

Life-History of

Heterogenea flexuosa.

June, 1898.]

Smith : North American Noctuid^e.

99

tions have come from the northern portion of our country and empha¬
size the character of the genus as one of either high altitude or high lati¬
tude. It is quite probable that a few species yet remain to be discovere 1
and these will in all likelihood be rather close allies to something already
described.

The receipt of material from Manitoba and Calgary has, within the
past few years, added considerable to our knowledge of the species of
this genus and a very interesting example of close relationship is re¬
corded here.

The additions above referred to have also enabled us to gain a bet¬
ter idea of the specific standing of some of our species and some of these
facts are here recorded.

Noctua smithii Snellen .

Tijdschr. voor Entomologie, XXXIX, 157.
baja J Smith.

Bulletin 44, U. S. Nat. Mus. 78.

All authors who had written on the subject up to the date of Snellen’s
paper have assumed the identity of the European and North American
examples labelled baja. Speyer, Zeller, Moeschler and Grote have all
examined specimens from both countries and considered them as repre¬
sentatives of one species only. In the Revision above cited I pointed
out that both Lederer and Speyer refer to the anterior tibiae as unarmed,
while in all the specimens seen by me they were spinose. Unfortunately
I had no European examples for comparison, hence could only suggest
the question : “ whether we have not here as in the case of triangulum
and normaniana, distinct species.” Snellen has carefully compared
specimens from both countries and finds the European form with con¬
stantly unarmed fore tibiae. He therefore names the American form as
above, while the structural difference thus brought out, assigns baja ta
my genus Rhynchagrotis. It is certainly remarkable that so well marked
a structural difference should separate species superficially so much
alike.

Snellen prefers to separate the European species on a somewhat dif¬
ferent basis from that proposed by me, and does not accept my genera
for their comparatively small number of forms. It must remain for the
student with collections from all countries for comparison, to decide
as to the advisability of subdivision and to select the basis for it.

It is also pointed out that Carneades Grt., is long since preoccupied
by Bates, in Coleoptera. If the rule is to be strictly enforced, Mr.
Grote’s term must give way, probably to Chera Hubner.

100 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Noctua hospital is Grote .

Of this species I knew only the female type from the Hill collection
in 1890. Mr. Grote was inclined in 1886 to consider this a form of
per con flu a, but as I pointed out, it is much nearer to the European
brunnea. Two years ago Dr. Ottolengui took a perfect male at Man¬
chester, N. H., which he kindly gave me, and recently I saw a specimen

in the Strecker collection, labelled simply “ N. Y.”

The latter specimen was named brunnea and, compared with Euro¬
pean examples in the same collection, no superficial differences were ap¬
parent. In view of what has appeared in other instances notably that
of baja— it would be unsafe to cite the two as identical ; hence I present
a picture of the male genitalia (Plate VII, fig. 9) for comparison with
those of the European brunnea by any one with specimens of the latter

at hand.

Noctua rub if era Grt.

There has been much confusion in collections between rubifera and
perconflua , and even labels in Mr. Grote’s handwriting are not always
correctly applied. When the western forms were added, leading to
rosaria , the confusion became yet greater and there seemed to be almost
no line of division. Esunalis Grote, described from Washington I re¬
ferred from a comparison of types in 1891 as a probable geographical,
race of perconflua.

Within the last five years I have received material in this group
from all the Pacific Coast States, from Vancouver, from British Colum¬
bia, from Manitoba and from Calgary, and the result of a renewed
study has been the conclusion that there are more species than has been
realized, and that even in the East two species have been confused under
the name rubifera. Fortunately Mr. Grote gives us a figure of his spe¬
cies (Can. Ent., VII, pi. I, f. 14), and of this type I have four examples
from Orono, Me., Sharon Springs and the Adirondack Mountains, New

York.

The sexual characters of the two males agree, and are not those fig¬
ured by me on pi. IV, f. 37, Bull. 44 U. S. Nat. Museum. . They are
represented on the accompanying Plate VII, fig. 2. I his species has the
primaries rather narrow, especially in the male, the apex almost rect¬
angular, outer margin evenly curved and the inner margin nearly
straight. None of the ornamentation is at all contrasting, yet in most
specimens a diffuse darker median shade is traceable.

June, 1898.]

Smith : North American Noctuidje.

101

Noctua cynica, sp. nov.

This species reminds one of Orthodes cynica in wing form and gen¬
eral appearance, hence I give it the same name. As compared with
rubifera , with which it has been confused, it is much broader winged,
with both costal and inner margins curved at least as decidedly as in
pcrconfiua. In maculation it does not differ from rubifera , except in
the lack of a median shade in the specimens before me. But this may
not be permanent, and I attribute most value to the wing form and the
totally different genitalia of the male. It was this form that I dissected
to illustrate rubifera in pi. IV, f. 37 of Bulletin 44, already cited, and
a new figure is given on pi. VII, fig. 3, herewith. The differences be¬
tween the two are simply in details and partly due to a difference in
mounts. My examples are from the vicinity of Albany, N. Y.

It is not impossible that one or the other of these forms may really
be the same as the European rubi , or the latter may even agree with one
of the western forms. Unfortunately I have none for comparison.

Noctua jucunda Wik . = perconflua Grt.

This species has approximately the wing-form described for cynica ,
but is more brightly marked. All the specimens I have seen are dis¬
tinctly mottled or shaded with yellow and the transverse lines are more
irregular. The reniform is more regularly kidney-shaped and both
spots are mottled, the orbicular quite usually open above.

The male was not before me in 1890, and a figure of the genitalia is
presented herewith on pi. VII, fig. 4. It will be seen at once that it is
of the same type as in cynica while yet very different in detail, and it
shows that the new species follows its ally in wing form rather than that
most like it in ornamentation.

Noctua calgary, sp. nov.

At various times Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod has been sending me exam¬
ples which I have not been satisfied to place with either rubifera or ro-
saria, but named rosaria, I think. The recent receipt of specimens
bringing the number up to three males and one female — a much better
series was unfortunately ruined in sending — makes it possible for me to
decide that we have a new species to deal with. Superficially it is dis¬
tinct by the more trigonate primaries, which have rectangular apices,
the outer margin straight to vein 3, then forming an obvious though
obtuse angle inwardly. In all the specimens the ordinary spots are
gray powdered and the median shade is obvious. The s. t. space is the
darkest part of the wing in all examples and contrasts with the pale ter-

102 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

minal space. This is exactly opposite to what is usually found in ru¬
bi/era and rosaria , and by this and the wing form the species may be
recognized, I think.

The sexual characters of the male are quite different from those of
the other allied species and are figured on plate VII, fig. 5. The de¬
rivation is evidently from the mbifera type, but is modified in both
harpe and clasper at least as much as is indicated by the difference in
wing form.

The examples before me vary in the amount of contrast in the orna¬
mentation. In one specimen the space between the ordinary spots is
black filled ; in another it is still a little darker than the ground color ;
the others are intermediate. The female has the outer half of the median
space darker than the basal portion of the wing j but this is probably not
a sexual characteristic.

The dates given are in June and July and one specimen is marked
bred from larva beaten from sallows at night. Mr. Dod writes that he
bred two examples and that the species is not uncommon.

Noctua rosaria Grt.

This species I have from British Columbia, Washington and the
Sierra Nevada, California. It is like rubifera in size and wing form but
the ground appears more even, while yet the ordinary spots seem more
mottled. The specimens have a somewhat more rusty shading, which
yet gives the impression of a velvety surface. It is almost impossible to
put the difference into words; yet it exists and is visible on comparison,
while its importance is demonstrated by the genital characters which are
shown at plate VII, figs. 6 and 7. The differences between the two'
figures is that between a flat mount (fig. 6) and one in a cell (fig. 7);
the latter showing the natural curves and position of parts.

Hi

• ■ I

Noctua esurialis Grt.

I have specimens from Corfield, Vancouver and from Portland,
Oregon, which I take to be this species. The specimens from Vancouver
agree perfectly with Mr. Grote’s description and with my notes on the
type when I referred it as a probable geographic race of jucunda. The
latter it is decidedly not, but I am not certain that it is not a form of
rosaria. Compared with the latter it seems somewhat broader winged
and dirtier ; darker and more sordid in color. Yet the differences are
scarcely tangible and as my material is almost all from electric light
globes it leaves something to be desired.

The genital structure of the male indicates a good species, but leaves

June, 1898.] Smith: North American Noctuida:. 103

some douf)t. The differences will be found in comparing fig. 8, in plate
VII, with those cited for rosaria. The chief point is in the much nar¬
rower harpes and this amount of variation I have not seen equalled else¬
where in the same species. Three males, one from Corfield and two
from Oregon are practically identical, while three specimens of rosaria
from the three localities represented are also practically the same.

This study of the forms allied to rubifera will serve to indicate that
our knowledge of the species is by no means even yet complete and that
much remains to be done. The material in collections even of the
Eastern forms is altogether insufficient in amount and character to fairly
illustrate the species. All the examples of the forms referred to here
should be preserved for careful study.

Noctua inopinatus, sp. nov.

Among the material received from Mr. A. W. Hanham, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, are specimens that I have named haruspica with some doubt.
Other examples from Corfield, Vancouver and 264 (Gillette) Colorado,
have increased that doubt and I venture the above name to indicate a
form intermediate between the eastern haruspica and the western sierrce.
In size the new species averages less than haruspica and the color is as
a whole more evenly smoky and with less red. The ordinary spots are
somewhat better relieved, while the median lines tend to become broken
and incomplete, while yet the detached parts may be well marked.

In all other respects, including sexual structure of the male, the
agreement is with haruspica and the species may be deemed an impres¬
sionist one, rather than one based on sharply definable characters.
Plate VII, fig. 1, illustrates the sexual pieces, the figure given in my
Revision having been made, as now appears, from an imperfect speci¬
men.

*

Noctua treat ii Grt.

Since I wrote in 1890 this species has turned up in several places and
is now well represented in a number of collections. To the locality
given in my catalogue must be added Jefferson, N. H. ; Adirondack
Mountains, N. Y. ; Central Maine and Calgary, Canada. None of
the examples seen approaches in size the specimen referred to in my Re¬
vision and now in the U. S. National Museum.

Noctua exuberans, sp. nov.

Ground color gray, varying from reddish to almost ashen, more or less irrorated.
Head without markings; palpi deep brown at the sides. Collar with the lower half
deep sienna brown. Thorax otherwise without markings. Primaries with the
median lines obsolete, except on costa where the basal, t. a. and t. p. lines are indi¬
cated by black spots. A median shade is indicated by a brownish cloud. In one

104 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

specimen it is possible to trace a vague t. a. line part way across the wing. The s. t.
line is indicated but is broken, a little paler, principally marked by the slightly darker
terminal space and toward the costa also by a dusky preceding cloud. The orbicular

is wanting in the specimens before me. The reniform is small, kidney shaped,

black; but with indefinite outlines and incomplete superiorly. Secondaries whitish,
iridescent, becoming smoky at the margin, where there is a brown terminal line
setting off the white fringes. Beneath whitish, a little powdered at the margins, the
primaries a little darker than the secondaries, and in one specimen almost smoky.
Expanse, 1.60 inches = 40 mm.

Habitat : Glenwood Springs, Colorado, in July; Dr. Barnes.

Three male specimens are before me, each differing a little in color ;
but otherwise very similar. The species is allied to lubncans ; but is
larger and with much less trace of the ordinary markings, while on the
other hand the reniform is much more distinct. In most of the

examples of lubricous the transverse lines may be made out. In this

species there is no appearance of them except on the costa. Two of
the specimens are uniform in color, although different in shade. The
third specimen is ashen gray along the costa and in the terminal space,
while the rest of the wing has a reddish cast. The species reminds
one somewhat of incivis , but the wing form is different.

In sexual characters the insect agrees in general with the group in
which I have placed it, and is one of those showing no very character¬
istic features. It is represented in Plate VII, fig. 10.

Noctua bolteri, sp. nov.

Ground color red with a violet tinge The markings rusty brown and black. The
vestiture of the head and thorax is defective, hence it is impossible to say whether or
not they are maculate. Basal line geminate, black, emphasized by brown scales,
continuing to the submedian vein and from that point obliquely outward to the inner
margin. At this point there is an oblique brown shade which marks the middle of
the lower half of the median space. In the cell there is, almost midway between the
basal and t. a. line, an upright black mark which is inwardly margined by yellowish
scales. T. a line geminate, the outer pait black, the inner brown; included space
marked with yellow scales. As a whole the line is nearly upright to the submedian
vein and then with a strong outcurve to the inner margin. T. p. line geminate, lunu¬
la' e, with a square outward bend over the cell, then incurved below ; made up of
black lunules f allowed by yellow scales and outwardly margined by a rusty brown,
rather broad and nearly even line. S. t. line yellow, irregular, forming a W on veins
3 and 4, preceded by a distinct brown shade which becomes blackish toward the
costa. A series of black terminal lunules, which are outwardly marked with yellow.
Thire is a brown, irregular median shade. Claviform large, filling nearly the entire
space between the median and submedian ve’ns ; outlined by black scales within
which is a yellow line, and the whole is filled with brown. Orbicular large, oval, in¬
complete above, outlined by black scales within which is a yellow annulus. Reni¬
form very large, broad, hardly kidney shaped, outlined with black scales, then annu¬
late with yellow; the center with a whitish lunule. Secondaries smoky gray, the

June, 1890 ]

Smith : North American Noctuid^e.

105

fringes almost white, a vague trace of a discal lunule showing from below. Beneath
primaries pale, powdered along the margin with carmine scales, and with a vague
discal spot. Secondaries with a more distinct discal spot and incomplete outer line.
Expanse, 1. 32 inches = 33 mm.

Habitat : Las Vegas, New Mexico, July nth.

A single female specimen was received from Mr. A. Bolter, after
whom I have named this most remarkable insect. It is totally unlike
any other of the described species in every respect and at first sight re¬
calls some of the Plusiid forms allied to Diastema ; yet it has all the
characters of the genus Noctaa to which I refer it, and in this genus it
stands by itself. Its occurrence in New Mexico contradicts the general
distribution of the genus which I have elsewhere referred to, and the
male may present characters which will induce the reference of the spe¬
cies to some other genus.

Noctua plebeia, sp. nov.

Ground color a dirty clay yellow, with blackish powderings which give it a sordid
appearance. Head and thorax without obvious markings. The tip of the collar
paler, the general shading of the thorax a little darker than the primaries. There is
an obvious divided anterior and posterior tuft. All the markings are traceable,
though all are more or less incomplete. Basal line geminate, black, extending to
the submedian vein. T. a. line geminate, black, incomplete both parts of the line
almost equally distinct ; as a whole with a very slight outcurve. T p. line blackish,
powdery, geminate, very even, feebly bisinuate. S t. line consisting of a series of
very black spots which may become partly united into a broken line, and outwardly
margined by a few yellowish scales. There is a series of brown or blackish terminal
lunules, beyond which is a yellowish line at the base of the fringes. There is a dif¬
fuse median shade which is hardly marked on the costa ; but is obvious below the
median vein. The claviform is outlined by brown and black scales and filled with
brown. Orbicular moderate in size, oval, rather irregular, outlined by pale scales,
black filled. Reniform large, kidney shaped, outlined by yellowish and brown scales,
and filled with black. The space between the ordinary spots is brown. Secondaries
smoky fuscous, the fringes considerab'y paler. Beneath, smoky, powdery, the pri¬
maries daiker ; the secondaries with a very distinct large discal spot and a broad
median line. On the primaries similar marks are traceable. Expanse, 1. 40 to 1.60
inches = 35 to 4o mm.

Habitat : Vancouver, August 14th ; Livingston. British Columbia ;
California.

I have two males and one female, and have seen other specimens ;
one at least from Oregon, and I think also a specimen or two from
Washington. The California specimen is the only female and is, I be¬
lieve, from some point in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. This species is
very well marked and is unlike any others of those that are described.
In a general way it is allied to baja , or, as it must now be known, smithii ,

106

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

but the most obvious difference and the one that will enable this species
to be readily recognized is in the black filled ordinary spots. In this
character the species is unique. The insect gives the impression, some¬
how, of a dirty creature.

The male parts are very simple, consisting of a single upright corne¬
ous process on a broad triangular harpe.

Setagrotis elata, sp. nov.

Ground color ash gray, varying in general shade from a yellowish to a bluish
tinge. Head and thorax without markings of any kind. Primaries with all the
markings obscured and very feebly traceable. The median lines are always visible as
geminate black costal spots, but beyond that they are only vaguely indicated. In a
general way and so far as can be indicated the t. a. line seems to be a little outcurved
between the veins, and as a whole a little outcurved in its course. The t. p. line is
even, with an even outcurve over the cell and an almost equally even incurve. The
s. t. line is whitish, irregular, broken, well defined by a blackish preceding shade
and by the somewhat darker terminal space. The claviform is merely indicated by a
few black scales. Orbicular round, of moderate size, incompletely defined by a few
black scales, within which is a somewhat more distinct circlet of yellowish scales.
The reniform is moderate in size, also incompletely outlined by black and yellow
scales, the lower portion filled with blackish and forming quite a prominent feature in
the markings of the wing. Secondaries in the male white, with a vague smoky outer
margin and a narrow discal lunule. In the female more smoky, with a blackish outer
margin and discal lunule. Beneath whitish, powdery, with a more or less marked
outer line and discal spot on both wings. Expanse, 1.50-1.60 inches = 36-40 mm.

Habitat: Colorado.

I have three specimens, two males and one female, received from
Professor C. P. Gillette, and numbered 565, 2610 and 2732. The
specimens differ considerably, and yet resemble each other quite closely,
The female is the larger and much the darker. All the specimens agree
in showing the black filled reniform and pale, dark bordered s. t. line,
as the only prominent features in the wing.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Fig.

1.

2.

3-

4-

5-

6.

7-

8.

9-

10.

Harpe and clasper

<

of Noctua inopinatus, male.
Noctua rubiferay male.
Noctua cynica, male.
Noctua jucunday male.
Noctua calgary, male.
Noctua rosaria, male.
Noctua rosaria, male.
Noctua esurialis, male.
Noctua hospitalis, male.
Noctua exuberans, male.

All the figures are drawn with a camera lucida and to the same scale.

Jourti. N. V. Ent. Soc.

Vol. VI. PI. VII.

Genitalia of Noctuidae.

June, 1898]

Schaus : New Species of Noctuid^e.

107

NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUID^E FROM TROPICAL

AMERICA.

By William Schaus.

Noctua herculeana, sp. nov.

Head and thorax reddish brown. Abdomen gny. Primaries at the base viola¬
ceous, limited by a geminate velvety black basal line ; the antemedial line partly gem¬
inate, oblique and not reaching the inner margin, most heavily marked on the costa ;
the space before the antemedial line giayisb ; the median space violaceous brown ;
orbicular indistinct, partly surrounded by black ; the reniform large, diffuse, whitish
gray ; the postmedial line fine, geminate, followed by a row of small spots ; the post-
medial space light brown, followed by the broad dark violaceous brown margin. Sec¬
ondaries smoky brown. Expanse, 60 mm.

Habitat : Trojes, Mexico.

Agrotis aureolum, sp. nov.

Head golden yellow. Collar and thorax concolorous, dark reddish brown.
Primaries similar to Agrotis malefida Gn, but browner and the postmedial line more
distinct. Secondaries pure white. Expanse, 40 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Agrotis perotensis, sp. nov.

Body light reddish brown. Primaries light reddish brown ; the lines very fine
and slightly darker ; basal and antemedial lines somewhat oblique and hardly wavy ;
the postmedial very slightly curved beyond the cell and marked by minute points on
the veins ; subterminal line wavy, paler than the ground color and inwardly shaded
with darker brown especially towards the costa ; orbicular large, very oblique ; reni¬
form large, kidney shaped, both spots olive brown, surrounded by a pale line. Sec-

. ondaries white with a slight reddish brown tinge ; fringe darker ; discocellular well
marked. Expanse, 41 mm.

Habitat : Las Vigas, on the Cofre de Perote. Elevation 10,000 ft.

Agrotis oaxacana, sp. nov.

Body very dark brown, almost black. Primaries blackish brown ; lighter brown
along the basal half of costa to below cell; the antemecial and postmedial lines
geminate, indistinct ; a subterminal light brown shade crossed on veins 4 and 5 by
black streaks ; claviform very small ; orbicular and reniform hardly perceptible ;
some light brown spots at the base of the fringe. Secondaries smoky black, whitish
towards the base ; fringe golden. Expanse, 39 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

I have only received 2 9 9 of this distinct species.

108

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Agrotis molepa, sp. nov.

$. Antennae pectinated. Head and thorax light reddish brown. Abdomen
yellowish white. Primaries light reddish brown ; antemedial line replaced by three
black spots, on costa, median and submedian veins; postmedial line punctifoim,
black, hardly curved on costa and parallel with outer margin ; reniform small, black.
Secondaries pearly white. Expanse, 36 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

What I consider as the 9 this species has the primaries dark red¬
dish brown with transverse black stride, making the costal margin much
darker ; orbicular represented by a black point ; reniform small, black.
Secondaries white, thinly speckled with black. Expanse, 42 mm*

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Amathes gasiva, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark gray, the scales tipped with white, and a black central
line on the collar. Abdomen brown with a subdorsal basal tuft of dark gray scales.
Primaries dark gray ; the basal line black, indistinct ; the antemedial line black, out¬
wardly curved between the veins ; the postmedial inwardly curved between the veins,
more narrowly black, but very distinct and followed by a line of dark scales ; the
subterminal wavy, lighter gray, preceded and followed by a brownish shade ; the !
veins on outer margin blackish ; the claviform outlined in black ; the orbicular and
reniform large, tinged with brown and irregularly outlined with black ; a broad dark
brown median shade crossing the wing between the spots. Secondaries brown,
whitish towards the base ; a terminal white line. Underneath light grayish with a
minute discal spot and postmedial line. Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat : Las Vigas, Mexico. Elevation 10,000 ft.

Strongly resembles A. tesselloides Grote.

Amathes yaxcaba, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray, the anterior portion of collar velvety black. Abdomen
light grayish brown. Primaries gray, minutely speckled with black ; a basal black
line not reaching the inner margin ; the antemedial line diffusely angulate, irregular,
sometimes only visible on the costal margins ; the postmedial represented by a black
spot on costa ; the subterminal most indistinct, forming a faintly darker shade near
costa ; reniform indistinctly and unevenly outlined in black. Secondaries white, with
a fine terminal brown line. Underneath primaries and costal margin of secondanes
grayish. Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

This species is allied to A. lubr leans Gn, and the 9 easily dis¬
tinguished bv the white secondaries.

Mentaxya butleri, sp. nov.

Body light gray. Primaries silvery gray with all the markings very indistinct ;
a basal interrupted line ; a geminate aDtemedial and a geminate postmedial line

June, 1898]

Schaus : New Species of Noctuid/E.

109

darker gray ; a median and a subterminal reddish brown shade ; the orbicular and

reniform finely outline 1 in dark gray. Secondaries white, the margins faintly shaded
with brown. Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

There is a specimen of this species in the B. M. from Rio Janeiro.

Mentaxya biform is, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray with a reddish or black spot anteriorly on the collar.
Primaries gray, crossed by numerous transverse brownish striae ; a minute dark basal
spot on the costa; the anfemedial line straight, inwardly oblique, crossing the clavi-
form which is represented by a small black spot ; outer line curved beyoid the cell, in¬
distinct ; orbicular absent ; reniform small, reddish brown. In the £ the lines and
remform are also absent. Secondaries pearly white in the $ , the margins shaded
with brown in the 9* Expanse, 33-36 mm.

Habitat ; Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

I may here mention that Mentaxya lucilla Btl., is a synonym of A.
messium Gn.

Anicla mahalpa, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light gray or pale buff, the anterior portion of thorax sometimes
reddish or velvety brown. Primaries light gray or pale buff with transverse darker
strife, and thinly speckled with black ; a few reddish scales in the cell and subtermin-
ally ; the outer margin irregularly dark gray ; a terminal row of dark points ; three
dark points on the costa ; orbicular absent ; reniform spotted and surrounded by small
black sagittate marks. Secondaries and fringe pearly white. Expanse, 38 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

The peculiar reniform and pearly white secondaries distinguish this
species from A. incivis Gn., to which it is otherwise allied.

Carneades colima, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brownish yellow. Primaries brownish yellow, brightest along
the costal margin and at the base ; two small dark brown basal spots, below the cost :a
and median vein ; antemedial line dark brown, angular ; postemedian line puncti-
torm on the veins, connected by a lunate shade ; the subterminal very fine, indistinct ;
the extreme margin brownish with a terminal row of black points ; orbicular repre¬
sented by a brownish patch ; reniform large, kidney shape, brownish, circled with yel¬
low. Secondaries wh te with an interrupted dark terminal line. Expanse, 41 mm.

Habitat : Colima, Mexico.

Carneades cofrensis, sp. nov.

Head and thorax grayish ; collar with a black posterior line. Abdomen light
brown. Primaries light green, mottled with brown ; basal and antemedial lines white,
connected by a brown patch below the median vein ; some brownish shades on the
costa and a large white spot above the median vein ; space between spots and before

HQ Journal New York Entomological Societ\. [\oi. vi.

orbicular brown ; daviform large, brown ; orbicular greenish, speckled with brown
and broadly circled with white ; reniform large, indistinctly outlined and shaded wit
brown and partly margined with white ; postmedial line brown, denticulate, outwardly
shaded with white and Outwardly preceded by a brown shade below the reniform ;
subterminal indistinct, forming a broad shade ; a terminal row of triangular black
spots ; fringe gray. Secondaries light gray, with a darker terminal line and the discal
spot of the underside clearly visible. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat : Las Vigas on the Cofre de Perote, Mexico. Elevation
10,000 feet.

Polyphaenis psittacea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax bright green. Abdomen frown with a few subdorsal greenish
tufts Primaries bright green ; the lines brown, geminate ; the antemedial irregular
wavy, the basal straight, the postmedial cienulate ; the subtetminal shade heavy and
irregular, brown, followed apically by some brownish spots ; a terminal crenulate
black line. Secondaries reddish brown, paler towards the base ; an interrupted
darker terminal line ; the fringe partly green. Undernealh primaries reddish brown ;
secondaries lighter brown, with a discal spot, postmedial line, and broad marginal
band all reddish brown. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela. Jalapa, Mexico.

Polyphaenis aurea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax bright green. Abdomen golden yellow with a brownish sub-
dorsal line. Primaries bright green ; basal marks blackish, irregular, antemedial line
brown, geminate from costa to median vein only, then single, fine angular to inner
margin ; postmedial line fine, black, wavy, deeply curved bejond the cell, and border¬
ing a large brown median space on the inner margin ; vein 6 black, from postmedial
line to outer margin ; subterminal shade only visible at apex. Secondaries golden ^
yellow with a large apical reddish brown spot. Primaries below with the basal half
and inner margin golden yellow, otherwise dark brown ; secondaries below golden
yellow with a broad brown band on the apical half of the outer margin, and a small
brown spot on the costal margin. Expanse, 40 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela.

Mamestra zobira, sp. nov.

Body dark brown, paler dorsal tufts on the abdomen. Primaries dark violaceous
brown, the lines fine, black ; the basal line outwardly, the antemedial line inwardly
shaded with reddish brown ; the postmedial line crenulate, outwardly shaded wit
reddish brown ; the subterminal broken into an irregular row of reddish brown spots,
inwardly shaded with black, the spot at inner angle being the largest ; a few minute
pale spots on the costa ; the orbicular absent ; the reniform indistinct, mottled with
reddish brown scales. Secondaries whitish in the disc, otherwise black. Expanse,

31 nun. *

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico. Jamaica, W. I.

June, 1898.]

Schaus: New Species of Noctuid^e.

Ill

Mamestra janeira, sp. nov.

Body dull brown. Primaries reddish brown, darker along the costa and outer
margin ; the lines fine, black, basal line geminate, angular ; antemedial line geminate,
wavy ; postmedial line crenulate, followed by points on the veins ; subterminal line
punctiform outwardly shaded with yellowish brown ; orbicular large, dark, finely
outlined in black and fusing with the darker costal margin ; reniform light reddish
brown, partly outlined in black, with a minute white spot in its lower portion ; a dark
median shade curved, and connected to the lower portion of the reniform by a dark
line. Secondaries dull brown ; underneath paler with a postmedial dark wavy line
and a large black discal spot on the secondaries. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat : Rio Janeiro.

Mamestra trocas, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light dull brown; abdomen paler. Primaries light brown, lines
darker, very fine and indistinct ; the basal and antemedial lines wavy and slightly
curved ; a dark median shade angled below the reniform ; the postmedial geminate,
widely apart, broken, almost punctiform ; a subterminal row of small black spots,'
outwardly shaded with white towards the apex ; a yellowish white spot at the inner
angle ; the spots faintly outlined in black, the reniform containing a few yellowish
scales. Secondaries light smoky brown. Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

This species is closely allied to M. dotata Druce.

Mamestra baruna, sp. nov.

$ . Antennae pectinated, yellow. Head and thorax reddish brown ; abdomen
grayish brown ; anal hairs rufous. Primaries dark reddish brown, the lines indistinct ;
the antemedial outwardly curved between the veins ; a postmedial and a subterminal
row of black points ; the costal margin and fringe reddish ; the orbicular minute,
circled with white ; the reniform large quadrate, whitish gray. Secondaries pale yel¬
lowish with an indistinct marginal shade. Expanse, 40 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

The $ has the primaries rich reddish brown, the veins somewhat
darker; the spots as in the $ . Secondaries brownish black with red¬
dish fringe.

Mamestra subpicta, sp. nov.

Body dark gray ; abdomen rufous beneath. Primaries above dark blackish gray,
the lines black and indistinct; some mottling from the base to the antemedial line, and
the space between the postmedial and subterminal lines, light brown ; a terminal row
of black points and some brownish spots on the fringe ; orbicular small, reniform,
large, both light brown circled with black. Secondaries very dark brown, the fringe
whitish. Underneath the primaries light rufous along the costa and subterminal
space ; the cell and apical half of outer margin black ; a wavy black postmedial line.
Secondaries below whitish, thickly mottled with reddish, scales towards the apex ; a

112

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

large black discal spot, and the commencement of a broad black antemedial band ; a
wavy black postmedial line. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Hecatera marmica, sp. nov.

Head and collar whitish speckled, with black. Thorax dark gray.. Abdomen
light brown. Primaries blackish gray ; the lines indistinct ; the basal line followed
by a broad white band from the costa to the submedian vein ; a broad subterminal
white shade interrupted above angle by a dark spot, occupying inner margin from the
postmedial line to the angle itself ; fringe dark gray, spotted with white ; postmedial
line denticulate ; orbicular dark, hardly discernible ; reniform large, mottled gray
and white. Secondaries white with the costal margin and a terminal line brownish.

Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

Hadena lignaris, sp. nov.

Head and collar light brown : posterior portion of collar and two transverse lines
reddish brown. Thorax reddish brown. Abdomen light brown. Primaries reddish
brown with numerous longitudinal light and dark brown lmes the transverse lines
hardly perceptible, light brown and very irregular ; spots small, indistinct with a cen¬
tral dark point. Secondaries brown, semitransparent towards the base ; a discal

spot. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat : U. S. Colombia.

This species is allied $ Hadena or dinar ins Btl., and H. patina
Harv. Both ordinarius and patina are common in Mexico and may
eventually prove to be the same species.

Alibama scuroba, sp. nov.

Head and thorax blackish brown ; abdomen lighter brown. Primaries blackish
brown with the markings very indistinct ; the lines fine, velvety black ; the basal line
angular, the antemedial outwardly curved between the veins, the postmedial in¬
wardly curved ; the subterminal shade narrow, brown, followed by a dusky dark
gray marginal shade ; the spots finely outlined in black. Secondaries pearly white
with a terminal dark line and some postmedial clusters of dark scales on the veins.

Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

The female has the outer half of the secondaries black, the base
white. Expanse, 36 mm.

This species bears a strong resemblance to the dark forms of
Alibama terens Wlk .=A. pulchra Mosch, but the secondaries are very

distinct.

Oligia niveiplaga, sp. nov.

Head, collar and patagim light reddish brown ; thorax white ; abdomen brown.
Primaries light brown ; the inner margin wh te, the upper portion of this white space

June, 1898 ]

Schaus : New Species of Noctuid^e.

113

circular ; the lines fine, black, indistinct, not crossing the white portion of the wing ;
orbicular and reniform finely outlined in black ; a broad black streak from the cell
across lower portion of reniform to the outer margin ; the subterminal shade white, in¬
distinct. Secondaries white, the apex and adjoining portion of cuter margin brown ;
a minute discal spot beneath. Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

Oligia apicalis, sp. nov.

Head and collar grayish yellow ; thorax reddish gray. Primaries reddish gray
speckled with black, forming indistinct lines ; the apical portion of the wing beyond
the cell and from inner angle dark brown ; on the inner margin close to angle a red¬
dish brown shade, above which the indistinct subterminal shade of reddish brown
crosses the dark portion of the wing; an apical reddish gray spot. Secondaries
brown in the 9 , paler at the base in the $ . Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela; Castro, Parana.

Oligia thoracica, sp. nov.

Head, collar and thorax light reddish brown, the scales tipped with white ; pata-
gim dark velvety brown. Abdomen light brown. Primaries brown, slightly mottled
with gray ; the basal line black, outwardly shaded with white ; the antemedial line
black, forming three curves and outwardly oblique, the costal portion outwardly
shaded with white ; the postmedial line white on costa, then finely black, outwardly
shaded with white, on which some minute black points are visible to the inner mar¬
gin ; a dark brown shade descends from the costa on the inner side of reniform and
joins the postmedial line at vein 2 ; a black space on the costa beyond the postmedial,
and a dark streak between veins 4 and 5 ; the subterminal shades indistinct, yellow' -
ish, followed by some grayish shades ; the orbicular round, pure white ; the reniform
brown, indistinct, surrounded by darker shadings. Secondaries whitish with a mar
grnal brown band ; the discal spot and postmedial line of the underside distinctly
visible. Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Oligia cadema, sp. nov.

Head and collar reddish brown, thorax gray. Abdomen grayish brown. Pri¬
maries brownish gray, palest beyond the postmedial line; basal line indistinct, pale ;
antemedial line light grey, forming three large curves and outwardly oblique ; an in¬
wardly oblique dark shade from the antemedial at the mediah vein to the base of the
inner margin ; the postmedial line geminate, finely crenulate, the space within partly
lilacine ; a darker shade to the outer margin between veins 3 and 4 ; the subterminal
shade indistinct, gray, shaded on either side with brown ; a very dark line in the cell
between the spots ; orbicular punctiform, white ; reniform large, oblique, grayish,
outlined with black. Secondaries in both sexes pearly white, the apex and part of
the outer margin smoky; the discal spot and punctiform postmedial brown line of the
underside visible above. Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana. Described from seven specimens show¬
ing variability.

114 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Trachea paranica, sp. nov.

Head and collar brownish gray. Thorax mottled olive, gray, black and white.
Abdomen dark gray. Primaries olive green, thickly mottled with lilacine gray, all
the veins being of the latter color ; a broad median band being most devoid of
mottling ; the basal line black, broadly shaded with white outwardly ; the antemedial
line black, curved between the veins and inwardly bordered with white ; the postme-
dial crenulate, indistinct, slightly shaded outwardly with white ; the subterminal
broad, white, and very wavy, outwardly shaded with black at the middle of the inner
margin and above the inner angle ; a terminal row of black points ; the margin lilacine
gray ; orbicular small, grayish ; reniform dark circled, indistinct. Secondaries whit¬
ish at the base, otherwise grayish black. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Praina, gen. nov.

Eyes naked. Antennae pectinated. Fore tibiae without spines ; mid tibiae with
three terminal spines ; hind tibiae with two pairs of spines. Primaries with outer
margin rounded ; vein 8 and 9 anastomosing to form the areole. Secondaries with
veins 3 and 4 slightly stalked. Abdomen long, stout, conical.

Praina radiata, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark velvety brown ; a pale line between antennae and poster¬
iorly on collar. Thorax pale buff ; patagiae with a broad dark brown band. Abdo¬
men light brown. Primaries pale buff ; a broad brown space below subcostal vein,
and also below median vein ; the submedian shaded on either side with brown ; the
intervenal spaces on the outer margin dark brown. Secondaries yellowish white
with a terminal brown line. Underneath primaries and costal margin of secondaries
brown. Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Leucania oriza, sp. nov.

Primal ies light pinkish gray with a slightly darker central shade from the base to
the outer margin ; a few black scales scattered over the wing ; the median nervure
between veins 2 and 3 faintly white, above which there is a minute black point ; a
terminal row of black points. Secondaries smoky gray, whitish at the base. Ex¬
panse, 30 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Leucania jaliscana, sp. nov.

Head and abdomen ochreous ; collar light reddish brown with three transverse
gray lines. Primaries light ochreous, the subcostal and median veins slightly grayish ;
the fringe and a triangular shade on the outer margin dark reddish brown ; a light
reddish brown shade at the end of the cell, and a white spot on the median vein -t
some antemedial clusters of dark scales below the median vein ; a postmedial row of
black points. Secondaries white with a terminal fine brown line ; the base of the
fringe ochreous. Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat : Guadalajara, Mexico.

June, 1898.]

Schaus : New Species of Noctuid^e.

115

Leucania oaxacana, sp. nov.

Head ochreous gray. Collar and thorax light gray speckled with black. Primaries
light gray, the veins faintly whitish, black scales scattered over the wing, thickly so
along the median vein on which is a white spot containing a black point ; a postmedial
row of black spots ; a terminal row of black spots. Secondaries whitish gray, the
veins and a terminal line brownish. Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

Leucania misteca, sp. nov.

Head and thorax reddish gray. Primaries pinkish gray speckled with black ; the
outer margin darker with long fine black streaks between the veins ; a dark central
shade from the base to beyond the cell ; a minute whitish spot on the median vein ; a
postmedial and a terminal row of black points. Secondaries white ; a terminal row
of black spots between the veins ; the apex and base of the fringe smoky. Expanse,

35 mm-

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

Leucania orizaba, sp. nov.

Body reddish gray ; the collar posteriorly dark gray, anteriorly with two fine
black transverse lines. Primaries light reddish gray, the veins paler, and darker
longitudinal streaks between the veins ; some black points below the median vein ; the
postmedial row of black points very much curved, inwardly oblique, gemmate from
beyond the cell ; a whitish speck on the median vein preceded and followed by a
broad black streak ; a terminal row of black points ; a subapical dark shade on the
outer margin. Secondaries grayish brown, paler at the base ; the base of the fringe
yellowish. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Atethmia targa, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brown, the scales tipped with white. Abdomen rufous brown.
Primaries brown powdered with whitish scales, the lines whitish ; the basal line al¬
most invisible ; the antemedial line somewhat oblique outwardly and shaded with
darker brown especially on the basal side ; a median brownish shade crossing the
reniform which is indistinct ; the postmedial line strongly angled beyond the cell and
slightly curved inwardly to the inner margin ; the subterminal line slightly wavy ; the
orbicular represented by a brownish dot. Secondaries silvery white ; a broken termi¬
nal black line. Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Atethmia editha, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light brown, the scales tipped with white ; the collar edged
with white. Primaries brown thickly speckled with white scales, the veins finely
whitish ; all the transverse lines fine whitish ; the basal line indistinct ; the antemedial
line curved on costa, then outwardly oblique to inner margin ; the postmedial line the
heaviest aod followed by a whitish shade, this line and the subterminal being parallel
with he outer margin ; a terminal lunukr brown line ; the fringe mottled brown and

1 1 G Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

gray ; the orbicular and reniform distinct and dark, both finely edged with white.
Secondaries silvery white in the $ , smoky in the 9 • Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Atethmia paulensis, sp. nov.

Body pale fawn color. Primaries silvery fawn color crossed by an antemedial,
postmedial and subterminal line ; these three lines are fine, brown, and angled near
the costa ; the fringe brownish ; the spots not visible. Secondaries white, the fringe
and margins narrowly silvery fawn color. Underneath fawn color with traces neartbe
costa of a postmedial and subterminal line ; a minute spot at the end of the cell on
the primaries. Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. This species is nearly allied
to A. rectifascia Grote, from the United States.

Dacira ranapa, sp. nov.

Palpi brown tipped with white. Head white. Collar brown with some white sca’es
posteriorly. Thorax. dark brown. Abdomen light brown with a subdorsal white tuft on
the first segment. Primaries above with the base dark brown, limited by the antemedial
lighter brown wavy litre ; the median space white ; the orbicular and reniform indis¬
tinctly outlined in gray, the latter crossed by a smoky brown band, which is slightly
oblique from the costa and then forms a single outward curve to the inner margin ; the
postmedian line denticulate, velvety brown ; a large dark br^wn patch from the reniform
to the postmedial line ; a brownish patch on. the costal margin beyond the postmedial
and not reaching the apex ; the outer margin yellowish shaded with dark brown on
the extreme margin ; fringe dark brown ; the subterminal represented by a few scat¬
tered dark brown scales. Secondaries whitish with the outer margin broadly grayish
brown. Underneath whitish ; the outer half of the primaries brownish ; the second¬
aries with a wavy, postmedial line, a small discal spot and some grayish scales along
the costal margin. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Cucullia lilacina, sp. nov.

Head and anterior portion of collar dark gray ; collar otherwise and thorax light
gray ; abdomen gray with the dorsal tufts dark brown. Primaries lilacine gray with¬
out the usual longitudinal streaks; the base, inner margin, and heavy streak above
the inner angle, dark brown ; the fringe on the inner margin partly black ; the apical
portion beyond the cell light reddish brown, becoming darker on the costa, where
there are three small white spots ; the orbicular of the ground color finely outlined in
black ; the reniform light reddish brown, indistinct ; a blackish shade from the costa,
between the spots not reaching the median vein. Secondaries sordid white, the
veins and outer margin brownish. Expanse, 40 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Cucullia strigata, sp. nov.

Head very dark gray ; collar and thorax lighter gray of the same shade as C.
patera Gn ; abdomen still paler, with dark gray dorsal tufts. Primaries same co.or

June, 1898.]

Schaus: New Species of Noctuidte.

117

as thorax ; same general shadings as in O convexipennis Grote, but darker ; a long
I basal streak below the median vein ; another dark streak starting on the median vein
at a third from the base and continuing along vein 5 to nearly the outer margin. Sec¬
ondaries sordid white at the base, the outer margin broadly dark brown. Expanse
45 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico. This species bears a similarity to C.
convexipennis Grote, but the color is quite different.

Chloridea distincta, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light olive green. Abdomen brownish. Primaries light olive
gieen ; a brown line inwardly shaded with paler green from close to the apex on the
•costal margin to nearly the middle of the inner margin. Secondaries brown in the
P , the fringe white. Secondaries in the $ white with a broad brown margin. Un -
•derneath primaries brown, with the costa, apex and outer margin gray. Secondaries
grayish with a large brown space at anal angle ; a postmedial dark line and discal
spot. A discal spot also on underside of primaries. Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Acontia obscura, sp. nov.

Head, collar, thorax below, and abdomen of the $ ventrally, also the tibia?,
bright orange : tarsi black ; the hind tibiae black at points. Abdomen and thorax

dorsally dark greenish black. Primaries dark greenish black. Secondaries bluish
black. Expanse, 36 mm.

Habitat : Guadalajara, Mexico.

Acontia trilinea, sp. nov.

Head, collar tnd body beneath, orange yellow. Thorax orange, the patagia?
bordered with greenish black ; abdomen dorsally black. Primaries olive green ; the
costal vein broadly yellow to nearly the apex ; the median vein narrowly yellow, this
color extending for a short distance on veins 3 and 4 ; the submedian vein broadly
yellow. Secondaries bluish black. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico. Possibly an extreme form of A. ob¬
scura Schs.

Tarache pyralidia, sp. nov.

Head and collar light rufous. Thorax dark brown. Abdomen light brown.
Primaries gray shaded with dark brown on the basal third ; the outer margin broadly
light rufous, inwardly shaded with brown ; the fringe brownish. Secondaries whitish,
faintly smoky along the outer margin. Expanse, 19 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

Tarache axendra, sp. nov.

Head and collar dark olivaceous green. Thorax black. Abdomen brown.
Primaries dark olivaceous brown ; traces of antemedial and postmedial black lines,
beyond the latter clusters of steel gray scales extending toward the apex ; similar

118

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

clusters on the inner margin ; three large white spots on the costal margin, and a
whitish patch close to anal angle ; the extreme outer margin and fringe steel gray ; a
terminal row of black spots. Secondaries brown, darkest on the outer margin. I n-
derneath the secondaries are fuscous with a terminal brown shade and some dark
spots on the costal column. Expanse, 21 mm.

Habitat : Guadalajara, Mexico.

Tarache mizteca, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark steel gray. Collar whitish. Abdomen yellowish, Pri¬
maries with the anterior half olivaceous and three large spots on the costal margin ;
the inner margin dark steel gray, with traces of an antemedial and postmedial dark
line ; a large white spot at the anal angle containing some clusters of grayish scales
and a terminal interrupted black line. Secondaries white with the outer margins
brownish yellow, especially at the apex. Underneath yellowish, the dark portions of
the primaries visible. Expanse, 25 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

Tarache jaliscana, sp. nov.

Head black. Collar and thorax white. Abdomen brown above, white below.
Primaries white, the marginal third of the wing violaceous brown shaded inwardly
with olive green ; some terminal patches of lilacine scales, and a double grayish termi¬
nal line ; the basal third of the costal margin steel gray. Secondaries white in the $■
with smoky margins, entirely brown in the 9 . Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat : Guadalajara, Mexico.

Tarache duenna, sp. nov.

Head creamy white. Thorax grayish. Abdomen dark gray with transverse
whitish lines. Primaries violaceous, mottled with brown and black scales ; a large
white spot on the centre of the costal margin, inferiorly bordered with olivaceous-
green ; some whitish scales at the base and also on the outer margin below the apex.
Secondaries yellowish white, the^uter margin smoky. Expanse, 21 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Eustrotia bertha, sp. nov.

Head and collar grayish Prothorax fawn color. Abdomen light brown.
Primaries with the basal half creamy fawn color shaded with longitudinal brown
streaks ; the outer half lilacine gray with a subterminal white line preceded by some
whitish shades ; a few apical dark brown streaks Secondaries white in the $ w hh a
terminal brown line, and minute spot in the cell ; slightly smoky at the apex. Secon¬
daries brown in the 9 • Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Xanthoptera auruda, sp. nov.

Be dy and primaries bright yellow ; a broad transverse orange line, curved beyond
the cell and inwardly oblique to the middle of the submedian vein ; the orbicular and
reniform represented by orange dots ; a similar dot below the orbicular ; a terminal

June, 1898.]

Schaus : New Species of Noctuid^e.

110

brown line ; the fringe dark gray. Secondaries pale yellowish, shaded with brown on
the outer margin. Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Galgula cuprea, sp. nov.

Head and abdomen brown. Thorax violaceous. Primaries violaceous ; the outer
margin broadly coppery red ; the antemedial line irregular, olivaceous, finely bordered
with brown ; the postmedial line straight, olive green, divided by a fine brown line
and inwardly shaded with dark brown ; a small triangular olivaceous patch resting on
the postmedial line beyond the cell and having a white line at its base. Secondaries
brown. Expanse, 1 8 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Galgula castra, sp. nov.

Body and primaries light violaceous brown. The lines and spots as in G. partita
Gn., but having in addition a distinct subterminal wavy line. The secondaries are
yellowish white. Expanse, 25 mm.

Haoitat : Castro, Parana. Rivula mandane Druce, of which I
possess the type is merely one of the paler forms of G. partita Gn.

Palindia hermura, sp. nov.

Body bright yellow, the collar and thorax outlined with white. Primaries above
bright yellow ; a basal spot on the costa reaching the median vein, a broad and irregu¬
lar antemedial band, and a spot on the costa at two-thirds from the base all lilacine
faintly outlined with black ; at the anal angle a white line, shaded with lilacine stria;,
extends to vein 5* Some small black apical costal spots ; a dark terminal line ; the
fringe yellow tipped with silvery white. Secondaries whitish yellow shaded with
bright yellow below the cell and aloDg the margins ; on the outer margin a large spot,
white and lilacine shaded with darker striae. Underneath the wings are pale yellow¬
ish white. Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico ; Aroa, Venezuela.

Dyomyx volcanica, sp. nov.

Body and wings lightish brown. Primaries with a fine dark velvety basal line
from costa to the submedian vein ; a large irregular dark velvety brown triangular
space from the costa to just above the inner margin, limited by the antemedial and
medial lines which are pale ; an oval daik spot surrounded by a yellowish line and
containing a fine blue point extends from this space to the inner margin ; the reniform
large irregularly outlined with dark biown ; the postmedial line dark, angular, only
visible near the costal margin ; a subterminal row of dark spots beyond which the outer
margin is darker ; a terminal dark line preceded by a row of yellowish dots ; fringe
dark brown. Secondaries with a terminal yellow line ; some brown and black scales
on the outer margin surmounted by a cluster of bluish scales, above which two yellow¬
ish curved lines edged with black extend towards the cell and outer margin ; the fringe
brown, towards the apex yellowish. Underneath brown with a postmedial dark wavy
lire, and an antemedial line on the secondaries. Expanse, 43 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

120

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

Dyomyx jonesi, sp. nov.

Body brown. Primaries above with the basal half dark reddish brown, the outer
half lighter brown, separated by an oblique transverse line from the middle of the costal
mirgin to the inner margin at two-thirds from the base ; this line outwardly shaded with
yellowish ; just above the inner margin and close to this line a black spot surrounded
by an orange line and containing a white dot ; a dark basal line from the costa to the
median vein ; an oblique, dark antemedial line from costa to middle of inner margin ;
a postmedial line from costa to vein 3> where it is lost in a cluster of grayish scales
which extend to the inner margin ; the reniform large, outlined in dark brown ; a sub¬
terminal irregular line of dark sagittate spots outwardly shaded with yellowish ; a
terminal dark gray line. Secondaries dark brown ; a subterminal yellowish line sur¬
mounted near the anal angle by white and lilacine scales, above which an irregular
yellowish line extends towards the cell and also towards the outer margin ; a termi¬
nal gray line ; the fringe partly yellowish. Underneath the wings are brown with a
wavy dark postmedial line, and an antemedial shade on the secondaries. Expanse,
46 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo. S. E. Brazil.

Orresia serpens, sp. nov.

Palpi, head and thorax dark brown. Abdomen light brown, laterally buff. Pri¬
maries above dark silky brown, the veins tinged with violaceous ; two dark median
transverse lines, the outer one the more conspicuous and forming a border to the tooth
on the inner msrgin ; a subterminal dark wavy line, not reaching the submedian vein
and extending abruptly to the outer margin, forming an angle which encloses a small
jellowish spot. Secondaries brown, fringe wh'tish. Underneath primaries dull
brown with the costal margin whitish. Secondaries whitish, the outer margin dull
brown, and a dull brown streak at the base of the costal margin ; a small brownish
discal spot whitish in the center. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

Phrodita bilinea, sp. nov.

Palpi orange. Head, thorax and abdomen creamy white. Primaries above
creamy white, the costal margin finely orange ; a velvety black streak below the me¬
dian vein, not quite reaching the outer margin ; a black point in the cell followed by
a black streak to the outer margin and which is crossed at the end of the cell by a
whitish line. Secondaries white. Underneath primaries yellowish white, showing
indistinctly the streak on the upper side ; secondaries white. Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

June, 1898.] Dyar : New Species and Larvte of Sawflies.

121

ON THE LARV/E OF CERTAIN NEMATIN/E AND
BLENNOCAMPINiE, WITH DESCRIPTION
OF NEW SPECIES.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Ph.D.

Pontania borealis Marlatt.

Galls on Salix sericea at Plattsburg, N. Y. ; solitary, smooth, ex¬
ceeding the edge of the leaf, reaching from the midrib to beyond the
margin and at varying distance from the base ; not evenly divided by
the leaf about one-third above, two-thirds below ; shape pyriform or
rounded; a few corky dots; color greenish, strongly red shaded, espe¬
cially above; length, 8-9 mm., width about 6 mm., height, 5 mm..
The substance is thick, fleshy, white with pink lines.

Larva. — Head .6 mm. ; all white, eye and mouth black.

Last Stage. — Head whitish, a dusky shade above the clypeus, eye
black mouth, brown ; width 1.0 mm. Body all white, waxy, not shin¬
ing, segments obscurely 3 -annulate, a little shaded with blackish in the
folds. Thoracic feet rather large, colorless ; abdominal ones on joints

6 to 1 1, distinct, slender. Body uniform, subventral folds somewhat
prominent, joint 13 tapering. Length, 6.5 mm. Single brooded ;
cocoons in decayed wood.

Pontania consors Marlatt .

Galls found with the preceding on N. sericea , but gregarious, hairy
and spherical. Near the base of the leaf, three or two together, rarely
but one, exceeding the margin often by half the diameter of the gall ;
not evenly divided by the leaf, about one-third or a little more above,
two-thirds below ; pale greenish, often heavily marked and mottled
with red above, paler below, rarely uniformly pale. Strongly silky hairy
like the leaves below, less hairy or even smooth above; size 8.5X8.5X

7 mm. or as small as 5 mm. in diameter. The substance is fleshy,
strongly streaked with pink.

Larva. — Head .9 mm. ; all white, eye and mouth black, segments
annulate, with large obscure concolorous tubercles; joint 13 tapering.
Single brooded; cocoon in decayed wood.

Pteronus carpini Marlatt.

Gregarious on the iron wood,* Fort Lee, N. J., in September.
Head shining black, 1.8 mm. wide, under the lens black dotted on a

* I am not certain now whether this tree was the Ostrya virginica or Ccirpinus
caroliniana.

122

[ Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

sordid ground, mouth brownish. Feet on joints 6-1 1 ; no glands everted.
Segments coarsely 4-annulate with small dark setae. Color dull green,
the spiracles with faintly discolored yellow blotches ; dorsal region
shaded with black, the color streaked on the annulets, not forming a
distinct regular edge and not complete, tending to be broken into dor¬
sal and subdorsal bands. Subventral folds double. A spot below the
spiracle and one above the base of the leg, black. Thoracic feet and
venter pale. Imago in May. The species is probably double brooded.
The larva looks like that of Pteronus corylus.

Pteronus integer Say.

•Dr. Packard describes a larva on spruce (5th Rept. U. S. Ent.
Comm., p. 838) as of this species. It is green with a dusky supra-ocellar
shade, the dorsal vessel edged with light green and a white lateral stripe.
The number of feet is not given.

I think there is some error here and that this larva is not that of in¬
teger. The true larva is described herewith.

Stage V. — Head sordid greenish with a heavy brown-black shade
reaching up each side behind the eye, a dotted shade on vertex, the
sutures pale; width 1.6 mm. (9). Body green like Nematus chloreus
not very sordid nor very transparent ; black marks at the base of the
thoracic feet. Segments irregularly 6-annulate in this large larva,
bringing the spiracle on third annulet, 5 -annulate in another with spiracle
placed normally. No other marks. Anal plate concave-truncate as in
N. chloreus. The larva is throughout closely allied to chloreus and
differs only in having the head marked with dark shades in the last
stage. Tracheal line visible.

Single brooded, no ultimate stage ; cocoon as usual in the earth.

Found on Quercus tinctoria at Brookhaven, Long Island ; not com¬
mon, the rarest of the oak feeding Nematids

Pteronus quercus Marlatt.

Solitary on white oak ((J. alba ) resting on the edge of the leaf.

Stage IV. — Head round, eye black, a very faint posterior dark
shade; width .9 mm.; whitish, sordid with scarcely any ochreous
tint. Body colorless, translucent, appearing sordid from the food by
transparency, the incisures folded ; segments obscurely 4-annulate,
smooth ; anal plate concave-truncate, no prongs. A large black spot at
the base of the colorless thoracic feet; abdominal ones on joints 6-1 1.
Tracheae white.

Stage V. — Head 1.3-1.5 mm. (£9) colorless, faintly yellowish,

June, 1898 ] DYAR: NEW SPECIES AND LARViE OF SaWFLIES.

123

eye black ; a distinct shaded black line posteriorly from behind the
ocellus to vertex. Body sordid greenish, annulets dull, incisures folded.
Anal plate and marks at base of thoracic feet as before. Tracheae and
folds of incisures white.

Single brooded ; cocoon in the ground.

This larva closely resembles Nematus chloreus but is not so green
and has a black shade on the head in the last stage. Brookhaven,
Long Island, in June.

Nematus chloreus Norton.

On the black oak ( Q . coccined ) at Bellport, Long Island, in June, a
solitary edge-eating Nematid.

Egg slits in the edge of the leaf just before the point of the apex,
1 mm. long,. 5 mm. deep, semi-circular, swollen, yellowish.

Stage I. — Head sordid whitish, eye black, a dusky shade behind
and over clypeus; width .4 mm. Body whitish translucent, green from
the food, smooth, slender, curved, annulate; feet on joints 6-1 1 ; a
ventral elevation on joint 5 ; no setae. Black marks at the base of
thoracic feet.

Stage II. — Head whitish, dull, eye black, the vertical shade behind
it reaching nearly to apex ; width .6 mm. Body rather finely annulate,
whitish, green only from the food, bases of thoracic feet marked with
black. Anal plate truncate, concave, the posterior rim dusky bordered.

Stage ///.—Head rounded, whitish, eye black, a dark shade behind;
width .8 mm. Body translucent sordid greenish, no marks except at
bases of thoracic feet ; spiracles blackish.

Stage IV. — As before, the dusky shade behind the eye has become
small; width 1. 15 mm. Anal plate projecting, truncate-concave ; no
prongs. Translucent whitish green with black marks at base of thor¬
acic feet.

Stage V.— Head green, eye black, mouth brown, no marks; width
1. 4-1. 6 mm. ( $ 9 ) clearer green than before, incisures folded ; black
marks at bases of thoracic feet clouded, small. Anal plate truncate,
slightly cordately notched, no prongs. A little green fat in joint 13,
the frass not contrasted ; dorsal vessel obscure. Head shagreened,
dull ; body also dull. Thoracic feet colorless, abdominal ones small,
slender on joints 6— 11 and 13, functional. Segments irregularly
wrinkly 6-annulate, last annulet very narrow, the others subequal; no
set even under a J^-inch objective. Sometimes the body is faintly
yellowish subdorsally from the obscure fat granules ; spiracles dusky.

124 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Cocoon elliptical dark brown, single, formed at the surface of the
ground. Single brooded. This is the commonest of the oak feeding
nematids on Long Island, N. Y.

Hemichroa fraternalis Norton.

$ described by Norton (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV, 81).

9 black and rufous. Head black ; prothorax pale, whitish, interior
lobe of mesothorax and upper half of pleura shaded with brown ; abdo¬
men largely pale brown. All the segments above broadly banded with
black and narrowly so below. Legs luteous, femora and tibia lined with
black. Wings hyaline, nervures black, costa and stigma luteous.
Length, 9 mm. Texas, New York, Massachusetts. A perfectly dis¬
tinct species, not nearly allied to H. albidovariata. The larva lives on
the young leaves of the white oak in May and early June, solitary.
Each larva eats away the leaf from the midrib or a large vein and uses
the vein as a perch somewhat in the manner of the young Liminitis ,
They hold on by the thoracic feet and thresh the body around violently
when disturbed. There are probably five larval stages.

Stage I. — Head rounded, dull, dusky, eye black; width .4 mm.
Body annulate, sordid grayish green, uniform with short black points.

A dark line at base of thoracic feet.

Stage II. — Head .6 mm., sordid whitish, gray posteriorly, eye black;.

body slate gray, whitish below the spiracles.

Stage ///.—Head small, leaden black, width .9 mm. Segments
6-annulate, with black points on the second and fourth. Body slate
gray, more or less whitish subven trail y below the spiracles, a dusky
shade along subventral folds. Thoracic feet largely black, abdominal
ones small, on joints 6-12, 13. Venter waxy grayish white.

Stage IV. — Head sordid leaden, clypeus and back of head nearly
black; antennae and eye black ; width 1.3 mm. Dorsum leaden black,
somewhat broadly greenish centrally except in the incisures, below the
spiracles nearly white, the subventral folds marked in blackish, forming
a double row of dashes. Thoracic feet largely black, abdominal ones
pale. Black points on second and fourth annulets small. Later the

larva becomes more greenish with growth.

Stage V. — Head black, the face pale and vertex gray ; or a light
fleshy brown ; width 1.6-1.8 mm. (2 9). Body sordid greenish gray,
white subventraily, a lateral leaden gray shade band touching the stig-
matal line; dusky marks on the subventral folds; points small, black.
Thoracic feet pale, black at base ; a trace of white bloom on head. In
some the subventral region is scarcely contrasted and the larva appears

June, i8p8 ] DyAR : NEW SPECIES AND LaRV/E OF SAWFLIES.

125

more uniformly gray. The black points vary in distinctness, sometimes
obsolete. Occasionally the larva is very pale, an albino, with dull red

head and sordid white body marked with an olivaceous blackish lateral
band.

No ultimate stage; cocoon dark brown, formed in the earth. Single
brooded.

Larva referred to as “F ” Can. Ent. XXVII, 339.

Hemichroa albidovariata Norton.

? described by Norton (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 81).

$ closely similar to 9 with the three basal segments of abdomen
above yellowish white, the basal plates black. Two 9 9, one $ from
Texas (Belfrage), coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., one 9 from larva at Bellport,
Long Island, N. Y. The larvae live on the black oak (Q. coccinea ) in

May, eating the young leaves, resting on the edge, the abdomen slightly
curled.

Stage V. — Head pale red-brown, eye narrowly black, mouth dark
brown; width 1.8 mm. (9). Feet on joints 6-12, 13, moderate; seg¬
ments regularly and distinctly 6-annulate, spiracle on second annulet.
Color translucent fleshy brown, a lateral row of irregular black spots on
annulets 1 (small), 2-3 (large), 4-5 (rather small), the large one
broken on some segments ; all absent on joint 13 ; anal plate immacu¬
late. Some small black marks around spiracle; a distinct black patch
on the anterior subventral fold and a smaller patch on the posterior one.
Feet and venter unspotted, but a black mark at the base of thoracic
feet. Dorsal vessel and paired dots on annulet 1 dusky translucent.

No ultimate stage ; cocoon in the ground ; single brooded.

Hemichroa phytophagica, sp. nov.

9 extremely similar to H. albidovariata but the pale lines on an¬
terior lobe of thorax are short and obscure and the basal plates of ab¬
domen are black.

One 9 bred from larva from Bronx Park, New York, and two 9 9 in
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. marked “saw fly on white oak” from Miss Murt-
feldt, No. 241 M., Dept. Agriculture, No. 3168.

Found on the young leaves of the white oak in May.

In Bronx Park these larvae were mixed with those of //. fraternalis ,
and showed somewhat the same habits by eating away the leaf from the
midrib; but they do not use this as a perch and are true edge eaters.
Stage 7. — Head rounded shining black-brown ; width .4 mm.

126 Journal New York Entomological Society. [v°i. vl

Body lustreless blackish, segments 6-annulate with rows of short, blunt,
pale points on second and fourth annulets, about six on each side.

Tracheal line pale; feet on joints 6-12, 13. Eats the whole leaf on

the edge.

Stage II.— Head pale, faintly brownish, eye black with a very faint
dark shade reaching upward. Body whitish translucent, colored by the

food, the points blunt, fleshy, dark at tip.

Stage III.— Head very pale brownish, eye narrowly black. Body
translucent waxy whitish, segments 6-annulate, the points whitish ; no

marks. Incisures folded, tracheal line white.

Stage IV. _ Head pale brown, eye black. Body moderately trans¬

lucent, dull whitish with a tinge of yellowish and green, the folds of
skin whiter. Boints obsolete ; no marks or, in some, a small black
patch laterally on third annulet and another on anterior subventral fold,
more or less distinct. In some the points are still visible, pale, rarely
distinctly defined by dusky dots. Spiracle on the second annulet.

Stage V— Head pale, finely brown dotted, eye black. Segments
6-annulate, smooth, no points seen. Skin thin, the body uniformly
green from the blood, dorsal vessel dark, outlined by a little green fat,
not contrasting strongly. A black patch on the anterior subventral fold
and sometimes another laterally. Tracheae evident, their ramifications
visible nearly up to the dorsal vessel. Thoracic feet pale ; anal flap
smooth. Abdominal feet on joints 6-12, 13. The larva is now very
green, differing markedly from the preceding stages. A single example
from Bell port, Long Island, had a black dot on the thorax, subdorsally
on the second annulet of joints 2 and 3, one on the anterior subventral
fold of joint 3 and one at base of each thoracic foot. Ihe paired dusky
translucent patches in annulet 1 were also noted. No ultimate stage ;
cocoon in the ground ; single brooded. This larva is possibly a dimor¬
phic form of H. albido variata , but the food plants differ and the slight
imaginal characters seem correlated.

Generic Synopsis of the Blennocampinle.

The following tables have been prepared by Mr. Ashmead for his
forthcoming revision of the genera of saw flies and he has kindly given
me a copy of them for use here.

June, 1898.] Dyar : New Species and Larv7e of Sawflies.

127

Family Selandriid^e.

Table of Subfamilies.

Lanceolate cell petiolate ; (in only a single genus, Kaliosysphinga , does it appear
contracted, but the anal vein is faint or subobsolete before uniting with the sub¬
median vein, while the anal cell in hind wirtgs is wanting).

Subfamily I. Blennocampince

Lanceolate cell contracted before the middle but still open.

Antennae 4-jointed, the third joint very long, the fourth very minute.

Subfamily II. Blasticotomince

Antennae 7 to i5*jointed, the third joint not unusually long, often shorter or not

longer than the fourth . Subfamily III Selandriince

Lanceolate cell contracted at or at little before the middle and completely closed.

Subfamily IV. Hcplocampince

Subfamily I. Blennocampince.

Table of Genera.

1. Front wings with four submarginal cells . ^

Front wings with three submarginal cells, the first transverse cubitus wanting,
very rarely with the second transverse cubitus wanting.

Hind wings with two discal cells . 2

Hind wings without discal cells.

Antennae 11-14 jointed . Fenella Westw.

Antennae 9-jointed.

Hind wiogs with a distinct anal cell . Fenusa Leach.

Hind wings without an anal cell . Kaliosysphinga Taschb.

2. Head transverse ; clypeus anteriorly truncate ; front wing with the second trans.
verse cubitus wanting . Palmatopus Hartig.

Head large, quadrate, the temples broad ; clypeus anteriorly deeply emarginate ;
antennae densely hairy, the third jo’nt nearly as long as joints 4-5 united.

Xenopates Cameron.

3- B es extending to base of mandibles or at most with only a linear space between. 7
Eyes more or less distant from base of mandibles, with a distinct spice between.

Hind wings not surrounded by a bordering nervure at apex . 4

Hind wings surrounded by a bordering nervure at apex, and without a
discal cell ; claws bifid or with a tooth within.

Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian, petiolate or sub-

petiolate at apex. $ . * Periclista A onow.

(== JMogerus Mac G. )

Anal cell in hind wings fully as long as the submedian. $

Isodyctium Ashm. g. n.
(Type caryicolum Dyar.)

* Mr. MacGillivray was not justified in changing the name of this genus, since
the cynipid genus is Periclistus, not Periclista.

228 Journal New York Entomological Society. [\oi. vi.

4. Hind wings without a closed discal cell . &

Hind wings with a closed discal cell.

Claws simple or with a minute scarcely perceptible tooth within . $

Claws cleft or with a large tooth within.

Anal cell in hind wings as long as the submedian. 9

Isodyctium As km..

Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian.

Tiansverse median nervure in hind wings received by the discal'
cell at or somewhat beyond the middle ; sheaths of ovipositor
equally thickened and more or less obliquely pointed at apex ;
third joint of antennae almost as long as joints 4-5 united. 9

Periclista Konow.

Transverse median nervure in hind wings received by the discal
cell before the middle ; sheaths of ovipositor produced at apex
into a thorn like tip. 9 . . Ard|s Konow.

5. Third joint of antennae longer than the fourth ; sheaths of ovipositor at tips obtuse.

Pareophora Konow.

Third joint of antennae a little shorter than the fourth, never longer ; sheaths of
ovipositor at tips rounded ; clypeus anteriorly truncate. Rhadinoceraea Konow

6. Anal cell in hind wings as long as the submedian. 9 . Isodyctium Ashm.

Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian. $ . Ardis Konow.

7. Third joint of antennae longer than the fourth. . . . . ; . ^

Third joint of antennae shorter than the fourth or not longer ; hind wings with

one discal cell ; claws bifid . Phylmatocera Dahm.

8. Praesternum of mesosternum not at all separated by a suture . 9‘

Prcesternum of mesosternum separated by a distinct suture.

Clypeus anteriorly truncate ; hind wings with one discal cell, the anal cell
shorter than the submedian ; claws long, simple. . Tomostethus Thems.

9. Hind wings with one discal cell . . *3-

Hind wings without a discal cell.

Hind wings with the marginal cell pointed at apex and sometimes open. . 1 2
Hind wings without a surrounding nervure at apex the marginal cell well

rounded at apex and with an appendage. . . 1C>

Hind wings with a surrounding nervure at apex the marginal cell well
rounded at apex but without an appendage . 11

10. Third tiansverse cubitus curved inwardly and not extending in the same direction

with the transverse radius, the third submarginal cell considerably hrger lhan
the first and second united ; antennae dense'y pilose, tapering toward tips, the
thiid joint longer than the fourth ; claws cleft. 9 $ • Parazarca Ashm. g. n.

(Type fumipennis Ashm.)

Third transverse cubitus straight or nearly so, and running in the same direction
with the transverse radius ; antennae pubescent, the third joint nearly as
long as joints 4 and 5 united

Claws cleft or bifid ; anal vein in front wings straight, not curving upwards
at tip ; transverse cubitus in hind wings not short, the anal cell shorter

than the submedian, briefly petiolated. . . 9 Ery thraspides Ashm. g. n.

(T\pe pygmcea Say.)

June, 1898.] DYAR : NEW SPECIES AND LaRWE Of SAWFLIES.

129

Claws simple ; anal vein in front wings curving upwards at tip ; transverse
cubitus in hind wings very short, the anal cell longly petiolated. 9 $ .

Blennocampa Hartig.

11. Third transverse cubitus curved inwardly, not extending in the same direction

with the transverse radius, strongly divergent ; third submarginal cell larger
than the first and second united ; pedicel as long as the scape, about thrice as
thick. $ . Calozarca Ashm. g. n.

(Type fascipennis Nort. )

Third transverse cubitus straight or nearly so, and running in the same direction
with the transverse radius ; third submarginal cell hardly longer than the sec¬
ond, much smaller than the first and second united ; pedicel shorter than the
scape. $ . . Ery thraspides Ashm.

12. Third transverse cubitus in front wings not running in the same direction with the

transverse radius ; marginal cell in hind wings with an appendage ; third joint
of antennas much shorter than joints 4-5 united ; claws with a small tooth

witbin . Scolioneura Konozv.

Third transverse cubitus in front wings almost interstitial with the transverse ra¬
dius, and running in the same direction ; marginal cell in hind wings without
an appendage, sometimes open at apex ; claws with a strong triangular tooth at

base . Entodecta Konow.

13. Hind tarsi usually longer than their tibiae ; clypeus very small, transverse-linear.

antennae densely pilose, the third joint longer than the fourth. 9 $ .

Zarca Cameron.

Hind tarsi not longer than their tibiae ; clypeus not small, anteriorly subemargi-
nate or truncate.

Antennae pubescent, the third joint distinctly longer than either the fourth
or the fifth.

Third submarginal cell longer than the first and second united ; antenna;
long, tapering toward tips, the third joint about as long as joints 6-9

united 9 . . Calozarca Ashm.

Third submarginal cell not longer than the first and second united ;
antennae with the third joint usually not longer than joints 9-10

Ufiited . : - Monophadnus Hartig.

Antennae clothed w ith long appressed hairs, the third and fourth joints equal,
the fifth longer, all somewhat thickened toward tips. .Senoclia Cameron.'

Periclista diluta Cresson.

These larvae are briefly described from Riley’s notes in Packard’s
Forest Insects (5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 206), but without giv¬
ing the most essential characters. The bred flies in collection U. S.
Nat. Mus., have the lanceolate cell of hind wings unusually long, though
still shortly petiolate at tip.

Periclista purpuridorsum, sp. nov.

$ . Black, segments 2 to 4 of tergum dull luteous ; angles of prothorax (except a
•black dot) aid tegulae white ; tip of clypeus and labrum pale. Legs black at base,
ends of femora and tibiae whitish and brown, tarsi duskv, nervures brown black ;
second recurrent received at base of third submarginal cell, almost interstitial.

130 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Volvl

9 . Reddish brown and black. Head black, tip of clypeus and labrum pale brown.
Thorax brown, a black spot on each lobe, lower half of pleura and pectus black ; pro¬
thorax and teguloe whitish. Abdomen brown, shaded with black on each segment,
the basal four segments solidly black ; ovipositor sheath black ; all the segments above
and below narrowly lined with whitish posteriorly. Legs reddish, coxse black, tibiae
whitish and tarsi dusky. Middle cells of hind wings one or none. The larva re¬
sembles that of P. diluta as far as that description goes.

Stage III.— Head black, a pale dot at apex of clypeus ; width .6
mm. Body green, food darker, the four dorsal spines on each side
black with white limbs.

Stage V. — Head pale in sutures and face, all the black marks touch¬
ing each other ; width, i mm. Body green, dorsum faintly shaded with
purplish ; spines as before, all distinctly furcate.

Stage VI. — Head pale, the lobes broadly black and a geminate
spot in clypeus; width, 1.4 mm. Segments indistinctly 5-annulate, two
spines on second (spiracular) annulet, one small one on third behind
spiracle, three on fourth ; two on each subventral fold. Legs on joints
6-12, 13 ; rest on venter on surface of leaf. Dorsum to spiracles oliva¬
ceous blackish, the four dorsal spines black, short with short limbs or
reduced to small black buttons ; joint 2 anteriorly, subventral region
and feet pale greenish white with colorless furcate spines which fringe
the sides. The dorsal. spines on joints 2, 3, 12 and 13 are not reduced.
At the end of the stage the dorsal color fades to purplish.

Stage VII. — (Ultimate.) Smooth, no spines, annulets folded ;
shining areas represent the tubercles ; color translucent waxy greenish
white, greener on the thorax, often blue-green ; no purple shade. The
larvae enter the earth and form cells lined with brown secretion. Soli¬
tary on the white oak in May, eating the young leaves; single brooded.
Found at Pelham Manor and Bellport, Long Island, N. Y., Washing¬
ton, D. C.

Periclista albicollis Norton.

Stage IV. — As in next stage ; head .7 mm.

Stage V. — Head shining black except mouth and a small arcuate
line above clypeus which are greenish ; width, 1 . 1 mm. Spines arranged
as in the preceding species, quite large and strongly furcate, all black,
even the little one on third annulet and the anterior one of the upper
subventral fold ; lower subventral spines pale, not furcate. Body trans¬
lucent green, indistinctly annulate. Feet on joints 6-12, 13.

Stage VI. — Head 1.4 mm. The same, the spines with long tapering
limbs, longer than the shaft.

June, 1898.] Dyar : New Species and Larwe of Sawflies. 131

Stage VII. — (Ultimate.) Not smooth, the tubercles represented by
small distinct cones ; not shining, all very light whitish green, very
much whiter than in the feeding stages, slightly wrinkly annulate, no
marks, no tarry shades. Larva as high as wide, robust. Spins a rather
fine brown cocoon either in the earth or after boring in decayed wood.
Single brooded. The larva is solitary, rarely several together, resting
on the upper side of the leaves of Q. tinctoria early in June. They are
unusually sluggish, often feeding upon a single leaf.

Others were found on the white oak ( Q. alba ) which appeared less
robust and had a pale space on the spines at the bases of the limbs; but
the imagines seem indistinguishable from the others.

Brookhaven, Bellport and Yaphank, Long Island, N. Y.

Periclista emarginata MacGillivray.

?. Black, clypeus emarginate, labrum pale; abdomen with the tips
of segments lined with whitish below, the last segment brownish ; pro¬
thorax largely and tegulae white; legs pale, the femora brown, except
narrowly on the under side ; tips of tarsi dusky. Under wings with one
middle cell or none.

Two 9 9 bred from larvae similar to those described (Can. Ent.,
xxvi, 185;, which produced the $ type.

Stage IV. — As in next stage, spines all pale; head .7 mm.

Stage V. — Head 1.1 mm., a shade above ocelli, the patch in clypeus
single, transverse, later double.

Body green, spines all pale, furcate, arranged as in the preceding
species of Periclista.

Stages VI and VII have been published.

Found on Q. coccinea at Pelham Manor and Van Cortland t Park,
N. Y., in May.

Periclista subtruncata, sp. nov.

9. Similar to the preceding, but the clypeus shallowly emarginate.
Shining black, prothorax narrowly and ’tegulae white ; abdomen entirely
black. Legs brown, coxae and basal two-thirds of femora blackish, tarsi
dusky. Sculpturing essentially as in emarginata , but the vertical groove
on head shows a tendency to cross the transverse one between the pos¬
terior ocelli. Length, 5.5 mm. One 9.

Not strikingly distinct in either imago or larva from P. emarginata,
but both Mr. MacGillivray and Mr. Ashmead have compared the flies
and do not consider them the same.

Stage IV. — Head pale brown, dotted on a greenish ground, a black

132 Journal New York Entomological Society [Voi. vi.

patch in clypeus ; eye and antennae black. Body light yellowish green,
the furcate spines paler except the thoracic ones which are black tipped.
Feet on joints 6—12, 13, the thoracic ones short, scarcely visible from

above.

Stage V. _ Patch in clypeus brown ; body green, dorsal vessel less

contrasting.

Stage VI.— Head green, clypeus brownish, eye black. Body rather
opaque careen, a little whitish dorsally from diffuse fat, dorsal vessel
darker green. Furcate spines whitish, dusky tipped on joints 2 and 3
and faintly on anal flap.

Stage VII. — (Ultimate. ) Smooth, waxy greenish, eye black; shin¬
ing, indistinctly annulate, dorsal vessel green. Cocoon in the ground ,
single brooded.

Found on the black oak (Q. coccined) in Van Cortlandt Park, N.
Y., in May.

Periclista chionanthi Murtfeldt , (M S.).

9 . Shining black ; tips of femora and tibiae du 1 luteous, tarsi dusky ; angles of
prothorax narrowly andtegulm whitish. Wings h) aline, nervures brown- black ; second
recurrent nervure received at basal third of third submarginal cell. One middle cell in
hind wings. Length, 5-5 mm-

Two 9 9, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Miss Murtfeldt), no. 296 M.
Larva.— Head shining black, mouth parts only pale. Segments in¬
distinctly 5-annulate, spines furcate, moderate, two on second (spirac-
ular) annulet, three on fourth, two on each subventral fold, all furcate
except the pair on lower subventral fold. Body yellowish with numer¬
ous fat granules, a broken subdorsal black shade, distinct at the bases
of the second spines. Dorsal spines black-ringed at base. Thoracic
feet small, abdominal moderate on joints 6-12, 13; rests on venter on
surface of leaf. “Slug on white fringe ”( Chionanthus), Kirkwood,
Mo., Dept. Agriculture no. 4048 bis.

Periclista media Norton.

Sitting on the venter on the surface of young leaves of white oak
((A alba), eating circular holes, solidary.

" Stage I— Head very pale brown, eye black; width .3 mm. Body
translucent whitish, food brownish ; covered with short colorless Y-
shaped spines, thick and with short shaft, the limbs blunt, apparently
arranged as in the later stages.

Stage II— Head and body translucent, colorless, eye black ; width
.4 mm. Spines with long shaft and sharp recurved branches extending

jane, 1898.] Dyar : New Species and Larvte of Sawflies.

133

in a longitudinal plane. Segments scarcely annulate. Thoracic feet
large, abdominal on joints 6-12, 13.

Stage III — Waxy white, shining, eye black ; width .6 mm. Body
pale green, principally from the food. Furcate spines moderate, con-
colorous whitish. Feet pale. Length, 5.5 mm.

Stage IV. — The same. Head .8 mm., length, 6 mm. The body be¬
comes darker green from the food, but the blood is pale green, tinting
the subventral area.

Stage V. — The same; width of head i.t mm.

Stage VI. — Entirely green, no marks. Furcate spines rather short;
seeming remote, none dark ; arrangement as usual in Periclista with
but two spines on the spiracular annulet. Head greenish white, eye
black; width T.4 mm. Rarely some of the spines are trifid instead of
bifid. A variety occurs with a black patch in the clypeus, but it dis¬
appears in the last stage, leaving the larva immaculate. Segments
indistinctly annulate.

Stage VII. — (Ultimate.) Smooth, all greenish, not shining ; head
•and thorax emerald tinted ; dorsal vessel green. Enter the earth and
form cells. Single brooded, common on the white oak in May, the
| -commonest of the early spring slugs. Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx Park,
Bedford Park, Pelham Manor, N. Y. ; Fort Lee, N. J., Brookhaven,
Bellport and Yaphank, Long Island.

Key to the American Species of Periclista , 9.

1. Yellow with brown thorax; no black above . diluta Cress.

Prevailing color black . 2

2. Black of dorsum mixed with brown, abdominal segments very narrowly white

bordered . . . purpuridorsum Dyar.

Entirely black above . . 3

3. Clypeus somewhat angularly emaiginate . 4

Clypeus more broadly and shallowly emarginate or truncate . 5

4 Slender, legs whitish and amber brown ; vertical groove from lower ocellar basin

distinct . emarginatus Mac G.

Robust, legs shadir g to black on femora ; vertical groove from lower ocellar basin

short . albicollis Nort.

5- Clypeus shallowly emarginate . . 6

Clypeus truncate, scarcely at all emarginate . 7

6. Legs heavily shaded with blrrkish brown ; transverse groove between upper ocelli

straight, s ightly crossed by the vertical groove . subtruncata Dyar.

Legs mostly wh tish below the femora ; transverse groove slightly bent at junction

with vertical one, not crossed by it . .chionanthi Murtf.

7 • Regs pale, femora brownish, abdomen brownish at sides posteriorly; vertical
groove short, the lower ocellar basin reaching nearly to the transverse groove.

media Nort.

134 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Isodyctium floridense, sp. nov.

9 . Brown; antennae, except basal joint, black. Head narrowly darker brown in the
sutures, orbits yellowish. Thoracic lobes lined with yellowish as in rjleyi, bat with¬
out black, only darker brown double marks on the side lobes. Abdomen brown,
basal plates yellowish, lined before and behind narrowly with blackish ; beneath-
shaded with black, especially towards tip. Mesopleura brown, with a jellow line
posteriorly. Legs pale. Wings hyaline, veins blackish brown, basal half of stigma
pale. Length, 6.5 mm.

One ?. Florida, U. S. Nat. Mas. (from Am. Ent. Soc.).

Larva unknown.

Isodyctium subgregarium, sp. nov.

g . Head black, clypeus emarginate with two white dots at tip, labrum pa’e
clypeus hollowed below each antennae, the lower rim projecting. Thorax black,
tegulae and collar (except a black dot) white ; a line on mesopleura and sutures below
white. Abdomen whitish, basal plates and four terminal segments above black, be¬
low shaded with black. Legs pale, tarsi shaded with blackish, coxae and trochanters
spotted with black. Wings hyaline, costa pale at base, second recurrent nervure re¬
ceived near base of third submarginal cell. Lecgth, 6 mm.

9 . Pale yellowish, head, thorax and pleura red Antennae black except basal joint;
narrow black linings in head grooves and in sutures behind mesothorax. Legs yel¬
lowish, tarsi slightly tipped with blackish. Wings hyaline, nervures pale, those to¬
ward center of wing lined with black. No middle cells in hind wings. Length, 6. 5 mm.

Stage IV. — Head green with a large triangular black patch on each
lobe and one in clypeus; width .8 mm. Spines furcate, short, three on
second and fourth annulets, one behind spiracle, two on each subven-
tral fold, the smaller ones simple. Spines black except the subventral
ones; feet pale, abdominal ones on joints 6-12, 13.

Stage V. — The same ; patch in clypeus double; width of head 1.2
mm. Spines distinct, the limbs curving, divergent and tapering.

Stage VI. — Head 1.8 mm. Body uniformly green from food,
spines black except on lower subventral fold. No change in coloration.

Stage VII. — (Ultimate.) Smooth, entirely green, eye black;
shining areas in the places of the spines. Enter the earth and form
cells ; single brooded.

The larvae are gregarious in the early stages, but separate before
maturity.

Found in May on white oaks (Q. alba, Q. primes') at Pelham Manor,
Bronx Park and at several places on Long Island.

Isodyctium infrequens, sp. nov.

9 . Robust ; head black, a brown dot between antennae and line at tip of clypeus
which is scarcely emarginate. Thorax dark brown, streaked with black on all the

June, 1898.] Dyar : New Species and Larvae of Sawflies.

135

lobes, scutellum black ; pleura brown above, black below, pilose. Abdomen brown,
segments banded with blackish posteriorly, more distinctly toward base above. Legs
brown, tibiae and tarsi paler. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma pale. One middle
cell in hind wings. Length, 6.5 mm.

Stage V. — Head immaculate, eye black; width, 1.1 mm. Body
green, dorsal vessel darker ; spines moderate, furcate, arranged as is
normal for Isodyctium with three on spiracular annulet, pale except the
terminal ones on joints 2, 3, 12 and 13 which have black limbs and
the upper row the whole length which is touched with black at the base
of the fork, leaving the apex and shaft pale. Feet pale, 6-12, 13.

Stage VI. — Head 1.6 mm., green, eye narrowly black. Body faintly
annulate, spines all pale except the black patches as before. Another
had the limbs of the four dorsal spines black whole length.

Stage VII. — (Ultimate.) Head slightly brownish tinted, eye black ;
width 1.6 mm. Body smooth, green, with shining areas instead of the
spines, indistinctly annulate. Color uniform, dorsal vessel dark.

Single brooded, cells in the ground as usual.

Found on the white oak ((A alba ) at Brookhaven and Bellport,
Long Island, early in June, but probably occurs earlier in the mainland
where the season is not retarded by cold winds as on the south shore
of the island. Rare.

Isodyctium murtfeldtiae, sp. ncv.

9 . Head black, clypeus emarginate, its tip and labrum whitish. Thorax brown, a
black spot on each lobe ; metathorax black. Mesopleura brown above, black below,
a distinct white line behind ; metapleura shining black, lined through the middle with
white. Abdomen mostly pale luteous, basal plates and irregular marks on some of ihe
sutures black. Legs pale, black marks only in sutures of trochanters and coxre.
Hind wings with one middle cell. Length, 5 5 mm.

One 9, Miss Murtfeldt, no. 207 M.

Larva. — Head green, eye narrowly black ; width, 1.4 mm. Body
green, the spines distinct, well furcate (arrangement not discernible in
the specimen, but presumably as in Isodyctium ), all the basal ones
broadly black at the base and with blackish limbs. Food plant, black

oak.

Isodyctium calricolum Dyar.

In the larvae previously described (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., V, 193)
only the upper spine on second annulet and upper two on fourth were
furcate, the rest being reduced to single spines or cones. I have since
found others with the spines nearly normally furcate and others perfectly
normal, all the spines furcate except the stigmatal one of third annulet,

136 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi

the posterior one of anterior subventral fold and piir on posterior fold.
On acquiring the last stage (VI) some of the lower spines become single.

Stages IV to VII observed. Rather common on the hickory at
Bronx Park and Bedford Park, New York, in May.

The $ of 7. bipartitum Cress, closely resembles this species in color¬
ation, but the head sculpturing and shape of clypeus seem different.
The ? is unknown, and may turn out to be quite distinct from that of

I. caryicolum.

Key to the Species of Isodyctium, 9*-

1. Head in part, at least orbits above pale . 2

Head black. . . . 5

2. Black on head confined narrowly to sutures . 3

Black on head covering most of vertex besides sutures . 4

3. Lobes of thorax yellow lined ; orbits narrowly yellowish . floridense Dyar.

Thorax and head uniformly red brown except for slight black marks.

subgregarium Dyar.

4 Lobes of thorax yellow lined, orbits pale above, black before and behind.

rileyi Cress.

5. Upper half of pleura red or brown . 6

Pleura black . 9

6. Slender; ocellar basin narrowed, the vertical groove joining the transverse one be¬

tween upper ocelli . 7

More robust ; ocellar basin, triangular, the vertical and transverse grooves slightly

Q

crossing . * . - .

7. Middle lobe of thorax brown . inaequidens Nort.

Thorax heavily black marked on all lobes. . . murtfeldtiae Dyar.

8. Thorax dark brown, the streaks on lobes obscure, brown ; abdomen brown at

. . inf requens Dyar.

Thorax brown, obscure streaks black ; abdomen yellow at the sides . 9

9. Rather slender, ocellar basin narrow, joining the stiaight transverse groove

above . caryicolum Dyar.

Synopsis of the Larvae of the North American
Blennocampin^e so far as known.

The Blermocampince have feet on joints 6-12 and 13, resting flatly
on the surface of the leaf; body thick and robust, as high as wide or
more so, except in leaf mining forms which are flattened and have de¬
generate feet.

The group is rather heterogeneous in appearance, but includes all
the leaf miners, all the spiny slugs and the smooth slugs that are thick
and robust.

* bipartitufn Cress, not included from lack of 9 specimen.

June, 1898.] Dyar: New Species and Larvae of Sawflies.

13 T

The hairy, slimy, long-woolly or slender slugs and all edge feeders
are foreign to the group.

I. Resting flatly on surface of leaf, feet moderately developed, functional . 2

Leaf miners, feet functionless or absent . 16

Body with spines or points, distinguishable at least subventrally . 3

2.

5

7-

8.

—

Body smoooth . 15

Two spines on second (spiracular) annulet . 4

1 hree spines on both second and fourth annulets . 9

Dorsum shaded with blackish in last stage, at least subdorsally . . 5

Dorsum entirely green . 6

Head black spotted ; dorsum purplish, on Quercus alba.

Periclista purpuridorsum

Similar to the preceding . Periclista diluta*

Head black ; a subdorsal black line, on Chionanthus. .Periclista chionanthi

Head and spines blacc; oa Q. alba , Q. tinctoria . Periclista albicollis

Head and spines partly or wholly green . . .7

Head with a black supra-ocellar shade and double spot in clypeus ; on Q. coccinea.

Periclista emarginata

Head green or with only a brownish spot in clypeus . 8

Clypeus brownish ; terminal spines dusky on the tips ; on Q. coccinea.

Periclista subtruncata

All green, at least in last stage ; on Q. alba . Periclista media

Feeding on trees ( Quercus , Carpimis, Carya ) . 10

Feeding on shrubs or vines ( Rubus , Vilis, Spircea ) . 13

Head largely black spotted, spines black ; on Q. prinus , Q. alba

Isodyctium subgregarium

Head not spotted, spines mostly pale . II

Spines well forked, not degenerate . 12

Spines more or less degenerate in last stage ; on hickory (Cary a)

Isodyctium caryicolum

12. Spines black at base and tip; on Q. coccinea .... Isodyctium murtfeldtire
Terminal spines only black tipped ; on Q. alba . . . Isodyctium infrequens
Spines well forked, dorsal ones wuh black limbs ; on raspberry {Rubus)

Monophadnus rubi

Spines reduced to points . 14

Head and dorsal points black ; on grape ( Vitis). . . . Erythraspides pygmaea
All green, points white ; on meadow sweet {spircea). . . Blennocampa spirae
Head black, body white and yellow ; on ash ( Fraxinus )

Monophadnus barda

Mining in oak ( Quercus) . Fenusa curta

Mining in raspberry {Rubus) . Fenusa rubi

Mining in alder {Alnus) . Kaliosysphinga varipes

Mining in poplar {Populus) . Entodecta populi

Note. — Mr. Ashmead has kindly revised the generic references of

10.

11.

13

14.

*5

16.

* Insufficiently described.

138 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

the insects recorded in the above table in accordance with his generic '

synopsis. |

I have excluded the woolly slugs from this table because juglandis is >
clearly referable to the Selandriinse. There is probably some error
connected with the account of the other woolly slug, Monaphadnus
carya of Norton and Packard, and it will be found to be wrongly re- '
ferred to Monophadnus .

NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM TROPICAL

AMERICA.

By William Schaus.

SYNTOMID/E.

Cosmosoma dorsimacula, sp. nov.

Head and palpi black. Legs brown ; fore coxae white. Collar and thorax
orange, the latter with two large black subdorsal spots; a minute black point an¬
teriorly on patagiae. Abdomen orange with four subdorsal black spots ; the last three
segments entirely black. Wings hyaline, the margins black, the outer margins and
apices more widely so ; a large black spot at the end of the cell on the primaries.
Expanse, 37 mm.

Habitat : Balzapamba, Prov. of Bolivar, Ecuador.

Cosmosoma biseriatum, sp. nov.

Head and palpi black. Collar black with two metallic blue spots. Thorax
black anteriorly, orange posteriorly with a large black subdorsal spot containing some
metallic blue scales ; the patagiae orange internally streaked with black ; thorax be¬
low dark yellow, the legs brown streaked at the base with yellow. Abdomen above
orange, the last four segments black ; the orange portion with lateral transverse black
bands, interrupted dorsally. A lateral row of metallic blue spots on all the segments.
Underneath the abdomen is yellow ; the last segments black and a black band on
basal segment. Wings hyaline with black margins, very wide on the outer margins
and at apices. A large black spot at the end of the cell on primaries ; a large orange
spot at the base of the wings. Underneath the wings at the base are yellow. Ex¬
panse, 41 mm.

Habitat : Balzapamba, Prov. of Bolivar, Ecuador.

Cosmosoma bolivari, sp. nov.

Head and palpi black. Collar anteriorly black, posteriorly yellow. Thorax
yellow, with subdorsal black spots. Abdomen dorsally brown, the first and sixth seg-

June, 1898.]

139

New Species of Heterocera.

ments yellow, the first having a black subdorsal spot ; anal scales yellow. Under¬
neath yellow, the last two segments black. Legs light brown, tarsi yellowish. Wings
hyaline ; the margins finely black ; the apices, inner angle and base of primaries more
widely black ; costal margin of primaries luteous. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat : Ba.lzapa.mba, Prov. of Bolivar, Kcuador.

Chrostosoma cardinale, sp. nov.

Head and palpi black. Collar, thorax and abdomen red ; tibiae and tarsi brown.
Wings hyaline, veins and margins finely black ; apices and inner margin of secondaries
more heavily black. A red spot at the base of the primaries and some red scales

along the inner margin of secondaries. Underneath with the base of the wings red.
Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat : Colombia.

Tsanthrene pentagona, sp. ncv.

Body below, legs, head and palpi bright yellow. Collar yellow with a transverse
black streak. Thorax black, patagiae with a central yellow streak. Abdomen above
yellow, the last five segments broadly banded with black. Wings hyaline, the veins
and fringe reddish brown. Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat : Peru.

Agunaix lacrumans, sp. nov.

Body black. Primaries smoky black, darkest on the basal half. Secondaries
semi-hyaline, black. Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat : Peru.

The genus Agunaix is new and will be described by Sir George
Hampson in his work on the Syntomidse.

Paramya flavia, sp. nov.

Palpi and legs light brown. Body otherwise pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins
and margins finely light brown, the apex and outer margins of primaries, also the in¬
ner margin of secondaries more broadly so. Discocellular black. Base of the wings
light yellow. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Pheia hsemapera, sp. nov.

Body black ; two large crimson spots on collar. Anus crimson. Coxse and base
of abdomen below cream color. Wings hyaline, veins and margins biack, most
heavily marked at apices and inner angle. A black spot at the end of the cell on
primaries. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Sta. Catherina, Brazil.

>£thria rubipectus, sp. nov.

Palpi black spotted with white. Head black. Thorax black, the collar and
patagise finely edged with white. Underneath thorax is crimson. Abdomen metallic

140 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

blue, the anal hairs very long and black. Wings h) aline, veins and margins finely
black ; the apex of primaries broadly black. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : San Domingo, W. I.

Napata unifascia, sp. nov.

Palpi and head black speckled with metallic blue. Thorax black mottled with
metallic blue. Abdomen above dark metallic blue, below with a white ventral stripe.
Legs black streaked with white. Primaries black, the basal half of inner margin me¬
tallic blue ; a broad median crimson fascia from the subcostal vein and narrowing
towards inner angle. Secondaries dark metallic blue with the extreme margin and
fringe black. Underm ath the same, but on the primaries there is a cluster of metal¬
lic blue scales beyond the crimson fascia, and the secondaries have the outer margin
and apex more broadly black. Expanse, 27 mm.

Habitat : Chimbo, Ecuador.

.

Trichodesma obliqua, sp. nov.

Head brown, frons cream color. Thorax and collar brown finely edged with
yellowish. Abdomen brown circled with fine yellow lines. Primaries brown ; a
broad yellow oblique band from the costa, not reaching the inner angle. Secondaries-
yellow, with the margins broadly black. Underneath the same. Expanse, 30 mm.
Habitat : Rio Janeiro.

SaTURNID^E. \ 1

j

Automeris naranja, sp. nov.

Primaries olive gray to brown, sometimes shaded with paler in the disk ; the
antemedial line wavy, indistinct ; the postmedial line somewhat curved inwardly from,
apex, to beyond center of inner margin ; this line outwardly dark, inwardly pale.
Discal spot large, darker and diffuse, outlined by five black points. Secondaries with
the costal and inner margin brownish, with a darker subterminal shade inwardly lim¬
ited by a black line which also separates it from a deep orange postmedial space which
contains the ocellus, the latter being brown with a gray centre and broadly circled
with black. Below wings grayish with a dark straight postmedial line and a black
discal spot on primaries. Thorax colored like primaries, abdomen blackish above,
grayish below. Expanse, $ , 64 mm.; 9 » 77 mm-
Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.

Automeris zaruma, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark velvety brown ; abdomen reddish. Primaries yellowish
brown, with basal space and postmedial shadings darker, an oblique and irregular
bright yellow, antemedial line ; the postmedial black, inwardly shaded with yellow,
from apex to inner margin at two thirds from base. Secondaries with costal and inner
margins reddish ; outer margin brownish ; a black subterminal band adjoining the
larger median space of bright yellow ; this yellow space crossed by a black postmedial
line ; ocellus brown, broadly circled with black and containing a cluster of gray scales
crossed by a white line. Underneath the wings are reddish ; a large black discal

June, 1898.]

New Species of Heterocera.

141

point with white centre on primaries, a minute white discal point on secondaries.
Indistinct dark postmedial lines and subterminal shades. Expanse, g , 81 mm.

Habitaf : Zaruma, Ecuador.

Automeris castrensis, sp. nov.

Thorax dark brown ; abdomen red; anal hairs brownish. Primaries narrow with
inner angle rounded, also apex rounded, light brown with an oblique indistinct line
from apex to middle of inner margin ; this line is inwardly paler, outwardly darker
than the ground color ; discal spot round small with paler center. Secondaries bright
yellow the outer margin narrowly brown, separated from yellow portion by a black
line. Ocellus large, black, with grayish centre crossed by a white line. Underneath
wings brown with a large round black discal spot on each wing. Expanse, 55 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Dirphia muscosa, sp. nov.

Primaries thickly mottled with greenish and black hairy scales ; an oblique angu¬
lar line from the costa at one third from the base to vein 2, where it is joined by
the postmedial line which is crenulate. The lines are black, outwardly shaded with
grayish ; a dark spot in the cell ; in the 9 the lines do not meet, but extend to the
inner margin some distance apart. Secondaries brownish gray in the $ , fawn color
in the 9 , thickly speckled with dark scales, the outer margin and a subterminal line
darker in the $ ; in the 9 only a subterminal line. Thorax same color as primaries ;
abdomen orange with transverse black bands in the $ . Expanse, $ , 80 mm. ; 9 ,
90 mm.

Habitat : Rio Grande do Sul.

NoCTUIDiE.

Chorizagrotis sorella, sp. nov.

Body grayish brown, the collar slightly reddish. Primaries brown, faintly tinged
with reddish beyond the reniform. Space before the spots dark brown, spots them¬
selves of ground color finely outlined in dark brown ; claviform the same ; ante-
medial line geminate, indistinct, forming three curves ; postmedial very fine, almost
punctiform ; subterminal wavy, indistinct with some sagittate spots between veins 3-5.
Secondaries semi-hyaline, smoky brown, darkest along the outer margin. Underneath
whitish powdered with brown scales ; traces of postmedial line and discal spots dis¬
tinct on secondaries. Expanse, 39 mm.

Habitat : Las Vigas, Cobre de Perote, Mexico.

According to Prof. J. B. Smith this species is allied to Chorizagrotis
soror Smith.

Peridroma scortea, sp. nov.

Body grayish brovn. Primaries light brown ; some grayish scales at the base on
the inner margin, in the orbicular reniform, along the veins and terminal space.
These gra)ish shades are very indistinct. Antemedial line only visible on costa.

142

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Postmedial fine crenulate. A fine terminal black line, saggitate on veins. Secondaries
whitish hyaline, smoky along the outer margin. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Mamestra gavisa, sp. nov.

Body brown. Primaries dull brown, somewhat shaded with rufous ; a black
streak at the base ; the veins indistinctly grayish ; the antemedial pale fawn color
finely edged with dark scales ; the orbicular and claviform finely outlined with dark
scales ; the reniform grayish with a distinct white line outwardly, the postmedial
fawn color, slightly crenulate and finely edged with dark scales ; the terminal space
except at apex dark gray with a terminal row of yellowish spots ; the fringe mottled
gray and fawn color. Secondaries brown, pale at the base. Underneath a post-
medial lice and discal spot on both wings. Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat : Las Vigas, Cobre de Perote, Mexico. J

Mamestra ciniva, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray. Abdomen light brown. Primaries silvery gray, thickly
speckled with white scales ; an interrupted black basal line ; the antemedial line
black, oblique from the costa to middle of inner margin ; the median space a trifle
darker ; some subterminal black scales ; a terminal gray line ; fringe white with two
gray lines ; the orbicular and reniform very indistinct and faintly outlined with black.
Secondaiies whitish ; the veins and outer margin smoky. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat: Oaxaca, Mexico.

This species somewhat resembles M. anguina Gr., and M. vecina
Gr., but is much smaller.

Hadena dyschoroides, sp. nov.

Body reddish brown. Primaries light reddish brown, the terminal space except
at apex dark brown ; the basal line black, geminate, indistinct ; the antemedial dark
brown, sinuate, a dark median transverse shaded, angled below costa ; the postmedial
fine wavy, dark brown inwardly shaded with violaceous and outwardly followed by
two rows of dark points ; the dark terminal space preceded by a wavy violaceous line,
a bright yellow spot in the reniform. Secondaries brown, the friDge reddish. Un¬
derneath grayish brown ; a dark postmedial spot on costa of primaries. Secondar.es
with a discal spot and postmedial line. Expanse, 21 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Hadena orizabena, sp. nov.

Head and thorax violaceous brown ; abdomen light brown. Primaries violaceous
brown ; the central portion of median space darker ; some dark scales at the base
the antemedial line paler, irregularly oblique from costa to a paler space on the middle
of inner margin ; the postmedial similar, slightly sinuate to middle of inner margin
also, but not quite touching the antemedial line ; orbicular very indistinct, reniform
with a large white spot ; a subterm’mal row of white points inwardly preceded by
sagittate dark violaceous sfiadings. Some minut? jrecldish brown spots on costa and

June, 1898.]

New Species of Heterocera.

143

extreme outer margin ; fringe dark violaceous brown. Secondaries light brown.
Underneath light brown with a postmedial line and discal spot on secondaries. Ex¬
panse, 25 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Hadena zuelana, sp. nov.

Palpi, head and collar pale fawn in color. Thorax brown. Abdomen gray ;
dorsal tufts reddish brown. Primaries with the basal half brown, the outer half gray,
the basal half sometimes mottled with paler shades ; the antemedial and medial lines
fine, geminate, very indistinct ; the postmedial line fine, dark, very wavy and twice
sinuate beyond the cell ; the apex darker, with a lunate subapical line outwardly
shaded with white ; some dark subterminal shadings at the inner angle ; the spots in¬
distinct and faintly outlined. Secondaries with the basal half white, the outer half
black. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat : Aroa, Venezuela.

Out of eight specimens I have of this species no two are absolutely
alike and the variation is greater than the description implies.

Eurois bertha, sp. nov.

Head and thorax mottled brown and white. Abdomen light brown. Primaries
brown. A pink spot at the base ; the basal line white, inwardly shaded with dark
brown ; the antemedial and postmedial lines fine wh te, the basal and postmedial
spaces slightly speckled with white. On median space the median and submedian
veins pink ; the spots circled with white ; the orbicular dark brown, the reniform in
the shape of 8, pink and brown ; a dark brown space between the spots and a dark
brown spot beyond the reniform. The terminal space mottled with light brown, some
subterminal black streaks ; a terminal dark line interrupted on the veins. Fringe
mottled with gray. Secondaries brown, fringe partly white. Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat'. Castro, Parana.

Eurois orbiculata, sp. nov.

Palpi yellow, laterally brown. Head yellow. Collar and throat mottled yellow
and gray. Primaries mottled white and olivaceous brown ; the basal line dark olive,
the jntemedial white, interrupted, and outwardly bordered with a black line ; a dark
olive space in the cell between the spots. The orbicular small, white ; the reniform
large, mottled gray and white ; the postmedial dark, fine, crenulate, angled beyond
the cell, inwardly shaded with white ; a subterminal wavy greenish white shade ; a
terminal black line inwardly shaded with white and interrupted in the veins. Fringe
olivaceous with pale streaks opposite the veins. Secondaries light brown. Under¬
neath primaries brownish. Secondaries gray with discal spot, postmedial and sub¬
terminal shading. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Platysenta obscura, sp. nov.

Head, collar a ad thorax black. Abdomen brown. Primaries black, brown
along the inner margin, in the cell and towards apex. A velvety black streak at base

144

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

below median vein, some indistinct subterminal brown streaks between the veins.
Orbicular brown, outlined in velvety black. Reniform, small, round whitish circled
with black and crossed with two black lines ; a terminal black line, fringe mottled
brown and gray. Secondaries white, the veins black on the outer margin. Expanse,

33 mm-

Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico; Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Stibadium corazona, sp. nov.

Body gray. Primaries apparently gray, the ground color being olive brown, very
thickly irrorated with whitish scales. The antemedial line fine, pale, nearly straight;
the postmedial pale, angled beyond the cell and then straight to inner margin, above
which it is inwardly shaded with olivaceous ; a pale subterminal shade straight from
apex to angle of postmedial, then wavy to inner angle. Secondaries grayish brown,
with an indistinct subterminal pale line. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Guadalajara, Mexico.

Stibadium jalada, sp. nov.

Head and thorax rufous. Abdomen brown. Primaries olivaceous brown, thickly
speckled with lilacine scales, the outer margin paler ; the lines fine olive brown, de¬
void of lilacine scales ; the antemedial angular, the postmedial forming a large curve
beyond the cell ; the medial line geminate, indistinct. Secondaries grayish brown,
with a fine postmedial line. Expanse, 33'mm.

Habitat : Guadalajara, Mexico.

Plagiomimicus musculus, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light gray, abdomen light brown. Primaries mouse gray ; an
indisdnct antemedial whitish line angled at the cell ; a broad white band indistinctly
divided by a grayish line from the costal margin close to the apex to just beyond the
middle of inner margin. Secondaries grayish white. Primaries below grayish.
Secondaries below white, speckled with gray on the costal margin. Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

Grotella dulcita, sp. nov.

Body and primaries bright silky yellow. Secondaries dark gray, the fringe yel
low. Underneath primaries dark gray with the costal margin and fringe yellow.
Secondaries below light gray. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.

Eustrotia malonia, sp. nov.

Palpi black. Head and collar white. Thorax and abdomen brownish yellow
speckled with white. Wings pale creamy brown. Primaries with a black spot at the
base of the costa ; an antemedial white wavy band, spotted with yellow, and starting
from a conspicuous black spot on the costa ; the postmedial line fine, white, shaded
with brown and also starting from a black costal spot, then curved beyond the cell,
and wavy to the inner margin ; a heavy white subterminal shade ; an interrupted
terminal black line ; fringe grayish brown, spotted with white. Secondaries pale

June, 1898.]

New Species of Heterocera.

145

brown, shaded with white at the base and along the inner margin ; a terminal dark
line ; fringe mottled brown and white. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Geometrid^e.

Pityeja picta, sp. nov.

Head and thorax cream color, the latter speckled with reddish brown ; abdomen
cream color. Primaries with the base cream color defined by a reddish oblique line ;
the antemedial line very oblique to the centre of the inner margin, reddish brown ;
the space before it light brown mottled towards the base with white ; the postmedial
line nearly straight from costa to vein 4, and then forming an inward curve to near
the inner angle ; the median space white crossed by reddish brown veins and some
transverse striae especially in the cell ; beyond the postmedial line the wing is dark
gray shading to reddish brown on the outer margin, mottled with darker striae ; near
the apex some reddish spots. In the 9 the dark basal and postmedial spaces are
thickly spotted with white. Secondaries white, the inner and outer margins,
especially about the anal angles, light reddish brown with some grayish striae. A
terminal blackish line, and a black spot on the prolongation between veins 3 and 4.
Expanse, 29 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico.

Ophthalmophora fasciata, sp. nov.

Body brown. Primaries dark brown, crossed by a broad median yellow band,
very wide on the costal margin, narrowing at the median vein and then widening
slightly to the inner margin ; some yellow spots on the extreme margin and fringe
yellow, except from veins 2-4, where it is brown. Underneath the same but no spots
on the margin except at anal angle. Secondaries above dark brown ; the apex, outer
margin and fringe yellow ; a subterminal silvery line and four postmedial ocelli black,
circled with yellow and containing some silvery scales. Underneath the same but
without the ocelli or silvery line. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

This species is closely allied to O. asopis Druce.

Aplogompha chotaria, sp. nov.

Body yellow ; two longitudinal brown streaks on thorax. Abdorren with brown
spots and transverse lines. Primaries yellow with transverse rows of small quadrate
brownish spots ; basal, subbasal, antemedial and medial complete ; the postmedial
and subterminal rows coalescing between veins 4, 5 and 6, and represented by a single
spot on the inner margin ; a terminal row of smaller spots. The spots along the
costa, the terminal and some of the subterminal spots shaded with metallic scales.
Secondaries yellow with similar rows of spots, the terminal and subterminal rows also
shaded with metallic s :ales. Expanse, 16 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa, Mexico; Aroa, Venezuela.

Bapta ruptilinea, sp. nov.

Primaries silky white, thickly irrorated with creamy scales and sparsely speckled
with dark brown. An indistinct antemedial shade not reaching the costa ; the post-

146 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.vi.

medial shade broad, interrupted between the veins giving it a denticulate appearance ;
a terminal row of black poin's. A black point in the cell. Secondaries similar but
with only the postmedial shade, which does not reach the costal margin and is most
distinct on the inner margin. Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Allied to B. hebetior Warr, from the same locality.

Lozogramma (?) setaria, sp. nov.

Wings pale silky grayish brown. An almost imperceptible wavy brown ante-
medial line ; a minute dUcal point ; a postmedial straight brown line edged on either
side with dark brown. Secondaries with a trace of a postmedial line on the inner
margin. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Semiothisa oaxacana, sp. nov.

Wings entire, very pale reddish brown, darker beyond the postmedial line, thinly
speckled with dark brown scales ; the veins and a postmedial line buff, the latter
straight on the primaries, slightly wavy on the secondaries ; traces of a fine medial
line on the primaries. A minute black spot in the cells, terminal black points between
the veins, underneath the same. Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

Microgonia gilva, sp. nov.

Pale yellow, tinged with green, the basal and medial space on primaries somewhat
grayish, iridescent. An irregular antemedial black line edged with whitish scales ;
a minute black discal point ; the outer line fine, black, outwardly bordered with
white, angled near apex and then slightly wavy to middle of inner margin ; this line
is continued on secondaries where it is still more wavy ; the outer margin with lilacine
strke and three subterminal cuneiform marks ; a wavy lilacine subterminal shade on
secondaries. Underneath primaries bright yellow, except inner margin which with
secondaries is grayish ; the outer line brownish, broadly shaded outwardly with white
on the primaries ; on the secondaries it is perpendicular from costal margin to below
cell where it forms a large curve to centre of inner margin. Expanse, 56 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Allied to M. mexicata Gn., but readily distinguished by color,
wavy line on secondaries and absence of glaucous spot on inner margin
of primaries.

Microgonia fulcata, sp. nov.

g olive green, 9 dark brown. Primaries very acute as in platypterata Gn. ; a
fine basal line ; an antemedial line oblique from costa to median vein, then slightly
wavy, perpendicular to inner margin ; a minute discal point followed by an oblique
dark shade from costa ; outer line curved from costa to nearly outer margin, then
angled and inwardly oblique to inner margin at two-thirds from base ; this line is
heavily marked and dark brown followed by a narrow pale shade and is continued on
the secondaries to middle of inner margin ; there is also an angular subterminal shade

New Species of Heterocera.

147

June, 1898.]

on secondaries. Underneath the wings are grayish in the $ with brownish mottl-
ings ; the outer margin on primaries and apex being dark brown. In the 9 under-
ceath wings are dark brown suffused with lilacine ; the primaries with a white mark
before the apex, and some postmedial white spots on secondaries. Expanse, $ , 57
mm. ; 9 , 67 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

This species is very distinct.

Azelina castraria, sp. nov.

Antennoe simple. Wings hardly dentate. Body and primaries dark greenish
gray shaded with buff in the cell. The inner line wavj , oblique from the costa at a
third from the base to the inner margin beyond the middle and nearly contiguous to
! the outer line which is nearly straight and runs parallel with the outer margin. Both
lines finely velve'y brown, shaded with olive green which nearly fills the base of the
V formed by the two lines. A minute black discal point. The outer line is outwardly
shaded with lilacine, then with a dark greenish shade and finally with pale buff. All
th:se colors running into each other. Secondaries buff, speckled with dull greenish
gray. The inner margin and anal angle reddish brown. A submarginal daik shade,
divided by a faint buff line. Underneath grayish, the ccstal half of each wing red¬
dish brown, mottled with gray. An indistinct white outer line and a black discal spot
an the secondaries. Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Nearest Azelina scitaria Obt.

Subfamily Ascotin^e.

Psilopora thesea, sp. nov.

Wings gray, thinly speckled with dark brown, the lines dark brown : the ante-
medial fine, perpendicular to subcostal, then a curve to near submedian and then in¬
wardly oblique to inner margin. A dark discal point ; beyond this a curved median
line and a wavy punctiform postmedial line ; the space between these two lines filled
in with dark brown from inner margin to vein 4 ; a fine reddish shade beyond post-
medial and a darker subterminal gra)ish line ; a terminal row of black points. Sec¬
ondaries with a broad dark median fascia from inner margin, slightly bifurcating at
:ell and not reaching costal margin ; a postmedial punctiform line, followed by two
tine reddish shades ; the margin darker gray. Expanse, 26 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Physocleora tascaria, sp. nov.

Wings white, fioely powdered with light brown, lines fine, indistinct and inter¬
rupted, marked by larger spots on the costa ; the postmedial punctiform, the largest
>pot being between veins 3 and 4 and is followed by a bright yellow spot, a terminal
row of daik points. Secondaries with the lines more distinct, the basal fine, wavy ;
ihe median distinct, just beyond 'the cell spot, and geminate ; a postmedial and sub-
terminal grayish shade ; terminal spots between the veins. Underneath primaries

148 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi.vi.

dark gray, secondaries sordid white, discal spots and terminal wavy dark line. Ex*
panse, 21 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Physocleora obscura, sp. nov.

Wings gray in the light brown in the 9 ; the basal space and costa grayish,
the former limited by a dark line, nearly straight. A perpendicular fine median line ;
the postmedial wavy, geminate, the space within filled in with reddish brow n ; the
margin mottled brown and gray with an irregular angular white subterminal line, en¬
closing some cuneiform black marks. Secondaries heavily powdered with gray ; the
antemedial line heavy, dark gray, the postmedial fine, indistinct, followed by reddish
brown shadings. A terminal dark line on both wings, thickened between the veins.
Underneath gray, primaries with a basal, median, postmedial and subterminal dark
lines, the latter outwardly shaded with white. Secondaries with a broad antemedial
band and a fine postmedial line. Expanse, 9 > 21 mm'

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Physocleora punctilla, sp. nov.

Wings white with a few black speckles ; lines black ; the antemedial forming a
large curve, the space within btng shaded with light brown ; a black median spot on
costa and a small discal spot below it ; the postmedial line fine wavy, followed by a
distinct reddish brown shade ; the marginal space heavily shaded with dark gray,
divided by a subterminal white angular line ; a terminal row of black points. Sec¬
ondaries the same, but with the discal spot larger and more distinct. Underneath
gray, the margins broadly darker. A postmedial punctiform line and discal spots.
Expanse, 15 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Stenalcidia nortonia, sp. nov.

Pale gray, speckled with brown'scales. A fine antemedial line, punctiform on
subcostal and median veins ; an oblique median yellowish line not extending above
cell ; a postmedial punctiform line nearly straight from near apex to middle of inner
margin, followed by a broad smoky shade ; margin darker with a terminal row of da-k
points. Secondaries with a broad antemedial dark band ; the prstmedial line fine,
followed by two reddish gray lines ; a terminal row of black points. Underneath
darker gray ; on the primaries a straight postmedial line, and on the secondaries an
antemedial band and postmedial line ; the lines somewhat punctiform. Expanse,
26 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

Described from a well-marked $ . The secondaries are slightly ex¬
cavated below apex with a slight tooth at vein 4 and then the margin is
straight to anal angle.

Stenalcidia cindica, sp. nov.

Wings whitish thinly powdered with gray ; lines dark brown ; the antemedial
slightly curved and inwardly oblique to inner margin, marked by a large dark spot
on costa, a smaller one on median vein and inner margin, preceded by an oblique

June, 1898.]

New Species of Heterocera.

149

light reddish brown shade ; the median line less distinct, wavy, and slightly curved,
marked by a dark spot on costa ; the discal point forms part of the line ; the post-
medial line thickened in places, slightly curved to below vein 2 where it touches the
median line and then perpendicular to inner margin ; this line is followed by a light
reddish brown shade ; a subterminal lunular white line heavily shaded with dark gray
oq either side, especially between veins 4 and 6 ; beyond this the veins are shaded
with light reddish brown ; a terminal row of black triangular spots between the veins ;
fringe pale, spotted with gray. Secondaries with an antemedial line straight ; discal
spot distinct ; postmedial finely acute, followed by a broad reddish brown shade ; sub¬
terminal line dark gray, angular ; beyond this a row of triangular grayish spots filled
in with reddish brown ; a terminal black line, thickened between the veins. Under¬
neath sordid white with antemedial and postmedial punctiform lines, the fringe also
distinctly spotted. Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat : Castro, Parana.

The female is larger, more thickly irrorated with gray, and the lines
very fine and punctiform.

Tephrina submarcata sp. nov.

Wings above sordid white, irrorated with brown scales ; the lines hardly percepti¬
ble, but strongly marked by four brown blotches on costa of primaries ; a brown discal
spot ; fringe brown, at inner angle buff ; a terminal row of dark spots between the
veins. Secondaries more heavily irrorated with brown along the outer margin ; a
faint postmedial line and subterminal shade ; an interrupted terminal brown line ;
fringe buff. Underneath yellowish with strong brown mottling and striae. The post-
medial line straight and broad on prmaries, punctiform on secondaries. Expanse,
26 mm.

Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.

Tephrina griseata, sp. nov.

Body and wings dull gray ; fine antemedial, medial and postmedial lines, the
latter closely followed by a dark subterminal shade not extending above vein 6 ; the
lines marked by a dark spot on costa. The extreme costa mottled with buff. A
small discal spot with pale centre. Fringe buff interrupted by darker scales. Sec¬
ondaries with antemedial, postmedial and subtermiral lines very indistinct. Under¬
neath pale gray thickly clouded with darker gray. Expanse, 25 mm.

Habitat : Jalapa and Oaxaca, Mexico.

Tephrina guadarana, sp. nov.

Wings dove color, the veins yellowish ; costa yellowish with some black striee ;
a curved antemedial yellowish line, inwardly shaded with black ; a straight post-
medial yellowish line, outwardly shaded with black, at four fi ths and parallel to the
outer margin. Secondaries with a straight postmedial yellowish line not reaching the
costal margin. A blackish discal spot in cells of both wings. Underneath buff,
powdered with gray. Expanse, 31 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca and Guadalajara, Mexico.

This species comes nearest to T. irrorata Pack.

150

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

DESCRIPTION OF LARVAE OF HEMILEUCIDS FROM
THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

By Harrison G. Dyer.

Hy perch iria coresus Boisduval.

Larva shaped as H. io, large, cylindrical, with prominent head. The body bears
bunches of long stinging spines as in H. io , three rows on joints 2 to 1 3 on each side,
a single dorsal one instead of the first row on joints 12 and 13, anal plate bare ; a
fourth row on joints 2 to 6 11 and 13. The shaft of the tuft of rows 1 and 2 is very
long (10 mm.) except the mid-dorsal of joint 13, which is rudimentary; row 3 is
small, especially on the abdomen, not over 2 mm. in length and row 4 is still smaller.
A few fine secondary hairs, short and pale Color green, a narrow, broken black,
substigmatal line on joints 5 to 13, edged below by a white band ; a black patch,
dotted with white on the anterior side of the segment subventrally on joints 6 to 12 ;
anal plate blackish, pale dotted. An eversible gland behind the spiracle on joints 5
and 11. Width of head, 6 mm. ; length of larva, 80 to 100 mm.

Hyperchiria viridescens Walker.

Three rows of tufts of spine* on joints 2 to 13, single dorsal on 12 and 13 ; a
fourth row on joints 2 to 6, II to 13. Spine shafts short, subequal, the spines coarse,
the upper row bearing piercing caps, the two lower rows setae only. Rather numer¬
ous, pale, secondary hairs most abundant and longest on the feet. Color black, the
head, leg plates and anal plate shining, the body sooty. Spines pale yellowish, con¬
trasting. Width of head, 6 mm. The eversible stigmatal glands cannot be made out
in the specimens. This differs unexpectedly from the other species in the presence of
a fourth spine tuft on join 12 (tubercle vii not aborted).

Eudyaria venata Butler.

Head large, smooth, not bilobed, rounded, shining brown, the mouth and a spot
covering the ocelli black ; width, 7.5 mm. Body with tufts of stinging spines arranged
exactly as in H. viridescens described above, the fourth row present on joint 12. Body
black, the feet and anal plate shining ; the segmental incisures from joints 3 to 12 are
occupied dorsally as far as the third spine tuft by broad reddish brown, transverse
bands, contrasting with the body. Spines ocherous brown like the head. A few blackish,
rather stiff, secondary hairs.

Hylesia nigricans Berg.

Head rounded, smooth, shining black, curiously marked with white streaks ; a
line on the vertex in the median suture, an inverted V mark over the clypeus, a dash
above each eye, joined by a spur above to a quadrate patch on the posterior side of the
head ; width, 3.5 mm. Body with rows of spine tufts as in H viridescens , the fourth
row present on joint 12 ; row I on joints 5 to 12 is somewhat shorter than rows 2 and
3 but not so mirkedly as in Hemileuca and Pseudohazis , from which this larva also
differs in the presence of the fourth spine on joint 12. Rather numerous, pale,
secondary hairs are present. Body black, a broad white stigmatal band, white dots
at the bases of the secondary hairs and pale streaks in the segmentary incisures. Spine
shafts brown black, the spines brownish.

I am indebted to Mr. G. Ruscheweyh for sending me these larvae.

JOURNAL

OF THE

J2pfo ]9oph 6{ntoraoIogirflI SEorirtg.

Vol. VI. SEPTEMBER, 1898. No. 3.

THE LIFE HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG-
CATERPILLARS— XVI, WITH CERTAIN
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

PLATE VIII.

By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Ph.D.

Tortricidia testacea Packard .

Tortricidia testacea Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, III, 337.

“ “ Grote, Check List, Bombyces, no. 195.

“ “ Smith, List. Lep. no. 1211.

“ “ Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 551.

“ “ Neumoegen & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II,

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space moderately broad, narrowing only a little toward the
extremities, arched ; lateral space broad, oblique, concave ; subventral
space small, retracted. Ridges slightly prominent, never tubercular,
furnished with single or furcate swollen-tipped setae in stage I, afterward
with rudimentary setae which nearly disappear at maturity. Outline
from dorsal aspect elliptical, notched at the anterior part of joint 13 to
form a short quadrate tail. Skin covered with close, appressed, rather
large, clear granules, which appear immediately after first molt, a little
papillose on the margins, becoming smoother and increasing in number
at subsequent molts. Depressed spaces large, well developed, deep,
with sharp sides, the bottom flat and finely granulated. The spaces
(1) to (8) are present, dividing the surface into a series of raised lat¬
ticed ridges.

The larva is throughout very smooth. The coloration is green with
a large red mark appearing in the middle of the back, finally reaching
head and tail and the middle of the sides.

1864 —
1882 —

1891 —

1892—
1894—

152

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

This species is more generalized than its ally, T. pallida. It is the
stem form, from which pallida is just beginning to diverge. It is the
more northern form of the two and in this again shows its ancestral
condition, since, belonging to the Palaearctic Eucleids, it is less distantly
removed from the ancient habitat of the group.

Affinities, Habits, Etc.

This larva is closely allied to T. pallida. It has all the same struc¬
ture and coloration, differing only in certain details which might be
considered to be of but varietal rank, except that they prove to be con¬
stant. The certain differentiation of these larvae is difficult except when
the whole life history is seen, and then a number of differences appear.
The real difference between the species is found in the date of occur¬
rence. The moths of testacea emerge unusually early, nearly a month
before the allied species. My dates are June ioth to 14th for moths
bred at Long Island. Professor G. H. Hudson finds June 9th to 22d
for all the moths he has taken at light at Plattsburgh during a series of
years. Consequently, full grown larvae are found early, often during
July at the time when T. pallida is hatching. This is not a case of two
differently colored broods, as I thought at one time. Both species are
strictly single brooded, like all the other northern Eucleids. The power
of early emergence gives T. testacea a northern range, since it pupates
in time to avoid early frosts. In the Adirondacks it was the only Eu-
cleid met with.

The larva is a rather low feeder, occurring in the same situations as
its ally, T. pallida. The habits are the same. There are seven larval
stages, occasionally six by the omission of stage II and still more rarely
eight by the interpolation of an extra stage before the last, as Mr. L.
H. Joutel tells me happened to a larva that I sent him to breed.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

I have no references to this larva as such. Probably the descriptions
referred to T. pallida cover testacea in part, but I find it difficult to sort
them out without dates of occurrence. The diagnosis given by Miss
Morton and myself (Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., Ill, 146) of (?) T.
testacea refers more probably to Kroncea minufa Reakirt. Miss Morton
thought she had bred the larva, getting an imago testacea, but there
must have been some error. I followed her opinion at the time of
writing the synopsis as I had not then bred testacea myself. A corrected
table will be given at the end of these articles. My account of T. pal -

Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Life Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 153

lida (Journal N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 167-172) contains many sentences
referring to T. testacea. Having wrongly identified the larva of tes-
tacea and being under a misapprehension as to the close relation of sev¬
eral of our smooth red-spotted Eucleids and further desirous of includ¬
ing all the varieties of pallida while I was writing about it, I went too
far and included portions taken from larvae of other species. The ac¬
count, therefore, is based on Tortricidia pallida , T. testacea and T.
{. Heterogenea *) flexuosa , confused together. It is fully corrected here¬
with, with illustrations of both species.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Egg. Elliptical, flat, whitish translucent on white leaves, shining ;
reticulations faint, narrowly linear, elongate. Size 1.0 X -6 mm.
Laid singly on the under side of the leaf.

Stage I. (Plate VIII, fig. 1). Elliptical, rather elongate, dorsal and
lateral spaces rather broad. Setae as in T. pallida , the Y-shaped ones
large, strongly alternating, those on joints 5, 7, 9 and n leaving out.
Color translucent whitish with a slight green tint. Skin smooth.
Length .7-1.1 mm. The larva feeds during this stage.

Stage II. Distinct short black setae, two on subdorsal ridge, one
on lateral ridge on the abdominal segments. Subdorsal ridge rather
square, dorsum flat, rounded ; tail quadrate ; sides concave. Lateral
ridge moderate, subventral space small, retracted. Depressed spaces
all present as in the mature larva, deep, sharp, the latticed ridges com¬
posed of one row of large clear granules, becoming subpapillose on the
lateral ridge. Color pale greenish without marks. Length, 1.1-1.7
mm., or reaching 2.2 mm. in six-stage larvae.

Stage III. Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate ; all pale green. Skin
structures the same as before; setae quite distinct. Length, 1.6-2. 2
mm. Six-stage larvae, which have omitted stage II, have the size and
coloration of the next stage.

Stage IV. (Plate VIII, figs. 2, 3). Elliptical, both ends rounded,
the anterior more obtusely ; dorsum arched. Ridges low, the subdorsal
shorter than the lateral. Body smooth, setae nearly obsolete. Skin
coarsely clear-granular except in the large depressed spaces which are
finely granular and on the lateral ridge where the granules become sub-
papillose. Color light yellowish green ; during the stage the subdorsal

* I find that none of the American species belong to Heterogenea Knoch except
shurtleffii Pack, which is distinct from casonia Grt. A generic revision will follow.

154 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

ridge becomes pale, a large rounded quadrate reddish spot appears dor-
sally, covering joints 7 to 9 and reaches the subdorsal ridge ; as the
stage advances this becomes better defined, regularly elliptical, covering
joints 6 to 10 and reaching nearly half way down the lateral space. It
is bordered with yellow, this color extending also backward and forward
for some distance along the subdorsal ridge (Plate VIII, fig. 3). Length,
2.2 to 3.3 mm.

Stage V. (Plate VIII, fig. 4). Shape as before. Skin surface the
same, but the granules on the latticed ridges are more numerous. Setae
obsolete, scarcely discernible except at the ends of the body. Color
green, dorsal patch elliptical, but now a little angled at the sides, a
slight point projected to the depressed space (4) of joints 6-7 and 9-10
and a more decided one reaching below the space (4) on joint 8. The
patch is rounded before and behind and contains a varying paler cen¬
tral space, which may be so large as to reduce the patch to a red line
but is usually small and quadrate. Yellow border distinct, reaching
as a subdorsal line nearly to head and tail. Depressed spaces greenish.
Length, 3.5 to 4.7 mm.

Stage VI (Plate VIII, fig. 5). Structure as in the mature larva and
as before. Color green, the depressed spaces concolorous. A large red
patch of varying shade covers the center of the back, more rounded out
and larger than before and enclosing six of depressed spaces (1). Its
outline is elliptical, a little irregular or notched on the sides, the furthest
lateral extension being on joint 8 where it reaches depressed space (5).
The patch does not reach either extremity, though a small detached
red spot may occur on joint 3. There is a more or less distinct central,
square, pale blotch on joints 7, 8, sometimes large as before. A sin¬
gle example found on hickory had the patch blackish chocolate, nar¬
rowly bordered with red and yellow. Length, 4.7 to 6.7 mm.

Stage VII. — (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, pi. VI, figs. 5, 6, 7)
shape as described. Depressed spaces as in T. pallida (1. c. pi. VI,
f. 8). Latticed ridges coarsely clear granular, the depressed spaces
finely granular. Color green, depressed spaces pale with dark centers.
Dorsal mark reaching the extremities and lateral margins in the form of
a cross with four projections from the center which touch the depressed
spaces (4) of joints 6-7 and 9-10 (1. c. pi. VI, f. 6), or filled out to
a larger diamond-shaped mark, produced narrowly forward to joint 3
(1. c. pi. VI, f. 7). It has a pale salmon-colored center, often square
and covering only one depressed space (joints 7-8) or rarely larger,
occasionally wanting. The patch is bordered with crimson and yellow

sePt.i898.] Dyar: Life Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 155

and is usually darker around the edge and on the latticed ridges. The
exact shape is variable, but the points mentioned form its boundaries
between which the outline may be contracted or expanded. Length,
6. 7 to 9.5 mm.

Cocoon with the characters of the group.

Food-plants : Oak, wild cherry, birch, hickory, chestnut, witch-
hazel and sour gum have been observed.

Additions and Corrections.

As it was necessary to make the corrections to the account of T .
pallida with this plate, I have included all additions and corrections that
have occurred to me to date, to all the articles that I have published on
Eucleid larvae in this Journal. Corrections to the introductory article
will be deferred to the concluding remarks.

Apoda y-inversa Packard.

This Journal, III, p. 15 1. Omit the reference to the larva. A.
y-inversa larva was undescribed previous to our article.

This Journal, III, p. 152, lines 8, 9. Omit the words “in which
the larva does not feed.” P. 154, Stage /. — Add “ The larvae feed in
this stage. Length, .9 to 1.5 mm. Subdorsal setae of joints 5, 7, 9
and 11 lean outward, lateral of joint 5 leans upward.”

This Journal, III, Plate VI, Fig. 1. The alternation of the setae is
wrongly represented.

Sibine stimulea Clemens .

Comparison may be made with the allied South American species
referred to by me (Can. Ent, XXIX, 77).

Tortricidia pallida Herrich-Schaffer.

This Journal, IV, 167, et seq. Special structural characters , line
5 of paragraph, omit the words “ smooth or;” p. 168 line 10 for “ setae
practically” read “tubercles.”

Affinities , Habits , etc. Read as follows : This larva is typical of
the red-marked smooth Eucleids, a subdivision of the Palaearctic group.
It is most nearly allied to T. testacea , less closely to H. flexuosa. It
represents a more primitive state than Apoda in that setae i a and i b on
joint 4 and i and ii on joints 5 to 12 are partly united into a furcate or
Y-shaped spine, both limbs of equal length, whereas in Apoda one limb
has been reduced to a slight prominence.

156 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

The moths emerge rather late in the season. Professor G. H. Hud¬
son has taken them at light between June 26th and July 29th at Platts¬
burgh during several years. My own dates for bred moths are July 8th
to 19th.

Full grown larvae are not found till September. In Long Island,
eggs and young larvae were found on the trees at the time the larvae of
T. testacea were maturing.

This larva is a little more specialized than T. testacea , in that the
dorsal patch becomes earlier defined and grows larger while the granules
are a little more papillose. The two larvae, however, are not distin¬
guishable in any strong character.

The larva is rather a low feeder, occurring on higher bushes and the
lower branches of trees, along the edges of woods, etc., not as a rule in
very shaded locations. Rarely more than one larva is found on the
same plant. They are well scattered, not affecting any particular tree
and occurring almost everywhere, not abundant locally and elsewhere
rare as H. flexuosa is. The larva remains on the back of the leaf
where its shape and color are adapted to its concealment.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions. The “ T. testacea' ’ that Dr.
Packard described from a larva I sent him, may be correctly named.
The date of occurrence would decide.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail. Stage I. — Add : Setae
large, strongly alternating, those on joints 5, 7, 9 and n leaning out¬
ward.

Stage II. — Read : Elliptical, narrowed behind, tail quadrate. Sub¬
dorsal ridge rather square, dorsum flat, rounded ; sides concave. Lat¬
eral ridge moderate; subventral space small, retracted. Setae short, dis¬
tinct, pointed, black, two on subdorsal ridge, one on lateral ridge on
abdomen. Depressed spaces large, sharply edged, deep, as in the ma¬
ture larva. Latticed ridges apparently one granule wide, but not smooth
and clear, being all finely papillose, especially on the lateral ridge,
though also showing on the subdorsal ridge, feathery and frosted.
Color frosted whitish, no marks. Length, 1 to 1.6 mm.

Stage III. — Read : Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate, structure as
before. Setae still distinct, short, black. Skin neatly granular as in
T. testacea , papillose only around the margin. Colorless, greenish, a
faint red shade centrally on the subdorsal ridges. Later this develops
into a large red patch, becoming rounded, the depressed spaces covered
by it pale. Length, 1.6 to 2.5 mm.

Stage IV. — (Plate VIII, fig. 8). Elliptical, both ends rounded, the

Sept. i89s.] Dyar: Life Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 157

anterior more obtusely ; dorsum arched, the highest point a little before
the middle; tail quadrate. Ridges low, not prominent, the subventral
shorter than the lateral. Body smooth, setae still visible. Depressed
spaces large, the latticed ridges beginning to be more than one granule
wide, those of the subventral ridge subpapillose or slightly cleft. Color
whitish, green only in front ; dorsal red patch large, covering joints 6
to 10, pentagonal, truncate before, widest at joint 8 where it reaches
the lower border of the depressed space (4), tapering behind nearly to
a point ; a central pale patch and distinct yellow border, produced as a
subdorsal line behind, but not in front. Length, 2.6 to 3.7 mm.

Stage V. — (Plate VIII, fig. 9). Page 170, lines 31, 32, 39, 40 and page
1 71 lines 1 and 2, omit all reference to the coloration and read : green
in front, the dorsal patch larger than before, more distinctly angled and
pointed in front ; it covers six depressed spaces and reaches on the sides
to depressed space (5). There may be a small red patch on joint 3.

Stage VI. — (Plate VIII, fig. 10). Page 171, lines 8 to 13, omit all
referring to the coloration and read : A large dorsal purplish red patch
almost exactly as in the mature larva, but not reaching either extremity.
Line 7 for “ may have” read “has.”

Stage VIII. — (Plate VIII, fig. n). Page 171, lines 27 and 28, omit
the words “ from narrow to broad and.” Omit also the references to
the plate and the foot-note at bottom of page. Lines 36 and 37, omit
“ thus forming a large blurred red cross.” There is no particular re¬
semblance to a cross in T. pallida.

This Journal, IV, pi. VI, figs. 5, 6 and 7 represent T. testacea not
T. pallida. Compare the accompanying plate (Plate VIII, figs 8, 10 and
it) for the correct representation of T. pallida. Figs. 3 and 4 repre¬
sent H. flexuosa not T. pallida.

Phobetron pithecium Abbot <5r* Smith.

This Journal, IV, 178. Add as reference to the larva, 1869 — Mel-
sheimer, Harris’ Ent. Corresp., p. 112 (as Oiketicus).

Sisyrosea textula Herrich-Schdffer.

This Journal, IV, 187. Add the following description of the freshly
laid egg : Large, colorless, a little milky whitish, shining; 1.8 x 41.
mm. and almost without thickness (about .1 mm.); reticulations dis¬
tinct, raised, whiter than the egg. Hatches in not less than ten days.

Stage I. — Mr. Joutel has seen this stage with the subdorsal horns of
joints 6 to 1 2 degenerate, the rest normal. The degenerate horns had

158

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

three large, and a group of smaller setae on joints 6 and 12, three large
and other very rudimentary ones on joints 5 to n. This is a most in¬
teresting variation as foreshadowing the condition of the more specialized
species where but three setae remain.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Tortricidia testacea.

Fig. 1. Larva, stage I, dorsal view, enlarged.

“ 2. Larva, stage IV, dorsal view, early in the stage.

“ 3. The same, later in the stage.

4. Larva end of stage V.

“ 5. Larva end of stage VI.

“ 6. T. testacea , imago.

Tortricidia pallida.

Fig. 7. Side view of mature larva.

“ 8. Larva end of stage IV (compare fig. 2).

“ 9. Larva end of stage V (compare fig. 4).

“ 10. Larva end of stage VI (compare fig. 5).

“ 11. Larva stage VII (compare this Journal, IV, pi. VI, figs. 6 and 7).

LIFE-HISTORY OF CALYBIA SLOSSONL®.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

I am able to present descriptions of the remaining stages of this larva
which, with those previously given by me, will complete the life-history.
The previous article may be amended as follows :

This Journal, V, p. 123, line 1, read . . appendages of nearly
equal length at maturity, the anterior ones a little shorter, but in stages
II and III of unequal length as in Phobetron. Page 124, line 1 for
“ except that this character may not be primary,” read : except that this
character is a secondary adaptation.

Add : I have recently received a specimen of this species from Mr.
Graef labeled “Texas.”

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

Eg%. — Add: duration of this stage six days; 15 days in a cold
room in New York.

[ourn. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. VI. PL VIII.

Life-History of Tortricidia testacea.

Sept. 1898.] Dyar : Life History of Calybia Slossonle. 159

Stage I. Add : the dorsal and subdorsal brown lines are broken,
existing as dashes on the weak segments 4-5, 7, 9 and n ; a slender
brown marking between the horns of 4 and 13. Later a milky white
shade along the subdorsal ridges, joining at the ends. Length, 1 to 1.5
mm.

Stage II. — Elliptical, flattened, dorsal space broad, level with the
laterally extended horns; side area small. Horns 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12
and 13 short, tapering, as long as the width of the dorsum, those of
joints 7, 9 and 11 very short, conic, less than half as thick and about
one sixth as long as the others. Long horns with many fine, flexible,
spinulose white hairs toward tip, but above and at base mixed with
smooth straight setae with dark tips. The short horns bend down and
have only smooth setae ; the long horns are all equal. Color uniform
translucent whitish green, in some with rounded brown dots on joints
4> 7 and 11 or 4, 7> 9 ^fid 11 dorsally. The side area is covered by
the subdorsal horns which are constricted a little at base, but are with¬
out separate basal pieces. Skin with clear setiferous granules as at ma¬
turity. The larva eats a channel in the leaf, in which it rests, the
horns overlapping the uneaten leaf. Length, 1.5 to 3. 1 mm. Duration
of the stage 5 days.

Stage III. — Shape essentially as in the mature larva, the dorsal
groove broad and shallow. Horns of joints 3 to 13 of even length ex-
cept 7> 9 ^.rid 11 which are about half as long or a little over half as
long as the others, thick, tapering, constricted near and at base, indica¬
ting the rounded basal pieces, but they are not furcate. Hair abundant,
fine and spinulated as before with some smooth, dark tipped ones
toward bases of horns ; primitive setae ii visible. Color all green, made
whitish by the hairs. Skin as before. The horns are slenderer than
before and look more numerous as those on the weak segments appear
more distinctly. Length, 3.1 to 4.5 mm. Duration of the stage 5 days.

Stage IV. — Much the same. The short horns are now about nine-
tenths the length of the others and during the stage they fill out and
become almost completely indistinguishable. The hairs are almost all
the spinulose ones, only a few of the smooth, black tipped ones remain¬
ing. Horns long and slender, a little swollen at base, the basal pieces
constricted off and obscurely furcate. Setae i and ii are distinct, on the
basal piece and tip of horn respectively, smooth, dusky. Lateral horns
minute, naked, tapering, enlarged at base and once constricted, con¬
cealed under the subdorsals. All green, usually no marks, sometimes
with the dorsal red spots. The shade varies from leaf green to bluish

160 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

green. Head rounded, green with black ocellus and brown mandibles ;
width .8 mm. The horns are detachable as at maturity. Length, 4.5
to 7 mm.

Stage V. — Shape as in the mature larva, all the horns equal except
joints 3 and 4 which are beginning to be a little shorter, that of 3
slightly recurved. Dorsal groove distinct, narrow ; basal piece of horns
distinct, cordate at base. Horns regularly tapering, rounded at tip,
densely clothed with long, fine, white fringe-hairs. There are also some
smooth, short, dark-tipped hairs and short, densely feathered, stellate
ones especially toward the bases of the horns. Setae i and ii long,
smooth, black. Skin as at maturity. Color soft, clear green, more
whitish along the dorsal groove. Nearly all the specimens (35) had lost
the red spots at this stage, only one or two retaining them. Length, 7
to 10.5 mm.

Stage VI. — Mature larva. Length, 10.5 to 16.7 mm. The short
smooth hairs on the horns represent the long smooth ones of the earlier
stages ; the short, very feathery hairs are those of the long feathery
ones which lie on the dorsal aspect of the horns, made short. The
larva here recorded probably omitted one of the normal stages. Prob¬
ably the penultimate as in Packardia geminata (Journ. N. Y. Ent.
Soc. VI, 3).

It was kept very warm and was protected from the chill night air that
it would have had on its native river. Consequently it grew very rapidly,
probably more so than in nature.

Another larva reached 13 5 rnro. before last molt which was doubtless
this missing stage. It was like the final stage, but the coloration entirely

green.

Food-plants. Add Marlberry (Ardisia picker ingid), cocoa plum
( Chrysobalatius icacoa ) and another plant not determined. I am in¬
debted to Mr. F. Kinzel for the names and to Mrs. Slosson for sending
leaves to feed the larvae.

ON THE DIPTEROUS FAMILY SCATOPHAGID/E.

By D. W. Coquillett, Washington, D. C.

This family is known in Europe as Scatomyzidae, but since the genus
Scato77iyza is an admitted synonym of Scatophaga> it would appear de¬
sirable to change the name of the family to Scatophagidae. In the

Sept.,898.] Coquillett: On Dipterous Family Scatophagid^e. 161

Osten Sacken catalogue it bears the name of Cordyluridse, but since the
genus Scatophaga is the oldest one in this family, it is desirable to name

the family after it. .

The European genera and species of this family have quite recently

been monographed by Mr. Theodore Becker,* and a translation of his
tables of subfamilies and genera, in an abbreviated form, is given by Dr..
Williston in his recent manual. Owing to the faulty definitions of the
subfamilies, whereby certain genera which possess a given character are
placed in a subfamily in which this character is expressly stated to be
absent, and the further difficulty of separating subfamilies by such
Walkerian phrases as “face short,” “face long,” it will be quite im¬
possible for the student to refer his species to its proper genus by the use
of these tables, and I have therefore constructed an entirely new one
which contains all of the genera belonging to this family known to me

to occur in this country.

TABLE OF GENERA.

i Front tibiae destitute of an erect black spine on the inner side of each near the

. . . 2

Front tibiae each bearing such a spine, third antennal joint rounded at the apex,
palpi destitute of an unusually long bristle at apex of each, one sternopleura

macrochseta . Acanthocnema Becker.

2. Third antennal joint produced in the form of a tooth at the anterior apical angle . . 3

Third joint rounded at the apex . . • • • * 7 ' 5

, With three sternopleural macrochoetae, palpi destitute of an unusually long bristle

■** r . Orthochaeta Becker.

at apex of each . . . . , . ,

With two sternopleurals, palpi near apex of each bearing a bristle which is nearly

one-half as long as the palpi . • - Xhaetosa, gen. nov.

With only one sternopleural, palpi destitute of a single long terminal bristle . , 4

4 Palpi spatulate, about twice as long as wide . Spaziphora I ond.

Palpi more than four times as long as wide . Opsiomyia, gen. nov.

5. Apex of palpi each bearing a single bristle which is nearly as long as the pa PL

one sternopleural .

Apex of palpi destitute of such a bristle . . 7

6. Head at least as high as long, face nearly perpendicular . Cordylura fall.

Head flattened, noticeably longer than high, face very oblique, greatly retreating

below . . . Acicephala, gen. nov.

7. With only one sternopleural . . “7 “ 7 .

With two sternopleurals, frontal bristles strong, two or more pairs on anterior thir

- , , , . Hexamitocera Becker.

8. Frontal bristles strong, two or more pairs on anterior third of the front.

Scatophaga Metg.

Frontal bristles very short, none on lowest third of the front. Hy dromy za Fallen.

* Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., May, 1894, pages 77 to 196.

162

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, AND NOTES.

Scatophaga vulpina, sp. nov.

Black, the front except each side and an ocellar spot, face cheeks, first two an¬
tennal joints, arista, palpi, halteres and legs, yellowish, the bases of the front femora
and a streak or more or less of the bases of the others, sometimes black; hairs of
occiput, body and legs long and abundant, principally reddish-yellow, arista bare,
humeral and dorso central bristles except the posterior pair, very slender, scarcely
distinguishable from the hairs, pteropleura bare, middle and hind femora destitute of
stout macrochaetae, hind tibiae each bearing only two, situated near the middle of the
front side ; wings strongly tinged with yellow, the small and posterior crossveins

ordered with brown ; body subopaque, gray pruinose, the thorax and pleura mottled
with brown. Length, 8 to 1 1 mm.

Point Barrow, Alaska. Five males and five females collected June

22 1882, by Mr. John Murdock. Type No. 4096, U. S. National
Museum.

Scatophaga furcata Say.

This is one of the few species introduced from Europe and described
m this country before it was described in Europe. The synonymy is :
squahda Meig., apicalis Curtis, nigricans Macq., fuscinervis Zett., pu-

bescens Walk., and Cleigastra suisterei Townsend ; the latter based upon
a co-type specimen.

Opsiomyia, gen. nov.

Ihe characters of this genus may be gleaned from the following de¬
scription of the type species :

Opsiomyia palpalis, sp. nov.

Head slightly broader than high, as long as high, slightly longer at base of
antennae than at the vibrissae, seven pairs of orbital bristles which extend from the
lowest ocellus to the anterior end of the front, clypeus connate with the face and ex-
ten ing more than the length of the second antennal joint below the vibriSsae, the
fitter almost twice as long as any of the adjacent bristles, lateral oral margin bearing
black bristles on nearly its anterior half; third joint of antenna twice as long
as broad, slightly more than twice as long as the second, the anterior apical
angle produce! in the form of a tooth, arista bare, thickened on the basal third, the
penultimate joint slightly longer than broad; proboscis robust, palpi greatly flattened
of nearly an equal width but tapering at the base, five times as long as broad, pro¬
jecting four-fifths of its length beyond the oral margin, each bearing a single long
ack bristle near the middle of the outer side, eyes oblique, slightly higher than
ong, bare. Bristly hairs of body short and sparse, five dorso-central macrochaetae*
one sternopleural and four stout scutellar, none on the abdomen, all femora and tibise
earing several, hind tibiae each with two pairs on the outer side besides those near
the tip. Venation practically as in Cordylura, all veins bare. Black, the extreme

sept. 1898 ] Coquillett: On Dipterous Family Scatophagidve. 163

base of palpi yellow, remainder white, halteres, femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish,
wings hyaline ; face silvery white, body brownish gray pruinose. Length, 5 mm.

White Mts., N. H. Two males collected by the late H. K. Mor¬
rison. Type No. 4097.

Chaetosa, gen. nov.

The type species is Cordylura punctipes Meig., of which the Na¬
tional Museum possesses two specimens from Minnesota, one from Colo¬
rado and two from Holland. This species could never be identified by
the use of Becker’s monograph, since he places it in the genus Tricho -
palpus , to which, both in the table of genera and in the definition of the
v genus, he attributes a single sternopleural macrochaeta. The palpi are
sub-lanceolate, slightly flattened, and at the apex of each is a black
bristle which is much longer than any of the adjacent ones.

Acicephala, gen. nov.

Closely related to Cordylura but readily distinguishable by the
elongated, flattened head and very oblique face. Type, the following
species :

Acicephala polita, sp. nov.

Black, the face, cheeks, palpi, halteres, coxae, femora, tibiae and tarsi, yellowish ;
front, except the ocellar- triangle, inner side and apex of second antennal joint, face,
cheeks and pleura white pruinose, the occiput, mesonotum, scutellum and abdomen,
polished; second joint of antennae prolonged over the inner side of the first nearly to
the arista, the third joint two and one-half times as long as broad, only slightly longer
than the second, arista rather long plumose, thickened on the basal fifth, the penulti¬
mate joint broader than long ; eyes bare, nearly perpendicular, only slightly higher
than long ; vibrissae more than twice as long as the adjoining bristles, lateral oral
margin bearing three or four black bristles on its anterior half ; palpi clavate, slightly
flattened, bearing several long yellowish bristles near the middle, a few short black
ones at the tip besides one which is nearly as long as the palpi ; proboscis robust, only
slightly over twice as long as thick. Mesonotum almost destitute of bristly hairs, five
stout dorso-central macrochaetae, one prothoracic, one sternopleural, and two on the
scutellum; abdomen less polished than the mesonotum, destitute of stout macrochaetae,
its hairs black, those on the venter except at the apex, whitish. Wings hyaline,
tinged with brown along the veins, third and fourth veins toward their apices parallel
the fourth ending far beyond the apex of the second, small crossvein beyond the mid¬
dle of the discal cell, and far beyond the tip of the first vein, all veins bare. All
femora and tibiae bearing macrochaetae, hind tibiae each bearing three pairs on the
outer side beside those at the tip. Length, 7 to 8 mm.

Colorado. One male and three females. Type No. 4098.

Acicephala pilosella, sp. nov.

Same as the above description of polita with these exceptions : Face, cheeks,
palpi, coxae and femora black; pruinosity of front, face, cheeks, and pleura, brownish

164 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

gray and not dense, none on the second antennal joint, mesonotum sparsely covered
with short yellow hairs, only one pair of dorso-centrals, the prothoracic bristle yellow,
hairs of the first three segments of the abdomen in the male, of the first six in the female,
yellow, apex of sixth segment in the female bearing six stout macrochaetae. Wings
not tinged with brown along the veins. Hind tibia each bearing only two pairs of
macrochaetae on the outer side. Length, 6 to 7 mm.

Colorado, and Reno, Nevada (H. F. Wickham). One male and
two females. Type No. 5002.

Cordylura nebulosa, sp. nov.

Black, the front except the sides and the ocellar triangle, dark brownish yellow,
sides of front, face, cheeks, lower part of occiput and the palpi, white, first -two anten¬
nal joints, proboscis, halteres, coxa, femora, tibia and tarsi yellow ; third antennal
joint one and one-third times as long as wide, arista short pubescent, vibrissa shoit,
yellow, a yellow bristle of nearly the same length below each. Mesonotum and scutel-
lum opaque gray pruinose, five dorso-central macrochata, scutellum bearing four stout
ones; pleura on the lower part gray pruinose, the upper part and the abdomen
polished, the latter destitute of stout macrochata, its hairs yellow. All femora and
tibia bearing stout macrochata, hind tibia each with three on the outer side besides
those at the tip. Wings hyaline, the costal cell beyond the humeral crossvein, a bor¬
der to the first vein beyond base of the second, and a large spot extending from apex
of first vein to slightly beyond the apex of the fourth, brown, sometimes a hyaline
vitta in the marginal cell, a triangular hyaline spot near apex of the submarginal and
first posterior cells ; small crossvein near last third of the discal cell. Length, 5 mm.

Algonquin, Ill. Two female specimens collected June 2 and 6,
1895, by Dr. W. A. Nason. Type No. 4099.

Cordylura slossonae, sp. nov.

Black, the lower half of the front, antennae, face, cheeks, lower part of occiput,
palpi, proboscis, under side of the prothorax, halteres, apical lamellae of the genitalia,
coxae, except a spot on the outer sides of the middle and hind ones, femora except
apices of the middle and hind ones, tibiae and tarsi, yellow. Thiid antennal joint
one or two-thirds times as long as wide, arista long plumose on the basal half,
thickened on the basal sixth, lateral oral margin ciliate with yellow bristly hairs.
Mesonotum, scutellum and abdomen polished, sparsely covered with yellow hairs, one
pair of dorso-central and scutellar macrochaetae, abdomen destitute of stout macro¬
chaetae except at apex of the sixth segment; pleura gray pruinose, one sterno-
pleural macrochaetae, those of the protlmrax and mesopleura slender and yellow.
Front and hind femora destitute of stout macrochaetae, those of the front tibiae slender
and yellow, under sides of femora and inner sides of tibiae thickly covered with long
yellow hairs. Wings hyaline, small crossvein near last third of the discal cell.
Length, 7 mm.

Mt. Washington (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) and White Mountains (H. K.
Morrison), N. H., and Beverly, Mass. (Edw. Burgess). Four male
specimens. Type No. 5000.

Sept. 1898.] Townsend & Cockerell: On Mexican Coccid^e. 1G5

Hexamitocera vittata, sp. nov.

Head yellcnv, an oblong ocellar spot and a wide stripe extending from the upper
part of each eye to the neck, dark brown ; antenna; brown, the first two joints and
I base of the third yellow, third joint two and one half times as long as broad, arista
pubescent, palpi and proboscis yellow. Thorax yellow, the mesonotum, scutellum,
metanotum and a vitta beneath each wing, dark brown, polished, the mesonotum
marked with four yellow vittae ; two pairs of dorso-centrals, one pair of scutellar,
:w° prothoracic and two stenopleural macrochaetae. Abdomen polished, dark brown,
.he hypopygium and the posterior margin of each segment, except the first, yellow,
he hairs black, a few macrochaetae along the sides. Legs yelluw, front and middle
femora ciliate on the under sides with black bristles. Wings grayish hyaline, small
:rossvein slightly beyond middle of discal cell. Length, 6 mm.

Colorado. A male specimen. Type No. 5001.

- « -

COCCIDiE COLLECTED IN MEXICO BY MESSRS.

TOWNSEND AND KOEBELE IN 1897.

By C. H. Tyler Townsend and T. D. A. Cockerell.

The following are species jointly studied by us (with certain excep-
ions duly noted) in working over the two lots of coccid material col-
ected in Mexico by Messrs. Townsend andKoebele during 1897, which
vere sent to us for determination by the United States Department of
Agriculture. An author s initials, bracketed at the end of a species,
nean that the entire text under that species is to be accredited to that
.uthor alone. The work of mounting the specimens, drawing up the
lescriptions, and finally of preparing and writing the entire manuscript,
/as done by Mr. Townsend. Some notes on the forms of leery a pur-
hasi, based on material not represented in the above two lots, and also
he description of a Brazilian species of Capulinia , are included in the
•aper, having developed in connection with the study of the other
material.

eery a purchasi Mask.

Typical form (= crawl Ckll.).— On citrus trees in Magdalena, So-
ora, Sept., 1894 (Townsend). Thriving colonies of the typical pur-
hasi were found here, and must have been introduced from California,
’his, however, is so far the only authentic recorded locality for typical
urchasi in Mexico. (See remarks under var. maskelli which follows )
C. H. T. T.]

166 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. vi.

Icerya purchasi var. maskelli Ckll .

On trunks of several orange trees at Aranjuez, six miles from Guay-
mas, Sonora, Sept. 23, 1894 (Townsend).* This is the form that I took
at Guaymas, and which has been published as purchasi. The specimens
are noticeable for their small size and short subconic ovisacs.

The larval characters of purchasi (typical form) and var. maskelli do
not differ appreciably except in the antennae of first stage, and this dif¬
ference is not apparently constant. Mounts were made of larvae oi pur¬
chasi (typ. form) from California and Magdalena, Sonora ; and of var.
maskelli from California and Guaymas, Sonora. The two mounts from
California and that from Magdalena show the antennae of first larval
stage practically the same; i. e., the last joint is irregular in outline, and
the penultimate, as well as last joint, bears one or two of the very long
hairs. The Guaymas mount, being from the present specimens, shows
the last antennal joint of first larval stage almost uniformly to be rather
swollen and regular in outline, well constricted at base, rather soda-bot¬
tle shaped, and with none of the long hairs on penultimate joint. But
some specimens occurred exhibiting a tendency toward the other form,
so that the character can hardly be called distinctive.

The difference between the typical purchasi and var. maskelli were
pointed out by Cockerell in Psyche, July, 1 89 7, under the heading
“ note on two forms of the fluted scale.” These forms were recognized
by Craw some seven years ago as differing from each other, and have
ever since been noticed by him to retain their distinctive features. The
finding of the present specimens, which seem to be an exaggerated
maskelli form, near Guaymas, Sonora, suggested the possibility that
maskelli might represent an endemic American form, not in any way
connected with the Australian purchasi . This supposition fell after
making an extended examination of the larvae, which could not be satis¬
factorily separated (at least the Californian specimens could not), so
that the two forms could hardly be natives of two widely separated
countries. It is still possible, however, that the present specimens from
Guaymas may represent an endemic form related to purchasi , and thus
a new species, but I do not consider it probable.

The statement of Cockerell (Psyche, 1. c.) that maskelli is purchasi
in the strict sense, and agrees very nearly with Maskell’s description,

*These specimens were in all ^probability what I collected near Guaymas, but
unfortunately they were sent out from the Department without label. I can state
positively that I collected exactly similar specimens, so far as external appearance goes
at the locality given. — C. H. T. T.

Sept. 1898.] Townsend & Cockerell: On Mexican Coccid^e. 167

needs correction. It is crawi which agrees very perfectly with Maskell’s
description, and maskelli agrees very poorly. • A photograph taken by
Craw, in San Francisco, of Californian specimens of the two forms side
by side, in situ on the branches, shows the differential characters very
clearly. I. purchasi has the body covered, usually conspicuously, with
a white or yellowish mealy secretion ; the ovisac long, stout and sub-
cylindric, the whole form of sac and insect robust ; the edges of body
with curled cottony filaments often of some length and pronounced,
and the long glassy filaments normally present and conspicuous. I.
maskelli , on the other hand, has the body usually nearly bare, dark in
color ; the ovisac short rounded subconic, being very conspicuously ab¬
breviated compared with purchasi ; the whole form much less robust,
the edges of the body quite destitute of curled cottony filaments, and
the long glassy filaments usually inconspicuous. [C. H. T. T.]

Icerya montserratensis Riley and Howard.

On leaves of avocado pear, Tampico,- Jan. 26, 1897 (Townsend).
Div. Ent., No. 4708. Only one adult 9 , but many young.

Icerya palmeri Riley and Howard.

One adult 9 , on Coursetia sp., * near Guaymas, Sonora, April 23,
1897 (Koebele, 1714), Div. Ent., No. 7893. This is the first and only
adult specimen of I. palmeri known. As the specimen is an unique, it
was decided not to boil it for a study of the adult 9 anatomical charac¬
ters. Unfortunately the antennae were broken, so that it is impossible
to say whether it possesses 9-jointed or n -jointed antennae, and there¬
fore it can not yet be referred to its proper subgenus.

Length of scale including ovisac, over 11 mm. Greatest width of body and of
ovisac, 5 mm. Width of ovisac at extremity, 4 mm. Height of insect, 4 mm.; of
ovisac, \]/2 mm.

Adult 9 • Body red ; legs and antennae black, covered as well as venter with a
white mealy secretion. Edge of body with moderately long curled filaments of white
secretion, a central dorsal patch of filamentous secretion being variegated with pale
sulphur-yellow. No glassy filaments on body apparently.

Ovisac pure white, not fluted, presenting a smooth lime-like surface, large and
stout, 8 mm. long below and 7 mm. above. The species resembles rileyi in its
smooth unfluted ovisac.

Several larvae extracted from the ovisac demonstrated the fact of this
species being palmeri. The median constriction of last antennal joint
of first larval stage is pronounced and seems a constant character. The

* The name was spelled Cocersitia on label. Presumably Coursetia was in¬
tended.

168 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi,

wax of first and second larval stages is pure white. The characters
agree perfectly with Riley and Howard’s description. A specimen of
the second stage of 9 larva was also obtained from within the ovisac,
and shows two long hairs, a little shorter than width of body, sticking
straight out from sides of body, well removed from each other. These
were doubtless broken off from the dried cast larval skins, from which
the original description and drawings were made. The several hairs on
last antennal joint of first larval stage are somewhat longer in some cases
than in the figure. The broken stumps of the pair of cephalic hairs
between bases of antennae appear in one specimen, but do not show in
the others. [C. H. T. T.]

Icerya rosae Riley and Howard.

Seven 9 specimens, all apparently adult, taken on bark of trunk of
a tree which may have been Prosopis sp., in plaza at market place.
Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, May 2 6, 1896 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No.
7222. It is curious to note that the anatomical characters of the adult
9 of rosce are the same as those of purchasi ; the antennae of rosce have
been stated by Riley and Howard to be the same as purchasi , while an
examination of the present specimens shows them to agree perfectly in
all the other anatomical characters with the description of purchasi g iven
by Comstock. The validity of rosce stands on the absence of ovisac,
absence of curled filaments of secretion on border of body, and absence
of fine glassy filaments on body. Boiling in caustic soda gives first a
pronounced rose-color, then a rose-brown.

Icerya littoralis Ckll.

One adult 9 on bark of tree which may have been Prosopis sp., in
plaza at market, Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, May 26, 1896 (Town¬
send). Div. Ent., No. 7222. The egg sac is short, and is distinctly
yellow on circumference of basal half. There is no sign of the fine
glassy filaments of the body in this species. The fluffy waxy secretion
enveloping the eggs and newly-hatched young is whitish, but the inside
of the wall of egg-sac shows conspicuously yellow. The wax of first
stage of larva is apparently quite pure white. The last antennal joint of
first larval stage, taken from ovisac of present specimen, and from sacs
of littoralis typical form, shows a slight constriction in middle, thus ex¬
hibiting a tendency toward palmeri. The first larval stage of littoralis
has the third antennal joint uniformly the same as 1, 2 and 4, the ap¬
proximate formula being 6 (1234) 5 ; while palmeri has the third joint
uniformly longer than 1, 2 and 4, the formula being 63 (124) 5. The

Sept, 1898.] Townsend & Cockerell: On Mexican Coccida;. 169

antennae of first larval stage of littoralis var. mimosa Ckll., differ from
typical littoralis in the more uniformly stout basal joints and stout last
joint, the intermediate joints being narrowed, giving the antennae a
constricted appearance in the middle. In typical littoralis the basal
joints seem nearly as narrowed as the intermediate ones. Both the
typical form and var. mimosa have the last antennal joint of first larval
stage with several (about 3) very long hairs. Both also have the lateral
bristles of border of abdomen anterior to anal bristles, in first larval
stage, well differentiated from other lateral hairs, thus falling in the
group with rosa , montserratensis and palmeri.

The antennae of adult 9 were both broken, one showing nine joints,
the ninth joint being fractured and the distal portion missing. But the
identity of the newly hatched larva with that of littoralis proves the de¬
termination beyond doubt.

Ortonia primitiva, sp. nov. Towns .

Differs from O. mexicanorum Ckll. as follows : Antennae only 9 jointed, less than
twice as long as femur plus trochanter, more than twice as long as femur alone, the
first five joints being about equal in length to the femur plus trochanter. Approxi¬
mate antennal formula, (39) (21) (678) (45). Ninth is not as long as seventh and
eighth together. The only joints that are broader than long are 1, 2, 4 and 5.
Joints 3, 6, 7 and 8 are about as broad as long. In some cases 8 seems a little longer
than 6 and 7. The last three joints are approximately equal in width, while the
other joints gradually narrow proceeding toward the base. Joint 1 is perhaps f- wider
than 2. Tibia more than longer than femur, and but little more than JJ as broad
as femur, being rather slim. Tarsus (not including claw) about length of tibia
with about seven spines in a line on inner edge, tibia with about ten such spines.
Claw apparently with a short stout rudimentary digitule. Under and outer edge of
claw on each side delicately scalloped, showing four scallops. No bristles apparent
on claw. Integument showing the large round and oval hyaline spaces said to be
characteristic of the genus, and thickly covered everywhere with numerous long strong
spines interspersed with shorter ones. Boiling in IvHO stains the liquid brown.
Length of 9 after boiling, about 5 or 6 mm. ; dried unboiled ones are 3 mm. long,
by 2 mm. .wide. One of the larger specimens is accompanied by a considerable
amount of pure white, fluffy, cottony secretion, which may form a substitute for an
ovisac in this species. This cottony secretion, which does not seem to be present in
mexicanorum , together with the presence in the debris of small orange- colored eggs,
indicates that the material is adult.

This species and mexicanorum need the erection of a separate sub-
genus for their reception, perhaps two subgenera. I propose the name
Protortoma for the present species, and it may even be found to merit
generic rank, as being quite distinct from Ortonia. For the present,
O. mexicanorum can be included in it also.

HO Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vl

On “nettle tree,” Cuantla, Morelos, May 31, 1897 (Koebele).
Div. Ent., No. 7878. The nettle tree, as stated elsewhere in this paper,
is probably Manihot sp. [C. H. T. T.]

Cerococcus corticis, sp. nov.

Adult 9 . Elongate-globular, balloon-shaped, apodous and without antennae,
integument whitish and transparent after boiling; anal cone chitinous, yellowish at
base, brownish on terminal margins, wide and stout, conico-cylindric, about as long as-
basal width, less in diameter at discal end than at base, the margin deeply notched
on ventral and dorsal aspect, the notch reaching to about middle of length of cone,
the margins with a row of strong bristly hairs curved at ends, the lateral lips exter¬
nally rather thickly clothed with the same extending]down about ^ way to base of
cone. Between bases of lateral lips of cone inside appears what is evidently a
median tubercle though not distinct, corresponding to the median tubercle situated
between the two elongate caudal tubercles of C. quercus Comst. Anal ring con¬
cealed, but the stout, long cylindriform hairs arising from it are conspicuous, six in
number (3 pairs), and reach well beyond ends of lateral lips of cone. In a younger
specimen these hairs reach fully as far beyond ends of lips as depth of notch of anal
cone. In a still younger specimen they are not apparent at all. The clear light yellow
surface of basal part of cone shows a pair of brownish spots on either side, the inner
pair much the larger. Spiracles distinct. Mouth parts large and well-developed \
9 full of large well-developed ova. Length of 9 on slide, nearly 2 mm. ; width,
1 1 mm.

9 Scale white, irregularly oval in form, seed-shaped or bead-shaped, covered
wholly with a waxy secretion which has a felted, sometimes cottony, appearance on
the surface. Length, 2 to 2 ]/2 mm. ; width, about if mm. ; thickness, about I to ii
mm. Apparently stuck into the surface of the rough bark.

On bark of Quercus engelmanni, Nogales, Sonora, April, 1897
(Koebele). Div. Ent., No. 7880. Professor Cockerell had determined
this species rather hastily as C. ehrhorni , and Mr. Pergande called at¬
tention to the fact that it was very different in appearance and must be
distinct. As will be seen, the anal characters show the species to be
very distinct from ehrhorni. It will be well also to note the very
marked difference between corticis and quercus in the anal characters,
as shown in Comstock’s figure of the latter.

Phenacoccus gossypii, sp. nov.

Sac pure lime white; length, 5 to 6^ mm.; width, 2 to 2x/2 mm.; parallel-sided,
more widened, larger and stouter than in helianthi , and the body of 9 not apparent
at one end, the sac wholly covering the body. Boiling in caustic soda does not stain
the liquid.

Adult 9 • Length of body, 3 mm. Approximate antennal formula 2 ( 39}
(145678). The antennae and legs are practically the same as in helianthi. The
digitules of the claw are distinct, rather slender, well knobbed, and extending beyond
the end of the claw about the length of the latter. Antennae and legs pale
brown.

Sept. 1898.] Townsend & Cockerell: On Mexican Coccid^e. 171

This species may be considered as taking the place in tropical
Mexico of helianthi, which is found in northern Mexico, Texas and
New Mexico. While helianthi affects Helianthus , Pluchea, etc., in the
temperate region just named, gossypii affects cotton and other malvaceous
plants in the tropical region to the south. Probably the specimens
found by Townsend on cotton at Santa Maria, Texas, May 7, 1895,
and identified by Tinsley as helianthi var., are nearly or quite the same
as the present form.

P. helianthi and gossypii both differ from yucca , the only other de¬
scribed Mexican Phenacoccus in lacking the characteristic dark coloring
of the antennae and legs. They may be separated from each other by
the sac characters already given.

Massed on stems, stalks and leaves, mostly on underside of latter at
base of cultivated ornamental plant called, “amistad,” which is very
closely allied to cotton and is probably a species of Gossypium. Fron-
tera, Tabasco, June, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7820.

Also specimens on twigs, leaves . and squares of cotton, Frontera,
Tabasco, June, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7811. From this
material only a single adult 9 was obtained. It agrees in every respect
with the specimens from amistad, except that the second and third an¬
tennal joints are equal in length. Only the first six of the antennal
joints are represented in the specimen ; the formula for these would be
(23) 1 (456). The sacs are typical.

Var. a . — Sacs have same general characteristics and appearance, but
are uniformly smaller than in typical gossypii. Length of sac, 3 to 5
mm.; width 1^ to 2 mm. The legs, including digitules of claw, are
same as in gossypii. So also are the other characters of the 9 , except-
only those of the antennce, the second and third joints of which are
normally quite equal; the approximate antennal formula is 23 (19)
(456/8).

Greatly massed on branches, twigs, stems, and leaves of Mimosa sp.,
called “sarsa,” Las Islas del Rio Usumacinta, some 20 miles or more
above Frontera, Tabasco, July 9, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No.
7281. The plants were growing on the edge of the river, and were
partially submerged at the time by the high water.

Subsequently to writing the above, Professor Tinsley has carefully
studied these forms of gossypii, and compared them with helianthi.
His investigation convinces him that no antennal or other structural
character of the adult 9 will serve to differentiate helianthi and gossypii.
The easily noticeable differences in external appearance are, however,
sufficient to separate them.

172 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi vi.

Prosopophora manihotis, sp. nov.

9 . Scale suborbicular, averaging about 3 mm. long, by 2 y2 mm. wide, and 1%
to 1 y2 mm. high. Color sordid yellowish-white or brownish-gray. Surface rugose
near margin, dorsal surface faintly transversely ribbed, three longitudinal rows of
slight tubercles more or less distinct ; in some specimens the dorsal surface is worn
smooth. Scale with conspicuous traces of a whitish chalky secretion. Boiled in
KHO gives the liquid a reddish or brownish color. The dried females under the
scales are black.

9. Antennas 8-jointed, moderately stout, gently tapering; first joint about
twice as wide as long, second a little wider than long, third a little longer than wide,
second and third about equal in width and considerably narrower than first ; fourth
considerably narrower than third, about half again as long as wide; fifth still nar¬
rower but not twice as long as wide; sixth shorter than fifth, and seventh shorter
than sixth, seventh being slightly wider than long ; eighth joint knob-like, circular in
outline, surmounted by several hairs, diameter less than width of seventh. Usual
antennal formula approximately (34) 5 (612) (78); varying in one case to (34)
(512) 6 (78).

Spines of integument large, long and sharp. Double glands of integument not
of the usual figure-eight form, but bent half double, thus presenting the outline of a
pair of short ears. The integument shows the rod-like structures very numerous and
rather stout, the whole surface being covered with them.

On bark of “nettle tree” (so called on label), Cuantla, Morelos,
May 31, 1897 (Koebele 1757). Div. Ent., No. 7910. As there is no
other possible plant in the tropics of Mexico, so far as I know, which
could be called a nettle tree, other than what is known as the “ mala
mujer,” which is a species of Manihot (or Jatropha ), I take it that this
is the plant in question. It especially merits the name of nettle, and
assumes tree-like dimensions. Its spines are extremely irritating if only
barely touched to the skin. The bark on which the scales occur resem¬
bles perfectly that of this giant nettle. [C. II. T. T.]

Tachardia nigra, sp. nov.

Single specimens show the lac to be disposed in a more or less stellate form
covering the body of the female, the stellate shape being due to the similar shape of
the body of the female. Usually, however, the specimens are massed together on the
branches, being so close to each other that the lac becomes confluent, joining the
specimens and presenting the form of irregular elongate globular masses more or less
confluent. The lac usually has a decided blackish surface color, unlike any hitherto
known species of the genus ; it varies to dark brown in some cases, however. Aver¬
age diameter of single specimens covered with lac, 3 to 4 mm. ; height, 2 to 2]/2 mm.
Boiling the lac in KHO gives a dark crimson lake color.

9 . Spine is very long and thorn-shaped, perfectly regular in outline, widened at
base, gradually tapering from near base to point, in length probably more than four
times extreme basal width (the point in specimen studied is broken off ). Perforated

sept. 1898 ] Townsend & Cockerell : On Mexican Coccid^e.

173

plate of lac-tube subcircular; group of glands elongate-oval, widened end of group
contiguous to border of plate ; glands oval, closely packed. Anal tubercle prolonged
at sides into long spine-like processes only a little shorter than width of tubercle at
their origin, and longer apparently than the caudal filaments which are to be seen
between them. The specimens are evidently adult. The lac of young specimens is
disposed in a perfect star-like form, and the color is reddish-brown.

On branches of Acacia sp., Orizaba, Vera Cruz State, July 15, 1897.
(Koeble 1721). Div. Ent., No. 7927.

Tachardia mexicana Corns t .

Lac in color reddish-brown, shaded to reddish-yellow.

9. Antennae 6-jointed, formula (23) 4 (15) 6, stout, outwardly bowed, nearly
equal in width throughout, first joint a little wider than rest ; sixth joint narrowest,
rounded, very short ; second and third about as long as wide.

On branches of Mimosa sp., Oaxaca, Oaxaca State, August 21, 1S97.
(Koebele 1664). Div. Ent., No. 871. [C. H. T. T.]

Capulinia sal lei Sign.

Adult 9 • Antennae very short, atrophied, represented by a mere tubercle, not
as high as broad, surmounted by several (about 4 to 6) hairs, not chitinous. Mouth
parts large and well developed. Legs atrophied, front and middle pairs represented
by a sharp conical stump, chitinous, triangular in outline, but little longer than basal
width, usually distinctly 3-jointed, the third joint point-like. Hind legs nearly twice as
long as others, of same structure, form and outline, except that they are nearly twice
as long as basal width. The two stigmata on each side of body distinct, chitinous.
Anogenital ring small, chitinized on its edge, without hairs; the integument thickly
clothed all around it, within a radius of 8 to 10 times diameter of chitinous portion of
ring, with what appear like short hairs but are probably minute elongate glands or
tubular spinnerets, giving the area a thickly dotted appearance which ends abruptly.
The specimens studied, after being boiled, measure to 1 % mm. in diameter.
They boiled clear easily. Boiled in KHO stains liquid greenish-yellow.

$ . What is apparently the male scale is creamy-white, cottony but of close
texture, entirely covering the immature male, subquadrangular in dorsal outline, a
little flattened, and 1 ]/z to nearly 2 mm. long, by % to % mm. wide. An immature
male pupa shows a broad stout chitinous anal horn, twice as long as width at origin,
rather bluntly pointed, triangular in outline, and with a long strong chitinous spine
approximated to it underneath, taking its origin on ventral surface at a distance an-
terad of origin of anal horn equal to fully or a little more than the length of latter,
the point of spine reaching beyond the middle of length of latter and paiallel with
it. The legs are well developed ; femora, tibiae and tarsi rather swollen, coxae and
trochanters narrowed, the femora thinly and the tibiae and tarsi more thickly clothed
with minute bristles, the tarsi with a well-formed claw at end. Femur plus trochanter
distinctly shorter than tibia plus tarsus. The long many-jointed antennae do not
show the segmentation distinctly enough to be described. The length of the pupa,
as mounted, is mm.

I have no doubt that this is Signoret’s species. Not only do the

/

174 . Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. vi.

adult 9 characters agree perfectly, as figured and described by Signo-
ret, but the description of the appearance of the adult 9 ’s in life, in
situ on the food plant, agrees perfectly, the 9 being covered with a
cottony secretion and bearing pendant from the oval end a single long
cottony filament.

Found on leaves and twigs of a wild shrub or small tree called
“ escobillo,” in woods, Arroyo San Isidro (near Frontera), Tobasco,
May 27, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7659. The cottony fila¬
ments hanging pendant from the 9 ’s reached a length of something like
three inches.

This rediscovery of Capulinia sallei is of great interest, not only
per se, but further as throwing much light on the affinities of several
more recently described allied genera. The study of the present ma¬
terial has demonstrated the close relationship of Capulinia with Sphcero-
coccus Mask. (1891), and Xylo coccits Loew (1882). Both Capulinia
and Xylococcus fall in the Idiococcince of Masked, and in fact could
both be included in the genus Sphcerococcus as characterized by that
author. However, the genus Sphcerococcus may be maintained for
forms of the S. casuarince Mask, and acacice Mask, type, while S. infla-
tipes Mask, needs the erection of a separate genus for its reception. S.
bambusce Mask, has already been referred to Antonina. Other species
described since by Masked as Sphcerococcus will need similar revision.
Xylococcus filiferus Lw. of Austria, resembles Capulinia sallei in the
presence of the long pendant cottony filament of 9 , but apparently
differs in the presence of an anal cone and other minor characters. The
genus Sphcerococcus , as above restricted, will include such forms as have
the feet entirely absent in the adult 9 , and the antennae either absent
or rudimentary. Capulinia will include forms in which not only the
antennae, but also the feet, at least the posterior pair, are represented in
more or less rudimentary form, and are not entirely absent. While both
the feet and antennae are said by Loew to be wanting in Xylococcus ,
the latter genus will remain distinct from Sphcerococcus by its chitinous
anal cone or tubercle. [C. H. T. T.]

The description of the following Brazilian species is included here
while on this genus :

Capulinia jaboticabae Von Jhering.*

Adult 9 • Round-oval in outline, % to 1 mm. in length. Differs from C. sallei
as follows: Antennge more developed but still rudimentary, about twice as long as

* We had named this species after Dr. Von Jhering, but in the meanwhile he has
(Revista Agricola, June 1898, p. 188) proposed to call it Capulinia jaboticabce. Dr*

sept. 1898.] Townsend & Cockerell: On Mexican Coccid^e. IT5

wide, distinctly 4-jointed, joints 1 to 3 more than twice as wide as long, last joint
narrower and irregular with several hairs. Another specimen, probably of a previous
moult, shows five joints in the antennae. Front and middle pairs of feet entirely ab¬
sent, without tubercular rudiments. Hind legs quite well developed, distinctly seg¬
mented, not tubercular but elongate; coxa subtriangular, as long as basal width,
wide; femur (plus the small trochanter) wide, but only about two-thirds as wide as
base of coxa, about as long as length of coxa; tibia narrower and a little longer than
femur; tarsus tapering, fully as long as tibia, without apparent claw. In the imma¬
ture specimen above mentioned the femora are relatively wider compared with the
coxae.

Brazil, probably Sao Paulo (Dr. H. von Jhering). On Myrciaria
c ait l i flora. This is a very distinct species from C. sa/lei, in the com¬
plete absence of front and middle legs, and the comparatively well
developed hind legs.

Lichtensia mimosae, sp. nov.

Length of shrunken 9 , y/2 mm.; of ovisac, 12 to 13 mm. Width of ovisac, 4
to y/2 mm. Ovisac white, compact, surface with a satiny lustre, nearly parallel-sided
not libbed or keeled, normally covering the insect

Antennae rather short, eight-jointed, without noticeable hairs except what ap¬
pear to be two short ones at tip, second joint considerably shorter than third which is
longest, fourth and fifth nearly equal and shorter than third, sixth about as long as
second, seventh and eighth but little shorter. Approximate antennal formula 3
(45) (26) (78) 1. Tarsal digitules very long, slender, more than twice as
long as the claw, not greatly knobbed. Digitules of the claw very stout, one
quite equally thickened and not greatly widened at end, while the other is nar¬
rowed in the middle and club like at end. Claw digitules as long as the claw,
which is rather large. Tarsus a little more than one-third length of tibia; femur
markedly longer than tibia. Anal plates together forming a square, the outline of
each being a right-angled triangle, each with two short hairs at posterior end. In¬
tegument with numerous oval or usually nearly spherical glands, the smaller ones so
massed as to give a finely granulated appearance. Marginal spines small and simple,
but fairly stout, about or hardly as far apart as their length.

. As comPared with Lichtensia lulea Ckll., from Vera Cruz on Croton
being the only previously known tropical Mexican Lichtensia , the pres¬
ent species differs markedly in the claw digitules, besides having the
ovisac pure white instead of lemon-yellow. In Z. iutea the claw is
smaller, and the digitules of the claw are about twice as long as the latter.

Occurring singly on branches of Mimosa sp., locally called “sarsa,”
Las Minas, near Frontera, Tabasco, June 4, 1897 (Townsend). Div.
Ent., No. 7810.

Noack has also sent me some specimens in situ , collected by Dr. Campos Novaes at
Itatiba, State of St. Paulo, and I find they live in little crater-shaped galls. The
females have the antennae with 5 or 6 segments _ T. D. A. C.

176

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

Ctenochiton aztecus, sp. nov.

Length of 9 scale, 2 to 2 y2 mm. ; width, \]/2 to 2 mm.; height, I mm. or a
little less; in form convex, and leaving a very conspicuous white silk- like covering
on the bark when detached. Boiling in KHO gives a pale brown color. The secre¬
tion of 9 is glassy in appearance, and has the characteristic serrate frings on the
edge. The marginal fringe shows 12 to 15 short teeth on each side. The adult 9,
after being denuded of the glassy secretion, is brown, but loses its color by boiling in
KHO, except the anal plates and adjacent edges of cleft which remain brown. In¬
tegument shows a reticulated or honeycombed structure. Female apparently apodous
and without antennae. Marginal bristles extremely short, stout, and pointed, about as
far apart as twice their length, but varying. Anal plates triangular, taken together
hardly or nearly forming a square. Anal cleft deep, in some about one- fifth the
length of whole body, in others less. Two bristles at end of each anal plate, and
one on inner edge. Two longer bristles springing from their junction inside. The
females are full of larvae.

Glassy secretion is minutely irregularly striate, but shows no distinct air cells ; it
is raised on the dorsal surface into tubercular processes, showing especially in the
more immature individuals. In the latter the processes take the form of a median
dorsal row, a marginal row, and a row on each side half way between the dorsal and
marginal.

On bark of trunk of tree called “ cafetilla cimarron,” which means
wild coffee, but the tree is very distinct from coffee. Arroyo San Isidro,
near Frontera, Tabasco, May 27, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No.
7645-

Ceroplastes roseatus, sp. nov.

9 scale. Greatest length, 1 1 mm. ; greatest width, 8 mm. ; height, 6 mm.
Color pale sordid yellowish, with a very faint rose tinge. Younger (smaller) speci¬
mens measure 7 to 9 or 10 mm. in length, and show the wax clearer, whitish with a
pronounced roseate tinge or blush. Wax not divided into plates, no nuclei present.
Form in lateral profile low conical with the apex rounded, the two sides meeting at a
little more than a right angle ; in anterior profile the sides meet at less than a right
angle. The younger more roseate scales, with the fresh appearance to the wax, are
not so symmetrically formed, the anterior margin of the wax being lapped up in
front, and presenting just posterior to this a deep notch in the profile. Median dor¬
sal tubercle of the wax is pale yellowish. Margin a little scalloped in dorsal profile,
showing about seven projections of the border. Thickness of wax at base, 3 mm. at
ends, averaging 2 mm. at sides. Surface of wax smooth, a little roughened in the
largest specimens.

Body of 9, before being boiled, denuded of wax (basal measurements), 4 mm.
long, 2 yz mm. wide ; this being a specimen which measured ^]/z mm. in length with
wax in situ. Dorsal tubercle prominent, high, narrow, but widened (or rather
lengthened) longitudinally, the sides giving the outline in lateral profile of a perfect
angle of 55 degrees. Sides of body showing seven distinct lateral tubercles, the an¬
terior one being in the middle. Caudal horn very elongate and stout, about 2 mm.
long, and 4^ mm. in diameter at base. Color of dorsum brownish-red, the caudal
horn black, becoming brown at base. Boiling in KHO gives a faint rosy tinge.

sept. is98.] Townsend & Cockerell: On Mexican Coccid^e. 177

9. Capitate spines of integument present same form as in ceriferus Claw
short, digitules of claw about twice as long as claw, unequal, one very stout and that
kno extremely large, the other more slender and widened or flattened leaf like at end.
Femur rather stout, swollen, rather long oval in outline, without the trochanter about
as long as tibia; tibia about one third as wide, parallel-sided. Tarsus a little more
than half as long as tibia. Tarsal digitules filiform, well knobbed at end, reaching a
little farther than to the ends of claw digitules. Antennae 6-jointed, the last three
joints nearly equal in length, the sixth slightly longest, the third very long and a little
wider than the following ones; the first and second about equal and each less than or
about one-third as long as the third. The fourth and fifth are about one-half again
as long as wide ; the first is somewhat wider than length of second ; the second is

truncate-conical, its basal width being about equal to its length, its distal width a little
more than one-half its basal.

The only other known roseate forms of Ceroplastes are, a variety of
floridensis, which is easily distinguished by its much smaller size ; and
albolinealis, which was described from Jamaica, and is a very common

species in Brazil, but is at once distinguished by the two conspicuous
white lines on the sides.

On branches of a wild fruit tree locally called “cojon de venado,”
El Cuyo del Chicosapote, near Frontera, Tabasco, June 18, 1807 fTow’n-
send). Div. Ent., No. 7611. '

Lecanium tuberculatum, sp. nov.

9. Scale very convex, rounded-oval, sometimes nearly round, normally about
4 mm. m length, 3 mm. in width, and 2 mm. in height. Color clear reddish-brown
the margin narrowly dark brown. Scale finely tuberculate and pitted near border’,
coarsely and less conspicuously tuberculate on rest of surface, the low rounded
tubercles with shallow pits or furrows between them. In shrivelled scales the fine
tuberculation is more extentive and conspicuous. Most specimens also show a pair
of longitudinal dorsal impressed lines, with one or two less distinct lines running
across them at right angles. No glassy secretion apparent on surface of scale. The
blackish rim and tuberculate character of the scale will serve to distinguish it from

perconvexu/n, which is uniformly blackish and with only the row of fine tubercles
near rim.

Legs very short, tibia and tarsus equal in length and about as long as broad ;
the tarsus hardly narrower than tibia, rounded apically and not pointed ; claw short,
stout, strongly hooked, and about half the length of tarsus ; femur but little longer
than tibia, wider basally than apically, and as long as apical width. Digitules of
tarsus and claw stout, filiform, the claw digitule apparently longer than the tarsal,
which latter is about as long as the claw itself. Anal plates subtriangular, together
forming nearly a square, but somewhat rounded on the caudo-lateral margin. Anal
ring with four bristly hairs showing between the opened plates. Dermis chitinous,

with gland pits moderately small and rather numerous. Boiling in KHO stains
liquid pale brown.

Belongs to the neotropical group of perconvexum , chilaspidis, urichi,

178 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

imbrication , etc., characterized by the short rudimentary legs. It comes
nearest to the Brazilian perconvexiim Ckll.

On twigs of tree called “cafetillo,” San Antonio del Sapotal,
near Frontera, Tabasco, June 2, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No.
7809.

Aspidiotus jatrophae, sp. nov.

Belongs in the subgenus Diaspidiotus. 9 scale circular to suboval, convex*
pale grayish-brown, 1*4 mm. in diameter. Exuviae nipple-lil<e, situated usually to
one side of the middle, concolorous with rest of scale but of a darker shade. $ scale
suboval or oblong, same color or a little paler than 9 , 1 mm. long and about or little
more than half as wide. Scales not leaving a white surface on the bark when de¬
tached.

9. CFcumgenital glands absent. Anal orifice near posterior extremity. Three
pairs of lobes. Median lobes large, oblique, very strongly notched on outer side, not
at all on inner side. Well marked glandular incisions in the interlobular intervals.
Chitinous processes of the glandular incisions resemble those of A. betula. First
interlobular interval moderately wide. Second and third lobes minute, dentiform.
Spines unusually large and stout. Outer spine-like plates much branched, those of
first interlobular space simple and two in number. Body of 9 broad pyriform, yel¬
lowish brown. Species doubtless viviparous, as the 9 is hhed with large well
developed embryos, and lacks the circumgenital glands.

$ and 9 scales massed together on bark of main stems and branches
of Jatropha sp., called “chaya,” a cultivated plant whose green juicy
stems are cooked for food. Frontera, Tabasco, May, 1897 (Town¬
send). Div. Ent., No. 7682. This is a southern species of a northern
type.

Aspidiotus agavis, sp. nov.

Belongs in subgenus Chrysomp/ialus. 9 scale circular or subcircular, brownish-
gray, the marginal portion whitish. Exuviae central, black or blackish, more or less
covered with a gray secretion which is usually scaled off and shows only as a border
to the exuviae. Diameter, 1 to \y2 mm.

9 . Body deep yellow. Three pairs of lobes. Median lobes widened, ap¬
pearing like human incisions, contiguous to each other. Second pair of lobes about
one- fifth wider than median, third pair same as second. Distance between median
and second pairs of lobes less than half width of one of the median lobes. Distance
between second and third pairs nearly equal to width of one of the median lobes.
Spine like plates moderately short. There is a rudimentary angular fourth lobe be¬
yond the third pair, and the margin of the body beyond the lobes is serrate for a dis¬
tance equal to that occupied by the lobes of one side, the serration being composed
of smaller spine-like plates. Beyond this the margin of the body is minutely serrate.
Four groups of circumgenital glands, cephalolaterals 16 in each group in one speci¬
men; in another 13 to 16, more or less prolonged inwardly in group outline instead
of rounded as normally. Caudolaterals apparently with 8 glands each.

179

sept. 1898.] Townsend & Cockerell: On Mexican Coccid^e.

This species is allied to A. nigropunctatus Ckll. It resembles it in
general appearance by the blackish exuviae, and the lobes are similar in
form. It may be distinguished from that species by the lobes being en¬
tire, not notched. The scales are also uniformly smaller than in nigro¬
punctatus.

Massed on leaves of Agave sp. Toluca, Mexico, August 29, 1897
(Koebele 1697). Div. Ent., No. 7935.

Aspidiotus koebelei, sp. nov.

. belongs in the subgenus Chrysomphalus. Allied to A. albopictus Ckll., from
which it differs as follows : Caudal end not so narrow and pointed. Caudolateral
glands 3, cephalolaterals 4. Tubular glands short, only about as long as the median
lobes, eight in number, the median pair having their origin posterad of the rest. In
immature females these glands are much longer, and much resemble those of albopic-
tus; Median lobes well separated, about as wide as long, rounded, entire. Second
pair of lobes removed from the median a distance equal to diameter of either lobe,
about same width as median, entire. Third pair pointed, tooth -like, somewhat farther
removed from second than are latter from median, less conspicuous than other lobes.
Farther down the margin a rudiment of a fourth lobe appears. Anal orifice (appar¬
ently) close up near base of tubular glands.

9. Scale circular to suboval, flat or but little raised, i'/2 to 2 mm. in diameter,
usually clear light brown but sometimes more or less grayish. Exuviae a little to one
side of center, marked only by a darker ring in some specimens, in others nearly con-
colorous with rest of scale, while in still others they are grayish or of a lighter color.

g scales oblong or long-oval, usually pale grayish-brown, the exuviae usually neaier
one end and light reddish-brown in color.

Numerous $ and 9 scales massed on leaves of orange, Oaxaca,
Oaxaca State, August 22, 1897 (Koebele 1656). Div. Ent., No. 7935!

Aspidiotus albopictus var. leonis, var. nov.

The characters of the 9 are the same as in albopictus, except that the caudolat¬
eral glands number 5 to 6, and the cephalolaterals only 6 to 7. A. albopictus be¬
longs in Chrysomphalus. One specimen is infested by an interesting fungus.

9 • Scale circular, flat, averaging 1 ^ mm. in diameter. Color of scale flesh-gray
outer border more or less distinctly whitish, the whitish often invading most of sur¬
face. Exuviae often nearly central, pale brown Although the characters of the 9
msect are nearly the same as in typical albopictus, the present specimens represent at
l^ast a good variety in the considerable differences in the characters of the 9 scale.

On leaves of orange, Linares, Neuvo Leon, Dec. 17, 1897 (Town¬
send). Div. Ent., No. 7935.

Diaspis baccharidis, sp. nov.

9* Scale rather broad oyster-shell shaped, 2 fo 2 mm. long, 1 to 2 mm.
wide, flattened, exuviae at smaller end which corresponds to the hinge end of an
oyster shell, leaving a whitish film on bark when detached. The inside or underside

180

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

of the scale is grayish in color; the outside surface is wholly covered in all cases,
with a fungus of a grayish-brown color, obscuring the color of the scale so that it is
impossible to distinguish it.

g . Scale is quite distinctly tricarinate, 1^3 to \]/2 mm. long, % mm. wide
white ; exuvium at one end, brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown. The $ scale is
different in texture from that of the 9 .

9. After boiling, subcircular, tinged with brownish-yellow at least anally.
Three pairs of lobes, the median largest, almost imperceptibly excavated on their
outer posterior border, very slightly notched on inner posterior border, about as wide
as long, slightly separated, not contiguous. Second pair of lobes subround, rather
less than one-half the width and length of median lobes, each removed by about its
own width from median lobes, entire. Third pair of lobes small, about half the size
of the second pair, appearing as tubercles on the margin, removed from second pair
a distance equal to rather more than twice their diameter. Small sac-like structures
situated at bases of lobes resembling in form those of Diaspidiotus , those of each
median lobe appearing nearly U-shaped, being very indistinctly separated at base ;
those of third lobes shaped like a pair of heavy dots, those of second lobes transi¬
tional in form between those of median and third lobes. There are also still a fourth
pair, and even a rudimentary fifih. Spines rather small and short. Spine-like plates
not large, not long, equalling in length the median lobes. Anal orifice about five
times its diameter removed from anal end of body, well posterior to the level of the
caudolateral glands. Five groups of ventral glands, in form mulberry-shaped, espe¬
cially the cephalolateral pair. Caudolaterals, about 20; cephalolaterals, about 30 or
more; median group, 15.

On bark of woody stalks of Baccharis glutinos a, Amecameca, Mexico,
June 1, 1897 (Koebele 1758). Div. Ent., No. 7959.

Pseudoparlatoria serrulata, sp. nov.

Distinguished at once from the other species of the genus so far known by the
minutely serrulate chaiacter of the lobes. Five groups of circumgenital glands
caudolaterals 11 to 15, cephalolaterals 12 to 15, median 2. Allied to P. noacki Ckll.,
rather than to P. parlatorioides Comst., as indicated by the five groups of glands, the
latter species having only four. The median lobes are not so pointed as in noacki , but
are rather rounded ; while not notched like parlatorioides (as in Comstock’s figure),
they are rather inconspicuously notched nearer the base. The spine-like plates of
first and second interlobular spaces are shorter than in either species, projecting but
little beyond the end of the lobes. Lobes of second pair divided into three lobules.
Fish tail structure between the median lobes hardly projecting beyond the lobes.

9. Scale \)/z to 2 mm. in diameter, flattened, subcircular, whitish, grayish, or
greenish gray ; exuviae lateral, pale yellowish or yellowish-brown. £ scale small,
subpyriform, about 1 mm. long, exuviae at the wider end ; color grayish, with exuviae
yellowish.

On leaves of unknown tree Hernosillo, Sonora, April 23, 1897
.(Koebele 1719). Div. Ent., No. 7934.

Sept. 1893 ]

Banks: On Mexican Phalangida.

181

SOME MEXICAN PHALANGIDA.

By Nathan Banks.

Cynorta mexicana, sp. nov.

Length body, 6.5 mm. ; breadth, 4.5 mm. ; femur I, 2 mm. ; femur II, 3.5 mm.
Dull yellow brown, tibiae darker, last palpal joint black. Dorsum nearly smooth',
eye tubercle low, smooth ; tibia of palpus very broadcast joint ending in a fine
curved claw; legs I, II and III nearly smooth, with fine hairs; venter smooth;
dorsum of abdomen with low tubercles along each side to the hind femora, on hind
part of middle a pair of very small tubercles, scarcely evident, and behind them a
transverse row of four minute tubercles, the hind border of the shield and of the
next two segments with a row of small tubercles ; hind leg spinulate on femur, patella
and tibia, rather more strongly on last two, on inner side of femur near tip is a larger,
prominent, blunt spine. Readily known from our forms by larger size, absence of
markings, small tubercles, and armature of hind leg.

Erginus mexicana, sp. nov.

Length, 3.9 mm.; femur I, 1.7 mm.; femur II, 3.1 mm. Body almost uniform
pale yellowish, legs paler, nearly white. Dorsal surface evenly and rather roughly
granulate, eye-tubercle broad, low;' basal joint of mandibles swollen above mid
prominent, distinctly granulate; palpi appressed to mandibles, the femur broad, den¬
ticulate above, below on inner margin with six blunt teeth, tibia very broad, concave
within, margins with bristles, tarsus slender, one half length of the tibia, ending in a
long, fine, curved claw ; venter and coxae granulate ; the margins of the very much
retracted segments denticulate; legs slender, finely granulate, fourth pair nearly as
long as second, but the fourth tarsus shorter than that of second leg.

One specimen ; readily known by the blunt teeth under the femur
of palpus.

Liobunum mexicanum, sp. nov.

Length body 4 mm., femur I, 1 1 mm., femur II, 18 mm. Dark brown above,
■nearly uniform, but faintly showing a chocolate brown vase-mark on basal part of
■abdomen ; beneath wholly pale ; palpi pale, brownish on base of the femora, above
•on patellae, and at base and tip of the tibiae ; mandibles pale ; legs brown, with scat¬
tered pale dots on basal joints, often arranged in groups, coxae pale, trochanters brown¬
ish, extreme tip of tibiae pale. Dorsum above quite finely and regularly granulate ;
«ye-tubercle quite high, smooth, the eyes prominent; last joint of palpus as long as
tibia and patella together, scarcely curved, each of the coxae I, II and III terminate
above next to the body in a small white spine.

Amecameca [Barrett]. The specimen has but three legs on the right
side, leg II being absent and its coxa is rudimentary.

Liobunum albipalpe, sp. nov.

Length body 5 mm., femur I, 12 mm., femur II, 20 mm. Palpi white, basal
joints rather yellowish, mandibles pale yellowish ; cephalothorax black in center,

182 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

whitish on front and sides, and narrowly behind ; abdomen black, a whitish stripe on
the side of basal half and two or three of the segments behind are narrowly white
on the side of the apical margin ; coxae and venter almost black, four elongate whit¬
ish spots just behind hind coxae, the basal one much the largest ; trochanters black,
legs brown, pale on middle of femora, darker on patellae. Eye-tubercle moderately
prominent, faintly roughened above; patella of palpus with a distinct projection at
inner end about as long as width of joint, tibia scarcely longer than patella, last joint
slightly curved, fully as long as tibia plus patella; basal part of abdomen finely rug-
ulose, also the apical portion of the apical segments ; legs faintly roughened.

Readily distinguished by the white front and white spots behind
coxse.

Leptobunus spinulatus, sp. nov.

Length ii mm., femur I, 5 mm., femur IT, 9 mm. Black, mandibles pale yel¬
lowish, patella, tibia, and basal half of tarsus, of palpus yellow brown, coxse dark
yellow brown, extreme base of femora whitish, tarsi brownish. Eye-tutercle low,
with a few spinules above, a group of numerous spinules on front border, all small;
palpi with short stiff hair, tibia much longer than patella, tarsus longer than both to¬
gether, nearly straight; coxse with granules, and trochanters spinulate, rows of spin¬
ules on the femora, more irregular on patella and smaller on tibise ; tibia II nearly
smooth, with two false articulations, none in other tibise, none in anterior metatarsi ;
abdomen with transverse rows of minute, pale, pointed tubercles, rather few in a row.

Related to L. grande , but much more spinulate.

- » - -

LIFE-HISTORY OF FERALIA JOCOSA.

By Otto Seifert.

This pretty species may be found in the vicinity of New York from
the last days of March to the end of April, wherever hemlock trees
( Tsuga Canadensis') grow in any number. The moths emerge from
their pupae about noon and ascend the hemlock trunks to develop their
wings. Sometimes, on very cold days, they remain resting near the
ground, as if paralyzed by the severity of the weather. When dis¬
turbed, they seem indifferent at first, but later suddenly dart off, usually
to the higher branches of the trees. They are easily found, as their
bright colors contrast with the dark bark, especially after rain ; but
they are never abundant and seem to prefer spending their lives high up
amongst the foliage of the trees, so much resembling their own colors.
I have never been able to find a pair in copulation, though I have often
observed males and females on the same trunk. When taken home and

Sept. 1898.1 Seifert : Life-History of Feralia

jocosa.

183

kept carefully with hemlock sprigs in large glass vessels, they remained
nearly inactive and finally the females laid unfertilized eggs. It may
be mentioned here that these moths can be kept alive for a compara¬
tively long time when fed on slices of fresh apple.

The entire existence of this insect is bound and admirably adapted
to the conifer on which it feeds. In April and May the mature hem¬
locks develop their flowers. The staminate aments are produced pro¬
fusely on the younger, higher branches. The moth is only to be found
on the larger trees. The impregnated female runs restlessly up and
down the branchlets until it finds a twig with the budding staminate
aments. These latter appear in numerous clusters and here on the ad¬
joining leaves the moth deposits its rather large, pale honey yellow eggs.
One or a few are glued to a leaf, mostly on the under side. The whole
number of eggs rarely reaches 150.

The eggs hatch atter 14 to 16 days. The pale greenish yellow larvae
at once attack the undeveloped anther sacks and feed on these only at
this stage. They bury their heads and part of their bodies in the buds,
covering themselves over with pollen grains. As soon as the anthers
reach maturity, develop their tender filaments and turn light brown the
young caterpillars leave them entirely and take to the new leaves which
have just opened. In the successive stages they gradually abandon the
growing leafy shoots, touching them only occasionally and, after the
last molt, feed exclusively on the deep green perennial leaves. They
often denude small twigs of their leaves and leave only the light green
terminal shoots on the branches.

By the changes of color and design during growth the larvae follow
the successively acquired food habits. Very young larvae are pale yel¬
lowish green, the color of the budding staminate aments; after this
they change to bright, light green ; then they obtain pale white longitu¬
dinal bands ; later on they change to bright pea green with intense
white stripes from the head to anal segment and a cherry red supra-
stigmatal line bordering the white stigmatal stripe ; at last the bands
are broken into oval spots partly tinted and edged with yellow and red.
Now the glossy, deep pea green, checkered caterpillar is admirably
adapted to the deep green lacquered perennial leaves of the hemlock,
variegated with flowers and buds. About six weeks after leaving the

shell, the larval period is completed and the trim creature descends
the tree, probably at night, digging into the ground close to the trunk
and near the surface to form an almost oval, soft, but tenacious cocoon
of earth and silk. In this it transforms to a brown pupa in a few days.

184

Journal New York Entomological Society.

LVoi. vi.

It might be rash to assume these seemingly adaptive changes of
habits and colors in the larval state to be a protective measure. The
insect, on account of its early appearance, hardly needs much protection
from enemies. Birds are rather scarce at this time, especially in hem¬
lock groves and probably would detect it in any case. Ichneumon flies
and other parasitic hymenoptera are almost out of the question. A
small Carabid beetle which ascends the trees at night and a rather large
green hemipteron lurking often on the bark in day time probably never
will infest the lofty habitat of the Feralia larvae. Even the colors of
the imago resembling the green and white mottled lichens on the bark
are to all appearance of not much protective value, as some mutilated
moths found near the trunks had apparently been killed by Carabids
while resting on the bark. Probably the larva simply follows the gen¬
eral law of markings (Eimer, Artbildung bei den Schmetterlingen ;
Orthogenesis, etc.), gradually converting the primitive pattern of longi¬
tudinal stripes into spots. In this case these changes apparently coin¬
cide with the different surroundings which are conditioned by the alter¬
ing food habits.

Egg. — Rather large, of the typical noctuid form; semiglobular,
much flattened at base, depressed on top ; pale honey yellow with
faint greenish tint, extremely thin shelled and soft ; closely ribbed when
magnified, the ribs appear as blunt ridges with many irregular indenta¬
tions, these ridges widening toward base, do not all commence from the
vertex, nor do they all reach the base.

Eggs laid April 7th commenced to hatch April 21st. The young
larvae do not eat their egg shells, but making an opening side ways, they
leave the delicate, colorless, transparent membrane in shape.

First stage. — Larvae slender, almost pellucid, of a pale green¬
ish yellow color. Skin not smooth but irregularly folded. Head
rather large, sparsely hairy, mouth-parts and ocelli pale yellowish-
brown. On 1st, 2d and 3d segments dorsally shield-like plates indi¬
cated, those on 2d and 3d are omitted after moulting. Eleventh seg¬
ment humped slanting to anus, this hump before first moult has a raised
shield-like plate covering the entire dorsal and subdorsal region. Seg¬
ments, except thoracic and last, with five minute black dots each bearing
a short slender hair arranged in the usual noctuid way (Dyar, Classifi¬
cation of Lepidopterous Larvae); the three first segments have a few more
delicate hairs and above cremaster a transverse bow of about 24 minute
hairs. The young larvae have during their earlier stages a looper-like gait
and habits, holding with the after legs to a sprig and stretching the body

sept. 1898.] Seifert: Life-History of Feralia jocosa. 185

out like a stick. They are fond of spinning small networks over the
leaves especially when moulting and drop on a thread when disturbed,
but these customs are gradually abandoned during their moults. Before
changing their skins they turn sordid olive green, moult during the
night and eat their cast-off skins except the head shell.

After first moult . — The larvae are bright yellowish green, slightly
paler ventrally. Skin very transparent, contracted. Head compara¬
tively smaller than before of very pale tan-color, mouth parts light
brown, ocelli darker. First segment somewhat swollen, hump much
produced. An indistinct stripe forms dorsally, more distinct from
seventh to last segment, also a very pale whitish green lateral stripe.

After second moult. — They change to bright, glossy pea-green with
pale bluish white dorsal, lateral and stigmata! stripes, all equidistant.
The stripes run from first segments to the last, the stigmatal continued
by a narrow line above cremaster. Cervical shield indicated by a slight
depression and still brighter green, hump on top also more shiny.

After third moult — The stripes turn clear, heavy white. The stig¬
matal one is bordered above by a cherry-red line. The larvae vary
much in deeper or lighter shade of green, from pea-green to bright
olive ; the red line with different individuals is more or less intense and
when most prominent it is edged below with yellow and the stigmatal
stripe appears cream- colored.

After fourth moult. — The ground color is still more glassy and trans¬
parent pea-green : stripes chalky, finely wrinkled. The dorsal stripe
rather even, the lateral one almost uniform on the three first segments,
but then widening in the middle of the segments and tapering in the
incisures forms a chain of elongated spots. The stigmatal stripe is
broken up into eleven irregular, half-moon shaped spots ; conjoined.
The humped nth and 12th segments have only one spot, but enlarged ;
these spots are bordered above with cherry-red and shaded with yellow
on the edges and junction. A pedal line of yellowish-white, oblong,
irregular spots forms above the abdominal feet and on the tenth segment.

After fifth moult. — The larvae attain their maturity. Full-grown
they are nearly cylindrical, about 32 to 35 mm. long, width 4.5 mm.
All 16 feet normally developed. Eleventh segment forming a hump
slanting to cremaster. The few short delicate hairs distributed as before,
but hardly perceptible. The finely granulated skin folded, especially
on stigmatal area. Ground color deep, glossy pea-green, very transpa¬
rent ; head and legs more yellowish green ; cervical shield and hump
still brighter green. Dorsal and lateral stripes chalky white, finely

186 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

wrinkled, running from first segment to last. Dorsal stripe uninterrupted,
on thoracic segments nearly uniform, then widening in the middle of
segments and narrowing in the joints. The lateral stripe follows the
same principal, but in a more complete way, being almost uniform on
thoracic segments and forming a chain of spindle-shaped spots on the
abdomen connected by a narrow line. The spot on the eleventh seg¬
ment runs in a line to anal plate. From first to 'last segment a stig-
matal row of eleven large, half-moon shaped, cream colored spots, yel¬
low on the edges and bordered above their full length with cherry red;
on the three first segments the spots are more elongated forming almost a
band, but they are disconnected ; on last two segments one large spot
which ends in a narrow white stripe, edged above with yellow,
bordering the anal plate. A pedal line of oblong, irregular cream col¬
ored spots, one on each segment except on first and twelfth. Spots on
second and third segments smaller than the others, the latter extending
almost over the whole width of the segment.

The larvae vary in the deeper or lighter shade of green, the inten¬
sity of the red color and prominence of the yellow edgings. One of
about 75 full grown caterpillars had all, even the dorsal stripe, converted
into oval spots.

From May 30th to June 3d all but a few sickly stragglers had gone
into the ground. Some forming their cocoons on the surface, only cov¬
ered by moss and«rtry hemlock leaves.

Cocoon. — Rather soft but durable, made of earth and silk.

Pupa. — Rather stout anteriorly, head cases slightly rounded, almost
blunt ; movable segments tapering much to anal joint, the latter ends in
two fine hooks with which the pupa is fastened to the cocoon. Thorax
and wing cases brown, the former shagreened, the latter wrinkled, an¬
tennae cases clearly visible, but not much produced. Abdominal seg¬
ments more reddish brown, finely punctured, the movable ones only so
anteriorly. Length of pupa 15 mm., widest in the middle, 5 mm.

The imagines do not vary much in size. Almost all expand 34 mm.
(about 50 specimens). There is more variation in ground color and
the black scales in median space. The former varies from pea-green to
bright olive ; also appearing in all shades of cream color. The whole
median space is often powdered with black scales, sometimes only
partly and in a few specimens the black scales are omitted. The white
and black t. a. and t. p. lines are nearly always regular and distinct.
The green females seem to be in the majority, but in general the
variability in either way is not confined to any sex, nor has the flying

sept. 1898] Coquillett: On a New Genus of Diptera. IS 1

anything to do with it since undeveloped soft winged green females,
as well as cream colored ones have been found. Hind wings and
vestiture not subject to noticeable variation, nor the underside of pri¬
maries and secondaries, which differs only slightly in deeper or lighter
shading.

[Note. — This larva has occurred to me in the Adirondacks on the
balsam fir. Its pattern of markings and coloration are strikingly like
those of the pine-feeding Sphingidte, doubtless in adaptation to the
similar environment. H. G. Dyar.]

- ♦ -

A NEW DIPTEROUS GENUS BELONGING TO THE

THEREVID/E.

By D. W. Coquillett.

Henicomyia, gen. nov.

Antennas slightly longer than the thorax, cylindrical, first joint two-thirds as long
as the head, the second broader than long, one-fifth as long as the first, third joint of
nearly an equal diameter until near the tip, almost twice as thick as the first joint
and nearly four times as long, the apical portion tapering gradually to the tip which
is truncated and destitute of a style ; head nearly twice as broad as long, face bare ;
pi oboscis rather slender, the labella of about the same diameter as the proboscis
proper, the two together slightly longer than the head ; palpi slender, their apices
considerably dilated ; three ocelli present. Abdomen slender, fully three times as
long as the thcrax. Wings with two submarginal and five posterior cells, the fourth
posterior and anal cells closed and short petiolate. Type, the following species ;

Henicomyia hubbardii, sp. nov.

$ . Head black, front somewhat polished, at narrowest part one-third as wide as
either eye, antennae yellow, the second joint and apical portion of the third, brown ;
proboscis brown, the under side of the basal portion yellow; palpi brown, the apices
yellow ; a row of black macrochmtae extending around the upper half of the occiput.
Thorax and scutellum yellow, polished, a white pruinose vitta in middle of dorsum of
thorax, considerably expanded behind the suture, and a white pruinose spot on upper
part of the pleura in front of the insertion of each wing ; a black macrochaeta above,
and another in front of, the insertion of each wing, thorax elsewhere, and the scutel¬
lum, bare. Abdomen black, polished, the extreme base yellowish, the posterior
margins of the first four segments white ; hypopygium nearly twice as long as the
seventh, or last, abdominal segment. Wings hyaline, a brown cloud on veins at apex
of second basal cell, and a brown fascia extending from the costa, a short distance
before the apex of the second vein, to the base of the third posterior cell. Coxae yel¬
low, the posterior ones largely brown and covered with a silvery- white pruinosity ;

188

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

femora yellow, the posterior ones except the extreme base and apex, brown ; tibiae
yellow, the hind ones brown ; tarsi brown, the first joint and basal half of the second
joint of the hind ones, yellow ; all femora and the front tibiae bare, middle and hind
tibiae thinly beset with very short bristles ; pulvilli rather large, empodium wanting.
Halteres brownish, the apical portion of the knobs white. Length, 8 mm.

Ft. Grant, Arizona. A single specimen collected July 19, 1897,
by Mr. H. G. Hubbard, after whom this interesting species is named.
Type No. 4071, U. S. Nat. Museum.

- ♦-

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE TWO FORMS OF CERURA

NIVEA.

By Richard E. Kunze, M.D.

In Professor Packard’s Monograph on Bombycine Moths, this Ceru-
rin Moth is mentioned as a varietal form of C. cinerea. Under date
of August 14, 1897, the doctor wrote me, that there were two pale or
white forms of cinerea in my region, whose larvae need to be identified.”
Professor Packard in his monograph states, that the white color of an
example of C. nivea , in Mr. Palm’s collection, from the Virgin river,
southern Utah, is evidently the result of the action of bright sunlight,
heat and dryness. The same conditions exist in the Salt River Valley.
Phoenix and Yuma hold the record for highest temperature of Arizona,
that of the former being 1170 Fahrenheit in the shade, while that of
Yuma exceeded it by two or three degrees. This information I ob¬
tained from U. S. Weather Bureau of this City, and an attache of the
same formerly stationed in Yuma. My examples of nivea were all col¬
lected at light in Phoenix up to the end of June, a few emerged from
collected cocoons, and of those sent six to Mr. Charles Palm for deter¬
mination. The reply stated, that according to the synopsis of Neumoe-
gen and Dyar, they were Centra nivea , variety of cinerea. Since my
correspondence with Professor Packard, have taken the autumn brood
of this insect, from which I bred from ova to pupae and imagines, and
will now give as a result, that this moth has an undisputed right to rank
as a species, and not as varietal form of citierea . In its earliest larval
stages the resemblance is nearer that of cinerea than any.other Cerurine,
while the last two stages more nearly resemble larvae of C. multiscripta.
In the East have bred from ova and collected larvae of any number of
C. cinerea , multiscripta and borealis and well remember the larval life
of those species.

Sept. 1898.]

Kunze: Two Forms of Cerura nivea.

189

As before mentioned, there are two annual broods in this hot and
arid region. The larva feeds on willow and cottonwood and I have
collected cocoons early in spring from both food-plants. The examples
which served for observation, were two females taken in September,
1S97, in Phoenix. One of these was almost immaculate, except a
small black spot between the veins of external border of primaries.
The other was marked at the base and near cell of primaries with a few
black patches and irregular markings. Bodies of both heavily clothed
by long white hair, and at first thought I had taken a Spilosoma.
The base of wings likewise thickly covered by a thick mass of shorter
hair than on the body. The males of this species have longer hair than the
females. These Arizona cerurines are much larger than the C. cinerea
of the East. After ovipositing I sent both females, a little the worse
for functions performed, to Professor Packard, and also better examples
of the spring and autumn broods of both sexes. Ground color of all
was snow-white.

The first female secured I placed in a paper box for ovipositing.
This example regarding ornamentation, agreed more fully with figure
19 of Packard’s Bombycine Moths, described as C. cinerea var. nivea
or Dyar’s type of meridionalis , $ . On the night of Sept. 19th a few
eggs were laid and some more the following evening. They were laid
singly and in piles of 5 to 6 each. They were black, of a dull coloi',
hemispherical and flat at base. Size 1.5 mm. Seven larvae hatched
Sept. 26th and eight more Sept. 27th, between the hours of 8.30 and
9.45 A. M., making time of hatching seven days.

Stage I— Face neutral pink, pilose, the same as the rest of the body. On all the
joints white hairs. Joint 2 has two lateral prothoracic horns finely spinose, of purple
Color. These processes connected by a dorsal ridge. Two subdorsal, purple stripes
from joint 2 to 7, interrupted on joints 8 aud 9, and continued from joint 10 to 12.
Joint 13 has appended two anal, filamental legs or “ tails.” Dorsum greenish-yellow
in a continuous line to penultimate joint. Dorsum of segments 7, 8 and 9, presents a
diamond-shaped mark, due to absence of subd^rsal purple stripes. Tails covered
with spines or spinules, annulated purple and greenish yellow. Near insertion the
“ tails ” are purple, and of similar color at middle and terminal parts. Feet yellow¬
ish white, almost co icolorous with body. Length of larva without stemapods, 3 mm.
and inclusive of these organs, 5.5 mm. The head .5 mm. in breadth, space between
head and middle of body .33 mm. breadth, and between joints 6 and 7, .5 mm.

Stage II. Observed October 3d, larva seven days old. Length of larva without
stemapods, 14 mm and inclusive of “ tails,” 19 mm. Width of joint 2, 2 mm., and
of joints 6 and 7, 1.25 mm. Length of prothoracic horns, 1 mm., width of ridge con¬
necting these processes, 3 mm. Face and body sparingly covered with white hair.
Face and vertex speckled brown and green. Middle of face and mouth parts green.

190

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

Laterally a green stripe passing from vertex to mouth. Prothoracic horns brown,
covered with greenish tubercles supporting a black spine. A greenish-yellow dorsal
stripe, becoming triangular on joints 2 and 3 ; it becomes narrow and again widens
on joints 6, 7,8 and 9 into a diamond shaped patch, constricted on joint 11, and finally
widening on joints 12 and 13. A triangular brown patch in the middle of joint 3. A
brown spot on joint 6. Joints 7 and 8 ornamented by an oval brownish spot centered
green, and surrounded by a circle of minute, greenish tubercles. From the middle of
joints 9 to II, a brownish patch like a maple leaf. Across the penultimate joint a
longitudinal brownish dash. Lateral parts of larva green, of the same color as leaf
of cottonwood. All legs concolorous with lateral parts. Feet whitish. The green
of abdominal parts a lighter tint, and last two joints almost white. Stemapods of a
color approaching a purple or lilac brown, annulated with greenish-yellow. The ex¬
tensile part of oufer third of “ tails ” of darker shade. Spinose from insertion to tip.

Stage III. — Noted October nth, larva 15 days old. Length of larva at rest 24
mm., of body from head to venter, 1 8 mm. and of stemapods, 8 mm. The width of
joint 2, 3.5 mm. of joints 6 and 7, 3 mm. Head subquadrate, 3 mm. in length and
2.5 in breadth. Head brown, face almost oval, brown and of lighter tint at mouth
parts. Ground color of face a much lighter brown covered with dark spots. Lateral
parts of face tinted brown. Vertex light brown, the same color passing over dorsum
joints I and 2. A chocolate brown triangular patch on joint 5, widening on segments
6 and 7> and narrowing on joint 8, forming the first, anterior diamond-shaped orna¬
mentation. The same brown dorsal patch is repeated on joints 11 and 12, not quite
so large. On joint 13 there is more of an elliptical brown dorsal patch, reaching to
venter. A jellow border a little broader than the width of stemapod, passes like an
ii regular subdorsal line below the brown ornamentation. This line starts at the head
and continues uninterruptedly to venter. On joints 3 and 4, this yellow line almost
meets with only a trace of brown between. Lateral parts of larva green, exact coun¬
terpart of co. ton wood leaf, covered by yellowish-white and lilac purple papillae, some
surmounted by hairs. A few dark brown papillae on dorsal patches. Thoracic and
abdominal legs green like lateral parts. Feet of a lighter tint. Stemapods lilac
brown near venter, of ligtter tint at the “ flagellum,” and twice annulated yellow,
and spinose covered with setae. Venter and abdominal parts of last three segments
whitish. All other abdominal parts of larva conclorous with lateral surface. The
spiracles light brown, edged by a tint of green and white centered. Feet quite pilose,
hairs fewer in number toward spiracular line.

Stage IF. — Not observed until nearly mature. October 22d, mature larva 26
dajs old. Length at rest from head to venter, 3° mm., while in motion 37 mm , of
stemapods 9 mm. when undisturbed, and during flagellation io mm. This gives en¬
tire length of 39 mm. at rest.

Length of head 3 mm. and over, width 3 mm. Width of segment 2, 5 mm., of
joint 7, 6 mm., of joint 10, 5 mm. Dorsal abdominal diameter of segment 7, 7 mm.
Head subquadrate or nearly so, a triangular patch on vertex. Color of head lilac
brown with a brown spot each side of vertex. Face of lighter tint, lateral parts yel¬
lowish. Antennae also yellowish. Mouth parts blackish. Dorsal ornamentation of
a triangular patch, whitish within and lilac edged, on segments 2 and 3. The median
dorsal surface is almost milk white, much as in C. multiset ipta, thus widely separating

Sep'. 1898.] Kunze: Two Forms of Cerura nivea. 191

larval differences of nivea and cinerea. The dorsal ornamentation of larva of nivea
is bordered by a feint yellow line. Dorsal patch of joints 6, 7, 8 and 9, diamond-
s aped, bluish- white on median line, edged rosy lilac when viewed in certain light
and bordered }ellowish. All diamond shaped patches much constricted near place
of union. The patch of segments 10 and 1 1, also diamond shaped and in coloration
like preceding. On segments 4 and 5, the yellowish border of dorsal patch is almost
confluent, a trace of lilac tint between it. Joint 12, has a median lilac line which
widens on joint 13, to form a smaller diamond patch reaching to veDter. This dorsal
patch is more lilac on median surface than the other. A brown elevate d spot now marks
tbe place of former prothoracic processes. Supra and in'ra<piracular surface light
green, spotted and speckled lilac and yellowish over entire parts, as far down as
eet. These spots vary from ovoid to hemispherical. Below the yellowish border of
dorsal ornamentation of posterior half of body, the green color of larva is lighter
tinted, spiracles brown, white centered. Thoracic feet yellow, laterally spotted brown
and sparingly pikse. Abdominal feet pilose, clasping surface white, and just above a
brown lunulate mark covered by 6-8 hairs. Abdominal surface concoloring with
lateral parts. Dorsal and lateral surface smooth. Stemapods have lost the bright
color of previous stage. Spinose, with setae now very short.

• ; C0<-00"—Co]or> dark drab- Shape, elliptical, very little flattened, strong, not
indented by finger. Size, length, 24 mm ; width across central area, 9 mm.

On the night of October 22c], this larva only 26 days old. com¬
menced to make its cocoon. The only one other example of this brood
for five or six days tried hard to transform and failed, so that finally I
made an alcoholic specimen of it for Professor Packard.

WHITE FORM OF CERURA NIVEA.

The accumulated evidence referred to under this heading should be
accredited to the whitest form of an Arizona cerurine, heretofore known
as a variety of cinerea. The example from which bred, a female as
white as the driven snow, was ornamented with a minute, black spot
between each vein on external margin of primaries. The antennae
showed very little black, which was confined to the branches, all else¬
where a spotless white. The insect was secured at light in this city.
Confined in a small paper box, I obtained 65 ova, all laid singly, of
which about fifty hatched October 8, 1897. In color and size, as well
as shape, the ova were black and hemispherical like those of the pre¬
vious female referred to. Of this brood about 33 reached maturity, and
besides reserved two examples of every stage in alcohol for the use of
Professor Packard. A full-grown larva or nearly so, by the time it ar¬
rived in Providence, R. I., was sent alive, and of which the doctor
wrote me, Mr. Joutel made a beautiful figure. Of the earlier stages I

192 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

did not take notes, inasmuch as they resembled the progeny of the other
cerurine referred to above.

Stage III.— Larva molted October 30th, when 22 days old. Length at rest from
head to fork of tails, 14 mm. Stemapods, 8 mm. Breadth of joint 2, 5 mm.
joint 7, 4 mm., joint 12, 3 mm. Width-of head, 3 mm., length 3.5 mm Vertex
marked by a triangular green ) oke, the point of which passes into the median line or
dorsal band. Prothoracic horns now quite rudimentary. A round brown spot quite
prominent each side of head, I mm. in diameter. A few white hairs on face.
Mandibles greenish-white and tinted lilac. In centre of face a brown dot, surrounded
by an oval, light brown border above mandibles. On each side of this oval two longi¬
tudinal lines of same color and length. Above the brown dot a triangular depression
lilac edged, which has passing through the middle a whitish longitudinal bar.

On the anterior part of segments 6, 7 and 9, is a small, whitish triangular spot
each side of median line, enclosing a purple oval which posteriorly is surrounded by
three or four whitish dots. Joint 10, marked by faint dots of same color. Anterior
ridge connecting rudiments of former prothoracic horns, of much lighter color than
the rest of joint 2. Joint 4 has an elliptical purple patch, and joint 5, one of ovoid
pattern on its dorsal surface. The purple of entire dorsal ornamentation bordered by
a bright yellow line, which on anterior half of all segments is half a millimeter in
width. This yellow line starts from below the insertion of former prothoracic pro¬
cesses, and is lost at the insertion of stemapods. Lateral surface green, dotted and
mottled, with yellowish-white and purple spots. A few lairs on lateral surface.
Spiracles tinted brown. Thoracic and abdominal legs a brighter green than the
lateral parts of larva. Lateral surface of thoracic feet splashed redcish. Clasping
surface whitish. Stemapods anteriorly tinted green, and annulated jellow from the
middle to the flagellum. Lateral surface green covered by minu.e, purple papillae.

Mature Larva , 35 dajs old, observed November 12, 1897. Length at rest
including stemapods, 40 mm., when in motion 50 mm. Length from head to fork
of tails, 32 mm., stemapods, 8 mm. Length of head, 3.5 mm., width, 3 mm.
Width of joint, 3, 6 mm , of joint 7, 7 mm , joint II, 6 mm. Head purple, vertex
green, antennae white. A yellow spot indica'es location of former prothoracic horns.
The border of entire dorsal ornamen'ation is now milk-white from joint 2 to 13.
The color of dorsum between this border is greenish white in some places and
milk white in others.

The color intermediate between the whiter ed dorsal surface and whitish border
line, has now changed to a lilac tint. Lateral surface of larva spotted and marked
purple. Thoracic feet whitish, splashed purplish. Abdominal feet whitish and
above claspers purplish. On the abdominal surface of segments, between joint 1 1 to
venter, runs a longitudinal, median purple line. A few white hairs below spiracular
line. Spiracles brown with a longitudinal, yellowish dash, ringed greenish-yellow.
Anterior part of stemapods concolorous with body, and posterior part of these anal
filamental organs is yellow. Entire surface of stemapods studded purple. When
prolonged the extensive part of outer third of ‘‘tails,” bright purple annulated
lavender. Under a strong lens the purple spinules covering the stemapods, were
seen to support a hair.

Cocoon. — In all thirty-eight cocoons were observed. Of these 37 be-

Sept. 1898.]

Kunze : Two Forms of Cerura nivea.

193

longed to one brood and 1 to another, all but two larvae of the last
died, affected by a fungus which previously existed in the breeding cage.
As soon as larvae commenced cocooning and had the cells well walled
the branches were removed into an envelope box, where the transforma¬
tion could go on undisturbedly, and permit cocoon to harden. The
larvae gnawed off bits of epidermis from the cotton wood, and mixed
with saliva, formed when hardened the silken frame for the wall of its
cell. It would continue building on the inside of cocoon until of suffi¬
cient strength. On the external surface the cocoon resembled the light
gray bark of cottonwood, sometimes of very light tint and again of
darker color to agree with surrounding conditions. The dark color of
cocoon often corresponded with that of the bark deprived of epidermis.
Some were darkest at the terminal ends, of a chestnut tint, especially
if spun against the surface of the branch covered by an eschar, always
of darker shade. Some cocoons on surface exhibited striae, such as seen
on young branches, here and there speckled, or raised bits of bark to
mimicry and deceive enemies. In the open I have observed such
cocoons on small canes of willow, as well as on the roughest bark' of
great cottonwoods, from which they had to be chiseled out with diffi¬
culty. All such yielded similar imagines as those bred. The in¬
side of cocoon presented a smooth surface, and a concavity existed in
the stem where bark was bitten off to receive one-half or one- third of
the pupa. The sides of cocoon generally flattened, plainly showing
silken threads, where attached to bark.

The cocoon is elliptical, mostly rounded, a very few flattened,
tapering at end like a wedge. One or two cocoons seemed to be more
ovoid than elliptical in shape. The measurement of another cocoon
taken from a second observation jar is as follows: Length, 33 mm.,
width, 11 mm.; and height at central area, 6.5 mm. Another smaller
cocoon gave length, 25 mm.; width, 9.5 mm.; and height, 5.5 mm.

All larvae of this brood spun their cocoons between November 8th
and 17th.

Pupa. Cylindrical, tapering mostly at inferior extremity, where much rounded.
Toward the head much less reduced in size. The flattened parts of pupa restricted
to upper two fifths, and on abdomiaal surface extending almost to the end of wing
cases. Head and antennae case prominent, and that of wings much more on dorsal
surface. Abdominal segments on dorsal surface thickly covered wi.h fine, dark
points, as viewed through a lens. Length, 21 mm., breadth, 7 mm at the middle
part, and 6.5 mm. across thorax. Color of dorsum almost chestnut of lighter tint
toward anal segment. A longitudinal, dorsal black line from the thorax to penulti¬
mate, abdominal joint. Color of case covering palpi, antennse and wings, show

194

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

traces of a greenish tint as far down as costa of primaries. Abdominal segments a
shiny, light brown almost chestnut. Posterior edge of three antericr segments heavily
banded by darker brown, which is absent on the last two. A slight depression of
the case on either side of thorax, between the wings and first adominal segment.

Of twenty-four imagines emerged, I have the following record :
April 14, 1898, one $ emerged from only cocoon of the first brood
the parent representing the ordinary form of C. nivea. The emerged
moth agreeing quite in every particular with this form. On same date
emerged three $ of the second brood, bred from an almost immediate
female. The progeny all took after the ordinary form of nivea as well
as twenty others, which emerged in the following order: April 15th,
2 9 ; April 1 8th, 2 $ and 1 9 ; April 20th, 1 9 and 1 $ \ April 21st,
1 9 ; April 22d, 2 9 and 1 $ ; April 23d, 2 $ ; April 24th, 29 ;
April 25th, 3 $ ; April 26th, 1 9 ; May 1st, 1 $ .

Six cocoons of the second brood I sent to Prof. Packard, and have
not heard of result. Several went over to emerge in autumn, provided
these do not perish.

Imago — The pectination or antennae of the male, black. Entire body heavily
clothed with long white hair. Head white, across the occiput a few black hairs ; on
the dorsal part of thorax a transverse mark of black hairs, usually fringed posteriorly
with yellow hairs. Abdomen white, forewings white, with a few yellow hairs near
base of wing. A triangular, black mark across the middle of the cell. A row of
black spots between the veins of external bolder. A similar row of black spots,
across the wing near the end of cell. A few minute black spots near base of wing,
between cell and inferior border. A few triangular black spots on costa. Hind-
wings immaculate. Reverse side of wings immaculate. Antennae of female simple,
black. In other respects, the head, thorax, abdomen and wings are ornamented the
same as in the male. Legs white, feet blackish in both sexes. Sometimes the intra-
venular spots are reproduced on reverse side of wings, and a black spot is noticeable
in the cell of inferiors. In the whitest form of nivea, black spots occur only between
the veins of the fore wings close to the fringe of the external border.

Food-plants. — Populus balsamifera , var. candicans, one of the
Western Cottonwoods, and Salix spec., a narrow-leaved willow. One
larva near Flagstaff, found on Populus tremuloides , much resembling
species herein described.

Habits. — The young larva feeds on the tender parenchyma of
upper side of leaf, thus exposing the skeleton of the blade. It spins a
web, to which it clings. When five days old the larva feeds on the
green pulp as well as fibrous part of the leaf, except midrib. It was
supposed by some that the anal filamental organs or “tails,” were for
the purpose of aiding in casting aside dung pellets. This is not the
case As stated in a preceding paragraph, I noticed larva less than

sept. isv8] Davis: Dragonflies of Staten Island. 195

three hours old, remove a pellet wedged in tightly between the fork of
stemapods, and toss it far away with its mouth parts. In so doing it
moved the extensile part of “ tails ” vigorously up and down. When¬
ever a larva large or small had to be removed from breeding cage for
purposes of noting changes, the stemapods always moved to and fro in
a very lively manner. It appears that it might 'be to frighten enemies.
Whenever a larva, while in process of making cocoon, was disturbed,
especially before completely housed in it, would endeavor to spin it else¬
where. Even the change from perpendicular of breeding jar to that of
horizontal final depository, would cause it to make the attempt. One
larva left its cocoon and transformed into pupa in an envelope box
General Observation.— The first molt of larva occurred in from 7
to rA days. Second molt in 15 days. Third molt in 21 days and
over. Warm temperature, and moisture seems to facilitate some of the
stages. Cool weather much retards the time between stage IV, and pu¬
pating. One larva commenced to make its cocoon when only twenty-
six days old, and others when from four to five weeks old. After
ceasing to feed, the larva rests a day or longer and contracts in size be¬
fore the last transformation takes place. A week after second molt the
color of the dorsal band or diamond patches, changes from chocolate
brovvn to lilac brown, which in certain lights varies from amethystine to

purplish tints. Two annual broods occur in Arizona, the pupa of autumn
brood hibernating.

- - — ♦ -

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE DRAGONFLIES OF
STATEN ISLAND, WITH NOTES AND
DATES OF CAPTURE.

By Wm. T. Davis.

There are no large, clear ponds on Staten Island like Echo Lake and
Green Pond in northern New Jersey, and consequently the dragon¬
flies that make such bodies of water their home, are not to be found on
t e Island.. The sub-family Libellulinae, however, seems to be well
represented and all but two of the species mentioned by Mr. Philip P.
Calvert in his Catalogue of the Dragonflies of the Vicinity of Phila¬
delphia, page 267, are here recorded.

Thanks are due to Mr. Calvert for identifying species, or passing
upon identifications already made, and at his suggestion I have in¬
dicated, by placing an asterisk before their names, the seven dragon¬
flies which are additions to the list of “ The Odonata of New York

196 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

State,” published in this Journal, Vol. Ill, pp. 39-48 and Vol. V,
pp. 91-95-

Subfamily CALOPTERYGINiE.

Calopteryx maculata Beaav. Common along the banks of brooks
in July and August.

Subfamily Agrionin^e.

Lestes congener Hagen. September.

Lestes unguiculata Hage?i . On July 15, 1894, several females
were ovipositing in the stems of grasses growing on the edge of one of
the Four Corners iron mine ponds.

Lestes forcipata Rambur. May, June, August.

Lestes rectangularis Say. June, July, August.

^Lestes inequalis Walsh. July.

Argia violacea Hagen. July, August.

*Argia apicalis Say.

*Nehalennia posita Hagen. June, July, August.

Amphiagrion saucium Burmeister. June, August.

Enallagma civile Hagen. June, August, September.

Enallagma aspersum Hagen. June, July, August.

Enallagmarsignatum Hagen. June, August.

Ischnura verticalis Say. May, June, July, August.

Ischnura ramburii Selys. September, October.

Anomalagrion hastatum Say. July, September.

Subfamily Gomphin^e.

Gomphus exilis Selys. May, June, July.

Gomphus villosipes Selys. June.

*Cordulegaster maculatus Selys. Richmond. May 30, 1890.

Subfamily ^Eschnin^e.

Epiaeschna heros Fabric ins. May, June, July, August. On the
7th of June, 1885, at 8.35 P. M., one of these insects flew into my
open window. There was a light in the room at the time. The
female has been observed on the 28th of July laying eggs in dead,
water-soaked branches lying in swampy pools in the woods.

Boyeria vinosa Say. July (September.- N. J.)

Basiasschna janata .Shy. One male. May 2d.

/Eschna juncea L. var. verticalis Hagen. June, September,
October. On the 21st of October, 1882, in the Clove Valley, one of

197

sept. 1898.1 Davis: Dragonflies of Staten Island.

these dragon flies was seen to crawl down a stick lying in the water

until it was entirely below the surface of the pool, as recorded in Ento-
mologica Americana, Vol. I, p. 18.

/Eschna constricta Say. June, September, October. On
August 26, 1894, about six P. M., several hundred dragon flies were
seen flying westward over Slosson’s Lane, West New Brighton. They
were a species of ^Eschna as I could see with my glass, but none flew
low enough to permit of capture.

Anax junius Drury. April 9, 1893, plentiful at Watchogue.
May, June, July, August and September. In copula May 5.

* Anax longipes Hagen. Clove Valley, June 5, ,881; August

9> 1885. Also at Orange, N. J. ’

Subfamily Cordulin^e.

Tetragoneuria cynosura Say. May, June, July.

Subfamily Libellulin^e.

* Pantala flavescens Fabricius. July, August, September.
July 30, 1887, at New Brighton. On July 31, 1887, there were
many specimens near the reservoir of the Crystal Water Company at

our Corners, nearly all of them keeping over a field of oats. They
were quite difficult to capture, except those newly emerged from the
pupas, and all that were seen closely were males.

Tramea Carolina Linne. May, June, July, August, September
^ J11 Y I^94> a male Tramea carolma was flying over one of
the Four Corners iron mine ponds. Soon a female came and com¬
menced dipping her abdomen into the water. In a moment she was
seized by the male and they flew away. In a half hour they were back
and went flying about together, the male now and then suddenly letting
go his hold and with equal rapidity catching the female again by the
neck. Other male dragonflies flew after them and when the female
stopped to lay eggs, they annoyed her considerably. The chief amono-
the disturbers was a Libellula basalis. After a time the male Tramea
left his mate and she was quickly seized by the aforesaid Libellula
basalis, after which they flew about together for a considerable time.
After letting go his hold once and flying down the pond, the L. basalis
returned and seized the Tramea a second time.

Tramea lacerata Hagen. May, June, July, August, September.
Often quite abundant on the salt meadows.

Libellula basalis Say. June, July.

Libellula auripennis Burmeister . May, June, July.

198

Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. vi.

Libellula cyanea Fabricius. June, July, August.

Libellula exillena Westwood , form yibrans {Fabricius .?) Kirby.
Not uncommon on the Island in August, 1894; much less common in
July, 1895.

Libellula exillena Westwood , form* incesta Hagen. July,
August.

Libellula quadrimaculata Linn'e. Arlington, May n, 1889,

and plentiful June 19, 1893.

Libellula semifasciata Burmeister , April 25, 1896. May, June,
July, August, September.

Libellula pulchella Drury. May, June, July, August, September.

Plathemis trimaculata De Geer. May, June, July, August,
September.

Micrathyria berenice Drury. May, June, July, August. Often
of a quiet summer evening countless numbers of this species will be seen
settled on the grass stems in the salt meadows, in which position they
spend the night. When they are particularly abundant the July crop
of mosquitoes is speedily reduced in numbers, being devoured at head¬
quarters.

Nannothemis bella Uhler. June and July, 1888, at the Four
Corners iron mine ponds.

Celithemis elisa Hagen . June, July, August.

Celithemis eponina Drury. May, July.

Leucorhinia intacta Hagen. May, June.

Diplax rubicundula Say. July, August, September.

Diplax obtrusa Hagen. July.

Diplax semicincta Say. July 15, 1894. Four Corners iron
mine ponds.

Diplax vicina Hagen. September, October, November. While
my companion and I were sitting in the sun on October 21, 1892, five
of these dragonflies at one time lit upon us, wishing to sun themselves
also. Some lit on my hands — one on the end of my thumb. The
dragonflies are most attracted if you have on light colored garments, or
a newspaper spread on the ground is a favorite resting place.

Diplax corrupta Hagen. Shore at Eltingville, May 27, 1896.
(See this Journal, Vol. V, p. 95.)

Perithemis domitia Drury. June, July.

Mesothemis simplicicollis Say. June, July, August.

Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister. June, July, August, Sep¬
tember.

Sept. 1898 ] Beutenmuller : On the Nest of Vespa Crabro.

199

NOTE ON THE NEST OF VESPA CRABRO.

PLATES IX AND X.

By William Beutenmuller.

The nest of this species, figured on Plate X, was found by Dr. E.
G. Love, at Jamaica, Long Island. It was built in a hollow oak tree,
and only had a small opening which was used as an entrance for the
wasps. The figure is very much reduced ; the nest is about two feet
long and seven inches wide. The comb figured on Plate X is natural
size and was taken from the middle part of the nest. In the American
Museum of Natural History is a nest of Crabro from Germany, which
is oblong oval, and constructed of a brittle, light brown wood pulp,
from pine. It is an external nest, being covered with “paper" from
which the resin exuded, giving it a variegated appearance. It evidently
had been built between the rafters of a house. The top of nest is open,
and shows traces of having been fastened at that end .

- - - -

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-

LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of November 2, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Piesident Palm in the chair. Fifteen members present.

Air. C. F. Hartman was elected an active member.

Mi. Davis exhibited a pupa, pinned soon after the pupation, that
had continued to develop, and the butterfly had emerged with the pin

stuck through it. He stated that he had experimented with several
species with the same result.

Mr. Doll exhibited several cases of rare North American Lepidop-
tera, and after a general discussion the meeting adjourned.

Meeting of November 16, 1897.

Held at the residence of Mr. Miller, 14 1 East 40th Street.

The entire evening was devoted to an auction sale of insects for the
benefit of the Journal, and the sum of $117.00 was realized.

200 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Meeting of December 7, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Fourteen members present.

Mr. Daecke stated that it would be advisable to arrange for a series
of classes for beginners to foster an interest in the study of entomology,
and thought that the Society ought to undertake this task.

Dr. Martin read a paper entitled “ On Collecting in New York City
Forty Years Ago.” He stated that he began collecting insects in Al¬
bany, and then came to this city and collected for about ten years.
He collected principally in Washington Square, which in the fifties was ,
a very different place from the Washington Square of to-day. The
trees were mostly poplar, buttonwood, locust and weeping willow. He
gave a graphic description of the features, and also mentioned the fol¬
lowing as some of the insects caught there : Two species of Caloca/a,
Vanessa antiopa , Grapta comma and interrogationis , Limenitis di-
sippus , a Sesia , much like apiformis , in the roots of poplar, Brontes
dub ins , Saperda calcarata, Parandra bruiviea , Dorcus parallelus , Ptero-
siichus lucublandus , Neoclytus erythrocephalus , Caloides nobilis , Ela-
phrus ruscarius , Cotalpa lanigera, several species of Lachnosterna,
StaphylinuSy Chlceniusy Harpalus and also many Hymenoptera and
Diptera. He stated that the black species of Ophion and Pelecinus
polycerator were very common. Several species of Agaposte?non on Al¬
thea flowers were also abundant. The canker-worms at that time
swarmed over everything, but after the introduction of the English
sparrow they gradually disappeared. Calosoma scrutator , C. calidium
and C. externum were abundant and fed on the canker-worms. Rha-
gium lineatum was also to be found. He further stated that during that
time Oxacis dorsalis was to be found at Sandy Hook under logs and
pieces of wood.

Mr. Beutenmuller said that this insect was yet to be found at Sandy
Hook near the old steamboat landing, and he also exhibited larvae of
Eudcemonia argus and argiphontes.

Mr. Southwick made a few remarks on his work in Central Park,
and said that with a little more help at certain seasons of the year he
could manage to get rid of the Orygia leucostigma.

Mr. Doll exhibited a fine series of Schinia brevis caught near Brook-
lyn. He also showed some striking varieties of Vanessa antiopa lacking
the blue spots.

After discussion, adjournment.

Journ. N. Y. E?it. Soc

Vo/. VI.

PL IX.

Nest of Vespa crabro

JOURNAL

OF THE

J2pfo Sort 6|nforaoIogirflI JEoripfyj.

VoLYI. DECEMBER, 1898. No. 4.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE FAUNA
OF THE GRAVE. A STUDY OF ON HUN¬
DRED AND FIFTY DISINTERMENTS,
WITH SOME ADDITIONAL EXPER¬
IMENTAL OBSERVATIONS.

By Murray Galt Motter, B.S., M.A., M.D.

Volunteer in the United States Bureau of Animal Industry.

It were fitting, at the very outset of this report, to make acknowl¬
edgment of the kindly interest and assistance, through which alone
the work was made possible : To Dr. Ch. Warded Styles, Zoologist
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agricul¬
ture, for the facilities of his laboratory ; to the Entomologist, Dr. L.
O. Howard, and his assistants, Messrs. Schwarz, Coquillett, Pergande,
Banks, and Chittenden, and to Messrs. Simpson and Benedict, of the
Smithsonian Institution, who, by their specific determinations and
valued suggestions, have brought order out of the chaos of an amateur
collector.

At the suggestion of Dr. Stiles, the work was undertaken to deter¬
mine, if possible, the bearings of Megnin’s “Application of Ento¬
mology to Legal Medicine,” in so far as they might be learned
through a faunistic study of such disinterments as we should have ac¬
cess to, in and about the City of Washington. The collection and
superficial differentiation of specimens were made by the writer, for the
most part without assistance, it being found better to have all the ob¬
servations made by the same individual. While, by this plan, less
was accomplished in the way of collecting, what was done was done
more thoroughly and uniformly. It is to be regretted that, owing to
these circumstances, it was impossible to take fuller, more detailed
notes of the general conditions observed in each disinterment.

202

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol. VI.

This phase of the subject, the appearance and condition of the
human cadaver, after varying periods of interment and under varying
conditions, has received more or less scientific study for something
over a hundred years at least. Beginning with the report, published
in 1783, of the exhumations at Dunkerque, and continuing with
Thouret’s report of those by Fourcroy in 1789 ; Marc’s article in the
Dictionary of the Medical Sciences for 1815 ; the studies of Orfila
and his associates, and the more recent studies of Bordas — throughout
all, the difficulties and complications of the subject are seen to be such
that, from the condition of the cadaver alone, no certain knowledge
of the exact date of death is to be had.

Some of the conditions which influence and determine the process
and progress of the decomposition of buried human cadavers would
seem to be as follows : The age, sex, and perhaps even the race of the
subject ; the character and duration of the disease process to which
he succumbed ; the mode of death, whether quiet and peaceful or vio¬
lent and painful ; the season of the year at which this event occurs ;
the temperature and general conditions of the sick-room ; the length
of time intervening between death and burial ; the attention given
the corpse in the matter of cleaning, embalming and clothing ; the
kind of coffin in which it is placed, its internal fittings and external
casings ; the grave, its depth, the way it is prepared and filled, whether
one or more interments be made in the same grave-site ; the soil, its
character physical and chemic, soil-temperature and soil-moisture ;
the general, physical, climatic and meteorologic conditions of the
cemetery in which interment is made.

These are but some of the many factors which must be taken into
consideration in the study of exhumed human cadavers. Tust what
weight should be given to each we seem, at present, utterly unable to
determine. As in the study of the living, but diseased, subject, each
case would seem to be a law unto itself ; and our previous knowledge
of apparently similar cases can afford suggestions only, not hard and
fast rules. To illustrate, Barrett quotes from Orfila an exhumation, at
Valenciennes, after fifteen years’ interment, where ‘ ‘ preservation was
so perfect the inspectors were enabled to determine that the individual
had not died a violent death, but of a peripneumony, complicated with
a gastro-enteritis. ” In the following list will be found two cases
(Nos. 7 and 8), in which, after but three years and six months, the
skeletons were completely stripped and all soft tissues gone. Again,

Dec. i?9s ] Motter : Study of the Fauna of the Grave.

2o;j

» Orfila, Goedart and others have been led to the conclusion
that, other things being equal, the deeper the grave the slower the
progress of decomposition. In two cases following (Nos. 5S and 59),
buried within sixteen days of each other, after an interment of seven
years and nine months, the skeleton at the bottom of the grave was
found almost wholly stripped, while the upper one had still a heavy
case of adipocere.

So varied and so numerous are the modifying conditions and cir¬
cumstances that it is impossible to say, definitely and absolutely, what
is the exact order of disappearance of the several organs and tissues.
Looking at the problem from the opposite standpoint, it seems that
the bones and the hair are the last to undergo disintegration. I have
found the bones, after an interment of seventy-one years, still pre¬
serving their general form and appearance, though easily crushed be¬
tween thumb and fingers ; the hair I have seen practically intact after
thirty-six years. The brain I have found a still recognizable grayish
mass, lying within the skull after all the other soft tissues had disap¬
peared and the skeleton had been completely disarticulated. Indeed,

I have found it, after eighteen years and two months (No. 136), lying
on the occipital bone after the skull itself had fallen apart. Strange
to say, the spinal cord seems to disappear much earlier; I have failed
to find any vestige of it— in one case (No. 6)— after three years and
five months. The skin and the more superficial connective tissues of
the trunk and extremities are converted into a sort of case of adipocere,
which preserves the general outline of the cadaver long after the in¬
ternal organs, and the muscles and tendons even have been completely
destroyed and the skeleton within stripped and disarticulated. Under
ordinary conditions of interment, some, at least, of this adipocere may
persist for ten or twelve years, remaining longest about the pelvis and
lower part of the abdomen. I have been able to recognize the skin,
fasciae, muscles, tendons, vessels and nerves of the thigh in one cada¬
ver (No. 44) after six years and five months; while, on the other
hand, in another case (No. 40) the muscles had entirely disappeared
after six years and three months. In most of the cases observed, the
thoracic and abdominal organs seem to have disappeared before the
muscles. The face, hands and feet seem to be the first parts attacked ;

I recall at least one instance where the skull was entirely stripped
while as yet there seemed to be but little change elsewhere.

In the following pages I have brought together, for the purpose of

204

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. vi.

a closer study and comparison, the notes of one hundred and fifty
disinterments, made within the city limits of Washington, D. C.,
during the summers of 1896-97. The cases are arranged chronolog¬
ically according to the period of interment of each, and the fauna is
grouped systematically. The specimens will' be deposited in the U.
S. National Museum, at Washington, as the Stiles-Motter Collection
of cadaveric fauna.

1. — I yr. 11 mos. Grave 6 ft., moist ; sandy. Erysipelas. Interred May 3, 1894.

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks., 14 specimens.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Atheta , sp. (Idomalota ?), I specimen.

“ “ Eleiisis pallia a Lee., 2 specimens.

“ Nitidulidse, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann., 2 specimens.

2. — 2 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred July

14, 1894.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Diptera, Muscidte, Lucilia cccsar Linn., puparia.

“ An thorny idse, Homalomyia , sp.

3. — 3 yrs. I mo. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Hepatic abscess. Interred

March 12, 1893.

Crustacea, Armadillidium vulgar e Latr., 1 specimen.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Homoptera, Coccidse, Ripersia , sp., in Phorid puparia.

Diptera, Phoridse, puparia.

4. — 3 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Feb¬

ruary 15, 1894.

V ermes, Lumbricid, undetermined.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Tyroglyphus , sp.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius paideroides Lee., fragment.

“ “ Ptcderzcs littorarius Grav. , 3 specimens, two covered

with undetermined fungus.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee., 160 specimens.

“ E later idee, Monocrepidius bellus Say, I specimen.

Diptera, Stratiomyidse, larva.

“ Phoridse, puparia.

“ Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn. , puparia.

“ Borboridse, wings (Limosina ?).

5- — 3 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Congestion of lungs. In¬
terred February 21, 1893.

Diptera, Phorid e, puparia.

6. — 3 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Jan¬
uary 18, 1894.

Diptera, Muscidse, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr. , puparia.

Only a few of these puparia found. Thoracic and abdominal organs, neck and
soft tissues of face and hands destroyed. Abdominal and chest walls almost
intact. Ribs not yet disarticulated. Spinal cord gone.

Dec. 189S.]

Motter: S'iudy of the Fauna of the Grave.

205

7- 3 yrs- 5 mos. Grave 5 ft-, moist; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred De¬

cember 29, 1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidse, Eleusis pallida Lee. , numerous.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

Mites, thysanura and beetles working together in slimy debris about thighs and
pelvis. All soft tissues gone ; some clothing still remaining.

8- 3 yrs- 6 mos. Grave 5 ft-, moist; sand and clay. Bronchitis. Interred De¬

cember 17, 1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., fragments.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

All soft tissues gone ; some clothing still left.

9- — 3 yrs- 6 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred De¬

cember 10, 1893.

Araneida, 7 heridion subterranea Bks., sp. n.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks. , sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae. Actobius umbripennis Lee., 2 specimens.

Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

Diptera, Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn., puparia.

d hysanura, beetles and larvae working in layers of adipocere, lower abdominal
wall and pelvis.

IO- — 3 yrs. 6 mo. Grave 5 ft-, moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred No¬
vember 20, 1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks. , sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous, adults and larvae.
Beetles and larvae especially about pelvis.

IJC- 4 yrs. 1 mo. Grave 5 ft-, moist ; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred June
13, 1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, U'opoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., larva.

“ Eleusis pallida Lee., 6 specimens.

Diptera, Muscidae, Lucilia ccesar Linn., puparia in great numbers.

“ Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn.

Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated. Mites on bones. Beetles
and larvae from slime in bottom of coffin.

12- — 4 yrs. 1 mo. Grave 5 ft-, moist; sand and clay. Uraemia. Interred June

6, 1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., adult and fragments.

13- — 4 yrs. I mo. Grave 5 ft-, moist; sand and clay. Dropsy (!). Interred

May 25, 1893.

Araneida, Erigone albescens Bks., sp. n.

206

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

Hymenoptera, Myrmicidae, Monomorium minutum Mayer.

I4- — 4 yrs. I mo. Grave 3 ft., dry, sandy. Phthisis. Interred May 24, 1893.
Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

“ Muscidae, Lucilia cccsar Linn., puparia.

“ Sepsidae, Pi op hi la casei Linn., wing.

No coffin, only burial case used. Myriads of mites, thysanura and puparia.
No beetles nor larvae. Skeleton stripped.

!5- — 4 yrs. 1 mo. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Bronchitis. Interred May
18, 1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Pseudoneuroptera, Termes Jlavipes Kollar.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., fragments .

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

One live staphylinid escaped ( Actobius ? ). Skeleton stripped and dry.

J6. — 4 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Senility. Interred May 7,
1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., I and larva.

“ “ Lathrobium simile Lee., I specimen.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

Few insects found. Skeleton completely stripped. Some clothing still re¬
maining.

17- — 4 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Nephritis. Interred May
8, 1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., I and larvae.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Beetles and larvae especially about pelvis ; elsewhere all soft tissues gone.

18. — 4 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Valvular disease of heart.
Interred May 14, 1893.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., I specimen.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee. , numerous.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Fairly alive with mites, thysanura, beetles and larvae, working on surface of
cadaver, under clothing. Cadaver large and heavy ; general outlines still
well preserved by case of adipocere.

19 ■ — 4 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Interred March 28, 1893.
Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Dec. 1898.] Motter: Study of the Fauna of the Grave.

20 1

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

20. — 4 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 4 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Interred January 24, 1893.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius twibripennis Lee., 1 specimen.

“ “ Lathrobium, sp. , head of larva.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Diptera, Sepsidas, Piopkila casei Linn., puparia.

A number of very minute, silvery thysanura, so active that it was almost im¬
possible to take them.

21. — 4 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 4 ft., moist ; sand and clay. (Infant.) Diarrhoea. In¬

terred September 6, 1892.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., I specimen.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee., 7 specimens.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Coffin filled with mud and slime.

22. — 4 yrs. II mos. Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. Cholera infantum. In¬

terred August 9, 1892.

Coleoptera, larvae, undetermined.

Bones almost disintegrated. Specimens from wood of bottom of coffin.

23. — 5 yrs. Grave 6 ft., wet loose clay. Rheumatism. Interred April 17, 1S91.

Thysanura, Isotoma, sp.

Coleoptera, Curculionidae, larva [Sphenophorus ?).

24. — 5 yrs. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred

May 13, 1891.

Thysanura, undetermined

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee.

25. — 5 yrs. Grave 6 ft., wet, sandy. Phthisis. Interred April 23, 1891.

Thysanura, undetermined.

26. — 5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Interred April 5, 1892.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee. , 8 specimens.

27. — 5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft-, moist ; sand and clay. Congestion of brain. In¬

terred March 22, 1892.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius twibripennis Lee., 1 specimen.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Considerable adipocere on legs and pelvis.

28. — 5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft-, coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred March

10, 1892.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

29. — 5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred March

9, 1892.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Homalota, sp., 5 specimens.

“ “ Actobius twibripennis Lee., fragments.

208 Journal New Yore Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidse, Eleusis pallida Lee. , numerous and fragments.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Beetles found working in layers of adipocere and within the bones.

3°- — 5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. CardiacMropsy.
Interred February 2, 1892.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Nothing left but the bones and some of them softened.

31- 5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Interred February 4, 1892.
Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidse, Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

Hymenoptera, Myrmicidae, Cremastogaster lineolata Say.

32- 5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft-, moist ; sand and clay. Interred February 29,

1892.

Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Carabidse, Harpalus faunus Say, I specimen.

“ Staphylinidce, fragments {Eleusis ?).

The carabid beetle was probably accidental.

33- — 5 yrs., 4 mos. Grave 3 ft. , moist ; sand and clay. (Infant.) Phthisis. In¬

terred February 22, 1892.

Myriapod, larva.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidse, larva {Philonthus ?).

Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann., 7 specimens.

Skeleton completely stripped and dry ; some clothing still remaining.

34- 5 yrs., 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet ; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred Jan¬

uary 18, 1892.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidse, Actobius umbripennis Lee., 1 specimen.

“ Eleusis pallida Lee., 2 and fragments.

35- 5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet ; sand and clay. Peritonitis. Interred Jan¬

uary 18, 1892.

Acarina, Gam as idee, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidse, Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

“ Larvae undetermined.

Beetles and larvae burrowing in adipocere and soft bones.

36- 5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Cerebral congestion. Inter¬

red January 18, 1892.

Acarina, Gamasidse, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera. Staphylinidse, Eleusis pallida Lee., fragments.

Diptera, Phoridse, puparia.

Probably embalmed. Soft tissues almost disappeared.

37- 5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Consumption. Interred

January 24, 1892.

Acarina, Gamasidse, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidse, Eleusis pallida Lee., 2 and fragments.

Dec. 1898.] Hotter: Study of the Fauna of the Grave.

209

Coleoptera, Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann., 1 specimen.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

38— 6yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sandy. (Infant.) Tuberculosis. Interred June 31

I09I. J J *

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks.

Myriapoda, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia, in great numbers.

39— 1 5 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and day. Pneumonia. Interred

April 22, 1891.

Acarina, Gamasidse, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Homalota , sp., i specimen and larva.

Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann.

Soft tissues almost disappeared. Beetles in great numbers about patella and
sternum.

4o._6 yrs 3 mos Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia.
Interred April 2, 1891.

Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined.

No other insects seen. While grave was wet, cadaver had evidently been
mummified. Skeleton stripped and disarticulated ; muscles almost disap¬
peared, only an outer shell of adipocere which preserved general outline of
cadaver.

41- 6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred De¬

cember 26, 1890.

dhysanura, undetermined.

Diptera, Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn. , puparia.

42. -6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft. , coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Phthisis. In¬

terred January 23, 1891.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, fragments, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae (?), puparium.

Nothing but hard bones left.

43. -6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet ; sand and clay. Senile debility. Interred

February I, 1891.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., 1 specimen.

Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

Larvae, undetermined.

All soft tissues gone. Thysanura, beetles and larvae working inside the bones
entering through nutrient canals, etc.

44-— 6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Senile debility.
Interred February 2, 1891.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Thoracic and abdominal cavities emptied ; lower ends of limbs (upper and

lower) stripped. Tissues (skin, fasciae, muscles, tendons, vessels and nerves)
still distinguishable about thighs.

210

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol VI.

45. — 6 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Cerebral em¬

bolism. Interred August 8, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

46. — 6 yrs. 11 mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred May

18, 1890.

Myriapoda, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Elensis pallida Lee., 2 specimens.

Diptera, Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn. , puparia.

47. _7 yrs. Grave 4 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Still-born. Interred July 28, 1890.

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineal us Say.

Crustacea, undetermined.

Araneida, Theridion subterranea Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

Smaller bones, skull, etc., almost disintegrated and pulverizable. Snails from
coffin lid ; spider and a few thysanura inside.

48. — 7 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Interred - 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., 3 and larvae.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

“ “ Undetermined, covered with fungus.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Skeleton stripped and disarticulated lying within shell of adipocere. Clothing
fairly preserved.

49. — 7 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred De¬

cember 16, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 2 specimens.

50. — 7 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred May

5, 1890.

Araneida, Theridion subterranea Bks., sp. n.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Diptera, Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn., puparia.

“ Borboridae, Limosina ? wings.

Hymenoptera, Myrmicidae, Aphenogaster, sp.

Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated. Black, wet, powdery debris
in bottom of coffin, alive with mites, thysanura and a few larvae.

51. — 7 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Valvular disease of heart.

Interred March 4, 1890.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Thorax not yet evacuated. Heavy case of adipocere ; within, skeleton pretty
well cleaned.

211

Dec. 1898.] Motter: Study of the Fauna of the Grave.

52— 7 yrs. 7 raos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Exposure to cold ( !). In¬

terred December 7, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., fragments.

Skeleton completely stripped.

53— 7 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Inanition. Interred De-

cember 13, 1889.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, E/eusis pallida Lee., fragments.

Larvae, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

Skeleton stripped.

54— 7 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft. , moist ; sand and clay. Intermittent fever. In-

terred November 15, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., fragments.

Skeleton stripped. Coffin dry inside, completely overgrown with roots

55— 7 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet, sand and clay. Obstruction of bowels. In¬

terred November 10, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 2 specimens.

Larvae, undetermined.

Skeleton stripped.

56— 7 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft. , moist ; sand and clay. Accident. Interred Octo-

ber 7, 1889.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee.

Eleusis pallida Lee.

Skeleton stripped and disarticulated ; adipocere almost consumed

57.-7 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 3 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Diphtheria. Interred
October 17, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 6 specimens.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Skeleton stripped and disarticulated, lying within heavy case of adipocere

w lch was very black on surface. Many Eleusis dead on outside of coffin.
Ihis cadaver in same grave with 58.

58— 7 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Diphtheria. Interred Oc¬

tober I, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., 1 speqimen.

Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Very little adipocere left. This buried in same grave underneath No. 5 7.

59— 7 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Dysentery. Interred

September 24, 1889.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 2 specimens.

Coffin too full of earth to examine thoroughly. Specimens from skull.

212 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

60. — 7 yrs. io mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred

September 16, 1889.

Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 2 specimens.

Cadaver large and heavy ; outlines preserved by heavy case of adipocere, skele¬
ton within stripped.

61. — 7 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Heart disease (! ). In¬

tel red September 14, 1889.

Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 8 specimens.

Many Eleusis on coffin lid, outside and in. Skull entirely stripped ; heavy
case of adipocere below this ; within, skeleton stripped.

62. — 8 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Convulsions (! ). Interred

May 5, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., 3 specimens.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

“ “ Larvae (Eleusis ?).

“ Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann., numerous.

Upper half of cadaver completely stripped. Myriads of thysanura, beetles
and larvae on lower half, on and under clothing and in adipocere.

63. — 8 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred April

27, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee.

Bones completely stripped ; but one beetle and few thysanura seen.

64. — 8 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Debility (!). Interred May

3, 1889.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., I specimen.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee., numerous.

“ Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann., 4 specimens.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Thysanura, beetles and larvae in layers of adipocere, about pelvis, and on
skull under hair.

65. -8 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet ; sandy. (Infant.) Malnutrition. Interred

February 2, 1888.

Thysanura, undetermined.

66. — 9 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Jan¬

uary 27, 1888.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Diptera, Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn., puparia.

67. -9 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Septem¬

ber 18, 1887.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Lathrobium simile Lee., 3 specimens.

“ “ Eleusis pallida Lee., 6 specimens.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

213

Dec. 1898.3 Hotter : Study of the Fauna of the Grave.

68‘~I?,yrS- °raVe 5 ft>’ Wet; sand and cla7- Phthisis. Interred July 7, 1887.
Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 3 and fragments.

Fragments, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

69. — ioyrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Diarrhcea. Interred July 14

1 887. J J

Crustacea, undetermined.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Uomalota , sp.

Eleusis pallida Lee.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

Thysanura, beetles and larvae burrowing in wood of coffin, in layers of
adipocere, and in cancellated bone tissue, sternum, patella, etc.

70. — 10 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. (Infant)

Marasmus. Interred April 25, 1887. J

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 10 specimens.

71. — 10 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Phthisis. In¬

terred March 6, 1887.

Thysanura, undetermined.

72. -10 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred March

9, 1887.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee.

Diptera, Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn., puparia.

Pupae apparently viable when taken but failed to breed in the laboratory.

73. — 10 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Cholera. In¬

terred February 15, 1887.

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus line at us Say.

Vermes, undetermined.

Crustacea, Armadillidium ?

Ihysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 3 specimens.

74— 10 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 9 ft., damp ; loose sand. Tetanus. Interred September

21, 18S5.

Crustacea, Armadillidium vulgare Ltr., 3 specimens.

Thysanura, Isotoma, sp.

75— 10 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Consumption.

Interred September 23, 1886.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera; Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann., 7 specimens.

76.-10 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Consumption.
Interred October 3, 1886.

Thysanura, undetermined. %

214

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

77. — ii yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Hepatic colic.

Interred April 8, 1886.

Thysanura, undetermined

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee.

78. — 12 yrs. II mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Phthisis. Interred July 27, 1883.

Crustacea, undetermined.

Araneida, Bathyph antes , sp. n.; Cicurina arcuata Keys.

Myriapoda, Isobales ( /. minutus Brandt?).; lulus, sp.

Pseudoneuroptera, Tenues Jlavipes Kollar, 7 specimens.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, larva undetermined.

“ Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann., fragments.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

79. — 15 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 7 ft. , dry ; sandy. (Infant.) Diphtheria. Interred De¬

cember 17, 1880.

Araneida, Cicurina creber Bks.

Myriapoda, lulus, sp., numerous.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylinus cinnamopterus Grav., 2 specimens,
probably accidental, found outside coffin in grave.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

80. — 15 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred Sep¬

tember 29, 1881.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Carabidae, Schizogenius amphibius Hald., fragments, probably
accidental.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

81. — 16 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 9 ft., moist; sand. Apoplexy. Interred January 18,

1881.

Gastropoda, Zonitoides minusculus Binn.

Vermes, undetermined.

Crustacea, undetermined.

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks.

Araneida, Circurina creber Bks. ; Theridion subterranea Bks. , sp. n. ; Erigone
albescens Bks., sp. n.

Myriapoda, undetermined.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Batrisus ( ferox ?).

“ Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann., fragments.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Lasius flavus De Geer.

Dry disarticulated bones and portion of coat lying in brown, powdery debris,
fairly swarming with the above animals.

82. — 18 yrs. 11 mos. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Aphtha. Interred

January 18, 1879.

Crustacea, undetermined.

Araneida, Bathyphantes, sp. n.

Myriapoda, Isobates (/. minutus Brandt?) numerous; lulus, sp.

Dec. 1898 ]

Motter : Study of the Fauna

of the Grave.

215

S3.-2oyrs. Grave 3 ft. , dry ; sandy. (Infant.) Gastritis. Interred June 26
I876. J ’

Vermes, undetermined.

Crustacea, undetermined.

Myriapoda, Isobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; lulus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

84. — 20 yrs. Grave 9 ft. , dry ; sandy. Enteritis. Interred May 9, 1876.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

85. — 20 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Meningitis. Interred

February 14, 1876.

Myriapoda, Isobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; lulus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

86. -20 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 4 ft, dry; sandy. (Infant.) Pertussis. Interred

August 8, 1875.

Gastropoda, Vitrea electrina Gould.

Thysanura, Japyx ( J. subterraneus Pack.?).

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

87—20 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.) Diarrhcea. Interred
August 26, 1875.

Myriapoda, lulus, sp.

Coleoptera, Carabidae, Dicczlus ovalis Lee., i specimen. Probably accidental,
from bottom of grave.

Elateridae, larvae, undetermined, fragment.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

88.— 21 yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.)

Gastropoda, Zonitoides minusculus Binn.

Vermes, undetermined.

Myriapoda, Isobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; lulus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

^9- 21 yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry, sandy.

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus Inieatus Say.

Araneida, Theridium, sp. ( T. subterranea Bks.?).

Myriapoda, Isobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; lulus, sp.; Striaria, sp.;
Scolopocryptops sexspinosa Say.

Coleoptera, Trogositidae, Tenebrioides laticollis Horn. Fragments.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

90- 21 yrs. Grave 3 ft, dry, sandy. (Infant.)

Myriapoda, lulus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

91- — 21 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.)

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Myriapoda, Isobates (/. minutus Brandt?).

Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Batrisus ferox Lee.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

92- 21 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.)

Myriapoda, Isobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; lulus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

216 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi

93. — 21 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.)

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Araneida, Cicurina creber Bks. ,

Myriapoda, Isolates (I. minutus Brandt?) ; lulus, sp.

Coleoptera, Scarabseidse, Lachnosterna , sp. Probably accidental.

Diptera, Phoridte, puparia.

Hymenoptera, Formicidoe, Brachymyrmex heeri Forel.

“ Poneridoe, Ponera contracta Latr.

“ Myrmicidee, Myrmicina latreilli Andre.

94. — 21 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.)

Myriapoda, lulus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

95. — 21 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.)

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

“ Zonitoides minusculus Binn.

Araneida, Lophocarenum , sp.

Myriapoda, Isolates ( /. minutus Brandt ? ) ; lulus, sp.

Thysanura, Lepidocyrtus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

96. — 21 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.)

Araneida, Agalenidae (Cicurina ?).

Myriapoda, Isolates (I minutus Brandt?) ; lulus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

97. — 27 yrs. Grave 8 ft. dry, sandy. (Infant.) Interred November 2, 1869.

Myriapoda, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia. ( Conicera F)

98. — 29 yrs. I mo. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.) Interred May 25, 1867.

Araneida, Argiope, sp.

Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Lasius americanus Emery.

99. — 38 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Interred June 29, 1861.

Araneida, Cicurina creber Bks.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Gamasus, sp.

Myriapod, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia (Conicera ?).

100. — 71 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy.

Gastropoda, Heliocodiscus lineatus Say.

Acarina, Hypopus, sp.

Bones dry and crumbling; rib picked up by its sternal end broke and crushed in
falling by its own weight. Oscalcis, astragalus, head of femur, etc., crushed
with little or no pressure. Wood of coffin dry and crumbling ; medullary rays
beautifully and clearly outlined ; penetrated, more especially through long
diameter, by numerous dead, dry, filamentous roots. Knots curiously de¬
marcated and encapsulated. All dry, brown and pulverulent.

Note 1. Numbers 88-96 inclusive were interred prior to 1875,
before the cemetery records were fully kept.

Deo- .%8.i Motter: Study of the Fauna of the Grave. 217

2. Numbers 5, 38, 74, 78, 79, 81 -99 inclusive, are especially
noteworthy on account of the unusual method of interment followed
in the cemetery from which all were taken. Here, in every instance,
each separate burial case is inclosed in a four-inch brick wall, laid in
cement, and covered with stone or slate slabs, likewise sealed with
cement, thus making what is practically a vault for each interment.
This, it would seem, would prove an almost impenetrable barrier to
the necrophagous fauna. It must be remembered, however, that, no
matter how carefully prepared and laid, this cement, sooner or later,
disintegrates ; and that, save where two or more interments are made
in the same grave-site — as is here not infrequently the case — the bot¬
tom of these vault-chambers is of earth, not of brick or stone. But,
even where one vault is built on top of another, the crumbling cement
leaves interstices between the bricks, through which, as we have seen,
come diverse sorts of animals.

The following list of fifty cases includes those in which the exam¬
ination was, for one reason or another, incomplete, the records frag¬
mentary or unreliable, or the specimens lost.

5 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Pneumonia. Interred January 22, 1896.
No insects found. Body embalmed a,nd in good state of preservation.
Slight whitish fungus over lower part of face and hands.

102- 1 yr. 2 rnos. Grave 4 ft., moist ; sand. Gastro-enteritis. Interred April 29,

1896.

On outside of coffin, chelifer, spider and thysanura ; inside no insects found.
Cadavar embalmed, tissue leathery, covered with thick, white, felt-like fungus.

103- 3 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry ; sandy. Consumption. Interred May 11, 1894.
Chelanops tristis Bks. and thysanura on outside of coffin. No insects inside.

Body embalmed. Bones of skull clean, covered with thick, white fungus.
Examination interrupted.

104. 3 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 7 ft., day ; sandy. Asphyxia. Interred July 20, 1893.

Body embalmed and well preserved. Face and hands covered with thick,
white fungus. No insects found.

io5- — 4 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Interred July 14, 1893.

Had not sufficient time to examine thoroughly. Fragments of numerous
staphylinids ( Eleusis pallida Lee.?) no specimens taken.

Ic>6- — 4 yrs. I mo. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Valvular disease
heart. Interred May I, 1893.

Too wet to handle. Coffin contained embalming fluid. Skull stripped, some
adipocere still remaining on lower limbs.

io7 • — 4 yrs. 2 mos. . Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. Still-born. Interred April
24, 1893.

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Diptera, Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn., puparia.

218

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

108. — 4 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 3ft., moist ; sand and clay. (Infant.) Interred March

II, 1893.

A few thysanura only. Everything but the disarticulated bones gone.
Coffin dry inside ; roots and grasses growing up through bones and remnants
of clothing.

109. — 4 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia.

Interred December 12, 1892.

Thysanura only. Considerable adipocere left. Intestines not yet destroyed.
In vault I month.

no. — 5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Feb¬
ruary 29, 1892.

Thysanura only. In vault 2 months.

111. — 5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft. , coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Cholera. In¬

terred February 26, 1892.

Thysanura and staphylinid fragments, specimens lost. Heavy case of adi¬
pocere, swarming with Thysanura.

112. — 5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia.

Interred January 2, 1892.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidse, Actobius umbripennis Lee.

II3- — 6 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Paralysis. Interred April
28, 1891.

Coffin too much broken in removal to be accurate about contents.

1 14. — 6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Inflammation
bowels. Interred February 9, 1891.

No insects, not even Thysanura !

1 15- — 6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia.
Interred February 2, 1891.

Skeleton completely disarticulated, even skull, which contained pultaceous
brain mass. Little adipocere left.

1 16. — 6 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred De¬
cember 18, 1890.

No insects found. Clothing almost intact. Skeleton stripped and disarticu¬
lated.

H7- — 6 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Typhoid. In¬
terred September 7, 1890.

Thysanura only.

n8. — 7 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 9 ft., dry; sandy. Hemorrhage from lungs. Interred
July 27, 1889.

Thysanura and acarids. Specimens lost.

119- — 7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Membraneous
croup.' Interred January 20, 1890.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius iwibripennis Lee., fragment, covered with

undetermined fungus.

“ Eleusis pallida Lee.

I2°- — 7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Feb¬
ruary 27, 1890.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Dec. 1898.] Motter : Study of the Fauna of the Grave.

219

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobins umbripennis Lee., one dead covered with
“ “ white fungus.

“ Eleusis pallida Lee.

“ “ Undetermined.

Diptera, Sepsidce, Piophila casei Linn., puparia.

“ Borboridae, JLttnosinia, sp., wings.

Skeleton completely stripped, no adipocere left.

121. 7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Chronic diarrhoea. Inter¬

red February 24, 1890.

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

“ Zonitoides ai'boreus Say.

Araneida, Theridion subterranea Bks., sp. n.

Coleoptera, larvae, undetermined.

Diptera, Sepsidce, Piophila casei Linn., puparia.

Skeleton completely stripped.

122- 7 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Sep¬

tember 15, 1889.

Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated; bones solid and black as
ebony, some small detached masses of adipocere still remaining in coffin.
Not a sign of an insect to be found.

123- 7 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 5 ft-, moist ; sand and clay.

Coffin crushed in and full of earth, no specimens taken.

124- 7 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay.

Coffin crushed in and full of earth, no specimens taken.

125- — 8 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Congestion

brain. Interred March 9, 1889.

In vault I month. Skeleton completely stripped ; a few masses of adipocere
left from lower abdominal walls. No specimens taken.

126- — 10 yrs. I mo. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Dropsy (!).

Examined by assistant, no specimens.

127. — 10 yrs. 1 mo. Grave 5 ft-, coffin submerged.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Actobius umbripennis Lee., fragments.

128. — 10 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred April

3, 1887.

A few Thysanura only. No specimens taken.

I29- — II yrs. Grave 5 ft., dry ; sandy. Still-born. Interred October 24, 1885.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia ( Conicera .■?), specimens lost.

I3°- — II yrs. Grave 5 ft., wet ; sandy.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee.

I31- 11 yrs- 7 rnos. Grave 5 ft-, wet ; sandy. Tetanus. Interred November

1884.

Araneida, Lepthyphantes , sp.

Pseudoneuroptera, Termesflavipes Kollar.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

In vault three months. Ob. 30, VIII, 84.

I32* — I2 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Phthisis. In¬
terred February 29, 1884.

220 Journal New York Entomological Society. [voi. vi.

Thysanura only. In vault I month.

133- — J4 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry “ rotten rock.” Peritonitis. Ob. 5, IX, 81,

Mass. Interred November 22, 1881, D. C.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia.

Cadaver mummified, surface moist, skin and appendages practically intact.
Coffin in tin-lined case, top tacked on.

134- — H yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft. , dry, sandy. Hydrocephalus. Interred March 3,

1882.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia ( Conic era ?) , specimens lost.

135- — i6yrs. Grave 9 ft. , dry, sandy. GEdema of lungs. Interred October 9, 1880.

Thysanura only. In vault 9 days.

136. — 18 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred May
13, 1879.

No insects save a few Thysanura on inner side of coffin. Skeleton completely
stripped and disarticulated. Some grayish brain matter still left within dis¬
articulated skull.

137- — J8 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Membraneous

Croup. Interred February 2, 1878.

No insects found.

138- — 19 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. Bright’s disease. Ob. 9, I, 77.

Interred April 17, 1877.

Gastropoda, Helico discus lineatus Say.

Araneida, Lophocarenum , sp. ; Lycosa, sp.

Hymenoptera, Formicidse, Camponotus melleus Say.

139.-2° yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft. , wet, sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Apr.
5, 1876.

No insects found.

I4°- — 24 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., dry, sandy. Dysentery. Ob. 13, III, 72. In¬
terred May 25, 1872.

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Araneida, Cicurina creber Bks.

Acarina, Hypopus , sp.

Myriapoda, Isobates (7. minutus Brandt?); lulus, sp.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparia ( Conicera ?).

In vault two months.

I4I- — 28 yrs. Grave 9 ft., dry, sandy. Pneumonia. Ob. 25, IX, 68, N. J. In¬
terred April 25, 1884, D. C.

Crustacea, undetermined.

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks.

Araneida, Theridium tepidarionan Koch.

Acarina, Gamasidae, Hypoaspis , sp.

Myriapoda, Isobates (/. minutus Brandt?); lulus, sp.

Thysanura, Emtomobrya, sp.

Coleoptera, Pselaphidae, Batrisus globosus Lee.

c‘ Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann.

Diptera, Drosophilidae, Drosophila ampelophila Loew, probably accidental.

Dec. 1898.] Motter : Study of the Fauna of the Grave. 221

142- — 36 yrs. No insects found.

143- — 36 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found.

144- — 36 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found.

145- — 56 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found.

146. — Coffin so decayed and grave so wet, no definite results obtainable.

147. — Coffin so decayed and grave so wet, no definite results obtainable.

148- — Murder case, coffin filled with all sorts of rubbish ; not examined.

149- — Negro, aet. 18 yrs. (?) drowned, 7th St. wharf, August 29th. Body recovered

August 30th, inclosed in tin-lined case August 31st. Examined at Morgue
September 2d. Larvm taken Irom hair, face and clothing, September 16th
bred :

Diptera, Muscidse, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr.

“ “ Lucilia ccesar Linn.

I5°- — 7 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 4 ft., moist, sand and clay. Premature birth.

No cadaver found in coffin, nothing to indicate that it had ever been placed
therein. Clothes nicely folded in bottom of coffin. A most thorough search
revealed but the following :

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Eleusis pallida Lee., 1 specimen.

“ Larvae, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridae, puparium.

Note 3. Numbers 101-104, 118, 129, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140,
141 graves prepared as explained in note 2, page 217.

Note 4. The undetermined Coleopterous larvae mentioned in the
above lists belong, according to Mr. Schwarz, to but three species :
Actobms umbripennis Lee., Eleusis pallida Lee. and Ehizophagus
scalpturatus Mann. Owing to the illness of Mr. Schwarz, the deter¬
minations could not be specified in each case.

Grouped and arranged in systematic order, the fauna of the one
hundred and fifty disinterments studied, as thus far determined, stands
as follows :

GASTROPODA.

Hehcodiscus lineatus Say. Zonitoides minus cuius Binn.

Zonitoides arboreus Say. Vitrea electrina Gould.

Vermes, undetermined.

CRUSTACEA.

Armadillidium vulgar e Ltr. , many undetermined.

ARACHNID A.

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks.

Araneida.

Agalena, sp. L epthyph a nles , sp.

A. ncevia Htz. Lophocarenum , sp.

222

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI

Argiope , sp.
Bathyphantes , sp. n.
Cicurina arcuata Keys.
Ci cur in a creber Bks.

Lycos a, sp.

Theridium tepidariorum Koch.
Theridion subterranea Bks., sp.n.
Erigone albescens Bks., sp. n.
Acarina.

Gamasidae, Gamasus , sp. Iphis , sp.

Ho lost asp is , sp. Ur op o da , sp.

Hypoaspis , sp. Uropoda depress a Bks., sp. n.

Tyroglyphidae, Tyroglyphus , sp. Hypopus , sp.

Oribatidas, Hoplophora , sp. ( Tritia ).

MYRIAPODA.

Isolates (/. minutus Brandt?). Stria ria, sp.

lulus , sp. Scolopocryptops sexspinosa Say.

Lithobius , sp.

THYSANURA.

Jcipyx, sp. (/. subterranea Packard?). Entomobrya , sp.
Lepidocyrtus , sp. Podura , sp.

Many undetermined.

PSEUDONEUROPTERA.

Psocidae, undetermined. Termes flavipes Kollar.

HOMOPTERA.

Coccidae, Ripersia , sp.

COLEOPTERA.

Carabidae, Schizogenius amphibius Hald. Diccdus ovalis Lee.
“ Harpalus faunas Say.

Pselaphidae, Batrisus ferox Lee. Batrisus globosus Lee.
Staphylinidae, Atheta , sp. Actobius pcederoides Lee.

Homalota , sp. Lathrobium simile Lee.

Staphylinus cinnamopterus Grav. Pcederus littorarius Grav.
Philonthus , sp. Eleusis pallida Lee.

Actobius umbripennis Lee.

1 richopterygidae, Trichopteryx haldemanni Lee.

Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus scalpturatus Mann.

Trogositidae, Tenebrioides laticollis Horn.

Elateridae, Monocrepidius bellus Say.

Scarabaeidae, Lachnosterna , sp.

Curculionidae, Sphenophorus, sp.

Dec. 1893 ] Motter: Study of the Fauna of the Grave.

223

DIPTERA.

Mycetophilidae, Sciara , sp.

Stratiomyidae (larva).

Phoridae (puparia), Phora clavata Loew; Conic era, sp.

Muscidae, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr. ; Lucilia c cesar Linn.

Anthomyidae, Ilomalomyia, sp.; Ophyra leucostoma Wied.

Sepsidae, Piophila casei Linn.

Drosophilidae, Drosophila ampelophila Loew.

Borboridae, Limosina , sp.

HYMENOPTERA.

Formicidae, Brachymyrmex heeri Forel.; Camponotus melleus Say.

‘ ‘ Lasius americanus Emery ; Lasius flavus DeGeer.

Poneridae, Ponera co?itracta Latr.

Myrmicidae, Myrmicina latreillii Andre.

Monomorium minutum Mayer.

Cremastogaster lineolata Say.

Aphenogaster , sp.

This list includes the names of a few species found, not in the one
hundred and fifty human disinterments studied, but in the experi¬
mental observations, viz.: The undetermined Psocid, the Dipteron
Sciara sp., and the Coleopteron Trichopteryx haldemanni Lee. were
found in the empty boxes, buried for experimental purposes; while
the Myriapod Lithobius sp., and the Diptera Conicera sp., Phora
clavata Loew, and Ophyra leucostoma Wied., were found on dog
cadavers, as noted elsewhere.

During the summer of 1896 the cadavers of a number of dogs,
which had been examined in the laboratory for parasites, were tightly
nailed up. each in a wooden box, and buried in a neighboring plot at
a depth of two feet. Two of these, examined after two months,
showed only the following Diptera : Phoridae, Phora clavata Loew.
Muscidae, Lucilia. ccesar Linn. Anthomyidae, Ophyra leucostoma
Wied. Of these, I have found only the Muscid on human cadavers,
in four instances : (a) The living larvae were found on the cadaver
of a drowned negro after an exposure of three days and bred to the
adult stage (No. 149). (b) The puparia were found on a cadaver

(No. 2) which had been buried for two years and eleven months ;
and (c) puparia were likewise found on two cadavers (Nos. 11 and

224

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[ Vol, Vi.

14) which had been buried four years and one month. On the dog
cadaver, buried two months, was found a fragment of one adult fly.
This fly Megnin puts in his second “squad,” which arrives on
cadavers a few hours after death. The Phorid was found in great
numbers in the adult stage, busily feeding upon the contents of the
box, which emitted a very pungent ammoniacal odor.

The Anthomyid was taken in the larval stage and bred in great
quantities, in the laboratory, even unto the third and fourth genera¬
tions. Notes of these breeding experiments were presented to the
Entomological Society of Washington and will appear in the forth¬
coming issue of its Proceedings. Suffice it to say that, contrary to
what has generally been known of the Ophyra leucostoma Wied. , it
seemed to thrive better upon decaying animal than upon vegetable
matter. Megnin places this fly in his fifth “squad,” which he has
found on human cadavers buried about two years. It is interesting to
note just here that Schoyen found another species of this same genus,
Ophyra anthrax Meig. , in one of the cemeteries o Kristiania, in
graves which had been dug but two months before, just the period of in¬
terment of the dogs in question. Schiner mentions O . anthrax as more
rare than O. leucostoma still, in certain places very common ; he found
it in great numbers on the body of a dead horse in Kloster-neuberg.

On dogs buried for three months, this same Anthomyid, O. leu¬
costoma , was found together with an undetermined Thysanuron and
three Acarids of the Gamasid family: Uropoda sp., Gamasus sp.
and Hypoaspis sp. The mites belong to Megnin’s sixth 7 “ squad,”
found on exposed human cadavers after two or three years. Uropoda
I have found on twenty-one human cadavers, interred for periods
varying from three years and six months to eleven years and seven
months ; Hypoaspis , on a human cadaver buried twenty-eight years ;
Gamasus on another, buried thirty-eight years and four months.
While belonging to the same genus, it must be noted that the species
of Gamasidae found on dog cadavers are not identical with those
found upon human cadavers.

On dogs buried for four months the principal find was the Phorid,
Come era sp., which was likewise bred in the laboratory through sev¬
eral generations. This fly is of special interest, because it was prob¬
ably the first in America recorded by an accurate observer as having
been found on a disinterred human cadaver ; it will again be referred
to later on.

Dec. 1S9S.] Motter : Study of 'jhe Fauna of the Grave. 225

On dogs buried for five months were found Conicera sp., adult
flies and larvae, together with Uropoda sp., identical with that found
on dogs after three months’ interment, but differing from that found
on human cadavers ; and, finally, an Elaterid beetle, Monocrepidius
be l Ins Say, identical with that found on human cadavers after three
years and two months’ interment.

At this point the experimental work with dog cadavers ceased ;
fiist because there was such abundant material from the cemetery, and,
secondly, because, according to Dr. Wyatt Johnston’s experience, the
results would be apt to be more confusing than helpful. Writing of
his own observation in this line, Dr. Johnston said: “We were
especially struck with the circumstance that Coleoptera which attack
the bodies of animals early, i. <?., in a few days, will not attack human
bodies unless these have been exposed some months. For this reason
we avoided control experiments with dead animals and dead meat, as
unreliable and misleading-.”

One other line of experimental investigation proved interesting
and suggestive, though it was pursued in but two cases. At the sug¬
gestion of Mr. E. A. Schwarz, we buried in a cemetery, at a depth of
three feet, two empty boxes which had been thoroughly cleaned and
then closed with a well fitting cover securely nailed on. As it hap¬
pened, we were enabled to place each of these boxes in a lot adjoining-
one in which an interment had recently been made, thus approximat¬
ing, as nearly as might be, the conditions of an actual interment. After
two months one of the boxes was taken up and found to contain a
young Araneid, Agalena ncevia Htz., several young Acarids of the
Gamasid family, many Podurids (Thysanura), an undetermined
Psocid, one small beetle, Trichopteryx haldemani Lee., and three
Mycetophilid flies, Sciara sp. The second box, which was buried
for a little over three months, was not quite so prolific, containing
only one Araneid, Theridium tepidariorum Koch, and a few Podurids
and Lepidocyrtus sp. (Thysanura). These small insects were no
doubt feeding upon the delicate black fungus with which the boxes
had become lined.

It is highly probable that further experiments, in this line might be
productive of interesting results. In the last case noted in the above
list (No. 150) an empty (?) coffin, exhumed after seven years and
three months, contained, among other things, the same beetle, Eleusis
pallida Lee., which was found in such great numbers and under such

226

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

varying conditions in fifty-six of the one hundred and fifty observa¬
tions and after periods of interment ranging from one year and eleven
months to eleven years and two months. The cemetery records show
that this particular coffin was supposed to contain the product of a
“ Premature Birth,” but it seems highly propable that the coffin was
sent to the cemetery, minus the cadaver, and that the latter now
adorns some one’s embryologic collection.

In 1890 Mr. Webster published an interesting find of Conicera sp.,
on a two-year cadaver, in the stomach of which chemic analysis showed
one and one-half grains of arsenic. Commenting on this case, Mr.
Webster writes : “ That the larvse of these flies might subsist upon the
flesh of bodies killed by arsenic is by no means surprising, as they are,
doubtless, very tenacious of life. * * * That adults or larvae could
have made their way to the body through box and coffin, after burial,
seems incredible ; while that with the temperature but little above the
freezing point flies should have been attracted to the corpse, while the
latter was awaiting burial, and either deposited their eggs upon it be¬
fore burial or have been conveyed within the coffin to the grave and
there begun reproduction appears at first thought almost equally im¬
possible. ”

Here, then, are raised the questions upon the answers to which
rest the importance and practical value of all these observations.
How, when and during what periods do these insects attack the human
cadaver ? Megnin’s answers seem to have been accepted by the French
courts, and decisions rendered, sentences imposed in accordance there-
with. His work has been abstracted in a large number of journals,
and in several different languages ; everywhere it is labelled “ Impor¬
tant — if true.” Dominique writes a conservative review, compliment¬
ing Megnin upon his work, at the same time suggesting that the science
of an entomologic chronology of cadaveric history must, of necessity,
be a slow growth. Here and there, however, there have been more or
less vigorous protests. It is significant that these protests and warn¬
ings have come largely from the entomologists, men whose sole spe¬
cialty is the study of the characters and life habits of these insects.
True, when we attempt to look up the life-history of any given insect,
especially one not important from an economic standpoint, we are
amazed at the paucity of data, even with regard to our most common
species. Among those who have made the life habits of beetles a
special study, is Major L. von Heyden, who denies Megnin’s assertion

Dec. 1898] Motter: Study of the Fauna of the Grave. 227

that the Nitidulid beetle, Rhizophagus , is attracted by the odor of the
corpse, and declares that this beetle never feeds upon cadavers, but
that it enters the grave as a parasite of the larva of another beetle
(Scolytid) which infests the wood of which coffins are made. In spite
of this high authority, I have found, in a number of cases the Ameri¬
can cousins of this beetle feeding, beyond the peradventure of a doubt,

upon the decomposing soft tissues and in the cancellated bone of the
human cadaver.

Another item, about which we have yet much to learn, is with re¬
gard to the seasonal activity of a number of flies. Megnin states, and
he is confirmed by Webster’s and by own experience, that the Phori-
dae have been found on bodies interred in winter as well as in summer.
But his conclusion, that the presence of Muscidae .indicates that the
body in question was interred in summer and not in winter; and
Johnston’s and Villeneuve’s conclusion, that the absence of Dipterous
remains points to interment in winter and not in summer, have been
too hastily drawn, if the study of but one hundred and fifty disinter¬
ments in Washington afford any criterion by which to judge. For, in
ten of the one hundred and fifty cases, I have found the remains of a
number of flies (Stratiomyid, Muscid, Sepsid and Borborid) on cadav¬
ers interred in December, January and February.

I wo important facts must be noted just here : On the one hand,

I have found, on looking up the recorded temperatures for several days
preceding death and following burial, a degree of cold wholly incom¬
patible with insect activity above ground ; on the other hand, we not
infrequently have in Washington, even in mid-winter, several succes¬
sive days of sufficient warmth to start up the incubators of the omni¬
present fly. That the presence of certain insects on a cadaver may
indicate the exposure of that cadaver to a temperature favorable to the
functional activity of these insects, is a conclusion wholly legitimate,
and not without entomologic interest. Can it have any Medico-legal
weight ? To go before a Court of Law and to swear that because a
Muscid was found upon a disinterred human cadaver, that cadaver
might have been interred in June, but could not have been interred in
January, would be to fly in the face of facts and to assert a proposi¬
tion controverted by practical experience. Be it remembered that
these remarks apply only to interred human cadavers, only to those
interred in the vicinity of Washington, and only from the limited
view of this field obtained from one hundred and fifty observations.

228

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

1 am thoroughly convinced that we can not, as yet, make any broad,
universally applicable generalizations on this subject. The field is far
too broad, the important and modifying factors are far too numerous
and conflicting, the conditions vary far too widely to be thus compre¬
hended in any concise, unqualified formula. The only conclusion I
can reach, as the result of my studies thus far, is that it is not safe to
draw any conclusion at all. The vital point upon which the whole of
Megnin’s theory of the fauna of exposed cadavers turns, is that the
various insects appear in distinct “squads,” at definite and specified
periods of cadaveric decomposition, and that they succeed each other
in regular order. That this proposition does not in any particular ap¬
ply to the observations here noted is most evident from the following
brief resume of the work, taking only the more important mites, bee¬
tles and flies :

Acarina, 8 species found in 30 cases, interred from 3 years and

2 months to 7 1 years. Coleoptera, Pselaphidoe, 2 species found in 3
cases, interred from 16 years and 5 months to 28 years. Staphylini-
dae, Homalota, found in 4 cases, interred from 1 year and 1 1 months
to 10 years; Staphy linns found in 1 case, interred 15 years and 5
months ; Philonthus found in one case, interred 5 years and 4 months ;
Actobius found in 22 cases, interred from 3 years and 2 months to 10
years ; Latlirobium found in 3 cases, interred from 4 years and 4
months to 9 years and 9 months ; Pcederus found in 1 case, interred

3 years and 2 months ; Eleusis found in 56 cases, interred from 1 year
and 11 months to 11 years and 2 months. Nitidulidse, Rhizophagus
found in 10 cases, interred from 1 year and 11 months to 28 years.
Diptera, Phoridse, puparia found in 43 cases, interred from 3 years and

2 months to 38 years; Muscidae, 2 species found in 5 cases, interred from

3 days to 4 years and 1 month ; Anthomyidse, Homalomyia found in one
case, interred 2 years and 11 months; Sepsidae, Piophila found in 13
cases, interred from 3 years and 2 months to 10 years and 3 months.

Since the completion of this paper, the writer has received a re¬
print of Johnston & Villeneuve’s paper, “On the Medico-Legal Ap¬
plication of Entomology,” which was “ read before the Canadian
Medical Association, Montreal, August, 1896,” and published in the
Montreal Medical Journal, August, 1897. These authors assert that
“ one may now judge from the animal fauna met with in a dead body
how long it has been exposed.” But they add: “The chief danger
to be feared from Megnin’s imitators is that they might tend to indulge

Dec. 1898.] Hotter : Study of the Fauna of the Grave.

229

in guesses having no very solid basis and to 3-pply rules to countries
and climates where they were inapplicable.” They conclude that,
it appears certain that observations and experiments upon exposed
human bodies should be made in the particular locality before the
present entomological data can be directly applied to legal medicine.
* * * The time limits apparently require modification for the

particular locality.”

It should be remembered that the experience of Johnston & Ville-
neuve has been almost entirely with exposed cadavers — as distinguished
trom the present observations on interred cadavers. They print an
interesting table, which is hereto appended.

FAUNA OF DEAD BODIES EXPOSED TO THE AIR.*
(Compiled from Megnin. )

First Period

Second Period

Third Period

Fourth Period

Fifth Period

Sixth Period

Physical Conditions.

Minimum

time.

* ' f .

Forms met with.

Bodies fresh .

First

(D) Muse a*

Cyrtoneura. *

- three

Calliphora .*

Decomposition c 0 m-

(D) Lucilia *

menced .

months.

Sa rcoph aga . *

Fatty acids .

3 months

( C ) Dermestes. *

( L ) Aglossa .

Caseous products .

i t0

(D) Pi op hi la*

6 months.

Anthomyia.

( C ) Necrobia ( Corynetes ) .

Ammoniacal fermenta-

4 months

( D ) Thyreophora.

tion, black liquefac-

Ophyra *

tion .

-1 To

Lonchea , Phora.

C) JVecrophorus.

<

Si Ip ha.*

Hister *

8 months.

Sapriuus. *

Desiccation .

6 months

( A ) Uropoda.

Trachynotus.

to

Tyroglyphus *
Glyciphagus.

12 months.

Serralor.

Seventh Period...

extreme

Eighth Period

Debris

{

1 year
to

3 years.

Over 3
years.

(L) A gloss a.
Tineola.

(C) Attagemis.
Anthrenus.

( C ) Tenebi io.
Ptinus.

230

Journal New Yurk Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

FAUNA OF BURIED BODIES.

Before Burial .

After Burial .

(The genera marked * in the table are those
met with by ourselves. )

( D ) Calliphora ,* Cyrtoneura.

( D ) Ophyra,* Phora.

(C) Philonthus ,* Rhizophagus.
(T) Achorutes, Templetonia.

References to Some of the Literature on this Subject.

1783. — Recueil de pieces concernant les exhumations faites dans l’anciente de
l’Eglise de St. Eloi de la ville Dunkerque.

1789. — Thouret, Rapport sur les exhumations du cimitiere des Innocens Fourcroy,
a la Societe royale de medecine de Paris.

1815. — Marc, Diet. d. Sc. Med. Paris, XIV, 186-206.

1823. — Orfila, Rev. Med. Franc, et Etranger, Paris, XII, 143-150.

1825. — Orfila, Arch. gen. de. Med. Paris, VII, 281-286.

1830. — Orfila, Ann. d’ Hyg. Paris, IV, 80-165.

1831. — Orfila and Lesueur, Traite des exhumations juridiques, Paris, 2v.

1845. — Barrett (Thos. ), Lancet, Lond. II, 425-428.

1881. — Reinhard (H.), Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 31, p. 207-210.

1886. — Hofman (O. ), Bull. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XXX, p. CXXXI.

1887. — Karsch, Entomolog. Nachricht. Berlin, December, 1887. — P. 382.

1890. — Webster (F. M. ), Insect Life, V, 11 pp., 356-358, 370-372.

1892.— Bordas (F. ), Etude sur la putrefaction. Paris, Rueff et Cie.

1894. — Megnin (P. ), La Fauna des Cadavres. Paris, G. Masson, Gauthier, etc.

1895. — Schoyen (W. M.), Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, p. 121-124.

1895. — Dominique (J-), Bui. de la Soc. des Sc. de l’ouest de la Fr. Tome V, p.

217-226.

1895. — Muller (C. ), Zoolog. Garten, V, 36, pp. 271-275.

1895. — von Ileyden (L. ), Zoolog. Garten, V, 36, pp. 380-381.

1S95. — Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, Die Fliegen, I, 620.

1896. — Megnin (P. ), Bui. du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. Paris, pp. 187-190.

1897. — Johnston (Wyatt), and Villeneuve (Geo.). Montreal Medical Journal,

August.

EXPLANATION OF TABLES.

Table i. Showing entire “find” on human cadavers buried for varying periods.

In the first column are given the serial numbers, with numbers referring to notes on
individual observations. Next is indicated the duration of interment, expressed in years
and months; then the month in which interment was made and that in which the body
was disinterred. Then follow the depth of the grave and character of soil — “s ” =
sandy, “ c ” = clay, and “ sc ” = sand and clay mixed. The degree of moisture,
noted in the grave at the time of disinterment, is indicated as follows : I = dry, 2
= moist, 3= wet, 4 = coffin submerged. The figures in the body of the table indi¬
cate the number of the specimen or specimens, in the Stiles- Motter collection of
grave-fauna, to be deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Some of these speci¬
mens, more particularly of the lower forms, have not as yet been fully determined.

*(D) Diptera, (C) Coleoptera, (L) Lepidoptera, (A) Acari, (T) Thysanura.

TABLE II. — Showing the/er for periods varying from 2 to 5

Acarina.

Gamasidae, Gamasus, .

Holostaspis, .

Hypoaspis, .

I phis, .

Uropoda, .

U. depressa, .

Tyroglyphidae, Tyroglyphus,.

“ Hypopus, .

Orbatidae, Hoplophora, .

a

a

i i

a

<<

COLEOPTERA.

Pselaphidae, Batrisus .

Staphylinidae, Homalola, ...

Staphylinus,
Philonthus, ..

Actobius, .

Lathrobium,

Paederus, .

Eleusis, .

Nitidulidae, Rhizophagus, ..
Elateridae, Monocrepidius,

16
a
6 6
a
< <
a

Diptera.

Stratiomyidae, . .

Phoridae, puparia, . .

“ P. clavata, .

“ Conicera, .

Muscidae, Compsomyia, . .

“ Lucilia, .

Anthomyidae, Homalomyia, ....
“ O. leucostoma, ..

“ *Ophyra anthrax,

Sepsidas, Piophila, .

Borborida;, .

* Reported by other obse

“b

+

15-20

20-30

+

T

+

+

+

+

+

4-

+

30-40

+

+

T

+

+

+

71

+

+

Table II. Showing the mites, beetles and flies found on .NTERRED canine and human cadavers. Dog cadavers buried for periods varying from 2 to 5
_ months. Human cadavers buried for periods varying from i to 71 years.

" i ~~ r - - - - - — _ _

Dog.

Acarina.

Gamasidae, Gamasus, .

Holostaspis, .

Hypoaspis, . .

IpBis, .

Uropoda, .

U. depressa, .

Tyroglyphidas, Tyroglyphus, .

“ Hypopus, .

Orbatidae, Hoplophora, .

6 i
C (
i (

c c

i <

4-

+
• • • •

4-

COLEOPTERA.

Pselaphidae, Batrisus .

Staphylinidae, Homalola, . .

Staphylinus, . .

Philonthus, . .

Actobius, . .

Lathrobium, .

Paederus, .

Eleusis, . .

Niddulidae, Rhizophagus, . .

Elateridae, Monocrepidius, .

Diptera.

Stratiomyidae, ...

a
(6
6 i
i i

a
c <

Phoridae, puparia,,

“ P. clavata, .

ii Conicera, .

Muscidae, Compsomyia, .

“ Lucilia, . 4~

Anthomyidae, Homalomyia, .

“ O. leucostoma, ... -f-

“ *Ophyra anthrax, .

Sepsidae, Piophila, .

Borborida?, .

+

4-

4-

4-

~h

D

3

3

n>

CL

o

a>

CL

>

e

tp

to

VO

O'

o

CL

v;

•-t

o

o

o

<

a>

1-1

n

CL

>

c

aq

w

o

n

x

p

3

5'

<T>

CL

in

n

*0

4~

+

M

2

c

p

3

o

p

CL

P

<

a

►t

CL

n>

i-t

i-t

n

CL

n>

•t

3

o

3

o

3

r-f-

zr

CO

4-

* Reported by other observers.

+

+

+

*

4~

• • • • •

4~

+

Interred Human Cadavers.

+

+

+

+

+

► • • • «

4-

+

• • • • •

+

+

+

+

4-

4-

T

4-

* • • • <

* • • • <

4-

4-

4

?

+

+

+

+

4

4-

H

4-

~h

+

+

4-

4-

4"

8

4- 4-

4- 4-

4"

4-

4~

4-

4

• • • • •

Webster, F. M., Insect Life, V. II, p. 356-370, 1890.

+

IO

~b
> • • • «

4-

+

4-

+

* • • •

> • • • .

4-

4-

Schoyen, W. M., Entomologisk Tidskrift (Stockholm), pp. 121-124, 1895

II

4~

4-

4-

+

32

13

14

L

• . . . |

4-

4-

4-

4-

4_

► • • • 1 1

+

4- I

••••• •••••

4- .

4-

4-

4-

4-

15-20

+

4-

4-

+

4-

20-30

4

4

4

4-

> • • • 1

4

4

4

4

4

30-40

71

4

4

4-

Dec. 1898 ]

Dyar : On South American Moths.

231

Table 2, groups the mites, beetles and flies, which have been held to be especially
significant as time-indicators, and shows that the same species have been found after
widely varying periods of interment. This is in direct contrast with the “principle ”
hitherto deduced, from observations on exposed cadavers, “ that the products formed
at different epochs in the progress of decomposition attract certain forms and repel
others.” A principle which Megnin reiterates in a recent “ Note sur une collection
d'lnsectes des cadavres interessants a connaitre au point de vue Medico-legal, offerte
au Museum.”

NOTES ON CERTAIN SOUTH AMERICAN
COCHLIDIIDAS AND ALLIED FAMILIES.

By Harrison G. Dyar.

At my request Mr. W. Schaus kindly brought me a number of
moths from his collection for examination. Many of them are his
types of species recently described and the rest have been carefully
determined by him. The following notes are based on this material.
It includes the groups closely allied to the Cochlidiidfe as well as that
family itself, and one species of Ptilodontidse, which was improperly
described as a Cochlidian.

Family DALCERIDHE.

Synopsis of Genera.

Fore wings without accessory cell ; antennae with prominent scale tuft at tip.

Vein 6 arising above discal vein ; vein 11 from cell . Dalcera

Vein 6 arising below discal vein ; vein 11 stalked with 9 and 10. . . . Dalcerina
Fore wings with accessory cell ; antennae without scale tuft.

Veins 9 and 10 long stalked, but distinct . Acraga

Veins 9 and 10 coincident, 9 absent or invisible.

Hind wings ovate, rounded. . Dafcerides

Hind wings trigonate, inner margins long . Epipinconia

Genus Dalcera H. -S.

1855— Da/cera Herrich-Sceiaffer, Ausser. Schmett. I. 7.

Type, abrasa H.-S.: also fumata Schaus, both before me. Mosch-
ler has given the generic characters. Others species listed are obscura
Schs., alba Druce, laxata Druce, atiipla Druce and lebema Druce, but
I have not examined them.

232

Journal New York Entomological Society.

LVoi. vi

Genus Dalcerina, nov.

Antennae short, bipectinate, a tuft of scales at tip above ; head prominent, eyes
large ; palpi porrect, slender, exceeding the front by half their length, not reaching
vertex ; third joint minute. Legs slender, hind tibiae with end spurs only. Wings
full, rounded; fore wing costa straight, rounded at apex; vein I, furcate at base,
without branch ; I c present ; 2 at middle of cell ; 4 and 5 short stalked ; cell closed
by the short, wide angled furcation of discal vein ; 6 midway between 5 and discal
vein ; 7 and 8 long stalked below apex of cell ; 9 and 10 very long stalked as in Dal-
cera , but II also stalked with 9 and 10 for some distance ; 12 from base ; retinaculum
a long fold. Hind wings with three internal veins ; vein 2 from the middle of cell ;
3 and 4 arising close together ; 5 from the lower part of cross vein ; discal vein as on
fore wing ; 6 and 7 very remote, running parallel ; 8 very close to 7 to end of cell,
but free or with a trace only of a cross bar toward base where the vein is rounded
toward costa. Frenulum long.

Type tijucana Schaus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 322). Mr.
Schaus’ type is before me, and looks, superficially, like a variety of
Dale era fa mat a.

Genus Acraga Walk.

1855 — Acraga Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Lep. Het. IV, 807.

1882 — Pinconia Moore, Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverp. XXXVI, 364.

Venatation as in Daicera {vide Moschler, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XXVII,
673), but accessory cell present ; veins 7-8 and 9-10 on stalks from accessory cell ;
1 1 from the top of accessory cell.

Type ciliata Walker; also moorei Dyar (|| ochracea Moore),
ochracea Walk, and coa Schaus. Also melinda Druce, unknown to
me. I am indebted to Sir G. F. Hampson for information about
Walker’s type in the British Museum.

Genus Dalcerides N. & D.

• »

1893 — Dalcerides Neumcegen and Dyar, Can. Ent. XXV, 121.

Close to Acraga , but the stalk of veins 9 and 10 reaches tip of wing.

Type ingenita Hy. Edw.; also mesoa Druce, the latter from Mr.
Schaus’ collection.

Genus Epipinconia, nov.

Antennae short, bipectinate ; eyes large ; palpi slender, porrect, reaching half
their length beyond the front ; legs slender, hind tibiae without spurs. Fore wing
triangular, costa straight; vein 10 shortly stalked on the stalk of 7 and 8, 9 coinci¬
dent (absent), II at base of accessory cell, all as in Dalcerides. Hind wings trigo-
nate ; inner margin long, anal angle sharply rounded, as also apex, the outer margin
nearly straight ; veins 2 to 5* somewhat equally spaced, 3 and 4 nearest ; 6 above the
end of discal vein, remote from and parallel to 7 ; 8 close to subcostal to end of cell,
then divergent. Thinly scaled, bronzy, glistening species.

Dec. 1898. |

Dyar : On South American Moths.

233

Type flava Walker (Cat. Brit. Mus., V, 1107) ; also citrina Schaus
are before me.

Family MEGALOPYGID/E.

Genus Aidos Hiibner.

1818 — Aidos Hubner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. 191.

1S95 — Brachycodion Dyar, Can. Ent. XXVII, 244.

This has the venation of amanda , but veins 8 and 9 form a rounded rather than an
angular furcation and 10 and II are very shortly stalked together. On hind wings
veins 3 and 4 are shortly stalked ; 6 and 7 separate and parallel ; 8 free to base.

Type amanda Stoll ; also yamouna Dogn. ( Euclea yamouna Dognin,
Le Nat., XIII, 126) from Mr. Schaus’ collection.

Genus Brachycodilla, nov.

Antennae lengthily pectinated on basal half, terminal half simple (serrate), the
regions sharply marked ; head sunken, palpi short, porrect, just reaching frontal tuft.
Robust, vestiture suberect ; legs rather long, posterior tibiae with terminal spurs only.
Venation essentially as in Aidos ( vide Can. Ent., XXVII, 244), but vein 8 of hind
wings is joined to subcostal by a strong bar at the end of the cell.

Type castrensis Schaus (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 56) ; also B.
carmen Schaus ( Tali m a carmen Sch.) and B. admirabilis Schaus
( Perola admirabilis Sch.) are before me, the latter retained in my
collection by the kindness of Mr. Schaus.

Genus Cyclara Schaus.

1896 — Cyclara Schaus, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, 57.

Besides the characters given by Mr. Schaus, vein I of fore wings has a long
branch on the lower side (characteristic of the Megalopygidae) ; vein 6 arises above
the concavity of the cell ; cell broad ; stalk of veins 7 and 8 drooping from that bear¬
ing 9 ; hind wings with veins 6 and 7 remote and parallel ; 8 touching the cell ex¬
cept at base and extreme apex. Antennae much shorter than half of fore wing, but
not disproportionately short as the body is slender, pectinated to the tip ; eyes large ;
palpi very short, almost rudimentary, not reaching the front ; legs slender, rather long,
hind tibiae without spurs. A fragile insect, with proportionately large rounded wings.

Type ovata Schaus. Mr. Schaus’ type is before me.

Family COCHLIDIIDAE.

A. Male antennae bipectinate on basal portion, the terminal half simple.
a. Discal vein long forked, the limbs forming an angle of less than 90°.

Genus Sibine H. -S.

1855 — Sibine Herrich-Schaeffer, Ausser. Schmett. I, 7.

1855 — 1| Nyssia Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1132.

234 Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

i860 — Empretia Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 158.

1866 — Eupalia Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. XXXV, 1927.

1878 — 1| Streblota Berg, Ann. Soc. Argent. V, 177.

1878 — Neomiresa Butler, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 74.

Type 7iesea Stoll. Mr. Schaus has loaned me specimens labelled
modesta Cr. , plora Schaus, extensa Schaus, and trimacula Stoll. I
should regard the first three as the same species in most genera, but
here the larvae should be known for certainty.

Genus Episibine, nov.

Male antennae bipectinated on basal third, the tip simple ; palpi not reaching be¬
yond the frontal hairs ; fore wings with costa straight, inner margin sinuate, veins 2,
and 3 separate, 8 and 9 stalked, 1 1 straight ; fork of discal vein long and closed by a
cross-vein ; hind wings triangular, veins 6 and 7 separate at base, but divergent ; 8
anastomosing at base ; hind tibiae without perceptible spurs.

Type auromacula Schaus (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 56). Mr.
Schaus’ type is before me. This is a specialization of the ordinary
Sibine form, the hind wings shaped as in the male of Phobetron.

Genus Euclea Hilbner.

1822 — Euclea HObner, Verz. Bek. Schmett. 149.

1854 — \\Necera Herrich-Schaffer, Samml. Ausser. Schmett. I, fig. 176.

1859 — Parasa Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co. 413.

1860 — Nochelia Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 159.

1864 —Callochlora Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 339.

Type cippus Cramer.

$ I. Fore wings with vein 10 from end of cell [Parasa).

E. imitata Druce $ , kindly added to my collection by Mr. Schaus.

E. cebrenis Sch. $ 9,(9 Trabala cebrenis'). The female has
been described by Mr. Schaus and figured by H. Druce (Biol. Cent.-
Am., Lep. Het., II, pi. 87, fig. 11). The male associated with it is
E. lysia Druce (Biol. Cent. -Am. , II, 439) without any green on the fore
wings. Mr. Schaus stated to me that he had a reason for this unexpected
association, but he could not then recall what it was.

E. minima Schaus.

$ , Identical with chloris H.-S., except that the green band is of
about half the width and does not touch the base of the wing. The
moth is a little smaller than is usual in chloris.

E. viridogrisea, sp. nov.

Vertex of head and thorax above bright green ; abdomen, thorax below and
legs dark slate gray ; wings uniformly dark slate gray, the veins not lined ; on fore-

Dec. 1898. J

Dyar : On South American Moths.

235

wings a rather narrow bright green band crosses the wing at about the middle and
runs along internal margin to base ; it is edged on both sides narrowly with light red
brown ; width of band about one-fourth the length of wing, a little narrower centrally
from the brown outer border becoming broader at that point ; the terminal space is
slightly grizzled by pale scales. Expanse, 32 mm.

Type, one female in the collection of Mr. Schaus, who says that
this is the “ clitoris ” of the Biologia Centrali-Americana.

\ 2. Fore wing with vein 10 stalked ( Enclea ).

E. di versa Druce. ( Semyra divers a D.)

The figure in the Biologia is poor. The silvery line near internal
margin should be a slender zigzag, produced a little along vein 2 and
narrowly along vein 1 to base. The ordinary green of the genus is
here replaced by dark brown. The pretty species seems to suggest
some affinity with Monoieuca in markings.

E. copac Schaus. (Neomires a copac Sch.)

A pretty dark gray species, with ovate, rounded wings.

Genus Metraga Walk.

1855 — Metraga Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1129.

Type perplexa Walk. This species is before me. The genus
seems a good one, close to Euclea , but differing in the large palpi,
which reach nearly to the vertex of head, and in the convex costa ;
vein 11 is distinctly curved toward vein 12 at base ; the discal vein is
long forked and the cell closed by a cross-vein.

Genus Miresa Walk.

1855 — Miresa WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1123.

Type albipuncta H. -S. In this genus the discal vein is long-forked,
the limbs connected by a cross-vein outwardly ; but often the upper
limb is weak, so that the cross-vein practically replaces it, and the de¬
ceptive appearance of Hampson’s figure is produced (Moths of India,
I, 386).

M. argentea Druce. (. Eupalia argentea D.)

The upper limb of the discal fork is quite strong and distinct ; the
palpi are a little longer than normal, just exceeding the front, and the
pectinations of antennae are not sharply marked off from the simple
portion, the serrations running to apex. This is a generalized species
in all these characters, possibly separable generically from Miresa (it
would fall in Asteria Feld).

M. argent ata Walk. (Nyssia argentata Walk.)

23G

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[ Vol. VI.

A true Miresa , close to the Indian species bracteata Butl., argen-
tifera Walk., and nivaha Moore. The upper limb of discal fork is
nearly absent, just traceable as a slight fold.

Genus Idonauton Swinhoe.

1892 — Idonauton Hampson, Moths of India, I, 391.

Type apicale Walker.

I. straminea Schaus. ( Semyra straminea Sch.)

1 his may be referred here provisionally. I have no male, hence
do not like to propose anew genus. The palpi agree with Idonauton ;
head sunken, fiont not tufted ", hind legs with terminal spurs only *
venation agreeing with Hampson’s figure, vein 10 from end of cell,
but discal vein forked and closed by a cross vein.

b. Discal vein short-forked, the limbs forming an angle of 90° or more.

Genus Talima Walk.

i855 — Talima Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1120.

Type postica Walker. The type species is before me. Venation
of Parasa , except for the short forked discal vein, of which the two
limbs close the cell, widely divergent, looking like a single vein meet¬
ing the end of cell. Vein 1 1 slightly curved at base. The palpi are
upturned nearly to vertex ; hind tibiae with end spurs only. A thinly
scaled, simply marked form, more generalized than the preceding.

Genus Protalima, nov.

Closely allied to Talima , but the palpi are short, not exceeding the frontal tuft,
and the inner margin of hind wings is rounded, less long drawn out than in Talima.
This would fall in Miresa, except for the structure of the discal vein. The superfi¬
cial appearance, however, is like Talima , and is here really the best guide to affinity

Type sulla Schaus (Nyssia sulla Sch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,

324).

B. Male antennae bipectinated to the tip ; fork and discal vein short and open.
a. Palpi long, reaching near or above vertex.

* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings separate.

Genus Vipsania Druce.

18 Sj—Vipsania Druce, Biol. Cent. -Am. Lep. Het. I, 217.

Palpi as in Hyphortna ; fore wings with veins 7-9 stalked ; fork of discal vein
short and open, but a peculiar deceptive fold lies from the middle of the vein to
origin of vein 6 ; hind wing like Hyphortna, but discal vein not forked ; veins 6 and
7 from a point. Hind legs broken ; but I learn from Sir G. F. Hampson that Druce’ s

237

Dec.. i898 ] . DYAR : O.V SOUTH AMERICAN MOTHS.

type has two pair of spurs. The male is needed to place this genus finally ; compare
section C.

Type anticlea Druce 9 . Only the female is known and Mr.
Schaus specimen is one of this sex. Consequently the male antennae
are unknown.

Genus Semyra Walker.

i855 — Semyra Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1130.

1878 — Eulimacodes Moschler, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. XXVII, 672.

Type coarctata Walk. The type species is before me ; also Mr.
Schaus’ type specimen of Eulimacodes mdschleri , which is simply the
female of coa) data Walk. S. distincta Moschl., with the same struc¬
ture and pattern, but larger and V. bella H.-S. are also before me.
S. cardia Schaus begins to depart a little from the generic type. The
palpi are a little shorter, not quite attaining the vertex, about as in
Pt ostermdia Saalm., with which this species might be confounded in a
synoptic table, though the markings are as in Semyra.

Genus Prostern id ia Saalm.

1884 — Prosterniaia Saalmuller, Lep. Madagascar, I, 208.

Type metallic a Saalm. I have not seen this type, but from the
characters given, place in the genus provisionally P. elcea Druce
(. Perola elcea D.), which is before me.

* * Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked.

Genus A my dona Walk.

1 8 5 5 — A myd on a Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1110.

Type subpunctata Walk. Mr. Schaus has kindly given me Perola
dora Druce, which he thinks is the same as subpunctata Walk. The
forks of discal vein form a right angle, or a trifle less ; open. Con¬
generic are A. sucia Schaus ( Perola sucia Sch.) and A. platona Schaus.

A my dona sericea Schaus.

This does not belong here, but I cannot place it, as the hind legs
are gone. It is a curiously contradictory form, the male antennse
being distinctly pectinated to the tip, though decreasing rapidly on
terminal half, while the fork of discal vein is long and closed by a
cross-vein. The palpi are upturned above vertex, third joint long
and slender ; head rather prominent. Venation normal, vein 1 with
many small veinlets toward the margin, but no distinct branch ; veins
2 and 3 widely separate, 7 to 9 stalked, 1 1 oblique ; hind wings with

238 Journal New York Entomological Society.. [Voi. vi.

6 and 7 from a point, 8 anastomosing near base. Mr. Schaus’ type is
before me. This doubtless represents a new genus.

b. Palpi moderate, reaching beyond frontal tuft.

* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings separate.

Genus Natada Walk.

1855 — Natada Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1108.

Type vi tfescens Walk. Pevola daona Druce is before me. It be¬
longs to this genus and seems specifically identical with N. nasom of
the United States.

Genus Sisy rosea Grote.

1876 — Sisyrosea Grote, Can. Ent. VIII, 112.

Type textula H.-S. Amydona lucens Walk, is before me. The
legs are broken, but the other characters agree exactly. Semyra diana
Druce is similarly mutilated, but otherwise falls here.

Genus Thosea Walk.

1855 — Thosea Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1068.

Type unifascia Walk. T. fusca Druce is before me ( Trabala fusca
D.) and falls here, agreeing with the characters given in Hampson’s
“ Moths of India.”

* * Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked.

Genus Epiperola, nov.

Male antennae bipectinated to the tip ; palpi upturned, slightly exceeding the front,
third joint small but distinct; fore wings with costa straight, veins 2 and 3 stalked,

7 to 9 stalked, II straight ; fork of discal vein short and open ; hind wings with veins
6 and 7 from a point, 8 anastomosing near base ; hind tibiae with terminal spurs.

Type drucei Schaus. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 323.)

This differs from Perola in lacking the middle spurs of hind tibiae
and in length of palpi.

c. Palpi short, not exceeding frontal tuft.

* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked.

Genus Perola Walk.

1855 — Perola Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. IV, 920.

1855 — Romosa Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1114.

1:855 — Camila Walker, Cat, Brit. Mus. V, 1126.

Type murina Walk. The type species is before me. Also P. vil-
losipes Walk. ( Trabala villosipes Walk.), sericea Moschl. ( Asboha sen-

Dec. 1898. ]

Dyar : On South American Moths.

239

cea Moschl.), cicur Sch., druceoides Dogn., brumalis Sch. and rubens
Sch. , all before me. I am indebted to Sir G. F. Hampson for the
structural characters of the genera referred to the synonymy.

Genus Paleophobetron, nov.

Male antennae bipectinated to the tip ; palpi porrect, just reaching the front ; fore
wings with costa straight, veins 2 and 3 stalked, 1 1 straight, fork of discal vein
broadly open without cross-vein ; hind wings triangular, veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8
anastomosing at base ; hind tibiae with small terminal spurs.

Type arcuata Druce (Biol. Cent. -Am. Lep. Het. , II, 444> pi- 88,
fig- 9)-

This differs from Perola in lacking the middle spurs of hind tibiae
and in wing shape.

C. Male antennae simple.

a. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wings from a point or stalked.

Genus Pseudovipsania, nov.

Male antennae simple; palpi porrect, three times as long as the head, third joint
distinct, quadrate ; fore wings wTith costa straight, veins 2 and 3 separate, 7 to 9
stalked, II very slightly curved toward 12 at base, fork of discal vein short and open ;
hind wing with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing at base ; hind tibiae with termi¬
nal spurs, the legs weaker than the middle pair which are apparently abnormally
strengthened.

Type frigida Schaus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 323).

Genus Prolimacodes Schaus.

1896 — ProlitJiacodes Schaus, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, 56.

Type triangulifera Schaus. Mr. Schaus has given me a specimen
of the typical species. 1 he structure is as in the North American
scapha, except that vein 10 of fore wings is from cell and 6 and 7 of
hind wings from a point. It is a form a little more generalized than
our species, but, I think, not generically distinct therefrom.

Family PTILODONTIDZE.

Trabala truncata Schaus.

Belongs to this family (Melalophidae). In the synoptic table it
falls with Harpyia , but the tongue is imperceptible and the wings are
shorter and more triangular. The palpi are scarcely curved, and ex¬
ceed the front by half their length ; third joint small. I do not yet
know enough of the South American Ptilodontid genera to place this

form.

240

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

THREE NEW SPECIES OF SESIID9E.

By William Beutenmuller.

Sesia tacoma, sp. nov.

■Male . Plead deep black, palpi yellow above and clothed with long black and
yellow hair beneath. Collar narrowly yellow in front. Thorax deep black with a
narrow yellow stripe on the patagiae and a narrow, yellow, transverse mark at the pos¬
terior end. Abdomen deep black with a narrow yellow band at the end of the second,
fourth and sixth segments. Anal tuft black, fan like and mixed with a little yellow
beneath at the middle. 1 horax beneath with a large yellow patch on each side.
Femora black with loose scales; tibiae banded with yellow ; tarsi yellow. Anterior
coxae with a yellow line. Fore wings transparent, brown-black at margins and on the
veins ; space between median vein and inner margin orange-red, also orange-red be¬
tween the veins on the outer part of wings and border of the cell. Transverse mark
large, black and touched with orange-red on each side. Transparent part beyond
this mark rounded; elongate and triangular in cell. Fringes brown. Hind wings
wholly transparent and narrowly bordered with violet black ; fringes brown. An¬
tennae black. Fore wings beneath largely orange-red except borders and the trans¬
verse mark which is much reduced. Hind wing like above, but with an orange line
in outer border. Expanse, 19-21 mm.

Female : Head, thorax, legs and abdomen as in the male, but the abdomen is
heavier with the bands somewhat broader. Palpi wholly yellow. Fore wings with the
orange-red and heavier, giving them a red appearance with narrow black margins.
Hind wings with a narrow red margin before the brown fringes. Underside almost
entirely golden orange-red and narrowly bordered with brown-black outwardly and
the fringes. Transverse mark red, sometimes with a black center. Hind wings be¬
neath similar to the above. Abdomen beneath with three bands at end. Anal tuft
black, a little yellow beneath. Expanse, 20-22 mm.

Habitat: 1 $ , Big Horn Mts., Wyoming, July n, 1896 (R. P.
Currie), Type, U. S. National Museum; 3 6 9 , Mt. Ranier,

6,3°° feet, Washington State, August, on Veratrum viride (C. V.
Piper).

Sesia arizonae, sp. nov.

Head brown black ; collar canary yellow in front ; palpi wholly canary yellow.
Thorax brown-black with a narrow yellow line on the patagiae. Abdomen blue
black , first segment yellow and with a yellow band at the ends of the 3—7 segments,
inclusive, those on the third, fifth and seventh segments twice as broad as the others.
Anal tuft largely yellow, black at the sides and beneath. Thorax beneath with a
large yellow patch on each side. Abdomen beneath with the bands repeated or only
paitly lepeated. femora blue-black ; tibiae banded with yellow, tarsi wholly yellow
as are also the anterior coxae. Fore wings violet brown, with the usual transparent
spaces, wholly or partly filled with golden-orange and only slightly transparent be¬
yond the golden-orange transverse mark, also streaked with this color between the

Dec. ,8,8.] Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 211

veins on the outer part of the wings. Hind wings transparent, fringes fuscous, nar-

rowly orange at base. Underside of fore wings golden-orange with the veins on

outer part violet. Hind wings beneath same as above. Antenna: black. Exnanse

22 mm. r ’

i 9 j Summit of Mt. Union, 9,000 feet, Arizona, July 3, 1887,
flying about scrub oak (G. D. Hulst). Coll. Hy. Edwards.

1 ? , Texas. Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.

Pyrrhotasnia coccinea, sp. nov.

Head black ; palpi yellow, tip black ; collar narrowly edged with white in front
1 horax and abdomen bronzy-black with a metallic reflection. Antenme brown-black
Underside of thorax with a scarlet patch on each side. Legs metallic blue-black.

ore wings bright scarlet-red, outer border and a round spot at end of cell bronzy -
brown. Hind wings brown. Underside of fore wings light orange, outer part brown,
discal spot much reduced. Hind wings beneath same as above. Expanse, 12 mm.

i 9 > Albuquerque, New Mexico. (Cockerell.) Type, Coll. U.
S. Nat. Mus.

^ ery different from any of the hitherto known species. It may be

at once recognized by the bright red fore wings with brown outer bor¬
der and discal spot.

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG

CATERPILLARS. — XVII.

PLATE XI, FIGS. I-I2. •

* \

By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Ph.D.

Heterogenea shurtleffii Packard.

1S64— Heierogenea shurtleffii Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 346.

1882 Heierog en e a shurtleffii Grote, Check List. p. 18.

1891 Ileterogenea shurtleffii and var. ccesonia Smith, List Lep. p. 29.

1892 — Heterogenea shurtleffii Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 556.

1S94 —Heterogenea ccesonia ? Neumcegen & Dyar, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 74

Special Structural Characters.

Dorsal space rather narrow and of uniform width, narrowing a lit¬
tle posteriorly, but scarcely so anteriorly ; full, rounded, not concave.
Sides obliquely concave ; subventral space small, retracted. Ridges
at first prominent, with large, low, distinct segmentary tubercles ;
later the subdorsal ridge indicated by the change in direction between

242

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological Society.

back and sides, lateral one projecting, smooth, neither ever spinose.
Set® of stage I, as in Tortricidia pallida , differing only in detail.
Later the warts are represented by distinct short set® which diminish
nearly to obliteration during ontogeny. Depressed spaces well devel¬
oped, fairly large, (i) to (8) present. Skin at first smooth, later
covered with round, clear granules, each with a minute central spine
and crown of four to eight around it, causing the skin to appear mi¬
nutely furry. The granules appear well formed first on the ridges,
later spreading more evenly over the body. The fur-like spines be¬
come smaller at each subsequent molt till in the last stage they are ab¬
sent, leaving the granules perfectly smooth. Coloration green with
yellow lines and a small red mark. 1 here are six larval stages.

Affinities, Habits, Etc.*

Allied to Tortricidia pallida and Heterogenea flexuosa. Stage I
is most like flexuosa , but the Y-shaped set® are distinctly alternating,
as in pallida , or more so, and there is a brown cervical shield. In
stage II the set® persist as in pallida , but the granulation is at once
distinguished from either by the peculiar fur on the ridges, which
passes less perfectly into the spaces. The ridges are prominent and
distinc tlysegmentarily beaded as in neither of the allies. Later, owing
to the diminution of the fur and the small size of the red mark, the
larva resembles most flexuosa , and may be distinguished from some
forms of that species only by the yellow collar. It is less strongly
pigmented, a clearer, less yellowish-green, while the pattern of color¬
ation is much less extended, though essentially the same as in both al¬
lies. The transverse yellow line on joint 3, or collar, is present in
this species only. The depressed spaces are yellow, as in flexuosa.

The moths emerge somewhat later than those ot the allied species,
during the first weeks in July. The larv® have the same habits and
occur in the same situations as flexuosa , but show a more marked pref-

* The nearest ally of our H. shurtlejfli will doubtless prove to be the European
H. cruciata. The moths are strictly congeneric, whereas H. flexuosa and its variety
ccesonia do not belong to Heterogenea or to Lithacodes, but properly to Tortricidia.
H. shurtlejfli has been very rare in collections, only the type being known for thirty-
four years. Consequently it appeared to Mr. Neumoegen and myself that it might
prove an aberrant form of ccesonia. However we overlooked two important struc¬
tural characters, not having the type for examination ; but this has recently been sent
to me by Mr. Henshaw. It agrees with my bred specimens, of which a full account
is presented herewith. The specimens are deposited in the U. S. National Museum.

Dec. 1898.] Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 243

erence for large trees. I have found them rarely in Van Courtlandt
Park, New York, and in several places on Long Island, most numer¬
ously at South-haven and Speonk. Mr. Joutel has found them at
Glendale, but on small trees, as he tells me. This species is distinctly
a local one, and when once found, a number of larvae can be secured.
I have encountered a colony in the District of Columbia on some iron
wood trees growing on the shores of Rock Creek and overhanging the
water. The situation is such that any other of our Eucleids could not
live there, as they would fall in the water and be drowned at pupating
time.

The larval stages are passed with unusual rapidity. Mature larvae
are first seen early in August, and but few last into September. With
the exception of Kroncza minuta , this is our smallest Eucleid larva.

Criticism of Previous Descriptions.

This larva has not been described, yet a specimen was seen by us
before writing the synoptic table (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Ill, 146),
and confused there with Heterogenea flexuosa .* Only the last five
words of the diagnosis were written actually from a specimen of flexu¬
osa ; the other words apply to the species, although not indicating the
best specific differences. A corrected synoptic table will be given at
the end of these articles.

Description of the Several Stages in Detail.

j Egg. — Very small ; elliptical, flat, shining, slightly milky and iri¬
descent. Reticulations obscure, linear, elongated and irregularly
quadrangular, not peculiar; size .8 x .5 mm., rarely 1.0 x .6 mm.

Stage I. — Highest in front at first, later higher in the middle and
more rounded, truncate before, tail rounded. Spines as in T. pallida ,
but smaller, distinctly alternating, the Y-shaped spines of joints 5, 7,
9 and 11 leaning out sometimes so much so that those of joints 7 and
9 lean at 90° and those of joints 5 and 11 at 450 with the erect ones
on the strong segments. The anterior limb of the Y-spines has a
tendency to be shorter, especially on the weak segments, where, as on
joint 11, it may be scarcely more than half as long as the other and
lack the cleft tip. Tips bifid or trifid, brown, narrowed just before

* In the long series of bred Jlexuosa-ccesonia from the collection of the late Mr
S. L. Elliot, occurs a single specimen of shurtleffii , showing that he, too, had con¬
fused the larvae.

244

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

the apex, the shaft of the spine pale. Color whitish, no marks except a
large brown cervical shield. Head pale, eye black, mouth brown. Skin
smooth as usual. Length .8-1.2 mm. Duration of the stage seven days.

Stage II. — Elongate elliptical, joint 3 truncate before, tail broadly
square, scarcely notched at the sides. Dorsum and sides moderate,
not distinctly concave, nearly flat. Subdorsal ridge segmentarily
tubercular with large, low, round tubercles, bearing two short, blakc
setae, alternating, the tubercles of joints 5, 7 and 9 a little tipped
outward. Lateral ridge not tubercular, gently waved segmentarily.
Both ridges broadly covered with nearly contiguous granules, produced
with pale slender spines, several from a granule ; on the apices of the
tubercles and edge of the lateral ridge these spines are usually dark
and distinctly seen, under a high power, to be arranged in the form
of a radiating crown of 4 to 6 around an erect central spine (Plate XI,
Fig. 5). Dorsal and lateral spaces centrally nearly smooth, the
granules feebly developed. Depressed spaces indicated, slightly
sunken, not fully differentiated and protected between the setose
ridges. Color whitish, faintly tinged with green ; dorsum darker
from the food showing by transparency. Length, 1. 2-1.9 mm-

Stage III. — Elliptical, not much elongated, tail rounded, quad¬
rate, distinctly notched at the sides. Dorsum slightly, lateral space
distinctly concave, subventral space very small and retracted. Sub¬
dorsal ridge prominent, segmentarily beaded tubercular. Both ridges
with short, distinct black primary setae. Depressed spaces rather
large and distinct, especially (1) and (4), the other small ones
visible in a good light, none very sharply edged. Skin granules
large on the tubercles, bearing a crown of minute black spines, losing
these and grading off into smaller granules on the latticed ridges.
The paler spines on these ridges may be seen in favorable lights to
overhang the edges of the depressed spaces like minute fur. Lateral
ridge weakly segmentarily waved with single setae at the projections.
The latticed ridges are broad, several granules wide, the depressed
spaces finely granular in the bottom. Color frosted whitish, opaque,
no marks ; later all faintly bluish-green from the blood, still without
marks ; still later a narrow yellow subdorsal line appears in a series of
dots on joints 4 to 10, free, or connected by a short bar on joint 8,
either yellow or pinkish red. The brown rosette spines on the ridge
give a shade along all the ridges and joining at the ends. Length,
1. 8-2. 8 mm.

Dec. x893 ] Dyar: Life-Histories of N. Y. Slug Caterpillars. 245

Stage IV. Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate, in general as T. pal¬
lida ; ridges, especially the sub-dorsal, slightly segmentarily waved.
Depressed spaces deep, well marked with perpendicular sides. Skin on
the latticed ridges shortly, finely, densely white pubescent with minute
colorless fur arising in a crown from each small granule. On the
ridges the fur is usually dark, but it may be pale and concolorous with
the rest. Granules nearly uniform on all the latticed ridges, which
are at least four granules wide. Depressed spaces (i) to (8) present
(7) and (8) partly confluent obliquely. Color light yellowish-green’
sparsely pigmented in patches dorsally and in the upper half of lateral
space, the ridges clearer. A narrow wavy yellow sub-dorsal line on
joints 4 to 13, often appearing double at a certain angle by the refrac¬
tion of the distinct clear ridge, the pair connected by a narrow crim¬
son bridge on joint 8, varying in different examples. A faint yellow
or salmon colored transverse band on the anterior edge of joint 3
shaded dusky by the dark rosette spines. Sides paler green, depressed
spaces darker, without colored centers. Head green, width about .5
mm. Length, 2.6— 4.0 mm.

Slage V. —Elliptical, tail rounded, slightly notched at the sides ;
dorsal space about half as broad as the lateral one, flat ; lateral space
steep above, slightly concave ; subventral small, retracted ; the larva is
therefore flattened. Subdorsal ridge indicated by the angular change
indirection between back and sides; lateral ridge prominent. . De¬
pressed spaces fairly large, distinct. Latticed ridges rounded, the
sides not always perpendicular. The skin looks smooth, minutely
granular, even shining a little ; but under a high power the 4 to 6 ro¬
sette spines are still seen on the granules, very short and pale. The
granules are small, rounded, not quite contiguous, uniform all over,
the narrowest latticed ridge four granules wide. The rosette spines
are dusky on the anterior edge of joint 3. Color bright yellow green,
rather translucent on the edges. The yellow subdorsal lines extend
from joint 3 posteriorly to joint 13 anteriorly, narrowed at the addor-
sal dePressed spaces, slender, not reaching the extremities. A yellow
band on joint 3 anteriorly, shaded with crimson below. Depressed
space (4) yellow in the base with a green center. Subdorsal lines free
at the ends, a yellow bridge centrally, varying in different examples.

It may become broad, covering joints 7-9, containing a round red

• sPoton joints 7-8, scarcely even widening the subdorsal line. Leno-th
3.8-5. 7 mm.

246

[Vol. VI.

Journal New York Entomological bociETY.

Stage VI. — Shape as described. Absolutely smooth, finely clear
granular, the granules low, rounded, contiguous, but not appressed,
without a trace of the rosette spines. Depressed spaces rather small,
but sharp, the latticed ridges not less than five granules wide. Spaces
very finely granular in the bottom; (i) flat before, with green glan¬
dular center, (2) rounded, highest in the center, (4) elongate. Pale
yellowish -green, shading to nearly colorless on the lateral ridge, the
dorsum and upper part of lateral area on joints 6 to n distinctly
spotted with emerald green pigment. A narrow yellow sub-dorsal
line, straight, but slightly crinkly edged, on joints 4 to 13, the pair
free and uniform (Plate XI, Fig. 10), or partly or wholly connected
by a yellow bridge, usually with a small red spot (Plate XI, Fig. 8),
or rarely a rather large one covering joints 7 and 9 and widened on
joint 8 (Plate XI, Fig. 9). The red spot varies in color from vermil¬
ion red to light blue or dark slaty blue, edged with crimson. On
joint 3 in front, a transverse yellow line, edged with crimson below.
A series of red spots usually appears, beginning on the collar in front
and extending to joint 5, not discoloring the dorsal depressed spaces.
The spots are dull and diffuse. At the end of the stage the pigment
is all dissolved and the larva appears entirely transparent, dirty whit¬
ish or waxy greenish, the internal organs visible in motion. It eats
for only a short time in this condition, and leaves the twig to spin.
Length, 4. 8-8. 2 mm., in some large larvae suddenly increased to
13.3 mm. at the end of the stage by the degenerative change in shape

accompanying the loss of the pigment.

Cocoon as usual, elliptical, very small. The larvae do not leave

the tree, but spin in the crevices of the bark.

Food plants. Black oak, chestnut, beech, iron wood.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. Larva, stage I, side view enlarged.

“ 2. Two of the Y shaped setae more enlarged.

“ 3. Young larva, stage III, dorsal view.

<< 4. A section of the skin granules, back and sides, stage III more enlarged.

“ 5. A single skin granule with rosette spines, top and side views.

“ 6. Mature larva, front view.

“ 7. The same side view.

<< 8. The same, dorsal view, the usual colorational form.

“ 9. The same, showing the largest red spot seen.

n jo. The same, showing the absence of the red spot.

“ 11. Moth of Heterogenea shurtlepfH $ , suffused form.

“ 12. The same, 9 , normal form.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Vol. VI. PL XI.

Life-History of Heterogenea shurtleffii.

LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Dec. 1898.]

Slosson: Spiders of Franconia, N. H.

247

LIST OF ARANEiE TAKEN IN FRANCONIA,

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

By Annie Trumbull Slosson.

These spiders, taken by me during the last five years in Franconia,
have all been examined and identified by Mr. Nathan Banks. There
are 147 species in the list :

DRASSIDzE.

Micaria montana Etn.

Micaria formicoides Bks.
Graphosa conspersa Thor.
Graphosa brumal is Thor.
Graphosa parvula Bks.

Drassus neglectus Keys.
Prosthesima atra Htz.
Prosthesima ecclesiastica Htz.
Pythonissa imbecilla Keys.
Poecilochroa montana Em.

clubionida:.

Clubiona canadensis Em.
Clubiona abbotti Koch.

Clubiona riparia Koch.

Clubiona crassipalpis Em.
Thargalia bivittata Keys.

Thargalia pinnata Em.

Agroeca pratensis Em.
Phrurolithus pugnatus Em.
Phrurolithus alarius Htz.

AGALENIDAL

Agalena neevea Htz.

Tegenaria derhami Scop.

Cicurina creber Bks.

Hahnia agilis Keys.

dictynida:.

Dietyna sublata Htz.

Dictyna frondea Em.

Dietyna maxima Bks.

Dictyna volucripes Keys.
Dictyna foliacea Htz.
Amaurobius ferox Koch.

THERIDIDAL

Theridium tepidariorum Koch.
Theridium differens Eyti.
Theridium sexpunctatum Em.
Theridium rupicola Em.
Steatoda borealis Htz.

Steatoda marmorata Htz.
Lithyphantes corollatus Linn.
Euryopsis funebris Htz.

Diopoena nigra Em.

Argyrodes trigonum Htz.
Ceratinella minuta Em.
Ceratinella fissiceps Cambr.
Ceratinella micropalpus Em.

Tmeticus, n. sp.?

Erigone persimilis Cambr.
Linyphia mandibulata Em.
Linyphia communis Htz.
Linyphia marginata Koch.
Linyphia phrygiana Koch.
Linyphia variabilis Bks.
Lepthyphantes minuta Blk.
Lepthyphantes nebulosus Sund.
Helophora insignis Blk.
Drapetisca socialis Blk.
Diplostyla nigrina Reuss.
Bathyphantes zebra Em.

4

248 Journal New York Entomological Society. [vm. vi.

Ceratinella emertoni Cambr.

Bathyphantes alpina Em.

Ceratinella pygmcea Em.

Bathyphantes bihamata Em.

Ceratinopsis nigriceps Em.

Micronecta 5-dentata Em.

Cornicularia directa Cambr.

Micronecta olivacea Em ?

Lophocarenum floreus Cambr.
Tmeticus plumosus Em.

Micronecta discolor Em.

EPEIRIDZE.

Epeira solitaria Em.

Epeira gibberosa Htz.

Epeira corticaria Em.

Plectana stellata. Htz.

Epeira cavatica Keys.

Singa variabilis Em.

Epeira nordmanni Thor.

Singa maculata Em.

Epeira silvatica Em.

Cyclosa conica Pall.

Epeira sclopetaria Clerck.

Zilla montana Koch.

Epeira patagiata Koch.

Cercidia prominens West.

Epeira strix Htz.

Argiops transversus Em.

Epeira tri folium Htz.

Larinia borealis Bks.

Epeira insularis Htz.

Meta menardi Latr.

Epeira trivittata Keys.

Theridosoma gemmosum Koch

Epeira pratensis Em.

Pachygnatha brevis Em.

Epeira displicata Htz.

Tetragnatha grallator Htz.

Epeira prompta Htz.

Epeira placida Htz.

Tetragnatha extensa Linn.

THOMISIDyE.

Xysticus stomachosus Keys.

Coriachne versicolor Keys.

Xysticus emertoni Keys.

Oxyptila conspurcata Thor.

Xysticus elegans Keys.

Synsena obscura Keys.

Xysticus limbatus Keys.

Misumena vatia Clerck.

Xysticus 4-lineatus Keys.

Tmarsus caudatus Htz.

Xysticus galosus Keys.

Tibellus oblongus Walck.

Xysticus triguttulus Keys.

Thanatus rubicundus Keys.

Xysticus gramineus Em.

Philodromus rufus Walck.

Xysticus formosus Bks.

Philodromus vulgaris Htz.

lycosid^e.

Lycosa pratensis E?n.

Pirata insularis Em.

Lycosa frondicola Et7i.

Pirata montana Em.

Lycosa erratica Htz.

Pirata, n.sp.?

Lycosa carolinensis Htz.

Trochosa rubicunda Keys.

Pardosa montana Em.

Ocyale undata Htz.

Pardosa pallida Em.

Dolomedes tenebrosus Htz.

Pardosa nigripalpis Em.

Dolomedes scrip tus Htz.

Pardosa brunnea Em.

Pirata minuta Em.

Dolomedes sexpunctatus Htz.

Dec. 1898.] COQUILLETT : LaRVA£ OF SOME LePIDOPTEROUS.

249

Phidippus rufus Htz.
Phidippus mystaceus Htz.
Phidippus borealis Bks.
Philseus militaris Htz.
Dendryphantes octavus Htz.
Icius elegans Htz.

Icius similis Bks.

Neon nellii Peck.
Habrocestum coccatum Htz.

A.TTID/E.

Habrocestum decorum Blk.
Habrocestum borealis Bks.
Habrocestum cristatum Htz.
* Ergane borealis Blk.

Saitis pulex Htz.

Attus palustris Peck.

Attus cruciatus Em.
Zygoballus iridescens Bks.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS

LARVJE.

By D. W. Coquillett.

Nola miniuscula Zell.

Body light bluish -green or light gray, on each of the segments
four to eleven is a transverse row of four very large brownish warts,
which are thinly covered with short whitish hairs, while below the

lowest of each, and on 1, 2, 3 and 12 segments is a smaller
greenish or gray wart thinly covered with longer white hairs ; a
subdorsal wavy black line on anterior part of body, sometimes ex¬
tending nearly the entire length of the body; head small, wholly
contractile in the first segment, light brownish, a black dot on each
side, spiracles wholly brown ; fourteen legs, none under segment six.
Length, 12 mm.

Found one June 9th and three June 11th, 1886, feeding upon a
Tenthridinid gall on willow ; they feed upon them from the outside.
Two spun whitish, elongate-ovate, tough cocoons June 12. The date
of the issuing of the moths was not noted.

Scepsis wrightii Gt'ole.

A caterpillar pupated December 14, 1889, and the moth issued
February 1 1 of the following year. The chrysalis is pale yellowish,
marked with a dorsal, lateral and ventral broad black interrupted band
and a subdorsal row of black dots. Another caterpillar pupated Feb¬
ruary j8, 1890, and the moth issued March 21, of the same year.

250

Journal New York Entomological Society

[Vol VI.

Arctia nevadensis Grote.

Body black, with a purplish tinge, the portion below the spiracle
lighter, more grayish ; a broken dull white dorsal line ; warts light
gray, hairs issuing from them in spreading clusters not concealing the
ground color, mixed black and reddish, or black and yellowish, the
red and yellow hairs most numerous in the middle of the dorsum and
low down on each side of the body, and varying in color from a bright
brick-red to a pale straw-yellow ; spiracles yellowish-brown, ringed
with black ; head black, the sulcus on top between the two lobes, usu¬
ally the sides and lower margin of the clypeus and a dot at the base of
each antennae, yellow, mouth parts marked with yellow, anal and ab¬
dominal prongs largely pale yellowish. Length, 36 mm.

Found a great many from one-half to nearly full grown feeding
upon various plants at Santa Monica, California, March 14, 1891.
Placed leaves of Malva borealis in their cage, and they fed greedily
upon them. One moth issued July 29 ; at this date there were two
chrysalids and ten larvae ; the remaining moths issued in August and
September. All the moths bred had the black thorax.

Hemileuca electra Wright.

Body black, thickly dotted with white ; an indistinct broken black
dorsal line bordered by a white line ; a yellowish or white subdorsal
and two stigmatal lines, one of the latter above and the other below
the spiracles ; spines short, in thin spreading clusters, those in the two
dorsal rows simple except on segments one and two, in the other rows
a branched spine arises from the middle of each cluster, each branch
terminating in a long slender bristle ; body thinly covered with short
stiff white hairs, not concealing the ground color ; head shining black,
thinly covered with short stiff white hairs ; space between the two
stigmatal lines less dotted with white than the remainder of the body ;
sutures more or less brownish ; spiracles brown, ringed with black.
Length, 45 mm.

Found several on Eriogonum fasciculatum on a high hill near
Riverside, California, April 12, 1887. One pupated May 8, and the
moth issued November 1, of the same year.

Dec. 1898.]

Proceedings of the Society.

251

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO¬
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

Meeting of December 21, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Ten members and several visitors present.

The resignations of Messrs. Pike and Kuchler were read and accepted.

Mr. Groth moved that the President appoint a committee to propose names for
the officers for 1898. Accepted. Messrs. Beutenmiiller, Zabriskie, Groth and
Daecke were appointed to serve on this committee.

Mr. Shoemaker read a paper on “Sugaring for Moths,” in which he stated that
he had collected during the past summer at Aqueduct, Long Island, from June 16th to
October 1 6th, and that he had taken 118 species of Noctuidae on 26 trips, and
amongst which were species of Agrotis, Tceniocampa , Scopelosoma, Cucullia , Plusia,
Hadena , Mamestra , etc. His method of collecting was to suspend dried apples
that had been strung on a copper wire and soaked in the sugaring mixture. These
were hung on bushes and small trees along thickets. While the usual bait of beer,
molasses and rum was attractive to the moths, he found that adding a little asafoetida
rendered the mixture still more attractive, and that the moths would prefer this
mixture to the former. He stated that weather conditions most favorable to
collect in were clear, dark nights with a light breeze, and that it made no difference
if it was warm or cold. There were few moths flying on moonlight nights. During
the summer he spent several days collecting in the same locality for Lepidoptera
and took Argynnia idalia, Pamphila pontiac , Chrysoph. thoe , Neonympha can thus,
Acontia de tecta, Doryodes bistriaris , Cilia distema, and also pupae of Hydrcecia ne-
copina in stalk of wild sunflowers.

Mr. Blackburn, exhibited a book of butterflies, which proved a novel way of
mounting them. He explained that by taking some paper slightly gummed and
pressing the wing between two pieces, all the scales would adhere to the paper and
by painting in the body of the insect in its proper place, a perfect representation of
the insect could be obtained. After discussion, adjournment.

Meeting of January 4, 1898.

Held in the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Twelve members present.

The Treasurer s Annual Report was read, approved and referred to the Auditing
Committee.

The following officers for 1898 were elected. President, I)r. E. G. Love;
Vice-President, G. F. Groth ; Treasurer, L. H. Joutel ; Recording Secretary, E.
Daecke ; C01 responding Secretary, Ernest Shoemaker ; Executive Committee, Messrs.
Zabriskie, Palm, Daecke, Hug, and Dr. Ottolengui ; Publication Committee, Messrs.
Beutenmuller, Joutel, Schaeffer and Groth.

Rev. Zabriskie exhibited a small Proctotrypid Hymenopteron, Dryimcs, sp. ,
with chelate anterior tarsi. He referred to the fact of the Hymenoptera being in
general beneficial to man, because of their preying, as captors or parasites, upon in¬
jurious insects; the Proctotrypidae being especially beneficial as parasites upon the

252

Journal New York Entomological Society.

D

A*

«y,

smaller insects, and largely upon insect eggs. The Dryinse are said to confine *' ir
attacks to small hymenopterous insects such as Jassidae, etc., and to live in small ’t-
like sacks protruding from the abdominal spiracles of the host. A curious feature
found only in this one sub-family of hymenoptera, is that of the chelate anteric
tarsi of the females. These chelae are formed somewhat on the plan of the formid¬
able pincers of the lobster, although relatively more slender. They are outgrowth
from the inner side of the fourth tarsal joint and are of comparatively large size, so
that when opened in a straight line, the expanse is nearly equal to the combined
length of all five tarsal joints ; when the two members of pincers are closed together,
the lid is folded upward against the inner side of the first, second and third tarsal
joints. They are probably used for holding the prey when the female is ovipositing.

Mr. Beutenmiiller showed a number of remarkable Australian Hepialids from Mr.
Schaus’ collection ; among which were Zelotypia stacyi, Hepialus virescens , H.
swainsonii , H daphnandrce , H. eximia , H. splendens , H ligmvorus and H. lewinii.

Mr. Joutel spoke on the protective habit of Cotalpa lanigera. He stated that the
beetle, which is bright yellow and a very conspicuous object, has the habit of drawing
the edges of the leaves together with its claws, so that it is completely hidden.
Several may be on the same bush, but from this habit not one will be seen. He also
exhibited eggs of the common walking-stick. They very much resemble seeds, in
color, size and shape. Adjournment.

Meeting of January 18, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eleven members present.

The Auditing Committee reported on the Treasurer’s accounts as being correct.

Dr. Ottolengui spoke on the genus Plusia and pointed out the relative differences
and doubtful nomenclature of various species of this genus.

Meeting of February i, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Twelve members and several visitors present,
amongst which were Professor Smith, Messrs. Southwick and Ormond.

Mr. Joutel proposed Mr. W. T. Davis for membership.

The President appointed Messrs. Zabriskie, Palm and Beutenmiiller, to form an
auditing committee for 1898, and Messrs. Loss and Munch as the field committee.

Mr. Crampton spoke upon experiments upon the grafting of pupae of Lepidoptera.
He described in detail a series of experiments upon pupae performed during the spring
of 1897. These experiments, he added, were similiar to those made by Dr. Born
upon the coalescence of portions of different embryos of Amphibia. Besides the possi¬
bility of coalescence of two individuals or parts of individuals, there appeared in the
Lepidoptera experiments certain other interesting problems, which related chiefly to
the causes producing the magnificent colors of the imago. From the work of Mayer
and others it has been shown that the pigmented colors are produced by the chemical
decomposition of the haemolymph in the empty scale cells. Hence, a priori , it
might be possible to produce reciprocal color effects of one moth upon another differ¬
ently colored moth by uniting the haemolymph of each with that of the other. The
problem of heredity involved in such cases, as C. promethea where the male and female

T

Proceedings of the Society.

253

art *yf different colors is the question whether the gonad of a certain sex and the color,
arf^both the effects of a common set of causes, or whether the color is more directly
dependent upon the gonad of a certain sex. As the color is produced by a chemical
^composition of the hmmolymph, and as the h?emolymph can hardly escape being
reciprocally affected chemically by the sexual organs, the second of the assumptions
would be indicated.

The. results so far obtained, however, do not warrant any final opinion upon this
subject. The pupoe used were those of the common Saturnidoe, Ca/losatnia promethea ,
Platysamia cecropia and Telea polyphemus. A cartilage knife or razor was used in
cutting the pupa;. The two portions to be united were placed in apposition and
melted parafine was applied with a camel’s hair brush to the edges of the common
wound. The cooled parafine formed a ring which kept the parts together and pre¬
vented the escape of the haemolymph. Three groups of operations were recognized
according to the make-up of the complex. First, where parts from two different
pupae were united in normal proportions.

Homoplastic operations upon Cynthia furnished three successful cases. Only
one heteroplastic union was obtained. In this specimen a part of the abdomen of a
female promethea was united to the rest of the body of a cynthia. The part of the
imago derived from the promethea showed no trace of a red color, but was buff, the
ground color of the cynthia. “Tandem” fusions formed the second group. In
these a head was cut from one pupa and a part of the abdomen of the other, the parts
being united on a long axis. The resulting moths possessed four pairs of wings and
six pairs of legs. Heteroplastic and homoplastic.

Twin unions formed' the third group. In these but little of each pupa was cut
off. Moths joined by the heads, by their backs or tails or sides could be produced by
corresponding operations. In some of the heteroplastic unions, however, was there
any indications of reciprocal color effects.

In summary it was pointed out that homoplastic unions were easier to produce
than heteroplastic ones. Eleven per cent, of the latter was successful, while fifteen
per cent, of the former furnished imagines. The mortality was greatest among the
pupae of the first group, only six surviving the operation. The “Tandem” give a
percentage of success of eleven. The “Twins” furnished twenty per cent, of suc¬
cessful operations. He hoped that future operations and experiments will furnish data
for the solution of the problem of reciprocal color effects. After a lengthy discussion
the meeting adjourned.

Meeting of February 15, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present and several visitors.

Mr. Davis was elected an active member.

Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited specimens of the curiously formed butterflies, Ar~
mandia lidderdalii and A. thaidina.

Mr. Joutel showed living specimens of Ceruchus piceus in decayed white birch.
After discussion, adjournment.

Meeting of March i, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Vice-President Groth in the chair. Twelve members present.

254

Journal New York Entomological Society.

[Vol. VI.

Mr. Ditmars read a popular paper on the Transformations of Insects, and de¬
scribed in some details the main characteristics of the different orders. He also ex¬
hibited a series of prepared specimens of transformations preserved in alcohol and
some anatomical models.

A brief note from Dr. Ivunze on Euchloe pima was read by Mr. Beutenmiiller.
He stated that pima is single brooded and flies in Pima and Maricopa Co., Arizona,
principally during March. Dr. Kunze took it also on February 28, 1898. Pima
rifles the flowers of a hirsute plant called Amsinckia spectabilis and stated that he
never observed it feeding on any other plants. It is difficult to differentiate between
the sexes on the wing, as both are exactly alike in color. Besides the female is very
scarce and about in proportion as I to 20.

Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited about 100 species of Sphingida; from Mr. Schaus’
collection. Amongst which were Ambulyx substrigalis, A. rubicosa , Pterogon gov-
gonides, Sataspes inf emails, Mamba roseipennis , Amblypterus panopus, etc.

Meeting of March 15, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Fourteen members and visitors, Messrs. Kear-
fott and Southwick, present.

Mr. Southwick read a paper on the economic entomological work done in the
parks of New York City.

He enumerated and described in detail the various insects and the modes of de¬
stroying them, the scraping of the egg-masses and cocoons in winter and the spraying
of the foliage in summer.

Mr. Southwick described the various emulsions for the destruction of insects, and
stated that a mixture of London purple against the Elm beetle was very effective
The work against the beetle is begun about the middle of May by spraying and again
about June 6th for their larvae with an emulsion of soft soap, kerosene, carbolic acid
and water. The various borers are treated with bisulphide of carbon. Fungi which
promptly appear after trees have been wounded are scraped off and the affected places
painted with celluloid. The bag-worm, Thyndopteryx ephe??ierceformis , formerly very
abundant, has almost entirely vanished from the parks by effective work ; similarly the
scale-louse, Pulvinana mnumerabilis, formerly common in the parks, has almost entirely
disappeared from that place. The speaker pointed out the effective work which is
constantly in progress against a number of other injurious insects, such as the Orgyia,
different species of Datatta , Hyphantria , oyster-shell bark louse ( Mytilaspis ) and
different Hackberry Galls (Pachypsylla) .

In conclusion the speaker showed a number of tools used for economic ento¬
mological work, such as knives, scrapers, spraying nozzles, etc.

Mr. Palm exhibited some rare Coleoptera collected by Dr. Kunze in Arizona.

Mr. Kearfott showed a box of inflated larvae. After discussion adjournment.

Meeting of April 5, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Ten members present.

Dr. Seifert spoke on experiments of heat and cold upon pupae of Lepidoptera.
He stated that larva exposed to an abnormal degree of heat or cold showed no visible

Dec. 1898.]

Proceedings of the Society.

255

differences in the imago, pupae, however, exposed to heat yield images of darker and
more intense coloring, while such exposed to a longer period of abnormal cold will
produce comparatively lighter effects. Excessive moisture causes a scarcity of scales
and gives the wings a glassy semitransparent appearance. He exhibited a number of
specimens produced by abnormal temperature.

Mr. Davis spoke on the dragonflies of Staten Island.

Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited a nest of Vespa crabro from Europe. This nest had
evidently been built between the rafters of a house, being covered with a very brittle
wood-pulp from which the resinous substance exuded, giving the nest a variegated ap¬
pearance. Usually this species builds its nest in a hollow tree.

Mr. Groth exhibited a series of biological sets and transformations of Wasps
After discussion, adjournment.

Meeting of May 3, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Dr. Love in the chair. Ten members present.

Mr. Schaeffer made some remarks on the genus Omus, and exhibited O. lecontei,
edwardsn , sequoiarum, calif ornicus , audouini , ambiguus and dejeanii , all from the
Museum collection.

Mr. Beutenmiiller spoke on the genus Euchloe and pointed out that the American

species may be placed into three groups according to venation, Midea , Euchloe and
Anthocharis.

After discussion, adjournment.

Meeting of May 17, 189S.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Ten members present.

The publication committee reported that they discussed the expediency of holding
an auction sale of insects for the benefit of the Journal.

Dr. Love proposed the following amendment to the constitution and by-laws :

“ Resolved , That Article XVI be amended by inserting the words 1 and Sep¬
tember after the word ‘ August ’ and by the omission of the word ‘ and ’ between
the words July and August.”

The resignation of Mr. Nushardt was read and accepted.

Mr. Deecke gave some notes on Thecla damon , in which he stated that this
creature had the habit of dropping to the ground when disturbed, and owing to its
green and browrn colors was difficult to detect amongst grass.

Mr. Beutenmuller, stated that the Museum collection of Coleoptera is now be¬
ing arranged, and he estimated that it contained at least 150,000 specimens.

A general discussion of the species of Cicindela was held, after which followed
adjournment.

Meeting of June 7, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present and several visitors.

Mr. Beutenmuller announced a donation by Mr. Schaus of $50.00 to the Jour¬
nal fund and it was moved and accepted that the Secretary forward a letter of
thanks to Mr. Schaus for this generous donation.

256

Journal New York Entomological Society. [Voi. vi.

The amendment to the constitution and by-laws announced at the previous meet¬
ing was accepted.

Mr. Schaeffer proposed for active membership Messrs. Joseph E. Graef and F.
A. Stinner.

A discussion on the species of the genera Pamphila and Leptura was held.
Adjournment.

Meeting of June 21, 1898.

•

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present.

Messrs. Stinner and Graef were elected as members of the Society.

Mr. Beutenmtiller proposed Mr. W. D. Kearfott for active membership.

After a discussion on various topics the meeting adjourned until October.

Meeting of October 4, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present.

Mr. Kearfott was elected as member of the Society.

It was moved and accepted that a vote of thanks be extended to Mrs. A. T.
Slosson for a number of rare Lepidoptera which she donated for the auction sale.

Mr. Joutel made some remarks on a curious variety of Spilosoma latipennis
which had yellow forelegs. He stated that these were bred from eggs of a specimen
which had pink forelegs, the normal form.

Mr. Beutenmuller spoke on the observations made by Dr. Seifert on three closely
allied species of Arctia — nuts, phalerata and vittata , and proved the validity of these
three species.

Index to Volume VI

Acanthocnema, gen. of, 161
Acicephala, gen. nov., 161

polita, sp. nov., 163

pilosella, sp. nov., 163

Acoloithus rectarius sp.

nov., 44

Acontia obscura, sp.

nov., II 7

trilinea, sp. nov., 117
Acraga, genus of, 232

Actobius paederoides, 204
umbripennis, 205

^dischna constricta, 197
verticalis, 196

^thria rubipectus, sp. n.,139
Agrotis aureolum, sp.

nov., 107

lacrumans, sp. nov., 139
molepa, sp. nov., 108
oaxacana, sp. nov., 107
perotensis, sp. nov., 107
Agliadae, class, of, 9, 1 8
Aidos, gen. of, 233

Alibama scuroba, sp.

nov., 1 12

Anax junius, 197

longipes, 1 97

Anicla mahalpa, sp. n., 109
Anomalagrion hastatum, 196
Amathes gasiva, sp. nov. ,108
yaxcaba, sp. nov., 108
Amphiagrion saucium, 196
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 69
brevicollis, sp. nov., 70
gracilis, sp. nov., 69

grandicollis, sp. nov., 69
maritimus, sp. nov., 68
punctipennis, sp. nov., 68
teres, sp. nov., 70

Amydona, gen. nov., 237
sericea, 237

Apatela minella, sp. nov., 41
Apoda y-inversa, life hist. 155
Aplogompha chortaria, sp.

nov., 145

Apatides, gen. nov. , 70

fortis, sp. nov., 70

puncticeps, sp. nov., 71
robustus, sp. nov., 71
Araneae, list of, 247

Ardis, 128

Argia forcipata, 196

violacea, 196

Arctia nevadensis, 250

Ashmead, gen. nov., by,

127, 128

Aspidiotus albopictus, 179

var. leonis, nov., 179

agavis, sp. nov., 178

jatrophae, sp. nov., 178

koebelei, sp. nov., 179

Atethmia editha, sp.

nov., 115

paulensis, sp. nov., 116

targa, sp. nov., 115

Attacinae, class, of, 9

Automerinae, class, of, 9
Automeris castrensis, sp.
nov., 141

naranja, sp. nov., 140

zaruma, sp. nov., 140

Azelina castraria, sp.

nov., 147

Baccha tropicalis, 50

Baker, article by, 53

Banks, article by, 181

Baptaruptilinea,sp. nov., 145
Basiaeschna janiata, 196
Bathyphantes, sp. nov., 214
Batrisus ferox, 215

globosus, 222

Bertholdia, species of, 36
schausiana, sp. nov. , 36

Beutenmuller, articles by,

199, 240

Blennocampa, 129

Bostrichini, genera of, 66
Bostrichus armiger, 72

angustus, sp. nov., 72
bicornis, 72

californicus, 72

truncaticollis, 72

Boyeria vinosa, 196

Brachycis, gen. nov., 86
brevicollis, sp. nov., 87
Brachycodilla, gen. nov. ,233
Brachymyrmex heeri, 216
Bruceia hubbardi, sp.

nov., 33

Calozarca, gen. nov., 129

Camponotus melleus,

220

Capulinia jaboticabae,

!74

sallei,

I73

Carneades cofrensis,

sp.

nov.,

109

colima, sp. nov.,

109

Casey, article by,

61

Celithemis elisa,

198

eponina,

198

Ceracis punctulata,

sp.

nov.,

90

sallei,

9°

Cerococcus corticis,

sp.

nov. ,

170

Ceroplastes roseatus,

sp.

nov.,

116

Cerura nivea, life history

of,

188

Chaetosa, gen. nov. ,161, 163

Chelanops tristis,

204

Chlorizagrotis sorella,

sp.

nov.,

141

Chloridea distincta,

sp.

nov.,

117

Chlorops, aristalis,

sp.

nov.,

46

assimilis,

47

graminea, sp. nov.,

47

prolifica,

48

pullipes, sp. nov.,

47

rubida, sp. nov.,

46

scabra, sp. nov.,

46

Chrostosoma cardinale,

sp. nov.,

139

Cicurina arcuata,

214

creber,

214

Cioidae,

77

Cis Carolina, sp. nov.,

78

congesta, sp. nov.,

82

creberrima,

80

curtula, sp. nov.,

83

duplex, sp. nov.,

82

fraterna, sp. nov.,

80

fuscipes,

78

hirsuta, sp. nov.,

83

horridula, sp. nov.,

81

hystricula, sp. nov.,

82

illustris, sp. nov.,

81

impressa, sp. nov.,

79

macilenta, sp. nov.,

80

258

Index.

montana, sp. nov., 82

mormonica, sp. nov. 81

pallens, sp. nov., 78

pistoria, sp. nov., 79

soror, sp. nov,, 83

striolata, sp. nov., 79

ursulina, sp. nov., 83

versicolor, sp. nov., 80

vitula, 81

Citheroniidae, 9

Cockerell, article by, 165

Compsomyia, macellaria, 204
Coquillett, articles by, 160,

187, 249

Cordulegaster maculatus, 196
Cordylura nebulosa, sp.
nov., 164

slossonse, 164

Cosmosoma biseriatum,
sp. nov., 138

bolivari, sp. nov., 138
dorsimacula, sp. nov. , 138
Crambidialithosoides, sp.
nov., 33

uniformis, sp. nov., 33
Cremastogaster lineolata,2o8
Ctenochiton aztecus, sp.

nov., 176

Cucullialilacina,sp. nov., 1 16
strigula, sp. nov., 116
Cyclara, 233

Cydosia, synopsis of, 41
Cynorta mexicana, sp.

nov., 181

Dacira ranapa, sp. nov., 116
Dalceridse, genera of, 231
Dalcerides, 232

Dalcera, 231

Dalcerina, gen. nov., 232
Davis, article by, 195

Dendrobiella, gen. nov., 67
pubescens, sp. nov., 67
quadrispinosa, 67

sericans, 67

sublaevis, sp. nov., 68
Diaspis baccharidis, sp.

nov., 179

Dicselus ovalis, 215

Dinoderus amplus, sp.
nov., 75

asperulus, sp. nov., 74
cribratus, 75

densus, 75

hispidulus, sp. nov., 75
opacus, sp. nov., 75

pacificus, sp. nov., 74
parvulus, sp. nov., 75
porcatus, 75

punctatus,

76

pusillus,

76

sobrinus, sp. nov.,

74

substriatus,

73

truncatus,

76

Diplax, list of,

Dirphia muscosa, sp.

198

nov.,

141

Dragonflies, list of,

196

Drosophila ampelophila, 220
Dyar, articles by,

I, 33, 94, 121, ISO,
151, 158, 231, 241
Dyomyx jonesi, sp. nov., 120

volcanica* sp. nov., 119
Eleusis pallida, 204

Enallagma, list of, 196
Endromidse, 9, 10

Ennearthron californicum,89
ccnvergens, sp. nov., 89
discolor, sp. nov., 89
grossulum, sp. nov., 89
laminifrons, sp. nov., 89
piceum, sp. nov., 88

pullulum, sp. nov., 90
thoracicorne, 88

unicorne, sp. nov., 90
Entodecta, 129

Epiaeschna heros, 196

Epicinconia, gen. nov., 232
Epiperola, gen. nov., 238
Episibine, gen. nov., 234
Erigone albescens, 205, 214
Erginus mexicana, sp.

nov., 18 1

Erythraspides, 128

Eubaphe ostenta, 39

splendida, 39

Euceratocerus macer, sp.
nov. , 65

pleuralis, sp. nov., 65
saginatus, sp. nov., 65
Euclea, 234

cebrensis, 234

copac, 235

diversa, 235

minima, 234

unitata, 234

viridogrisea, sp. nov., 234
Euclidia diagonalis, sp.

nov., 41

Eudyaria venata, larva, 150
Eupeodes volucris, 50

Eurina. exilis, sp. nov., 45
Eurois bertha, sp. nov., 143
orbiculata, sp. nov., 143
Eustrotia bertha, sp. n., Il8
malonia, sp. nov., 144

Feralia jocosa, life-history

of 182

Fenusa, 127

Galgula castra, sp. nov., 119
cuprea, sp. nov., 119

Gaurax anchora, 48

montanus, sp. nov., 48

Gomphus exilis, 196

villosipes, 196

Gorgonidia, gen. nov., 36

mirabilior, sp. nov., 37

Grote, articles by, 9, 6a
Grotella dulcita, sp. nov.,

144.

Hadena dyschoroides, sp.
nov., 142

lignaris, sp. nov., 112

orizabena, sp. nov., 142

zuelana, sp. nov., 143

Harpalus faunus, 208

Hecatera marmica, sp.

nov., 1 12

Helicodiscus lineatus,

213, 215.

Hemichroa albidovariata,
larva of, 125

fraterna, life-history, 1 24
phytophagica, sp. nov.,

I25

Hemileucinae, 9

Hemileuca electra, larva
of, 250

Henicomyia, gen. nov., 187
hubbardii, sp. nov., 187
Heterogenea flexuosa,

life-history of, 94

shurtleffii, life history, 241
Hexamitocera, genus of, 1 61
vittata, sp. nov., 165.
Hippelates bicolor, sp.

nov., 48

capax, sp. nov., 48

Hydromyza, 161

Hylesia nigricans, larva, 150
Hyperchiria coreus, larva,

I5°

viridescens, larva, 150
Hypoprepia mexicana, 33
Icerya littoralis, 168

maskelli, 166

montserratensis, 167

palmeri, 167

purchasi, 165.

rosse, 168

Idonauton, genus of, 236
straminea, 236

Ischnura ramburi, 196

verticalis, 196

Index.

259

Isobates minutus, 214

Isodyctium, gen. nov., 127

synopsis of, 136

calricolium, larva, 135

floridense, sp. nov., 134

infrequens, sp. nov., 134

murtfeldtite, sp. nov., 135
subgregarium, sp. n., 134
Kunze, article by, 188

Kaliosysphinga, 127

Lacosoma arizonicum,

sp. nov., 44

Lasius americanus, 223

flavus, 214, 223

Lathrobium simile, 206

Lebena, synopsis of, 42

Lecanium tuberculatum,
sp. nov., 177

Leptobunus spinulalis,
sp. nov., 182

Lestes, species of, 196

Leucania misteca, sp.

nov., 115

oaxacana, sp. nov., 115

jaliscana, sp. nov., 114

oriza, sp. nov., 114

orizaba, sp. nov., 113

Leucorhinia intacta, 198

Libellula, list of, 197

Lichtensia mimosse, sp.

nov., !75

Limenitis floridensis, 59

eros, 39

Liobunum albipalpe, sp.
nov., 1 81

mexicanum, sp. nov., 181
Lozogramma, setaria,

sp. nov., 146

Lucilia caesar, 204

Lycaena fulignosa, 57

Lycomorpba, synopsis cf, 35
pulchra, sp. nov., 34

Mamestra baruna, sp.

nov., m

ciniva, sp. nov., 142

gasiva, sp. nov., 142

janeira, sp. nov., hi
subpicta, sp. nov., m
zobira, sp. nov., no

trocas, sp. nov., m

Meganola, gen. nov., 43
conspicua, gen. nov., 43
Megapsyllidae, 53

Megapsylla, gen. nov., 53
grossiventris, 53

Mentaxya biformis sp.

nov., . 109

butleri, sp. nov., 108

Metatraga, 235

Mesothemis simplicicollis,

198

Micropate, gen. nov., 72

cristicauda, sp. nov., 73

dinoderoides, 72

simplex, 73

Miresa argentea, 235

argentata, 235

Micrathyria berenice, 198

Microgonia fulcata, sp.
nov., I46

gilva, sp. nov., 146

Momorepedius bellus, 204

Monomorium minutum, 206

Motter, article by, 201

Myrmicina latreillei 216

contracta, 223

Nannothemis bella, 198

Napata unifascia, sp.

nov., 140

Natada rufescens, 238

Nehalennia posita, 196

Nematus chloreus, life-
history, 123

Neritos, synopsis species, 37
Noctua bolteri, sp. nov., 104
calgaty, sp. nov., 101
cynica, sp. nov., 101
esurialis, 102

exuberans, sp. nov., 103
herculeana, sp. nov., 107
hospitalis, ico

inopinatus, sp. nov., 103
jucunda, 101

plebeia, sp. nov., 105
rosaria, 102

rubifera, 100

smithii, 99

treatii, 103

Nolidae, 41

Nola, synop. of species, 42
exposita, sp. nov., 43
involuta, sp. nov., 42
. miniuscula, larva of, 249
phylla, sp. nov., 43

Nycteolidae, 40

Nycteola proteella, 40

Octotemnus denudatus,
sp. nov., 9!

laevis, sp. nov., 91

Odontosphindus clavi-
cornis, sp. nov., 92

denticollis, 92

Oligia apicalis, sp. nov., 113
cadema, sp. nov., 113
niveiplaga, sp. nov., 112
thoracica, sp. nov., 113

Opharus, synopsis of, 38

Ophyra leucostoma, 223

Ophthalmophora fasciata,
sp. nov., I45

Opsiomyia, gen. nov.,

161, 162

palpalis, sp. nov., 162

Oraesia serpens, sp. nov., 120

Orthochaeta, 161

Orthocis, gen. nov., 84

aterrima, sp. nov., 84

punctata, 84

Ortonia primutiva, sp.

nov., 169

Oscinidae, 43

Oscinis pectoralis, sp.
nov.,.,- 49

virgata, sp. nov., 49

Oxacis dorsalis, 200

Paramya flavia, sp. nov., 139
Packardia geminata, larva, I
Pachydiplax longipennis, 198
Paederus littorarius, 204
Paleophobetron, gen. n., 239
Palpidia, gen. nov., 33

pallidior, sp. nov., 34
Palindia hermura, sp. n., 119
Palmatopus, 127

Pamphila omaha, 37

Pantala flavescens, 197
Pareophora, 128

Parazarca, gen. nov., 128
Periclista albicollis, larva, 130
chionanthi, 132

diluta, larva, 129

emarginata, larva, 131
media, larva, 132

purpuridorsum, sp. n., 129
subtruncata, sp. nov., 13 1
Peridroma scortea, sp.

nov., 14!

Perola, genus of, 238

Perithemis domitia, 198
Pheia liaem apera,sp. nov.,
Phenacoccus gossypii,sp.

nov., 170

Phobetron pitheceum, 157

Phrodita bilinea, sp.

nov., I20

Phylmatocera, 128

Physocleora obscura, sp.
nov., I48

punctella, sp. nov., 148

tascaria, sp. nov., 147

Piophila casei, 205

Pityeja picta, sp. nov., 145

Plagiomimicus musculus,
sp. nov., 144

260

Index.

Plathemis trimaculata, 198

Plesciocis, gen. nov. , 87

cribrum, sp. nov., 87

Polyphcenis aurea, sp. n., no
psittacea, sp. nov., no

Ponera contracta, 216, 223
Pontania consors, larva, 12 1
borealis, 121

Praina, gen. nov., 114

radiata, sp. nov., 114

Proceedings, N. Y. E.

Soc., 199, 251

Prolimacodes, 239

Prosternidia, 237

Prosopophoria manihotis,
sp. nov., 172

Protalima, gen. nov., 236
sulla, 236

Pseudoparlatoria serrulata,
sp. nov., 188

Pseudovipsana,gen.nov., 239
Psiloporathesea,sp. nov., 147
Pteronus carpini, larva, 121
integer, larva, 1 22

quercus, larva, 122

Ptilinus acuminatus, sp.
nov. , 63

basalis, 62

flavipennis, sp. nov., 64
lobatus, sp. nov., 62

pruinosus, sp. nov., 63
ramicomis, sp. nov., 63
ruficornis, 62

Ptychoglena, synopsis of, 40
flammans, sp. nov., 39
Pulex arizonensis, sp. n., 55
brunneri, 55

gillettei, 54

howardii, 54

lamellifer, 54

longispinus, 54

multispinosus, sp. nov., 54
Pygarctia muri color, sp.

nov., 38

Pyrrhotaenia coccinea, sp.

nov., 241

Rhadinocenea, 128

Rhizophagus scalpturatus,

204

Roeselia, 42

Saturniidse, 9, 14

Scatophaga, 161

furcata, 162

vulpina, sp. nov., 162

Scepsis wrightii, larva of, 249

Schaus, articles by, 107, 138

Schinia brevis, 200

Schizogenius amphibius, 214

Scolinoneura, 1 29

Seifert, article by, 182

Selandriidae, 127

Semiothisa oaxacana, sp.

nov., 146

Semyra, • 237

coarctata, 237

Senoclia, 129

Sesia arizonse, sp. nov., 240

tacoma, sp. nov., 240

Setagrotis elata, sp.

nov., 106

Sibine, 233

stimulea, life-history, 1 55

Sigalcessa flaveola, sp.

nov. , 49

Sisyrosea, genus of, 238

textula, larva of, 157

Siphonella inquilina, sp.

nov., 48

Slosson, article by, 247

Spaziophora, 161

Sphindus americanus, 93

crassulus, sp. nov., 93

trinifer, sp. nov., 93

Sphingidae, 12

Staphylinus cinnamop-
tora, 3H

Stenaclidia cindica, sp.

nov., 148

Stibadium corazona, sp.
nov., 144

jalada, sp. nov., 144

Tabanus atratus, 50

Tachardia mexicana, 1 73

nigra, sp. nov., 1 72

Talmia, 236

Tarache axendra, sp.
nov., 117

duenna, sp. nov., 1 18

jaliscana, sp. nov., 118

mizteca, sp. nov., 118

pyralidia, sp. nov., 1 17

Telicota dara, 58

Tenebrioides laticollis, 215

Tenella, 1 27

Tephrina griseata, sp.

nov., 149

quadarana, sp. nov., 149
submarcata, sp. nov., 149
Termes flavipes, 206

Tetragoneuria cynosura, 197
Theridion subterranea, 205
Thosea, 238

Tomestethus, 128

Tortricidia pallida, life-
history of, 1 51

testacea, life-history of, 155
Townsend, articles by,

5°, 165

Trachea paranica, sp.

nov., 1 14

Trabala truncata, 239

Tramea Carolina, 197

lacerata, 197

Trichodesma obliqua, sp.

nov., 140

Trichopteryx haldemanii,222
Trichromia, synopsis of, 37
neretina, sp. nov., 37
Tsanthrene pentagona,
sp. nov., 139

Typhlopsylla assimilis, 55
bidentatiformis, 55

charlottensis, sp. nov., 56
nudata, sp. nov., 56

pectiniceps, 55

Uropoda depressa, 205
Vipsania anticlea, 236

Vespa crabra, nest of, 1 99
Vitrea electrina, 215

Volucella tamaulipana,
sp. nov.. 51

Webster, article by, 27
Xenopates, 127

Xantlioptera auruda, sp.

nov., 1 18

Xestocis, gen. nov., 85
biarmata, 86

insolens, sp. nov., 86
levettei, sp. nov., 85
miles, sp. nov., 85

opalescens, sp. nov., 86
Zadion albonotatum, 5 2
Zarca, 1 29

Zeuzera asylas, 60

canadensis, 59

Zoniloides miniusculus, 214

ERRATA.

Page 45, for Eurinsexilis, sp. nov., read Eurina exilis, sp. nov.
Page 194, line 9, for immediate read immaculate.

No

Vol. VI.

journal

OF THE

NEW YORK

©ev>otet> to Entomology in ©eneral.

DECEMBER, 1898.

Edited by William Beutenmullbr.

Published Quarterly by the Society.

NEW YORK.

1898.

Entered as second-class matter at ttie New York Post Office, June n, 1895

CONTESTS.

Page

A Contribution to the Study of the Fauna of the Grave.— A study of one hundred
and fifty disinterments, with some additional experimental observations.

By Murray Galt Motter, . 201

Notes on Certain South American Cochlidiidae and allied families. By Harrison

G. Dyar, . . . . . 23I

Three New Species of Sesiidae. By Wm. Beutenmuller, . . . 240

The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars.— XVII. By Harrison G.

Dyar, . ... • . . 24I

List of Aranese taken in Franconia, New Hampshire. By Annie Trumbull

Slosson . .... • • 247

Descriptions of Some Lepidopterous Larvae By D. W. Coquillett, ... 249

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, ..... . 25*

JOURNAL

OF THE

BDlu fetich ®nt0mcrlci#ici*l

Published quarterly by the Society. All communications relating to the
Journal should be sent to the editor, Wm. Beutenmuller, 106 W. 133d
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Those who have not a complete set of the Journal should obtain the
wanting volumes now, as only a limited number of copies are left over.

THE

NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Organized June 29, 1892.— Incorporated June 7, 1893.

The meetings of the Society are held on the first and third Tuesday of each
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Members of the Society will please remit their annual dues, payable in January, to
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Offieeps fop the Yea* 1898.

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Treasurer , L. H. JOUTEL, . 164 East 117th Street, New York.

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Barber, H. G.,
Beutenmuller, Wm.,
Beyer, Gustav,

Bird, Heny,

Blackburn, C. V.,
Browning, Mrs. W. H.
Clarkson, Frederick,
Daecke, E.,

Davis, Wm. T.,

Dietz, Ottomar,
Ditmars Raymond L.,
Doll, Jacob,

Dyar, Harrison G.,
Fillion, Francis,

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Graef, Joseph E.,
Groth, Christian F.,
Hartmann, C. F.,
Hug, Herman,

Joutel, Louis H.,^
Kearfott, W. D.,
Kudlich, Dr. H. F.,
Lagai, Dr. G.,
Langmann, Dr. G.,
Lesher, Mrs. A. L.,
Loos, Herrman,

Love, Dr. E. G.,
Meitzen, Julius,
Munch, Louis T.,
Ottolengui, Dr. R.,

Palm, Charles,
Prime, Dr. Wm. C. ,
Rabe, Franz,
Riederer, Ludwig,
Schaeffer, C.,
Shoemaker, Ernest,
Schaus, Wm.,
Seibelt, Otto,

Seifert, Dr. Otto,
Slosson, Mrs. A. T.,
Stinner, F. A.,
Uhlenhaut, F.,
Wunder, Chas.,
Zabriskie, Rev. J. L.

JOHH AKHURST.

Taxldlermist and Dealer In Entomological Supplies.

Fine Carlsbader Insect
Pins a specialty. Price-
List sent on application.

78 Ashland Place,

Improved Entomological Forceps.

Brooklyn, N. Y.

A. SMITH & SONS, 269 Pearl Street, New York.

MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OF

GOODS FOR ENTOMOLOGISTS,

Klaeger and Carlsbad Insect Pins, Setting
Boards, Folding Nets, Locality and
Special Labels, Forceps, Sheet Cork, Etc.
Other articles are being added. Send for List.

Lepidoptera for Sale and Exchange.

I have on hand a large assortment of Butterflies and Moths, from North America
and other parts of the world, which I can offer for sale, or in exchange for species not in
my collection.

Bred specimens, perfectly mounted, a specialty.

Also, live pupae and chrysalids from North America.

JACOB DOLL,

151 STANHOPE STREET, BROOKLYN, N. Y.

Wanted to purchase, specimens of North American species not found
in the vicinity of the City of New York. Send lists and prices.

EDW. DOUBLEDAY HARRIS,

224 Palisade Avenue, YONftKRS, IK. Y,

A Limited number of Copies of the Revision of the Bombyces North
of Mexico. By B. Neumoegen and H. G. Dyar. _ $1.50 per copy.

L H. J OUT EL, 164 E. 117 th St, New York.

LEPIDOPTERA WANTED.

I desire to obtain, by purchase, Butterflies and Moths from the Southern,
Western and Northwestern parts of the United States, and of British
America, also South American species. Send lists.

WM. BEUTENMULLER,

Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 77 8th Ave., New York City.