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JOURNAL

THE PROCEEDINGS

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

ZOOLOGY.

4

VOL. IIL

LONDON:
LONGMAN; BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS & ROBERTS,

AND

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

[/^51i-}s59.

Lo.

a - /Z

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page

Baikib, Dr.

Extract of a Letter from Dr. Baikie to Sir John Richardson,
M.D., C.B., F.R. & L.S., dated 29th October, 1857, Rabba,
on the Qworra 76

Bate, C. Spence, Esq., F.L.S.

On the Importance of an Examination of the Structure of the
Integument of Crustacea m the determination of doubtful
Species. — AppHcation to the genus Galathea, with the Descrip-
tion of a New Species of that Genus 1

Bell, Thomas, Esq., P.L.S.

Description of a new Genus of Crustacea, of the Family Pinno-
theridse ; in which the fifth pair of legs are reduced to an
almost imperceptible rudiment 27

Darwin, Charles, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., & F.G.S., and Wallace,
Alfred R., Esq.

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Per-
petuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection 45

H anbury, Daniel, Esq., F.L.S.

Note on Two Insect-products from Persia 1/8

HiGGiNS, Rev. Henry.

Death of the Common Hive Bee ; supposed to be occasioned by
a parasitic Fungus 29

Huxley, T. H., Esq., F.R.S., Professor of Natural History, Govern-
ment School of Mines.

On some points in the Anatomy of Nautilus Pompilius 36

Page

Knox, R., Esq., M.D., F.R.S.E.

Contributions to the Anatomy and Natural History of the Cetacea. 63

Smith, Frederick, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological Department in
the British Museum.

Catalogue of Hyraenopterous Insects collected at Celebes by

Mr. A. R. Wallace 4

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. R.
Wallace at the Islands of Aru and Key 132

Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected in the Aru Islands

by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species 71

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected at Singapore

by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species 183

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected
at Malacca by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New

Species 196

Wallace, Alfred R., Esq., and Darwin, Charles, Esq., F.R.S.,
F.L.S., & F.G.S.

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the
Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection 45

Washington, Captain.

Natural-History Extracts from the Journal of Captain Denham,

H.M. Surveying Vessel * Herald,' 1857 32

Wetherell, John W., Esq.

Notice of the occurrence of recent Worm Tracks in the Upper
Part of the London Clay Formation near Highgate 31

Index 199

PROCEEDINGS

OP THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

November 5th, 1857.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The Secretary announced that during the recess an additional
pair of Cabinets for the Society's Collection of Fruits and Seeds
bad been presented by Thomas Corbyn Janson, Esq., E.L.S. ; and
the special thanks of the Society were directed to be presented to
Mr. Janson for this useful and acceptable present.

Dr. Berthold Seemann, E.L.S., read a detailed report of his
visit to Montreal, as the representative of the Lianean Society at
the Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science in that city, of which the following is an abstract : —

Availing himself of the free passage placed at the disposal of
the Linnean Society by the liberality of the British and North
American Eoyal Mail Steam Packet Company, Dr. Seemann em-
barked at Liverpool on the 25tli of July, on board the ' Persia,'
and arrived at New York on the 5th of August. Thence he
continued his journey by railway, via Albany and Burlington, to
Montreal, which he reached a few days previous to the commence-
ment of the meeting, and was most hospitably received, and treated
with much consideration by the Local Committee, including Sir
AYilliam Logan, E.B.S. (the Chairman), the Lord Bishop of Mon-
treal, Professor Dawson, and other distinguished men. On the
11th, Dr. Seemalin was introduced by Lieut.-Colonel Munro,

LINN. PEOC. a

11 PEOOEEDINaS OF THE

F.L.S., at his conversazione ^ to Professor Caswell, of New Pro-
vidence, the Acting President, and to Professor Levering, of
Cambridge, Massachusetts, the Secretary of the Meeting ; and on
the following day presented to them the official letter of the
President of the Linnean Society, of which he was the bearer.
Both gentlemen expressed themselves highly gratified with the
attention shown by the Linnean Society in sending a delegate to
the meeting, and showed him marked attention during its con-
tinuance. He was also introduced in his official capacity to Sir
"W. Eyre, K.C.B., Acting Governor- General of Canada, who com-
plimented the Linnean Society on the encouragement given by it
to the first meeting of the American Association held on British
ground. The meetings were held in the New Court House at
Montreal, commencing on the 12th of August and lasting for a
week. Professor Caswell opened the session with a powerful
speech, in the course of which he announced the presence of
delegates from the Geological and Linnean Societies of London,
and introduced Professor E-amsay and Dr. Seemann to the meeting.
In his reply. Dr. Seemann took occasion to express the high
esteem and respect of the Linnean Society for the American Asso-
ciation, and the deep interest vrith which the Society regarded its
labours, and to offer in the name and on the behalf of the Linnean
Society the most sincere wishes for the unabated continuance of
that success which had hitherto attended it. The number of
members attending the meeting amounted to upwards of five
hundred, the greater part of whom had come from the United
States, although Canada and the other British provinces of North
America were, in proportion to their extent and population,
equally well represented. It was generally considered to be one
of the most successful meetings that had been held in any part of
the American continent. Geologists were in great force; Phy-
sicists and Ethnologists were also numerous; but there was a
comparatively small attendance of Botanists and Zoologists. Dr.
Seemann attended daily, and at one of the meetings read a Paper
" On the so-called Parthenogenesis in Animals and Plants," in
which he presented a summary of the present state of that inter-
esting question. Two other Eellows of the Linnean Society were
also present at the meeting, viz. the Eev. William Hincks, Pro-
fessor of Natural History in the University of Toronto, and Lieut.-
Colonel Munro, in command of the 39th Begiment, stationed at
Montreal, both of whom showed Dr. Seemann great attention.
Of our Foreign Members, there were present, Professor Dana, of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ill

New Haven (elected President of the Natural History Section),
and Dr. Torrey of New York. Of the scientific bodies of Europe
which had been invited to send delegates to this meeting, the
Geological and Linnean Societies of London were the only ones
that responded to the call, and their representatives were also the
only Members who had come from Europe for the occasion. The
cordial reception which they met with, and the universal desire
expressed by the Americans for a more frequent intercourse with
their European brethren in science, took, on the occasion of the
last Greneral Meeting, a substantive form in the following Reso-
lution, moved by Professor Bache of Washington, and carried
by unanimous consent : — " That the American Association recog-
nizes with peculiar satisfaction the presence of eminent scientific
men from the Old World who have honoured this meeting with
their attendance, and it hopes that now, since the ice has been
broken, these meetings of fraternity among men of science from
different continents will be more frequent." On the 20th of
August, after the termination of the meeting. Dr. Seemann left
Montreal for the Palls of Niagara, the managers of the railroads
and steam-boats on the route kindly placing a free pass at his
disposal. Thence he proceeded, by way of Buffalo and Indianopolis,
to St. Louis, Missouri, where the Academy of Natural Sciences
elected him a Corresponding Member. On the 1st of September
he quitted St. Louis for New York to pay a visit to Dr. Torrey,
and from thence proceeded to Boston, where he was kindly re-
ceived by Professor Asa Gray. On the 9th he went on board the
steamer * America,' and after touching at Halifax, reached Liver-
pool on the 22nd of the same month, after an absence from
England of fifty-nine days.

The thanks of the Society were voted to Dr. Seemann for the
readiness with which he had undertaken, and the ability with
which he had executed his mission.

Bead, first, a " Note on the Occurrence of PJiyllosoma commune
on the coast of Cornwall;" by Jonathan Couch, Esq., P.L.S.
(See " Zoological Proceedings," vol. ii. p. 146.)

Bead, secondly, the commencement of a Memoir *' On the
Agamic Eeproduction of Aphides;" by T. H. Huxley, Esq.,
E.B.S. Communicated by Professor Busk, Zool. Sec. L.S. (See
" Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 191.)

a 2

IV PEOCEEDINGS Or THE

November lOth, 1857.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Charles Knight, Esq. ; George G. Macpherson, Esq. ; and
Wilfred Dakin Speer, Esq., were elected Eellows.

Eead the following letter from Lady Smith, the widow of the
Founder of the Society : —

« Lowestoft, 12th November, 1857.

" Gentlemen, — I hope you will do me the honour to accept
the accompanying nineteen volumes, comprising the whole of Sir
J. E. Smith's scientific correspondence from the time of his be-
coming possessed of the Collections of Linnaeus tiU his death in
1828. There are some among your number who, I believe, will
peruse these letters with a pleasure nearly equal to that I have
enjoyed in arranging them for the present object. They bear
ample testimony to the correctness of an observation Sir James
made long ago — ' That the pursuit of Natural History is an
unerring clue to an intercourse with the best minds.' A spirit
of afiection and respect flows through the whole correspondence,
so that those who may take no interest in the pursuits that
occasioned this intercourse, will nevertheless be attracted by the
warmth of friendship, the confidence and personal attachment and
esteem that pervade the whole.

" I have two conditions to propose concerning these volumes.
The first is, that they shall not be taken from the Society's rooms
for perusal.

" The second, that if in the course of events the Society of which
you are members should cease to exist, or merge into any other
Society, I wish these volumes to escape being dispersed, and desire
they may be placed in the British Museum with the library of
Sir Joseph Banks, and there preserved.

" Trusting that such a disposition of them may long be averted
by your continuance as a Society, in which I feel the deepest
interest, I remain, Gentlemen^ with great respect,

" Tour faithful Servant,
(Signed) " Pleasanoe Smith."

" To the President cmd Fellows of the Linnean Society ^

On the motion of Dr. Boott, seconded by C. Cardale Babington,

LLNKEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. V

Esq., it was resolved that the cordial and affectionate thanks of
the Society be given to Lady Smith for her invaluable present.

Head, first, a " Notice of Pour Yarieties of British Plants ;" by
John Hogg, Esq., M.A., P.E.S., P.L.S. (See "Botanical Pro-
ceedings," vol. ii. p. 133.)

E/cad, secondly, a " Notice of a Monstrosity of Scahiosa succisa,
L., and of some other Vegetable Monstrosities;" by Professor
Bentley, P.L.S.

Eead, thirdly, a " Note on a diseased bunch of Grrapesj" by
M. T. Masters, Esq. Communicated by the Secretary.

Bead, fourthly, " A short Exposition of the Structure of the
Ovule and Seed-coats of Magnolia ;" by Asa Gray, M.D., P.M.L.S.
(See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. ii. p. 106.)

Head, fifthly, " Notes of a Botanical Eamble in the North of
Spain;" by Joseph Woods, Esq., F.L.S. (See "Botanical Pro-
ceedings," vol. ii. p. 111.)

December 3rd, 1857.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Thomas Allis, Esq., and Henry Letheby, Esq., M.B., were
elected Pellows.

Professor Owen, P.E.S., F.L.S., exhibited specimens of the pods
of Oleditsia triaccmthos, L., which had ripened fully and abundantly
in his garden in Eichmond Park, during the present year. ^

Eead, first, " Observations on Entozoa^ with descriptions of
several new species;" by Thomas S. Cobbold, Esq., M.D., P.L.S.
(See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 155.)

E^ad, secondly, a Paper " On the genus of Annelida^ named
'.Palolo ' by the Samodas ;" by J. D. M'Donald, Esq. Communi-
cated by George Busk, Esq., P.E.S., Zool. Sec. L.S. (See
" Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

yi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

December 17th, 1857.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Edward "William Cooke, Esq., A.E.A., and Francis Day, Esq.,
were elected Fellows.

E^ad, first, a Memoir " On the Zoology of New Guinea;" by
Philip Lutley Sclater, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. (See " Zoological Pro-
ceedings," vol. ii. p. 149.)

Eead, secondly, a " Botanical Eeport on the North- Australian
Expedition, under the command of A. C. Gregory, Esq. ;" by Dr.
Ferdinand Miiller, Botanist to the Expedition. Communicated
by the Colonial Office. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. ii.
p. 137.)

Eead, thirdly, " Notes on Dr. Asa- Gray's Observations on the
Ovules and Seed-coats of Magnolia ;" by John Miers, Esq., F.E.S.,
F.L.S.

January 21st, 1858.

Thomas BeU, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Walter Lowry Buller, Esq. ; "William Charles Hood, Esq., M.D. ;
William Lauder Lindsay, Esq., M.D. ; John Lubbock, Esq.; Buxton
Shillitoe, Esq. ; and Francis Cornelius Webb, Esq., M.D., were
elected Fellows.

Among the presents were specimens of the fruits of Physianthus
albens and StepJianotis Jlorihunda, ripened in Cornwall, the former
in the open air and the latter in a greenhouse, presented by Mrs.
Fox, of Grove Hill, near Falmouth ; of the fruit of Koelreuteria
paniculata, ripened (for the first time) during the past autumn,
in Chelsea Garden, presented by Thomas Moore, Esq., F.L.S. ;
and a specimen of the fruit of Ailcmtus glandulosa, ripened, last
autumn, at Stoke Newington, near London, presented by Eichard
Kippist, Esq., Librarian L.S.

Eead, first, an Extract of a Letter from Dr. Baikie to Sir John

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. VU

Eichardson, M.D., C.B., F.E.S. and E.L.S., dated 29th October,
1857, at Eabba on the Quorra, giving some account of tbe pro-
ceedings of the Expedition under his charge up to that date. (See
" Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 76.)

Eead, secondly, a Note " On the importance of a Microscopic
Study of the Integuments in Crustacea;" by T. Spence Bate,
Esq., E.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 1.)

Eead, thirdly, the conclusion of Professor Huxley's Memoir
" On the Agamic Eeproduction oi Aphides \'^ commenced at the
meeting of November 6th, 1857.

February 4th, 1858.
Francis Boott, Esq., M.D., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Peter Squire, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Eead, first, a Memoir " On the Shell-bearing Molluscous Animals
with reference to Structure and Form ;" by Eobert Garner, Esq.,
F.L.S.

Eead, secondly, an Extract of a Letter addressed to Professor
Bentley, F.L.S., by Mr. Barter, the Naturalist accompanying the
Expedition up the Quorra, dated Eabba, September 29th, 1857.

Eead, thirdly, a Paper " On the Question whether Linnaaus, in
a spirit of ill-will, altered the spelling of the name of the genus
IBuffoniaV by Mons. A. L. A. Fee, Professor of Botany of the
Faculty of Medicine at Strasburg. Communicated by Thomas
Moore, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. ii. p. 183.)

Eead, lastly, a " Note on M. Fee's communication;" by John
Joseph Bennett, Esq., F.E.S., Sec. L.S. (See "Botanical Pro-
ceedings," vol. ii. p. 188.)

February 18th, 1858.
William Baird, Esq., Member of Council, in the Chair.
Alexander Fry, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Vlll PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Eead, first, a Memoir " On the Muscles of the Larvae of several
species of Tipulidcje ;'' by John Lubbock, Esq., P.L.S. (See
" Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 173.)

Head, secondly, a "Note on the genus Hemigymnia, Griffith;"
by Thomas Thomson, Esq., M.D., E.E.S., E.L.S. (See " Botanical
Proceedings," vol. ii. p. 126.)

Eead, thirdly, a Paper " On the probable Metamorphoses of
Fedicula/ria and other genera of Gasteropoda ;" by J. D. M'Donald,
Esq., E.N. Communicated by George Busk, Esq., E.E.S., Zool.
Sec. L.S. (See "Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

Eead, fourthly, a " Monograph of the Eucalypti of Tropical
Australia ;" by Eerdinand Miiller, Ph.D. Communicated by Dr.
Hooker, Y.P.E.S., E.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii.
p. 81.)

Eead, fifthly, a Paper " On the Anatomy of Eurylia Oaudi-
cJiaudiy as bearing on the position of the JBteropoda\'^ by J. D.
M'Donald, Esq., E.N. Communicated by the Zoological Secre-
tary. (See '.'Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

March 4th, 1858.
J. D. Hooker, Esq., Member of Council, in the Chair.

Mr. Allan Black was elected an Associate.

Mr. Ward, E.E.S., presented specimens of White or Eat Turf
from the Island of Yalentia in the west of Ireland ; and a letter
was read addressed to Mr. Ward by Dr. Lecky, giving some
account of the substance.

Eead, first, a Note " On Pseudocentrum, a new genus of Orchi-
dacecB from Peru;" by Professor Lindley, E.E.S., E.L.S. (See
" Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 63.)

Eead, secondly, a second part of Professor Lindley' s " Contri-
butions to the Orchidology of India." (See "Botanical Proceed-
ings," vol. iii. p. 1.)

LINNEiLN SOCIETY OF LONDON. IX

Bead, thirdly, a Memoir "On the Tribe Legnotidece ;" by George
Bentham, Esq., E.L.S. (See "Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii.
p. 65.)

Read, fourthly, a " Synopsis of the Fructification of the com-
pound Sphcerice of the Hookerian Herbarium;" by Frederick
Currey, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. .)

March 18th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

John Cockle, Esq., M.D., and William Hitchman, Esq., M.D.,
were elected Eellows.

Among the presents was a cast of a Bu st of the late Dr. Pereira,
E.E.S., F.L.S., presented by Mrs. Pereira, to whom the cordial
thanks of the Society were voted for her very acceptable present.

B«ad, first, " Contributions to the Anatomy and Natural His-
tory of the Cetacea-;' by Eobert Knox, M.D., E.E.S.E. Com-
municated by the Secretary. (See " Zoological Proceedings,"
vol. iii. p. 63.)

Eead, secondly, "A Note on the genus Ahuta:,^'' by N. Grrise-
bach. Professor of Botany in the University of Gottingen. Com-
municated by Dr. Hooker, E.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings,"
vol. iii. p. 108.)

April 1st, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Eobert "W. Hall, Esq., was elected a Eellow.

Mr. Bentham, E.L.S., exhibited specimens of AsterantJios, Desf.,
collected by Mr. Spruce on the B/io Negro in Northern Brazil
and read some observations on its history and affinities. (See
"Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 80.)

Eead, "Contributions to Organographic Botany;" by Chris-
topher Dresser, Esq. Communicated by the Secretary.

X PROCEEDINGS OF THE

AprH 15th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

"WiUiam Frederick Saunders, Esq., was elected a EeUow.

Eead, first, a " Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects, collected
at Celebes by Mr. A. R. Wallace;" by Frederick Smith, Esq.
Communicated by W. "W. Saunders, Esq., V.P.L.S. (See " Zoo-
logical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 4.)

Eead, secondly, a Paper " On some tuberiform "Vegetable Pro-
ductions from China;" by the Ilev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., E.L.S.
(See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 102.)

Eead, thirdly, "Notes on Arctic Plants;" by George Dickie,
M.D., A.L.S., Prof. Nat. Hist. Queen's CoU. Belfast. (See
" Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 109.)

May 6th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Eardley G. Culling Eardley, Esq., was elected a EeUow ; and
Professor Albert KoeUiker, and Professor Karl Theodor Ernest
von Siebold, were elected Foreign Members.

S. James A. Salter, Esq., E.L.S., exhibited a living specimen of
a species of Eat, frequently observed of late on board of vessels in
British ports, and made some observations on the characters by
which it is distinguished from the original British Eat (Mus
Battus, L.).

Eead, first, " Contributiones ad Acaciarum Australise cogni-
tionem;" by Dr. Ferdinand MiiUer. Communicated by George
Bentham, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. .)

Eead, secondly, a Note " On a new species of Bellevalia from
Mount Ida;" by Maxwell T. Masters, Esq. Communicated by
the Secretary. (See " Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 113.)

Eead, thirdly, an "Enumeration of the Mosses of India;" by
WiUiam Mitten, A.L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings," Supple-
ment for 1858.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XI

May 24th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, and the day
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the fol-
lowing Address : —

G-ENTLEMEN,

"When I first ventured to break through the previous custom of
the Society, by offering an address to the Eellows at the Anni-
versary, I felt that I must not depend upon always finding, in the
annual retrospect of our own doings, sufficient subject for the
occupation and amusement of the time allotted to that object.

On one or two former occasions I had indeed many circum-
stances of interest to communicate to you, relative to our removal
to the place of what I trust may prove our permanent abode, and
I last year took the advantage which that event offered me, of
adverting to the foundation, development and results of our
Society. As long as our circumstances were changing and our
final destiny was in abeyance or suspense, there were subjects
constantly presenting themselves sufficiently interesting to occupy
a due portion of the time which intervenes between the initiatory
routine of the day's business, and the final ceremony of the open-
ing of the ballot glasses. But the very settlement of our diffi-
culties, and the solution of our doubts, whilst filling us with the
happy sense of the fruition of our hopes and wishes, deprive me
of such themes for my address, and throw me again upon the
consideration of some of those means of increasing the prosperity
and thus extending the usefulness of our Society, which are indi-
cated by daily experience, and the ever-changing and progressing
march of natural knowledge.

"When I last addressed you on a similar occasion to the present,
we had just entered upon the occupation of our new abode. We
could not then consider ourselves settled, scarcely even secure ;
but a twelvemonth's occupancy has now removed all doubt of the
absolute enjoyment of the advantages which we then only believed
in, and might almost tempt us to yield to a feeling of quiet and
satisfied security, and to adopt the sentiment of the Poet,

" Invenimus portum ; spes et fortuna, valete ! "

XU PEOCEEI>INaS OF THE

But if any such feeling of finality in our labours could ever
enter tlie mind or pervade the feelings of the Society, surely no-
thing could be more entirely misplaced, nothing more calculated
to interfere witli the fulfilment of our great mission, and to para-
lyse those efforts without which we must fail in carrying out the
objects of our corporate existence. It is, indeed, in our present
improved condition, with an increased income, enlarged communi-
cation with the scientific world, and a closer association with
other scientific bodies, employed like ourselves zealously and con-
stantly in the advancement of knowledge, — with responsibilities
increased in proportion to our means and the requirements of
scientific progress, — that we ought to recognize an irresistible
claim upon our energies, and fresh inducements to enter, with all
our powers, and with all the zeal which so noble an object de-
mands, upon the fulfilment of the duties which are imposed upon
us, and which we have solemnly accepted as our own.

That it is unnecessary, however, to employ any argument to
remind the Society of those duties, or to stimulate it to their
fulfilment, is proved by the state of activity and vigour by which
it is at present characterized. The number and importance of the
communications which have occupied our ordinary meetings, where
we have no longer the necessity of listening to, or {proh pudor !)
of nodding over the fortunately interminable commentary on the
Hortus Malabaricus, which served for so many years as a piece
de resistance, not to say a stop-gap, to prevent the formal expose
of our occasional literary bankruptcy, — these circumstances, with
the usually satisfactory attendance at our meetings, show a degree
of active vitality which is at once a cause of thankful satisfaction
and of hopeful anticipation.

With reference to the latter portion of our functions, there is,
however, one point which calls for observation, and has been a
source of great regret. I aUuded to it at the last Anniversary,
and made some observations upon the subject, to which I am
sorry to have again to recur. I mean the comparative paucity of
zoological communications when contrasted with the number and
extent of those devoted to the sister science.

The high character of many of those zoological papers which
we have received, does not render it less a matter for serious con-
sideration, whether some plan might not be adopted to effect an
improvement in so important an element of our functions. That
the principal cause of the deficiency is to be sought in the same
direction as that to which I pointed on the former occasion, can-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. XIU

not be doubted. I mean tbe existence and working of minQj?
societies ; one pursuing a single isolated branch of zoology ; another
adopting an exclusive means of investigation, and thereby con-
tracting its sphere of information on any particular branch ; and
a third taking up the whole extent of the Animal Kingdom,
an^ thus antagonizing directly and throughout its entire scope,
that important portion of our own field of action; for there is
scarcely a meeting of any one of these departmental Societies,
as I may term them, at which there are not communications
read, which would deserve a place in our own Transactions or
Journal.

This subject has long engaged my most auxious attention, and
I cannot but hope that some plan might be wrouglit out, which
would enable this Society to afford tlie great advantage of its
aQkn.owledged prestige, and the extensive circulation of its publi-
cations, to many of the more important of the communications to
which I refer. I do nob profess satisfactorily to have matured
any such plan ; but I Jiave thought much on the subject, and have
conferred with those whom I thought likely to afford me available
counsel ; and I will now take the libedy of laying before you some
thoughts respecting it, which, though crude, may induce those
whom. I address to give it their consideration, and thus probably
lead to some practicable and available expedient.

At the same time it must be acknowledged that there are great
difficulties in the way of such an adjustment. The whole subject
of the relation between minor or branch societies and the parent
or central one, and the question of the utility to Science of such
dismemberment are involved in it. This is a matter to be ap-
proached with diffident and cautious, but I trust not without
hopeful consideration.

On the motives which usually lead to the establishment of
such societies it is not necessary to dwell at any length, and in
some instances I fear that any such investigation would appear
an invidious one. It it more important to endeavour to discover
the means by which such diversion of the stream of knowledge
into smaller collateral channels, shall be rendered innocuous or
useful, and temptation to further subdivision diminished.

It is an argument commonly urged by the advocates of such
dissociation as we are now considering, that it comes within the
same category as the great general question of the advantages
resulting from the subdivision of labour ; but it appears to me
that the analogy is altogether unreal, or at most very partial in

XIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

its application. "Were a Society, engaged in the promotion of any
great department of science, made to consist of various sections,
to each of which should appertain the cultivation of one indivi-
dual branch, and each contributing its gains to the general treasury
of the whole body, the analogy would be true and comprehensible.
But far different from this is the case before us.

In the present instance the contributions of the different sec-
tions are wholly diverse in their direction and aim ; and the indi-
vidual bodies, so far from deriving strength and efficiency from
their separate action, are weakened like the segregated sticks of
the bundle in the fable, by the absence of mutual support and
cooperation.

That a sincere anxiety and singleness of endeavour for the ac-
quisition and spread of scientific knowledge is the worthy motive
which induces many a zealous naturalist to join in and promote
the subdivision in question, cannot for a moment be doubted.
The overwhelming mass of daily additions to our knowledge of
mere isolated facts, the constant influx of newly discovered species,
having no obvious bearing on any question of moment, the geo-
graphical distribution of individual forms, the periodicity of the
various phases of animal functions and habits, and a thousand
other circumstances which, although unimportant in their indi-
vidual and unassociated entities, are yet worth preserving as
truths, or as having some future possible bearing upon more im-
portant generalization, appear to require some means by which
their record may be established and their publicity secured ; and
this necessity has doubtless its bearing upon the utility of asso-
ciations having for their object the fixing and utilizing of such
otherwise evanescent units of knowledge. But it becomes again
a question whether their preservation might not be equally pro-
vided for, without the expense both of time and money which is
contingent upon the working of so many distinct bodies.

This observation leads me to consider for a moment another,
and I have reason to believe a very general reason for the exclusive
association of good and zealous men with some of the minor
societies. I mean the small comparative expense to which they
are subjected. This certainly appears, on the face of it, a very
plausible reason for abstaining from a union with the larger and
more expensive institutions. The difference between three gui-
neas and one guinea annually is so considerable, that I doubt not
there are many sincere and devoted naturalists to whom it would
just present the alternative between the propriety and prudence

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XV

of expending the one or the other in the enjoyment of their
favourite pursuit.

For myself, I have always been the advocate for reducing the
annual subscription in Scientific Societies to the lowest sum con-
sistent with the efficient carrying out of their objects ; and I have
not only entertained myself, but proposed for the consideration of
my colleagues, the question whether some reduction might not be
adopted in our own annual contribution or entrance fee. My
full conviction, however, is that under existing circumstances
such reduction is utterly impracticable ; but how far this desirable
end would be furthered by the members of the minor societies
joining us, and thus at once increasing our income and strength-
ening our efficiency, is, I submit, worthy their consideration.
Besides this, if we even adhere to the argument of the quid pro
quo, it must be recollected that the Transactions and other
publications of those Societies are not presented to the members
without payment, whereas ours, often of considerable pecuniary
as well as intrinsic value, are given to every contributing Member
without additional expense. Surely these advantages, which ap-
peal to the mere financial motive, in addition to the free use
of all the noble libraries now collected within these walls, are
more than an equivalent for the additional annual expense.
You will at once perceive that these remarks are only partially
appKcable. There are some Institutions with pursuits collateral
with our own, which have not even the pecuniary plea for
separation.

I am too well aware, however, of the importance of the contri-
butions to Natural Science emanating from the various societies
to which I have referred, to look with indifference or lack of re-
spect upon their labours. I know fuU well that many of the most
important works of the first naturalists of our age and country
have come before the public under the auspices of these associa-
tions ; that the Transactions of the Zoological Society are half-
filled with the contributions of the most eminent naturalists of
this country ; that those of the Microscopical and Entomological
Societies contain papers of great value on recondite physiological
subjects, or learned generalizations on some of the most interest-
ing branches of Natural History. But it must be remembered
that the separate working of each of these bodies is attended
with great expense, independent of that which is required by the
mere publication of each individual paper in connexion with others,
and that this expense would be greatly lessened in each case,

XYl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

were the power by which the separate bodies are moved, concen-
trated into one great machine.

In Botanical Science this distribution of the means of recording
discovery has not been thought necessary ; and it would certainly
appear somewhat strange if we were to hear of the formation of a
Eanunculaceous Society, as distinguished from a Liliaceous, or even
a Ciyptogamic as independent of, and antagonistic to, a Phanero-
gamic Society. Yet, viewed with relation to the true principles
of classification, there appears to be no more incongruity in these
absurd examples, than in the separation of the Entomologists from
other cultivators of Natural History, and still m.ore, the subdivi-
sion of the former into Coleopterists and Lepidopterists, and the
latter into as many branchlets as there are groups in the gTeat
order of scaled-winged insects.

In the vegetable kingdom, the Linnean Society is the main
recipient of contributions to that important branch of natural
science in this country ; and I rejoice as heartily as the most ex-
clusive votary at the shrine of Flora, at the vigorous strides which
that charming science is making, and at the high character of the
papers in that department of Natural History which appear in
our own publications. I feel it to be matter of honest congratu-
lation, that the Society has been so long, and still continues to be,
the medium of thus contributing to the diifusion of botanical
knowledge throughout the world. It is not because I have been
led more particularly into the study of animal existences, that I
can have any wish to see Zoology occupy an undue or predominant
situation in our proceedings here. It would ill become me, in
the position in which you have done me tbe honour to place me,
to exhibit or to feel any partiality for either. Not Dido herself
could have uttered with more sincerity than I do, " Tros Tyriusve
mihi nullo discrimine agetur." It Las, I hope, been the guiding
principle of my conduct, certainly of my intentions, since I have
occupied this chair ; but I cannot but consider it most desirable
and important that a Society like ours, professedly devoted equally
to the two branches, and with all the machinery necessary for the
equal promotion of both, should not Lave its means curtailed, and
its usefulness impaired in relation either to one or the other.
The relative number of contributions to our Society during the
past year in the two departments, exclusive of statements of
isolated facts, or passing and ephemeral subjects, gives force to
my present appeal, and shows the reality of my complaint.

In the remarks which I have considered it my duty to make

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVll

upon this difficult and somewliat distasteful subject, I hope it is
unnecessary for me to declare that I have not been actuated by
any feeling inconsistent with a full appreciation of, and sincere
respect for, those scientific bodies on whose relation to ourselves
I have animadverted, and of admiration of the results of their
labours. Still less is it possible that I could entertain any feeling
of personal or corporate rivalry. Many of the most distinguished
members of those very Institutions are our fellow-members here,
our personal friends and joint labourers in the same field. Nay,
many are at this moment within the hearing of the unpalatable
truths which I have felt called upon to utter. But I have consi-
dered it right to speak plainly my thoughts upon a matter which
has long caused me great anxiety, and to which, perhaps from long
pondering upon it, I may have been led to attribute what others
may deem a more than deserved importance.

And now it may be reasonably demanded, after all that has
been said on the disadvantages of such divisions as I have been
deprecating, supposing all that has been asked to be granted,
what means are proposed to meet the difficulty and to obviate the
asserted evil ? This is, indeed, a much more perplexing and com-
plicated question ; and I am free to confess that I, for one, am
not prepared with any immediate practicable remedy. There are,
however, some suggestions which have occurred to my mind in re-
flecting upon the subject, which, with great diffidence and a deep
sense of all the vagueness and obscurity that hangs about them, I
will venture to offer.

In the first place, even acknowledging on the one hand all the
evils of the system which I have assumed, these Societies do exist,
and have existed long enough to be firmly established. They are
working and working with good eflfect. There are honest, truthful,
talented, enlightened men engaged in that working. They consti-
tute a great and important fact ; — and must be dealt with, if at
all, as associate and fellow Institutions with our own. What I am
anxious to see is, not their present antagonism, but their union
with us, as far as practicable, in such a relation as shall be mutu-
ally advantageous. Not as at present, the child taking food from
the parent's mouth, — not the sucker depriving the tree from
which it springs of its nourishment and growth and strength.

One of the most obvious means suggesting itself for carrying
out this object, is that the Societies in question should, in such
manner as they may see best, communicate to the Linnean So-
ciety such papers as appear particularly calculated for publication

LINN. PROO. *

XVlll PROCEEDINaS OF THE

in our Transactions or Proceedings. There are three Societies
especially, from which papers might, on this plan, be communi-
cated,— the Zoological, the Entomological and the Microscopical.
With regard to the first of these, it would be impossible for us,
without considerable pecuniary assistance, to publish the luxuri-
ously beautiful illustrations which, from the pencil of the first
animal draughtsman of this or perhaps any former period, have,
for some years, rendered the octavo publication of that Society
the most beautiful and elegant periodical work on the Natural
History of Animals that has ever appeared. Nor does it seem
necessary or desirable, even were it possible, that the description
and figuring of every new species should devolve upon the Lin-
nean Society. There are many very valuable papers requiring
few and inexpensive or perhaps not any illustrations, which, from
their more abstract scientific character, would form suitable and
important matter for our publications ; and these may either be
read at the meetings of both the Societies, or sent directly to us
from the Publication Committee of the other Society ; or it may
be so far understood that papers of this description are not con-
sidered as their legitimate object, as that authors would send their
papers immediately to us.

The proposal of this change in the publishing province of that
important Institution, cannot be considered as in any degree dis-
respectful to its scientific members. It is in fact perfectly consist-
ent with a step in the same direction which the authorities of the
Society have themselves adopted. By the recent discontinuance
of the quarto Transactions, they have virtually implied the future
refusal of such papers as require quarto illustrations; and the
change which I have now suggested is only another step in ad- ■
vance of their own progress. They have repudiated a certain
class of papers upon no principle whatever having relation to
either the matter or design or character of such papers ; but only
with reference to the size of the plates required for their illustra-
tion ; and there can be no sacrifice of principle involved in the
further change suggested, but only an extension upon principle
of a course already arbitrarily commenced. And it must not be
forgotten that the whole scientific element of that great Society
(the abolition of which element, be it remembered, is not within
the terms of my proposition) is but an adjunct to its original
constitution and aim, organized too by an almost suicidal act of
the Zoological body of this Society, who converted a very pro-
mising auxiliary of their own raising into a powerful and successful

LINNEAN SOCIETT OF LONDOK. XIX

rival. But I will not trouble you by a recapitulation of the ob-
servations which I made on this fact last year ; I recur to it prin-
cipally to show that the two characters in which the Zoological
Society appeals to the public are essentially different, and that
there is no more congruity in such an association, than there would
be if the Horticultural Society were now to attempt to combine
with that useful practical character which has rendered it so de-
servedly popular, a more purely scientific element, and, usurping
the functions of our own botanical department, receive and pub-
lish such papers as now find their place in our own Transactions.
With respect to other Societies having the same relation to
ours as regards their objects, a similar course, mutatis mutandis,
might be adopted ; but it is unnecessary that I should further
take up your time by suggesting details, the discussion of which,
whatever might be the result of the consideration of the general
principle, would at present be wholly premature.

The great importance of the object of these observations pre-
vents me from wholly passing over two other ideas which have
occurred to my mind, and, in various modifications, to the minds
of others, but which at present appear so impracticable, and to
require for their fulfilment so large a change in the present work-
ing of the Society, that I cannot for a moment entertain them
as worthy of serious discussion. In the first place, it has been
questioned whether the desirable result of bringing those conge-
nial Societies, which are now separated from us, within our own
sphere, might not be obtained by offering to those of their exist-
ing members who have been such for a given number of years,
the remission or reduction of the entrance fee, supposing that, on
being proposed and balloted for, they should be elected as Fellows
of this Society. The other proposal has been, to form a new body
of Associates, for the admission of such persons as, cultivating any
branch of Natural History, are willing to join our Society, paying
a smaller annual contribution, and having limited advantages. I
do not enter into any detailed plan as connected with either of
these proposals, because I do not believe that it would be possible
or desirable to carry them out ; but I thought it my duty to lay
before you whatever had occurred to myself or others, as a means
for obviating the difficulty in which the present state of things
has placed us.

I must repeat, that I consider the serious imperative mission
of this Society, as the centre of Natural History Science in this
country, to consist in taking every available means, honestly and

h2

XX PEOCEE DINGS OF THE

earnestly and with a high and unselfish aim, to further the advance
of those branches of science to which it is devoted. If circum-
stances are found to exist which interfere with the fulfilment of
this object, it becomes our duty to endeavour by all the fair and
honourable means in our power to obviate them. I have ap-
proached the subject on which I have so long detained you with
great diffidence and reluctance. I am well aware that I may have
laid myself open to misapprehension, but I felt it imperative upon
me, placed where I am by your confidence and good opinion, to
give you unreservedly my feelings and thoughts upon a matter in
which I believe the welfare of the Society, and consequently the
progress of Natural History, are in a greater or less degree in-
volved; and I have only now to say, "liberavi animam meam,"
and to leave the subject in your hanc^p. And now, Grentlemen, I
apply myself with great pleasure to matters of a more agreeable
character.

It is with great satisfaction that I call your attention to what I
hsLve always considered a very important and useful portion of our
Museum department, and one peculiarly appropriate to the origi-
nal object of this Society as distinctly expressed in our charter,
which defines that object to be " the cultivation of the Science of
Natural History in all its branches, and more especially of the
Natural History of Grreat Britain and Ireland." I allude to the
British Herbarium. The existence of several typical and well-
known collections of our native plants which have at various
times come into our possession, appeared, now that we have
ample room for their arrangement and use, to afford a most
desirable opportunity of forming as complete an assemblage as
possible of our national Elora, of which those collections should
form the nucleus. Tour Council have therefore named a Com-
mittee, consisting of three of the most competent British bota-
nists in the Society, for the accomplishment of this object ; and I
am sure you will agree with me, when I mention the names of
Dr. Alexander, Mr. Charles Cardale Babington, and Mr. Bentham,
that a better selection could not have been made. These gentle-
men have conferred a great benefit on the Society by kindly
accepting the task, and they have now entered upon their labours.
The basis of the proposed herbarium is being selected from the
collections of Mr. Winch and of Dr. Withering, and the deficien-
cies will be filled up by contributions offered by various Fellows
of the Society. The Committee have the advantage of the assist-
ance^ of Mr. Daniel Oliver, one of our Fellows, who has under-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI

taken the task of selecting, laying out and arranging the speci-
mens, and Mr. Babington that of checking the names attached to
them. The Committee report their full confidence that, by this
means, a very complete British Herbarium will be formed, in which
all marked varieties will be included ; and there can be no doubt
that it will be found a most useful standard collection for refer-
ence. I cannot but believe that this new feature in our arrange-
ments will be viewed with the greatest satisfaction by the nume-
rous cultivators of British Botany, who will thus have, at length,
a complete and well-arranged herbarium of our native plants con-
stantly accessible for consultation and comparison.

It is not my intention to occupy your time by entering upon
any analysis of the papers, many of them of great interest, which
have occupied the Society at its meetings during the past year.
A glance at our two publications will suf&ciently attest the zeal
anil talent which have characterized them, and I believe I may
without hesitation assert that they have not been surpassed by
those of any former year. That the forthcoming part of the Trans-
actions will consequently maintain the character, both at home and
abroad, which has for so long a period attached to that our prin-
cipal publication, I cannot doubt. The Journal of Proceedings
also continues to give the greatest satisfaction in every quarter
from whence I have had an opportunity of obtaining an opinion,
and its efficiency and importance are now fully established. It
has enabled us to publish very many papers of high interest,
which but for such a vehicle could scarcely have been published
at all, or at least only after a long interval. I may here aptly
quote the words of one of our most distinguished Fellows, who
thus expressed himself in a letter which I not long since received
from him : — tf) r30ii9t;i7ts it/ie!Mi^^ i:

"The number of excellent papers," he says,'"wliich we' have
had this session, constitute quite an epoch in the history of Natu-
ral Science. I know of no Society at home or abroad that can
boast of such an array of valuable papers as we. can already show
for this one half-session." ;^ oria aiifli :Ci;>a^ uiiooii'

The general satisfaction of the Fellows of the Society with its
present condition and with the manner in which its affairs are
conducted, is evinced by the cheering and I believe unprecedented
fact, that the whole past year has not witnessed a single instance
of withdrawal from its ranks. I cannot but attribute this circum-
stance in great measure to the manner in which their interest is
kept alive by the appearance at intervals of our Journal of Pro-

XXU PROCEEDINGS OF THE

ceedings, especially as regards our country Fellows, whose con-
nexion with the Society is mainly kept up by this means.

The present state of our Finances, with so considerable a balance
in our hands, for which I refer you with great pleasure to the
Auditors' Beport, will I trust enable your Council to turn their
attention to the gradual increase of the Library, which is very
deficient in some departments of Natural History literature. The
proximity and common use of the Library of the Boyal Society,
which contains a considerable number of the more expensive works
on local Natural History, such as several of the beautifully illus-
trated French Voyages and others, will assist in enabling us to
direct our means towards the acquisition of less expensive but
equally useful works, and to the completion of some important
serial publications. At the same time it must be remembered
that this can only be done at present to a very limited extent, as
the illustrations of some of the most valuable of the papers which
have been lately read will necessarily be very expensive.

Amongst those who have been recently removed from us by
death, is our old and respected friend Eichard Horsman Solly,
w^ho for more than thirty years was one of the most constant
attendants at our meetings, and a liberal contributor to any pecu-
niary exigency whenever an appeal was made to him ; and he has
shown a lasting interest in the welfare of the Society to which he
was so long and so warmly attached, by a legacy of 56IOO.

I cannot conclude this brief allusion to the most prominent cir-
cumstances or events of the past year, without calling particular
attention to the accession to our library of the whole of the
scientific correspondence of our founder, presented to us, since the
last anniversary, by his honoured widow. This important gift is not
more acceptable on account of its intrinsic value, great as that is,
than as a graceful evidence of attachment and respect from one,
who, during the life of her revered husband, was ever associated
with him in the deep interest he took in Natural Science and in
the welfare of our Society in particular ; and who now, at a very
advanced age, and as full of energy as of years, has shown, by this
munificent act, that she still recurs mth fond recollection to the
favourite object of her husband's scientific life, and retains, even
now, a vivid interest in our pursuits, and a warm and earnest wish
for our prosperity.

There are some other additions to our rooms by gift which I
cannot pass over without remark. The widow of one of our
liighly valued members, the late Dr. Percira, has kindly presented

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIU

US with a faithful bust of her excellent husband. A portrait
of our esteemed friend and Fellow, Mr. Ward, painted by Mr.
Knight the E-oyal Academician, and acknowledged to be an ad-
mirable likeness as well as an interesting and beautiful picture,
has been presented by a number of gentlemen, not confined to
Fellows of this Society, by whose subscription, this pleasing testi-
mony to Mr. Ward's scientific and social claims to our esteem and
gratitude has been produced. And lastly, we have received within
the last few days an interesting bust of the great Linn-^jus, a copy
of the original in the Hall of the Academy of Sciences of Stock-
holm ; this valuable addition to our memorials of the distinguished
men who have been more or less closely associated with the ob-
jects of the Society, was presented to us by Professor Anderson.

We have now had twelve months' experience of our close local
association with the Eoyal Society, and have been able to test
the result of our meeting on the same evening with them. With
regard to the first, I think I may safely say that our proximity
has been the source of great advantage to us, and I am sure that
it has tended to the increase of kindly feeling and good fellowship
between the two bodies. On more than one occasion this has
been evident, when a union of action was necessary to carry out
some important object ; and it is my pleasant duty to say that
nothing can exceed the kind consideration and ready cooperation
which have characterized the conduct of the authorities of that
respected body. Our evening association with them after the
business of the two Societies has been concluded, has also had the
efiect of bringing us into close and friendly relation, and has never
materially interfered with our scientific arrangements.

I have now, I believe. Gentlemen, glanced at the principal cir-
cumstances which demand allusion from me. Upon the whole, our
retrospect affords us ground for great thankfulness and congratu-
lation. Our position is in almost every respect greatly improved.
Our finances are not only now in a prosperous state, but our means
will be still further increased, by the cessation of rent for the
house in Soho Square at the approaching autumnal quarter. Our
numbers are gradually being augmented by the addition of active
and zealous and intelligent naturalists. Our publications are in-
creasing in importance, and are everywhere more and more appre-
ciated and valued.

That this state of progress may continue, nothing now is need-
ful but a perseverance in the same course of energy and vigour,
combined with good feeling and kindly brotherhood, which, I
thank God, has long been characteristic of our Society.

XXIV PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

OBITUAEY NOTICES.

The Secretary then read the following notices of deceased Fel-
lows and Foreign Members : —

Eor the brief notice which I am about to offer to the Society, of
Henry James JBroohe, Esq., I am chiefly indebted to an article in
the last Anniversary ' Proceedings ' of the Eoyal Society, of which
what follows is little more than an abstract. He was bom on the
25th of May, 1771, in the city of Exeter, where his relatives were
engaged in the manufacture of broadcloth, but was himself des-
tined for the bar, for which profession he had nearly completed
his studies when an advantageous opening led him to engage in
the Spanish wool-trade. He spent nearly two years in Spain, and
subsequently formed an establishment in London, where he took
up his abode in 1802, devoting his leisure to the study of mine-
ralogy, geology, and botany, but especially of the two former
sciences, to which he became devotedly attached. He became a
Eellow of the Geological Society in 1815, of the Linnean in 1818,
and of the Royal in 1819. When the trade in Spanish wool was
in a great measure superseded by that with Germany, Mr. Brooke
turned his attention to other objects of commercial pursuit more
congenial to his tastes, and entered warmly into the formation of
companies for working the mines of South America; but these
speculations having for the most part failed, he became secretary
to the London Life Assurance Association, of which he had been
one of the founders. In 1828 he maintained the principles on
which the business of that association was carried on, in " Obser-
vations on a pamphlet by Mr. Morgan, entitled a View of the
Bise and Progress of the Equitable Society." A slight concussion
of the brain, the result of being thrown down by collision with
a horse, and followed by sympl^oms of undue cerebral excitement,
compelled him for some years to limit his customary mental efforts ;
and during this period he occupied himself in the collection of
shells and of engravings. Of the former he made a large collec-
tion, which he afterwards presented to the University of Cam-
bridge. While engaged in its formation, he published, in the
fifth volume of the ' Zoological Journal,' a paper on " Conchology,
regarded as a distinct branch of Science," in which he maintains
that " the proper study of shells may not inaptly be considered as
analogous to that of the skeletons of the higher classes of animals,
and may be regarded as the comparative anatomy of the molluscous

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV

inhabitants; and if it were so pursued, those who study shells
alone might, without the fear of being regarded as triflers, confess
themselves to be conchologists, and might thus assert their title
to a place in the ranks of science." Mr. Brooke's reputation as
a man of science was, however, chiefly derived from the eminence
which he attained as a mineralogist, and especially as a crystal-
lographer, in which department he stood almost unrivalled in this
country. His " Familiar Introduction to Crystallography, including
Explanations of the Principle and "Use of the Groniometer," was
published in 1823, and was followed, at a considerable interval, by
a treatise on the same subject in the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitana.'
In the latter of these works he greatly simplified the system which
he had proposed in the former, and reduced the number of primary
crystalline forms to six. With much labour and perseverance, he
applied the reflective goniometer to the crystals of artificial salts,
and published, in the * Annals of Philosophy' for 1823, the deter-
mination of the forms of no fewer than fifty-five different laboratory
crystals. He published also numerous mineralogical notices,' in-
cluding the description of thirteen new mineral species, in the
pages of the ' Philosophical Magazine' and 'Annals,' and in the
' Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and was the author of the
treatise on mineralogy in the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitana.' His
latest labours were directed to the general relations and geome-
trical similarity of all crystals belonging to the same system, a
paper on which subject, read before the JRoyal Society, was in the
press at the time of his decease, and affords a striking proof how
little his advanced age had diminished the strength and energy of
his reasoning powers. He died, at his residence at Clapham, on
the 26th of June, 1857, soon after completing the 86th year of
his age, from natural decay, accelerated by the depression of his
system produced by a severe cold ; and his splendid collection of
minerals has since been presented to the University of Cambridge,
as the best means of rendering it subservient to the advancement
of mineralogical science.

William Maddochs Bush, Esq., M.D., died at "Weston-super-
Mare on the 17th of December, 1857, aged 44 years. Dr. Bush
completed an excellent general education at Eton in 1830, when
he commenced his course of medical studies at St. George's Hos-
pital, and subsequently prosecuted them at the London University.
Having become a Member of the Hoyal College of Surgeons of
England, and a Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries, he was
appointed one of the House Surgeons of the Marylebone Infirmary,

XXVI PROCEEDINGS OF THE

where he acquired extensive medical knowledge and experience.
After this he visited the Medical Schools of Paris and Germany,
in one of the universities of which latter he graduated as an M.D.
During all these professional labours his mind was not inattentive
to other kinds of knowledge. He was an ardent lover of nature
under all her forms ; but perhaps his greatest leaning to either
branch of Natural History was to Botany, of which he had ac-
quired considerable knowledge. He was elected a Eellow of the
Linnean Society in 1843, and about the same time the Royal
College of Physicians in London admitted him a Licentiate, ex
urhe, of their body. The time having now arrived for selecting a
department of his profession in which to bring his acquirements
to a practical use, he selected that of Psychology, with the treat-
ment of the insane mind. In this, both in the Metropolis and in
the provinces, he was eminently successful, and was much con-
sulted by his professional brethren. In connexion with this subject
he was the author of an excellent pamphlet on "The General
Paralysis of the Insane," a subject at that time but little attended
to ; and more lately he wrote a valuable monograph on " Moral
Delinquency in Children," or an exposition of the early tendency
to insanity in childhood, partly the result of hereditary predispo-
sition, and partly the consequence of imperfect and misdirected
education. When the photographic art became more generally
known, Dr. Bush very early observed how advantageously a good
manipulator might apply the processes to record objects in Natural
History. He became an ardent practitioner of the art, and had
gained great efficiency in it, producing beautiful specimens from
various natural sources, especially from the vegetable kingdom ;
but, unfortunately, in his manipulations his skin absorbed some
of the poisonous matters used in the preparation of his paper, and
this becoming diifused through his body led to inflammation of
the veins in his extremities ; from thence the inflammation spread
gradually to the great blood-vessels of the trunk, and led to his
premature decease. His rectitude of heart and life, his amiable
and conciliatory manners, and his devoted love of nature endeared
liim to a numerous circle of friends ; while this Society has to
record the loss of a member who promised greatly to advance the
objects of the Society itself, and who happily blended the characters
of the gentleman and the man of science.

Lieut. James Ilolman, B.N., F.H.S., universally known as " the
blind traveller," was born at Exeter, in the county of Devon,
October 15th, 1786. Although not distinguished as a naturalist.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXVll

tlie career of this gentleman offers so remarkable an instance of
energy and perseverance in carrying out what appears to have
been an irresistible impulse for visiting foreign and distant lands
under circumstances which might be supposed to present almost
insuperable obstacles, that I need scarcely apologize for dwelling
upon it at some length. He was first sent to a day school in
Theatre Lane, Exeter, kept by an old woman, at which he re-
mained until he was between eight and nine years of age, when
he was transferred to a private school near Alphington Cross,
kept by the well-known Dr. Halloran ; and afterwards to another
school, where, as he says, he was crammed with geography, astro-
nomy, algebra, geometry, navigation, &c., in order to fit him for the
position of first-class volunteer obtained for him by Lord Bridport
through the kindness of Greneral Simco. He accordingly joined,
in December 1798, being then twelve years old, the Royal George,
100, Captain C. M. Pole, bearing Lord Bridport' s flag, in the
English Channel; was present at the attempt at Basque Eoads,
and, after two unsuccessful applications to Lord Bridport to be
allowed to join cruising frigates, was placed on board the Cam-
brian, 40, Captain Legge, in which he served from 1799 to 1805
on the Home and North American stations. He then joined in
succession the Leander and Cleopatra, of which latter frigate he
was appointed lieutenant, April 27, 1807. He was next employed
in the Gruerriere frigate, on the North American station, from
October 1808 to November 1810, when, in consequence of severe
rheumatism brought on by the hard service on that station, he
invalided, and was placed on half-pay, returning to England in
January 1811, in H.M. Brig Eantome. In July of that year he
was visiting his friends at and near Bath, when he was attacked
with severe ophthalmia, which in a short time entirely deprived
him of sight. In 1812, having become permanently blind, he was
made a Naval Knight of Windsor. During the next seven years
he devoted his time so much to the study of literature (entering
at the University of Edinburgh, where he obtained a diploma), that
his health suffered severely, and he was compelled to seek restora-
tion in the air of his native county. Not finding the benefit he
expected, this, together with the permission which he had obtained
to absent himself from Windsor, induced him, in the year 1819,
to visit the South of France alone, and without any knowledge of
the continental languages. He then made the grand tour, passing
through the south of France into Italy, traversing the greater part
of both the southern and northern states of that peninsula, cross-

XXVlll PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

ing into Savoy by Mount Cenis, proceeding thence by Cbambery to
Geneva, and througb Switzerland to Basle, descending the Ehine
to the sea, and from Amsterdam passing by the Hague, Rotterdam,
and Antwerp to Brussels, returning to England, by Ostend, in
September 1821. An account of these travels was published by
him in 1822, under the title of " A Narrative of a Journey under-
taken in the years 1819, 1820, and 1821, through France, Italy,
Savoy,' ' &c. &c. In July 1822, he embarked alone from the London
Docks for St. Petersburg, and had proceeded through Eussia into
Siberia, traversing it as far as Irkoutsk (2000 miles beyond To-
bolsk), intending to embark at Kamtschatka for Sitka on the north-
west coast of America, and thence to proceed to the Sandwich
Islands, &c., when his progress was checked by a mandate from
the Emperor of Eussia, under which he "was conveyed as a state
prisoner to the confines of Cracow, and there dismissed. The
motive for this proceeding was said to be a belief that he was an
English spy and that his blindness was only feigned. He then
proceeded through Austria, Bohemia, Saxony, Prussia, and Hanover
to Hamburgh, and arrived at Hull in June 1824. Of these travels
also a narrative was published in 1825. In July 1827 he proceeded
with Captain Owen of H.M.S. Eden to South Africa, visiting by
the way Madeira, Teneriffe, St. Jago, Sierra Leone, Cape Coast,
Accra, Fernando Po, Bonny, Calabar, &c., Prince's Island and
Ascension; after leaving which island, falling in with a Dutch
galliot on its way to Eio de Janeiro, he transferred himself and
baggage to that vessel. From Eio he visited the gold mines, and
after journeying through the Brazils, quitted S. America for the
Cape of Grood Hope in H.M. Brig Falcon, Captain Pole, and after
traversing .the Cape Colony and part of Caifreland, left Simon's
Bay for Mauritius, Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Zanzibar, and
the Seychelles, returning thence to the Mauritius. He then pro-
ceeded to Colombo, and having travelled through Kandy and made
the ascent of Adam's Peak, embarked at Trincomalee for Pon-
dicherry and Madras, and thence for Bangalore, returning by
Chittoor and Arcot to Madras, from which he sailed for Masuli-
patam and Calcutta. In August 1830, he left that city for China,
visiting Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and Canton, whence he sailed
for Hobart Town. He next traversed Van Diemen's Land, pro-
ceeded to Sydney, and after travelling in the interior of Australia,
left for England, visiting on his way home New Zealand, Bahia
and Flores, and arriving in August 1832. The narrative of these
travels was published in four volumes in 1834* and 1835, under the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXIX

title of " A Voyage round the World." In August 1836, he pro-
ceeded to the north of Ireland, where he remained during the
next three months. He paid a short visit to the Channel Islands,
St. Malo, and Dinant in the summer of 1839. In the latter part
of 1840 he embarked at Blackwall for Falmouth and Oporto, landed
there, and visited the following places in succession, viz. the Alto-
Douro, Lanego, Oporto, Lisbon (visiting St. Ubes, the salt-pans
of Eio Lado, Cintra, Colares, and the English lines), Cadiz, Seville,
Port St. Mary, and Xeres, Gibraltar, Ceuta, Malaga, Grranada,
Almeria, Carthagena, Alicante, Valencia, Barcelona, and Tarragona.
From Barcelona he proceeded to Majorca, Minorca, Algiers, Bona,
Tunis, and Carthage ; thence to Malta, the Ionian Islands, Patras,
Athens, the island of Syra, Smyrna, E/hodes, Beyrout, and Alex-
andria ; from thence to Cairo, Suez, Moses' Wells, &c. Then from
Cairo he crossed the Desert, to Jerusalem by way of El Arish,
then to the Jordan, Dead Sea, and Bethlehem ; then from Jeru-
salem to Nazareth, the Sea of G-alilee, Mount Carmel, Acre, Tyre,
Sidon, and Beyrout. From Beyrout he went to Tripoli, the island
of E/hodes, Latakia, Sudea (on the Orontes) ; thence to Antioch,
Aleppo, and Hamman, by the Desert, to Damascus, and across the
Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon back to Beyrout. This he left for
Alexandria, Malta, and Naples, from the latter place making his
way through Apulia, Calabria and Sicily to Eeggio, and thence
back to Naples. He then proceeded through the Abruzzi to Pes-
cara on the Adriatic, Loretto, Eimini, Eavenna, Ferrara, Padua,
Venice, Udine, Goritz, and Trieste ; thence to Fiume, Zara, Libe-
nico, Nur, Seigu, Spalatio, by sea to Eagusa and Boca di Cataro,
making a tour in Montenegro, and returning to Boca di Cataro
and Eagusa, then voyaging to Stagno, crossing the Isthmus, thence
through the Gulf of Narenta, up the little Narenta river, returning
to Fort Opus and Metcavitch, and descending the main stream of
the Narenta to the sea, along the coast to Spalatio, from thence
going to Seigu, and entering Bosnia by Billibuch, passing to
Zavena, Travnich, Kisslovoda and Sana, to the frontiers of Servia,
thence to Belgrade, down the Danube to Giurgevo, Bucharest,
and Ibrail, across the Sereth to Galatz, thence to Jassy and through
the Bukovina, Transylvania, and Hungary to Vienna. Then through
Austria, Bavaria, and the Tyrol to Italy, visiting Verona, Lodi,
Milan, Pavia, Genoa, and Nice ; thence to Toulon, Marseilles, Avi-
gnon, Nismes, Montpellier, Cette, Perpignan, St. Louis, and the Pyre-
nees, Arriege, Bagneres de Bigorre, Cauterets, Pau, and Bayonne.
Thence into Spain by Vittoria to Valladolid, visiting from thence

XIX PBOCEEDINQS OF THE

Leon, thence to Madrid, Talavera, Badajoz, and into Portugal, visit-
ing Elvas, Lisbon, Bucellas, Eiguera, Cintra, Oporto, and Vigo,
returning to Oporto by sea, thence by Corunna, Bilboa, and San
Sebastian to Bayonne. Leaving Bayonne for Bordeaux, Saintes,
Cognac, Charente, Bochfort, Bochelle, Bourbon- Vendee, Nantes,
L' Orient, Brest, Morlaix, Dinant, Avranches, Granville, Cher-
bourg, Caen, Havre, Bouen, Chateauroux, Limoges, Agen, Auch,
Pau, Cauterets, Bagneres de Bigorre, Toulouse, Lyons, Vichy,
Moulins, Macon, and Chalons-sur-Saone to Bijon, Chalons-sur-
Maine, Bheims, St. Quentin, Valenciennes, Lille, and Dunkirk to
Calais and Boulogne, returning to England in October 1846.
In the spring of 1852 he again embarked from Hull for Norway
and Sweden ; after travelling through which countries for a few
months, he returned to England. This was the last journey he
made, otherwise than by paying occasional visits to Boulogne and
Bath. During the last few years most of his time was spent be-
tween "Windsor and London, while at the former place secluding
himself completely from all society, occupying himself wholly in
writing the account of his later travels and an autobiography, and
thereby so materially injuring his health that after a short illness
of four or five days he died, July 28th, 1857, in the 71st year of
his age. He became a Eellow of the Linnean Society in 1826, and
of the Boyal Society in the following year. As many among us
can bear testimony, he was a most cheerful and agreeable com-
panion, full of information and anecdote on a great variety of
subjects ; and these qualities are so conspicuously displayed in
the published Narratives of his Travels, that it is earnestly to be
hoped that those of later date may also ere long be given to the
world.

John Macmillcm, Esq., M.D., entered the Eoyal Navy and be-
came full Surgeon in 1807. He was for some time on the South
Sea station, and after his return to England became, in 1820, a
Eellow of the Linnean Society. He subsequently retired to Cul-
ross in the county of Perth, where he died on the 1st of the present
month, after a long illness, at the age of 81.

Sir George Magrath, M.D., G.JB., K.H., Sfc, entered the Navy
at an early age as an Assistant Surgeon, and was present in that
capacity on board the Theseus at the evacuation of Eort Matilda,
Guadaloupe, in the year 1794. As Surgeon of the Eussell he took
part in the action oiF Camperdown in 1797, and was appointed
Superintendent of the Hospital for Dutch prisoners subsequently
established at Yarmouth. In 1801 he was again surgeon of the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI

Kussell at the attack on Copenhagen, and was afterwards Flag
Medical Officer to Lord Nelson in the Mediterranean, and had
charge of the hospital at Gibraltar during the fever which raged
in 1804 and 1805. He was elected FeUow of the Colleges of
Physicians of London and Edinburgh, and became Physician Ex-
traordinary to the Duke of Clarence when appointed Lord High
Admiral. In 1841 he was promoted to the rank of Inspector of
Hospitals, and continued during the remainder of his life to reside
at Plymouth, where he died on the 12th of last June, at the age of
82. His remains were interred in the burying-ground of St. An-
drew's church, and were attended to the grave by a large concourse
of people, including many of the neighbouring gentry. He became
a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1816, of the Eoyal Society
in 1 819, and was likewise a Member of the Royal Irish Academy,
and a Fellow of the Geological Society. Besides the distinctions
already mentioned, he had a medal with two clasps for Camper-
down and Copenhagen, and was a Ejiight Commander of the
Portuguese Order of the Cross of Christ.

John Forbes Boyle, Esq., M.D., F.B.S., F.O.S., Officer of the
Legion of Honour, was the only son of Capt. William Henry
Boyle, an officer in the service of tlie Hon. East India Company,
and was born at Cawnpore. Having lost his father while yet a
child, he received his early education, first under the care of Dr.
Sangster, and afterwards at the High School of Edinburgh. He
was originally destined for the profession of arms ; but while
waiting for an appointment at Addiscombe, he became a pupil of
Dr. Anthony Todd Thomson, under whose able tuition he acquired
so strong a taste for Natural History, and especially for Botany
and its useful applications, that he was induced to decline the
military appointment, and to accept in its place, as soon as he had
obtained his diploma, an Assistant- Surgeoncy in the Company's
service. In 1819 he proceeded to Calcutta on the medical staif of
the Bengal army. He was first posted to the artillery at Dum-
dum, and for two or three years afterwards he was moved from
station to station in Bengal or the North-western provinces, dis-
charging subordinate medical duties, as the ordinary routine and
exigencies of the service demanded. While thus employed, he
availed himself of every opportunity that change of locality afforded
to acquire a knowledge of the natural productions of the country.
Among these, the study of Indian plants occupied the first place,
and drew him into correspondence with Dr. Wallich, at that time
Superintendent of the Hon. Company's Botanical Garden at Cal-

XXXU PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

cutta. A vacancy having occurred in the charge of the Botanical
Garden at Saharunpore, Dr. E-oyle was, fortunately for science,
selected as the best-qualified candidate, and appointed Superin-
tendent in 1823. No station in India is more happily situated
for the cultivation of the natural sciences. Eastward of Delhi,
elevated 1000 feet above the level of the sea, near the extreme
northern limit of that part of the great plain of India which
is included in the valley of the Ganges, within a few miles of
the Sewalik Hills, and within easy range of the great chain of
the Himalayah, the position commands alike the tropical flora
and fauna of the plains of India, the temperate of the snowy
range, and every transitional stage between the two. Dr. Hoyle
possessed the acquirements, through education and self-culture,
the energy of character, and the ardent love of science, to avail
himself to the full measure of these advantages. The public
garden, supported by a native endowment, and laid out after the
simple native geometrical plan, with abundance of fruit-trees and
common flowering plants, was entirely remodelled by the new
superintendent, after the most approved style of English land-
scape gardening. A large addition was made to the number of
species grown, indigenous and exotic ; a scientific arrangement was
introduced ; a conservatory sprung up ; an ample stream of running
water was introduced, which fell into an artificial lake ; in short,
every refined alteration was adopted by which a tame oriental
garden could be converted into a beautifully-planned and useful
scientific institution. The v,'hole was the creation of Dr. Eoyle.
His other duties, including the medical charge of the station of
Saharunpoor, with two hospitals, deprived him of the oppor-
tunities of travelling, necessary for the thorough investigation of
the natural history of so rich a field ; but, to compensate as much
as possible for this drawback, he deputed parties of plant-col-
lectors in successive years to the various mountain provinces in
the neighbourhood, across the snowy range into the Thibetan
boundary of Kunawur; and as far westward as the vaUey of
Cashmeer. By these means he soon amassed a rich and valuable
herbarium. But his natural bent was most strongly exhibited in
the investigation of the properties of plants, and their application
to the wants of man. Eor a considerable time he supplied the
hospitals of Bengal with indigenous drugs, as substitutes for the
expensive articles imported from Europe. He devoted himself
with great success to the identification of the articles now occurring
in the bazaars of the East with the medicines familiar to the

LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXlll

Greeks, as described by Dioscorides and Theophrastus. He inves-
tigated the agricultural resources of the plains of India, with a
view to the improved culture and introduction of various grains,
and of plants yielding fibres and other useful products ; and he
endeavoured to direct attention to the capabilities of the valleys
and slopes of the Himalaya for the growth of tea, which has been
so successfully carried out by his successors. Dr. Royle's principal
work, " The Illustrations of the Botany, &c. of the Himalaya
Mountains," is a storehouse of valuable facts and information,
bearing on all these and other allied subjects, and has been largely
drawn from by every writer of authority who has since devoted
his labours to the properties and uses of plants. The favourable
situation of Saharunpoor provided other tempting fields of
natural investigation, which his ardent zeal would not permit him
to neglect. Single-handed he undertook the severe task (for a
tropical climate) of horary observations of the thermometer dry-
and wet-bulb, and of the barometer, on a single day in each month
throughout the year, besides the regular ordinary observations twice
a day, and by these means attained excellent data for determining
the meteorological conditions of the climate, and fixing one of the
standard stations by which the range of mean temperature over
the continent of India has been ascertained. He made collections
of the mammalia, birds, reptiles, and insects of the northern plains
and mountains of India, in themselves so valuable and extensive
that they furnished materials for two important and distinct me-
moirs, by eminent British naturalists, upon the fauna of India,
contained in his great work before referred to. During his
various journeys through the Himalayan mountains, he carefully
eoUected specimens of all the rocks he met with, marked the
direction and measured the inclination of the strata, ascertained
the elevations of the successive ridges, and the depressions of the
intervening valleys, by barometrical measurement, and recorded
the whole of the observations with such care, that, gleaning
materials from other sources, and aided by Sir Henry De la Beche,
he was enabled to produce a very creditable approximative geolo-
gical section across the chain of the Himalayas, from the plains of
Hindostan on to the snowy range, which was also brought out in
his ' Illustrations.' All these varied and extensive researches
were condensed within the comparatively short period of eight
years. Patient of labour, and self-exacting to the full measure of
his physical powers, he never remitted his exertions, nor yielded
to the enervating effects of a tropical climate. Gifted by nature

LINN. PROC. c

XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OF THE

with a strong frame and a constitution that never failed him, and
which sickness never touched, he toiled on, from first to last, the
earnest and ardent investigator of every natural object that came
within his reach. One incident, connected with Dr. Royle's service
in India, redounds so highly to his scientific credit that it appears
deserving of an honoured record. The first Burmese and other wars
had brought the finances of India to an unusually disastrous state ;
and the home authorities devolved upon the Governor- General,
Lord William Bentinck, the ungrateful task of retrieving the un-
toward position by unpopular measures. B/Ctrenchment the most
ruthless was applied to every department of the public service that
would admit of the process. The medical branch suffered most,
and was struck down at one blow from affluent ease to com-
parative indigence. Dr. Boyle, in his medical relations, suffered
equally with the rest of his brethren ; but the Botanical Garden at
Saharunpore was for the time spared, as an outlying exception.
At last the Go venor- General visited the station with the announced
intention of abolishing the Botanical Garden. It was remote and
unfrequented, and therefore doomed. Dr. Boyle, dissatisfied with
the turn which the service had taken, was on the eve of vacating
his appointment, on promotion to a higher grade, and returning
to Europe to resign the service. Yet so good a show did he make
of sterling, honest, and useful work, and of practical results effected
by the Botanic Garden, that the Governor- General, finding at the
same time that it was supported by a native endowment, was
compelled to abandon the threatened decree for the abolition of
the institution, and the Saharunpore Garden was saved. For this
service Dr. Boyle is entitled to the enduring gratitude of all Indian
naturalists. In 1831 he returned to Europe with a large and valu-
able collection of materials. "With characteristic energy he threw
himself at once upon the investigation of what he had amassed,
and between that period and 1840 he devoted himself chiefly to
the publication of his great work, the " Illustrations of the Botany
and other branches of the Natural History of the Himalaya
Mountains," which is distinguished alike by a very large amount
of original information, and by the most comprehensive, exact,
and useful research. He became a member of all the leading
scientific societies of the Metropolis His election as aEellow of
the Linnean Society dates from 1833 ; and in the same year he
read a Paper " On the Lycivm of Dioscorides," which is printed
in the 17th volume of our ' Transactions.' About the same time
he received from the University of Munich the diploma of a

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV

Doctor of Medicine ; and in 1837 he became a Fellow of the Eoyal
Society, of which he was afterwards for a time a Vice-President.
He also became a Fellow of the Geological Society, in which
for several years he filled the office of one of its Secretaries;
latterly, for several years, he was Secretary of the Horticultural
Society, in the business and well-being of which he always took
the most lively and active interest ; and for several of the later
years of his life he was Secretary of the British Association for
the Advancement of Science. The signal success with which he
had studied the materia medica of the East led to his being
appointed to fill the chair of that branch combined with Thera-
peutics, in King's College, when vacated by the late Dr. Paris ; and
the introductory lecture to his first course in that institution
formed the basis of an essay " On the Antiquity of Hindoo Me-
dicine," published in 1837. About the same time he was united
in marriage to a lady of highly cultivated intellect, daughter
of the late Edward Solly, Esq., who became the earnest and
competent partner of all his subsequent labours : never was a
man of science more fortunate in his domestic ties. In 1840 he
published an "Essay on the Productive Eesources of India," a
work of high importance in an economical point of view, and the
basis of aU that has since been written on the subject. In 1844,
being Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at King's College, he was
requested to publish his introductory lecture " On Medical Edu-
cation;" and in 1847 he published, in a thick 12mo volume, for
the use of his pupils, " A Manual of Materia Medica and Thera-
peutics," which became widely popular, on account of the unusual
pains taken in the elaboration of the botanical and commercial
history of the various substances. A second edition was published
in 1853, and a third in 1856, both in 8vo, the last " revised and
enlarged by F. W. Headland." In the changes which took place
in the Eoyal Society about the year 1847, he took an active part,
and was one of the founders of the Philosophical Club, established
in that year. Besides the societies connected with the cultivation
of natural science, he took an active share in the business of the
Eoyal Asiatic Society, and with habitual energy soon struck out
a new branch of inquiry in it. The 'Transactions' of that learned
body had hitherto been directed chiefly to the languages, history,
mythology, archaeology, and numismatics of the East. At the
instance of Dr. Eoyle, a committee was organized for the investi-
gation of the productive resources of India, and a series of valu-
able communications upon interesting commercial objects, either

c2

XXXVl PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

new or but imperfectly known, emanating from Dr Eoyle, was
the result. The commercial interest of the manufacturing districts
was naturally awakened to these raw products ; and the India-
house became exposed to inquiries upon the subject, to which no
department of that great establishment was at the time com-
petent to give a reply. The natural and inevitable result soon
followed : an oifice, that of " Correspondence relating to the Vege-
table Productions of India," was created for Dr. Eoyle, who had
now resigned his medical appointment ; and Leadenhall Street
henceforth became the centre of his labours and public usefulness.
From this time forward he devoted his whole attention to the
development of the productive resources of the country of his
birth. Having the entire charge of the correspondence in relation
to this most important subject, he was naturally one of the first
to be consulted with regard to the Indian Department of the
Great Exhibition of 1851, on which he furnished a valuable
memoir, which was published in the Appendix No. 3 to the Pre-
liminary Report of the Commissioners. In the management of
this Exhibition he was appointed one of the Local Commissioners
for the City of London, and had the entire charge of the Indian
department. The results of his labours on this occasion are too
well known to render it necessary to dwell on the skill, energy,
and taste which presided over its organization and arrangement.
"When the Great Exhibition of Paris took place in 1855, he was
again selected to superintend the Oriental department, which
was, by his exertions, placed on a scale of truly oriental magni-
ficence. For his eminent services on this occasion he received
from the Emperor the large honorary medal, together with the
decoration of an Officer of the Legion of Honour. Once again
his talents were called into requisition in a similar manner, in the
organization of the Indian Collection at the Exhibition of Art-
Treasures in Manchester in 1857. In the meantime, although
so busily occupied in these exhibitions and in the ordinary duties
of his office, he had published in 1851 an elaborate work " On the
Culture and Commerce of Cotton in India and elsewhere," and
had contributed a series of Articles to the ' Penny Cyclopaedia,' and
to Dr. Kitto's ' Cyclopaedia of Biblical Literature,' and numerous
Notices in different Journals, besides Lectures at the Society of
Arts and elsewhere, among which were two on the Results of the
Great Exhibition, " On the Arts and Manufactures of India,"
" On Indian Fibres, &c." This latter, when the war with Russia
threatened to cut off our supply of the principal fibrous materials

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDOIf. XXXVll

for the navy, was expanded into an important work, entitled
" The Fibrous Plants of India, fitted for Clothing, Cordage, and
Paper: with an account of the Cultivation and Preparation of
Flax, Hemp, and their Substitutes," Lond. 8vo, 1855. The im-
mense collections of Indian products, raw and manufactured, many
of the latter of great interest either as fabrics or as exquisite
models of design, which had been brought together with a view to
these several exhibitions, afforded Dr. Eoyle an opportunity of
pressing upon the authorities of the India House the importance
of forming a museum in Leadenhall Street, where they might be
collectively exposed for the benefit and instruction of the public.
The plan was adopted ; and to carry it out became the great object
of the last year of his laborious and valuable life. He survived
to see the rooms filled, and most of the specimens laid out. The
day before his death, after an interval of confinement for some
weeks, he was again at his post, to urge on the final arrangements
of the museum ; but mortal disease was then upon him, and on
the following morning he was carried off by a sudden sti'oke. He
died at his residence, Heathfield Lodge, Acton, on the 2nd of
January in the present year, and in the fifty -ninth year of his age,
leaving a widow, two sons, and a daughter to bemoan his loss, and
a deep-seated sentiment of respect and regret among a wide circle
of friends.

It would be unjust not to mention, that in the preparation of
this notice I have been largely indebted to the kindness of my
friend Dr. Falconer, who succeeded Dr. Boyle in the charge of the
Botanic Garden at Saharunpore, and was through life one of his
warmest and most intimate friends.

Joseph Smith, JEsq., F.JR.S., well known to many of us as
having filled for a considerable period the office of Treasurer of
theEoyal Society Club, was called to the Bar as a Member of Gray's
Inn, within the precincts of which he continued to live during the
remainder of his life, and where he died on the 26th of May 1857,
at the age of eighty-three. He became a Fellow of the Linnean
Society in 1811, and of the Royal Society in 1819, and was a
constant attendant at the meetings of the latter, until the infir-
mities of age precluded his appearance abroad. He was well
acquainted with British plants, and wrote a memoir on the Guern-
sey Lily, which however has not been published.

The Bev. William Smith, Professor of Natural History in
Queen'' s College, Gorh, was the fifth son of the late Samuel Smith,
Esq., of Balnamere, near Ballymoney, in the county of Antrim,

XXXVm PROCEEDINGS OF THE

and was born on the 12th of January 1808. He received his
collegiate education in the EcPyal Belfast Academical Institution,
and, devoting himself to the ministry, attached himself first to the
Presbytery of Antrim, and afterwards to the Remonstrant Synod
of Ulster. At a very early period of life he was chosen minister
of the Unitarian congregation of Dundee, whence, after the lapse
of a few years, he removed to Bolton in Lancashire, and subse-
quently to Stockport, where he continued in the exercise of his
ministerial functions from 1834 to 1845. Compelled by his health
to seek a milder climate, he became successively pastor of the
congregations in Torquay, Jersey, Cheltenham, Wareham, and
Lewes ; and towards the end of 1854 he was appointed, on the
recommendation of the late Professor Edward Porbes, to the Chair
of Natural History at Cork, which he occupied till his decease.
He was for many years a martyr to the gout ; but his ailment,
although severe, did not preclude the application of his mind to
study ; and in the pursuit of natural history, to which he had
been addicted from his youth, he found both solace from pain and
a pleasing occupation. Although well-versed in the knowledge
of British plants generally, he determined to restrict his more
immediate studies to one particular group ; and his fondness for
microscopical investigation led him to select the Diatomacem as
the family to which his attention should be especially .devoted.
Accordingly he published, in 1853 and 1856, two crovm 8vo vo-
lumes, entitled " A Synopsis of the British Diatomacese," illus-
trated by sixty-nine plates, containing figures of nearly four hun-
dred species of that singular group. The specimens which formed
the materials for this work are now deposited in the British
Museum, and constitute a striking memorial of his industry in
collecting, and patience in determining, objects so minute, but at
the same time so curious and interesting. As a professor, he
soon became exceedingly popular, and his class was one of the
most successful in the college; but his health had long been
declining, and he died on the 6th of October last, after having
occupied the chair only about three years, in the fiftieth year of
his age. He became a Pellow of the Linnean Society in 1847.

Richard Horsmcm Solly, JSsq., was the eldest son of Samuel
Solly, Esq., P.E.S., P.S.A., of Serge Hill, near Abbots' Langley,
Herts, and was born on the 29th of April, 1778, at the house of
his father in Great Ormond Street, which he himself continued
to inhabit until the close of his life. Mr. Samuel Solly was ori-
ginally a very considerable merchant in the Italian and Levant

LINKEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIX

trade, and inherited from hia uncle, Mr. Timothy Holies, the
house in Grreat Ormond Street, together with a handsome legacy
and a museum of curiosities, which descended to our late Fellow,
and contributed, no doubt, to awaken in him that taste for natural
and physical science, and that spirit of inquiry by which he was
through life distinguished. His mother was one of the two
daughters and co-heiresses of Dr. Horsman, an eminent London
physician ; and his school-days were passed at Cheam in Surrey,
under the tuition of Mr. Gilpin, son of the celebrated author of
the work on " Forest Trees." He became a student of Magdalen
College, Cambridge, where he took his degree of M.A. in the year
1800, and was subsequently called to the bar as a member of
Lincoln's Inn. On the death of his father in 1807, he succeeded
to a considerable property, and devoted himself thenceforward to
the indulgence of his inclination for the pursuits of science and
art, and to the cultivation of friendly relations with those Vho
were most eminent in both. He became in the same year a
Fellow of the Eoyal Society, and was early led, by his intimacy with
the late Mr. Thomas Andrew KJaight, at whose house at Downton
he was a frequent visitor, to take a warm interest in the Horticul-
tural Society, of which he continued through life to be an active
supporter. He was also for many years an assiduous promoter of
the Society of Arts and of the E/oyal Institution ; and became a
Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, the Greological, the Zoological
and numerous other Societies. But the subject which more than
any other attracted his attention, was the improvement of the
microscope ; and his patronage and encouragement were liberally
bestowed on those able opticians who contributed so greatly, some
twenty or thirty years since, to the perfection of an instrument,
the importance of which in scientific investigation is daily be-
coming more widely acknowledged. To this recognition was
subsequently due the formation of the Microscopical Society, of
which Mr. Solly, notwithstanding his strong predilection for micro-
scopical studies, became a somewhat reluctant member, inasmuch
as he felt that the microscope was simply an instrument of
research in various branches of science, each of which was already
provided with its own appropriate Society. Of the Linnean So-
ciety he became a Fellow in 1826, and was frequently a member
of our Council, in which his business habits and the activity of
his mind rendered him peculiarly useful, especially in relation to
financial questions. To him we are chiefly indebted for the clear-
ness and simplicity of our balance-sheet and especially of that

Xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE

portion of it which relates to our assets and liabilities ; and as a last
proof of his good-will and of the warm interest which he ever took
in our affairs, I have to record that he has bequeathed to us by
his will a legacy of a hundred pounds, of which his executors have
courteously announced the speedy payment. To many of us he
has been so long known by his constant attendance at our meet-
ings, both scientific and social, by his liberal hospitality, by the
kindliness of his disposition, and by that spirit of universal good-
will which he both felt and inspired, that his loss will leave a
marked vacancy in the ever-narrowing circle of our older friends.
He died at his house in Great Ormond Street on the 31st of
March in the present year, having nearly completed the 80th
year of his age, and was buried on the 7th of April in the New
Cemetery at Woking, Surrey.

The Rev. William Stockdale, M.A., second in seniority on the
list ^ our Members, having been elected a Fellow of the Linnean
Society in the year 1796, died on the 27th of February in the
present year, at Mear's Ashby Hall, near Northampton, in the
91st year of his age. He had been for forty-four years vicar of
East Ashby, and for nearly sixty-two years a Fellow of the
Linnean Society. For many years past I have received from him,
at each recurrence of this Anniversary, a letter expressing his
warm sympathy wdth the Society, and occasionally enclosing a
botanical specimen with a query attached to it, evincing his con-
tinued interest in its pursuits.

William Wood, Esq., F.B.S., was born in Kendal in the year
1774, and was educated for the medical profession. Having com-
pleted his studies at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, in London, under
the tuition of Abernethy, he commenced practice as a surgeon at
Wingham, in the neighbourhood of Canterbury. Attaching him-
self early to the study of Natural History, he became in 1798 a
Fellow of the Linnean Society ; and published, in 1801, in the
sixth volume of our ' Transactions,' a useful Paper entitled " Ob-
servations on the Hinges of British Bivalve Shells," carefully
illustrated by figures from the pencil of Mr. Henry Boys, also an
early Fellow of the Society, and still, I believe, living at Toronto
in Canada West, of the University of which city he has long
been one of the Professors. About 1801 Mr. Wood removed to
London, where he continued to practise his profession until 1815,
when he entered into business as a bookseller in the Strand,
dealing chiefly in books of Natural History, and publishing some
important works in that department of Science. He had pre-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xll

viously, in 1812, become a Fellow of the Eoyal Society, and had
given to the world an English translation of Buffon's " Natural
History," and a work entitled " Zoography, or the Beauties of
Nature displayed in select Descriptions from the Animal and
Vegetable, with additions from the Mineral Kingdom," in three
vols. 8vo. 1807-1811. In 1815 he published the first volume of
a work, entitled " Greneral Conchology ;" but this intended work
subsequently gave place to his " Index Testaceologicus, or a Cata-
logue of Shells, British and Foreign, arranged according to the
Linnean System," commenced in 1818, and completed in 1828.
Of this work, containing about 3000 coloured figures of shells,
" a new and entirely revised edition " was published by Mr. S.
Hanley in 1855. The success of this ' Conchological Index ' in-
duced Mr. Wood to publish, in 1839, on a similar plan, an " Index
Entomologicus, or a complete illustrated Catalogue, consisting of
1944 figures, of the Lepidopterous Insects of Great Britain," of
which also a second edition, " with figures of the newly discovered
species," was given in 1852 by Mr. Westwood. In the meantime
he had also published "Illustrations of the Linnean Genera
Insects," in two vols. 12mo, London, 1821 ; a new edition of
Gustavus Brander's " Fossilia Hantoniensia," 4to, London, 1829 ;
and three 4to parts of "A complete Illustration of the British
Freshwater Fishes, with some account of their Habits." He
quitted business in 1840, and since that time has continued to
reside at Ruislip in Middlesex, at which place he died on the 26th
of May, 1857, in the 84th year of his age, and in the 60th year of
his Fellowship of the Linnean Society. Since his retirement from
business he has been but rarely seen among us ; but this brief out-
line of his industrious and useful career will recall to many of our
older Fellows the remembrance of an honourable and estimable
man, who laboured earnestly for the promotion of natural science.
I[e has left a son, who succeeded him in business, but also retired
a few years ago, and who, it is but justice to add, has considerable
talent as an artist, and had no small share in the production of
some of his father's publications, and especially of the two Indexes
above-mentioned.

Among Foreign Membees our losses have been heavy, amount-
ing to no less than five : —

Charles Jules Laurent Lucien Bonaparte was the eldest son of
Lucien Bonaparte, brother of the first Napoleon, by his second
marriage with Alexandrine, de Bleschamps. He was born at Paris

Xlii PBOCEEDINGS OP THE

on the 14th of May, 1803, and in 1804 accompanied his father
into Italy, and was with him in 1810 on board the vessel in which
he made his unsuccessful attempt to proceed to America. Being
taken prisoners on their passage by an English cruiser, Lucien
and his family were brought to this country, where they passed
several years in the neighbourhood of Ludlow, where the young
Charles first betrayed that taste for natural history by which he
was afterwards so eminently distinguished. After the conclusion
of the peace of 1814, Lucien returned to Italy, and acquired by
purchase from the Apostolic Chamber the principality of Canino,
in the neighbourhood of Yiterbo, while his son Charles took the
title of Prince of Musignano. Residing at Eome for the next
seven years, the young Prince devoted himself with great ardour
to the study of natural history, successively taking up plants,
insects, and vertebrated animals, and finally attaching himself
especially to the class of Birds, which continued through life to be
his favourite study. In 1822 he married, at Brussels, his cousin
Zenaide, the eldest and only surviving daughter of his imcle,
Joseph Bonaparte, who was then residing, under the title of
Count de Survilliers, in the United States, whither Charles Lucien
also soon after proceeded with his youthful bride, and took up his
residence in the neighbourhood of his father-in-law. Here, in
1824, he published the first volume of his continuation of "Wilson's

* American Ornithology,' which was followed by two other volumes
m 1828, and by a fourth in 1833. This important work, together
with the " Grenera of North American Birds," published in the

* Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York,' in
1826 and 1827, at once established his reputation as a systematic
zoologist, and gave evident proof both of his extensive knowledge
of the subject, and of the unwearied industry with which he pur-
sued it. In 1827 he came to England, and was elected, at the early
age of 24, a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society. On his
return to Eome in the following year, he commenced the forma-
tion of a spendid zoological cabinet, and soon after issued the first
numbers of a magnificent work entitled " Iconografia della Eauna
Italica per le quattro classi degli Animali Vertebrati," three vols.
4to, Eome, 1832-42, which forms unquestionably the most com-
plete and elaborate work that is extant on the Vertebrated Eauna
of any country in the world. In 1837 he again visited England,
and communicated to our Society "A new Systematic Arrange-
ment of Vertebrated Animals," which was published in the eigh-
teenth volume of our ' Transactions,' and contained many valuable

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xliii

suggestions in regard to the classification of the Vertehrata. On
the principal element of the primary subdivisions of the class
mammalia first promulgated in this paper, Professor Owen has
recently remarked in our ' Journal,' " that he considers it as the
most important improvement in the classification of mammalia
which has been proposed since the establishment of the natural
character of the Implacental or Ovo-viviparous division." From
this time the Prince became a frequent visitor at the meetings of
the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; and so
strongly was he impressed with the advantages derived from such
meetings, that he laboured long and successfully in the founda-
tion of a similar Association in Italy, the first meeting of which
took place at Pisa, in 1839, where and at the subsequent meetings,
until 1847, he was constantly President of the Zoological Section,
to which he made many interesting communications. By the
death of his father in 1840, he succeeded to the title of Canino ;
and in 1844 he was elected a Corresponding Member of the
Academy of Sciences of the French Institute. He continued to
reside at Kome, occupying himself incessantly with zoological
subjects, until the political events of 1847 rekindled in Italy the
revolutionary spirit, when he threw himself ardently into the
Republican cause, and became President of the Itoman Constituent
Assembly, which position he retained until the Roman Republic
fell before the arms of France. Proscribed in Italy, he retired first
to England, but finally took up his residence at Paris, frequently,
however, visiting this country, especially with a view to the meet-
ings of the British Association. For some years past he had
suffered severely from swellings and ulceration of the legs, which
at last terminated in dropsy of the chest, of which he died, after
much suffering, at his house in the Rue de Lille, at Paris, on the
30th of July, 1857, in the 55th year of his age. By his wife
Zenaide, who died in 1854, he had twelve children, nine of whom
survive him. The number of his works and papers comprised
in the list of the ' Bibliographia Zoologiae ' of the Ray Society,
amounts to forty-nine ; but these extend no lower than 1842, and
consequently contain none of his later zoological writings. The
production of a complete "'Systema Avium " was the great object
of his ambition ; and at this he laboured indefatigably, notwith-
standing his sufferings, to the last hour of his life. The portions
relating to Insessores and Grallatores are already published, and
the remainder is left in MS. ready for publication. A special
work, in continuation of Temminck's splendid Monograph of

Xliv PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Pigeons, of which several numbers have been published, occupied
him up to the time of his death. This extreme ardour in the pur-
suit of science, and the unremitting attention which he devoted to
it, increasing even as his physical powers gave way, were his most
striking characteristics. Confining himself to Vertebrated zoology,
and especially conversant with the class of Birds, which few men
have studied more successfully, his labours have contributed largely
to our knowledge of the faunas of Europe and of North j^merica
in particular, to the improvement of their systematic arrangement,
to the establishment of many well-marked genera, and to the di-
stinction and description of a multitude of new or imperfectly-
known species. Of his conduct in public life it is not my busi-
ness to speak ; but I only echo the general sentiment in saying
that in private he was amiable and estimable, a warm friend, and
an agreeable companion.

Martin Heinrich Karl Lichtenstein, Doctor of Medicine and
Philosophy, Member of the Boyal Academy of Sciences at Berlin^
Director of the Zoological Museum, and Professor of Zoology in
the University of that city, was born at Hamburg, on the 10th of
January, 1780. He devoted himself to the study of medicine,
and took his Doctor's Degree at Helmstadt in 1801. In the
following year he became tutor to the children of General Janssen,
the Dutch Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, and accompanied
him, partly in that capacity and partly as his physician, to Southern
Africa. Soon after his arrival, he was made Surgeon-Major in the
battalion of Hottentot Light Infantry, raised for the Dutch ser-
vice, and was appointed in 1804 one of the Commissioners for
visiting several then unknown parts of the interior, on missions
connected with the outbreak of the war with the native races. In
this capacity he was enabled to collect a great amount of informa-
tion relative to the geography and natural history of the regions
which he visited, and in particular to gratify that ardent inclina-
tion for zoological investigation which had become his ruling
passion. After the capture of the Cape by the English, he
returned to Holland with his patron, bringing with him large
collections and other materials, on which he laboured for several
years, and having settled at Berlin in 1810, commenced his
academical career in the following year as ordinary Professor of
Zoology in the University. The narrative of his African Travels,
published under the title of 'E-eisen im Siidlichen Africa,' two
vols. 8vo, Berlin, 1810-12, added greatly to the reputation which
he had already acquired, and was speedily translated into English

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlv

and other European languages. In 1815 he was appointed First
Director of the Zoological Museum ; and in that capacity pub-
lished, in 1816, an 8vo volume, entitled ' Das Zoologische Museum
der Universitat zu Berlin ; ' and in subsequent years a series of
Catalogues under the title of " Verzeichniss der Dubletten des
Zoologischen Museums, &c.," in which many new species, especially
of birds, were from time to time described. His " Darstellung neuer
oder wenig bekannter Saugethiere in Abbildungen und Beschrei-
bungen," a splendid folio work, published at Berlin from 1827 to
1829, contains figures and descriptions of many important animals
from the collection of the Berlin Museum ; and a multitude of
other works and essays in the 'Transactions ' of the Berlin Academy,
in Wiegmann's 'Archiv,' and in other periodicals, attest his con-
tinued attention to his favourite pursuit nearly to the close of his
long and useful life. Among these, not the least interesting and
instructive are his Commentaries on Marcgrave and Piso, and on
Hernandez, in which he has not only ably illustrated the labours
of those early pioneers of American zoology, but has added much
valuable information derived from the study of the important
collection of which he had the principal charge. In 1826 he
received the order of the Eed Eagle ; in 1835 he was elected a
Foreign Member of the Linnean Society ; and he died suddenly, at
Berlin, in September last, having nearly completed his 78th year.

Johannes Muller, M.D., Professor of Anatomy in the University
of Berlin, Member of the Boyal Academy of Berlin, Foreign Mem-
ber of the Boyal Society of London, and Correspondent of the
French Institute, was born at Coblentz, on the 14th of July 1801,
became Professor at Berlin in 1831, Foreign Member of the
Linnean Society in 1837, and died at Berlin of an apoplectic
stroke on the 28th of April of the present year, in the 57th year
of his age. The news of the death of this great physiologist is so
recent, that I must entreat the Society to excuse my not having
prepared a sketch of his life, which has had too great an influence
on the existing state of science to be treated of without due con-
sideration.

Christian Gottfried Nees von Esenbech, President of the Imperial
Academy " Naturw Curiosorum,'' was born on the 14th of February
1776, and educated at the Psedagogium of Darmstadt, where he
first imbibed a taste for the pursuit of natural history. He studied
medicine at the University of Jena, where he took his Doctor's
Degree, and afterwards established himself as a practising phy-
sician at Frankfort-on-the-Maine. His first botanical publication,

Xlvi PEOCEEDINGS OF THE

* Die Algen des siissen "Wassers nach ihren Entwickelungsstufen
dargestellt,' Bamberg, 1814, 8vo, was speedily followed by a much
more important work in 4to, entitled ' Das System der Pilze und
Schwamme,' Wiirtzburg, 1816. By these works he became so
favourably known, that in 1818 he was appointed Ordinary
Professor of Botany, and Director of the Botanic Garden of the
University of Erlangen, where he published, as an introduction to
his first course of lectures, a ' Synopsis specierum generis Asterum
herbacearum, prsemissis nonnuUis de Asteribus in genere, earum
structura et evolutione naturali,' Erlangse, 1818, 4to, which he
enlarged in 1§32 into a much more important book on the same
subject, under the title of ' Genera et Species Asterearum,'
Vratislaviae, 8vo. In the same year, 1818, he was appointed
editor of the ' Nova Acta Academise Cesarese Leopoldino-Caro-
linae Naturae Curiosorum,' the direction of which he retained, as
President of the Academy, until his death. In 1819 he became
Ordinary Professor of Natural History in the University of Bonn,
where he laboured assiduously, in conjunction with his scarcely
less celebrated brother, Theodor Priedrich Ludwig, in the esta-
blishment of an excellent botanic garden, and where his lectures
were in high repute, until 1831, when he was transferred to the
Botanical Chair of the University of Breslau. Professor Nees
von Esenbeck was not only one of the most laborious, but also
one of the most distinguished systematic botanists of the present
century. His principal botanical publications, besides those
already mentioned, are his ' Handbuch der Botanik,' in two vols.
8vo, Niirnberg, 1820-1 ; his ' Agrostologia Brasiliensis,' forming
the second volume of Professor Von Martius's intended ' Flora
Brasiliensis,' 8vo, 1829 ; his ' Cyperaceae Brasilienses ; ' his ' Na-
turgeschichte der Europaischen Lebermoose,' four vols. 8vo,
1833-38 ; his ' Systema Laurinearum,' 8vo. 1836 ; the " Acan-
thaceae" of DeCandolle's ' Prodromus;' and his "Monograph of
the East Indian Solanece,'' printed in the seventeenth volume of
our ' Transactions.' Besides these, he assisted largely in several
important works, published by his brother and other writers, and
wrote numerous papers in the ' Nova Acta,' and elsewhere. It
is not, however, as a botanist only that he deserved well of natural
history ; as an entomologist also he is well known by his extensive
series of researches on the family of Ichneumonidcd and their allies,
of which his ' Monographic der Ichneumoniden,' two vols. 8vo,
Stuttgard, 1828, and his ' Hymenopterorum Ichneumonibus Affi-
nium Monographiae,' two vols. 8vo, Stuttgard, 1830, contain the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii

most complete resume. But perhaps the greatest service that he
rendered to natural science was in the revival of the German
Academy Naturae Curiosorum, after a repose of twenty-seven years,
and the skill and industry which, for a period of forty years,
he bestowed upon the superintendence of the highly important
series of its ' Transactions ' from the ninth to the twenty-fourth
volumes. He became a Foreign Member of the Linnean Society
in 1827, and communicated to us, in addition to the paper pre-
viously mentioned, " A Descriptive Catalogue of the Graminece
and Cyperacew contained in the Indian Herbarium of Dr. Eoyle,"
the characters of the new genera contained in which are given in
the first volume of our ' Proceedings.' He died at Breslau at the
commencement of the present year, in the 82nd year of his age.

Conrad Jacob Temminck, Member of the Boyal Academy of
Sciences of the Netherlands, and one of the most distinguished
ornithologists of the present century, was born at Amsterdam, of
a good family, on the 31st of March 1778. His father, Jacob
Temminck, was Treasurer of the East India Company ; and he
was himself destined for a mercantile career, his friends obtaining
for him, at the age of 17, an appointment as one of the Vendu-
masters to the Company. In this capacity he had many oppor-
tunities of making himself acquainted with the numerous objects
of natural history brought home by the Company's ships. He
had also the advantage of studying a small collection of birds
made by his father, whose taste for natural history led him to
give such recommendations and other assistance to Levaillant in
his voyage to the Cape of Grood Hope, as induced the latter to
dedicate to him the first volume of his ' Oiseaux d'Afrique.'
Many of the specimens of birds brought home by Levaillant, and
still extant in the Museum at Leyden, were prepared by the
younger Temminck, who acquired great skill in the preservation of
the remains of animals, and especially of fishes, his mode of pre-
paring which became afterwards celebrated under the name of
Temminck' s method. His intimacy with Levaillant contributed
in no small degree to increase his taste for natural history, and is
supposed to have given him that facility in the use of the French
language, both in speaking and writing, which was so useful to
him in after-life ; but his chief instructor in natural science was
Bernhard Meyer, the collaborateur of "Wolf in the well-known
* Taschenbuch der Deutschen Ornithologie,' with whom he was
united by ties of the closest friendship. For some time he busily
occupied himself in the formation of a fine collection of birds and

Xlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

quadrupeds, and first appeared in the character of a writer in
a ' Catalogue Systematique du Cabinet d'Ornithologie et de la
Collection de Quadrumanes de C. J. Temminck ; avec une courte
description des Oiseaux non-decrits.' His next appearance in
print was as the author of the text of the first volume of the
splendid work of Madame Knip, ' Histoire Naturelle des Pigeons,'
Paris, 1808, which was followed by his ' Histoire Naturelle Ge-
Berale des Pigeons et Gallinaces,' Paris, 1813-15, three vols. 8vo.
These works established his reputation as one of the most accu-
rate and laborious of systematic ornithologists, and recommended
him to the notice of the then existing government. King Louis
appointed him one of his Chamberlains, and decorated him with
the Order of Union, which he had just established. After the
expulsion of the French, when the peace of Europe was again
threatened, he became for a short time Captain of a volunteer
corps of cavalry formed in Amsterdam ; but these distractions
withdrew him only for a short time from his favourite pursuits.
In 1815 he published, in one vol. 8vo, his 'Manuel d'Ornitho-
logie, ou Tableau Systematique des Oiseaux qui se trouvent en
Europe,' which was afterwards expanded into four vols. 8vo, Paris,
1835-40, and was illustrated by an atlas by Werner, containing
figures of nearly all the birds described. In this, which must be
regarded as one of his most important works, he attempted to
establish a system differing in many respects from those which
had preceded ; but the accuracy of the descriptions, the extent
and careful elaboration of the synonymy, the detailed observa-
tions on the habits and change of plumage of the birds, and the
attention paid to their geographical distribution especially di-
stinguish this Manual as a most valuable contribution to Orni-
thological Science. His next great work, for which he had long
been preparing, was commenced in 1820, and completed in 1844,
under the title of ' Nouveau E/Ocueil de Planches Coloriees d' Oi-
seaux,' intended as a supplement to the ' Planches Enluminees '
of Buftbn, and containing 600 splendid folio plates. The name of
Baron Meiffren-Laugier is associated with his on the title ; but it
is well known that the Baron had no share in the scientific elabo-
ration of the work. In the same year in which he commenced
this great work, he was named, on the death of Brugman, Director
of the Natural History Museum at Leyden, to which he transferred
his own extensive collection, and which, under his superintendence,
became in a few years equal in many respects, and in some supe-
rior, to the principal Museums in other states of Europe. The

LINiS^EAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix

formation of this immense collection and the publication of his
great ornithological work did not, however, so completely occupy
his time as to preclude him from giving some portion of his atten-
tion to the study of the mammalia; and his two volumes of
* Monographies de Mammalogie,' published in 4to at Paris and
at Leyden, between 1825 and 1841, attest the extent of his ac-
quirements in that department of Zoological Science. His original
predilection for everything connected with the East Indies had
been strengthened and renewed by the acquisition and description
of a multitude of zoological novelties from the Dutch possessions
in the Eastern Islands, and was strongly evinced in his work
entitled ' Coup d'oeil general sur les Possessions Neerlandaises
dans rinde Archipelagique,' 3 tom. 8vo, Leide, 1847-9. JS'or
must I omit to mention the splendid work, in three volumes folio,
published under his superintendence, chiefly by the officers of
the Leyden Museum, under the title of ' Verhandelingen over de
natuurlijke Geschiedenis des Nederlandsche overzeesche bezit-
tingen,' or the important aid given by him to the ' Eauna
Japonica' of Yon Siebold, likewise published under his direction.
His last work, published at Leyden in 1853 and the two follow-
ing years, under the title of ' Esquisses Zoologiques sur la cote
de Gruinee,' affords conclusive evidence that, at the age of 77, his
industry was undiminished, his faculties were unimpaired, and he
continued to enjoy uninterrupted good health ; but in the course
of that year it became evident that his health was suffering, and
he died on the 30th of January in the present year, having nearly
completed his 80th year. He was thrice married, and has left a
widow and three sons by his last marriage. On his first visit to
England, in 1819, he laid before our Society "An Account of some
new species of Birds of the genera Fsittacus and Columla, in the
Museum of the Linnean Society," the greater part of which,
he states, were brought from the south, east, and north coasts
of JsTew Holland by Mr. Brown, who communicated much useful
information derived from his notes. This valuable memoir
was published in the thirteenth volume of our ' Transactions ; '
and in the following year, 1820, M. Temminck was elected a
Eoreign Member of the Linnean Society. Besides the honours
which he received in his own country, he was a Correspondent of
the Academy of Sciences of Paris, of tlie Eoyal Academy of Sciences
of Berlin, of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, and of many
other scientific bodies. He had also received the decorations of
the Lion of the Netherlands, of the Legion of Honour, and of the

LIKN. PBGC, 4

1

PROCEEDINGS OE THE

Portuguese Order of the Conception. Many of his detached
memoirs, in addition to the more important works above quoted,
will be found in the ' Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques,'
in the 'Bijdragen tot de Natuurkundige "Wetenschappen,' in the
' Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke Greschiedenis,' and in the ' Proceed-
ings of the Zoological Society.'

The Secretary also announced that twenty Pellows, two Poreign
Members, and one Associate, had been elected since the last
Anniversary.

At the election which subsequently took place, Thomas Eell,
Esq., was re-elected President ; Francis Boott, Esq., M.D., Trea-
surer ; John Joseph Bennett, Esq., Secretary ; and G-eorge Busk,
Esq., Under- (Zoological) Secretary. The following five Pellows
were elected into the Council in the room of others going out : —
viz. Charles Cardale Babington, Esq. ; William Benjamin Car-
penter, Esq., M.D. ; Charles Darwin, Esq. ; Daniel Hanbury, Esq. ;
and S. James A. Salter, Esq., M.B.

The President nominated Erancis Boott, Esq., M.D. ; Eobert
Brown, Esq., D.C.L. ; Eichard Owen, Esq., D.C.L. ; and William
Wilson Saunders, Esq., Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

In pursuance of the Ee solution of the Special General Meeting
of June 17th, 1856, the Council, on the 24th of June, 1856, in-
vited the Members to enter into a subscription for defraying the
expenses attendant on the Society's removal to Burlington House ;
and the Treasurer now reported the following

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

Thomas Bell, Esq. {President).

£ s. d.

Adams, H., Esq 2 2 0

Alexander, R.C., Esq., M.D. 10 0 0
AnseU, T., Esq., M.D. ..220

Archer, W., Esq 5 0 0

Ashton, R. J., Esq. ...500
Atkinson, W., Esq. ...550
Babington, C.C.,Esq.,M. A. 5 0 0
Baird,W.,Esq.,M.D. ..110
Barlow, Rev, John, M.A. .500
Bedingfeld, Rev. J. ..,110

£50 0 0

£ s. d.
Bennett, J. J., Esq. {Secre-

tary) 20 0 0

Bentham, G,, Esq. . . . 20 0 0

Bentley, R., Esq 5 0 0

Blackwall, J., Esq. . . . 10 0 0
Boott, F., Esq., M.D., Y.P.

{Treasxirer) ..... 20 0 0

Borrer, W., Esq 10 0 0

Botfield, B., Esq 20 0 0

Bowerhank, J, S., Esq. . .20 0 0

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

li

Brisbane, Oen. Sir T. M.,

Bart

Brooke, H. J., Esq. . . .
Brown, R., Esq., D.C.L.,

V.P.

Brydges, Sir H. J. J., Bart.
Buccleuuli, H. &. the Duke

of

BucktoH, a. B., Esq. . .
BiirclieU,W.J.,Esq.,D.C.L.

Busk, G^., Esq

Cautley, Sir P. T., K.C.B. .
Christy, H., Esq. ...
ColHngwood, C, Esq., M.A.

Couch, J., Esq

Cuming, H., Esq. . . .

Currey, F., Esq

Darwin, C, Esq., M.A.
Daubeny, C. G-. B., Esq.,

M.D

Deane, H., Esq

Dickinson, J., Esq. . . .
DiUwyn, L. L., Esq., M.P.
Dyster, F. D., Esq., M.D. .
Edgeworth, M. P., Esq. .

Ewer, W., Esq

Falconer, H., Esq., M.D. .
Ferguson, W., Esq. . . .

Forster, J., Esq

Francis, W., Esq., Ph.D. .
Gamier, Yery Eev. T., D.D.,

Dean of "Winchester . .
Gaskoin, J. S., Esq. . . .
Goderich, Lord Viscount,

M.P .

Gould, J., Esq

HamUton, E., Esq., M.D. .
Hanbury, D., Esq. . . .
Hankey, J. A., Esq. . . .

Hawkes, Rev. H

Henderson, J., Esq. . . .
Henslow, Rev. J. S., M.A. .
Heward, R., Esq. . . .

Hincks, Rev. W

Hogg, J., Esq., M.A. . .
Hooker, Sir W. J., K.H. .
Hooker, J. D., Esq., M.D. .
Horsfield, T., Esq., M.D. .

£ s.

d.

10 0

0

5 0

0

20 0

0

10 0

0

20 0

0

10 10

0

5 0

0

10 10

0

5 0

0

20 0

0

1 1

0

0 10

0

£
2

20
1

11
5

u
5

0

0

2

2

0

20

0

0

5

0

0

2

0

0

20

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

15

0

0

20

0

0

5

0

0

2

2

0

5

0

0

5

0

0

20

0

0

10

0

0

10 10

0

2

2

0

5

0

0

10

0

0

20

0

0

2

0

0

1

1

0

5

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

3

3

0

20

0

0

20

0

0

10

0

0

Howson, Rev. J., M.A. .
Hudson, R., Esq. . .
IlifF, W. T., Esq., M.D. .
Janson, T. C, Esq. . .
Jesse, J,, Esq. . . .
Jones, J. D., Esq., M.D. . 1
Kennedy, B., Esq. ... 5

Kippist, R., Esq 5

Lance, J. H., Esq. ... 2
Lindley, J., Esq., Ph.D. . 20
LyeU, Sir C, M.A., D.C.L. 6
M'Andrew, R., Esq. . . 10
MaUard, Lieut. C, R.N. . 5
Mann, T. W., Esq. ... 2

Miers, J., Esq 20

Miles, Rev. C. P., M.A. . . 5
MitcheU, D. W., Esq. . . 1
Morson, T. N. R., Esq. . . 5
Murchison,SirR.L, D.C.L. 10
Osborn, W., Esq. ... 3
Owen, R., Esq., D.C.L.,V.P. 10
Owen, R. B., Esq., M.D. . 2
Pamplin, W., Esq. ... 1
Peckover, A., Esq. ... 10

Penney, W., Esq 1

Potter, H. G., Esq. ... 5
Pratt, S. P., Esq. . „ . 5
Read, W.H.R., Esq., M.A. 5
Reeves, J. R., Esq. ... 20
Richardson, Sir J., C.B. . 2
Eigby, E., Esq., M.D. . . 10
Rothery, H. C, Esq. . . 10
RusseU, J. W., Esq., D.C.L. 10
Salmon, J. D., Esq. ... 5
Salter, S. J. A., Esq., M.B. 5

Sansom, T., Esq 1

Saunders, W.W., Esq., Y.P. 20
Seemann, B., Esq., Ph.D. . 5
Sheppard, Major E., R.A. . 2
Solly, R. H., Esq. ... 20
Solly,W. H., Esq. ... 5

Spence, W., Esq 20

Stockdale, Rev. W., M.A. . 5
Syme, J. T., Esq. ... 2

Tagart, Rev.E 5

Tagart, F., Esq 5

Taylor, R., Esq. {Under
Secretary) , , » . , 20
d2

s. d.

2 0

0 0

1 0
4 0

0 0

1 0
0 0
0 0

0 0
0 0

0 0

3 0

10 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

10 0

0 0

0 0
2 0

0 0
0 0

0 0

lii

PROCEEDINGS OV THE

Thomson, J., Eeq., M.D.
Thomson, T., Esq., M.D.
Thwaites, G. H. K., Esq.
Townley, J., Esq. . .
Tulloch, J„ Esq, . . .
Van Voorst, J., Esq. .
Vinen, E. H., Esq., M.D.
Wakefield, E., Esq. . .
Wakefield, E., Esq. , .
Ward, N. B., Esq. . .
Waring, E., Esq., M.D.
Watson, H. 0., Esq.
Westwood, J, O., Esq. .

£

s.

cl

1

1

0

20

0

0

3

0

0

2

2

0

5

0

0

10 10

0

1

1

0

5

0

0

10

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

10

0

0

2

2

0

s, d.
1 0

Wheeler, J. L., Esq. . ,
White, Alfred, Esq. ... 10 0 0
Wight, E., Esq., M.D. . . 10 0 0
Windsor, J., Esq. . • . 2 2 0
Wollaston, T. V., Esq, ..500

Woods, J., Esq 5 0 0

Yarrcll, W., Esq. (JMe

Treasurer) ..... 20 0 0
Yates, J., Esq., M.A. . . 20 0 0
Young, J. E., Esq., M.D. .220

Total .

£1108 15 0

June 3rd, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in tlie CKair.

"Woodyer Merricks Euckton, Esq., was elected a Eellow.

The special thanks of the Society were directed to be presented
to Professor Andersson, of Stockholm, for his very acceptable pre-
sent of a cast from the bust of Linnaeus (at the age of 64 years)
in the Meeting-Eoom of the Academy of Sciences at Stockholm.

Eead, first, a Note " On the death of the Common Hive-Eee,
supposed to be occasioned by a parasitic Fungus;" by the Eev.
H. Higgins. Communicated by the President. (See " Zoological
Proceedings," vol. iii. p, 29.)

Eead, secondly, a Paper " On some points in the Anatomy of
Mmiilus 2')or/ipiUus ;'' by T. H. Huxley, Esq., P.B.S. Communi-
cated by the Zoological Secretary. (See "Zoological Proceed-
ings," vol. iii. p. 36.)

Eead, thirdly, " Natural-History Extracts from the Journal of
Captain Denham, H.M. Surveying Vessel ' Herald,' 1857, 1858 ;'*
Communicated by the Hydrographic Office of the Admiralty. (See
*' Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 32.)

Eead, fourthly, a " Notice of the discovery of a gigantic species
of Ug[uisetumj upwards of twenty feet bigh, at Canaloo in the

LTNNEATS^ SOCIETY OP LONBOK.

liii

Andes of Peru;" by Eicliard Spruce, Esq. Comimmicated by'
Dr. J. D. Hooker, E.L.S.

Eead, fifthly, a Note " On the Nidi and habits of a species of
Zumhricus, found in the London Clay near Highgate ;" by J. W.
Wetherell, Esq. Communicated by James Yates, Esq., E.L.S.
(See " Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 31.)

Eead, sixthly, a " Description of AonorpJiojpuSj a new genus of
Crustacea, of the Eamily of JPinnotheridcd ;" by Thomas Bell, Es^.,
President of the Linnean Society.

June 17th, 1858.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The necessary business of the meeting having been disposed of,
it was proposed by the President, and unanimously resolved : —

** That in consequence of the recent death of Eobert Brown,
Esq., Vice-President, and formerly President of the Society,
and in consideration of his long connexion with and eminent
services to the Society and to Natural Science, the meeting
should now adjourn."

In proposing this resolution, the President made the following
observations ; —

Gentlemen, — It becomes my very painful duty to advert for a
few moments to the unspeakable loss which has accrued to science
in general, and to the Linnean Society particularly, since our last
meeting. At that time I could not shut my eyes to the probability
that before we should again meet, science and society would be de-
prived of one who was equally the ornament of both. That event,
as you are well aware, has now occurred, and Bobert Brown is
removed from amongst us. I will not, on such an occasion as the
present, attempt to offer you a formal eulogy on one whom yoii
all knew so well, and loved and respected so warmly. I will not
dwell upon his unequalled attainments in his favourite science,
on the extent and variety of his learning, on his wide and pro-
found research, his acute discrimination, his solid good sense, the

liv PEGCEEDINGS Or THE

quiet reflective wisdom of his decisions on points of doubt and
difficulty, — these and the other qualities of his clear and acute
intellect will hereafter have full justice done to them by an abler
hand than mine. But I cannot suppress the expression of my
deep sorrow at the loss of that warm and kindly heart, that
cheerful and genial spirit, those cordial and benevolent affections,
and that intense love of justice, which combined to render our
departed friend as heartily and warmly loved as he was deeply
respected and revered.

One of our lamented friend's latest acts evinced the unfailing
interest which he continued to the last to take in the welfare of
the Linnean Society. Only a week before his death he placed in
Mr. Bennett's hands, to be given up to the Society, the two bonds
for one hundred pounds each, which he held as security for two
shares of the loan by which we were enabled to purchase the
Linnean collection. You will agree with me that such a proof of
his attachment, on the near approach of his final separation from
us, ought not to be passed over without a grateful record.

I am spared the necessity of detaining you with any longer
detail, by the opportunity of referring you to a beautiful and
touching notice of his great merits which appears in the ' Times '
of this morning, in which you will easily recognize the hand of
one of our most valued members, who knew him perhaps better
'than any other, and by whose unceasing tender and all but filial
devotion, his last days and nights were soothed and comforted
and cheered. The latest moments of that true and affectionate
friend, to what period soever his life may be prolonged, will be
brightened by the hallowed refiection of the peace which he
brought to the dying hours of him whom he so much loved and
revered.

July 1st, 1858.

Special Meeting.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The meeting having been specially summoned for the Election
of a Member of Council in place of Eobert Brown, Esq., Y.P.,
deceased, George Bentham, Esq., was elected a Member of Council
in his place.

LINNBAN SOCIETY OP LONDON. Iv

The President nominated Q-eorge Bentham, Esq., to be a Vice-
President in tlie place of Eobert Brown, Esq., for the ensuing
year.

It was moved by Sir C. Lyell, seconded by Mr. Bennett, and
resolved unanimously : —

"That this Meeting desires most emphatically to record its
deep sense of the eminent services rendered by the late
Eobert Brown, Esq., both to the Linnean Society and to
Botanical Science, by the entire devotion of a long life and
of talents of the highest order, to the promotion of the great
objects for which the Society was formed.

" That it looks back with heartfelt satisfaction to the long period
of sixty years, during which Mr. Brown was connected with
the Society, as an Associate, as Librarian, as a Eellow, as a
Vice-President, and as President ; and is profoundly sensible
of the honour which the Society has derived from its long
and intimate connexion with so great a master in Botanical
Science.

" That while thus recording its high appreciation of the eminent
talents of this great man, and of their successful application
to the pursuits of Natural Science, this Meeting cannot re-
frain from also paying a just tribute to the simple-hearted
benevolence of disposition, the high moral purity of mind,
and the unswerving rectitude of judgment, which formed the
most striking distinctions of his individual character.

" That, influenced by these various considerations, this Meeting
deeply deplores the loss which the Linnean Society and
Natural Science have sustained by the death of so distin-
guished, and at the same time so estimable, a man."

Eead, first, a Letter from Sir Charles Lyell, F.L.S., and Dr. J. D.
Hooker, E.L.S., addressed to the Secretary, as introductory to
the following Papers on the laws which affect the production of
Varieties, Eaces, and Species, viz. : —

1. An "Extract from a MS. work on Species, by Charles
Darwin, Esq., P.E.S., E.L.S., &c., sketched in 1839 and copied
in 1844."

2. An " Abstract of a Letter addressed by Mr* Darwin to
Professor Asa Grray, of Boston, U.S., in October 1857."

3. An " Essay on the Tendency of Varieties, &c. to depart

Ivi PROCEEDING^S Or THE LINNEAK SOCIETY OF LONDOK. '

' indefinitely from the Original Type," by A. E. Wallace, Esq.
(For these Papers, see " Zoological Proceedings," vol. iii. p. 45.)

Read, secondly, " Notes on the Organization of PJiaronis Si])'
pocrepis;'' by P. D. Dyster, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. (See "Trans-
actions," vol. xxii.)

Eead, thirdly, " Observations on the Metamorphosis of Ammo-
ccetus]^^ by — Highley, Esq. Communicated by the President.

Read, fourthly, a " Description of Hanburya, a new genus of
CncurbitacecB ','^ by Perthold Seemann, Esq., Ph.D., E.L.S.

Eead, fifthly, a MS. Memoir by the late Professor Pavon, en-
titled "Nueva Quinologia;" with observations by John Eliot
Howard, Esq., F.L.S.

Eead, sixthly, two Letters " On the Vegetation of the Portu-
guese territories in Western Africa," addressed to William Wilson
Saunders, Esq., Y.P.L.S., by Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch. (See
*' Botanical Proceedings," vol. iii.)

Ivii

ADDITIONS

TO THE

LIBRART OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BECEIVED EEOM JUNE 20, 1857, TO JUNE 30, 1858.

{^Continued from Vol. II. ;page Ivi.]

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies.

Amsterdam: — Kon. Akademie van Wetenschappen.

Yerslagen en Mededeelingen. Afdeeling NatuurTcunde,
deal 5, stuk 2 & 3, & deel 6. Amsterdam, 1856-57, 8vo.

Afdeeling LetterTcunde^ deel 2, stuk 2-4. lb,

1856-57, 8vo. The Academy.

Basel : — Naturforsehende Gesellscliaft. Verhandlungen, heft 4.
Basel, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Batavia: — Bataviaasch G-enootschap van Kunsten en "Weten-
schappen. Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en
Volkenkunde, deel 3-5. Batavia, 1854-56, 8vo.

The Society.
Berlin: —

Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Abhandlungen aus dem Jalire 1856. Berlin, 1857, 4to.
Monatsbericlit ; von Januar — Dec. 1857. lb. 1857-58, 8vo.

The Academy.

Yerein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den K. Preus-

sischen Staaten. Yerhandlungen, Neue Eeihe, jabrg. 4,

heft 2 & 3. Berlin, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Berwickshire Naturalists' Club. Proceedings, vol. 3, no. 7,

and vol. 4, no. 1. London and Alnwick, 1857, 8vo.

The Clup,

Iviii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEABT.

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies (continued).
Bombay : —

Asiatic Society (Bombay Branch). Journal, no. 20. Bom-
bay, 1857, 8vo. The Society.
Hon. East India Company's Observatory. Magnetical and
Meteorological Observations made at, in the years 1854-56.
Bombay, 1856-57, fol. The Company.
Bonn : — Naturhistorischer Verein. Verhandlungen, jahrg. 13,
heft 4, & 14, heft 1. Bonn, 1856-57, 8vo.

The Association.
Boston : —

Anjerican Academy of Arts and Sciences. Memoirs, New
Series, vol. 6, part 1. Cambridge and Boston, 1857, 4to.

The Academy.
Society of Natural History. Proceedings, vol. 5, sheets
21-27, and vol. 6, sheets 1-10. Boston, 1856, 8vo.

The Society.

Breslau: — Imperial Academy "Naturae Curiosorum." Nova

Acta, vol. 23, supplementum. Yratisl. et Bonnse, 1856,

4to. The Academy.

Brussels : — Academic Eoyale des Sciences, &c.

Memoires couronnes, &c. Collection in 8vo : tome 8.

BruxeUes, 1858, 8vo.
Bulletins. 2^ serie, tomes 1-3. 15. 1857, 8vo.
Annuaire. 24^ annee. Ih. 1858, 12mo. The Academy.
Calcutta: — Asiatic Society. Journal, vols. 14-23. Calcutta,
1845-54, 8vo. The Society.

Canada : — Geological Survey. Beport of Progress for the years
1853-56 (with plans of lakes and rivers between Lake
Huron and B. Ottawa). Toronto, 1857, 4to.

SiE W. E. Logan.
Charleston, S. Car. : — Elliott Society of Natural History. Pro-
ceedings, sheets 7-11. 1856-57, 8vo. The Society.
Cherbourg : — Societe des Sciences Naturelles. Memoires,
tome 4. Paris, 1856, 8vo. The Society.

Copenhagen : — Kong. Danske Yidenskarbemes Selskab.
Oversigt i aar. 1856. Kjobenhavn, 8vo.
Supplement aux Tables du Soleil. Ih. 1857, 4to.

The Society.

' Cornwall :— ^B. Cornwall Polytechnic Society. Annual Beport

(24th). Ealmouth, 1856, 8vo. The Society.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBABT. llX.

Titles. Donoes.

AcADiiui^s audi SocTETiEB (continued).
Dublin:—

Greological Society. Journal, vol. 1, parts 2-4 ; vol ii.
parts 1-3 ; and vol. 7, parts 3-5. Dublin, 1834-57, 8vo.

The Societt.
Natural History Society. Journal and Proceedings for
1856-57. Dublin, 8vo. The Society.

Eoyal Irish Academy.

Transactions, vol. 22, part 2. Dublin, 1850, 4to.
Catalogue of the Antiquities of Stone, Earthen, and
Vegetable Materials in its Museum, by W. E. Wilde.
Dublin, 1857, 8vo. The Academy.

Edinburgh : — Eoyal Society.

Transactions, vol. 21, part 4. Edinburgh, 1857, 4to.
Proceedings, no. 47. lb. 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Giessen: — Oberhessischen Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und heil-
kunde. Bericht 4-6. Giessen, 1854-7, 8vo.

The Society.
Gbttingen: — Kongl. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, &c.
Abhandlungen, band 7. Gottingen, 1857, 4to.

The Society.

Halle : — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Sachsen, &c. Zeit-

schrift fiir die gesammten Naturwissenschaften : redigirt

von C. Giebel und W. Heintz. Band 10, heft 7-12.

Berlin, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

Lausanne : — Societe Yaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin,

nos. 38-41. Lausanne, 1856-57, 8vo. The Society.

Leeds : —

Geological and Polytechnic Society of the West Eiding.

Eeport of the Proceedings for 1856-57. Leeds, 1857,

8vo. The Society.

Philosophical and Literary Society. Eeport (37th). Leeds,

1857, 8vo. The Society.

Xii^ge . — Societe E. des Sciences. M§moires, tomes 11 & 13.

Liege, 1856-58, 8vo. The Society.

Lisbon :— Academia E. das Sciencias.

Historia e Memorias. 2* serie, tomo 1-3. Lisboa, 1843-56,

4to.
Memorias : — Nova Serie.

Classe 1*. Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas, e Naturaes ;
tomo 1, parte 1 & 2. Ih, 1854-55, 4to.

he ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBAEY.

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies (continued).

Lisbon: — Memorias — Nova Serie {continued).

Classe 2*. Sciencias Moraes, Politicas, e Bellas Lettras,
tomo 1, parte 1 & 2, and tomo 2, parte 1. Ih. 1854-57,
4to.
Annaes das Sciencias e Lettras.

Classe 1. Sciencias Mathem.-Phys., &c., tomo 1, nos.1-7.

Ih. 1857, 8vo.
Classe 2*. Sciencias Moraes e Politicas, &c., tomo 1,
nos. 1-5. Ih. 1857, 8vo.
Portugalise monumenta historica. Scriptores, vol. 1, fasc. 1.
Olisipone, 1856, fol.

Leges et Consuetudines, vol. 1. fasc. 1. Ih. 1856, fol.

The Academy.
Liverpool : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings,
no. 11. Liverpool, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

London: —
Irt-Union.
Beport of the Council for 1857 ; with a List of the Mem-
bers. London, 1857, 8vo.
Almanac for 1858. Ih. 12mo. The Aet-Fnion.

Athenaeum. List of the Members, 1857 ; and Donations to the
Library in 1854-56. London, 1857, 12mo. The Club.
British Association. Eeport of the 26th Meeting. London,
1857, 8vo. The Associatiois-.

Entomological Society. Transactions. New Series, vol. 4,
part 4. London, 1857, 8vo. The Society.

S-eological Society. Quarterly Journal, vol. 13, parts 2-4,
and vol. 14, parts 1 & 2. London, 1857, 8vo.

The Society.
Geological Survey of Great Britain. Memoirs.

British Organic Eemains; decades 5, 8, & 9. London,

1855-58, 4to.
Mining Ilecords. Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom
for 1853-56 ; by Eobert Hunt, P.E.S. Ih. 1855-57, 8vo.
On the Tertiary Eluvio-marine Pormation of the Isle of
Wight ; by Professor E. Porbes, P.E.S. Ih. 1856, 8vo.
The Iron-ores of Grreat Britain, part 1. Ih. 1856, 8vo.
The Geology of the country around Cheltenham ; by
Edward Hull, A.B., P.G.S., &c. Ih. 1857, 8vo.

Hee Majesty's Goveenment.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAET. Ixi

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies {continued).
London (continued) : —

Medical and Chirurgical Society.

Transactions, vol. 40. London, 1857, 8vo.
Proceedings, vol. 1, no. 3, and vol. 2, no. 1. Ih. 1857-58,
8vo. The Society*

Microscopical Society : — v. Journals.
, Pharmaceutical Society : — v. Journals.
Boyal Society.

Philosophical Transactions for 1856, and parts 1 & 2 for

1857. London, 1856-58, 4to.
Proceedings, vol. 8, nos. 26-31. lb. 1857-58, 8vo.

The Society.
Eoyal Agricultural Society. Journal, vol. 18. London, 1857,
8vo. The Society.

Boyal Astronomical Society.

Memoirs, vols. 25 & 26. London, 1857-58, 4to.
Monthly Notices, vols. 16 & 17. Ih. 1856-57, 8vo.

The Society^
Boyal Greographical Society.

Journal, vol. 27. London, 1857, 8vo.
Proceedings, vol. lj,nos. 9-11, and vol. 2, nos. 1 <fc 2. lb.
1857-58, 8vo. The Society.

Boyal Institution.

Notices of the Meetings, part 7. London, 1857, 8vo.
List of the Members, &c., with the Beport of the Visitors

for 1856. Ih. 1857, 8vo.
Classified Catalogue of the Library, by B. Vincent, Assist.
Sec. Ih. 1857, 8vo. The Institution-.

Society of Arts. Journal, nos. 239-92. London, 1857-58.

The Society.
Zoological Society.

Transactions, vol. 4, part 4. London, 1857, 4to.
Proceedings, nos. 291-95, and 327-49. London, 1856-58,

8vo.
Illustrations to do. for 1855 and 1856., 8vo. The Society.
Madrid: — B. Academia de Ciencias. 3'* serie. Ciencias
Naturales, tomo 2, parte 2. Madrid, 1857, 4to.

The Academy.

Manchester: — Literary and Philosophical Society. Memoirs,

2nd series, yol, 14. Loudon, 1857, 8vo, The Society.

Ixii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAET.

Titles. Donoes.

AcATf^uiEB andt. BociETiBB (continued) .

Montreal: — Natural History Society. Canadian Naturalist
and G-eologist, vol. 2. no. 1. Montreal, 1857, 8vo.

The Society.
, Moscow :^— Societe Imp. des Naturalistes. Bulletin, tome 29,
nos. 2-4, and tome 30, no. 1. Moscow, 1856-57, 8vo.

The Society.
Munich : — Kon. Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Abhandlungen der Mathematisdi-physicalischen Classe,

band 8, abth. 1. Muncben, 1857, 4to.
Gelebrte Anzeigen,-band 42-44. Ih. 1856-57, 4to.

The Academy.

Neustadt-a.-d.-Hayn. : — PoUichia (ein Naturwissenscbaftlicbe

Verein der Bayeriscben Pfalz). Jabresbericbt 14. Neu-

stadt-a.-d.-H., 1856, 8vo. The Association.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne: — Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club.

Transactions, vol. 3, part 3. Newcastle-upon-Tyne,

1857, 8vo. The Club.

New York : — American G-eograpbical and Statistical Society.

Eeports on Syrian Exploration. New York, 1857, 8vo.

The Society.
Paris : —

Academie des Sciences de I'lnstitut. Comptes Eendus,
tomes 44 & 45. Paris, 1857, 4to. The Academy.

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Archives, tome 9, livr. 4.
Paris, 1856-57, 4to.

The Admikisteation of the Museum.

Societe Botanique. Bulletin, tome 2, nos. 3 & 4, tome 4,

and tome 5, no. 1. Paris, 1855-58, 8vo. The Society.

Societe Entomologique de France. Annales, 3*^ serie, tomes

2-5. Paris, 1854-57, 8vo. The Society.

Petersburg : — Academie Imp. des Sciences.

Memoires. 6® serie. Sciences Naturelles, tome 7. St.

Petersbourg, 1855, 4to.
Memoires presentes par divers Savants, tome 7. Ih. 1854,

4to.
CompteiB Eendus, 1852-55. II. 1853-56, 8vo.

The Academy.
Philadelphia : —
Academy of Natural Sciences.

Journal. New Series, vol. 3, part 4. Philadelphia, 1858, 4to.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBART. ixiii

Titles. Donobs.

Academies and Societies {continued).

Philadelphia: — Academy of Natural Sciences {continued).

Proceedings, vol. 8, nos. 6&Q (1856), sheets 1-16 for 1857,

and sheets 1-6 for 1858. Ih. 8vo.
Act of Incorporation, By-laws, &c. lb. 1857, 8vo.

The Academy.
American Philosophical Society.

Transactions. New Series, vol. 11, part 1. Philadelphia,

1857, 4to.
Proceedings, nos. 55 & 56. II, 1856, 8vo. The Society.
Stettin : — Entomologischer Verein.

Entomologische Zeitung, jahrgang 18. Stettin, 1857, 8vo.
Linnsea Entomologica, band 12. Berlin, 1858, 8vo.

The Association.
Stockholm : — Kongl. Yetenskaps-Akademien.

Handlingar for 1854. Afdel. 2. Stockholm, 1856, 8vo.

ny Eoljd. Band 1. Haftet 1. Ih. 1855, 4to.

Ofversigt. Arg. 13. Ih. 1856, 8vo.
Ars-berattelser om Botaniska Arbeten, &c., for 1852-54 ;
af J. E. Wikstrom, & N. J. Andersson, Ih. 1856-57,
8vo.
Berattelse om Eramstegen i Insekternas, Myriapodemas,
&c. Natural-historia for 1853-54, af C. H. Boheman.
Ih. 1857, 8vo. The Academy.

Turin : — E. Accademia delle Scienze. Memorie, serie 2, tomo
16. Torino, 1857, 4to. The Academy.

Vienna: —

E^iserl. Akademie der "Wissenschaften.

Denkschriften. Mathem.-naturw. Classe, band 12-13.

Wien, 1856-57, 4to.
Sitzungsberichte. Mathem.-naturw. Classe, band 20, heft 2
& 3, bd. 21, 22, 23 & 24. Ih. 1856-57, 8vo.

Eegister. zu band 11-20. Ih. 1856, 8vo.

Almanach. Jahrgang 17. Ih. 1857, 8vo.

.The Academy.
K. K. Geologische Eeichs-anstalt. Jahrbiicher, jahrg. 7,
no. 4, & 8, no. 1. Wien, 1856-57, 8vo.

The In^stitute.
Versammlung (32) Deutscher Naturforscher und Aertzte in
Wien, im J. 1856. Tageblatter, nos. 1-8, 4to.

The Imp. Academy or Sciences, Vienna,

Ixiv ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRABT,

Titles. Donohs.

Academies and Societies (continued),
Yienna (continued) : —

Zoologisch-botanischer Yerein.
Yerhandlungen, band 6. "Wien, 1856, 8vo.
Separatabdruck JN'aturwissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen.
lb. 1856, 8vo. The Association.

"Washington : — Smithsonian Institution.

Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 9. Washington, 1857, 4!to.
Annual Eeport of the Board of Eegenta. lb. 1857, 8yo.

The Institution.
Wisconsin, U.S. : — •

State Historical Society. Annual Reports 1 & 2. Madi-
son, 1855-56, 8vo. The Society*
Geological Survey. Annual Report of, by J. Gr. Percival.
Madison, 1856, 8vo.

The State Historical Society, Wisconsin.
University. Annual Report (9th) of the Board of Regents.
Madison, 1857, 8vo.

The State Histoeical Society, Wisconsin.
State Agricultural Society. Transactions, vols. 1-3. Ma-
dison, 1852-54, 8vo. The Society.
Wiirzburg : — Physicalisch-medicinische Gresellschaft. Yerhand-
lungen, band 7, heft 3, & band 8, heft 1-3. Wiirzburg,
1857-58, 8vo. The Society.

Anonymous : —

Leverian Museum, Priced Sale Catalogue of. London,

1806, 8vo. Thomas Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

London Catalogue of British Plants. 5th edition. London,

1857, 8vo. William Pamplin, A.L.S.

Madison (Wisconsin) Directory. Madison, 1855, 8vo ; and

Charter of the City. lb. 1856, 8vo.

Histoeical Society op Wisconsin.

-Acerbi (A.) Travels through Sweden, Finland, Lapland, &c., in
1798-99. 2 vols. London, 1802, 4to.

R. Hudson, Esq., E.R. & L.S.

Acland (H. W.) Note on teaching Physiology in the Higher
Schools. Oxford, 1858, 12mo. The Authoe.

AUis (T.) On the Sclerotic Ring of the Eyes of Birds and Rep-
tiles. York, 1855, 8vo. The Authoe.

additions to the library. ixv

Titles. Donors.

Ambrosi (F.) Flora del Tirolo Meridionale, vol. 1 & vol. 2, punt. 1 .

Padova, 1854-57, 8vo. The Author.

Archer (W.) Original Drawings of Tasmanian OrchidesB. 4to.

W. Archer, Esq., F.L.S.

Baird (W.) Notes on the Food of some Freshwater Fishes, more

particularly the Yendace and Trout. 1857, 8vo. The Author.

CyclopaBdia of the Natural Sciences. London, 1858, 8vo.

The Author.

Bastian (H. C.) Flora of Falmouth and surrounding Parishes.

8vo. The Author.

Bentham (Gr.) Handbook of the British Flora. London, 1858,

12mo. The Author.

Bernouilli (C. G-.) Die Gefasskryptogamen der Schweitz. Basel,

1857, 8vo. The Author,

Binney (A.) and Gould (A. A.) Terrestrial air-breathing Mol-

lusks of the United States, &c., vol. 3. Boston, 1857, 8vo.

The Executors oe Dr. Binney.
Boott (F.) Illustrations of the Genus Carex. London, 1858, fol.

The Author.

Brody (G. S.) Flora of Weston and its immediate Neighbourhood.

"Weston-super-Mare, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Caspary (E.) Ueber den Anatomischen Bau der Casuarinen.

1839, 8vo. The Author.

Ueber Wachsthumsverhaltnisse der Coniferen, 8vo.

The Author.

Zur Kenntniss der Balanophoren. 1849, 4to. The Author.

Ueber die Existenz eines absteigenden Saftes in unseren

einheimischen Baumen. 1852, 8vo. The Author.

Ueber die... kultivirtenllex-arten. 1854, 8vo. The Author,

Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Dracaneen. Breslau, 1854, 4to.

The Author.

Ueber Botanische Museen ; insbesondere ueber das an der

Universitat Breslau. Gterlitz, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Die officinellen Pflanzen unserer Gurten, &c. Ih. 1857, 8vo.

The Author.

Conspectus systematicus Hydrillearum. Berlin, 1857, 8vo.

The Author.
Ueber den Naturselbstdruck. 1857, 8vo. The Author.

Curtis (J.) Observations on the Natural History and Economy of
various Insects, Snails, Slugs, &c., affecting the Clover Crops.
London, 1857, 8vo. The Author.

LINN. PROC. e

Ixvi ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Dahlbom (A. G-.) Studia Zoologica, familias Regni Animalis trac-

tantia, tomus 1. (Fasc. 1-3, and Atlas). Lundae, 1856-57, 8vo.

The Author.
Dalton (J.) New System of Chemical Philosophy, part 1 (2nd
edition). London, 1842, 8vo, and vol. 2, part 1. Manchester,
1827, 8vo.

Meteorological Observations and Essays (2nd edition). Ih.

1834, 8vo.

On the Microcosmic Salt, &c. Ih. 1840-42, 8vo.

The Lit. and Phil. Soc. or Manchester.

Daubeny (C.) Lectures on Eoman Husbandry, delivered before

the University of Oxford. Oxford, 1857, 8vo. The Author.

DeCandolle (A.) Note sur la famille des Santalacees. Greneve,

1857, 8vo. The Author.

Especes nouvelles du genre Thesium. Ih. 1857, 8vo.

The Author.
DeCandolle (A. P. & A.) Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Eegni

Yegetabilis, pars 14, sectio 2. Parisiis, 1857, 8vo.
Delicata (J. C. Grech) Flora Melitensis. Melitse, 1852, 8vo.

The Author.

Duchartre (P.) Observations sur la fanaison des plantes, &c.

1857, 8vo. The Author.

Note sur quelques monstruosites de Tulipa Gesneriana. 8vo.

The Author.
Gasparini (G.) Kicerche suUa Natura dei Succiatori, e la escre-
zione delle Eadici, &c. Napoli, 1856, 4to. The Author.

Gray (A.) v. Torrey.

Gray (A.) Account of the Botanical Specimens collected in Japan,
by S. W. "Williams, Esq., and Dr. James Morrow. 4to.

The Author.

United States Exploring Expedition, in 1838-42, under the

command of Captain H. Wilkes, U.S.N. Atlas to Botany,
vol. 1. New York, 1857, fol. The Author.

Gray (M. E.) Figures of Molluscous Animals, selected from
various authors, vols, 2-5- London, 1850-57, 8vo.

Mrs. Gray.

Henfrey (A.) Elementary Introduction to Vegetable Physiology,

part 2. London, 1858, 8vo. The Author.

Herman (F. B. "W. von) Ueber den Anbau und Ertrag des Bodens

im Konigreiche Bayern. Miinchen, 1857, 4to.

E. Acad, or Sciences, Munich.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAEY. Ixvii

Titles. Donoes.

Heufler (Ludwig, Eitter von) Asplenii species Europsese. "Wien,

1856, 8vo. The Atjthoe.

Instruction fur die Naturforscher der Expedition der K. K.

Eregatte ' No vara,' in Beziehung auf Kryptogamen. 1857, 8vo.

The Authoe.
Hogg (J.) Address to the Tyneside Naturalists' Eield Club. New-
castle-upon-Tyne, 1857, 8vo. The Atjthoe.
Hooker (J. D.) Elora of Tasmania, parts 4-6. London, 1856-57,
4to. The Authoe and Publishee.
Horsfield (T.) and Moore (E.) Catalogue of the Lepidopterous
Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East India Company,
vol. 1. London, 1857, 8vo. The Hon. East India Company.
Howard (J. E.) Examination of Pavon's Collection of Peruvian
Barks contained in the British Museum. London, 1853, 8vo.

The Authoe.

Jekel (H.) Eabricia Entomologica, partie 1 & 2. Parisiis, 1853-54,

8vo. The Atjthoe.

Lettre sur le Barypeithes rufipes. 1855, 8vo. The Atjthoe.

Jenyns (Rev. L.) Observations in Meteorology. London, 1858,

12mo. The Atjthoe.

Johnson (C.) and Sowerby (J. E.) Grrasses of Grreat Britain,

parts 1-9. London, 1857-58, 8vo. J. E. Soweeby, Esq.

Journals ; —

Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Parties Zoologique et Bota-
nique. 4eme serie, tome 6, no. 3-6, tome 7, nos. 1-5, and
tome 8, no. 1. Paris, 1856-57, 8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd series, nos.
115-121 ; and 3rd series, nos. 1-7. London, 1857-58, 8vo.

EiGHAED Tayloe, Esq., E.L.S.

Atlantis : a Register of Literature and Science, no. 1. London,

1858, 8vo. The Editoes.

Botanical Magazine ; edited by Sir W. J. Hooker, K.H., E.E.S.,

and L.S. 3rd series, nos. 151-162. London, 1857-58, 8vo.
Continental Review, vol. 1, nos. 2 & 3. London, 1858, 4to.

The Editoes.

Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette for 1841-57, and

nos. 1-26 for 1858. The Horticultural part edited by Prof.

Lindley. London, fol.

Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany ; edited by Sir

W. J. Hooker, K.H., &c. Nos. 102-7. London, 1857, 8vo.

The Publishee, L. Reeve, Esq., E.L.S.

■ e2

Ixviii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Journals {continued) : —

Limiaea ; herausgegeben von D. F. L. von Schlechtendal. Band

28, heft 4 & 5. Halle, 1856, 8vo. The Editor.

Literary Gazette, new series, nos. 2109-2162. London, 1857-58,

4to. The Publisher, L. Eeeve, Esq., E.L.S.

Natural History Eeview for 1854-57 ; edited by A. H. Haliday,

A.M., and W. H. Harvey, M.D., &c. Yols. 1-4. Dublin,

1854-57, 8vo. The Dublin Unit. Zool. Association.

Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions ; edited by Jacob Bell,

Esq., E.L.S. Nos. 193-204. London, 1857-58, 8vo.

The Editor.
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th series,
nos. 89-104. London, 1857-58, 8vo. E. Taylor, Esq., F.L.S.
Phytologist : new series, nos. 27-37. London, 1857-58, 8vo.

The Publisher, W. Pamplin, Esq., A.L.S.
Provincial Magazine, nos. 5 & 8. London, 1857, 8vo.

The Publisher.

Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science ; by E. Lankester,

M.D., and G. Busk, Esq. Nos. 20-23. London, 1857-58,

8vo. The Microscopical Society.

Zoologist ; edited by E. Newman, Esq. Nos. 179-184. London,

1857, 8vo. The Editor.

Kelaart (E. E.) Introductory Eeport on the Natural History of

the Pearl Oyster of Ceylon. Trincomalee, 1857, 8vo.

The Author.

KoUiker (A.) Untersuchungen zur vergleichende Gewebelehre,

angestellt in Nizza, im Herbste, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Kotschy (T.) ^demone mirabilis ; ein neues Schwimmholtz vom

Weissen Nil. Wien, 1858, 8vo. The Author.

Die Vegetation und der Canal auf dem Isthmus von Suez.

Wien, 1858, 4to. The Author.
Allgemeiner XJeberblick der Nillander und ihrer Pflanzen-

bekleidung. 8vo. The Author.

— Karte des Oberen Nils, mit botanischen Namen versehen.

und Hohen-tableau des Cilicischen Taurus. The Author.

Kuchenmeister (E.) Animal and Vegetable Parasites of the Human

Body: translated from the Grerman by E. Lankester, M.D.,

E.E. & L.S. Vol. 1, Entozoa. London, 1857, 8vo.

The Translator.
Lankester (E.) The Aquavivarium ; fresh and marine. London,

1856, 12mo. The Author.

ADDITIOITS TO THE LIBRARY. Ixix

Titles. Dokors.

Le Conte (J.) On the venomous Serpents of Georgia, part 1,

1853, 8vo. Sib C. Lyell, E.E. & L.S.

Le Hon (H.) Periodicity des grands Deluges, resultant du mouve-

ment graduel de la ligne des apsides de la terre. Bruxelles,

1858, 8vo. The Author.

Leidy (J.) Contributions towards a knowledge of the Marine

Invertebrate Fauna of Bhode Island and New Jersey. Phila*

delphia, 1855, 4to. Sir C. Lyell, F.E. & L.S.

Lindsay (W. L.) On the Structure of Lecidea lugubris, Somm.

The Author.
Lowe (E. J.) Natural History of Perns, British and Exotic,

parts 39-70. London, 1857-58, 8vo. The Author.

Lubbock (J.) Account of the Two Methods of Eeproduction in

Daphnia ; and of the Structure of the Ephippium. London,

1857, 4to. The Author.
Descriptions of eight new species of Entomostraca, found at

Weymouth. London, 1857, 8vo. The Author.

Macaire ( .) On the Direction assumed by Plants. London,

1848, 4to. Sir Charles Lyell, P.H. & L.S.

Martins (C.) Index Seminum Horti Monspeliensis. 1857.

The Author.
Experiences sur la persistance de la vitalite des graines

flottant a la surface de la mer. 1858, 4to. The Author.

Martini (P. H. W.) Neues Systematisches Conchy lien- Cabinet.

Band 1-3, 4to. (Original MS.) Hugh Cuming, Esq., P.L.S.
Martins (C. P. P. von) Denkrede auf Chr. Sam. Weiss. Miinchen,

1857, 4to. E/. AoAD. of Sciences, Munich.

Denkrede auf I. S. C. Schweigge. lb. 1858, 4to.

The Author.
Ueber die Pflanzen-namen in der Tupi-sprache. lb. 1858,

4to. The Author.

Miers (J.) Illustrations of South American Plants, vol. 2. Lon-
don, 1849-57, 4to. The Author.
Miquel (P. A. Gr.) Ehodoleise (Champ.), generis hactenus dubii,

character ; adjecta specie Sumatrana. 1857, 8vo.

The Author.

Nova genera Apocynearum Indicarum. 8vo. The Author.

Moore (T.) Index Pilicum. Nos. 2-4. London, 1857, 12mo.

The Author.

Handbook of British Perns (3rd edition). lb. 1857, 12mo.

The Author.

IXX ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBAEY.

Titles. DoifOES.

Motschulsky (V. de), Ed. Etudes Entomologiques. 4^ et 5* annees.

Helsingfors, 1855-56, 8vo. The Editor.

Miiller (E.) Account of some new Australian Plants. Melbourne,

1857, 8vo. The ArTHOE.

Miiller ( .) TJeber Spliserozoum und ThalassicoUa. 8vo.

SiE Chaeles Ltell, E.E. & L.S.
Nelson (E. G. P.) Contributions to Yital Statistics (3rd edition).

London, 1857, 4to. The Atjthoe.

Newman (E.) The Insect Hunters ; or Entomology in Verse.

London, 12mo. The Authoe.

Nilsson (S.) Prodromus Ichtliyologise Scandinavicse. Lundse, 1832,

8vo. SiE Chaeles Ltell, E.E. & L.S.

Pamplin (W.) and Irvine (A.) Botanical Tour in tbe Highlands

of Perthshire. London, 1857, 8vo. W. Pamplin, A.L.S.

Perley (M. H.) Catalogue (in part) of the Eishes of New Bruns-
wick and Nova Scotia. Eredericton, 1851, 8vo.

SiE C. Ltell, E.E. & L.S.
Portlock (Col. J. E.) Address delivered at the Anniversary Meet-
ing of the Geological Society, Eeb. 20th, 1857. London, 1857,

8vo. The Society.

Pritzel (G. A.) Iconum Botanicarum Index locupletissimus .

Berlin, 1855, 4to.
Quetelet (A.) Observations des Phenomenes periodiques. 4to.

The Authoe.
Eeeve (L.) Conchologia Iconica : Monographs of the genera Avi-

cula, Capsa, Capsella, Psammobia, Psammotella, Sanguinolaria,

and Solatellina. London, 1856-57, 4to. The Atjthoe.

Saunders (W. W.) and Jekel (H.) Descriptions de quelques Cur-

culionites. 1855, 8vo. M. Jekel.

Schleiden (J. M.) Principles of Scientific Botany : translated by

E. Lankester, M.D., E.E. & L.S. London, 1849, 8vo.

The Teanslatoe.
Schonherr (C. J.) Genera et Species Curculionidum. Catalogus ab

H. Jekel recensus. Parisiis, 1849, 12mo. M. Jekel.

Sclater (P. L.) Monograph of the Tanagrine genus Calliste,

part 4. London, 1857, 8vo. The Atjthoe.

Seemann (B.) Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Herald,' under

the command of Captain Kellett, E.N., in 1845-51, part 10.

London, 1857, 4to. The Authoe.

Smith (J.) Catalogue of Exotic and Indigenous Eerns. London,

1857, 8vo. The Publishes, W. Pamplin, A.L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. Ixxi

Titles. Donors.

Smith (J. E.) Scientific Correspondence of, from the time of his
becoming possessed of the Collections of Linnaeus till his death
in 1 828 ; the whole arranged by Lady Smith, and handsomely
bound, in nineteen 4to volumes. Lady Smith.

Smith (W. E.) History of Wisconsin, vols. 1 & 3. Madison,
Wisconsin, 1854, 8vo. Historical Society or Wisconsin.

Sowerby (Gr. B.) Thesaurus Conchyliorum, parts 17 & 18. Lon-
don, 1857-58, 8vo.

Stainton (H. T.), Ed. Entomologist's Annual for 1858. London,
12mo. The Editor.

Stainton (H. T.), Zeller ( .), and Douglas (J. W.) Natural
History of the Tineina, vol. 2. London, 1857, 8vo.

H. T. Stainton, Esq.

Sturm (J. W.) Enumeratio Plantarum Yascularum Cryptogami-
carum Chilensium. Niirnberg, 1858, 8vo. The Author.

Torrey (J.) and Grray (A.) Explorations and Surveys for a Rail-
road Route from the Mississippi to the Pacific. E-eports on
the Botany of the Expedition. Washington, 1857, 4to.

Professor Torrey, E.M.L.S.

Van Leeuwen (J.) Octaviae Querela ; Carmen. Amsterdam, 1857,
8vo. The R. Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam.

Yriese (Gr. H. de) Plantse Indiae Batavae Orientalis, quas in itinere
per Insulas Archipelagi Indici, annis 1815-21, exploravit C. Gr, C.
Eeinwardt,fasc.l. Lugduni-Batavorum,1856,4to. The Author.

Memoire sur le Camphrier de Sumatra et de Borneo. Leide,

1856, 4to. The Author.
Ward (P. O.) Sur I'adoucissement, la purification, &c., de I'eau

des grandes villes. Bruxelles, 1857, 8vo. The Author.

Weddell (H. A.) Chi oris Andina. Essai d'une Plore de la region

Alpine des Cordilleres, &c. Tome 1, livr. 1-7, and tome 2,

Hvr. 1. Paris, 1855-57, 4to. The Author.
Monographic de la famille des Urticees {conclusion). lb.

1856-57, 4to. The Author.

Wollaston (T. V.) Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of

Madeira in the Collection of the British Museum. London,

1857, 8vo. J. E. Gray, Esq., Ph.D., F.L.S.
Wirtgen (P.) Plora der Preussischen Eheinprovinz, und der

zunachst angranzenden Gregenden. Bonn, 1857, 12mo.

The Nat. Hist. Soc. of Bonn.
Wrottesley (Lord) Address read at the Anniversary Meeting of
the Royal Society, Nov. 30th, 1857. London, 1857, S-vo.

The Royal Society.

Ixxii

DONATIONS

TO THE

MUSEUM OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

[Continued from vol. ii. page Ivii.]

Donations. Donoes.

Specimens of Shells, &c., £pom Wilson's Promontory ; and dried
specimens of Banksia Cunninghamii, S. integrifolia, var. apJileha,
and Hahea carinata, from Australia Pelix. Dr. F. Muller.

Dried Specimens of about 150 species of Madeira Plants ; together
with an entire plant of Monizia edulis, gathered in Madeira
in 1856, by N. H. Mason, Esq., F.L.S.

Dried Specimens of Ghrysocoma LinosyriB, from Weston-super-
Mare, in 1857 ; and of Paonia corallina, gathered in flower, on
the Steep Holmes Island, in May 1857.

Charles Tomkins, Esq., M.D., E.L.S.

Specimens of Kolreuteria paniculata, in fruit ; ripened during the
autumn of 1857, in Chelsea Grarden. T. Moobe, Esq., E.L.S.

Specimens of the Emit of Ailantus glandulosa, and of Hibiscus
syriacus, ripened at Stoke Newington during the autumn of
1857. E. KippiST, Libr. L.S.

Eollicles of StepTianotis florihunda and PJiysianthus alhens ; pro-
duced during the past summer in the garden of Mrs. Eox, of
Grove Hill, near Ealmouth. Mrs. Eox.

Cones and Leaves of Ceratozamia meccicana S , of Zamia furfura-
cea 2 , and Z. cylindrica 5 , from the Conservatory at Lauder-
dale House, Highgate. Jas. Yates, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S., &c.

Dried Specimens of the Eronds, and sections of the Stems, of
several arborescent Eerns from New Zealand.

T. S. Ealph, Esq., A.L.S.

Specimen of Dryobalanops Camphora, from Sumatra.

Dr. deYriese.

Drawing of the Blue Mountain Waratah {Telopea speciosissima,
E. Br.). George Suttor, Esq., E.L.S.

Cast from a Bust of Linnaeus in the Meeting-room of the Academy
of Sciences, Stockholm ; taken at the age of 64 years.

Prof. Andersson, of Stockholm.

Cast of a Bust of the late Dr. Pereira, E.E.S., E.L.S.; by
Mc Dowell. Mrs. Pereira, through Jacob Bell, Esq., E.L.S.

Cast of a Medallion Portrait of Thomas Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S. ;
by Tupper. A Eellow of the Society.

Portrait of N. B. Ward, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S. ; painted by J. P.
Knight, Esq., E.A. The Subscribers.

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

On the Importance of an Examination of the Structure of the
Integument of Crustacea in the determination of doubtful
Species. — Application to the genus Galathea, with the De-
scription of a New Species of that G-enus. By Spence Bate,
Esq., E.L.S.

[Read January 21, 1858.]

Or the various genera of Decapod Crustacea none are more inter-
esting, or more difficult of description, than those which constitute
the family G-alatheadse.

The interest attaching to these forms arises from the interme-
diate position which they occupy in the natural arrangement of
the class, their structure placing them between the Macrura and
Brachyura ; in accordance with which we find that, whilst Pro-
fessor M.-Edwards classes them among the Macrura, Professor
Bell, in his work on the British Crustacea, places them (more
correctly, as we think) in the intermediate group of Anomura.

This opinion is fully borne out both in the development of the
animals and in their structure in the adult state.

The early form of the larva bears, anteriorly, a resemblance to
the Brachyural type, whilst the caudal appendages assimilate to
those of the Macrura. The same conditions obtain in the young
of Anomura. At the time of birth, the larva, like that of the
Brachyura, has only the two gnathopoda developed, whilst the

LTNN. PROO. ZOOLOGY. 1

2 Mil. SPENCE BATE OK THE IMPORTAKCE OE EXAMINATION

termination of the tail is like that of a fish, as in the Macrura.
In the adult, the internal antennae possess short flagella and com-
plementary appendages, such as exist in the order Brachyura,
whilst the external antennae have the long and slender flagella
proper to the Macrura. The scale, however, commonly appended
to the external antennae in the latter order is wanting, a circum-
stance which exhibits a relation to the Brachyura.

An examination of the legs shows that the coxae are fused with
the thorax, as in the Brachyura, and not articulated with it as in
the Macrura, whilst, on the other hand, the posterior division
and caudal termination approach the Macrural type more nearly
than that of the Brachyura, the animal thus assuming a cha-
racter intermediate between the two orders.

But in the description of the several species of the genus Gala-
tJiea, a peculiar difficulty appears to arise, originating in the affinity
which they bear to each other. So close, in fact, is the approxi-
mation, that the descriptions of the best writers will scarcely avail
for the distinction of the individual species without the assistance
of figures. This arises from the fact that the general characters,
upon which the descriptions are based, vary, in this genus, only in
their comparative degrees of development.

In the three species recognized in Professor Bell's work on the
British Crustacea, it will be found that each species retains the
same characters in greater or less degree.

Galathea strigosa is peculiar for the spinous character of the
carapace and cheliform legs. Every spine, however, is repeated
in both the other species, only less developed. We. find the
rostrum furnished with four lateral teeth on each side, a character
which also exists in each of the other species ; and although close
observation may detect a slightly different arrangement in the
relative position of these teeth, the differences are not of sufficient
importance to enable a naturalist thence to derive a specific dis-
tinction, unless the peculiarity is seconded by some more unqua-
lified character less liable to be affected by any peculiarity of
condition.

In order to arrive at more certain residts in the identification
of species, we think that the microscopic examination of the sur-
face of the integument will be found peculiarly useful.

This mode of examination of species may also be applied to a
considerable extent throughout the Crustacea generally with great
advantage ; and if found valuable in recent, there can be no doubt
that it will prove of far greater importance in extinct forma, where

OF THE INTEGUMENT OF CRUSTACEA. 3

parts on which the identification of species usually rests are lost,
and fragments only of the animal obtainable.

It should be borne in mind that, as the structure in question
undergoes modifications more or less considerable in different parts
of the animal, it will always be advisable to compare the corre-
sponding parts with each other.

Applying this test to the known species of Galathea^ we perceive
that the structure of the integument upon the arms, independent
of the marginal spines, exhibits a squamiform appearance, but
that the scales, which characterize the structure, possess features
peculiar to each species.

In Qalathea strigosa the scales are convex, distant from each
other, smooth at the edge, and fringed with long hairs. In G.
squamifera they are convex, closely placed, scalloped at the
edge, and without hairs. In G. nexa the scales are obsolete, tufts
of hair representing the supposed edges. In G. depressa^ n. sp.,
the scales are broad, less convex than in G. strigosa and G. squa-
mifera^ smooth, closely set, and fringed with short hairs. In G.
Andrewsii they are small, distant, very convex, tipped with red,
and slightly furnished with hair.

As another instance of the practical application of the micro-
scopical examination of the surface, I would refer to two species
of Amphipoda, classed by Leach under the name of Gammartis
Locusta, from his inability to assign them any separate specific
characters. In the structure of their integuments, however, these
two forms will be found to exhibit widely different microscopical
appearances.

Again, there exists in the same group three or four species, the
description of any one of which would apply to either of the others ;
and it is probable they would never have been ranked as separate
species had not their habitats been geographically distant. Thus
GammartLS Olivii, M.-Ed., G. qffinis, M.-E., G. Kroyii, Eathke, and
G. gracilis, H., can only be specifically determined by a micro-
scopic examination of the integument.

The same may be said of other Amphipoda, such as TTrothoe
inostratus, Dana, from South America, which so nearly resembles
in form the IT. elegans of the British shores.

Galathea dispersa, mihi.

G. rostro brevi, dentibus 4 utrinque ornato, 2 anterioribus minoribus ;
pedibus anterioribus elongatis, sparse spinosis ; chelarum digitis
parallelis.

1*

^ MB. SMITH S CATALOGUE OF IITMENOPTEROUS INSECTS

Galathea with short rostrum, armed on each side with 4 teeth, the two
posterior being less important than the two anterior. The fingers of
the chelae impinge through their whole length ; outer margin of the
hand furnished with 3 or 4 small spines.

Hab. Trawling-ground, Plymouth, common; Moray Frith, Scotland.

This species unites G. Andrewsii with G. nexa, and, I think, has
often been mistaken for the young of the latter ; but G. nexa,
so far as my experience goes, is a species peculiar to the north of
England, whereas G. dispersa, I anticipate, will be found to be the
most universally dispersed, in deep water, of any of the species
known. It can always be detected from G. nexa by the form of the
hand and the manner in which the fingers impinge : in G. nexa the
hand is broad tow^ards the extremity, and the fingers meet only at
the apex ; in G. dispersa the hand gradually narrows to the apex,
and the fingers meet each other through their whole length, the
inner margin of the finger being finely serrated, the thumb not.

It also may be distinguished from G. Andrewsii by the breadth
of the hands, which are narrow and round in G. Andrewsii, and
moderately broad and flat in G. dispersa.

By an examination of the texture of the integument under a
magnifying power of low degree, the surface of G. dispersa will be
seen distinctly to differ from that of any of the others ; it is covered
w^ith flat scales, fringed with short cilia. The length of the animal,
including the arms, is about 2| inches.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected at Celebes by Mr.
A. E. Wallace. By FredeeiCk: Smith, Esq., Assistant in
the Zoological Department, B^ish Museum. Communicated
by W. W. Satjndees, Esq., F.E.S., E.L.S.

[Eead April 15th, 1858.]

This collection of the Hymenoptera of Celebes is specially inter-
esting, as adding greatly to our know^ledge of the geographical
range of many well-known species, while the additions made to
the Fossorial group contain many of great beauty and rarity. A
new species belonging to the tribe of Solitary Wasps, Odynerus
clavicornis, is perhaps the most interesting insect in the collection ;
this Wasp has clavate antennae, the flagellum being broadly dilated
towards the apex, convex above and concave beneath. I am not
acquainted with any other insect belonging to the Vespidious
group which exhibits such an anomaly.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 5

Fam. ANDEENID^,, Leach.
Gren. Sphecodes, Latr.

1. Sphecodes insularis. S. niger, abdominis segmentis primo
secundo et tertio (basi) rubris ; alls hyalinis.

Male. Length 3^ lines. Head and thorax black, closely and strongly
punctured ; the face below the antennae with silvery- white pubescence;
the joints of the flagellura submoniliform ; the mandibles ferruginous.
Thorax : the tegulse pale rufo- testaceous, wings hyaline, the nervures
ferruginous ; the metathorax coarsely rugose ; the articulations of the
legs and the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen : the first, second, and base
of the third segments red, the apical ones black, very finely and
closely punctured, with the apical margins of the segments smooth
and shining ; a black spot in the middle of the basal segment.

Hab. Celebes.

Gren. NoMiA, Latr.

1. NoMiA PUNCTATA. N. nigra nitida punctata, alis nigro-fuscis.
Male. Length 4^ lines. Shining black : head and thorax coarsely

punctured, the metathorax ruggedly sculptured, truncate at the apex,
the truncation and sides smooth with a few fine punctures ; the ab-
domen closely and rather finely punctured, the apical margins of the
segments smooth and shining. The tips of the mandibles, the tarsi
and apex of the abdomen rufo-testaceous, the wings fuscous.
Hab. Celebes.

2. NoMiA FLAViPES. N. nigra pedibus flavis, abdomine cinereo fas-
ciato, alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 3^ lines. Black ; the face and cheeks densely clothed
with short cinereous pubescence, the vertex thinly so; the margins
of the prothorax, mesothorax and scutellum with a line of pale
ochraceous pubescence, the disk of the thorax thinly covered with
short pubescence of the same colour, the emargination of the meta-
thorax as well as its sides with longer pubescence of the same colour ;
the base of the abdomen and basal margin of the second and following
segments covered with short cinereous pubescence. The flagellum
beneath fulvous; the mandibles ferruginous. The legs reddish-
yellow, with the coxae and base of the femora black; the wings
hyaline ; the tegulae yellow, the nervures pale testaceous.

Hab. Celebes.

3. NoMiA FORMOSA. JV. capite thoraccquc nigris ; abdomine chalybco ;
marginibus apicalibus segmentorum caeruleo fasciatis.

Female. Length 5^ lines. Head and thorax black and very closely
punctured ; the face covered with griseous pubescence ; the clypeus
with a central longitudinal carina. Thorax : the apical margin of the
prothorax, the margins of the scutellum, and the sides of the meta-

6 MB. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects

thorax covered with a dense short ochraceous pubescence ; the disk
of the thorax thinly sprinkled with short black hairs ; the posterior
tibiae obscurely ferruginous; the tarsi ferruginous; thelegs coveredwith
bright golden-yellow pubescence ; wings subhyaline, the nervures fer-
ruginous ; the tegulae yellow with a fuscous stain in the middle. Ab-
domen obscurely chalybeous, closely punctured, the two basal segments
strongly so ; the apical margins of the segments with smooth shining
narrow blue fasciae.

Male. Closely resembling the female, but with the legs black; the
posterior femora incrassate, the tibiae narrow at their base and broadly
dilated at their apex, which, as well as the calcaria, are pale testaceous.

This species closely resembles a species from North China, N. chaly-

beata, Westw. MS., from which it is readily distinguished by the form

of the fourth ventral segment, which is notched in the middle,

rounded, and then emarginate with the lateral angles rounded; in the

species from China the margin is arched, and fringed with fulvous

pubescence.

a.

4. NoMiA HALI0TOIDES. N. nigra, pube cinerea tecta, abdominis
segmentis intermediis pube alba fasciatis.

Female. Length A\ lines. Black ; head and thorax opake, and thinly
clothed with cinereous pubescence, that on the disk of the thorax and
margin of the scutellum slightly ochraceous. The flagellum fulvous
beneath, the mandibles ferruginous at their apex ; the tarsi ferruginous,
wings hyaline, nervures fuscous, stigma testaceous. Abdomen shining,
delicately punctured; the basal margins of the second, third, and
fourth segments with a band of cinereous pubescence, attenuated in
the middle.

Hah. Celebes.

Fam. DASTGASTE^.

1. Megachile incisa. M. nigra, rude et dense punctata, facie fulvo
pubescente; alis fuscis, segmentis abdominis marginibus multo de-
pressis.

Male. Length b^ lines. Black ; closely and strongly punctured, the
punctures confluent on the abdomen. The face clothed with fulvous
pubescence. The tarsi obscurely rufo-piceous, the claws ferruginous ;
wings dark fuscous, their base hyaline. Abdomen : the apical mar-
gins of the segments smooth, impunctate, their basal margins very
deeply depressed ; a deep fovea at the tip of the apical segment ; the
head, thorax, and abdomen clothed beneath with short cinereous
pubescence.

Hab. Celebes.

2. Megachile fulvifrons. M. nigra, delicatule punctata; facie
dense fulvo pubescente ; thoracis lateribus abdomineque subtus fulvo
pubescentibus ; fasciis marginalibus abdominis fulvis.

COLLECTED AT CELE13ES. /

Female. Length 7 lines. Black ; head and thorax closely punctured,
the abdomen delicately so and shining ; the mandibles stout, with two
acute teeth at their apex, shining and covered with oblong punctures;
the face, sides of the thorax, and abdomen beneath, densely clothed
with fulvous pubescence ; the apical margins of the segments of the
abdomen above with narrow fasciae of short fulvous pubescence ; the
abdomen in certain lights has a metallic tinge.

The male is similarly clothed to the female, the margins of the seg-
ments are deeply depressed, and that of the apical segment slightly
notched in the middle.

Hab. Celebes.

3. Megachile terminalis. M. nigra, capite thoraceque dense
punctatis ; abdoraine pube nigra vestito ; segmentis duobus apicalibus
pube alba vestitis ; alis fuscis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Black; the face with tufts of black pu-
bescence above the insertion of the antennae ; mandibles very stout,
with an acute tooth at their apex, the inner margin subdentate, and
covered with fine cinereous pubescence. Thorax with black pu-
bescence at the sides of the metathorax; the wings dark fuscous.
Abdomen clothed with black pubescence ; the fifth and sixth segments
clothed with ochraceous pubescence above, that on the sixth nearly
white.

Hah. Celebes.

This species resembles the M. ornata ; but when viewed beneath, the
dififerent colour of the pollen-brush at once separates them.

Q-en. Cekatina, Bpin.

L Ceratina viridis, GWr. Icon. Reg. Ann. AAA. t. 73. f. 6.
Hah. India (Bengal, N. India), Ceylon, Celebes, China.

2. Ceratina hieroglyphica. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. ii. 226.

Hah. Northern India, Celebes, Phihppine Islands, Hong Kong.

Fam. DENUDAT^.

1. Stelis ABDOMiNALis. S. dense punctata, capitc thoracequc nigris,
abdomine ferrugineo ; alis nigro-fuscis violaceo iridescentibus.

Male. Length 5 lines. Head and thorax black, abdomen ferruginous ;

head and thorax strongly punctured, the scutellum very strongly so ;

the sides of the face and the anterior margin of the face fringed with

white pubescence. The posterior margin of the scutellum rounded ;

wings dark brown with a violet iridescence. Abdomen ferruginous

and closely punctured.
Hah. Celebes.

2. CcELioxYS FULViFRONS. C. nigra, rude punctata, facie pube fiilva
vestita ; alis fuscis cupreo iridescentibus.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; the head and thorax with large con-

MB. SMITH S CATA.LOaUE OF HYMENOPTEEOUS INSECTS

fluent punctures ; the face clothed with fulvous pubescence. Thorax :
a stout tooth on each side of the scutellum at its base ; wings dark
brown with a coppery effulgence, subhyaline at their base ; beneath
clothed with short cinereous pubescence. Abdomen : elongate, co-
nical ; closely punctured, with the apical and basal margins of the seg-
ments smooth ; the apical segment with a tooth on each side at its base
and four at its apex ; beneath the margins of the segments fringed
with pale pubescence ; the apical margin of the fourth segment notched
in the middle j the fifth entirely clothed with pale pubescence.
Hab. Celebes.

Fam. SCOPULIPEDES.
Gen. Anthophoea, Latr.

1. Anthophora zonata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 955. 19.
Hab. India, Ceylon, Malacca, Sumatra, Borneo, Philippine Islands,
Hong Kong, Shanghai, Celebes.

Gren. Xtlocopa, Latr.

1. Xylocopa fenestrata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 339. 6. S .
Hab. India, Celebes.

2. Xylocopa sestuans, Linn. Syst. Nat. 961. 53.
Hab. India, Java, Singapore, Celebes.

3. Xylocopa Dejeanii, St. Farg. Hym. ii. 209. 59.
Hab. Java, Borneo, Sumatra, Celebes.

4. Xylocopa coUaris, St. Farg. Hym. ii. 189. 26.
Hab. India, Sumatra, Malacca, Borneo, Celebes.

5. Xylocopa nobilis. X. nigra, pube nigra induta; abdominis basi
pube flava, apice lateritio.

Female. Length 11 lines. Black; a narrow line of pale fulvous pu-
bescence on the margin of the thorax in front, a patch of the same
colour on each side of the metathorax, and the basal segment of the
abdomen covered above with similar pubescence ; the apical margin
of the third and fourth segments, and the fifth and six entirely, covered
with bright brick-red pubescence; the wings black, with coppery
iridescence.

Hab. Celebes.

Fam. SOCIALES.

1. Apis zonata. A. nigra, thoracis lateribus dense ochraceo pu-
bescentibus; aUs fumatis; abdomine nitido, segmentis secundo
tertio quartoque basi niveo pubescentibus.

Worker. Length 8-8^ lines. Black ; the head and thorax opake, the
abdomen shining; the clypeus smooth and shining, the flagellum
rufo-piceous beneath; the anterior margin of the labrum narrowly,

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 9

and the apex of the mandibles, ferruginous ; the face with a little fine
short cinereous pubescence above the insertion of the antennae ; the
vertex with long black pubescence ; the eyes covered with short black
pubescence. Thorax : the sides with ochraceous pubescence ; wings
smoky, the superior pair darkest at their anterior margin beyond the
stigma. Abdomen : a snow-white band at the basal margin of the
second, third, and fourth segments, the bands continued beneath, but
narrower.

Hab. Celebes, Philippine Islands.

Specimens of this species denuded of their white bands would approach
the A. unicolor of Latreille ; but that insect is described as having the
anterior wings black ; in the present species both pairs are of the same
smoky colour, not approaching black.

Earn. MUTILLID^.

Gen. MuTiLLA.

1. Mutilla sexmaculata, Swed. Nov. Act. Holm. viii. 286. 44. ? .
Mutilla fuscipennis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 436. 35. <? .

Hab. India (Punjaub, &c.), China, Java, Celebes.

2. Mutilla unifasciata. Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. iii. p. 38.
Hab. India, Celebes.

3. Mutilla rufogastra, St. Farg. Hym. iii. 629. 61. <J.
Hab, India, Celebes.

4. Mutilla volatilis. M. nigra, rude punctata et pubescens ;
capite abdomineque nitidis, alis fusco-hyalinis.

Male. Length 5-6 hues. Black. Head and thorax very coarsely punc-
tured; head and disk of the thorax punctured; the metathorax
opake, with a central abbreviated channel and covered with large
shallow punctures ; the eyes notched on their inner margin ; wings
fuscous and iridescent; the tegulse smooth and shining. Abdomen
shining and rather finely punctured ; the basal segment narrow and
campanulate; the margins of the segments thickly fringed with
silvery-white hair; the cheeks, sides of the thorax, and beneath the
legs and abdomen with scattered long silvery-white hairs.

Hab. Celebes.

Fam. SCOLIADJE, Leach.
Gen. ScoLiA, Fabr.

1. Scolia erratica, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iii. p. 88. 10.
Scolia verticalis, Burm. Abh. Nat.-Ges. Halle, i. 37. 61.
Hab. India, Sumatra, Celebes.

2. Scolia aurulenta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iii. p. 102. 80. (nee Fabr.).
Hab. Philippine Islands, Celebes.

10 MR. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects

3. Scolia fimbriata, Burm. Abh. Nat.-Ges. Halle, i. p. 32. 24.
Hab. Java, Celebes.

4. Scolia dimidiata, Gu&. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. pt. 2. p. 248.
Hab. Senegal, Celebes.

5. Scolia TERMINATA. S. nigra, clypeo mandibulisque flavis, thoraee
flavo variegato, alis hyalinis, abdomine flavo quinque-fasciato, api-
cisque marginibus flavis.

Male. Length 5 lines. Black; the clypeus, labium, and mandibles
yellow J the former with a triangular black spot in the middle ; the
latter ferruginous at their apex. The posterior margin of the pro-
thorax, the tegulae, a transverse curved line on the scutellum, and a
spot on the postscutellum yellow; the anterior and intermediate
tarsi, tibiae, and knees, and the posterior tibiae outside, yellow ; a black
line on the intermediate tibiae beneath, and the apical joints of the
tarsi fuscous; wings hyaline, the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen
brightly prismatic; the margins of all the segments with a narrow
yellow fascia, those on the second and third segments terminating at
the sides in a large rounded macula ; the fascia very narrow or obli-
terated on the sixth segment ; the fasciae on the second and third
segments continued beneath.

Hab. Celebes.

6. Scolia agilis. S. nigra, mandibulis clypeoque flavis, alis fiilvo-
hyalinis, abdomine prismatico flavo quadrifasciato.

Male. Length 8 lines. Black and punctured, with thin long griseous
pubescence ; the vertex, disk of the thorax, and the abdomen shining ;
the mandibles and clypeus yellow, the latter with a black bell- shaped
spot in the middle ; wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures ferruginous ;
the tibiae with a yellow line outside. Abdomen beautifully prismatic ;
the first and three following segments with a yellow fascia on their
apical margins, the second and two following much attenuated in the
middle, or the fourth interrupted.

Hab. Celebes.

7. Scolia fulvipennis. S. nigra, antennis capiteque supra basin
antennarum rubris, alis fulvo-hyalinis.

Male. Length 7 lines. Black ; the antennae and the head above their
insertion ferruginous, the scape black, the head coarsely punctured.
Thorax : coarsely punctured ; the mesothorax with an abbreviated
deeply impressed line in the middle of its anterior margin ; wings
fulvo-hyahne, the nervures ferruginous ; the apex of the wings slightly
fuscous, the anterior pair with two submarginal cells and one recurrent
nervure. Abdomen : shining, punctured, and prismatic.

Hab. Celebes.

8. Scolia Alecto. S. nigra, capite supra basin antennarum rubro ;
alis nigris violaceo micantibus.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES, 11

Female. Length 14 lines. Black and shining; head red above the
insertion of the antennae, very smooth and glossy, with a few punctures
at the sides of and in front of the ocelli ; antennae black ; the man-
dibles with a fringe of ferruginous hairs on their inferior margin.
Thorax : smooth on the disk, which has a few scattered punctures at
the sides j the scutellum punctured and shining ; the thorax in front
and the metathorax with black pubescence, the latter widely emar-
ginate at the verge of the truncation, the lateral angles produced ;
wings black with a bright violet iridescence. Abdomen punctured,
with the middle of the second, third, and fourth segments smooth and
shining in the middle ; the first segment with a smooth shining carina
at its base slightly produced forwards, the abdomen with a slight
metallic lustre. The wings with one marginal and three submarginal
cells, and one recurrent nervure.

Male. Smaller than the female, and differs in having the clypeus red
and the red colour running down behind the eyes, the antennae
longer, and the abdomen with a bright metallic iridescence.

Hah. Celebes.

9. ScoLiA MiNUTA. S. nigra, abdominc iridcscente, scgmcntorum mar-
ginibus apicalibus flavo fasciatis, alis subhyalinis iridescentibus.

Male. Length 4 lines. Head and thorax black and shining, with scat-
tered pale pubescence ; the mandibles and clypeus yellow, the latter
with an anchor-shaped black spot. Thorax : the posterior margin of
the prothorax and the anterior and intermediate tibiae and tarsi yellow ;
a minute yellow spot on the postscutellum yellow; the wings sub-
hyaline, the nervures fusco-ferruginous. Abdomen : the apical mar-
gins of the segments with a narrow yellow border, the second and
third uniting with a lateral spot ; the sixth segment immaculate ; the
apex pale testaceous.

Hob. Celebes.

Tarn. POMPILID^, Leach.

\. Pompilus analis. Fair. Syst. Piez. p. 209. 42.
Hab. India, Java, Ceylon, Celebes.

2. Pompilus saltitans. P. niger, pedibus subferrugineis, protho-
racis margine postica flava; alis flavo-hyalinis, apice fuscis, abdomine
pilis cinereis fasciato.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black and thinly covered with ashy pile.
The scape, labrum, mandibles and palpi ferruginous; the clypeus
widely emarginate anteriorly. The posterior margin of the prothorax
angular and with a yellow border ; the scutellum prominent, covered
on each side with a dense silvery-white pile, the postscutellum with
two spots of the same; the wings flavo-hyaline, their apex with a
broad dark-fuscous border, the nervures ferruginous, the tegulae yellow ;
the posterior wings palest ; legs pale ferruginous, the coxae black with

12 ME. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects

their tips pale ; the apical joints of the tarsi blackish, the spines of
the legs black. Abdomen : the first, second, and third segments with
a fascia of silvery-white pile at their basal margins ; the apex of the
abdomen ferruginous.
Hab. Celebes.

3. PoMPiLUS CONTORTUS. P. nigcr, cinereo-pilosus, prothorace flavo
postice marginato ; alis subhyalinis, marginibus apicalibus fuscis, pe-
dibus subferrugineis.

Female. Length 5^ lines. Black; the head, thorax, and four basal
segments of the abdomen covered with ashy pile ; the first and second
segments with their apical margins naked. The scape yellow in front j
the flagellum beneath, the labrum, mandibles and palpi ferruginous ;
the joints of the antennae arcuate, particularly the apical ones ; the
apex of each joint is oblique, giving the antennae a twisted appear-
ance. Thorax : the posterior margin of the prothorax angular and
with a broad yellow border ; the scutellum compressed and prominent ;
wings subhyaline with a broad fuscous border at their apex, the tegulae
yellow ; legs pale ferruginous, with their coxae and trochanters black ;
the apical joints of the tarsi fuscous. Abdomen with a yellow macula
at the tip.

Hab. Celebes.

4. PoMPiLUS PILIFRONS. P. nigcr, facie argenteis pilis dense tecta ;
thorace abdomineque flavo raaculatis, alis subhyalinis, apice fuscis.

Female. Length 4| lines. Black ; the face densely covered with silvery-
white pile J a narrow line at the inner orbits of the eyes, the palpi and
mandibles yellow ; the latter ferruginous at their apex. The posterior
margin of the prothorax rounded and yellow ; a minute yellow spot on
the mesothorax touching the scutellum, the thorax and abdomen
covered with a changeable silky pile; the wings subhyaline, their
nervures fuscous, a broad dark fuscous border at the apex of the
superior pair. A transverse spot on each side of the basal margin of
the second and third segments, and an emarginate fascia on that of
the fifth, yellow.

5. PoMPiLUS DECEPTOR. P. rufcscenti-flavus ; vertice nigro, alis an-
ticis apice fuscis.

Male. . Length 6 lines. Pale reddish-yellow ; the antennae slightly
dusky above; a black transverse stripe on the vertex between the
eyes, and another issuing from it in the middle and passing beyond
the ocelli. Thorax : a black stripe on each side of the mesothorax
over the tegulae ; the wings subhyaline, the nervures ferruginous, the
superior pair fuscous at their apex. Abdomen immaculate.

Subgenus Peiocnemis.
1. Priocnemis RUFiFROiNS. P. nigcr ; facie, antennis, tibiis tarsisque

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 13

ferrugineis, alis fulvo-hyalinis ; abdominis segmento apicali flavo uni-
maculato.

Female. Length 9^ lines. Black ; the face above the clypeus, as high
as the anterior ocellus, reddish-yellow ; the extreme edge of the cly-
peus, the labrum and base of the mandibles ferruginous ; the antennae
reddish-yellow. Thorax : fulvo-hyaline, with a dark fuscous border
at the apex; the knees, tibiae and tarsi reddish-yellow j the two
latter spinose. Abdomen : gradually tapering to an acute point at
the apex, the sixth segment with an elongate red spot.

Hub. Celebes.

Subgenus Agenia.

1. Agenia blanda, Guer. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. pt. 2. p. 260.

2. Agenia. BiMACULATA. J.nigra, cinereo-pilosa, clypeoplagisduabus
flavis ; antennarum articulis apicalibus, tibiis tarsisque anticis et inter-
mediis femoribusque posticis ferrugineis; alis subhyalinis, nervuris
nigris.

Female. Length 7 lines. Black, and covered with ashy pile ; a large
macula on each side of the clypeus, the mandibles and palpi yellow ;
the base and apex of the mandibles rufo-piceous ; the flagellum pale
ferruginous, more or less fuscous above towards the base. Thorax :
the posterior margin of the prothorax arched ; the anterior and inter-
mediate tibiae and tarsi and the femora at their apex beneath, also
the posterior femora, pale ferruginous; the wings subhyaline, the
nervures dark fuscous. Abdomen : the apical margins of the segments
obscurely and narrowly rufo-piceous, the apex ferruginous.

Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Maceomebis, St. Farg

1. Macromeris splendida, St. Farg. Hym. iii. 463. 1. 3 .
Hab. India, China, Malacca, Borneo, Java, Celebes.

G-en. Mtgnimta, Smith.

1 . Mygnimia iridipennis. Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 98.
Hab. Celebes, Borneo.

This insect, a female, is 5 lines larger than M. iridipennis ; but I can
point out no other distinction beyond a shght difference in the colour
of the wings : the specimen from Boraeo has a metallic bluish-green
iridescence, the Celebes insect has a violet iridescence; notwithstand-
ing which I am inclined to regard them as one species.

2. Mygnimia fumipennis. M. aurantiaco-rubra, alis obscure fuscis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Orange-red ; the anterior margin of the cly-
peus entire ; the labrum produced, its anterior margin widely emar-
ginate ; eyes large, black and ovate. Thorax : the posterior margin

14 MR. smith's catalogue of htmenopterotjs insects

of the prothorax rounded ; the mesothorax with a longitudinal fuscous
stripe on each side, widest anteriorly ; the metathorax truncate ; above,
transversely striate ; the tibiae and tarsi spinose ; wings dark fuscous,
with a pale semitransparent macula at the base of the second discoidal
cell and a dark fuscous macula beyond ; the insect entirely covered
with a fine orange-red downy pile.
Hab. Celebes.

Fam. SPHEGID^.

1. Sphex prjedator. S. niger, rude punctatus, facie pube fulva ves-
tita; alis fuscis cupreo iridescentibus.

Male. Length 10^ lines. Black ; the head and thorax opake. Abdo-
men shining blue-black. The face with silvery pile on each side of
the clypeus, and sprinkled with erect black hairs. Thorax : the pos-
terior margin of the prothorax with a line of silvery pubescence ; the
metathorax with a short light-brown pubescence at the apex, and
thinly clothed with black hairs ; wings dark brown, with a brilliant
violet iridescence. Abdomen blue-black, smooth and shining.

Hab. Celebes.

2. Ammophila insolata. a. nigra, scapo mandibulis, pedibus, ab-
dominisque segmentis primo et secundo ferrugineis ; alis subhyalinis.

Female. Length 8^ lines. Black ; the scape, the base of the flagellum
beneath, the anterior margin of the clypeus and the mandibles ferru-
ginous ; the latter black at their apex. Thorax : the prothorax smooth
and shining; the meso- and metathorax above transversely striated,
the scutellum longitudinally so ; the legs ferruginous, with their coxae
black J a spot of silvery-white pubescence on each side of the meta-
thorax at its base, and two at its apex close to the insertion of the
petiole ; the wings fulvo-hyaline with the nervures ferruginous. Ab-
domen : the petiole and the following segment red, the base of the
third also slightly red ; the three apical segments obscurely blue, with
a thin glittering pile.

The male differs in having the legs black, their articulations only being
ferruginous ; the head entirely black with the face densely covered
with silvery- white pile. The thorax is sculptured as in the other sex ;
the petiole more elongate and slender, the basal joint black, the
second and the first segment ferruginous beneath ; the rest of the
abdomen blue.

Hab. Celebes.

Gen. Pelop^us, Latr.

1. Pelopaeus Madraspatanus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 203. 3.
Hab. Malabar, Madras, Nepaul, Bengal, Celebes.

2. Pelopaeus Bengalensis, Dahlb. Syst. Nat. i. 941. 2,

Hab. India, Philippine Islands, China, Isle of France, Celebes.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 15

3. PELOPiEUS INTRUDENS. P. niger ; clypeo bidentato, tibiis anticis
et intermediis, femorumque apice, femoribusque posticis basi, tro-
chanteribus, tibiarum dimidio basali, petioloque rufescenti-flavis ; alis
fulvo-hyalinis.

Female. Leugth 1] lines. Black; the face with silvery pubescence;
the clypeus with two large blunt teeth at its apex, formed by a deep
notch in its anterior margin ; the scape reddish-yellow in front. The
meso- and metathorax transversely striated ; the wings fulvo-hyaline,
the nervures ferruginous; the anterior and intermediate tibiae and
the femora at their apex, the posterior femora at their base, the
trochanters, the tibia; with their basal half and the middle of the
basal joint of the posterior tarsi, reddish-yellow; the petiole of the
abdomen of a paler yellow ; the abdomen smooth and shining. The
male only differs in being rather smaller.

Hab. Celebes.

Mr. Wallace says of this species, " A common house-wasp in Macassar ;
builds mud cells on rafters."

Note, — In describing the species of this genus collected by Mr. Wallace
at Borneo, I incorrectly gave that locality for P. javanus. The insect
mistaken for that species may be shortly characterized as P. benignus,
length 12 lines. Opake-black, with the petiole shining ; the meta-
thorax transversely striated ; the wings pale fulvo-hyaline, the ner-
vures ferruginous ; the scape in front, the anterior and intermediate
tibiae, the apex of the femora, and the basal joint of the tarsi reddish-
yellow ; the posterior legs, with the trochanters and basal half of the
femora, yellow.

4. PELOP.EUS FLAVO-FASCiATUS. P. uigcr ; capitc thoraceque flavo
variegato ; pedibus abdominisque basi ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis, apice
fuscis, abdominisque segmento tertio fascia lata flava ornato.

Female. Length 9 lines. Black ; the clypeus yellow ; the mandibles
and scape ferruginous, the former black at their base, the latter
yellow in front; the sides of the face with a bright golden pile.
Thorax : the posterior margin of the prothorax, the tegulse, scutellum,
and a quadrr.te spot on each side of the metathorax at its base
yellow ; the legs ferruginous, with the coxae, trachanters, and claw-
joint of the tarsi black ; wings fulvo-hyaline, the nervures ferrugi-
nous, a fuscous spot at the apex of the anterior pair; the meso- and
metathorax transversely striated, the latter with a yellow spot at the
insertion of the petiole. Abdomen : the petiole slightly curved up-
wards, the first segment ferruginous; a broad yellow fascia at the
apex of the third segment, the apex of the fourth with a narrow
obscure fascia; the abdomen covered with a fine silky pile.

Hab. Celebes.

Earn. BEMBICIDiE, Westw.

1. Bembex trepanda, Dahlb. Hym. Europ. i. p. 181.

Hab. India, Celebes.

16 MR. smith's catalogue of htmenopterous insects

Fam. LAEEID^.
Genus Larra, Fdbr.

1. Larra prismatica. Smith, Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 103.
Hah. Malacca, Celebes.

Genus Larrada, Smith.

1. Larrada aurulenta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 276. 6.
Sphex aurulenta, Fabr. Mant. i. 274. 10.

Hab. India, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Philippine Islands, China, Cape
of Good Hope, Gambia.

2. Larrada exilipes. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. p. 278.

3. Larrada ^edilis. L. nigra; facie argenteo-pilosa, alis sub-
hyalinis, articulis apicalibus tarsorum rufo-testaceis, abdomine laevi
et nitido.

Female. Length 5^- lines. Black; head and thorax subopake, the
abdomen shining; the face densely covered with silvery pile, the
cheeks, sides of the thorax and abdomen thinly so ; the tips of the
mandibles and apical joints of the tarsi ferruginous, the latter ob-
scurely so. The metathorax transversely and rather finely rugose,
the truncation more strongly striated ; the scutellum shining ; the
wings subhyaline, the nervures ferruginous ; the tibiae with scattered
spines, the tarsi spinose.

4. Larrada aurifrons. L. nigra; facie mesothoracis metatho-
racisque lateribus aurato pubescentibus, abdominis marginibus seg-
mentorum triura basalium argentato piloso fasciatis ; alis fuscis.

Male. Length 8 lines. Black ; the face and outer orbits of the eyes
clothed with golden pile ; the lateral margins of the mesothorax and
the metathorax thinly clothed with golden pile ; wings dark fuscous
with a violet iridescence; the three basal segments of the abdomen
with fasciae of silvery pile.

Hab. Celebes.

5. Larrada personata. L. capite thoraceque nigris, abdomine
ferrugineo.

Female. Length 8^ lines. Head, thorax, and legs black ; the two
former closely punctured and thinly covered with short cinereous
pubescence ; the metathorax with the punctures running into trans-
verse striae in the middle ; the sides of the thorax and the legs with a
fine silky silvery-white pile ; the tibiae and tarsi strongly spinose ;
wings fusco-hyaline ; abdomen entirely red, smooth and shining.

The male is smaller, and has the four apical segments of the abdomen
black, the face, cheeks, and apical margins of the segments of the
abdomen with silvery pile.

Hab. Celebes.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 17

This is probably merely a variety of L. simillima, wanting the black
apex to the abdomen ; it very much resembles the L. anathema of
Europe.

6. Larrada rufipes. L. nigra, mandibulis pedibusque rufis; alis
hyalinis, venis pallide testaceis ; abdomine sericeo-piloso.

Female. Length 7 lines. Black ; the head smooth and shining ; the
clypeus, the cheeks, and face anteriorly, covered with silvery pile ;
the scape in front, the mandibles, and palpi ferruginous. Thorax :
the sides and beneath with a thin silvery-white pile ; the legs ferru-
ginous with the coxae black, the posterior pair red beneath; the
thorax closely punctured, the metathorax transversely striated ; wings
fulvo-hyaline, the nervures pale-testaceous. Abdomen shining, very
closely and delicately punctured; thinly covered with a fine white
silky pile, which is very bright on the margins of the segments, which
are slightly rufo-piceous.

The male closely resembles the female, and is similarly sculptured and
coloured.

Hab. Celebes.

7. Larrada festinans. L. nigra; facie abdominisque marginibus
segmentorum argentato-pilosis.

Female. Length 3 lines. Black ; the face and cheeks thinly covered
with silvery pile. Thorax : the disk very closely punctured, the
metathorax rugose; the sides and the legs with a fine glittering
sericeous pile, the wings subhyaline, their apical margins fuscous, the
nervures fuscous. Abdomen smooth and shining, covered with a thin
silky pile, the apical margins with bright silvery fasciae, only observable
in certain lights.

The male closely resembles the female, but has the face more silvery.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Moephota, Smith.

I. MoRPHOTA FORMOSA. M. capite thoraceque nigris ; abdomine rufo,
apice nigro, pilis argentatis ornato.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black, with the two basal segments of the
abdomen red ; covered with a brilliant changeable silvery pile, most
dense on the face, cheeks, sides of the metathorax, and on the apical
margins of the abdominal segments. The mandibles ferruginous, with
their apex piceous. The vertex smooth, and having three distinct
ocelli ; the head more produced behind the eyes than in Larrada.
Thorax : the prothorax subtuberculate at the sides ; wings subhyaline
and iridescent, the nervures fuscous, the tegulae pale testaceous
behind. The apical margin of the first segment of the abdomen rufo-
fuscous.

Hab. Celebes. '

The insects belonging to the genus Morphota difi^er from those of
Larrada in having three distinct ocelli, the vertex without any depres-
LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY. 2

18 MK. SMITH S CATALOGUE OF HTMENOPTEEOUS INSECTS

sions, and the head much less compressed than in Larrada ; the
recurrent nervures are received nearer to the hase and apex of the
second submarginal cell; the species have, in fact, a distinct habit, and
do not assimilate with the species of Larrada.

Q-enus Tachttes, Panz,

1. Tachytes morosus. T. niger, scutello abdomineque nitidis, facie
argenteo-pilosa ; marginibus lateralibus abdominis segmentorum
argentatis.

Female. Length 4^ lines. Black ; the face covered with silvery pile ;
the thorax finely and very closely punctured ; the metathorax opake
and finely rugose, thinly covered with cinereous pubescence; the
anterior tarsi ciliated on the exterior, and the intermediate and pos-
terior tibiae with a few dispersed spines; wings fusco-hyaline and
iridescent, the nervures fusco-ferruginous, the costal nervure black.
Abdomen smooth and shining ; the apical margins of the intermediate
segments slightly depressed, with the sides sericeous.

Fam. CEABEONIDtE.

Genus Oxybeltts, Latr.

1. Oxybelus agilis. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 387- 2b.
Hab, India, Celebes.

Genus Ceabro, Latr.

1. Crabro (Rhopalum) agilis. C. obscuro-nigra, clypeo argentato,
capite, thorace abdomineque flavo variis.

Female. Length 4 lines. Black, opake; head larger than the thorax,
quadrate ; the ocelli in a curve on the vertex ; the clypeus and lower
portion of the cheeks with silvery pile ; the scape, two basal joints
of the flagellum, the palpi, and the mandibles, yellow; the latter
rufo-piceous at their apex. The margin of the prothorax, the
tubercles, the scutellura, the tibiae and tarsi, the anterior femora and
the intermediate pair at their apex yellow ; the anterior femora black
above ; the wings subhyaline and iridescent, the nervures testaceous.
Abdomen : with an elongate clavate petiole ; the first segment with
an oblique yellow macula on each side, the third with a large lateral
macula at its base, and the following segments entirely yellow.

Hab. Celebes.

This species closely resembles the C. Westermanni of Dahlbome, from the
Cape of Good Hope.

Genus Cerceris, Latr.

\. Cerceris instabihs. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 452. 74.
Hab. India, China, Celebes.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 19

2. Cerceris unifasciata. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 456. 84.
Hab. North China, Celebes.

3. Cerceris fuliginosa, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. iv. 454. 79-
Hah. Celebes.

4. Cerceris varipes. C. nigra, facie flavo varia; alis fuscis basi
hyalinis ; pedibus variegatis ; abdomine flavo maculato.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; a line down the inner orbits of the eyes,
continued along the lower margins of the face, and uniting with the
elypeus, which as well as a line above it between the antennae are
yellow J a spot on the scape in front, and the mandibles, yellow ; the
latter rufo-piceous at their apex. Thorax : a spot on each side of the
prothorax, a minute one on the tegulse ; the postscutellum, the inter-
mediate and posterior coxae and trochanters, the anterior tibiae behind,
the femora beneath, and the intermediate and posterior tibiae yellow ;
the femora reddish above and at their articulations; the posterior
femora and tibiae black, with the tarsi rufo-testaceous ; the anterior
wings and the apex of the posterior pair brown, the base of the
anterior pair hyaline. Abdomen: the second and three following
segments with a short yellow stripe on each side.

Hab. Celebes.

' Tribe YESPJD^.
Fam. EIJMEISriD^, Westw.
Genus Zethus, Fahr.
1. Zethus cyanopterus, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. 23. 2.

Genus Montezumia, Satcss.

1. Montezumia Indica, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. supp. 167. 59. t. 9.

f. 4.
Hab. India, Celebes.

Genus Ehtnchium, Spin.

1. Rhynchium haemorrhoidale, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. 109. 12.
Vespa hsemorrhoidalis, Fahr. Syst. Piez. p. 259. 28.

Hab. India, Java, Cape of Good Hope, Celebes.

2. Rhynchium argentatum, Sau^s. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. 115. 22.
Vespa argentata, Fahr. Syst. Piez. p. 260. 39.

Hab. India, Celebes.

3. Rhynchium atrum, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. i. 109. 11.
Hab. India, Celebes.

4. Rhynchium parentissimum, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. p 111. 14. —
Var. JR. heemorrhoidale"?

Hab. India, Java, Celebes.

2*

20 MR. smith's catalogue of hymenopterous insects

Genus Eumenes.

1. Eumenes circinalis, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 286. 4.
Hab. India, Sumatra, Celebes.

2. Eumenes fulvipennis. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. v. 24. 26.
Hab. Celebes.

3. Eumenes vindex. E. niger, flavo variegatus, alls subhyalinis
irideseentibus.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; strongly punctured and shining ; a
minute spot behind the eyes, another in their emargination, the
clypeus, with two minute spots above it, a spot at the base of the
mandibles, and the scape in front yellow. Thorax : a subinterrupted
line on its anterior margin, the tubercles, a spot on the tegulae behind,
and the legs yellow ; the coxse, femora at their base, and the posterior
tibiae outside dusky ; wings light brown and iridescent, the anterior
margin of the superior pair darkest. Abdomen delicately punctured;
.the apical margin of the first segment with a narrow yellow border
slightly interrupted on each side ; the apical segments with a thin
cinereous pile.

Hab. Celebes.

4. Eumenes architectus. E. niger, clypeyo, prothoracis margine
postscutello abdorainisque segmenti primi margine flavis.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black and closely punctured ; a line behind
the eyes near their vertex, a spot between the antennae and the
clypeus, yellow ; the latter black at the apex, which is notched ; the
labrum and mandibles reddish-yellow, the latter black at their base.
Thorax : the anterior margin yellow ; the tubercles, tegulae, post-
scutellum, an interrupted line on each side of the metathorax, the
tibiae, tarsi, and femora at their apex, yellow ; the coxae spotted with
yellow and the posterior tibiae dusky ; the wings fusco-hyaline ; a
black line across the tegulae. Abdomen : an ovate spot on each side
of the petiole, its apical margin, a transverse ovate spot on each
side of the first segment, and its posterior margin yellow ; the following
segments covered with a grey silky pile.

Male. Differs from the female in having the clypeus entirely yellow,
the metathorax and abdomen entirely black ; only the apical margin
of the petiole is yellow, it is also longer.

Hab. Celebes.

5. Eumenes floralis. ^. niger; clypeo flavo ; thorace pedibusque
ferrugineo-flavo variegatis.

Male. Length 6| lines. Black ; strongly punctured and shining ; the
clypeus and a spot above yellow ; a narrow abbreviated line behind
the eyes, a minute spot in their emargination, and the tips of the man-
dibles orange- red ; the flagellura fulvous beneath. Thorax : the
anterior and posterior margin of the prothorax, the tubercles, and a

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 21

spot on the tegulae behind, a line on the postscutellum and the legs,
orange-red, the coxae black, and the tarsi dusky ; the wings slightly
brownish with a violet iridescence. Abdomen immaculate, with a
minute spot on the posterior border of the petiole j the third and
following segments with a fine cinereous pile.
Hab. Celebes.

Crenus Odynerus, Latr,

1. Odynerus ovalis, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. 215. 122. t. 19. f. 4.
Hab, India, China, Celebes.

2. Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) clavicornis. O. niger, flavo
varius ; capite thoraceque fortiter, abdomine delicatule punctatis, an-
tennis clavatis.

Male. Length 4^ lines. Black ; head and thorax strongly punctured
and shining; a spot on the mandibles, the labrum, the clypeus, a spot
above, the scape in front, a line in the emargination of the eyes and a
spot behind them, yellow ; the flagellum broadly clavate, the joints
transverse, the apex of the club and the terminal hook reddish-yellow,
the thickened part of the club concave beneath, the hook bent into
the cavity. Thorax : two spots on the anterior margin, a spot on the
tegulse in front, and the legs, reddish-yellow, the coxae dusky ; the
metathorax coarsely rugose and deeply concave-truncate. Abdomen :
the first segment with a transverse carina at its base, in front of which
is an irregularly cut deep transverse channel forming a second carina
in front of the groove ; the segments finely punctured, the first and
second segments with a yellow posterior border, the fourth and fol-
lowing segments rufo-piceous.

Hab. Celebes.

3. Odynerus (Leionotus) insularis. O. niger, flavo et aurantio
variegatus ; abdominis basi ferruginea.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; the head and thorax strongly punc-
tured ; the mandibles, clypeus, a line above extending to the anterior
ocellus, the emargination of the eyes, a spot at their vertex and a line
at their outer orbits, yellow ; the antennae reddish -yellow, with the
scape pale yellow in front and a narrow fuscous line above ; the yellow
marking more or less stained orange. Thorax : the prothorax orange,
its anterior border, the tubercles, tegulae, two spots on the scutellum
and postscutellum, the lateral margins of the metathorax and the
legs, yellow, the latter with reddish stains j wings subhyaline, the
superior pair with a fuscous cloud at their apex. The base of the
abdomen and a large macula on each side of the second segment
ferruginous ; the apical margin of the segments with a yellow border,
the first and second with a minute notch in the middle ; the first and
second segments entirely ferruginous beneath.

22 MB. smith's catalogue or htmenopteeous insects

4. Odynerus fulvipennis. 0. niger, flavo varius, pedibus ferru-
gineis, alls fulvo-hyalinis.

Male. Black; head and thorax closely and strongly punctured; the
clypeus and two spots above, a line along the lower margin of the
sinus of the eyes, a narrow line behind them, the scape in front, and
the mandibles yellow; the tips of the latter rufo-piceous ; the an-
tennae and legs ferruginous ; an interrupted yellow line on the
anterior margin of the thorax ; the wings fulvo-hyaline ; the veins
which enclose the marginal and second and third submarginal cells
fuscous, the rest pale testaceous ; a fuscous cloud in the marginal
cell. Abdomen: the apical margin of the second segment with a
yellow fascia, the following segments with red fasciae.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Icaria, Sauss.

1. Icaria ferruginea, Sauss. Mon. GuSpes Soc. p. 37. 15.
Hab. India, Celebes.

2. Icaria pilosa. I. nigra, rude punctata et densissime pubescens,
clypeo flavo, thorace, pedibus abdomineque ferrugineo variegatis;
alls subhyalinis, anticis apice fusco maculatis.

Male. Length 7i lines. Black; closely and strongly punctured; the
clypeus, a line on the mandibles, and the scape in front, yellow ; tips
of the mandibles, the scape above, and the base of the flagellum fer-
ruginous. Thorax : the prothorax, scutellum and postscutellum,
ferruginous ; the tegulse and legs pale ferruginous, the coxae black ;
wings fusco-hyaline, with a dark cloud in the marginal cell extending
to the apex of the wing ; a fainter cloud traverses the margin of the
wing to its base. Abdomen : the first, second and third segments
with a reddish-yellow fascia, that on the second segment continued
beneath ; a longitudinal broad stripe of the same colour on each side
of the second segment ; its apical margin serrated.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Polistes, Latr.

1. Pohstes Sagittarius, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. p. 56. 12.

Various specimens from Greece and Celebes have the thorax more or

less ferruginous.
Hab. India, Celebes, China, Greece.

2. Pohstes Picteti, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. 69. 28. t. 6. f. 8.
Hab. Ceram, Australia, Celebes.

3. Polistes fastidiosus, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. p. 60. 18.
Hab. Africa (Gambia), Celebes.

4. Polistes stigma, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 261. 41.
Hab. India, Ceram, Celebes.

5. Polistes Philippinensis, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. 58. 14 (var.).
Hab. Philippine Islands.

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 23

Genus Vespa, Linn.

1. Vespa affinis, Fahr. Syst. Piez. p. 254. 6 (var. V. cinctal).
Hab. India, China, Singapore, Celebes.

2. Vespa fervida. V. nigra, delicatule punctata; clypei margine
antiea, macula pone oculos, margineque postica segraenti primi ab-
dominis flavis ; alis fulvo-hyalinis.

Female. Length 13 lines. Black; closely and finely punctured; the
clypeus convex and strongly punctured, emarginate anteriorly, the
emargination with a yellow border ; the eyes extending to the base of
the mandibles, which have three stout teeth at their apex and a narrow
yellow line at their inner margin. Thorax : the postscutellum yellow,
and a minute yellow spot on the outer margin of the tegulse; the
wings rufo-hyaline, darkest along the anterior margin of the superior
pair ; the nervures ferruginous, gradually becoming darker at the base
of the wings, the costal nervure black.

Worker. Length 9 lines. Very closely resembles the female, but in
addition to the yellow markings of that sex has the anterior margin
of the clypeus yellow, a narrow transverse line between the antennae,
another along the lower margin of the notch of the eyes, an abbre-
viated stripe behind them at the base of the mandibles, a spot beneath
the postscutellum and a narrow yellow line along the posterior margin
of the basal segment of the abdomen.

Hab. Celebes.

Fam. TENTHEEDINID^.
G-enus Ten^theedo, Linn.
I. Tenthredo (Allantus) purpurata. T. capite thoraceque

caeruleo-viridibus, abdomine purpureo, ahs fuscis iridescentibus.
Size, length 4 lines. Head and thorax blue-green, abdomen purple ;
wings dark fuscous with a violet iridescence ; an oblique white line
on each side beneath the scutellum ; legs and antennae black.
Hab. Celebes.

Fam. ICHNEUMONID^.

Genus Megischus, Brulle.

1. Megischus indicus, Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. new ser. i. 1851.
Hab. Philippine Islands, Celebes.

Genus Mesostentjs, Brulle.

1. Mesostbnus albo-spinosus. M. niger, albo varius, abdominis
segmentis albo marginatis, metathorace spinis duabus albis armato.

Female. Length 5| lines. Black ; a half-circular spot on the clypeus,
a heart-shaped one above it, a spot at the base of the mandibles, the
orbits of the eyes, interrupted at their vertex, yellowish white, the
palpi of the same colour, and a broad incomplete annulus on the

24 MB. smith's catalogue or hymekopteeous insects

antennae beyond their middle. Thorax : the mesothorax with two
deeply impressed obhque hnes inclined inwards and terminating at an
ovate spot in the middle of the disk, the scutellum and an oblique
line on each side a little before it, a horseshoe-shaped spot in the
middle of the metathorax, and a little below it on each side a conical
tooth, yellowish white ; four spots beneath the wings, one on each
side of the metathorax, and the coxae beneath, white ; the legs ferru-
ginous, with the intermediate pair dusky behind, the posterior pair
entirely so, the femora being black; the wings hyaline, nervures
fuscous. Abdomen : punctured and with a white fascia on the margins
of the three basal segments; the two apical segments with very
narrow fasciae.

Hab. Celebes.

This species is closely allied to the M. liter atus of BruUe ; but it differs
too much, I think, to be identical with it. .

2. PiMPLA TRiMACULATA. P. flava, oculis, macula circa ocellos,
vittulis tribus mesothoracis setisque caudalibus nigris.

Female. Length 6 lines. Yellow ; the antennae fuscous above, also a
fuscous cloud at the apex of the anterior wings, the wings hyaline with
the nervures black ; a spot on the scape within, and three longitu-
dinal stripes on the mesothorax, black ; the latter slightly punctured
anteriorly ; the metathorax smooth and shining, with three oblique
carinae on each side, and a small subovate enclosed space in the middle
of the disk. Abdomen punctured, all the segments margined at their
apex, and each with a deeply impressed line at their extreme lateral
margins ; the sixth segment with two minute black spots at its basal
margin, the two apical segments smooth and shining ; the ovipositor
black.

Hab. Celebes.

This species is closely aUied to the P. trilineata of Brulle.

Fam. BEACONID^.

1. Bracon insinuator. B. capite, thorace pedibusque ferrugineis;
antennis, tibiis tarsisque posticis et abdomine nigris ; alis nigro-fuscis,
macula hyalina sub stigmate.

Female. Length 71 lines. Head and thorax smooth, shining, and
ferruginous, the legs ferruginous, with the posterior tibiae and tarsi
black ; the antennae black, with the scape and following joint ferru-
ginous ; wings dark brown, with their extreme base pale testaceous ;
a hyaline stripe runs from the stigma across the first submarginal
cell and passes a little below it. Abdomen black, smooth, and
shining, with the lateral margins of the basal segment pale yellow-
testaceous ; this segment has on each side a longitudinal carina, and
between them is a highly polished bell-shaped form; the second
segment with deep oblique depressions at the sides, and deeply

COLLECTED AT CELEBES. 25

longitudinally rugose-striate, leaving the apical margin smooth and
shining ; the second segment is similarly sculptured, and the third has
a transverse groove at its base.
Hab, Celebes.

2. Bracon intrudens. B. rufescenti-flavus, antennis setisque cau-
dalibus nigris ; alis nigro-fuscis, basi fasciaque angusta transversa flavis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Pale reddish-yellow ; the eyes, flagellum, and
ovipositor black ; the scape and the following segment yellow ; the
head and thorax smooth and shining, both pubescent at the sides and
beneath, the legs covered with a similar pale pubescence ; the face
with an upright horn between the antennae, and a raised flattened
plate in front of it. Abdomen : the basal segment with the lateral
margins raised, and having on each side an elongate broad depression
extending its entire length ; the three following with an oblique de-
pression on each side at the base of the segment ; the third, fourth,
and fifth segments distinctly margined at their apex ; the ovipositor
the length of the insect.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Agathis, Latr.

1. Agathis sculpturalis. a. nigra, prothorace, pedibus anticis
mediisque ferrugineis ; abdomine laevigato nitido.

Male. Length 5|^ lines. Black ; the mouth, prothorax, anterior and inter-
mediate legs, ferruginous ; the face with two teeth or horns between
or a little before the insertion of the antennae, and another at the side
of each, close to their insertion. Thorax : the mesothorax with two
deeply impressed lines in front, running inwards, and uniting about
the middle, and with two or three deep transverse channels before
their junction ; the lateral margins of the mesothorax deeply im-
pressed ; the metathorax ruggedly sculptured ; the posterior coxae
and femora closely punctured ; wings black with a hyaline spot in
the first submarginal cell. Abdomen very smooth and shining, with
a deeply impressed line on each side of the basal segment.

Hab. Celebes.

2. Agathis modesta. A. rufescenti-flava ; antennis, vertice, tibiis
posticis apice, tarsisque nigris ; alis fusco maculatis.

Female. Length 4 lines. Reddish-yellow : the antennae and vertex,
black. The mesothorax with two deeply impressed longitudinal
oblique lines, and two parallel ones between them ; the metathorax
reticulated ; wings hyaline, with a. dark fuscous stain crossing the
anterior pair at the base of the first submarginal cell, these hyaline to
the middle of the stigma, beyond which they are fuscous ; a subhya-
line spot at the apex of the marginal cell, and another beneath it at
the inferior margin of the wing j the posterior tarsi dusky, and the
tips of the tibiae black.

Hab. Celebes.

26 MR. smith's CA.TALOGUE OF HYMENOPTEEOUS INSECTS.

3. Agathis nitida. A. nigra, nitida; facie, pectore, pedibus anticis
et intermediis, plaga infra alas, scutelloque pallide ferrugineis.

Length 4 lines. Black and shining ; the face, mandibles, head beneath,
legs, pectus, sides of the thorax beneath the wings, the scutellum and
the basal half of the abdomen beneath, pale ferruginous ; the meso-
thorax with two longitudinal oblique lines on the disk, which have
two parallel ones between them ; the metathorax coarsely rugose ; the
wings dark brown, with the base of the stigma pale, and a hyaline
spot beneath it. Abdomen very smooth and shining, with the apical
margins of the segments narrowly rufo-piceous ; the posterior legs
incrassate and dark rufo-piceous.

Fam. CHEYSIDID^.
Genus Hedycheum, Latr.

1. Hedychrum FLAMMULATUM. H. viridi-purpurco lavatum ; capitc
thoraceque fortiter, abdomine delicatule, punctatis; alis fuscis basi
hyalinis.

Length 3 lines. Bright green ; the vertex, two oblique stripes on the
prothorax, meeting in the centre of its anterior margin, a broad longi-
tudinal stripe on the disk of the mesothorax, and the sides of the
scutellum and postscutellum deep purple. Abdomen : the middle
of the basal segment, the second and third segments at their base,
broadly purple ; the apical margin of the third tinged with purple ;
wings subfuscous, with their base hyaline. The head and thorax
coarsely and closely punctured, the abdomen finely so ; the tarei with
the claws unidentate.

Hab. Celebes.

Genus Chbysis, Linn.

1. Chrysis purpurea. C. laete purpurea, capite, thorace abdomi-
nisque basi rugosis punctatis, segmentis abdominis secundo et tertio
delicatule punctatis, apice quadridentato.

Length 3 lines. Bright purple; the head, thorax, and base of the
abdomen strongly and coarsely punctured, the rest of the abdomen
finely punctured ; the disk of the thorax and apical margins of the
segments of the abdomen reflecting bright tints of green ; the wings
subhyaline, the nervures dark fuscous ; the apical margin of the third
segment of the abdomen with four teeth, the two central ones
approximating, separated by a deep notch, the lateral teeth more
distant, separated from the others by a wide emargination.

Hab. Celebes.

2. Chrysts INSULA Ris. C. nigro-purpurca, violaceo et viridi lavata;
capite, thorace abdominisque basi rude punctatis.

Length 5 lines. Dark purple, with violet and green reflections; the
face, legs, and thorax beneath, green; wings slightly fuscous, and

ME. T. BELL ON A NEW GENUS OF CRUSTACEA. 27

iridescent ; the head and thorax closely and coarsely punctured ; the
base of the abdomen roughly punctured, the two following segments
much more finely so ; the apical segment armed with six teeth, the
outer ones subacute.
Hab. Celebes.

3. Chrysis sumptuosa. C. fortiter punctata, metallico-viridis auro
lavata ; thoracis disco, abdominis segmentis secundo et tertio basi pur-
pureis ; segmento apicali margine integro.

Length 3^ lines. Golden-green ; the thorax at the sides and posteriorly
with bright coppery effulgence ; an oblong purple spot on the disk of
the thorax ; the metathorax and its lateral teeth vivid green, the vertex
and prothorax splashed with gold. Abdomen : the basal segment
bright green, with a bright coppery or golden effulgence at the sides ;
the second segment purple at the base, coppery at the apex, and with
a suflPusion of green between these tints ; the third segment is simi-
larly coloured, with the apical margin entire ; the insect closely and
strongly punctured throughout.

Hab. Celebes.

Description of a new Genus of Crustacea, of the Family Pinno-
theridse ; in which the fifth pair of legs' are reduced to an
almost imperceptible rudiment. By Thomas Bell, Esq.,
Pres. L. S.

[Read June 3rd, 1858.]

Pam. PINNOTHEEID^, Edwards,

Grenus Amokphopus, Bell.

Chab. Gen. : — Corpus subcylindricum. Testa semicircularis,
margine posteriore recto. — AntenncB externcs minimcB, articulo
basali orbitam subtus partim claudente. — Antennularum fossulcd
transversse, continusB, et ab orbitis baud separatae. — Pedipalpi
externi articulo quarto ovato, palpo tri-articulato, ad angulum
antico-interiorem articuli quarti inserto. — Oris apertura antice
arcuata. — Orbited apertse, margine inferiore carente, superiore
integro. — Oculi transversim positi. — Pedes antici robusti, in-
sequales ; pedum paria secundum, tertium et quartum longa, sub-
compressa; pa/r quintum exiguum, simplicissimum, rudimen-
tarium, in incisura articuli basalis paris quarti insertum. —
Abdomen maris segmentis tertio cum quarto, et quinto cum
sexto coalitis ; Pcemin-s: ?

Sp. unica. Amorphopus cylindraceus, mihi.
Description. — The body is nearly cylindrical, somewhat depressed,

the carapace very much curved from the point to the back, quite

28 MR. T. BELL ON A NEW GENUS OF CRUSTACEA.

straight from side to side ; the anterior and lateral margins form-
ing nearly a semicircle, the posterior margin straight ; the orbits
are deeply cut in the anterior margin of the carapace, looking
upwards ; the inferior margin wanting ; the oral apertul-e much
arched anteriorly ; the external footjaws with the third articula-
tion somewhat rhomboid, the fourth irregularly oval, and the palpi
tliree-jointed, inserted at its anterior and inner angle. Epistome
extremely small, transversely linear ; the external antennae placed
directly beneath the orbits, the basal joints partly filling them
beneath. The antennules folded transversely in large open fossae,
whicb are scarcely at all separated from each other, and are open
to the orbits, the eyes lying transversely; the peduncles short
and thick; the sternum is semicircular, the segments separated
by very deep grooves ; the abdomen very long and narrow, the
first and second joint transversely linear, the third and fourth
united and forming a triangle truncated anteriorly at the articu-
lation of the portion formed by the fifth and sixth joints united,
and wbicb with the seventh form a very narrow and linear piece
extending forwards to the posterior margin of the oral aperture ;
the first pair of legs robust, unequal (the right being the larger in
the only specimen at present observed) ; the hand in each as
broad as it is long ; that of the smaller conspicuously tuberculated,
that of the larger much less so ; the former with the fingers nearly
meeting throughout their length, those of the latter only at the
tips ; the second, third, and fourth pairs of legs are long, some-
what compressed, the third joint tuberculated on the under side,
the third pair the longest-; the fifth pair is reduced to a mere
rudiment, in the form of a minute tubercle inserted in a little
notch at the base of the first joint of the fourth pair, and scarcely
discernible by the naked eye.

Observations. — The relation of this genus to the Pinnotheridae
is tolerably obvious, in the smallness of the antennae, the direction
and arrangement of the eyes, and particularly in the form of the
oral aperture, and of the external footjaws. I shall not, however,
enter upon the consideration of these relations, as I am about
shortly to offer to the Society a review and monograph of the
whole of this family. The most remarkable peculiarity in the
genus is the apparent absence of the fifth pair of legs, which can
only be discovered to exist at all by examination with the help of
a lens. In this respect I doubt not that the Eabrician genus
Hexapus, adopted and figured by De Haan, will be found to agree
with it, although it is very remarkable that the anomalous condi-

REV. H. HI&GINS ON DEATH OF COMMON HIVE BEE. 29

tion of this part never excited any particular attention on the
part of either of these distinguished naturalists ; and De Haan
describes Fabricius's species, Hexapus sexpes, as if there were
nothing especial or abnormal in a Decapod having only six pairs of
legs besides the claws. Mr. "White made a similar mistake on one
occasion, when he described an anomourous genus allied to
Lithodes, in which the fifth pair of legs were not visible ; but
when, at my suggestion, a more careful examination was made,
they were found, as was anticipated, in a rudimentary form, con-
cealed under the edge of the carapace. I believe that I can dis-
cover even in De Haan's figure something like a little tubercle at
the base of the fourth leg, which is probably the rudimentary
representative of the fifth.

Death of the Common Hive Bee, supposed to be occasioned by a
parasitic Pungus. By the Eev. Heney Higgins. Com-
municated by the President.

[Eead June 3rd, 1858.]

On the 18th of March last, Timpron Martin, Esq., of Liverpool,
communicated to me some circumstances respecting the death of
a hive of bees in his possession, which induced me to request from
him a full statement of particulars. Mr. Martin gave me the
following account : —

" In October last I had three hives of bees which I received into
my house. Each doorway was closed, and the hive placed upon a
piece of calico ; the corners were brought over the top, leaving a
loop by which the hive was suspended from the ceiling. The hives
were taken down about the 14th of March ; two were healthy, but
all the bees in the third were dead. There was a gallon of bees.
The two hives containing live bees were much smaller ; but in each
of them were dead ones. Under whatever circumstances you pre-
serve bees through the winter, dead ones are found at the bottom,
in the spring. The room, an attic, was dry ; and I had preserved
the same hives in the same way during the winter of 1856. In
what I may call the dead hive there was abundance of honey when
it was opened ; and it is clear that its inmates did not die for want.
It is not a frequent occurrence for bees so to die ; but I have known
another instance. In that case the hive was left out in the ordi-
nary way, and possibly cold was the cause of death. I think it
probable that my bees died about a month before the 14th of

30 REV. H. HIGGINS ON DEATH OF COMMON HIVE BEE.

March, merely from the circumstance that some one remarked
about that time that there was no noise in the hive. They might
have died earlier ; but there were certainly live bees in the hive in
January. I understand there was an appearance of mould on
some of the combs. There was ample ventilation, I think ; indeed,
as the bees were suspended, they had more air than through the
summer when placed on a stand."

When the occurrence was first made known to me, I suggested
that the bees might probably have died from the growth of a
fungus, and requested some of the dead bees might be sent for ex-
amination. They were transmitted to me in a very dry state ; and a
careful inspection with a lens aiforded no indications of vegetable
growth. I then broke up a specimen, and examined the portions
under a compound microscope, using a JSTachet No. 4. The head
and thorax were clean ; but on a portion of the sternum were
innumerable very minute, linear, slightly curved bodies, showing
the well-known oscillatory or swarming motion. Notwithstand-
ing the agreement of these minute bodies with the characters of
the genus of Bacterium of the Vibrionia, I regarded them as sper-
matia, having frequently seen others undistinguishable from them
under circumstances inconsistent with the presence of ConfervcB^
as in the interior of the immature peridia and sporangia of
Eungals.

In the specimen first examined there were no other indications of
the growth of any parasite ; but from the interior of the abdomen
of a second bee I obtained an abundance of well-defined globular
bodies resembling the spores of a fungus, varying in size from
•00016 to •00012 in. Three out of four specimens subsequently
examined contained similar spores within the abdomen. No traces
of a mycelium were visible ; the plants had come to maturity,
fruited, and withered away, leaving only the spores.

The chief question then remaining to be solved was as to the
time when the spores were developed ; whether before or after the
death of the bees. In order, if possible, to determine this, I
placed four of the dead bees in circumstances favourable for the
germination of the spores, and in about ten days I submitted them
again to examination. They were covered with mould, consisting
chiefly of a species of Mucor, and one also of Botrytis or Botryo-
sporium. These fungi were clearly extraneous, covering indiffer-
ently all parts of the insects, and spreading on the wood on which
they were lying. On the abdomen of all the specimens, and on
the clypeus of one of them, grew a fungus wholly "unlike the sur-

ME. J. W. WETHEEELL ON WORM-TRACKS IN LONDON CLAT. 31

rounding mould. It was white and very short, and apparently
consisted entirely of spores arranged in a moniliform manner, like
the fertile filaments of a stemless Penicillivm. These spores re-
sembled those found in the abdomen of the Bees, and proceeded
I think, from them. The filaments were most numerous at the
junction of the segments. The spores did not resemble the glo-
bules in Sporendonema muscce of the English Flora, neither were
they apparently enclosed.

The E/CV. M. J. Berkeley, to whom I sent some of the bees, pro-
cured, by scraping the interior of the abdomen with a lancet, very
minute, curved linear bodies from -g-j^^ to '^ q ^ (;, ^ in. long, which
he compares to Vibrios. He also found mixed with them globular
bodies, but no visible stratum of mould.

From the peculiar position of the supposed spores within the
abdomen of the bees, and from the subsequent growth of a fungus
unlike any of our common forms of Mucedines, I think it pro-
bable that the death of the bees was occasioned by the presence
of a parasitic fungus.

Notice of the occurrence of recent "Worm Tracks in the Upper
Part of the London Clay Formation near Highgate. By
John W. "Wetheeell. Communicated by James Yates,
Esq., M.A., F.L.S.

[Read June 3rd, 1858.]

The London clay is very tenacious, and near the surface is gene-
rally of a brown colour, probably owing to the decomposition of
the iron pyrites which it contains. It abounds in selenite or
sulphate of lime, and in nodules which often contain organic
remains. Fossil wood with Teredo antenautce is also met with,
and pyritous casts of univalve and bivalve shells. Lower down
the stratum becomes more compact and is of a bluish or blackish
colour, and its fossil contents are in a fine state of preservation.
During the last summer, while examining the London Clay in
the vicinity of Highgate in search of fossils, my attention was
directed to certain appearances in it which I could not account
for. This led to a further examination, when I found they were
produced by the borings of Lumhrici or earth-worms. These
appearances consisted of long tubes passing nearly perpendicu-
larly through the clay and terminating in receptacles or nidi,
each tube leading to a separate receptacle. As these receptacles

32 KATUEAL HISTORY — EXTRACTS FROM

occurre'd in large numbers, I had an opportunity of examining a
great many of them with various results. In one instance, I
found a dead worm coiled up ; in another, a portion of a worm
protruding into the lower part of the tube. Again, nidi were
found partially filled with only the casts of worms, whilst others
contained more or less of a species of Conferva; and, lastly, I
obtained some vtdth the cavities partially or wholly filled up. The
receptacles varied in shape, from a sphere to an oval, and were
extremely thin and fragile. They also varied in size from a pea
to a nut. Externally they presented an appearance so singularly
contorted, that I could not help considering they were moulded
from the casts of worms. They did not appear to have any attach-
ment to the surrounding clay, except at the point of junction
with the tube ; and the clay beneath them presented no unusual
appearance.

Internally they generally exhibited impressions of the worm ;
but occasionally I detected some of the round and contorted ap-
pearances which I have mentioned as being so conspicuous on the
outside. I cannot speak with precision as to the length of the
tubes, as the clay when examined had been broken up into large
rough masses in digging for the foundations of houses. The largest
noticed was about three inches long, and the general width one-
eighth of an inch. They often run parallel to each other, but
at unequal distances. I now have to notice what I consider a
remarkable circumstance, namely, that all the tubes contained a
solid cylinder of clay, and in every instance where the worms
occurred under the circumstances above recorded, they were found
to be dead. Eesearches of this kind are calculated to throw a
light on some of those singular phenomena which geologists occa-
sionally meet with in the older rocks.

[Mem. — Several specimens of clay, containing the worm-tubes
as above described, were exhibited to the meeting.]

Natural History — Extracts from the Journal of Captain Denham,
H.M. Surveying Vessel ' Herald,' 1857. Communicated by
Captain "WASHi'praTON, through the Secretary.

[E§ad June 3rd, 1858.]

We found upon the larger islands the small species of the
Kangaroo, bearing the native name "Wallaby (Halmaturus Billar-

CAPTAIN DENIIAM S JOUENAL. 33

dierii), which, when mixed with other meats, affords a fine-
flavoured soup.

On the islets are flocks of the Cape Banca goose, which Mr.
Smith informed me were only to be found in these straits in the
vicinity of Flinders Island, from Cape Banca to Cape Erankland
(west about), and that they are readily domesticated, and hatch
from three to seven eggs, and afford an acceptable dish. I ob-
tained a live specimen, which Dr. Rayner of this ship describes thus:
— " Cereopsis Novcb Hollandice. Body about the size of a common
goose ; bill short, vaulted, obtuse, two-thirds of which is covered
by an expanded cere of a pale greenish-yellow colour, the tip of
the bill being black, arcuated, and truncated. Nostrils large,
round, open, and situated in the middle of the bill. "Wings ample,,
third quill longest. Legs long, light dull-red, and naked to a little
above the knee. Feet black, webbed, the membrane being deeply
notched, great toe articulated to the metatarsus. Plumage slate-
grey, with black spots upon the wings and back. Wing-feathers
dusky black, and edged at the tip with pale grey. Irides light
hazel."

We likewise obtained specimens of the following wildfowl : —

AVES.

A Bronze-wing Pigeon, Phaps elegans.

Quail, Corturnix pectoralis (Gould).

Oyster-catcher, Hsematophus fuliginosus.

Ring Plover, Hiaticula bicincta.

Wild Duck, Anas punctata (Cuvier).

Great Gull, Larus pacificus.

Lesser Gull, Xema Jamesonii.

Mutton Bird, Puffinus brevicaudus (Brandt).

Southern Gannet, Sulu austrahs (Gould).

Small Penguin, Spheniscus minor (Temminck).

The Mutton Bird we observed streaming from island to island ;
and I learnt from Mr. Benvenuto Smith the following particulars
of its habits from his own observations.

The male birds come in from sea in the month of September,
and prepare the burrows for the reception of the hens. The hen
bird does not make her appearance till about the 25th November,
when she lays and sits at once.

The Mutton Bird lays but one egg ; they are employed rearing
the young bird until the month of May, at which time the old
birds leave the young ones to shift for themselves; the young
birds remain in the biu-rows till they are starved down, and then

LINN. PROO. — ZOOLOGY. 3

3Jj NATURAL HISTOET — EXTRACTS TKOM

set off to sea, and are not seen again amongst the islands till Sep-
tember. The cock and hen sit alternately night and day ; and all
the labour of providing for the young is equally shared.

There are at this date about ninety people living on the small
islands in " Franklin Inlet " who make a livelihood by gathering
the oil, feathers, and eggs of the Mutton Bird.

Upwards of 2000 gallons of the oil are extracted from the birds
annually ; and although 300,000 birds are known to be destroyed
each year, they appear undiminished in numbers. The oil burns
well, and is of a bright-red colour.

I was presented by Mr. Smith with two Paper Nautilus shells
{Argonauta tuberculosa) found on the shore of Flinders Island
this season, a circumstance which he has remarked occurs but
every seventh year, when many hundreds are thrown up: the
shells are rarely obtained perfect, as they are extremely fragile,
and the sea fowl pick the fish out of them.

Our Botanic Collector, Mr. Milne, ascertained, from what he
obtained himself and from what we could contribute from our
individual visits to the islets, the existence of plants, which he
believes to be indigenous, belonging to the following families and
genera, viz.

Amentacese. TJmbelliferae.

Asteraceae. ^ Graminacese.
Bosaceae. Juncese.

Geraniacese. Solanum.

Euphorbiaceae. Geranium.

Myrtaceae.

Testing the chances of fish refreshment at this anchorage, we
found little encouragement for hook and line ; but the two favour-
ing opportunities which the weather allowed for bawling the seine
produced as tabulated on opposite page.

We found the Beef Islands in this sound so abundant in rabbits
since Captain Stokes's forethought had set some loose upon them,
that, in two visits of four hours with but four guns, 100 brace were
brought on board.

I took care to follow my esteemed brother officers* example and
the system of introducing such productions, and obtained a dozen
couple alive for letting loose in Shark Bay.

[A coloured drawing of Cereopsis Nova Ilollandice accompanied
Captain Denham's observations.]

CAPTAIN DENHAM'S JOUENAL.

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36 PROF. HUXLEY ON SOME POINTS IN TUE

On some points in the Anatomy of Nautilus pomjpilius. By T. H.
Huxley, F.E.S., Professor of Natural History, Government
School of Mines.

[Eead June 3rd, 1858.]

Some time ago my friend Dr. Sinclair, of New Zealand, had the
kindness to offer me two specimens of the Pearly Nautilus which
had been brought to him from New Caledonia, preserved in
Goadby's solution. I gladly accepted the present, and looked
forward to the dissection of the rare animal with no little plea-
sure ; but on proceeding to examine one of the specimens, I found
its anatomical value greatly diminished by the manner in which a
deposit from the solution had glued together some of the internal
viscera. Other parts of the Nautilus, however, were in a very
good state of preservation ; and I have noted down such novel and
interesting peculiarities as they presented, in the hope that an
account of them will be acceptable to the Linnean Society.

Of the six apertures which, besides the genital and anal outlets,
open into the branchial cavity of Nautilus pompilius, one on each
side lies immediately above and in front of that fold of the inner
wall of the mantle which forms the lower root of the smaller and
inner gill, and encloses, the branchial vein of that gill. The aper-
ture is elongated and narrow, with rather prominent lips. It
measures about ^th of an inch.

The other two apertures are larger, and lie at a distance of y^^ths
of an inch below and behind the other. They are in close juxta-
position, being separated only by a thin triangular fold of mem-
brane, which constitutes the inner lip of the one and the outer
lip of the other.

The inner aperture is the larger, measuring y^^ths of an inch in
long diameter, and having the form of a triangle with its base
directed posteriorly. The outer aperture is not more than -i^th of
an inch long. The two apertures lie just above the edge of the
fold of membrane which runs from the inner root of the larger or
outer branchia, across the branchial cavity and beneath the rectum,
to the other side.

These apertures lead into five sacs, which collectively constitute
what has been described as the pericardium. The sacs into which
the superior apertures open, by a short wide canal with folded walls,
are situated on each side of and above the rectum. Their inner
boundaries are separated by a space of not less than f ths of an

ANATOMY or NAUTILUS POMPILIUS. 37

inch in width, in which lie the vena cava and the oviduct. Each
cavity has a rounded circumference, and a transverse diameter of
about half an inch. In a direction at right angles to this diameter
the dimensions vary with its state of distension ; but a quarter of
an inch would be a fair average.

The anterior or outer wall of the cavity is formed by the mantle ;
the posterior, inner, or visceral wall by a delicate membrane. The
former separates it from the branchial cavity ; the latter from the
fifth sac, to be described by-and-by. I could find no natural aper-
ture in the thin inner wall, so that I conceive no communication
can take place between either of these sacs and the fifth sac.

Two irregular, flattened, brownish, soft plates depend from the
posterior wall of the sac into its cavity ; their attached edges are
fixed along a line which is directed from behind obliquely forwards
and upwards.

The outer and smaller of the inferior apertures on each side
leads into a sac of similar dimensions and constitution to the
preceding, but having a less rounded outline in consequence of its
being flattened in one direction against its fellow of the opposite
side, from which it is separated only by a delicate membranous
wall, whilst on another side it is applied against the inferior wall
of the superior sac, and is in like manner separated from it only
by a thin and membranous partition.

Like the upper sacs, each of these has two dark-brown, lamellar,
glandular masses depending from its membranous visceral wall.

A delicate, but broad, triangular membranous process, about
■^th of an inch long, hangs down freely from the visceral wall of
the cavity just behind the opening of the short canal which con-
nects the sac with its aperture.

The third and largest aperture on each side opens directly into
a very large fifth cavity, whose boundary is formed anteriorly by
the visceral walls of the sacs already described, and behind this
by the mantle itself as far as the horny band which marks and
connects the insertion of the shell-muscles.

In fact this cavity may be said to be co-extensive with the
attached part of the mantle, — the viscera, enclosed within their
delicate " peritoneal" membranous coat, projecting into and nearly
filling it, but nevertheless leaving a clear space between them-
selves and the delicate posterior wall of the mantle.

A layer of the " peritoneal" membrane extends from the poste-
rior edge of the muscular expansion which lies between the shell-
muscles and from the upper wall of the dilatation of the vena cava,

38 PBOF. HUXLEY ON SOME POINTS IN THE

and passes upwards and backwards like a diaphragm to the under
surfaces of the gizzard and liver. It is traversed by the aorta, to
whose coats it closely adheres.

Along a line nearly corresponding with the horny band which
proceeds from the insertions of the shell-muscles and encircles
the mantle below, the pallial wall is produced inwards and for-
wards into a membranous fold or ligament, which I will call the
pallio-visceral ligament ; and this pallio-visceral ligament becoming
attached to various viscera, divides the great fifth chamber into an
anterior inferior, and a posterior superior portion, which com-
municate freely with one another.

Commencing with its extreme right-hand end, the ligament is
inserted into the line of reflection of the mantle, and then into
the wall of the oviduct, which becomes enclosed as it were within
the ligament. The latter then ends in a free edge on the inner
side of the oviduct, and is continued along it until it reaches the
inferior surface of the apex of the ovary, into which it is inserted.
The free edge is arcuated ; and the rectum passes over it, but is
in no way connected with it.

Here, therefore, is one great passage of communication between
the anterior and posterior divisions of the fifth chamber.

On the left side, this aperture is limited by the heart, whose
posterior edge is, on the left side, connected by means of a liga-
mentous band with the surface of the apex of the ovary ; but on
the right, for the greater part of its extent, receives a process of
the pallio-visceral ligament. Between the ovario-cardiac ligament
and this process lies the small oval aperture already described by
Professor Owen, which gives passage to the siphonal artery. It
constitutes the middle aperture of communication between the
two divisions of the fifth chamber.

The left-hand end of the ligament is inserted into the upper
wall of the dilated end of the vena cava ; but between this point
and the heart it has a free arcuated edge, as on the right side.

Thus there are in reality three apertures of communication
between the two divisions of the fifth chamber, the middle, by far
the smallest, being alone hitherto known.

A delicate membranous band passes from the whole length of
the middle line of the rectum to the heart and to the ovary.

The singular " pyriform appendage" of the heart lies in the
left process of the ligament, its anterior edge nearly following
the arcuated contour of that process.

The siphuncular process of the mantle was broken in my speci-

ANATOMY OF NAUTILUS POMPILIUS. 39

men ; but its aperture appeared to communicate quite freely with
the posterior division of the fifth chamber.

Four sets of brownish, glandular-looking bodies depend into the
anterior division of the fifth chamber, from parts of the delicate
septa dividing this from the four small sacs, corresponding with
the insertions of the glandular bodies above described.

In fact, on distending the vena cava with air, it is found that
the four branchial arteries traverse these septa, and that the ap-
pendages in question are diverticula of their walls. Consequently
the anterior wall of each branchial vein is produced into two
glandular appendages, which hang into one of the four smaller
sacs, while the posterior wall is produced into a single mass of
appendages, which hangs into the anterior division of the fifth
chamber.

Although, as I believe, the five chambers do not communicate
directly, all the appendages must nevertheless be equally bathed
with sea-water, which enters by the apertures of the chambers.

An impacted yellowish-white concretionary matter filled the
anterior chamber ; and a small quantity of it lay as a fine powder
at the bottom of the posterior one. In the latter, however, its
presence might, by possibility, have been accidental. My col-
league. Dr. Percy, who kindly undertook to examine this sub-
stance, informs me that he has been unable to detect uric acid
in it. The follicular appendages of the branchial arteries present
remarkable differences in their external appearance. The eight
which hang into the four anterior chambers are similar, slightly
festooned, but otherwise simple lamellae; while the four which
depend into the posterior chambers are produced into a number
of papillary processes. This external difference is obvious enough :
whether it be accompanied by a corresponding discrepancy in
minute structure I am unable to say ; for I have not as yet been
able to arrive at any satisfactory results from the microscopic
examination of the altered tissues, and, as will be seen below,
the only observer who has had the opportunity of examining the
Nautilus in the fresh state has not noted any difference of struc-
ture in the two sets of follicles.

One is naturally led to seek among other moUusks for a struc-
ture analogous to the vast posterior aquiferous chamber of the
Nautilus ; and it appears to me that something quite similar is
offered by the Ascidioida and the Brachiopoda. In both cases,
the viscera, inclosed within a delicate tissue, project into a large
cavity communicating freely with the exterior by the cloacal aper-

40 PEOF. HUXLEY ON SOME POINTS IN THE

ture in the one case, and by the funnel-shaped channels which
have been miscalled " hearts " in the other.

The rudimentary renal organs of the Ascidian are developed
in the walls of the cavity in question ; and an aquiferous chamber
of smaller dimensions has the same relation to the kidney in
Lamellibranchiata — in Gasteropoda, Heteropoda, Pteropoda, and
dibranchiate Cephalopoda. But although such is likely enough to
be the case, we do not know at present that the aquiferous chambers
in any of the last named moUusks attain an extension similar to
that which obtains in Nautilus.

On comparing the observations detailed above with the state-
ments of previous writers, I find that, in his well-known " Memoir
on the Pearly Nautilus" (1832), Professor Owen describes "on
each side, at the roots of the branchiae," "a small mamillary
eminence with a transverse slit which conducts from the branchial
cavity into the pericardium. There is, moreover, a foramen at
the lower part of the cavity (o, pi. 5) permitting the escape of a
small vessel ; and by the side of this vessel a free passage is con-
tinued between the gizzard and ovary into the membranous tube
or siphon that traverses the divisions of the shell, thus establish-
ing a communication between the interior of that tube and the
exterior of the animal."

The foramen here described is easily seen ; but, as I have stated,
there are other modes of communication between the so-called
pericardium and the cavity with which the siphuncle communi-
cates, of a far more extensive nature.

With respect to the pericardium itself. Professor Owen states,
" The peritoneum, after lining the cavity which contains the crop
and liver, and enveloping those viscera, forms two distinct pouches
at the bottom of the pallial sac, in one of which, the left, is con-
tained the gizzard, and in the other the ovary ; anterior to these,
and on the ventral aspect of the liver, is another distinct cavity, of
a square shape, which contains the heart and principal vessels,
with the glandular appendages connected therewith," This is
what the author terms the pericardium.

As Van der Hoeven has pointed out, however, the gizzard lies to
the right and the ovary to the left. Moreover, the gizzard is
superior to the ovary, so as only to overlap it a little above ; and I
can find no evidence of the existence of such distinct pouches as
those described.

Professor Owen states that the branchiae " arise by a common
peduncle from the inner surface of the mantle." My own obser-

ANATOMY OP NAUTILUS POMPILTUS. 41

vations, however, and Van der Hoeven's figures, of both male and
female, lead me to believe that the peduncles of the branchiae
are perfectly distinct from one another.

The follicles of the branchial arteries are thus described in the
" Memoir on the Pearly Nautilus :" — " They are short and pyri-
form and closely set together. To each of the branchial arteries
are appended three clusters of these glands, of which one is larger
than the united volume of both the others ; and the larger cluster
is situated on one side of the vessel and the two smaller on the
opposite side. Each of these clusters is contained in a membra-
nous receptacle proper to itself, partitioned off, as it were, from

the pericardium, but communicating with it The two canals

which form the communication between the pericardium and the
branchial cavity commence at the receptacle of the lesser cluster
attached to the superior branchial arteries, and terminate at the
papillae before mentioned, which are situated at the roots of the
branchiae. The pericardium and these receptacles of the glands,
when first laid open, were found filled with a coagulated substance
so closely compacted as to require a careful removal, bit by bit,
before the contained follicles and vessels could be brought into
view."

Like Yalenciennes and Yan der Hoeven, I have been unable to
find any communication between the four sacs in which the small
double clusters of follicles are contained, and the " pericardium ;"
and I hold it to be certain that the other four sets of follicles are
not contained in sacs at all, but lie free in the " pericardium " or
posterior chamber.

No notice is here taken of the widely different characters of the
anterior and posterior follicles ; and the figure gives both a similar
structure.

Valenciennes (" Nouvelles Eecherches sur le Nautile Flambe,"
* Archives du Museum,' ii., 1841) pointed out the existence of three
pairs of apertures opening into the branchial sac, besides the genital
and anal openings ; and he affirms that they open into as many
closed sacs, which communicate neither with one another nor with
the cavity that contains the heart. M. Valenciennes indicates the
difference in the structure of the anterior and posterior venous
appendages. He seems to me to have seen something of the part
which I have described as the pallio-visceral ligament ; but I cannot
clearly comprehend either his figure or his description.

Van der Hoeven, in his ' Contributions to the Knowledge of
the Animal o£ Nautilus pompilius,^ 1850, confirmed the statement

42 PROF. HUXLEY ON SOME POINTS IN THE

of Valenciennes with regard to the existence of three pairs of
apertures ; but he showed, in opposition to him, that one of these
pairs of apertures communicated with the pericardium. The sacs
into which the other two pairs open are, according to this anato-
mist, blind. In the aperture of the anterior blind sac he found a
concretionary matter which he supposed to contain uric acid, but
chemical analysis did not confirm the supposition. Yan der Hoeven
refers to some observations by Yrolik ; but as these are in Dutch,
and have not, so far as I can find, been translated into either
French, German, or English, I know not what they may contain.

In his more recent essay, translated in ' Wiegmann's Archiv ' for
1857, under the title of " Beitrag zur Anatomie von Nautilus
pom^iliuSj^^ Van der Hoeven states that he has again found hard
concretions in the chamber enclosing the appendage of the anterior
branchial artery, and that these on chemical analysis yielded phos-
phate of lime and traces of fat and albumen, but no uric acid.

Mr. Macdonald, in a valuable paper on the anatomy of Nau-
tilus umhilicatus, published in the Philosophical Transactions for
1855, thus describes the follicular appendages of the branchial
arteries : —

" These follicles are subcylindrical in form, somewhat dilated at
the free extremity, to which is appended a folded and funnel-
shaped process of membrane, which expands rather suddenly, pre-
senting a jagged and irregular border. They open by a smooth and
oval or slit-like, orifice into the afierent pulmonary vessels, on each
of which, as Professor Owen has observed, they are disposed in three
clusters. The outer membrane is smooth and glassy, homogeneous
in structure and sprinkled over with minute rounded and trans-
parent bodies, probably the nuclei of cells. Beneath this layer,
flat bundles of fibres, apparently muscular, are traceable here and
there, principally disposed in a longitudinal direction, and some-
times branched. The lining membrane consists of a loose epi-
thelial pavement in many respects similar to that of the uriniferous
tubules of the higher animals, the ceUs containing, besides the
nuclei, numerous minute oil-globules, or a substance much re-
sembling concrete fatty matter. This membrane is thrown up
into an infinite number of papillae and corrugations, so as to
augment the extent of surface considerably. The papillae are
more numerous at the inner part or towards the attached end;
and a circlet of longitudinally disposed folds radiate from the
bottom of the follicles, in which a number of small pits or fenestra-
tions are sometimes visible. Tlie sides of these folds are wrinkled

ANATOMY OF NAtJTILUS POMPILIUS.

43

transversely so as to present a median zigzag elevation. The
funnel-shaped membranous process above noticed is continuous
with the lining membrane, consisting of an extension of the same
epithelial pavement ; but the cells are somewhat larger and more
regular in form. The cavity of each follicle, therefore, communi-
cates with the exterior through the centre of this process ; and the
aperture is thus guarded by a kind of circular valve, permitting
the escape of secreted matter, but effectually preventing the
entrance of fluid from without."

In his fig. 9, pi. XV., Mr. Macdonald depicts certain " crystal-
line bodies often occurring within the follicles."

From what Mr, Macdonald states, one would be led to conclude
that all the follicles have the same structure ; but I suspect this
to be an oversight.

In the second edition of Professor Owen's Lectures on the
Invertebrata (1855), I find no mention of Valenciennes' discovery

Nautilus pompilius. Fig. 1.

Viewed from the left side and a little behind.

Two of the anterior chambers, and the fifth or posterior chamber, laid open.
Natural size.

a. Shell muscle, b. Ovary, e. Intestine, d. Heart ; d'. its pyriform appendage.
e. Superior anterior chamber ; e'. its foUicles. /. Inferior anterior chamber ;
/'. its follicles, ff. Posterior chamber ; ^'. FoUicles. h. Cut ends of bran-
chial arteries, i. Teimination of vena cava. k. Pallio-visceral ligament.

44 THE ANATOMY OF NAUTILUS POMPILIUS.

of the additional four apertures ; but the author states that " on
each side, at the roots of the anterior branchiae, there is a small
mamillary eminence with a transverse slit, which conducts from
the branchial cavity to one of the compartments of the pericar-
dium containing two clusters of venous glands. There are also
two similar, but smaller, slits, contiguous to one another, near the
root of the posterior branchia on each side, which lead to and may
admit sea-water into the compartments containing the posterior
cluster of the venous follicles." In this work the ovary is not
only described, hut figured, on the right side of the gizzard. The
figure, however, rightly places the greater part of the ovary below
that organ.

Nautilus pompilius. Fig. 2.

Natural Size.

The pallio-visceral ligament seen from below : torn on the right side to show
the rectum and oviduct ; cut through on the left side along the dotted line
close to d' in the preceding figure.

a. Anus. b. Oviducal aperture, c. Heart, d. Left branchial veins, e. Right
branchial veins. /. Oviduct cut through, ^j^. Ovary. A. Rectum. ». Mantle.
k h h. Pallio-visceral ligament ; V. its torn portion. The oval " aperture
for the siphonal artery" is seen to the left of c', and the right-hand style
in Fig. 1 passes through it.

ON THE TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO EOKM VARIETIES. 45

On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Per-
petuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
Selection. By Ciiaeles Dabwin, Esq., F.E.S., E.L.S., &
F.G-.S., and Alfred Wallace, Esq. Communicated by Sir
Charles Lyell, E.E.S., F.L.S., and J. D. Hooker, Esq.,
M.D., V.P.E.S., E.L.S., &c.

[Read July 1st, 1858,}

London, June 30th, 1858.
My Dear Sir, — The accompanying papers, which we have the
honour of communicating to the Linnean Society, and which all
relate to the same subject, viz. the Laws which affect the Pro-
duction of Varieties, Eaces, and Species, contain the results of the
investigations of two indefatigable naturalists, Mr. Charles Darwin
and Mr. Alfred "Wallace.

These gentlemen having, independently and unknown to one
another, conceived the same very ingenious theory to account for
the appearance and perpetuation of varieties and of specific forms
on our planet, may both fairly claim the merit of being original
thinkers in this important line of inquiry ; but neither of them
having published his views, though Mr. Darwin has for many
years past been repeatedly urged by us to do so, and both authors
having now unreservedly placed their papers in our hands, w^e
think it w^ould best promote the interests of science that a selec-
tion from them should be laid before the Linnean Society.

Taken in the order of their dates, they consist of ; —

1. Extracts from a MS. work on Species*, by Mr. Darwin, which
was sketched in 1839, and copied in 1844, when the copy w^as read
by Dr. Hooker, and its contents afterwards communicated to Sir
Charles Lyell. The first Part is devoted to " The Variation of
Organic Beings under Domestication and in their Natural State ;'*
and the second chapter of that Part, from which we propose to
read to the Society the extracts referred to, is headed, " On the
Variation of Organic Beings in a state of Nature ; on the Natural
Means of Selection ; on the Comparison of Domestic Eaces and
true Species."

2. An abstract of a private letter addressed to Professor Asa
Gray, of Boston, U.S., in October 1857, by Mr. Darwin, in which

* Tliis MS. work was never intended for publication, and therefore was not
written with care.— C. D. 1858.

46 MESSES. C. DARWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

he repeats his views, and which shows that these remained un-
altered from 1839 to 1857.

3. An Essay by Mr. "Wallace, entitled " On the Tendency of
Varieties to depart indefinitely from the Original Type." This
was written at Ternate in Eebruary 1858, for the perusal of his
friend and correspondent Mr. Darwin, and sent to him with the
expressed wish that it should be forwarded to Sir Charles Lyell,
if Mr. Darwin thought it sufficiently novel and interesting. So
highly did Mr. Darwin appreciate the value of the views therein
set forth, that he proposed, in a letter to Sir Charles Lyell, to
obtain Mr. Wallace's consent to alJ.ow the Essay to be published
as soon as possible. Of this step we highly approved, provided
Mr. Darwin did not withhold from the public, as he was strongly
inclined to do (in favour of Mr. Wallace), the memoir which he
had himself written on the same subject, and which, as before
stated, one of us had perused in 1844, and the contents of which
we had both of us been privy to for many years. On representing
this to Mr. Darwin, he gave us permission to make what use we
thought proper of his memoir, &c. ; and in adopting our present
course, of presenting it to the Linnean Society, we have explained
to him that we are not solely considering the relative claims to
priority of himself and his friend, but the interests of science
generally ; for we feel it to be desirable that views founded on a
wide deduction from facts, and matured by years of reflection,
should constitute at once a goal from which others may start,
and that, while the scientific world is waiting for the appearance
of Mr. Darwin's complete work, some of the leading results of his
labours, as well as those of his able correspondent, should together
be laid before the public.

We have the honour to be yours very obediently,

Chaeles Lyell.

Jos. D. HOOKEE.

J. J. Bennett, Esq.,

Secretary of the Linnean Society.

I. Extract from an unpublished Work on Species, hy C. Daewin,
Esq., consisting of a portion of a Chapter entitled, " On the
Variation of Organic Beings in a state of Nature ; on the
Natural Means of Selection ; on the Compariso7i of Domestic
Baces and true Species.''^

De CandoUe, in an eloquent passage, has declared that all nature
is at war, one organism with another, or with external nature.

TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO FORM VAEIETIES. 47

Seeing the contented face of nature, this may at first well be
doubted ; but reflection will inevitably prove it to be true. The
war, however, is not constant, but recurrent in a slight degree
at short periods, and more severely at occasional more distant
periods; and hence its effects are easily overlooked. It is the
doctrine of Malthus applied in most cases with tenfold force. As
in every climate there are seasons, for each of its inhabitants, of
greater and less abundance, so all annually breed ; and the moral
restraint which in some small degree checks the increase of man-
kind is entirely lost. Even slow-breeding mankind has doubled in
twenty-five years ; and if he could increase his food with greater
ease, he would double in less time. But for animals without
artificial means, the amount of food for each species must, on an
average, be constant, whereas the increase of all organisms tends
to be geometrical, and in a vast majority of cases at an enormous
ratio. Suppose in a certain spot there are eight pairs of birds, and
that only four pairs of them annually (including double hatches)
rear only four young, and that these go on rearing their young at
the same rate, then at the end of seven years (a short life, exclu-
ding violent deaths, for any bird) there will be 2048 birds, instead
of the original sixteen. As this increase is quite impossible, we
must conclude either that birds do not rear nearly half their
young, or that the average life of a bird is, from accident, not
nearly seven years. Both checks probably concur. The same
kind of calculation applied to all plants and animals affords results
more or less striking, but in very few instances more striking than
in man.

Many practical illustrations of this rapid tendency to increase
are on record, among which, during peculiar seasons, are the ex-
traordinary numbers of certain animals ; for instance, during the
years 1826 to 1828, in La Plata, when from drought some millions
of cattle perished, the whole country actually swarmed with mice.
Now I think it cannot be doubted that during the breeding-season
all the mice (with the exception of a few males or females in
excess) ordinarily pair, and therefore that this astounding increase
during three years must be attributed to a greater number than
usual surviving the first year, and then breeding, and so on till
the third year, when their numbers were brought down to their
usual limits on the return of wet weather. Where man has intro-
duced plants and animals into a new and favourable country,
there are many accounts in how surprisingly few years the whole
country has become stocked with them. This increase would

48 MESSllS. C. DARWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

necessarily stop as soon as the country was fully stocked; and
yet we have every reason to believe, from what is known of wild
animals, that all would pair in the spring. In the majority of
cases it is most difficult to imagine where the checks fall — though
generally, no doubt, on the seeds, eggs, and young ; but when we
remember how impossible, even in mankind (so much better known
than any other animal), it is to infer from repeated casual obser-
vations what the average duration of life is, or to discover the
different percentage of deaths to births in diiferent countries, we
ought to feel no surprise at our being unable to discover where
the check falls in any animal or plant. It should always be re-
membered, that in most cases the checks are recurrent yearly in
a small, regular degree, and in an extreme degree during unusually
cold, hot, dry, or wet years, according to the constitution of the
being in question. Lighten any check in the least degree, and
the geometrical powers of increase in every organism will almost
instantly increase the average number of the favoured species.
Nature may be compared to a surface on which rest ten thousand
sharp wedges touching each other and driven inwards by incessant
blows. Fully to realize these views much reflection is requisite.
Malthus on man should be studied ; and all such cases as those of
the mice in La Plata, of the cattle and horses when first turned
out in South America, of the birds by our calculation, &c., should
be well considered. Reflect on the enormous multiplying power
inherent and annually in action in all animals ; reflect on the
countless seeds scattered by a hundred ingenious contrivances,
year after year, over the whole face of the land ; and yet we have
every reason to suppose that the average percentage of each of
the inhabitants of a country usually remains constant, rinally,
let it be borne in mind that this average number of individuals
(the external conditions remaining the same) in each country is
kept up by recurrent struggles against other species or against
external nature (as on the borders of the Arctic regions, where
the cold checks life), and that ordinarily each indi\ddual of every
species holds its place, either by its own struggle and capacity of
acquiring nourishment in some period of its life, from the egg
upwards ; or by the struggle of its parents (in short-lived organ-
isms, when the main check occurs at longer intervals) with other
individuals of the same or different species.

But let the external conditions of a country alter. If in a
small degree, the relative proportions of the inhabitants will in
most cases simply be slightly changed ; but let the number of

TEKDENCT OF SPECIES TO FOEM VABIETIES. 49

inhabitants be small, as on an island, and free access to it from
other countries be circumscribed, and let the change of conditions
continue progressing (forming new stations), in such a case the
original inhabitants must cease to be as perfectly adapted to the
changed conditions as they were originally. It has been shown in
a former part of this work, that such changes of external conditions
would, from their acting on the reproductive system, probably
cause the organization of those beings which were most affected to
become, as under domestication, plastic. Now, can it be doubted,
from the struggle each individual has to obtain subsistence, that
any minute variation in structure, habits, or instincts, adapting
that individual better to the new conditions, would tell upon its
vigour and health ? In the struggle it would have a better chance
of surviving ; and those of its offspring which inherited the vari-
ation, be it ever so slight, would also have a better chance. Yearly
more are bred than can survive ; the smallest grain in the balance,
in the long run, must teU on which death shall fall, and which
shall survive. Let this work of selection on the one hand, and
death on the other, go on for a thousand generations, who will
pretend to affirm that it would produce no effect, when we re-
member what, in a few years, Bakewell effected in cattle, and
Western in sheep, by this identical principle of selection ?

To give an imaginary example from changes in progress on
an island : — let the organization of a canine animal which preyed
chiefly on rabbits, but sometimes on hares, become slightly plastic ;
let these same changes cause the number of rabbits very slowly
to decrease, and the number of hares to increase; the effect
of this would be that the fox or dog would be driven to try to
catch more hares : his organization, however, being slightly plastic,
those individuals with the lightest forms, longest limbs, and best
eyesight, let the difference be ever so small, would be slightly
favoured, and would tend to live longer, and to survive during
that time of the year when food was scarcest ; they would also
rear more young, which would tend to inherit these slight pecu-
liarities. The less fleet ones would be rigidly destroyed. I can
see no more reason to doubt that these causes in a thousand
generations would produce a marked effect, and adapt the form of
the fox or dog to the catching of hares instead of rabbits, than that
greyhounds can be improved by selection and careful breeding.
So would it be with plants under similar circumstances. If the
number of individuals of a species with plumed seeds could be
increased by greater powers of dissemination within its own area

LINS-. PKQO.— ZOOLOGY. 4

50 MESSRS. C. DAHWIN and a. WALLACE ON THE

(that is, if the check to increase fell chiefly on the seeds), those
seeds which were provided with ever so little more down, would
in the long run be most disseminated ; hence a greater number of
seeds thus formed would germinate, and would tend to produce
plants inheriting the slightly better-adapted down*.

Besides this natural means of selection, by which those indi-
viduals are preserved, whether in their egg^ or larval, or mature
state, which are best adapted to the place they fill in nature,
there is a second agency at work in most unisexual animals,
tending to produce the same effect, namely, the struggle of the
males for the females. These struggles are generally decided
by the law of battle, but in the case of birds, apparently, by the
charms of their song, by their beauty or their power of court-
ship, as in the dancing rock-thrush of G-uiana. The most vigor-
ous and healthy males, implying perfect adaptation, must gene-
rally gain the victory in their contests. This kind of selection,
however, is less rigorous than the other ; it does not require the
death of the less successful, but gives to them fewer descendants.
The struggle falls, moreover, at a time of year when food is gene-
rally abundant, and perhaps the effect chiefly produced would be
the modification of the secondary sexual characters, which are not
related to the power of obtaining food, or to defence from enemies,
but to fighting with or rivalling other males. The result of this
struggle amongst the males may be compared in some respects
to that produced by those agriculturists who pay less attention
to the careful selection of all their young animals, and more to
the occasional use of a choice mate.

II. Abstract of a Letter from C. Darwin, Esq., to Prof. AsA Gray,
Boston, U.S., dated Down, September 5th, 1857.

1. It is wonderful what the principle of selection by man, that is
the picking out of individuals with any desired quality, and breed-
ing from them, and again picking out, can do. Even breeders have
been astounded at their own results. They can act on difterences
inappreciable to an uneducated eye. Selection has been methodi-
cally followed in Europe for only the last half centuiy ; but it
was occasionally, and even in some degree methodically, fol-
lowed in the most ancient times. There must have been also
a kind of unconscious selection from a remote period, namely in

* I can see no more difficulty in this, than in the planter improving his
rarieties of the cotton plant. — 0. D. 1858.

TEKDENCT OF SPECIES TO FOBM VAllTETIES. 61

the preservation of the individual animals (without any thought
of their offspring) most useful to each race of man in his par-
ticular circumstances. The "roguing," as nurserymen call the
destroying of varieties which depart from their type, is a kind of
selection. I am convinced that intentional and occasional selec-
tion has been the main agent in the production of our domestic
races ; but however tliis may be, its great power of modification
has been indisputably shown in later times. Selection acts only
by the accumulation of slight or greater variations, caused by ex-
ternal conditions, or by the mere fact that in generation the child
is not absolutely similar to its parent. Man, by this power of
accumulating variations, adapts living beings to his wants — may
be said to make the wool of one sheep good for carpets, of another
for cloth, &c.

2. Now suppose there were a being who did not judge by mere
external appearances, but who could study the whole internal or-
ganization, who was never capricious, and should go on selecting
for one object during millions of generations ; wlio will say what he
might not effect ? In nature we have some slight variation occa-
sionally in all parts ; and I think it can be shown that changed
conditions of existence is the main cause of the child not exactly
resembling its parents ; and in nature geology shows us what
changes have taken place, and are taking place. We have almost
unlimited time ; no one but a practical geologist can fully appre-
ciate this. Think of the Glacial period, during the whole of which
the same species at least of shells have existed ; there must have
been during this period millions on millions of generations.

3. I think it can be shown that there is such an unerring
power at work in Natural Selection (the title of my book), which
selects exclusively for the good of each organic being. The elder
De Candolle,'W. Herbert, and Lyell have written excellently on the
struggle for life ; but even they have not written strongly enough.
Eeflect that every being (even the elephant) breeds at such a rate,
that in a few years, or at most a few centuries, the surface of the
earth would not hold the progeny of one pair. I have found it
hard constantly to bear in mind that the increase of every single
species is checked during some part of its life, or during some
shortly recurrent generation. Only a few of those annually born
can live to propagate their kind. What a trifling difference must
often determine which shall survive, and which perish !

4. Now take the case of a country undergoing some change.
This will tend to cause some of its inhabitants to vary slightly —

4*

52 MESSES. C. DARWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

not but that I believe most beings vary at all times enough for
selection to act on them. Some of its inhabitants will be extermi-
nated ; and the remainder will be exposed to the mutual action of
a different set of inhabitants, which I believe to be far more im-
portant to the life of each being than mere climate. Considering
the infinitely various methods which living beings follow to obtain
food by struggling with other organisms, to escape danger at
various times of life, to have their eggs or seeds disseminated, &c.
&c., I cannot doubt that during millions of generations individuals
of a species will be occasionally born with some slight variation,
profitable to some part of their economy. Such individuals will
have a better chance of surviving, and of propagating their new
and slightly different structure ; and the modification may be
slowly increased by the accumulative action of natural selection
to any profitable extent. The variety thus formed will either
coexist with, or, more commonly, will exterminate its parent form.
An organic being, like the woodpecker or misseltoe, may thus come
to be adapted to a score of contingences — natural selection accu-
mulating those slight variations in all parts of its structure, which
are in any way useful to it during any part of its life.

5. Multiform difficulties will occur to every one, with respect
to this theory. Many can, I think, be satisfactorily answered.
Natura non facit saltum answers some of the most obvious. The
slowness of the change, and only a very few individuals under-
going change at any one time, answers others. The extreme
imperfection of our geological records answers others.

6. Another principle, which may be called the principle of
divergence, plays, I believe, an important part in the origin of
species. The same spot will support more life if occupied by very
diverse forms. "We see this in the many generic forms in a square
yard of turf, and in the plants or insects on any little uniform
islet, belonging almost invariably to as many genera and families
as species. We can understand the meaning of this fact amongst
the higher animals, whose habits we understand. We know that
it has been experimentally shown that a plot of land will yield a
greater weight if sown with several species and genera of grasses,
than if sown with only two or three species. Now, every organic
being, by propagating so rapidly, may be said to be striving its
utmost to increase in numbers. So it will be with the offspring
of any species after it has become diversified into varieties, or sub-
species, or true species. And it follows, I think, from the fore-
going facts, that the varying offspring of each species will try

TENDENCY OP SPECIES TO EORM VAEIETIES. 53

(only few will succeed) to seize on as many and as diverse places
in the economy of nature as possible. Eacli new variety or species,
wlien formed, will generally take the place of, and thus exterminate
its less well-fitted parent. This I believe to be the origin of the
classification and affinities of organic beings at all times; for
organic beings always seem to branch and sub-branch like the
limbs of a tree from a common trunk, the flourishing and diver-
ging twigs destroying the less vigorous — the dead and lost branches
rudely representing extinct genera and families.

This sketch is most imperfect ; but in so short a space I cannot
make it better. Your imagination must fill up very wide blanks.

C. Daewin.

III. On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the
Original Type, By Alebed Rtjssel Wallace.

One of the strongest arguments which have been adduced to
prove the original and permanent distinctness of species is, that
varieties produced in a state of domesticity are more or less un-
stable, and often have a tendency, if left to themselves, to return
to the normal form of the parent species ; and this instability is
considered to be a distinctive peculiarity of all varieties, even of
those occurring among wild animals in a state of nature, and to
constitute a provision for preserving unchanged the originally
created distinct species.

In the absence or scarcity of facts and observations as to
varieties occurring among wild animals, this argument has had
great weight with naturalists, and has led to a very general and
somewhat prejudiced belief in the stability of species. Equally
general, however, is the belief in what are called " permanent or
true varieties," — races of animals which continually propagate
their like, but which difier so slightly (although constantly) from
some other race, that the one is considered to be a variety of the
other. "Which is the variety and which the original species, there
is generally no means of determining, except in those rare cases
in which the one race has been known to produce an offspring
unlike itself and resembling the other. This, however, would
seem quite incompatible with the "permanent invariability of
species," but the difficulty is overcome by assimiing that such
varieties have strict limits, and can never again vary further from
the original type, although they may return to it, which, from the

64 MESSES. C. DABWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

analogy of the domesticated animals, is considered to be higlily
probable, if not certainly proved.

It will be observed that this argument rests entirely on the
assumption, that varieties occurring in a state of nature are in all
respects analogous to or even identical with those of domestic
animals, and are governed by the same laws as regards their per-
manence or further variation. But it is the object of the present
paper to show that this assumption is altogether false, that there
is a general principle in nature which will cause many varieties to
survive the parent species, and to give rise to successive variations
departing further and further from the original type, and which
also produces, in domesticated animals, the tendency of varieties
to return to the parent form.

The life of wild animals is a struggle for existence. The full
exertion of all their faculties and all their energies is required to
preserve their own existence and provide for that of their infant
offspring. The possibility of procuring food during the least
favourable seasons, and of escaping the attacks of their most dan-
gerous enemies, are the primary conditions which determine the
existence both of individuals and of entire species. These con-
ditions will also determine the population of a species ; and by a
careful consideration of all the circumstances we may be enabled
to comprehend, and in some degree to explain, what at first sight
appears so inexplicable — the excessive abundance of some species,
while others closely allied to them are very rare.

The general proportion that must obtain between certain groups
of animals is readily seen. Large animals cannot be so abundant
as small ones; the carnivora must be less numerous than the
herbivora ; eagles and lions can never be so plentiful as pigeons
and antelopes ; the wild asses of the Tartarian deserts cannot
equal in numbers the horses of the more luxuriant prairies and
pampas of America. The greater or less fecundity of an animal
is often considered to be one of the chief causes of its abundance
or scarcity ; but a consideration of the facts will show us that it
really has little or nothing to do with the matter. Even the least
prolific of animals would increase rapidly if unchecked, whereas it
is evident that the animal population of the globe must be sta-
tionary, or perhaps, through the influence of man, decreasing.
Fluctuations there may be ; but permanent increase, except in re-
stricted localities, is almost impossible. For example, our own
observation must convince us that birds do not go on increasing
every year in a geometrical ratio, as they would do, were there not

TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO FOEM VABIETIES. 55

some powerful check to their natural increase. Very lew birds
produce less than two young ones each year, while many have
six, eight, or ten ; four will certainly be below the average ; and if
we suppose that each pair produce young only four times in their
life, that will also be below the average, supposing them not to
die either by violence or want of food. Yet at this rate how tre-
mendous would be the increase in a few years from a single pair I
A simple calculation will show that in fifteen years each pair of
birds would have increased to nearly ten millions ! whereas we
have no reason to believe that the number of the birds of any
country increases at all in fifteen or in one hundred and fifty years.
With such powers of increase the population must have reached
its limits, and have become stationary, in a very few years after the
origin of each species. It is evident, therefore, that each year an
immense number of birds must perish — as many in fact as are
born ; and as on the lowest calculation the progeny are each year
twice as numerous as their parents, it follows that, whatever be the
average number of individuals existing in any given country, twice
that number must 'perish annually, — a striking result, but one which
seems at least highly probable, and is perhaps under rather than
over the truth. It would therefore appear that, as far as the con-
tinuance of the species and the keeping up the average number
of individuals are concerned, large broods are superfluous. On
the average all above one become food for hawks and kites, wild
cats and weasels, or perish of cold and hunger as winter comes on.
This is strikingly proved by the case of particular species ; for we
find that their abundance in individuals bears no relation whatever
to their fertility in producing offspring. Perhaps the most re-
markable instance of an immense bird population is that of the
passenger pigeon of the United States, which lays only one, or
at most two eggs, and is said to rear generally but one young
one. Why is this bird so extraordinarily abundant, while others
producing two or three times as many young are much less plen-
tiful ? The explanation is not difficult. The food most congenial
to this species, and on which it thrives best, is abundantly distri-
buted over a very extensive region, offering such differences of
soil and climate, that in one part or another of the area the supply
never fails. The bird is capable of a very rapid and long-contiuued
flight, so that it can pass without fatigue over the whole of the
district it inhabits, and as soon as the supply of food begins to
fail in one place is able to discover a fresh feeding-ground. This
example strikingly shows us that the procuring a constant supply

56 MESSRS. C. DARWIK AND A. WALLACE ON THE

of wholesome food is almost the sole condition requisite for ensu-
ring the rapid increase of a given species, since neither the limited
fecundity, nor the unrestrained attacks of birds of prey and of
man are here sufficient to check it. In no other birds are these
peculiar circumstances so strikingly combined. Either their food
is more liable to failure, or they have not sufficient power of wing
to search for it over an extensive area, or during some season of the
year it becomes very scarce, and less wholesome substitutes have
to be found ; and thus, though more fertile in offspring, they can
never increase beyond the supply of food in the least favourable
seasons. Many birds can only exist by migrating, when their food
becomes scarce, to regions possessing a milder, or at least a different
climate, though, as these migrating birds are seldom excessively
abundant, it is evident that the countries they visit are still
deficient in a constant and abundant supply of wholesome food.
Those whose organization does not permit them to migrate when
their food becomes periodically scarce, can never attain a large
population. This is probably the reason why woodpeckers are
scarce with us, while in the tropics they are among the most
abundant of solitary birds. Thus the house sparrow is more abun-
dant than the redbreast, because its food is more constant and
plentiful, — seeds of grasses being preserved during the winter, and
our farm-yards and stubble-fields furnishing an almost inexhaust-
ible supply. Why, as a general rule, are aquatic, and especially
sea birds, very numerous in individuals ? JSTot because they are
more prolific than others, generally the contrary; but because
their food never fails, the sea-shores and river-banks daily swarm-
ing with a fresh supply of small moUusca and Crustacea. Exactly
the same laws will apply to mammals. Wild cats are prolific and
have few enemies; why then are they never as abundant as rabbits ?
The only intelligible answer is, that their supply of food is more
precarious. It appears evident, therefore, that so long as a
country remains physically unchanged, the numbers of its animal
population cannot materially increase. If one species does so,
some others requiring the same kind of food must diminish in
proportion. The numbers that die annually must be immense ;
and as the individual existence of each animal depends upon itself,
those that die must be the weakest — the very young, the aged, and
the diseased, — while those that prolong their existence can only
be the most perfect in health and vigour — those who are best able
to obtain food regularly, and avoid their numerous enemies. It
is, as we commenced by remarking, "a struggle for existence," in

TENDENCY OF Si?EOIES TO TOEM VAEIETIES. 57

which the weakest and least perfectly organized must always
succumb.

Now it is clear that what takes place among the individuals of
a species must also occur among the several allied species of a
group, — viz. that those which are best adapted to obtain a regular
supply of food, and to defend themselves against the attacks of
their enemies and the vicissitudes of the seasons, must necessarily
obtain and preserve a superiority in population ; while those species
which from some defect of power or organization are the least
capable of counteracting the vicissitudes of food, supply, &c., must
diminish in numbers, and, in extreme cases, become altogether
extinct. Between these extremes the species will present various
degrees of capacity for ensuring the means of preserving life ; and
it is thus we account for the abundance or rarity of species. Our
ignorance wiU generally prevent us from accurately tracing the
effects to their causes ; but could we become perfectly acquainted
with the organization and habits of the various species of animals,
and could we measure the capacity of each for performing the
different acts necessary to its safety and existence under all the
varying circumstances by which it is surrounded, we might be able
even to calculate the proportionate abundance of individuals which
is the necessary result.

If now we have succeeded in establishing these two points —
1st, that the animal population of a cotmtry is generally stationary,
heing kept down hy a periodical deficiency of food, and other checks \
and, 2nd, that the comparative abundance or scarcity of the indi-
viduals of the several species is entirely due to their organization and
resulting habits, which, rendering it more difficult to procure a
regular swpply of food and to provide for their personal safety in
some cases than in others, can only be balanced by a difference in
the population which have to exist in a given area — we shall be in
a condition to proceed to the consideration of varieties, to which
the preceding remarks have a direct and very important appli-
cation.

Most or perhaps all the variations from the typical form of a
species must have some definite effect, however slight, on the
habits or capacities of the individuals. Even a change of colour
might, by rendering them more or less distinguishable, affect their
safety ; a greater or less development of hair might modify their
habits. More important changes, such as an increase in the power
or dimensions of the limbs or any of the external organs, would
more or less affect their mode of procuring food or the range of

58 MESSES. C. DAEWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

country which they inhabit. It is also evident that most changes
would affect, either favourably or adversely, the powers of pro-
longing existence. An antelope with shorter or weaker legs must
necessarily suffer more from the attacks of the feline carnivora ;
the passenger pigeon with less powerful wings would sooner or
later be affected in its powers of procuring a regular supply of
food ; and in both cases the result must necessarily be a diminu-
tion of the population of the modified species. If, on the other
hand, any species should produce a variety having slightly increased
powers of preserving existence, that variety must inevitably in
time acquire a superiority in numbers. These results must follow
as surely as old age, intemperance, or scarcity of food produce an
increased mortality. In both cases there may be many individual
exceptions ; but on the average the rule will invariably be found
to hold good. All varieties will therefore fall into two classes —
those which under the same conditions would never reach the
population of the parent species, and those which would in time
obtain and keep a numerical superiority. Now, let some alteration
of physical conditions occur in the district — a long period of
drought, a destruction of vegetation by locusts, the irruption of
some new carnivorous animal seeking " pastures new" — any change
in fact tending to render existence more difficult to the species in
question, and tasking its utmost powers to avoid complete exter-
mination ; it is evident that, of all the individuals composing the
species, those forming the least numerous and most feebly organ-
ized variety would suffer first, and, were the pressure severe, must
soon become extinct. The same causes continuing in action, the
parent species would next suffer, would gradually diminish in
numbers, and with a recurrence of similar unfavourable conditions
might also become extinct. The superior variety would then alone
remain, and on a return to favourable circumstances would rapidly
increase in numbers and occupy the place of the extinct species
and variety.

The variety would now have replaced the species, of which it
would be a more perfectly developed and more highly organized
form. It would be in all respects better adapted to secure its
safety, and to prolong its individual existence and that of the race.
Such a variety could not return to the original form ; for that form
is an inferior one, and could never compete with it for existence.
Granted, therefore, a " tendency" to reproduce the original type
of the species, still the variety must ever remain preponderant in
numbers, and under adverse physical conditions again alone survive.

TENDENCY OE SPECIES TO FORM VAEIETIES. 59

But this new, improved, and populous race might itself, in course
of time, give rise to new varieties, exhibiting several diverging
modifications of form, any of which, tending to increase the facili-
ties for preserving existence, must, by the same general law, in their
turn become predominant. Here, then, we have progression mid
coiUinued divergence deduced from the general laws which regulate
the existence of animals in a state of nature, and from the undis-
puted fact that varieties do frequently occur. It is not, however,
contended that this result would be invariable ; a change of phy-
sical conditions in the district might at times materially modify it,
rendering the race which had been the most capable of supporting
existence under the former conditions now the least so, and even
causing the extinction of the newer and, for a time, superior race,
while the old or parent species and its first inferior varieties con-
tinued to flourish. Variations in unimportant parts might also
occur, having no perceptible eflfect on the life-preserving powers j
and the varieties so furnished might run a course parallel with
the parent species, either giving rise to further variations or re-
turning to the former type. All we argue for is, that certain
varieties have a tendency to maintain their existence longer than
the original species, and this tendency must make itself felt ; for
though the doctrine of chances or averages can never be trusted
to on a limited scale, yet, if applied to high numbers, the results
come nearer to what theory demands, and, as we approach to an
infinity of examples, become strictly accurate. Now the scale on
which nature works is so vast — the numbers of individuals and
periods of time with which she deals approach so near to infinity,
that any cause, however slight, and however liable to be veiled and
counteracted by accidental circumstances, must in the end produce
its full legitimate results.

Let us now turn to domesticated animals, and inquire how va-
rieties produced among them are affected by the principles here
enunciated. The essential difference in the condition of wild and
domestic animals is this, — that among the former, their well-
being and very existence depend upon the full exercise and healthy
condition of all their senses and physical powers, whereas, among
the latter, these are only partially exercised, and in some cases
are absolutely unused. A wild animal has to search, and often
to labour, for every mouthful of food — to exercise sight, hearing,
and smell in seeking it, and in avoiding dangers, in procuring
shelter from the inclemency of the seasons, and in providing for
the subsistence and safety of its offspring. There is no muscle of

60 MESSBS. C. DAEWIN AND A. WALLACE ON THE

its body that is not called into daily and hourly activity ; there is
no sense or faculty that is not strengthened by continual exercise.
The domestic animal, on the other hand, has food provided for it,
is sheltered, and often confined, to guard it against the vicissitudes
of the seasons, is carefully secured from the attacks of its natural
enemies, and seldom even rears its young without human assistance.
Half of its senses and faculties are quite useless ; and the other
half are but occasionally called into feeble exercise, while even its
muscular system is only irregularly called into action.

Now when a variety of such an animal occurs, having increased
power or capacity in any organ or sense, such increase is to-
tally useless, is never called into action, and may even exist without
the animal ever becoming aware of it. In the wild animal, on the
contrary, all its faculties and powers being brought into full action
for the necessities of existence, any increase becomes inunediately
available, is strengthened by exercise, and must even slightly mo-
dify the food, the habits, and the whole economy of the race. It
creates as it were a new animal, one of superior powers, and which
will necessarily increase in numbers and outlive those inferior
to it.

Again, in the domesticated animal all variations have an equal
chance of continuance ; and those which would decidedly render a
wild animal unable to compete with its fellows and continue its
existence are no disadvantage whatever in a state of domesticity.
Our quickly fattening pigs, short-legged sheep, pouter pigeons,
and poodle dogs could never have come into existence in a state
of nature, because the very first step towards such inferior forms
would have led to the rapid extinction of the race ; still less
could they now exist in competition with their wUd allies. The
great speed but slight endurance of the race horse, the unwieldy
strength of the ploughman's team, would both be useless in a
state of nature. If turned wild on the pampas, such animals would
probably soon become extinct, or under favourable circumstances
might each lose those extreme qualities which would never be called
into action, and in a few generations would revert to a common
type,'which must be that in which the various powers and faculties
are so proportioned to each other as to be best adapted to procure
food and secure safety, — that in which by the full exercise of every
part of his organization the animal can alone continue to live.
Domestic varieties, when turned wild, must return to something
near the type of the original wild stock, or hecome altogether
extinct.

TENDENCY OP SPECIES TO FOEM VAEIETIES. 61

"We see, then, that no inferences as to varieties in a state of
nature can be deduced from the observation of those occurring
among domestic animals. The two are so much opposed to each
other in every circumstance of their existence, that what applies
to the one is almost sure not to apply to the other. Domestic
animals are abnormal, irregular, artificial; they are subject to
varieties which never occur and never can occur in a state of
nature : their very existence depends altogether on human care ;
so far are many of them removed from that just proportion of
faculties, that true balance of organization, by means of which
alone an animal left to its own resources can preserve its existence
and continue its race.

The hypothesis of Lamarck — that progressive changes in species
have been produced by the attempts of animals to increase the
development of their own organs, and thus modify their structure
and habits — has been repeatedly and easily refuted by all writers
on the subject of varieties and species, and it seems to have been
considered that when this was done the whole question has been
finally settled ; but the view here developed renders such an hypo-
thesis quite unnecessary, by showing that similar results must be
produced by the action of principles constantly at work in nature.
The powerful retractile talons of the falcon- and the cat-tribes
have not been produced or increased by the volition of those
animals ; but among the different varieties which occurred in the
earlier and less highly organized forms of these groups, those
always survived longest which had the greatest facilities for seizing
their prey. Neither did the giraffe acquire its long neck by de-
siring to reach the foliage of the more lofty shrubs, and constantly
stretching its neck for the purpose, but because any varieties
which occurred among its antitypes with a longer neck than usual
at once secured a fresh range of pasture over the same ground as
their shorter-necJced companions, and on the first scarcity of food
were therely enabled to outlive them. Even the peculiar colours of
many animals, especially insects, so closely resembling the soil or
the leaves or the trunks on which they habitually reside, are ex-
plained on the same principle ; for though in the course of ages
varieties of many tints may have occurred, yet those races having
colours hest adapted to concealment from their enemies would inevi-
tably survive the longest. We have also here an acting cause to
account for that balance so often observed in nature, — a deficiency
in one set of organs always being compensated by an increased
development of some others— powerful wings accompanying weak

63 ON THE TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO FOEM VABIETIES.

feet, or great velocity making up for the absence of defensive
weapons ; for it has been shown that all varieties in which an
unbalanced deficiency occurred could not long continue their ex-
istence. The action of this principle is exactly like that of the
centrifugal governor of the steam engine, which checks and cor-
rects any irregularities almost before they become evident ; and
in like manner no unbalanced deficiency in the animal kingdom
can ever reach any conspicuous magnitude, because it would make
itself felt at the very first step, by rendering existence difiicult
and extinction almost sure soon to follow. An origin such as is
here advocated will also agree with the peculiar character of the
modifications of form and structure which obtain in organized
beings — the many lines of divergence from a central type, the
increasing efficiency and power of a particular organ through a
succession of allied species, and the remarkable persistence of
unimportant parts such as colour, texture of plumage and hairj
form of horns or crests, through a series of species differing con-
siderably in more essential characters. It also furnishes us with
a reason for that "more specialized structure" which Professor
Owen states to be a characteristic of recent compared with extinct
forms, and which would evidently be the result of the progressive
modification of any organ applied to a special purpose in the
animal economy.

We believe we have now shown that there is a tendency in
nature to the continued progression of certain classes of varieties
further and further from the original type — a progression to which
there appears no reason to assign any definite limits — and that
the same principle which produces this result in a state of nature
will also explain why domestic varieties have a tendency to revert
to the original type. This progression, by minute steps, in various
directions, but always checked and balanced by the necessary con-
ditions, subject to which alone existence can be preserved, may, it
is believed, be followed out so as to agree with all the phenomena
presented by organized beings, their extinction and succession in
past ages, and all the extraordinary modifications of form, instinct,
and habits which they exhibit.

Ternate, February, 1858.

KNOX ON THE CETACEA.

Contributions to the Anatomy and Natural History of the
Cetacea. By E Knox, Esq., M.D., F.E.S.E. Communi-
cated by the Secretary.

[Eeceived Oct. 6, 1857.]

Part I. The Dolphins.

The dissection of the Cetacea, and more especially of the larger
kinds, is attended with great difficulty, and not unfrequently
entails heavy expenses on those who attempt it. For these
reasons I have thought that zoologists might be pleased to have,
even now, submitted to them the results of numerous dissections
made many years ago, when, not stinted in means, and having the
aid of excellent assistants, I attempted the dissection even of the
gigantic Arctic Rorqual, the largest, perhaps, of all living beings.
Certain of the details have been from time to time laid before the
public, but in an extremely scattered and incomplete form, and
without the illustrations (artistic), which explain so much better
than any verbal description. The greater part is still before me
in manuscript. It is my intention in the following contributions
to endeavour to connect them together, adding to those already
published many facts I find in MSS. The original drawings,
made by my brother and by Messrs. Edward Forbes and Henry
Goodsir (who were at that time my students and assistants), are
still in my possession.

Determination of Species. — The determination of species as
regards the Cetacea is one of much difficulty ; Cuvier met this
difficulty by an appeal to anatomy. The number of vertebrae com-
posing the vertebral column (exclusive of the cephalic) seemed to
me a tolerably secure guide in the determination of species, — being
aware, however, that some doubted the method, believing that the
number of the vertebrae might vary, first, with the individual,
secondly with the age of the specimen. I still continue to be of
my original opinion, that the number of vertebrae comprising the
vertebral column, properly so called, may safely be trusted in de-
termining the species of the Cetacea ; and with this view I drew
up the following Table, excepting from it the genus Dugong, which
I have never considered to be a Cetacean : —

LINN. PROC— ZOOLOGY. 5

64

KNOX ON THE CETAOEA.

Tabular View of the Number of the Vertehrce
(Cephalic vertebree excluded.)

certain Cetacea.

Species.

Authorities.

CuVlEJi.

RlTDOLPHI.

Knox.

J. HUNTEE.

Htjntee
(Glasgow.)

1. Mysticettts.

Skeleton of the fcetus
(the cervical reckoned
as 7) of the Mysticetns
horealis, Greenland...

48
65

48

61 or 62.
46

90
90

Adult Mysticetus^
Whale of Commerce .

B.Mysticetus australis^
True Whale of the
Cape Seas

unknown
59

2. Bal^nopteba.
Gigantic Northern Ror-
qual

Specimen of Rorqual de-
scribed by Rudolphi .

B. rostrata of Fabri-
cius ; on the authority
of Van Beneden :
A. Rorqual

54

Great Whale at Ant-
werp. Yan Beneden.
Species not stated . . .

The lesser Rorqual of
the North. .

48
81

46

Great Rorqual of the
Cape

52

60
67

a. Phtsetee.
Sperm Whale or Ca-
chalot

4. Delphinus.

D. Bel/phis

JD. Belphis. In my

B. Belphis. In the
Museum of Dr. R.
Hunter, Glasgow

B. Belphis. Dissected
by John Hunter

60
51

B. Phoccena

66

65

B.Ehsenii. Van Bene-
den

In a late number of the ' Bulletins of the Eoyal Academy of
Brussels ' I find some valuable remarks in respect of these points
by M. Van Beneden. He praises, and deservedly, no doubt, the
exertions of M. Eschricht to collect a proper Museum of the
Cetacea. It appears, according to M. Eschricht, that at no age
whatever do we find in true whales (meaning, I presume, the

KNOX ON THE OETACEA. 65

Mysticetus horealis and australis) any distinct vertebrsB in the
cervical region as in other mammals. A fusion of all into one bone
or cartilage seems to take place even in the youngest foetus. In
the foetus examined by me of this species (a specimen removed from
the uterus of a true Mysticetus killed in the G-reenland seas), I do
not recollect the- precise appearance of the cervical vertebrae ; but
the skeleton is in existence, and shaU be referred to. To the
skeleton of the Eorqual now in the Museum at Antwerp, and which
seems to me of the same species as the one I dissected in Scotland
(and of which the skeleton, prepared with infinite care by my
brother and myself, was presented by me to the Town Council of
Edinburgh, and is now preserved in the Zoological Gardens of
the same city), he gives the following vertebrae : —

Skeleton of the Eorqual at Antwerp — Cervical . . 7

Dorsal . . 14-15

Lumbar . . 15

Caudal .. 25*

Total 61 or 62

In the skeleton of the Great Eorqual now in the Zoological
Gardens at Edinburgh, and originally dissected and prepared by
my brother and myself, these vertebrae are —

Cervical 7

Dorsal 15

Lumbar and Caudal 43

Total.... 65

In that of the Lesser Eorqual I dissected in 1830, the skeleton of
which I think is still preserved in the Museum of the University
of Edinburgh, we found —

VertebrcB.

Cervical 7

Dorsal 11

Lumbar 13

Caudal 17

Total 48

The specimen was that of a young animal, and of the same species,

* It is stated that some of the last of these are of wood. The skeleton in
Edinburgh is perfect.

5*

66 KNOX ON THE CETACEA.

I believe, as the one described by Mr. Hunter and Fabricius ; it is a
distinct species, and not merely the young of the Great Eorqual.

I shall return to the Dugong, as not being a Cetacean, in a
future Section : its skeleton has been examined in a masterly way
by De Blainville, an anatomist and observer of the highest order,
since the time I wrote and published my Memoir on the Dugong.

The first great step in the anatomy of the Cetacea is unques-
tionably due to Cuvier ; but his dissections were almost confined
to the genus Delphinus, or the common Porpoise of our coasts. I
repeated all his dissections, and found them, as they almost always
were, scrupulously exact ; but when I came to examine Cetacea
with whalebone instead of teeth, I was surprised to find how
difierent, in fact, the anatomy of the two great families was.
Scarcely in any great natural family do we find Cuvier' s favourite
theory of anatomical and physiological co-relations so entirely at
fault as in the Cetacea. The teeth or whalebone, as natural-history
characters, lead to no results ; the whole structure of the interior
defies all a-priori reasoning. The brain in whalebone-whales does
not fill the interior of the cranium ; so that the capacity of the one
is no measure of the solid bulk of the other. Their food is
various, having no relation to the teeth or buccal appendages;
vascular structures surround the spinal marrow, and extend in the
Balwnopterce into the cavity of the cranium, which seem to be
without any analogy in other mammals, or, at the least, a very
obscure one, and whose functions are wholly unknown.

Cetacea might with some propriety be divided into whales with
whalebone, and whales with teeth. Those with whalebone have
rudimentary teeth in both jaws in the foetal state. Fossil Cetacea
exist, and they seem to have been of both kinds, but, no doubt,
were generically and specifically distinct from the recent. Jud-
ging from the remains of those I have seen, I am inclined to think
that those with teeth were of a stronger and firmer build in the
skeleton than those called recent; that the neck was longer,
and the caudal portion of the column shorter than in the recent
kinds, and that they approached the Saurians in form. There is
a remarkable want of symmetry in the crania of some of the
Cetacea ; but most remarkable is the cranium of the Narwhal. Of
this fact I have already spoken, in the article published in the
Transactions of the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh.

Delphinus PJioccena. Dissection of a small Cetacean sent to me
from Orkney in the month of May 1835. — This species is said to
abound on the coasts, and to furnish a kind of fishery to the in-

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. « 67

habitants. On dissection we found 81 vertebrsB, exclusive of the
cephalic. The species must be quite distinct from those pre-
viously and subsequently examined by myself and many others,
in which the number of vertebrae ranged from 61 to 66. It
is also, I think, distinct from the specimen I saw in Dr. R.
Hunter's Museum in Glasgow, in which the number of vertebrae
was 90, exclusive of the cephalic in all the cases. Thus it stands
with regard to the Cetacea called Porpoises and Dolphins.

In certain species of Delphinus the vertical column is com-
posed of 61 vertebrae, in others of 65, in others of 66, in others of
81, in others of 90.

The specimen I now describe was, no doubt, that of a young
anin^al ; and the skeleton was prepared, consequ(mtly, as a natural
one. This method has the advantage of security against the loss
of any important osseous structures, which too frequently happens
when the bones require to be macerated. The bones con-
tained little oil, and weighed, head included, only ^\ lbs. ; the
whole animal, when entire, weighed 14 stone, or 196 lbs. ; the
skeleton therefore was about a twenty-fourth part of the whole
weight. It was a fetnale. The external nostrils terminated in a
single orifice of a semilunar shape, with the concavity turned
towards the snout. Measurements of young animals have not the
importance of those of the adult ; but I give them here because I
think that the specimen, although young, had nearly attained its
full growth : —

ft. in.

Total length over the dorsum 6 5f

„ „ lateral surface 6 llf

„ „ abdominal surface 6 llf

From the snout to the nostrils 0 11-|

From the nostrils to the dorsal fin 1 6-|

Base of the dorsal fin ; Oil

Erom dorsal fin to foot of tail 3 Of

Breadth of pectoral limb 0 4-|

From the snout to the organs of generation . . 3 9f

Circumference anterior to the arm 2 9

„ „ dorsal fin 3 2-|

„ posterior to dorsal fin 2 10

„ at setting on of the tail 0 8-|

Length of pectoral limb 0 10

Breadth of tail . . . . " 1 2

Greatest height of the dorsal fin : . . 0 9

68 KKOX ON THE CETACEA.

From the notes taken at the time, I find that my brother
remarks that the Dolphin of Orkney differed a good deal in shape
from those found in the Forth and seas in the South of Scotland.
There were, moreover, 16 more vertebrae than in the skeleton of
the Common Porpoise of authors. The teeth generally weighed
2^ grains each.

Further, the muscles of the tongue, intrinsic as well as ex-
trinsic, were extremely well developed. The isthmus faucium
was 3 inches long. All this part was extremely glandular. A
well-marked muscular gullet followed, composed of two layers of
muscular fibres, — one circular internally, and one longitudinal ex-
ternally. These latter sent a slip to the base of the arytaenoid car-
tilages. The mucous membrane of the gullet had no true epidermic
covering, and in this respect diifered remarkably from the first
gastric compartment, from which a cuticular lining could be
peeled off, as strong as that from the sole of the foot in man.
The larynx presented that organization so well described by the
illustrious Cuvier, and which I believe to be peculiar to the
whales with teeth. It differs very much, as I explained long
ago, in its arrangement from that of Whalebotie Whales, — a fact of
which I think Cuvier was not aware. The cricoid cartilage was
imperfect in form ; the hyo-epiglottic muscles very strong. The
proper arytaenoid were present, and strong, but did not extend so
high as in man ; the thyro-arytaenoid muscles were very fully de-
veloped. In the interior of the larynx there were no projections
nor ventricles, no cuneiform cartilages, nor cornicula laryngis.
The rings of the trachea formed complete circles.

Stomach. — The cuticular lining is limited to the first cavity or
compartment. It is in the second compartment that is found the
curious glandular arrangement first, I believe, described by me in
the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.' This
structure is most probably not limited to the second compart-
ment. There are four distinct compartments in the stomach of
this animal. A dilated duodenum follows, 6 inches in length. It
is possible that this may have been in some instances mistaken for
a stomach. The valvulae conniventes commence with the jejunum ;
these are longitudinal, and extend to within about 6 inches of tlie
anus, terminating at a point where the intestine seems enlarged.
The length of the intestines, large and small, was 90 feet ; circum-
ference generally about 2 inches. Thousands and tens of thou-
sands of parasitical worms were found in the stomach, but none in
the intestine. In the stomach also we found four mandibles of

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. bU

the cuttlefish, but no remains of anything in the intestines, and
no parasites.

Heart and Vessels. — The heart weighed exactly one pound. The
Eustachian valve was small, that of Thebesius imperfect. The
aorta proceeded for about 3 inches of its course before giving
off any branches. At a point corresponding to the 15th or 16th
lumbar vertebra the vessel divided into the common iliacs. The
art. sacri media, its continuation, continued its course protected by
the Y-bones, and giving off branches corresponding to the inter-
vertebral spaces.

Brain and Nervous System. — The erectile tissue surrounding
the spinal cord and origin of the spinal nerves in the Cetacea did
not extend into the interior of the cranium. The entire ence-
phalic mass weighed 2\ lbs. : cerebrum, 2 lbs. ; cerebellum, \ ;
pons and medulla, -j=2J. Compared with a drawing of Camper
of the Belphinus Fhoccena, the brain was found to differ remark-
ably, in being much broader in the line of the middle and poste-
rior lobes. In no animal did I ever find the fibrous structure of
the brain so well marked ; and this extended to the cerebellum *.
I give here some measurements of the brain, which may be of use
to future observers. The brain is short from before backwards,
but broad transversely : —

Antero-posterior diameter 5f inches.

Breadth 8 „

Greatest breadth of the cerebellum 4 „

Length of the cerebellar hemisphere . . . . 4f „

Depth of ditto 3f „

Weight of the encephalic mass 2^ lbs.

Depth of the interhemispherical fissure . . If inches.

Length of the corpus callosum 1^ „

Weight of cerebrum 2 "j

„ cerebellum OJ \=^^ lbs.

„ the pons and med. oblongata . . 0^ J

Nerves. — The 7th pair was found to be unexpectedly large and
firm, including both portions. The anterior roots of the spinal
nerves were far more numerous than the posterior or dorsal.

* " The substance of the brain is more visibly fibrous than I ever saw it in
any other animal, the fibres passing from the ventricles as from a centre to the
circumference, which fibrous texture is also continued through the cortical sub-
stance."—Huntee, " On Whales," ' Animal Economy,' Palmer's edit. p. 373.

70 KNOX ON THE CETACEA.

Muscles. — The panniculus carnosus, strong and fleshy, extended
nearly over the whole trunk. The recti abdominis were power-
ful, and attached inferiorly in this way : — A portion runs to the
pelvic bones ; a much stronger to a strong aponeurosis, situated
between the anus and the root of the tail.

The erector muscles of the spine (sacrolumbalis, longissimus
dorsi and multifidus spinse) weighed fully 16 lbs. They had but
slender costal attachments ; but their spinal (small delicate ten-
dons) were innumerable. The scaleni were very large ; and the
vessels held the same relation to them as in man. The serratus
magnus was comparatively small. The larger rhomboid had no
spinal attachment ; the minor rhomboid seemed to be the larger
of the two. The pectorals were comparatively small. The adi-
pose tissue appeared to be wholly confined to the subcutaneous
region. The muscles were of a deep brown colour, full of blood,
with a short, dark, and well-flavoured fibre : when cooked, they
had a strong resemblance in flavour and taste to the flesh of the
hare.

Part II. The Bal^na Whales, oe Whales with Whalebone.

In February 1834 a young whale of the family of Balaena Whales
was caught near the Queensferry, in the Firth of Forth. One
much larger had been seen some time before, but escaped. I
purchased it for dissection, although I was aware that it was im-
possible for me, during the hurry of the winter session, to devote
much time to it. But I had able assistants (Mr. Henry Goodsir,
Mr. Edward Forbes, and my brother), from whom I expected a
good deal of aid. Some very beautiful drawings of this whale,
made for me by Mr. Edward Forbes and by my brother, are still
in mj possession.

It was easy to see, by the dorsal fin and by the numerous plaits
or folds on the abdominal surface of the throat and chest, before
any dissection, that the specimen was a young Balsenopterous
whale, differing in a great many points from the true whale or
Mysticetus : for, 1st, the form of the head was entirely different ;
2nd, it had a dorsal fin ; and, 3rd, occupying the lower surface of
the throat and thorax were numerous folds of the integuments.
To this class of whales I have been in the habit of giving the name
of Eorqual, to distinguish them from the other class of Whale-
bone Whales, the Mysticetus both horealis and australis.

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. 71

It appears from my notes, that at that time M. Gr. Cuvier
considered the species I now describe as identical with the Great
Rorqual I had described about two years previously ; but I felt
convinced then, as now, that they form distinct species, and in
this opinion some continental anatomists seem to coincide.

Being persuaded that there was some inaccuracy in former
drawings of the species, I had the specimen suspended and drawn
with great care by Mr. Edward Eorbes. This position explained
the mechanism of the mouth, showing its great size, even in the
short Balsena Whales ; its great capacity in the Mysticetus had
never been doubted.

As to the species, the conclusion I arrived at was, that the
specimen belonged to that termed by Fabricius rostrata, and
that individuals of the species had been seen by John Hunter,
Sir James Watson, and Fabricius.

Measurements. f^ in.

Total length of the specimen 9 11

Circumference immediately behind the pectoral

extremities 5 2

Circumference where the folds or rugae terminated 4 8^^

Ditto of the tail at its origin 1 6^

Length from the back fin to the setting on of the

tail 2 10

„ from the snout to the ear 3 0

„ from snout to nostrils 1 4

„ of lower jaw 2 3

„ of arm ; inner side 1 3

„ from the angle of the mouth to the arm. . 1 3

„ from snout to arm 2 9

„ of tail in depth 0 11

„ of back fin at the base 0 8

Height of back fin 0 8|

From top to tip of tail 2 8^

Stomach : — 1st compartment, in length 1 2

2nd „ „ 14

3rd „ „ 0 8

4th „ „ 0 7

5th „ „ . 0 3

Spleen weighed 4 ounces ; its length was 0 5

Liver, 9 lbs.

Small intestines, length 20 0

72 KNOX ON THE CETACEA.

ft. in.

Iiarge „ „ 2 4

Kidney, weight 2^ lbs.

Brain (including 2 inches of spinal marrow), S^ lbs.
Cerebellum, pons, and 2 inches of spinal marrow, f lb.
G-reat hemisphere of the brain measured 3 inches in
length, in breadth, 6-|- ; at the base, 8 inches.

Tuber annulare 0 If

Olfactory nerves, in length 0 1-^

Ditto, breadth 0 2^

Skeleton : — Length of cranium 2 11

Grreatest breadth between the orbits . 1 3
Length of vertebral column 7 8

When we compare the skeleton of this Eorqual with the
Grigantic Eorqual I also dissected, we find as follows : —

i2. giganteus, R. minor.

Cervical .... vertebrae 7 vertebrae 7

Dorsal 15 11

Lumbar, sacral, caudal 43 30

65 48

These differences must be specific.

At the extremity of the snout in either jaw there were 8 strong
bristles, being the only vestiges of hair found on the external
surface. The mouth was of great size ; the tongue large and
tolerably free, and of a pale rose or vermilion colour. The baleen,
where deepest, measured about 4 inches ; there were* 370 plates
on each side ; but anteriorly and posteriorly these plates w^ere re-
duced to mere bristles.

The isthmus faucium allowed the closed hand to pass through
it ; through this isthmus I do not believe that any water ever
passes into the pharynx, unless it be accidentally, as in man.
The "spout" of the Whalebone Whale is composed, no doubt, of
the pulmonary vapour, and not of any water received into the
pharynx from the mouth.

The stomach seemed composed of five compartments externally,
but presented only four when laid open, the fifth being manifestly
the duodenum. In the intestines no remains of food were found,
but abundance of intestinal worms, and a substance strongly re-
sembling the human meconium. There was an ilio-csecal valve as

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. 73

distinct as in man. In the rectum the folds of the mucous mem-
brane were transverse.

Organs of Hespiration. — The external nostrils were double ; and
the cavities of the nostrils provided with the remarkable carti-
lages and muscular apparatus I discovered and described in the
anatomy of the Grreat Eorqual. In this specimen they were about
4 inches in length, but of as many feet in the large Eorqual. The
mode of breathing in the Eorquals does not differ much from that
in man, with the exception of the apparatus of the protruding
cartilages, which in man are rudimentary.

The Olfactory Nerves were quite as large as in other mammals ;
and in this respect the Balaena "Whales are quite unlike the Dol-
phins *.

The trachea communicated, near its upper part, with a sac or
pouch; the lungs were each composed of a single lobe. The
rings of the trachea were mostly deficient anteriorly. In the
heart the foetal arrangements had wholly disappeared. The dura
mater seemed divisible into three layers, the external being vas-
cular. A remarkable vascular substance connected with this layer
covers the back part of the brain and cerebellum, extending into
the spinal canal, and even into the chest. At the base of the
brain the vascular plexus was about 2 inches in thickness. It is,
as is well known, a sort of erectile tissue, of whose functions
we are wholly ignorant. It is not confined to this course, but
extends to the neck, and, passing through the foramina inter-
vertebralia, fills the intercostal spaces exterior to the pleura.

There was evidently a canal in the centre of the spinal marrow.
Wherever the nerves of the lungs and stomach were traced, they
terminated in loops. "We did not observe in the Grreat Eorqual
any tracheal pouch like that in the smaller ; but it may have
escaped notice: if absent in the Grreat Eorqual, it would be
another proof of the distinctness of the species.

The doubts raised by M. St. Hilaire, as to the Whale being a
mammal in the true sense of the term, were set aside long ago by
an appeal to facts. The young of the Whale tribe suckle like
the young of all mammals ; nevertheless I showed, in 1834, that

* In his paper " On the Structure of Whales " (PhH. Trans. 1787), Hunter
remarks that the organ of smell " is peculiar to the large and small Whalebone
Whales." He further remarks, that, " in those that have olfactory nerves, the
lateral ventricles are not continued into tliem as in many quadrupeds ;" and
he notices " the want of the olfactory nerves in the genus of the Porpoise." —
' Anim. Economy,' Pahner's edit. pp. 372, 373, 376.

74 KNOX ON THE CETA.CEA.

the lactiferous glands in the Balanoptercd differ in structure from
the same organs in most mammals.

I do not find in my notes anything to add to the description of
the Great Eorqual already published in the ' Transactions of the
Eoyal Society of Edinburgh' for 1827, to which I beg leave to
refer the reader.

A single remark must be added regarding the nature of the
vascular plexus which, in the Cetacea, surrounds the spinal marrow,
and extends into the chest. On selecting the artery which seemed
to form the plexus, which was, if I rightly recollect, in this instance
an intercostal artery, and dissecting it under water, I found, to my
surprise, that the artery, so long as I followed it, never gave off
any branches, but continued of the same calibre throughout,
making innumerable flexuosities or turnings. Thus, on a plexi-
form mass of this kind being cut across, the first impression is,
that a great number of arterial branches or arteries have been
divided, whilst in fact the entire plexus seems to be formed of one
artery.

As was to be expected of animals so much withdrawn from
human observation, there is but little to say on the natural history
of the Cetacea properly so called. Their food, no doubt, is va-
rious, and seems to have little or no relation to the character of
their dentition. The enormous Cachalot, with its vast teeth im-
planted only in one jaw, is generally understood to prey chiefly on
the Cuttlefish. The food of the true Whale, or Mysticetiis, is well
known to be the Clio and other smaller Mollusca, with which
certain regions of the ocean abound; the same, or similar, is
probably the food of the more active and restless Eorquals, found
in both hemispheres. The Dolphins, or Toothed Whales, generally
prey, no doubt, on fishes of various kinds ; yet, even as regards
these, it has been proved by my esteemed friend, the late
Mr. Henry Goodsir, that some of the largest, following in the
wake of the herring shoals, prey not on these, but on the various
microscopic food (the Entomostraca and other marine animals)
which I was the first to prove to be the natural food of many ex-
cellent gregarious freshwater fish, as the Vendace, Early Loch
Leven Trout, the Brown Trout of the Highland and Scottish lakes
generally, and of the Herring itself*. It is scarcely necessary to
add, that the complex apparatus connected with the exterior

* See Memoirs in the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh '
for 1832.

KNOX ON THE CETACEA. 75

nostrils of the Dolphins is wholly wanting in the Balsena "Whales, —
a fact of which M. Cuvier was not aware when he wrote his cele-
brated Treatise on Comparative Anatomy.

Appendioc. — Since writing the above, I have received an answer
to a letter I addressed to my friend, John Groodsir, Esq., Professor
of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh. The request con-
tained in my letter to Mr. Groodsir was, to examine for me the
skeleton of a foetal Mysticetus now in the University Museum.
The foetus from which this skeleton was prepared was removed
from the uterus of the mother, killed in the North Seas by the
seamen of a whaling ship, by one of my former students, Mr. E.
Auld, who presented the specimen to me. The point at issue was
the composition of the cervical vertebrae in the true or Greenland
"Whale, the Balcena Mysticetus. M. Yan Beneden, to whose
memoir I have referred in the commencement of this, says, on the
authority of Eschricht, that at no age whatever do we find in true
Whales (meaning, I presume, the Mysticetus horealis and australis)
any distinct vertebrae in the cervical region, as in other mam-
mals. A fusion of all into one bone or cartilage seems to take
place even in the youngest foetus. Now, I had enjoyed the rare
opportunity of dissecting the foetus of the Mysticetus, and I knew
that the skeleton, prepared with the greatest care, was still pre-
served in the Museum of the University of Edinburgh. I wrote
to Mr. Goodsir to re-examine this point for me, for I did not find
in my notes any confirmation of the observations of Eschricht.
Mr. Goodsir' s reply to my note is as follows : —

" University, Edinburgh,
" My dear Sib, ^^P*- ^0' 1857.

" In the skeleton of the foetal Mysticetus now in the University
Museum, the bodies of the axis and atlas have shrivelled up toge-
ther, having evidently consisted of cartilage only ; but the bodies of
the five posterior cervical vertebrae are beautifully distinct, having
well-formed osseous centres, which give them more of the con-
figuration of the succeeding vertebral bodies than they present
in their compressed form in the adult.

" The neural arches in the cervical region of this skeleton are
five in number ; the two anterior, which are distinctly those of
the atlas and axis, have an osseous nodule on each side, where the
transverse processes pass off". The third arch belongs to the third
vertebra, the fourth and fifth to the sixth and seventh. These
three arches are cartilaginous, and present no osseous centres. It

76 BA.IKIE ON NATURAL HISTORY Or WEST COAST OF APBICA.

is impossible to determine from the preparation whether the
arches of the fourth and fifth vertebrae had been cut away in dis-
secting the parts, or whether they have shrivelled up in drying ;
but as the skeleton was very carefully prepared, .and as these two
arches are deficient (at least laterally) in the adult Mysticetus, I
presume that the cartilaginous matrices were at least extremely
delicate in the foetus.

" I believe I have stated all the facts, afforded by this skeleton,
which bear upon your questions. They appear to me to afford no
support to the views to which they refer.

" Yours very sincerely,
(Signed) " John Goodsie."

The conclusion I arrived at is this, — that the actual number of
cervical vertebrae in the Mysticetus is, as in most other mammals,
seven, and that, notwithstanding their earlier fusion, they are ori-
ginally quite distinct.

Extract of a Letter from Dr. Baikie to Sir John Eichaedson,
M.D., C.B.., r.E.&L.S., dated 29th October, 1857, Eabba,
on the Qworra.

[Eead January 21st, 1858.]

" In natural history my collection is advancing, especially in
skins and skeletons of birds. I am collecting skulls of all the
domesticated animals, and skeletons of the sheep and goats. I
have got a few fish, including a prettily-marked Diodon ovTetraodon,
probably new, and a Myletes which I did not meet with formerly.
The Siluridce are the most abundant fishes ; and one species closely
resembles the HypophtJialmus, figured by EiippeU in his ' Fishes
of the Nile and Eed Sea.' I have not met with another JPolypterus.
I shall get a Lepidosiren in the river, and have heard of an
electrical fish, I believe a Malopteruris, such as I formerly found.
I enclose two scales of a fish which is said to grow to the length
of 5 feet, but of which I have specimens half that size only, — also
a sketch of a curious fish 2^ feet, which I put into spirits ; it has
neither ventral nor anal fins, a very peculiar caudal, and a slender
head, while the dorsal extends along the whole back ; eyes very
small; teeth numerous and hard, but not sharp." He adds, in a
postscript, that he had got the Lepidosiren. He had collected

WALLACE ON DIPTERA OF AEU ISLANDS. 77

700 species of plants, and numerous fine fruits, which he says
" will rejoice Sir William Hooker's heart."

Dr. Baikie's postscript, however, mentions that his vessel had
been wrecked ahout twelve miles above Lagos, and that she sunk
in a few minutes after she struck. He does not say what was
the fate of his collections, but states that all the party had fever
from fatigue and sleeping in swamps after the wreck. — J. E.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected in the Aru Islands
by Mr. A. E. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species.
By Feancis Walkeb.

Artj Island.

Fam. MYCETOPHILID^, Raliday.

Q-en. SciAEA, Meigen.

Div. A. a., Meig. vi. 305.

1. SciARA SELECTA, D. s. Mus. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, antennis
sat validis, pedibus piceis, ahs cinereis, venis costalibus crassis.

Male. Black, with cinereous tomentum; antennae rather stout; legs
piceous ; wings greyish ; veins black ; radial and cubital veins thick ;
radial vein extending to the fork of the subapical. Length of the
body If line; of the wings 4 lines.

Fam. BIBIONID^, Haliday.
G^en. Pleolal, Hoffmansegg.

2. Plecia dorsalis. Walk. See Vol. L p. 5.

Fam. CULICIDiE, Haliday.

3. CuLEX scuTELLARis, n. s. Mas. Nigro-fuseus, capite thoraeeque
argenteo trivittatis, scutello rufescente ; abdominis segmentis argenteo
faseiatis, genubus et tarsorum posticorum fasciis niveis ; alis subcine-
reis, venis nigris ciliatis.

Male. Blackish brown. Head and thorax with three silvery stripes,
the middle one very distinct ; scutellum reddish ; pectus with silvery
gloss ; abdomen with silvery bands, which are narrow above, broad
beneath ; femora pale towards the base ; knees snow-white ; hind
tarsi with 5 broad snow-white bands ; middle tarsi with the first and
second joints white at the base ; wings slightly greyish ; veins black,
fringed. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

78 WALLACE ON DIPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

Fam. TIPULID^.

Q-en. Megistoceea, Wied.

4. Megistocera tuscana, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 1. 55. 1.
Inhabits also Java.

Gren. GrYNOPLiSTiA, Westw.

6. Gynoplistia jurgiosa, n. s. Mas. et Fam. Nigra, capite rufes-
cente, alis cinereis, plagis costalibus nigro-fuscis. — Mas. Abdomine
ochraceo, apice nigro, femoribus basi testaceis. — Foem. Abdomine atro
fasciis albidis apice luteo.

Male and Female. Black. Head reddish ; antennae testaceous at the
base ; thorax testaceous in front ; wings greyish, blackish-brown
along the costa, and with three subcostal blackish -brown patches, the
third continued along the veins towards the hind border. Male.
Abdomen ochraceous, black at the tip; femora testaceous at the

. base ; halteres testaceous. Female. Abdomen deep black, with
whitish bands on the sutures ; tip luteous. Length of the body 5-6
lines ; of the wings 9-10 lines.

Fam. STEATIOMID^, Haliday.
Gen. Ptilocera, Wied.

6. Ptilocera quadridentata. See Vol. I. p. 7.

7. Massicyta inflata, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, capite viridi maculis nigris,
antennis basi ferrugineis, pectoris callis duobus scutelloque testaceis,
abdomine basi sordide albido lineis tribus nigris, fasciis duabus cano-
tomentosis, segmentis tertio quartoque apice ferrugineis, tibiis basi
tarsisque albidis, alis subcinereis fusco marginatis, stigmate nigri-
cante, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black. Head dull green, with several black spots; mouth
testaceous ; antennae dark ferruginous towards the base ; two pec-
toral calli and the scutellum testaceous ; abdomen at the base dingy-
whitish and semihyaline, and with three black lines ; third and fourth
segments with hoary bands, their hind borders ferruginous ; tibiae
towards the base, and tarsi, whitish ; hind tibiae with the two colours
most .distinctly marked ; wings grey, with broad brownish borders ;
stigma blackish ; veins black ; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 6 lines; of the wings 11 lines.

8. Massicyta cerioi'des, n. s. Foim. Nigra, capite testaceo maculis
nigris, antennis basi ferrugineis, pectoris callis duobus, thoracis vittis
duabus interruptis, sciitello abdominisque fasciis tribus viridibus,
segment© abdominali secundo maculis duabus testaceis, tarsis albis,
alis nigricanti-fuscis, lialteribus viridibus.

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS. 79

Female. Black. Head testaceous, with some black spots on the vertex.
Antennae dark ferruginous towards the base. An interrupted stripe
on each side of the thorax, two pectoral calli, the scutellum, and the
hind borders of the second, third, and fourth abdominal segments
green. Abdomen testaceous at the base beneath ; first band inter-
rupted, having before it two testaceous spots. Knees lurid ; tarsi
white. Wings blackish brown; stigma and veins black; halteres
apple-green. Length of the body 5-6 lines; of the wings 10-12
lines.

G-en. Salduba, n. g,

Male. Corpus angustum, sublineare. Caput transversum; vertex an-
gustus. Oculi magni. Antennce capite transverse valde longiores;
articuli primo ad septimum breves ; flagellum longum, lanceolatum,
subarcuatum. TAoraa? longus, subcompressus ; scutellum inerme. Ab-
domen planum, thorace pauUo longius. Pedes graciles ; postici longi.
Alee angustae.

Male. Body narrow, nearly linear. Head slightly transverse, nearly as
broad as the thorax ; vertex narrow. Eyes large. Antennae shorter
than the thorax ; joints from the first to the seventh short ; flagelluni
long, lanceolate, slightly curved. Thorax long, slightly increasing in
breadth from the head to the base of the wings. Abdomen nearly flat
and linear, a little longer than the thorax. Legs slender; hind pair
long. Wings narrow ; veins complete, distinctly marked ; first cubital
areolet rather short, divided from the second by the oblique first cubi-
tal rim ; discal areolet large, hexagonal ; subanal and anal veins
united at some distance from the border.

9. Salduba diphysoides, n. s., Mas. Nigra, ore flavo, thorace vittis
quatuor subauratis, abdominis apice cinereo, pedibus albidis, femoribus
posticis apices versus tibiisque posticis nigris, alis cinereis, venis
stigmateque nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black. Mouth yellow ; thorax with four stripes of slightly gilded
tomentum ; tip of the abdomen with cinereous tomentum ; legs
whitish, hind femora towards the tips and hind tibiae black ; wings
greyish, veins and stigma black; halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 4^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Stratiomts.

10. Stratiomys confertissima, n. s. Fam. Nigra, subtus ferru-
ginea, capite fulvo, antennis basi fulvis, thorace vittis quatuor sub-
auratis, scutelli margine fulvo, ventre piceo basi testaceo, pedibus
fulvis nigro fasciatis ; alis subcinereis, venis stigmateque nigris, hal-
teribus testaceis.

Female. Black, ferruginous beneath. Head, antennae at the base,
border of the scutellum, and legs tawny ; antennae a little shorter
than the breadth of the head; thorax with four slightly gilded

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLO&T. 6

60 WALKER OF DIPTEEA OF ABTJ ISLANDS.

stripes ; abdomen beneath pieeous, testaceous at the base ; femora
and tibiae with broad black bands ; wings greyish, stigma and veins
black ; halteres testaceous. Length of the b^dy 4 lines ; of the
wings 72 lines.

11. Stratiomys nexura, U.S. Mas et Foem. Nigra, antennis basi
fulvis, capite transverso brevioribus, abdominis lateribus, ventre,
tibiis, tarsis halteribusque fulvis, alis limpidis, venis testaceis. Mas.
Thorace atro piloso. Foem. Thorace nigro-aeneo angustiore.

Male and female. Black. Head rather prominent ; antennae tawny
towards the base, shorter than the breadth of the head ; spines of
the scutellum, abdomen beneath, tibiae, tarsi, and halteres tawny ;
wings limpid, veins testaceous. Male. Thorax deep black, pilose;
abdomen tawny along each side. Female. Head shining; thorax
aeneous black, narrower than that of the male ; abdomen with the
tawny stripes much narrower than those of the male. Length of the
body 3| lines ; of the wings 6^ lines.

Gren. Clitellaeia, Meigen.

12. Clitellaria bivittata, Fahr. See Vol. I. p. 7.

Gen. Gabaza, n. g.

Fcem. Corpus breve, latum. Caput transversum, thorace paullo an-
gustius ; facies valde obliqua. AntenncB capite transverso breviores ;
articuU breves, transversi ; arista longa, gracihs, filiformis. Scutellum
promiuens, spinis duabus minutis. Abdomen transversum, thorace
multo latius. Pedes graciles, breviusculi. Alee sat angustae; venae
tenues.

Female. Body short, broad. Head transverse, a little narrower than the
thorax ; face very oblique. Antennae shorter than the breadth of the
head ; joints short, transverse ; arista slender, filiform, longer than
the preceding part, which is lanceolate. Scutellum prominent, armed
with two minute spines. Abdomen transverse, much broader than
the thorax. Legs slender, somewhat short. Wings rather narrow ;
veins feeble, in structure like those of Stratiomys.

13. Gabaza argentea, n. s. Foim. Nigra, antennis fulvis, arista
alba, thorace abdomineque argenteo-tomentosis, tarsis albido-testa-
ceis, ahs limpidis, venis pallidis.

Female. Coal-black. Antennae tawny, arista white; thorax and ab-
domen with bright silvery tomentum; tarsi whitish testaceous;
wings limpid, veins pale. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings
3^ lines.

Gen. Saegus, Fabr.

14. Sargus metallinus, Fabr. See Vol. I. p. 1 10.

WALKEB ON DIPTERA OF AKU ISLANDS. 81

15. Sargus complens, n. s. Fcem. Rufescente-fulvus, capitis vertice
nigrO;, antennis testaceis, abdomine fasciis latis abbreviatis piceis,
tarsis posticis basi tibiisque posticis nigris, alis cinereis, basi sub-
luridis, apud costam exteriorem nigro-fuscis.

Female, Reddish tawny. Head black above, testaceous beneath ; an-
tennae testaceous; abdomen with four broad abbreviated piceous
bands; legs tawny, hind tibiae black with a tawny apical mark,
hind tarsi black towards the base ; wings greyish, slightly lurid towards
the base, blackish-brown about the exterior part of the costa, veins
black, tawny towards the base ; halteres testaceous, tawny towards
the tips. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

16. Sargus rogans, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Capitis vertice nigro, an-
tennis pedibusque testaceis, tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris, alis sub-
cinereis apice obscurioribus. Mas. Luteo-testaceus. Fcem. Ferru-
gineus.

Male and Female. Head black above ; antennae and legs testaceous ;
hind tibiae and hind tarsi black ; wings greyish, darker towards their
tips ; veins black, tawny towards the base. Male. Lutescent testa-
ceous. Female. Ferruginous ; wings darker than those of the male.
Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

G-en. Nebua, n. g.

Foem. Corpus longiusculum, sublineare. Caput transversum, thorace
non latins. Antennce breves ; aiticulus tertius rotundus ; arista api-
calis, longa, tenuis, setiformis. Thorax productus. Scutellum spinis
quatuor longiusculis. Abdomen depressum, sublineare, thorace vix
latins, non longius. Pedes graciles, non longi. Ake angustae ; venae
bene determinatae.

Female. Body rather long, nearly linear. Head transverse, not broader
than the thorax. Antennae short ; third joint round ; arista apical,
long, slender, setiform. Thorax long. Abdomen flat, thin, nearly
linear, hardly broader and not longer than the thorax. Legs slender,
not long. Wings narrow ; veins distinctly marked, in structure like
those of Clitellaria.
This genus may be distinguished from Culcua by the shape of the
abdomen.

17. Nerua scENOPiNoiDES, u. s. F(£m. Atra, nitens, antennis fulvis,
scutelli spinis pedibusque albis, alis nigrocinereis, postice pallidiori-
bus, venis nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Coal-black, shining ; antennae tawny ; thorax slightly to-
mentose ; spines of the scutellum and legs white ; wings blackish
grey, paler towards the hind border, veins black; halteres testa-
ceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 hnes.

6*

82 WALKER ON DIPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

Gen. Adraga, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sublineare. Caput thorace non latius. Oculi connexi.
Antenna brevissimae j articulus tertius rotundus ; arista apicalis, gra-
cilis, setiformis. Thorax sutura transversa bene determinata. Scu-
tellum prominens, trigonum, marginatum. Abdomen thorace paullo
brevius, non latius. Pedes breviusculi, validi, non dilatati. AI(B
mediocres.

Male. Body nearly linear, rather thick. Head not broader than the
thorax. Eyes connected. Antennae very short ; third joint round;
arista apical, long, slender, setiform. Thorax with the transverse
suture very distinct. Scutellum prominent, triangular, with a border.
Abdomen a little shorter and not broader than the thorax. Legs stout,
rather short, not dilated. Wings moderately broad; veins in structure
like those of Clitellaria.

18. Adraga univitta, n. s. Mas. Nigra, subtilissime punctata, an-
tennis piceis, thorace vitta cinerea, tarsis posterioribus albis, alis
nigricantibus.

Male. Coal-black, hardly shining ; antennae piceous ; thorax and abdo-
men very minutely punctured; thorax with a stripe of cinereous
tomentum; posterior tarsi white; wings blackish, veins black.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gen. Obrapa, n. g.

F(£m. Corpus breve, latum, crassum, convexum. Caput transversum,
thorace angustius. Antennae breves; articulus tertius rotundus;
arista apicalis, gracilis, setiformis. Thorax sutura transversa bene
determinata. Abdomen transversum, thorace paullo latius, valde bre-
vius. Pedes breviusculi, validi ; antici subdilatati. Alee mediocres.

Female. Body short, broad, thick, convex. Head transverse, narrower
than the thorax. Antennae short ; third joint round ; arista apical,
slender, setiform. Thorax with the transverse suture very distinct.
Scutellum large, prominent, with a marginal suture. Abdomen trans-
verse, a little broader than the thorax, and not more than half its
length. Legs stout, rather short, the fore pair slightly dilated.
Wings moderately broad, veins rather irregular ; discal areolet large,
quadrilateral ; externomedial veins, subanal vein, and anal vein very
slight ; subanal vein and anal vein united at some distance from the
border.

1.9. Obrapa perilampoides, n. s. Foem. Atra, nitens, subtilissime
punctata, capite glabro, antennis piceis, tarsis posterioribus albidis,
alis limpidis, venis albidis basi nigris, halteribus niveis.

Female. Deep black, shining, very minutely punctured ; head smooth ;
antennae piceous; posterior tarsi whitish, with black tips; wings
limpid, veins whitish, black towards the base ; halteres snow-white.
Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 83

20. Obrapa CELYPHoiDES, n. s. Foem. Atra, nitens, subtilissirae
punctata, capite glabro, antennis piceis, tarsis albidis, alls nigro-cine-
reis, venis nigris, halteribus niveis.

Female. Deep black, very minutely punctured. Head smooth ; antennae
piceous; tarsi whitish; wings blackish cinereous, veins black; hal-
teres snow-white. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 hues.

Earn. TABAISTID^, Leach.
G-en. Tabanus, Idnn.

21. Tabanus recusans, n. s. Fosm. Piceus, cinereo-subtomentosus,
callo nigro angusto, antennis rufis apice nigris, humeris rufescentibus,
abdomine basi glaucescente, tibiis obscure ferrugineis, alis nigro-fuscis,
apice margineque postico cinereis.

Female. Piceous, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum. Callus
of the head black, long, slender, entire ; antennae red, black towards
the tips, angle of the third joint very small; thorax reddish on each
side in front of the forewings ; abdomen with glaucous tomentum
towards the base; tibiae mostly dark ferruginous; wings blackish-
brown, cinereous towards the tips and along the hind border ; veins
black ; forebranch of the cubital vein simple, very slightly undulating,
its tip, like that of the radial vein, clouded with blackish -brown.
Length of the body 6^ lines; of the wings 12 lines.

Earn. ASILID^, Leach.

Subfam. Dastpogonites, . Walk.

Gren. Dastpogon, Fabr.

22. Dasypogon inopinus, n. s. Fcem. Piceus, facie aurata, mystace
parvo albo, antennis ferrugineis, apices versus nigris, capite transverse
longioribus, articulo tertio lineari, pectore fasciis tribus canis, abdo-
minis segmentis ferrugineo fasciatis, alis luridis, apud costam nigro-
fuscis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Piceous. Face flat, brightly gilded ; epistoma not prominent ;
mystax with a few white bristles ; mouth black ; antennae ferruginous,
black towards the tips, longer than the breadth of the head ; third
joint linear, longer than the first and the second together; pectus
with three hoary bands ; abdomen subclavate, nearly twice the length
of the thorax ; a ferruginous band on the hind border of each seg-
ment ; legs mostly ferruginous ; wings lurid, blackish-brown towards
the costa, veins black; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
8 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

23. Dasypogon honestus, n. s. Luteseente-fulvus, capite, antennis,
pedibus alisque nigris, thorace vitta schistacea nigro marginata vit-

84 WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

tisque duabus lateralibus cinereis, pectore postico nigro, abdomine

?, tibiis tarsisque posticis fulvis.

Luteous-tawny. Head, anteimse, hind part of the pectus, and legs black,
shining ; mystax with very few bristles ; antennae almost as long as the
breadth of the head, third joint long, slender, linear ; thorax with a
slate-coloured blackish-bordered stripe, a short slate-coloured stripe
on each side ; abdomen wanting ; hind tibiae and tarsi tawny ; wings
blackish, veins black. Length of the body 4? lines; of the wings
7 lines.

Subfam. Laphrites, Walk.
Gen. Lapheia, Fahr.

24. Laphria scapularis, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. 1. 516. 29.
Inhabits also Java.

25. Laphria aurifacies, Macq. See Vol. I. p. 10.

26. Laphria gloriosa, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Aurata, capite pec-
toreque albis, abdomine purpureo, guttis lateralibus albis, basi viridi,
lateribus pedibusque cyaneis, alis fuscis basi cinereis, halteribus
testaceis.

Male and Female. Head and pectus with white tomentum and hairs ;
mystax with a few black bristles ; mouth and antennae black ; third
joint of the latter linear, conical at the tip, longer than the first and
the second together ; thorax with cupreous-gilded tomentum ; abdo-
men purple, green at the base, blue and with a row of white dots
along each side ; legs blue ; wings brown, cinereous towards the base,
veins black ; halteres testaceous. Male. Legs very thick and pilose.
Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

27. Laphria socia, n. s. Fam. Cyaneo-viridis, capite aurato, an-
tennarum articulo tertio longissimo subfusiformi, thoracis tomento
subaurato, vitta media nuda, pectore argenteo, abdomine purpureo-
cyaneo basi viridi maculis lateralibus argenteis, alis nigro-cinereis basi
cinereis.

Female. Bluish-green. Head brightly gilded, hind part silvery; mystax
with six long black bristles; third joint of the antennae very elongate
subfusiform ; thorax with slightly gilded tomentum, excepting a broad
bare middle stripe; pectus with silvery tomentum ; abdomen purplish-
blue, green towards the base, with spots of silvery tomentum along
each side ; hind borders of the ventral segments white ; wings grey,
blackish-grey for almost half the length from the tips and along three-
fourths of the length of the hind border, veins black ; halteres ferru-
ginous. Length of the body 8^ lines; of the wings 16 lines.

28. Laphria consobrtna, n. s. Fam. Purpurea, capite aurato, pec-
tore argenteo, abdomine viridi-cyaneo, maculis lateralibus argenteis,
alis nigricantibus basi cinereis.

WALKEE ON DIPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS. 85

Female. Purple. Head brightly gilded, hind part silvery, underside
with white hairs ; mystax with six long black bristles ; pectus with
sijvery tomentum ; abdomen greenish blue, with spots of silvery to-
mentum along each side ; hind borders of the ventral segments white ;
wings slightly grey, blackish for full half the length from the tips and
along full three-fourths of the length of the hind border, veins black ;
halteres ferruginous, with black tips. Length of the body 7f luies ;
of the wings 14 lines.

This species much resembles L. socia, but may be distinguished by
the difference of colour, and more especially by the more undulating
first branch vein, by the much less oblique third externo-medial vein,
and by the subanal vein, which is united to the anal vein much nearer
the border.

29. Laphria sodalis, n. s. Mas. Cyanea, capite aurato, antenna-
rum articulo tertio fusiformi, thoracis lateribus purpureo-viridibus,
pectore ventreque argenteis, abdomine maculis lateralibus argenteis,
alis cinereis, apice posticeque nigricantibus.

Male. Blue. Head brightly gilded, vertex and hind part silvery, un-
derside with white hairs ; mystax with four long black bristles, and
with several gilded bristles; third joint of the antennae elongate-
fusiform ; sides of the thorax varied with green and purple ; abdomen
with spots of silvery tomentum along each side, underside and pectus
silvery ; wings grey, black towards the tips and along half the length
of the hind border ; halteres white. Length of the body 7 lines ; of
the wings 13 lines.

The veins of this species are hardly different from those of L. conso-
brina in structure, excepting the third externo-medial, which is united
to the fourth nearer the border.

30. Laphria comes, n. s. Mas et FcBm. Viridi-cyanea, capite aurato,
antennarum articulo tertio fusiformi, pectore ventrisque lateribus
argenteis, abdomine viridi (mas) aut purpureo-cyaneo (fcem.) maculis
lateralibus argenteis, alis nigricantibus basi cinereis.

Male and Female. Greenish blue. Head brightly gilded, hind part
silvery; mystax with six long black bristles; third joint of the an-
tennae elongate-fusiform ; pectus with silvery tomentum ; abdomen
green in the male, purplish-blue in the female, with silvery spots along
each side, underside with two silvery stripes; wings blackish, grey
at the base and along the costa for more than one-third of the length,
veins and halteres black. Length of the body 6-6^ lines; of the
wings 11-12 lines.

This may be only a small variety of L. consobrina ; but the wings are
not darker towards the costa as in that species, and the first branch-
vein is much more straight.

31. Laphria consors, n. s. Mas et Fasm. Viridis (mas) aut cyanea
(fcem.), capite aurato, antennarum articulo tertio brevifusiformi, pectore

86 WALKER OK DIPTERA. OF ARU ISLANDS.

argenteo, abdoraiue seneo-viridi (mas) aut cyaneo-purpureo (foem.)
maculis lateralibus argenteis, alls nigricantibus, basi cinereis.

Male and Female. Green (male) or blue (female). Head gilded, hind
part silvery; mystax with a few black bristles; third joint of the an-
tennae short-fusiform ; pectus silvery ; abdomen seneous-green in the
male, bluish-purple in the female, with silvery spots along each side ;
wings blackish, grey at the base and along the costa for more than
one-third of the length ; veins and halteres black. Length of the
body 4|— 5 lines ; of the wings 8-9 lines.

The straight and not obhque third externo-medial vein distinguishes this
species from all the preceding Laphrice,

32. Laphria germana, n. s. Fosm. Cyanea, facie aurata, antenna-
rum articulo tertio longissime subfusiformi, abdominis maculis late-
ralibus pectoreque argenteis, alis cinereis, basi subcinereis, halteribus
albis.

Female. Blue. Head gilded in front, vertex and hind part silvery;
mystax with six black bristles ; third joint of the antennae very long,
subfusiform ; pectus silvery ; abdomen purplish blue, shorter than in
the preceding species, with silvery spots along each side ; wings grey,
slightly grey towards the base ; halteres white. Length of the body
3-^ lines; of the wings 7 lines.

33. Laphria flagrantissima, n. s. Mas. Rufescente-eervina, capite
aurato, antennis pedibusque rufescentibus, thorace vittis tribus la-
tissimis (lateralibus abbreviatis) pectoreque nigricantibus, alis lutes -
centibus, plaga postica interiore fasciaque latissima exteriore nigri-
cantibus.

Male. Reddish fawn colour. Head gilded; mystax with numerous
gilded bristles ; mouth lanceolate, very stout ; antennae reddish, third
joint long, lanceolate, abruptly acuminated at the tip ; thorax with
three very broad blackish stripes ; disk of the pectus black ; abdomen
with the segments darker towards the base, underside black towards
the tip ; legs reddish, stout ; tarsi with black bands beneath ; wings
somewhat luteous, with a large blackish patch on the hind border
near the base, and with a very broad blackish band near the tip ;
halteres testaceous. Length of the body 11 lines; of the wings
22 lines.

34. Laphria justa, n. s. Mas. Lutea, capite aurato, ore, antennis
apice, thoracis maculis duabus posticis, pectore, abdominis fasciis
latis femoribusque nigris, alis cinereis, apud costam luridis.

Male. Luteous. Head gilded ; mystax with numerous gilded bristles ;
mouth short, black ; antennae reddish tawny, third joint lanceolate,
black except at the base ; thorax with the disk somewhat darker, two
large black spots hindward ; pectus black ; abdomen linear, with a
broad black band on the fore border of each segment ; femora black
above except at the tips, hind femora black also beneath ; wings

WALKER ON DIPTEBA OF ARTJ ISLANDS. 87

greyish, slightly clouded with dark grey, lurid along the costa for
three-fourths of the length ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
8 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

35. Laphria manifesta, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Fulva, capite argenteo
(mas) aut pallide aurato (foem.), antennis apice nigris, thoracis disco
et abdominis maculis subtrigonis subseneo-ferrugineis, scutello qua-
drisetoso, alis subcinereis.

Male and Female. Tawny. Head silvery in the male, pale-gilded in
the female; mystax with several slender bristles; mouth lanceo-
late; third joint of the antennae very elongate-subfusiform, black
towards the tip ; disk of the thorax and nearly triangular dorsal spots
of the abdomen ferruginous with a slight aeneous tinge ; pectus tes-
taceous, shghtly silvery; wings slightly greyish ; veins black, testaceous
at the base, where the wings also have a testaceous tinge ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 4^5 lines ; of the wings 8-9 lines.

36. Laphria aperta, n. s. Fcem. Testacea, capite subargenteo,
antennis abdominisque apice nigris, alis nigricantibus basi limpidis,
halteribus albidis.

Female. Testaceous. Head with whitish shghtly silvery tomentum;
mystax with very few bristles ; antennae black, third joint long, linear,
conical at the tip ; thorax with a very indistinct darker stripe ; abdo-
men black towards the tip ; wings blackish, limpid towards the base ;
veins black, testaceous at the base ,- halteres whitish. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

37. Laphria declarata, n. s. Mas. Fulva, capite albo, facie ar-
gentea micante, antennis tibiisque posticis nigris, thorace atro, alis
cinereis, venis nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Tawny, slender. Head white, face brilliant silvery; mystax
with four bristles ; mouth black, short, slender ; eyes flat in front ; an-
tennae black, almost as long as the breadth of the head ; third joint long,
slender, lanceolate ; thorax deep black ; scutellum reddish tawny ; hind
tibiae black, with tawny tips ; wings greyish, veins black ; discal veinlet
and third externomedial vein forming one straight line, as in the genus
Atomosia ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3 1 lines ; of the
wings 6 lines^

Subfam. ASILITES, Walk.
Gen. Trupanea, Macq.

38. Trupanea contradicens, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigricans, cine-
reo-subtomentosa, thoracis vittis pectoreque cano-tomentosis, pedibus
nigris, tibiis rufis apice nigris, alis fusco-cinereis, areola radiali schista-
ceo vittata. Mas. Capite subaurato, barba testaceo-albida, abdominis
segmentis lutescente marginatis. Fcem. Capite barbaque albidis, ab-
domine stylato, segmentis cano marginatis.

Male and Female. Blackish. Antennae and legs black ; thorax slightly

8^ WALKER ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

covered with cinereous tomentum ; stripes, pectus, and underside of
the abdomen hoary ; tibiae red, with black tips ; wings brownish grey ;
radial areolet with a slate-coloured stripe. Male. Head slightly
gilded ; mystax with a few black bristles and many gilded bristles ;
beard testaceous- whitish ; sides of the abdomen and hind borders of
the segments lutescent. Female. Head and beard whitish ; mystax
with many black bristles and a few white bristles ; abdomen with an
apical style, more than one-third of the length of the preceding part,
sides and hind borders of the segments hoary. Length of the body
12-14 lines ; of the wings 14-18 lines,

G-en. AsiLTJS, Idnn.

39. Asilus longistylus, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 1. 433. 13.
Inhabits also Java.

G-en. OMMATirs, Illiger.

40. Ommatius noctifer, n. s. Mas. Niger, capite aurato, thoracis
incisuris, scutello, pectore, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus
ventreque canis, tibiis fulvis apice nigris, alis cinereis costa apiceque
nigricantibus, halteribus ferrugineis.

Male. Black. Head gilded; mystax with a few black and several
gilded bristles ; sutures of the thorax, scutellum, sides, pectus, hind
borders of the abdominal segments, and underside hoary ; tibiae tawny,
with black tips; wings cinereous, blackish along the costa and to-
wards the tips, veins black; halteres ferruginous. Length of the
body Qt-^^ lines ; of the wings 11-12 lines.

41. Ommatius lucifer, n. s. Mas, JEneo-niger, capite argenteo,
pectore albido, abdominis segmentis ferrugineo marginatis, pedibus
testaceis, femoribus nigro-vittatis, tarsis nigris, alis limpidis apice
nigricantibus costa atra apud medium incrassata, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Bronze-black. Head silvery in front ; mystax with a few black
and a few whitish bristles ; pectus whitish ; hind borders of the ab-
dominal segments ferruginous ; legs testaceous ; femora striped with
black ; tarsi black, ferruginous at the base ; wings limpid, blackish at
the tips ; costa deep black, incrassated in the middle ; halteres testa-
ceous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

42. Ommatius retrahens, n. s. Fmm. Cinereo-niger, facie argen-
tea, pectore albido, pedibus testaceis, tarsis, femoribus tibiisque apice
femoribusque posticis nigris, alis limpidis apice subcinereis, halte-
ribus testaceis.

Female. Cinereous-black. Head silvery white in front; mystax with
very few white and black bristles ; pectus whitish ; legs testaceous ;
tips of the anterior femora and of the middle tibiae black ; hind femora
and hind tarsi black ; anterior tarsi and hind tibiae black, testaceous
towards the base ; wings limpid, slightly cinereous towards the tips ;

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 89

veins black ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

Gren. Leptogastee, Meigen.

43. Leptogaster ferrugineus, n.s. Mas. Ferrugineus, pectore albo,
abdomine nigro, segmentorum marginibus ventreque testaceis, pedibus
fulvis, feraoribus apice nigris, tibiis piceo vittatis, tibiis posticis tar-
sisque nigris basi testaceis, alis sublimpidis, halteribus testaceis apice
piceis.

Male. Ferruginous. Head pale, gilded in front, hind side and pectus
white; mouth and antennae tawny, the latter blackish towards the
tips J abdomen black ; hind borders of the segments and under side
testaceous ; legs tawny -, anterior femora with a testaceous band before
the tips, which are black ; hind femora and anterior tibiae striped with
pieeous, the latter black towards the tips ; tarsi and hind tibiae black,
testaceous at the base ; wings very slightly greyish, veins black ;
halteres testaceous, pieeous towards the tips. Length of the body
7 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

44. Leptogaster longipes, n. s. Mas. Ferrugineus, pectore albido,
abdomine piceo, segmentis apice fulvescentibus, pedibus anterioribus
fulvescentibus, posticis piceis longissimis, femoribus posticis basi tes-
taceis, alis subcinereis basi obscurioribus costa venisque nigris, halte-
ribus testaceis apice nigris.

Male. Ferruginous. Head testaceous in front; mouth and antennae
black ; pectus whitish ; abdomen pieeous, hind borders of the seg-
ments somewhat tawny; legs somewhat tawny; hind legs pieeous,
very long, their femora testaceous at the base ; wings slightly greyish,
darker towards the base, costa and veins black ; halteres testaceous,
with black knobs. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 hues.

45. Leptogaster albimanus, n. s. Mas. Niger, capite antico pec-
toreque albis, antennis basi ferrugineis, abdominis segmentis cano
fasciatis, femoribus, tibiis tarsisque basi albis, femoribus posticis luteo
fasciatis, alis limpidis, halteribus albidis apice piceis.

Male. Black. Head in front and the pectus white ; antennae ferruginous
at the base ; abdomen long, a hoary band on the hind border of each
segment ; femora, tibiae, and tarsi white at the base ; hind legs long,
rather stout ; hind femora with a luteous band ; wings limpid, veins
black; halteres whitish, with pieeous knobs. Length of the body
5 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Earn. LEPTID^, Westw.
G-en. Leptis, Fair.

46. Leptis ferruginosa, Wied. See Vol. L p. 118.

Gen. Chetsopila, Macq.

47. Chrysopila vacillans, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Lutescens, capite

90 WALKEE ON DTPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

nigro, thorace subvittato, abdominis segmentis nigro fasciatis, alis
sublimpidis apud costam flavescentibus, venis fusco latissime margi-
natis, stigmate nigro-fusco.
Male and Female. Lutescent. Head of the female black, shining;
thorax with two brown bands which are paler and indistinct hind-
ward; abdomen with a broad black band on each segment; tarsi
blackish towards the tips ; wings nearly limpid, yellowish along the
costa, veins exteriorly with very broad brownish borders, stigma
blackish brown. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Fam. BOMBYLID^, Leach.

Subfam. Theeevi-tes, Walk.

48. Thereva congrua, n. s. Mas. Nigra, glaucescente albo tomen-
tosa, albo pilosa, capite argenteo, thorace trivittato et bilineato, pedi-
bus nigris, femoribus albis, alis cinereis stigmate elongato venisque
nigris.

Male. Black, with glaucous-white tomentum and with white hairs.
Head silvery in front ; thorax with three blackish brown stripes, the
middle one with a dark stripe on each side, broader and more distinct
than the lateral pair ; abdomen beneath and legs black, femora white ;
wings grey, with an elongated black stigma and black veins ; halteres
black. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Bombtlites, Walk.

G-en. Antheax, Fahr.

49. Anthrax pelops, n. s. Mas. Ferruginea, thoracis margine rufo
piloso, pectore abdomineque nigris, abdomine fasciis duabus, maculis
duabus apicalibus, plagaque ventrali subtrigona argenteis, alis cine-
reis, basi costaque nigris.

Male. Closely allied to A. Tantalus. Dark ferruginous. Head above,
antennae, pectus, abdomen, and legs black ; thorax bordered with red
hairs ; pectus with a silvery dot on each side ; abdomen with red hairs
on each side at the base, with two silvery bands, with two silvery
apical spots, and with a ventral, nearly triangular, silvery patch;
wings cinereous, black at the base and along five-sixths of the length
of the costa, veins and halteres black. Length of the body 8 lines ;
of the wings 18 lines.

60. Anthrax semiscita, Walk. See Vol. I. p. 118.

51. Anthrax degenera. Walk, See Vol. I. p. 15.

Gren. GrEEON, Meigen.

52. Geron simplex, n. s. Mas. Ater, antennis pedibusque nigris,
alis subcinereis, halteribus fulvis.

WALKER ON DIPTERA OF AETJ ISLANDS. 91

Male. Deep black. Eyes bright red ; proboscis a little longer than the
thorax ; antennae and legs black ; wings slightly greyish, veins black ;
halteres tawny. Length of the body 2\ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Fam. EMPIDO^, Leach.

Gen. Htbos, Fair.

63. Hybos b I CO lor, n. s. Mas. Fulvus, ore antennisque testaceis,
abdomine, femoribus posticis apice tibiisque anticis piceis, tarsis ante-
rioribus ferrugineis, alis obscure cinereis.

Male. Tawny. Mouth and antennae testaceous j abdomen, hind femora
at the tips, and fore tibiae piceous, anterior tarsi ferruginous ; wings
dark grey, veins black. Length of the body 3i lines ; of the wings
7 lines.

Fam, DOLICHOPID^, Leach.

Gen. PsiLOPTJS, Meigen.

54. Psilopus aeneus, Fahr. Syst. Antl. 268. 9.
Inhabits also Java.

55. Psilopus benedtctus, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Aureo-viridis, facie
pectoreque argenteis, antennis testaceis apice nigris, thorace vittis
tribus cupreis, abdomine fasciis cupreo-purpureis, maculis lateralibus
albidis, pedibus testaceis tibiis posticis tarsisque nigris, alis subcine-
reis, costam versus et apud venas transversas nigrofuscis, halteribus
testaceis. F(Em. Vertice cyaneo-purpureo, abdomine fasciis cyaneis.

Male and Female. Golden green. Face silvery; antennae testaceous,
black towards the tips, arista full as long as the thorax ; thorax with
three cupreous stripes ; pectus silvery ; abdomen with cupreous purple
bands and with whitish spots along each side ; legs testaceous, tarsi
and hind tibiae black ; wings slightly greyish, blackish brown along
the costa and about the transverse veins, veins black, fore branch
of the praebrachial vein curved inward, discal transverse vein undu-
lating ; halteres testaceous. Female. Vertex bluish purple ; abdomen
with blue bands. Length of the body 4-4^ lines; of the wings
7-8 lines.

56. Psilopus lucigena, n. s. Mas. Aureo-viridis, facie pectoreque
argenteis, antennis tarsisque nigris, thorace vittis tribus rufo-cupreis,
abdomine fasciis cupreo-purpureis, femoribus lutescentibus, tibiis
piceis, femoribus anticis apice nigricantibus, ahs nigris apice albis,
halteribus fulvis apice nigris.

Male. Golden green. Face and pectus silvery ; antennae black, arista
longer than the thorax; thorax with three broad reddish cupreous
stripes ; abdomen with broad cupreous purple bands ; femora lutes-
cent, tibiae piceous, fore femora blackish towards the tips, tarsi

92 WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OF AETJ ISLANDS.

black ; wings black, tips snow-white, fore branch of the praebrachial
vein slightly curved inward, discal transverse vein much curved out-
ward ; halteres tawny, with black tips. Length of the body 4i lines ;
of the wings 9 lines.

57. Psilopus flavicornis, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 11. 227. 31.
Inhabits also Sumatra.

58. Psilopus terminifer, n. s. Mas. Aureo-viridis, vertice cya-
neo-purpureo, facie pectoreque argenteis, antennis, pedibus halte-
ribusque testaceis, abdomine apicem versus atro fasciis duabus cupreis,
alis subcinereis apice nigris.

Male. Golden-green, slender. Vertex bluish-purple ; face and pectus
silvery ; antennse testaceous, arista about half the length of the body ;
fourth and fifth segments of the abdomen deep black with a cupreous
band on the hind border of each segment, tip blue ; legs and hal-
teres testaceous; wings greyish, paler along the hind border, tips
black, fore branch of the praebrachial vein slightly curved inward,
discal transverse vein slightly undulating. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 5 lines.

59. Psilopus orcifer, n. s. Fcem. Purpureus, facie pectoreque sub-
cinereis, antennis, pedibus halteribusque nigris, abdomine cyaneo-
viridi segmentorum marginibus posticis purpureis, alis nigricantibus
margine postico cinereo. Var. Viridis, vertice cyaneo, abdominis
segmentis basi nigris.

Female. Purple, rather stout. Face and pectus slightly cinereous ;
antennae, legs, and halteres black ; abdomen bluish-green, hind bor-
ders of the segments purple ; wings blackish, cinereous along the
hind border, fore branch of the praebrachial vein forming an obtuse
angle, discal transverse vein very undulating. Var. Green. Vertex
blue; abdominal segments black at the base. Length of the body
2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

60. Psilopus egens, n. s. Mas et Fmm. Purpureus, facie pectore-
que cyaneo-viridi cinereo subtomentosis, antennis, pedibus halteri-
busque nigris, metathorace viridi, abdomine cyaneo, suturis nigris, alis
cinereis.

Male and Female. Purple, Face and pectus shghtly covered with cine-
reous tomentum, the latter bluish-green ; antennae black, arista
much more than half the length of the body ; metathorax green ;
abdomen blue, sutures black ; legs and halteres black ; wings grey,
fore branch of the praebrachial vein much curved inward, discal
transverse vein straight; length of the body 2|— 2f lines; of the
wings 5 lines.

Gen. DoLiCHOPUS, Latr.

6L DoLiCHOPUS TRIGONIFER, n. s. F(Em. Cupreo -viridis, facie ar-
gentea, antennis, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, pectore, ventre ab-

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OP AEU ISLANDS. yd

dominisque maculis lateralibus trigonis albidis, abdomine purpui*eo
marginibus posticis nigris, tarsis posterioribus nigricantibus, alls
cinereis.

Female. Cupreous green. Face silvery ; antennae, legs, and halteres
testaceous ; pectus, abdomen beneath, and triangular spots on each
side whitish ; abdomen purple, hind borders of the segments black ;
posterior tarsi blackish; wings grey, veins black, praebrachial vein
forming a right angle at its flexure, between which and the border
it is much curved inward, discal transverse vein very slightly curved
outwards. Length of the body 3 hues j of the wings 5 lines.

This species resembles the Psilopi in the structure of the praebrachial
vein.

Gen. DiAPHOBUS, Meigen.

62. DiAPHORUS RESUMENS, n. s. Mus ct F(Bm. Obscure viridis (mas)
aut niger (fcem.), facie pectoreque albidis, antennis piceis, abdomine
nigro-cupreo basi obscure testaceo, pedibus anterioribus tibiisque
posticis basi obscure testaceis, pedibus posticis nigris, alis nigrican-
tibus apud marginem posticum pallidioribus, halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Dark green (male) or black (female). Face and
pectus whitish ; antennae piceous ; abdomen cupreous-black, dull tes-
taceous towards the base ; hind legs black, hind tibiae towards the
base and anterior legs dull testaceous ; wings blackish, paler along
the hind border, veins black, praebrachial vein and discal transverse
Vein straight ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 lines ; of
the wings 3^ lines.

Earn. SYEPHID-^, Leach.

Gen. Ceeia, JFahr.

63. C^RiA smaragdina, n. s. Fcem. Saturate metallico-viridis, sub-
tilissime punctata, faciei lateribus cupreis, antennis nigris, arista
nivea, thorace bivittato, abdomine aeneo-viridi, tarsis nigris, alis di-
midio costali nigro, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Deep metallic green, very finely punctured. Head blue in
front, sides of the face cupreous-purple ; mouth, antennae, and tarsi
black ; arista snow-white ; thorax with two almost contiguous darker
stripes ; abdomen aeneous green, with the exception of the petiole,
which is very thick ; wings slightly greyish, costal half black ; hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

64. Ceria relicta, n. s. Mas. Nigra, faciei lateribus, thoracis ma-
culis quatuor humeralibus, pectoris fasciis duabus laterahbus, scutello,
abdominis maculis duabus basahbus fasciisque duabus flavis, tibiis
flavescentibus apice piceis, alis apud costam nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black. Head yellow beneath, and in front with the exception
of a black stripe on the disk of the face ; arista white ; thorax with

94 WALKEB ON DIPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

two yellow spots on each side in front ; scutellum yellow ; pectus
with an oblique yellow band on each side ; abdomen not petiolated,
with a tumid yellow spot on each side at the base, hind borders of
the third and fourth segments yellow ; femora at the tips and tibiae
yellow, the latter piceous towards the tips, tarsi piceous ; wings
greyish-black towards the costa, excepting a lurid costal streak which
extends along half the length from the base ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

65. Ceria relicta, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, faciei lateribus abdominisque
fasciis duabus flavis, antennis ferrugineo variis, pedibus fulvis, alis
cinereis costam versus nigris, halteribus stramineis.

Female. Black. Head yellow, beneath and in front with the exception
of a black stripe on the disk of the face ; first and third joints of the
antennae somewhat ferruginous, arista white ; thorax with two indi-
stinct yellowish marks on the transverse suture, hind border of the
scutellum and hind borders of .the second and third abdominal seg-
ments yellow ; legs tawny, tibiae paler towards the base ; wings
green, black for nearly half the breadth from the costa ; halteres
straw-colour. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

This may prove to be the female of C relictura, notwithstanding its
great difference from that species in the marks of the thorax and of
the abdomen, and in the colour of the legs.

Gen. MiCEODON, Meig.

66. MiCRODON FULVicoRNis, n. s. Mas. Niger, aureo-subpubescens,
antennis, abdoraine, pedibus halteribusque fulvis, femoribus nigris,
tibiis nigro vittatis, alis fuscis postice cinereis.

Male. Black. Head with gilded pubescence, cinereous behind and be-
neath ; antennae tawny, second joint above towards the tip and third
joint piceous ; thorax slightly covered with gilded tomentum ; pectus
with cinereous tomentum ; abdomen with gilded tomentum towards
the tip ; legs tawny, femora mostly black, tibiae with black stripes ;
wings cinereous, dark-brown about the costa, veinlet which bisects
the subapical areolet incomplete, as it is also in the following species ;
halteres tawny. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

6']. MiCRODON APicALis, u. s. Mas et Foem. Niger, aureo-pubes-
cens, thorace abdomineque fasciatis, pedibus halteribusque fulvis,
alis nigro-fuscis postice obscure cinereis.

Male and Female. Etlack, with gilded tomentum, which forms two
bands on the thorax, and one on each side of the pectus ; abdomen
with three gilded tomentose bands, the third subapical, first segment
ferruginous beneath ; legs tawny, femora at the base and coxae black ;
wings blackish-brown, dark cinereous hindward ; halteres tawny.
Length of the body 5-6 lines ; of the wings 10-12 lines.

WALKES OIT DIPTEEA OF AUIJ ISLANDS. 95

Gen. GrEAPTOMYZA, Wied.

G8. Graptomyza tibialis, n. s. Mas. Testacea, vertice pectovis-
que fasciis duabus piceis, antennis supra nigris, abdominis lateribus
fasciis duabus subtrigonis apiceque nigris, alis cinereis.

Male. Testaceous. Vertex and mouth piceous ; epistoma with a pi-
ceous Hne on each side ; third joint of the antennae black above ; abdo-
men black along each side and at the tip, and with two black bands
which are angular in front; wings cinereous. Length of the body
3-1 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Eristalis, Zatr.

69. Eristalis splendens, Leguillon, Voy. aut. du Monde ; Macq. Dipt.
Exot. 11.2.49.28.

Inhabits also Solomon's Islands.

70. Eristalis resolutus, n. s. Mas et Foem. Niger, capite an-
tice albo, thorace vittis duabus fasciaque pectorisque disco cinereis,
scutello fulvo, abdomine fasciis interruptis a3neO'viridibus, tibiis basi
fulvescentibus, alis fuscis (mas) aut obscure fuscis (foem.) basi cinereis,
halteribus testaceis.

Male and Female. Black. Head shining, with white tomentum be-
neath and on each side of the face ; third joint of the antennae pi-
ceous, arista simple i thorax with two cinereous stripes and with one
cinereous band, somewhat chalybeous towards the scutellum, which is
tawny ; the band continued on each side of the pectus, whose disk is
cinereous ; abdomen with an interrupted reneous-green band on the
second segment, third and fourth segments aeneous-green, each with
three large black spots ; tibia somewhat tawny towards the base ; wings
brown (male) or dark brown (female), cinereous towards the base ; hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings 10 lines.

71. Eristalis coNDUCTus, n.s. Fam. Niger, faciei lateribus albis,
antennis, scutello, abdominis fasciis pedibusque testaceis, thorace
antico albido, alis subcinereis apice obscurioribus.

Female. Black. Head shining, with white tomentum behind, beneath
and on each side of the face ; antennae, scutellum, and legs testa-
ceous, arista simple ; thorax whitish in front, the whitish part con-
tinued in a short baud on each side of the pectus ; abdomen testaceous
at the base and beneath, and with three testaceous bands ; hind tibiae
with black tips; wings slightly greyish, darker towards the tips,
cubital vein much less bent than usual ; halteres testaceous. Length

, of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

72. Eristalis suavissimus, n. s. Fam. Fulvus, capite testaceo
vertice nigro, thorace vittis quinque testaceis, abdomine nigro ma-
culis sex lutescentibus, segmentorum marginibus posticis aineis, pe-"
dibus nigris testaceo fasciatis, alis subiimpidis punctis duobus costa-
libus nigris.

LIKIf. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 7

9G WALKER ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

Female. Tawny. Head with testaceous tomentum, vertex black, shining;
antennae testaceous, arista simple ; thorax with five testaceous stripes ;
pectus with two oblique testaceous bands on each side; abdomen
black, with six somewhat luteous spots, the basal pair larger and
darker than the middle pair, which are larger than the hind pair,
apical segment with two testaceous points, hind borders of the seg-
ments aeneous above, testaceous beneath ; legs lilack, tibia? at the
base and tarsi testaceous ; wings nearly limpid, costa with two black
points; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 5^ lines; of the
wings 10 lines.

73. Eristalis MUSCoiDES, n. s. Mas. Cyaneo-viridis subchaly-
beus, capitis callo antennisque fulvis, faciei lateribus albo tomentosis,
thorace subvittato, abdomine nigro maculis seneo-viridibus, pedibus
nigris, alis subcinereis, halteribus albis.

Male. Bluish-green, with a slight chalybeous tinge. Face with white
tomentum along each side, middle callus tawny, shining; antennae
pale tawny, arista plumose ; thorax with three indistinct black stripes,
the lateral pair oblique, callus on each side beneath pale tawny;
abdomen black, second segment with a broad interrupted bluish
green band, third segment with four aeneous-green streaks, fourth
segment also with four streaks which are united on the hind border,
ventral segments whitish on each side; legs black; femora bluish
black towards the base ; wings slightly cinereous ; halteres white.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 hnes.

Gen. Helophilus, Meigen.

74. Helophilus quadrivittatus, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 11. 168. 22. (Eris-
talis).

Inhabits also Hindostan.

75. Helophilus mesoleucus, n. s. FcBm. Niger, faciei lateribus
niveo tomentosis, thorace vittis quatuor canis, scutello, abdominis
fascia antica latissima interrupta basique lutescentibus, aUs cinereis,
venis basi halteribusque fulvis.

Female. Black. Face with snow'-white tomentum on each side ; thorax
with four hoaiy stripes ; pectus with a cinereous disk ; scutellum pale
luteous ; abdomen pale luteous at the base, and with a broad inter-
rupted pale luteous band on the second segment, third and fourth
segments somewhat chalybeous, the former livid along the fore
border, under side with two lateral abbreviated pale luteous stripes ;
hind femora thick ; wings grey, veins towards the base, and halteres,
tawny. Length of the body 62- lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Xtlota, Meigen.

76. Xylota ventralis, n. s. Fosm. Nigro-chalybea, capite albido
tomentoso, scutello fulvo, vittis duabus ventralibus latis abbreviatis

WALKEE ON DIPTEEA OE AETJ ISLANDS. 97

testaceia, pedibus piceo et testaceo vaviis, alls fuscis basi cinereis,
halteribus testaceis.
Female. Blackish chalybeous. Head with whitish tomentum, except-
ing the callus on the vertex and another on the front ; mouth and
antennae black; scutellum tawny; abdomen beneath with two very
broad testaceous stripes extending from the base to two-thirds of the
length ; legs dingy testaceous, femora and hind tibiae partly piceous,
hind femora thick, piceous, slightly chalybeous, armed with spines
beneath; wings dark brown, cinereous towards the base ; halteres tes-
taceous. Length of the body A^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Orthonetjea, Macq.

77. Orthoneura basalis, n. s. Foim. Chalybeo-nigra, nitens, cano-
subtoraentosa, antennis ferrugineis basi fulvis articulo tertio elongate,
tarsis posterioribus piceis, tarsis anticis tibiisque anterioribus fulvis,
his nigro fasciatis, alis subcinereis fusco fasciatis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Chalybeous-blaek, very shining, partly and slightly covered
with hoary tomentum ; antennas tawny, third joint ferruginous, long,
linear, tawny at the base ; anterior tibiaj tawny with a black band,
fore tarsi tawny, hinder tarsi piceous; wings greyish, with a sub-
apical brown band which is abbreviated hindward, veins towards the
base and halteres testaceous; alulae whitish. Length of the body
3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gren. Syephus, Fabr.

78. Syrphus aegrotus. Fair. See Vol. I. p. 124.

79. Syrphus ericetorum, Fahr. Ent. Syst. iv. 287. 34.
Inhabits also Sierra Leone, Hindostan, and Java.

Pam. MTJSCID^, Zatr.

Subfam. Tachinides, WalJc.

G-en. Masiceea, Macq.

80. Masicera notabilis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, longiuscula, capite
abdominisque fasciis albis, frontalibus atris, pectore cano, scutelli
margine postico abdominisque lateribus ferrugineis, alis cinereis, venis
fusco marginatis.

Male. Black, rather long, with long stout bristles ; head white, silvery,
with white hairs behind and beneath, frontalia deep black, widening
slightly to the face, faciaha without bristles, epistoma not promi-
nent ; eyes bare ; palpi ferruginous at the tips ; antennae extending to
the epistoma, third joint shghtly widening towards the tip, nearly
four times the length of the second, arista slender, very much longer
than the third joint; pectus and sides of the thorax hoary, hind
border of the scutellum ferruginous ; abdomen fusiform, much longer

7*

i WALKER ON DIPTERA 01? AEU ISLANDS.

than the thorax, with a broad slightly interrupted white band on the
fore border of each segment, sides of the second and third segments
slightly ferruginous ; wings grey, veins black bordered with brown,
prsebrachial vein forming a slightly acute angle at its flexure, near
which it is much curved inward, and is thence straight to its tip,
discal transverse vein curved inward, parted by less than its length
from the border, and by rather more than half its length from the
flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulaj white ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

81. Masicera? tentata, n. s. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, capite
argenteo frontalibus atris, antennarum articulo tertio basi rufo, thorace
quadrivittato, abdomine ?, pedibus longiusculis, alis nigricantibus pos-
tice cinereis.

Black, with cinereous tomentum and with moderately stout bristles.
Head silvery with white hairs behind and beneath, frontalia deep
black, slightly widening towards the face, facialia without bristles,
epistoma not prominent ; antennae extending nearly to the epistoma ;
third joint cinereous, slender, linear, red towards the base, rounded at
the tip, more than four times the length of the second ; arista slender,
much longer than the third joint j thorax with four slender black
stripes j scutellum not cinereous ; abdomen wanting ; legs rather long
and slender ; wings blackish, cinereous hindward and at the tips,
veins black, pra^bracbial vein forming a very obtuse angle at its
flexure, from whence it is almost straight to its tip, discal transverse
vein slightly undulating, parted by much less than its length from
the border, and by a little less than its length from the flexure of the ,
pracbrachial ; alulae large, yellowish white -, halteres piceous. Length
of the body 4 ? lines ; of the v/ings 7 lines.

82. Masicera solennis, n. s. Foem. Nigra, breviuscula, cinereo-to-
mentosa, capite albo, frontalibus atris, thorace quadrivittato, scutelli
margine postico ferrugineo, abdomine subtessellato, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, rather short, with cinereous tomentum. Head white,
with white hairs behind and beneath, frontalia deep black, widening
towards the face, faciaha without bristles, epistoma not prominent ;
eyes bare ; antennae almost reaching the epistoma, third joint cine-
reous, linear, rounded at the tip, more than four times the length of
of the second, arista slightly stout towards the base, much longer
than the third joint ; thorax with four slender black stripes ; scutellum
ferruginous along the hind border ; abdomen short-conical, with three
broad interrupted cinereous bands; legs rather short; wings grey,
veins black, prajbrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its
flexure, from whence it is almost straight to its tip, discal transverse
vein nearly straight, parted by much less than its length from fhe
border and by a little less than its length from the flexure of the prse-
brachial ; alulte cinereous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
5 lines.

WALKER ON 1>IPTEEA OF AKU ISLAND?. 90

S3. Masicera simplex, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, capite albo, frontalibus
atris, thorace cinereo-toraentoso quadrivittato, abdomine fasciis cine-
reis late interruptis, alls cinereis.

Female. Black, with stout bristles. Head white, with white hairs be-
neath, frontalia deep black, linear, face oblique, facialia without
bristles, epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; antennas almost reach-
ing the epistoma, third joint cinereous, linear, rather broad, almost
truncated at the tip, about four times the length of the second, arista
slender, very much longer than the third joint ; thorax and pectus
with cinereous tomentum, the former with four slender black stripes ;
abdomen shining, subelliptical, a little longer than the thorax, with a
widely interrupted cinereous band on the fore border of each segment ;
legs stout; wings cinereous; veins black; prsebrachial vein forming
a very obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is straight to its
tip, discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by hardly less than
its length from the border, and by very much more than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae white. Length of the
body 3^^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

84. Masicera guttata, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, capite albo, frontalibus
atris, thoracis vittis tribus pectoreque cinereis, abdomine guttis late-
ralibus albis, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, with short slight bristles. Head white, frontalia deep
•black, widening slightly towards the epistoma, face oblique, facialia
without bristles, epistoma not prominent; antennse reaching the
epistoma, third joint linear, slightly truncated at the tip, full four
times the length of the second, arista slender ; thorax with three
cinereous stripes ; pectus cinereous ; abdomen elongate-oval, a little
longer than the thorax, a row of white dots along each side on the
fore borders of the segments ; wings cinereous, a little darker along
the costa towards the base, veins black, praebrachial vein forming a
very obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is almost straight to
its tips ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by more than its length
from the border and by nearly twice its length from the flexure of
the praebrachial; alulse whitish. Length of the body 2^ lines; of
the wings 4 hues.

G-en. EuEYGASTEE, Macq.

85. Eurygaster tentans, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, latiuscula, cinereo
tomentosa, capite albo, frontalibus atris, thorace vittis quatuor nigris,
scutelli margine .postico ferrugineo, abdomine subtessellato, alis ci-
nereis apud costam subfuscis.

Female. Black, rather broad, with cinereous tomentum. Head white,
with white hairs behind and beneath, frontalia deep black, narrow,
widening towards the face, which is oblique, facialia with bristles
along more than one-third of the length from the frontalia, epistoma
not prominent; eyes pubescent, palpi ferruginous; antennae ex-

100 WALKER ON DIPTEEA- OF AEU ISLANDS.

tending to the epistoma, third joint cinereous, hardly widening from
the base to the tip, which is somewhat truncated, arista slender, very
much longer than the third joint ; thorax with four indistinct black
stripes ; scutellum feiTuginous hindward ; abdomen conical, not
longer than the thorax, with three broad, slightly interrupted, cine-
reous bands, second segment indistinctly ferruginous on each side ;
legs stout ; wings grey, slightly brownish in front, veins black, testa-
ceous towards tlie base, praebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at
its flexure, hardly curved inward from thence to its tip, discal trans-
verse vein very slightly undulating, parted by much less than its
length from the border and from the flexure of the praebrachial;
alulae whitish. Length of the body 4'^ lines ; of the wings 8 hues.

86. EuRYGASTER DECiPiENS, n. s. F(Em. Nigra, aureo-tomentosa,
capite antico argenteo frontalibus atris, antennis ferrugineis, thorace
vittis quatuor nigris, abdomine fulvo subtessellato vitta basali nigra,
pedibus fulvis, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, stout, with gilded tomentum. Head silvery white in
front and beneath, frontalia deep black, widening slightly towards
the upright face, the bristles on each side hardly extending to the
facialia, epistoma not prominent ; eyes bare ; antennae ferruginous,
extending to the epistoma, third joint linear, somewhat truncated at

' the tip, more than four times the length of the second joint, arista
slender, much longer than the third joint ; thorax with numerous
long bristles, with four slight black stripes ; pectus cinereous ; abdo-
men tawny, conical, not longer than the thorax, with short stout
bristles, and with three broad, slightly gilded, somewhat interrupted
bands, a short black stripe at the base; legs tawny, stout, tibiae
darker than the femora, tarsi piceous ; wings grey, somewhat darker
in front, veins black, praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its
flexure, near which it is much curved inward, discal transverse vein
nearly straight, parted by more than half its length from the border,
and by a little less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae slightly cinereous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings
7 lines.

87. EuRYGASTER PHASioiDES, u. s. Mtts. Nigra, cano-tomentosa,
capite albo frontalibus atris, antennis, scutello, abdomine femoribusque
fulvis, abdomine fasciis duabus posticis albidis vittaque nigra, alis
cinereis basi albis, costa plagaque nigricantibus.

Male. Black, with hoary tomentum. Head white, frontalia deep black,
widening towards the upright face, facialia with bristles along more
than half the length from the epistoma, which is not prominent ;
eyes bare ; palpi testaceous ; antennae tawny, extending to the epi-
stoma, third joint linear, slightly rounded at the tip, more than
four times the length of the second joint, arista slender, much longer
than the third joint ; thorax with four very slender black stripes ;

WALKEE ON DIPTEBA OF ABU ISLANDS. 101

abdomen tawny, short-oval, not longer than the thorax, with a black
stripe which does not extend to the tip, third and fourth segments
with a white band along each fore border ; legs very stout, femora
tawny ; wings cinereous, white and with testaceous veins at the base,
blackish along the costa, and with a broad black band which is ab-
breviated hindward, praebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at its
flexure, from whence it is very' slightly curved inward to its tip,
discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by much less than its
length from the border, and by hardly less than its length from the
flexure of the praebrachial ; alulas whitish. Length of the body 3^
lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Subfam. Dexides, Walk.
Gren. EuTiLiA, Desv.

88. Rutilia plumicornis, Gueririf Macq. Dipt. Exot. 11. 3. 82. 3.
PI. 9. f. 8.

Inhabits also Off'ak, New Guinea.

89. Rutilia angustipennis, n. s. Foem. Nigro-viridis, capite ci-
nereo frontalibus atris, thoracis lateribus subpurpurascentibus, scu-
tello purpureo, abdomine viridi basi purpureo, tibiis ferrugineis, alis
angustis lanceolatis obscure fuscis basi nigris.

Female. Blackish-green. Head cinereous, frontalia deep black, widen-
ing much towards the face, epistoma very prominent, arista stout,
bare ; thorax with almost obsolete stripes, purplish along each side ;
scutellum mostly purple ; abdomen dark green, purple at the base ;
legs black, tibia3 ferruginous ; wings narrow, lanceolate, dark brown,
black towards the base, praebrachial vein forming a much rounded
angle at its flexure, near which it is slightly curved inward, and is
thence straight to its tip, discal transverse vein very slightly undu-
lating, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by
much more than half its length from the flexure of the praebrachial ;
alulae dark brownish cinereous. I/cngth of the body 8 lines ; of the
wings 16 lines.

Gren. Dexia, Meigen.

90. Dexia PECTORALis, n. s. Fcem. Testacea, capite pectore que albis
frontalibus atris, antennis fulvis, thorace cinereo vittis quatuor nigris,
abdomine fulvo apicem versus spinoso fasciis duabus nigris, pedibus
longis tibiis tarsisque nigris, alis cinereis venis subfusco late mar-
ginatis.

Female. Testaceous. Head white, frontalia deep black, widening to-
wards the face, facialia without bristles, epistoma prominent; an-
tennae tawny, not reaching the epistoma, third joint of the antennae
long, linear, arista plumose ; thorax cinereous, with four black stripes,
of which the inner pair are much narrower than the outer pair ,* scu-

102 WALKER ON DIPTERA OE AHU ISLANDS.

tellum tawny hindward ; pectus white ; abdomen tawny, with a few
spines towards the tip, hind borders of the third and fourth segments
and tips black ; legs long, black, coxa3 and femora testaceous ; wings
grey, veins very broadly bordered v/ith pale brown, prsebrachial vein
forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, between which and its
tip it is slightly curved inward, discal transverse vein undulating,
parted by about half its length from the border, and by a little less
than its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae cinereous
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Gen. Peosena, St.-Far^.

91. Prosena argentata, n. s. Mas et Foem. Testacea (mas) aut

. nigra (foem.)^ capite thoraceque argenteis, antennis fulvis, abdomine

longo fasciis vittaque nigris (mas) aut breviore fasciis cinereis lateri-

busque basi testaceis (foem.)j pedibus nigris femoribus testaceis, alis

subfuscescentibus (mas) aut cinereis (foem.).

Male and Female. Head and thorax with bright silvery tomentum,
facialia without bristles, epistoma slightly prominent ; eyes bare ;
mouth black, testaceous towards the base, full as long as the thorax ;
antennae tawny, not reaching the epistoma, arista plumose; legs
black, coxa; and femora testaceous ; wdngs grey, veins black. Male.
Testaceous. Pectus mostly white; abdomen elongate-conical, with
slight whitish reflexions, dorsal stripe and hind borders of the seg-
ments black ; legs long ; wings brownish towards the costa and about
the veins, prsebrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its
flexure, between which and its tip it is very slightly curved inward,
discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by less than half its
length from the border, and by less than its length from the flexure
of the prsebrachial. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.
Female. Black. Pectus silvery; scutellum deep black; abdomen
conical, with broad cinereous bands, first and second segments with
broad interrupted testaceous bands, a testaceous mark on each side
of the third segment at the base; legs rather long, femora with black
tips ; prajbrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure, curved in-
ward from thence to its tip, discal transverse vein curved inward near
its hind end, parted by less than its length from the border and from
the flexure of the prsebrachial. Length of the body 3^- lines ; of
the wings 7 lines.

Subfani. Saecophagides, WalJc.
Gen. Saecophaga, Meigen.

92. Sarcopiiaga compta, n. s. FcBm. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa,
capite aurato subtus fulvo piloso, thorace vittis tribus nigris, abdo-
mine tessellato, alis obscure cinereis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head gilded in front,
clothed behind and beneath with tawny hairs, frontalia deep black.

WALKER ON DIPTEKA OE ARU ISLANDS. 103^

hardly widening towards the face ; thorax with three black very di-
stinctly marked stripes, the middle one dilated on the scutcUum ;
abdomen distinctly tessellated with six large cinereous excavated
spots; wings grey, precbrachial vein forming a right angle at its
flexure, near which it is much curved inward, and is thence straight
to its tip, discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by much
less than its length from the border, and by little more than half its
length from the flexure of the prscbrachial ; alulae white. Length of
the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

93. Sarcophaga invaria, n. s. Mas etFcem. Nigra, cinereo-tomen-
tosa, capite maris albo, thorace vittis quinque nigris, abdomine tessel-
lato, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Thorax with five
black stripes, the lateral pair incomplete ; abdomen distinctly tessel-
lated, the spots being much excavated -, wings grey, prajbrachial vein
forming a right angle at its flexure, near which it is much curved
inward, and is thence straight to its tip, discal transverse vein hardly
undulating, parted by much less than its length from the border, and
by rather more than half its length from the flexure of the prsebra-
chial ; alulaj white. Male. Head silvery white, frontalia deep black,
linear ; tomentum of the thorax and of the abdomen more whitish
than that of the female. Female. Frontalia slightly widening towards
the face. Length of the body 4-44^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. MrsciDES, Walk.

Gen. Idia, 3Ieigen.

94. Idia australis. Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 4. 809. == /. oca.^U^^c^'Uz^, kk'e.a\
Inhabits also Australia.

95. Idia ^qualis, n. s. Fam. Mnea, capite subtuberculato, thoracis
lateribus pectoreque albido-testaceis lineis duabus lateralibus ajneis,
abdomine fulvo fasciis tribus seneis, pedibus testaceis tibiis apice
femoribusque seneis, alis cinereis apice nigricantibus.

Female. iEneous-whitish, testaceous beneath. Head with minute tuber-
cles on each side of the front, frontalia piceous, linear ; thorax with
an aeneous stripe on each side in a line with the base of the wings,
and with numerous points between these lines and the disk ; abdomen
pale tawny, with three seneous bands on the hind borders of the seg-
ments; legs testaceous, tibia3 towards the tips and femora aeneous;
wings greyish, with blackish tips, prsebrachial vein forming an obtuse
and much-rounded angle at its flexure, from whence it is almost
straight to its tip, discal transverse vein parted by about half its length
from the border and by about its length from the flexure of the pra;-
brachial ; alulae very slightly cinereous ; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 3| lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

104 WALKEB ON DTPTEEA OP AEU ISLANDS.

Q-en. MuscA, Linn,

9Q. MuscA GLORiosA, n. s. (genus Silbomyia, Macq.). Fcem. Cyaneo-
viridis, capite Is&tissiine aurato frontalibus atris, antennis pedibusque
nigris, thorace vittis quatuor cupreis, pectore maculis quatuor albis,
abdomine viridi-cyaneo, vitta tenui purpurea, alls cinereis apud costam
nigris, alulis albis.

Female. Golden green. Head brilliantly gilded, frontalia deep black,
widening towards the face -, a brilliantly-gilded lanceolate streak be-
tween the antennae, which are black ; epistoma piceous, slightly pro-
minent ; thorax with four cupreous stripes ; pectus with four white
tomentose spots ; abdomen greenish blue -with a very slender purple
stripe ; legs black, femora blackish green ; wings grey, black for full
one-third of the breadth from the costa, praebrachial vein forming a
very obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is nearly straight to its
tip, discal transverse vein very slightly undulating, parted by less
than half its length from the border, and by more than half its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae pure white. Length of the
body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

97. MuscA OPULENTA, n. s. (gcnus Silbomyia, Macq.) Fcem. Aureo-
viridis, capite aurato, frontalibus atris, antennis piceis, thorace vittis
quatuor subobsoletis cupreis, pectore maculis duabus albis, alis cine-
reis apud costam nigris, alulis albis.

Female. Golden green. Head brightly gilded, frontalia deep black,
linear, epistoma piceous, slightly prominent; antennae piceous; thorax
with four almost obsolete cupreous stripes ; pectus with a spot of
white tomentum on each side; abdomen vvith a very indistinct cu-
preous stripe J tibiae and tarsi black ; wings grey, black along the
costa, praebrachial vein forming a right angle at its flexure, near
which it is shghtly curved inward, and is thence straight to its tip,
discal transverse vein undulating, parted by more than half its length
from the border and from the flexure of the praebrachial; alulae white.
Length of the body 4i lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

98. MuscA MACULARis, n. s. (genus Chrysomyia? Desv.) Mas et
Foem. Aureo-viridis, capite argenteo antice aurato frontalibus atris,
antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis tribus cupreis vix conspicuis,
scutello cyaneo, pectore maculis quatuor lateralibus albo tomentosis,
abdomine viridi-cyaneo maculis quatuor lateralibus albis, alis cinereis
basi nigricantibus, alulis nigricantibus.

Male and Female. Golden green. Head brightly gilded, white behind ;
antennae, tibiae, and tarsi black ; thorax with three indistinct cupreous
stripes ; scutellum blue ; pectus with two white tomentose spots on
each side ; abdomen greenish blue with two transverse white spots
on each side; femora blackish-green; wings grey, blackish at the
base, praebrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure,
nearly straight from thence to its tip, discal transverse vein curved

WALKER ON DIPTEEA OP AEU ISLANDS. 105

outward towards its fore end, parted by about half its length from the
border, and by much less than its length from the flexure of the prse-
brachial; alulae blackish. Female. Head with a silvery white vertex,
frontalia deep black, linear. Length of the body bQ lines ; of the wings
10-12 lines.

99. MuscA MARGiNiFERA, n. s. (gcnus LuciUa, Desv.) Fcem. Viridi-
cyanea, capite albido frontalibus atris, antennis pedibusque nigris,
abdominis segmentis purpureo marginatis, alis cinereis basi subnigri-
cantibus, alulis cinereis.

Female. Greenish-blue. Head whitish, frontalia deep black, linear, face
and third joint of the antennae cinereous ; abdomen with a purple
band on the hind border of each segment ; legs black ; wings grey,
almost blackish at the base, praebrachial vein forming a hardly
obtuse angle at its flexure, between which and its tip it is hardly
curved inward, discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by about
half its length from the border, and by more than half its length
from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae cinereous. Length of the
body 4^ lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

100. MuscA BENEDiCTA, u. s. (gcuus Pyrellia, Desv.) Mas. Aureo-
viridis, capite albo, antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis basi sub-
luridis venis basi fulvis, alulis testaceo-cinereis. Var. ? Abdominis
apice purpureo.

Male. Golden green. Head white in front ; antennae and legs black ;
wings cinereous, slightly lurid towards the base, veins tawny towards
the base, praebrachial vein curved at the flexure, almost straight from
thence to the tip, discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted
by full half its length from the border, and by little less than its
length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae cinereous \Yith a
testaceous tinge. Var. ? or a distinct species : darker ; abdomen purple
at the tip. Length of the body 3 lines; of the wings 6 lines.

101. MuscA OBTRUSA, u. s. (gcuus Pyrellia, Desv.) Mas et Fcem.
Purpureo -cyanea, antennis pedibusque nigris, alis cinereis, alulis ob-
scurioribus.

Very nearly allied to M. refixa and to M. perjixa, but difi'ering slightly
in the veins of the wings. Male and Female. Blue, more or less
mingled with purple. Head black, slightly cinereous in front ; an-
tennae and legs black; wings grey, veins black, praebrachial vein
forming an almost angular curve at its flexure, nearly straight from
thence to its tip, discal transverse vein very slightly undulating,
parted by little more than half its length from the border, and by
about its length from the flexure of the praebrachial; alulae dark
cinereous. Length of the body 2|^-3 lines ; of the wings 5-6 lines.

102. Musca domestica, hinn. See Vol. I. p. 128.

103. Musca obscurata, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, subcinerascens, capite
postico albo, thorace vittis quatuor angustis nigris, abdomine tessel-

106 WALKER ON DIPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS.

lato, alls obscure cinereis apud costam nigricantlbus, alulis testaceo-
cinereis.
Female. Black, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum. Head white
behind ; thorax with four slender black stripes ; abdomen distinctly
tessellated with four rows of cinereous reflecting spots ; wings very
dark grey, blackish towards the costa, praebrachial vein forming a
somewhat rounded and very slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, hardly
curved inward from thence to its tip, discal transverse vein slightly
undulating, parted by less than half its length from the body, and by
more than half its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial ; alulae
cinereous, with a testaceous tinge. Length of the body 3-^ lines ; of
the wings 7 lines.

104. MuscA PATIENS, n. s. Fcem. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, frontali-
bus antennisque piceis, thorace vittis quatuor tenuissimis nigris,
abdomine tessellato, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head whitish behind, fron-
talia piceous, linear ; antcnnse piceous ; thorax with four very slender
black stripes ; abdomen tessellated ; wings grey, veins black, prae-
brachial vein forming an obtuse and somewhat rounded angle at its
flexure, from whence it is hardly curved inward to its tip, discal
transverse vein undulating, parted by less than half its length from
the border, and by more than half its length from the flexure of the
praebrachial ; alulae slightly cinereous, with testaceous borders. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

105. MuscA ERiSTALoiDES, n. s. (gcuus Pollcnia? Desv.) Mas et
Foem. Aureo tomentosa, crassa, subtus testacea, capite antico albo
fjontalibus antice rufis, antennis piceis basi rufis, thorace vittis tribus
abbreviatis fulvis, scutello cyaneo, abdomine cyaneo basi fasciisque
duabus albis, pedibus fulvis, tibiis tarsisque nigris, alis cinereis
apud costam fuscescentibus. Var. mas. Minor, thorace vittis tribus
nigris.

Male and Female. Body thick; head white; frontalia of the female
piceous, linear, red in front ; epistoma prominent ; proboscis long ;
palpi whitish; antennae piceous, red at the base; thorax with gilded
tomentum, and with three tawny bands which are abbreviated hind-
ward, scutellum blue ; pectus testaceous ; abdomen blue, white at
the base and with two white bands on the 3rd and 4th segments,
1st segment with a transverse blue spot on each side; legs taw^ny,
tibiae and tarsi black ; wings grey, blackish along the exterior part of
the costa, praebrachial vein forming a right but rounded angle at its
flexure, near which it is curved inward and is thence straight to its
tip, discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by a little more
than half its length from the border, and by much more than half its
length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; alulae testaceous. Var.
Male. Smaller ; thorax with three black stripes ; abdomen with only

WALKEE ON DIPTEBA OF ARU ISLANDS. 107

one white band, which is on the 4th segment. Length of the body
4-5 Hnes j of the wings 8-10 Unes.

Gen. Bengalia, Besv.

106. Bengalia spissa, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Fulva, capite nigro
antice albo, antennis testaceis, pectore fasciis duabus obliquis albidis,
pedibus nigris femoribus basi coxisque fulvis, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Tawny. Head black, with silvery tomentum in front,
epistoma not prominent ; palpi black ; antenna) testaceous ; pectus
with an oblique whitish band on each side ; legs black, femora to-
wards the base and coxee tawny ; wings grey, veins black, testaceous
towards the base, pra^brachial vein forming an obtuse and rounded
angle at its flexure, which is very near the border of the wing, straight
from thence to its tip, discal transverse vein straight, parted by much
less than its length from the border, and by very much more than its
length from the flexure of the pra^brachial ,- alula) testaceous. Length
of the body 3|- lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Subfam. Anthomyides, Walk.
G-en. Aricta, Mcieq.

107. Aricia significans, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Fulva, subtus testaeea,
capite nigro argenteo-tomentoso, antennis testaceis, thorace vittis
tribus albidis, abdominis apice piceo, alis cinereis.

Male and Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head black, with silvery
tomentum, vertex much broader in the female than in the male ;
palpi tawny ; . antennas testaceous ; thorax with three whitish stripes
in the disk, and with one on each side ; abdomen piceous at the tip ;
tarsi blackish towards the tips ; wings cinereous, veins black, tawny
towards the base, discal transverse vein hardly undulating, parted by
more than its length from the procbrachial transverse, and by less
than its length from the border ; alulee pale cinereous, with testaceous
borders. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 hnes.

108. Aricia canivitta, n. s. Foim. Fulva, subtus testaeea, capite
nigro, facie argentea, palpis antennisque testaceis, thoracis disco, ab-
dominis plagis duabus trigonis pedibusque nigris, thorace vitta cana,
alis cinereis.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head black, face silvery ; palpi
and antennae testaceous ; disk of the thorax blackish, with a broad
hoary stripe ; disk of the scuteilum piceous ; second and third seg-
ments of the abdomen with triangular black bands ; legs black, coxas
and trochanters testaceous; wings grey, veins black, discal trans-
verse vein hardly curved inv\^ard, parted by more than half its length
from the border, and by a little less than its length from the prse-
brachial transverse; alula) pale cinereous, with testaceous borders.
Length of the body 3] lines, of the wings 7 lines.

108 WALKER ON DIPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS.

Gren. Anthomtia, Meigen.

109. Anthomyia procellaria, n. s. Mas. Nigra, subtus albida,
capite argenteo, thorace fasciis duabus (prima interrupta) albis, abdo-
mine vitta tenui fasciisque iiiterruptis albidis, alis cinereis, halteribus
testaceis.

Nearly allied to A. pluvialis and to A. tonitrui. Male. Black, whitish
beneath. Head silvery; thorax with two whitish bands, the first in-
terrupted in the middle, widened on each side ; scutellum elongate ;
abdomen with a slender whitish stripe, and with interrupted whitish
bands, which are widened on each side ; wings grey, veins black,
discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by less than half its
length from the border and by hardly less than its length from the
pra3brachial transverse ; alulai grey, with testaceous borders ; hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. C^KOSIA, Meigen.

110. C^NOSiA LUTEicoRNis, n. s. Mas. Cana, capite antennisque
pallide luteis, abdomine basi testaceo maculis octo nigris, pedibus
halteribusque testaceis, alis subhmpidis apice nigris.

Male. Hoary. Head pale luteous, frontalia darker, widening towards
the face j palpi white ; antennae pale luteous, extending to the epi-
stoma, third joint long, slender, linear, arista plumose for half the
length from the base ; abdomen testaceous towards the base, with
four dorsal black spots and with two black spot-; on each side towards
the tip ; legs testaceous ; wings nearly limpid, with a black apical
spot, discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by less than its
length from the border and by very much more than its length
from the prsebrachial transverse ; alulae white ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Helomtzides, Fallen.
Gen. CcELOPA, Meigen.

111. Cgelopa inconspicua, n. s. Fcem. Cinerea, antennis piceis,
pectore antico, abdomine pedibusque fulvis, his nigro variis, alis
cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Cinereous, flat. Antennae piceous j fore part of the pectus,
abdomen and legs tawny, the latter with diffuse blackish bands;
wings grey, veins black, with the usual structure, tawny towards the
base ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 hues ; of the wings
3^- lines.

Gen. Xaentta, Wallc.

112. Xarnuta leucotelus. Walk. See Vol. I. p. 28.

WALKEE O-S DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 109

G-en. Helomtza, Fallen,

113. Helomyza picipes, n. s. Fozm. Fulva, capite, antennis femo-
ribusque nigris, abdominis segmentis nigro marginatis, tibiis tarsisque
piceis, alis cjnereis apud costam luridis vena discali transversa fusco
subnebulosa, halteribus testaceis. Var. Thoracis vitta lata abdo-
mineque piceis.

Female. Tawny. Head and antennae black, arista plumose; thorax
with two slender, darker, almost obsolete stripes ; hind borders of the
abdominal segments black ; legs piceous, femora black, coxae tawny ;
wings grey, with a lurid tinge towards the costa, discal transverse
vein straight, slightly clouded with brown, parted by about half its
length from the border, and by more than twice its length from the
prsebrachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Var. Thorax with a
broad piceous stripe ; abdomen piceous. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 6 lines.

114. Helomyza atripennis, n. s. Mas. Fulva, scutello nigro, pec-
tore piceo, abdomine ferrugineo, alis nigris postice cinereis.

Male. Tawny. Antennae pale tawny, arista plumose ; thorax with two
slender, darker, almost obsolete stripes; scutellum black; pectus
piceous; abdomen ferruginous; wings black, cinereous along the
hind border for more than half its length from the base, veins as in
the preceding species. Length of the body 2|- lines ; of the wings
5 lines.

115. Helomyza restituta, n. s. Fosm. Testacea, abdomine punctis
sex nigris, alis cinereis apice nigricantibus venis transversis nigricante
nebulosis.

Female. Testaceous. Third, fourth, and fifth segments of the abdomen
with two black points on each fore border ; wings grey, with a slight
lurid tinge towards the costa, blackish at the tips, transverse veins
clouded with blackish, veins with the usual structure. Length of the
body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gten. Detomyza, Fallen.

116. Dryomyza semicyanea, n. s. Fcem. Ferruginea, vertice piceo,
antennis fulvis, thorace cyanescente, abdomine cyaneo basi ferrugineo,
pedibus testaceis, alis subcinereis apud costam luridis.

Female. Ferruginous. Vertex piceous, face slightly covered with
whitish tomentum ; antennae tawny, arista very minutely pubescent ;
thorax tinged with blue ; abdomen blue, tawny at the base ; legs
testaceous ; wings greyish, lurid along the costa, veins tawny, prae-
brachial vein forming a very slight angle where it joins the discal
transverse, with a slight curve from thence to its tip, praebrachial
transverse stout, slightly clouded, discal transverse straight, upright,
parted by much less than half its length from the border and by a

ilO ■VVALEER ON DIPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

little more than its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 3^-4^ lines ; of the wings 7-^ lines.

Geu. Sepedon, Latr.

117. Sepedon costalis, n. s. .Mas. Cinerea, capite testaceo guttis
quatuor nigris, antennis nigris basi testaceis arista alba, abdoniine pe-
dibusque fulvis femoribus posticis denticulatis, alis fuscescenti-cine-
reis, costa testacea.

Male. Cinereous. Head testaceous, with a black dot on each side
above and two more towards the mouth ; antennae black, testa-
ceous at the base, second joint very long, arista white ; thorax with
four slender indistinct darker lines, pectus hoary ; abdomen and legs
tawny, tarsi piceous, hind femora denticulated ; wings brownish cine-
reous, slightly testaceous along the costa; halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 4}^ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Laxjxanides, Walk.
Gen. Latjxania, Zatr.

118. Lauxania duplicans, n. s. Fcem. Nigro-cyanea, antennis pi-
ceis, articulo tertio longissimo, tarsis basi albidis, tibiis intermediis
sordide albidis, alis limpidis.

Female. Blackish-blue, shining. Antennse piceous, third joint very
long, reddish beneath, arista bare j legs black, tarsi whitish towards
the base, middle tibiae dingy whitish ; wings limpid, veins pale, discal
transverse vein white, parted by a little less than its length from the
border and by nearly twice its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres white. Length of the body 2-2^ lines ; of the wings
3-4 lines.

119. Lauxania minuens, n. s. Fcsm. Nigra, uitens, antennis longis
arista nuda, tarsis albidis, alis sublimpidis, halteribus albis.

Female. Black, shining. Third joint of the antennae long, arista bare ;
tarsi whitish; wings very slightly greyish, veins pale, of the usual
structure; halteres white. Length of the body 1} line ; of the wings
2| lines.

Gen. Lo]S"CHiEA, Fallen.

120. LoNCH^A? INOPS, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigra, nitens, antennis
piceis arista plumosa, scutello ferrugineo, tibiis, tarsis halteribusque
fulvis, alis subcinereis.

Male and Female. Black, shining. Antenna3 piceous, third joint short,
arista plumose ; scutellum somewhat ferruginous ; tibiae, tarsi, and
halteres tawny ; wings slightly greyish, veins pale, discal transverse
vein parted by much less than its length from the border and by
nearly twice its length from the flexure of the praebrachial. Length
of the b.ody 1^ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

WALKER ON DIPTEllA OE ATIUJ ISLANDS. Ill

Subfam. Ortaltdes, Haliday.
Gen. Lamprogaster, Macg^.

121. Lamprogaster auADRiLiNEA, n. s. Mas et Foem. Cyaneo-
viridis; capite pedibusque nigris; antennis piceis, basi rufis ; thorace
vittis quatuor albidis ; abdomine purpureo-cyaneo ; alis limpidis, litura
basali, fasciis duabiis (prima abbreviata, secuiida interrupta) strigaque
costali apicali nigris.

Male and Female. Bluish green. Head black ; proboscis red at the
tip ; antennae piceous, red at the base ; thorax with two whitish stripes
on each side; abdomen purpHsh blue; legs black, tarsi with pale
tomentum towards the base ; wings hmpid, two black streaks, one
basal including a limpid dot, the other apical, first band oblique,
extending from the costa to the disk, second widely interrupted in
the middle, its hind part occupying the discal transverse vein ; veins
black, testaceous along the costa ; prajbrachial vein forming a slight
angle at its junction with the discal transverse, the latter parted by
not more than one-fourth of its length from the border, and by more
than its length from the pra^brachial transverse. Length of the body
3^-4^ lines; of the wings 7-9 lines.

122. Lamprogaster marginifera, n. s. Fosm. Testacea; capite
maculis duabus fasciaque nigro-aeneis ; thoracis disco nigro-aeneo, vittis
tribus testaceis, vittis duabus lateralibus albidis, scutelli margine tes-
taceo; abdominis dorso nigro-aeneo; alis limpidis, fasciis plurimis fuscis.

Female. Testaceous. Head with tw^o blackish aeneous spots on the
vertex, and with a blackish aeneous band in front ; mouth and an-
tennae tawny ; disk of the thorax blackish aeneous, with three testa-
ceous stripes which are united in front, the middle one slender, the
lateral pair united on the border of the scutellum, a whitish stripe on
each side ; abdomen blackish aeneous above ; wings limpid, with eight
or nine irregular brovna bands; veins black, testaceous along the costa;
discal transverse vein parted by much less than its length from the
border, and by about its length from the praebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

123. Lamprogaster DELECTANS,n. s. Fo2m. Ferruginea; capite tes-
taceo, postice albido, vertice luteo fasciis duabus nigris, vittis quatuor
anticis antennisque nigris; thorace vittis septem et metathoracis
fascia albidis ; abdomine cyaneo-viridi, basi discoque fulvis ; pedibus
nigricantibus, femoribus testaceis apice nigris; alis sublimpidis, costa,
striga obliqua subcostali guttaque marginali nigricantibus.

Female. Ferruginous. Head testaceous, whitish behind; vertex lu-
teous, blackish in front and behind; fore part with four blackish
stripes; antennaj blackish; thorax with seven whitish stripes, the
middle one broad, the inner pair very slender, the second pair broad,
the third pair lateral ; abdomen bluish green, slightly varied with

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 8

112 WALKEll ON DIPTEEA OF A.UV ISLANDS.

purple, base and fore part of the disk tawny ; legs blackish ; femora
testaceous, with black tips ; wings nearly limpid, with a slight lurid
tinge in the discal areolet, blackish along the costa, and with a
blackish oblique streak which extends from the costa along the pra;-
brachial transverse vein ; a blackish dot on the hind end of the discal
transverse vein ; veins black, discal transverse vein parted by about
one-fourth of its length from the border, and by a little more than
its length from the prsebrachial transverse which is very oblique; alulae
white ; halteres testaceous, with black knobs. Length of the body
5 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

124. Lamprogaster scuTELLARis, n. s. Mas. Subcinereo-nigra ;
oculis albido submarginatis ; thorace vittis tribus cinereis, vittis duabus
lateralibus, scutelli subquadrati margine, tibiis interraediis tarsisque
albidis ; alis nigricantibus, fasciis duabus integris duabusque maculari-
bus incompletis albidis.

Male. Black, with a slight cinereous tinge ; eyes partly bordered
with whitish ; third joint of the antennae elongate-conical ; arista
plumose, the bristles few; thorax with three indistinct cinereous
stripes, and with two whitish lateral stripes ; scutellum nearly qua-
drate, with a whitish border ; middle tibiae, knees and tarsi whitish,
the latter with black tips ; wings blackish, whitish at the base, and
with four whitish bands, first and third bands entire, second and
fourth macular, very irregular and incomplete ; veins black ; discal
transverse vein straight, parted by about one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by hardly more than its length from the prae-
brachial transverse. Length of the body 2 lines; of the wings
4 lines.

This species has some resemblance to the genus Platy stoma, and differs
rather from the characters of Lamprogaster ; it and the two following
species, which are still more aberrant, will probably be considered as
three new genera.

125. Lamprogaster CELYPHOiDES, n. s. Mas et Foem. Atra,nitens,
brevis, lata ; capite, antennis pedibusque testaceis ; abdomine nigro-
cyaneo ; alis limpidis, strigis transversis subcostalibus fuscescentibus.

Male and Female. Deep black, shining, short, broad. Head testaceous,
face transverse ; antennae testaceous, third joint elongate-conical ;
arista bare ; abdomen blackish blue, second segment very large, third
and following not visible; legs testaceous; wings limpid, with four
transverse pale brown subcostal streaks ; discal transverse vein parted
by less than half its length from the border, and by less than its
length from the flexure of the praebrachial ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 2-2^ lines ; of the wings 4^ lines.

126. Lamprogaster tetyroides, n. s. Mas. Atra, nitens, bre-
vissima, latissima ; capite transverso, subruguloso ; thorace scitissime
punctato ; abdomine cyaneo ; tarsis flavis ; alis nigris albido punctatis
apud marginem posticum obscure cinereis.

WALKER ON DIPTERA OP ARU ISLANDS. 113

Male. Deep black, shining, very short and broad. Head transverse,
slightly rugulose; third joint of the antennae conical; arista thinly
plumose; thorax very finely punctured; scutellum almost semicir-
cular ; abdomen blue, smooth ; tarsi yellow ; wings black, dark grey
towards the hind border, with whitish points towards the costa; discal
transverse vein parted by about its length from the border and by
more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse. Length of the
body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gen, Platystoma, Latr.

127. PlatyvStoma fusifacies, n. s. Mas et Foem. Cinerea; capita
postice et apud oculos albo; vertice pallide luteo (mas) aut rufo
(foem.) ; facie plana, fusiformi, subargentea ; anteanis piceis ; thoracis
vittis tribus peetoreque canis ; abdomine conico punctis albis ; alis
iimpidis, guttis transversis interioribus fasciisque exterioribus nigri-
cantibus.

Male and Female, Cinereous. Head white hindward and about the
eyes, black and shining towards the mouth ; vertex pale luteous in
the male, red in the female ; face flat, fusiform, somewhat silvery ;
antennae piceous, third joint long, slender, linear, arista plumose;
thorax with three hoary stripes, the middle one much broader than
the lateral pair; pectus hoary; abdomen conical, with numerous
white points ; wings limpid, with blackish dots towards the base, and
with four exterior blackish bands, two of which are dilated towards
the costa, and there contain some limpid dots; veins black, discal
transverse vein straight, parted by about one-fourth of its length from
the border, and by more than its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres whitish. Length of the body 3|-5 lines ; of the wings
8-10 lines.

128. Platystoma multivitta, n. s. Mas. Cinerea; capite postice
et apud oculos albo, vertice luteo, facie et antennis fulvis ; thoracis
vittis octo peetoreque canis ; abdominis segmentis cano fasciatis ;
ventre ferrugineo ; pedibus nigris ; alis Iimpidis, fasciis quatuor stri-
gisque interioribus nigricantibus.

Male. Cinereous. Head white behind and about the eyes, vertex luteous ;
face and antennae tawny, third joint of the latter long, slender, linear ;
arista very slightly plumose ; thorax with eight hoary stripes ; pectus
hoary; abdomen with a hoary band on the fore border of each seg-
ment ; legs black ; wings limpid, with four blackish bands, and with
some blackish marks nearer the base ; two blackish streaks between
the first and second bands ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight,
parted by one-fourth of its length from the border, and by very much
more than its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres black.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

8*

114 WALKEE ON DIPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

Gen. Dacus, Fahr.

12.9. Dacus EXPANDBNS, n. s. Fcem. Fulvus, latiusculus ; antennarum
articulo tertio piceo angusto linear! longissimo ; abdomine vitta tenui
nigricante ; alis limpidis, costa vittaque postica fuscescentibiis.

Female. Tawny, rather broad, very slightly covered with hoary tomen-
tura, which forms stripes on the thorax and indistinct bands on the
abdomen ; third joint of the antenna? piceous, slender, linear, very
long ; arista bare ; abdomen with a slender blackish stripe ; wings
limpid, brownish along the costa, and with a short oblique brownish
stripe extending from the base to the interior border; veins black,
discal transverse vein oblique, parted by full one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by more than its length from the praebrachial
transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

130. Dacus pectoralis, n. s. Fosm. Cinereo-niger ; capite fulvo,
facie guttis duabus nigris ; antennarum articulo tertio piceo angusto
lineari longissimo ; callis duabus humeralibus, fasciis duabus obliquis
pectoraUbus lateralibus, scutello tarsisque testaceis ; thoracis vittis
tribus abdominisque una canis ; pedibus fulvis piceo cinctis ; alis lim-
pidis, costa vittaque postica fuscescentibus.

Female. Black, slightly covered with cinereous tomentum. Head
tawny, with two small black dots on the face; third joint of the
antennae piceous, slender, linear, very long, arista bare ; thorax with
three indistinct hoary stripes ; humeral calli, an oblique band on each
side of the pectus, scutellum and tarsi, testaceous; abdomen with
one hoary stripe ; legs tawny, with diffuse piceous bands ; wings
limpid, brownish along the costa, and with a short oblique brownish
stripe, extending from the base to the interior border ; veins black ;
discal transverse vein parted by less than one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by a little more than its length from the prae-
brachial transverse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3f lines ;
of the wings 71 lines.

131. Dacus lattfascia, n. s. Fosm. Niger; capite postice et apud
oculos albido ; antennarum articulo tertio vix longo ; thoracis fascia,
metathorace pectorisque fasciis duabus obliquis canis ; abdomine
cyaneo ; femoribus albidis apice nigris ; alis albo-limpidis, costa atra,
fasciis duabus latissimis nigris ; halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black. Head whitish behind and about the eyes ; third joint
of the antennae linear, round at the tip, hardly long, arista plumose ;
thorax with a band on the hind border of the scutum ; metathorax
and an oblique band on each side of the pectus hoary; abdomen
blue; coxae and femora whitish, the latter with black tips; wings
limpid white, deep black along the costa, and with two very broad
black bauds ; veins black ; discal transverse vein very oblique, parted

WALKER ON DIPTERA OE ABU ISLANDS. 115

by about one-sixth of its length from the border, and by little more
than half its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres tes-
taceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

132. Dacus mutilloi'des, n. s. Fcem. Rufescens ; capite nigro, pos-
tice et apud oculos albo ; antennarum articulo tertio angusto linear!
longissimo; thoracis vittis tribus, pectoris fasciis duabus obliquis
lateralibus abdominisque fasciis duabus (secunda interrupta) albis,
abdominis dimidio postico nigro-aeneo; pedibus piceis; alis sublim-
pidis, costae apice venisque transversis nigro nebulosis; halteribus
albidis.

Female. Reddish. Head black, white behind and about the eyes and
on the grooves of the face ; antennae black, reddish at the base, third
joint slender, linear, very long, arista bare, rather stout ; thorax with
three whitish stripes ; pectus with a more distinct oblique white
band on each side; metathorax whitish; abdomen aeneous, pubes-
cent, finely punctured, reddish and slightly contracted towards the
base, with two white bands, the second widely interrupted; oviduct
long, lanceolate; legs piceous; wings nearly limpid, clouded with
black at the tip of the costa and on the praebrachial transverse vein,
hardly clouded on the discal transverse vein; veins black; discal
transverse vein straight, parted by about one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the prae-
brachial transverse ; halteres whitish. Length of the body 5 lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

133. Dacus longivitta, n. s. Mas. iEneo-viridis, subpubescens,
subtilissime punctatus ; capite nigro apud oculos albido, epistomate
ferrugineo, antennarum articulo tertio longo linear! ; thorace sub-
vittato ; pedibus nigris, femoribus ferrugineis ; alis subcinereis, costa
vittaque apud venam praebrachialem nigris ; halteribus piceis.

Male. iEneous green, with slight hoary tomentum, very finely punc-
tured. Head black, whitish about the eyes; epistoma ferruginous,
prominent ; antennae black, ferruginous at the base, third joint long,
linear, conical at the tip ; arista bare ; thorax with an indistinct broad
hoary stripe ; abdomen compressed, nearly linear ; legs black ; femora
ferruginous ; wings slightly greyish, black along the costa and with a
black stripe which extends along the praebrachial vein to the discal
transverse vein ; veins black ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique,
parted by a little more than half its length from the border, and by
very much more than its length from the praebrachial transverse;
halteres piceous. Length of the body 4-6 lines; of the wings 5-7
lines.

134. Dacus lativentris, n. s. F(Bm. Nigro-viridis, subtihssime
punctatus ; capite piceo apud oculos albido ; antennis fulvis, articulo
tertio sublanceolato ; abdomine brevi, lato ; pedibus nigris, femoribus
anticis fulvis ; alis subcinereis, costa vittaque apud venam praebra-

116 WALKER OK DIPTEBA OF AUU ISLANDS.

chialem nigris, rena discali transversa nigricante nebulosa ; halteribus
albidis.
Female. Blackish green, very minutely punctured. Head piceous,
whitish about the eyes; epistoma ferruginous, slightly prominent;
antennae tawny, third joint rather long, somewhat lanceolate, arista
bare ; abdomen nearly round, broader than the thorax ; legs black,
fore femora tawny ; wings very slightly greyish, black along the costa
to the tip of the prsebrachial vein, with a black stripe along the
praebrachial vein to the discal transverse vein, and with a blackish
tinge about the discal transverse vein and along the adjoining part of
the hind border; veins black, discal transverse straight, vein parted
by less than half its length from the border, and by very much more
than its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres whitish.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

135. Dacus odtrudens, n. s. Mas, Nigro-viridis, subtilissime punc-
tatus ; capite nigro apud oculos albido ; antennis piceis basi rufes-
centibus, articulo tertio lineari longissimo ; abdomiae lineari maculis
duabus lateralibus testaceis ; pedibus nigris, femoribus apice tarsisque
posticis basi fulvis ; alis subcinereis, costa, apice maculaque apud
venam transversam discalem nigricantibus ; halteribus albis.

Male. Dark green, very minutely punctured. Head black, whitish
about the eyes, ferruginous towards the epistoma ; antennae piceous,
reddish towards the base ; third joint linear, very long, arista bare ;
abdomen linear, compressed, with a testaceous spot on each side
before the middle ; legs black, femora tawny towards the tips, hind
tarsi tawny at the base ; wings slightly greyish, blackish along the
costa and at the tips, and about the transverse veins; veins black,
tawny at the base ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by
about half its length from the border, and by a little more than its
length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres white. Length of
the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

136. Dacus pompiloides, n. s. Mas. Niger; capite albido, episto-
mate ferrugineo ; antennis piceis basi rufis, articulo tertio longo lineari ;
abdomine nigro-cyaneo ; pedibus piceis ; alis subcinereis, striga costali
basali, fascia tenui postice abbreviata et triente apicali strigam sub-
cineream includente nigricantibus ; halteribus albis.

Male. Black. Head with whitish tomentum, epistoma ferruginous,
prominent ; antennae piceous, red at the base, third joint long, linear,
arista bare ; abdomen linear, blackish blue, longer than the thorax ;
legs piceous; wings slightly greyish, with a blackish costal streak
extending from the base, with a slender blackish band which is abbre-
viated hindward, and with more than one-third of the apical part
blackish and including a slightly greyish streak ; veins black, discal
transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by a little less than its length
from the border and by about its length from the praebrachial trans-

WALKEK ON DIPTERA OF AEU ISLANDS. 117

verse ; halteres white. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings
6 lines.

Gen. Beea, n. g.

Platystomae affinis. Fades lata. AntennoB breves; artieulus tertius
longiconicus ; arista nuda. Femora intermedia inerassata, denticulata.

Allied to Platy stoma. Face broad ; antennae short, third joint elongate-
conical; arista bare; middle femora incrassated, denticulated beneath.

137. Brea discalis, n. s. Mas. Nigra; capite testaceo apud oculos
albido, fronte ochracea ; antennis piceis basi rufescentibus ; thorace
vitta lata cana ; abdomine fulvo, disco nigro cupreo ; pedibus fulvis,
femoribus anticis apice tibiisque antieis basi nigris ; alis sublimpidis,
fascia media lata postice abbreviata guttam limpidam subcostalem
includente lineaque transversa exteriore nigricantibus ; halteribus
testaceis.

Male. Black. Head testaceous, whitish about the eyes, front ochra-
ceous ; antennae piceous, reddish at the base ; thorax with a broad
hoary stripe ; abdomen tawny, with a blackish cupreous disk ; legs
tawny, fore femora at the tips and fore tibiae at the base black ; wings
nearly limpid, with a broad middle blackish band, which is abbre-
viated hindward and includes a limpid dot by the costa, and has
beyond it a blackish transverse line ; veins black, testaceous towards
the base ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by half its
length from the border, and by much more than its length from the
prsebrachial transverse; halteres testaceous. Length of the body
4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

138. Brpa contraria, n. s. Mas et Fcem. Nigra ; capite fulvo apud
oculos albido, fronte ochracea ; antennis rufescentibus ; thorace vitta
cana ; abdomine purpureo apice cyaneo ; pedibus nigris, femoribus
anticis tarsisque testaceis ; alis sublimpidis, fascia lata media postice
abbreviata, guttis interioribus lineaque transversa exteriore nigri-
cantibus.

Male and Female. Black. Head tawny, whitish about the eyes; an-
tennae reddish ; thorax with a hoary stripe ; sides and pectus also
hoary ; abdomen purple, blue towards the tip ; legs black ; tarsi and
fore femora testaceous ; wings nearly limpid, with a broad blackish
middle band which is abbreviated hindward, with some interior blackish
dots, and with an exterior transverse blackish line; veins black;
discal transverse vein straight, parted by less than half its length from
the border, and by less than its length from the prsebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres black. Length of the body 3-3| lines ; of the wings
6-7 lines.

Gen. Adeama, n. g.

Mas. Corpus longiusculum. Caput thorace vix latius, setis duabus
posticis erectis. Aniennce sat lougae ; artieulus tertius linearis, apice

118 WALKEE ON DTPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

conicus; arista pubescens. Abdomen sublineare, thorace longius et
an^ustius. Pedes mediocres j femora posteriora spinis minutis armata.
AlcB sat longae.
Male. Body rather long. Head transverse, hardly broader than the
thorax, with two erect setae on the hind part of the vertex ; face
vertical ; epistoma shghtly prominent. Antennae nearly reaching the
epistoma ; third joint long, linear, conical at the tip j arista pubes-
cent. Abdomen almost linear, longer and narrower than the thorax.
Legs moderately long and slender; posterior femora with minute
spines beneath. Wings rather long ; discal transverse vein straight,
upright, parted by hardly half its length from the border, and by
rather more than its length from the prabrachial transverse.

139. Adrama selecta, n. s. Mas. Testacea; capite guttis tribus
nigris ; thorace disco antico vittisque duabus posterioribus nigris ;
tibiis tarsisque anticis piceis, tibiis posticis subpiceis ; alls subfusces-
centibus, fascia lata limpida nigricante marginata postice abbreviata.

Male. Testaceous. Head with a black dot above the antennae and one
on each side of the epistoma ; thorax with the fore part of the disk
black, and with two hindward black stripes ; fore tibiae and fore tarsi
piceous ; hind tibiae somewhat piceous ; vdngs slightly brownish, with
two blackish bands, the first on the praebrachial transverse vein, abbre-
viated hindward, the second on the discal transverse vein, abbreviated
in front, intermediate space limpid, veins testaceous, black towards
the tips ; halteres pale testaceous. Length of the body 4^ lines ; of
the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Oetalis, Fallen.

140. Ortalis prompta, n. s. Fcem. Nigro-viridis ; capite piceo apud
oculos albido ; antennis rufescentibus ; thorace vitta abdomineque
fasciis cinereis ; pedibus nigris ; alis limpidis, vittis tribus nigris, prima
postice abbreviata, secunda tertiaque latis ; halteribus albidis.

Female. Blackish green. Head piceous, whitish about the eyes ; epi-
stoma somewhat prominent; antennae reddish, third joint somewhat
lanceolate, piceous towards the tip; arista bare; thorax with a cine-
reous stripe; sides and pectus also cinereous; abdomen with two
cinereous bands ; legs black ; wings limpid white, slightly cinereous
towards the base, with three black bands, the first abbreviated hind-
ward, the second and third very broad ; veins black, discal transverse
vein curved inward, parted by much less than its length from the
border and by a little less than its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse; halteres whitish. Length of the body 3^ lines; of the wings
6 lines,

141. Ortalis complens, n. s. Mas et Fam. Nigro-viridis; capite
antennisque testaceis, articulo tertio brevi, arista plumosa ; abdomine
atro ; pedibus testaceis, femoribus nigris ; alis albo Umpidis, strigis

WALKEE ON DIPTEBA OF ARU ISLANDS. 119

duabus apiceque nigro-cinereis, fasciis tribus satis nigricantibus ; hal-
teribus albis. Mas. Vertice luteo postice nigro, femoribus apice
testaceis, alarum fasciis subconnexis. Fcem. Vertice nigro, tibiis
nigris, posticis basi testaceis.
Male and Female. Blackish green. Head testaceous; antennae tes-
taceous, third joint short, conical ; arista plumose ; abdomen deep
black ; legs testaceous ; femora black ; wings limpid white, with three
broad blackish stripes, the second emitting a branch from its outer
side to the costa, a streak connected with the outer side of the third
band, and the tips blackish cinereous; discal transverse vein straight,
parted by much less than its length from the border, and by a little
more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse ; halteres white.
Male. Vertex luteous, black hindward ; femora with testaceous tips;
bands of the wings partly connected. Female. Vertex black ; tibiae
black, the hind pair testaceous towards the base. Length of the
body 1^-2 lines ; of the wings 3-4 lines.

Gren. Tetpeta, Meigen.

142. Trypeta multistriga, n. s. Fcem. Testacea; thorace pecto-
reque nigro-strigatis ; abdomine maculis quatuor lateralibus anteri-
oribus fascia lata apiceque nigris ; femoribus posterioribus nigro
vittatis ; alis nigricantibus basi marginal! maculis guttisque albis.

Female. Testaceous. Third joint of the antennae short, conical; arista
plumose ; thorax with black bristles on each side, with eight black
streaks, four in front, of which the middle pair are very short, four
hindward, the middle pair short, the outer pair connected in front of
the scutellum, two lateral black streaks ; pectus with a black inter-
rupted streak on each side; disk also black; abdomen with two
transverse black spots on each side towards the base, and with a
broad black band ; oviduct black, flat, lanceolate, obtuse at the tip ;
posterior femora striped with black ; wings blackish, limpid for a
space from the base along the costa and along the hind border, and
with twelve white marks of various size, four discal, eight marginal ;
discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by one-fourth of its
length from the border, and by about its length from the praebrachial
transverse. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

143. Trypeta dorsigutta, n. s. Mas. Atra; capite piceo vitta tes-
tacea, subtus albo ; antennis testaceis ; thorace cinereo punctis late-
ralibus albis, pectore albido ; abdominis segmentis testaceo marginatis ;
tibiis albido fasciatis, tarsis albidis ; alis albo-limpidis, strigis basalibus
fasciisque duabus latis nigricantibus, prima antice furcata ; halteribus
albis.

Male. Deep black. Head piceous, with cinereous tomentum, white
behind and beneath, a testaceous stripe on the vertex ; antennae tes-
taceous, black at the base, third joint conical, white at the base.

120 WALKER ON DIPTEllA OF AllU ISLANDS.

arista plumose j thorax with cinereous tomentum, white points along
each side ; pectus whitish ; hind borders of the abdominal segments
testaceous with cinereous tomentum; tibiae with a dingy whitish
band ; tarsi dingy whitish ; wings limpid white, with several blackish
marks towards the base and with two broad blackish bands, the first
forked in front ; discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by less
than its length from the border, and by more than twice its length
from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres white. Length of the
body 2^ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

144. Trypeta basalis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, nitens ; capite antennisque
fulvis, vertice maculis duabus piceis ; abdomine basi pedibusque tes-
taceis ; alis limpidis, striga basali, fasciis tribus costaque apicali
nigricantibus ; halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black, slender, shining. Head tawny, with two elongated piceous
spots on the vertex ; antennae tawny, third joint linear, rather long,
arista bare ; abdomen nearly fusiform, testaceous at the base ; legs
testaceous ; wings limpid, with a blackish oblique streak extending
from the base, with three blackish bands, and with a blackish costal
streak extending round the tip, first and third bands slender, second
broad, abbreviated like the first hindward; discal transverse vein
straight, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the border,
and by less than its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body U line ; of the wings 3 lines.

145. Trypeta IMPLETA, n. s. Foem. Cinerea; capite albido ; anten-
narum articulo tertio albido apice nigro ; thorace vitta fusca, scutello
albidO; abdomine nigro ; pedibus albidis nigro fasciatis ; alis albis,
maculis plurimis nigricantibus ex parte confluentibus ; halteribus
albidis.

Female. Cinereous. Head whitish ; third joint of the antennae short,
conical, whitish, blackish at the tip, arista plumose ; thorax with a
brown stripe ; scutellum whitish ; abdomen black ; legs whitish, with
black bands ; wings white, with many blackish spots, some of them
confluent ; discal transverse vein straight, parted by much less than
its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from
the praebrachial transverse; halteres whitish. Length of the body
H line ; of the wings 3 lines.

146. Trypeta subocellifera, n. s. Mas. Cana ; antennis albidis ;
thorace guttis fuscis, scutelli margine albido ; abdomine fusco apicem
versus cano maculis fuscis ; pedibus albidis fusco fasciatis ; alis lim-
pidis, maculis nigricantibus pallido signatis ex parte confluentibus.

Male. Hoary. Antenna3 whitish, third joint short, conical, arista
plumose ; thorax with some slight brown dots ; scutellum brown,
hind borders of the scutellum white ; abdomen brown, hind borders
of the segments and apical part cinereous, the latter with brown dots ;
legs whitish, with brown bands ; wings hmpid, with several blackish

WALKEE ON DIPTERA OF AKU ISLANDS. 121

(lots containing pale marks, some of them confluent and forming a
middle band ; discal transverse vein straight, enclosed in a pale streak,
parted by much less than its length from the border and by much
more than its length from the prabrachial transverse; halteres
whitish. Length of the body 1^ hne ; of the wings 3 lines.

Subfam. Achiides, Walk.
Gren. AcHiAS, Fahr.

147. AcHiAS LONGiviDENS, n. s. Mus et FcBm. Viridi-cinerea ; capite
testaceo fasciis duabus vittisque tribus anticis nigris ; antennis nigris ;
thorace vittis quatuor purpureo-nigris, pectore ferrugineo ; abdomiue
viridi-fulvo ; pedibus piceis ; alis limpidis, costa lurido-nigricante, vena
transversa discali fusco nebulosa ; halteribus testaceis apice nigris.
Mas. Oculis longissime petiolatis, scutello viridi, femoribus basi fulvis.
Fcem, Oculis subpetiolatis, scutello nigro-purpureo.

Male and Female. Greenish cinereous. Head with two black bands on
the vertex and w ith four black stripes in front ; antennae black, third
joint linear, very long, arista plumose ; thorax with four purplish black
stripes, middle pair abbreviated hind ward and having behind them
a spot of the same hue, lateral pair interrupted ; pectus ferruginous ;
abdomen tawny, with bright green reflections, testaceous beneath;
legs piceous ; wings limpid, blackish, and with a lurid tinge along the
costa, whence a short oblique blackish streak proceeds by the prae-
brachial transverse vein ; discal transverse vein clouded with brown,
hardly curved, parted by less than one-third of its length from the
border, and by much more than its length from the prsebrachial
transverse, which is very oblique; halteres testaceous, with black
tips. Male. Head with the fore black band interrupted ; eyes with
very long petioles, the latter about three-fourths of the length of the
body ; scutellum green ; femora tawny towards the base. Female.
Eyes with short petioles, extending a little beyond the sides of the
thorax ; scutellum blackish purple. Length of the body 5-6 lines ;
of the wings 12-13 lines.

148. AcHiAS LATiviDENS, n. s. FcsM. Viridi-ciuerea ; capite testaceo,
vittis tribus anticis nigris, oculis subpetiolatis ; antennis nigris ; thorace
vittis quatuor purpureo-nigris, scutello cyaneo basi viridi, pectore fulvo ;
abdomine viridi-fulvo; pedibus nigris, femoribus basi luteis, tibiis
luteo fasciatis; alis subcinereis, vitta costali nigricante iuterrupta
lurida strigata, vena transversa discali fusco nebulosa ; halteribus tes-
taceis apice nigris.

Female. Greenish cinereous. Head testaceous, with three black stripes
on the face ; eyes very slightly petiolat^d ; antennae black ; thorax
with four purplish black stripes; scutellum blue, green at the base;
pectus tawny; abdomen tawny, with bright green reflections; legs
black ; femora luteous towards the base ; tibiae with indistinct luteous

122 WALKEB ON DIl'TEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

bands; wings slightly greenish, with a blackish interrupted costal
stripe containing luteous streaks ; discal transverse vein clouded with
brown ; veins in structure like those of the preceding species ; hal-
teres testaceous, with black tips. Length of the body 6 lines; of the
wings 13 lines.
This species at first sight seems like a variety of the preceding one, but
the petioles of the eyes are shorter and thicker, the costal stripes of
the wings are interrupted, and the shade on the discal transverse
vein is more diffuse.

149. AcHiAS AMPLiviDENS, n. s. Foem. Fulva, subtus testacea ; oculis
extantibus non petiolatis; thorace submetallico,vittis quinque cinereis ;
abdomine purpureo basi testaceo, tibiis tarsisque nigris ; alis sub-
cinereis, costa nigro-fusca, venis transversis nigro-fusco nebulosis.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head testaceous ; eyes very pro-
minent, but hardly petiolated ; antennae tawny ; thorax slightly
metallic, with five cinereous stripes, which are abbreviated hindward,
the inner pair slender ; abdomen purple, testaceous at the base ; legs
black ; coxse and femora testaceous, the latter with black tips ; wings
slightly greyish, costal stripe brown, blackish towards the tip ; prae-
brachial transverse vein clouded with blackish, discal transverse vein
clouded with a much paler hue than that of the prsebrachial trans-
verse vein, in structure like those of the two preceding sf)ecies;
halteres testaceous, with black tips. Length of the body 4^ lines;
of the wings 9 lines.

Subfam. ?

Gren. POLTAEA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus longiusculum. Caput transversum; facies lata, plana,
non obliqua. Palpi lati. Antennce parvae; articulus tertius longi-
conicus; arista plumosa. Thorax oblongo-subquadratus. Abdomen
sublineare, thorace multo longius et angustius. Pedes breves, tenues.
AlcB latiusculae ; venaj optime determinatse ; venae duae transversae inter
venas radialem et cubitalem ; vena praebrachialis apicem versus valde
flexa.

Male. Body rather long. Head transverse, a little broader than the
thorax; face broad, flat, vertical. Palpi broad. Antennae small;
third joint elongate-conical, not extending more than half the length
to the epistoma ; arista plumose. Thorax oblong-subquadrate. Ab-
domen nearly linear, much longer and more slender than the thorax.
Legs short, rather slender; fore femora somewhat setose beneath.
Wings rather broad, flat in repose ; veins very strongly marked ; a
transverse vein between the cubital and mediastinal veins ; two trans-
verse veins between the radial and cubital veins ; cubital vein slightly
angular between the pracbrachial transverse vein and the tip of the
wing ; praebrachial vein much curved tovv£U'ds its tip.

WALTCEB OK DTPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS. 123

The structure of the wing veins in this genus is very peculiar, and it
does not agree well with any of the established subfamilies of
Muscidce.

150. PoLYARA INSOLITA, n. 8. MttS. Tcstacca ; faciei sulcis albidis ;
abdomine lutescente fulvo; alis subcinereis, nig ricante-fusco sub-
marginatis et subfasciatis.

Male. Testaceous, })aler beneath. Facial grooves for the antenna?
whitish; thorax with some almost obsolete stripes, the middle pair
approximate, slender, somewhat more distinct than the others; ab-
domen somewhat lutescent-tawny ; wings slightly greyish, irregularly
blackish-brown along the costa, brown at the tips, and with a brown
band which is indistinct in front but much darker on the discal trans-
verse vein ; praebrachial vein largely bordered with brown ; veins
black, testaceous towards the base, discal transverse vein straight,
parted by about one-sixth of its length from the border, and by
rather less than half its length from the prajbrachial transverse ;
alulae very small. Length of the body 6^ lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Subfam. Sepsides, Walk.
Gen. Angitula, n. g.

Fcem. Corpus convexum, glaberrimum, nitidissimum. Caput subro-
tundum ; epistoma valde prominens. Antennee epistoma non attin-
gentes ; articulus tertius longiusculus, linearis, apice conicus ; arista
subpubescens. Thorax anticus valde productus et attenuatus ; scu-
tellum bispinosum; metathorax magnus, declivis. Abdomen longi-
subfusiforme ; segmentum primum gibbosum. Pedes longi, graciles ;
coxaj auticai longissima3. Alee longse, angusta3 ; alulae obsoletae.

Female. Body convex, very smooth and shining. Head nearly round ;
front subquadrate; face short; epistoma very prominent. Mouth
short. Antennae not reaching the epistoma; third joint linear, rather
long, conical at the tip ; arista somewhat pubescent. Thorax much
produced and attenuated in front ; scutellum armed with two spines ;
metathorax slanting, well developed. Abdomen elongate-subfusiform,
longer and much more slender than the thorax ; first segment gibbous
above. Legs long, slender, without bristles ; fore coxae very long.
Wings long, narrow ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted
by less than half its length from the border, and by nearly twice its
length from the praebrachial transverse.

151. Angitula longicollis, n. s. Fcem. Nigro-aenea; capite subtus
albido, frontis disco rufescente, fascia albida ; antennis piceis basi rufis ;
pedibus nigris, femoribus basi coxisque anticis albidis ; alis limpidis,
costa nigra.

Female. iEneous black. Head whitish beneath, front with a reddish
disk, face whitish. Antennae piceous, first and second joints red;

1^4 WALKER ON DTPTEBA OF ABIT ISLAIfDS.

legs black, bare ; femora towards the base and fore coxae whitish ;
wings limpid, with a black costal line extending to the tip of the
praebrachial vein; veins and halteres black. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gen. Sepsis, Fallen.

152. Sepsis basifera, n. s. Mas et Foem. Nigra ; thorace nigro-seneo ;
tarsis, femoribus basi pedibusque anticis testaceis ; alis limpidis, costa
basi nigra. Mas. Metatarsis intermediis dilatatis, alis apice vix
nigricantibus. Fcum. Alis apice nigris.

Male and Female. Black, shining. Thorax aeneous black ; pectus
cinereous ; tarsi, femora at the base, and fore legs, pale testaceous ;
wings limpid ; costa at the base and veins black. Male. Basal joint
of the intermediate tarsi dilated; wings hardly blackish at the tips.
Female, Wings black at the tips. Length of the body 2-2^- lines ;
of the wings 3-3^ lines.

Gen. Calobata, Fahr.

153. Calobata albitarsis, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. /I. 544. 22.
Inhabits also Java and Australia.

154. Calobata indica, i>esv. Ess. Myod. T^l' 4. (Nerius).
Inhabits also Hindostan.

155. Calobata Abana, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 4. 1054.

156. Calobata sepsoides, n. s. F(Bm. Nigra; antennis ferrugineis,
articulo tertio conico brevi, arista nuda ; pedibus testaceis nigricante
subnotatis, femoribus anticis nigris basi testaceis, tibiis anticis nigris,
tarsis anticis niveis, posticis albidis ; alis subcinereis, fasciis duabus
indistinctis fuscescentibus.

Female. Black, shining. Antennae ferruginous, third joint short, conical,
arista bare ; pectus slightly covered with cinereous tomentum ; legs
testaceous, with a few very indistinct blackish marks; fore femora
black, testaceous towards the base ; fore tibiae black ; fore tarsi snow-
white, black at the base ; hind tarsi whitish ; wings greyish, with two
almost obsolete brownish bands ; discal transverse vein parted by less
than its length from the border and by about four times its length
from the praebrachial transverse. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

Gen. Caediacephala, Macq.

157. Cardiacephala. DEBiLis, U.S. FcEOT. Tcstacea, gracilis ; thoracc
linea transversa interrupta nigra ; pedibus anticis parvis, posterioribus
longis, tarsis albis brevissimis, tibiis anterioribus piceis ; alis limpidis
apice cinereis, fascia lata pallide lutea.

Female. Testaceous, slender. Vertex somewhat luteous ; third joint of

WALKEB ON DIPTEKA or AHIT ISLANDS. 125

the antennae conical, very short, arista bare; thorax attenuated in
front, with a transverse inteiTupted black line hindward ; abdomen
longer than the thorax, lanceolate hindward ; fore legs short, posterior
legs long ; tarsi white, very short ; anterior tibial piceous ; middle
femora rather thicker than the hind pair ; wings limpid, grey towards
the tips, with a pale luteous middle band ; veins testaceous, cubital
and praebrachial converging towards the tips of the wings, discal
transverse vein straight, parted by less than its length from the border
and by about thrice its length from the preebrachial transverse.
Length of the body 3^ lines j of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Psilides, Walk.
G-en. LissA, Meigen.

158. LissA CYLiNDRicA, n. s. Mas. Cyanea, gracilis, cylindrica ;
antennis piceis basi albidis, arista plumosa; abdomine piceo basi
apiceque cyaneis ; pedibus albidis, femoribus posterioribus nigris apice
albidis, femoribus posticis subtus spinosis, tibiis posticis nigris ; alis
subcinereis apice subftiscis ; halteribus albidis apice nigris.

Male. Blue, slender, cylindrical. Head broader than the thorax ; an-
tennae whitish, third joint piceous, arista plumose ; abdomen piceous,
slightly increasing in breadth to the tip, blue at the base and at the
tip, hind borders of the first and second segments whitish -, legs
whitish, posterior femora black, whitish at the base and towards the
tips, hind femora spinose beneath, hind tibiae black ; wings slightly
greyish, brownish towards the tips; veins black, praebrachial and
perbrachial very near together for more than half their length, discal
transverse vein straight, parted by more than its length, and by about
four times its length from the praebrachial transverse; halteres
whitish, with black tips. Length of the body 3-^- lines ; of the wings
5 lines.

Gen. Neeiijs, Fahr.

159. Nerius duplicatus, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. li. 553. 8.
Inhabits also Java.

Subfam. Oscinides, Haliday.
Gen. OsciNis, Fair.

160. OsciNis LiNEiPLENA, n. s. Mas. Fusca; capite subtus testaceo
apud oculos albo, vitta frontali alba ; thorace pectoreque lineis sex
albidis ; abdomine sordide testaceo, pedibus albidis, tibiis tarsisque
apice femoribusque anticis nigris ; alis subcinereis, halteribus albidis.

Male. Brown. Head testaceous in front and beneath, w^hite about the
eyes, with a white stripe on the front ; thorax and pectus with six
whitish stripes on each, thorax with an indistinct middle testaceous

126 WALKEB 0T7 DTPTERA OT AETJ ISLANDS.

stripe ; abdomen dull testaceous ; legs whitish ; tibiae and tarsi at the
tips and fore femora black ; wings greyish ; veins black, discal trans-
verse vein oblique, parted by more than its length from the border,
and by full twice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
whitish. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 3 lines.

161. OsciNis NOCTiLux, n. s. Mas. Atra; capite pallide flavo subtus
albo ; antennis luteis, arista nuda ; scutello, maculis duabus pecto-
ralibus abdominisque apice albis ; tibiis tarsisque intermediis testaceis ;
alis nigricantibus postice cinereis, halteribus niveis.

Male. Black. Head pale yellow, black hindward, white beneath; an-
tennae pale luteous, third joint very short, arista bare ; scutellum
white ; pectus with a white spot on each side ; abdomen white at the
tip ; middle legs with testaceous tibiae and tarsi ; hind wings blackish,
cinereous hindward ; halteres snow-white. Length of the body I line ;
of the wings 1| line.

Subfam. GtEOMTZIDes, Fallen.
Gren. Deosopiiila, Fal

162. Drosophila? FiNiGUTTA, n. s. Mas. Fulva ; capite antice tes-
taceo, antennis testaceis, articulo tertio conico; abdomine maculis
quatuor apicalibus nigris, tarsis nigris ; alis cinereis venis nigris.

Male. Tawny. Head testaceous in front ; antennae testaceous, third
joint conical ; abdomen with two black spots on each side at the tip ;
legs testaceous; tarsi black; wings grey; veins black, discal trans-
verse vein straight, parted by full half its length from the border and
by full twice its length from the praebrachial transverse ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 1^ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

163. Drosophila? melanospila. Foem. Testacea; antennarum
articulo tertio conico, arista plumosa; thoracis disco abdominisque
guttis duabus apicalibus atris ; tarsis piceis ; alis subcinereis.

Female. Testaceous. Vertex luteous ; third joint of the antennae
conical ; arista plumose ; disk of the thorax and a dot on each side
of the tip of the abdomen deep black ; tarsi piceous ; wings slightly
greyish ; veins black, discal transverse vein straight, parted by about
half its length from the border and by twice its length from the prae-
brachial transverse. Length of the body 1 line ; of the wings 2 lines.

164. Drosophila? imparata. Foem. Pallide testacea; pedibus
pallidioribus ; alis subcinereis, venis pallidis.

Female. Pale testaceous, with a few bristles. Legs paler than the
body ; wings slightly greyish ; veins pale, discal transverse vein
straight, parted by about twice its length from the border and by
more than twice its length from the praebrachial transverse. Length
of the body | line ; of the wings 1| line.

WALKEE ON DIPTEBA OF AEU ISLANDS. 127

Subfam. Htdbomtzides, Raliday.
G-en. Ephtdea, Fallen.

165. Ephydra ? taciturn a, n. s. Fcem. Atra, nitens, antennis
nigris, arista plumosa, abdomine nigro-cupreo, pedibus nigro-piceis,
alls nigricantibus, veuis nigris.

Female. Deep black, shining. Antennae black, third joint linear, rather
long, arista plumose; legs blackish-piceous ; wings blackish j veins
black, discal transverse vein straight, parted by a little more than its
length from the border. Length of the body 1^ line; of the wings
2\ lines.

Fam. PHOEID^, Raliday.

Gen. Palluea, n. g.

Mas. Corpus latiusculum, pubescens. Os retractum. Oculi pubes-
centes. Antennm brevissimse ; arista longissima. Scutellum magnum,
conicum. Abdomen subellipticum, thorace non longius. " Pedes lati-
usculi, pubescentes, non setosi. Alee amplae, venis sequalibus.

Male. Body rather broad, pubescent. Proboscis small, withdrawn ;
eyes pubescent ; antennae very short, arista very long ; scutellum
large, conical, very prominent, extending beyond the base of the
abdomen ; abdomen nearly eUiptical, not longer than the thorax ;
legs rather broad, pubescent, without bristles; wings rather long
and broad ; veins of equal size, costal vein ending at rather before
half the length of the wing, radial ending at somewhat in front of
the tip of the wing, cubital ending at hardly in front of the tip,
praebrachial ending at a little behind the tip, pobrachial ending on
the hind border at half the length of the wing, discal transverse
vein straight, parted by more than twice its length from the border
and from the praebrachial transverse.

166. Pallura invaria. Mas. Lutea, immaculata, alis cinereis
basi luteis, apice nigricantibus, venis nigris robustis.

Male. Luteous, of one colour. Wings grey, luteous at the base,
blackish towards the tips ; veins black, robust. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Earn. HIPPOBOSCID^, Leach.
Gen. Oenithomyia, Leach.

167. Ornithomyia parva ?, Macq. Hist. Nat. Dipt. 11.2. 279. 3.

LINN. PEOC. — ZOOLOGY.

128 walker on diptera of aru islands.

Key Island.

Fam. ASILIDiE, Leach.

Subfam. Lapheites, Walk.

Gren. Laphria, Fabr.

1. Laphria paradisiaca, n. s. Mas. Ciiprea, aureo pilosa, capite
pectoreque argenteis albo pilosis, mystace subaurato setis nonnullis
nigris, abdomine apice purpureo subtus albido piloso, pedibus cyaneo-
purpureis albido pilosis, femoribus cyaneo-viiidibus, alis nigricantibus
basi cinereis, halteribus albidis nigro notatis.

Male. Cupreous, with gilded hairs. Head and pectus silvery, with
white hairs ; mystax slightly gilded, with a few long black bristles ;
antennae and mouth black; abdomen purple at the tip, underside
clothed with long whitish hairs, silvery white at the base, the follow-
ing segments bordered with silvery white; legs blue and purple,
thickly clothed with long whitish hairs, femora bluish-green, fore
tibiae with pale gilded down beneath, hind tibiae with a black bristly
apical tuft beneath ; wings blackish, grey towards the base ; halteres
whitish, marked with black. Length of the body 11 lines; of the
wings 20 lines.

2. Laphria placens, n. s. Mas. Cyanea, capite aurato, mystace
setis paucis longis nigris ; antennis nigris, articulo tertio fusiformi ;
pectore albido, abdomine angusto, femoribus intus tibiisque purpureis ;
alis nigricantibus basi cinereis, halteribus piceis.

Male. Blue. Head gilded in front, whitish behind; mystax with a
few long black bristles ; proboscis and antennae black, third joint of
the latter fusiform ; pectus whitish ; abdomen cylindrical, much nar-
rower than the thorax, and about twice its length; femora on the
inner side and tibiae purple, tarsi black ; wings blackish, cinereous
towards the base ; halteres piceous. Length of the body 4^- lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

Subfam. Asilites, Walk.
Gen. AsiLiJS, Linn.

3. AsiLus SUPERVENIENS, u. s. Mtts. Cincrcus, capite subaurato,
mystace aurato setis paucis nigris, thorace vittis tribus latissimis
nigris, abdomine fulvescenti-cinereo, pedibus rufescentibus, femoribus
nigro vittatis, tarsis nigris, alis cinereis apice nigricantibus, halteribus
testaceis.

Male. Cinereous. Head slightly gilded, pale cinereous, and clothed
with pale hairs behind; mystax composed of gilded bristles, above
which there are a few shorter black bristles ; antennae black, third
joint elongate-fusiform, arista much longer than the third joint ;
thorax with three very broad hardly divided black stripes ; abdomen

WALKEU ON DIPTERA OF ARF ISLANDS. 129

with a slight fawn-coloured tinge, tip black, sexualia very small ; legs
reddish, femora striped above with black, tarsi black, reddish at the
base ; wings cinereous, blackish towards the tips ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 8 lines; of the wings 14 lines.

G-en. Ommatitjs, IlUger.
4. Ommatius noctifer. Walk. See page 88.

Fam. EMPID^, Leach.
Gen. Htbos, Fahr,

6. Hybos deficiens, n. s. Mas. Niger, thorace fulvo globose ma-
cula dorsali nigra, abdomine basi fulvo, pedibus anterioribus testaceis,
feraoribus posticis subtus spinosis, alis cinereis apice obscurioribus,
stigmate venisque nigris, halteribus testaceis, apice piceis.

Male. Black. Thorax and pectus tawn}'^, the former globose, with a
black dorsal spot ; abdomen tawny at the base ; anterior legs tes-
taceous, hind femora spinose beneath ; wings grey, darker at the
tips ; stigma and veins black ; halteres testaceous, with pieeous tips.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Fam. STRPBIDM, Leach.
Gen. Eeistalis, Latr.

6. Eristalis resolutus. Walk. See p. 95.

Gen. Baccha, Fahr.

7. Baccha purpuricola, n. s. Foem. Purpureo-fulva ; capite eha-
lybeo ; antennis rufis ; pedibus fulvis ; tibiis posticis apice tarsisque
posticis basi piceis ; alis nigricantibus, apud costam obscurioribus,
spatio apicali subcostali cinereo ; halteribus testaceis.

Female. Tawny, tinged with purple. Head chalybeous ; antennae red ;
legs tawny, hind tibiae pieeous towards the tips, hind tarsi pieeous
towards the base ; wings blackish, darker along the costa, cinereous
towards the tips with the exception of the costa ; halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 5^ lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Fam. MUSCID^, Latr.

Subfam. Sarcophagides, Walk.

Gen. Sarcophaga, Meigen.

8. Sarcophaga basalis, n. s. Mas. Nigra, subaureo tomentosa;
capite aurato ; thorace vittis tribus nigris ; abdomine albido tessel-
lato ; alis cinereis ; venis lurido marginatis ; alulis testaceis.

9*

130 WALKEB ON DTPTEEA OF ABU ISLANDS.

Male. Black, with slightly gilded tomentum. Head gilded; frontalia
deep black, hardly widening in front ; thorax with three black stripes,
an indistinct blackish line on each side of the middle stripe ; abdomen
tessellated with white ; wings grey ; veins bordered with a lurid hue,
especially towards the costa; praebrachial vein forming a sHghtly acute
angle at its flexure, near which it is much curved inward, and is
thence straight to its tip ; discal transverse vein slightly curved inward
near its hind end, parted by a little more than half its length from
the border and from the praebrachial transverse ; alulae testaceous.
Length of the body 5| lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Subfam. Mtjscides, Walk,
Gen. Idia, Meigen.

9. Idia xanthogaster, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. 11. 349. 2.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

10. Idia testacea, Macq. Hist, Nat. Dipt. 77. 246. 3.
Inhabits also Mauritius.

Gen. MuscA, Linn.

11. Musca obtrusa. Walk. See p. 105.

Subfam. Anthomyides, Wal/c.
Gren. Aricia, Macq.

12. Aricia viCARiA, n.s. Fwm. Fulva, subtus testacea ; capite nigro,
apud oculos albo ; antennis testaceis ; alis cinereis, apud costam
luridis.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head black, white about the eyes ;
antennae testaceous ; abdomen clothed with short black bristles ; legs
testaceous, tarsi piceous ; wings grey, with a lurid tinge towards the
costa; veins black, discal transverse vein nearly straight, parted by
about its length from the border, and by a little more than its length
from the preebrachial transverse ; alulae slightly testaceous ; halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

13. Aricia squalens, n. s. Fam. Nigra, cinereo tomentosa; facie
argentea ; antennis testaceis ; thorace vittis nigris vittisque duabus
lateralibus latis testaceis ; abdomine obscure testaceo ; pedibus piceis ;
femoribus nigris; tibiis anticis testaceis; alis cinereis; apud costam
subluridis ; venis halteribusque testaceis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Face silvery white; an-
tennae pale testaceous, third joint long, linear, extending to the
epistoma ; thorax with black stripes, and on each side with a broad
testaceous stripe; abdomen dull testaceous; legs piceous; femora
black, fore tibiae testaceous ; wings grey, with a lurid tinge towards

WALKER ON DIPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 131

the costa ; veins testaceous, diseal transverse vein very slightly
curved inward, parted by much less than its length from the border,
and by a little more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse ;
alulae whitish ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of
the wings 6 lines.

Subfam. Oetalides, Haliday.
Gen. Lampeogaster, Macq^.

14. Lamfrogaster \entralis, n. s. Fam. Testaceo-cinerea ; capite
apud oculos albo, vertice luteo, facie pallide fulva; thorace lineis
septem indistinctis nigricantibus j abdomine fusco maculis dorsalibus
canis, subtus cavo lateribus ferrugiueis; pedibus nigris, tibiis ferru-
gineo fasciatis ; alis limpidis basi subtestaceis, fasciis incompletis
guttisque fuscis apud costam nigricantibus.

Female. Cinereous, with a testaceous tinge. Head white about the
eyes, vertex luteous; face pale tawny, with white grooves for the
antennae ; antennae tawny, small ; arista slightly plumose at the base ;
thorax with seven indistinct blackish lines; abdomen brown, with
dorsal hoary nearly triangular spots, under side marsupial- like or
with a pouch, ferruginous on each side ; legs black, each tibia with a
ferruginous band ; wings limpid, slightly testaceous at the base, with
brown dots and bands, the latter abbreviated hindward, blackish
towards the costa ; veins black, testaceous towards the base ; diseal
transverse vein straight, parted by about one-third of its length from
the border and by much more than its length from the praebrachial
transverse; alulae cinereous; halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Tetpeta, Meigen.

15. Trypeta roripennis, n. s. FcRm. Fusca ; capite nigro, facie
alba ; antennis nigris rufo-fasciatis ; thorace vittis quatuor canis ;
abdominis segmentis testaceo marginatis ; pedibus nigris, tarsis hal-
teribusque testaceis; alis nigris, punctis plurimis albis.

Female. Brown. Head black ; face white ; antennae black, third joint
red, linear, rather long, black towards the tip; arista plumose; thorax
with four hoary stripes; abdominal segments with testaceous hind
borders ; legs black, tarsi testaceous ; wings black, with very nume-
rous white points, a few of which are rather larger than the others ;
diseal transverse vein straight, parted by less than its length from the
border, and by more than twice its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse ; halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings
4 lines.

132 SMITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OF AKU ISLANDS.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects collected by Mr. A. E.
Wallace at the Islands of Aru and Key. By Fbedeeick
Smith, Esq., Assistant in the Zoological Department, British
Museum. Communicated by W. W. Saunders, Esq., r.E.S.,
V.P.L.S.

[Read December 3rd, 1858.]

This Collection of Hymenoptera is the most important contribu-
tion which has been made to the Aculeata through the exertions
of Mr. Wallace ; in point of geographical distribution, it adds
much to our knowledge. In the Aru, Key, and neighbouring
islands, we meet with the extreme range of the Australian insect-
fauna ; and as might be expected, it is found amongst the Yespi-
dious Gi-roup, and in one or two instances in the EormicidsB.
The latter, being frequently conveyed from one island to another,
can perhaps scarcely be considered indicative of natural geogra-
phical distribution. Of the forty-six species of the Eormicidous
Grroup, only six were previously known to science. Of the genus
JBodomyrma here established, one species only, from Adelaide, was
previously known ; it is one of the most distinct and remarkable
genera in the family. The Pompilidce are species of great beauty,
some closely resembling those of Australia in the banding and
maculation of their wings ; amongst the Vespidce will be found
some of the most elegant and beautiful forms in the whole of that
protean family of Hymenoptera.

Earn. ANDEENID^.
Gen. Peosopis.

1. Prosopis malachisis. p. nigro-cseruleo-viridis, nitida et deHca-
tule punctata ; aUs hyalinis.

Female. Length A\ hues. Deep blue-green, with tints of purple in cer-
tain lights, particularly on the head, the clypeus with a central longi-
tudinal ridge, its anterior margin slightly eraargiuate ; the flagellum
rufo-piceous beneath, the ocelli white. Thorax : the wings hyaline
and brilliantly iridescent ; the legs dark rufo-piceous with a bright
purple tinge. Abdomen delicately punctured, the head and thorax
more strongly so ; the latter with a semicircular enclosed space at its
base, which is smooth and shining.

Hah. Key Island.

Gen. NoMiA.

1. NoMiA ciNCTA. iV. nigra, capite thoraceque punctatis, pedibus

ferrugineis ; segmentis abdominis apice fulvo-testaceo late fasciatis.
Female. Length 6 lines. Black : the two basal joints of the flagellum,

SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ARIJ ISLANDS. 183

the apical margin of the clypeus, the labrum, mandibles, and legs
ferruginous ; the wings fulvo- hyaline, the nervures ferruginous, the
tegulae more or less rufo-testaceous ; the sides of the metathorax with
tufts of pale fulvous pubescence and the floccus on the posterior
femora of the same colour, the tibiae and tarsi with short ferruginous
pubescence. Abdomen shining, the apical margins of the segments
broadly fulvo-testaceous, very bright, having a golden lustre.
Hab. Key Island.

2. NoMiA LONGicoRNis. N. nigra, lucida et delicatule punctata,
facie pube brevi grisea tecta, femorum posticorum flocco pallido,
tibiis externe fusco-pubescentibus ; maris antennis, capita thoraceque
longioribus.

Male. Length 4 lines. Brassy, with tints of green on the clypeus, meta-
thorax, and thorax beneath ; the head and thorax very closely and
finely punctured; the clypeus produced and highly polished; the
mandibles rufo-testaceous, the antennae as long as the head and thorax.
Thorax : the wings hyaline and splendidly iridescent, the tegulae and
the tarsi rufo-testaceous. Abdomen closely punctured, the apical
margins of the segments smooth and shining ; the head and thorax
above with a pale fulvous pubescence, that on the sides of the meta-
thorax and legs pale and glittering ; the abdomen has a pale scattered
glittering pubescence.

Hab. Aru.

3. NoMiA DENT ATA. N. nigra et punctata, facie metathoracisque late-
ribus cinereo-pubescentibus, postscutello medio unidentato. Mas.
antennis filiformibus longitudine thoracis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Black ; head and thorax rather finely punc-
tured ; the face covered with short cinereous pubescence ; the clypeus
naked and much produced, the anterior margin and the tips of the
mandibles ferruginous ; the cheek with long whitish pubescence.
Thorax : the sides of the metathorax, the floccus on the posterior
femora and the postscutellum with whitish pubescence, the latter
produced in the middle into a blunt tooth ; the legs fusco-ferrugi-
nous, with the anterior tibiae and apical joints of the tarsi brighter ;
wings hyaline and iridescent. Abdomen shining and punctured, the
apical margins of the two basal segments broadly depressed, and more
finely and closely punctured than the rest ; the apical margins of the
second, third, and fourth segments pale testaceous ; the apical margins
of the two basal segments narrowly fringed with white pubescence,
usually more or less interrupted in the middle.

Male. Resembles the female very closely, but has the face much more
pubescent ; the antennae filiform and longer than the head and thorax ;
the scutellum armed at its posterior lateral angles with an acute tooth ;
the metathorax truncate and slightly concave, its base with short lon-
gitudinal grooves, the lateral margins fringed with long pubescence.

Hab. Aru.

134 SMITH ON HTMEITOPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

Subfam. DastgastrjE.
Gen. Megachile, Latr.

1. Megachile lateritia. M. nigra, abdomine pube ferruginea ves-
tito, alis fuscis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Black ; head and thorax very closely and
finely punctured ; the mandibles with a single blunt tooth at their
apex ; the anterior margin of the clypeus transverse. Thorax : the
wings brown, the posterior pair palest, their base subhyaline. Abdo-
men clothed with bright brick-red pubescence above and beneath ;
the basal segment with bright yellow pubescence above.

Hob. Am.

2. Megachile scabrosa. M. nigra, metathorace antice rude sca-
brato, abdomine subttis nigro-pubescente.

Female. Length b\ lines. Black ; the clypeus, mesothorax anteriorly,
and the posterior tibiae outside coarsely rugose, the roughness on the
thorax consisting of transverse little elevated points ; the face with a
thin griseous pubescence ; the anterior margin of the clypeus fringed
with fulvous hairs ; the cheeks have a long pale fulvous pubescence.
Thorax: the wings hyaline, the nervures black. Abdomen smooth
and shining, with black pubescence beneath ; beneath, the apical mar-
gins of the segments with a fringe of very short white pubescence.

Hab^krw.

3. Megachile insularis. M. nigra, nitida, delicatule punctata,
facie pube pallide fulva vestita, abdomine subtils pube laete ferruginea
vestito, alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 5 J lines. Black; the head and thorax finely and
closely punctured, the abdomen delicately so ; the face clothed with
pale fulvous pubescence, the mandibles with two blunt teeth at their
apex ; the clypeus shining and strongly punctured. Thorax ; the
wings subhyahne with a slight cloud at their apex ; the basal joint of
the posterior tarsi with a dense dark ferruginous pubescence within.
Abdomen : the four basal segments with transverse impressed lines in
the middle ; beneath, clothed with bright ferruginous pubescence ;
the abdomen has an obscui'e aeneous tinge above.

Hah. Aru.

Gen. Ceocisa, Jurine.

1. Crocisa nitidula, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 386. 2.
Hab. Aru ; Key Island ; Australia ; Amboyna.

Gen. Allodape, St.-Farg.

1. Allodape nitida. a. nitida nigra, clypeo flavo, ahs hyalinis, ab-
domine ad apicem punctato.
Female. Length 3 Imes. Black and shining ; the clypeus yellow, pro-

SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ART! ISLANDS. 135

duced in front ; the sides of the face depressed ; the ocelli prominent
and reddish. Thorax very smooth and shining; the wings colourless
and iridescent, their extreme base yellowish, the nervures and stigma
brown, the tegulae pale testaceous-yellow ; the posterior tibiae with a
scopa of glittering white hairs, the tarsi ferruginous and with glitter-
ing hairs. Abdomen, from the third segment to the apex, gradually
more and more strongly and closely punctured.
Hah. Aru.

Gen. Xtlocopa, Latr.

1. Xylocopa aestuans, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 96L 53 $; St.-Farg.

Hym. ii. p. 193. 36 c? 2-
Hab. Aru; India; Singapore; Celebes.

Gen. Saropoda, Latr.

1. Saropoda bombiforrais, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. pt. 2. p. 318. 6.
Hab. Aru ; Australia (Richmond River).

Gen. Anthophora, Latr.

1. Anthophora zonata, Linn. Syst. Nat.

Hab. Aru Island ; Celebes ; Ceylon ; India ; Borneo ; Hong-Kong ;
Shanghai; Philippine Islands.

2. Anthophora elegans. A. nigra, pube capitis thoracisque nigra,
abdomine fasciis quatuor Isete caeruleis ornato; tibiis posticis ferru-
gineo-pubescentibus.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black ; the labrum, a narrow line down the
middle and another on each side of the clypeus, a minute spot
above it, and the scape in front testaceous yellow, the base of the
mandibles of a paler colour ; the flagellum fulvous beneath. Thorax :
the pubescence black; wings subhyaline, the nervures dark rufo-
fuscous, tegulae obscurely testaceous. Abdomen with four fasciae of
brilliant blue, which is changeable, with pearly tints in diflPerent
lights ; the posterior tibiae densely clothed outside with fulvo-ferru-
ginous pubescence ; the pubescence inside is black.

Hab. Key Island.

Gen. Trigona, Jurine,

1. Trigona la3viceps. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins.,Journ. Proc. Linn. -Soc. ii.

p. 51. 8.
Hab. Aru ; Singapore ; India.

Fam. FOEMICIDiE.

Gen. Formica.

1. Formica virescens, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. p. 355. 23 c? $ ^. — Lasius
virescens, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 417- 8.

136 SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF AEU ISLANDS.

2. Formica gracilipes, Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins., Journ. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii.
p. 55. 13 ^ .

3. Formica fragilis. F. pallide testacea, elongataet gracilis, capite
postice angustato ; thorace medio compresso, pedibus elongatis ;
squama incrassata triangulata.

Worker. Length 3^ lines. Pale rufo-testaceous, smooth and slightly
shining ; antennae elongate, longer than the body, the flagellum slen-
der and filiform, the scape nearly as long as the h£ad and thorax ;
head oblong, narrowed behind the eyes into a kind of neck, the sides
parallel before the eyes, which are black and round, the clypeus slightly
emarginate anteriorly, the mandibles finely serrated on their inner
margin and terminating in a bent acute tooth. Thorax elongate,
narrowest in the middle, the prothorax forming a neck anteriorly ;
legs elongate and very slender. Abdomen ovate, the node of the
petiole incrassate, and viewed sideways is triangular or wedge-shaped.
Hub. Aru.

This is one of those remarkable forms which recede so greatly from
the normal type of Formica as apparently to indicate a generic distinc-
tion ; but in those exotic species of which we have obtained all the forms,
we find many which approach closely to the present insect, which is
probably only the small worker of some already described species. No
one would venture, without the authority of the personal observation of
some competent naturalist, to unite all the forms of any exotic species of
Formica.

4. Formica flavitarsus. F. nigra, elongata et gracilis; thorace
postice compresso, pedibus elongatis, tarsis flavis.

Worker. Length 4 lines. Black and sub-opake ; head elongate, nar-
rowed behind, the clypeus truncate anteriorly, the mandibles pale fer-
ruginous ; antennae elongate and slender, the flagellum filiform and
pale rufo- testaceous ; the thorax and legs elongate, the latter slender
with their tarsi pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen ovate, the scale of the
petiole incrassate and slightly notched above.

Hab. Aru.

5. Formica coxalis. F. nigra, nitida; flagello, coxis et abdomiue
subtus pallide testaceis.

Worker major. Length 5 lines. Black and very delicately roughened
with a fine transverse waved striation only perceptible under a good
magnifying power. Head large, much wider than the thorax, oblong-
ovate with a deep emargination behind ; the clypeus slightly produced
and truncate anteriorly, the angles of the truncation rounded, and
with a central shining carina ; the flagellum, except the tarsal joint,
pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax elongate, compressed behind, the coxae
pale rufo-testaceous. Abdomen ovate, the scale of the petiole in-
crassate, somewhat wedge-shaped when viewed sideways, the abdo-
men sparingly sprinkled with long pale hairs.

SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA Or ARTJ ISLANDS. 137

6. Formica cordata. F. pallida rufa; abdornine fusco, capite cor-
date.

Worker. Length 2 lines. Pale rufo-testaceous ; the head heart-shaped ;
the eyes black, the flagellura fusco-ferruginous with the basal joints
pale ; the mandibles ferruginous. Thorax narrow, deeply strangulated
at the base of the metathorax. Abdomen more or less fuscous, the
node of the petiole narrow and pointed above ; the entire insect is
smooth and shining.

Hub. Aru.

The worker minor is rather smaller and has the abdomen darker, in all

the specimens received, but in other respects agrees with the above.

7. Formica oculata. F. pallide ferruginea; capite oblongo, oculis
magnis, thorace compresso.

Worker. Length 2^ lines. Pale ferruginous, with the vertex and apex
of the abdomen black ; the head oblong, the sides nearly parallel, with
the anterior margin truncate ; the mandibles with fine acute teeth on
their inner margin ; the antennae inserted wide apart about the middle
of the head ; the eyes very large and ovate, placed backwards on the
sides of. the head, reaching to the posterior margin of the vertex,
forming as it were its posterior lateral angles. The thorax narrow
and compressed behind ; abdomen ovate, entirely smooth and shining.

Hab. Aru.

8. Formica MUTiLATA. F. nigra ; capite oblongo, truncate antice et
sanguineo, antennis tarsisque rufo-testaceis.

Worker. Length 2f lines. Black and shining ; the head truncate an-
teriorly, the antennae inserted wide apart, about the middle, the face
blood-red before their insertion and deeply striated longitudinally,
behind the antennae the head is black, smooth, and shining ; the eyes
ovate and placed backwards on the sides of the head. Thorax
rounded in front and strangulated between the meso- and metathorax,
the latter obliquely truncate ; legs rather short and stout, the femora
compressed, the anterior pair broadly dilated, the base and apex of
the femora, the tibiae, and tarsi rufo-testaceous, the tibiae with a darker
stain behind. Abdomen oblong-ovate, the apical margins of the seg-
ments narrowly pale testaceous ; the scale of the petiole compressed,
with its superior margin rounded.

Hab. Aru.

This is a very singular insect in many respects, and closely resembles

in form the Formica truncaia of Spinola.

9. Formica quadriceps. F. nigra, nitida; capite antice oblique
truncate, thorace postice compresso.

Worker. Length 3^ lines. Shining black; head oblong-quadrate,
slightly narrowed anteriorly, wdth the sides nearly straight, the pos-
terior angles rounded, and very slightly emarginate behind ; the head
obliquely truncate from the base of the clypeus ; the truncation as

138 SMITH ON HTMENOPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

well as the mandibles obscurely ferruginous ; the apex of the flagellum
and the apical joints of the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax rounded
anteriorly, compressed behind, with the metathorax abruptly truncate.
The scale of the petiole narroAV, incrassate, its anterior margin slightly
curved, its posterior margin straight ; the abdomen ovate.

Worker minor. About 3 lines long, very like the larger worker, the
head being truncate in front ; but it is, in proportion to the thorax,
narrower ; the latter is compressed and abruptly truncate ; in other
respects it agrees with the worker major.

Hab. Aru.

10. Formica l^vissima. F. nigra nitida laevissima, sparse pilosa ;
squama oblonga subdepressa.

Worker. Length 4 lines. Jet-black, very smooth and shining; head
wider than the thorax, slightly emarginate behind, the sides slightly
rounded; the anterior margin of the clypeus rounded, the mandibles
striated and obscurely ferruginous ; the scape with a few glittering
silvery-white hairs. Thorax not quite so wide as the head an-
teriorly, narrowed behind, with the disk somewhat flattened, slightly
convex, a deep strangulation between the meso- and metathorax,
the latter obliquely rounded ; the legs and abdomen sprinkled with
glittering white hairs. The node of the petiole incrassate, very slightly
elevated ; viewed sideways, broadly wedge-shaped ; the abdomen ovate.

Hab. Aru.

11. Formica nitida. F. capite abdomineque nigris, antennis tho-
raceque pedibusque rufo-testaceis laevissirnis et lucidis.

Worker. Length 4 lines. Head and abdomen shining black; the
flagellum, thorax, legs, and scale of the petiole rufo-testaceous ; the
legs palest ; the scape fuscous, with its base pale ; the head large,
wider than the abdomen, and emarginate behind ; the clypeus and
mandibles obscurely ferruginous. Thorax compressed, not strangu-
lated in the middle. The scale of the petiole narrow, with its margin
rounded above ; abdomen ovate, and sprinkled with a few erect pale
hairs.

Hab. Aru.

12. Formica scrutator. F. nigerrima, mandibulis tarsorumque
articulo apicali pallide ferrugineis, thorace medio profunde coarctato.

Worker. Length l|-2 lines. Shining black ; the mandibles pale, fer-
ruginous, with their inner margins finely denticulate ; the eyes placed
rather forwards on the sides of the head, the latter emarginate be-
hind. Thorax deeply strangulated in the middle; the metathorax
elevated and obliquely truncate behind. Abdomen ovate ; the scale
of the petiole sub-incrassate, with its margin rounded above; the
insect very thinly covered with a fine cinereous pile.

Hab. Aru.

SMITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS. 139

'13. Formica angulata. F. nigra nitida; flagello capite antice pe-
dibusque obscure ferrugineis, mctathorace angulato.
M'^orker. Length 3 lines. Shining black ; head of moderate size ; the
clypeus and mandibles obscure ferruginous ; the flagellum fusco-fer-
ruginous, with the tip pale testaceous. Thorax rounded anteriorly
and compressed behind ; the scutellum prominent, forming a small
tubercle ; the metathorax obliquely truncate, the margin of the trun-
cation elevated, so that when viewed sideways the metathorax forms
an obtuse angular shape. Abdomen ovate, the node of the peduncle
elevated, incrassate, rounded anteriorly, and flat behind.
Hab. Aru.

Gen. PoLYEHACHis, Smith.

1. Formica sericata, Guer. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. 203; Atlas Ins. pi. 8.
f. 2, 2 a, b, c, d, ^ . (Polyrhachis sericata. Smith, Append. Cat.
Form. p. 200.)

Hab. Aru ; New Hebrides.

2. Formica sexspinosa, Latr, Hist. Nat. Fourm. p. 126, pi. iv. f. 21 ^ .
(Polyrhachis sexspinosa. Smith, Cat. Form. p. 56. 3.)

Hab. Aru ; India ; Philippine Islands.

3. Polyrhachis marginatus. P. niger; antennis, palpis pedi-
busque ferrugineis ; thoracis marginibus recurvis, metathorace peti-
olique squamula bidentatis.

Worker. Length 2^ lines. Black ; the antennae and legs ferruginous ;
the head and thorax rugose; the prothorax transverse, its anterior
margin slightly curved, with the lateral angles produced forwards and
very acute ; the thorax narrowed to the metathorax, which is armed
with two divergent acute spines. Abdomen velvety black and glo-
bose ; the scale of the petiole produced laterally into long, bent, acute
spines, which curve backwards to the shape of the abdomen.

Hab. Aru.

4. Polyrhachis hostilis. P. niger, longitudinaliter striatus, tho-
racis marginibus expansis, metathorace squamulaque petioli spinis
duabus crassis acutis curvatis.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Black ; the head and thorax longitudinally
striated, the abdomen very finely and evenly so ; the prothorax trans-
verse, wider than the head, the anterior and lateral margins recurved,
the latter acute at their anterior angles, and rounded at the posterior
ones ; the lateral margins of the mesothorax recurved, a deep notch
between the meso- and metathorax ; the latter with a long, stout,
curved, acute spine on each side. The scale of the petiole produced
above on each side, into a long, curved, stout, acute spine, which
curves backwards round the sides of the abdomen.

Hab. Aru.

140 SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

5. PoLYRHACHis LONGIPES. P. nigcr ; flagelli dimidio apicali ti-
biisque anticis pallide ferrugineis, prothorace petiolique squamula
bidentatis.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Black ; the head and thorax finely rugose ;
the antennae elongate, longer than the insect ; the apical half of the
flagellum pale ferruginous. Thorax rounded above, the sides not
margined ; two spines on the thorax anteriorly, two on the meta-
thorax, and two on the scale of the petiole ; the legs elongate, with
the anterior tibiae ferruginous. Abdomen globose, sometimes rufo-
fuscous, or the base obscurely rufous.

Hab. Aru.

6. PoLYRHACHis SERRATUS. P. uiger ; capite thoraceque rugosis,
abdomine dense punctato, squama petioli transversa, margine supemo
serrata.

Worker. Length 2 lines. Black, with the antennae and legs ferru-
ginous. Thorax oblong-quadrate or very slightly narrowed towards
the metathorax, slightly convex above, not margined at the sides, the
divisions not perceptible ; the head and thorax rugose and pubescent.
Abdomen globose, shining, and closely punctured ; the scale of the
petiole transverse above, produced into an acute spine on each side,
the upper margin finely serrated, the lateral margins narrowed to their
base, and having two or three small sharp spines.

Hab. Aru.

7. PoLYRHACHis scuTULATUs. P. uigcr, fortitcr politus et lucidus,
metathorace petiolique squamula dente longo curvato acuto in latere
utroque, pedibus nigro-ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 2| lines. Black and very smooth and shining ; the
legs dark ferruginous. Thorax : the disk expanded, slightly convex
above, with the margins acute and curving upwards ; the anterior
margin transverse, rather wider than the head, with the lateral angles
slightly curved forwards, and very acute ; the lateral margins of the
prothorax curved backwards and inwards ; the margins of the meso-
thorax are rounded ; the pro- and mesothorax highly polished above,
forming an escutcheon-shaped disk; the metathorax opake, and
sprinkled with a few short glittering hairs, armed posteriorly with
two long very acute spines, divergent and directed backwards. Ab-
domen globose ; the scale of the petiole with two long curved acute
spines, directed backwards to the curve of the abdomen.

Hab. Aru.

8. PoLYRHACHis MUCRONATUS. P. laevis, uitidus, niger; thorace
spinis duabus crassis compressis acutis postice armato.

Worker. Length 2\ lines. Black, smooth, and shining, very deli-
cately and indistinctly aciculate ; the antennae beneath and the tibiae
and femora obscurely ferruginous, the anterior and intermediate tibiae
brightest ; the apex of the mandibles ferruginous. Thorax transverse

SMITH ON HTMENOPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS, 141

in front, or very slightly curved, with the lateral angles acute ; the
thorax is rounded above, and not mai-gined at the sides ; the meta-
thorax armed with two long, stout, acute compressed spines; the
spines divergent, as well as two on the scale of the petiole, which are
long and very acute. Abdomen globose.
Hab. Am.

.9. PoLYRHACHis GEOMETRicus. P. niger ; antennarum apice, tibiis
tarsorumque apice ferrugineis, thorace circulariter striato.

Worker. Length 2 lines. Black ; the apical joints of the flagellum,
the anterior legs, the anterior and intermediate tibiae, and the apical
joints of the tarsi pale ferruginous ; the extreme base of the anterior
tarsi black. Thorax rounded above, not margined, gradually narrowed
posteriorly ; the prothorax of the same width as the head, its lateral
angles toothed; the disk with a circular striation. Abdomen globose
and pubescent; the scale of the petiole compressed, its superior
margin rounded, and with four minute teeth.

Hah, Aru.

10. PoLYRHACHis iRRiTABiLis. P. uigcr, pube pallide aurea ves-
titus ; thorace quadridentato, petioli squamula bidentata.

Female. Length 6^ lines. Black, and densely clothed with short pale
golden pubescence ; all parts of the insect sprinkled with erect cine-
reous hairs; the mandibles shining black, the palpi pale testaceous ;
the head elongate, the eyes placed high on the sides of the head, fer-
ruginous and very prominent. Thorax elongate-ovate; the pro-
thorax with a short, stout, acute tooth on each side, slightly curved
and directed forwards ; the metathorax with a similar tooth on each
side directed backwards ; the wings subhyaline, the nervures fuscous ;
the legs fusco-ferruginous, the femora and coxae brightest. Abdomen
ovate ; the scale incrassate, armed above with two stout acute teeth.

Hab. Aru.

This is probably the female of P. sexspinosus.

\\. PoLYRHACHis L^vissiMus. P. niger, laevis uitidusquc ; mcta-
thorace bispinoso, petioli squamula quadrispinosa, pedibus ferrugineis.
Worker. Length 2| lines. Black, very smooth and shining ; the
legs ferruginous, with the coxae, articulations, and the tarsi black.
The thorax not flattened above, or margined at the sides ; the division
between the pro- and mesothorax distinct, that between the meso-
and metathorax not discernible, the latter with two erect acute
spines ; the scale of the petiole with four short acute spines. Abdo-
men globose.
Hab. Aru.

This species is very like P. mucronatus ; on close examination, how-
ever, it is seen to be very distinct : it may be at once distinguished by its
larger head, which is wider than the thorax, rounded behind the eyes,
and widely emarginate behind.

142 SMITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS.

12. PoLYRHACHis BELLicosus. P. capite abdomineque nigris,
thorace femoribusque rufis, thorace quadrispinoso, petioli squamula
biharaata.

Worker. Length 3^ lines. Black, with the scale of the petiole, thorax,
coxae, and femora blood-red. Thorax : the lateral margins raised
above, with two slightly curved divergent spines in front, and two
stout, acute, long curved spines in the middle, directed backwards ;
the scale of the petiole forming a long erect pedestal, which termi-
nates above in two much bent acute hooks, directed backwards,
and being as high as the basal segment of the abdomen ; the spines
and hooks black at the apex. Abdomen ovate.

Hab. Aru.

13. PoLYRHACHis Hector. P. niger et vestitus pube palHde aurea ;
prothorace petiolique squamula bispinosis, pedibus ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Black ; the apex of the scape and the legs
ferruginous j the extreme base of the tibiae and the tarsi black ; a
stout acute spine on each side of the prothorax, directed forwards;
the thorax flattened above, its lateral margins raised ; the divisions of
the segments very distinctly impressed ; the pale golden pubescence
on the abdomen thinner than on the head and thorax. The scale of
the petiole angled at the sides towards its summit, the angles dentate,
the upper margin straight, and at each lateral angle an acute spine,
directed backwards, and curved to the shape pf the abdomen; the
spines parallel.

Hab. Aru.

14. PoLYRHACHis RUFOFEMORATUS. P. nigcr, laevis, nitidus; fe-
moribus abdominisque squamula ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 3^ lines. Black ; head oblong ; the eyes placed
high at the sides near the vertex, the front very prominent, with two
elevated carinae in the middle, at the outside of which the antennae are
inserted. Thorax : the divisions strongly marked, flattened above
with the sides elevated ; the prothorax with an acute spine on each
side anteriorly ; the coxae and femora ferruginous, with the apex of
the latter more or less fuscous. Abdomen : the base and the scale
ferruginous, the latter angled at the sides and emarginate above.

Hab. Aru.

Gen. PoNEEA, Latr.

1. Ponera rugosa. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins. Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 66. 5.
Hab. Aru. Borneo.

2. PoNERA scuLPTURATA. P. nitida nigra ; capite, thorace abdomi-
nisque segmentis primo et secundo profunde striatis, nodo spinis
duabus acutis armato ; pedibus abdomineque apice ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 5 lines. Black and shiny, the legs obscurely ferru-

SMITH OK HYMENOPTEEA OP AETT ISLANDS. 143

ginous as well as the mandibles; the head strongly and evenly
striated longitudinally. The prothorax with a circular striation above ;
behind, the thorax is compressed, the sides being obliquely striated,
the striae uniting and crossing the central ridge of the thorax. The
node of the petiole and basal segment of the abdomen with a curved
striation, the second segment longitudinally striated and depressed at
its base, which is smooth and shining ; the basal half of the third seg-
ment is longitudinally striated.
Hab, Aru.

This species is at first sight very like the P. geometrica from Singa-
pore ; but the striation of the abdomen alone will serve to distinguish it.

3. PoNERA PARALLELA. P. nigra, opaca ; antcnuis, maudibulis, pcdi-
bus abdominisque apice ferrugineis.

Worker. Length 3^ lines. Opake black; the autennae thick and
scarcely as long as the thorax, their apex and the mandibles bright
ferruginous ; the legs somewhat obscure ferruginous, with the articu-
lations much brighter ; the head a little wider than the thorax and
subovate ; the thorax, node of the petiole, and the abdomen of nearly
equal width, the abdomen being slightly the widest ; the node of the
petiole nearly quadrate ; the apical margin of the first segment and
base of the second slightly depressed.

Hab. Aru.

4. PoNERA QUADRiDENTATA. P. atro-fusca ; antcnuis, facie antic^,
antennis, mandibulis, tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis ; alis subhyalinis.

Female. Length 3| lines. Nigro-fuscous ; the antennae with a
carina between then: base, the face anteriorly, the mandibles, the
legs, and the abdomen at its apQX and beneath, ferruginous; the
femora and coxae above, fuscous ; the head subquadrate with the
angles rounded ; the eyes small and placed forwards on the sides of
the head towards the base of the mandibles, the latter with four
strong teeth on their inner margin. Thorax oblong-ovate with the
metathorax truncate; the wings fusco-hyaline, the stigma large and
black. Abdomen : the second segment slightly narrowed at its base,
the node of the petiole incrassate and compressed, its upper margin
rounded. The insect entirely covered with a short downy cinereous
pile, the abdomen having also a number of scattered erect glittering
hairs.

Hab, Aru.

Gren. ECTATOMMA,

1. EcTATOMMA RUGOSA. JE. fusco-brunnea ; capitc, thoracc, nodoquc
rugosis ; abdomine delicatule aciculato.

Worker. Length 4 lines. Obscure fusco-ferruginous, the antennae and
legs bright ferruginous; the head, thorax, and node of the petiole
coarsely rugose ; the eyes very prominent and glassy ; the mandibles

LIKN. PEOO. — ZOOLOGY. 10

144 SMITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

longitudinally but very delicately striated, their inner margin eden-
tate ; the thorax slightly narrowed behind. Abdomen very delicately
aciculate.

Male. Length 3| lines. Of the same colour, and sculptured like the
worker; the head rounded behind the eyes and narrowed before
them J the eyes very large, prominent and ovate j the ocelli very
bright and prominent; antennae elongate and slender, the scape
short, not longer than the second joint of the flagellum. Thorax :
the scutellum prominent, forming a rounded tubercle, the metathorax
elongate and oblique. Abdomen aciculate as in the worker, but
much more deeply strangulated between the first and second seg-
ments ; the petiole rugose and clavate.

Hah. Aru.

Gen. Odontomachus, Latr.

1. Odontomachus simillimus. Smith, Cat. Form. p. 80. 11 $•
Hah. Aru. Ceylon.

2. Odontomachus tyrannicus. 0. capite thoraceque nigris, an-
tennis abdomineque ferrugineis, margine interno mandibulorum
serratulo.

Worker. Length 7 lines. Head oblong, narrowed behind, posteriorly
deeply emarginate; the mandibles rufo-piceous, brightest at their
apex, which is armed with two long teeth which are bent abruptly
inwards, their tips black ; the anterior portion of the head striated
obliquely from the centre ; the head, behind the anterior sulcation,
very smooth and shining and having a deep longitudinal central
depression. Thorax transversely striated, the articulations of the
legs and the tarsi ferruginous. Abdomen smooth, shining, and fer-
ruginous ; the node of the petiole incrassate, cylindric, and tapering
upwards into a very acute spine.

Hah. Aru.

3. Odontomachus MALIGNUS. O. ferrugineus ; capite supra oblique
striato ; margine interno mandibulorum confertim serrato ; metatho-
race transversim striato ; squama unispinosa ; abdomine lajvissimo.

Worker. Length 7 lines. Ferruginous ; the flagellum and legs palest ;
head much narrowed behind, the posterior margin deeply emarginate j
mandibles smooth and shining, their inner margin strongly serrated,
their apex abruptly bent or elbowed, and armed with two stout teeth ;
the face anteriorly evenly striated obliquely ; the head behind the
anterior sulcation very delicately striated obliquely. The prothorax
smooth and shining, the meso- and metathorax transversely striated.
Abdomen very smooth and shiDing; the node of the petiole incrassate
and tapering upwards into an acute spine.

Hah. Aru.
This species most closely resembles 0, maxillaris from Brazil ; but its

SMITH OK HYMENOPTEEA OF AUU ISLANDS. 145

smooth polished prothorax alone would distinguish it j its head is much
broader anteriorly, and less elongate.

Gen. PsEUDOMYEMA, Quer,

1. PsEUDOMYRMA LiEViCEPS. P. nigra, laevis et nitida; antennis,
mandibulis, tibiis anterioribus, tarsisque rufo-fulvis.

Worker. Length 2\ lines. Black and shining ; head very smooth and
slightly emarginate behind, the eyes large and ovate ; the mandibles
and antennae rufo-fulvous. Thorax with the sides flattened, the disk
slightly convex ; a deep strangulation between the meso- and meta-
thorax, the latter rounded above and oblique behind ; the trochanters,
articulations of the legs, and the tarsi rufo-fulvous. Abdomen thinly
covered with a fine cinereous pile ; the first node of the petiole some-
what oblong-ovate, the second subglobose, the petiole of the first
node short.

Hab, Aru.

Gen. PoDOMYEMA, Smith.

Head oblong in the female, rather wider than the thorax ; in the worker
subovate and much wider; eyes small, ovate and placed about the
middle at the sides of the head ; antennce geniculated, the scape about
two thirds of the length of the flagellum which is clavate, the club
three-jointed; the mandibles stout and dentate; the labial palpi 3'
jointed; the maxillary palpi 4-jointed. Thorax, oblong-ovate in the
female, in the worker transverse in front and narrowed behind with
the metathorax bidentate ; the anterior wings with one elongate mar-
ginal cell and two submarginal cells, the second extending to the
apex of the wing ; the legs stout, the femora incrassate ; abdomen
ovate, the peduncle with two nodes.

The insects included in this genus are undoubtedly most nearly allied
to those belonging to the genus Myrmecina ; but, excepting that they
agree in having the same number of joints in the palpi, they have little
resemblance to each other. With the exception of the genus Myrmecia,
these are the largest insects in the subfamily Myrmicidae ; and all the
species are distinguished by their remarkably thickened femora and
margined thorax : we are unacquainted with the males.

1. PoDOMYRMA FEMORATA. P. ferruginea ; capite oblongo, oblique
striato, thorace abdomineque laevibus nitidis ; alis subhyalinis fusco-
nebulosis; fcmoribus valde incrassatis, basi tenuissimis, femoribus
posticis infra compressis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Uufo-testaceous ; the mandibles and anterior
margin of the face black, the inner margin of the mandibles rufo-
piceous and armed with six short stout teeth, the apical tooth largest.
The head oblong, slightly narrowed posteriorly and emarginate be-

10*

146 ^MITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OF ARTT ISLANDS.

hind; longitudiDally striated, the striae diverging from the centre at
the anterior ocelhis ; at half the distance between the posterior ocelli
and the margin of the vertex the striae are transverse. Thorax smooth
and shining, with scattered fulvous hairs ; the wings fusco-hyaline,
with a dark fuscous stain occupying the marginal cell and traversing
the course of all the nervures ; the legs with the femora much incras-
sated, the posterior pair compressed beneath into a flattened process
or keel. Abdomen ovate, smooth, shining, and with a scattered ful-
vous pubescence ; the first node of the petiole rounded in front, nar-
rowed and truncate behind, with a large compressed tooth beneath ;
the second node subglobose.

Worker major. Length 4 Hnes. Ferruginous, entirely smooth and
shining; the thorax, legs, and abdomen more or less obscure, the
femora being usually rufo-piceous ; the mandibles striated with their
margins black. Thorax nearly flat above, very slightly convex with
the sides margined, the anterior margin slightly rounded, the lateral
angles produced into small acute spines ; a deep strangulation at the
base of the metathorax, a little before which the lateral margins are
produced into an angular tooth, the metathorax with two short acute
spines ; the femora thickly incrassate. Abdomen ovate.

Hab. Aru.

2. PoDOMYRMA STRIATA. P. fcrruginca; capite thoraceque longi-
tudinaliter striatis, femoribus vald^ incrassatis, basi tenuissimis.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Rufo-ferruginous with the abdomen obscure,
becoming blackish at the apex, the head coarsely striated, with a
central portion from the insertion of the antennae to the hinder margin
of the vertex delicately so ; the mandibles striated, with the teeth on
their inner margin black. Thorax rugose- striate, the anterior lateral
angles dentate, the metathorax without spines; the femora thickly
incrassate and greatly attenuated at their base. Abdomen ovate,
smooth and shining ; the nodes of the petiole rugose.

Hab. Aru.

This species resembles P.femorata, but is easily distinguished by its

striated head and thorax ; the latter is similarly flattened above and

margined at the sides ; the femora are also thickened precisely as in

that species.

3. PoDOMYRMA L^viFRONS. P. obscure fcrruginca ; capite abdomi-
neque laevissimis lucidisque ; thorace longitudinaliter striate ; femori-
bus medio valde incrassatis, basi tenuissimis.

Worker. Length 2i hnes. Head and abdomen smooth, shining black,
in some examples fusco-ferruginous ; the antennae, legs, and thorax
ferruginous, the latter longitudinally striated; the thorax margined
at the sides, the disk slightly convex, the anterior margin slightly
rounded, with the lateral angles armed with short acute spines, the

SMITH ON HTMBKOPTEBA OF ABU I0LAKD0. 147

thorax deeply strangulated posteriorly, the metathorax not spined;

the femora thickly swollen in the middle and very slender at their

base and apex. Abdomen ovate, the first node of the petiole oblong,

the second globose.
Hab. Aru.

There is considerable variation in intensity of colouring in examples
of this species, the thorax and legs being sometimes pale ferruginous ;
in the specimen described they are dark ; every shade of gradation
occurs in different individuals.

4. PoDOMYRMA BASALis. P. fusco-fcrruginca ; abdominis basi pallide
testacea ; femoribus medio incrassatis, basi tenuibus.

Worker. Length 3 lines. Obscurely ferruginous, the scape of the
antennae, the base of the femora and the tibise pale fen*uginous ; the
base of the abdomen pale testaceous y the head and thorax with deep
coarse longitudinal furrows; the flagellum blackish-brown towards
its apex, with the extreme tip pale. Thorax : the anterior margin
slightly rounded with the lateral angles very acute; the femora
very thickly incrassate in the middle ; the apex of the tibise ferru-
ginous. Abdomen smooth and shining; the basal half pale testa-
ceous, the apical half and the following segments black ; the nodes
of the petiole rugose ; the first node elongate, with a short acute tooth
at the base above, and a blunt one beneath.

Hab. Aru.

Gen. Mtemioa, Latr.

1. Myrmica parallela. ilf . rufo-ftdva ; antennis pedibusque pal-
lide testaceis ; abdomine fusco-ferrugineo ; capite thoraceque longitu-
dinaliter striatis. .

Worker. Length 1 line. Head and thorax ferruginous and longitudi-
nally and evenly striated; antennae and legs pale rufo-testaceous.
Thorax margined at the sides, the disk slightly convex, the anterior
margin transverse, the lateral angles acute ; the metathorax with two
short spines; abdomen dark fusco-ferruginous, the nodes of the
petiole subrugose ; club of the antennae 3-jointed.

Hab. Aru.

2. Myrmica scabrosa. M. nigra; capite thoraceque scabrosis, meta-
thorace bispinoso, abdomine ovato laevi.

Worker. Length 1 line. Black ; the head, thorax, and nodes of the
petiole roughened ; the mandibles, flagellum and tarsi rufo-testaceous ;
the lateral angles of the prothorax acute, the sides narrowed sUghtly
to the base of the metathorax, the spines on the latter acute ; nodes
of the petiole globose. Abdomen ovate, smooth and shining; club
of the antennae 3-jointed.

Hab. Aru.

148 SMITH ON HIMENOPTEEA OP AHU ISLANDS.

3. Myrmica thoracica. M. capite abdomineqiie nigris; antcnnis,
mandibulis thorace pedibusque flavis.

Worker. Length f line. Head and abdomen jet-black ; the antenna?,
thorax, and legs of a clear honey- yellow ; the mandibles of a more
obscure yellow; the anterior margin of the thorax transverse, the
lateral angles acute, narrowed from thence to the base of the meso-
thorax, the disk anteriorly slightly convex; the metathorax armed
with two acute spines. Abdomen nearly round, and very smooth and
shining ; the first node of the petiole vertical anteriorly, and gradually
rounded behind, the second node transverse, its anterior margin
straight, the angles rounded, the sides narrowed towards the abdo-
men ; the club of the antennae 3-jointed.
Hab. Aru.

The singular form of the thorax of this species, as well as the construc-
tion of the nodes of the petiole, appear to indicate an uncharacterized
division of the genus Myrmica.

4. Myrmica suspiciosa. M. rufo-testacea, laevis, tota nitidissima
nuda; mandibulis, antennis, pedum articulationibus tarsisque palles-
centibus ; metathoracis spinis minutissimis.

Worker. Length 1 line. Rufo-testaceous and very smooth and shining ;
the antennae as long as the insect ; the flagellum, mandibles, tarsi, and
articulations of the legs pale testaceous. The thorax narrowed an-
teriorly into a short neck, behind which it is dilated, the sides being
rounded, the meso- and metathorax narrower and of nearly equal
width, the spines of the metathorax minute and slender. The first
node of the petiole somewhat wedge-shaped, the second globose, the
abdomen very smooth and shining ; club of the antennae 3-jointed.
Hab. Aru.

I can detect no specific diiFerence between this and Myrmica Icevigata,
taken by myself in the neighbourhood of London ; but it is not uncom-
monly met with in hothouses, near to which I captured my specimen,
I believe M. IcBvigata is identical with (Ecophthora pusilla, the House-
Ant of Madeira.

6. Myrmica mellea. M. capite thoraceque flavis; abdomine pallide
fusco.

Worker. Length If line. Head, antennae, thorax, and legs honey-
yellow and very smooth and shining ; thorax strangulated at the base
of the metathorax, which is not spined ; the first node of the abdo-
men is oblique anteriorly, and vertical behind, the second node sub-
globose. Abdomen : the base honey-yellow, the apical margin of the
first segment, and the following segments entirely, pale fuscous ; the
club of the antennae 2-jointed.

Hab. Aru,

6, Myrmica carinata, M, obscure fusco-ferruginea ; thorace rufo-

SMITH ON HYMEKOPTERA OE AEU ISLANDS. 149

fulvo ; capite thoraceque carinis irregularibus ; metatliorace spinis
duabus longis armato.

Worker. Length H lines. Head and abdomen black, with more or
less of an obscure ferruginous tinge, particularly at the vertex and
base of the abdomen; the thorax and nodes of the petiole ferru-
ginous; the legs rufo-piceous, with the tarsi and articulations fer-
ruginous, the antennae and mandibles ferruginous ; the head and
thorax with irregular distant longitudinal carina?; the sides of the
thorax rugose; the spines on the metathorax long and acute; the
abdomen very smooth and shining ; the club of the antennse 3-jointed.

Hab, Aru.

Gen. Crematogastee, Zund.

1. Crematogaster obscura. Smith, Cat. Hym. Ins., Journ. Proc. Linn.
Soc. ii. 76. 4 ^ .

Hab. Aru; Borneo.

2. Crematogaster elegans. C. pallide rufo-testaceus ; abdomine
nigerrimo nitido ; thorace bispinoso.

Worker. Length f line. Entirely pale rufo-testaceous, excepting the
eyes and abdomen which are jet black ; the nodes of the petiole pale,
smooth, and shining. Head about the same width as the abdo-
men. The lateral angles of the anterior margin of the prothorax
acute, the metathorax armed with two long acute spines. Abdomen
heart-shaped, its apex acute.

Hab. Aru.

3. Crematogaster insularis. C. niger, Isevis et nitidus; antennis
tarsisque pallide testaceis ; thorace spinis duabus acutis armato.

Worker. Length 1| line. Black, smooth and shining; the vertex,
thorax and nodes of the peduncle with an obscure ferruginous tinge ;
the antennae, tarsi, and articulations of the legs pale rufo-testaceous ;
the spines which arm the metathorax stout, elongate, and acute, with
their apex pale testaceous. Abdomen heart-shaped and very acute at
the apex.

Hab. Aru.

Gen. SoLENOPSis, Westw.

1. SoLENOPSis CEPHALOTES. S. pallide fcrruginca J capite maxime
in medio sulcato, abdomine apice fusco.

Worker major. Length 2^ lines. Pale ferruginous, with the anterior
part of the face darker, the mandibles incrassate and very dark fusco-
ferruginous; head very large and divided by a deep longitudinal
channel, emarginate behind, nearly quadrate; the eyes small and
placed forwards on the sides of the head. The metathorax truncate,
not spined. Abdomen ovate, truncate at the base, its apex fuscous ;
the first node of the petiole compressed, its margin rounded above.

150 SMITH ON HTMENOPTEBA OP ABIT ISLANDS,

the second node incrassate and subglobose; club of the antennae
2-jointed.

Worker minor. Length 1^ line. Of the same colour as the worker
major, but with the head of the ordinary size and shghtly narrowed
behind, the mandibles of the same colour as the head ; the legs and
antennae longer, as well as the petiole of the abdomen ; the body is
very smooth and shining, the club of the antennae 2-jointed.

Hab. Aru.

Subfam. Cetptocebid^, Smith.
Gen. Meeanopltjs, Smith.

1. Meranoplus spinosus. M. castaneo-rufus j abdomine nigro, tho-
race sexspinoso ; abdomine ovato.
, Worker. Length 1 1 line. Head and thorax rugose ; the antennae and
tarsi rufo-testaceous ; the eyes rather prominent, the groove above
them at the sides of the head extending backwards to the vertex.
Thorax : the anterior margin curved forwards, the lateral angles pro-
duced into a bifurcate process on each side, behind the processes,
slightly narrowed to the base of a long curved tooth ; the posterior
margin emarginate with a long sharp spine at each angle of the emar-
gination ; the node of the petiole globose. Abdomen black, smooth
and shining.

Hab. Aru.

Fam. MUTILLID^, Leach.

Gen. Mftilla, Idnn.

1. Mutilla Sibylla, Smith, Proc. Linn. Soc. ii. 86. 11 ? .
Hab. Aru; Borneo; Celebes.

2. Mutilla manifesta. M. capite abdomineque nigris, thorace
sanguineo-rubro, maris alis nigro-fuscis.

Female. Length 4f lines. Head black and rugose. The thorax blood-
red and coarsely rugose, its anterior margin widest and straight,
the sides gradually narrowed to the apex in a slight curve ; the lateral
margins have two teeth not wide apart. Abdomen black, rugose, and
slightly shining, with black pubescence above ; on the under surface it
is glittering silvery-white ; the legs and sides of the thorax have a
similar pubescence.

Male. The same size as the female, and the same colour ; the eyes
notched. The thorax oblong-quadrate, the posterior lateral angles
acute ; the tegulae large and red ; the wings dark brown, with their
extreme base hyaline. Abdomen shining black, the first and second
segments strongly punctured, the rest much more finely and not very
closely so.

Hab. Aru.

3. Mutilla carinata. M. capite thoraceque metallico-purpureis

BMITH OIT HTMEKOrTERA 01' AETT ISLANDS. 161

viridi tinctis, pedibus ferrugineis, abdomine nigro, basi pallido fasciata,
segmento secundo ad apicem fascia bilobata ornato.

Female. Length 4 J lines. The head and thorax of a metallic purple
tint with shades of green and copper ; the scape of the antennae, the
mandibles, palpi, and legs ferruginous ; the head and thorax closely
and strongly punctured. The abdomen velvety black; the base
truncate, the truncation smooth and shining j its margin carinate ; the
upper surface of the basal segment yellowish-white, a broad bilobed
fascia of the same colour at the apical margin of the second segment ;
the apex ferruginous. Male. The head and thorax metallic green,
strongly and closely punctured ; abdomen black and shining, much
more finely punctured than the thorax ; wings light brown, with their
base and extreme apex hyaline ; the legs ferruginous.

Hai. Aru.

4. MuTiLLA NIGRA. M. nigra et punctata, abdomine laevi et nitido,
delicatule punctato, alis fuscis, basi hyalinis.

Male. Length 6^ lines. Black ; head and thorax closely and strongly
punctured; the eyes slightly notched; the face with silvery-white
pubescence, the mandibles shining, the palpi black. Thorax : the
metathorax densely clothed with yellowish-white pubescence ; the
legs with glittering white hairs, the calcaria white ; wings brown with
their base hyaline. Abdomen smooth and shining, delicately and
sparingly punctured, with a few silvery hairs at the sides.

Hab. Aru.

5. MuTiLLA ExiLis. ilf. nigra ct punctata ; abdomine laevigato, nitido ;
alis subhyalinis ; facie et metathorace pube argentata vestitis.

Male. Length 6^ lines. Black ; head and thorax strongly punctured ;
the eyes emarginate, the face with glittering silvery-white pubescence,
the cheek thinly sprinkled with silvery hairs ; the palpi testaceous.
Thorax : the metathorax densely clothed with silvery pubescence,
beneath, at the sides, and also the legs with scattered silvery hairs, the
calcaria white ; the tegulse shining ; the wings subhyaline with the
nervures dark fuscous. Abdomen shining black, smooth, and very
delicately and sparingly punctured, the apical margins of the segments
very thinly fringed with glittering silvery hairs,

Hab. Aru.

Tribe POSSOEES, Latr.

Earn. SCOLIAD^, Leach.

Gen. Mtzine.

1. Myzine tenutcornis. M. nigra, ahs hyalinis, abdomine nitido
flavoque variegato.

Male. Length 7 hues. Black ; the head and thorax very closely punc-
tured, thinly clothed with griseous pubescence, that on the face, thorax

162 SMITH OK HTMENOPTEEA OF AETT ISLANDS.

beneath, and on the coxae most dense and ghttering; antennae more
slender than is usual in this genus, and tapering to their apex, the
joints slightly subarcuate ; the mandibles bidentate at their apex and
with a yellow spot at their base. Thorax : the posterior margin of
the prothorax, a spot beneath the wings, the tegula;, and the post-
scutellum yellow; the anterior and intermediate tibia; ferruginous
and more or less dusky above, the posterior pair ferruginous beneath.
Abdomen shining, the margins of the segments deeply depressed ; a
small ovate spot on each side of the first segment, the second and
three following segments with a narrow stripe on each side in the
middle, yellow ; the yellow markings obscure ; the apical segment
coarsely rugose; beneath, the segments are closely and strongly
punctured.
Hab, Aru.

Gen. ScoLiA, Fair.

Division I. The anterior wings with two submarginal cells and two re-
current nervures.

[ 1 . ScoHa grossa, Burm. Ahh. Nat. Ges. Halle, i. p. 23. (Tiphia grossa,

Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 232. 4.)
Hab. Aru ; Java.

The specimens of this species received from Aru are only 9 lines in
length ; I have examined others from Celebes, Borneo, India, and Java,
showing every difi^erence between 9 lines and 18 lines.

Division II. Anterior wings with two submarginal cells and one recurrent
nervure.

2. ScoLiA NiTiDA. S. nitida, atcrrima ; alis seneo et violaceo splendide
micantibus.

Female. Length 11 lines. Shining jet-black, the abdomen with pris-
matic tints. The flagellum fusco-ferruginous beneath, the mandibles
ferruginous at their apex ; the wings dark brown with a splendid
lustre of coppery and golden tints mixed with shades of violet. The
head with a few punctures behind the ocelli ; the thorax with scattered
punctures ; the metathorax finely but not closely punctured ; the disk
of the mesothorax impunctate ; the abdomen with fine scattered punc-
tures ; the apical segment opake, rugose, and with its apical margin
pale testaceous ; the abdomen beneath with strong distant punctures.

Hab. Aru.

3. ScoLiA FULGiDiPENNis. S. nitida, nigra ; abdomine prismatico, alis
fuscis viride et violaceo micantibus.

Female. Length 12-13 lines. Jet-black, shining ; head veiy smooth,
the hinder margin of the vertex finely punctured, the face with a few
fine scattered punctures ; the fiagellum obscurely rufo-fuscous. Tho-
rax finely punctured, the disk of the mesothorax impunctate ; wings
dark brown with a splendid green iridescence, with violet tints to-

SMITH ON IIYMEKOPTEIIA Or AEU ISLANDS. 15B

wards their base ; the legs thickly spinose and pubescent ; the cal-
caria simple. Abdomen with scattered fine punctures; the apical
segment densely clothed with black pubescence ; beneath, with strong
scattered punctures.

Male. Rather smaller than the female, much more closely punctured,
and not so shining and smooth j the face with a transverse arched
carina above the insertion of the antennae, which enters the emar-
gination of the eyes ; the clypeus strongly punctured ; in other re-
spects resembling the female.

Hah. Aru.
This species belongs to Guerin's division Liacos, of which S. dimU

diata is the type; the third discoidal cell is petiolated, the petiole

entering the second submarginal about the middle.

4. ScoLiA iNSULARis. S. uitida nigra; abdomine prismatico, alls
obscure fuscis cupreo submicantibus.

Male. Length 7-9 lines. Shining black ; head punctured, the vertex most
finely and distinctly so. Thorax punctured, the disk of the mesothorax
im punctate, the punctures wide apart on the seutellum and metathorax;
the wings dark brown with a coppery iridescence, which has a remark-
able dimness as if breathed upon. The basal segment of the abdomen
strongly and closely punctured ; the following segments more finely
and distantly punctured, particularly the second and third segments.

Hah. Key Island.

b. ScoLiA QUADRICEPS. S. nitida nigra; fceminae capite magno sub-

quadrato, alis fuscis cupreo iridescentibus.
Female. Length 6-8 lines. Black and shining; head subquadrate,
smooth and shining, as wide as the thorax, with a few punctures at
the sides of the face and between the antennae. Thorax finely punc-
tured, with the disk of the mesothorax impunctate ; wings dark brown
with a rich coppery iridescence. Abdomen with a fine prismatic lustre,
closely and strongly punctured towards the apex and at the extreme
base, the second segment and the middle of the third with only a few
very fine scattered punctures.
Hah. Aru.

This species also belongs to the division Liacos ; the petiolated cell is
small and oblong -quadrate ; the male exactly resembles the female, ex-
cept that its head is smaller and narrower than the thorax ; the abdomen
is rather more strongly punctured.

Gen. PoMPiLrs, Fair.

1. PoMPiLUS DUBius. P. uigcr, pilis mutabili-sericeis tectus; alis
subhyalinis, apice nebuloso.

Female. Length 4{ lines. Black and covered with a thin changeable
silvery pile, which is most dense on the sides of the metathorax and
base of the segments of the abdomen. The vertex emarginate behind,
the eyes very large, their inner orbits emarginate, reaching high on

tfft SMITH ON HTMEKOPTEEA OF AETJ ISLANDS.

the sides of the head nearly to the margin of the vertex ; the clypeus
emarginate in front, the labrum produced. Thorax : the prothorax
subelongate, narrowed anteriorly j the wings subhyaline, their apex
clouded ; the intermediate and posterior tibiae with a double row of
spines ; all the tarsi simple ; the calcaria stout and elongate. Ab-
domen shining, with the margins of the segments slightly depressed.
Hab. Aru.

Subgen. Agekia, Schiodte.

1. Agenia blanda, Guer, Voy, Coq, Zool. pt. 2. ii. p. 260.

Hah. Celebes ; India ; Singapore ; Malacca ; Borneo ; Key Island.

2. Agenia Callisto. A. nigra, pilis sericeis vestita; facie thoraceque
subtiis pube argentato-alba dense vestitis; alis fasciis duabus an-
gustis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Black ; the face, clypeus, and cheeks with
a dense silvery- white pile ; the tips of the mandibles obscurely ferru-
ginous, the palpi black. Thorax with a brilliant , silvery-white pile
on the sides, beneath, and on the coxae ; the metathorax transversely
rugose ; the wings hyaline ; the anterior pair with a narrow fuscous
fascia at the apex of the extemo-medial cell, and a second rather
broader at the base of the marginal cell, which does not quite cross
the wing; the apex of the wing fuscous. Abdomen petiolated,
smooth and shining, with a beautiful glossy pile, which is most dense
at the sides ; the apical segment longitudinally subcarinated in the
middle above.

Hab. Aru.

3. Agenia jucunda. A. nitida nigra; facie metathorace abdomineque
pube serice^ vestitis ; antennis, pedibus, abdominisque marginibus
apicalibus ferrugineis ; aUs hyalinis.

Female. Length b^ lines. Black ; head, pro- and mesothorax, as well
as the scutellum, glassy-smooth and shining; the face covered with
silvery- white pile ; the antennae, tips of the mandibles, and the legs
ferruginous ; the palpi elongate and pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax :
the wings hyaline and iridescent, the nervures very slender and pale
rufo-testaceous, the stigma fuscous ; the metathorax rounded behind,
transversely rugose, and covered with silvery-white pile. Abdomen
petiolated ; the apical margins of the second and following segments
ferruginous, the apical segment entirely so ; the ferruginous band on
each segment produced in the middle into an angular shape ; on the
abdomen beneath they are similarly produced; the basal segment
entirely ferruginous, with a black spot on each side,

Hab. Aru.

4. Agenia Althea. A, nigra ; facie pube argentato-alba vestita, tho-
raoe abdomineque sericeo pubescentibus ; alis hyalinis, venis nigris.

SMITH ON HYMEKOPTEBA OF ABU ISLANDS. 155

Female. Length 5 lines. Black ; the face silvery ; the anterior mar-
gin of the clypeus rounded and narrowly smooth and shining ; tips of
the mandibles ferruginous; the mandibles elongate and pale rufo-
testaceous. Thorax : the metathorax finely transversely rugose, the
sides with bright silvery-white pubescence ; the coxse, the thorax be-
neath and on the sides, with fine silky sericeous pile ; the anterior
tibiae and tarsi, and all the femora at their apex beneath, ferruginous ;
wings hyaline and iridescent, nervures black ; the outer margin of the
- tegulae testaceous. Abdomen shining, and with a fine silvery seri-
ceous pile ; the apical margins of the segments narrowly rufo-pice-
ous ; the terminal segment with an elongate, smooth, shining space,
which extends to the apex, which is testaceous.

Hah. Aru.

5. Agenia Alcyone. A. nigra, pilis sericeis cinereis vestita; an-
tennis pedibusque ferrugineis, alis hyalinis ; abdomine petiolato ; mar-
ginibus apicalibus segmentorum flavis.

Male. Length 7 lines. Black ; the antennae, tips of the mandibles,
and the legs ferruginous ; the scape in front, a narrow line on the
inner orbit of the eyes, and the anterior portion of the clypeus yellow ;
the antennae fuscous above towards their base. Thorax : the femora
beneath towards their base, the trochanters and coxae, except their
apex, black; the apical joints of the intermediate and posterior tarsi
fuscous; wings hyaline, the nervures fusco-ferruginous, the tegulae
reddish-yellow. Abdomen petiolated ; the apical margins of the seg-
ments with reddish-yellow fasciae ; beneath, the margins of the seg-
ments are rufo-piceous, not fasciated.

Hah. Aru.

6. Agenia Amalthea. A. nigra, pilis tenuibus cinereis sericeis ves-
tita ; antennis antice pedibusque anticis et intermediis antice fen'u-
gineis ; abdomine petiolato ; alis hyalinis bifasciatis.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black ; the face densely covered with silvery
pile ; the antennae in front, the anterior margin of the clypeus and
the tips of the mandibles ferruginous ; palpi elongate and pale rufo-
testaceous. Thorax : the posterior margin of the prothorax narrowly,
the tegulae, the anterior and intermediate femora in front, the poste-
rior pair towards their apex beneath, the anterior tibiae and tarsi, the
intermediate and posterior tibiae more or less beneath, and their tarsi,
ferruginous ; the tarsi sometimes dusky above ; the wings hyaline, a
narrow fuscous fascia at the apex of the extemo-medial cell, and a
broad one crossing at, and being the width of, the second and third
submarginal cells; tips of the wings milky-white; the metathorax
rounded posteriorly, transversely finely rugose and densely covered
with short silvery-white pubescence at the sides and apex. Abdomen
petiolated, smooth and shining, with the apex and the margins of the
segments narrowly rufo-piceous.

Hah. Aru,

156 SMITH ON HYMENOPTEBA OE ABU ISLANDS.

Geu. Pbiocnemis, ScJdddte.

1. Priocnemis pulcherrimus. p. laete ruber; alls flavo-hyalinis,
apice late fusco, abdominis lateribus nigris.

Female. Length 71 lines. Bright red; the anterior margin of the
clypeus with a minute tooth in the centre; the tips of the mandibles
fuscous. The metathorax slightly striated transversely, and with a
central as well as a lateral longitudinal groove ; the wings flavo-hya-
line, their apex with a fuscous cloud, which commences at the base of
the first discoidal cell, the extreme tips pale ; the tibiae and tarsi with
short slender spines ; the extreme apex of the joints of the posterior
tarsi black. Abdomen : the short petiole of the basal segment, and
the sides of the second, third, and fourth segments black, leaving a
red line down the middle of each ; beneath, the second, third, and
base of the fourth segments black.

Hab. Aru.

2. Priocnemis pervidus. P. capite, antennis, thorace pedibusque
ferrugineis ; abdomine nigro ; alis fuscis basi subhyalinis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Ferruginous, with the abdomen black ; the
anterior margin of the clypeus rounded. The metathorax transversely
rugose ; the pectus, and coxae at their base within, black ; wings
brown, with a violet iridescence, their base rufo-hyaline ; the inter-
mediate and posterior tibiae with a double row of spines, all the tarsi
spinose. Abdomen shining black, with the extreme apex slightly
ferruginous,

Hab. Aru.

Gen. Macbomebis, 8t.-Farg.

1. Macromeris iridipennis. M. caeruleo-nigra ; abdomine irides-
cente, alis caeruleo-violactoque splendide micantibus; pedibus rau-
tieis, simplicibus.

Female. Length 12 lines. Blue-black; abdomen with a changeable
iridescent pile ; head and thorax with a black velvety pubescence ;
the metathorax very finely rugose and opake ; the legs simple ; the
posterior tibiae villose within ; the wings very dark brown, with a
splendid violet and blue iridescence.

Male. Very closely resembling the female, but rather smaller; the
anterior and intermediate femora more incrassate, and all the femora
with a simple row of teeth or serrations on their inferior margins.

Hab. Aru.

Although this species of Macromeris is very similar in colour to the

M, violacea of St.-Fargeau, the femora are not so thick as in that

species, not in fact much more so than in the female ; and the row

of teeth beneath is a strong specific character.

SMITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OF XRV ISLANDS. 157

G-en. SALirs, Fahr.

1, Salius malignus. S. niger, pube cinerea sericea vestitus; alis
fuscis, albo fasciatis.

Female. Length 9 lines. Black, and covered with a fine thin ashy
pile ; the scape in front, and the anterior margin of the clypeus nar-
rowly, obscure yellow ; the mandibles ferruginous at their apex, which
has a single notch ; the palpi pale rufo-testaceous. Thorax : the pro-
thorax with a slightly interrupted narrow fascia a little before its
posterior margin, and the scutellum, yellow ; the anterior femora
broadly dilated, and, as well as the anterior tibiae, ferruginous within ;
the intermediate tibiae ferruginous at their apex in front, and the
posterior pair with a yellowish-white spot at their base outside ; the
calcaria pale testaceous, the claws ferruginous, the anterior tarsi en-
tirely so, but more or less obscure; the posterior tibiae slightly spi-
nose ; the anterior wings brown, with a white fascia crossing at the
first discoidal cell, and a second at the apex of the third submarginal,
the extreme base and the anterior margin of the externo-medial cell
hyaline. Abdomen : the apical margins of the segments with a little
bright silvery pile.

Hab. Aru.

Gen. Mtgnimia, Smith.

1. Mygnimia aspasia. M. caeruleo-nigra ; capite thoraceque pube
holosericea vestitis; alis fulvo-hyalinis ; abdomine pilis iridescentibus
vestito.

Female. Length 14 lines. Black, with shades of blue in certain lights ;
the abdomen with bright tints of blue and violet, caused by fine iri-
descent changeable pile j the legs have a similar pile, very bright on
the femora within ; the head and thorax with a short black velvety
pubescence ; the wings flavo-hyaline ; the nervures pale ferruginous ;
the extreme base of the wings blackish, their apical margins with a
narrow fuscous border. The legs spinose ; the posterior tibiae with a
double row of strong serrations.

Gen. Sphex, Fair.

1. Sphex argentata, Dahlh. Hym. Eur. i. 25. 1.

Hab. Aru ; Celebes ; Sumatra ; India ; Greece j Africa ; East Florida.

2. Sphex sericea, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 211. 19.

Hab. Aru J Malacca; Borneo; Java; Philippine Islands.

3. Sphex aurifrons. S. niger; facie pube aurea vestita, alis flavo-
hyalinis apice fuscis, abdomine pilis sericeo-aureis vestito.

Female. Black ; the face densely clothed with golden pubescence, the
head having a number of scattered long golden-yellow hairs. Thorax

168 SMITH ON HTMENOPTEBA OF AETJ ISXANDS.

thinly covered with long yellow puheseence, which is most dense at
the sides of the metathorax ; the tibiae, tarsi, and posterior femora
ferruginous ; the claw -joint of the tarsi black ; the tibiaj and tarsi
with black spines ; the wings fulvo-hyaline, their apex with a narrow
fuscous border, the nervures ferruginous. Abdomen covered with a
fine, thin, golden-reflecting pile ; the apical margins of the segments
rufo-testaceous, the testaceous margin produced in the middle into a
triangular shape, most conspicuously so on the segments beneath.
Hab. Am.

4. Sphex NiTiDivENTRis. S. niger ; abdomine nigro-cseruleo, laevi-
gato, nitido ; alis fuscis.

Female. Length 12 lines. Black; the face with silvery pubescence,
and thinly covered with long black hairs ; the clypeus with a central
longitudinal carina at the base, which terminates at the middle, from
whence to the anterior margin is a broad, smooth, shining space.
Thorax shining and finely punctured; the metathorax opake and
covered with long, loose, black pubescence ; the legs shining, the pos-
terior tibiae with shining grey pile within ; wings brown, darkest at
their base. Abdomen blue, and very smooth and shining, oblong-
ovate ; the apical segment vertical.

Hab. Aru.

5. Sphex sepicola. S. niger; facie pube aure^ vestita; alis sub-
hyalinis apice fuscis ; abdomine nitido.

Female. Length 9 lines. Black ; the face densely clothed with golden
pubescence, the cheeks with iridescent pile, with a long, loose, scat-
tered pale yellow pubescence on the head and thorax ; the mandibles
smooth, shining black. The disk of the thorax with an obscure cha-
lybeous tint, shining and finely punctured ; the metathorax opake and
finely rugose ; the wings subhyaline, their apical margins fuscous, the
nervures fusco-ferruginous. Abdomen with a slender subelongate
petiole, and with a thin, silky, grey pile ; the apical margins of the
segments narrowly and obscurely rufo-piceous.

Male. Rather smaller than the female, more slender and more pubes-
cent, the pubescence on the face paler.

Hab. Aru.

6. Sphex gratiosa. S. capite thoraceque nigris, abdomine caeruleo,
ahs fusco-hyalinis.

Male. Length 10 lines. Head and thorax black; the face densely
clothed with pale golden pubescence; the labrum and mandibles
highly polished, very smooth and shining ; a thin pale pubescence is
scattered over the head, pro- and mesothorax, the latter obscurely cha-
lybeous above, shining, and finely and closely punctured, with an abbre-
viated, deeply impressed line in the middle anteriorly ; the posterior
margin of the prothorax covered with shining silvery pubescence ; the

SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS. 159

metathorax opake, and clothed w ith black pubescence ; wings fusco-
hyaline, the anterior pair darkest towards their base, the nervures
dark fusco-ferruginous, nearly black. Abdomen smooth, shining dark
blue ; beneath, the margins of the segments have a bright, gUttering,
pale-golden pile.

Gen. Pelopceus, Latr.

1. Pelopceus laboriosus. P. niger; scapo antice, pedibus petio-
loque rufescenti-flavis, alis hyalinis fulvo tinctis.

Female. Length 12 lines. Black, with black pubescence on the head
and thorax ; the face with a fine cinereous pile ; the scape yellow in
front; the mandibles smooth and shining. Thorax: the legs pale
ferruginous, the posterior femora darkest ; the coxae, the anterior and
intermediate trochanters, and base of the femora black ; wings fulvo-
hyaline, the nervures ferruginous; the metathorax obliquely striated.
Abdomen slightly shining at the base, with the petiole reddish-
yellow.

Hah. Aru.

Gren. Laeeada,

1. Larrada modesta.* I/, nigra ; abdomine pilis argentatis fasciato ;
alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 6| lines. Black ; the face covered with silvery down ;
the mandibles smooth, shining, black, and fringed beneath with ful-
vous hairs, the cheeks silvery. Thorax slightly shining, closely and
delicately punctured ; the metathorax opake and transversely striated ;
wings subhyaline, with a fuscous border at their apex, the nervures
black. Abdomen slightly shining ; the apical margins of the first,
second, and third segments with fascia of silvery pile, which is very
brilliant in certain lights.

Male closely resembles the female, but has an additional fascia on the
abdomen.

Hah. Aru.

Gen. Larea, Fahr.

1. Larra simillima. L. nigra, pulchre prismatica, maculis fasci-
isque variis flavis ornata.

Female. Length 6^ lines. Black; the abdomen with tints of blue
violet ; the thorax slightly prismatic ; the labrum, clypeus, an angular
s<^ape above, an abbreviated line on the inner orbits of the eyes, the
scape in front, and the antennae beneath, yellow ; the cheeks with a
silvery reflexion. The thorax beneath, and the metathorax, with a
shining white silvery pile ; the anterior and intermediate femora and
tibiae beneath yellow ; the tarsi pale ferruginous, and more or less
fuscous above ; wings subhyaline, the nervures fuscous ; a spot on
the lateral posterior angles of the metathorax, two ovate spots on the
scutellum, and a line on the postscutellum yellow. Abdomen : the
basal segment with a broadly interrupted fascia a little before its

LINN. PROG. — zoology. 11

160 SMITH ON HYMENOPTEBA OF ABU ISLANDS.

apical margin ; the second and fourth segments with a narrow yellow
fascia at their apical margins, which is widened laterally; beneath,
the second and third segments with a yellow spot on each side.

The Male differs from the female in having a large quadrate black spot
on the clypeus, and a spot at the base of the labrum ; there is also a
narrow yellow line on the posterior margin of the prothorax ; and the
third segment of the abdomen has a yellow fascia : it is also rather
smaller.

Hab. Aru.
This insect very closely resembles Larra prismatica, from Borneo,

Malacca, and Celebes, of which it may be a variety.

Gen. Bembex, Fahr.

1. Bembex melanehoHea, Smith, Cat. Hym. pt. iv. p. 328 ; Proc. Linn.

Soc, ii. p. 105.
Hab. Aru ; Sumatra ; Borneo.

Many of the specimens from Aru are less highly coloured than those
of Sumatra or Borneo : the yellow markings on the abdomen are fre-
quently much obliterated in the females ; others are as highly coloured
as any examples I have seen. ♦

G-en. PisoN, Spin.

1. PisoN NiTiDus. p. nitidus, niger, distincte pmictatus; alis sub-
hyalinis, venis fuscis ; segmentis abdominalibus apice depressis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Black and shining ; the head and thorax
strongly punctured ; the face beneath the antennae, the clypeus,
cheeks, and the sides of the segments of the abdomen covered with a
silvery down; the palpi pale testaceous; the mandibles obscurely
ferruginous at their apex. The metathorax transversely striated be-
hind, with a central longitudinal impressed line above, which is
transversely striated, and terminates in a deep fovea just beyond the
verge of the posterior inclined truncation ; the wings subhyaline ; the
nervures dark fuscous; the first recurrent nervure received at the
apex of the first submarginal cell, and the second at the base of the
third submarginal. Abdomen shining, and more delicately punc-
tured than the thorax ; the margins of the segments deeply depressed.

Hab. Aru, Key Island.

Gen. GoETTES, Latr.

I. GoRYTES CONSTRICTUS. G. niger ; clypei lateribus flavis ; coUari,
tuberculis postscutelloque flavis ; segmentorum abdominis marginibus
apicalibus flavis constrictis, pedibusque flavo variegatis.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black ; the head and thorax very closely punc-
tured and opake, the head slightly shining on the vertex ; the antennae
beneath and the apical half of the mandibles ferruginous, the latter
black at their tips ; the clypeus yellow at the sides, and coarsely
rugose in front. Thorax : the metathorax coarsely longitudinally

SMITH ON IIYMENOPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS. 161

rugose, with cinereous pubescence at the sides ; the antennae and
intermediate tibiae, the tarsi, and articulations of the legs reddish-
yellow ; wings subhyaline, with a fuscous cloud in the marginal cell,
which passes beyond to the apex of the wings ; the nervures fusco-
ferruginous ; the tegulae ferruginous. Abdomen shining, covered
with a thin, fine, cinereous pile, and with the margins of the segments
constricted; the apical margins of the segments with narrow yellow
fasciae, that on the fourth abbreviated on each side, on the fifth it is
obsolete; beneath, the second segment is opake, finely punctured,
and pilose ; the following segments smooth, shining, and with five
scattered punctures.

The Male strongly resembles the female, but is smaller and less varie-
gated with yellow ; the face covered with silvery down ; the scape and
base of the flagellum ferruginous beneath ; the clypeus yellow, except
its extreme base. The thorax black, with the legs rufo-piceous ; the
tibiae and tarsi pale ferruginous, variegated with yellow ; the sides of
the thorax beneath the wings longitudinally striated in both sexes,
most conspicuously so in the male. The abdomen with three narrow
interrupted fasciae.

Hab. Aru.

2. GoRYTES VAGUS. G. uigcr ; clypeo maculis duabus flavis notato ;
postscutello et segmentis primo et secundo fascia apicali flavis, fascia
in segment© primo subinterrupto.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black; the head finely punctured and
shining ; the anterior margin of the clypeus emarginate in the middle,
and more deeply so on each side ; on each side of the clypeus, at its
base, is an oblique yellow spot, and anteriorly it is roughly punctured ;
the mandibles roughened at their base, their apical half smooth,
shining, and ferruginous, with their apex black. Thorax subopake,
very closely punctured, and slightly shining ; the metathorax coarsely
longitudinaily rugose-striate ; the postscutellum yellow ; wings sub-
hyaline and iridescent, the nervures fusco-ferruginous ; a dark fuscous
cloud occupies the marginal cell. Abdomen smooth and shining,
with a slightly interrupted fascia a little before the apical margin of
the basal segment ; the second segment has a fascia at its apical
margin ; both are yellowish white ; the first is gradually widened to-
wards the sides of the segment, the second abruptly widened, with the
angle of the widened portion pointed inwards ; beneath the abdomen
is glossy, with the basal segment closely punctured and subopake ;
the margins of abdominal segments slightly constricted.

Hab. Key Island.

G-en. Teypoxtlon, Latr.

1. Trypoxylon ExiMiUM. T. nigrum ; clypeo argentato-pubescente ;
abdominis segmentis secundo tertio quartoque basi rubris ; alis hya-
linis.

11*

162 SMITH ON HTMENOPTEBA OE ARU ISLANDS.

Female. Length 8^ lines. Black, smooth, and shining ; the head and
thorax very delicately punctured ; the face and clypeus below the in-
sertion of the antennae densely covered with silvery-white pubescence ;
the anterior margin of the clypeus rounded and much produced, with
a slight curving upwards at its margin ; the mandibles yellow, with
their apex ferruginous ; the palpi pale testaceous ; the inner orbits of
the eyes very deeply notched. Thorax : the metathorax, the sides,
and beneath with a thin silvery-white pubescence, most dense on the
former ; the metathorax not distinctly enclosed at its base, but with
two shallow impressed lines, which mark the form of the usual en-
closed space ; a central longitudinal channel extends from its base
to the apex, slightly sub-interrupted in the middle ; the wings hyaline
and iridescent, the nervures dark fuscous ; the anterior and inter-
mediate tibiae in front, their tarsi, the apical joints of the posterior
pair, and the base of the tibiae very pale ferruginous ; the claw-joint
of the intermediate and posterior tarsi fuscous above; the calcaria
pale testaceous. Abdomen, the second, third, and base of the fourth
segment more or less ferruginous ; the apex of the basal petiolated
joint ferruginous beneath.

Hah. Aru and Key Island.

(j^en. Crabro, Fah\

1. Crabro solitarius. C. niger; abdomine petiolato ; scapo flagel-
lique articulo ultimo, collari, tuberculis, postscutelli maculis duabus
flavis ; pedibus petioloque basi ferrugineis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Black and opake ; the head large, quadrate,
and wider than the thorax ; the ocelli in a curve on the vertex ; the
clypeus covered with silvery pubescence, carinated in the middle, and
slightly produced ; the scape and basal joint of the flagellum pale
yellow. Thorax : an interrupted line on the collar, the tubercles, a
spot beneath the wings, and two minute ones on the postscutellum
yellow ; the disk of the thorax longitudinally delicately rugose ; the
metathorax obliquely striated, with an enclosed space at its base, and
having a central longitudinal channel, the sides covered with thin
silvery pubescence ; the wings hyaline and iridescent, the nervures
fuscous ; the legs ferruginous, variegated with yellow. Abdomen :
the basal petiolated segment ferruginous, with its apical half black
above ; the apical segment with an angular shape at its base, which
is smooth and shining, with its lateral margins carinate, the extreme
apex ferruginous; beneath smooth and shining, with the apical
margins rufo-piceous.

Hah. Aru.

This species would, according to the views of some Hymenopterists,

belong to the genus Rhopalum of Kirby.

SMITH ON HYMENOPTEKA OE ARU ISLANDS. 163

Group SOLITARY WASPS.

Earn. EUMEJNTIDiE, Westw.

Gen. EuMENES, Latr.

1. Euraenes arcuata, Fabr. Syst. Piez. 287. H.

Hab. Key Island; coast of New Guinea (Triton Bay); Australia.

Gen. Pachymenes, Sauss.

1. Pachymenes viridis. p. Isete viridis ; facie pube argentato-alba
tecta ; alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Bright green; the head, thorax, and basal
segment of the abdomen rugose, the rest of the abdomen finely and
very closely punctured ; the clypeus thinly covered with a fine silvery-
white pubescence, its apex produced and truncate. Thorax : the
metathorax rounded behind, a deep longitudinal impressed line in the
middle, and with fine silvery down at the sides and behind ; the wings
subhyaline, with a fuscous stain along the anterior margin of the
superior pair; the legs rufo-piceous ; the coxse, femora, and tibiae
more or less tinged with green.

Hab. Aru.

Gen. Ehtnchium, Spin.

1. Rhynchium mirabile, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. 106. 6, t. 14. f. 5^ .
Hab. Aru ; Tasmania.

The Male of this fine species closely resembles the female ; it is
black, with a transverse spot above the insertion of the antennae, an
abbreviated narrow line behind the eyes, another on the lower margin
of their emargination ; the scape in front and the clypeus yellow, the
latter notched at its apex ; a minute yellow spot at the base of the
mandibles ; the antennae, tibiae, apex of the femora, and the tarsi ferru-
ginous ; the basal joint of the intermediate and posterior tarsi dusky ;
the intermediate femora deeply excavated or hollowed beneath ; the
prothorax yellow above ; the metathorax truncate, transversely striated
with several minute teeth on the lateral margins; the wings hyaline,
tinted with yellow, their apical margins slightly clouded; the apical
margins of all the segments of the abdomen bordered with yellow, that
on the first segment narrowest. The only particulars in which the
female apparently differs from Saussure's description, is that the second
fascia on the abdomen is widest at the sides, and there are three little
teeth on each side of the margins of the metathorax.

The Female is also in the Paris Museum.

2. Rhynchium superbum, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Sol. p. 113. 18.
Hab. Aru; New Holland.

X64 SMITH ON HYMENOPTEllA OF AHU ISLANDS.

Our example of this species slightly diifers in coloration from the
description of Saussure. He says, " black, with the vertex, the front, the
prothorax, and the border of all the segments of the abdomen, except
the first, yellow ; the wings yellow ;" in the Aru specimen, the sinus of
the eyes, a spot above the clypeus, a reversed crescent-shaped spot
crossing the ocelli, two oblique spots behind them, and a broad elongate
stripe behind the eyes yellow. These slight differences cannot charac-
terize more than a variety ; in every other particular they exactly cor-
respond.

Gen. Odyneeus, Latr.

1. Odynerus petiolatus. O. niger; clypeo apiculato; capite,
thorace abdomineque flavo variis ; abdomine petiolato ; alis sub-
hyalinis.

Female. Length 7i lines. Black ; head' and thorax strongly punc-
tured ; two confluent spots between the antennae, a line on the inner
orbits of the eyes, terminating in their emargination, an oblong spot
behind them, a spot at the base of the mandibles, the scape in front,
and the clypeus yellow ; the latter with a large black spot in the
middle, and with its anterior margin prolonged into an acute point ;
the mandibles ferruginous, with their base and margins black ; the
flagellum fulvous beneath. Thorax : an interrupted line on the collar,
a spot beneath the wings, the outer margin of the tegulse, two spots
on the scutellum, two longitudinal curved lines on the metathorax,
extending from the base to the apex, yellow ; the yellow lines on the
metathorax curving inwards. The tibiae, tarsi, and apex of the femora
ferruginous ; the intermediate and posterior tibiae with a fuscous line
outside, a spot on the coxae outside, a stripe at the apex of the anterior
femora beneath, another on the intermediate pair, and a line on
the anterior tibiae, behind, yellow; wings subhyaline, their margins
fuscous. Abdomen petiolated ; a fascia on the apical margins of all
the segments, and the petiole, yellow ; the third and following fasciae
narrowest ; all the fasciae continued beneath the abdomen.

Hab. Aru.

2. Odynerus agilis. 0. niger ; capite thoraceque distincte, abdomine
delicatule punctatis ; pedibus ferrugineis ; abdominis segmentis du-
obus basalibus flavo fasciatis ; alis subhyalinis.

Male. Length 6 lines. Black ; the scape in front, a line on the inner
margin of the eyes, terminating in their emargination, an abbreviated
line behind them, and the clypeus yellow ; the latter deeply emargi-
nate, forming two teeth. Thorax : a line in the middle of the ante-
rior margin of the prothorax, two spots on the verge of the emargina-
tion of the metatliorax, and a fascia on the apical margins of the first
and second segments of the abdomen yellow ; the legs ferruginous ;
the wings subhyaline, the anterior margin of the superior pair fuscous ;
the outer margin of the tegula; yellowish.

Hab. Aru.

SMITH ON HTMENOPTERA OF AEU ISLANDS. 165

3. Odynerus multipictus. O. niger, flavo raaculatus et punctatus;
pedibus flavis, alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 4 lines. Black ; the head and thorax strongly punc-
tured, the abdomen finely and distantly so ; the clypeus, a spot
above it, the inner and outer orbits of the eyes, and the scape in front
yellow ; the clypeus deeply emarginate in front ; the mandibles fer-
ruginous, with a yellow spot at their base. Thorax : the prothorax
in front, the tegulse and two spots beneath the wings, the scutellum,
and sides of the metathorax yellow; the legs yellow, with ferru-
ginous stains ; the femora with a black or dark stain above ; wings
hyaline, with a fuscous stain along the anterior border of the superior
pair. Abdomen : a yellow fascia on the apical margins of the two
basal segments ; the three following segments with very narrow yellow
borders, and the apical segment entirely reddish-yellow.

Hab. Aru.

4. Odynerus modestus. O. niger ; abdominis segmentis duobus
basalibus flavo fasciatis j tibiis tarsisque ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis ;
abdominis segmento primo basi transversim biearinato.
Female. Length 4 line's. Black ; head and thorax coarsely punctured ;
the vertex swollen ; the scape of the antennae, a spot between them,
and the clypeus yellow ; the latter with a transverse black spot in
the middle, deeply notched in front, and having a carina on each side,
in a line with the angle or tooth of the emargination ; the flagellum
ferruginous towards the apex beneath ; wings hyaline, with a fuscous
cloud in the marginal cell ; the tibiae and tarsi ferruginous. Abdo-
men : the base truncate, with an oblique space above the truncation,
the margin of both defined by an elevated ridge or carina ; a narrow
fascia on the apical margin of the basal segment, and a broader one
on the second ; the latter continued beneath the abdomen.
Hab. Aru.

This species is undoubtedly allied to 0. Sichellii of Saussure ; but,
beside dijBPering in the colour of its legs, and of the bands of the abdo-
men, it wants the strong tubercle at the base of the second segment of
the latter.

Gren. Alastoe, St.-Farg.

1. Alastor unifasciatus. a. niger; macula inter antennas, ab-
dominisque margine apicali et segmento secundo flavis ; ahs fuscis.

Female. Length 6^ lines. Black ; the head and thorax strongly punc-
tured ; the face, sides of the clypeus, cheeks, and base of the man-
dibles with a fine silky silvery-white pubescence ; the clypeus convex,
its anterior margin emarginate ; from each angle of the emargination
a shining carina runs more than halfway up the clypeus; a minute
spot between the antennae, and two on the anterior margin of the
prothorax, yellow ; the wings fuscous, palest at their posterior mar-

166 SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

gins. Abdomen finely and closely punctured ; the third segment
strongly so ; a broad yellow fascia on the apical margin of the second
segment.
Hab. Aru.

2. Alastor apicatus. A. niger; abdominis segmentis primo et se-
cundo aurantiaco-rubris ; alls fuscis.

Male. Length 5 1 lines. Black; the head and thorax strongly punc-
tured; a spot between the antennae, the scape in front, and the
clypeus yellow ; the latter with a large black spot at its base, ante-
riorly deeply emarginate; wings fuscous; the tegulse with a rufo-
testaceous spot at their outer margins ; the tarsi and articulations of
the legs ferruginous. Abdomen bright orange-red, with the third and
following segments black ; the base rugose, the second segment finely
punctured, the rest much more strongly so.

Hab. Aru.

Group SOCIAL WASPS.
ram. VESPID^, StepJi.

\. IscHNOGASTER IRIDIPENNIS. I. rufcsccnti-fuscus flavo varius;
vertice et metathorace nigris, alis subhyalinis et pulcherrime iridescen-
tibus.
Male. Length T\ lines. Head yellow, above the insertion of the
antennae black; antemige black, with the scape, basal joint of the
antennae, and the mandibles feiTuginous ; the flagellum obscurely
ferruginous beneath ; the clypeus produced at the apex into an acute
tooth. Thorax pale ferruginous ; the metathorax black, with a ferru-
ginous spot on each side in front ; the scutellum with a reddish-brown
spot in the middle, the postscutellum yellow and subinterrupted in
the middle; the sides of the thorax yellow anteriorly, the yellow
portion w^ith two black spots ; the legs slightly variegated with
yellow ; wings subhyaline and brilliantly iridescent, the marginal cell
with a fuscous cloud. Abdomen brown ; the petiole pale testaceous
at its apex and ferruginous beneath, longer than the head and thorax ;
the second segment has a yellow macula on each side, and, beneath, a
smaller spot on each side in a line with the side spots ; the first seg-
ment has its basal portion yellow beneath, and a blackish spot in the
centre rather behind the middle.
Hab. Aru.

This species in many particulars agrees with the I. nitidipennis of
Saussure, but diff'ers in too many, I think, to be considered the same
species ; the second recurrent nervure is straight at the upper extremity,
then curved towards the margin of the wing, and again straight at its
lower extremity; the third submarginal cell is much wider than the
fourth.

SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS. 167

Q-en. IcARiA, Sauss.

1. Icai'ia maculiventris, Saiiss. Mon. Guepes Soc. p. 23. 1. — Rhopalidia
maculiventris, Gu&. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. pt. 2. Ins. p. 267, pi. i^- fig- 8.

Hab. Aru; New Guinea.

2. IcARiA NIGRA. I. nigra; clypeo antice angulato; metathorace con-
cavo et transversim striate; alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black, punctured and opake ; the clypeus
terminating in a sharp-pointed angle ; the base and apex of the man-
dibles rufo-piceous ; the scape ferruginous in front ; the face with a
thin, fine, griseous pubescence. Thorax shghtly margined in front ;
an obscure testaceous spot on each side of the postscutellum, the
metathorax concave and transversely striated ; wings hyaline. Ab-
domen with a short petiole to the basal segment, which is very short
and cam})anulate ; at its posterior margin are two minute, obscure, pale
spots ; beneath, the margins of the apical segments are rufo-piceous.

Hab. Aru.

3. IcARiA FASCiATA. /. nigra; clypei margine antico, maculis duabus
postscutelli flavis ; segmentis abdominis ad apicem flavo anguste
fasciatis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Black ; the clypeus angular in front, its
anterior margin and a spot on the mandibles yellow ; the antennae
rufo-testaceous beneath. Thorax: the anterior margin of the pro-
thorax slightly rebordered ; the anterior coxse with a spot in front
and two spots on the postscutellum yellow ; the anterior and inter-
mediate tibise beneath, the tarsi beneath and the claw-joint entirely,
ferruginous; wings hyaline with a fuscous stain along the anterior
margin of the superior pair; the metathorax oblique and slightly
concave, with an acute stout tooth on each side. Abdomen : the
basal segment campanulate, the petiole short ; a narrow yellow fascia
on the apical margin of all the segments.

Hab. kxvi.

4. IcARiA BRUNNEA. /. rufesccuti-fusca ; coxis femoribusquc obscuris ;
alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 3| lines. Reddish-brown; head and thorax punc-
tured, the abdomen finely rugose; the clypeus and mandibles pale
ferruginous, the former with a darker spot in the middle, the anterior
margin angular. The anterior margin of the prothorax slightly re-
bordered ; the wings hyaline and iridescent, with a fuscous stain .
along the anterior margin of the superior pair; the metathorax
abruptly truncate. Abdomen : the basal margin of the third and
following segments black.

Hab. Aru.

5. IcARiA GRACILIS. I. nigra flavo variegata; abdominis scgmento
basali elongato, gracili et petiolato ; alis hyalinis.

168 SMITH ON HTMENOPTEEA OF AEU ISLANDS.

Female. Length 7 lines. Black; the seape in front, the sides and
apical margin of the clypeus, and a spot at the base of the mandibles
yellow; the cheeks reddish-yellow; the antennae ferruginous; the
head covered with short griseous pubescence. Thorax with obscure
ferruginous tints and a short griseous pubescence, most dense on the
sides and beneath ; the anterior margin of the prothorax, the tegulaj,
scutellum and postscutellum, a broad stripe on each side of the
metathorax, the coxae, and the anterior and intermediate femora, at
their apex beneath, yellow ; the scutellum with a ferruginous stain in
the middle, the postscutellum with a black stain, the coxae ferru-
ginous above, the tibiae and tarsi ferruginous beneath ; wings hyaline,
with a fuscous stain along the anterior margin of the superior pair.
Abdomen : a yellow fascia on the apical margin of the first and second
segments ; that on the following segments rufo-testaceous.

Hab. Aru.

6. IcARiA UNicoLOR. I. rufesccnti-fusca, tenuiter cinereo-pubescens.

Female. Length 5 lines. Reddish-brown, covered with a thin cinereous
pubescence; the clypeus acutely angular anteriorly; the metathorax
oblique and delicately striated transversely ; wings fusco-hyaline ; the
petiole of the abdomen long, the segment campanulated and narrow.

Hab. Key Island.

Gen. PoLiSTES, Latr.

\. Polistes tepidus, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 271. 7-

Hab. Aru ; Key Island ; Solomon Islands ; New Guinea ; Australia.

2. Polistes diabolicus, Sauss. Mon. Guepes Soc. 68. 26, t. 6. f. 7-
Hab. Aru; Java; Timor.

3. Polistes stigma, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 261, 41.
Hab. Aru; Celebes; Ceram; India.

Var. The specimens from Aru differ from the typical ones in wanting
the two longitudinal yellow lines on the metathorax, which is entirely
black. Saussure has a variety with the metathorax black between the
lines ; of two examples from Celebes, one has the yellow lines entire,
the other has them abbreviated at half their length.

4. Polistes nigrifrons. P. capite thoraceque nigris, flavo et ferru-
gineo variegatis; abdomine ferrugineo, segmentis basi nigris, mar-
ginibus apicalibus flavis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Head and thorax black ; the anterior margin
of the clypeus angular and narrowly rufo-testaceous ; the mandibles,
palpi, and antennae ferruginous ; the scape, and flagellum above,
except the basal joint, fuscous ; the outer orbits of the eyes with a
narrow yellow line. The anterior margin of the prothorax slightly
rebordered, the posterior margin ferruginous ; the outer margin of
the tegulae reddish-yellow ; wings subhyaline with a fusco-ferruginous
stain along the anterior margins of the superior pair ; the metathorax

SMITH ON HYMEKOPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS. 169

finely striated transversely, and with two yellow stripes running
upwards halfway from the base, the posterior margin of the pectus,
tips of the coxae, the femora at their base and apex, the tibise and
tarsi beneath, ferruginous ; tips of the femora, and tibise above, yel-
lowish. Abdomen ferruginous, with the base of the second and fol-
lowing segments black ; the first and three following segments with a
yellow fascia on their apical margins; beneath, the two basal seg-
ments entirely ferruginous.

Hab. Aru.
This species is closely allied to the P . fastidiosus of Saussure, and,

notwithstanding the difi^erence in colouring, may possibly, I think, be

an extreme variety of that species.

5. PoLiSTES ELEGANS. P. ferrugiueus ; capite thoraeeque flavo variis ;
segmentis abdominis flavo marginatis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Ferruginous ; the clypeus, mandibles, cheeks,
and the face, as high as the middle of the emargination of the eyes,
yellow. Thorax: the margins of the prothorax, two longitudinal
stripes on the mesothorax, the scutellum, postscutellum, and sides of
the metathorax broadly, yellow ; the legs beneath, the coxae and the
sides of the thorax spotted with yellow ; the intermediate and pos-
terior coxae spotted with ferruginous or fusco-ferruginous ; the meta-
thorax finely striated transversely ; the wings hyaline with the nervures
ferruginous. Abdomen : the first and three following segments with
yellow marginal fasciae, that on the fourth usually more or less obli-
terated.

Hab. Aru; Key Island.

X.

Fam. EYANID^, Leach. . ^ ^. .J^li

a^W

if:

Gen. FffiNTis, Fahr. , .

1. FcENUS GRACILIS. F. nigcr, facie lateribusque thoracis argenteo
pilosis ; pedibus anticis et intermediis pallide -rufo-testaceis, tibiis
posticis basi tarsisque albis; abdomine subtus rufo-testaceo.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black; sub-opake ; the face, sides of the
thorax and beneath with silvery pubescence ; the mandibles, palpi,
and scape in front rufo-testaceous. Thorax : the anterior and inter-
mediate legs rufo-testaceous, the femora having a darker stain above ;
the posterior legs black, with the base of the tibiae and the tarsi
white. Abdomen rufo-testaceous beneath; the ovipositor white at
its apex. .J/

Hab. Aru. C >DC?^^'^

Gen. Stenophasm¥s. --- 0\

Head globose; antennae longer than the body, and very slender and
setaceous ; the prothorax forming a slender neck ; the anterior wings
with one marginal and three submarginal cells ; the femom shghtly

170 SMITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OF AllU ISLANDS.

incrassate, not denticulate ; the tarsi 5-j()iuted. Abdomen petiolated,

the petiole as long as the abdomen; the ovipositor as long as the

petiole and abdomen united.

This genus is founded on the examination of a single individual, which
in general appearance exactly resembles the smaller species of the genus
Megisnhus', on examination, however, it will be found that it differs
from that genus in the neuration of the anterior wings ; its femora are
not denticulate, in which character it differs from both Megischus and
Stephanus ; with the latter genus it agrees in having 5-jointed tarsi.

1. Stenophasmus ruficeps. -S. niger; capite et antennarum basi
rufis ; ovipositore tarsisque pallid^ testaceis ; petiolo abdominis cylin-
drico ; alis subhyalinis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Black, slightly shining; head globose, red
and sprinkled with white hairs, and delicately striated transversely.
Thorax sprinkled with white pubescence above, the sides more thickly
clothed with the same ; above, the thorax is transversely rugose, on
the metathorax becoming more regularly striate ; the metathorax has
a central longitudinal carina and also one on each side ; the legs
sprinkled with erect white hairs ; the tarsi pale rufo-testaceous with
the claw-joint black; wings subhyaline, with a broad light-fuscous
stain along the centre of the anterior pair ; a hyaline streak crosses
them at the base of the stigma. Abdomen : the petiole as long as
the thorax, narrowest at the base of the abdomen ; it is rugose at the
base ; the ovipositor pale testaceous.

Hab. Aru.

Fam. ICHNEUMONID^, Leach.

Gen. Ichneumon.

1. Ichneumon insula ris. I. niger; capite thoraceque albo varie-
gatis ; abdominis segmentorum primo, secundo tertioque albo macu-
latis.

Length 7i lines. Black ; the orbits of the eyes, the face before the
antennae, the mandibles and palpi yellowish -white ; the fllagellum
with the joints from the 14th to 25th white. Thorax : a line on each
side before the tegulse, a spot beneath the wings, two at the sides of
the pectus, the anterior coxae in front, and a narrow line on each side
of the scutellum yellowish-white ; the anterior and intermediate legs
and a spot beneath the posterior tibiae rufo-testaceous; the wings
hyaline, the nervures black. Abdomen : a minute spot at the lateral
apical margins of the three basal segments, and a large central one on
the two apical segments, white.

Hab. Key Island.

Gen. Crtpttjs, Fabr.

1, Cryptus scutellatus. C. ferrugineus; tibiis posticis tarsisque
albo annulatis : scutello tuberculato.

SMITH OK HYMEKOPTERA OF ARTI ISLANDS. 171

Female. Length 5 lines. Ferruginous ; the face testaceous-yellow, an
elongate black spot on the vertex enclosing the ocelli and extending
to the insertion of the antennae ; the latter black, with the scape
ferruginous in front. Thorax : the scutellum elevated, forming a
compressed tubercle, its side view wedge-shaped ; the wings hyaline
the nervures black, the base of the wings yellowish ; the apical joints
of the intermediate tarsi, the tips of the posterior femora, the extreme
base of the tibiae, their apical half, and the tarsi black ; the inter-
mediate portion of the tibiae yellow ; the apical segment of the
abdomen black.

Hab. Aru.

Gen. Mesostenus, Grav.

1. Mesostenus pictus. M. niger; capite thoraceque flavo striatis et
punctatis; pedibus flavis nigro et ferrugineo lavatis; segmentis ab-
dominalibus flavo marginatis ; alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 8 lines. Black; a large ovate spot on the cheeks
touching the mandibles, the labrum, palpi, inner orbits of the eyes,
and from the 7th to the 10th joints of the antennae yellow^ish-white.
Thorax : an ovate spot in the middle of the disk of the mesothorax,
the tegulae, a spot beneath them, two larger spots beneath the wings,
the scutellum, a spot on the postscutellum uniting with another at the
base of the metathorax, a trilobed spot at its apex, and a subovate one
on each side yellowish-white ; the coxae white with black stains on the
intermediate and posterior pairs ; the femora white beneath, the ante-
rior and intermediate pairs with a black line above, the posterior pair
ferruginous above ; the tibiae and tarsi whitish beneath, stained more
or less fusco-ferruginous above; wings hyaline. Abdomen: all the
segments with yellowish-white fasciae on their apical margins, the
fasciae continued beneath ; the ovipositor about the length of the
abdomen, the valves broadest at their apex.

Hab. Am.

2. Mesostenus agilis. M. niger; antennis medio albis; thorace pe-
dibusque albo variegatis ; abdominis marginibus fasciis albis.

Female. Length 6 lines. Black ; the joints of the antennae, from the
6th to 13th, white, the vertex also white. Thorax : a spot in the
middle of the disk of the mesothorax, the scutellum, a spot on the
postscutellum, two beneath the wings, the apex of the metathorax,
and a spot on each side white; the legs white, the anterior pair
slightly fuscous above ; the intermediate femora and tibiae beneath,
and the tarsi above, black ; the posterior femora above and beneath
the tibiae, except their extreme base and the base and apex of the
tarsi, black ; wings hyaline, the nervures black. Abdomen : the
apical margins of the segments, excepting the fourth and fifth, with
white fasciae, the second and third fasciae attenuated in the middle.

Hab. Aru,

172 SMITH ON HTMENOPTEBA OF ARU ISLANDS.

3. Mesostenus albopictus. M. niger, albo variiis; alls hyalinis.

Female. Length 7 lines. Black ; the clypeus, mandibles, palpi, the
joints of the antennae from the sixth to the thirteenth, and a broad
stripe at the inner orbits of the eyes white. Thorax : an ovate spot
on each side of the prothorax above, a similar spot in the middle of
the mesothorax, the tegulse, scutellum and postscutellum, a T-shaped
spot reversed on the metathorax, a large quadrate one on its sides,
three irregular-shaped maculae beneath the wings, and the anterior
and intermediate legs white, the legs with a black line above ; the
posterior legs have a large spot on the coxae behind, the trochanters,
the tibiae, and tarsi white, the tibiae black at their apex, and the
femora palish at their base outside ; the wings hyaline and iridescent,
with the nervures black. The abdomen beneath, and the apical mar-
gins of the segments above, white.

Male. Rather smaller than the female, but only differs otherwise in
the colour of the legs, the anterior and intermediate pairs being
entirely yellowish-white, excepting the intermediate tibiae and tarsi,
which are slightly fuscous above ; the posterior femora are ferru-
ginous, the tibiae and tarsi white, with the base and apex of the two
former black as well as the apical joint of the tarsi.

Hab. Key Island.

Gen. PiMPLA, Fahr.

1. PiMPLA OCHRACEA. P. ochracca ; antcunis ferrugincis ; facic lutca ;
alis hyalinis, apice fuscis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Entirely ochraceous, with the face and scape
in front yellow ; the body beneath is pale ochraceous ; the antennae
ferruginous, above dusky ; the eyes emarginate within ; the tarsi have
the tips of the claws black ; the wings flavo-hyaline, with the apex of
the anterior pair fuscous, the nervures black, becoming yellow at the
base of the wings. The head, thorax, legs, and base of the abdomen
smooth and shining ; the abdomen, except the base, finely punctured ;
a transverse impressed row of punctures a little before the apical
margin of each segment, and the space between impunctate.

Hab. Aru.

2. PiMPLA BRACONOiDEs. P. rufo-flava ; antennis tarsisque et abdo-
minis dimidio posteriori nigris ; alis fuscis, dimidio basali ilavis.

Female. Length 6 lines. Ferruginous ; the posterior tarsi and the
fourth and following segments of the abdomen black; the head is
reddish yellow, the eyes brown ; the scape and two or three of the
basal joints of the flagellum ferruginous, the rest fuscous ; the basal
half of the wings flavo-hyaline, the apical half fuscous ; the stigma
yellow, with a subhyaline macula beneath, and two other similar
irregular-shaped spots. The abdomen with two longitudinal carinae

SMITH OS HYMENOPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS. 173

on the basal segment, and a transverse curved impressed line on the

other segments.
Hab. Key Island.

This species might at first sight be mistaken for a species of the genus
Bracon. The male only differs from the female in having the abdomen
black, with only the basal segment yellow ; the wings are only very
slightly yellow at their base ; it is also rather smaller.

3. PiMFLA PENETRANS. P. flavo-fcrruginea ; flagello fusco ; alis
flavo-hyalinis, apice fuscis.

Female. Length 4^ lines. Reddish yellow, smooth, and shining ; the
face testaceous, with slight fuscous stains ; the scape and two or three
of the basal joints of the flagellum yellow in front ; the wings hyahne,
with a yellowish tinge ; the nervures black, except the costal nervure,
which is ferruginous towards the base, the apex of the wings slightly
clouded ; the posterior tibiaj fuscous above. Abdomen : the segments
with slightly impressed oblique depressions, the ovipositor shorter
than the abdomen, and black.

The Male only differs in having the abdomen rather more slender.

Hab. Aru.

4. PiMPLA FERRUGiNEA. P. flavo-fcrruginea ; autennis supra fuscis ;
alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 5^ lines. Ferruginous, with the head and thorax
beneath yellow -testaceous ; the coxae also are of the same colour; the
flagellum slightly fuscous above ; the wings flavo-hyaUne, the ner-
vures black; the two basal segments of the abdomen shining, the
third and the following segments subopake ; the ovipositor as long as
the abdomen.

Hab. Key Island.

5. PiMPLA PLAGiATA. P. flavo-rufa ; antennis strigisque tribus
mesothoracis nigris ; alis hyalinis, apice cellulae marginalis fusco uni-
maculato.

Female. Length 5| lines. Yellow, the legs with ferruginous stains;
the antennae black, with the scape yellow in front ; the head with a
large ovate black spot behind the ocelli. Thorax finely punctured on
the disk of metathorax, which has three longitudinal broad black
stripes, a narrow black line on the posterior margin of both the scu-
tellum and postscutellum ; wings hyaline, the nervures black, with
a dark fuscous spot at the apex of the marginal cell. Abdomen
reddish-yellow, with the apical margins of the segments yellow ; the
ovipositor black, and shorter than the abdomen.

Hab. Aru.

Gen. Ehyssa, Grav.

1. Rhyssa maculipennis. R. rufescenti-flava ; antennis et vertice
nigris ; alis hyalinis, plaga nigro-fusca.

174 SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ABU ISLANDS.

Male. Length 9 lines. Ferruginous ; the head of a yellow testaceous,
with the vertex and antennae black ; the scape ferruginous in front ;
the mandibles black. Thorax : the mesothorax and scutellum trans-
versely rugose, the former with two deeply impressed lines in front,
which converge inwards, and meet in the middle of the disk ; wings
hyaline, with a yellow tinge on the anterior pair, the nervures black ;
a black stripe crosses the middle of the marginal cell, and terminates
at the inferior margin of the discoidal cell ; the legs ferruginous, with
the posterior tarsi black. Abdomen smooth, shining, ferruginous.

Hob. Aru.

2. Rhyssa vestigator. R. ferruginea ; antennis, mesothorace, me-
tathoracisque basi nigris ; abdomine lineari, nitido et Isevi ; alis hya-
linis, apice subfuscato.

Male. Length 9 lines. Head testaceous -yellow, with the vertex ferru-
ginous; the antennae fusco-ferruginous. Thorax black, with the
prothorax, a large oblique spot beneath the wings, the scutellum, and
metathorax yellow, the base of the latter black ; the mesothorax and
scutellum rugose ; the metathorax smooth and shining ; the legs
ferruginous, with the anterior coxse in front and the posterior pair
behind yellow ; the posterior coxae black beneath ; wings hyaline,
faintly clouded at their apical margins. Abdomen elongate, linear,
glossy, smooth, and shining, ferruginous, with the base and lateral
margins blackish.

Hah. Aru.

G-en. Beacon, Fair,

\. Bracon basalis. B. capite, thorace, pedibus anticis et inter-
mediis, femoribus posticis ferrugineis; tibiis tarsisque et abdomine
nigris, segmento basali flavo ; alis fusco-hyalinis.

Female. Length 4^ lines. The head, scape in front, thorax, anterior
and intermediate legs, the posterior coxae, trochanters, and femora,
and the first segment of the abdomen, and a semicircular spot in the
middle of the base of the second, yellow-ferruginous ; the antennae,
the posterior tibiae and tarsi, fuscous ; abdomen shining black ; the
thorax smooth and shining ; the wings fusco-hy aline. The basal
segment of the abdomen with a longitudinal impressed line on each
side, the second segment with an oblique depression, the third with
an impressed line, curved forwards and extending to the lateral mar-
gins ; the base of the segment has a row of short, deeply impressed
striae ; the ovipositor shorter than the abdomen.

Hah, Aru.

2. Bracon albo-marginatus. JB. capite, thorace pedibusque ferru-
gineis ; abdomine nigris annulis albo-marginatis ; alis fusco-hyalinis.

Female. Length A\ lines. Head, thorax, and legs ferruginous, smooth,
and shining; antennae and abdomen black, the latter smooth and

SMITH ON HYMENOPTEEA OY ARTJ ISLANDS. 175

shining, the posterior margins of the third and following segments
with a narrow bluish-white fascia ; the posterior tarsi slightly fuscous ;
the wings fusco-hyahne ; the ovipositor a little longer than the
abdomen.
Hab. Aru.

3. Bracon nigripennis. B. thorace, pedibus anticis et intermediis,
femoribusque posticis ferrugineis ; tibiis tarsisque posticis et abdomine
nigris ; alis nigro-fuscis ; capite luteo-testaceo.

Female. Length 9 lines. Head testaceous, the antennae black. Thorax,
anterior and intermediate legs, the posterior coxae, trochanters and
femora, the tegulse, extreme base of the wings, and the base of the
stigma ferruginous ; the thorax smooth and shining ; the wings brown-
black, with a small hyaline spot in the first submarginal cell. Abdo-
men longitudinally aciculate, a central carina at the base of the first
segment, the second segment with an oblique impressed line running
from the lateral angles of its basal margin, and meeting in the centre
of its posterior margin ; the margins of all the segments constricted ;
the ovipositor shorter than the abdomen.

Hab. Aru.

4. Bracon EXOLETus. B. niger ; capite, thorace, pedibus anterioribus
et intermediis ferrugineis ; alis subhyalinis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Head, scape of the antennae, thorax, ante-
rior and intermediate legs, ferruginous ; flagellum and tips of the
mandibles black. Thorax smooth and shining ; wings fusco-hyaline,
the nervures dark brown ; the posterior legs fusco-ferruginous. Ab-
domen rugose and subopake ; the basal segment black in the middle,
with the base and lateral margins ferruginous, the sides deeply chan-
neled; the second segment with an arrow-headed shining space in
the middle of its base ; the ovipositor shorter than the abdomen.

Hab. Aru.

5. Bracon ABDOMiNALis. B. rufo-flavus; antennis fuscis ; alis sub-
hyalinis ; abdomine ovato.

Female. Length 3 lines. Reddish yellow ; head and thorax smooth
and shining ; the head narrower than the thorax ; wings fusco-
hyaline ; abdomen ovate, broader than the thorax, the first and second
segments rugose, with deep sculptured impressions ; the second seg-
ment has an ovate shining space in the middle at its basal margin ;
the third segment is deeply depressed and sculptured at the base,
leaving a transverse arched space at its apex, the width of the entire
segment ; the following segments have their margins very deeply
depressed.

Hab. Aru.

6. Bracon nitidus. jB. niger ; capite, thorace pedibusque et abdo-
minis segmento primo ferrugineis, totis nitidissimis.

Female. Length 4 lines. Ferruginous, with the flagellum, second and

LINX. PROC. ZOOLOGY. 12

176 SMITH ON HYMENOPTERA OF ARU ISLANDS.

following segments shining black ; the thorax smooth and shining,
with the scutellum prominent; the wings subhyaline, their apical
margins clouded, their extreme base yellowish, the nervures dark
brown, the stigma black. Abdomen : the second and third segments
with deeply impressed oblique lines on each side, and the basal mar-
gins of the following segments depressed.
Hab. Am.

7. Bracon pallifrons. B. niger; thorace pedibusque anticis et
intermediis ferrugineis ; alis fuscis.

Female. Length 6 lines. Head obscure, testaceous yellow ; the eyes
brown; the antennae black. Thorax and the anterior and intermediate
legs ferruginous ; an ovate black spot on the metathorax ; and the
posterior legs black, with the articulations obscurely ferruginous ;
wings dark fuscous, with the nervures and stigma black, the base of
the latter yellowish, and a hyaline streak beneath it, which crosses
the first submarginal cell. Abdomen black and shining; the first
segment with some coarse striae at the apex ; the second with a central
forked carina and an oblique one on each side running inwards to
the apex of the segment ; between the carinas are a number of deep
grooves ; the lateral margins of the three basal segments carinated ;
the third segment has a row of short deep striae at its base ; the ovi-
positor longer than the body.

Hab. Aru.

8. Bracon intrudens. JB. niger ; thorace, pedibus anticis inter-
mediisque et abdominis segmento basali ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis.

Female. Length 5 lines. Black ; the thorax, anterior and intermediate
legs, the articulations of the posterior pair, and the base of the abdo-
men ferruginous, entirely smooth and shining ; the wings subhyaline,
the nervures fusco-ferruginous, an irregular fuscous stain at the base
of the first submarginal cell, extending beyond it. Abdomen : the
basal segment margined at the sides ; the second segment with an
oblique deeply impressed line running inwards, not quite meeting or
extending to the apical margin.

Hab. Aru.

G-en. Agathis, Latr.

1. Agathis fumipennis. A. ferruginea; capite, abdominis apice
tarsisque posticis nigris ; alis obscure fuscis.

Female. Length 4 lines. Reddish-yellow; the head, apical joint of
the intermediate tarsi, the apex of the posterior tibiae, and the third
and following segments of the abdomen black ; the thorax and legs
with a thin, short, pale fulvous pubescence ; the head and abdomen
smooth and shining ; the head produced before the eyes into a kind
of beak, rufo-piceous anteriorly. Thorax narrowed before the wings,
which are dark fuscous, with a hyaline irregular mark below the

SMITH ON HYMEHfOPTEEA OF ARU ISLANDS. 177

stigma, crossing the submarginal cell; the anterior margin of the
anterior wings pubescent ; the metathorax broad, margined laterally,
with a central forked carina, and a crooked one on each side ; the
posterior legs incrassate. Abdomen with the sides of the upper sur-
face carinated.
Hah. Aru.

Fam. CHEYSIDID^, Leach.

Gren. Stilbum, Spin.

\. Stilbum splendidum, Fahr. Syst. Piez. p. 1/0. 1.
Hab. Aru; Senegal; Java; Bengal.

2. Stilbum amethystinum, Fabr. Syst. Piez. p. 176. 32.
Hab. Aru ; Australia.

Fabricius includes this insect in the genus Chrysis ; the typical spe-
cimen, however, proves that it belongs to the more modern genus
Stilbum : it is very distinct from -S. splendidum, being much more
strongly and coarsely punctured ; and the teeth which arm the apical
segment are diiFerently disposed on the margin.

Fam. TENTHEEDINIDiE, Leach.
Gren. Oetssus, Fabr.

1. Oryssus maculipennis. O. niger, punctatus ; pedibus ferru-
gineis ; alis fuscis fascia hyalina ante cellulam marginalera sita.

Female. Length 5| lines. Black ; the head rugose, the front coarsely
so, with a row of transverse tubercles running from the vertex along
the inner orbits of the eyes, and crossing the front at half their
length ; the cheeks with a cinereous down, and a line of silvery-white
pubescence or down, along the outer orbits of the eyes. Thorax
coarsely punctured ; the mesothorax with a central longitudinal
smooth elevation ; wings fuscous, with a broad transverse hyaline
fascia before the base of the marginal cell, the tips of the wings hya-
line ; the legs ferruginous, with the coxae and trochanters black ; the
posterior tibiae with a double row of serrations outside. Abdomen
shining and closely punctured ; the base and a[)ex coarsely so.

Hab. Aru.

Gren. Xyphidkia, Latr.

1. Xyphidkia rufipes. X. nigra; mandibulis, antennarum scapo,
pedibusque ferrugineis ; alis hyalinis et iridesccntibus.

Female. Length 4 lines. Black and shining ; the vertex highly pohshed;
the front from the posterior ocelli forwards closely punctured and opake;
the mandibles, scape, and basal joint of the flagellum ferruginous.
The thorax anteriorly punctured and opake, posteriorly shining, and
with a few punctures at the base of the scutellum ; wings hyaline and
iridescent, the nervures black, the extreme base of the wings and the

12*

178 HANBURT ON TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FROM PERSIA.

tegulae pale testaceous ; the legs pale ferruginous, with the claws of
the tarsi darker. Abdomen : the base of the segments depressed and
very delicately and closely punctured, subopake; the apical half highly
polished and shining ; beneath obscurely rufo-piceous.
Hab. Aru.

Gen. Teemex, Jurine.

1. Tremex iNSiGNis. T. nigro-purpureus ; abdominis fasciis basalibus
albis ; alis nigris cupreo nitentibus.

Female. Length 11 lines. Obscure steel-blue, with shades of green,
purple, and violet ; the head and thorax punctured ; the prothorax
with an oblique smooth shining space on each side ; the wings very
dark brown, with a brilliant coppery effulgence. The base of the
abdomen opake, velvety, purple-black ; the first segment with a trans-
verse cream-coloured fascia in the middle, the second very slightly
whitish at its base ; the rest of the abdomen is highly polished, and
has a scattered, short, black pubescence.

Hab. Aru.

Note on Two Insect-products from Persia.
By Daniel Hanbtjrt, Esq., P.L.S.

[Read December 16th, 1858.]

In the month of June last, my friend Professor Gruibourt, of
Paris, laid before the Academic des Sciences* some account of a
remarkable substance called Trehala, the cocoon of a Curcu-
lionidous insect found in Persia, where, as well as in other parts
of the East, it enjoys some celebrity as the basis of a mucilaginous
drink administered to the sick.

Specimens of this substance, as well as of another insect-pro-
duct of Persia, together with the insects themselyes, were pre-
sented a few years ago to the British Museum by "W. K. Loftus,
Esq., who obtained them while engaged by the British Grovern-
ment on the question of the Turco-Persian boundaries.

The precise determination of the species of these insects being
a matter of doubt, they have at my request been lately examined
by M. Jekel, of Paris, an entomologist with whom the family of
Curculionidcd has long been an especial study. One of these
insects M. Jekel has identified with a species of wide distribu-
tion ; the other proving undescribed, he has drawn up a descrip-
tion of it, which, accompanied by a figure, I have the honour to
lay before the Linnean Society. To this, I venture to add a few
observations upon the productions to which I have alluded.

* Coitiptes Rendus, 21 Juin, 1858, p. 1213.

HANBTJET ON TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FROM PERSIA. 179

The first of these is Trehala or Tricala, under which name it
formed part of the Collection of Materia Medica sent by M. Delia
Sudda, of Constantinople, to the Paris Exhibition of 1855, and
since deposited in the Ecole de Pharmacie in Paris.

Trehala (fig. 2) consists of cocoons of an ovoid or globular form,
about f of an inch in length ; their inner surface is composed of a
smooth, hard, dusky layer, external to which is a thick, rough,
tuberculated coating of a greyish-white colour and earthy appear-
ance. Some of the cocoons have attached to them the remains
of the tomentose stalk of the plant upon which they were formed ;
others have portions of a tomentose spiny leaf built into them ;
and, more rarely, one finds portions of the flowering heads of the
plant, a species of EcJiinops, similarly enclosed. Many of the
cocoons are open at one end and empty; others have a longi-
tudinal aperture, originally closed by the stalk of the plant, and
still contain the insect ; a few are entirely closed. Specimens of
this insect, extracted from the cocoons sent to Paris, were exa-
mined in 1856 by my friend Mr. W. Wilson Saunders, who pro-
nounced them to be Larinus maculatus of Faldermann, — a deter-
mination also arrived at by M. Jekel from specimens presented
by Mr. Loftus to the British Museum. Respecting these latter,
one of which is represented in fig. 1, M. Jekel makes the fol-
lowing remarks : —

"Larinus maculatus, Faldermann, Faun. Transcauc. ii. p. 228,
449, tab. 6. f. 10, et iii. p. 198. — ScJionh. Gen. et Sp. Curcul. iii.
p. 112et vii. 2. p. 7.—Hochhuth, Bull. Moscou, 1847, No. 2. p. 538
(var. y).

"Var. y. Larin. Onopordinis, Sch. loc. cit. iii. p. Ill (excl. synon.).

" Of this species, Mr. Loftus captured several specimens, all of small
size : from some of them the poUinosity had been rubbed off, as is
represented in the figure by Mr. Ford {vide fig. 1), which shows only
a part of the inferior layer of tomentum and the greyish ground of
the dorsal and lateral maculae ; the latter, being the most densely
coloured in fresh specimens, are always the most persistent. These
belong to Schbnherr's var. y, which that author formerly regarded as
the Larinus Onopordinis, Fabr. Others of Mr. Loftus's specimens,
which are very fresh, belong to var. /3 ; none to the typical variety,
which is often larger in size.

" This species has a very extended habitat : I have received it from
European Turkey (Frivaldski), Beyrouth, Caucasus, Persia (Dupont),
&c. &c. ; and it is recorded by Schonherr as also found in Barbary
and Portugal.

" This is the insect which proceeds from the rough chalky-looking
nidus figured by Mr. Ford. (Vide fig. 2.)"

180 HANBURY ON TWO INSECT-PllODUCTS TROM PERSIA.

The entomological question being so far disposed of, I may
be permitted a few remarks upon the properties which have
obtained for Trehala a place among drugs and dietetic substances.

The first author who gives any account of the substance is
Father Ange, who, in his ' Pharmacopoea Persica*,' describes it
in the following terms : — " Est autem istud medicamentum ve-
luti tragea ex nucleo pistacii integro confecta ; nam revera sac-
charum istud exterius corrugatum et agglomeratum adhseret cuidam
nucleo, in quo non fructus, sed vermiculus quidam nigricans
Persice C-hezouheh bombycis instar reconditur et moritur."

Father Ange also states that the substance is called in Per-
sian ScJiakar tigal (^A\kJj Jj^)) literally Sugar of nests ; but
his Arabic names, Schakar el ma-asdher (^uoc<J! J^) ^"^^
Saccar el ascJiaar, apply to an entirely different substance, namely
to a saccharine matter exuded, after the punctures of an insect,
from the stems of Calotropis procera, B. Br.f , of which plant he
gives a quaint but tolerably characteristic description.

Mr. Loftus, who obtained the specimens which he presented to
the British Museum, at Kirrind in Persia, in September, 1851,
gives as the Persian name of the cocoons SheTc roukeh — a term,
probably, the same as the " C-Jiezoukek'' (a misprint ?) of Father
Ange, but the signification of which I have not been able to
discover.

Another notice of the same substance, with a figure, is briefly
given in Dr. Honigberger's ' Thirty-five Tears in the East'
(Lond. 1852, vol. ii. pp. 305-6), where we read that Manna
teeghul or SJiukure teegJial, which are certain insect-nests of a
hard texture, rough on the outside, smooth within, about half an
inch in length, and of a whitish colour, are imported into Lahore
from Hindostan.

M. Bourlier published in 1857 an interesting note on the same
substance J, which has been followed by M. Guibourt's commu-

* Pharmacopoea Persica ex idiomate Persico in Latinum couversa. Lutet.
Paris., 1681, p. 361.

t This saccharine substance is noticed by Avicenna as Zuccarum alhusar
(Lib. ii. Tract, ii. cap. 756, ed. Valgr. Venet. 1564), and also by Matthiolus
(Comm. in Lib. ii. Diosc. cap. 75). It is likewise referred to by Endlicher
(Enchiridion Botanicum, p. 300), Royle (Illustr. of the Bot. of the Himalayan
Mountains, vol. i. p. 275), Merat and De Lens (Diet, de Matifere Medicale,
t. i. p. 467), &c.

:|: Revue Pharmaceutique de 1856, par Dorvault, p. 37.

HANEUEY ON TWO INSECT-PEODUCTS FEOM PEESIA. 181

nication to the Academie des Sciences, and still later by a memoir
on tlie chemical history of Trehala, by M. Marcellin Berthelot,
also presented to the Academy*.

From the investigations of M. Gruibourt, it appears that the
cocoons are composed of a large proportion of starch (identical
with that found in the stem of the Echinops, upon which the
insect forms its nest), of gum, a peculiar saccharine matter, a
bitter principle, besides earthy and alkaline salts.

The saccharine principle, which has been especially examined
by M. Berthelot, and named by him Trehalose, is a body ana-
logous to cane-sugar, but possessing distinctive properties, which
separate it from that and all other varieties of sugar.

M. Bourlier states that Trehala, which is abundant in the
shops of the Jew drug-dealers of Constantinople, is frequently
used by the Arab and Turkish physicians in the form of a decoc-
tion, which is regarded by them as of peculiar efficacy in diseases
of the respiratory organs.

The second insect-product to which I would draw attention, is
a saccharine substance resembling dark honey. Mr. Loftus, who
obtained it near Kirrind, 13th July, 1851, and whose specimen is
in the British Museum, states that it is exuded from a species of
thistle when pierced by a Bhynchophorous insect ; but he fails to
inform us for what purposes it is used by the inhabitants.

Mr. Loftus having also presented the Museum with excellent
specimens both of the plant and insect, I am able to state that
the former is Echinops persicus, Fisch., and the latter a new
species of Larinus, to which M. Jekel has applied the name
Larinus mellijicu&, and of which he has drawn up the following
description : —

"Larinus mellificus, Jekel (fig. 3). Breviter ovatus, convexus,
niger, nitidus ; infra subtiliter, lateribus thoracis margineque elytro-
rum intus medio versus angulariter ampliata, apieem occupante gri-
seo-cinerascenti tomentosis ; rostro leviter punetato, basi utrinque
bicanaliculato cum elevatione media lata subcariniformi ; thorace sub-
conico antice tubulato, supra confertim sat rude punetato, lateribus
subrugoso; elytris striato-punctatis, interstitiis latis, planis, trans-
versim subtilissime rugulosis, cum abdomine tenuissime alutaceis,
punctis majoribus remotioribus irapressis ; pectore, lateribus, pedi-
busque rugoso-punctatis, femoribus infra fortiter oblique costato-
rugosis ; tibiis intus, anticis fortius crenulatis. Long, (rostr. excl.)
16-18, lat. elytr. 8-9 mill.

* Comptes Eendus, 28 Jiiin 1858, p. 1276.

182

HA.NBTJBT ON TWO INSECT-PRODUCTS FEOM PERSIA.

" Patria — Persia, prope Kirrind, ubi Echinopsidis speciem frequentat,
cujus plantae caules ab hoc insecto puncti materiam quamdam sac-
charinam sudant." W. K. Loftus, Mus. Brit.

Very similar to L. Onopordinis, but proportionably more elon-
gate and less convex ; rostrum and thorax longer ; pilosity of

Fig. 1.

Larinus maculatus, Falderm.
Fig. 2.

The cocoons of Larinus maculatus, called in Turkish Trehala.
Fig. 3.

Zioritms mellijicn^^ Jekel.

the body underneath much thinner and shorter ; thighs thicker,
more clavate, the anterior evidently costate-rugose underneath ;
without whitish marks on the elytra, and without that layer of
light-brown earth-like poUinose transudation which is often want-
ing in rubbed specimens of Larinus Onopordinis. The freshest

WALKEE OS HETEEOCEEOTJS LEPIDOPTEEA OF SINGAPOEE. 183

specimens have the griseous margin of the elytra, which parts
from the base under the shoulder, obliquely and angularly ampliate
interiorly towards the middle, where it reaches the second stria.
This griseous pilosity fills all the tips of the elytra, leaving bare
only the sutures, an angular notch behind the middle (which
forms with that apical part of the suture a kind of hook on each
elytron), and two round spots, one submarginal fronting the tip
of the notch, the other larger, discoidal, behind the foot of the
notch, much above the tip.

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera collected at Singapore
by Mr. A. E. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species.
By Feancis Walkee, Esq., F.L.S.

[Read Feb. 17, 1859.]

Earn. UEANIID^, Westwood.

Gen. Ntctalemon, 'Dolman.

1. Nyctaleraon Hector, White, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. vii. 1771-
Inhabits also Borneo.

Eam. AGAEISTID^, Swainson.
Gen. ErsEMiA, Dalman.

2. Eusemia maculatrix, Westwood, Cat. Orient. Ent. Gt"] , pi. 33. f. 1.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

3. Eusemia mollis. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. vii. 1774.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

Eam. ZYGiENID^, Leach.
Gen. Stntomis, Illiger.

/4. Syntomis annosa, n.s. Vcem. Cinereo-fusea; capite, antennis
apice, humeris abdominisque maculis lateralibus albis ; ahs macuHs
quatuor vitreis.
Female. Cinereous brown. Head white. Antennae serrated, white
towards the tips. Thorax with a large white spot on each side in
front. Abdomen somewhat compressed towards the base, with white
spots along each side. Wings long, with the discal areolets from the
base to beyond the middle mostly vitreous, but having the veins
bordered with brown. Length of the body 9 lines; of the wings
22 lines.
rh. Syntomis chloroleuca, n. s. Fam. Nigro-viridis ; fronte, an-
tennis apice, humeris abdominisque fasciis duabus dorsalibus fasci-

184 WALKEE ON HETEEOCEROUS LEPIDOPTEEA

isque ventralibus albis ; alis purpureo-nigris, anticis maculis quatuor
vitreis, posticis macula una vitrea.
Female. Blackish-green. Front, antennae towards the tips, and two
humeral spots white. Antennae simple. Abdomen with a white band
at the base, and with another on the fifth segment, and with white
ventral bands. Wings purplish-black ; fore wings with four vitreous
spots ; the fore one of the interior pair not one-third of the size of the
hind one, which is very long ; the fore one of the exterior pair much
narrower than the hind one, and accompanied at its inner end by an
elongated vitreous point ; hind wings with an elongated vitreous spot.
Length of the body 4| lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

6. Syntomis xanthomela, n. s. Mas. Nigra; fronte, thoracis mar-
gine antico abdominisque fasciis ochraceis ; antennis apice albis, ab-
dominis fasciculo pallide cinereo ; alis anticis maculis quinque vitreis,
posticis maculis duabus vitreis.

Male. Black. Front, fore borders of the thorax and hind borders of
the abdominal segments ochraceous ; dorsal tuft pale cinereous, rather
large. Antennae simple, white towards the tips. Fore wings with five
vitreous spots, of which the basal one is small and round, and the
other four large and elongated ; the exterior pair intersected by the
black veins. Hind wings with two vitreous spots, of which one is
basal and the other discal. Length of the body 4 hues ; of the wings
9 lines.

Earn. LITHOSIID^.

G-en. Nyctemeea, Rubner.

/ 7. Nyctemera mundipicta, n. s. Mas et Foem. Fusca; capite
thoraceque albo vittatis ; abdomine albo guttis dorsalibus fuscis ; alis
anticis basi albo venosis, fascia exteriore obliqua postice abbreviata
alba, posticis albis fusco marginatis. Fcem. Thorace fascia postica
lutea, abdomine fusco fasciis albis; alis anticis fascia latiore vix
abbreviata.
Male. Brown. Head and thorax with white lines. Antennae moderately
pectinated. Pectus with black spots, luteous on each side. Abdomen
white, with brown dorsal dots ; tip luteous. Legs white. Fore wings
with white veins towards the base, and with an exterior oblique white
band, which is narrower hindward, and ends at some distance from
the interior border. Hind wings white, with a broad brown border.
Female! Larger. Antennae slightly pectinated. Thorax with a slight
luteous band in front, and another hindward. Abdomen brown, with
a white band on the hind border of each segment ; under side white,
with brown spots along each side. Fore wings with the band much
broader, hardly straightened hindward, and ending very near the
interior border. Length of the body 5-6 lines; of the wings 16-20
lines.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPOEE. 185

Gen. Cyclosia, Huhner,

8. Cyclosia submaculans, n. s. Mas. Nigra, velutina, squainis
nonnullis cyaneis, subtus albo cyaneoque fasciata; alls anticis pur-
pureo-nigris, punctis paucis exterioribus, alis posticis fuscis, punctis
subinarginalibus albis ; alis quatuor subtus fuscis, guttis exterioribus
et submarginalibus albis.

Male. Black, with a few metallic blue specks, and with metallic bluish-
white pectoral spots and ventral bands. Antennae slightly pectinated.
Wings velvety, rather long, brown beneath, with an exterior and a
submarginal row of white dots ; fore wings purplish-black, with a
few exterior and submarginal white points ; hind wings brown, with
submarginal white points. Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings
28 lines.

9. Cyclosia nivipetens, n. s. Mas. Cinereo-nigra ; antennis cy-
aneo-nigris subpectinatis ; alis anticis fascia lata submarginali alba.

Male. Cinereous-black. Antennae bluish-black. Fore wings with a
broad, submarginal, upright, white band, which is much narrower
hindward, and is intersected by the black veins. Length of the body
7 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

Gen. PiDORUS, Walk.

10. PiDORUS coNSTRiCTUS, n. s. Mas. Cyaneo-niger, subtus testa-
ceus; antennis pectinatis corpore vix brevioribus; thoracis margine
antico coccineo ; alis angustis, anticis fascia exteriore subrecta sub-
obliqua flavo-alba, posticis cinereo-nigris.

Male. Bluish-black, testaceous beneath. Antennae moderately pecti-
nated, hardly shorter than the body. Thorax crimson along the fore
border. Wings narrow, somewhat testaceous beneath towards the
base; fore wings with a slightly oblique, hardly curved, yellowish-
white exterior band ; hind wings cinereous- black. Length of the
body 5 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Hypsa, Hubner.

11. Hypsa silvandra. Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. 155, pi. 369. f. D (Phalaena).
Inhabits also Hindostan, China, and Australia.

12. Hypsa egens. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. 11. 453. 12.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

Gen. Setina, Scliranck.

13. Setina bipunctata, n. s. Mas. Flava; alis anticis punctis
duobus basalibus guttaque discali nigris.

Male. Yellow, closely allied to S. apicalis (Cat. Lep. Het. 521). Fore
wings black along the costa towards the ba'se, where there are two

:i

186 WALKER ON HETEEOCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

black points ; a small black dot at the tip of the discal areolet. Hind
wings a little paler than the fore wings. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

G-en. BizoNE, Walk.

14. Bizone hamata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. 88. 5493.
Inhabits also China.

Gen. Deiopeia, Stephens.

J\b. Deiopeia detracta, n. s. Fam. Pallide luteaj thorace guttis
nigris ; alis sat angustis nigro guttatis, fimbria pallida nitente ; alis
antieis nigro transverse quadristrigatis.
Female. Pale luteous. Thorax with six black dots. Wings narrower
than in the other species of this genus, with black dots, of which
the most part are towards the exterior border, where they form two
irregular lines, and are somewhat confluent on the under side ; fringe
whitish, shining. Fore wings with four short transverse various black
streaks, of which the first and the second form an interrupted line.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Gen. Darantasia, n. g.

Foim. Corpus sat robustura. Proboscis distincta. Palpi porrecti,
breves, caput non superantes ; articulus tertius longiconicus, acutus,
secundi dimidio non longior. Antenna setaceae, simplices, gracillimae.
Abdomen subconicum, alas posticas superans; sexualia sat magna.
Pedes breves, nudi, sat validi, calcaribus robustis sat longis. Alee
breviusculse, sat angustae ; anticae apud costam convexae, apice rotun-
datae, margine exteriore perobliquo.

Allied to Lemyra (Cat. Lep. Het. vii. 1690).

Female. Body rather stout. Proboscis moderately long. Palpi por-
rect, short, not extending beyond the head; third joint elongate-
conical, acute, about half the length of the second. Antennae setaceous,
simple, very slender, full half the length of the body. Abdomen
nearly conical, extending somewhat beyond the hind wings; anal
appendages rather large. Legs short, bare, rather stout ; spurs stout,
rather long. Wings rather short and narrow; fore wings convex
along the costa, rounded at the tips, extremely oblique along the
exterior border.

/16. Darantasia cuneiflena, n. s. Mas. Nigra; corpore subtus,
capite, thoracis fasciis duabus antieis maculaque postica abdominisque
fasciis posticis luteis ; pedibus luteis, tibiis supra nigris ; alis antieis
luteo octo-strigatis, posticis luteo strigatis.
Male. Black, mostly luteous beneath. Head luteous. Thorax with
two luteous bands in front, and with a luteous spot hindward. Ab-
domen with luteous bands hindward. Legs luteous ; tibiae black
above. Fore wings with eight wedge-shaped luteous streaks, of

COLLECTED AT SINGAPOEE. 187

which three are near the base, two subcostal, two hindward, and one
submarginal and transverse. Hind wings with three luteous streaks,
of which the first and second are connected exteriorly, and the third
is short, broad, and submarginal. Length of the body 3^ lines ; of
the wings 8 lines.

Fam. LIPAEIDJE, Boisduval.
Gren. Aetaxa, Wallc.

17. Artaxa varians, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iv. 796.
Inhabits also West Africa, Hindostan, and China.

Gen. Pant ANA, Walk.

18. Pantana bicolor. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. iv. 820.

Note. — P. dispar, a native of Hindostan, and P. ampla, a native of
China, may be varieties of this species,

Fam. NOTODONTTD^, Stephens.
Gen. Darabitta, n. g.

Foem. Corpus vix robustum. Proboscis brevis. Palpi longiusculi,
oblique ascendentes, non pilosi. Antennce validse, subcompressse, bre-
viusculse, simplices. Abdomen conicum, alas posticas non superans.
Pedes squamosi, laeves, breviusculi, sat graciles, calcaribus longis.
Alee latiusculae, non longse; anticae apud costam rectse, apice sub-
rotundatse, margine exteriore vix convexo.

This genus hardly belongs to the Notodontida ; but its precise situation
seems to be uncertain. Female. Body hardly stout. Proboscis short.
Pali)i rather long and slender, not pilose, obliquely ascending, rising
a little higher than the vertex ; third joint elongate-conical, less than
half the length of the second. Antennae stout, bare, slightly com-
pressed, little longer than the thorax; joints few. Abdomen conical,
not extending beyond the hind wings. Legs squamous, smooth,
rather short and slender ; spurs long. Wings rather broad, not long :
fore wings straight along the costa, slightly rounded at the tips ; ex-
terior border hardly convex, very slightly oblique.

19. Darabitta STRiGicosTA, n.s. Foem. Rufa, vix cinerascens ; alis
anticis linea submarginali e punctis nigris, lineolis tribus costalibus
obliquis albis, prima angulata, secunda tertiaque connexis.

Female. Red, with a slight cinereous tinge, more cinereous beneath.
Antennae pale. Fore wings with three white oblique costal streaks ;
first streak forming an outward angle ; second connected in the disk
with the third, which is oblique in the contrary direction ; a row of
submarginal black points. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
8 lines.

188 WALKER ON HETEROCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Earn. LIMACODID^, Buponchel.

Gen. MiRESA, Walh.

20. Mires A curvifera, n. s. Mas. Rufa, crassa, brevis ; antennis late
pectinatis ; alis anticis liuea exteriore arcuata nivea, spatio contiguo
exteriore obscuriore.

Male. Red, thick, short. Palpi porrect, extending a little beyond the
head. Antennae shorter than the thorax, broadly pectinated except
towards the tips. Abdomen short, obtuse, not extending beyond the
hind wings. Legs short. Wings not broad. Fore wings straight
along the costa, rounded at the tips, darker on the exterior side of a
curved transverse bright white line, which is somewhat beyond the
middle ; exterior border rather oblique. Hind wings a little paler
than the fore wings. Length of the body 4^ lines; of the wings 12
lines.

Fam. SATUENIID^, WalJc.

Gen. Attacus, Linn.

21. Attacus Atlas, Linn. Syst. Nat. 808.
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, China, and Borneo.

Fam. BOMBYCIDtE.
Gen. BoMBTx, Linn.

/22. BoMBYx subnotata. Mas. Ferruginea, crassa; antennis late
pectinatis ; abdominis apice laminis lateralibus fimbriatis ; alis anticis
margine exteriore subundulato subexciso, macula subtus costali sub-
apicali flava.
Male. Ferruginous, thick, pilose. Mouth obsolete. Antennae broadly
pectinated. Abdomen much more slender than the thorax, not ex-
tending beyond the hind wings ; anal lateral appendages fringed. Legs
short, stout. Fore wings rounded at the tips, extremely oblique along
the exterior border, which is slightly angular in the middle and slightly
excavated on each side ; under side with a yellow costal spot near the
tip. Hind wings with the interior border densely fringed towards the
tip. Length of the body 7 lines; of the wings 16 lines.

Fam. LEUCANID^, Guenee.
Gen. Mtthimna, Silbner.

i 23. Mythimna inducens, n. s. Fosm. Lateritio-rufa, subtus albida;
palporum articulo tertio brevissimo ; abdomine rufescenti-cano ; ala-
rum anticarum puncto discali nigro, lineis duabus nigricantibus sub-
arcuatis indistinctis, alis posticis rufescenti-canis.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE. 189

Female. Brick-red colour, mostly whitish beneath. Palpi obliquely
ascending, not rising to the height of the vertex ; third joint extremely
small, less than one-sixth of the length of the second. Abdomen
reddish-hoary, extending but little beyond the hind wings. Legs
stout, squamous ; spurs moderately long. Fore wings very slightly
convex along the costa, rectangular at the tips; exterior border
slightly oblique, nearly straight; two slender, indistinct, slightly
curved, blackish lines, having between them a more distinct black
discal point. Hind wings reddish-hoary, the reddish tinge most pre-
valent towards the exterior border. Length of the body 7 lines ; of
the wings 18 lines.

Fam. GONOPTEEID^, GuenSe.

Gen. Anomis, Huhner.

y24. Anomis mutilata, n. s. Mas. Rufa, robusta, subtus rufescenti-
cinerea; palpis longis subascendentibus ; abdomine latiusculo; ala-
rum anticarum lineis tribus indistinctis angulosis nigricantibus,
orbiculari alba punctiformi, margine exteriore postico perobliquo sub-
ex cavato.
Male. Red, stout, reddish cinereous beneath. Palpi long, obliquely
ascending ; third joint slender, linear, obtuse at the tip, a little
shorter than the second. Antennae stout, with extremely short seta;.
Abdomen rather broad, extending a little beyond the hind wings.
Fore wings with three blackish, indistinct, slightly diffuse, zigzag lines,
which are slightly bordered hindward with pale yellow; orbicular
mark white, punctiform ; exterior border slightly angular, hardly ob-
lique, and slightly truncated on the fore half, extremely oblique and
with two slight excavations on the hind half; fringe partly white.
Hind wings not . paler than the fore wings. Length of the body 7
lines ; of the wings 18 lines.

Gen. Thalatta, Walk.
25. Thalatta aurigutta. Walk. €at. Lep. Het. xv. 1793.

Earn. HTPOGUAMMIDJE, Guen^e.

Gen, Briarda, Walk.

v:' 26. Briarda plagifera, n. s. Mas. Ferrugineo-cinerea ; capite
thoraceque antico nigricantibus ; tibiis ciliatis ; alis sat angustis sub-
denticulatis, anticarum fascia basali, macula discali maculaque costali
exteriore nigricantibus, lineis exteriore et submarginali fuscis dupli-
catis denticulatis subnebulosis ; alis posticis pallide cinereis, semi-
hyalinis, fusco latissime marginatis.
Male. Cinereous, tinged with ferruginous. Head and fore part of the
thorax blackish. Palpi obliquely ascending ; third joint linear, conical

190 WALKER ON HETEEOCEROUS LEPIDOPTERA

at the tip, about half the length of the second. Antennae hardly
setose. Abdomen extending a little beyond the hind wings. Legs
rather stout; tibiae fringed ; spurs very long. Wings rather narrow,
slightly denticulated. Fore wings slightly rounded at the tips, very
oblique along the exterior border; a blackish band near the base,
abbreviated hindward ; a large blackish spot on the reniform mark,
and a diflPuse blackish spot near the tip of the costa ; exterior and
submarginal lines brown, double, denticulated, with the space along
their borders somewhat clouded. Hind wings pale cinereous, semi-
hyaline, with very broad brown borders. Length of the body 9 lines ;
of the wings 22 lines.

Fam. CATEPHID^, Guenee.
Gen. Steiria, Walk.

27. Steiria PHRYGANEOiDES, n. s. Mas. PalUde cincrea, rufesccnte
conspersa ; palpis longis vix ascendentibus ; alis sat angustis denticu-
latis ; alarum anticarum squamis nonnullis nigris fuscisque, marginibus
exteriore et interiore non conspersis, reniformi magna ; alis posticis
pallide cinereis, fusco late marginatis,

Male. Pale cinereous, thickly speckled with ferruginous red. Palpi
long, hardly ascending, almost straight ; third joint linear, obtuse at
the tip, rather shorter than the second. Antennae bare. Abdomen
conical, extending rather beyond the hind wings ; apical tuft small.
Legs rather long and slender, almost bare ; spurs very long. Wings
rather narrow; exterior border denticulated. Fore wings with the
speckles mostly confluent in the disk, mostly wanting along the
interior and exterior borders ; several black and brown speckles, some
of which border the large reniform mark. Hind wings pale cinereous,
with a broad brown border. Length of the body 8 lines; of the
wings 20 lines.

Fam. OPHIDEEID^, GuenSe.
Gen. Ophideres, Boisduval.

28. Ophideres Salaminia, Cram. Pap.Exot. 71. H7, pi. 174. fig. A.
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, Java, and China.

29. Ophideres discrepans. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xiii. 1227.

30. Ophideres smaragdipicta. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xiii. 1229.

Fam. PHTLLODID^, GuSn^e.
Gen. Ltgniodes, Guenee.

31. Lygniodes endoleuca, Guen. Noct. iii. 124.
Inhabits also Java.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE. 191

Fam. EKEBID^, GuSnee,
Gen- Sypna, Guen^e.

32. Sypua siibsignata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het.xW. 1261.

Fam. OMMATOPHORID^, Giceti^e.
Gen. Patula, Guenee.

33. Patula macrops, Linn. Syst. Nat. 225 (Noetua).

Inhabits also West and South Africa, Madagascar, Hindostan, and
Ceylon.

Gen. Argiva, Hiibner.

34. Argiva hieroglyphica, Drury, Ins. Exot. 11.3, pi. 2. f. 1 (Noetua).
Inhabits also Madagascar, Hindostan, and Ceylon.

Fam. OPHIUSID^, GuSn^e.
Gen. C^ciLA, Walk.

35. Cjecila coraplexa. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xv. 1825.

Gen. Ophisma, Gu^n^e,

36. Ophisma Uraminia, Cram. Pap. Exot. 111. 137, pi. 267. f- 7
(Noetua).

Inhabits also Java and Sumatra,

Gen. AcH^A, Hiibner.

37. Achsea mercatoria, Fabr. Ent. Syst. HI. 2, 62. 175. (Noetua).
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

Fam. THEEMESIBJE, Gti^n^e.
Gen. Thebmesia, Ilubner.

38. Therm esia? recusata, n. s. Mas. Rufescenti-cinerea, ro-
busta, nigrieante eonspersa, capite thoraeeque antico fuseis ; palpis
longissimis ascendentibus subareuatis ; antennis subsetosis, alls linea
exteriore recta obliqua nigrieante extus diffusa, linea interiore tenui
subarcuata nigrieante, linea subraarginali e punctis lineaque margi-
nali nigris.

Male. Reddish cinereous, stout, with blackish speckles. Head and

fore part of the thorax brown. Frontal tuft acute. Palpi very long,

slightly curved, nearly vertical ; third joint linear, acute, shorter than

the second. Antennae slightly setose. Abdomen hardly extending

LlifN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 13

192 WALKER ON HETEEOCEROUS LEPIDOPTEKA

beyond the hind wings. Wings with the speckles here and there
confluent ; lines blackish ; interior line slender, slightly curved ; ex-
terior line straight, oblique, diff'use on the outer side, extending
almost to the tips of the fore wings ; submarginal line represented by
points ; marginal line slightly undulating. Fore wings rectangular at
the tips ; exterior border slightly bent ; its fore part not oblique ;
orbicular and reniform marks indistinct. Length of the body 6 lines ;
of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Hypebnaeia, Gu4n4e.

39. Hypernaria diffundens, n. s. F(Km. Cinerea, robusta, fusco
conspersa ; palporum articulo secundo extus fusco, tertio aciculari
longissimo, alarum lineis interiore et exteriore vagis dentatis liueaque
media recta sat obliqua squamis fuscis, punctis marginalibus atris,
alis anticis acutis, orbiculari punctiforrai atra, litura reniformi angusta
fusco marginata extus excavata.

Female. Cinereous, stout, speckled with brown. Palpi very slightly
curved ; second joint brown on the outer side ; third acicular, a little
shorter than the second. Antennae minutely setose. Abdomen not
extending beyond the hind wings. Wings with the interior and ex-
terior lines angulose, diffuse, composed of brown speckles; middle
line more oblique, straight, slender, double, obsolete towards the costa
of the fore wings, bordered with diffuse angular streaks of brown
speckles ; marginal points deep black. Fore wings acute ; orbicular
mark black, punctiform ; reniform narrow, brown, bordered, excavated
on the outer side ; exterior border slightly convex. Length of the
body 10 lines; of the wings 22 lines.

Gen. Ugta, Walk.

40. Ugia disjungens. Walk. Cat. Lej). Het. xv. 1860.

Fam. PLATTDIDtE, Gti^n^e.

Gen. Masca, Walk.

41. Masca abactalis. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. 9.

Fam. HTPENID^, Herr.-Schajfer.
Gen. Htpena, Schranck.

42. Hypena rurahs. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. 65.
Inhabits also Ceylon.

Gen. Magna, Walk.

43. Macna pomalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. 78.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE. 193

Fam. MAEGARODID^, Gu^n^e.
Gen. Maegarodes, Gu^n^e.

44. Margarodes Amphitritalis, Gnen. Delt. et Pyral. 307, 327.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

Gen. Neueina, Gv^n^e.

45. Neurina Procopialis, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. 152, pi. 368. f. E. (Pha-
laena Pyralis Procopia.)

Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

Fam. ENNOMIDtE, Guen^e.
Gen. BuLONGA, n. g.

Corpus gracile. Proboscis brevissima. Palpi breves^ porrecti, angulati.
Antennce simplices. Abdomen conicum. Pedes graciles, nudi, calca-
ribus non longis, tibiis anticis brevissimis. Alee sat latae ; anticae
acutae, margine exteriore sat obliquo ; posticse abdomen superantes.

Body slender. Proboscis very short. Palpi as long as the breadth of
the head; second joint obliquely ascending; third porrect, rather
shorter than the second, with which it forms an obtuse angle. An-
tennae simply filiform. Abdomen conical. Legs slender, bare ; spurs
rather short ; fore tibiae very short. Wings rather broad ; fore wings
rectangular at the tips ; costa hardly convex ; exterior border rather
oblique. Hind wings with the interior angle prominent, acute.

/ 46. BuLONGA SCHISTACEARIA, u. s. Foem. Glauco-cinerea, alis
nitentibus, linea marginal! nigra fimbria interlineata, anticis fusco
quadrilineatis, posticis trilineatis.
Female. Glaucous-cinereous, paler beneath. Head and palpi reddish.
Wings shining ; marginal line black ; fringe pale cinereous, including
a darker line. Fore wings with four straight oblique brown lines ;
second line broader than the first, apparent also on the hind wings ;
third narrower and darker than the others, blackish, and still more
distinct on the hind wings, where it is bordered with whitish on the
outer side; fourth more indistinct than the others, still more indi-
stinct on the hind wings. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings
16 lines.

Fam. AMPHIDASYD^, Git^n^e.

Gen. Daristane, n. g.

Mas. Corpus robustum. Proboscis brevissima. Palpi validi, breves >
obtusi, oblique ascendentes ; articulus tertius minimus. Antennte
setaceae, simplices. Abdomen conicum, alas posticas non superans.

13*

194 WALKEE ON HETEROCUROUS LEPIDOPTERA

Pedes validi, breviusculi ; tibiae anticae brevissimae, posteriores latis-
sira«, calcaribus longis. AIcb breviusculse, sat latae ; anticae acutae.
Male. Body robust. Proboscis very short. Palpi short, stout, obtuse,
obliquely ascending; third joint very small. Antennae setaceous,
simple. Abdomen conical, not extending beyond the hind wings.
Legs stout, rather short ; tibiae pilose ; fore tibiae very short ; poste-
rior tibiffi very broad, especially the middle pair. Wings rather short,
moderately broad. Fore wings straight along the costa, acutely
rectangular at the tips ; exterior border rather obhque.

47. Daristane tibiaria, n. s. Mas. Cinerea, nitens, ahs nigro
conspersis, fascia media rufescente non bene determinata, anticis

H)^ costa albida nigro punctata.

Male. Cinereous, shining, a little paler beneath. Wings speckled with
black ; an indistinct oblique reddish middle band ; costa of the fore
wings whitish, with black points. Length of the body 5 lines ; of
the wings 12 lines.

Fam. P ALTADiE, Gu^n^e.
G-en. Eumelea, Duncan.

48. Eumelea Rosaliata, Cram. Pap. Exot. iv. 152, pi. 368. f. F. (Pha-
laena Geometra Rosalia.)

Inhabits also Amboyna.

Fam. EPHYEID^, GuSnee. ^
Gen. Ephyra, Dwponchel.

49. Ephyra quadristriaria, n. s. Fcum. Rufescens, subtus flava,
alis flavis rufescente conspersis, fascia exteriore perobliqua rufescente,
anticis acutis, lituris duabus costalibus obliquis fuscis.

Female. Reddish, yellow beneath. Proboscis short. Palpi short,
slightly ascending; third joint linear, obtuse, a little shorter than the
second. Antennae short, stout, setaceous. Abdomen not extending
beyond the hind wings. Legs bare, rather long and slender ; spurs
long. Wings yellow, with reddish speckles, and with a straight
reddish band, which extends from beyond the middle of the interior
border of the hind wings to the tips of the fore wings. Fore wings
acute, with two oblique brown costal marks ; exterior border rather
oblique. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Anisodes, Gu4n^e.

•^60. Anisodes expunctaria, n. s. Fatm. Luteo-cervina, palpis
longis angulatis, antennis breviusculis, alis ferrugineo subconspersis.
linea media fusca undulata valde indistincta, lineis interiore et exte-
riore e punctis nigris, punctis marginalibus nigris.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE. 195

Female. Pale luteous fawn colour. Proboscis short. Palpi long,
slightly decumbent ; third joint a little shorter than the second, with
which it forms an obtuse angle. Antennae simple, short. Wings
minutely and indistinctly sprinkled with ferruginous ; a brown, diffuse,
undulating, very indistinct middle hne, which is obsolete in the hind
wings ; interior and exterior lines indicated by widely separated black
points ; marginal points black. Fore wings rectangular at the tips ;
exterior border slightly oblique. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

' Fam. ACIDALlDJi, Gu^n^e.
Gen. Stnegia, Gu4rv^e,

51. Synegia botydaria, Gu^. Uran, et Phal. i. 423. 694.
Inhabits also Borneo.

Gen. Dbapetodes, Gu^n^e.

52. Drapetodes mitaria. Gum. Uran. et Phal. i. 424. 695.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

* Gen. TiMANDRA, Buponchel.

'53. TiMANDRA Ajaia, n. s. Mas. Glaucescenti-cinerea ; antennis
setosis, ahs linea perobliqua fusca antice abbreviata, linea marginali
nigra, anticis valde acutis, reniformi tenui fusca.
Male. Cinereous, with a glaucous tinge. Proboscis short. Palpi very
short, obliquely ascending; third joint extremely small. Antennae
setose, somewhat shorter than the body. Wings with a straight,
very oblique, brown line, which extends from the middle of the inte-
rior border of the hind wings towards the tip of the fore wings, on
approaching which it is obsolete ; marginal line black. Fore wings
very acute ; exterior border extremely oblique ; reniform mark brown,
very slender. Hind wings extending beyond the abdomen. Length
of the body 6 lines; of the wings 17 lines.

Gen. Zakcloptertx, Herr.-Schceffer.

bA. Zanclopteryx saponaria, Herr.-Scheeffer, Guen. Uran. et Phal. 11.16,

915.
Inhabits also Ceylon.

Fam. MICEONID^, Gu^n^e.
Gen. MiCRONTA, Gu^n4e.
55. Micronia rectinervata, Guen. Uran. et Phal. 11. 27, 933.

196 WALKER ON HETEROCEKOUS LEPIDOPTEEA

• Fam. ZEEENID^.
Gen. Stalagmia, Qu^n4e.
56. Stalagmia guttaria, Guer. Icon. Regn. Anim. Ins. pi. 90 (Phalaena).

Catalogue of the Heterocerous Lepidopterous Insects collected at
Malacca by Mr. A. E. Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Feancis Walker.

Earn. SPHINGID^, Leach.
Gen. Macro GLOSSA, Ochsenheimer.

1. Macroglossa Passalus, Drury,Ewot. Ins. ii. 52, pi. 29. f. 2 (Sphinx).
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

2. Macroglossa corythus, Boisd. MSS.; Walk. Cat.Lep. Het. viii. 92. 14.
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, and Java.

Earn. AGAEISTID^, Swainson.

Gen. Eusemia, Dalman. '

3. Eusemia maculatrix, Westw. (See Singapore Sp. No. 2.)

4. Eusemia mollis. Walk. (See Singapore Sp. No. 3.)

^ 5. Eusemia subdives, n. s. Mas. Atra, antennis subpectinatis,
abdomine fasciis luteis, alis anticis fascia exteriore recta non obliqua
testacea ; posticis ochraceis atro marginatis.
Male. Deep black. Antennae slightly pectinated, slightly hooked at
the tips. Abdomen with a luteous band on the hind border of each
segment. Fore wings with an upright, straight, testaceous exterior
band, which does not extend to the interior border. Hind wings
bright ochraceous, with a deep black border, which is irregular on the
inner side and is joined in front to a black spot, the latter, on the
under side, containing a white curved line. Length of the body 9
lines ; of the wings 28 lines.

Earn. LITHOSIID^, Stephens.
Gen. Nyctemera, Hiihner.

6. Nyctemera tripunctaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. 864. 226 (Geometra).
Inhabits also Hindostan and China.

Gen. EuscHEMA, Hiihner.

7. Euschema subrepleta. Walk. Cat. hep. Het. xi. 406. 3.
Inhabits also Ceylon and Borneo.

COLLECTED AT MALACCA. 197

Fam. LIPAEID^, Boisduval.
Gen. Pantana.

8. Pautana bicolor, Walk. (See Singapore Sp. No. 17.)

Fam. OETHOSID^, Gu^n^e.
Gren. Caeea, Walk.

9. Carea varipes, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. x. 475.

Fam. HYBLiEID^, Gu^n^e.
Gen. Hybl^a, Fahr.

10. Hyblaea tortricoides, Gum. Noct. ii. 391.
Inhabits also Borneo.

11. Hyblaea erycinoides. Walk. Cat. Lep. Het, xv. 1792.

Fam. PHYLLODID^, Gu^n^e.
Gen. Ltgniodes, Gu^n^e.

12. Lygniodes endoleuca, Guen. (See Singapore Sp. No. 30.)

Fam. OPHIUSIDiE, Gu^n^e.
Gen. Ophiusa, Ochsenheimer.

13. Ophiusa fulvotaenia, Guen. Noct. iii. 272. 1/10.
Inhabits also Hindostan, Ceylon, Java, and Sumatra.

Fam. THEEMESID^, Gu^n^e.
Gen. CoTiJZA, Walk.

14. CoTUZA coNPiRMATA, n. s. Mtts. Cinereo-ferruginca, robusta,
dense vestita, subtus alba ; palpis latis compressis oblique ascenden-
tibus ; articulo tertio minimo, antennis plus dimidio basali subpeeti-
natis, alis linea media recta perobliqua nigro-fusea antice angulosa et
retracta, linea exteriore e denticulis nigrofuseis albido terminatis, fim-
bria apice alba, alis anticis subhamatis, linea interiore nigrofusea un-
dulata orbiculari nigra punctiformi, reniformi et litura costali albis
nigro marginatis.

Male. Cinereous-ferruginous, stout, densely pilose, white beneath.
Palpi broad, compressed, obliquely ascending, not rising higher than
the head ; third joint obtuse, extremely short. Antennae slightly
pectinated to nearly two-thirds of the length, bare from thence to the
tips. Abdomen not extending beyond the hind wings. Legs white ;

198 HETEKOCEROTTS LEPIDOPTEBA OF MALACCA.

tibiae ferruginous above. Wings ample ; a blackish brown, straight,
very oblique line, which is zigzag, and retracted towards the costa of
the fore wings ; exterior line composed of blackish-brown, very acute,
whitish-pointed angles ; fringe white exteriorly. Fore wings slightly
hooked, with an interior undulating blackish-brown line ; orbicular
mark black, punctiform ; reniform white, black-bordered, forming a
triangular spot and an anterior point ; a small exterior white costa,
with mark. Length of the body 1 1 lines ; of the wings 28 lines.

Fam. ACIDALIDiE, Guen^e.

Gen. Zancloptebtx, Herr.-Schcef.

15. Zanclopteryx saponaria, Herr.-Schaff. (See Singapore Species,
No. 54.)

INDEX.

Page
Achsea mercatoria, Fahr. . . . 191
Achias longividens, Walk. . . . 121

latividens, Walk 121

amplividens, Walk. . . .122

Achiides, Walk 121

Acidalidse, Ghienee .... 195, 198

Adraga, Walk 82

univitta, Walk 82

Adrama, Walk 117

selecta, Walk 118

Agaristidse, Swainson . . . 183, 196

Agathis fumipennis, Sm 1V6

modesta, Sm 25

nitida, Sm 26

sculp turalis, Sm 25

Agenia, Alcyone, Sm 155

Althea, Sm 154

Amalthea, Sm 155

bimaculata, Sm 13

blanda, Guer 13, 154

Callisto, Sm 154

jucunda, Sm 154

Alastor apicatus, Sm 166

unifasciatus, Sm 165

Allodape nitida, Sm 134

Animophila insolata, Sm. ... 14

Amorphopus, Bell 27

cylindraceus, Bell .... 27

Amphidasydse, Guenee .... 193
Anas punctata, Cuvier .... 33

Andrenidse, Leach 5, 132

Angitula, Walk 123

longicollis, Walk 123

Anisodes expunctaria. Walk. . .194

Anomi8 mutilata, Walk 189

Anthomyia procellaria, Walk. . . 108
Anthomyides, Walk. . . . 107,130
Anthophora elegans, Sm. . . . 135

zonata, Linn 8, 135

Anthrax degenera, Walk. ... 90

pelops. Walk 90

semiscita, Walk 90

Apis zonata, Sm 8

Argiva hieroglyphica, Drwy . . 191
Argonauta tuberculosa .... 34
Aricia canivitta. Walk 107

Page

Aricia significans, Walk 107

squalens, Walk 130

vicaria. Walk 130

Artaxa varians, Walk 189

Asilidse, Leach 83, 128

Asilites, Walk 87

Asilus longistylus, Wied. ... 88

superveniens. Walk. . . . 128

Attacus Atlas, Linn 188

Baccha purpuricola. Walk. . . . 129
Bee, death of the Common Hive
Bee occasioned by a parasitic

fungus 29

Bembex melancholica, Sm. . . . 160

trepanda, Dahlh 15

Bembicidse, Westw 15

Bengaha spissa. Walk 107

Bibionidse, Raliday 77

Bizone hamata. Walk 186

Bombilidse, Leach 90

Bombyx subnotata, Walk. . . .188

Bombycidse 188

Bombylites, Walk 90

Bracon abdominaUs, Sm. . . .175

albomarginatus, Sm. . . . 174

basalis, Sm 174

exoletus, Sm 175

insinuator, Sm 24

intrudens, Sm 24, 176

nigripeniais, Sm 175

nitidus, Sm 175

pallifrons, Sm 176

Braconidse 24

Brea, Walk. 117

contraria. Walk 117

discalis. Walk 117

Briarda plagifera. Walk 189

Bulonga, Walk 193

schistacearia. Walk. . . . 193

Coelyoxys fulvifrons, Sm. ... 7

Calobata Abana, Walk 124

■ albitarsis, Wied 124

indica, Lesv 124

sepsoides, Walk 124

Cardiacephala debilis. Walk. . .124
Carea varipes, Walk 197

200

INDEX.

Page

Catephidse, Ouenee 190

Ceratina hieroglyphica, Sm. ... 7

viridis, Ghuer 7

Cerceris fuliginosa, Sm 19

instabilis, Sm 18

unifasciata, Sm 19

varipes, Sm 19

Cereopsis Novae Hollandise ... 33

Cerea relicta, Walk 93, 94

smaragdina, Walk, ... 93

Cetacea, H. Knox on the Anatomy
and Natural History of the . . 63

Chrysididse 26,177

Chrysis insularis, Sm 26

purpurea, Sm 26

sumptuosa, Sm 27

Chrysophila vacillans, Walk. . . 89
Clitellaria bivittata, Fabr. ... 80

Cseeila complexa, Walk 191

Cffilopa inconspicua, Walk. . . . 108
Csenosia luteieomis, Walk. . . . 108
Cotumix pectorahs, Gould ... 33
Cotuza confirmata, Walk. . . . 197
Crabro (Rhopalum) agilis, Sm. . . 18

soHtarius, Sm 162

Crabronidse 18

Crematogaster elegans, Sm. . . . 149

insularis, Sm 149

obscura, Sm 149

Crocisa nitidula, Fahr 134

Cryptoceridse, Sm 150

Cryptus scuteUatus, Sm 170

Culex scuteUaris, Walk 77

CuHcidse, Haliday 185

Cyclosia nivipetens, Walk. . . . 185

subniaculans, Walk. . . . 185

Dacus expandens, Walk. . . . 114

latifaseia, Walk 114

lativentris, Walk 115

longivitta, Walk 115

mutLUoides, Walk 115

obtrudens, Walk 116

pectoralis, Walk 114

pompiloides, Walk. . . . 116

Darabitta, Walk 187

strigicosta, Walk 187

Darantasia, Walk 186

cuneiplena, Walk 186

Daristane, Walk 193

tibiaria, Walk 194

Dasygastrse, Sm 6, 134

Dasypogon inopinus, Walk. . . 83

honestus, Walk 83

Pasypogonites, Walk 83

Deiopeia detracta, Walk. . . .186

Denudata 7

Dexia pectorahs, Walk 101

Dexides, Walk 101

Diaphoras resumens, Walk. . . 93
Diodon 76

Page

Dolichopidse, Leach 91

Dolichopus trigonifer, Walk. . . 92

Delphinis 63

Drapetodes mitaria, Chier. . . .195

Drosophila? finigutta, Walk. . . 126

? ixmperata, Walk 126

? melanospila, Walk. . . . 126

Dryomyza semicyanea, Walk. . . 109

Ectatomma rugosa, Sm 143

Empidce, Leach 91, 129

Ennomidse, Guen 193

Ephydra ? tacituma. Walk. . . 127

Ephyra quadristriaria. Walk. . . 194

Ephyridse, Gnenee 194

Erebidse, Guenee 191

Eristahs conductus. Walk. ... 95

muscoides, Walk 96

resolutus, Walk. . . .95,129

splendens, Leguillon ... 95

suavissimus, Walk. ... 95

Evanidse, Leach 169

Eumelea RosaHata, Cram. . . . 194

Eumenes architectus, Sm. ... 20

arcuata, Fabr 163

circinahs, Fabr 20

florahs, Sm 20

fulyipennis, Sm 20

vindex, Sm 20

Eumenidae, Westw 19,163

Eurygaster decipiens, Walk. . . 100

phasioides. Walk 100

tentans, Walk 99

Euschema subrepleta, Walk. . . 196
Eusemia maculatrix, Westw. 183, 196

moUis, Walk. . . . 183, 196

subdives. Walk 196

Ecenus gracihs, Sm 169

Formica angulata, Sm 139

cordata, Sm 137

coxahs, Sm 136

flavitarsus, Sm 136

fragihs, Sm 136

gracihpes, Sm 136

Isevissima, Sm 138

mutilata, Sm 137

nitida, Sm. 138

oculata, Sm 137

quadriceps, Sm 137

scrutator, Sm 138

sericata, Guer 139

sexspinosa, Latr 139

virescens, Fabr 135

Formicidse 135

Grabaza, Walk 80

argentea. Walk 80

Galathea Andrewsii, Sp. Bate . . 3

depressa, Sp. Bate .... 3

dispersa, Sp. Bate .... 3

nexa 3

squamifera, Sp. Bate ... 3

INDEX.

201

Page

Galathea strigosa 2

Graramarus affinis, M.-Ed. ... 3

Kroyii, Rathke 3

Locusta, Leach 3

Olivii, M.-Ed 3

Gi-eomyzides, Fallen 126

Geron simplex, Walk 90

Gonopteridse, Quenee 189

Gorytes constrictus, Latr. . . . 160

vagus, 8m 161

Graptomyza tibialis, Walk. ... 95
Gynoplistia jurgiosa. Walk. . . VS
Hsematopliis fuliginosus .... 33
Halmaturus Billardierii .... 32
Hedyclirum flammulatum, 8m. . 26
Helomyza atripennis. Walk. . .109

picipes, Walk 109

restituta. Walk 109

Helomyzides, Fallen 108

Helophilus mesoleucus. Walk. . . 96

quadrivittatus, Wied. ... 96

Hiatieula bicineta 33

Hippoboscidse, Leach 127

Hybos bicolor, Walk 91

deficiens. Walk 129

Hybls&a tortricoides, Ghien. . . . 197

Hyblseidse, Ghienee 197

Hydromyzides, Haliday . . . .127

Hypena ruralis, Walk 192

Hypemdse, Serr Schceff. .... 192
Hypernaria diffundens, Onen. . . 192
Hypogrammidse, Quenee .... 189
Hypsa egens, Walk. . , . , . 185

sHvandra, Cram 185

Icaria brunnea, 8m 167

fasciata, 8m 167

ferruginea, 8auss 22

gracilis, 8m 167

maculiventris, 8m. . . . . 167

nigra, 8m 167

pilosa, 8m 22

unieolor, 8m 168

Ichneumon insularis, 8m. . . . 170
Ichneumonidse, Leach . . .23, 170

Idia sequalis. Walk 103

australis, Walk 103

testacea, Macq 130

xanthogaster, Wied. . . .130

Ischnogaster iridipennis, 8m. . . 166
Lamprogaster celyphoides. Walk. 112

delectans, Walk Ill

marginifera, Walk Ill

quadrilinea, Walk Ill

scuteUaris, Walk 112

tetyroides. Walk 112

ventralis, Walk 131

Laphria aperta. Walk 87

am'if'acies, Macq 84

comes. Walk 85

consobrina, Walk 84

Page

Laphria consors, Walk 85

declarata, Walk 87

flagrantissima. Walk. ... 86

germana, Walk 86

gloriosa, Walk 84

justa. Walk 86

manifesta, Walk 87

paradisiaca, Walk 128

placens, Walk 128

scapularis, Wied 84

socia, Walk 84

sodalis, Walk 85

Laphrites, Walk 128

Larinus maculatus, Falderm. . .179

mellificus, Jekel 181

Larra prismatica, 8m 16

simillima, 8m 159

Larrada sedilis, 8m 16

aurifrons, 8m 16

aurulenta, 8m 16

exUipes, 8m 16

festinans, 8m 17

personata, 8m 16

modesta, 8m 159

rufipes, 8m 17

LarridsB 16

Larus pacificus 33

Lauxania duplicans. Walk. . . .110

minuens. Walk 110

Lauxanides, Walk. . . . . .110

Lepido siren ....... 76

Leptidse, Westw. 89

Leptis ferruginosa, Wied. ... 89
Leptogaster albimanus, Walk. . . 89

ferrugineus. Walk 89

longipes, Walk 89

Leucanidae, Guenee 188

Limacodidse, Dwponchel .... 188
Liparidae, Boisduval . . . 187, 197

Lissa cylindrica, Walk 125

Lithosiidae, 8tephens . . . 184, 196

Lonchsea inops, Walk 110

Lygnioides endoleuca, Guen. 190, 197

Macna pomalis, Walk 192

Macroglossa corythus, Boisd. . . 196

Passalus, JDrury .... 196

Macromeris iridipennis, 8m. . . 156

splendida, ^S'i^. Farg. ... 13

Malopteruris 76

Margarodes amphitritalis, Guen. . 193

Margarodidse, Guenee 193

Masca abactalis, Walk 192

Masicera guttata, Walk 99

notabHis, Walk 97

simplex, Walk. ..... 99

solennis, Walk. . . . ' . . 98

tentata. Walk 98

Massicyta cerioides, Walk. ... 78

iAflata, Walk 78

Megachile fulvifrons, Sm. ... 6

202

INDEX.

Page
Megacliile incisa, Sm. ..... 6

insularis 134

lateritia 134

■ scabrosa 134

terminalis, Sm 7

Megischus indicus, Westw. ... 23
Megistocera tuscana, Wied. ... 78
Meranoplus spinosus, Sm. . . .150

Mesostenus agilis, Sm 171

albopictus, Sm 172

albospinosus, Sm. .... 23

pictus, Sm 171

Microdon apicalis, Walk. ... 94

fulvicomis, Walk 94

Micronia rectinervata, Ghien. . . 195
Micronidse, Guenee ..... 195

Miresa curvifera, Walk 188

Montezumia indica, Sauss. ... 19

Morphota formosa, Sm 17

Musca benedicta, Walk 105

domestica, Idnn 105

eristaloides, Walk 106

gloriosa, Walk 104

macularis, Walk 104

marginifera, Walk 105

obscurata, Walk 105

obtrusa, Walk. . . . 105,130

opulenta, Walk 104

patiens, Walk 106

Muscidse, Zatr 97, 129

Muscides, Walk 103,130

Mutilla carinata, Sm 150

exilis, Sm 151

manifesta, Sm 150

nigra, Sm 151

rufogastra, Sm 9

sexmaculata, Swed. N. A. Solm. 9

SibyUa, Sm 150

unifasciata, Sm 9

volatilis, Sm 9

Mutillidse, Leach 9, 150

Mycetophilidse, Haliday .... 77

Mygnimia aspasia, Sm 157

fumipennis, Sm 13

iridipennis, Sm 13

Myrmica carinata, Sm 148

mellea, Sm 148

parallela, Sm 147

scabrosa, Sm 147

suspiciosa, Sm 148

thoracica, Sm 148

Mysticetus 70

Mythynana inducens, Walk. . .188

Myzine tenuicomis, Sm 151

Nautilus pompilius, T. H. Huxley

on the anatomy of 36

Nerius duplicatus, Wied. . . . 325

Nerua, Walk 81

scenopinoides, Walk. ... 8

Neurina procopialis. Cram. . . . 193

Pago

Nomia cincta, -Sw 132

dentata, Sm 133

flavipes, Sm 5

formosa, Sm 5

haliotoides, Sm 6

longicornis, Sm 133

punctata, Sm 5

Notodontidse, Stephens . . . .187
Nyctalemon Hector, White . . .183
Nyctemera mundipicta, Walk. . . 184

tripunctaria, Zdnn 196

Obrapa, Walk 82

celypho'ides, Walk 83

perilampoides, Walk. ... 82

Odontomachus malignus, Sm. . . 144

siraillimus, Sm 144

tyrannicus, Sm 144

Odynerus agilis, Sm 164

(Ancistrocerus) clavicomis, Sm. 21

fulvipennis, Sm 22

(Leionotus) insularis, Sm. . 21

modestus, Sm 165

multipictus, Sm 165

petiolatus, Sm 164

Ommatius lucifer, Walk. ... 88

noctifer. Walk 88, 129

retrahens. Walk 88

Ommatophoridse, Guenee . . . 191
Ophideres discrepans. Walk. . . 190

Salaminia, Cram 190

smaragdipicta, Walk. . . . 190

Ophideridse, Guenee 190

Ophisma Umminia, Cram. . . .191
Ophiusa fulvot«enia, Guen. . . .197
Ophiusidse, Guenee . . . 191, 197
Omithomyia parva, Macq. . . . 127
OviQ^deB, Haliday . . . . 111-131

Ortalis prompta, Walk 118

complens, Walk 118

Orthoneura basalis, Walk. ... 97

Orthosidee, Guenee 197

Oscinides, Haliday 125

Oscinis lineiplena, Walk. . . . 125

noctilux. Walk ]26

Oxybelus agiKs, Sm 18

Oxyssus macuHpennis, Sm. . . . 177

Pachymenes viridis, Sm 163

PaUura, Walk 127

invaria, Walk 127

Palyadee, Guenee 194

Pantana bicolor, Walk. . . 187, 197

Patula macrops, Linn 191

Pelopseus bengalensis, DahXb. . . 14

flavo-fasciatus, Sm 15

intrudens, Sm 15

laboriosus, Sm 154

madraspatanus, Fahr. ... 14

Phaps elcgans 33

Phoridse, Haliday 127

Phyllodidee, OweWe . . . 190,197

INDEX.

203

Page
Pidoms constrictus, Walk. . . .185

Pimpla braconoides, Sm 172

ferruginea, Sm 173

ochracea, Sm 172

penetrans, Sm 173

plagiata, Sm 173

trimaculata, Sm 24

Pinnotheridse, M. Ed 27

Pison nitidus, Sm 160

Platydidee, Guenee 192

Platystoma fusifacies, Walk. . . 113

multivitta, TFalk 113

Plecia dorsalis, Walk 77

Podomyrma, Sm 145

basalis, Sm 147

Isevifrons, Sm 146

femorata, Sm. ..... 145

striata 146

Polistes diabolicus, Sauss. . . . 168

elegans, Sm 169

fastidiosus, Sauss 22

nigrifrons, Sm 168

philippinensis, Sauss. ... 22

Picteti, Sauss 22

Sagittarius, Sauss 22

stigma, Sauss 22

tepidus, Fabr 168

Polyara, Walk 122

insolita, Walk 123

Polypterus 76

Polyrhachis bellicosus, Sm. . . . 142

geometricus, Sm 141

Hector, Sm 142

irritabilis, Sm 141

Igevissimus, Sm 141

longipes, Sm 140

marginatus, Sm 139

mucronatus, Sm 140

hostilis, Sm 139

rufofemoratus, Sm 142

scutulatus, Sm. . . . . . 140

serratus, Sm 140

Pompilidse, Leach 11

PompUus analis, Fabr 11

contortus, Sm. . . . . . 12

deceptor, Sm 12

dubius, Sm 153

pilifrons, Sm 12

saltitans, Sm 11

Ponera parallela, Sm 143

quadridentata, Sm 143

rugosa, Sm 142

sculpturata, Sm 142

Priocnemis fervidus, Sm. . . ,156

ptilcherrimus, Sm 156

rufifrons, Sm 120

Prosena argentata, Walk. . . . 102

Prosopis malacliisis, Sm 132

Pseudomyrraa Iseviceps, Sm. . . 145
Psilides, Wallc 125

Page

Psilopus leneus, Fabr 91

benedictus. Walk 91

egens. Walk 92

lucigena, Walk 91

orcit'er, Walk 92

planicomis, Wied 92

terminifer. Walk 92

Ptilocera quadridentata. Walk. . 78
Puffinus brevicaudus, Brandt. . . 33
Rhynchium argentatum, Sauss. . 19

atrum, Sauss 19

hsemorrhoidale, Sauss. . . 19

mirabile, Sauss 163

parentissimum, Sauss. ... 19

superbum, Sauss 163

Rhyssa maculipennis, Sm. . . . 173

vestigator, Sm. , . . . .174

Rutilia angustipennis, Walk. . . 101

plumicornis, Guerin . . . 101

Salduba, Walk 79

diphysoides, Walk. ... 79

Salius maUgnus, Sm 157

Sarcophaga basalis, Walk. . . .129

compta, Walk 102

invaria, Walk 103

Sarcophagides, Walk 102

Sargus complens, Walk 81

metallinus, Fabr 80

vagans, Walk 11

Saropoda bombiformis, Sm. . . . 135

Satumiidse, Walk 188

Sciara selecta, Walk 77

Scolia agilis, Sm 10

Alecto, Sm 10

aurenta, Sm. ...... 9

erratica, Sm 9

fulgidipennis, Sm 152

fulvipennis, Sm 10

grossa, Burm 152

insularis, Sm 153

minuta, Sm 11

nitida, Sm 152

quadriceps, Sm 153

terminata, Sm 10

Scoliadse, Leach 151

Scopulipedes, Sm 8

Sepedon costalis, Walk 110

Sepsides, Walk. ...... 123

Sepsis basifera, Walk 124

Setina bipunctata, Walk. . . . 185

Siluridge 76

Solenopsis cephalotes, Sm. . . . 149

Sphegidse 14

Spheniscus minor, Temminck . . 33

Sphex argentata, Bahl 157

aurifrons, Sm 157

gratiosa, Sm 158

nitidiventris, Sm 158

prsedator, Sm 14

sepicola, Sm. 158

204

INDEX.

Page

Sphex sericea, Fahr 157

Sphingidse, Leach 196

Stalagmia guttaria, Guerin . . . 196
Steiria phryganeoides, Walk. . . 190

Stelis abdominalis, Sm 7

Stenopliasmus, Sm 169

ruficeps, Sm 170

Stilbum amethystinum, Fahr. . . 177

splendidum, Fabr 177

Stratiomidse, Haliday .... 78
Stratiomys confertissima, Walk. . 79

nexura, Walk 80

Sulu australis, Gould 33

Synegia botydaria, Quenee . . . 195

Syntomis annosa, Walk 183

chloroleuca, Walk 183

xanthomela, Walk 184

Sypna subsignata, Walk. . . . 191

Syrphidse, Leach 93, 129

Syrphus aegrotus, Fahr 99

ericetorum, Fabr 99

Tabanidse, Leach 83

Tabanus recusans, Walk. ... 83

Tachinides, Walk 97

Tachytes morosus, Sm 18

Tenthredinidse 23,177

Tentbredo (AUantus) purpurata, Sm. 23
Thalatta aurigutta, Walk. . . .189

Thereva congrua. Walk 90

Therevites, Walk 90

Thermesia? recusata. Walk. . . 191
Thermesidae, Ouenee . . . 191, 197

Timandra Ajaia, Walk 195

Tipulidse 78

Page

Trehala 178

Tremex insignis, Sm 178

Trigona Iseviceps, Sm 135

Trupanea contradicens, Walk. . . 87

Trypeta basalis, Walk 120

dorsigutta, Walk 119

-impleta, Walk 120

miiltistriga, Walk. . . .119

roripennis. Walk 131

subocellifera, Walk. . . .120

Trypoxylon eximium, Sm. . . . 161

Vespa affinis, Fahr 23

fervida, Sm 23

Vespidse, Stephens 19, 166

Ugia disjungens, Walk 192

Uraniidae, Walk 183

TJrothoe elegans 3

inostratus, Dana .... 3

Worm-tracks, notice of in London

Clay 31

Xarnuta leucotelus. Walk. . . . 108

Xema Jamesonii 33

Xylocopa sestuans, Linn. ... 8, 135

collaris, St. Farg 8

Dejeanii, St. Farg 8

fenestrata, Fahr 8

nobOis, Sm 8

Xylota ventralis. Walk 96

Xyphidria rufipes, Sm 177

Zanclopteryx saponaria, H. Schceff. 195,

198

Zerenidse 196

Zethus cyanopterus, Saus.<i. . . .19
Zygsenidse, Leach 183

.M^^

THE END

Printed by Taylou and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

JOURNAL

THE PROCEEDINGS

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

BOTANY.

VOL. IV.

LONDON:
LONGMAN, GREEN, LONGMANS AND ROBERTS,

AND

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

1860.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OE PAPEES.

Page

Andersson, Dr. N. J., Prof, of Bot. in the University of Stockholm.

On East Indian Salices 39

Babington, Charles C, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S.

On the Fumaria capreolata of Britain •. 157

Barter, Charles, Esq.

Letter to Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S., F.L.S., dated "Steamer

Rainbow, at Sea, Fernando Po to Bonny, January 2nd, 1859." \^
Second Letter to Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S., F.L.S., dated " Steamer
Rainbow, Lagos, March 7th, 1859" 23

Bennett, John J., Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S.

Note on the species of Croton described by Linnaeus under the
names of Clutia Eluteria and Clutia Cascarilla 2^

Bentham, George, Esq., V.P.L.S.

Notes on Homalium 31

Additional Note on ditto 200

Bourgeau, M. E.

Letter to Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S., F.L.S., dated " Fort Garry,

Saskatchewan, June 7th, 1858" I

Second Letter to Sir W. J. Hooker, F.R.S., F.L.S., dated " Fort
Edmonton, Saskatchewan, Oct. 9th, 1858 " 13

Caruel, Signor T.

On Combretum butyrosum, a new kind of Butter-tree from South-
eastern Africa 167

Cocks, J., Esq., M.D.

Observations on the Growth and Time of Appearance of some of
the Marine Algse, &c 101

IV

Page

Hogg, John, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.

On the Rosa rubella of Winch 198

Hooker, J. D., Esq., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c., and T. Thomson,
Esq., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c.
Praecursores ad Floram Indicam . — Balsamineee .... 106

Mitten, William, Esq-, A.L.S.

Descriptions of some new species of Musci from New Zealand
and other parts of the Southern Hemisphere, together with an
Enumeration of the species collected in Tasmania by William
Archer, Esq. ; arranged upon the plan proposed in the * Musci
Indise Orientalis' 64

Moore, Thomas, Esq., F.L.S., F.H.S.

Notice of the Discovery of Lastrea remota in England 192

Oliver, Daniel, jun., Esq., F.L.S.

Descriptions of New Species of Ufricularia from South America,

with Notes upon the Genera Polypompholyx Siudi Akentra.

(With a Plate.) 169

Notes upon the British Herbarium of the Linnean Society 194

Spruce, Richard, Esq.

On Leopoldinia Piassaba, Wallace 58

Notes of a Visit to the Cinchona Forests on the western slope of
the Quitenian Andes v 176

Sullivan, J. W., Esq.

Extract of a Letter to J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. 11

Index 201

<:^ cute V c<m.^^^ .JU '>^xJ- m;
JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON,

Contributions to the Orchidology of India. — No. II.

By Professor Lindley, F.E.S., E.L.S., &c.

(Continued from. voL i. p. 190.)

[Eead March 4th, 1858.]

Dendkobium, Swartz.
Tins great Indian genus varies extremely in the habit of its nu-
merous species, — some being little larger than the mosses among
which they grow, while others are surpassed in stature by few of
the Order. Like the Oncidia of the New World, there are some
species of which the foliage is ancipitous, others having it terete,
while in the majority it is in the usual flat condition. A few have
no other stem than a wiry creeping rhizome ; others have small
conical pseudo-bulbs ; many form clavate horny stems, leafy only
at the summit ; but the greater part produce long leafy branches.
In the majority the colour of the flowers is some shade of purple ;
a few are destitute of all colour except green ; and a rather con-
siderable group is especially distinguishable by the rich yellow
tint of their blossoms. Of such distinctions advantage has been
taken in the following sketch of the entire genus, now consisting
of more than 200 species, of which I have examined the larger part.
In this all the species agree, that there are only foin* pollen-masses,
nearly equal in size, and of uniform breadth at either end. On the
contrary, the Erias, which in some cases have been mistaken for
Denchohium, have the pollen-masses pyriform, so that when, in the

LINN. PEOC. — BOTANX. B

2 PEOFESSOE LINDLEl's CONTEIBUTIONS TO

herbarium, a specimen has lost a part of its pollen-masses, as is
frequently the case with JE. muscicola, DalzelU, &c., its true genus
may still be determined. It is mainly because Sarcostoma has the
pyriform pollen-masses of an ^ria, although their number is that
of Dendrobium, that I now hesitate to reduce it to the latter genus.

In forming the sections now proposed, it will be seen that a
regular sequence of the most nearly allied forms is not wholly ob-
tained. However desirable, indeed, such an arrangement may be
in theory, it is certainly unattainable in practice in cases where
great numbers of species are brought together ; for the points of
resemblance and difference are so various and complicated, that,
like countries in a geographical map when placed in a continuous
series, some must of necessity be dissevered from those to which
they are conterminous in nature. Thus the JBolhodia, forming a
natural group among each other, run into Stachyobium as much
as into Eudendrobium^ next which the section is placed ; and such
species as JD. Dalhousieanum are much allied to the Holochrysals.
It would, moreover, be desirable to collect into one subdivision
such species as D. excisum^ metachilinum, Tmesipteris^ lycojpo-
dioides, &c., now forming a part of JEudendrobitim ; but I do not at
present see what combining characters are available for the purpose.

The following Table brings into one view the distinctions of the
groups under which the annexed memoranda are collected : —

Foha verticalia (scalpellifolia) 1. Aporum.

teretia 2. Strongyle.

horizontalia.

Caulis nuUus, rhizoma tantum 3. Rhizobium.

apice tantum 1-3-phyllus. Folia coriacea... 4. Dendrocoryne.

a. labello continue.

b. labello in crinibus solute (Desmotrichum).
Gaulis undique fohatus :

Flores omnino aurei 6. Holochrysa.

rosei aut candidi, labello tantum quandoque

luteo.

MentonuUe 6. Aclinia.

predu6to :

Flores fasciculati aut solitarii :

a. Caule brevissimo, conice {Bolbodium).

b. Caule elongate /• Eudendrobium.

Flores dense racemosi, mente elongate 8. Pedilonum.
Flores laxe racemesi, mente brevi :

petalis conformibus 9. Stachyobium.

petalis elongatis spathulatis 10. Ceratobium.

THE ORCHIDOLOay OP IKDIA. 3

§ I. Apoeum, Blume,

The ancipitous leaves clearly distinguish this group from all
other Dendrobia. The genus Oxystophyllum differs in nothing
except having only two globose pollen-masses instead of four.
D. (Aporum) sinuatum of the ' Bot. Eegister, 1841, Misc. No. 3,'
which has quite the habit of Oa:. carnosum, seems to connect the
two genera ; for although it has four pollen-masses, two are much
smaller than the others, as if rudimentary*.

* Flores terminales et laterales. Caules apice scepe aphylU.

72. D. (A.) micranthum {W. Griffith, in Calcutta Journal of Natural
History, iv. 376 ; lb. v. 369).

Java, T. Lobb.

His erroneous description of the lip of this plant was corrected
by Grriffith in a later paper : the specimen in my herbarium which
I refer to here differs in the lip being too broad to be called
" linear-oblong" ; but I have seen nothing else to which Griffith's
description will apply.

73. D. (A.) Serra, Undl. Gen. Sf Sp. Orch. No. 5.
Java, T. Lobb. in hb. Hooker.

A flower in the Hookerian Herbarium shows this to be the
Macrostomium aloifolium, Blume, which is confirmed by one of
Kuhl and Hasselt's unpublished drawings. It is, however, not
the Herha supplex quinta of E-umphius, as I formerly suspected,
the figure of that plant certainly representing D. {A.) suhteres.
According to G-riffith this is also the Dend. acinaciforme, Boxb.

74. D. (A.) LoBBii : caulibus apice aphyllis, foliis scalpeUiformibus
duplo longioribus quam latis; floribus minutissimis terminalibus ; se-
palis recurvis ; labello erecto carnoso trilobo ; lobis lateralibus bre*
vioribus unguiculato.

Borneo, forests of Labuan, T. Lobb.

This looks like a very small state of D. Serra ; but the leaves are

* Prof. H. Gr. Reichenbach reduces Oxystophyllum to Dendrobitim. Neither
the materials with which he has favoured me nor those in my own herbarium
enable me to form a decided opinion on the subject. In fact that whole genus,
if it be one, is in inextricable confusion. A fragment of Blume's Sarcostomat
and a drawing of the details of its structure, for which I am also mdebted to
my learned friend, seem to show that that genus should be preserved. The
pollen-mass<^ are represented as having long tails, and have no resemblance to
Blume's figure.

b2

4 PROFESSOU LINDLET's C0J7TRTBUTI0:jfS TO

more distant and rather narrower, tlie sepals are recurved, and tho
lip quite different in form. The flowers are not larger than those
of the smallest Oberonia. The whole plant forms a tuft little
more than 2 inches high.

75. D. (A.) anceps, WalUch, Catalogue, No. 2020.

My flowers of this are unexaminable. It cannot be the D,
ancej9S of Eoxburgh, which has lateral flowers only.

76. D. (A.) LUNATUM : foliis scalpeUiformibus densis obtusiusculis,
labello lunato ante ungiiem canahculatum crista transversa instructo.

Phihppines, Cuming .

Flowers scarcely larger than in D. (A.) Lohhii, The lip is quite
unlike that of any other of the section.

16h. D. pareiflommi Rchb.f. MSS. (D. Jenkinsi, W. Griffith, in Calc.
Journ. N. H. v. 367. t. 25) ; an Assam plant with large white terminal
flowers, I have not seen.

77' D. (A.) subteres, Griffith in Calc. Journ. N. H. v. 370. (Herba sup-

plex quinta species, Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 51. f. 2?)
Malacca, Griffith.

This is a very distinct plant, with the long slender leafless ter-
minations of its shoots yellow, polished, and remarkably flexuose.

78. D. (A.) Roxburghii, Griffith, I. c. (Dend. Calceolum, Roxb. Flor.
Ind. iii. 370. Herba supplex femina, Rumph. Amb. vi. t. 51. f. 1.)

New Guinea, Hindes; Amboyna, Roxburgh.

Judging from the account of this plant given by Griffith, it
must be a very distinct plant, with " large dull-orange flowers
slightly veined with dull red." The lip, he adds, is represented
as almost 4-lobed, or 3-lobed with the central lobe emarginate.
In my specimen, without flowers, the long leafless branches are
straight, not flexuose, and the distant leaves when full-grown are
thin, 1} inch long by ^ of an inch wide. The figure in Rumphius
makes them broader.

** Flores laterales tantum.

79. D. (A.) anceps, Roxb, Flor. Ind. 487 ; Griffith in Calc. Journ. N. H.
V. 369 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3608 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1239 ; Bot. Cab. 1. 1895, not
of WalHch's Catalogue.

Sikkim, hot valleys, J. D. H. (14).

80. D. (A.) cuspidatum, Wallich in Bot. Reg. 1841, Misc. 7.
Khasija, at 2000 feet, /. D. H. Sf T, T. (14 in part) j Moulmein, T, Lobb,

THE OEOHIDOLOQY Or INDIA. 6

Perhaps this is not distinct from D. anceps, with which it is
mixed in the Khasija specimens; but its long naked terminal
shoots, narrower leaves, much smaller flowers, and almost flabel-
liform lip, seem to be sufficiently difierent.

81. D. (A.) EULOPHOTUM : fohis crassis scalpelliformibus obtusiusculis
approximatis ; labello rotundato crista maxima transversa utrinque
acuta.

Mergui, Griffith ; Java, T. Lohh in hb. Hooker.

Of this I have a carefully prepared drawing by Griffith. Its
great transverse crest on the lip resembles nothing except what is
found in D, indivisum of Blume ; but that plant, the Schismoceras
distichum of Presl, has terminal capitate flowers. The Java plant
is rather difierent, the apex of the lip being deeply and widely
retuse, while Griffith's plant is, according to his drawing, regu-
larly rounded ; but I see no other difference.

§ II. Steongtle, Lindl. in Pacot. Fl. Qard. i. sub t. 27.
Under this are included all the species with terete leaves. Some
occur among the collections from continental India. I have one
or two to add to those already on record.

82. D. UNCATUM : foliis rigidis triquetris brevibus disticliis retrorsum
uncatis acutis ; labello obovato bilobo intra sinum obsolete tristiche
papilloso.

Java, T. Lohb (156).

This differs from D. suhulatum in its strongly hooked leaves,
broader, more emarginate lip, and larger flowers. Nevertheless
Prof. Beichenbach, who saw both in my herbarium, does not
distinguish it. (See Bonplo/ndiay March 1, 1857.) It is not unlike
a small form of D. suhteres,

§ III. Bhizobium, Lindl.j I. c.
Of this there is no Indian species.

§ lY. Dendbocobyne, Lindl. iit Bot. Beg, 1844, t. 53 ; 1847,

t. 36. Baxton, I.e.
This section must be confined to the species with stems or
pseudo-bulbs bearing leaves at the apex only, and always of a
thick leathery structure. "What I have formerly called Desmo-
tricJivmi, only in part the same as Blume' s genus of that name, have
for their character the same vegetation, with a lip whose middle
lobe is broken up into long threads.

6 PEorEssoB lindley's conteibutions to

* Flores terminales. Labellvm margine continuvm.

83. D. Macraei, lAndl. Gen. ^ Sp. Orch. No. 3. (?D. nodosum, Dalzell
in Hook. Journ. iv. 292.)

Ceylon, Macrae; Nilgherries, Madras Herbarium, J.B.H. (27) ?j
Khasia, at the height of 4000 feet, J. D. H. (26)?

The flowers of D. Macraei were described as having an entire
lip, upon the faith of a Cingalese native drawing. It is, however,
very doubtful whether such is their structure, and I can hardly
doubt that DalzeU's D. nodosum^ of which I have examined per-
fect flowers out of the herbarium of my late lamented friend Dr.
Stocks (No. 30), is the same plant. Its leaves, indeed, are nar-
rower, and its pseudo-bulbs less unequal-sided, in the specimens
before me. Of Dr. Hooker's No. 26, from Khasia, the flowers
are unknown, but are said to be solitary and white ; the leaves
are not half the width of B. Macrcei, and the pseudo-bulbs are so
slender as to be scarcely distinguishable from the main stem. All
are nearly allied to D.flabellum of Eeichenbach.

84. D. PUMILUM {Griff. Notul. iii. p. 315); pseudobulbis clavatis te-
tragonis nitidis diphyUis, foUis brevibus ovato-oblongis obtusis, flo-»
ribus inter squamas subsessilibus, sepalis petahsque acuminatis, mento
attenuato incurvo ovario subaequaU semifisso, labello unguiculato
oblongo nudo dimidia superiore acuminata crispa.

Mergui, on trees, Griffith (24 and 1175).

riowers small, white, sweet-scented, according to Q-riffith, whose
description is, however, not quite exact. In habit it resembles
D. tetragonum.

85. D. Labuanumj pseudobulbis parvis diphyUis secus caulem aroti
adpressis, foliis obtusis anguste ovalibus obtusiusculis, floribus soli-
tariis, labello trilobo intra apicem papilloso axi elevata carnosa
abrupta.

Borneo, T. hohh.

This is related to D. cymlidioides and its allies, but the flowers
are much smaller.

86. D. BRACHYPETALUM J pscudobulbis parvis monophyllis secus cau-
lem arete adpressis, foliis obtusis, floribus geminis subsessilibus, sepalis
acuminatis, petalis acutissimis duplo brevioribus, mento brevi, labello
brevi oblongo acuto bicarinato.

Java, T. Lohb in hb. Hooker.

A small species with flowers not larger than in an Oberonia.
l)he short acute petals and lip are unusual,

THE ORCHIDOLOtlY OF INDIA. 7

87. D. Rabani; pseudobulbis subcylindraceis monophyllis secus caulem
imbricatis, folio oblongo obtuso, floribus parvis sessilibus terminalibus,
sepalis petalisque acutis aequalibus, mento brevi, columna bicamerata,
labello basi excavato laevi lamina intus villosa medio tuberculata.

Khasia, in Mr. Raban's garden, at 4000 feet, /. JD. H. (25).

" Mowers small, white, sweet-scented." I have been unable to
ascertain the form of the lip ; but the other characters are amply
sufficient to distinguish this.

** Mores laterales. Labellum margine continuum.

Some of the supposed species of this section are probably
founded on insufficient grounds. D. Farmeri (Bot. Mag. t. 4659),
for instance, is scarcely distinct from D. chrysotoxum (Bot. Keg.
1847, t. 36), although its flowers are tinged with pink, and its lip
less abundantly fringed. In like manner my Z>. palpehrcB ( Journ.
Hort. Soc. V. 33) may be a white-flowered variety of D. Griffith-
ianum (Bot. Eeg. xxi. 1756). The only species among the col-
lections of Hooker and Thomson is —

88. D. densiflorum, Wallich, Plant. As. rar. t. 40 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3418.
Sikkim, at 1000-5000 feet of elevation, J. D. H. (7 and 150) ; Khasia at

2000-4000 feet, J. D. H. ^ T. T. (7).

89. D. EUPHLEBiUM (H. G.'Rchb. MSS.) ; eaule angulato clavato basi
angustato, foliis geminis membranaeeis ovali-lanceolatis, flore solitario
laterali, labello oblongo unguiculato eoneavo emarginato cordato, venis
ab axi carnoso rectangulis divergentibus.

Java, T. Lobb.

A very distinct plant, remarkable for its clavate angular stem
tapering to the base, and solitary lateral flower.

*** Lahelli lohus medius stuposus (Desmotrichum).
The species hitherto known are wholly insular. •

§ Y. HOLOCHEYSA.

* Fasciculata ; floribus solitariis, fasciculatis aut breviter
racemosis.
In proposing now, for the first time, to collect into one group
aU the distichous-leaved yellow species, I have no character to
rest upon except the uniformly yellow colour of all parts of the
flower, a colour disappearing somewhat in D. aureum, whose
yellow almost fades into white in the variety called D. rhomheunif
just as that of D. Griffithianum disappears in its variety Falpehra.

8 PEOFESSOE LINDLEY's CONTEIBUTIONS TO

* Mores fasciculati, aut geminati, aut in racemulis B-4i-Jloris.

90. D. HooKERTANUM ; foliis ovatis acuminatis, pedunculis 3-4-floris,
bracteis minutis, sepalis petalisque subsequalibus integris, labello
ovato fimbriis crinitis cincto laminai ipsee aequalibus, ungue convoluto
basi retrorsum bidentato.

Sikkim, at 1000-5000 feet, J. D. H. (8).

A very striking species, witb flowers as large as Dalhousieantmt,
with very long shaggy fringes surrounding the labellum, which
has two blood-red spots on each side above the unguis itself, fur-
nished at the base with a double reversed tooth. There is a figure
among Mr. Cathcart's drawings.

91. D. chrysanthum, WallicJi, Cat, No. 2012; Bot. Reg. 1299.
Darjeeling, Griffith-, Khasija, Griffith ; at 3000- 5000 feet, J. D. H. <^ T.T.

(13); Churra, J. D. H. J Sikkim, in hot valleys, at 2000-5000 feet,
J. D. H. (13).
There is scarcely any variation among the numerous specimens
before us. All have the broad rounded sepals and strictly fascioled
flowers so characteristic of this beautiful species. Dendrobium
Faxtoni (Bot. Eeg. 1839, Misc. 56), of which I have seen no wild
specimen, diflers in its longer and less rounded petals, which are
slightly serrated.

92. D. oclireatum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. jio. 7410. (D. Carabridgeanum,
Paxton, Wlag. Bot. vi. 265 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4450.)

Khasija, Griffith.

Prof. H. Gr. Eeichenbach informs me that the odd stigma is at
the base of the fovea stigmatica, and not at the apex beneath the
rostellum as usual, — a circumstance I have not had an opportunity
of observing.

Other species of this section are aureum^ Lindl., or Jietero-
carpoii, Wallich, of which D. rTiombeum, Lindl. is a white variety ;
villosulum, "Wall., or Jerdonianum^ Wight ; JRucheri, Lindl. ; san-
guinoJentum, Id. ; rugosum and salaccense, Blume ; and I suppose
intermedium and ochroleucum, Tijsmann.

** JRacemosa ; racemis multifloris.

93. D. moschatum. Wall. PI. As. ii. p. 83. ; B.M. t. 3837.
Khasija, at 4000 feet, J.D. U. ^ T. T. (16).

.94. D. FuscATUM ; foliis oblongo-laneeolatis acutissimis, racemis fili-
formibus flexuosis, bracteis linearibus herbaceis, petahs sepalisque
subrequalibus oblongis rotundatis, labello oblate cucuUato retuso den-
ticulate ciliato.

Sikkim, Cathcart, in hot valleys, J.D. H. (12); Khasija, at 2000-4000
feet, J. D.H.§- T.T. (12).

TUE OUCHIDOLOOY OF INDIA. 9

This remarkable plant has orange-brown sepals, and in the
shape of its parts is like I). cJirysanthum, but with ten or twelve
flowers in a slender raceme. The petals are orange-yellow, as also
is the lip, which has two crimson spots on each side. The flowers
of the Khasija specimens are smaller than in those from Sikkim.

§ YI. AcLiNiA, Griffith, JSfot. iii. 320.
In retaining this supposed genus as a section of Dendrobium, I
must at the same time observe that the species are probably
Pelorias of others, although, with perhaps one exception, their
parentage cannot be traced. They are all characterized by a per-
fect, or nearly perfect, regularity in the inner as well as outer
series of floral envelopes, one result of which is the loss of the
mentum, which belongs to all the other plants collected under
the genus. In the case of D. nonjtale, the column seems to be
always triandrous ; and in D. Pseudaclinia, there is sometimes
an apparent attempt to gain that structure. It is, however, for
Indian botanists to investigate this curious subject, and trace
the monsters, if monsters they are, to their origin. Prof. H. Gr.
Beichenbach has discovered that Endlicher's genus Theltohiton,
founded on a terrestrial Norfolk Island plant, is one of these
Aclinias . Judging from a tracing from Ferdinand Bauer' s drawing
in the Vienna Museum, it seems possible, perhaps probable, that
this plant {Dendrohium macropus, H. Gr. Echb.) is a Peloria of
D. elongatmrif A. Cunn. (Z>. hrishanense, H. Gr. Echb.). I also
much [suspect my genus Paxtonia to be nothing more than a Pe-
loria of ^athogloUis spicata.

95. D. Adinia. (Aclinia, Griff. Not. iii. 320. t. 351 A. fig. 21.)
Mergui, Griffith (809).

I can have no doubt that this is a Peloria of D. incurvum
(infra, No. 133), which seems to have been gathered by Griffith
in the same place on the same day. The flowers are in pedunculate
divaricating secund racemes, and appear to have been white, aa
Griffith describes them.

96. D. Pseudaclinia. (Dend. Aclinia, Rchb.f.inBonpl. OctA5, 1856.)
Bootan, Hort. Kew.

This has flowered with Consul Schiller at Hamburg as well as
at Kew ; and Prof. Rchb. informs me that it has also been received
by the same great Cultivator from Manilla. It is a slender erect
plant with yellow flowers, springing in pairs or singly from the
sides of the stem. I have before mo a sketch by Echb. made at

XO PEOFESSOR LINDLEY'S OONTEIBUTIONS TO

Hamburg, and another of my own dated Sept. 1854, in both
which the stigmatic hollow is concealed by a tooth-like elevation
of its lower edge, a structure also occurring in TJielychiton and
D. normale ; in the Kew plant there was, moreover, a bristle on
one side of this front tooth, and external to it ; but Prof. B/cichen-
bach did not find it in many fresh flowers examined by himself,
nor does either the bristle or the front tooth occur in the original
Aclinia. The meaning of these malformations opens a curious
field of inquiry, to which I hope to address myself on a future
occasion.

97. D. Lawanum ; caule juniore camoso ascendente foliis membra-
naceis lauceolatis acutis, florido aphyllo vaginis laxis membranaceis
fere abdito, sepaUs petalisque ovatis obtusiusculis, labello paulo majore
conformi eoncavo. (Dendrochilum roseum, Dalzell in Hooker's
Journal, iv. 291.)

On trees on the Syhadree range of mountains, Dalzell in hb. Stocks
(31) J Concan, Law in hb. Hooker (2).

Mr. Dalzell states that in this plant, " across the front of the
column and below the orifice of the stigmatic cavity, there is a
small crest terminated on each side by a deeply-coloured horn,
two- or three-toothed at the apex." This seems as if we had here
also some monstrous structure ; but I am unable to refer the plant
to any of the Eudendrobia, unless indeed D. transparens should
claim it ; and I must add, that there was nothing unusual in the
column of the only flower I have had an opportunity of dissecting.

98. D. TETRODON {H. G. Rchb. in Hit.); caulibus floridis tenuibus
pendulis aphyllis junioribus foliis anguste lanceolatis membranaceis
subobliquis, floribus geminatis, sepalis petalisque lineari-laneeolatis
acutissimis,mento obsoleto, labello conformi paulo majore et obtusiore,
clinandrio quadridentato.

Java, on trees at the foot of M. Salak, Zollinger (11).

Of this I have a good specimen from Prof. Eeichenbach. It
has the habit of such a plant as D. transparens ; and there is a
slight tendency to the extension of the lateral sepals at the base.
Can it be a Peloria of D. macrostacTiyum ? I find nothing mon-
strous in the column.

99. D. normale, Falconer in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 196 ; Griffith, Not. iii.
255. t. 284.

Western Himalayas ; Mussooree and Landour, Col. Vicary ; pass near
Paoree inGurwhal, at 4000-6000 feet, T. Thomson (17); Saharunpur,
Falconer,

THE OBOHIDOLOaY OF IKDIA. H

My examination of this singular plant agrees with Dr. Fal-
coner's description. Although a monster, I am unable to indi-
cate the species to which it may possibly belong. Suspicion points
to D.fimbriatum ; but that species seems to be quite an eastern
plant, while D. normale has hitherto been seen only in the Western
Himalayas. The late Col, Yicary informed me that the specimens
which he first found, and from which Dr. Falconer's description
was taken, were gathered in 1832, in the vicinity of Mussooree
and Landour.

§ YII. EuDENDEOBiUM, Lindley, in Paxton's Fl. Gard. i. sub t. 27.
I have no other change to make in the limits of this large sec-
tion than the exclusion of all the species with great yellow flowers,
which now stand in the first section of Holochrysa.

A. Caule 0, v. hrevissimo carnoso (Bolbodium, Lindl. I.e.).
No species are among the Hookerian collections. The following
are new.

100. D. SUBACAULE, Reiuwardt, MSS.; fohoparvo oblongo pedicellis
geminatis breviore, sepalis petalisque acuminatis, labello nudo latiori
subconformi, mento gracili recto petalis duple longiore, ovario triptero.

Java, on the top of Momit Tidore, Reinwardt.

"Whole plant, the vermilion flowers included, is little more than
an inch high. This is the smallest of the genus.

101. D. PRASiNUM; folio ovali obtuso, floribus solitariis, sepalis lan-
ceolatis petahsque ovatis acutissimis, mento brevi obtuso, labello un-
guieulato auriculato rhombeo acuminato concavo nudo bilineato.

Feejee islands, 2000 feet above the sea, Asa Gray.

A very distinct plant, of which I only know a drawing by Agati,
in the possession of my learned friend Prof. Asa Gray. The
flowers are sea-green, nearly two inches in diameter. The sepals
about J of an inch wide.

102. D. extinetorium^ Lindl. in Bot. Reg. sub t. 1756.
Moulmein, CfriJUth, on Careya arborea, in damp places.

A true Dendrohium, as is shown by its pollen-masses. Pseudo-
bulbs depressed. Peduncles filiform, erect, 2 to 3 inches long,
one-flowered, with a minute bract about an inch off" the ovary.

B. Caule elongato.
* Labello integro.
This group consists of numerous species so nearly related to

12 PEOFESSOE LlJfDLEY's CONTEIBUTIONS TO

each other that it is scarcely possible to find good distinctions
for them. Even when seen alive in their natural state, the uncer-
tainty is the same. " All the species," says Griffith, " with cochle-
ate labella are nearly akin ; they run into each other so much,
that distinguishing marks are very difficult." (Itinerary Notes,
p. 185, speaking of a form of Dendrobmm nohile found at Panukka
in Bootan.)

103. D. pulchellum, Lindl, Gen. 8f Sp. No. 35 ; Bot. Cab, t. 1935.
(D. brevifolium, Hort. D. Devonianum, Pawfon, B. M. t. 442.9. D.
pictum, Griffith.)

Khasija, J. D. H. (15); Bootan, Griffith.

I have this from Bootan from Griffith, under the name of D.
pictuTiiy but have failed to discover any trace of it in his Itinerary
Notes.

104. D. Pierardi, Boxb. Fl. Ind. 3. 482.
Valleys of Sikkim, Cathcart ; J. D. H. (5).

105. D. primulinum, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1858, no. 223. (D. nobile
palHdiflorum, Bot. Mag. t. 5003.)

Hot valleys of Sikkim, J. D. H. (154).

Possibly this is not distinct from D. cucullatum, as is suggested
in the work above referred to.

106. D. transparens, Wallich, Cat. No. 2008. (D. Henshalli, Bchb. f.;
Bot. Mag. t. 4663.)

Sikkim, at 2000 feet, J. D. H. (153) ; on rocks towards Chuka, in Bootan,
and near Murichom, at 3500 to 4000 feet, Griffith.

I am unable to distinguish the Sikkim specimens from this
plant, although they are somewhat larger than such as have ap-
peared in our gardens ; there can be no doubt that it is the No.
1135 of ' Griffith's Itin. Notes,' p. 198, and Prof. Echb. has himself
pointed out the identity of his D. Henshalli.

107. D. amoenum, Wallich, in Lindl. Gen. c^' Sp. Orch. p. 78.
Sikkim, Cathcart (Jc).

This is readily known by its narrow, blunt, nearly equal sepals
and petals, each with a purple stain at the point.

108. D. nobile, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. Orch. 24. (D. cserulescens, Lindl.
Serf. Orch. t. 17.)

Khasija, Griffith, J. D. H. ; Darjeeling, Griffith ; Assam, Id.

Evidently variable in the size, and probably in the colours,
of the flowers. It is the No. 940 of Griffith's Itin. Notes, p. 184.

THE ORCKIDOLOGY OF INBTA. 13

109. D. Lindleyanum, Griffith, Not. iii. 309.

Hot valleys in Sikkira, at 1000-5000 feet of elevation, J. D. H. (6).

This, notwithstanding the size of the flowers, which are twice
as large as in JD. nobile^ is probably a mere variety of that species.

110. D. FURCATUM (Reinwardt) ; caule gracillimo, foliis linearibus
apieem versus angustatis obtusis, sepalis ovatis obtusis, petalis un-
guiculatis euneatis retusis latioribus, labello lanceolate acuto nudo
intra mentum rectum sepalis longiorem clausum fere abdito.

Celebes, Reinwardt.

A remarkable plant, which, because of the sepals almost com-
pletely united into a long chin, might be perhaps better referred
to Fedilonum. I have only seen fragments of a stem and leaves,
and a perfect flower. The broad cuneate petals are very charac-
teristic.

111. D. DISTACHYON J foliis distichis linearibus oblique bidentatis basi
latioribus, floribus solitariis, axillaribus subsessilibus, sepalis petalisque
angustioribus acutis, labelli ungue lineari-elongato lamina oblata
nuda.

Borneo, Thomas Lobb.

This and the two following resemble D. excisum, revolutum, and
metachilinum in habit.

112. J). LYCOPODioiDES; foliis distichis densis linearibus apice ob-
liquis apiculatis, floribus solitariis, bracteis lineari-lanceolatis carinatis
pungentibus, sepalis acutissimis lateralibus latis triangularibus, pe-
talis angustioribus minus acutis mento subrotundo, labello sessili
obovato concavo apiculato lamellis 2 maximis carnosis.

Borneo ; forests of Sarawak, T. Lobb.

Very like one of the larger Lycopodia. Flowers scarcely more
than 2 lines long. Both this and the following are distinguished
by two fleshy parallel plates almost as broad as the lip itself on
which they lie.

113. D. TMESiPTERiSi foliis distichis distantibus linearibus apice ob-
liquis, floribus solitariis, bracteis lineari-lanceolatis carinatis pungen-
tibus, sepalis acutissimis dorsali apice recurvo lateralibus antice ar-
cuatis, petalis angustioribus acutissimis subfalcatis, mento oblongo
prominente, labello sessili obovato concavo mucronato margine apicis
membranaceo crispulo lamellis 2 maximis carnosis.

Borneo ; forests of Sarawak, T. Lobb.

Very like a Tmesipteris. Differs from the last in the flowers
being even smaller, as well as in the points above described.

14 PROFESSOB LIITDLET's CONTRIBUTIONS TO

114. D. spiNESCENs ; caulibus erectis, foliis distantibus oblougo-lan-
ceolatis, pedunculis oppositifoliis squamosis demum spinescentibus,
sepalis labelloque oblongis obtusis, petalis conformibus triplo mino-
ribus. {Cymbidium spinescens, Ic. Reinwardt.)

Java? Reinwardt.

Very different, in its flowers having the sepals spreading and |
of an inch long, from any of the allied species. According to
Beinwardt's drawing, the fruit is nearly cylindrical, angular, and
surmounted by the sepals, petals, lip, and column, much enlarged
and become quite green. There is no specimen in the herbarium
of Reinwardt.

** Labello trilobo ; calvee.

115. D. BREViFLORUM ; fasciculo florum sessih subgloboso, sepalis
petalisque duplo brevioribus carnosis obtusissimis, labello oblato
nudo lobis lateralibus falcatis auriformibus intermedio truncate plica
utrinque sub sinubus.

Singapore? Herb. Loddiges.

I know nothing like this, which flowered in 1844, in the nursery
of Messrs. Loddiges. The flowers are white, fleshy, with stripes
of crimson spots.

116. D. stuposum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1838, misc. 94.

Khasija mountains, at 2000-4000 feet of elevation, J. D. H. ^ T. T. (11).

The lip is 3-lobed, not entire as is stated in the original defi-
nition taken from an imperfect garden specimen, which led Prof.
Reichenbach to suppose that his D. sphegidoglossum was different,
— a mistake the blame for which is mine.

117. D. Bluniei, Lindl. Gen. 8f Sp. Orch. No. 65. (Onychiura firabri-
atum, Blume, Bijdr. p. 325. Dend. planibulbe, Lindl. in Bot. Reg.
1843, misc. 70.)

Java, Zollinger ; Manilla, Loddiges.

An authentic fragment from Prof. Beichenbach shows that the
Manilla plant is identical with that from Java.

118. D. aqueum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843, misc. 6. t. 64; Bot. Mag.
t. 4640. (D. album, Wight, Ic. t. 1645.)

Khasija hills, T. Lobb.

This is not to be found in the collections of Hooker and Thom-
son ; nor have I seen any wdld specimens, except a few flowers sent
home by Mr. Thomas Lobb to Messrs. Veitch. These want the
long hairs represented by Dr. Wight's artist, but agree perfectly
with the figure in the Botanical Magazine. D. ramosum, an
obscure plant with a slender pendulous branched stem and Ian-

THE OECHIDOLOGY OF INDIA. 15

ceolate acuminate leaves, is apparently near this ; but the frag-
ments of flowers before me afford little information except that
the lip is broad with fine hairs on the inside near the edge.

119. D. spathaceum; caulibus gracilibus erectis, foliis anguste ob-
longis apice oblique obtusis, bracteis linearibus membranaceis basi
coloratis, sepalis petalisque sequalibus acutis mento brevi rotundato,
labelli angusti lanceolati laciniis lateralibus rotundatis medio tuber-
culatis ad sinus plicatis intermedia duple longiore acuta.

Sikkim, at the height of 6000 feet, /. D. H. (143).

A solitary specimen of this exists in Hooker's herbarium; the
stems are about 6 inches long, and the flowers (apparently solitary)
the size of those of D. macrostacJiyum.

120. D. SCABRILINGUE J foliis oblongis apice obtusis valde obliquis,
floribus geminatis, sepalis petalisque ovalibus sequahbus, mento
conico, labelli 3-lobi medio pluries canahculati lobis lateralibus semi-
ovatis obtusis intermedio carnoso oblongo scabro multo brevioribus.

Borneo, T. Lohh.

A pair of flowers and a single leaf, communicated by Messrs.
Yeitch, are the materials on which this very distinct species is
established. Its structure is, however, so peculiar, that no doubt
can exist of its perfect distinctness from any other yet known. The
flowers appear to be white. The lateral sepals from the point of
the mentum to their own apex are about an inch long.

121. D. TRUNCATUM J caulibus gracilibus ramosis basi ramulorum sub-
rotundis incrassatis, fohis linearibus obhque emarginatis, floribus
solitariis, sepahs petalisque ovatis acutissimis sequalibus, mento ascen-
dente valde obtuso ovario duplo longiore, labelU laciniis lateralibus
semicuneatis intermedia lineari basi unidentata.

Java, Reinwardt, Lohh.

I find this among Eeinwardt's plants under the name of Ophrys
puhescens of Blume ; probably owing to some error in labelling,
for there is no such name known to me, nor has this any structure
that can be called pubescent. It is a very small-flowered slender
species, closely allied to D. tetraedre, from which it differs in the
labellum, and in the thickened bases of the branches being round
or roundish oblong, not at all angular.

122. D. INVOLUTUM ; caulibus teretibus, foUis ovato-lanceolatis oblique
obtusis, gemmis oppositifoliis conicis, sepalis petalisque lineari-lan-
ceolatis sequalibus acuminatis apice incurvis, mento brevi acuto,
labelli laciniis lateralibus acutis falcatis intermedia revoluta crispa
acuminata brevioribus.

Society Islands, pendulous from the branches of trees, Mathews.

16 PRorEssoR lindley's contributions to

Flowers a quarter of an inch long, with the points of all the
divisions hooked or rolled downwards.

*** Labello trilobo ; nigro-Ursutce.

These species are all distinguished by the presence of short
blach hairs on the young stems, a peculiarity which separates them
from everything except D. furcatum.

123. D. formosum, Roxh. Flor. Ind. m.; Wallich, PI As. t. 39; Bot.
Reg. 1839, t. 64.

Khasija, J. D, H. ^ T. T. (1007) ; T. Lobb (373). Moulinein, Griffith
(350),

124. D. INFUNDIBULUM; foliis lanceolatis angustis acutis, sepalis li-
neai'i-oblongis, petalis oblongis obtusis triple latioribus, mento infun-
dibular! pedicello aequali, labelli lobis lateralibus rotundatis integris
intermedio subrotundo piano serrulate emarginato.

Moulmein, at 5000 feet on Thoung-gyun, T. Lobb, in hb. Hooker.

A very striking plant, intermediate between D.formosmn and
longicornu, having the large flowers of the former and the slender
habit and narrow leaves of the latter. The lip mth large round
lateral lobes also distinguishes it from the former, and the large
petals with a circular middle lobe to the lip and short funnel-
shaped mentum from the latter.

125. D. longicornu, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 1997; Bot. Reg. t. 1315.
(D. flexuosum, Griffith, Notul. iii. 317. D. hirsutum. Id. iii. 318.
t. 305.)

Khasija, T. Lobb, Griffith ; at 4000-6000 feet, J. D. H. Sf T. T. (10) ;
Sikkim, inner valleys at 5000 feet. J.D. H. (10); Assam, Griffith.

A variable plant as to the form of the middle lobe of the lip,
which is broken up into fringes in very unequal degrees, and as to
the size of the flowers, which however appear to have always a
membranous lip, with strong orange-coloured veins on the lateral
lobes.

126. D. XANTHOPHLEBIUM {Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1856, no. 196) ;
caule foliisqueD. longicornu; sepalis petalisque linearibus acutis, mento
brevi, labelli carnosi lobis lateralibus trianguhs obtusis intermedio
ovato dilatato apiculato crispo scabro : axi elevata carnosa.

Moulmein, T. Lobb (176, 177).

Mowers much smaller than in the last, with quite a different,
fleshy not membranous, lip. Plowers white. Lip yellow with
orange-coloured veins and disk. It is cultivated by Messrs. Veitch.

THE ORCHIDOLOGY OP INDIA. 17

127. D. ATTENUATUM ; foliis Unearibus gramlaeis i)atentissimis, flo-
ribus solitariis squamulis minutis obtusis, sepalis petalisqiie obtusi-
usculis, mento linear! obtuso, labelli elongati spathulati lobis lateralibus
dentiformibus intermedio subrotimdo margine carnoso medio sub-
aspero tubereulis geminis linearibus.

Borneo, T. Lobb.

Flowers small, apparently white. Leaves long, narrow, and
grassy. Stems slender, ascending, from 6 to 8 inches high.

*if/^ The only other species of this section are Z). calcaratum (Bot.
Beg. 1840, misc. 218) and D. nutans (G-en. & Sp. Orch. No. 73),
whose lip is not undivided as it was supposed to be, but lanceolate
with short entire lateral lobes and a crisp, almost linear, middle
part, as I learn from specimens communicated by my learned cor-
respondent Mr. Thwaites (156).

§ VIII. Pedilonum, Blume.

No continental species of this section have been observed, nor
have I found among the collections examined by me anything like
Roxburgh's D. purpureum, a Molucca plant. The following are
new insular species.

128. D. AUROROSEUM {Rchb. f. in litt.); foliis angustis ovato-lan-
ceolatis acutis, sepalis petalisque aequilongis acutis, mento elongato
obtusissimo, labello nudo oblongo apice dilatato retuso utrinque
reflexo ungue unituberculato.

Java, T. Lobb; Zollinger (231).

The oval lip, suddenly expanded into a broad apex reflexed on
each side, and the extremely broad mentum, are like nothing else-
where in this section. The flowers are the size of D. Fierardi.

129. D. BURSIGERUM J foliis oblongis acutis, spicis cylindraceis densi-
floris, sepalis petalisque acutis, mento arcuato infra apicem ventricoso,
labello spathulato acuto cucullato.

Philippines, Cuming.

Like D. secundum, but flowers are not half the size, and in
longer, slenderer, not secund spikes. Lip apparently white with
an orange-yellow tip.

130. D. Reinwardti ; foliis anguste oblongis obtusis apiculatis, spicis
densissimis brevibus, bracteis setaceis divaricatis, sepalis acutis, petalis
obtusiusculis, mento duplo longiore apiculato, labello nudo angusto
spathulato obtusiusculo.

Banda, Reinwardt.

Near D. viridiroseuon of lichb. f., from which it diflers in its
li:nk. proc.-— botaih'y. o

18 PEOrESSOB LINDLEY's CONTEIBUTIONS TO

longer apiculate mentum, and in the blunt lip not at all contracted
in the middle.

§ IX. Stachyobium, Lindl. in Faxton, Fl. Gard. i. sub t. 27.

* Labello integerrimo.

131. D. Dalhousieanum, Paxton, Mag. Bot. xi. t. 145 ; Bot. Reg. 184,
t. 10.

Mergui, Griffith (Dendr. No. 7, Notul iii. 313).

An authentic specimen from Grriffith shows that this fine species
was described by him in the place above quoted ; and thus its
native country is novr ascertaiued.

132. D. ramosissimum, R. Wight, Ic. 1648.

S. Concan, Dalzell in hb. Hooker. {Stocks, 52).

This is very near my D. Jierbaceum (Bot. Eeg. 1840, misc. 163) ;
but the flowers are white with a yellow lip, not white tinged with
green ; the lip itself is longer and more fleshy, and the flowers are
considerably smaller. I have examined fresh specimens out of
Mr. Bellenden Ker's garden from Dharwar.

133. D. INCURVUM ; foliis angustis membranaceis oblique obtusis api-
culatis, racemis oppositifohis rectiusculis brevioribus, bracteis mem-
branaceis uninerviis pedicellis sequalibus, sepalis angustis acutissimis
antiee cum mento semiaperto acuto arcuatis, petalis angustioribus,
labello oblongo venoso antiee serrato circa discum 2-denticulato.

Mergui, Griffith (808).

This is the Dendrobium No. 9 of Grriffith's JSTotul. iii. 314,
forming the number succeeding to that of his AcUnia, and ap-
parently gathered in the same place. It has so entirely the ap-
pearance of that plant, that, as has been already observed, it is
difiicult to doubt that it is not the customary state of the species,
notwithstanding the very different structure of the flower.

134. D. PORPHYROCHILUM ; caulibus brevibus caespitosis tetraphyllis,
foliis angustis membranaceis racemis terminalibus multifloris saepius
sequalibus, bracteis setaceis ovario subsequalibus persistentibus, sepalis
lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis, petalis paulo brevioribus, labello breviore
ovato acuto concavo lineis 3 elevatis, mento brevissimo rotundato.

Assam, Griffith ; Khasija hills, T. Lobb ; at 4000-6000 feet, J. D. H.
Sf T. T. (28).

" Sepals dirty pale yellow. Petals the same, with small red
streaks at the base. Lip purple with a yellow margin." — J". D. IT.
The whole plant seems thin and membranous, and varies in height
from 2 to 5 inches. It approaches the Bolbodia.

THE OECHIDOLOGT OF INDIA. W

** Labello triloho.

135. D. PANDURATUM ; subacaule, foliis membranaceis acutissimis
racemis filiformibus erectis brevioribus, bracteis minutis squami-
formibus, sepalis petalisque linearibus acuminatis, mento recto conico
semiaperto, labello aequilongi pandurato (trilobo lobis lateralibus ro-
tundatis intermedio duplo majore crenulato apieulato).

Ceylon, hb. Hooker. (147); Thwaites (2353).

A small species almost referable to Bolbodium.

136. D. eriseflorum, Griffith, Not. iii. 316. t. 307.

Khasija, in My rung Wood, on dry ridges, Griffith (1020), on rocks and
dry trunks of trees at 2000-5000 feet, J. D. H. Sf T. T. (18).

This forms tufts from 4 to 9 inches high. The stems are
covered with great loose sheaths of fallen leaves. The flowers
are in dense nodding racemes ; according to Cathcart's drawing,
greenish yellow with purple mentum. The lip is stronglv veined
and edged with purple ; its side lobes regularly and sharply ser-
rated, its middle lobe small, oblate, apiculate, and entire. It
would be a beautiful species in a garden.

137. D. PYCNOSTACHYUM ; caulibus laxe membranaceo-vaginatis erectis

carnosis, foliis , racemis densis cylindraceis, bracteis setaceis rec-

tangulis persistentibus ovario sequalibus, sepalis linearibus acuminatis,
petalis minoribus, mento brevi obtuso incurvo, labelli lobis lateralibus
aeutis integerrimis intermedio triangulari recurvo crispo parum latio-
ribus axi juxta sinus abrupto elevato.

Moulmein, T. Lobb.

Like B. ericBflorum^ but with smaller and denser flowers and a
totally diiferent lip.

138. D. microbolbon, Ach. Richard, Ann. Sc. n. s. xv. t. 8. (D. humile,
jR. Wight, Ic. 1643. D. crispum, Dalzell, in Hooker^s Journal, iv.
p. HI.)

Trees in Western India, Dalzell {Hh. Stocks. 34).
There is no doubt that aU three of the above plants are the
same. A. Eichard's figure is very formal and uncharacteristic.

139. D. denudans, Don, Prodr. 34.

Sikkim, in the drier valleys, at 5000 feet, J. D. H. (20) ; E. Nepal, at
4000 feet. Id.

This varies in height from 4 to 15 inches. In the Sikkim plant
the colours are bright red on a pale yellow ground, according to a
drawing by Dr. Hooker ; in gardens they are much greener.

140. D. PEGUANUM; caulibus ovatis ca;spitosis, foliis (linearibiis ?),
racemis erectis densis multifloris, bracteis membranaceis acutissimis

c2

20 PROFESSOR LINDLEY's CONTRIBUTIONS TO

ovario longioribus, petalis linearibus falcatis sepalis raulto longioribus,
mento clongato, labello longe unguiculato subrotuiido cochleato axi
abrupla obtusa, lobis lateralibus seraicircularibus intermedio parvo
triangulavi crispo.

Pegu, M'Lel/and in lib. Hooker. ; Borneo, T. Lohh.

A very small species with short erect dense racemes. The long
falcate petals are very remarkable.

141. D. sarcantiium; caulibus casspitosis 3-4-pbyllis, foliis angustis
racerao paucilloro longioribus, bracteis (testaceis) ovario longioribus,
floribiis valde carnosis mento horizontali obtuso, labelli 3-partiti
sagittati axi elevata trimcata lobis suboequplibus lateralibus oblongis
intermedio ovato.

Java, T. Lohb, 406, in hh. HooJcer.

It is not certain where this curious little species was found.
The whole plant is only 2 inches high with slender 3- or 4-leaved
stems. The rachis is very zigzag, the flowers apparently pale
yellow. I have only examined a bud, the extreme softness of
which rendered it difficult to dissect.

142. D. clilorops, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1844, Misc. 54. (D. barbatulum,
Wight, Ic. iii. 909.)

Concan, Laiv in lib. Hooker (21) ; common on trees in both Concans, in

the cold season. Stocks, in lib. Hooker,
Flowers small, yellow tinged with green.

143. D. barbatulum, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. Orch. No. 44 ; Paxton's Fl,
Card. 502. Ic. XyL

Concan, Law, in hb. Hooker. (3) ; trees in the S. Concan, Balzell, in

herb. Stocks. (32).
The woodcut in Paxton's Flower Garden shows how different
this species is from the last.

§ X. Ceratobium.

No species of this fine division has been yet seen in continental
India. Of one I have a leaf 18 inches long by 14 broad, found in
Borneo by Lobb, the flowers of which are unknown ; and the fol-
lowing undescribed species occurs among Beinwardt's drawings.

144. D. BiCAUDATUM {Reinwdt. MSS.) ; foliis oblongis acutis racemis
horizontalibus 4-5-floris subaequalibus, petalis linearibus spathulatis
erectis sepalis multo longioribus, labelli trilobi lobis lateralibus incurvis
intermedio subrotundo minoribus.

Java, Reinwardt.

Plowers yellowish striped with green. Lip delicately marked

THE ORCHIDOLOGY 01" INDIA. 21

with red transverse veins. Apparently the axis is fleshy, c-eva-.ed,
and extended as far as the point of the lip.

Ols. — Dendr. pumilum, E-oxb. PL Ind. 479, is not the plant so
called by Griffith, if the statement in the former work can bo
trusted ; but the specific character and description are so much
at variance, that some error of the Indian transcriber is to be
suspected.

D. crepidahwt, Grifi*. Notul. iii. p. 319, is quite different from
the species so named by me. But the printed description is so
confused and self-contradictory, that I have not been able to
identify the species.

Prof. Eeichenbach reduces the genera Cadetia, Latouiiia, and
DiCHOPUS to the present genus. I have examined no specimens
of them.

Crtptochiltjs, Wallich.

145. C. SANGUINEA (M); calycc oblongo bis longiore quam lato la-
ciniis acuminatis, petalis labelloque obovatis acutis, poUiniis vhidibus.

Khasija, Churra Punjee, Griffith, at an elevation of 4000-5000 feet,
J. D. H. Sf T. T. (200) ; Sikkim, J. D. H., Catkcart.

Plowers crimson. Capsule pyriform, strongly and equally six-
ribbed.

146. C. LUTE a ; calyce ovato longitucline et latitudine aqualibus laciniis
triangularibus, petalis labelloque lanceolatis, pohiniis luteis.

Mishmee, Griffith ; Darjeeling, Id. ; Sikkim, Cathcart.

This very distinct species occurs only among my specimens
from Grriffith and in Cathcart' s drawings, according to which the
flowers are of one uniform clear-yellow colour. Calyx much con-
tracted at the mouth, and not at all longer than broad ; petals
•linear-lanceolate ; lip lanceolate. Pollen-masses yellow, not green
as in the last. Capsule obscurely six-ribbed. I can find no trace
of this remarkable plant among Griffith's descriptions or notes.

ACANTHOPHIPPIUM, JBlume.

147- A. sylhetense, Lindl. Gen. fy Sp, Orch. 1/7. (A. ringiilomm,

Griffith, Noiul. iii. 347- Ic. 325.)
Sikkim, Cathcart -, Khasija, at,the elevation of 2000-3000 feet, J. D. H.

«^- T.T. (198).

Plowers straw-colour, freclded with red inside.

22 PEOPESSOR LINDLET'S CONTEIBTTTIONS TO

Anthogonium, WalUch.

148. A. gracile. Wall. Cat. 7398; Rchh.fil. in Allg. Gartenzeit, July
1856; Bonplandia, Oct. 15, 1856; Griffith, Notul. iii. 383, Ic. 345.
(A. Griffithi, Rchb.f. in Bonplandia.)

Khasija, grassy places, 4000-6000 feet, J.D. H. Sf T. T. (199), Lohh-,
Assam, Griffith.

This plant varies in the breadth of the leaves, which are some-
times 9 lines and sometimes only 2 lines wide. I can find no
ground for the separation of A. Griffithi, whose original specimens
are before me.

Spathoglottis, Blume.

149. S. ixioides, hindl. Gen. ^ Sp. Orch. p. 120.
Sikkim, at an elevation of 8000-10,000 feet, J. D. H. (146).

" Mowers yellow." J. D. H.

150. S. pubescens, Lindl. 1. c.

Khasija, Lobb ; grassy hills at 5000-6000 feet, J. D. H. (145).

" Flowers yellow," J. D. JS. I fear my Chinese Sp. Fortuni
(Bot. !Reg. 1845, t. 19) is not distinct from this, which varies
greatly in the breadth of its leaves and the form of the petals.

151. S. parvifolia, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1845, sub t. 19. (S. Khasijana,
Griff. Not. p. 323, Jc. t. 311. 1.

Khasija, on dry rocks near Churru, also in Assam, Griffith.

N. B. Spathoglottis ? trivalvis of Wallich's Cat., No. 3742, the
fruit of which alone is known, Prof. Reichenbach, jun. refers,
and probably with justice, to Acriopsis. Grriffith's Sp. lilacina,
Not. p. 325, Ic. t. 311. 3, is Sp.plicata ; the same author's Sp.
plicata is Sp. cmrea.

Aeundina, Blume.

152. A. bambusifolia, Lindl. Gen. 8f Sp. Orch. 125.

Khasija, 2000-3000 feet, J. D. H. (149) ; hot valleys, Sikkim, Id.

153. A. affinis, Griffith, Notul. iii. 330.

Khasija, at an elevation of 3000 feet, in shady wet places, on rocks near
stream?, J.'d.H. (151); Churra Punjee, Griffith.

" Labeiium yellow inside." Yery like A. cJiinensis, from which
it seems to differ in having only two ragged lamellae on the lip
instead of fiAe, the lateral and middle of which are shortest. My
specimens are from G-riffith himself.

THE OBCHIDOLOGT OP INDIA. 23

154. A speciosa, Blume. (Cymbidium speciosum, Hb. Reinwardt.)
Java, Lobb (217) ; Goorgong, Assam, Griffith ; common in rocky places

in wet situations on Mt. Ophir, at the height of 2500 feet, where it is
called Paddam Bhattoo, Id.

This is principally distinguished from A. hamlmifolia bj the
terminal lobes of its lip being parallel and overlapping each other,
while in A. bambusifolia they divaricate. A. affinis has smaller
flowers and narrower petals. A. densa is much more distinct, its
flowers being closely arranged, and the middle lobe of the lip
almost obsolete.

Nephelaphtllum, Blume.

155. N. cordifolium. (Cytheris cordifolia, Lindl. Gen. 8f Sp. p. 128.)
Khasija, at 4000 feet, J. D. H. (147).

" Flowers pale green, striped with pale purple ; lip pale purple."
J. B. H. These specimens are much larger than "WaUich's from
Silhet. The plant appears to spread and creep among moss, through
which the leaves and flowering stem arise. In N. tenuiflorvm^ Bl.,
which resembles this, the flowers are much smaller as weU as more
numerous, and the leaves are frequently almost truncate at the base.
iV.^wZcAr«^w,Bl., which is the Limodorum maculatum of Eeinwardt's
unpublished drawings, is much dwarfer, the scape not being longer
than the leaves, which are purple beneath, clouded with varying
tints of green on the upper side, and in form oval-acuminate ; the
flowers are straw-coloured with a purple spur and a yellow crest
in the middle of an undivided lip. The genus certainly belongs
to Epidendrece, in the neighbourhood of Bletia.

EiJLOPHiA, B. Br.

156. E. bracteosa, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. No. 7366. (E. grandiflora. Id.
Gen. 8f Sp. p. 181.)

Khasija, at 2000 feet, J. D. H. Sf T. T. (222).

Further examination has satisfied me that there is no difference
between the above two supposed species. I even doubt whether
there has not been some error in making B. grandiflora a native
of Ceylon.

157. E. graminea, Lindl. 1. c. No. 13.

Malacca, Cuming ; Burma, at Amherst, in woods near the sea, Griffith;
plains of Behar, J. D. H. ^ T. T. (221).

This must no longer be regarded as a Malay plant, the spe-
cimens from Behar difl'ering in nothing except the flowers being
rather smaller, with the lip less deeply 3-lobed.

24 PEOFESSoii lindley's conteibutions to

158. E. iriconspicua, Griffith, Not. iii. 349. t. 326.

This Malacca plant I have not seen. It seems to differ from
the last in little beyond the processes on the labellum.

159. E. brachypetala; fohis oblongo-lanceolatis, scapi vaginis 2
longis raembranaceis, racemo raro secundo, sepalis erectis lineari-
lanceolatis, petalis conformibus multo brevioribus, labelli trilobi venis
ciispulis lobis lateralibus acutis intermedio multo longiore oblongo
obtuse, calcare subgloboso.

N. W. Hiaialaya, Gurwhal at 2000-3000 feet, T. T. (216).

I have not seen the pollen-masses of this plant, which might be
mistaken for Ania angustifolia. It must be re-examined with
better materials than I possess. Much like JE. FromensiSj but the
lip is different .

160. E. virens, R. Brown,
Courtallum, J. D.H. (221).

161. E. herbacea, Lwic?/. 1. c. (E. albiflora, i^c/^'ewoW/i, MSS.)
Himalayas, JSdgeworth, in Jib. Bentham. ; Conean, Law, in hb. Hooker.

(220).

The long green narrow sepals, the much broader and shorter
petals, and the fringed veins of the lip are peculiar.

162. E. ocHREATAj foHis oblongis acutis, scapo laxe trivaginato,
bracteis liuearibus acuminatis ovariis longioribus, racemo cylindraceo,
sepalis ovalibus acutis cpncavis, petalis planis latioribus, labello ob-
longo serrate venis omnibus firabriatis, calcare parvo hemisphserico.

Conean, Law, in hb. Hooker.; Canara, Stocks (71).

A small-flowered species with a rather dense cylindrical raceme
4 or 5 inches long. All the parts of the flower membranous.

163. E. bicolor, Dalzell, in Hooker'' s Journ. iii. 43.

Western Ghauts, Dalzell, in hb. Stocks. (23) ; Conean, Law, in hb.
Hooker.

Much like U. herhacea ; but the spike is longer and more slender,
and the flowers are not half the size. Moreover the spur is longer,
and the middle lobe of the lip obovate with long fringes on the
veins.

164. E. campestris, Lindl. I.e. (E. ramentacea, Wight, Ic. 666,)
Western India, Jacquemont (653 in Herb, Mus. Par.) ; plains of Rohil-

cund, T.T. (218).

Both these, especially Jacquemont' s plant, are taller and more
slender than Wallich's Oude specimens, but do not appear to
differ otherwise.

THE OUCIIIDOLOGY Or IKDIA. 25

165. E. iiemileuca; aphylla, vaginis 4 apice lierbaceis, racemis
longis laxis subsecundis, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis herbaceis, petalis
latioribus planis, labelli trilobi laciniis lateralibus apice vectangulis
acutis intermedia concava crispa, ramentis venarum paucis sparsis,
calcare brevi conico.

Plains of Rohileund, T. T. (219).

Sepals green, petals white. The lip is very membranous, with
a very few scattered ramenta on the veins of the middle lobe.
Next E. camjpestris.

166. E. PRATENSis J aphylla, vaginis caulis 5 acutissimis, racemo
laxo multifloro, sepalis petalisque brevioribus oblongis acutis, labello
oblato 3-lobo laciniis lateralibus ovatis obtusis intermedise ovatae
obtusae subaequalibus venis tribus cristatis, calcare brevi conico obtuso.

Pasture lands in the Deccan, in the cold season. Stocks (22 bis. E. virens,
in herb. Hooker.).

Quite a different plant from E. virens, to which Stocks referred
it, known at sight by its short oblong sepals, still shorter petals,
and obtuse 3-lobed 3-crested lip.

167. E. densiflora; aphylla, vaginis pluribus obtusis, racemo dense,
bracteis inferioribus herbaceis ovario longioribus, sepalis petalisque
lineari-lanceolatis his brevioribus, labelli trilobi calcare conico lobis
lateralibus rotundatis intermedio ovato crispo, venis tribus fimbriatis,
ovario calcaris longitudine.

Bootan, Griffith.

I have this by favour of the East India Company, through the
good offices of Dr. Eoyle. It is much larger in all its parts than
any other of the aphyllous section. The ovary is not at all longer
than the spur.

168. E. raraentacea, Lindl. 1. c. (not Wight).
Bootan, Griffith.

169. E. rupestris, Lindl. I.e.

N. W. Himalayas, Royle, Jacquemont, Herb. Mus. Par. (53, 47).

170. E. HASTATA ; aphylla, racemis gracilibus densis multifloris, brac-
teis setaceis ovario brevioribus, sepalis petalisque linearibus distantibus
acuminatis, labello unguiculato hastato trilobo acuminato lamellis
2 altis integris supra unguem ortis ad sinus evanescentibus, calcare
brevi oblongo.

Assam, Griffith.

The flowers are smaller than in any other of the aphyllous spe-
cies. The nearly hastate lip, the side lobes curving forwards, and
the two deep lamellae beginning above the unguis and vanishing
into mere lines opposite the re-entering angles, are unlike anything
else in the genus.

26 PBOFESSOE lindlet's contbibtjtions to

171. E. STENOPETALA; aphylla, scapo gracili 3-4-vaginato, racemo
brevi, bracteis ovatis acuminatis incurvis ovario longioribus, sepalis se-
cundis petalisque porrectis linearibus aequalibus, labello infundibiilari :
limbi trilobi lobis lateralibus rectangulis interraedio subrotundo crispo
ramentis 3 parvis fissis siuubus oppositis, calcare elongate apice
inflate, foliis hysteranthiis gramineis.

Bootan; Panukka on dry hills, Griffith (847, Itinerary Notes, p. 164).

Authentic specimens, sent me by Griffith himself, show this to
be a slender plant, with a graceful scape 18 inches high, termina-
ted by from 5 to 8 flowers, with large herbaceous bracts ending
in fine points. According to Griffith's Itinerary, the flowers are
purplish with darker veins; at least such seems to have been
written by that lamented botanist, as far as can be judged from
the wretched state of the printed text.

CoBALLOEHizA, Haller.

172. C.indica: floribus subglobosis, sepalis petalisque oblongis aequa-
libus secundis obtusis, labello unguiculato coneavo reflexo lamina
subrotundo-quadrata utrinque medio unidentata intus nuda.

N. W. Himalaya; upper part of Hattee? T. T. (no number).

A solitary specimen, found by Dr. Thomson, is before me. It
has no root, a stout scape a foot high with two distant close-
pressed sheaths, a loose spike of 7 flowers, with linear acuminate
spreading bracts, the lower of which are empty. The flowers are
about f inch in diameter. The only flower I have been able to
dissect had lost anther and pollen-masses ; but I think the plant
must belong to the present genus.

The leafy Corallorhizas formerly published by me I have now
had better means of examining. G. foliosa I have redissected ; and
a second species, from Dr. Thomson, has proved to be in a good
examinable state. In both, the pollen-masses are globular, not at
all compressed, and in the latter I have found them attached to a
true caudicle with its gland. It is therefore clear that they must
be separated from Corallorhiza and placed near Eulophia, from
which their pollen-masses distinguish them. A third species is
the Siberian Corallorhiza patens. The alpine habits of all lead me
to propose the name of Oreorchis for this small group.

Oeeoechis, gen. nov.

Tuberosa. Folia ^ngusta radicalia plicata. Scapi simplices di-
stantes vaginati, apice dense racemosi. Sepala et petala sub-
gequalia secunda, lateralia basi obHqua. Labellum unguiculatum

THE OBCHIDOLO&Y Or INDIA. 27

cum columna continuum tripartitum membranaceum intus bica-
rinatum. Columna elongata marginata, stigmate excavate. jPoI-
linia 4, globosa, disjuncta, caudicula lineari, glandula carnosa.

173. O. foliosa; sepalis petalisque oblongo-linearibus, labelli lobis
lateralibus ovatis obtusis medianis, carinulis parallelis membranaceis.
— Corallorhiza with leaves, Lindl. in Royle's Botany of the Himalayas,
p. 362.

Mussooree, Royle ; Lachen in Sikkim, at 11,000-12,000 feet, J. D.H.
(213), rare.

Sepals red ; labellum white dabbled with red. Tuber roundish,
the size of sparrow's egg. Leaves from 5 to 15 inches long. Mowers
small, somewhat secund. In my sketch of Dr. Eoyle's plant the
lip has two distinct parallel carinulae terminating opposite the
re-entering angles of the lip : in the only imperfect flower from
Sikkim which it has been possible to dissect, the carinula3 are
short, broad, and acute ; yet the plants are indubitably the same.

174. O. micrantha; tubere foliis seapoque praecedentis, labelli lobis
lateralibus filiformibus basilaribus intermedio apice lunato crispo basi
appendice cochleari carnosa instructo.

N. W. Himalayas, 8000-10,000 feet; Yaklul Mountain, Kumaon, T. T.

(214).

Habit exactly that of the last. Elowers not a quarter the size ;
petals broader than the sepals. Pollen-masses 4, globular, per-
fectly distinct, on the end of a spathulate caudicle, connected with
an oblong fleshy gland. Capsules pendulous, oval, mucronate,
not dehiscent in the plant before me.

175. 0. PATENS ; tuberibus ovatis monophyllis in rhizoma approximatis,
folio (latiore), scapi vagina in medio lineari herbacea patente, labelli
lobis lateralibus linearibus supra basin enatis carinulis 2 clavatis
distantibus. — Corallorhiza patens, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. 535.

Siberia, Prescott.

Flowers intermediate in size between the two preceding ; lateral
lobes of the lip springing neither from the base nor above the
middle, but below the middle.

Ctmbiditjm, Swz.

176. C. aloifolium, Swartz ; Wight, Ic. 1687??

Nilgherries, J. D. H. (234) ; Sikkim, 1000-3000 feet, J. D. H. (228).

The racemes in the Sikkim plant are short, the flowers are
rather more fleshy, and the lip shorter than in the southern form.
There is however a drawing in Cathcart's collection representing

28 rEOPDSSOE LINBLEy's COyTBlBUTIONS TO

a plant with leaves 2 feet long, If broad, and a raceme almost as
dense as in C. elegans. "Wight's figure resembles C. pendulum ;
but that does not seem to be a continental species. O. erectum
(Wight, Ic. 1753) is very near this ; I have not seen it.

177. C. cyperifolium, Wallich, Cat. No. 7353. (Cymbidium viridi-
florum. Griff. Itin. Notes, p. 126, No. 454.)

Khasija, J. D. H. Sf T. T. (267) ; Bootan, Griffith.

The long leaves of this resemble those of some Carex ; its long
linear-lanceolate bracts far overtopping the flowers ; and the linear
distant straight lamellae are quite peculiar.

178. C. cochleare; foliis longissimis angustissimis caricinis, racemo
debili multifloro, bracteis obsoletis, sepalis petalisque linearibus acu-
minatis, labello angusto versus apicem dilatato trilobo laraellis in
cochlear semiliberura apice confluentibus.

Sikkim, in hot valleys, J. D. H. (235).

The habit is that of C. ci/perifoUum ; but the bracts are almost
obsolete, the very narrow sepals, petals, lip, and column are full
2 inches long, and the lamellae of the perfectly bald lip are united
into a spoon-shaped process attached by its middle. The form of
the end of the lip is unknown to me.

179. C. eburaeum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1847, t. 67. (C. syringodorum,
Griff. Not. iii. 338.)

Khasija mountains, Myrung, Griffith.

180. C. affine, Griffith, Not. iii. 336, t. 291.
Khasija hills, Surureem, Griffith.

It is impossible to reconcile the statements made for Grriffitli
by his editor, without assuming that some confusion of papers
has taken place. This plant, which I have from himself with his
own name, is evidently that to which the second description of
his C. densiflorum applies, and has nothing to do with the first
description, which applies either to a variety of C, elegans, or to
something very near it. The hairy middle lobe of the lip assists
in distinguishing this from C elegans, to which it approaches.

181. C. elegans, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. Orch. 163, No. 9, Sertum Orchi-
daceum, 1. 14. (Cyperorchis elegans, Blume, Mns. Lugd. Bot. i, 48.
C. densiflorum, Griffith, Not. iii. 337, so far as the first description
goes.)

Khasija hills, 5000-6000 feet, J.B. H. ^' T. T. (231) ; Myrung, Grif-
fith; Darjeeling, Id.; Sikkim, Cathcart, 5000-8000 feet, J. D. H.
(232).

This species varies greatly in the number of orange-yellow flowers

(THE OECHIBOIOOY Or INDIA. 529

collected in its great oblong nodding racemes. In all states it is
to be known by the connivent sepals and petals, and probably also
by the presence of a pair of teeth near the base of the two con-
tiguous parallel lamella). I must however observe, that I cannot
find the latter in my specimens of C, densiflorum^ from Griffith,
although he describes them as being present.

182. C. longifolium, D. lion ; JAndL, 1. c.
Sikkim, Cathcart ; Khasija, J. D. H. ^ T. T. (230).

Flowers appear, from Cathcart' s figure, to be olive-brown, with
a white lip spotted with crimson. The lip is covered with down
in the inside, and the appearance of the species is that of a smaU
C. giganteum.

183. C. giganteum. Wall. Cat. No. 7355 ; hot. Mag. 4844.
Khasija, Nunklovv on trees, Griffith j Darjeehng, Id. j Sikkim, 5000-

7000 feet, /. D. H. (227, 233).
Varies much in the size and colour of the flowers and the
breadth of the leaves. Among Cathcart' s drawings, one represents
them as dull red on a greenish ground, with the inside of the lip
streaked with red, the whole flower being about 3 inches in
diameter ; another, on the contrary, represents them as nearly 5
inches in diameter, with deep bright-green whole-coloured sepals
and petals, and a yellowish lip, the inside of wliich is profusely
dotted with crimson.

184. C. micromeson; fohis linearibus loratis basi canaliculatis rigidis
racemo erecto paucifloro longioribus, perianthio membranaceo patente,
labello cimeato glaberrimo basi eonspicue saecato laciniis laterahbus
rotundatis intermedia unguiculata oblata biloba apiculata multo mi-
nora lamellas 2 fihformes crenulatas emittente versus medium la-
bellum evanescentes.

Khasija, Griffith.

For this curious species I am indebted to the East India Com-
pany, by whom it was communicated with many other of Grifiith's
plants, through my friend Dr. Eoyle. The great bag formed be-
tween the bases of the column, lip, and lateral sepals, the long lip
smooth, wedge-shaped, with a very small double purple middle
lobe,, from which run down two smooth crenated lamellae, disap-
pearing before they reach the middle of the lip, are like nothing
else in this genus.

185. C. ehloranthura, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843, Misc. 102. (C. vari-
ciferum, Rchb.f. in Bonplandia, Oct. 15, 1856.)

This is not among the collections before me. I learn from
Prof. Eeichenbach himself that his name has to be cancelled.

80 PEOFESSOB lindley's conteibutions to

186. C. sinense, Willd.

Khasija, at 1500 feet, /. B. H. Sf T. T. (226).

This does not seem to differ from the Chinese plant.

187. C. ERYTHRiEUM ; foliis angustis acutis racemis multifloris bre-
vioribus, braeteis minutis, sepalis lanceolatis, petalis angustioribus
patentissimis falcatis, labello convoluto intus tomentoso apice ajqua-
liter trilobo laciniis rotundatis recurvis lateralibus planis intermedia
erispa lamellis contiguis rectilineis pilosis apice confluentibus.

Sikkini, in hot valleys, /. D. H. (229).

" Panicle varies in length and density, flowers in size and colour.
Upper and back part of column grows over stigma, and whole
column very much incrassated." J. D. S. — From the sketches of
Dr. Hooker I learn that the sepals of this fine species are
spreading, oblong-lanceolate, green with dull-red broken streaks ;
the petals somewhat narrower, rose-coloured, and curved back-
wards ; the lip yellow, with numerous red streaks on the outside
and inside. In the dried flowers the sepals are two inches long.

188. C. lancifolium. Hooker, Exot. Fl. t. 51. (C. Gibsoni, Paxton, Fl.
Garden, No. 618, Ic. Xyl 301 ?— C. javanicum, Blume, Bijdr. 380.)

Khasija, at 4000-5000 feet, J.D.H.S,- T.T. (139); Mishmee hills,
lower ranges, Griffith; Sikkim, Cathcart ; Java, T. Lobb (187),
Reinwardt (" C. vaginatum").

This plant has not appeared among the Hindostan collections,
but it seems to be common in the North-eastern Provinces, its
track then bending downwards into the Indian Archipelago. That
it exists in Java is shown by the specimens above-mentioned from
T. Lobb and Eeinwardt. Of the only other two Javanese Cymbids
that I have seen, one is a grassy-leaved plant allied to C. ensi-
foUum, the other is possibly Prof. Blume's C. cuspidatum; but
nothing certain can be said without examining authentic spe-
cimens. C. Gibsoni is only a half-monstrous state of this.

Ceemastea, Imdl. Gen. ^ Sp. p. 172.

189. C. Wallichiana, Id. 1. c.
Sikkim, at 7000 feet, /. D. H. (242).

Plume's figure of the Japanese HyacintJiorcliis variabilis (Mus.
Lugd. Pot. i. t. 16) differs in no respect whatever from the Indian
plant, except in having a short shrivelled appendage of the lip
instead of a long cucuUate one. If this is really so, the species
would seem to be distinct ; if not, not.

THE OECIIIDOLOGY OE INDIA. 81

Ctetopeea, Lindl.

190. C. bicarinata, Lindl. Gen. 8f Sp. Orch. 189.

G-riffith's Cymhidium, Not, iii. 343, No. 9, is certainly this, and
it is to that description, not to No. 8, that his figure 319 belongs.
The description of No. 8 has nothing to do with any species of
Cymbidium, Eulophia, or Cyrtopera.

191. C. CANDIDA; foliis oblongis acutis petiole sequalibus, bracteis
subulatis ovario sequalibus, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis, petalis oblongis
apiculatis brevioribus duple latieribus, labelli trilobi lobis lateralibus
ovatis ebtusis intermedie subrotundo crispe apiculato recurve multe
brevieribus tuberculis 2 rotundis versus basin venisque 3 majoribus
came sis elevatis.

Sikkim, Cathcart, J. D. H. (241).

Corm orbicular, covered with coarse shreds. Mowers rather
before the leaves, greenish white, except the sepals, which are
herbaceous. The base of the column is saccate, but the lip is
merely concave. Anther fleshy, triangular, stained with crimson.
In a dried state it is much like C. tricarinata.

192. C. fusca, Wight, Ic. 1. 1690.
Nilgherries, J.D.H. (215).

■Wight's figure is a good one, except that the lower half of the
veins on the lip is represented as scabrous, like the upper half,
while in reality it is perfectly smooth.

193. C. flava, Lindl. l.c. = C. CuUenii, Wight, Ic. 1754, no deubt.

194. C. ensiformis. (Eulephia exaltata, Rchb.f. in Bonplandia, Feb,
15, 1857.)

Phihppines, Cuming.

An authentic specimen, though but a single flower, from Prof.
Beichenbach, enables me to identify his -£/. exaltata^ which is cer-
tainly a genuine Cyrtopera. I am unable to find on the lip the
elevated keels which my learned friend describes. "What I find is
a somewhat fleshy middle lobe, hollowed out like a spoon, and
compressed between the lateral lobes. This being smaller than
some other Cyrtoperas, I am obliged to change the specific name.:
that of ensiformis indicates one main feature of the species whose
leaves are as long, straight, and narrow as any Iris or Griadiolus.

195. C. squaUda, Uchh. in Bonpl. Feb. 15, 1857- (Eulephia squahda,
Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1841, Misc. 164.)

Phihppines, Cuming ; Borneo, T. Lobb.

I assent to the removal of this from Eulophia, although the

82 PBOFESSOR LINDLEY's CONTRIBrTIONS TO

short spur may almost as well be referred to tlie labellum as to
the column.

196. C. MYSORENSis ; foliis oblongis petiolo longioribiis, bractids sub-
ulatis ovario sequalibus, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis carinatis apiculatis,
petalis planis minoribus? labello oblongo indiviso crispo apiculato
iatus nudo.

Mysore, Law in hb. Stocks. (56).

A plant with the habit of C. ftcsca, but widely different in the
structure of the lip. Owing to the bad state of my specimen, I
am uncertain whether the petals are really much shorter than the
sepals, or not.

197. C. SANGUINEA J aphylla, discolor, tubere crasso oblongo arti-
culate, scape trivaginato, bracteis lineari-lanceolatis ovario longioribus,
sepalis oblongo-lanceolatis, petalis ovatis brevioribus, labello obsolete
trilobo apice rotundato recurvo, anthera mucronata.

Sikkim, Cathcart; at 4000-5000 feet, J. D. H. (223 & 361).

Plant from 1 foot to more than 2 feet high, of one uniform
dull-greenish crimson tint, except the lip, wliich is rose-colour.
The petals are not much more than f rds the length of the very
acute sepals, which are rather more than 1 inch long. The inside
of the lip is free from lamellge or other processes, but is obscurely
papillose on all the veins.

There is a Cyi'topera from Sumatra with dense pyramidal ra-
cemes of dull-purple flowers among Professor DeYriese's drawings,
where it is called Cymbidium geophilwn ; but I have seen no spe-
cimen. It seems to be different from this.

Saccolabium, JBhme.

198. S. guttatum, Lindl. Gen, 4' Sp. Orch. 220.

Chittagong, Col. Fielding ; Kamaon, in the Simai valley, J. D. H. (185) ;
Sikkim, in hot valleys. Id. (184).

It may be doubted whether either Saccolabium Blmnei (which
is S. Bheedii of Wight's Ic), or S. macrostacJiyum (Sertum, Orch.
t. 47), are distinct from this common species, notwithstanding the
difference in the form of the middle lobe of their lip and some
other circumstances. At least I have from Java a plant gathered
by Mr. T. Lobb, which combines the praDmorse leaves of S. gut-
tatum with the short spike and retuse lip of S. Blumei.

199. S. GURWALICUM; subacaule, radicibus maximis compressis, foliis
canaliculatis distichis trimcatis spicis simplicibus longioribus, sepalis
petalisque obtusis, labelli calcare late conico rotundato compresso

THE OBCHIDOLOGT OE INDIA. OO

intus hirto lamina carnosa concava unguiculata subtriloba, fructu
ovali brevi trialato ligneo.
Gurwhal, N.W. Himalaya, at 3000 feet of elevation, T. Thomson (181) ;

Gunai valley, Kamaon, Id. (185).
A very distinct plant, nearly allied to S. guttatum. The raceme
in my specimen is not more than 3 inches long, and very dense ;
the lateral sepals are considerably larger than the petals and
dorsal sepal. The ripe fruit is not above a quarter the size of that
of >S'. guttatum, almost exactly oval, and much harder.

200. S. calceolare, Lindl. 1. e. ; Griff. Notul. iii. 356. t. 334. (Vanda
pulchella, Wight, Ic. t. 1671.)

Base of Khasija, J.D.H. ^ T.T. (187); Sikkim, in hot valleys. Id.
(187), Cathcart; Java, T.Lobb. (339.)

A most variable plant, constant in little except the extremely
acuminate unequal-sided points of the leaves. The middle lobe of
the lip is sometimes a mere ciliated rim, sometimes a deep trian-
gular fringed plate, and occasionally quite entire. The leaves
vary in breadth from }th of an inch, as in Griffith's figure, to
fths, as in Hooker's Khasija specimens. The Java plant has the
leaves less unequal at the end, and acuminate, and appears to be
smaller than the Indian forms, one of my specimens not being
more than ^ inch high. In all cases the flowers would seem to be
spotted, with the sepals and petals fleshy and oblong.

201. S. obliquum, Liraf/Z. 1. c.
Khasija, J. D. H. Sf T. T. (189).

A careful examination of flowers in spirits does not enable me
to point out any important distinction between this and S. cal-
ceolare ; so that the broad leaves Avith very blunt ends aflbrd the
only available specific character. Dr. Hooker writes on his label,
" flowers exactly as in 188 (^S. calceolare}, but larger and whiter."
The sepals and petals appear to be also narrower.

202. S. intermedium, Griff. MSS. (Sacc. no. 4, Griff. Not. iii. 357).
Khasija hills : Moosmai, Oct. 1835, Griffith.

I have this from the author. It is much like S. calceolare, but
is more caulescent and more fleshy, with scarcely any appearance
of a second lobe on the thin extremely acuminate end. The flowers
are not half the size, with much narrower sepals and petals. The
lip is, moreover, almost exactly hemispherical. It seems distinct.

203. S. acutifoliura, Lindl. 1. c. (S. denticulatum, Paxton, Mag. Bot.
vii. 145; Bot. Mag. t. 4772.— Saccolabium, Griff. Itin. Not. p. 46,
no. 713 ; Notul. iii. t. 333.)

Sikkim, Cathcart; at 5000 feet, J. D.H. (367); Khasija, Griffith.
LINN. PKOC. — BOTANY. D

34 PEOFESSOE lindlet's gonteibutions to

This has numerous flowers on long stalks at the end of a
stout peduncle ; and the very fleshy leaves are convex and acute.
It is also quite different from S. calceolare in its decidedly cau-
lescent habit. The flowers are whole-coloured, yellowish-brown,
unspotted, with the lamina of the lip broad, triangular, and
marked with a circular collection of crimson spots in the very
disk. Grriffith's plant is a narrow-leaved small state, as compared
with the Sikkim form, which has twenty flowers at the end of a
stout peduncle 2^ inches long. I have seen no specimen ; and the
Indian drawing, after which the definition in the Gen. & Sp. was
prepared, seems to have been misunderstood.

No Indian collection yet examined by me has contained a plant
that answers to the account of S. dasypogon.

204. S. micranthum, Lindl. 1. c.
Bootan, Griffith ; Mergui, Id.

205. S niveum, Lindl, 1. c.

Ceylon, Thwaites, in the Hewahette district.

206. S. gemmatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1838, misc. 88; Uchb.fil. in
Bonplandia, Oct. 15, 1856.

Sikkim, at 4000-6000 feet, /. D. H. (209) ; Ceylon, Gardner, in hb.
Hooker. (872).

This has much the appearance of the last ; but the petals are
short and obtuse, the leaves much broader, the racemes longer,
and the flowers blood-red, except the lamina of the lip, which is
white, with the two lateral short lobes greenish, succulent, and
resembling oblong glands. The flowers are scentless (J. D.H.).
I have it from Grriffith without locality.

207. S. PACHYGLOSSUM ; foliis semitcretibus spicis paniculatis sub-
sequaiibus, sepalis carinatis oblongo-linearibus apice secundis, petalis
linearibus, labelli calcare oblongo leviter arcuate Hmbo carnoso un-
guiculato apice dilatato piano- subrotundo dorse convexo.

Borneo, T. Lohh.

Flowers not half as large as in the two last, which it much
resembles. Sepals remarkably fleshy, narrow, with their points
recurved, while from between the laterals projects the lamina of
the labellum in the form of a minute spoon.

208. S. RAMULOSUM ; caulescens raraosum, foliis semiteretibus an-
gustissimis recurvis, floribus (minutis) paniculatis clausis camosis,
sepalis oblongis carinatis, petalis brevioribus retusis, labello apice
plano-convexo calcare oblongo. — Schanorchis paniculata, Blume,
Bijdr. 362.

Java, De Vriese,

THE OECHIBOLOGT OF INDIA. 85

This wants the peculiar column of Schoenorchis, and is in no
respect distinguishable from Saccolabium. The leaves seem to
vary much in size.

209. S. CHiONANTHUM ; foHis terctibus recurvis spicis simplicibus sequa-
libus, floribus (minutis) carnosis, sepalis obtuse carinatis petalisque
minoribus apiculatis, labello apice appendice plano-convexa trian-
gulari instructo calcare horizontali oblongo, antbera apice lineari
elongata erecta. — Schcenorchis micrantha, Blume, I. c.

Java, Reinwardt.

Like the last, this is quite without the essential character of
Schoenorchis. The whole plant is only 4 or 5 inches long, with
minute snow-white flowers.

210. S. ampuUaeeum, Lindl. in Sert. Orch. t. 17. (S. rubrutn, Id. Gen.
8f Sp. no. 11. — Aerides ampullaceura, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 476.)

Sikkim, in hot valleys, /. D. H. (196).

The flowers are rather larger than in Wallich's specimens. S.
miniatum (Bot. Beg. 1848, t. 58) differs in little except colour,
varying greatly in the size of its flowers.

211. S. brevifolium, Lindl. \. e. no. 27.

Ceylon, Thwaites (488. — S. virescens, Gardner MSS.), Gardner (871).

The form sent from Ceylon by Thwaites appears to be identical
with the original plant, except in having the flowers green in-
stead of red.

212. S. gracile, Lindl. 1. c.

Ceylon, Gardner (869) ; Hautane, Champion.

213. S. FALLENS {Cathcart, MSS.) ; caulibus longis pendulis ramosis
radicantibus, foliis carnosis loratis oblique obtusis, racemis axillaribus
laxis flexuosis foliis brevioribus, sepalis petalisque oblongis a3qualibus,
calcare cornuto duplo longiore, limbi 3-lobi laciniis parvis subsequa-
libus lateralibus rotundatis intermedia acuta.

Sikkim, Cathcart.

I have seen no specimen of what seems a very distinct and hand-
some species ; the above description is taken from a figure of Mr.
Cathcart. The plant is represented as having branches 9 inches
long, protruding strong free flexible roots as long or longer than
themselves, leaves 8 inches, and loose zigzag racemes 4-5 inches.
The flowers are whitish, with a pink line in the middle of each
sepal and petal, and on the outside of the long curved spur. It
is very near the next species ; but the flowers are much larger, and
the middle lobe of the lip, instead of being as long as the spur, is
merely a triangular point.

3)2

86 PROFESSOR LINDLET'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO

214. S. Wightianum, Lindl. I.e.; Wight, Ic. t. 917. (Aerides radi-
cosum, A. Rich, in Ann. Sc. 2 ser. xv. p. 65, 1. 1. fig. C.

Courtallum, Wight (90/) ; Nilgherries, Perrottet {75 Herb. Mus. Par.) ;
Khasija, T. Lobb.

Like the last, except in the circumstances already mentioned.
In my specimen the lip has sharp lateral triangular lobes, and a
middle one acute, rather fleshy towards the base, but thin and
slightly crenulate above the middle. A. Bichard's plant, which
came from the neighbourhood of Ootacamund, is certainly to be
referred here.

215. S. DISTICH UM; caulibus elongatis fihformibus, foUis lanceolatis
setaceo-acuminatis distichis, pedunculis paucifloris terminalibus et
axillaribus, sepalis petahsque oblongis carnosissimis, labello calceolari
lobo medio semicirculari membranaceo acute disco didymo carnoso.

Sikkim, 6000-8000 feet, J. D. H. (206) ; Khasija, 5000-6000 feet. Id.
(83).

A very peculiar species, probably most nearly allied to S. acu-
tifolium, and remarkable for its long weak stems and fleshy
distichous leaves about an inch long. The middle lobe of the lip
is not exterior to the two others, and it has a remarkable glandular
convex double disk.

216. S. ringens, Lindl. I.e., is S. rubrum, Wight, Ic. t.l673, a good
figure, but not the plant of the Genera and Species Orch.

217. S. viRiDiFLORUM; acaule, foHis (2) oblongis planis obtusis cmar-
ginatls, pedunculo laterali bivaginato paucifloro foliis multo breviore,
sepalis petalisque unguiculatis obtusis, labello ovali nudo ealcare in-
fundibulari incurvo sequali. Micropera viridiflora, Balzell, in Hooker's
Journal, iii. 282.

Western India, Dalzell, in hb. Hooker.

Very near (Eceoclades pusilla, but with much shorter spikes,
and fleshy, not membranous, flowers. This (E. pusilla, with
flexuosa, panieulata (Sacc. ^arvulum, m.), and perhaps tenera, are
Saccolabia, while others are certainly Angrceca ; and it is probable
that (E. maculata is the only plant to which the generic name
wiU attach.

Note. — The Barcanihus roseus, Wight, Ic. 1685, and Jiliformis,
Ic. 1684, are certainly species of this genus, and perhaps not
distinct from each other. I have seen no specimens.

Saceolahiitm papillosimi of the same author, Ic. 1672, is not
Acampe pajpillosa, nor do I recognize it.

PoDOcniLus, Blvme.

218. P. densiflorus, Bl, Rumphia, iv. p. 43.
Borneo, T. Lobb.

I

THE OECHIDOLOaY OF INDIA. 37

219. P. lucescens, Blmne, Bijclr. 295, 1. 12.
Borneo, in Sarawak, T. Lobb.

The unguiculate labellum, with a pair of appendages at its base,
and the absence of all cohesion between the labellum and lateral
sepals, are characters at variance with the usnal structure of this
genus ; and yet it is the original typical species.

220. P. cultratus, LindL Gen. ^ Sp. p. 234.

Sikkim, in hot valleys, J.D.H. (1); Assam, Griffith, Masters.

It is remarkable that all the specimens examined by me con-
tinue to be without flowers.

221. P. microphyllus, Lindl. I.e.

Khasija, at 3000 feet, J. D. H. (84) ; Penang, Gaudichaud.

Elume's P. scalp ellifolius, which T have not seen, if accurately
' dissected by his artist, differs in the lip being linear, not broad at
the base, and cordate ; and in the sepals being almost wholly united,
like some species of TsBniophyllum. In general appearance it is
undistinguishable from this.

Ifote. — Blume's Cryptoglottis serpyllifolia, which I have from
T. Lobb, gathered in Borneo, is only a Podochilus with an ex-
cessive development of the lateral sepals into a long spur : the
basal processes of the lip are analogous to those of JPodochilus
lucescens.

Camarotis, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. p. 219.

222. C. purpurea, Lindl. 1. c. Sertum Orch. 1. 19.

E. Bengal, Chittagong, and base of Khasija, /. D. H. ^' T. T. (186).

223. C. pallida. (Micropera pallida, Lindl. 1. e.)

This is not among the collections recently placed in my hands.
It is undoubtedly nothing more than a Camarotis.

224. C. PHiLiPPiNENSis J folio oblongo oblique obtuso, racemis ar-
cuatis multifloris, sepalis lateralibus liberis labello suppositis, labello
subtriangulari saccato-cucullato apice carnoso tridentato incurvo.

Philippines, Cuming.

. Plowers larger than in either of the former, somewhat trian-
gular in the bud, apparently fleshy. There is no adhesion between
the sepals and labellum, as in C. purpurea and pallida^ on which
account the generic character requires to be modified; and the
same is the case in my Saccolalium fasciculatum, as Prof. Rei-
chenbach has suggested, if indeed the leaves and loose flowers of
that species really belong to the same plant.

38 PRorEssoE lindlet's conteibutions to

MiCEOPEEA, Balzell.

225. M. maculata, Balzell, in Hooker's Journal, iii. 282.

On trees near Tulkut, in the Western Ghauts, in lat. 16° N., Balzell, in
hb. Stocks. (25).

I have already stated that my genus Micropera must be reduced
to Camarotis. The present plant, which seems not to be referable
to any known genus, may as well, however, retain the name. Mr.
DaUzell's account of it is good as far as it goes, describing cor-
rectly the very curious lip, which looks like a side saddle with two
horns instead of one, — the pouch, into which there is an opening
only between the horns, being almost concealed by the lamina,
which hangs down in the manner of saddle-flaps. The column,
which Mr. Dalzell does not mention, falls back, is small, short,
semiterete, with a vertical rostellum pointing downwards, and
dividing into a pair of broad scissor-like blades. Upon this lies
a great oblong gland, to which is attached an obovate channeled
membranous caudicula.

N.B. Micropera viridijlora, Dalzell, is Saccolahitim viridi/lorum,
No. 217,

Steeeochilus, n. gen.

Acaulis. Folia lorata, apice obliqua. ^acemi laterales, laxi,
flexuosi, pauciflori (hirti) . Sepala et petala subaequalia paten-
tissima, lateralibus labello leviter adnatis. Ldbellum solidum,
carnosum, sacciforme, facie superiore concava basi bicorni. Go-
lumna recta, teres, basi baud producta, rostello horizontali
subulato. Follinia 4, oblonga, omnino distincta, caudicula se-
tacea, glandula minutissima.

This genus is near Camarotis, from which it differs in its
solid bag-shaped lip with a pair of horns at the base, in its se-
taceous caudicula, and in the 4 oblong poUen-masses being per-
fectly distinct from each other.

226. S. hirtus.

Khasija, at 5000 feet, J. B. H. Sf T. T. (177).

Leaves narrow, rather more than 4 inches long by f ths wide.
Eacemes 7-8-flowered. Flowers less than i an inch in diameter,
free from the coarse short hairs that clothe the ovary and pedicels.

Sgh(enoechis, Blume.

227. S. juncifoha, Blume^

Seems to be the only species, if the genus is characterized by
the two long erect filiform processes of the column. Otherwise
there is nothing sufficient to distinguish the genus from SaccO'*

THE OECHIDOLOaY OF INDIA. S9

labium, to which SchoenorcJiis pcmiculata and S. micrantha certainly
belong.

Sabcanthus, Lindley.

228. S. peninsularis, Dalzell, in Hook. Journ. iii. 343. (S. pauciflorus,
Wight, Ic. 1747).

Western India, Dalzell ; Malabar, on trees, Jerdon {Wight).

Specimens of this from Dalzell occur in Stocks' s Herbarium now
at Kew ; and I also have it in a very young state from Dr. "Wight,
whose figure is by no means so good as usual. (Wight's three
other Sarcanthi belong to Saccolabium.) G-riffith's Sarcanthus
secundm, Not. iii. 363, t. 336, from Suddyah in the Mishmee
hills, seems to be this, which, if so, will no longer be merely a
western plant.

229. S. pallidas, Lindl. Bat. Reg. 1840, misc. 185. (S. tricolor, Rchb.
f. in Bonplandia. — Saccolabium racemiferum, Lindl. Gen, ^ Sp,

Orch. 224, no. 24.)
Khasija, at 4000 feet, /. D. H. ^ T. T. (178), also found in Mr. Raban's

garden, E. Nepal, J. D. H. {id.).
This differs in no respect w^hatever from the garden plant.
Prof. B/eichenbach's synonym is derived from a communication
from that learned Orchidologist.

CoTTONiA, B. Wight, Ic. no. 1755. .

230. C. macrostachya, Wight, 1. c. ( Vanda peduncularis, Lindl. Gen. 8f
Sp. p. 216.)

S. Concan, Dalzell, in hb. Stocks. (4).

231. C. Championi, LindL in Hook. Journal, vii. p. 35.
Khasija, at 3000-4000 feet, /. D. H. ^ T. T. (190).

This seems to be in no respect different from the plant found
by Champion on Victoria Peak in Hong Kong, and thus affords
another remarkable instance of epiphytal Orchids occurring in
stations widely remote, without, as far as we at present know, any
intervening locality.

Ukcifeka, gen. nov.
Caulescens. Folia disticha, subcarnosa. Bacemi densi, opposi-
tifolii. Sepala libera, erect a, obtuse carinata, SBqualia. Petala
paulo minora, retusa. Lahellum infundibulare, in calcar re-
trorsum uncatum vacuum productum, membranaceum leviter
trilobum, apice carnosum. Columna teres, decurva, apice dila-
tata, biauris, area stigmatica horizontali prona. Anthera apice
membranacea, elongata, bidentata. Caudicula maxima, carti-
laginea deorsum canaliculata supra medium dilatata, apice in
falcem obtusam contracta cujus acies labellum respicit. Fol-

40 PEorESSOE lindlet's conteibtjtions to

linia 4, arctissime geminata, sequdia, aciei falcis per ligulas 2
elasticas adnata. Glandiila longissima, cartilaginea, sagittata.

232. U. OBTUSIFOLIA ; foliis latis loratis obtusis oblique bilobis, pe-
talis 3-veniis, labelli margine utrinque 1-dentato a])ice retrorsum
bidentato, calcare a pice inflate.

Base of Khasija, /. D. H, 8f T. T. (194).
Flowers twice as large as in the following.

233. U. acuminata; foliis. lanceolatis oblique acuminatis obtusis pe-
talorum venis 3 eis apicem evaneseentibus, labelli 3-lobi lobis late-
ralibus rotundatis intermedio brevi tereti carnoso obtuso, calcare
acuminato.

Assam and Khasija, Griffith; base of Khasija, J. D. H. ^ T. T. (193).

Mowers much smaller than in the last. Spur of lip tapering to
the point. Petals 3-veined, as in IT, obtusifoUa ; but the veins
stop short of the blunt end, instead of running out.

Of this very curious genus the two species exactly agree in their
column and its parts, although so diflferent in the details of the
petals and lip. I know of no parallel to the terete column, bent
down till the stigma is brought into a horizonal position, looking
down as it w^ere into the spur ; or to the singular caudicle, which
after expanding laterally from its narrow point, and bending down
its sides so as to form an arch over the anther-bed, which is here
the apparent back of the column, suddenly contracts into a
process like a billhook, the edge of which faces the front and
bears the pollen-masses. The abruptly hooked lip, which has sug-
gested the name, is itself unlike anything among Indian Orchids.

Ange^cum, Thouars.
The only Indian species that I have seen of this African genua
is the following : —

234. A. Zeylanicum ; subacaule, foliis lanceolato-loratis lobo altero
apicis elongato subfalcato, racemis filiformibus paucifloris duplo lon-
gioribus, sepalis petalisque acuminatis sequalibus, labello cochleato
acuminato calcare horizontali clavato.

Ceylon, at Narawelle, Champion.

Yery like A. caulescens ; but the leaves are broad, 10 inches long,
with one of the terminal lobes much longer than the other, and
the spur not inflated at the point. I have not seen the column
in an examinable state.

Aeeides, Loureiro.

235. A. Wightianum, Lindl. Gen. ^- Sp. p. 238. (A. testaceum. Id.
— Vanda parviflora, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1844, misc. 57.)

Ceylon, Tangalle, Champion; Concan, Law, in hb. Hooker. (183).

THE ORCIIIDOLOGT OP INDIA. 41

2.36. A. cylindriciim, Lindl I.e. ; Wight, Ic. 1744; Bot. Mag. 4982.
Nilgherries, J.D.H. (210); Sikkim, at 5000 feet, Id. (210).

237. A. tseniale, Lindl. i.e. (Aerides carnosum. Griff. Not. t. 338 A.)
BootaD, Griffith ; Khasija mountains, up to 3000 feet, J. D. H. Sf T. T.

(191).
"Elowers pale lilac," J. D. II. In the Khasija specimens the
leaves are from 4 to 5 inches long, and 1 to 1^ inch broad.

238. A. affine, Wallich, Cat. no. 7316; Sertum Orch. 1. 15; Bot. Mag.
t. 4049, bad. (A. roseum, Loddiges; Paxton, Fl. Gard. t. 60. — A.
trigonum, Klotzsch,Jide Rchb.f.)

Plains of E. Bengal and Assam, J. D. H. ^ T. T. (185); Assam and
Bootan, Griffith.

Among the many specimens I have seen, flowers have occurred
in drooping and upright racemes, deep crimson and pale rose,
with the lip and other parts acute or obtuse, all which are there-
fore marks of one and the same variable species.

239. A. odoratum, Loureiro.

Base of Khasija, up to 2000 feet, J.D.H. Sf T. T. (182); Garden of
Sabarunpore, Id. ; Sikkim, in low valleys, J. D. H.

240. A. crispum, Lindl. Gen. ^ S,p. Orch. p. 239 ; Bot. Reg. 1842, t.
55; Bot. Mag. t. 4427. (A. Brookei, Bateman, in B. R. 1841, misc.
116. — Saccolabium speciosum, Wight, Ic. t. 1674.)

Concan, Law, in hb. Hooker. (268) ; Dalzell, in hb. Stocks. (75).
Several varieties of this beautiful plant are in our gardens.
The flowers in A. Brookei are rather smaller than usual.

241. A. Lindleyanum, Wight, Ic. t. 1677.

" On clefts of rocks bordering the Kartairy falls below Kaitie ; also on
rocky clefts on a high hill over Coonoor, flowering nearly the whole
year," R. Wight-, Nilgherries, T. T. (208).

One of the finest of its order, the flowers being larger than in
either A. crispum ov falcatMin, and in larger more branching pa-
nicles. For this reason the localities given by Wight are stated
exactly, in the hope that some collector may send it home. In
front of the opening into the spur stands a pair of large curved
tubercles, which have not been observed in A. crispum.

242. A. difforme, Wallich, in Lindl. Gen. ^ Sp. 242.
Khasija, at 3000-4000 feet, J. D. H. Sf T. T. (204), Griffith.

This, which is the plant that Wallich had before him, seems to
diff'er from the following in having smaller flowers, with the
middle lobe of the lip only 2-lobed, the basal ones longer and a
little undulated, and the leaves more tapering to the base. This
I learn in part from careful dissection, and in part from one of

42" PEOFESSOB LINDLEY's CONTEIBtTTIONS TO

Dr. Hooker's admirable sketches. The Sikkim plant may therefore
be defined thus : —

243. A. HYSTRix ; foliis oblongis, petalis linearibus, labelli lobis late-
ralibus planis intermedio trilobo fimbriate apice recurve brevioribus.

Sikkim, at 4000-6000 feet elevation, /. D. H. (204).

The flowers are yellow with crimson streaks along the sepals
and petals ; the middle lobe of the lip, which is deeply fringed
and crimson, consists of two lateral lobes diverging at the base,
and converging upwards over a circular recurved middle lobe.

244. A. decumbens. Griff. Not. iii. t. 320, a Burmese plant, seems te be
a true Aerides ; but I have seen ne specimen.

Vanda, H. Brown.
To the species described in ' Folia orchidaeea,' the following fine
addition to the section Eieldia has to be added : —

245. V. UNDULATA ; foliis distichis obtusis bilebis peduncule apice
pauciflore triple brevieribus, sepalis petalisque recurvis membranaceis
lineari-lanceolatis undulatis, labello breviore carnose cochleate in
laminam linearem acutam sub apice tuberculatam preducto.

Sikkim, Cathcart, Ic.

The whole habit is that of V. spathulata and ccerulescens. The
flowers are fully two inches in diameter, with thin white sepals
and petals tinged with pink, and a yellow fleshy lip fasciated
internally with red lines. I have only seen a drawing prepared
by Mr. Cathcart' s artists.

T^NioPHYLLUM, Blume.

246. T. Alwisii; minutissimum, spica pauciflora erecta, bracteis cari-
natis triangulis, perianthii laciniis omnibus connatis acutis confor-
mibus, calcare hemisphaerico, polUniis pyriformibus in glandulam
sessilibus.

On the branch of a Symplocos, Ceylon, DeAlwiz.

The smallest Orchid I know, the flat roots not being more than
1| inch long, and the stem, including flowers, J inch. The whole
plant is pale green, even the flowers having no other colour. Mr.
Thwaites, who sent me a drawing of it (and I have seen nothing
more), proposed to call it Alwisia minuta, after his excellent native
draughtsman, who was the first to discover it ; and if the figures
in Blume and the Xenia represent the invariable characters of
Ta?niophyllum, this and Bendrohium algosum of Eeinwardt's MSS.
ought to be distinguished ; but Prof. Eeichenbach, jun., who has
had the opportunity of examining Tseniophylla, assures me that
this is one, and I possess no materials on which to form an opinion
for myself. *

THE OECHIDOLOaY OF INDIA. ^

Chilosciiista, Lindl. Gen. ^ Sp. p. 219.

247- 0. usneoides. Id.; Wight, Ic. 1741.

Sikkim, at 4000 feet, J. D. H. (192).

According to Cathcart's drawings, the caudicula is short and
broad, with a large semicircular gland, not subulate with a minute
gland, as represented by both Wallich's and "Wight's artists. The
plant seems to be constantly leafless.

AcEBAS, JR. Br.

248. A. angiistifoha, hindl. Gen. Sf Sp. Orch. p. 282.

Khasija, 5000-6000 feet, /.D.H. 4- T.T. (280); N.W. Himalaya, 5000-

8000 feet, T. T, ; Sikkim, in hot valleys, /. D. H.
Flowers green, in a very long slender spike.

Heeminium, H. Br.

249. H. monorchis. Id.

N.W. Himalaya, 8000-12,000 feet, T. T. (263); Nutra, W. Thibet,
11,000 feet, M

250. H. congestum, Lindl. Gen. ^ Sp. Orch. p. 305. (H. unalaseh-
kense, Rchh.f. Orch. Fl. Germ. p. 107, t. 6b, excluding the syn. of
Platanthera Schischmareffiana.)

Sikkim, 11,000-12,000 feet, /. D. H. (265).

Differs from H. monorchis in its erect blunt obovate-lanceolate
leaves and entire lip.

Satybium, Swartz.
The first knowledge we had of the existence in India of this
African genus was derived from the collections of Buchanan Ha-
milton, from which, in the year 1824, David Don published his Sati/-
rium nejpalense. In 1838 I became aware of the existence of two
others, and described them under the names of S. Wightianum and
ciliatum. Three years later Achille Eichard described three
others from the Nilgherry collections of Perrottet, — Berrotte-
tianuMj albiflorKm, and pallidum. Authentic specimens of all
these are before me, together with a considerable number from
various parts of India, among which is a fine series from Drs,
Hooker and Thomson. These materials show, not only that the
genus Satyrium abounds in individuals, but that it is subject to
very great differences of stature, foliage, and inflorescence. I
think, however, the three species admitted in 1838 are to be
distinctly recognized ; but the Nilgherry plants of Achille
Eichard are not distinguishable from S. nepalense, not even his
8. pallidum., said to have yellow flowers, which is probably a
mistake.

4^

The original S. nepalense is distinctly known by its somewhat
lax inflorescence, large coloured bracts, and spurs as long as the
ovary, or longer. The two others have very short spurs. Of
these, 8. ciliatimi has a thin inflorescence like that of >S'. nepalense
itself ; S. Wightianum has a very dense inflorescence ; both are
much dwarfer than S. nepalense. The specimens under my exami-
nation may be arranged thus v —

251. S. Nepalense. D. Bon, Prodr. Fl. Nep. 26; Wight, Ic. 929. (S.
Perrottetianum, Ach. Rich, Ann. Sc. ser. 2. xv. 76 ; Wight, Ic. 1716.
— S. albiflorum, A. Rich. 1. c; Wight, Ic. 1717' S. pallidum, A.
Rich. 1. c).

Sikkira, 7000-12,000 feet, stout, like Gymnadenia, J. D. H. (259) ;

Ceylon, Macrae (9); Nilgherries, Wight, Perrottet {193, hb. Mus.

Par.)', Mysore, Stocks (53) ; Khasija, Gn;^^A, 1/066, 4000-6000 feet,

J. D. H. Sf T. T. (259) j N. W. Himalayas, T. T.

S. Ferrottetianum is merely a gigantic state of the species, while

;S^. pallidum is its starved form ; not, however, the most so, for the

old specimens sent from Nepal by "Wallich among his earliest

collections are still more attenuated.

252. S. Wightianum, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. Orch. p. 340; Wight, Ic. 1718.
Nilgherries, Perrottet (191 & 850 in hb. Mus. Par.), Wight; Khasija,

Lobb.
A much dwarfer plant than the preceding, with two broad radical
leaves suddenly changing to about two great inflated herbaceous
sheaths, and an extremely dense blunt spike. Plowers "rubri
aut coccinei" according to Perrottet, pink according to Wight,
and smaller than in >S'. nepalense.

253. S. eihatum, Lindl. 1. c.

Sikkim, 7000-12,000 feet, J.D.H. (259); Bootan, grassy sward above
Tongsa, 10,000 feet, Griffith.

The very short spurs of this are so different from the long
attenuated ones of S. nepalense, that I think it must be distinct.
Moreover it is a smaller plant with 2-3 spreading herbaceous
distant sheaths, but little inflated. In the original specimen the
bracts are large and herbaceous, in those from Bootan much
smaller and deflexed, the plant varying like S. nepalense in that
respect.

DiPLOMEEis, D. Don.

254. D. pulchella. Id.

Khasija, Griffith, 2000-4000 feet, /. D. H. ^ T. T. (256).
Plowers pale straw-colour or nearly white, variable in size.
Spur green.

THE ORCHIDOLOaT OF INDIA. 40

PoGONiA, Jussieu.
255. P. flabelliformis, Lindl. Gen. ^ Sp. Orch. 415.
Concan, Law, in hb. Hooker. (350); near Dharwar, Stocks, in Tib.

Hooker. (68) ; Mysore, Id. (54).
It is probable that Blume's BopJiostemon eoncolor should be
referred to this species.

2bQ. P. carinata, Lindl. 1. c. ; Wight, Ic. 1. 1720. (Pogonia 2, Griffith,
Notul. iii. 377, Ic. 345.)

I have never seen this plant, which appears to be perfectly
distinguished by its stout habit, very large tubers, and lip acute
and shaggy within, instead of being nearly naked and rounded at
the point. Grriffith's Pogonia No. 2 is evidently the same ; of his
Pogonia No. 1, which seems to be near P. Juliana^ but distinct,
I have seen no specimen.

Eeia, Idndley, in Bot. Beg. 904.

This genus, like Dendrobium, consists of species extremely dis-
similar in habit, and must now receive several supposed genei'a,
created by different authors before the limits could be definitely
settled. These are ConcMdmm and Xipliosium of Grifiith, Ty-
lostylis, MycarantJies, Cylindrolobus, and Trichotosia of Blume,
and my own Bryobium and Tricliosma. But although no longer
admissible as genera, the species collected under these names are
for the most part convenient sections.

The careful study of a very large quantity of materials leads me
to propose the following classification. In the first place, the
species of Griffith's Conchidium, analogous to the small Stachyobia
in Dendrobium, are readily knownby their thin leaves, almost stem-
less habit, and smooth flowers ; such stem as they form is merely a
depressed pseudobulb covered by the bases of the leaves. Then
follow the species with true fleshy pseudobulbs and nothing more,
separable into large-flowered woolly species (Dendbolieium),
large-flowered naked species (Xiphosium), large-flowered woolly
species with an unguiculate flat roundish lip (Tylosttlis), and
small-flowered woolly species (Mycaeais'thes), in which the
fleshy pseudobulb is sometimes exchanged for a slender cylindrical
stem like that of Trichosma. Next to these stands Teichosma
itself, with its long slender 2-leaved stems, large smooth flowers,
and fleshy anther. Another group, Hymeneeia, includes the
species with thin sepals and petals, which are usually naked, and
short fleshy stems having a few leaves towards the top. The
remainder are truly caulescent ; among these, four well-marked

46 PROPESSOE lindlet's conteibutions to

subdivisions may be formed : viz. Eeitjea, remarkable for a tuft or
two of wool on the axis of the lip, Tbichotosia with coarse
shaggy racemes, Cylindeolobus, with 1- or 2-flowered peduncles
clothed with smooth coloured membranous bracts below the
flowers, and finally Ueostachta, which includes the species that
will go into none of the preceding sections.

§ I. CoNCHiDiUM, Qriffith.

This group bears the closest analogy to the second section of
Stachyobium among Dendrobia, like it, consisting of small stem-
less species, with round or depressed pseudo-bulbs, membranous
leaves, and flowers solitary or in few-flowered racemes, for the
most part very minute. To this last, however, E. hraccata and
Idchenora are exceptions. In E. pusilla, microchilos, and others,
four of the pollen-masses are rudimentary and easily overlooked :
in muscicola and microchilos, indeed, I have only succeeded in
finding four ; but their form, tapering downwards into a point,
seems to be a safe mark to separate them from the minute Den-
drobia.

257. E. braccata. (Dendrobium braccatutn, L. O. p. 75. — Eria reticosa,
Wight, Ic. 1637. — Eria uniflora, Dalzell in Hooker's Journal, iv. 111.)

Ceylon, Macrae, Gardner (869), Thwaites (235G); Horton plains.
Champion (Eria velifera, R. W.) ; Nilgherries, Wight ; comnion on
trees in the Western Ghauts, in the rainy season. Stocks (24).

When this was first published I had been unable to examine
the pollen-masses. It varies in the size of the flowers ; those
from the "Western Ghauts, preserved among Stocks 's plants, are
four times as large as the Cingalese, with much more acuminate
sepals and petals.

258. E. Lichenora. (Lichenora Jerdoniana, Wight, Ic. 1738.)
Malabar mountains, Wight.

This remarkable plant is certainly not different from Eria.

259. E. nana, Ach. Rich, in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. ii. xv. 19.
Nilgherries, A. Richard, Wight (171, 172).

My authentic specimens from A. Eichard are identical with
"Wight's 171. His 172 is somewhat different, with flowers as
large as those in Richard's very bad figure of his Eendrohium mi-
croholhon, which looks as if it had been made up from the leaves
and flowers of E. nana, while the dissections belonged to another
plant. The thin broad obovate leaves of this have, however, no
resemblance to Richard's figure.

THE OBCHIDOLOGT OF INDIA. 47

260. E. MuscicoLA; foliis binis lanceolatis basi angustatis scapo apice
bifloro aequalibus, bracteis cucuUatis membranaceis cuspide herbaceo
flore breviore, sepalis petalisque lineari-lanceolatis aequalibus ascen-
dentibus, labello lanceolate canaliculato dorso pubescente.

Dendrobium muscicola, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. 75.

Ceylon, Champion, Gardner (853).

I can only find 4 pyriform pollen-masses in the single ilower
at my disposal. The whole plant not more than 2 inches high.
Flowers resemble those of M^ia nana on a very small scale.
Since it has never been found among collections from the N. of
India, it is probable that the old locality " Nepal," was erroneous.

261. E. mierochilos. (Dendrobium microchilos, Dalzell, in Hooker's
Journ. iii. 345.)

On Mango trees in Western Bengal, Dalzell, Stocks (28).

I have this as D.fimbriatum of Dalzell, out of Stocks' s her-
barium ; it is certainly distinct from that plant, although very
much like it. The flowers are smaller, more fleshy ; and the lip
is slightly unguiculate, then irregularly widened and thick-edged,
after which it contracts into a thin-edged acute apex. Only two
pairs of pollen-masses could be found in the flowers I dissected.
The tubercles at the base of the lip, spoken of by Mr. Dalzell, I
have not succeeded in finding.

262. E. DalzelU. (Dendrobium Dalzelli, Hooker, Journ. Bot. iv. 292.
Dendr. fimbriatum, Dalzell, 1. c. — Dendr. filiforme, Wight, Ic. 1642.)

Western Ghauts, on trees, Dalzell; hollow trees in the ruins. Stocks
(27); Concan, Law {hb. Hooker. 166, 91); Bombay Presidency,
Dalzell {hb. Hooker. 167).
I am not surprised at Mr. Dalzell' s having taken this for JE.
microchilos, as he tells us was the case ; for the two are exceed-
ingly similar, as is indeed shown by so accurate an observer as
Stocks having given the name of microchilos to specimens now
before me. The flowers are, however, rather larger and less fleshy ;
the lip is membranous, ovate-lanceolate, and distinctly serrulate to-
wards the point. As to the marginal glands of the sepals, which
gave rise to the nannejlmhriatum, they are very evanescent, and I
suspect sometimes altogether absent. They are hardly discover-
able in Mr. Law's Concan specimens. Imperfect specimens from
Ceylon (2353 Hb. Hooker.) probably belong here. Of the eight
pollen-masses, four are quite rudimentary.

263. E. ARTicuLATA ; pscudobulbis oblongis in catenae speciem arti-

culatis, foliis , scapo setaceo flexuoso 5-7-floro, bracteis ovatis

cucuUatis, petalis acutis multo brevioribus.

Ceylon, Mrs. General Walker {hb. Hooker.) ; Gardner.

48 PROFESSOK LIND ley's CONTRIBUTIONS TO

Of this singular ])lant I have a fragment from Grardner, and
several are preserved in the Hookerian herbarium, but all without
leaves. The pseudobulbs are oblong shrivelled bodies, jointed
into a sort of chain or necklace. The flowers are very small and
with no elongation of the sepals. Neither lip nor pollen-masses
are known to me.

264. E. pusilla. (Conchidium pusillum, Griffith^ Not. 321. t. cccx. —
Phreatia imiflora, Wight, Ic. t. 1734.).

Kbasija, Griffith; Churra Punjee, Id. {6G6).

This, the original Conchidium, has not eight equal pollen-masses,
as is represented in the figure of Wight's artist, but they are even
more unequal in size than is shown in Griffith's plate. It is not
in the Khasija collections formed by Hooker and Thomson.

265. E. sinica. (Conchidium sinicun], Lindl. in Hooker^ s Journ.)
Hong Kong, Champion (278).

Differs from the last in the sepals and petals not being acu-
minate, in the lip being serrated ; the scape is both 1-flowered
and 2-flowered. I fear, not distinct from the Khasija species.

§ II. Dendeolieitjm, Blume.
If we collect into one group all the large-flowered woolly spe-
cies with pseudobulbs only, an assemblage will be formed both
natural and obvious, to which Blume's happy name of Dendro-
lirium may be applied. Some terete-leaved plants can hardly
indeed be said to form pseudobulbs ; but their leaves fall even-
tually from the summit of very short stems altogether analogous
to pseudobulbs, although unlike in form. Two divisions are
effected by taking into account the form of the leaves.

A. Leaves flat and hroad.

266. E. ornata, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. p. 66. (E. armeniaca, Id. Bot. Reg.
1841, t. 42.) •

Moulmein, Griffith ; Khasija, at 2000 feet, J. D. H. (66) ; Java, T. Lobb
(219); Philippines, Cuming.

267. E. AERIDOSTACHYA {Rchb. f. in litt.) j folio lanceolato-oblongo
coriaceo, racemo cylindraceo multifloro ferrugineo-tomentoso, bracteis
rainutis, mento elongato obtuse reetiusculo, labello lanceolato acuto
nudo medio involute basi concavo.

Batavia, Loddiges, in hort.

I learn from Prof. Beichenbach that this is among Zollinger's
unpublished Java plants. It resembles what I suppose to be the
Bendrolirium sulcatum of Blume, but is very much more densely
tomentose.

THE OECHIDOLOGY OF INDIA. 49

268. E. flava, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 1973.
Sikkim, hot valleys, 1000-2000 feet, /. D. H. (63).

iS. rubida; floribus minoribus, petalis virescentibus, labelli lobis late-

ralibus rotundatis.
Sikkim, Cathcart.

The type of this plant is the Dendrobitmi pubescens of Sir AV.
Hooker, well figured and. described in the ' Exotic Flora,' t. 124.
It is important to observe this, if we are to determine to which of
the other nearly-allied woolly species tlie name belongs. In that
plant the lip has scarcely any hairs on the inner surface, and the
lateral lobes are extremely short, which is the case with the
plants above quoted. The variety /3 is only known from a native
figure ; and the account given of it must be judged of accordingly.
It looks different, especially as the pollen-masses seem to be long
and tapering, not roundish, and plano-convex.

269. E. ELONGATA ; pscudobulbis ovalibus, foliis lato-lanceolatis cori-
aceis acuminatis basi angustatis, raceme niveo lanato elongate distan-
tifloro, bracteis ovatis acutis Isevibus dorso lanatis, petalis ovalibus
subtrinerviis, labelli lobis lateralibus scabro-tomentosis intermedio
subcuneato multo brevioribus rotundatis, clinandrio alte marginato.—
(E. flava, Griffith, Not. iii. 301.)

Burma ; Moulmein, on trees in damp woods, Griffith (346) ; in woods
at Zimjaik, Id. (347) ; Moulmein, T. Lobh.

As in U.Jlava, the clinandrium is surrounded by a membrane,
which in this species is remarkably deep ; the lip has rounded
lobes, clothed inside with coarse, scattered felt, and the middle
lobe has two obscure raised lines as well as a distinct middle
line. That it is perfectly distinct from the last is certain ; but
it varies in the form of its lip, the 34(5 of Griffith having the
lateral lobes rather acute and falcate instead of rounded, and the
middle lobe larger, with a more distinct superficial lamella in the
middle.

270. E. lanata, Griffith, Not. iii. 301.
Mergui, Griffith (810).

So much is this in habit like the Sikkim Eria flava, that it may
be easily mistaken for it ; but its petals are linear lanceolate-acu-
minate, and the long narrow lip has a quadrate cuspidate middle
lobe, a long isthmus, and a narrowly wedge-shaped hypochilium
with small rounded lobes and three distinct elevated distant ribs.
The pseudobulbs are ovate, not oval.

LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. B

B. Leaves terete or very narrow.

271. E. pannea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1842, misc. 79. (E. teretifolia. Griff.
Not. iii. 298, t. 300. fig. 2; Itinerary, 202, no. 1185.)

Bootan, at 3600 feet, on Gordonia, Griffith ; Khasija, at 2000 feet, and
Sikkim, on rocks in hot valleys, J. D. H. (62) ; T. Lobb.

A long creeping slender rhizome bears, at intervals of 2 to 4
inches, very short woolly stems, each furnished with from one to
four terete fleshy leaves, varying in length from 1 to 6 inches and
more, the longest belonging to the Khasija plant. Griffith's
figure is thus far bad, that I do not find in his own specimens the
lip anything like so wavy as he represents it. I have a very
similar plant collected in Borneo ? by T. Lobb, with very short
one-leaved pseudobulbs that touch each other, and leaves more
linear ; but my solitary flower does not bear examination.

272. E. siCARiA ; pseudobulbis oblongis 1-2-phyllis, foliis linearibus
carnosis acutissimis semiteretibus, racemis lanatis lateralibus multi-
floris folio multo brevioribus, bracteis ovatis patentibus intus glabris,
floribus albo lanatis, labello apice convexo apiculato.

Mergui ; Tharapown, in woods, Griffith.

" Folia carnosa, linearia. Sepala extus albovelutina, intus cum petalis

viridescentia, lateralia maxima purpureo lineata et notata. Labellum

albofuscum, intus brunneum disco calloso." Griffith, MSS.

Very like a narrow-leaved Eriajlava. Leaves about 6 inches

long, resembling slender stilettos, but tapering at the base into a

furrowed petiole. My flowers give no more information.

§ III. XlPHOSITJM, Oriff,
Although this supposed genus is undoubtedly an Eria, it may
form a section sufficiently distiuguished by its large smooth flowers
and distinctly-formed pseudo-Jbulbs. It only differs from Den-
droliria in the flowers not being woolly.

273. E. rosea, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t, 978.
Hong Kong, Champion (275).

This certainly diflers from the next, with which I formerly
confounded it, in its broad blunt lip with the lower half much
wider than the upper.

274. E. carinata, Gibson, in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 365. (Xiphosium
acuminatum, Griffith, 1. c. c. ic. ; Itin. Not. 78, no. 1153 ; Notul. iii.
332, t. 316.— E. rosea, M'all. Cat. 7409.)

Khasija, Griffith; Sylhet, Wallich.

Differs from the last in having the sepals, petals, and lip acu-
minate, the middle lobe of the latter being as wide as the hypochil,

I

THE ORCHTDOLOGY OF INDIA. 51

which has two continuous, not interrupted, rugose elevated lines.
Not among the collections of Hooker and Thomson.

275. E. SCABRILINGUIS ; pseudobulbis ovatis suleatis, foliis binis ob-
longo-lanceolatis trinerviis, raceme oblongo erecto densifloro, labelli
trilobi aspero-cristati lobis lateraUbus brevibus acutis intermedio
rotundato.

Sikkim, ic. Cathcart.

Flowers pale green. Lip deep violet. I have seen no specimen
of either this or the next.

2^^. E. viTTATA ; pseudobulbis oblongis, foliis binis oblongo -lanceo-
latis 5-nerviis, racemo oblongo elongato pendulo densifioro, labello
oblongo costis 3 elevatis marginibusque erispis.

Sikkim, ic. Cathcart.

Flowers larger than in the last, pale green with crimson stripes ;
iip the same colour, but paler.

§ IV. Ttlosttlis, JBlume, Fl, Jav. p. vi. (Callostylis, Id.
Bijdr. 340.)

The long slender curved column and unguiculate roundish un-
divided lip of these plants make it convenient to place them in a
section by themselves, especially considering their peculiar inflo-
rescence, consisting of flat round woolly horizontal bracts.

277. E. pulchella, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. no. 7407; Bot. Reg. 1841.
misc. 106.

Malacca, Cuming.

This is possibly the Callostylis rigida of Blume's Tabellen, 74;
but if so, the figure is a bad one.

278. E. discolor; pseudobulbo in caulem subarticulatum extenso,
labello oblongo subcordato acuto glabro concolore.

Sikkim; Glen Cathcart, 3000-4000 feet, J.D. H, (168).

I have seen no flower of this, and therefore trust to one of Mr.
Cathcart' s drawings, and a solitary specimen of the stem and
leaves. It is much like the last ; but the lip appears to be longer
than broad, as well as whole-coloured and smooth, while in U.
pulchella it is broader than long, yellow with a small purple disk,
and conspicuously tomentose.

§ V. MXCARANTHES, JBltime.

The only species figured by Blume, M. latifolia, is an Eriura.
Whether his M. ohliterata and lobata belong to the same section
is uncertain, nothing being known about them. With me, the

e2

62 piiorESSOR lindley's contributions to

species are only the following, easily known by their dense spikes
of small woolly flowers, the lateral sepals of which have scarcely
any obliquity.

279. E. stricta, Lindl. Coll Bot. t. 41 B. (E. secundiflora, W. Griff.
Not. ill. 302. t. 301.— Mycaranthes stricta, Lo. 63 ; Wight, Ic. 1733.)

On the Naga hills, on a species of Gordonia at the elevation of 3500
feet, W. Griffith ; Darjeehng, Id. ; Malacca, Id. fide cl. Wight ; Sik-
kim, at 3000 feet, and Khasija, at 4000 feet, J. D. H. (59).

280. E. retusa, Rchb. f. in Bonplandia, March 1, 1857. (Phreatia
retusa, Lindl. Orch. p. 64. — Dendrolirium retusum, Blume, Bijdr. 351.
— Bryobium pubescens, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1838, misc. no. 145.)

Java, Zollinger.

The extrication of this synonymy is due to Prof. Echb. fil.

281. E. MERGUENSis ; caulibus caespitosis camosis clavatis, foliis pa-
pyraceis oblongis basi angustatis apice obliquis uncinulatis, spicis
lateralibus elongatis griseo-tomentosis pedunculo evaginulato, floribus
(minimis) pilosis, labello trilobo infra isthmum transverse lamellato.

Mergui, Griffith (1034); Moulmein, Lobb.

Something like a small specimen of J7. stricta ; but the stems
are fleshy and clavate, the flowers much smaller and not secund,
and the lip quite diff'erent.

§ VI. Trichosma, Lindl. in Bot. Beg. 1842, t. 21.
Now that the limits of the genus Eria begin to be understood,
I must admit that Prof. Reichenbach is right in reducing to its
ranks my genus Trichosma, notwithstanding its very peculiar
habit. It will now, therefore, stand as a section, distinguished by
its great fleshy anther and long slender 2-leaved stems, resembling
those of a gigantic Pleurothallis.

282. E. suavis. (Trichosma suavis, Lindl. 1. c. — Eria cylindripoda.

Griff. Notul. iii. 299.)
Khasija, Griffith (1013, 1258); J. D. H. Sf T. T. (144) ; Sikkim at 5000-

6000feet, J^. I>.H. (144).

§ YII. Htmenebia.

This name is proposed for all those species which, to a fleshy
somewhat shapeless stem with a few thin leaves, add a many-
flowered inflorescence that is smooth or nearly so. Possibly it
might be subdivided into those with a dense inflorescence like
JE^. convallarioides and pumila, and such as have the thin racemes
oi E. hractescens.

THE OECHIDOLOGT OE INDIA. StSi-

283. E. convallarioides, Lindl. Gen. 8f Sp. Orch. p. 70 ; Bot. Reg. 1841.
t. 62, 1847, t. 63.

Khasija, Griffith; at 4000-6000 feet, J.D.H. (60); Sikkim, at 6000
feet. Id., valleys 3000-4000 feet, Id.

Varies in the colour of the flowers, and in their size.

284. E. excavata, Lindl. Gen. 8f Sp. p. 67.

This differs from U. alha chiefly in having the middle lobe of
the lip cordate, acute, ribbed, and much smaller than the middle
lobes which are broad, falcate, and acute.

285. E. alba, Lindl. 1. c. p. 67.
a. Lip white.

Sikkim; Darjeeling, in valleys at 3000-4000 feet, J. U. H. (142).

^. Lip yellow.

Sikkim, 4000-5000 feet, J. D. H. (68) ; Mussooree, Edgeworth.

In P the lateral lobes of the lip are shorter and blunter than in
a, and the leaves are thinner and more acuminate.

286. E. LiNEATA; foliis oblongis subcoriaceis acutis, racemis multi-
floris, bracteis ovalibus membranaeeis reflexis, ovario tomentoso,
sepalis ovatis subsecundis, labelli lobo medio subrotundo retuso piano
lateralibus obtusis minoribus, axi lineis 3 erassis elevatis ad isthmum
evanescentibus.

Java, hort. ( Veitch) ; Continent of India, hort.

This is very like JE. alba a, and may be a variety ; but the
flowers are dirty yellow with distinct purple stripes, not white,
and are much smaller, the leaves are twice as broad and more co-
riaceous, and the dull purple blunt lateral lobes of the lip are not
wider than the yellow almost 3-toothed middle lobe. It is a
garden plant of doubtful origin.

287. E. obesa, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. p. 68. (Eria Lindleyana, Griff. Not.
iii. 300.)

Moulmein and Mergui, Griff th.

I have no doubt about the correctness of this identification,
notwithstanding that in Griffith's NotulaB it is said to be 554 of
his Mergui herbarium, for I have from himself a drawing, made
in Moulmein in February 1834, and a specimen from Mergui
numbered 374, which agree with his description. Neither Wal-
lich's bad old specimens, nor that from Grriffith, have any leaves.
He states them to be " lanceolata v. ovato-lanceolata integerrima
glabra venosa apice recta v. torta." By a typographical error in
the Botanical Eegister, the stems are said to be 27 instead of 2^
inches long. There is a variety with larger flowers and the lower
half of the lip very gradually passing into the upper, formerly

64 PBorEssoB lindley's contbibtjtiot^s to

named by me E. trilophota, which has been found in Moulmein by
Lobb as well as by Grriffith (no. 370), and is now in cultivation as
a Java and even Borneo species, but probably without foundation.
The flowers are pure white with a lemon-coloured lip, marked by
three longitudinal purple elevated lines.

288. E. affinis. Griff. Not. iii. 297.
Burma, Griffith (10/4).

This is remarkable for a very long narrow cuneate lip, with
two small acute teeth (or lobes) at the base of a roundish ovate
acute terminal lobe ; it has also two converging principal veins
slightly raised above the surface into a thin narrow edge, inter-
rupted in the middle. The mentum is long, narrow, and obscurely
2-lobed.

289. E. pulchella, Griff. Not. iii. 297.

Mergui (1055), and on trees in Moulmein (345), Griffith.

Resembles E. hractescens ; but the stems are 3 or 4 inches long
and cylindrical, the flowers are yellow, and the lip has three con-
tinuous elevated lines, of which the two lateral are shorter and
clavate.

290. E. pubescens, Wight. Ic. t. 1634.
Khasija, Lobb.

The lateral veins of the lip rise into short vertical plates near
both the points and the base.

291. E. MYSORENSis; foliis oblongo-laneeolatis conduplicatis nervosis
racemis paulo longioribus, ovario pubescente, braeteis ovahbus acutis
reflexis glabris, sepalis petalisque acuminatis, labello unguiculato sub-
coidato oblongo acuto juxta basin dilatatam pandurato omnino laevi.

Mysore, Law. (Coelogyne, Hb. Stocks. 70.)

292. E. GRAMiNiFOLiA; caule elongate vaginis membranaceis laxe
vaginato, foliis lineari-lanceolatis gramineis nervosis, racemis tomen-
tosis multo brevioribus, braeteis ovatis reflexis glabris, sepalis ovatis
acutis mento brevi, petalis liuearibus, labello hastato lobis lateralibus
truncatis brevioribus intermedio subrotundo acuto, lamellis 2 oblique
transversis bidentatis infra isthmum, ungue lato canaliculate.

Darjeeling, Griffith.

293. E. SPH^ROCHILA ; caulibus brevibus imbricatis ovatis, foliis lato-
lanceolatis membranaceis undulatis racemis tomentosis longioribus,
braeteis linearibus acutis erectis, sepalis tomentosis ovatis subsequa-
libus acutis, petalis conformibus, labelli sessilis lobo intermedio sub-
repando rotundato venis varicosis lateralibus auriculiformibus.

Khasija, 4000-6000 feet, J. 1). H. (68).

Like E. alba in general appearance, but wholly different in the
details of its flowers.

THE ORCHIDOLOGY OE INDIA. 55

There is also, under the number 68 in Hooker and Thomson's
Herbarium, a plant from Gurwhal and Khasija, which is quite
different from this, and which may be my E. acervata, notwith-
standing some discrepancies.

294. E. Dillwynii, Bot. Mag. t. 4163, is certainly E. bractescens in a state
of great vigour.

295. E. ringens, Rchb.f. in Bonplandia, is E. ovata, Bot. Reg. 1844, sub
t. 29.

§ VIII. Eriuea.

Under this name may be collected the species having small
flowers more or less woolly, very large lateral sepals, and a lip flat
at the base, furfuraceous in the axis, with a wooUy tubercle at
the apex and base, or at least at the apex. ^. javensis, abhreviata,
and Sonkaris, Echb. f., together with the following, are all at pre-
sent known with certainty.

296. E. paniculata, Lindl. in Wall. PI. as Rar, i. 32. t. 36.

Sikkim, 10,000 feet, J. D. H. {67) ; rocks near Sarapanee, Griffith
(1152).

297. E. obliqua. (Mycaranthes obliqua, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1840, misc.
184.)

Singapore, Cuming, in hort.

This differs from JE. bifalcis in the form of the lip and in the
presence of a large tumour at the base of the furfuraceous axis.

298. E. MONOSTACHYA; fohis longissimis coriaeeis gramiueis canaU-
culatis, racemis longis cyhndraeeis tomentosis, labeUi quadrilobi
laciniis triangularibus acutis apicalibus minoribus, lamellis 2 triangu-
laribus aristatis infra isthmum, tubercuHs axeos 3 quorum tertium
ultra apieem protrusum.

Mount Gembolo, in the east of Java, Zollinger (53).

I have this from Prof. Echb. as Eria paniculata, from which it
differs in its long cylindrical racemes, and the presence of two
sharp-pointed triangular plates below the lateral incisions of the
lip, as well as in the other characters above described.

299. E. Reinwardtii ; foliis distichis Unearibus rigidis apice obhquis
acutis, racemo solitario tenui sessiU multifloro, labelU quadrilobi basi
et apice tubereulati laciniis lateralibus obtusis planis terminalibus
subcrispis minoribus.

Jaxsi, hb. Reinwardt. {Cymbidium parvijiorum).

Leaves 5 or 6 inches long, somewhat distichous. Spike 4
inches long, terminal, sessile, with small reflexed bracts nearly as
long as the ovary.

66 PEOFESSOE LINDLEI*S CONTEIBUTIONS TO

300. E. BiFALCis; foliis linenribus coriaceis obtusis apice valde obli-
quis, spica araneosa dissitiflora simplici terminali, floribus albo-tomen-
tosis, labello cuneato 3-lobo laciniis lateralibus falcatis intermedia
oblata tridentata, tuberculo apieis maximo inflexo baseos obsolete.

Borneo, T. Lohb.

In habit much like E. Beinwardtii, hut not more than 5 or 6
inches high. Plowers the size of E. oUiqua.

301. E. sclerophylla; foliis patentibus duris lanceolatis distichis
apice acutissimis obliquis, raeemis pluribus elongatis terminalibus
albo-tomentosis, labelli cuneati lobis lateralibus acutissimis intermedio
a lata basi lineari apice dilatato cuspidate, tuberculo apieis maximo
baseos erecto foveato, lamella lineari a quoque isthmo decurrente
apice libera.

Java, Junghuhn (279).

Much like E. paniculata ; but the leaves are shorter, broader,
and more spreading, and the lip wholly diiferent. No. 300 of
Junghuhn seems to be the same, but is only in fruit.

Mycaranthes latifolia, Blume, may also belong to this section.

§ IX. Teichotosia, Blume.'

This supposed genus differs in nothing whatever from Eria.
It may only stand as a section, with a caulescent habit and flowers
covered with coarse ferruginous hairs. The surface and degree of
division of the lip offer no available mark of recognition. All the
species are conspicuous for the long brown hair that clothes the
stem and leaves.

302. E. biflora. (Trichotosia biflora, Griffith Not. iii. 331. t. 315.)
Malacca; on rocks and trees, Goondong Toondook, Mount Ophir,

Gnffith.
Near E. annulata, BL, from which its excessively shaggy lip
distinguishes it, as well as the want of the long glabrous recurved
bracts of that species.

303. E. PULViNATA ; villosissima, caulibus brevibus ascendentibus,'
foliis ovatis, pedunculis unifloris, sepalis hirsutis in cornu obtusum basi
productis ovario sequale, petalis linearibus sepalo dorsali sequalibus,
labello obovato emarginato intus piloso infra apicem pulvinato.

Mergui, Griffith, no. 2, Aug. 17, 1834.

I only know this from a drawing by Griffith, who represents it
as having whitish solitary flowers, with an ob cordate- spathulate
lip, hairy and speckled with red inside, and a tuft of longer hairs
below the apex. The clinandrium is also shown to be 4-lobed.
It is probably the same as one of T. Lobb's plants distributed
as coming from Borneo, but I suspect from Moulmein, of which

THE ORCHIDOLOat OF INDIA. 67

I have an imperfect specimen. In that plant the petals are acute,
spathulate, and bordered with brown near the points, and the leaves
are linear lanceolate, and much less hairy.

304. E. LEioPHYLLA; caule ferrugineo tomentoso apice glabro di-
phyllo vaginis 2 membranaceis oppositis in medio, foliis oblongo-lan-
ceolatis glabris, spica brevissima uniflora (?) arete tomentosa, bracteis
truneatis, labello rhorabeo carnoso glabro obtuso basi convexo.

Borneo ; on trees, Sarawak, at the height of 2700 feet, T. Lobb.

My specimen is nearly glabrous except the inflorescence. The
stem is terete, 2-leaved, with a long brown sheath at the base, and
a pair of smaller opposite membranous ones in the middle. The
lip seems to be deep crimson.

305. E. annulata, Bl. Mus. Lugd. ii. 184.

A unique specimen from Sikkim comes near this species ; but
the flowers are very old. The leaves are broad and hairy, and
filled with large masses of calcareous concretions.

306. E. ferruginea, Lindl. in Bot. Reg, 1839, t. 35.

E. Bengal -, Jyntea mountains, at the height of 4000 feet, J. D. H. (65) ;
Khasija, Griffith.

307. E. VULPINA {Rchb.f.); moUiter ferrugineo-villosa, foliis oblongo-
lanceolatis papyraceis obsolete nervosis, spica multiflora recta lanata,
bracteis ovatis recurvis, floribus distantibus mento rotundato, petalis
linearibus brevioribus ciliatis, labello carnoso glabro laciniis lateralibus
dentiformibus intermedia rotundata.

Phihppines, Cuming.

This is the plant hastily referred to in the Botanical E-egister
(1845, t. 2) under E. vestita ; but a more careful examination
shows it to be quite distinct in its straight, not flexuose rachis,
ovate not acuminate bracts, round, not elongated chin, short
ciliated, not long smooth petals, and in the whole superficies of
the lip, w^hich appears to want the hairs and lamellae of E. vestita.
I have not been able to observe the tubercle seen at the base of
the limb by my learned friend BcJib.f, ; but the lip is so fleshy
and compressed when dry, that I may have missed it.

308. E. capitellata; caulibus ad insertionem foliorum juniorum
ferrugineo-hirtis, foliis carnosis anguste lanceolatis acuminatis glabri-
nseulis, spicis brevibus densifloris, sepalis lateralibus ovatis, labello
concavo carnoso ovato apice decurvo sub lente tomentoso infra apicem
convexo.

Java, T. Lobb (263).

Until I received a specimen of the real E. annulata, I mistook

68 PROFESSOE LINDLEY's CONTRIBUTIONS TO

this for it. There are, however, these differences : the leaves are
twice as broad and much less acuminate ; the spikes are so dense
as to be almost ovate ; the lateral sepals are not acuminate ; the
lip is more rounded at the point and without the raised median
line, instead of which there is only a slight convexity above with
a corresponding concavity below. The linea verruculosa, ascribed
by Blume to his E. annulata, does not exist in Zollinger's no. 15
of his second collection, which I take for that species ; but there
is a distinct elevated even midrib, with a slightly raised . line on
either side.

§ X. Cylindeolobus, Blume, Fl. Jav. 'prcef, vi. (Ceratium,
Id. Bijdr. 341.)

There is nothing in the structure of the plants of this section,
as far as I am acquainted with them, that corresponds with the
character proposed by Prof. Blume in his Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 182.
Undoubtedly a protuberance at tlie foot of the column does
sometimes occur, but it affords no sectional mark ; for if it exists
in JE. nutans, it is not to be found in E. Khasiana, which is only
distinguishable upon careful examination ; and it is a mere rudiment
in -E7. hicolor, another very closely allied species. The siliquose
fruit is of as little importance. I think, however, that the section
may be conveniently adopted for all the caulescent species whose
flowers, whether lateral or terminal, are solitary or in pairs, and
arise from among empty coloured bracts. Such is the principle
upon which the following have been collected.

A. Mowers terminal.

309. E. TRUNCATA ; foUis 3 lanceolatis terminalibus apice subaequa-
hbus, floribus geminis ovario tomentoso, sepalis oblongis obtusis, pe-
tahs subsequalibus antrorsum arcuatis, labello carnoso truncate hnea
media tenui elevata infra apicem triplici.

Moulmein,»on Shoung-gyen at the height of 5000 feet, T. Lobb.

" Elowers white." The lip has two small ovate lateral lobes ;
but the middle lobe is obsolete, appearing only in the form of a
broad line lying between the side lobes.

310. E. pauciflora, Wight. Ic. 1. 1636.
Khasija hills, T. Lobb ; Nilgherries, Wight.

Wight's figure of this is unusually good. The withered reflexed
sheath at the base of the last joint of the stem seems to be cha-
racteristic of the species.

311. E. bicolor. (Dendrobium bicolor, Ldndl. Gen. Sf Sp. p. 90.)
Ceylon, Thwaites (2761).

THE OECHIDOLOGT OF INDIA. 69

I have been favoured by Mr. Thwaites with a sketch of this,
showing it to be a true Eria. The pollen-masses were previously-
unknown to me. A re-examination of the old fragments in my
herbarium has shown the lip to be much like that of Eriapau-
ciflora, as represented in Wight's plate, but with a shorter
middle lobe. There is a small orange- coloured process at the
base of the column. The surface of the middle lobe of the lip is
rather pulverulent.

312. E. nutans. Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840, misc. 196.
Singapore, Cuming in hort. Loddiges.

In this plant there is a large tubercle on the foot of the column,
which is very short.

313. E. Khasiana ; foliis binis (?) lanceolatis acutis, floribus geminis
glabris, sepalis petalisque siibaequalibus, labello obovato laciniis late-
ralibus membranaceis obtusis subfalcatis incurvis intermedia oblata
camosa lamella tomentosa in medio lineisque 2 truncatis secus axin
pulverulentum, columnae pede omnino nudo.

Khasija, Gri^th.

Much like E. nutans Q,nd pauciflora, but entirely different in
the form of the lip.

B. Flowers lateral.

314. E. clavieauHs, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1840, misc. 219.
Khasija, at 4000-5000 feet, J. D. H. \ T. T. (9).

The specimens in hb. Hooker, are not in flower, so that some
uncertainty attends this species. It approaches the last section
in having the leaves at the end only of the stem ; and the flowers
are almost terminal.

315. E. mueronata, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842, misc. 2/.
Philippines, Cuming.

Blume's JE. elongata seems to be near this ; but in my plant the
little tuft of hairs at the base of the lip cannot be called " tubercu-
lum dilatatum dense glanduloso-fimbriatum." Among De Yriese's
Sumatra drawings is a "Dendrobium macranthum," with large
solitary white flowers, very short lower sepals, and violet spreading
bracts, which may be this Eria elongata. What appears to be
the same plant exists in the Hookerian herbarium, collected in
Tobie Island by Barclay.

316. E. brachystachya, Rchb.f. in Bonplandia.
Philippines, Cuming.

In this, which is perhaps a variety of the last, there is a small
truncated tubercle on the foot of the column.

60 PBOFESSOE LINDLET's CONTRIBUTIONS TO

317. E. VALiDA; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis coriaceis apice valde ob-
liquis obtusis, pedunculis bifloris bracteis ovatis erectis papyraceis
cucuUatis, floribus glabris, sepalis lateralibus ovatis dorsali petalisque
3-nerviis oblongo-linearibus, labelli lobo intermedio oblongo rotun-
dato margine papilloso lateralibus duplo brevioribus acutis sinubus ro-
tundatis apertis, lineis tribus clavatis apice divergentibus infra isthmum.

Java, T. Lobl (205).

A stout erect plant, with a stem half an inch in diameter, and
leaves 6 inches long. I can find no tubercle on the foot of the
column ; nor can I identify it with any of Blume's plants.

318. E. APOROIDES ; foliis brevibus obtusis acinaciformibus equitan-
tibus, pedunculis unifloris, bracteis linearibus obtusis carnosis, floribus
glabris, sepalis petalisque ovatis obtusis, labello acute 3-lobc^lobo
intermedio majore carnoso.

Phihppines, Cuming.

This has very much the appearance of the plant figured by
Adolphe Brongniart as Aporvm incrassatum (Duperrey, t. 42 B) ;
but the lip is 3-lobed, not entire.

§ XI. Ubostachya.

The caulescent species with numerous leaves, and long racemes
or panicles of flowers, without the woolly lip-appendages of §Eiii-
URA, form a natural group which may be conveniently placed apart
from others. The flowers, with the exception of JE. hamhusifolia,
are very small and densely arranged.

319. E. floribunda, Undl. in Bof. Reg. 1844, t. 20.
Java, hb. Junghuhn (307) ; Mergui, Griffith.

Of this ^. leucostacJiya of the Hort. Soc. Journ. iii. xv. and xvi.
is, as was then suggested, a mere variety.

320. E. micrantha, Lindl. Gen. and Sp. Orch. p. 68.
Java, Lobb (314).

The Octomeria racemosa of Kuhl and Hasselt seems, from a
tracing sent me by Prof. E/cichenbach, to be this plant, which is
very like U.florilunda, but with smaller flowers, and with the lip-
auricles perfectly lateral and not intralabellar.

321. E. PACHYSTACHYA; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis nervosis, spicis
densissimis elongatis glabris, bracteis squamiformibus reflexis, floribus
(minutis) tomentosis mento elongato incurvo, petalis glabris line-
aribus obtusis falcatis sepalis brevioribus, labello sessili oblongo
acuto Isevi.

Java, Junghuhn (298).

322. E. RETROFLEXA ; foliis anguste oblongis spicis tenuibus duplo

THE OECHIDOIO&T OF INDIA. 61

longioribus, bracteis oblongis glabris retroflexis, floribus glabris,
sepalis petalis labelloque subaequalibus ovatis acutis.
Philippines, Cuming.

The lateral sepals are very little oblique, and the lip is scarcely-
distinguishable except in being more fleshy ; it is quite destitute
of all superficial processes.

323. E. BAMBUSiFOLiA; foliis oblongis acuminatis nervosis paniculis
terminalibus laxis tomentosis multifloris subaequalibus, sepalis ovatis
obtusis tomentosis, petalis obovatis acutis, labello ovato piano glabro
inappendiculato apice dilatato.

Khasija, Griffith ; at 2000 feet, Mr. Simons^ in hb. Hooker. (64).

I have no species very nearly allied to this, whose great leaves
resembling a Bamboo, and loose tomentose terminal panicles as
much as 10 inches long, are very peculiar.

Pheeatia, Lindl. Gen. Sf Sp. p. 63.
Prof. Eeichenbach has detected the identity of Plexaure, End-
licJier, with this well-marked genus. But he has referred it to
Eria, to which I must withhold assent. The bifid somewhat car-
tilaginous rostellum, which led Endlicher to refer the genus to
Neottiese, appears to aflbrd an absolute mark of distinction, espe-
cially when accompanied, as in this case, by a very peculiar and
scarcely mistakeable habit. Blume refers JPhreatia elegans to
Thelasis (Mm. JLugd. Bat. ii. p. 187), for reasons which I am
unable to appreciate. No two genera can be more wholly distinct.
In Hooker and Thomson's herbarium one species only occurs ;
but a few may be added from other sources, in addition to those
described by Prof. E^eichenbach.

324. Phreatia elegans, Lindl. 1. c. (Thelasis elegans, Blume, Mus.
Lugd. ii. 187.)

Khasija, 4000 feet, J. D. H. Sf T. T. (93).

325. Ph. myosurus; foliis membranaceis late loratis planis apice
obliquis cuspidatis basi equitantibus, spicis elongatis folio multo lon-
gioribus, floribus subverticillatis, bracteis fuscis acuminatis floribus
longioribus, labello cuneato juxta apicem biplicato quasi trilobo. (Eria
[Phreatia] myosurus, Rchb.f. in Bonplandia, March 1, 1857.)

Java, Lobb (166 in hb. Hooker.).

The largest of the genus except A.Eichard's two *' Oberonias,"
gladiata and micrantha, which Professor Eeichenbach has pointed
out to be Phreatias. O. micrantha especially seems very near
this ; but the bracts are represented as being much shorter than
even the pedicels. Flowers very small, hardly longer than the
cinnamon-brown bracts, and arranged in a somewhat verticillate

02 PROFESSOE LINDLET'S CONTBIBXJTIONS TO

manner. The lip is so dilated and folded near the end as to
seem to be 3-lobed. — Possibly A. Brongniart's Oxy anther a mi-
crcmtha may be this ; but if so, the inflorescence is taken from
another plant, perhaps the Thelasis, which furnished his mag-
nified dissections (as Prof. Reichenbach has pointed out to me in
conversation). My learned friend's definition of his Eria myo-
surus appears to have been taken from an incomplete specimen,
for which reason the above specific character is now proposed.

326. Ph. minutiflora; foliis linearibus coriaceis recurvis equitan-
tibus obtusis spicis tenuibus sequalibus, bracteis triangulo-setaceis,
labello obovato concave.

Borneo, Lobb.

Leaves about 2 inches long. Plowers the smallest in the genus,
in an erect very slender spike. Bracts brown, setaceous, broad at
the base.

327. Ph. microtidis ; foliis linearibus coriaceis equitantibus apice
acutis recurvis spicis densis angulatis aequalibus, bracteis floribus bre-
vioribus, labello orbiculari concavo basi pandurato.

Java, Lobb.

Much like a pigmy Microtis, the whole plant not exceeding
2 inches in height. Blume's Dendrolirium pusillvm, formerly
referred by me to Phreatia (Gren. & Sp. p. 64), seems to be rather an
Appendicula, and can have nothing to do with the present species.

328. Ph. tahitensis ; folio oblongo coriaceo piano oblique bilobo
spicae densse multiflorse sequali, scapo trivaginato, mento oblongo
obtuso, labelli acuti rhombei longe unguiculati angulis lateralibus
runeinatis, bracteis oblougis herbaceis acutis canaliculatis florum
longitudine.

Tahiti, Bidwill.

Plant between 3 and 4 inches high, of which 1^ inch is occupied
by a dense spike whose flowers are the largest in the genus,
measuring in their dried state nearly -^th of an inch in length.
The lateral sepals are extended into a long blunt chin, which
probably led M. Heichenbach to remark, that " here the genera
Phreatia and Eria run together." But the cartilaginous bifid
rostellum of the former genus is perhaps more strongly marked
in this than in any other species.

Thelasis, Blume.

The extremely short characters assigned by Prof. Blume, both

in his * Bijdragen,' and in his recent ' Museum Lugd. Bat.,' to the

species of this curious genus, render all attempts at identifying

his plants almost hopeless — especially since, in the latter work,

THE ORCHIDOLOOT OP INDIA. 63

he has referred to the genus so wholly different a plant as Phreatia
elegans. The only species known at present on the continent of
India itself, furnishes some addition to the perplexity that sur-
rounds the genus.

329. Th. pygmsea. {'EA\^Yoho%Q\% ^y^mddd^, Griffith, in Calcutta Journal
of Nat. Hist. V. 372. t. 26; Wight. Ic. t. 1732, not 1733.)

Khasija hills, Griffith, Lobb ; at 2000-4000 feet elevation, flowers white,
J. D. H. Sf T. T. (29).

Griffith's figure of his Euprohoscis pygmcea, in the Calcutta
Journal, is sufficient for the identification of this plant, which
seems to be common on the Khasija mountains. In that work
the name E. Grifflthii, quoted by Prof. Eeichenbach (Bonplandia,
Feb. 15, 1857), does not occur. Prof. Blume refers it to his
Th. capitata which differs in having a " spica densa ovoidea deinde
cylindrica," and an ovate obtuse lip, a description that in no way
applies to this. Dr. Wight's figure is a good one, but from a
small specimen whose flowers are in a state of Peloria. The name
pygm(Ba is objectionable, for there are specimens before me as
much as 8 inches high ; it must however stand. A Thelasis from
Hong Kong, sent by Dr. Hance (287), appears to be either this
or Th. triptera-, but my specimens are not good enough for
positive determination.

330. Th. ochreata; foHo coriaceo lorato obtuse canaliculato basi
squama maxima laxa truncata stipato, scapo foliis duplo breviore
vaginis maximis laxis truncatis baseos binis medii solitaria, spica den-
si ssima bracteis reflexis acutis amplexicaulibus duris concavis, ovario
obovato, sepalis alte carinatis supremo galeato, labello ovato obtuso.

Borneo ; low forests of Sarawak, T. hobb.

I should have thought that this might have been Blume's Th,
capitata, judging from his latest definition ; but Prof. Eeichenbach,
who has carefully examined that plant, describes the leaves as
cuneate and equally 2-lobed, and the sepals entirely without
carinse. The leaves are a foot long when full-grown.

I have two or three more species of the genus, but until some
authentic evidence concerning Blume's plants reaches me, I can-
not venture to name them.

A Note upon Pseudo centrum, a New Genus of Orchidacece.

By Prof. LiNDLET, F.E.S.

[Read March 4th, 1858.]

Among the numerous collections of Peruvian Orchids which have

been communicated to me from time to time by my excellent corre-

64 PEOFESSOE LINT)LET*S NOTE ON PSETJDOCENTRUM.

spondent Professor Jameson, there is one possessing so very extra-
ordinary a structure that it seems worthy of being brought sepa-
rately under the notice of the Society, although nothing more is
known of it than that it is a terrestrial plant from the valley of
Lloa, a couple of spikes of flowers having alone reached me.

These spikes are dense, erect, cylindrical, 10 inches long, and
very slightly coated with minute distant hairs. A thin lanceolate
three-veined bract supports each flower, reaching beyond the
summit of the ovary. The flowers themselves are not unlike, in
general appearance, those of a minute Aconitum lycoctonum, being
furnished with what seems at first sight to be a slender curved
galea many times longer than the limb ; but upon dissection this
galea proves to consist of the two lateral sepals excessively pro-
duced at their base and forming a sheath, within which the labellum
lies concealed. Thus far there is nothing in the structure to
which a parallel may not be found elsewhere, as in Dendrobium,
Bifrenaria, Comparettia, and especially in Pelexia, a genus to
which the plant before us is nearly allied. But when the labellum
is examined, it is found to be extended within the fold of the
lateral sepals, not in the form of a spur arising from its base, but
in that of a long slender channeled body proceeding from its
point, the base of the labellum being acutely hastate. In other
words, the labellum is sessile, hastate, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe
extremely long, linear, channeled, and directed upwards between
the sepals which conceal it. In this manner the appearance of a
spur is produced without recourse being had to the arrangement
which occurs in every other genus of this large order, hitherto
described ; for which reason I propose the name Pseudocentktjm,
to which the following technical character may be added : —

PsEUDOCENTEUM (Gcnus Ncotticarum PelexisB affine). Herba

terrestris ; Spica elongata, densa, striata, cylindracea.

Ovarium rectum. Sepaltim anticum parvum, lanceolatum,
patens ; lateralia dorsalia, multo majora, triangularia, basi in
canalem longum ascendentem arcuatum obtusum producta. P«-
tala lineari-lanceolata, apice recurva, sepalo antico breviora.
Labellum membranaceum, sessile, trilobum; lobis lateralibus
acutis hastam referentibus, intermedio lineari, canaliculato,
intra canalem sepalinum incluso eique aequali. Colnmna nana,
semiteres; stigmate depresso marginato, rostello acuminato.
Anthera dorsalis apiculata, bilocularis (?) ; pollinia 4, pulverea,
lateralia majora glandula parva oblonga.
Sp. 1. Fseudocentrum macrostachywm. Peru, Jameson.

MR. BENTHAM's synopsis OF LEGNOTIDE^. 65

Synopsis of Legnotidece, a tribe of Rhizoplioracecd.
By GrEOROE Bentham, Esq., P.L.S

[Read March 4th, 1858.]

Among the plants of the great East Indian collection distributed
by the late Dr. Wallich, is one from Heyne's Peninsular Her-
barium, entered in the catalogue under the number 6320 as
BlepJiaristemma corynibosum, Bentb. I have no recollection nor
any record of having ever given it that name, and I feel certain
that I never examined it. The specimen which I received from
Dr. Wallich in 18»32 has remained ever since unnamed in my
herbarium, but meeting with it accidentally a short time since,
and ascertaining that it bore a name supposed to have been given
by myself, I have been led to examine it in detail, and to pass in
review the allied genera forming the small but interesting group
of Legnotidece, a tribe of JRhizophoracece. Although most of these
genera have been well described by Arnott, Blume, Korthals, Asa
G-ray and others, yet as they have not all been brought together
in a comparative form, I am induced to lay before the Linnean
Society a short synopsis of the tribe.

The Legnotidece agree with the true Bhizophorece in their opposite
undivided leaves with interpetiolar stipules, their axillary inflo-
rescence, valvately lobed calyx, perigynous petals often fringed or
divided at the top and folded over the anthers in the bud, their
perigynous definite stamens with versatile 2-celled anthers, their
several-celled ovary with two or more collateral or clustered pen-
dulous ovules in each cell (rarely one-celled by the disappearance
of the dissepiments between the placentas), and in their simple
style with a capitate or discoid stigma, either entire or radiating
into as many lobes as placentas. The chief difference consists in
the seed, which in the true BJiizopJwrece is exalbuminous, the
embryo germinating and forcing its radicle through the pericarp
whilst still adherent to the tree ; whereas in the Legnotidece the
embryo is imbedded in a fleshy albumen. In the true Bhizophorece
the seed-bearing part of the ovary is inferior or adnate to the
base of the calyx ; in the Legnotidece it is either inferior, or superior
and free with the exception of the broad base.

With regard to the affinities of Legnotidece as illustrating those
of BhizopJioracece, there is little to add to those suggested by
E. Brown in the Appendix to Tuckey's ' Congo,' p. 437, and con-
firmed by subsequent observers, — a general affinity with Cunoniacece
and with Lythracece. With the former, Legnotidece agree in their

LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. F

66 MR. bentham's synopsis of leonotideje,

opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules, their valvate calyx, and
in many respects in the general arrangement of the parts of the
flower ; but differ in inflorescence, in the aestivation of the petals,
in the more complete consolidation of the styles (although in
the latter respect they agree with Broussaisia) , and in the pen-
dulous collateral or clustered ovules. With Lythracecs they agree
more generally in habit and inflorescence, in the aestivation of the
calyx, and completely consolidated styles ; and where the ovary is
free, it is often enclosed in the base of the calyx, as in Lythracece ;
they differ, however, in their dotted leaves, interpetiolar stipules, in .
the aestivation of the petals and insertion of the ovules, and in
their albuminous seeds. The arrangement of the petals and
stamens is also somewhat different, even in the genera which have
the ovary free, as in Lythracece, In the latter order, the disk which
bears the petals and stamens is so completely combined with the
calyx-tube as scarcely to thicken it, or form any perceptible border
at its edge, where the petals are inserted close among the calyx-
teeth, and the stamens are usually inserted more or less irregularly
lower down on the inner face of the disk. In Legnotidew, the disk,
whether very short in the base of the calyx-tube, or lining the
tube up to the teeth or lobes, is always very perceptible, and
sometimes thick and fleshy ; its margin is usually more or less pro-
minent, either as an entire or crenate ring, or as a short cup-shaped
tube round the ovary ; the stamens are usually inserted either on
the margin, or more frequently just below the margin on the
outside, and the petals outside the stamens at the base of the disk,
that is, in the angle which the free part of the disk makes with
the calyx-tube. It is probably this disk which induced Dr. Wallich
originally to consider the GynotrocJies as a species of Microtropis
among Celastrinece.

The fringed and folded petals of most Legnotidece have perhaps
some analogy to the crumpled petals of Lythracece ; the manner
in which they are folded over the larger stamens, or over all the
anthers, has some analogy to the hooded petals of Mliamnacece,
which enclose the anthers in the bud; but there is very little
other affinity with that order. So the opposite dotted leaves or
the inflorescence give a general resemblance, without much affinity,
to MyrtacecB and Memecylew.

The fringed petals of Gardner's Anstrutheria had induced him
to refer that plant to Elceocarpew ; but that and the valvate calyx
are almost the only characters in which the Legnotidece coincide
with that tribe ; still less can I see any affinity between Legnotidece

b

A TEIBE OF EHIZOPHOEACEJ:. 67

and LoganiacecB, near which Lindley places them in his * Vegetable
Kingdom.' The free petals and their aestivation, the stamens
inserted on a perigynous disk, not in the tube of an essentially
gamopetalous corolla, the placentation and other points, appear to
me to remove them far away from any of the orders between
which the Logcmiacece form the connecting link.

The number of genera of Legnotidece now known is nine ;
but as they most of them consist of only one or two species, and
some are but imperfectly known, it is probable that a better ac-
quaintance with the flora of their chief geographical area — across
tropical Africa, through the Mascarene Islands, Ceylon and the
Indian Archipelago to tropical Australia, — may enable their future
consolidation into natural groups. Of these genera, three, Caralliay
Fellacalyx and Haplopetalum, have the seed-bearing part of the
ovary and fruit completely adnate or inferior ; three, Gynotroches,
Crossostyles and AnstrutJieria, have the ovary superior, but attached
by a broad base to the broadly turbinate calyx-tube; and the
remaining three, Blepharistemma, Dactylopetalum and Cassipoureay
have the ovary much less dilated at the base, quite free within a
campanulate or ovoid calyx, as in LytJiracece,

Caeallia,

This genus, originally established by Eoxburgh, has been more
accurately described in detail by Blume, Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 128.
He shows that although the fruit is often by abortion one-celled
and one-seeded, the ovary is divided into 4 or rarely 3 or 5 cells
with 2 pendulous ovules in each; not one-celled, as stated in
Arnott's observations, ' Ann. Nat. Hist.* i. p. 371, in consequence
probably of Roxburgh's having so described one of his species.
Blume also first described the albuminous seeds of Carallia with
a curved embryo, which I have verified in different specimens of
C. integerriina, and in the O. Icmcecefolia also, as far as I could
tell in a not quite ripe fruit.

With regard to the species of Carallia, they have evidently been
much multiplied. There is one very common one, extending from
Ceylon and the Indian Peninsula to Khasiya, China, the Indian
Archipelago and north-west Australia. The leaves in the Cin-
galese specimens are often all obovate and very obtuse ; in some
Chinese and Philippine Island ones, narrow-oblong and acumi-
nate ; in the majority of specimens from the greater part of the
area, oval-elliptical, with or without a short acumen ; but in each
district these forms appear to pass gradually one into the other,

r2

68 MR. bentham's synopsis or legnotide^,

and sometimes on the same specimen. The leaves are generally
quite entire; occasionally some may be found with a few very
small teeth towards the extremity, but never toothed all round, as
in the G. lancecdfolia. I have therefore no hesitation in con-
sidering this as the G. integerrima, DC, to which I would refer
the G. zeylcmica, corymhosa and sinensis of Amott, G. timorensis,
BL, G. octopetala, F. Muell. (the parts of the flower are often in
eights in the Indian specimens), and Pootia cereopsifoUa, Miq.

O. laneecefoUa, E-oxb., is only known to me from specimens
from the Calcutta G-arden and one or two from Sylhet. It
appears well distinguished by the leaves being regularly serrulate
all round, and, as far as I have seen, by a more pear-shaped fruit,
which appears to ripen generally more than one seed. The leaves
are usually considerably broader than those figured by Wight
from Roxburgh's drawing. The G. conjlnis, BL, is evidently
closely allied to this species, if not identical with it. G. sym-
metria, BL, appears to be a form of 0. integerrima with the leaves
slightly toothed at the top.

G. lucida, Boxb., appears to me to be in some respects a made-
up species, resulting perhaps in a confusion between G. integerrima
and G. lancecufolia. The specimens originally sent from the Cal-
cutta Garden as G. lucida belong to the broader-leaved forms of
G. lancecefolia, although I have not seen any quite so broad as
those figured in Eoxburgh's ' Coromandel Plants ' and in Wight's
* Icones.' Both these figures are taken from Roxburgh's drawings,
the work probably of a native artist ; and, as is so frequently the
case, more or less made up, as is evidenced by the venation of the
leaves, so difierent from that of any Garallia. I should there-
fore be disposed either entirely to reject G. lucida, or to consider
it merely as an ill-represented variety of G. lancecefolia.

G. celeUca, BL, judging from Borneo specimens which agree
with his description, is a distinct species with looser inflorescence,
much larger flowers, &c.

G. cuspidata, BL, and G. multijlora, BL, both from Borneo, but
unknown to me, appear from his description to be both of them
good species.

Baraldeia, Dup. Thou., is considered by B. Brown, and after him
by other botanists, as a species of Garallia. It is unknown to me :
the Hookerian herbarium, although now rich in Madagascar plants,
contains, as far as I can find, no Legnotideous species from that
island.

i

a teibl of ehizophoeace^. 69

Pellacalyx.
Of the single species known of this genus, P. axillaris, Korth.,
I have seen specimens from Penang, from Phillips's Collection,
formerly in the Horticultural Society's herbarium, and among
Griffith's Malacca plants. To Korthals's detailed and accurate
description I have only to add that the seed, as in GynotrocJies, is
small, ovoid, with a crustaceous testa, and a straight cylindrical
embryo in the centre of the albumen. The genus is quite distinct
both from Carallia and Sa/plopetalum in the form of the calyx and
the clustered ovules, as well as in habit and other characters.

Haplopetalum.
I have seen no specimens of this plant ; but A. G-ray's elaborate
description and beautiful plate in the ' Botany of the American
Exploring Expedition' are sufficient to characterize it in every
respect, excepting the fruit, which is unknown. The habit, inflo-
rescence and flowers are those of Gynotroclies, except that the
petals are sessile and entire, the ovary inferior with a central
axis, but not divided into cells, probably from the disappearance
of the dissepiments after a very early stage, and that there are but
two collateral ovules to each cell.

G-TIJrOTEOCHES.

This genus was originally established by Blume in his 'Bijdragen,'
but having been referred to Guttiferce, it was very naturally over-
looked by Arnott, when describing his Dryptopetalvm. Blume has
subsequently, in his ' Museum Botanicum,' established the generic
identity of these two plants, which indeed are probably but one
species, not uncommon in the Indian Archipelago. The length of
the pedicels and number of parts of the ovary and stigmata vary
equally in the Javanese, the Penang, and the Malacca specimens.
Blume' s third species, however, with minute, almost sessile flowers,
from Borneo and Sumatra, is probably distinct. As a genus they
differ from Cassipourea (of which they have the inflorescence and
most of the characters) by the small deeply -cleft ■ calyx, the
ovules 4, not 2 only, to each cell of the capsule, and by the terete
embryo. As in Blepharistemma, the flowers of the common species
are to a certain degree dioecious ; in some specimens the ovary is
slender and empty, whilst the petals and stamens are very fully
developed ; in others the ovaries are complete and the petals and
stamens more or less reduced. This gives to different specimens
a very different aspect, and may explain the differences which
induced A. Grray to describe as distinct his G. reticulata from

70 ME. BENTHAM'S synopsis or LEGNOTIDEiB,

Singapore, where, amongst other places. Dr. Wallich gathered the
original species.

There are some slight inaccuracies in Blume's dissections of
Oynotroches. The disk is very incorrectly represented, and in
fig. N + , one stamen is inserted outside, and another inside of
it; in fact, the filaments are united at their very base into a
narrow ring just outside the crenulated margin of the very short
disk, whilst the petals are inserted outside the staminal ring. In
figs. I-f and N-}-, the seeds are shown as attached by their lower
instead of their upper end. So in fig. O 4- , the hilum should be
represented as near the upper broad extremity, and the upper
slender end of the embryo should be the entire radicle, the lower
and thicker end being split into the two cotyledons.

Ceossosttles.
Forster's detailed description of his Grossostyles hijlora, pub-
lished by Guillemin in his ' Zephyritis Taitensis ' (Ann. Sc. Nat.
Par. ser. 2. vii. p. 353), enabled Asa Grray to recognize it in
ohe plant which he has figured and described in detail in the
Botany of the American Exploring Expedition.' Unfortunately
these specimens were in some respects imperfect, and the seed has
not yet been described. I have, however, little hesitation in
referring to the same genus, as a second species, some fruiting
specimens collected on the Feejee Islands by Dr. Harvey, differing
from the G. hiflora chiefly in the smaller narrow leaves and in the
reduced number of parts of the pistil. The remains of the stamens
show that their insertion and numbers were about the same as in
C. hiflora; but there is nothing to indicate the presence or absence of
the nectaries of Foster, or sterile stamens of A. Grray, so peculiarly
characteristic of this genus. It is not stated by either, whether
they are precisely in the same ring as the stamens, or a little
withinside of them. If the latter supposition be correct, they
probably represent, not sterile stamens, but the teeth of the disk,
which are more or less prominent within the stamens in several
LegnotidecB. If really alternating with the stamens in the same
verticil, there is nothing in the slightest degree analogous to
them in any other genus. The seed of Grossostyles Harveyi has
an embryo much nearer to that of Gassipourea than that of Gyno-
trocJies.

Ansteutheeia.
This genus was originally proposed by Dupetit Thenars in his
* Grenera Nova Madagascariensia,' under the name of Bichcdia. It

A TEIBE OP EHIZOPHOEAOE^ . 71

has since, however, at the suggestion of E. Brown (in the Ap-
pendix to Tuckey's * Congo '), been reduced by DeCandolle in his
* Prodromus' to Cassipourea ; and I described as such, in the ' iN^iger
Flora,' a West African species, which, as I there mentioned, may
not improbably be the Congo Cassipourea referred to by B. Brown.
In the mean time Gardner met with a plant in Ceylon, which he
did not immediately recognize as belonging to this group, but
conceived to be allied in its fimbriate petals to Elceocarpece. He
accordingly described and figured it in the ' Calcutta Journal ' as
a new genus of that order, under the name of Anstrutheria. Sub-
sequently Major Champion, in a note addressed to Dr. G-ardner
in 1849, pointed out its relation to Cassipourea, and in the Hook-
erian herbarium it is identified generically with Bichceia both by
Sir "W. Hooker and by Planchon. Under these circumstances, the
genus, if maintained as distinct from Cassipourea, should have re-
tained Dupetit Thenars' name of Hichceia, were it not that it may
be considered as too close, both in sound and derivation, to the
previously published Michea in Mpacridece. Its union with Cassi-
pourea can only be effected with propriety, in the present state of
our acquaintance with these plants, by uniting into one genus all
the LegnotidecB with a free or superior ovarium, from Gynotroclies
to Cassipou/rea. If that view be adopted, the six genera here
characterized may be considered as so many sections, and Anstru-
theria will still be the name to be preferred, whether for a section
or a genus. The three species it comprises are evidently closely
allied to each other. I have seen abundance of good specimens
of the Ceylonese one, which varies with broadly ovate, almost
membranous leaves, or much narrower and more coriaceous ones.
Prom the latter form, the West African specimens, which I have in
fruit only, and in very young bud, appear scarcely to differ, except
in the size of the flowers, which appear to have been considerably
smaller ; and I have seen no specimen of the Madagascar one. I
am therefore quite unable to give at present any distinctive dia-
gnosis of the three species, if such they be.

Blephaeistemma.

The history of the name and original specimen of the only
species constituting this genus has been already given. It was
also collected in the Indian Peninsula by Hochstetter, and has
been distributed with his Canara plants under the name of Dryp-
topetalum memhranaceum, Miq. It is, however, much nearer re-
lated to Cassipourea than to Gynotroclies ; it scarcely differs indeed

72 ME. bentham's synopsis or legnotidejb,

from the American Cassipoureas except in habit and inflorescence,
in its almost dioecious flowers, and in the rather more dilated
stigma. Still the habit is so distinct, that it cannot be joined
with Cassipourea, unless, as before mentioned, the whole six
genera are united into one. The leaves appear to be deciduous,
and have none of the coriaceous texture which all other Bhizo-
pJiorecd acquire, at least when full-grown ; the loose cymes are like
those of several LythrariecB. The perigynous disk is cupular,
as in Cassipourea, but much more developed.

Daotylopetalum.

This genus is founded on a single specimen gathered on the
island of Nossi-be, ofi" the north-west coast of Madagascar, by
Boivin. With the habit, inflorescence, and most of the characters
of the American Cassipoureas, I could not include it in that genus
on account of the structure of the ovary, which has no dissepiments
and only two pairs of pendulous ovules round the central axis, and
the stamens are only twice the number of the petals. The fruit
is unknown.

Cassipotjeea.

This genus must remain restricted to the three tropical American
species enumerated in DeCandolle's ' Prodromus.' Additional
specimens have proved to me that the C. serrata I described
among Schomburgk's plants was founded on a specimen of
C. macrophylla with remarkably toothed leaves, and the C. qiiadri-
locularis of Spruce's plants belongs also to the same species, which,
as well as the two others, occurs occasionally with four instead of
three cells to the ovary. The number of stamens varies in all the
species, either four times or five times that of the petals ; and in
one specimen only of the C. elliptica, the one figured in Hooker's
'Icones,' vol. iii. t. 280, does it appear to be generally (but not
always ?) three times that of the petals.

The genus Anisophyllum, Don, or Tetracarpcea of Grardner, which
I had formerly considered rather as an anomalous Bhizophoracea
than as a Hamamelidea, certainly differs essentially from the former
in its alternate leaves, its inflorescence, and more divided styles.
Its immediate affinities must, however, remain uncertain until the
whole group of small orders clustered round the Saocifragacecs
shall have been more carefully reviewed.

The following is the more technical synopsis of the genera and
species : —

A TRIBE or BHIZOPHOEACE^. 73

EHIZOPHOEACEAETJM tribus 2« LEaNOTiDEiE.

Semina albuminosa ante germinationem caduca. Flores quam
in Bhizophoreis veris vulgo minores. Inflorescentia axillaris, flori-
bus nunc fascicnlatis sessilibus v. breviter pedicellatis, nunc in
cjmas pedunculatas di-tri-chotomas dispositis. BracteaD ad rami-
ficationes v. ad basin pedicellorum parvaD concavse, juniores saepe
in cupulam connatse, per anthesin persistentes v. caducse. Stamina
quae sepalis opposita in alabastro cum petalis alternant ; caetera
aestivatione petalis involuta, 1, 2, 3 v. 4 intra quodque petalum.
Stigma plus minus peltato-dilatatum (nisi in Cassipoureis non-
nuUis) integrum crenatum v. radiato-lobatum, crenis v. lobis tot
quot ovarii loculis.

§ 1. Ovarii parte ovulifera adnata.

1. Carallia. Calyx supra ovarium campanulatus, lobis brevi-
bus. Stamina numero petalorum dupla. Ovula gemina. Inflo-
rescentia cymosa.

2. Pellacaltx. Calyx supra ovarium campanulatus, lobis
brevibus. Stamina numero petalorum dupla. Ovula fasciculata.
Pedicelli fasciculati.

3. Haplopetalum. Calyx usque ad ovarium partitus. Stamina
numero petalorum quadrupla (v. quintupla?). Ovula gemina.
Pedicelli fasciculati.

§ 2. Ovarium liber um, lata hasi calycis tubo turbinato impositum.

4. Gtnotroches. Stamina numero petalorum dupla. Ovula
quaterna. Pedicelli fasciculati.

5. Crossostyles. Stamina numero petalorum quadrupla (v.
quintupla?). Ovula gemina. Pedunculi subcymoso-pauciflori.
(Discus perigynus lobatus ?)

6. Anstrtjthebia. Stamina numero petalorum quadrupla
(v. quintupla?). Ovula gemina. Pedicelli subfasciculati. Discus
perigynus integer v. crenulatus.

§ 3. Ovarium basi minus dilatatum, in f undo calycis campanulati

liber um.

7. Blepharistemma. Stamina numero petalorum dupla.
Ovula in ovarii loculis gemina. Inflorescentia cymosa.

8. Dactylopetalum. Stamina numero petalorum dupla.
Ovula in placentis ovarii non septati gemina. Pedicelli (brevis-
simi) fasciculati.

74 ME. BENTHAM's synopsis op LEGNOTIDEiE,

9. Cassipourea. Stamina numero petalorum quadrupla v.
quintupla (rarius tripla). Ovula in ovarii loculis gemina. Pedi-
celli brevissimi fasciculati.

I. Caeallia, Boxl.

Calycis tubus supra ovarium campanulatus, lobis 5-8 brevibus.
Discus staminifer usque ad apicem tubi adnatus. Petala tot
quot calycis lobi, unguiculata, orbiculata, subserrata v. apice
lacera. Stamina numero petalorum dupla, circa disci marginem
crenulatum inserta. Ovarii pars ovulifera calyci adnata, 4-
(rarius 3- v. 5-) locularis. Ovula in loculis gemina. Pructus
abortu ssepius unilocularis, 1-oligospermus. Semen globoso-
reniforme, ad hilum impressum. Embryo intra albumen copi-
osum teres curvatus. — Cymse pedunculatse ssepius trichotomse.

1. C. integerrima (DC. Prod. iii. p. 33); foliis integerrimis v. versus
apicem rarius serrulatis, obovatis ellipticis v. oblongis, floribus 6-8-meris
ad ramulos cymarum capitato-sessilibus. — C. ceylanica, corymbosa et
sinensis. Am. in Tayl. Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 371. C. timorensis,
Bl. Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 128, ex. char. C. octopetala, F. Muell. PI.
Austr. Trop. Occid. Pootia cereopsifolia, Miq. PI. Hochst.

Hab. in Indiae orientalis sylvis frequens. In ins. Ceylon, Walker, Gardner,
n. 278; Kelaart, Thwaites, n. 1.963 et 1964; in Peninsula circa Quilon,
Wight, n. 2447 ; in Concan, Law; prope Bombay, Dalzell; in Terra
Canara, Hochstetter, n. 307 et 307a ; in Khasiya, Griffith ; Sillet, Hooker
et Thomson, Wallich Cat. n. 4880 ; Sikhim, Hooker ; in China australi,
in ins. Hong Kong, Champion; in ins. Philippinis, Cuming, n. 1066 et
1027; Mergui et Moolmeyn, Griffith; Rangoon, Maclellan; (Java et
Timor ?) ; in Australia tropica ad Brunswick Bay et York Sound, Cun-
ningham ; Macadam's Range et Upper Roper River, F. Mueller.

Magnopere variat foliorum forma, in speciminibus plerisque Ceylonensibus
obovata sunt v. obovali-oblonga obtusissima v. retusa, nonnunquam
tamen Indicis omnino similia v. intermedia; in his ssepius amphora
ovah-elliptica obtusa v. plus minus obtuse acuminata, rarius late obovata,
v. anguste oblonga; in Sinensibus et prsesertim iu Philippinensibus
pleraque angustiora et longius acuminata, sed in his etiam occurrunt
folia Indicis simiha ; specimina Orientalia et Australasica omnino Indicis
similia. Flores etiam magnitudine variant (interdum abortu semi-
dioici ?). Calyx vulgo circa 2 lin. longus. Cymse subcorymbosse ramis
brevibus crassis, floribus densius laxiusve depresso-capitatis. Bacca
vulgo globosa monosperma, rarius dispermam vidi. Specimina tamen
fructifera baud multa vidi.

C. symmetria, Bl. Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 130, e Java, ex descriptione non
differre videtur a speciminibus C. integerrima foliis apice dentatis.

A TEIBE OF BHIZOPHOEACEiE. 75

2. C. cuspiDATA, Bl. I. c. p. 129, e Borneo, ex charactere suo affinis
videtur formis angustifoliis C. integerrimce, sed di versa floribus minoribus.

3. C. LANCEiBFOLiA {Roxb. Fl. lud. vol. ii. p. 481 ; Wight, Ic. vol. iii.
t. 604) ; foliis elliptieis oblongisve regulariter serrulatis, floribus 6-8-
meris ad ramulos cymarum subcapitato-sessilibus, petalis reniformibus
erenulatis. — C. conjinis, Bl. Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 129?

Hab. In Sumatra, Roxburgh. Specimina quae vidi omnia ex horto bo-

tanico Caleuttensi.
A C. integerrima differt imprimis foliis a basi ad apieem regulariter crenu-

lato-serrulatis. Bacca etiam major videtur, turbinato-globosa, 2-3-

sperma. Flores iis C. integerrimce similes, minus tamen eonferti.
C. lucida, Roxb. PI. Corom. vol. iii. t. 211, et in Wight, Icon. vol. iii,

t. 605 (eujus specimina sicca vidi e horto Caleuttensi) videtur C. lan-

cecefolicB forma latifolia male depicta.

4. C. CELEBICA {Bl. Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 131, ex charact.); foliis elliptieis
oblongisve serrulatis, floribus in cymis trichotomis subpedicellatis, pe-
talis late cordatis fimbriatis.

Hab. (In ins. Celebes, Blume), in Labuan, ins. Borneo, Motley.
Species bene distincta. Flores 3 lin. longi. Calycis lobi latiusculi tubo bre-
viores. Pedicelli breves et crassi, sed saepius distincti. Fructus non vidi.

6. C. CALYCiNA ; foliis ovatis ellipticisve integerrimis, pedunculis longi-
uscule dichotomis, petalis late cordatis fimbriatis.

Hab. in ins. Ceylon, Thwaites, n. 3468.

Ramus adest dichotomus, ad nodos leviter incrassatus. Folia pleraque
bipoUicaria, breviter acuminata, coriacea. Cymse quara in C. celebica
magis elongatae, pedunculo bis terve bifido, floribus alaribus nuUis.
Flores fere 4 lin. longi, angustiores quam in C. celebica ; calycis lacinise
4, lanceolataj, crassae, tubo turbinato sublongiores. Discus parti tubi
liberae brevissime adnatus. Petala lata subreniformia, insigniter fimbri-
ata. . Ovarium 4-loculare. Stigma 4-crenatum. — Specimen unicum vidi,
floribus paucis, quorum unicum tantum examinavi.

6. C. MULTiFLORA, Bl. I. c. p. 131, c Bomco, a me non visa, dififerre dici-
tur a C. celebica corymbis magis ramosis multifloris, floribus minoribus.

7. C. Baraldeia, Am. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 371. Baraldeia,
Dup. Thou. Gen. Nov. Madag. p. 24, e Madagascaria, quam non vidi,
distinguitur imprimis floribus 6-meris, nee ut in praecedentibus 6-8-meris.

Diatoma brachiata, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. p. 296, ab auctoribus vero-
similiter baud immerito ad Caralliam reiata, a C. integerrima dififerre
videtur petalis ut in C. celebica fimbriatis. Specimina nulla vidi.

II. Pellacalyx, Korth.
Calycis tubus supra ovarium campanulatus, lobis 5-6 brevibus.
Discus staminifer usque ad apieem tubi adnatus. Petala tot
quot calycis lobi, apice lacera. Stamina numero petalorum

76 MR. bentham's synopsis of legnotide^,

dupla, circa disci marginem crenulatum inserta. Ovarii pars
ovulifera calyci adnata, 5- (rarius 6- ?) locularis. Ovula in
loculis plurima (8-12) fasciculata. Pructus subglobosus, car-
nosus, calycis limbo coronatus. Semina parva ovoidea. Embryo
in albuminis axi rectus teres, cotyledonibus vix radicula lati-
oribus. — Pedicelli axillares fasciculati.
Species unica.

P. AXILLARIS, Korth. in Van der Hoeven et De Vriese, Tijdschr. vol. iii.

p. 20. t. 2.
Hab. in ins. Penang, Phillipps ; in Malacca, Griffith.
Folia oblonga acuminata 4-5-pollicaria supra scabriuscula subtus pube

stellata rufescentia. Bacca 3-4 lin. diametro, tubo calycis 2^ lin. longo

coronata. Dentes breves reflexo-patentes. Semina iis Gynotrochis

similia v. pauUo majora.

III. Haplopetalum, a. Gtray.

Calyx fere ad ovarium 4-partitus. Petala 4 subsessilia inte-
gerrima. Stamina numero petalorum 4-pla (v. 5-pla?) ad
marginem disci brevissimi inserta. Ovarii pars ovulifera calyci
adnata, 1-locularis. Ovula 8-10 e columna centrali geminatim
appensa. Pructus ignotus. — Pedicelli axillares fasciculati.

Species unica.

H. RiCHEi, A. Gray, Bot. Amer. Explor. Exped. vol. i. p. 608. t. 7^-

Hab. in insulis Feejee.

Habitus folia et flores parvi Gynotrochis axillaris.

ly. Gynoteoches, -BZ.

Calycis tubus brevissime turbinatus Hmbus 4-5-partitus. Petala
tot quot calycis lacinise unguiculata apice lacera. Stamina
niunero petalorum dupla, disco brevissimo crenulato inserta.
Ovarium superum, lata basi calyci impositum, 4-6-loculare.
Ovula in loculis 4, fasciculata. Bacca ovoideo-globosa, inde-
biscens. Semina parva, ovoidea. Embryo in albuminis axi
rectus teres, cotyledonibus vix radicula latioribus. — Pedicelli
ad axillas fasciculati.

1. G. AXILLARIS {Bl. Mus. Bot.\o\. i. p. 127. t. xxxi.); pedicellis calyce
longioribus. Dryptopetalum coriaceum, Arn. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i.
p. 372. Microtropis coriacea, Wall. Cat. n. 4338. Gynotroches Dryp-
topetalum, Bl. Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 127. G. reticulata, A. Gray, Bot.
Amer. Explor. Exped. vol. i. p. 607, ex descr.

Hab. insylvis montanis Archipelagi Indici, Blume, Seemann; in ins. Penang
et Singapore, Wall. Cat. n. 4338 et 8467 ; in Malacca, Griffith, Cuming,
n. 2367 ; ad Moulmeyn, Lobb.

A TUTBE or RHIZOPHORAOE^. 77

Folia oblonga v. elliptica acuminata, 2-5 poll, longa coriacea reticulato-
venosa. Flores in axillis immerosi parvi, brevius longiusve pedicellati,
calyce circa 1 lin. longo, abortu subdioici ; masculi stftminibus petalisque
perfectis, ovario ssepius tenui vacuo, stigmate baud dilatato ; foeraineo-
hermaphroditi longius pedicellati, petalis staminibusque saepe minoribus
his interdum effoetis, stigmate radiato-lobato. Bacca 1^-2 lin. diametro
pleiosperma.

2. G. MiCRANTHA, Bl. Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 128, a me non visa, a prae-

cedente differre dicitur floribus minutissimis subsessilibus.
Hab. in Borneo et Sumatra (Blume).

Y. Ceo s so STYLES, Forst.

Calycis tubus brevissime turbinatus, limbus 4-5-partitus. Petala
tot quot calycis lacinise unguiculata, apice lacera. Stamina
numero petalorum quadrupla (v. quintupla ?) disco brevissimo
inserta; filamenta brevia totidem cum staminibus alternantia
(an disci lacinise? an stamina sterilia?). Ovarium superum
basi latissima calyci impositum, 5-12-loculare. Ovula in loculis
gemina. Eructus carnosus subglobosus in valvulas septicide
tardius debiscens. Semina ovoidea. Embryo in albuminis axi
rectus, radicula tereti, cotyledonibus anguste ovatis. — Pedunculi
axillares bi-pluri-flori, floribus pedicellatis.

Petala et filamenta sterilia in sola C. hiflora observata. Semina in
C. Sarveyi.

1. C. BiFLORA {Forst. ; Guillem. Zeph. Tait. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Par. ser. 2.
vol. vii. p. 354 ; A. Gray, Bot. Amer. Explor. Exped. vol. i. p. 610. t. 77) ;
foliis amplis obovatis, gynaecio sub-12-mero.

Hab. in insula Societatis Raietea {Forst er) ; in Tutuila insularum Samoa

{Amer. Explor. Exped.).
Folia 4-7 poll, longa, 2-3 poll. lata. Pedunculi 3-4 lin. longi, pedicellis

2-3 (rarius 4) unifloris v. rarius 3-floris.

2. C. Harveyi ; foliis ovali- v. oblongo-ellipticis, gynsecio 5-7-mero.
Hab. in insulis Feejee, Harvey.

Arbor? glabra, ramulis ad nodos incrassatis. Folia petiolata, obtusa,
coriacea, 2-2^-pollicaria. Pedunculi 2-3 lin. longi petiolo subbreviores,
ssepius ad axillas solitarii biflori. Pedicelli pedunculo subaequales.
Bractese caducae. Calycis fructiferi tubus late et brevissime turbinatus,
laciniis crassis reflexis 2 lin. longis. Discus in calyce fructifero fere
obliteratus. Staminum vestigia supersunt numero laciniarum quadrupla,
filamento brevi, antheris oblongis. Capsula baccans circa 4 lin. diametro
5-7-locularis, stylo brevi stigmate 5-7-radiato coronata, maturitate val-
vulis 5-7 crasso-carnosis dehiscens. Semina axi persistent! appensa,
ovoidea, duplo fere majora quam in Gynotrochi. ,

78 MR. bentham's synopsis of leonottde^,

VI. Anstrtjtheria, Qardn.

Calycis tubus brevissime turbinatus, limbus 4~5-partitus. Petala
tot quot calycis laciniae unguiculata apice lacera. Stamina
numero petalorum quadrupla (v. quintupla?) disco brevissimo
inserta; filamentis nullis interjectis. Ovarium superum basi
lata calyci impositum, 3- (rarius 4-) loculare. Ovula in loculis
gemina. Fructus carnosus subglobosus in valvulas crassas
demum septicide dehiscens. Semina ovoidea. Embryo in albu-
minis axi rectus, cotyledonibus late ovatis. — Pedicelli axillares
solitarii v. pauci. Bracteae quam in Cassij^owea crassiores, ju-
niores in cupulam connatae calycem basi amplectentes, demum
apertaB v. caducae.

Species v. formaB tres, patria diversa inter se tamen valde affines,
et specimina ad diagnoses conficiendas adhuc non sufficiunt.

1. A. CEYLANICA, Am. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. vi. p. 344. t. 4.
Hab. in ins. Ceylon, Klein, Walker, Gardner, Champion, Thwaites, 8fc.
Folia variant nunc late ovata tenuiora, nunc ovali-elliptica magis coriacea.

2. A. AFRICANA. Cassipourea africana, Benth. in Hook. Fl. Nig. p. 341.
C. congoensis, Br. ex DC. Prod. vol. iii. p. 34?.

Hah. in Africa tropica occidental, Vogel.

Specimina fructifera tantum vidi cum alabastris junioribus ; simillima sunt

iis e Ceylonensium foliis angustis coriaceis donatis, flores tamen multo

minores videntur.

3. A. MADAGASCARiENSis. Cassipourett madagascariensis, DC. Prod,
vol. iii. p. 34. Richeeia, Dup. Thou. Gen. Nov. Madag. p. 25.

Hab. in Madagascaria, Dupetit Thouars.
Species a me non visa.

VII. Blephaeistemma, Wall.

Calyx ovoideus, breviter 4-lobus. Petala in fiindo calycis circa
discum inserta, unguiculata, apice lacera. Stamina numero
petalorum dupla, disco cupulato apice crenato inserta. Ovarium
in fundo calycis liberum obovoideum 3-loculare, ovulis in quoque
loculo geminis. Pructus ignotus. — Cymae pedunculatae axillares
corymboso-multiilorae. Flores abortu subdioici.

Species unica.

B. coRYMBosuM, Wall. Cat. n. 6320. Dryptopetalum membranaceum,

Miq. in PI. Hohenack. n. 713.
Hab. In Indise Orientalis Peninsula, Herb. Heyne ; in Terra Canara prope

Pellitschery, Hohenacker.
Frutex ?, excepta inflorescentia gemmisve novellis glaber. Folia opposita,

petiolata, ovali-elliptica v. oblonga acuminata, irregulariter sinuato-

A TRIBE OF RHIZOPHOEACE^. 79

crenata, basi acuta v, rotundata, 4-5 poll, longa, 1|— 2^ poll, lata,
membranacea, penninervia. Stipulae interpetiolares lanceolatae mem-
branacese pubescentes, 2-3 lin. longae, caducissimse. Cymae ad axillas v.
ad basin innovationura oppositae, pedunculo semipollicari fultse, 2-3-
chotomae, floribus 20-30 et ultra. Pedicelli circa lineam longi. Calyx
ovoideo-campanulatus, 1^ lin. longus, crassiusculus, supeme extus minute
liirtellus, lobis vix ad tertiam partem attingentibus. Petala mariura
calyce duplo longiora. Stamina pauUo breviora uti petalorum ungues
ciliata. Discus f lin. longus, a calyce fere omnino liber, apice 8-den-
tatus. Ovarium angustum vacuum stylo brevi. Petala in floribus
foemineis breviora. Stamina minora antlieris parvis (effoetis?). Discus
minor, saepe fissus. Ovarium obtuse subtrigonum. Stylus calyce
longior, stigmate obsolete trilobo.

YIII. Dacttlopetalum, Benth.

Calyx campanulatus breviter 5-lobus. Petala in fundo calycis
circa discum inserta, unguiculata, apice lacera. Stamina numero
petalorum dupla disco cupulato leviter crenato inserta. Ovarium
in fundo calycis liberum uniloculare, ovulis 4, per paria circa
axin pendulis. Fructus ignotus. — Flores in axillis glomerati
subsessiles.

Species unica.

DaCTYLOPETALUM SESSILIFLORUM.

Hab. In ins. Nossi-be, Boivin.

Arbor? glabra. Stipulae breves, caducae. Folia petiolata oblongo-elliptica,
breviter acuminata, integerrima, 3-4-pollicaria, coriacea. Flores ad axillas
conferti subsessiles, ut videtur ebracteati. Calyx vix 2 lin. longus, lobis
obtusis. Petala pauUo longiora, uti stamina glabra, apice in lobos circa
5 digitatim fissa. Discus quam in Blepharistemmate brevior. Stigma
vix dilatatum.

IX. Cassipoubea, Auhl.

Calyx campanulatus, breviter 4-5-lobus. Petala in fundo calycis
circa discum inserta, unguiculata, apice profunde fimbriato-
lacera. Stamina numero petalorum 4-5-pla (rarius tripla),
disco cupulato apice vix crenulato inserta. Ovarium in fundo
calycis liberum ovoideum v. globosum 3-loculare (rarius 4-locu-
lare), ovulis in quoque loculo geminis. Stigma vix dilatatum.
Pructus carnosulus ovoideus in valvulas carnosulas septicide
subdebiscens. — Plores in axillis glomerati, sessiles v. breviter
pedicellati. Species tres, omnes Americanse, in Prodromo Can-
dolKi enumeratse, inter se valde affines sunt.

1. C. ELLiPTicA (Poir. Diet. Suppl. vol. ii. p. 131 ; Hook.Ic. vol. iii. t. 280);

foliis ovatis ellipticisve integerrimis, floribus distincte pedicellatis.
Hab. in insulis Americae aequinoctialis ; in ins. Jamaica, Purdie ; Dominica,

80 ME. BENTHAM ON THE GENUS A8TERANTH0S, DESE.

Imray ; S^ Vincentii, Anderson^ Guilding ; et in America centrali prope
Chagres, Fendler, n. 191; in ins. Coyba Novae Grenadse, Seemann.
Folia vulgo basi magis angustata quam in sequentibus. Calyx 2 lin. longus.

2. C. GuiANENSis {Aubl. PI. Gui. vol. i. p. 629. t. 211); foliis ovatis
ellipticisve integerrimis, floribus subsessilibus.

Hab. in Guiana Anglica, Hancock, Rob. SchomburgTc, coil. ii. n. 84 et
853 ; Rich. SchomburgJc, n. 32 et 1473 ; in Cayenne, Martin ; in Suri-
namo, Hostmann, n. 1170.

Folia basi ssepius obtusa, rarius acuta, petiolo brevi nunc brevissimo. Calyx
circa 1^ lin- longus.

3. C. MACROPHYLLA [DC. Prod. vol. iii. p. 34) ; foliis ellipticis oblongisve
superne hinc inde repando-dentatis, floribus subsessilibus. C. serrata,
Bentb. in Hook. Journ. vol. ii. p. 223, et C. quadrilocularis, Bentb.
in Spruce, PI. Exs.

Hab. in Guiana Anglica ad flumina Essequebo et Rupununy, Rob. Schom-
burgJc, coll. i. n. 527 ; in Brasilia boreali ad flumina Amazonura et Rio
Negro, Martins, Spruce.

Folia vulgo 4-6-pollicaria, hinc inde taraen iis C. guianensis similia. Flores
quam in praecedentibus majores. Calyx 2^ lin. longus.

Notice of tlie !Re-discovery of the Genus Aster antJios, Desf., by
Mr. Spruce. By Geoeoe Bentham, Esq., F.L.S.
[Read AprH 1st, 1858.]
The plant, of which I here exhibit a specimen, has excited much
interest, as well from its close relationship to the African Na/po-
leona, as from the uncertainty of the origin of the only specimen
hitherto known. This specimen, or rather fragment, was part of
a herbarium brought from Portugal to the Museum of the Jardin
des Plantes of Paris in the commencement of the present century,
and which contained, together with several plants from the Brazilian
provinces of Pernambuco and Hio Negro, others from Angola in
Africa. From this fragment, consisting of a branch with two
leaves and a few loose flowers, Turpin made up the figure in the
' Annales du Museum,' and Desfontaines drew up his description.
Adrien de Jussieu afterwards dissected one of the loose buds, and
as the result showed a great affinity to the Na]poleona and to
no other plant known, it was supposed that the Asteranthos also
was probably African, but had been misplaced into the Brazilian
portion of the above-mentioned herbarium, by some confusion in
sorting it, either in Portugal or on its arrival in Paris. Mr.
Spruce, however, has now proved that its Brazilian origin was
perfectly correct. He found it in great abundance on the banks

DE. F, MUELLEe'S MONOGEAPH OF THE EUCALYPTI. 81

of the Guainia, the name given to the G-uainiu above its confluence
with the Casiquiare, and also on the Atabapo, an affluent of the
Orenoco below its junction with the Casiquiare. He describes it
as a tree of 30 or 40 feet in height, with slender branches, and
handsome, very highly scented, yellow flowers. He found the
number of folds of the corolla to vary from 22 to 26 ; I have
counted 28 in some flowers ; and in a loose corolla which he found
floating very far down the Eio Negro there are 35.

Adrien de Jussieu (Ann. Sc. Nat. iii. 2. p. 227) states that, in
the bud he examined, he found a 5-celled ovary with three or four
pendulous ovules in each. In the flowers I have examined I find
six cells, corresponding to the six raised ribs of the base of the
style described by Desfontaines. The four pendulous ovules in
each cell are precisely as in Napoleona.

There being no fruit with these specimens, they add but little
to what was already known as bearing on the much-disputed
question of the affinities of these plants. I cannot enter into
Jussieu's views of their proximity to Sapotacece ; but it appears to
me that everything confirms Lindley's views of their affinity with
Myrtacecd. Indeed if we include in that family the Barringtoniece
and Lecythidecd, we can scarcely exclude Asteranthos. The tendency
to the union of the petals and stamens in concentric rings may be
traced in several plants of the group.

Monograph of the Eucalypti of Tropical Australia ; with an Ar-
rangement for the use of Colonists according to the Structure
of the Bark*. By Dr. Eeedikand Muellee, Government
Botanist, Victoria, Australia. Communicated by Dr. J. D.
Hookee,V.P.E.S., P.L.S,

[Read February 18, 1858.]

Conspectus Eucaltptoeum Austealij) iNTEETEOPiciE et

SUBTE0PICJ3.

I. Folia alterna, latitudine conspicvs longiora.
§ 1. ValvcB prorsus exsertce.

1. E. tereticornis. Operculum conico-subulatum.

2. E. rostrata. Operculum hemisphaericum, rostratum.

3. E. hrevifolia. Operculum hemisphaericum, muticum.

* The accompanying MS. has been compared with the specimens from Dr.
Mueller and A. Cunningham in the Hookerian Herbarium, by Mr. Allan Black,
Curator of the Herbarium, who has added some habitats and notes. — J. D. H.
LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY. G

82 DR. F. Mueller's monogeapii

4. E. patellaris. Operculum patellare, umbonatum.

5. E. exserta. Operculum conicum, obtusum.

§ 2. Valvce semiexsertcd.

6. E. signata. Operculum hemisphaericura ; fructus semiglobosus.

7. E. hemilampra. Operculum elongato-conicum ; fructus turbiuatus.

8. E. semicorticata. Operculum acuminatum ; fructus semiglobosus.

9. E. leptophleba. Operculum ; fructus semiovatus.

10. E. microtheca. Operculum ; fructus minutus, semiovatus.

11. E. fibrosa. Operculum tenui-conicum ; fructus semiglobosus.

12. E. crebra. Operculum semiovatum ; fructus semiovatus.

§ 3. Valvce omnino inclusce,

13. E. variegata. Operculum hemisphsericum ; fructus semiovatus.

14. E. tessellaris. Operculum patellare ; fructus semiovatus.

15. E. polycarpa. Operculum ; fructus oblongo-ovatus.

16. E. terminalis. Operculum ; fructus subcampanulatus.

17. E. dichromophloia. Operculum semiovatum ; fructus urceolatus.

18. JB. trachyphloia. Operculum ; fructus semiovatus.

19. E. bicolor. Operculum hemisphaericum, ecostatum ; fructus semi-

ovatus.

20. E. ptychocarpa. Operculum hemisphaericum, costatum ; fructus

subcampanulatus.

21. E. aurantiaca. Operculum hemisphaericum, costatum; fructus

urceolari-campanulatus.

22. E. phoenicea. Operculum ; fructus urceolaris, ecostatus.

§ 4. Species fructu iqnoto,

23. E. citriodora. Operculum hemisphaericum ?

24. E. tectifica. Operculum acuminatum.

II. Folia alterna, latitudine vix aut paulo longiora.

25. E. populnea.

III. Folia opposita vel subopposita, latitudine vice aut paulo
longiora.
§ 1. Valvce prorsus exsertce.

26. E. platyphylla.

§ 2. Vahce semiexsertcd.

27. E. melanophloia.

§ 3. Valvce omnino inclusce.

28. E. latifolia. Operculum ; fructus subcampanulatus.

29. E. aspera. Operculum ; fructus minuti, subcampanulati.

30. E. ferruginea. Operculum ; fructus globoso-ovati.

31. E. melissiodora. Operculum conico-hemisphaericum ; fructus

campanulati.

OF THE EUCALYPTI OF TROPICAL AUSTRALIA. 83

§ 4. Species fructu incognito,

32. E. bigalerita. Operculum duplex.

33. E. floribunda. Operculum patellare.

ly. Folia opposita, latitudine conspicue loncjiora.

34. E. tetrodonta.

Y. Sectio duhia.

35. E. brachyandra.

36. E. clavigera, A. Cunn.

37. E. odontocarpa.

38. E. pachyphylla.

I. Folia alterna, latitudine conspicue longiora.

§ 1. Yalvcd prorsus exsertcB.

^ 1. Eucalyptus tereticornis {Smith in Trans. Linn. Sac. iii. 284).
E. subulata (All. Cunn, ex Schauer in Walp. Rep. Bot. Syst. ii. 924).
Excelsa, ramulis tenuibus teretiusculis, foliis alternis longiuscule pe-
tiolatis elongato-lanceolatis subfalcatis concoloribus vix nitidulis pel-
lucide punctatis penniveniis, vena longitudinali a margine reraota,
umbellis 4-6-floris, pedunculis axillaribus lateralibusque solitariis
pedicellos longitudine excedentibus angulosis, calycis ecostati operculo
conico- subulate subcurvato tubi hemisphserici longitudinem pluries
excedente, capsules semisuperse subglobosse quadriloculatae valvis alte
exsertis deltoideis, seminibus apteris.

Hab. In montosis planitiebusque Australise orientalis usque ad flumen
Burdekin. Anth. vere. (Brisbane River, Frazer, in hb. Hook.)

Arbor trunco utplurimum recto, cortice undique cinereo laevi in stratis
tenuibus fuscescentibus secedente. Folia longitudine inter 3 et 7"
varia, inferne 6-10'" lata, in apicem longe sensimque angustata, breviter
in petiolum decurrentia. Calycis tubus 1'" parum excedens. Fila-
menta albida. Operculum pallidum circiter semunciale. Capsula ad ^
exserta, fere 3'" raetiens.

Huic E. rostrata, Schlecht. et E. acuminata, Hook, proximse, et forsan
nonnisi varietatis valore diversae.

2. Eucalyptus rostrata {Schlechtendal \ in Linncea, xx. p. 655.
E. acuminata. Hook. ! in Mitchell, Trop. Austral, p. 390). Arborea,
ramulis tenuibus apice angulatis, foliis alternis modice petiolatis elon-.
gato- vel falcato-lanceolatis opacis prominenter penniveniis pellucide
punctatis, vena peripherica a margine remota, umbellis axillaribus
solitariis 5-7-floris, pedicellis calycis tubo subduplo longioribus pe-
dunculo conspicue brevioribus quocum tenuibus angulatis, calycis
tubo hemisphserico ecostato, operculo semigloboso conico- vel subulate-
acuminate, fructibus quadriloculatis, valvis omnino exsertis, seminibus
apteris.

g2

84 DR. F. muellee's monogbaph

Hab. In Australia tropica et subtropica secus rivulos, circum paludes
lacusque, nee minus in pratis tempore pluviali inundatis fere ubique
abunde occurrens. Anth. sestate.

Arbor mediocris vel gigantea, ramulis pendulis. Cortex prseter trunci
basin caesio- vel albido-cinereus Isevis rudimentis strati superi fus-
cescentis seeedentis tenuibus interdum parce obteetus. Folia tenui-
coriacea, pleraque 5-8" longa, inferne 6-10'" lata, in apicem longe
angustata. Calycis tubus sesquilinearis. Operculi acumen longi-
tudine et forma varians sed potius subito quam (in E. tereticorni)
sensim protrudens. Stamina albida. Capsula circiter 3'" metiens.

Adnot. Operculi acumen nonnunquam rudimento operculi alteri in-
clusum.

" Yarra-tree," Mitch. Trop. Austr. passim. "Flooded Gum-tree/'
heichhardf s Overland Exp. et colonorum passim. "Red Gum-
tree " inhabitantium coloniae South Australia.

3. Eucalyptus brevifolia. Arborea v. fruticosa, ramulis tereti-
usculis, foliis alternis angusto- vel ovato-lanceolatis parum curvatis
acutis vel sensim acuminatis modice petiolatis subtiliter penniveniis
epunctatis, vena peripherica a margine vix remota, umbellis axillaribus
paucifloris, pedunculis petiolo brevioribus obscure angulatis, calycis
tubo semiovato vel hemisphserico laevi pedicellum duplo excedente
operculi semiglobosi mutici longitudinem vix superante, capsula semi-
exserta 3- raro 4-loculata vertice hemisphaerica stylo mucronata, valvis
paulo infra marginem insertis, seminibus clathratis apteris.

Hab. In eremis terrae tabularis ad flumina Victoria et Sturt's Creek,
in plaga Arnheim's Land et circum sinum Carpentaria. Anth. vere.

Frutex elatior vel arbor minor rarius mediocris, cortice laevi albido-
cinerascenti. Ramuli fulvi. Folia pleraque 2-3" longa, ^-1" lata.
Pedunculi 3-4'" longi. Calycis tubus longitudine 1^-3'" varians,
fructifer hemisphaericus. Semina |-1"' longa ovata concavo-convexa
fusca.

Variat floribus duplo minoribus.

4. Eucalyptus patellaris. Arborea, ramulis teretiusculis apice
vix angulatis, foliis alternis modice petiolatis angusto-lanceolatis sub-
falcatis longe acutatis parce pellucide punctatis nitidulis subtiliter
venosis, vena peripherica margini subcontigua, umbellis terminalibus
axillaribusque 3-7-floris geminis vel pluribus paniculatis, pedunculo
teretiusculo pedicellis angulatis paulo vel duplo longiore, calycis tubo
campanulato pedicellum longitudine aequante operculum patellare
umbonutum duplo excedente, capsulae quadriloculatae valvis prorsus
exsertis.

Hab. Ad rivulos exsiccantes fluvii Roper. Anth. aestate.

Arbor elatior, habitu E. microthecce. Cortex sordide canus rugosus et
rimulosus in trunco ramisque persistens. Folia 3-6" longa, ^1"
lata. Pedunculi unciales vel breviores. Calycis tubus circiter 4'"

OF THE EUCALYPTI OF TROPICAL AUSTEALIA. 85

longus viridulus. Operculum fuscescens coriaceum. ValvcB margini
calycis adnatae.

5. Eucalyptus EXSERTA. Arborea, ramulis tenuibus angulatis, foliis
alternis angusto-lanceolatis elongatis leniter curvatis raodice petiolatis
acurainatis opacis pellucide punctatis subtilissime penniveniis, vena
peripherica a margine remota, umbellis axillaribus lateralibusque soli-
tariis 3-7-floris, petiolo pedunculum angulatum superante, calyce
breviter pedicellato, operculo conico obtusiusculo calycis tubum he-
misphffiricum indistincte costatum duplo excedente, capsula globosa
3-5-loculata semisupera, valvis alte ewsertis, seminibus apteris.

Hab. In pratis minus fertilibus ad fluvium Burnett. Anth. Jan., Febr.

Arbor mediocris vel minor, cortice in trunco ramisque persistente cinereo-
fusco rugoso et rimoso, extus frustuloso, intus subfibroso. Folia
3-6" longa, 4-8'" lata. Pedunculi 3-5'" longi. Capsula circiter 3'"
metiens, valvis brevibus deltoideis supra calycis marginem orientibus.
Fructus igitur non dissimilis ei E. rostratce. Semina angulata subti-
lissime rugulosa fertilia nigrescentia.

Quoad corticis structuram inter arbores Eucalyptorum " Bloodwood-"
et " Stringy-bark-trees *' vocatas quasi medium tenet, notis specificis
ad E.fibrosam approximans.

§ 2. Valvce semiexsertcd.

6. Eucalyptus signata. Arborea, ramulis apice angulatis, foliis
alternis elongato-lanceolatis falcatis modice petiolatis longe acumi-
natis opacis prominenter venosis pellucide punctatis, venis erecto-
patentibus : peripherica a margine remota, umbellis axillaribus et la-
teralibus 6-10-floris, pedicellis angulatis pedunculo compresso bis
terve brevioribus calycem ecostatum vix excedentibus, calycis tube
operculum hemisphsericum apiculatum longitudine duplo superante
tnvhmatOffructibusparvis hemisphcericis quadriloculatis vertice planis,
valvis vix exsertis, seminibus apteris.

Hab. In coUibus et montibus graminosis sylvaticis ad flumen Brisbane.
(Macarthur, Sydney Woods, Paris Exhib. No. 163, in hb. Hook.)
Anth. Nov., Dec.

Arbor elata, " Spotted Gum-tree " in plagis ad Moreton Bay vocata,
trunco cum ramis laevi e caesio et albido vel livido variegato lineisque
flexuosis signato. Folia 3-6" longa, f-l^" lata venis angulo acutiore
patentibus percursa. Pedunculi 5-9'" longi. Stamina albida ad 2'"
longa. Operculum circiter 1'" altum, interdum obtusum rai'O acu-
minatum. Fructus circiter 2\"' longi.

7. Eucalyptus hemilampra. Arborea, ramuhs compresso-tetra-
gonis, /oZm alternis modice petiolatis cutvato-lanceolatis sensim acu-
minatis pellucide punctatis subtilissime venosis supra nitentibus, subtus
pallidioribus opacis, vena longitudinali a margine remotiuscula,
umbeUis 5-7-floris axillaribus lateralibusque solitariis, pedunculo
compresso petiolum acquante pedicellis angulosis longiore, calycis

86 DB. F. Mueller's mokogbaph

tubo late obconico paucicostato, operculo elongato-conico acuto recto
tubi longitudinem ter quaterve excedente ecostato, fructibus subtur-
binatis quinqueloculatis vertice convexis, valvis semiexsertis, semi-
nibus apteris.

Hab. Ad rivulos torrentesque sylvaticos secus partes fluvii Brisbane su-
periores. Anth. Dec, Jan.

Arbor procera, trunco ramisque cinereis laevibus. Folia 4-5 poll, longa,
inferne |-H" lata. Pedunculi i-l" longi. Pedicelli calycis tubo
modo longiores modo breviores. Operculum semunciale sordide fla-
vidiim. Filamenta albida ad i" longa. Fructus vix 3'" longi apice
non contraeti.

E. tereticorni similis, foliis quoque E. citriodorce,

8. Eucalyptus semicorticata. Arborea, ramulis angulatis, foliis
alternis lanceolatis subfalcatis modiee petiolatis sensim acuminatis
opacis subtilissime venosis imperforatis, vena peripherica a margine
remota, umbellis axillaribus et lateralibus solitariis 5-8-floris, pedi-
cellis angulatis pedunculo compresso bis tei*ve brevioribus calycis tubo
vix longioribus, operculo acuminato calycis tubum semiovatum ecos-
tatum aequante, fructibus hemisphaericis 3-4-loculatis vertice planis,
valvis brevissime exsertis, seminibus apteris.

Hab. In nemoribus montiura fertiliorum ad flumen Brisbane. (Illawarra,
Macarthur, Sydney Woods, in Paris Exhib. No. 88, hb. Hook.)
Antb. sestate.

Arbor procera, " Blackbut " colonorum. Cortice trunci extus nigro-
cinereo intus fusco fibroso, ramis denudatis albidis IcBvibus. Folia
2^-4" longa, 7-10'" lata. Pedunculi 6-10'" longi. Operculum 2'"
longum semiovatum subrostratum. Fructus 3-4'" longi. Semina
fusca r" longa angulata subtilissime pnnctulato-rugulosa.

E. persicifolia, Lodd. non Schl., hue forsan pertinet ex nomine verna-
culari " Blackbut" ad banc a Cunninghamio citato.

9. Eucalyptus leptophleba. Arborea, ramulis inferne teretius-
culis supeme angulatis laevibus, foliis alternis modiee petiolatis falcato-
lanceolatis epunctatis subtilissime venosis, vena peripherica a margine
parum remota, umbellis axillaribus terminalibusque 3-5-floris geminis
ternis vel paniculatis, pedunculis angulatis ', generali cseteris longiore,
pedicellis calycis tubo semiovato brevioribus, fructibus semiovatis
ecostatis 4-6-loculatis, valvis subinclusis deltoideis acuminatis infra
marginem insertis.

Hab. In pratis ad flumen Gilbert. Anth. sestate.

Arbor mediocris vel major, cortice sordide cano rugoso et rimuloso in

trunco ramisque persistente. Folia pleraque 3-6" longa, ad 1" lata.

Pedunculi primarii petiolos ajquantes vel superantes. Pedicelli calycis

tubo varie breviores. Fructus 3-4'" longi ore non contraeti. Valves

non nisi apice exserta?.
E. patellari approximanda.

OF THE^TJCALYPTI OF TEOPICAL ArSTBALIA. 87

10. Eucalyptus microtheca. Arborea, ramulis tenuibus teretius-
culis, foliis alternis breviuscule petiolatis lineari-lanceolatis subfalcatis
acutiusculis opacis imperforatis subtilissime venosis, vena longitu-
dinali margini subcontigua, umbellis axillaribus solitariis vel paniculatis
paucifloris, pedunculis angulatis, fructibus parvis semiovatis ecostatis
breviter pedicellatis 3-4-locularibus, valvis infra marginem insertis
vix emergentibus, seminibus fertilibus nigrescentibus laevibus apteris.

Hab. In Nova HoUandia tropica non rara, planities fertiliores inhabitans.
Anth. vere.

Arbor mediocris, cortice sordide fusco-cano rugoso et rimoso in trunco
persistente, ramis superne decorticantibus cinereis Icevibus. Folia satis
tenuia 2-5" longa, 4-8'" lata. PanicultB simpliciusculse foliis bre-
viores. PeduncuU longitudine variantes. Fructus 1^2"' longi. Se-
mina fere f '" longa peltato- vel truneato-ovata.

11. Eucalyptus fibrosa. Arborea, ramulis compresso-tetragonis,
foliis alternis modice petiolatis lanceolato-falcatis acuminatis indi-
stincte vel subtile venosis opacis imperforatis, vena peripherica a
margine remota, umbellis axillaribus solitariis geminisque vel termina-
libus paniculatis 5-6-floris, pedunculo anguloso petiolum vix aequante,
pedicellis calycis tubo semiovato ajquilongis, operculo tenui-conico
obtusiusculo quam tubus angustiore et duplo longiore, fructibus hemi-
sphaericis 3-4-loculatis ecostatis, valvis infra marginem aflSxis breviter
exsertis, seminibus apteris.

Hab. In montibus nemorosis ad flumen Brisbane. Anth. sestate.

Arbor magna, suo tractu "Stringy-bark-tree" colonis vocata, trunco
recto cum ramis corticem extus rugosum nigrescenti-cinereum intus
fibrosum gerente. Folia 3-5" longa, ^-1" lata. Calyx in pedicellum an-
gulatum desinens. Operculum 3"' longum. Fructus lignosi 3-4"' longi.

12. Eucalyptus crebra. Arborea, ramulis teretiusculis apice an-
gulatis, foliis alternis modice petiolatis lanceolato-falcatis acuminatis
tenuissime vel indistincte penniveniis imperforatis opacis, vena peri-
pherica a margine remotiuscula, umbellis axillaribus solitariis et ter-
minalibus subpaniculatis 3-6-floris, pedunculis petiolum subaequan-
tibus vel eodem brevioribus pedicellisque angulatis, calycis tubo semi-
ovato ecostato pedicellum longitudine subscquante, operculo (juvenili)
semiovato mutico tubo vix aequilongo angustiore, fructibus parvis
semiovatis 3-4-loculatis, valvis parum convexis paulo infra marginem
insertis breviter emergentibus, seminibus apteris.

Hab. A montibus Newcastle-Range usque ad sinum Moreton Bay tam

in solo fertihore quara steriliore praicipue autem montano vel coUino

sylvas vastas apertas constituens. Anth. a3state.
Arbor minor vel mediocris, cortice undique persistente rugoso nigrito.

Folia 2-5" longa, 6-9'" lata, in petiolum ^-1" longum angustata.

Fructus 2-2^"' longi, orificio non contracti.
" Moreton Bay Ironbark-trce " apud colonos nuncupata.

88 DE. F. Mueller's monograph

§ 3. Valvce omnino indusce.

13. Eucalyptus variegata. Arborea, ramulis angulatis, foliis
alternis modice petiolatis lanceolato-linearibus vel angusto-lanceolatis
falcatis elongatis longe acutatis nitidulis crebre penniveniis pellucide
punctatis, vena peripherica margini valde approximata, umhellis pani-
culatis trijloris, calycis tubo semiovato operculi hemisphajrici longi-
tudinem dupio excedente quocum ecostato, fmctibus truncato-ovatis
triloculatis pedicello bis-quater longioribus ecostatis vertice planis,
valvis inclusis, seminibus apteris.

Hah. In collibus grarainosis ad flumen Burnett. Anth. estate.

Arbor altior, trunco laevi cinereo-albido rudimentis strati extimi corticis
csesiis vel sordide rufescentibus variegato. Folia pleraque 4-7" longa
et totidem lineas lata. Pedunculi partiales 2-3'" longi angulati.
Alabastra ovata. Fructus 5-6'" longi apice sensim contracti.

" Spotted Gum-tree '* quorundam colonorum. Habitu vix differt ab E.
tereticorni et E. rostrata nisi trunco stratis extirais corticis basi tenus
denudato, nee ad basin stratis corticis vetustis lignescentibus rugosis
riraosisque obducto.

14. Eucalyptus tessellaris. Arborea, ramulis inferne teretiusculis
supeme angulatis Isevibus, foliis alternis breviuscule petiolatis angusto-
lanceolatis subfalcatis subtiliter penniveniis imperforatis, umbeliis
axillaribus et terminalibus geminis pluribusve paniculatis 2-4-floris,
pedunculis angulatis ; generali caeteris longiore, alabastris ovatis pedi-
cello fere duplo longioribus, operculo patellari obtuso, tubo operculi
latitudinem paulo et longitudinem multo excedente, fructibus truncato-
ovatis ecostatis, valvis inclusis.

Hab. In graminosis tam collium quam planitierum praesertim arenoso-
argillaceorum a parte austro-orientali sinus Carpentaria usque ad
sinum Moreton Bay. Anth. Nov., Dec.

Arbor mediocris vel major, cortice in parte inferiore trunci tantum per-
sistente solido squalide cinereo rimis longitudinalibus transversisque
numerosis ina3qualiter subtessellato frustula separabilia formante. Pars
trunci superior cum ramis albida laevis. Ramuli cum foliis ut in
plerisque speciebus penduli. Folia pleraque 3-4" longa, |—| " lata
acuminata. Pedunculi primarii petiolo parum vel duplo breviores.
Fructus 4-5'" longi, apicera versus leniter contracti.

" Moreton Bay Ash," Leichhardfs Overland Expedition passim et
colonorum.

15. Eucalyptus polycarpa. Arborea, ramulis teretiuscuhs rigi-
dulis, foliis alternis vel suboppositis breviuscule petiolatis elongato-
vel falcato-lanceolatis longe in apicem acutatis nitidulis imperforatis
creberrime et subtilissime penniveniis subtus parum pallidioribus, vena
peripherica margini subcontigua, umbeliis terminalibus ample panicu-
/«/i54-6-floris, pedunculis partialibus pedicellorum longitudinem parum
vel duplo excedentibus quibuscum teretibus, fructibus oblongo-ovatis

OP THE ETJCALTPTI OF TROPICAL AUSTRALIA. 89

truncatis exangulatis ecostatis antice sensim contractis basi obtusis
3-4-loculatis pedicello aliquoties longioribus, valvis profunde inclusis,
seminibus antice longe alatis.

Hab. In locis apricis Novse HoUandiae intratropicae passim. Anth. vere.

Arbor mediocris, cortice ubique persistente, extus sordide cano rugoso et
rimoso, intus fuscescente, in frustulis separabili. Folia 3-5" longa,
inferne 7-^'" lata crassiuscule coriacea basi in petiolum semuncialem
vel breviorem acutata, apice saepe in acumen angnstum producta.
Pedunculi generales crassi. Fructus cano-viriduli opaci non Isevigati,
6-8'" longi, interdum unciales, ore vix dilatati. Valvce deltoidese acu-
minatse.

E. terminali habitu et cortice persimilis, sed fructibus parum vel duplo
minoribus et notis expositis diversa.

16. Eucalyptus terminalis. Arborea, ramulis teretiusculis rigidis,
foliis alternis crassiusculis falcato-lanceolatis acuminatis opacis subti-
lissime penniveniis imperforatis concoloribus modice petiolatis, vena
peripherica margini contigua obscura, umbellis 3-6-floris in paniculas
amplas terminales congestis, pedunculis partialibus pedicellos longitu-
dine parum excedentibus quibuscum teretibus, fructibus magnis trun-
cato-ovatis subcajnpanulatis exangulatis ecostatis quadriloculatis
vertice planis pedicello fere duplo longioribus, valvis marginem sub-
attingentibus, seminibus antice longe alatis.

Hab. In pratis et planitiebus siccis fertilioribus Australiae intratropicae
non rara. Anth. aestate.

Arbor mediocris vel magna, cortice sordide fusco persistente rugoso
rimosoque intus fulvo vel ferrugineo in frustulis irregularibus vix parce
secedente. Folia utplurimum 5-7" longa, inferne circiter pollicaria
vel paulo angustiora. Fructus unciam paulo excedentes antice vix
contracti.

17. Eucalyptus dichromophloia. Arborea, ramulis subteretibus,
foliis alternis modice petiolatis crassiusculis falcato- vel elongato-lan-
ceolatis in acumen longe acutatis vix nitidulis subtilissirae venosis
imperforatis, umbellis paniculatis 5-7-floris, vena peripherica margini
contigua, pedunculis partialibus angulatis pedicello longioribus, ala-
bastris ovatis pedicello aequilongis, tubo operculi mutici hemisphaerici
longitudinem paulo excedente, fructibus urceolato-ovatis vel subglo-
bosis ecostatis quadriloculatis, valvis profunde inclusis deltoideis, semi-
nibus fertilibus apice alatis.

Hab. In locis minus fertilibus sterilibusve Australiae intratropicae passim,
Anth. Apr., Mai.

Arbor mediocris vel major. Corticis stratum superum subpapyraceum
lave cinereum rumpens et tarde secedens ab interiore rufo. Folia
3-8" longa, 6-12"' lata. Pedunculi 4-8'" longi. Pedicelli angulati.
Flores nondum aperti 3'" longi. Fructus 4-6'" longi antice leniter
contracti ; capsula a calyce demum secedens.

90 DR. F. Mueller's monograph

18. Eucalyptus tbachyphloia. Arborea, ramulis angulatis, foliis
alternis modice petiolatis angusto-lanceolatis subfalcatis in acumen
tenue angustatis opacis subtilissime venosis pellucide punctatis, vena
longitudinal! margin! subcontigua, urabellis panieulatis 3-5-floris,
pedicellis peduneulo brevioribus fmetu sequilongis angulatis, fructibus
parvis eeostatis truncato-ovatis 3-loculatis, valvis deltoideis profunde
inclusis, seminibus apteris.

Hab. In collibus ad flumen Burnett. Anth. Sept., Oct.

Arbor mediocris, cortice in trunco ramisque persistente cinereo-fusco
frustuloso rugoso. Folia 3-5" longa, 6-8'" lata, in petiolum 6-9"'
longum paulo angustata, subtus parum pallidiora. Fructus circiter 3'"
metientes apice sensim contract!.

19. Eucalyptus bicolor {A. Cunn. in Mitchell^ Trop. Austr. p. 390.
E. parviflora, Muell. MSS.). Fruticosa vel arborea, ramulis teretius-
culis, foliis alternis lanceolato-linearibus v. lanceolatis leniter curvatis
vel falcatis sensim acutatis subtiliter penniveniis nitidulis pellucide
punctatis, vena peripherica a margine parum remota, umbellis axilla-
ribus terminalibusque solitariis v. panieulatis 5-7-floris, pedunculis
partialibus petiolo vix sequilongis, pedicellis calycis tubo semiovato
ecostato sequilongis vel brevioribus, operculo hemisphaerico v. semi-
ovato mutico tubo perparum breviore, capsulis minutis semiovatis
obscure bicostatis apice vix contractis 3-4-loculatis vertice planius-
culis, valvis infra marginem insertis inclusis, seminibus apteris.

Hab. In planitiebus collibusque sterilibus a sinu Carpentaria usque ad
regiones orientales Australise extratropicas. Anth. autumno.

Frutex vel arbor minor, cortice sordide cano rugoso in trunco ramisque
vestitus. Folia petiolo semuncial! vel paulo longiore praedita, ut-
plurimum 2|— 4|^" longa, 3-6 lineas lata bas! acuta. Calycis tubus
sesquilinearis. Filamenta alba ad \^" longa. Antherce subglobosae.
Stylus staminibus paulo brevior. Stigma hemispliEericum. Capsula
2-2|^"' metiens. Semina fertilia i-f" longa nigrescentia angulato-
ovata subtilissime rugulosa.

" Scrub Box-tree " peregrinatorum, locos minus fertiles quam E. micro-
theca occupans, absque foliis nitentibus et ramis omnino corticatis
jam ex longinquo distinguenda. Arctius ad E. populneam approxi-
mat. Anth. autumno.

Huic quoque E. gracilis et E. Hookeri {E. viminalis, Hook, in Mitch.
Trop. Austr., non Labill.) affines*.

20. Eucalyptus ptychocarpa. Arborea, ramulis angulatis, foliis
magnis crassis alternis oblique lanceolatis tenui-acuminatis modice

* Major Mitchell's specimens have black bark, and rather large pedicelled
flowers. Mueller's, from Burdekin River, have also black bark and small sessile
flowers ; those from Carpentaria have pale yellow bark, very narrow leaves, and
pedicelled capsules. — (A. B.)

or THE EIJCALTPTI OF TEOPICAL AUSTRALIA. 91

petiolatis supra subnitentibus suhtus pallidiorihus penniveniis margi-
natis imperforatis, vena peripherica margini contigua, umbellis termi-
nalibus paniculatis pauci-septemfloris, pedunculis partialibus pedicellos
angulatos duplo triplove excedentibus, calyce alte octocostato, oper-
culo hemisphaerico tubo bis terve breviore, capsulis magnis ovato-cam-
panulatis alte octocostatis quadriloculatis, valvis profunde inclusis,
seminibus fertilibus superne longe alatis.

Hab. Ad rivulos rupestres necnon secus amnes exsiccantes versus origi-
nem fluviorum Wentworth, Wiekham et Limmen Bight River. Anth.
Mart., April.

Arbor media vel major, cortiee squalide eano rugoso intus paulo fibrose,
undique persistente. Folia 5-/" longa, H-2" lata. Capsula \-\^"
longa antice paululum contracta, valvis brevibus. Semina 2'" longa
(i. e. fertilia) alam membranaceam obovatam 3'" longara gerentia ;
sterilia nuraerosa diminuta angusto-alata.

Stirps corticis structura medium tenet inter species vernacule '* Stringy-
bark-trees " et " Box-trees " vocatas.

21. Eucalyptus aurantiaca. Arborea, ramulis teretiusculis cum
umbellis pruinoso-albicantibiis, foliis alternis oblique lanceolatis vel
subfalcatis opacis modice petiolatis subtiliter venulosis parce pellucide
punctatis, vena peripherica margini subcontigua, umbellis axillaribus
lateralibusque solitariis 6-7-floris, pedunculo petiolum superante
crasso subcompresso vel teretiusculo, calycibus sessilibus costatis :
tubo turbinate operculi semiglobosi longitudinem dimidio excedente,
fructibus magnis ovato-urceolatis alte octocostatis inter costas plicatis
vel costa tenuiore praeditis tri-quadri-loculatis, valvis inclusis brevibus.

Hab. In planitiebus arenosis sicuti in plagis elevatioribus petra-is circum
sinum Carpentaria, ubi vegetationis ornamentum. Anth. Mai.-Aug.

Arbor major vel mediocris. Cortex extus sordide fulvido-canus, fri-
abilis facile separandus, lamellaris, fibris lignescentibus copiosius in-
tertextus, in trunco tantum persistens. Rami validi decorticatione
albentes. Folia 3-4" longa, f-l" lata. Calycis tubus cireiter sem-
uncialis. Staminum filamenta ad i" longa aurantiaca ! Antherce
flavae ovales. Stylus viridis stamina sequans. Capsula uncialis vel
paulo longior sub ore leniter contracta.

Species pulcherrima E. phoenicea cognata, cujus altitudinem ssepe
excedit.

22. Eucalyptus phcenicea. Arborea, ramulis fulvescentibus apice
angulatis, foliis alternis breviuscule petiolatis tenui-coriaceis oblique
lineari-lanceolatis vel subfalcatis opacis parce pellucide punctatis,
vena peripherica margini fere contigua, umbellis axillaribus et latera-
libus lihivi-multijloris, pedunculo valido pedicellis pluries longiore
teretiusculo, calycis tubo fere obconico ecostsito, fructibus majusculis
vix lignescentibus ovato- vel eWipsoideo-urceolatis nervosis sub limbo
constrictis pedicello pluries longioribns, valvis profunde inclusis.

92 DR. r. muellee's monograph

Hah, In planitiebus elevatioribus collibusque saxosis vel arenosis a
fluvio Victoria per terrain Arnheim circum sinum Carpentaria. Anth.
Jun.-Sept.

Arbor minor vel medioeris. Cortex in truneo ramisque persistens,
tarde a ramorum parte superiore seeedens^ extus squalide fulvus,
lamellarisy fibris lignosis parcius intertextus, friabilis et facile
separabilis. Folia subchartacea 2|— 4" longa, inferne 5-9'" lata in
acumen tenue elongatum terminata. Stamina phcenicea vel auran-
tiaca. Fructus uncialis vel paulo longior.

Species Formosa E. miniatce affinis cum E. aurantiaca et E. melissiodora
ob corticem micaceo-lamellosum in genere paradoxa.

§ 4. Species fructu ignoto.

23. Eucalyptus citriodora {Hook, in Mitch. Trop. Austr. p. 235).
Arborea, ramulis apice angulatis, foliis alternis modice petiolatis
elongato-lanceolatis leviter curvatis sensim longe acutatis subopacis
pellucide punctatis tenuissime penniveniis, vena peripherica a mar-
gine paulo remota, umbellis terrainalibus et axillaribus mox laterali-
bus simpliciter paniculatis trifloris, pedunculis angulatis, alabastris
late ovatis apiculatis, tubo operculi longitudinem saltem duplo exce-
dente,

Hab. In vicinia portus Curtis, C. Moore. Anth. autumno.

Arbor elatior, cortice cinereo Isevi. Ramuli sordide rubelli. PetioH
compressi obscure canaliculati vix 1" longi. Folia 3-8" longa, f-H"
lata tenui-coriacea in petiolum paulo decurrentia saturatius quam
plurimorum congenerum viridia concoloria, odore insigni citreo !
Paniculee foliis breviores ex umbellis paucis constantes. Bracte<B
et bracteolce valde caducae; illae ad basin pedunculorum partialium
solitariae ovato-cymbiformes acutae H"' longae; hse vix 1'" longae
ovales concavae acutee.

24. Eucalyptus tectifica. Arborea, ramulis tenuibus teretiusculis,
foliis alternis tenui-coriaceis breviuscule petiolatis ovato- vel angusto-
lanceolatis antice longe acutatis tenui-venosis opacis imperforatis,
vena longitudinali ad marginem valde approximata, umbellis axil-
laribus solitariis vel terminalibus subpaniculatis, pedicellis angulatis
calycis tubum sequantibus pedunculo brevioribus, operculo conico
acuminato tuboque semiovato sequilongis,

Hab. In vallibus graminosis fluminis M'Arthur originem versus. (N.
Holl. Sub-Trop., Mitchell, in hb. Hook.) Anth. Aug., Sept.

Arbor excelsior, cortice dilute cinereo rugoso in truneo ramisque persis-
tente. Folia semipedalia vel paulo breviora, inferne f-1^ poll, lata,
venis primariis patentibus, secundariis reticulato-anastomosantibus.
Flores in specimine collecto nondum bene evoluti. Pedunculi tenues
2-3'" longi. Alabastra 2'" longa, postea forsan aucta. Fructus
desunt.

Nativis cortex adhibetur ad habitatiunculas perrudes construendas.

OF THE EUCALYPTI OF TROPICAL AUSTRALIA. 93

II. Folia alterna, latitudine vix aut paulo longiora.

25. Eucalyptus populnea (E. populifolia. Hook, in Mitch. Trop.
Austral, p. 204, non Desfont.). Arborea, ramulis tenuibus teretiusculis
laevibus, foliis alternis longe petiolatis ovato- vel rhomheo-orbicu-
laribus apice obtusis vel emarginatis basi acutiusculis utrinque niten-
tibus concoloribus pellucide punctatis subtiliter venosis, umbellis
3-7-floris axillaribus vel lateralibus solitariis vel simpliciter paniculatis,
pedunculis calycem vix excedentibus, alabastris clavato-ovatis, calycis
minuti tubo eeostato iu pedicellum brevissimura attenuate opereuli
hemisphserici mutici longitudinem duplo excedente, fructibus parvis
turbinatO'Obconicis, valvis inclusis, seminibus

Hab. In tractu oriental! Novae HoUandiae subtropicse passim sylvas
constituens praesertim in coUibus fertilioribus. Anth. Oct.-Dee.

Arbor mediocris, cortice sordide fuseo-cinereo in trunco ramisque per-
sistente rugoso et rirauloso. Petioli tenues teretiusculi saepe 1" longi.
Folia 1^-3" longa, 1-3" lata, nonnunquam longitudine latiora. Pe-
dunculi partiales 2-4'" longi. Calycis tubus circiter 1^"' metiens.
Stamina albida 1'" vix longiora. Fructus maturus deest.

III. Folia opposita vel subopposita, latitudine vix aut paulo
longiora.

§ 1. Valvce prorsu^s exsertce.

26. Eucalyptus platyphylla. Arborea, ramulis teretiusculis,
foliis alternis vel suboppositis longe petiolatis ovato- vel cordato-
orbicularibus nunc subrhombeis raro ovato-lanceolatis opacis promi-
nenter penniveniis pellucide punctatis, vena peripherica a margine
remota, umbellis axillaribus vel lateralibus 3-7-floris, pedunculis angu-
latis calyci aequilongis vel eo longioribus, calycis breviter v. brevis-
sime pedicellati tubo hemisphaerico eeostato operculum semiglobosum
muticum laeve longitudine aequante, fructibus turbinato-hemisphaericis
3-4-loculatis vertice leniter convexis, valvis margin! affixis ewsertis,
seminibus apteris.

Hab. In pascuis fertilibus ad flumen Burdekin. (Ora orient, trop., A.
Cunningham, hb. Hook.) Anth. Sept.-Nov.

Arbor mediocris vel major, cortice trunc! ramorumque laev! mox albido,
secedentibus stratis extirais tenuibus fuscescentibus. Petioli semi-
teretes 1-1^" longi. Folia tenui-coriacea utplurimum 2-3" longa saepe
in petiolum breviter decurrentia. Calycis tubus 1|— 2"' metiens. Oper-
culum pallidius simplex (qua nota a simili E. bigalerita praesertim
dignoscitur). Stamina ad 3"' longa albida. Capsula 2'" longa.

E. bigaleritae proxima.

§ 2. Valvce semiexsertcB.

27. Eucalyptus MELANOPHLOiA. Arborea, ramulis apice tetragonis,
foliis glaucis raro viridibus fere semper pruinosis oppositis sessilibus

94 DR. F. Mueller's monograph

e basi amplexante cordato-ovatis tenuiter penniveniis et reticulato-
venulosis vix pellucide punctatis, vena marginali obliterata, umbellis
paniculatis vel axillaribus solitariis 3-6-floris, calycis tubo pedunculo
angulato bis terve breviore pedicelli longitudiuem parum vel pluries
excedente semiovato-tetragono operculum late conicum acutuin lon-
gitudine parum superante, fruetibus semiovatis vel subpyriformibus
2-4-costatis ore parum contractis 4-5-loculatis, valvis infra marginem
insertis subinclusis parum convexis, seminibus apteris.

Hab. A tractu montano Newcastle Range usque ad sinum Moreton
Bay Eucalypto crebrce abunde adsociata, solum sterilius indicans.
(N. Holl. Sub-Trop., Mitchell. Moreton Bay, Moore. Sydney
Woods, Paris Exhib. No. &Qy in hb. Hook.) Anth. vere exeunte.

Arbor minor, trunco irregulari, cortice persistente crasso profunde
sulcato rugoso nigrescente. Folia 1 1— 3" longa, 1-2" lata, obtusa vel
cuspidato-acuminata interdutn cordato-lanceolata vel rite cordata.
Pedunculi speciales pollicares. Alabastra circiter 4'" longa. Capsulce
breviter vel brevissime pedicellatae 2^-i'" longae vertice convexae,
raro 6-loculat8e. Semina fertilia angulato-ovata fusco-nigrita Isevia
1'" breviora.

Arbuscula " Silver-leaved Iron-bark" colonis designata, ex habitu pro-
prio perfacile recognoscenda, sed characteribus floris fructusque saepe
variantibus segre botanico describenda. Infelicissimus Leichhardt in
opere suo (Overland Expedition, &c.) prater normalem etiam alteram
speciem huic persimilem sed cortice squalide cano recedentem circum
sinum Carpentaria et in Australia boreali-occidentali valde frequentem
appellatione supra memorata comprehendit.

E. pruinosce Schauer (non Turcz.) affinis.

§ 3. VahdB omnino inclusce.

28. EucALYPTys latifolia. Arborea, ramulis teretiusculis, foliis
suboppositis sparsisve longiuscule petiolatis lato- vel orbiculari-ovaiis
obtusis glaucescentibus opacis imperforatis tenui-penniveniis, vena
longitudinali margini prorsus contigua, umbellis terminalibus pani-
culatis pauciflpris, pedunculis pedicellisque angulosis, illis duplo lon-
gioribus, fruetibus subcampanulatis ecostatis 3-4-loculatis vertice
planis, valvis ad marginem attingentibus.

Hab. In planitiebus ripariis ad partes superiores fluvii Roper, 8 Jul. 1856.
Anth. gestate.

Arbor minor vel mediocris. Cortex post tardum delapsum strati cine-
rascentis supremi fulvescens laevis. Folia 2-3 raro 4" longa, saepe
2" lata, petiolo fere pollicari praedita, crebrius et subtilius quam ea
E. bigaleritce pennivenia. UmbellcB simpliciter et composite pani-
culatae. Fructus circiter 3'" longi, summo margine leniter reflexi.
Valvce inclusae. Flores non reperi.

Habitu E. bigaleritam simulans, characteribus potius E. dichromophloicB
accedens.

OF THE EUCALYPTI OF TROPICAL AUSTEALIA. 95

29. Eucalyptus aspera. Arborea, ramulis teretiusculis hispidulis,
foliis parvis oppositis chartaceis oblong o-ovatis obtusis basi cordata
sessilibus glaucis opacis scabridis penniveniis subtus reticulato-venu-
losis vix pellucide punctatis ad nervum asperis, vena longitudinal! a
margine remota, umbellis axillaribus sessilibus [brevi-pedunculatis
pedunculis hispidis, R.K.] bi-paucifloris, pedicellis [glaberrimis, R. K.]
fructu subcampanulato ecostato parum longioribus, valvis inclusis.

Hob. In planitiebus arenoso-rupestribus (Sandstone table-land) plus
minus elevatis ad flumina Victoria et Sturt's Creek, in terra Arnheim's
Land necnon prope sinum Carpentaria satis vulgaris. Anth. vere.

Arbor minor, cortice Isevi cinereo-albido. Folia pleraque 1-2" longa,
8-12'" lata. Frac^M* fere 3'" longi.

E. setosee Schauer affinis.

30. Eucalyptus feruvgiiuka^ {Schauer inWalp.Rep.Syst.ii.ip. 296).
Arborea, ramulis validis teretibus foliisque puberulo-scabris glabres-
centibus, foliis oppositis crassiuseulis ovato-oblongis basi cordata sub-
sessilibus repandis undulatis obtusis vel acuminatis opacis imperforatis
prominenter et remote penniveniis obscure reticulato-venulosis, vena

peripherica imperfecta a margine remota, fructibus magnis glo-

boso-ovatis ecostatis antice contractis et loculatis, capsulis demum a
calyce solutis, valvis deltoideis inclusis, seminibus antice longe alatis.

Hab. In plagis elevatis rupestribus (Sandstone table-land) non rara per
Australiam borealem et boreali-occidentalem. Anth. vere.

Arbor mediocris, cortice ubique persistente rugoso sordide cano. Folia
utplurimum 3-4" longa, inferne circiter H'' lata, nervis flavidis per-
cursa et punctis elevatis scabriuscula. Fructus circiter 1" longi, ad
f " lati, vertice plani. Valva solutse marginem calycis vix attingentes.
Semina omnia alata ; fertilium ala ovata vel deltoidea, ssepe 3'" longa.
Cotyledones foliacese convolutse. Albumen nullum. Radicula brevis
cylindracea infera.

Species ad E.ferrugineam et jloribundam appropinquans.

31. Eucalyptus melissiodora {Lindley in Mitch. Trop. Austr.
p. 235). Arborea, ramulis compresso-tetragonis asperis, foliis oppo-
sitis vel suboppositis ovatis vel subcordatis raro oblongo-lanceolatis
supra basin rotundatam subinfiexam petiolatis scabris opacis translu-
centi-punctatis penniveniis reticulato-venulosis, vena peripherica a
margine insequaliter remota, umbellis paniculatis 6-7-floris, pedunculis
scabris : partialibus calyce longioribus angulatis, alabastris ovatis
laevibus ecostatis brevissime pedicellatis, tubo operculum interius
conico-hemisphaericum dimidio excedente, operculo exteriore imper-
fecto, fructibus campanulatis triloculatis vertice planis, valvis inclusis,
seminibus laevibus apteris.

Hab. In montibus porphyriticis tractus Newcastle Range. Anth. Oct.,
Nov.

* Sent as E. undulata, n. sp., by Dr. Mueller, but evidently the same as
Schauer's plant.— (A. B.)

96 DB. F. Mueller's monograph

Arbor minor vel mediocris, trunco recto, cortice undique persistent e
lamellari fragillimo squalide fulvo nitente ! Hamuli cum pedunculis
scabritie cinereaet ferruginea obducti. Folia petiolo ^-1" longo semi-
tereti utplurimum supra basin raro ad marginem affixa, normaliter
2-3" longa, 1^-2^" lata, in abnormi specimine Mitchellii ad 5" longa
et 1 " tantum lata, nunc acuta, nunc obtusa immo emarginata. Calycis
tubus nitens obconico-semiovatus 2-3'" longus, in pedicellum brevis-
simum attenuatus. Operculum duplex, exterius castaneo-fuscum in-
terior! accretum in frustulis tarde secedens ; interius 1^'" longum.
Fructus circiter 4"' longi exacte campanulati virentes vertice plani-
usculi, valvis supra medium tubi insertis. Semina brunnea nitentia.
Species duplici nota memorabilis.

§ 4. Sjpecies fructu incognito.

32. Eucalyptus bigalerita. Arborea, ramulis teretiusculis, /oZm
altemis rarius oppositis longe petiolatis cordatis vel subtrapezoideis
acutiusculis nunc acuminatis vix pellucide punctatis opacis penni-
veniis, vena peripherica a margine inaequaliter remota, umbellis
lateralibus axillaribusque 4-7-floris solitariis, pedunculo crasso ver-
ruculoso calycibus parum longiore cum pedicello perbrevi anguloso,
calycis tubo semiovato 3-2-costulato operculo triple longiore, operculo
duplici : utroque obtusissimo coriaceo vel externo apiculato,

Hab. In pratis fertilioribus sylvaticis tractus australis terrae Arnheim's
Land (3-5 Jul. 1856). Anth. Jul.-Sept.

Arbor parva vel mediocris rarius excelsa, gummi-resina pulchre rubi-
ginosa abunde scatens. Cortex post strati supremi Isevis cinerei
lapsum dilute fulvidus Isevigatus. Folia pleraque 3-4" longa, 2-3"
lata, petiolo inferne teretiusculo superne semitereti 1^2" longo
praedita, satis saturate viridia. Calyces circiter 3"' longi virides. Oper-
culum externum (denique fuscescens) cito secedens bi-tri-costulatum,
costis iisdem tubi continuisj operculum internum virens ecostatum.
Fructum non habui.

33. Eucalyptus confertiflora*. Arborea, ramulis teretibus/o-
liisque scabris, foliis oppositis ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis acutis basi
subcordata amplexanti sessilibus prominenter penninerviis venosis
opacis imperforatis, umbellis axillaribus lateralibus et terminalibus in
fasciculum m,ultiJiorum confertis, pedicellis calyces pedunculosque
longitudine duplo triplove excedentibus teretibus, calycis tubo ob-
conico exangulato operculi patellaris apiculati Isevis longitudinem
triplo excedente, fructibus campanulatis.

Hab. A flumine Victoria ad rivum Gilbert in pascuis siccis proveniens.

Anth. Oct., Nov.
Arbor mediocris squarrosa. Corticis stratum superficiale sordide cine-

reum ad trunci partem inferiorem persistens rimulosum in frustulis

* Sent by Dr. Mueller under the name oi F.florihunday which is preoccu-
pied ; the F.Jioribunda of Hiigel being evidently quite distinct, — (R, K.)

OF THE EUCALYPTI OF TllOPICAL AUSTRALIA. 97

separabile ; pars trunci superior ut rami laeves albidi. Ramuli etiam
juveniles cano-fusci. Folia pleraque 2^-4" longa, ^-2" lata, interdum
acuminata. GZ«wcZmZ<b oleiferse non conspicuae. Pedunculus iprimarius
solitarius brevis vel brevissimus, in plures secundarios teretiusculos
inaequales solutus. Pedicelli graciles ^-1" longi. Calycis virentis
tubus 3-4'" longus. Operculum nitens tubo paulo angustius.
E. ferruginece Schauer nimis videtur propinqua.

lY. Folia oppositttj latitudine conspicue longiora.

34. Eucalyptus tetrodonta. Arborea, ramulis angulatis,/o/m op-
positis falcato-lanceolatis sensim acuminatis modice petiolatis opacis
indistincte penniveniis imperforatis, vena peripherica margini sub-
contigua, umbellis axillaribus terminalibusque solitariis bibracteatis
trifloris, bracteis tarde secedentibus majusculis, pedunculo petiolum
aequante angulato, calyce subcampanulato gwac^nc^ew^a^o sensimin pedi-
cellum compressum tubo vix sequilongum attenuato dentibus deltoideis
operculo hemisphaerico et tubo fere duplo brevioribus patulis,

Hab. In plagis elevatis neraorosis minus fertilibus terrae Arnheim's
Land passim. (Ad Portum Essington, Armstrong ; et in ora boreali,
A. Cunningham, in hb. Hook.) Anth. Aug., Sept.

Arbor mediocris^ trunco gracili recto, cortice sordide cano fibroso ubique
persistente. Cortice arborum " Stringy-bark-trees" dictarum prsedita.
Ramuli rufescentes rigiduli. Folia 3-6" longa, ^-l^" lata. Pedunculi
3-4"' longi apice bracteas 2 cymbiformi-lanceolatas obtuse acumina-
tas circiter3"' longas deciduas gerentes. Calycis tubus additis denti-
bus 4-5'" longus. Operculum coriaceum obtusum opacum viridulum.

Species calyce dentato quam maxime insignis, transitum ad Angophoras
praebens.

Y. Sectio dubia.

35. Eucalyptus brachyandra. Arborescens, ramulis angulatis,
foliis alternis v. oppositis modice petiolatis chartaceis ovatis vel late
oblongis obtusis opacis tenuiter penniveniis subtiliter venulosis imper-
foratis subtus pallidioribus, vena peripherica margini subcontigua,
umbellis 3-5-floris in paniculam terminalem concretis, pedunculis
angulatis, pedicellis tenuibus calyce brevioribus vel eidem aequilongis,
operculo conico-hemisphserico tubo breviore, jilamentis perbrevibus,
antheris didymis, fructibus minutis campanulatis exangulatis ecostatis
3-4-loculatis vertice concavis, valvis subinclusis brevissimis, semi-
nibus apteris.

Hab. In decliviis rupestribus ad partes fluvii Victoriae superiores.

Anth. primo vere.
Frutex arborescens. Folia utplurimum 1^-3" longa, f-l^" lata obtusa

ima basi acutiuscula. Calyx florifer V" paulo excedens, fructifer

sesquilinearis v. paulo longior. Stamina ad summum 1'" longa!

Operculum tantum in alabastris juvenilibus visum.
Species minutie florum et fructuum valde insignis.
LINN. PROC. — BOTANT. H

98 DR. F. Mueller's monograph

36. Eucalyptus (E. clavigera, A. Cunn. in hb. Hook.) polysciada,
F. Muell. sp. Arborea, ramulis validis teretibus junioribus angulatis,
foliis altemis v. suboppositis breviuscule petiolatis ovatis v. lanceolatis
acuminatis tenui-coriaceis imperforatis margine undulatis opacis glau-
cescentibus prominenter penniveniis et reticulato-venulosis, vena peri-
pherica a margine insequaliter remota, umhellis paucifloris v. frequen-
tius muliijloris insequaliter pedunculatis partim divisis v. compositis
secus ramulos paniculam ditissimam aphyllam construentibus, pedi-
ceUis tenuibus angulatis colyce ter quaterve longioribus, alabastris py-
riformibus, calycis tubo obconico apice leviter anipliato ecostato
exangulato operculum patellare nitens mutieum longitudine aliquoties
excedente, fructibus truncato-ovatis sublaevibus,

Hab. In eoUibus apricis lapidosis et planitiebus aridis prope M'Adam
Range. Anth. vere.

Arbor minor, cortice (si recte in memoria retento) laevi einereo. Folia
latitudine variabilia basi saepe in petiolum decurrentia, plerumque
3-4" longa, |— 2" lata. Pedunculi saepe pedicellis breviores magis
minusve compressi. Pedicelli ^1" longi. Calyx addito operculo
2|^-3"' longus. Operculum laeve interdura paulo apiculatum. Sta-
mina albida ad summum vix 3'" longa. Antherce ovato-oblongae.
Fructus 4'" longus.

E. clavigercB affinis.

37. Eucalyptus ODONTOCARPA. Fruticosa, ramulis angulatis, /o/m
oppositis breviuscule petiolatis lineari- v. angusto-lanceolatis sub-
falcatis basi acutatis nitidulis pellucide punctatis penniveniis et
reticulato-venulosis, vena peripherica a margine ' paulo remota, um-
bellis axillaribus subtrifloris breviter pedunculatis, calycis brevissime
pedicellati tubo obconico acute quadridentato operculi depresso-
hemisphaerici longitudinem triplo excedente, fructibus ovato-obconicis
indistincte costatis quadridentatis triloculatis, valvis infra marginem
insertis inclusis.

Hab. In deserto arenoso ad rivum Sturt's Creek. Anth. autumno.
Frutex 8-10'. Rami sat tenues. Folia 2-5" longa, 3-6"' lata. Um-

bellcB interdum geminae, altera depauperata. Fructus 3-4"' longi

nitentes.

38. Eucalyptus pachyphylla*. Fruticosa, ramulis juvenilibus
angulatis, foliis alternis modice petiolatis crasso-coriaceis ovatis v.
lanceolato-ovatis acuminatis vix inaequilateris imperforatis tenuissime
penniveniis, vena peripherica a margine remota, umbellis axillaribus

subtrifloris, pedunculis pedicellisque brevissimis, , tubo

calycis fructiferi depresso-hemispJicBrico quadricostato et obsolete

* Not U. pachyphylla^ Cunn. MSS., from King Greorge's Sound (No. 231 of
4th Voyage).

or THE EUCALYPTI OF TROPICAL AtTSTKALIA. 99

costulato, margine elevato, capsulae 4-5-loculat8e vertice convexo,
valvis subexsertis, seminibus fertilibus angusto-alatis sublaevibus.

Hab. In eremo arenoso ad Hooker's Creek. Anth. autumno.

Frutex orgyalis v. paulo altior. Folia pleraque \\-2y' longa in speci-
minibus siceis opaca. Flores inoogniti. Fructus diametro 6-8'", mar-
gine demum supra valvas producto. Semina fertilia ftU^- additis
circiter 1^'" longa.

E. alpincB propinqua.

Tentamen dispositionis Eucali/ptorum AiistraUce intratropicce et
suhtropicce, secundum corticis structuram, texturcrni, et separa-
tionem, usui Colonorum accommodatum.

I. Leiophloi^. Cortex post delapsum strati supremi undique
laevis. (Yulgo : Flooded Gum-trees, White Grum-trees, Blue
Grum-trees partim, E-ed Gum-trees partim, Yarra-trees.)

II. Hemiphloi^. Cortex in trunci parte inferiore persistens
rugosus et rimosus, in parte superiore ramisque delapsu strati
superioris laevigatus. (Vulgo : Moreton Bay Ash, Black-butted
Gum-tree, Box-trees partim.)

III. Ehytiphloi^. Cortex ubique persistens rugosus et ri-
mosus intus solidus. (Vulgo : Bloodwood - trees, Box-trees
partim, Peppermint-trees partim.)

IV. Pachtphloi^. Cortex ubique persistens rugosus intus fi-
brosus. (Vulgo : Stringy -bark-trees.)

V. ScnizoPHLOi^. Cortex ubique persistens profunde sulcatus
intus solidus. (Vulgo : Ironbark-trees.)

VI. Lepidophloi^. Cortex saltem in trunco persistens lamel-
laris friabilis. (Vulgo : Melaleuca Gum-trees, Mica-trees.)

I. Leiophloi^.
§ 1. Folia alterna suhfalcata concoloria.

1. E. tereticornis, Sm. (1.) Operculum elongatum conico-subulatum
curvatum. Valvse alte exsertse.

2. E. rostrata, Schlecht. (2.) Operculum subulato-acuminatum rectum.
Valvse alte exsertse.

3. E. signata. (6.) Operculum hemisphsericum. Valvse vix exsertse.
Fructus seraiglobosi.

4. E. variegata. (13.) Operculum hemisphaericum. Valvae inclusae.
Fructus semiovati.

h2

100 Dn. F. muellee's monogbaph

5. E. citriodora, Hook. (23.) Operculum hemisphsericum ? Valvse
Odor foliorum citreus.

6. E, brevifolia. (3.) Operculum hemisphaericum. Valvae exsertae.

7. E. dichromophloia. (17.) Operculum semiovatum. Valvse inclusae.
Semina alata.

§ 2. Folia alterna suhfalcata discoloria.

8. E. hemilampra. (7.) Operculum elongato-conicum rectum. Valvae
semiexsertae.

§ 3. Folia alterna et opposita ovata vel orhiculata.

9. E. bigalerita. (32.) Operculum duplex. Valvae

10. E. latifolia. (28.) Operculum Valvae inclusae.

11. E . platyphylla. (26.) Operculum hemisphaericum. Valvae exsertae.

§ 4. Folia opposita subovata.

12. E. aspera. (29.) Operculum Valvae inclusae.

II. Hemiphloi^.
§ 1 . Folia alterna suhfalcata.

13. E. tessellaris. (14.) Operculum patellare. j, Valvae inclusae.

\A. E.semicorticata.{S.) Operculum acuminatum. Valvae subexsertae.
§ 2. Folia opposita cordato-ovata.

15. E. confertifiora. (33.) Operculum patellare. Valvae

III. Ehytiphloi^.
§ 1. Folia alterna suhfalcata.

16. E. polycarpa. (15.) Operculum Valvae profunde in-
clusae. Paniculae multiflorae. Semina alata.

17. E. terminalis. (16.) Operculum Valvae breviter inclusae.

Paniculae multiflorae. Semina alata.

18. E. tectifica. (24.) Operculum conicum acuminatum. Valvae

19. E. leptophleba. (9.) Operculum Valvae subinclusae.

Rami undique corticati.

20. E. microtheca. (10.) Operculum Valvae subinclusae.

Rami apice decorticati.

21. E. patellaris. (4.) Operculum patellare umbonatum. Valvae
exsertae.

22. E. trachyphloia. (18.) Operculum Valvae profunde

inclusae. Semina aptera.

or THE EUOALrPTI OF TROPICAL AUSTRALIA. 101

23. E. bicolor, A. C. (19.) Operculum hemisphsericum. Vulvae inclusae.
Semina aptera.

§ 2. Folia alterna rotundata.

24. E. populnea. (25.) Operculum hemisphairicum. Valvse inclusae.

§ 3. Folia opjposita cordato-ovata.

25. E.ferruginea, Schauer. (30.) Operculum ...... Valvae inclusae.

Semina alata.

IV. Pachtphloi^.

§ 1. Folia alterna subfalcata.

26. E. fibrosa. (11.) Operculum conicum. Valvae breviter exsertae.

27. E. exserta. (5.) Operculum conicum. Valvae alte exsertae.

28. E.ptychocarpa. {20.) Operculum hemisphaericum costatura. Valvae
profunde inclusae.

§ 2. Folia opposita subfalcata.

29. E. tetrodonta. (34.) Operculum hemisphaericum. Tubus quadri-
dentatus. Valvae

V. SCHIZOPHLOIiE.

§ 1. Folia alterna subfalcata.

30. E. crebra. (12.) Operculum semiovatum. Valvae breviter exsertae.

§ 2. Folia opposita cordato-ovata.

31. E. melanophloia. (27.) Operculum late conicum. Valvae breviter
exsertae.

VI. Lepidophloi^.
§ 1. Folia alterna subfalcata.

32. E. aurantiaca. (21.) Operculum semiglobosum costatum. Valvae
inclusae. Fructus sessiles.

33. E. phopMicea. (22.) Operculum Valvae profunde inclusae.

Fructus pedicellati.

«
§ 2, Folia opposita cordato-ovata.

34. E. melissiodora, Lindl. (31.) Operculum conico-hemisphaericum
subduplex. Valvae inclusae.

VII. Sectio dubia.

35. E. brachyandra. 37. E. odontocarpa.

36. E. clavigera, A. C. 38. E. pachyphylla.

102 BEY. M. J. BERKELEY ON SOME TUBEEIEOEM

On some Tuberiform Vegetable Productions from China.
By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., P.L.S.

[Read AprU 15th, 1858.]

Some months since I received, by the kindness of Professor Hora-
ninow, two tuberiform productions from China, of wliich one was
nearly allied to Mylitta australis, Berk., and the other, marked
Pachyma Coniferarum, Horaninow, was evidently identical with
the Tuckahoe or Indian Bread of the United States, PacJiyma
Cocos, Fries.

At a later period, specimens of a drug, known in China under
the name of Pe-foo-ling, were shown by Mr. Daniel Hanbury to
Mr. Kippist, who at once pointed out their identity with Lyco-
•perdon solidvm of the ' Flora Virginica,' Pachyma Oocos, Fries.

The subject was brought to my especial notice by Dr. Hooker ;
and having ascertained the identity of the productions of Mr.
Hanbury and Prof. Horaninow, I thought that a short note on it
might possibly be acceptable to the Society ; and the more so, as
Mr. Hanbury has a second production very nearly allied, while I
am in possession of a third very distinct though allied substance,
through Prof. Horaninow.

The best introduction to my note will be an extract from a
letter received by me from Mr. Hanbury : —

" There are two Chinese esculent Fungi, which I think are
worthy of notice. My attention was first drawn to them while
examining some specimens of Chinese Materia Medica, by stum-
bling on the following passage in Loureiro's 'Flora Cochin-
chinensis' (ed. WiUd. 1793, p. 710) :—

" ' Ad radices Pinorum sylvestrium magnse longaevitatis in pro-
vincia boreali Chinensi Su chwyen gigni solent qusedam tubera,
subrotunda, magna, scabra, fusca, intus albissima, quae ab Europseis
vocantur Badix Sinensis alha, a Cochinchinensibus Bach phuc linJi,
ab ipsis vero Sinensibus Pefu Un. Horum tuberum decocto fe-
liciter utuntur in praxi medica, praecipue in morbis pulmonum et
vesicae.

" ' Eadix Sinensis rubra provenit ex diversa planta, quae a Lin-
naeo dicitur Smilax China.''

" Nor was my curiosity diminished by finding in Endlicher's
' Enchiridion Botanicum ' (p. 144) the following allusion to the
same subject : —

" * In annosis Binus Massoniance Lamb, radicibus apud Sinas
gigni solent tubera (vulgo Be-fu-lin, Eadix Sinensis alba) magna,

VEGETABLE PRODUCTIONS FEOM CHINA. 103

subrotunda, extus scabra, fusca, intus albida, insipida, tactu cera-
cea, quorum decocto in morbis pulmonum et vesicae utuntur.'

" I therefore wrote to my brother Thomas Hanbury of Shanghai,
who obtained for me not only the substance called Pe-foo-lmg^
but a second, known as Choo-Ung, together with some cakes said
to be made from one or both of them. These cakes, or an imi-
tation of them, are commonly sold in the streets of Shanghai ; and
the cry of the itinerant vendors — A Hoo Ka Foo-ling Ka ! — is one
of the first of the many strange sounds to salute the ear of the
newly-arrived foreigner.

" With respect to the Foo-ling itself, my first impression was
to regard it as the rhizome of some species of SmilcKC, allied to S.
China, L., the source of the drug known as China Hoot. Such
was the opinion of the older writers, as Martini, who, in his
' Novus Atlas Sinensis' (1655), describes it as being the true China
Root. Cleyer also, in his ' Specimen Medicinse Sinicse ' (1682),
says of it *, ' Est idem quod Lusitanice dicitur Pao de China, nisi
quod album et multo melius sit rubeo illo, et etiam carius multo.'

" I had soon, however, to alter my opinion on testing a decoction
of the Foo-ling with iodine and finding it to contain no starch, the
abundant presence of that body being a marked character of the
Smilax rhizome. I found also, upon turning to the ' Herbarium
Amboinense ' (xi. 123), where Eumphius describes it as JEoelen,
that its distinctness from China E-oot had been there noticed. Mr.
Kippist, however, soon settled the question, by pointing out to me
in the * Linnean Transactions t ' a paper by Dr. James Macbride,
of South Carolina, entitled " Some account of the Lycoperdon
solidum of the Flora Virginica," read before the Society 3rd June,
1817 ; and at the same time laying before me a fine series of spe-
cimens of Lg coper don solidiim, with which plant it was evident
the Chinese Fe-foo-ling was, if not identical, at least very nearly
related.

" Of the Choo-Ung, I have nothing to tell you, except that, in
common with the Fe-foo-ling, it is described and figured in the
great Chinese Herbal, the Pun-tsaou^

Mr. Hanbury has, in addition to these remarks, furnished me
with a translation of that portion of the ' Pun-tsaou ' which relates
to these productions, which I have the pleasure of now laying
before the Society :|:.

* Medicamenta simplicia, No. 189. t Vol. xii. p. 368.

X Fuh-ling and Choo-Ung. — Abstract of the account given in the great

104 EEV. M. J. BEEKELET ON SOME TUBEEIEORM

A microscopical examination of the several specimens of Foo-
ling from Messrs. Horaninow and Hanbury, and a comparison
with a fine series from South Carolina, sent to me by Mr. Curtis,

Chinese Herbal, * Ptm-tsaou-kang-muh,' Chap. 37. sect. 4. (Translated by the
Rev. W. C. Milne.)

'^7^ '^r\^ i^A-Zm^ : synonyms A-/^ ^7 Fuh-too, — too being a name

given to it because it is found on the same tree as the Too-sze, another medi-
cinal plant ; or rather, as some say, because it resembles a small hare.

y^/S- ]a^ Sung-yu, a name derived from its connexion with the pine-tree.
yT\ x^p, -^35 Fuh-sze-mien, Hterally Undying -fiower.

'^y\J^V^ Fuh-shin, wliich name is restricted to a species to be found

clinging to the root of the pine. Such, it is presumed, contains the finest essence
of the pine. One of the fairy tales says, that there are pieces of this species to
be found as big as a man's fist, one of which, if you sling it as an amulet round
your person, will discomfit a hundred devils, in full proof of its divine origin.

In describing the Fuh-ling, one author observes that both it and the species
called Fuh-shin grow under the large pines on the heights and valleys of lofty
mountains, and that they may be gathered in the second and eighth moons
[i. e. during spring and autumn].

Another writer remarks, that samples come from Yuh-chow as large as a
vessel with a capacity of three or four shings [pints]. The outer skin is black,
with small wrinkles on it ; underneath it is fine and white. It appearance is that
of a small tortoise ; and that with a reddish tinge is not unlike a frog after being
imbedded underground for thirty years.

A third writer notes that Fuh-ling is produced in the Tai-shan mountains of
the province of Shantung, but that the best kind is decidedly that of the Hwa-
shan hills of Shen-se.

According to the testimony of a fourth writer, wherever large pines flourish
you have the Fuh-ling ; but as at Hwa-shan there stands an immense number
of old firs, you have there excellent specimens.

A fifth observer remarks, that pines of 1000 years old are sure to have the
Fuh-Hng ; but a sixth observes, that after the resin of the pine has fallen on the
ground and remained there 1000 years, it is changed into Fuh-Hng. When
you see the pine-tree turn red, you have the Fuh-Hng. Fuh-shin is a product
of the pine superior to the Fuh-Hng.

At present all the hills of the Hwa-shan range produce it. It clings to the
under-roots of the pine-trees, and grows leafless and flowerless, as large as a man's
fist. Sometimes underground you meet with it so big as to be several catties* in
weight. There are two varieties, red and white. Some say it is the gum of the
fi*-tree metamorphosed ; and others, that it is the excrescence of the spurious
pine-tree. But down to the present day there are people who constantly meet
with the Fuh-ling under masses of very old pines which have long been cut
down, and whose tnmks, branches, and twigs lie about rotten and decaying.

* The catty equals 1^ lb.

VEGETABLE PBODUCTIOFS FROM CHINA. 1(55

as also with a portion of an authentic specimen of Schweinitz,
show that they are all identical. The structure varies a little
with age, and in Horaninow's specimens there are abundant very

To procure it, a plot of ground is cleared and probed with an iron barbed
instrument. Should any Fuh-ling be there, it will be impossible to puU out
the instrument again, except by digging about it.

[Under this heading some legends are given, which it is needless to translate,
as they would be unintelligible, and (as the author hints regarding one) are
treated with little faith.]

Five forms of Fuh-ling are mentioned as of medicinal use, viz. : —

1. Ordinary Fuh-Hng.

2. Eed Fuh-ling.

3. Fuh-Hng bark.

4. Fuh-shin.

5. Shin-muh or Hwang -shin-tsoh, a rare species found in the heart of the
Fuh-shin : one of its names signifies Yellow-fir-Tcnot.

In the preparation of this medicinal plant, whoever uses the bark must put
away the heart of the Fuh-Hng, then pound the bark smaU m a basin of water,
take off the scum and filter the water. An erroneous appHcation of this may
prove hurtful to the eye. To make it into powders or piUs, let it be boiled
thoroughly two or three times, and then dried.

Its taste and smeU are agreeable, and not poisonous.

The class of diseases for which it is used are, to sum them up generally, pains
in the chest, severe ague, great debility, depression of spirits, stoppage of urine,
want of sleep, excess of phlegm, dropsy, afiections of the kidneys, violent retch-
ing, rheumatism, infantile convulsions, fatigue in body and mind, dysentery,
disease in the groin, and female complaints.

^/jfc^ -^^^^ ^^oo-ling, derives its name, first, from its resemblance in colour

to the faeces of the pig (Choo) ; and secondly, from its being found lying here and
there as droppings from the tree upon which it is parasitic. Its other names
indicate the same, viz.

"^^Rx ^^^ >^ Kia-choo-sJie^ HteraUy Hog's-dung,
■^ N^ASAe-^oA, literally Pi/*-ew^miZ5?

l:rfj jp j?OK Te-woo-taou^ HteraUy Earth-walnuts.

The foUowing is an abridged summary of the opinions of various Chinese
observers relative to the Choo-Hng,

It is found principally on the heights and valleys of Hang-shan *, as also in
Shuh-chow and Seih-chow.

It is picked up in spring and autumn. It is a parasite on the Fung-shoo
tree \_AcacicB sp. ?], though also found upon other trees. It much resembles
the Fuh-ling.

The skin of the Choo-Hng is black, but the flesh is white and firm. It can
be used only after scraping off this skin. In preparing it for medicinal pur-

* [Either in the province of Kiang-nan, or in that of Hoo-nan.]

106 EEV. M. J. BERKELEY ON SOME TUBEBIFOBM

delicate threads which traverse the mass in every direction ; but
the nature of the bodies of which the greater part of the substance
is composed, their form, and chemical characters are precisely the
same, and there can be no doubt that they all belong to one and
the same category.

This matter consists of irregular bodies, varying very greatly in
size, often globular, but frequently forming broad bands with
transverse markings and clefts, exhibiting no trace of starch under
iodine, and without the slightest appearance of an investing mem-
brane. This substance has been submitted to chemical investi-
gation by Professor EUett of South Carolina College, and has been
ascertained to consist entirely of pure pectine of Braconnot. It
is quite insoluble in water, though it dissolves in alkaline solutions,
forming neutral pectates, whence the pectic acid is separated, by
the addition of muriatic acid, in the form of a colourless jelly. By
a particular management, with the details of which I am not
acquainted, this jelly may be prepared so as to form an agreeable
article for the dessert*.

It is not surprising, therefore, that it is manufactured in China
into a popular and nutritious food. It is probable that the cakes
which are made of it are regarded as medicinal as well as econo-
mical ; and it is curious that Prof. Ellett remarks that the nu-
tritious jelly formed from the Tuckahoe is an excellent antidote
against several of the most powerful mineral poisons.

The structure of the Choo-ling is somewhat different from that
of the Foo-ling. The several parts are far smaller in their dimen-
sions, and there are none of the streaked and incised bands. The
greater part of the mass consists of short, sometimes forked, and

poses, scrape off the coarse skin with a copper knife, cut the Choo-Hng into
thin slices, and steep them in Tung-lew f water for a whole night ; drain off the
water thoroughly ; pack the sHces in a bundle of Shing-ma J leaves for a day,
and, on removing the wrapper, they will be quite dry and fit for use. The
smell and taste of the Choo-ling are mild, sweet, and not poisonous — something
like the Fuh-ling.

The diseases for which it is generally used are, severe ague, severe dropsy,
long-suppressed urine, debility and age, abdominal swellings attended with
violent pains, depression of spirits, diseases in the groin, dysentery, and some
affections peculiar to females in pregnancy.

* See " Observations on Tuckahoe," in Gardener's Chronicle, 1848, p. 829.

t [If Tung-lew is the name of a place, it is in the department of Che-chow,
province of Ngan-hwuy.]

X Shing-ma, literally the Ascending Hemp : it is described in the ' Pun-tsaou,'
chap. 13. fol. 29.

VEGETABLE PBODUCTIONS FEOM CHINA. 107

sometimes torulose linear bodies, varying, however, much in out-
line ; and dispersed among them are a number of small granules,
many of which contain a minute nucleus ; while other larger bodies,
exhibiting one or two faint traces of concentric circles, are scat-
tered about, exactly like the asci of a truffle, but containing only
a very small irregular nucleus. Treated with the same chemical
tests as the Eoo-ling, it exhibits precisely the same reaction.
There is not the slightest trace of starch or cellulose, and it is
evident that the structure is not accordant with that of any
Fungus or phsenogamous Tuber.

As there is some outward resemblance between this production
and the tuberiform body which precedes the growth of Pedza
tuherosa, I have made a comparative examination of the two, and
though there is some resemblance as regards chemical reaction,
the structure is totally different. In the Peziza tuber the whole
mass consists of large threads with very thick gelatinous walls,
and an abundant proteinous endochrome.

No fungus has ever been found on the American or Chinese
tubers, and, unfortunately, Pachyma tuber regium, which gives rise
to a species of Lentinus, as figured by E-umphius, is quite un-
known. It is probably, however, of the same nature with the
Pietra funghaja or Fungus-stone of Italy (a mere mass of earth
and mycelium), which produces the edible Polyporus tuberaster
even in our own hothouses.

Unfortunately but little light is thrown upon the real nature of
these productions by all the specimens and information we possess.
Dr. Macbride asserts that the Tuckahoe originates between the
wood and bark of living roots ; that it gradually detaches the
bark, while it spreads round the wood and converts it into a sub-
stance similar to itself; and that if it comes in contact with the
root of another tree, that root is also assimilated with it. Speci-
mens, however, are wanting to show this transitional state.

I have still to -notice briefly the third production sent to me
by Prof. Horaninow, of which I forward a portion for your inspec-
tion. It is evidently closely allied to the native bread of Australia,
but differs in the reddish, not black, cuticle, which does not crack
and peel off, the total absence of an intermediate stratum between
the cuticle and central mass, and the want of large clavate cells
amongst the linear bodies of which the central mass is composed.
The internal substance is marbled like a truffle ; but there is not
a trace of fruit, and in consequence, together with Mylitta austra-
lis, it must be considered of very doubtful affinity.

108 PEOr. GRISEBACH ON THE GENUS ABUTA.

Notes on Ahuta, a genus of Menispermece. By N. Grtsebach,
Professor of Botany in the University of G5ttingen. Com-
municated by Dr. J. D. Hookee, F.L.S.
[Eead March 18th, 1858.]
The MenispermecB of tropical America, though less numerous than
those of the East Indies, are in a state of some confusion ; and
when I studied the West Indian forms for my intended Elora of
those islands, Aublet's Ahuta seemed to require a particular in-
vestigation. Miers had reduced correctly to Ahuta Persoon's
genus Trichoa (Batschia, Thunb.), but at the same time he ex-
cluded Ahuta concolor, Poepp., which Endlicher before him had
referred to Trichoa. From this South American species, and from
the West Indian Cocculus domingensis, which, together with some
other forms, he considered congeners, Miers constructed his new
genus Anelasma (Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vii. p. 37 seq.). The re-
sult of my inquiries is, however, at variance with his views, and the
object of these remarks is to prove that Ahuta is a distinct genus
of Cocculece, comprising Aublet's and Poeppig's species, and that
Cocculus domingensis does not belong to the same. The character
of Ahuta, which, as Miers has well suggested, approaches most to
the East Indian genus Tiliacora (distinct by a greater number of
carpels), is the following : —

Ahuta, Aubl. Chae. gen. Sepals 6, biserial, the interior larger.
Petals 0. (S : Stamens 6. $ : Ovaries 3 ; styles cyliudrical, uncinate.
Drupes large, ovoid : the cavity divided by a thin vertical plate of
the endocarp, penetrating from the base to the arch of the seed.
Seed completely inflexed, with the inner sides flat and accumbent
to the plate : endosperm thick, ruminated, and separated by nu-
merous horizontal incisures penetrating almost to the middle :
emhryo inflexed-cylindrical, almost equalling in length the endo-
sperm, and included by its central channel. — Woody vines ; leaves
leathery, entire, with the petiole thichened at the top ; flowers small
arranged in axillary racemose panicles.

The materials upon which this character has been constructed
are : 1st, flowers of both sexes and fruit of A. rufescens, Aubl.,
from the Rio Negro, in the Brazilian Collection of Spruce ( 6 ,
Ahuta, no. 2 ; $ , no. 2340 ; fruit, no. 2303) ; 2nd, male flowers
and fruit from the same ( c? , no. 2829 ; fruit, no. 2102).

The genus is distinct from Cocculus chiefly by its ovoid (not
compressed) drupes, by its ruminated endosperm, and by wanting
petals : but its character, as given by different authors, was either

DR. E. DICKIE ON ARCTIC PLANTS. 109

incomplete or erroneous. Thus, if we compare our specimens with
the analysis of A. concolor, as represented by Poeppig (Nov. Gen.
t. 190), his 3 petals do not exist, the monadelphy is only a slight
adherence of the stamens at the base itself, and his embryo
(figured erroneously on the inner side of the endosperm, and
bearing foliaceous cotyledons) is merely a thickening of the
endocarpic dissepiment, the real embryo having been overlooked
in the interior channel of the endosperm. Miers, on the other
hand, of whom I have compared such materials as exist in Sir
"W. Hooker's and Bentham's herbaria, was mistaken, in conse-
quence of the incompleteness of the specimens, in his character of
Anelasma, which he describes as apetalous, and presenting an ex-
albuminose embryo with large thick cotyledons, — though Poeppig,
with respect to A. concolor, had given a nearly correct idea of the
large ruminated albumen, formed exactly in the same way as in A.
rufescens, and though Cocculus domingensis, the second species of
his genus Anelasma, exhibits 6 petals in its male flower. A seed
of the latter, which had been examined by Miers, I found not
impregnated, and in consequence the drupe filled only partially
by a dead tissue, taken possibly for an exalbuminose embryo.

Abuta rufescens, Aubl., is characterized by ovate, pointed, five-
nerved leaves, velvety on their under side, and by the inflorescence
and the ovaries downy. Its apparent synonyms are Batschia
racemosa and conferta, Thunb. (Nov. Act. Tips. v. t. 2. f. 1, 2, —
a tolerable representation of the genus), both forms from New
G-ranada, — the range of the species comprising the whole of equa-
torial America from that country to the Amazons and Guiana.

A. concolor, Poepp., approaching in habit to Cocculus domin-
gensis, is distinguished by elliptical polished leaves, the primary
veins of which are separate at the base itself, and the tertiary
veinlets not prominent. Its synonyms are, Anelasma Sprucea/num,
Miers!, A. guianense, Miers!, and probably Cocculus Icevigatus,
Mart. Its geographical range comprises a still larger area, viz.
equatorial Brazil !, Goyaz (Gardn. no. 3567 !), Cayenne (Martin).

Notes on Arctic Plants. By E. Dickie, Esq., M.D., A.L.S.,

Professor of Natural History, Queen's College, Belfast.

[Read AprU 15th, 1858.]

Dr. J. D. Hooker, in April 1856, communicated to the Linnean

Society " Eemarks on some Collections of Arctic Plants." It

being desirable that as many facts as possible should be placed on

110 DR. E. DICKIE ON ARCTIC PLANTS.

record respecting the vegetation of the North Polar circle, I have
thought it right to put together notes on small collections made
at various periods by some of my former pupils, whUe in medical
charge of whaling vessels.

The specimens were contributed by Messrs. W. F. Clarke, A. K.
Clark, Maitland, Philips, Craig, and Sutherland.

The localities extend on the east side of Davis's Straits, from lat.
691° N. to 76° N. ; and on the west side from 65° N. to 74° N.

One of these gentlemen, Dr. P. C. Sutherland, now of Port
Natal, made good collections when attached to Penny's and
Inglefield's expeditions ; records of these are appended to the
published accounts of these voyages.

Ranunculus nivalis, L Cape Lawson; Black Hook.

R. hyperboreus, ilo//6 Operniwick (full flower July 15);

Durban Harbour.

Papavernudicaule, L Operniwick (full flower July 15);

Cape Lawson (full flower June
22) ; Duck Islands ; North Fore-
land ; Exeter Bay ; Durban Har-
bour.

Draba alpina, Wahl Black Hook (full flower June 14);

Pond's Bay.

D. rupestris, R. Br Cape Lawson (full flower June 22) ;

Frau Islands (full flower July
16) ; Cape Searle ; Durban Har-
bour.

Cardamine bellidifolia, L Frau Islands (flower July 15).

Vesicaria arctica, Richards Black Hook (flower July 27).

Platypetalum purpurascens, R. Br. Black Hook, sea-level to 500 feet.

Cochlearia fenestrate, E. Br Cape Searle.

C. anglica, D.C Cape Dudley Digges ; Durban.

Silene acaulis, L Operniwick (flower July 1 5) ; Black

Hook ; Exeter Bay.

Lychnis apetala, L Operniwick (flower July 15); Cape

Searle; Durban.

Stellaria longipes, Goldie , Durban.

Arenaria rubella, ffooA: Exeter Bay ; Durban.

A. Rossii, R. Br Operniwick.

Honckeneya peploides, Mr)^ Operniwick; Rugged Rock.

Cerastium alpinum, L Black Hook; North Foreland;

Exeter Bay ; Cape Searle (flower
August 23); Durban; Cumber-
land Inlet.

Oxytropis campestris, D.C Pond's Bay (flower July 27).

Astragalus alpinu L Pond's Bay (flower July 27).

DB. E. DICKIE ON AEOTIC PLANTS. Ill

Dryas octopetala, L Cape Searle.

D. integrifolia, Fa^Z Cape Lawson (flower June 22);

Cape Dudley Digges; Cape
Searle.

Potentilla nivea, L Cape Lawson (flower June 22);

Black Hook (flower June 24) ;
Duck Islands; Cape Searle;
Pond's Bay ; Durban.

Epilobium latifoliura, L Cape Searle (flower August 23);

Cape Dudley Digges, sea-level
to 500 feet ; Durban.

Saxifraga tricuspidata, JRe^j? Cape Searle (flower August 21);

Cape Dudley Digges.

S. nivalis, L Operniwick ; Cape Searle (flower

August 21) ; Black Hook ; Dur-
ban.

S. caespitosa, L Pond's Bay; Operniwick; Waigat

Strait; Cape Searle (August 21
in flower).

S. cernua, L Pond's Bay; Operniwick; Cape

Searle (in flower August 23) ;
Durban.

S. rivularis, L MoUymoak Head.

S. rivularis, var. hyperborea Black Hook, three miles inland.

S. oppositifolia, 1/ Cape Lawson (flower June 22);

Exeter Bay ; Waigat Strait.

Galium pusillum, L Cape Dudley Digges.

Gnaphalium supinum, L Durban (September 1, in flower);

Cumberland Inlet.

Arnica montana, L Frau Islands ; Cape Searle ; Durban .

Erigeron uniflorum, L. Cape Searle.

Campanula linifolia,y4. DC Cape Searle (flower August 21);

Durban.

Vaccinium uliginosum, L Operniwick ; Durban (flower Sept. 1 ) .

Azalea procumbens, L Operniwick; Duck Islands; Dur-
ban (flower July 13).

Pyrola rotundifolia, L Cape Dudley Digges ; Durban, sea-
level to 200 feet (flower Septem-
ber 1).

Cassiopea tetragon a, Do?i Operniwick; Exeter Bay; Black

Hook, sea-level to 500 feet.

Ledum palustre, L Durban ; Cumberland Inlet.

Phyllodoce taxifolia, Don Durban (flower August 21 ).

Rhododendron Lapponicum, L. ... Cape Lawson (flower June 22);

Durban (flower September 1).

Arctostaphylos alpina, -Sprew^reZ ... Exeter Bay ; Durban.

112 DK. E. DICKIE ON ARCTIC PLANTS.

Menyanthes trifoliata, L Exeter Bay.

Armeria maritima, Willd Cape Searle.

Diapensia Lapponica, L Frau Islands.

Mertensia maritima, Don E. side of Searle Roads.

Pedicularis hirsuta, L Cape Lawson (flower June 22);

Opemiwiek (flower July 6) ; Black

Hook (flower July 12).
Empetrum nigrum, L Opemiwiek, sea-level to 800 feet

(flower July 15).

Polygonum viviparum, L Cape Searle; Opemiwiek; Durban.

Oxyria reniformis, He7Z Opemiwiek, sea-level to 400 feet

(flower,July 15).
Salix arctica, R. Br Operniwick ; Four Island Point ;

Exeter Bay ; North Foreland ;

Durban.

S. herbacea, L Operniwick (flower July 15).

Tofieldia borealis, fFiay Durban; Operniwick.

Juncus biglumis, L Durban.

Luzula campestris, R. Br Operniwick ; Frau Islands ; North

Foreland ; Cape Lawson ; Cape

Searle.

L. hyperborea, R. Br. Durban; Cumberland Inlet.

Festuca brevifolia, R. Br Durban Harbour.

Poa abbreviata, R. Br Durban Harbour.

P. caesia, Sm North Foreland.

P. arctica. Hook."? Operniwick, sea-level to 1000 feet.

Phippsia algida, JR. Br Cape Dudley Digges; Cumberland

Inlet.

Hierochloe pauciflora, R. Br Cape Searle.

Alopecurus alpinus, Sm Cape Lawson ; Cape Searle ; Black

Hook ; Cumberland Inlet.

Trisetum subspicatum, BeaMi? Cape Searle; Durban.

Eriophorum vaginatum, L Black Hook ; Operniwick.

E. polystachyum, L Black Hook; Durban.

Carex nardina, Fries Cape Searle; Waigat; Operniwick;

Durban.

C. rupestris, AIL, No. 2. Cape Lawson.

C. glareosa, Wahl "Waigat Strait ; Durban ; Cumber-
land Inlet.

C. fuliginosa, Sternb. ^' Hoppe Cape Searle; Black Hook.

C. stans, Drejer Cape Searle ; Durban.

C. compacta, R. Br Operniwick.

Lycopodium Selago, L Cape Lawson ; Durban, sea-level to

800 feet.

Equisetum arvense, L Durban Harbour.

Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh Black Hook, at 400 feet.

MB. M. T. MASTEBS ON A NEW SPECIES OF EELLEVALIA. 113

On a new species of Bellevalia from Mount Ida. By Maxwell
T. Masters, Esq., Lecturer on Botany at St. George's Hos-
pital, &c. Communicated by the Secretary.
[Read May 6, 1858.]

Among the plants collected on Mount Ida by the medical officers
attached to the Civil Hospital at Renkioi, during the Crimean war,
is what appears to be a new species of Muscari, or rather of Belle-
valia, Kunth. For this opportunity of describing it, I am indebted
to my friends Drs. Armitage and Playne ; and I regret that the
name proposed for it (supposing it to be an undescribed species
of Muscari) is not applicable. Under this name, Muscari latifo-
Hum, it has been described by Dr. Kirk, one of its discoverers,
in a paper read before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, in
January, and reported in the 'Edinburgh New Philosophical
Journal ' for April. But though in habit and external appearance
it presents the greatest resemblance to the species of Muscari,
yet the form of the perianth and the consolidated condition of the
styles and stigmata necessitate its being placed in the genus
Bellevalia of Kunth. If I am right in this conjecture, I would
venture to propose the name of Bellevalia Mtiscarioides for it, and
thus to define its characteristics more fully than has been done in
the report above referred to.

Bellevalia. Floribus inferioribus campanulatis basi angulatis
pedicellatis horizontaliter patentibus vel pendentibus ; superiori-
bus tubulosis sessilibus approximatis neutris ; folio unico erecto
oblongo-acuto versus basin attenuate.

Descr. — Habit, that of the species of Botryanihus or Mus-
cari, Kunth. — Bulb ovate. Leaf erect, oblong-acute, tapering
towards the base, 6-8 inches long, greatest width 8-10 lines.
^ca'pe erect, twice the length of the leaves, bearing an oblong
crowded raceme 1-2 inches long ; lower pedicels horizontal or
pendent, 2-3 lines long, decreasing in length upwards; upper-
most flowers sessile. Bracts minute, membranaceous, lanceolate;
Berianth in perfect flowers purple, 2-3 lines long, deciduous, cam-
panulate, angular at the base, not contracted at the throat, limb
divided into six short-ovate connivent lobes. Upper flowers azure-
blue, tubular, sessile, barren. Stamens six, arising from the middle
of the tube of the perianth, included. Anthers adnate, bluish.
Ovary deeply three-lobed, slightly rugose on the surface, three^
celled, each cell containing two large flattened ovules superposed.
Style one, tapering, as long as the ovary, included. Stigma entire

LINN. PROG. — BOTANY. I

114

DR. F. MUELLER ON A.USTRALIAK ACACI.T:.

Fruit membranaceous, three-celled. Seeds two in each cell,
large, compressed, testa brown.

The habit and general appearance of this plant are so entirely
those of the species of Botryanthus or Muscari, Kunth, that some
doubt may well be entertained as to whether this may not be merely
a variety of one of the species of one or other of those genera.
K so, the validity of the genus JBellevaliaj as distinct from the
above-mentioned, will be much impaired. In the meantime, as
the present plant agrees entirely with the genus Bellevalia in the
characters derived from the perianth and reproductive organs, no
other course seems open than to consider it a new species of that
genus.

x3

Contributiones ad Acaciarum Australise Cognitionem. By Dr.
Ferdinand Mueller, Government Botanist, and Director
of the Melbourne Botanic Garden, Victoria. Communicated
by George Bentham, Esq., V.P.L.S., with notes on the new

species.

[Kead May 6th, 1858.]

[Dr. Mueller's contributions are not only valuable for the num-
ber of new and well-marked species which he has added to this
extensive and polymorphous genus, but still more so for the addi-
tional characteristic notes which enable us more or less to com-
plete our knowledge of many species previously published from
specimens so incomplete that they could scarcely be recognized.
And there is still very much that is doubtful, chiefly from the
difficulty of procuring specimens in fruit, or, when procured, of
matching them with certainty with the flowering specimens. In
so far as the specimens have admitted of it, I have, at Dr. Mueller's
request, carefully compared his species with those nearly allied to
them, and added any remarks which suggested themselves, at the
end of his descriptions. In the few cases where I clearly identified
them with others previously described, I have given the published

DR. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIJE. 115

names, adding his manuscript ones for the purpose of reference,
and retaining his characters as completing our previous knowledge
of the plants. The following general observations by Dr. Mueller
were contained in the letter to Sir W. Hooker, which accompanied
this paper. — Gr. B.]

The Uninerves, although comprising such a large array of species
in the southern latitudes of Australia, are exceedingly rare within
the tropics. Indeed, only two desert plants of wide range, A.
Sentis (doubtfully combined by Mr. Bentham with A. decora) and
A. salicina, Ldl., accompany some of their usual companions as
far as North Australia ; and only a solitary new one, allied to
A. elliptica, was observed in the Grregorian journey. Those of this
group, which extend to subtropical latitudes in East Australia, are
for the greater part identical with southern forms (for instance,
Acacia falcata, penninerms, suaveolens, oleifolia) ; still A. podalyri'
folia and A. prominens, from Moreton Bay and Wide Bay, are
not to be found in Australia Felix. The plant referred by Mr.
Bentham, in the 'Linnaea,' to the last-mentioned species, is as-
suredly distinct, and probably A. lunata, Sieber. A new species,
of this section, allied to A. vestita, seems to be restricted to the
warmer parts of the east coast, while my southern collections
exhibit three other unknown kinds. I feel very reluctant to com-
bine our common A. reclinata with what I assumed to be A.
leprosa, which is with us a rare species, occurring towards the
sources of the Yarra. Unfortunately, many kinds ripen the fruits
so rarely, that one of the best specific characters for distinction in
this genus also remains often beyond avail. A. imhricata, from
Spencer's Gulf, belongs to the Uninerves, not to A. conferta
amongst Brimioidece, which I noticed near Wide Bay. The
habitat " Ponindi," mentioned under A. vernicijlora in the ' Lin-
nsea,' vol. xxvi., belongs to A. dodonccifolia, Bauer having, no doubt,
collected it on the very spot, near Port Lincoln. A. salicina is
remarkable for the scarlet arillus which surrounds the seed, — a
character in which, as far as I know, only A. melanoxylon partici-
pates. Acacia gladiiformis and A. haheoides seem combinable.
Nearly related to them is A. notahilis, a desert plant of Spencer's
Gulf and Lake Torrens, but scarcely referable to A. obtusata^
Sieb., a mountain-plant of East Australia. I venture also to
deviate from Mr. Bentham' s opinion when he unites A. microcarpa
(singular for the smallness of its fruit) with A. huxifolia ; for the
figure in Sir W. Hooker's ' Icones Plantarum ' seems to exliibit
something very different.

i2

1 16 DE. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALTAIf ACACIJE.

The section Brachybotryae is not well represented in the tropics.
We observed of it, in Mr. G-regory'a expedition, only two new
species, — one with winged fruit, the other an Acacia from N."W.
Australia, mentioned by Mr. Bentham under A. melanoxylon as
imperfectly known from Cunningham's collection, and of w^hich a
full description will be found in the accompanying pages. Both
show the rather unusual character amongst phyllodineous Acacice^
of being deprived of the strophiolum. A. complanata and A. venulosa
are not found beyond the warmer parts of East Australia. Unless
imperfect specimens misled me in judging, I may pronounce that
A. pendula and A. sclerophylla extend through Central Australia
to Arnhem's Land, where A. translucens was likewise noticed. We
possess a common desert-plant in South Australia and Australia
Eelix, enumerated in the ' Linnsea ' (1856) as A. elongata ; it seems
to me not identical with the Blue Mountain plant, which I have
compared, but rather to belong to A. viscidula. A. multinervia
is found rarely in this colony ; but quite common is A. iKMnalophyllay
from Lake Torrens to the Darling and Murray, where A. steno-
phylla likewise occurs. In a retrospective view it will be seen
that 64 well-marked species alone occur in the collections of the
North Australian Expedition, of which, after a patient scrutiny, I
am obliged to admit 33 as new. By a further addition of some
unpublished extratropical kinds, already contained in my former
collections, the number of Australian Acacias becomes advanced
to beyond 300, notwithstanding that some reductions of former
species have been effected on this occasion. Most singular is
the vast preponderance of Juliferce in N. Australia, being nearly
equal in number to those of all other sections collectively. Only
4 desert-species traverse Australia from south to north ; and 8
only have hitherto been traced from Western Australia into
the south-eastern portion of this continent. If, on the contrary,
I rightly unite Acacia cuspidata with A. diffusa, not one of the
Tasmanian species shows itself restricted to that island, except
A, axillaris.

Mr. Gregory observes that no pinnate-leaved Acacia is harboured
by the interior of West Australia.

Series I. Phyllodinece.
§ 1. AphyllfB.

1. Acacia spinescens, Bth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 322,

pi. 2.
Ad sinum Spencer's Gulf, C. Wilhelmi. Ad sinum St. Vincent's Gulf,

prope montes Barossa Range. Ad flumen Onkaparinga.

DK. E. MUELLER ON AUSTUALIAN ACACIA. 117

Legumina glabra coriacea valde curvata fusca basi acuta apice obtusa
CDervia tenuiter marginata, intus coutinua inter semina valde con-
tracta, 1|" longa v. breviora, \^"' latitudine vix excedentia. Semina
turgide ovata 1'" tantum longa nitentia sordide obseuro-fusea utrinque
areola cinerascenti notata. Strophiolum pallidum cymbiformi- acumi-
natum dimidium semen saltern aequans.

§ 2. Alatcd.

2. Acacia Muelleri, Benth. in Linncea, xxvi. p. 603. (Acacia mega-
phylla, Ferd. Mueller, MS.)

In ditione districtus Portus Lincoln, C. Wilhelmi.

Phyllodia crasso-coriacea raro oblongo-lanceolata. Capitula laete lutea.
Calyx r" circiter longus glaber campanulato-cylindraceus ; dentes
breves triangulares conniventes. Petala lanceolato-linearia inferne
cohaerentia. Legumina coriacea fusca corapressa oblonga ad crassum
marginem flexuosa oligosperma circ. \^" longa, fere |" lata, in
stipitem brevem contracta, intus continua. Semina compresso-ovata
e sordide cano et nigro variegata. Strophiolum lividum cyrabiformi-
ianceolatum acuminatum in funiculum longissimum varie implexum
rufum transiens.
[In publishing this species as A. Muelleri, I stated my reasons foriiot

adopting Dr. Miiller's manuscript name, which appeared to me too little

appropriate in a genus which contains so many species with phyllodia

twice or three times as large. — G. B.]

§ 3. ArmatcB.

'6. Acacia armata, R. Br. in Ait. Hart. Kew. ed. 2. vol. v. p. 463.
Ad sinum Spencer's Gulf, C. Wilhelmi.

§ 4. Triangulares.

4. Acacia pravifolia, n. sp. Puberula, ramulis rigidis spinescen-
tibus teretibus striatis, stipulis brevibus setaeeis v. subulatis deciduis,
phyllodiis parvis triangularibus crasso-coriaceis paucinerviis acutis
mucronatis, angulo superiore valde protracto obtuso eglanduloso,
capitulis subsessilibus v. breviter pedunculatis axillaribus solitariis,
bracteolis magnis subcordatis, sepalis spathulatis diu cohserentibus
coroUam dimidiam sequantibus margine ciliolatis, leguminibus pubes-
centibus spiraliter contortis.

In montibus Flinders et Elder's Range, et ad Crystal Brook.

Phyllodia 1^-3'" longa et lata, '\\% A. decipientis non absimilia, nervo
infimo magis prominente. Flores I'" longi. Calyx satis laxus. Le-
gumina circ. 1^'" lata.

lUustris Bentham forsan optime judicans hancce speciem cum sua A.
sublanata combinat, tacens autem de bracteolarum indole et ramo-
rum rigiditate pungeute. Nee vidit pedunculorum brevitatem. Le-

118 DE. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIA.

gumina psene cincinnata contorta affinitatem cum A. obliqua et A.

acinacea demonstrant.

[Dr. Mueller's specimens were so very imperfect, that I was unable
to detect any specific difference between them and A. sublunata. The
branches in Bauer's specimen are not pungent ; but they are almost
as stiff as in Mueller's, and they may not unlikely become pungent.
The bracts, however, in Bauer's plant certainly are not such as Miiller
describes them; they are broad at the base, with a narrow subulate
point as long as the flower. — G. B.]

5. Acacia obliqua, AH. Cunn. ex Bent h. in Hook. Lotid. Journ. i. 334.
Prope raontes Buffalo Range. Ad sinum St. Vincentii alibique in

colonia South Australia.

Frutex pluripedalis, ramis ssepe arcuatis. Ramuli plurimi conspicue
angulati. Calyx 5-partitus corollae dimidium subsequans, laciniis
spathulato-linearibus. Legumina fuscescentia setate fere nigrita
tenui-coriacea insigniter cincinnato-spiralia stipitata enervia circiter
1^'" lata. Semina subfusco-nigrescentia fere reniformia nitentia 2'"
longa breviter pallide strophiolata.

Variat glabra et pubescens,

6. Acacia pravissima {Ferd. Mueller, First Gen. Report; Benth. in
hinncea, xxvi. p. 608, adnot.). Arborescens, glaberrima, virens,
ramulis gracilibus angulosis, stipulis perminutis subulatis v. oblite-
ratis, phyllodiis parvis tenui-coriaceis oblique triangularibus v. trape-
zoideis mucronulatis opacis imperfecte binerviis venosis supra basin
glandulam gerentibus, angulo superiore rotundato-obtuso, racemis
polycephalis phyllodia longe superantibus summis paniculam consti-
tuentibus, bracteis minutis cymbiformi-deltoideis, capitulis pauci-
floris, bracteolis rhomboideis fimbriatis, calyce obtuse 5-dentato
petalis fere triplo breviore, leguminibus compressis linearibus tenui-
coriaceis obtusis breviter stipitatis fuscescentibus enerviis margine
repandis intus continuis, seminibus nigritis compresso-ovatis minutim
livide strophiolatis vix areoligeris.

In vallibus et ad torrentium ripas tractus Buffalo Range et secus partes
superiores fl. Snowy River.

Arbuscula v. frutex pulcherriraus flexilis altitudinem 20' attinens.
Cortex sordide fuscus laevis. Rami ssepe recumbentes. Ramuli
elongati adscendentes. Phyllodia utplurimum 3-4'" rarius ad 6'"
longa et lata, sessilia, nervis antice evanescentibus, supero tenuiore.
Racemi jam ante anthesin 1-2-unciales. Flores tantum e residuis
aunotinorum descripti. Legumina bipollicaria v. breviora, 2'" lata.
Semina sesquilineam metientia.

Stirps quam maxime memorabihs, species triangulares, quibuscum
phyllodiis convenit, cum quibusdara sectionis uninerviarum inflo-
rescentia convenientium (e. g. A. vestita, A. cultriformi, et A. sca-
pnliformi) conjungens. Anth. vere.

Dfi. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIJi:. 119

[This will probably prove a very distinct species, if more perfect
specimens show the inflorescence to be normal. The capitula appear
to be reduced to a single flower each, and are arranged in a simple
raceme ; but it is not impossible that the whole may be a monstrous or
abnormal elongation of the axis of a single capitulum. — G. B.]

7. Acacia stipulosa, n. sp. Glanduloso-pubescens, ramulis tereti-
usculis, stipulis persistentibus setaceis inferne connatis ciliolatis, phyl-
lodiis confertis parvis oblique lanceolatis curvatis mucronatis tenuiter
plurinerviis, margine supero prope medium glanduligero, pedunculis
axillaribus solitariis monocephalis phyllodium superantibus capitulis
globosis multifloris puberulis, bracteolis acutissimis, sepalis liberis
linearibus obtusis corollaa subcequilongis, leguminibus coriaceis lato-
linearibus hispidulis curvatis sessilibus intus subcontinuis inter semina
non contractis, seminibus ovatis leviter compressis lucenti-nigris
utrinque impressis strophiolo pallido plicato triplo breviore sufiiiltis.

Secus partes australes fluminis Victorise. Hb. M. No. 71 •

Phyllodia 1^3'" longa, 1-1^'" lata, mucrone tenui terminata. Stipules

1-1|"' longae. Capitula laete lutea. Corolla vix 1'" longa. Le-

gumen circiter sesquipoUicare acutum, 3'" latum, satis compressum

dilute fuscum. Semina 1^'" longa.
Hue pertinere videtur A. deltoidea /3. pungens, Bth. I. c. p. 333, vix

autem varietas primaria Cunninghami.

[This plant diff'ers from the true^. deltoidea chiefly in the hairy pod;
it is also generally more downy ; but I have still considerable doubts
whether it will not prove a mere variety of ^. deltoidea. — G. B.]

8. Acacia Gunnii, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ., i. p. 332 ; J. D. Hook.
Fl. Tasman., t. xviii. (A. vomeriformis, A. Cunn. ex Bth. I. c.)

In montibus ad sinum St. Vincent's Gulf et coloniae Victoriae, e. g.
Grampians, Mount Alexander, &c.

§ 5. Pungentes.

.9. Acacia latipes, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 334.

n. 40.
Ad sinum Spencer's Gulf, C. Wilhelmi.
Quidem nee flores nee fructus vidi ; speciem autem phyllodiorum forma

facile recognitam hac occasione nolui praeterire.

10. Acacia phlebocarpa, n. sp. Fruticosa, viscidula, parce pube-
rula, mox glabrata, ramulis teretiusculis, phyllodiis patentibus angusto-
lanceolatis acutis subsessilibus breviter mucronatis basi minute glan-
duligeris multinerviis sequilateris, nervo mediano prominente, stipulis
triangularibus acuminatis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis monoce-
phalis phyllodio parum v. dimidio brevioribus, sepalis oblongo-linea-

120 DB. F. MUELLER OK AUSTllALIAN ACACIJ5.

ribus obtusis demum liberis vix corollae dimidium aequantibus, legu-
mine fuscescente coriaceo arcuato acuto subsessili marginato compresso
venoso imperfecte oblique septato, seminibus nitenti-nigris ovato-
rotundis leniter compressis areolam circularem utrinque gerentibus
strophiolo bilobo pallido basi amplexis.
Hab. In locis petrseis ad ortiim fluvii Seven Emu River sinus Carpen-

taria3. No. 41.
Frutex 2-5'. Phyllodia rigidula 1-1|" longa, li-2i"' lata. Pedunculi
crassiusculi. FZores glutinosi 1'" paulo excedentes. Legumina 1-2"
longa, cireiter 2'" lata. Semina li'" longa.

[Closely allied to A. cochlearis, Labill. The phyllodia are rather
thicker ; the nerves, especially the lateral ones, less distinct ; the minute
brown stipules are broader, and the pod broader, thicker, with a more
thickened margin, and much curved, that of A. coc^Ze«m being nearly
straight.— G. B.]

11. Acacia colletioides, Benih. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 336.
n. 4^.

Ad sinus St. Vincent's Gulf and Spencer's Gulf.

Legumen arcuatum v. cyclicum tenui-coriaceum 1-^" longum, cireiter

2'" latum, extus sordide fuscum, intus continuum sessile acuminatum.

Semina obscure fusca nitentia ovato-globosa turgida 1'" paulo exce-

dentia strophiolo cymbiformi fuscescente praedita.

12. Acacia sicuLiEFORMis {Cunn.; Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i.
p. 337. — Acacia patens, F. Muell. MSS.). Glabra, erecta, ramulis
teretiVi^QvXi^, phyllodiis reverso-patentibus coriaceis angusto- et oblique
lanceolatis basi angustatis apice acutis mucronatis uninerviis indistincte
venulosis prope basin et juxta medium obscure glanduligeris, stipulis
minutis agglutinatis lanceolato-subulatis, pedunculis axillaribus soli-
tariis phyllodia paulo superantibus monocephalis, capitulis globosis
multifloris, leguminibus chartaceis linearibus rectis compressis enerviis
spadiceis gracili-stipitatis intus continuis ad suturas flexuosis, semini-
bus ovatis leniter compressis minutissime strophiolatis obscure fuscis
nitidis.

Ad rivos Hooker's et Sturt's Creek. No. 4.

Phyllodia 4-10"" longa, 1-1|^"' lata. F/ore* evoluti desunt. Legumina

1-1^"' longa et totidem lineas lata tenuiter marginata. Seminal'"

paulo excedentia.
A. diffuscB proxima.
Alteram hujus sectionis speciem tropicam et probabiliter A. siculceformi

proximam absque floribus fructibusque vidi in montibus inter flumen

Suttor et planitiem Peak Downs sitis.

[F. Mueller's specimens of A. patens appear to agree in every respect
with the original ones of A. siculceformis . — G. B.]

13. Acacia Stuartiana, Ferd. Muell. et Benth. in Linnaa, xxvi. p. fi09 ;
J. D. Hook. Fl. Tasman. p. 104, t. 19.

DE. F. MUELLEB ON AUSTKALIAK ACACIA. 121

Frutex orgyalis amplus v. humilior. Semina ovata satis turgida 1'" paulo
longiora e spadiceo nigrita lucida.

14. Acacia cuspidata, All. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. i. p.
337. n. 51.

Haud rara in colonia Victoriae.

Legumina lato-linearia leniter compressa parum curvata fusca enervia
marginata breviter stipitata acuminata 1^-3" longa, 2'" lata v. paulo
latiora ad suturas recta intus continua, valvis coriaceis chartaceis. Se-
mina atra vix nitidula ovata leniter compressa ly-2'" longa, strophiolo
brevi crassiusculo sordide fulvescente suifulta.

15. Acacia Brownii, Steudel, Nomencl. Bot. i. p. 2.
Variis locis in Australia Felice.

Legumina chartacea dilute fusca. Semina nitida nigro-spadicea 1^'"
longa ovata leniter compressa strophiolo brevi fulvescente praedita.

16. Acacia rupicola, Ferd. Mueller ex Benth. in Linncea xxvi. p. 610.
In montibus Lofty Range et ad fluraen Bremer.

Le^Mwiwa bipollicaria vel breviora circiter2"'lata fuscescentia compressa
coriacea plus minusve curvata indistincte venulosa intus continua,
basi stipitato-attenuata. Semina nigro-fusca nitidula circiter 2'" longa
compresso-ovata strophiolo pallido majusculo praedita.

17. Acacia sphacelata, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 338.
n. 34. (A. tetragonophylla, Ferd. Muell. No. 6.)

In pascuis siccis subsalinis ad lacum Torrens.

Frutex divaricato-ramosissimus, raro arbuscula. Rami validi cano-ni-
grescentes. Phyllodia f-1^" longa, ^-1'" lata. Pedunculi axillares
solitarii vix semunciales. Sepala linearia obtusa prorsus libera et di-
stantia, corollae dimidium aequantia apice non nigrescentia. Bracteolee
spathulato-lineares. Legumina sessilia compressa valde curvata
marginata.

Specimina dubie hue relata, a cl. Bentham ad A. Brownii reducta.

18. Acacia ovoidea, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. i. p. 339, f. ; Hook.
Flor. Tasman. p. 105. t. xx.

In paludosis et irriguis colonise South Australia affatim occurrens. In
terra Gipps Land et aliis partibus colonise Victorise minus frequens
quam A. verticillata.

19. Acacia verticillata, W. Sp. PL i v. p. 1049.

y. cephalantha, phyllodiis tenuissimis setaceo-subulatis, spicis depaupe-
ratis ad capitula subglobosa reductis, calycibus corolla ter quaierve
brevioribus.

Ad umbrosas subsalinas fluvii Yarra.

Varietas insignis solo peculiari orta clare in formam normalem transiens.

20. Acacia Riceana, Henslow in the Botanist, iii. p. 135.
In silvis densis montium ad Sealers' Cove.

Antea tantum in Tasmania reperta.

122 DE. r. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIJE.

§ 6. Calamiformes.

2\. Acacia piNiFOhiA {Benth.in Mitch. Subtrop. Austr.Y>. 342. — Acacia
tenuissima, n. sp.). Glabra, ramulis teretiusculis, phyllodiis tenuis-
simis elongatis tetragono-filiformibus curvato-mucronulatis, stipulis
minutis deltoideis diu persistentibus, pedunculis brevibus solitariis
monocephalis, leguminibus chartaceis lato-linearibus rectis compressis
marginatis enerviis ad suturas vix flexuosis breviter stipitatis basi et
apice acutis.

In locis lapidosis aridis ad originem fluvii M*Arthur sinus Carpentaria
Gulf. No. 5.

Frutex 5-8'. Phyllodia 3-8" longa, \-^"' tantum crassa. Flores desunt.
Pedunculi leguminigeri fere semunciales. Legumina 2-4" longa,
1^-2^" lata. Semina matura deficiunt.

Num eadem sit ac Acacia pinifolia (Bentham in Mitchell, Trop. Austr.
p. 342) comparatio speciminum doeebit.
[These specimens are in fruit ; Mitchell's were in flower ; but they

appear in other respects identical. Dr. Mueller had inadvertently given

the name of ^. tenuissima to two species; but the present one proving

to be already published, his name will be retained for the one described

below (No. 74).— G. B.]

22. Acacia chordophylla, Ferd. Muell. ex Benth. in Linncea, xxvi. p.
612.

Ad fluvium Murray.

Corolla calycem ciliolatum semisuperans. Legumen l|-2" longum et
totidem lineas latum chartaceum dilute fuscum inter semina flexuoso-
constrictum. Semina ovata nitenti-fusca leviter compressa \\"' longa
strophiolo livido fere 1'" metiente suifulta.

A. ephedroidi inter Juliferas valde cognata.

23. Acacia leptoneura, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. i. p. 340. n. 64.
Ad sinum Spencer's Gulf, C. Wilhelmi.

Frutex laxus ramosissimus pluripedalis. Phyllodia in speciminibus cultis
multo longiora et magis compressa quam in spontaneis A. chordo-
phyllcB, abs quo etiam differre videtur corolla calycem paulo nee semi-
superante. Pedunculi capitulo aequilongi appresso-puberuli.

24. Acacia sericophylla, n. sp. Subsericeo-puberula, ramis tere-
tiusculis, phyllodiis filiformi-linearibus elongatis muticis subtilissime

striolatis, floribus , leguminibus coriaceis elongatis curvatis

torulosis inter semina conspicue constrictis extus tenuissime cano-
puberulis.

In eremo ad flumen Suttor.

Phyllodia 5-8'" longa, 1'" lata, compresso-filiformia canescentia. Le-
gumen circiter semipedale circiter 4'" latum. Semina et flores non-
dum visa.

Species A. calamifolice proxima.

[Of this I have seen no specimen. — G. B,]

DR. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIA. 123

25. Acacia nematophylla, Ferd. Muell. ex Benih. in Linneea, xxvi. p.
612.

Spencer's Gulf, C. Wilhelmi.

Legumina pliiripoUicaria, circiter 3'" lata, coriacea corrugata, demum
fuscescentia, satis compressa, ad suturas flexuosa. Semina atra opaca
ovata V. oblongo-ovata satis compressa stropliiolo crasso fulvido fere
cymbiformi 1'" longitudine excedente suffulta.

Acacia Wilhelmiana* , a g1. Bentham, I. c, cum A. nematophylla con-
juncta mihi satis singularis videtur visciditate, phyllodiis brevioribus
obtusioribus et leguminibus multo minoribus vix l^^'" latis. Ceterum
vidi nulla hujus speciei exemplaria nisi imperfecta.

Frutex orgyalis satis amplus.

Specimina cujusdam Acacioe ad sinum Spencer's Gulf a G. Wilhelmi
coUecta, phyllodiis A. calamifolice simillima legumine compresso (etsi
magis recto et vix flexuoso) ad A. nematophyllam accedens, aut hujus
format varietatem insignem aut potius speciem propriam phyllodiis
longioribus acutioribus, legumine fere chartaceo et strophiolis angus-
tioribus singularem.

7. BrunioidecB.

26. Acacia lycopodifolia, All. Cunn. in Hook, Ic. ii. t. 172.
In clivis petraeis ad flumen Victoriae.

Frutex 2-3' difFusus. Rami cano-pubescentes. Flores puberuli. Calyx
corolla breviter 5-loba fere quater brevior, acute dentatus. Br act e-
olcB diu persistentes angusto-lanceolatae v. lineares acutissimse ciliatae
circiter 1'" longse. Legumina sessilia l-l^" longa circ. 2^'" lata
marginata fusca. Semina pauca v. plura, immatura late ovata nigrita
compressa strophiolo cymbiformi triple breviore livido praedita.

27. Acacia galioides, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 344.
In praeruptis rupestribus ad flumen Victoriae.

Frutex humilis. Bracteolce lanceolatae acutissimae ciliolatae infracto-
unguiculatae. Calyx triente corollae pubescentis paulo longior acute
dentatus. Legumina longe stipitata valde compressa fuscescentia
marginata parce viscidulo-puberula bipollicaria vel breviora, vix 5'"
lata, transverse plus minus impressa. Semina 10 v. pauciora, imma-
tura iis A. lycopodifolicB similia.

28. Acacia asperulacea, n. sp. Glabra v. pubescens, ramulis tenui-
bus teretiusculis, stipulis lanceolato-linearibus subulatis subappressis,
phyllodiis verticillatis teretiusculis subcanaliculatis apice recurvis
mucronulatis, pedunculis phyllodia superantibus, capituhs multifloris,
bracteolis unguiculatis lanceolato-linearibus acutissimis, calycis 5-
fidi dentibus acutissimis, corolla 5 loba striolata calycem fere duplo
superante, leguminibus rectis lato-linearibus sessilibus compressis

* Ferd. Mueller, in Transact. Phil. Society Victoria, p. 37.

124 DR. Y. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIJE.

basi et apice acutis marginatis fuscis Isevibus continuis, semini-

bus

In plaga petrsea (Sandstone table-land) terrae Amhemicae et ad flumen

Victoriae. Hb. M. 1 & 73 partim.
Rami adscendentes. Phyllodia 2-4'" longa, in quoque vertieillo 8-14.

Stipules lineam metientes v. breviores. Capitula 3-4'" diaraetro

tenentia nee ut in ^4. Baueri minima. Legumina circiter 1|" longa,

2'" lata.

[Closely allied to the A. Baueri, of which it has the foliage ; but the
heads of flowers, as well as the flowers themselves, are twice the size.
— G. B.]

29. Acacia subternata, n. sp. Glabra, ramuHs augulatis sulcatis
junioribus innovationibusque viscidulis, stipulis minimis v. obliteratis,
phyllodiis lineari-filiformibus compressis ut plurimum ternatim con-
fertis rarius geminis sparsisve brevissime recurvo-cuspidatis, pedun-
culis solitariis phyllodia superantibus, capitulis multifloris glabris,
calycis corolla semibrevioris 5-partiti laciniis spathulato-linearibus
obtusis, legumine piano crasso-coriaceo marginato lanceolato sensim
in basin longe angustato oblique striate et oblique septato, semi-
nibus

In plaga elevata petrsea terrae Arnhemicae ad flumina Yictoriae (No. 73

partim). Roper et Limmen; Bight River.
Frutew 3-5'. Phyllodia 3-6'" longa,, y'lx ^"' lata. CoroW« 5-fidae circ.

r" longae. Legumina addito stipite l|-2" longa, 2-2^'" lata.
Species insignis, quintae seriei Juliferarum quoad legumina approxi-

mans, ceteroquin ad Brunioideas certe pertinens.

[Appears to be a good species. The arrangement of the phyllodia
(should it prove constant) is singular : they are neither verticillate, as
in the Brunioidea verticillata, nor solitary at each node, as in the
Brunioidea sparsifolia ; but in most cases in fascicles of 2, 3, or 4
from each node, something like the leaflets of Aspalathus. — G. B.]

30. Acacia conferta, J//. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Loud. Journ. of Bot.
i. p. 345.

Near Balmy Creek and near Mount Mereval, Sir T. H. Mitchell. In
collibus ad flumen Dawson, Ferd. Mueller, No. 2.

Frutex 1-2-orgyalis. Phyllodia semuncialia v. breviora marginulata
(nullo modo ut habet cl. Bentham margine revoluta) in speciminibus
suppetentibus acuta. Ca/ya? 5-fidus, lobis obtusis. Legumina \-\l"
longa, circiter i" lata, valde compressa, coriacea, pruinosa, ad suturas
flexuosa, oligosperma. Semina 2'" longa opaco-nigra non areolata,
strophiolo sublivido V" longo cymbiformi sustenta.

§ 8. Uninervice.

31. Acacia dictyocarpa, Beitth. in Linneea, xxvi. p. 616.

In virgultis ad flumina Ilutt et Hill River, prope St. Vincent's Gulf,

DU. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAlSr ACACIiE. 125

ad flumina Darling, Murray, et Murrumbidgee, in virgultis, ad lacum
Alexandrinae.
Frutex speciosus 3-5'. Semina 1^-2'" longa opaca atra compresso-
ovata, areola laterali conspicua. Strophiolum lividum cymbiforme
longe acuminatum dimidium seminis paulo excedens.

32. Acacia argyrophylla, Ferd. Mueller, Coll. Bot. 1847 et seq.
Ad flumen South Rhine in virgultis.

Frutex pluripedalis amplus. Legumina nigrescentia iis A. dictyocarpce
latiora.

33. Acacia podalyrifolia, A. Cunn. in G. Don, Gen. Syst. ii. p. 405. n. 85.
Wide Bay, Moore j Burnett River, Dawson River, on ridges, Ferd.

Mueller, No. 16.

Frutex altior. Legumen subsessile tenui-coriaceum oligospermum com-
planatum glaucum puberulum \^-3" longum, ^-f " latum, margina-
tum venosum flexuosum, inter semina contractum. Semina nigra
ovata satis compressa circiter2^"' longa opaca, strophiolo crasso ful-
vido triplo breviore suffulta.

Variat foliis lato-ovatis obtusis et angusto-lanceolatis acutis.

34. Acacia oleifolia. All. Cunn. in Don, Gen. Syst. Dichlam. Plants,
ii. p. 405.

Wild Dog Creek, near Mount Remarkable. In virgultis ad flumina

Dawson, Burdekin, et Burnett River. No. 22.
Capitula reperi pluriflora. Legumina subnigrescentia stipitata ut plu-

rimum l|^-2" longa laevia. Semina lucenti-nigra leviter compressa

ovata, areolis valde indistinctis. Strophiolum crassum lividum semine

triplo brevius.
Variat phyllodiis sesquilineam latis et fere 2" longis falcatis.

35. Acacia lunata, Sieb. in DC. Prodr. ii. p. 452.

In montibus sterilibus dumosis ad flumen Ovens, et in montibus

Buffalo Range.
Corolla calycem sinuato-dentatum vix ciliolatum pluries superans.
Specimina e locis supra memoratis cl. Bentham, /. c, partim dubie ad

A. bu^ifoliam partim ad A. prominentem retulit.

36. Acacia myrtifolia, Willd. Sp. PL
Frequens in coloniis South Australia et Victoria.

3/. Acacia iteaphylla, Ferd. Mueller ex Benth. in Linncea, xxvi. p. 617.

3. latifolia, phyllodiis latioribus et brevioribus.

Ad sinum Spencer's Gulf, C. Wilhelmi ; Ferd. Mueller. Ad ostium flu-
minis Murray, Wuerth.

Frutex orgyalis et altior amplus. Semina ovata leviter compressa baud
areolata 2'" longa nitidulo-nigra. Strophiolum seminis dimidium
aequans fulvescens angusto-cymbiforme. Glandula phyllodii inter-
dura a basi distans.

126 DR. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIiE.

38. Acacia pycnantha, Benth. in Hook, Lond. Journ. i. p. 351.
Frequens in coloniis South Australia et Victoria.

Arbuscula v. frutex altior. Legumina recta obscure fusca coriacea lato-
linearia marginata 2'" circiter lata, 1^-3" longa, inter semina quasi
articulatim impressa, intus continua, ad suturas non aut parum flexu-
osa. Semina circiter 1^'" metientia oblongo-ovata compressa nitenti-
nigra, areola inconspicua. Strophiolum cymbiforme acuminatum
lividura seminis dimidiura superans.

39. Acacia falcata, Willd. Sp. Plant, iv. p. 1053.
Ad flumina Brisbane, Burnett, et Dawson River.

40. Acacia penninervis, Sieb., ex DC. Prodr. ii. p. 452.

Ad flumina Burnett et Brisbane Australiae orientalis subtropicae.

No. 13, 14. Broken River ! in montibus graniticis ad Snowy River !
Legumina pallide aetate saturate fusca coriacea plana 2-5" longa, se-

munciam circiter lata venosa intus continua. Semina longitudinalia

circiter 2^'" longa nitenti-atra non areolata ovata leviter compressa.

Strophiolum obscure lividum cymbiforme acuminatum semini aequi-

longum. Funiculi pars superior crassa plicata.

41. Acacia retinodes, Schl. Linncea, xx. p. 664.
In coloniis South Australia et Victoria non rara.

Frutex altior vel arbor parva. Legumina coriacea dilute fusca paulo
pruinosa lato-linearia compressa recta stipitata 2-4" longa, circiter
3"' lata, venulosa, intus continua, ad suturas vix]^flexuosa. f .Semina
oblonga ovata compressa nigra vix nitentia 1^"' longa. Strophiolum
lividum crassiusculum cymbiforme semine aliquoties brevius.

42. Acacia salicina, Lindl. in Mitch. Three Exped. ii. p. 20.

In terra Arnhem's Land, e. g. ad flumen Roper, hb. M. 12. In eremo
ad flumen Suttor, No. 21.

Corolla calycem glabrum triplo superans. Legumina plus minus cur-
vata pallida paulo pulverulenta circiter ^" lata intus continua. Se-
mina subrotunda v. late ovata compressa splendenti-nigra laevia 2'"
metientia strophiolum coccineum longissimum flexuosum et varie pli-
catum gerentia.

^. minor, phyllodiis et leguminibus conspicue minoribus.

Spencer's Gulf, C. Wilhelmi ; St. Vincent's Gulf.

43. Acacia hakeoides, All Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
i. p. 354. (A. gladiiformis, A. C. I. c.)

In deserto ad fluvium Murray, lacum Torrens et montes Flinders

Range.
Frutex 5-6. Calyx fimbriolatus corollam dimidiam aequans. Legumina

fusca inter semina longe tenuiter contracta 3-4" longa, coriacea,

DR. F. MUELLEE ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIA. 127

loculis circiter 3'" latis turgidis. Semina oblongo-ovata nigra saltern
2'" longa. Strophiolum pallidum cymbiforme acuminatum dimidium
seminis sequans.

44. Acacia notabilis {Ferd. Mueller). Glabra, ramulis superne an-
gulatis, phyllodiis angusto- v. oblongo-lanceolatis obtusiusculis sessi-
libus crasso-coriaceis basi tantum glanduligeris marginatis uninerviis
pallidis venosis, racemis oligocephalis phyllodio brevioribus, legumi-
nibus tenui-coriaceis nigrescentibus angusto-oblongis obtusis planis
stipitatis marginatis venulosis parum pruinosis ad suturas rectis, semi-
nibus transverse sitis nigris opacis compressis ovatis strophiolo eym~
biformi livido longe acuminate dimidio longioribus areolatis.

Invicinitate portus Lincoln, C. Wilhelmi. Ad montes Flinders Range.
Frutex circa orgyalis. Phyllodia 2-4" longa, 4-6'" lata. Flores desunt.

Rachis fructifer flexuosus. Legumina 1^-2^" longa, circiter 4"' lata

intus continua. Semina circiter 2"' longa.
Species eremicola dubie a clarissimo Bentham, Acacice obtusatee montes

cseruleos inhabitanti conjuncta, potius ad A. hakeoidem (legumine

ceteroquin diversam) appropinquans.

[I have still great doubts whether this species be a good one. — G. B.]

45. Acacia rubida. All. Cunn. exBenth. in Hook. Land. Journ. i, p. 355.
In collibus petrseis inter montes May-day Hills et flumen Ovens. In

regionibus montanis graminosis ad fluraina King et Delatite. In clivis
saxosis ad fluvium Snowy River.
Arbuscula v. frutex.

46. Acacia crassiuscula, Wendl. Comment, de Acaciis aphyll. p. 31, t. 8.
/3. angustifolia, Benth. in Linnaea, xxvi. p. 619.

Ad flumen Snowy River.

y. pubescens, phyllodiis augustioribus et brevioribus glabriusculis, ra-
mulis et inflorescentia pubescentibus.

New South Wales.

b. latifolia, phyllodiis conspicue latioribus e truncato apice oblique
cuspidatis.

Snowy River.

Specimina evoluta hujus varietatis nondum vidi.

47. Acacia prominens, A. Cunn. in Don, Gen. Syst. ii. p. 406 ; non
Benth. in Linncea, xxiv. p. 620.

Frequens circum Moreton Bay, in montibus ad flumina Pine River et
Burnett. Hb. M. no. 15.

Frutex saepe biorgyalis. Calyx repando-dentatus corolla fere triplo
brevior ciliolatus. Legumen fuscescens leniter pruinosum compres-
sum fere biunciale fere ^" latum stipitatum chartaceum laeve inter
semina plus minus contractum. Semina ovata leniter compressa

128 DR. r. MUELLEB ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIA.

nitidulo-nigra laevia non areolata sesquilineam longa stropliiolo brevi
crasso livido praedita.

48. Acacia decora, Reichb. Icon. exot. t. 199. (Acacia Sentis, Ferd.
Mueller.)

In Australia centrali, Sturt. Ad flumen Victoria?, iV. 19. Secus rivos
siccos terrae Arnhemica>, No, 1 7- " Plains of Promise " sinus Car-
pentariae. No. 20, In Australia orientali tropica.

Ramuli inermes v. aetata spinis geminis praediti. Corolla glabra, circiter
ad trientem divisa, laciniis angustis, tubo tenui calycem semisupe-
rante. Calyx profunde quinquepartitus, laciniis spathulato-linearibus
apice ciliatis. Legumina chartacea complanata, 1-1^" longa, circiter
y" lata, dilute fusca, reticulato-venosa, glabra, oligosperma, inter
semina plus minus margine constricta. basi acuta, apice obtusa.
Semina suhglohosa splendentia e fulvo et spadiceo variegata sesqui-
lineam longa, strophiolo brevi carnoso fulvescente praedita.
[The specimens now sent show still more the identity of this plant

with the A. decora, Reichb. — G. B.]

49. Acacia buxifolia, A. Cunn. in Field's New South Wales, p. 344.
Pine Ridges on the Macquarie River, All. Cunn. auctoritate illustr.

Hooker.

/3. subvelutina, ramulis innovationibus rachibusque velutinis. Brac-
teolce rhombeo-cordatae fimbriolatae minutae. Calyx fimbriolatus ob-
tuse dentatus petalis fere triplo brevior. Legumen nigrescens prui-
nosum brevissime stipitatum coriaceum marginatum fere ^" latum.
Semina immatura fere rotunda nigra strophiolo livido praedita.

In tergis montium subalpinorum ad flumen Freestone River.

50. Acacia microcarpa {Ferd. Mueller, Second Gen. Rep. p. 7).
Glabra, ramulis tenuibus acute angulatis, phyllodiis lineari- v. ovato-
oblongis obliquis sessilibus uninerviis obscure venulosis obtusis re-
curvo-apiculatis infra medium glanduligeris, stipulis minutis delto-
ideis, leguminibus parvis tenui-chartaceis angustis pallidis arcuatis
inter semina parum contractis laevibus, seminibus parvis turgide ovatis
nitentibus nigro-fuscis pallide areolatis, strophiolo rotundo-ovato
acuminato vix dimidium seminis aequante.

Ad margines fruticetorum ad Tumbey Bay, C. Wilhelmi. Ad fluraina

Avoca et Murray.
Frutex pauci- v. plm*ipedalis patentim ramosissimus. Phyllodla uncialia

et breviora 1^-3'" lata. Flores omnino desunt. Legumina f-1^"

longa, circiter 1'" lata. Semina \"' paulo excedentia. Strophiolum

sordide fuscescens.
Species fructus minutie valde singularis ex icone Hook. Icon. t. 164, cum

A. buxifolia neutiquam jungenda.

[Of this I have now no specimen, the fragment I formerly saw having
been returned to Mr. Sonder. — G. B.]

DR. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIiE. 129

61. AcACiA iMBRiCATA {Fevd. Mueller, in herb. Wilhelmiano). Glabra,
ramulis confertis acute angulatis, stipulis obliteratis, phyllodiis parvis
confertis sessilibus oblongo- v. cuneato-linearibus uninerviis aveniis
apice obtusis glanduligeris et oblique cuspidato-apiculatis, pedunculis

axillaribus solitariis phyllodia superantibus, floribus ,

leguminibus dilute fuscis lato-linearibus chartaceis subsessilibus ad
suturas rectis leviter compressis pleio- v. polyspermis, seminibus ro-
tundo-ovatis leniter compressis nitentibus nigrescentibus strophiolo
cymbiformi acuminato fere duplo longioribus.

Tumbey Bey, Spencer's Gulf ad margines fruticetorum, C. Wilhelmi.

Frutex densus 3-4' altus. Phyllodia crassiuscula 2-6'" longa, |-1"'
lata. Pedunculi tenues circiter semunciales. Legumen (a Bentha-
mio in Linncea, xxvi. p. 614, sub A. conferta descriptum) H-2"
longum, 2-3'" latum. Semina fere 1^'" longa utrinque distincte
areolata.

Species certo ad uninervias pertinens, A. lineatce affinis, a Benthamio,
I. c, perperam cum A. conferta e Brunioidearum serie conjuncta, quae
difFert habitu multo altiore : ramis pubescentibus non distincte angu-
latis, phyllodiis acutis glandula terminali orbatis, nervo nullo v. indi-
stincto praeditis, satis evidenter marginulatis, legumine valde com-
presso multo latiore stipitato pruinoso oligospermo, ad suturas flex-
uoso, seminibus majoribus minus nitentibus magis compressis baud
distincte areolatis et forsan quoque floribus.
[Dr. Mueller may be correct in referring this to the Uninervije next

A. lineata. My specimen is too imperfect to determine the point.

— G. B.]

52. Acacia acinacea, Lindley in Mitch. East Austr. ii. p. 267.

In parte australi colonise Yictorise, a montibus Grampianis usque ad
rivum Forest Creek, necnon ad portum Phillip.

Frutex pluripedalis amplus ramosissimus, ramis ssepe recurvatis. Calyx
5-partitus corollam vix semisequans, laciniis lineari-spathulatis. Le-
gumen spirale quasi cinnatum, ei A. obliques persimile. Transitum
igitur a speciebus uninerviis ad triangulares parat.

53. Acacia aspera, Lindl. I. c.

In locis sterilioribus virgultorum et nemorum Australiae Felicis ; e. g,
Grampians, Black Forest, Goulburn et Broken River.

Frutex pluripedalis valde ramosus. Legumina arcuata leviter com-
pressa 1-2" longa, vix 1^"' lata, dilute fusca hispidula, ad suturas
plus minusve flexuosa, basi et apice acuta. Semina nigrescentia
ovata sesquilineam longa, strophiolo carnoso fulvido prajdita.

54. Acacia montana, Benth. I. c.

DifFert ab A. leprosa phyllodiis minoribus obscure bi- v. plurinerviis
juxta basin conspicue glanduligeris, capitulis multo intensius luteis,
LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. K

130 DR. F. MUELLER OK AUSTRALIAN ACACIiE.

pedunculis glabris et bracteolis brevioribus. Flores similes. Corolla
5-fida calycem obtuse 5-lobum puberulum semiajquans. Bractece
ad pedunculorum basin rotunda? conspicuse.

In eollibus ad flumen South Rhine.

A. sclerophylla, Lindl., cum hae confluit, nisi fruetu differt.

55. Acacia exsudans, Lindl. in Mitch. East Australia, ii. p. 216.
Differt ab A. reclinata et A. leprosa phyllodiis divaricatis brevioribus

et obtusioribus minutim apiculatis non apice sphacelatis, nervo
secundario secus marginem superum percursis, calycibus magis gla-
bris, ab A. leprosa prseterea glandula minore basali, capitulis minus
laete luteis. Legumina 1-2" longa, H-2'" lata, breviter stipitata,
viscoso-puberula lato-linearia recta compressa sordide fusca coriaceo-
chartacea. Semina ovato-oblonga nitentia fusco-nigra 1^'" metientia
longe areolata. Strophiolum crassum breve.

56. Acacia dineura, n. sp. Fruticosa, glabra, ramulis striato-angu-
latis, phyllodiis chartaceis angusto-oblongis v. oblongo-lanceolatis
obtusis leniter falcato-curvatis hinerviis reticulato-venosis ad basin
minute glandulosis, pedunculis axillaribus monocephalis solitariis
phyllodio pluries brevioribus, leguminibus complanatis stipitatis elon-
gate-oblongis marginatis venosis, suturis leniter undulatis.

In plaga arenoso-rupestri juxta originem fluviorum Roper et Limmen,

Bight River terrae Arnheraicse, h. M. no. 31.
Frutex altior. Phyllodia 2-3" longa, 3-8"' lata. Areolce venationis

magnae. Pedunculi tenues semunciam paulo excedentes. Legumina

(immatura tantum visa) 2^-5" longa, circiter f"'lata. Flores et

semina matura nondum cognita.
A. elliptic^, Cunn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. i. p. 347, et A. hemignostce

proxima.

[Appears to be a distinct species. The phyllodia are thinner and
differently shaped from the few 2-nerved species known with solitary
flower-heads. — G. B.]

57. Acacia leprosa {Sieb. in DC. Pr. ii. 450). Elatior, ramuHs
angulatis apice vix puberulis cernuis v. nutantibus, phyllodiis char-
taceis patentibus elongato- et angusto-lanceolatis leviter curvatis
sphacelato-apiculatis brevissime petiolatis basi et apice longe angus-
tatis glabris viscoso-punctatis uninerviis tenuiter reticulato-penni-
Teniis supra basin conspicue uniglandulosis, pedunculis axillaribus
geminis-quinis cano-velutinis capitulo citrino multifloro aequilongis,
corolla glabra 5-fida calycem subvelutinum dentatum semisuperante,
bracteolis lanceolatis, leguminibus

Ad ripas superiores fluvii Yarra-Dallachi.

Rami graciles elongati. Phyllodia laete viridia pleraque 3-4" longa,
3-6"' lata. Capitula suaveolentia.

DR. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIA. 131

58. Acacia leprosa {Sieb. in DC. Prod. ii. p. 450, var. sec.
Benth. — Acacia reclinata, Ferd. Mueller, First Gen. Report, p. 12).
Elatior, ramulis angulatis subglabris deraum nutantibus, phyllodiis
chartaceis patentibus lineari-lanceolatis sphacelato-apiculatis vix cur-
vatis subsessilibus ima basi minutim glanduligeris basi ut apice
sensim angustatis glabris viscoso-punctatis uninerviis tenuiter reticu-
lato-penniveniis, pedunculis axillaribus geminis ternisve capitulo sul-
phureo multifloro sequilongis puberulis, corolla glabra 5-fida calycem
dentatum puberulum semisuperante, bracteolis lanceolatis,

In vallibus Australise Felicis orientalis et litoralis.

Frutex densus alius. Phyllodia pleraque 1^-2-2" longa, 2-3'" lata.
Legumen lineare falcatum arcuatum basi et apice acutum circiter 1-
2-pollicare 1^'" latum compressum tenui-coriaceum fuscum inter
seraiua continuum non contractum.

/3. binervis, phyllodiis binerviis.

In collibus graniticis ad flumen Broken River.

A. leprosa persimilis, vix taraen ejus varietas.

[I still think it a mere variety of A. leprosa. — G. B.]

59. Acacia dodonaeifolia, Willd. Enum. PL Suppl. p. 68. (Acacia viscosa,
Schrad. in Wendl. Comment, p. 30. — Mimosa dodonaeifolia, Persoon,
Synops. ii. p. 261.)

Ad sinum Spencer's Gulf prope Port Lincoln, C. Wilhelmi.

Corolla 5-partita calycem glabrum viscidum dentatum triente supe-
rans. Bracteolcs angustissime lineares, lamina spathulata termi-
natse. Pedunculi solitarii v. gemini glabri capitulo longiores. Legu-
mina dilute fulvida 1-4^" longa, \^"' lata lato-linearia curvata visci-
dula satis compressa tenui-(;oriacea enervia intus continua inter semina
hand aut vix contracta. Semina nitentia spadiceo-nigrescentia com-
presso-ovata 1-2-2'" longa, strophiolo sordide fulvido replicato basi
suffulta. Frutex 15-20'.

Diflfert ab A. reclinata et A. leprosa phyllodiis distinctius venosis paulo
crassioribus ratione longitudinis latioribus, obtusioribus, apiculo mi-
nuto non sphacelato terminatis prope et supra medium glanduligeris
(prseter glandulam basalem), pedunculis longioribus glabris saepe soli-
tariis, calyce glabro, corolla profundius divisa, bracteolarum forma et
forsan quoque leguminibus hactenus mihi ignotis.

60. Acacia stricta, W. Sp. Plant, iv. p. 1052.
Kangaroo Island. Satis frequens in colonia Victorise.
^. binervis, phyllodiis binerviis. Tasmania, Stuart,
y. pleiocephala, racemis brevibus oligocephalis.
South Port, Tasmanise, Stuart.

61. Acacia plagiophylla, n. sp. Ramulis hirtellis angulatis, phyl-
lodiis parvis glabris triangularibus sive ovato- deltoideis sessilibus

k2

13^ DR. r. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACI-S:.

nmcronatis curvato-uninerviis subuveniis marginatis ad angulum

superura obtusiusculum glanduligeris,

Ad flumen Brisbane, No. 25, Hill et Muell.

Habitu ad Acaciam pravissimam accedens. Phyllodia 2-4'" longa,

lf-3'" lata, satis obscure viridia, nitidula. Flores et fructus hac-

tenus ignoti.

[Without further information, it will be impossible to judge of or
identify this species. There are no specimens sent. — G. B.]

§ 9. Brachyhotrycd.

62. Acacia viscidula, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. i. p. 363. no. 141 .
(Acacia elongata, Benth. in Linncea, xxvi. p. 624, non Sieber.)

Spencer's Gulf, Lake Torrens, St. Vincent's Gulf, et Murray River.

Flores minuti. S6pala spathulato-linearia vix ciliolata corollam semi-
aequantia. Legumina lineari-filiformia acuta sessilia \^-2l" longa,
circiter l^'" lata fuscata longitudinaliter venosa coriacea leniter cur-
vata, inter semina modice contracta. Semina nigro-fusca nitentia
l-l^'" longa ovata vix compressa areolata. Strophiolum crassiusculum
lividum basin seminis tantum araplexans.

A. farinos(B Siftmis.

63. Acacia farinosa, Ldndley in Mitchell's Three Exped. ii. p. 146.
Ad sinum Spencer's Gulf, C Wilhelmi.

Frutew ramosissimus laxus paucipedalis. Corollce profunde S-partitse
segmenta lanceolata glabra. Sepala libera lineari-spathulata ciliolata
petalis semisuperata. Legumina turgida glabra spadicea circiter 2"
longa, vix ultra 2'" lata, arcuata, basi obtusa sessilia, apice longe
rostrata, inter semina constricta. Semina ovata l^'" longa sordide
brunnea, strophiolo flavescente crassiusculo bilobo ter breviore
suJBFulta.

64. Acacia multinervia, DC. Legum. Mem. p. 445.
In vicinitate montis Alexander.

Flores minuti. Capitula nonnunquam terna. Calyx 5-fidiis ciliolatus.

Vidi in specimine meo ramos striato-angulatos puberulos. StipulcB

e lata basi lineari-setacese demum deciduae.
Species situ glandulae inter affines valde distincta.

[The true A. multinervia, DC, is probably one of the Pungentes, as I
pointed out (Linnaea, xxvi. p. 625). The plant here alluded to by
Dr. Mueller, among the Brachybotryse, is probably the one I myself
formerly mistook for the A. multinervia, — a variety of A. ixiophylla
with a marginal gland. I have not, however, seen any specimen from
Dr. Mueller.— G. B.]

DE. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIJE. 138

65. Acacia translucens. All. Cunn. in Hook. Icon. Plant, ii. 1. 160.

Ad rivos Sturt's Creek et Hooker's Creek Australise subcentralis et ad

flumen Victoriae in locis petraeis, Hb. Muell. No. 8, 81, et 83.
Calyx corolla aliquoties brevior. A. impress<B inter Juliferas affinis.

66. Acacia impressa {Ferd. Mueller, non Cunn.). Breviter pubes-
cens, ramulis angulatis, stipulis semilanceolatis acuminatis din per-
sistentibus, phyllodiis parvis ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis apice obtusis
cuspidato-apiculatis 3-5-nerviis anastomosanti-venosis juxta basin
obscure glanduligeris, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis phyllodio paulo
V. dimidio brevioribus (capitulis globosis v. subovatis), bracteolis lan-
ceolatis longe acuminatis, calyce 5-partito ciliolato corolla 5-fida
rigidula ter breviore, legumine fusco glutinoso pubescente oblongo-
lineari compresso vix inter semina contraeto et vix curvato intus con-
tinuo, seminibus ovatis subfuscis utrinque insigniter impressis, stro-
phiolo minuto albido.

In rupibus ad flumen Victoria River, No. 82 ; Sturt's Creek, No. 8 ; inter

Sturt's Creek et Victoria River, No. 83.
Frutex 8-12'. Phyllodia f-V longa, 3-6'" lata. Corolla V" longa.

Legumina biuncialia circiter 4'" lata. Semina vix 2'" longa.

[Very closely allied to the broad-leaved varieties of A. translucens,
Cunn , scarcely differing except in the down which covers the branches,
phyllodia, and pods. Dr. Mueller refers it to the Juliferae ; but the
capitula are globular in most of the specimens, only slightly ovoid in
the specimens numbered 82, which are almost past flower ; and the pod
is quite difierent from that of the A. Wickhami and its allies among
Juliferge.— G. B.]

67. Acacia homalophylla. All. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
ofBot. i. p. 365. no. 148.

Murray, Darling et Murrumbidgee River, Avoca, St. Vincent's Gulf,

Spencer's Gulf, Lake Torrens.
Frutex interdum arborescens. Capitula brevissime pedunculata. Se-

pala angusta basi cohserentia subpuberula coroUam semisequantia.

Legumina tortuosa coriacea extus nigrescentia 4-5" longa, semunciam

lata, acuta inter semina leniter contracta.

68. Acacia pendula. All. Cunn. in Don, Gen. Syst. ii. p. 404.
Sturt's Creek Australise subcentralis.

Specimina sine flore et fructu reperta satis dubia.

69. Acacia stenophylla. All. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of
Bot. i. p. 366. no. 151,

Ad flumen Murray prope originem fluvii Sturt's Creek Australiae

boreali-occidentalis.
Arbor minor. Legumina palhda stipitata compressa lignoso-coriacea

134 DE. r. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIA.

inter semina valde contracta, loculis vix ^" latis. Semina longitudi-
nalia subolivacea ovata leviter compressa 2^'" longa utrinque areolato-
impressa. Strophiolum minutum fulvidum, funiculo recto.
Speciminum tropicorum leguraina nondum vidi, conveniunt aiitem cum
aliis ab equite Mitchell in Australia orientali extratropica collectis.

70. Acacia excelsa {Benth. in Mitch. Austr. Suhtrop. p. 225. — Acacia
pterocarpa, Ferd. Mueller, MSS.). Arborescens, ramulis angulatis,
phyllodiis falcato-lanceolatis subopacis tenui-coriaceis acutis sessilibus
plurinerviis imperfecte reticulato-venosis supra basin minute glan-
duligeris, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis monocephalis phyllodio
pluries brevioribus, leguminibus stipitatis subcoriaceis compressis
oblongo-linearibus angustissime alatis inter semina plus minusve con-
tractis indehiscentibus, seminibus estrophiolatis ovatis leviter com-
pressis nitidulo-nigris, areolis non impressis.

In virgultis Brigalow Scrub circum planities Peak Downs, No. 36.
Arbor minor. Cortex nigrescens rugosus frustulosus. Phyllodia viridia

1^-2" longa, 3-5'" lata. Pec?MWCMZi circiter semunciales. F/ores ignoti.

Legumina bipoUicaria v. breviora, circiter 3'" lata, non distincte venosa.

Semina 2'" vix metientia.
A. multinervioe et A. excelsa finitima.

[Dr. Mueller's specimens are in fruit. Col. Mitchell's in flower ; but
they appear to belong to the same species. The phyllodia are precisely
the same, so is the inflorescence ; for in Dr. Mueller's specimen the
peduncles are not always solitary. Col. Mitchell notes that it is a large
forest tree, Dr. Mueller found it a small tree ; but that might depend
upon locality. — G. B.]

V

71. Acacia hemignosta, n. sp. Glabra, ramulis tenuibus junioribus
angulatis, phyllodiis tenuicoriaceis subglaucis lanceolato-oblongis
obtusis leviter curvatis in basin longe angustatis subtrinerviis creber-
rime venulosis supra basin minute glanduligeris, pedunculis tenuibus
axillaribus monocephalis solitariis phyllodio pluries brevioribus v. ter-
minalibusracemum constituentibus, capitulis parvis multifloris, sepalis
paulo puberulis perangustis liberis corolla parum brevioribus, legumi-
nibus dilute fuscis chartaceis elongato-oblougis complanatis marginatis
stipitatis indistincte venosis ad suturas flexuosis, seminibus rotundis
leviter compressis estrophiolatis conspicue circulariter areolatis opacis
squalide fuscis.

Ad flumen Albert sinus Carpentariae, No 34. Ad fluvium Victoriae,

No. 87. Gilbert River, Roper River.
Frutex v. arbuscula. Phyllodia \^-4" longa. Racemi terminales inferne

non raro foliati. Capitula vix pisi magnitudine. Legumina 3-pol-

liearia vel breviora, 3-5'" lata. Semina vix 2'" metientia.
Hue probabiliter referenda est Acacia ilia hemignosta ab illustri Ben-

tham sub Acacia melanoxylon 1. c. indicata olim ad sinum Cambridge

DE. F. MUELLEE ON AUSTEALIAN ACACIJS. 135

Gulf Australise boreali-occidentalis a beato Cunningham imperfecte

collecta.

[Dr. Mueller is right in referring this to the plant gathered by A.
Cunningham at Cambridge Gulf. It is very nearly allied to M. mela-
noxylon ; but the flower-heads appear to be always solitary, on slender
peduncles, and much smaller than in that species, and the pods more
straight, broader, thinner, and shorter. The phyllodia are also usually
more glaucous. — G. B.]

72. Acacia implexa, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ, of Bot. i. p. 368.
no. 156.

Prope urbem Bathurst, C. Moore. Ad ripas fluviorum a portu Phillip
usque ad flumen Snowy River. Ad montem Maclvor. In tractu
Bacchus Marsh.

Arbor minor. Cortex nigricans ramosissimus. Sepala cuneata ciliolata
demum superne secedentia. Semina fusco-nigra nitentia oblongo-
ovata leniter compressa circiter 2'" longa exareolata. Strophiolum
lividum implexum basin seminis tantum ambiens.

73. Acacia complanata. All. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of
Bot. i. p. 369. no. 160.

Wide Bay, C. Moore. Brisbane River, Hill et Mueller.

^.fasciculata, pedunculis numerosis fasciculatis raro racemosis. No. 32.

Frutex altior. Sepala cuneato-linearia puberula corollae dimidium supe-
rantia. Legumina stipitata compressa tripoUicaria v. breviora, circiter
3'" lata, marginata, inter semina plus minusve contracta.

§ 10. JuUferce.

74. Acacia tenuissima, n. sp. Glabra, ramulis gracilibus subangu-
latis, phyllodiis tenui-fiUformibus leniter compressis muticis striolatis,
spicis brevibus axillaribus solitariis densifloris glabris, calyce mem-
branaceo obtuse dentato, corolla 5-loba calycem triente superante,
leguminibus

Ad rivum Sturt's Creek Australia? subcentralis. No. 72.

Phyllodia 2-4" longa. Pedunculi floriferi semunciales vel breviores.

Spicce circiter 4'" longae, floribus minutis.
A.filifolice Benth, proxima.

[A good species. The striae of the phyllodia are like those of ^.
aciphylla, Benth. ; but the phyllodia are very much more slender, and not
pungent. The spikes when in bud are like those of A. xylocarpa,
the angular corollas projecting considerably above the calyx. — G. B.]

75. Acacia pityoides, n. sp. Glabra, ramulis teretiuscuhs, phyl-
lodiis compresso-filiformibus oblique apiculatis subtiliter v. indistincte
striatis, spicis brevibus densis cylindraceis axillaribus solitariis gemi-

136 BE. F. MUELLER ON AUST11ALIA.K ACAOI^.

nisve breviter pedunculatis, floribus parvis glabris, sepalis tenerrimis
liberis oblongis corolla triente brevioribus, leguininibus linearibus
flexuosis pallidis chartaceis inter semina leviter contractis aveniis.
In virgultis Brigalow Scrub, a fluvio Gilbert usque ad flumen Suttor,

No. 6. Ad rivum Sturt's Creek, No. 5.
Phyllodia opacal2-4" longa, 3^— |"' lata. Spices vix unciales. hegu-

men circiter sesquipollicem longum, 1-1^'" latum. Semina desimt.
A. aneurcB et ephedroidi propinquae.

[A specimen of this species is amongst Cunningham's specimens of
his A. xylocarpa, which it closely resembles ; but the phyllodia are not
broader than thick, and the corollas appear more membranous, project-
ing less in the young spike. The foliage is precisely that of the follow-
ing species {A. orthocarpa) ; but the pod, which I have not seen, is
dilFerently described by Dr. Mueller. — G. B.]

76. Acacia orthocarpa (F. MuUer, MS.). Glabra, ramulis teretius-
culis, phyllodiis filiformibus estriatis oblique et obtuse apiculatis,
spicis axillaribus subgeminis pedunculatis, leguminibus lignescentibus
lanceolato-linearibus rectis acutis margine obtusis longitudinaliter
venosis intus oblique transversira septatis.

In plagis dumoso-rupestribus ad ortura fluvii M'Arthur River, No. 4.

Phyllodia longitudine inter 1^ et 4" varia, circiter ^"' crassa, sulcis
duobus indistincte percursa. Legumina circiter bipoUicaria 3-4'" lata
in basin sensim attenuata.

Species A. gonocarpce propinqua.

[Closely allied to A. xylocarpa Cunn., and A. pityoides F. Muell.

With the foliage of the latter, the fruit is precisely that of the A.

xylocarpa. — G.B.]

77- Acacia gonocarpa, n. sp. Ramulis tenuibus compresso-angulatis
junioribus ramuhsque viscidis, phyllodiis angusto-linearibus elongatis
uninerviis recurvo-apiculatis basi glanduligeris, spicis brevibus densis
axillaribus geminis v. solitariis breviter pedunculatis glabris, sepaUs
linearibus liberis corolla 5-fida duplo brevioribus, legumine suhlignoso
ad suturas rectas contracto oblique septato, valvis dorso convexis
utroque latere acute carinatis.

In terra Arnhera's Land juxta partem austro-occidentalem sinus Car-
pentarise in plagis rupestribus. No. 7.

Frutex pluripedalis. Phyllodia pleraque 2-3" longa, circiter ^"' lata.
Spic<s unciales v. breviores. Legumina 2-3" longa, fusca, ad suturas
tantum li'" lata sed inter angulos dorsi 3"' metientia, basi et apice
sensim attenuata striolata. Semina desunt.

Species quam maxime singularis ad quintam Juliferarura sectionem per-
tinens, ad A. xylocarpam quoque approximans.
[Those specimens which are in flower only, precisely resemble the

flatter-leaved specimens of ^4. xylocarpa, Cunn.; but the pod, from Dr.

Mueller's description, must be quite different. — G. B.]

DR. F. MUELLEIl ON AUSTRALIAN AOACIiE. 137

78. AcAciA DREPANOCARPA, n. sp. Erccta, glabra, ramulis superne
angulatis, phyllodiis brevissime petiolatis elongato-linearibus subrectis
basi et apice longe angustatis hinc apiculatis supra basin glanduligeris
uni- trinerviis crebre parallelo-venosis, spicis axillaribus solitariis
brevissime pedunculatis, leguminibus Ugnescentibus complanatis sub-
falcatis intus oblique septatis margine planis integerrirais apice obtusis
basi longe acutatis.

In rupibus plagse austro-oceidentalis sinus Carpentariae, No. 27.

Frutex. Phyllodia iis A. juliferce et delihratce simillima, sed glandula a
basi paulo remota. Rachis cylindracea circiter sesquipolliearis. Flores
desunt. Legumina iis A. loxocarpce, oncinocarpce et aulacocarpcB
similia, 1^-3" longa raro recta, margine (statu saltem immature) sub-
canaliculato -plana, extus oblique et fere parallelo-venosa.

A. loxocarpce propinqua.

[Closely allied to A. avida Benth., and only appears to differ, as far

as the specimens indicate, in the much narrower pods ; but these are far

from ripe in Dr. Mueller's specimen, and the only one on Cunningham's

specimen is quite ripe and open. — G. B.]

79. Acacia lysiphloia, n. sp. Subglabra, viscidula, ramulis angu-
latis, phyllodiis sessilibus (fere uncialibus) oblongis leviter curvatis
cuspidatis 1-3-nerviis obscure parallelo-venosis creberrime punctulatis
vix glanduligeris, stipulis e lata basi lanceolato-subulatis diu persis-
tentibus, spicis brevibus axillaribus solitariis breviuscule pedunculatis
densifloris cylindricis, sepalis angustis glabris corolla 5-partita triplo
brevioribus.

Sturt's Creek, No. 84 ; Hooker's Creek, No. 86. In arenosis plani-
tierum et vallium sinus Gulf of Carpentaria, e. g. ad ortum fluvii
Limmen et Bight River, No. 3.
Arbuscula, coma planiuscula dilatata. Cortex exterior tenuis castaneo-
fuscus in frustulis revolutis secedens. Phyllodia f-l" longa, 1-1|^"'
lata, Spic(S uncia seepe breviores. Legumina ignota.
A. ptychophyllce approximanda.

[Very near J. linarioides, Benth. The phyllodia are rather shorter and
thicker and sometimes rather broader. The flowering spikes are closer
and shorter, but they are younger ; in the specimen No. 84, where they
are more developed, they are nearly as long as in J. linarioides. If the
pod (which is unknown) should not prove different, it must be considered
as a mere shortened variety of A. linarioides. — G. B.]

80. Acacia linearis, Sims, Bot, Mag. t. 2156.

Satis frequens in vallibus silvaticis irriguis partis austro-orientalis
coloniae Victoriae.

81. Acacia floribunda, Willd. Sp. PL iv. 1051.
Ad flumen Tamba terras Gipp's Land.
Frutex 10-12' altus.

138 DR. F. MUELLEll ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIA.

82. Acacia mucronata, Willd. Enum, Suppl. p. 68.

In ericetis terrae Gipp*s Land, prope flumen La Trobe River.

83. Acacia Sophorse, R. Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 3. p. 462.
Frequens ad litus arenosum coloniarum Victoriae et South Australia.

/3. montana, phyllodiis majoribus crassioribus distinctius venosis, ramulis

spicisque viscidulis, legumine lato-lineari compresso (illo iconis Bill.

non dissimili).
A. phlebophylla. First Gen. Rep. p. 12. In montibus altioribus grani-

ticis (4000' saltern elevatione) tractus BuflFalo Range. Species forsan

distincta.

84. Acacia Dallachiana, n. sp. Arborescens, glabra, ramulis angu-
latis, phyllodiis falcato-lanceolatis breviter petiolatis opacis bi- vel tri-
nerviis reticulato-venosis prope basin glanduligeris, spicis sessilibus
axillaribus geminis cylindraceis densifloris, corolla glabra quadrifida
calycem ciliolatum triente superante, germine glabro, leguminibus . . .

In montibus Buffalo Range.

Phyllodia illis A. longifolice persimilia utplurimum 3-4" longa, 8-12'"
lata, in basin longius quam in apicem angustata. Spices 1-1^" longae
odore inamoeno, ante florum expansionem hracteolis dense et pulchre
squamatcE. Bracteolce peltatse deltoideo- v. nephroideo-cordatse ob-
tusae parce ciliolatse vix^'" longse. Calyxlaie campanulatus puberulus
ad medium 4-fidus, lobis semiovatis, fere hyalinis. Corolla ochroleuca,
laciniis deltoideis. Stamina sulphurea circiter 1^'" longa, coroUam
triplo superantia.
[Of this I have seen no specimen. — G. B.]

85. Acacia delibrata {All. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ.qf
Bot.i. p. 374. no. 177). Arborescens, ramulis angulatis glutinosis gla-
bris V. velutinis, phyllodiis subsessilibus lineari-falcatis vel ensiformibus
vel rarius abbreviatis angusto-oblongis oblique acuminatis v. cuspi-
dato-apiculatis prominenter 1-3-nerviis glabris v. raro puberulis crebre
parallelo-venosis ima basi glanduligeris, spicis brevibus axillaribus
solitariis geminisve densis breviter pedunculatis, corolla 5-partita
calycem dentatum ciliolatum semisuperante, legumine stipitato cJiar-
taceo angusto ohlongo compresso marginato dilute fulvo margine un-
dulato, seminibus lucenti-nigris corapresso-ovatis strophiolo albido
cymbiformi triplo longioribus utrinque insigniter impressis.

Arnhem's Land, No. 28. Head of Seven Emu River, No. 40. Upper
Roper, No. 25. Moreton Bay, Moore. Fitzmaurice River, No. 91.
Sturt's Creek, No. 92. Victoria River, No. 93.

Frutex 1-2-orgyalis. Phyllodia semipedalia v. breviora, raro tantum
sesquipollicem longa, 1^-3'" lata. Spicce unciales v. breviores. Legu-
mina 1-3" longa circiter 4'" lata, nitidula ad suturas non undulata.
Semina sesquilineam longa. Strophiolum semel plicatum.

DR. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIiE. 139

86. Acacia oligoneura {Ferd. Mueller, MSS. — Acacia delibrata.
All. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Land. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 374, var.?).
Glabra, ramulis gracilibus angulato-compressis, phyllodiis chartaceis
subsessilibus elongatis angusto-lanceolatis acuminatis longe in apicem
basinque angustatis leniter curvatis trinerviis reticulato-venosis basi
glanduligeris, nervis juxta basin cum margine inferiore confluentibus,
glandulis marginalibus nullis, spicis axillaribus solitariis vel fascicu-
latis brevibus cylindraceis glabris, pedunculis gracilibus, calyce laxo

membranaceo dentato corolla ter breviore, leguminibus

In terra Arnhem's Land prope MacAdam's Range, No. 96; et Vic-
toria River, No. 95.
Phyllodia pleraque 4-6" longa, semunciam lata. Spicee semunciales v.
paulo longiores.

[The specimens Nos. 95 and 96 are in young seed, and Cunningham's
are out of flower with a loose fruit ; but as far as these materials admit
of identification, they appear to belong to the same species : the phyl-
lodia are, it is true, longer and not so coriaceous ; but so they are in some
of Cunningham's specimens. Dr. Mueller's specimen No. 91, from
Fitzmaurice River, is exactly hke one of Cunningham's, except with rather
more coriaceous phyllodia ; it is in good fruit, and the pod similar to
Cunningham's. The specimens Nos. 7^, 90 and 92 from Sturt's Creek,
No. 25 from Roper, No. 40 from Seven Emu River, and No. 93 from
Lower Victoria River, have still more coriaceous phyllodia, and, in the
case of the two last, considerably shorter ; but they probably all belong
to one species. — G. B.]

87. Acacia torulosa, n. sp. (Acacia julifera, F. Muell. MSS., non
Benth.). Arborescens, ramulis superne angulatis, phyllodiis breviter
et crasse petiolatis elongate- v. lineari-falcatis oblique glanduloso-
apiculatis v. cuspidatis prominenter 3-5-nerviis crebre parallelo-
venosis glabris ima basi glanduligeris, spicis brevibus axillaribus
terminalibusque solitariis geminis ternisve densis breviter peduncu-
latis, calycis profunde partiti segmentis angusto-spathulatis ciliatis
puberulis corolla triente brevioribus, legumine flexuoso toruloso mar-
ginato acuminato stipitato inter semina valde contracto.

Sandy banks of the Nicholson, No. 26. Roper River, No. 23. Gulf of
Carpentaria, No. 24.

Frutex elatior. Phyllodia et spicee illis A. delihratce similia. Legumina
2-4" longa, matura non visa.
[This appears to me to be a good species ; the pod is diiferent from

any one I am acquainted with in this section. It is not my A. julifera,

which may perhaps be one of the numerous forms of A. delibrata.

— G. B.]

88. Acacia doratoxylon {A. Cunn. in Field, N. S. Wales, p. 345 ?
— Acacia pachycarpa, n. sp., F. Muell, MSS.). Glabra, ramulis su-
perne angulatis, phyllodiis brevissime petiolatis lanceolato- v. elon-

140 DR. F. MUELLER ON .\.USTRALIAN ACACIA.

gato-linearibus plus minus falcatis recurvo-apiculatis subtrinerviis
crebre et tenuissime parallelo -venosis, basi glanduligeris, spicis bre-
vibus axillaribus terminalibusque solitariis geminisve densis breviuscule
pedunculatis, calyce 5-sinuato glabra corolla ter breviore, legumine
pallide fusco crasso elongato-oblongo flexuoso indehiscente toruloso
marginato apice obtuso basi acuto ad suturas fere recto, seminibus
ovato-globosis opacis atris subcompressis minutim albido-strophiolatis.

Ad rivum Sturt's Creek Australise subcentralis. No. 89.

Arbor, nisi fallor, elata. Phyllodia bipoUicaria v. fere pedalia, circiter
3'" lata. CorolltB parvae. Legumina 1^-2^'' longa, vix semuneiara
lata. Semina circiter 2'" longa, altero latere ssepius valde convexa,
altero magis applanata.

Species phyllodiis Acacia drepanocarpcs, juliferce et delibratee similis,
legumine autem ample diversa.
[I can see nothing in the phyllodia and flower to distinguish this from

the A. doratoxylon, A. Cunn., of which the fruit is unknown. — G. B.]

89. Acacia Leucadendron, All. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
o/Bof. i. p. 374. no. 178.

In montibus Newcastle Range Australise orientalis tropicse, No. 29.

90. Acacia conspersa, n. sp. Elatior, erecta, ramis teretibus rachi-
busque pubescentibus, phyllodiis sessilibus coriaceis parce pulveru-
lentis angusto-lanceolatis tenuicuspidato-apiculatis uninerviis cre-
berrime parallelo-venosis supra basin glanduligeris, spicis axillaribus
subsessilibus, leguminibus teretiusculis leviter compressis coriaceis vix
venosis intus continuis breviter stipitatis non marginatis, seminibus
ovato-oblongis compressis nitenti-nigris strophiolo plicato albido
aliquoties longioribus lateraliter conspicue areolatis.

In plaga arenoso-petrsea prope ortum fluvii Roper et Limmen Bight

River, No. 30.
Frutex 5-10'. Phyllodia 1^-3" longa, 3-4'" lata, furfure deciduo subtili

conspersa. Rachis fructifera uncialis v. paulo longior. Legumina

2-4" longa, sesquilineam lata dilute fusca extus canescentia. Semina

sesquilinearia areolis oblongo-linearibus notata.
A. leptocarpce proxima.

[Differs from A. leptocarpa in the pubescent stems, the phyllodia
shorter, rather narrow, straighter, and more coriaceous, terminated
sometimes by an almost pungent point, although occasionally obtuse or
with a terminal gland. The pod is also thicker. It will require more
complete specimens to determine how far these differences are specific.
— G. B.]

91. Acacia Cunninghami, Hook. Icon. Plant, ii. p. 165. no. 180.
Moreton Bay, Ferd. Mueller. Clarence et Richmond River, C. Moore.

92. Acacia gonoclada, n. sp. Erecta, ramulis robustis pruinosis
compresso-triquetris, phyllodiis glabris subglaucis brevissirae petiolatis

DB. r. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACAOIjE. 141

lanceolato-oblongis leviter curvatis apice obtusis callo glanduligero
terminatis basi distincte glanduligeris bi- v. trinerviis parallelo-multi-
venosis, spicis axillaribus solitariis geminisve brevibus cylindraceis
breviter pedunculatis, calycibus quinquedentatis rachibusque velutinis,
petalis enerviis glabris calycem semisuperantibus demum liberis obtu-
siusculis, leguminibus compressis marginatis

Ad partes superiores fluvii Victoriae et in terra Arnhem's Land in
rupibus. No. 9.

Frutex paucipedalis strictus. Phyllodia 2^-A" longa, 4-6'" lata, tenui-
coriacea. SpiccB ^V' longae. Calyces semilineam paulo excedentes.
Legumina matura deficiunt.

Species A. calyculatce et A. acradenice {A. umbellatcB, Cunn.) proxima.
[Allied to A. Cunninghamii, and has the same remarkably angular

branches; but the phyllodia are much shorter and straighter, and the

young pods are different, although it evidently belongs to the same

group. — G. B.]

93. Acacia amentifera, n. sp. Glabra, ramulis angustatis, phyU
lodiis parvis fasciculatis angusto-oblongis obliquis basi angustatis
sessilibus apice recurvis brevissime rostellatis (enerviis v.) obscure
I-3-nerviis, glandula marginali venisque nullis, spicis densis axil-
laribus oblongo-cylindraceis solitariis sessilibus glabris, bracteolis
lineari-subulatis stipitatis, petalis lanceolatis solutis sepala lineari-
filiformia libera triente superantibus, leguminibus

Upper Victoria, No. 74.

Phyllodia 3-5'" longa, f-l|^"' lata, exsiccatione rugulosa. Spicee flori-
ferse 3-4'" longae. Flores V" breviores. Legumina desunt.
Species distinctissima, A. WicJchami consocianda.
[A very distinct species. The phyllodia are small and fasciculate, as

in A. suhternata among Brunioidece, shaped more like some of the

narrow-leaved forms oi A. arcuata, but much smaller, whilst the flowers

show an affinity to A. WicJchami. — G. B.]

.94. Acacia Wickhami, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 37/.

no. 187.
Inter flumina Victoria River et Sturt's Creek, No. 85.
|8. viscidula, ramulis innovationibusque subviscosis, phyllodiis late et

oblique ovatis prominenter plurinerviis. Sturt's Creek.
Calyx glaber leniter sinuatus. Legumina non visa, et species igitur

incerta.

95. Acacia Wickhami, specimen fructiferum ? (Acacia calligera,
Muell. MS.). Glabra, glaucescens, ramulis angulatis, phyllodiis
parvis sessilibus obhque ovatis undulatis callo glanduligero terminatis
uninerviis obscure venosis, spicis densis axillaribus solitariis breviter
pedunculatis, legumine viscidulo duro piano oblique striate angusto-
lanceolato ad marginem recto obtuso oblique septato.

Gulf of Carpentaria, No. 38,

142 DE. r. MFELLEE ON AUSTEALIAN ACACIA,

Phyllodia tenuicoriacea 2-4'" longa. Rachis fructifera fere 1" longa.

Legumina bipollicaria v. breviora. Flores et semina desunt.

[I can see nothing to distinguish this from A. Wickhami, except that
the specimens are in fruit, all those hitherto described of A. Wickhami
being in flower only. — G. B.]

96. Acacia ptychophylla, n. sp. Subglabra, viscidula, ramulis
angulatis, phyllodiis coriaceis subsessilibus (fere uncialibus) oblongis
obtusis vix curvatis subglanduloso-apiculatis prominenter paralleloque
plurinerviis prope v. infra medium obscure glanduligeris, spicis axil-
laribus solitariis densis cylindraceis breviuscule pedunculatis, calyce
5-partito petalis duplo breviore laciniis obtusis

Sturt's Creek, No. 3 et 80.

Phyllodia f-li" longa, 2-2^'" lata striata. Spicce floriferse circiter

unciales, pedunculo semunciali. Legumina incognita.
A. stigm,atophyll(B congrua.

[Differs from A. stigmatophylla in its rather shorter thick coriaceous
phyllodia, in the viscidity of the young shoots, and the thicker, denser
spikes, with larger flowers. — G. B.]

97. Acacia UMBELLATA {A.Cunn.,Benth.inHook.Lond.Journ.ofBot,
i. p. 37H. — Acacia acradenia, F. Muell. MSS.). Elatior, erecta, ramis
superne compresso-angulatis, phyllodiis breviter petiolatis coriaceis
oblique oblongo- v. ovato-lanceolatis marginatis callo glanduUgero
terminatis plurinerviis parallelo-multivenosis basi indistincte glandu-
ligeris ramisque glabris, nervis prope basin raarginis inferi conflu-
entibus, spicis axillaribus et terminalibus solitariis geminis ternisve
cylindraceis brevissime pedunculatis phyllodio brevioribus, bracteolis
spathulatis unguiculatis, calycibus ad trientem 5-fidis rachibusque
velutino-puberulis, coroUse S-fidae calycera semisuperantis laciniis
acutis carinulatis rigidulis, leguminibus coriaceis teretiusculis leviter
curvatis obtusis continuis, seminibus lucenti-nigris ovatis compressis
strophiolo fulvido triplo breviore praeditis.

Ad sinum Gulf of Carpentaria, No. 10. Seven Emu River. Ad origi-

nem fluminis Victoriae in plagis sterilioribus, No. 6.
Rami juniores et innovationes ssepe visciduli. Phyllodia 2-3" longa,

|-1" lata. Spicce 1^-2" metientes. Raches glabrescentes. Calyces

^"' longi. Legumina circiter 1^'" longa, totidem hneas lata. Semina

sesquilineam metientia.
Species Acacias juliferas et dimidiatas conjungens inter illas A.stigma-

tophyllce proxima, inter dimidiatas venis numerosissimis parallelis nee

anastomosantibus distinguenda.

[Cunningham's specimen is very bad, which accounts for the imper-
fect description which prevented Dr. Mueller from recognizing it. The
name is also inappropriate, unless it referred to the character of the
tree from which it was gathered. — G. B.]

DR. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIiE. 143

98. Acacia aulacocarpa {A. Cunn., Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ.
of Bot. i. p. 379.— Acacia leptophleba, n. sp., F. Mueller, MSS.).
Subglabra, ramulis compresso-angulosis, phyllodiis coriaceis oblongis
subfalcatis brevissime petiolatis basi glanduligeris apice obtusis et
glanduloso-apiculatis tenuiter trinerviis subtilissime crebroque longi-
tudinaliter venosis, spicis axillaribus pedunculatis solitariis longius-
cule cylindraceis, sepalis subliberis oblongis laxis membraneis corolla
6-fida dimidio brevioribus, leguminibus

Ad rivum Sturt's Creek, No. 97.

Phyllodia l|-2|^" longa, 5-8'" lata (in unico suppetente specimine).

Spices circiter sesquiunciales. Corollce vix 1'" longse. Species A.

gonocladcB proxima.

[The specimens are small and in flower only ; but they do not appear
to me to be in any point distinguishable from the A. aulacocarpa. —
G. B.]

99. Acacia aulacocarpa. All. Cunn.

^. brevifolia (F. Muell. MSS.), phyllodiis obUque ovatis 1-1|" longis.
Suttor Desert, No. 39.

Legumen iw&cwai polUcare in stipitem semuncialem sensim contractum.
[Probably a distinct species : the pod is broader, narrowed into a
much longer stipes than in Cunningham's specimens, which, however,
are not ripe. The phyllodia are very much shorter. — G. B.]

100. Acacia crassocarpa, A. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hook, Lond. Journ. of
Bot. i. p. 379. no. 194.

Point Pearce, No. 94. Victoria River, No. 95.

Paulo recedit a descriptione phyllodiis duplo minoribus. Legumina
dilute fusca tantum ima basi angustata prominenter venosa, venis
transversis plus minusve anastomosantibus. Semina obliquo-trans-
verse sita, 2'" longa ohlonga nitentia ohvaceo-nigrescentia, strophiolo
vix 1'" metiente livido prsedita.

101. Acacia megalantha, n. sp. Glabra, ramulis teretiusculis su-
perne compressis, phyllodiis coriaceis brevissime petiolatis dimidiato-
ovatis v. falcato-oblongis obtusiusculis prominenter bi- v. trinerviis
crebre parallelo-venosis basi glanduligeris, spicis axillaribus solitariis
pedunculatis, floribus magnis remotiusculis glabris subglutinosis,
calyce arcto acute 5-dentato petalis crassis triplo breviore, legu-
mine

In deserto Australise subcentralis ad rivum Sturt's Creek, No. 98.
Phyllodia l|-3" longa, f-l" lata. Spicos circiter unciales leete lutese.

CorolldB sesquilineares.

Hand preetermittere volui speciem ut videtur raram A. acradenice pro-
pinquam, etiamsi efrustulis fructu destitutis pessime circumscribendam.

[Very distinct in the unusually large size of the individual flowers. —
G. B.]

144 DB. r. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIiE.

102. Acacia retinervis {Benth. in Lond. Journ. Bot. i. p. 379. —
Acacia tumida, F. MuelL MSS.). Arborescens, glabra, rainulis tere-
tiusculis, phyllodiis breviter petiolatis oblongo-falcatis basi acutis
prominenter plurinerviis creberrime parallelo-venosis glaucescentibus
glanduloso-apiculatis, glandula basali parva v. indistincta, spicis
axillaribus solitariis geminis ternisve raro subpaniculatis tenuiter
cylindraceis phyllodio multo brevioribus, pedunculo perbrevi pubes-
cente, calyce profunde partito velutino corolla dimidio breviore,
leguminibus subcylindraceis torulosis coriaceis arcuatis v. leniter
curvatis fuscescentibus intus subcontinuis, seminibus nigrescentibus
lucentibus ovatis leniter compressis utrinque conspicue areolatis stro-
pbiolo fulvido plicato pluries longioribus.

In locis rupestribus ad flumen Victorise, ad promontorium Point Pearce,

No. 100. Ad rivum Sturt's Creek, No. 99.
Phyllodia 3-5" longa, 8-12'" lata. Spic(B circiter unciales laete lutese.

Flores parvi. Legumina breviter stipitata, 1^-2^" longa, circiter 3"'

lata, intus septis membranaceis imperfectis oblique percursa. Semina

circiter 2'" longa, areola fuscescente.
A. Cunninghami et quoad legumina A. acradenice affinis.

[The anastomosing of the smaller veins can scarcely be seen without
the help of a glass ; and it is not so frequent in the broad-leaved as in
the narrow-leaved specimens. — G. B.]

103. Acacia stipuligera, n. sp. Pubescens, ramulis teretibus,
phyllodiis breviusculis oblique lanceolatis leviter curvatis sessilibus
cuspidato-apiculatis prominenter bi- v. trinerviis creberrime anasto-
mosanti-venosis supra basin glanduligeris, stipuUs scariosis deltoideis
persistentibus, spicis axillaribus geminis breviter pedunculatis dense
cylindraceis, bracteolis lanceolatis unguiculatis acuminatis

Sandstone table-land with scrub at the head of the Victoria River, of

Hooker's Creek, and Sturt's Creek.
Fruiex 5-8'. Phyllodia 1-H" longa, 3-8'" lata, tenuiter venosa.

Stipulce fuscse circiter 1' ' metientes. Pedunculi albo-velutini. Nee

flores evolutos nee fructus vidi.
Species probabiliter cum^. retinervi concatenata.

[Appears to be a distinct species ; but the specimen is very imper-
fect.—G. B.]

§ 11. DwiidiatcB.

104. Acacia latescens, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 380.
y. grandifolia (var. duhia) glabra phyllodiis chartaceis majoribus.

In collibus inter flumina Dawson et Burnett, No. 35.

Sepala cohaerentia cuneato-linearia corollse dimidium aequantia.

[The phyllodia are rather broader than in Cunningham's specimens,
with more nerves ; but they do not otherwise differ. — G. B.]

DE. F. MUELLER OTf AUSTRALIAN ACACIA. 145

105. Acacia platycarpa, n. sp. Glaberrima, ramulis gracilibus
flexuosis apice angulatis subpruinosis, phyllodiis glaucescentibus lan-
ceolate-falcatis dimidiatis chavtaceis in petiolum brevem angustatis
apice obtusis bi- v. trinerviis crebre reticulato-venosis, nervis basin
versus cum margine infero confluentibus, glandulis marginalibus
duabus vel tribus, capitulis axillaribus solitariis longiuscule peduncu-
latis, legurainibus oblongis complanatis glaucis anguste alatis obtusis
dense reticulato-veuosis inter seraina non contractis.

Ad sinum Gulf of Carpentaria, No. 8. Ad flumen Victorise.

Frutex arborescens. Phyllodia 3-4" longa, |-1" lata. Pedunculi cir-

citer pollicares. Legumina 2^-A" longa, circiter 1" lata, prorsus

matura ut flores ignota.

[The phyllodia are precisely those of the A. sericata, Cunn. ; but the
minute glaucous down is wanting, and the pods are thinner than the
one I described, which I have not now before me to compare. — G. B.]

106. Acacia holosericea, All. Cunn. in G. Don, Gen. Syst. ii. p. 407,
no. 201.

Ad flumen Victoriae alibique in terra Arnhemica, No. 79.

^. pubescens spicis interdum geminis. In rupibus secus flumen Vic-
toriae. Ad flumen Roper.

Legumina coriacea cincinnata, extus dense pubescentia, intus continua
glabra, inter semina vix contracta. Semina nigrescentia sesqui-
lineam longa compressa ovata.

107. Acacia limbata, n. sp. Glaberrima, ramulis acutangulis
glaucis, phyllodiis sessilibus subfalcato-oblongis breviter uncinato-
cuspidatis subtrinerviis supra basin crebre reticulato-venosis glandula
minuta praeditis, nervis basin versus cum margine infero confluen-
tibus, spicis axillaribus solitariis longiuscule pedunculatis, legurai-
nibus duris complanatis angusto-lanceolatis margine crasso cinctis
inter semina non contractis pleiospermis venulosis basi sensim an-
gustatis.

In Austraha boreali.

Phyllodia 1^2}" longa, circiter i" lata. Ven(B primariae nervis paral-

lelae. Pedunculi fructiferi recti unciales v. paulo longiores. Legumen

1^-2" longum oblique subparallelo-venosum. Semina matura defi-

cientia.

[I have not seen the specimens of this plant.— G. B.]

108. Acacia dimidiata, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. I p. 381.
no. 202.

North Australia, No. 11. M*Adam Range, No. 78. Victoria River.
Legumina usque ad 5" longa, vix 3'" lata. Semina subtetragono-ovata

lucenti-nigra fere 3'" longa, strophiolo squalide fulvo fere trii)lo

breviore cupulata.
^. eriostachya, petaUs calycibusque tomentosis.
Victoria River, No. 77.

linn. prog. — BOTANY. L

146 DR. F. MUELLEE ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIiE.

Variat quoque phyllodiis duplo minoribus subvelutinis, leguminibus

viscidulis cano-velutinis.

[The variety jS connects the A, humifusa, Cunn., with this species as
a mere variety. — G. B.]

109. Acacia latifolia, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 382,
no. 204.

In plagis elevatis petraeis prope originem fluvii Limmen Bight River

terrse Amhemicae et ad sinum Carpentarise.
Frutex pauci- pluripedalis. Legumina compressa lato-linearia leviter

curvata v. arcuata glabra marginata imperfecte venosa inter semina

vix aut leniter contracta pleiosperma 1^-2^" longa, circiter 2^'" lata.

Semina matura ignota.
Variat phyllodiis conspicue minoribus.

Series II. Botrycephalce.

110. Acacia polybotrya, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 384,
no. 209.

Burnett River.

Variat paribus foliolorum usque ad xxv.

111. Acacia decurrens, Willd.
Ad flumen Snowy River.

Series III. Fulchellce.

112. Acacia Mitchelli, Benth.
Glenelg iiiver. Portland Bay.

113. Acacia basaltic a, n. sp. Fruticosa, inermis, ramulis teretius-
culis petiolis pedunculisque fusco-subvelutinis v. puberulis, stipuhs
imperfectis, pinnis 1-3-jugis, glandulis jugalibus minutis rotundis
sessilibus, petiolari nullo, foliolis 5-10-jugis oblongo-ovatis puberuHs
obtusis muticis uninerviis subtus pallidioribus, pedunculis axillaribus
solitariis monocephalis folio brevioribus v. suba^quilongis, capitulo
globoso, calyce breviter dentato corollaque parce puberulis, hac iUum
dimidio excedente ad trientem divisa, legumine angusto-oblongo ve-
noso breviter stipitato compresso puberulo margine parura flexuoso.

In virgultis planitierum basalticarura Peak Downs, No. 42.

Epidermis ramorum membranacea secedens. Foliola 1^-3'" longa.

Pedunculi crassiusculi subangulati, saepius supra medium bractea mi-

nuta prsediti. Legumen fuscum circiter 3" longum, ^" latum veno-

sum. Semina matura desunt.

[A very distinct species, which may be placed next to A. nigricans
and A. Mitchelli.— G.B']

DR. F. MUELLER ON AUSTRALIAN ACACIA. 147

Series IV. Gummiferm.

114. Acacia lenticellata {F. Muell. MS. — Acacia Farnesiana,
Willd., Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. o/Bot. i. p. 494). Fruticosa,
ramulis flexuosis glabris crebre lenticulatis vix angulatis, spinis tenu-
ibus rectis, pinnis 1-3-jngis, petiolis rachibus foliolisque ciliolatis,
glandula scutellari paris inferi raanifesta, paris superi minima v. nulla,
racbi decidue mucronata, foliolis 8-16-jugis oblongis y. oblongo-
linearibus uninerviis, pedunculis axillaribus solitariis velutinis folio
brevioribus apice bracteatis, capitulo globoso, corolla glabra ad qua-
drantem divisa calycem ciliolatum semisuperante, legumine oblique
oblongo-cylindrico turgido spadiceo loculato glabro indehiscente, semi-
nibus horizontalibus ovatis fuscis opacis.
Ad ripas, cireum lacunas et in locis tempore pluviali inundatis Austra-

liae borealis centralis et intratropico-orientalis.
A. Farnesiana, Leich. Overland Eocped. ; Benth. in Mitch. Trop. Austr.

p. 256 ; Ferd. Mueller collect. ; an Willd. ?
Frutex amplus elatior. Foliola pleraque l|^-2i"' longa. Legumen
1^2|^" longum. Semina fere 3'" metientia.

[The fewer pinnae and pubescent peduncles in the .Australian speci-
mens induced me formerly to doubt whether they really belonged to
the A. Farnesiana, especially as I had not then seen the fruit, and
the specimens generally were bad. But I have since seen both East
Indian and South American specimens agreeing precisely with the
Australian form, and passing gradually into the commoner Tropical
varieties. — G. B.]

116. Acacia pallida {F. Muell., non Willd. quae Prosopis species).
Arborea, glabra, ramulis parum angulatis, spinis crassis curvato-
divergentibus interdum abolescentibus, pinnis pauci- novem-jugis,
glandula scutellari inter paria infimum et supremum ovata, foli-
olis 8-22-jugis oblongis obtusis glaucis venulosis uninerviis, pedun-
culis axillaribus solitariis monocephalis folio brevioribus angulatis
medio bracteatis, capitulo globoso glabro, corolla ad quadrantem
divisa calycem argute dentatum fere triplo excedente, legumine an-
gusto-oblongo basi attenuato satis corapresso recto laevi enervi, semi-
nibus verticalibus dilute fuscis quadrato-ovatis.

In locis minus fertilibus pra^sertim campis apricis Australiae intratropicap
non rara. No. 76.

Arbor minor, cortice suberoso sordide cano rugoso et rimoso. Spina
2-3'" longae basi valde incrassatae. Foliola \^-S"' longa, ^-1^^'" lata.
Capitula majuscula. Legumina 2-4" longa, circiter ^" lata. Semina
3-4'" longa nitoris expertia.

A. suherosce propinqua.

[The specimens marked 76, from Victoria River, are nearly allied

to A. Bidwelli, but differ in the longer leaflets, the shorter pods, and

l2

148 Mil. C. DRESSEll's COTfTBIBUTIONS

some other points. The proper place of A. Bidwelli is probably
also among Gummifercs. I had only seen it in fruit, when the real
inflorescence is not always very certain; and I doubted whether the
capitula were not sometimes racemose : but most probably they are
(as in A. pallida) solitary, with the bract in the middle of the pe-
duncle, the scar of which has sometimes the appearance of the scar of
of a pedicel. Dr. Mueller's specimens. No. 76, are also without spines,
and have much more numerous pinnae than he describes (15 to 20 pairs
with leaflets barely 2 lines long). These are, like Bidwell's, in fruit
only. There is, however, a flowering specimen of Dr. Mueller's marked
7b, from M'Adam's Range, which answers better to his character, and has
the stipular spines of Gummiferce. In it the pinnae vary from 3 to 1 1
pairs, and the leaflets are 3 to 4 lines long. These clearly indicate the
affinity of the species with A. suherosa, from which it differs in the usually
numerous pinnae and the broader pod. It remains to be proved whether
it be specifically distinct from A. Bidwelli, which has the leaflets seldom
I line long, and the pod, although unripe, already above 4 inches, and
marked with veins, which may possibly disappear when the pod is ripe.
— G. B.]

Contributions to Organographic Botany. By Cheistopheb
Dbessee, Esq. Communicated by the Secretary.

[Read April 1st, 1858.]
[Abstract.]

Mr. Dresses passes successively under review the scales of the
leaf-buds, the bracts, the sepals, the petals, the stamens, and the
carpels of plants, with the view of showing that they are not, as
usually considered, metamorphosed leaves, but metamorphosed leaf-
stalks or petioles.

In support of this view, in relation to the development of leaf-
buds, he enters into a detail of the structure of the Horse-chestnut,
the Sycamore, the "Walnut, the Cherry, the Currant, &c., but ad-
mits that in some instances, the Holly for example, the scales are
more obviously analogous to the lamina of the leaf. With regard to
bracts he instances Angelica officinalis and Salvia fulgens, in the
latter of which he particularly calls attention to certain monster
bracts and their venations, as aflTording clear evidence of their
petiolar origin. The cases adduced in proof of a similar origin in
the calycine leaves are, first, the abnormal development of one of
the sepals in Musscenda ; secondly, the frequent greater or less
development of foliola upon the margins of the sepal in roses,
which sepal consequently is to be regarded as equivalent to the

TO OEGANOGEAPIIIC BOTANY. 149

common petiole of tbe ordinary leaves of the plant ; thirdly, the
monstrous calyces of the Primrose, figured in Dr. Lindley's ' Ele-
ments of Botany' (figs. 147 and 148), in which laminaa correspond-
ing with those of the leaves are seen to be developed on the apices
of the united sepals ; and lastly, the analogy of the ascidia of the
Pitcher-plant, which are acknowledged to be petioles and not
laminae, with the calyx of the Lavender, in which one of the sepals
developes a lamina or lid, which is slightly articulated with the
tube of the gamosepalous calyx. In relation to sepals, however,
Mr. Dresser thinks it highly improbable that those plants which
have sessile leaves should produce petiolar calyces, but beKeves
that the sepals may in these instances be derived either from the
true lamina, or from a modification of its midrib. He applies the
same reasoning to the origin of the petals ; but although admitting
the petals to be in some instances representatives of the laminae
of the leaves, he thinks it contrary to reason to suppose that this
is really their mode of formation in some of those instances in
which the petiole and the lamina of the leaf are thought to be
most conspicuously manifested in the unguis and limbus of the
petal. Thus, for instance, in the Sweet William and the common
Pink, in which these two subdivisions of the petal are most distinct,
the ordinary leaves are all sessile. His conclusion is, that therefore
" on those plants which have sessile leaves we may look for petals
formed of the lamina of the leaf or of its midrib, and on those
with petiolar leaves for those formed of the petiole."

With regard to stamens, in which the filament is usually re-
garded as representing the unguis of the petal and the petiole
of the leaf, and the anther as analogous to the limb of the petal
and the lamina of the leaf, he thinks there exists no good ground
for such a supposition. In the transformation of the stamen of
the Eose there is no trace to be found of such a distinct origin of
its parts ; the stamen of the Poppy, in passing into the petaloid
condition, is wholly transformed into an exunguiculate petal ; and
in Tradescantia Virginica the anther is evidently a modification of
a portion of a petal only, while another portion is transformed
into the filament. It is evident therefore, Mr. Dresser thinks, that
where petals are petiolar bodies, the entire stamen owes its origin
to the petiole alone. So also in relation to carpels, he entirely
dissents from the opinion that they are derived from the laminae
of the leaves and that the ovules bear the same relation to them
as the buds on the margins of the leaves of BryopTiyllum to the
leaves of that plant. The monster carpels of the Columbine, figured

150 DR. F. WELWITSCII ON THE VEGETATION

in Dr. Liudley's ' Elements' (fig, 180), he regards as offering a
clear indication in their venation of their petiolar origin, and
their ovules metamorphosed into leaflets as bearing the same rela-
tion to the carpels as the leaflets of a compound leaf to the com-
mon petiole from which they arise. This view of the relation of
ovules to carpels leads him to propose the following theory of their
origin ; viz. " that ovules are a metamorphosed state of the leaflets
of compound leaves, or of the lobes or parts of simple leaves ;" and
he concludes his Paper by some observations in which this theory
is developed more at length.

Letters on the Vegetation of "West Equinoctial Africa. From Dr.
Erederick Welwitsch, addressed to W. W. Saunders,
Esq., V.P.L.S.

[Eead July 1st, 1858.]

S. Paulo de Loanda,
12 Sept., 1857.

My highly esteemed friend, — A few days since, I returned
from the interior suffering from fever, which for five weeks has daily
attacked me. I cannot, however, refrain from sending you a hasty
sketch of the extent and success of my botanical rambles in the
interior of this wonderful country, with best wishes that these
lines may find you and my other London friends in good health.

During the first year of my residence in this country, I endea-
voured to investigate the botanical treasures of the coast territory
from the Quizembo E-iver north of Ambriz as far as the mouth of
the Coanza, which I very nearly succeeded in doing. In October
1854 I ascended by degrees over the lower mountains, which were
mostly covered only With frutices, to the dark shady region of the
mountain forests of Cazenojo and Grolungo Alto, where I stayed
nearly two years. Everything that reminds you of the flora of
the coast and of the lower mountains disappears suddenly as if by
magic in this region, whose highest mountain-peaks rise more than
2000 feet. Above 300 different species of trees and more than
400 kinds of climbing plants, closely entwined, form here a most
magnificent primeval forest, whose ground is luxuriantly overgrown
by more than sixty species of ferns, partly of arborescent forms.
Amongst other most remarkable trees I found a Napoleona (ramis
verticillatis), a Myristacacea (a noble tree 80 to 100 feet high),
twenty-eight species of Ficus, some gigantic specimens of a JVa-

OF WEST EQUINOCTIAL AFRICA. 151

thusia (foliis simplicibus), and also a multitude of species, almost
all large trees, of the families HypericacecBj JRubiacecd, BignoniacecB,
Verhenacece, Legnminosce, Mimosecd, &c. But what particularly
delighted me was the discovery of Monodora Myristica, already
supposed to be native here by B. Brown, which is a native of all
the primeval forests of these districts, and which represents one
of the most gigantic and certainly one of the most splendid forest
trees of the whole of tropical Africa. Later I found at Pungo
Andongo, a second species, specifically different in the leaves and
fruit, which I have named Monodora Angolensis. I will send many
fresh seeds of both to England.

Terrestrial and parasitical Orchids are pretty tolerably abundant.
Among the former there is one remarkable species, probably of the
genus Lissochiltcs, distinguished by broad leaves nearly 5 feet long ;
a flower-stem 10 feet to 12 feet high ; and particularly by a spike
of blossoms often l|^-foot long, bearing twenty to twenty-five large
rose-coloured flowers. This is probably the largest and most
magnificent of all terrestrial Orchids hitherto discovered. Of this
species I have roots ready to be sent to London at the first direct
opportunity which offers. To show the gigantic dimensions of
this species, I shall send you the dried flower-stem. Grenerally
speaking, the whole vegetation of Golungo Alto has a truly gigantic
character, so that there is no room left for the growth of smaller
plants, especially annuals, with the exception of some Graminew
and Gyperaceoe. An Umbellifer, whose leaves at the same time
form one of the most famous remedies of the negroes, occurs in
the form of a large tree of 1 foot to 1^ foot in diameter, used as
timber ; likewise, among the numerous and in most instances
woody GompositcB, there occur two species as strong lofty trees.
Almost all the Artocarpecd which are found here will form quite
new and very remarkable genera, but at the same time will show
in the clearest light the transition of this family into the Morece
on one side, and the JJrticecd on the other. A genus nearly allied
to Dorstenia grows as a large woody shrub 4 feet high, in general
habit like a Fig ; but the receptacles are obconic, truncate, and open,
just as in Kosaria. Also among the Sapindaeece and Gombretacecdf
and especially among the Leguminosce, many highly interesting
new genera are to be found.

The most interesting fact in Phytogeography will be that I
have found here a Begonia, a Hypoxis, an Gttelia, a Gnetacea,
a Balsaminea, and two Gedrelece — all families of plants which
have not before been met with in tropical Africa. A still more

152 DR. r. WELWITSCH ON THE VEGETATION

interesting fact in geographical botany, which has come to my
notice, is that a pendent parasitical Bhipsalis, often 6 feet to 8
feet long, occurs here, growing abundantly in the elevated woods
of this country, particularly luxuriating on Adansonia and Ster-
culia, which consequently proves that Cacti are not restricted to
America, as has hitherto been asserted. 1 will send living speci-
mens also of this Hhipsalis, which I call Hh. JEthiopica, to you and
Sir William Hooker.

In the whole, I believe I have collected in this wood-region 2000
species of plants, of which I have tried to describe the most re-
markable genera, chiefly from living specimens. Farewell.

De. Feiedeich "Welwitsch.

A Folygalea occurs as a climber 20 feet to 50 feet high, f foot
in diameter. I believe it to be a Lophostylis, Hochst.

S. Paulo de Loanda, 10th Feb. 1858.

Highly esteemed Sie and Feiend, — "When I was about to
communicate to you last September a preliminary report on some
of the results of my journey in the interior of Equinoctial Africa,
I was prevented by a long illness from completing my letter, but
send it now with these lines, as it contains something important
about the vegetation of Grolungo Alto and the adjacent moun-
tain district. As I now feel rather better, I take the liberty of
continuing today the letter I had then commenced. In the first
place, I beg to remark that I have penetrated, in a direct line,
about 250 geographical miles into the interior ; and I divide the
territories I have visited into three regions v — 1. Littoral and lower
mountain region ; 2. Eegion of the primeval dense forest woods
{Begio montosO'Sylvaticd) ; and, lastly, 3. The flat woody region
{Begio plano-sylvatica) . The first region rises to about 1000 feet,
the second to about 2500, the third about 3300 feet. I have
taken the measurement of the heights of these regions, but have
not yet made an exact computation of the results, and therefore
note the heights as given above only as temporary. These three
regions extend from west to east in such a way that the first
stretches towards the east as far as 80 geographical miles, the
second to about 160, and the third to somewhere about 250.
Eegarding the vegetation of the littoral region, which is almost
the same from Sierra Leone to the mouth of the Cuanza, there
have been many important facts already published in the ' Niger
Flora' of Sir W. Hooker. With regard to the second region,

OF WEST EQUINOCTIAL AFRICA. 153

which comprises the districts of Grolungo Alto and Cazengo,
together with Dembos, and partly also Ambaca, I have reported
cursorily in my letter of the 12th September, 1857, and conse-
quently I have only to tell you something about the third and
most interesting region, Pungo Andongo (more correctly " Pungo
ia N'dongo ") forms the centre of this region, which, as you will
quickly perceive from the little I am going to tell about it, forms
an African district of vegetation of its own, which I shall call the
kingdom of the Equinoctial African highlands. About fifteen to
twenty geographical miles from Golungo Alto towards the east,
the majestic dark shady woods of this district, which are so diffi-
cult to penetrate on account of the immense climbers, disappear ;
the forests in general become more rare and less dense, and are
mostly formed by low trees, among which the most common is a
new genus of AraliacecB, with a most curious habit. The ground
everywhere is now less shaded, on which account a greater number
of smaller kinds of plants occur, especially ConvolvulacecB and
splendid AcantJiacece. New forms, never seen in the primeval
forests of the second region, now make their appearance, among
which are, especially, Amorphojphalltos, a magnificent climbing
BauJiinia, small pretty Compositce, the Ancylanthus ruhiginosus,
Desf., and an extremely pretty fruticose Bubiacea, which at
first sight looks exactly like an Azalea ! ! Where the ground
changes to mountains or higher hills, there occur Sterculiea foliis
glaucis, NathusiaioYiiB indivisis (which have not appeared before),
and a considerable number of Composites, all more or less related
to Sonchtis, as well as a few species of Helichrysum, which remind
you already of the Cape flora. There now become mixed with
the forest trees Buttneriacecd with bunches of large white
flovrers ; pretty Bubiacece and TiliacecB (among others an herba-
ceous Grewia) are more and more frequent ; and a kind of Thesium
{Santalacece) tells again of the Cape flora: but, far surpassing
all other herbaceous plants, in splendour, size, and richness of
blossoms, appears prominently in all the less dense places of the
wood a Sesamum, which, as I have collected many seeds of it,
will soon become an ornament of European gardens. As we
approach the rocky scenery of the prsesidia of Pungo Andongo,
the forests of Araliacece occur alternately with forests of Btero-
carpus ; and all at once quite a new world of plants, a new geo-
graphical kingdom, starts before the eye. The ground is every-
where rocky, grown over with short grasses and Cyperacece ; but in
the many narrow ravines the most luxuriant forest-vegetation

154 DR. F. WELWITSCH ON THE VEGETATION

abounds, consisting chiefly of LeguminoscG ; Ficus ; three species of
Nathusia ; Apocynew, forming trees with large blossoms ; Mimosecs,
sometimes as trees, sometimes as climbers ; several Asiatic Bubi-
acecd in the form of trees (e. g. Hymenodictyon, Wallich) ; and a
stately new Monodora (M. angolensis, mihi). At the foot of the
rocks, and along the many little brooks, grow seven species of
Ophioylossum, three Schizcsce, and many Ferns, partly gold-dusted,
and a magnificent tree-fern. Under these woody ferns (Cyathea,
spec.) are found four or five Umbelliferce and several curious
Ruhiacece. On the almost naked rocks grow fleshy Euphorhiacece ;
about ten species of Commelynecd, with the habits of Mesemhry-
unthemum, besides beautiful Fortulacece, TillcEce (!), Cyperaeea
leucocephala ; and in the brooks themselves two species of Podo-
stomece, together with pretty BatrachospermecB and Zygnemata.
In stagnant water appear Ottelia, Nymphcea, and two Aponoge-
tonece with blue blossoms, probably new genera. In wet meadows
there occur six species of Utricularia, a Drosera^ several Campa-
nulacecB {LigJitfootia) , an Isoetes (terrestris) , and a great number
of small Scrophulariacecd and Leguminosce, as well as a kind of
Erigeron, But now, on the steep walls of the higher rocks, what
sort of viscid shrubs with scaly stems and blue flowers do we
perceive ? Two species of Vellosiece ! which, in conjunction with
several fruticose Orchids that grow even on the barest rocks,
cover all the mountains of Pungo Andongo. However, the before-
named plants are not the only American guests of this territory.
As soon as one approaches the summits {juga altiora rv/pium) of
the rocky mountains, one finds the sides of the top overgrown
with Heurnia and Sarcostemma (which announce the Cape of
Grood Hope), together with a Cactus, which is a Ehipsalis ; whilst
on rough places there appear a Musa (scapo ventricoso ! ssepius
diametr. 5-6-ped.), a Diploelinitim {Begoniacece) and Erythro-
xylum, spec.

But notwithstanding these curiosities, so frequently paradoxical,
the splendour and variety of the flora of Pungo Andongo is not
nearly exhausted. About a hundred species of ^vetty Cyperacece
{Oyperus, fifty spec), and above a hundred Graminece, in con-
nexion with very pretty Polygalacece and Ampelidece, adorn the
lower plains ; and whilst from the coast up to the boundary of
this region I scarcely met with ten LiliacecB, I was surprised to
find around Pungo Andongo more than fifty species ! Tour spec.
Hypoxis, above twenty-five Orchidece (among them a Disa !) and
Gommelynacece occur in such abundance, that the whole of large

OF WEST EQUINOCTIAL AFKICA. 155

regions appears at one time pink, at another time sky-blue. A
large Kniphojia, of 6 to 8 feet, is the queen of the lilies, whilst
several new genera allied to Anthericum and Scilla, together with
Chloropfiytum, Scmseviera, and pretty Asparaginece, form as it were
the underwood of the lilies. One Tacca and two Hcemantlii,
together with Crinum and a small-flowered Narcissea, adorn the
skirts of the forests, besides a countless number of little Buhiacece,
with sky-blue or rose-coloured flowers. Species of Hibiscus ap-
pear everywhere. The Violarice are represented by three Cercm-
thercB in the form of small trees (one with the habit of Ilex
aquifolium\) . A. Myricacea, with an extremely delicious powerful
smell, forms quite a new genus, which is only related to Comp-
tonia in the formation of the anthers ; but it has, like no other
Myricacea, opposite leaves, I have described it as Myrothamnus
JlahellifoUus . JPistia and Ceratophyllum, with an Azolla and a
Marsileacea, abound in the fresh water with Folygonacecd and
Scirpoidew, accompanied almost everywhere by two or three
species oi Nymphcea {NympJicea Lotus, P. de B.), whilst a Buppia
(similar to It. maritima) and several Charcd fill the stagnant water.
x\.mong the climbers are two species of Hugonia, a 5-gonous
Mimosa, and several species of Strophanthus. Among others
AsclepiadecB are also numerous, and mostly climbers. Also an
Oleacea occurs as a large tree ; and tree-like EupJiorhiaeecd (Bri-
delia, &c.) are found everywhere. The Daphnoidece are repre-
sented by a very pretty scarlet Gnidia, the Broteacecs by two
thickheaded Brotece. Labiatce and VerhenacecB are in great abun-
dance everywhere ; the latter and several Acanthacece mostly
assume the forms of trees or shrubs. Loranthacecd glitter fre-
quently from out the dark-leaved tops of the Comhretacece and
Anonacecd ; but they occur also on Mimosece, and (in spite of
De CandoUe's assertion) very frequently on fig trees, even on the
cultivated Ficus Carica. CelastrincB, HippocrateacecB, and Chail-
letiecB are not numerous. Of Myrtacece were observed ten, of
Melastomece only thirteen species, of Connaracece eight, of Ly-
thracecd ten or twelve species, of Banunculacece I have five species
of Clematis ; of Bosacece I have found only one Bubus {apetalus).
A Cochlospermum, as a tolerably large tree, is to be met with
everywhere ; besides, I have to enumerate five Biperacece and two
Dorsteniece, among which occurs a Kosaria. These all appear to
be new species. The ScrophulariacecB, of which there are about
thirty species, principally adorn the meadows where they grow,
with four species of Eriospermum {Liliaeece), with several species

156 ON THE VEGETATION OF WEST EQUINOCTIAL AFEICA.

oi AnthericacecBj Drosera^ Disa, Cor chorus j and Triumfetta. I have
also found in the marshes quite a new and highly interesting
Monocotyledonous family represented by five species, which in its
characters somewhat resembles Centrolepidce. I am firmly con-
vinced that this new family will be received by all phytologists as
quite original, and will be considered as a contribution to the
filling up of the vacancies which exist to this day between the
true Cyperacecd and the Enantiohlastce. Not less variety is found
in the Cryptogamic Elora of Pungo Andongo, among which par-
ticularly the Fungi are remarkable. Polyporoidece, AgaricoidecBf
and SphcBriacecB are extremely numerous, in beautiful forms and
bright colours. I have observed about 300 species ; and of most
of them I have collected illustrative specimens, which now all lie
safely in my English Herbarium. Among the Algce are espe-
cially to be noticed many sorts of Scytonema, which here compose,
as the Sphagna do in Europe, the swampy ground for the so-
called peat plants {plantce turfosce), and in whose thickly-matted
tviY^ DrosercB, Utricularice, a kind oi Xgris, and many RepaticcB
and Musci usually take root. Of Musci there were in all about
eighty species, of Lichenes above a hundred ; of Mlices, on the
whole and including the insulares, nearly a hundred species,
among which are two Filices arhorece, two Flatyceria, two Ly-
godia, three Rymenophylla, one Marattia, one Gleichenia^ &c.
There are rarely met with more than six kinds of Lycopodia, for
the most part extremely pretty Selaginellce. I must also remark,
witli regard to the Algce, that two Rhodophycece, namely, two
HildenhranticG, are found in the brooks between Grolungo Alto
and Pungo Andongo, and indeed in such abundance, that certain
parts of the brooks assume a blood-colour or purple dye.

The haste with which I have been compelled to compile this
letter will be in some degree an excuse for the confusion which
would necessarily follow in enumerating the different families, as
I have mentioned them only just as they presented themselves
one by one to my memory. However, I permit myself to express
the hope that this enumeration, although rather confused, will at
least be sufficient to give a general idea of the riches and variety
of the flora of the interior of Africa. As soon as I have put my
herbarium in better order, and have arranged, in a preliminary way,
those plants which can only be determined in Europe, I intend to
give a general summary of all the plants which I have observed
on the continent and the adjacent islands, together with indica-
tions relative to their propagation and distribution. As regards

DR. r. MUELLER ON DENNISONIA., T3A11KLYA, AKD LABOrClIERIA. 157

the collection of insects I have made in Africa (among which the
Coleoptera especially are very numerous, and also the Hymeno-
ptera not unfrequent), I have communicated to Mr. S. Stevens
some general remarks. With regard to the wishes of Mr. D.
Hanbury, I may remark that I have collected about eighteen
species of Scitaminea-, but from want of time I have made no
drawings of their flowers, for I am a very bad and slow draughts-
man : however, most of the species are very tolerably preserved,
even as regards the flowers and fruit. Pray remember me kindly
to Sir "W. Hooker and E. Brown. I have been much pleased to
find, even in the place itself, almost all the prophecies confirmed
which E. Brown pronounced in his celebrated Appendix to
Tuckey's Travels : this appendix was my gospel. It is very true,
that I could have worked more effectually during my long stay in
equinoctial Africa, if I had not had to fight again and again with
fever, scurvy, and dysentery, which is in some degree but
natural ; for I had to penetrate the densest woods, to examine the
deepest ravines, and to wander for miles slowly under a burning
sun through marshy land, whilst common travellers are moved
along, lying comfortably in hammocks, only on roads. (Sapienti
sat!)

With the assurance of my greatest esteem and gratitude, I
remain your most obedient,

Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch.

Dennisonia, JBarkh/a, et Laboucheria ; genera florae Australise
nondum cognita. Descripsit Dr. Ferd. Mtjelleb, S.L.S,, etc.
[Eead Jan. 20, 1859.]
Denntsonia, n. g. Verbenacearum.

Calyx subcampanulatus, quinquefidus. Corolla bilabiata; labio supero
breviore bifido ; labii inferi tripartiti lacinia media majore ; tubo
cylindraceo subincluso intus barbato. Stamina quatuor didynama,
omnia fertilia, infra faucem corollae inserta, emergentia. Antherce
biloculares inter loculos affixae, loculis ovatis divergentibus rima lon-
gitudinali hiantibus. Stylus filiformis apiee breviter bifidus, cruribus
acutis. Drupa exsucca nucamentacea, obovata, calyce inclusa, dipy-
rena, basi perforata, pyrenis bilocularibus arete cohaerentibus. Semina
in loculis solitaria, erecta, parce albuminosa. Radicula brevis infera.
Frutex Australiae borealis eoncinnus, glandulosus, pube ramosa articulata
vestitus ; foliis verticillato-ternis acute ovatis sessilibus serratis ; Jlori-
hus axillaribus solitariis bibracteolatis breviter pedunculatis, corolHs
roseis coccineo-venosis.

158 DE. F.MUELLER ON DENNISONIA, BABKLYA, AND LABOUCHEEIA.

Genus habitu eximiura, characteribus autera Newcastelice et praesertim
Pityrodice valde cognatiim, cum summa veneratione et gratissimo
animo dieavi viro pneillustrissirao Guilielmo Dennison ordinis balnei
equiti, coloniarum Australia? gubematori, scientiarum artiumque hinc
elato patrono et cultori, qui ad perlustrationem Australise intra-
tropicse phytologicam benignissime mihi obtulit facultatem.

Dennisonia ternifolia.

In rupibus originem versus fluviorum M* Arthur et Seven-Emu River ad
sinum Carpentaria Gulf.

BaRKLYA, n. g. C^SALPINEARUM*.

Calyx ebracteolatus campanulatus breviter 5-dentatus ; dentibus ajquali-
bus V. sunimis minoribus. Petala 5 subsequalia obovato- v. orbicu-
lari-spathulata longe et tenuiter unguiculata aestivatione imbricata
uno ex infernis exteriore? Stamina 10, omnia fertilia breviter exserta
cum petalis basi calycis affixa, libera, alterna paullo breviora. Antherce
sagittatse versatiles eglandulosae, loculis longitudinaliter dehiseentibus.
Ovarium stipitatum, 3-4-ovulatum, glabrum. Stylus brevis filiformis.
Stigma minutum truncatum. Legumen stipitatum compressum gla-
brum reticulato-venosum oligospermum, isthmis eellulosis imperfecte
loculatum. Valves oblongo- v. ovato-laneeolatte chartacese. Semina
albuminosa compressa oblique ovata hinc truncata. Strophiolum
nullum. Cotyledones reetae planae. Radicula brevis arcuato-incum-
bens hilo proxima.

Arbor Australisd orientalis subtropiea; admodum venusta; foliis eoriaceis
simplicibus cordatis palmatinerviis ; racemis elongatis conferte raulti-
floris ; pedicellis solitariis ; petalis aureis.

Genus Mores forsan propinquum gratissima mente et summa observantia
dicatum viro excellentissimo Henrico Barkly, ordinis balnei equiti,
coloniae VictoriEe gubernatori, scientiarum fautori praenobilissimo.

Barklya syringifolia.

In sylvis ad flumen Pine River detexit amiciss. et clariss. W. Hill.

Laboucheria, n. g. Mimosearum.

Flores hermaphroditi regulares. Calyx infundibulari-campanulatus
quinquedentatus. Petala 5 libera spathulato-ovata sequalia. Sta-
mina decem libera glabra breviter exserta, omnia fertilia cum petalis
infra faucem calycis inserta. Antherce ovatae introrsae dorsifixae bi-
loculares, loculis rima longitudinali dehiseentibus, connectivo apice
compresso semiorbiculariter producto. Germen dense pubescens.
Stylus crassus brevissiraus glaber. Stigma minutum concavum.

* The specimens are not sufficient to make out the aestivation of the corolla
satisfactorily ; but it appears to me, that one of the lower petals is the external
one : the habit and other characters in the flower are those of CcesalpinecB, of
the subtribe Ci/nometrea ; whilst the incurved radicle would place it in the
Sophorece, where I know of no genus at all aUied to it. — G. B.

PROF. HEIfFREY OK THE MORPHOLOGY OF BALSAMTNACEiE. 159

Legumen oblonguin continuum bivalve plano-compressum oligosper-

mum. Semina rotunda compressa strophiolata.
Arbor Australia? intertropica? inermis ; foliis abrupte bipinnatis bijugis,

pinnis paucijugis; racemis lateralibus et axillaribus spiciformibus ;

petalis parvis virentibus.
Genus Adenantherce proximura maxima cum pietate tributum prseclaro

Henrico Laboucliere, rerum ad colonias spectantium summo ministro,

sub cujus auspiciis alteram expeditionis Gregorianae partem fauste

perduximus.
Laboucheria chlorostachya.
A plagis boreali-occidentalibus Australiae usque ad flumen Burdekin

tractus orientalis, tara in solo fertiliore quam steriliore planitierum

montiumque satis frequenter obvia.
Ilia arbor infelicissimo nostro Leichhardtio " Leguminous Iron-bark

tree" nuncupata hue pertinet.

Dabam ex horto botanico Sydneyano, idibus Martii 1857.

Note on tlie Morphology of the Balsaminucece.
By Prof. Henfrey, r.E.S., E.L.S.

[Read Dec. 2, 1858.]

The different theories which have been proposed to explain the
irregular character of the flower of Impatiens are briefly enume-
rated in Lindley's ' Vegetable Kingdom' (p. 490), where the view
of Kunth is adopted, namely, that the organ standing on the
opposite side of the flower to the spurred sepal consists of two
confluent sepals, which, with the spurred sepal and the two small
lateral sepals, make up a 5-leaved calyx ; while in the next circle
a petal is suppressed which should stand before the line of junc-
tion of the two confluent sepals. An apparently accidental
confusion exists, however, in the description of the flower of
Balsaminacecd given by Dr Lindley: the spurred sepal is cor-
rectly stated to stand next the axis of inflorescence (posterior) ;
nevertheless the supposed " double sepal" on the opposite side of
the flower is called " dorsal" and " back-piece," notwithstanding
that it stands in front within the subtending bract. This lapsus
is rendered more serious by the woodcut of the diagram of the
flower of Impatiens being reversed, so as to show the spurred
sepal in front.

Kunth' s view, supported by Walker- Arnott, and adopted by
Lindley, was, we think, sufficiently refuted by Eoeper (Linnaea,

160 PROF. HENFREY ON THE

ix. p. 112), from the consideration of tlie structure of the genus
Hydrocera. Through the kindness of Dr. Hooker, I have seen
further observations by himself and Dr. Thomson, which not only
confirm Eoeper's view, in reference to Hyd/rocera, but illustrate it
further by certain East Indian species of Imjpatiens, in which the
number of sepals is either regularly or occasionally the same as in
Hydrocera. In this genus the calyx has five sepals: first, the
posterior spurred sepal; next, two lateral sepals, corresponding
to the two small and usually green sepals oi Impatiens Balsamina ;
with two anterior sepals, which are mostly suppressed in Impa-
tiens. Within this circle occurs a whorl of five petals, the anterior
one being the so-called " double sepal" of Kunth, which is inside
the two anterior sepals just referred to.

Payer (Traite d' Organogenic vegetale) states that he finds the
rudiments of this pair of anterior sepals on very young buds of
Imjpatiens Royleana. I have not been able to find them in the
Garden Balsam, nor in a developed state in the numerous mon-
strous specimens which I have examined. On the other hand,
the monstrosity presently to be described favours the doctrine of
Hoeper far more than that of Kunth. In order to explain it more
clearly, I have appended diagrams of the normal structure of
Impatiens and Hydrocera (figs. 1 and 2).

It is a well-known fact that the common Double Balsams of our
gardens produce seed freely. Since only one circle of stamens
exists, we should scarcely have expected this ; but the fact is that
an extra coroUine whorl is produced without the suppression of
the stamens, and the metamorphosis takes place in a manner
which bears an interesting relation to certain general questions of
morphology, as well as to the theory of the flower of Impatiens.
In the common Double Balsams of our gardens the flowers usually
present a natural calyx, the small lateral sepals being often more
or less coloured, and sometimes gibbous or slightly spurred ; I
have never found the two anterior (suppressed) sepals developed.
Within the calyx stand five petals (a broad anterior one and two
pairs of lateral petals), which are, as usual, mostly more or less
adherent by their limbs on each side, but with their claws free.
Succeeding these are found five free petals resembling in appear-
ance the lateral petals of the previous whorl, standing in the usual
place of the stamens — that is, alternating with the normal petals,
as shown in the diagram (fig. 3). Next comes a circle of five
stamens, mostly all perfect, alternating with the preceding circle,
and therefore in the ordinary place of the carpels. Lastly, the

MOEPHOLOGY OF BALSAMINACEiE. 161

five-celled ovary has its carpels alternating with the stamens so
that the odd one is necessarily posterior instead of anterior, as in
the normal condition.

Here therefore we have a case of " doubling" distinctly refer-
able to an absolute increase in the number of whorls of organs ;
for the regular alternation of the organs of successive whorls,
both in the normal and monstrous forms of the same flower, pre-
cludes the idea of any development of usually suppressed organs,
and of any dedoublement or chorisis, to which recourse is had,
perhaps too frequently, for the explanation of double flowers.

Such multiplication of whorls doubtless occurs to a considerable
extent in cultivated plants, especially in genera with few stamens
and carpels. In the double Daff'odil there are found forty or fifty
petaloid organs, while the flower naturally contains only fifteen
organs ; and each piece exhibits a more or less perfect lobe at the
junction of the claw and limb, showing that there is no chorisis
causing the separate development of the coronal lobes.

In most cases of doubling we find more or less of the organs
abnormally developed, rendering the conditions somewhat obscure ;
but in these Balsams the circles are formed of perfectly natural
structures ; and there is a point of physiological interest in the
throwing forward of the functions consequent upon the conversion
of the organs. The stamens are replaced by petals, the carpels by
stamens ; and an additional whorl of carpels is produced at the
summit of the axis. Generally speaking, the stamens are well-
developed; but now and then one or two are found sterile, or
surmounted by small petaloid lobes.

These monsters are more favourable to Eoeper's than to Kunth's
view ; for, if what we regard as the anterior petal were a " double
sepal," we should expect to find a petal developed within it, oppo-
site its commissure, which was never the case in any of the very
numerous specimens examined.

Somewhat related to the above metamorphoses are the con-
ditions described by Al. Braun in Delphinium (Pringsheim's Jahrb.
f. "Wiss. Bot. 1857, i. 206). In that genus the stamens and carpels
are members of a continuous spiral series, not of successive whorls.
In D. cardiopetalum the spiral is (approximately) f ; so that the
9th organ is opposite the 1st, &c. In cases where 16 stamens
were found, the first carpel, being the 17th organ of the series,
stood opposite stamens No. 9 and No. 1 ; the second carpel (18th
organ) was opposite stamen 10, &c. (fig. 4). In another case 18
stamens w^ere developed before the carpels appeared, in which case

LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY. M

162 PEOF. HENFEET ON THE MOEPHOLOGT OF BALSAMINACE^.
Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

Impatiens Bakamina. Hydrocera triflora.

Fig. 3.

Double Garden Balsam.

Fig. 4.

^/'\, -. \\

Delphinium cardiopetalum
(16 stamens and 3 carpels).

Fig. 5.

\ d) i 1 ®f^ )\k)\ i (3)

Delphinium cardiopetalum
(18 stamens and 3 carpels).

ON THE AKBORESCENT FERNS OF NEW ZEALAND. 163

the first carpel (organ 19) stood opposite stamen No. 11 ; the
second carpel (organ 20) opposite stamen No. 12 ; and the third
opposite No. 13 (fig. 5). This advance of the stamens, driving
forward the carpels, is still more clearly seen when only one
carpel exists, since this then stands, according to circumstances,
in an anterior, lateral, or posterior place. These conditions seem
exactly comparable with the advance of the stamens in an entire
whorl, and the production of a new whorl of carpels, such as I
have described in the double Balsam.

On the Arborescent Ferns of New Zealand. By Thomas Shear-
man Ealph, Esq., A.L.S.

[Read Dec. 2, 1858.]

Thinking that some observations on the Arborescent Ferns of
New Zealand may interest the members of the Society, I have
thrown them into the form of a paper ; and I have also forwarded
specimens to illustrate the various points which I think are either
unnoticed or are most worthy of remark.

Of the four species of Oyathea described in Dr. J. D. Hooker's
* Flora of New Zealand,' the most prominent one is the 0. dealhata,
or Silver Fern, known by its straight upright stem and white
fronds. It is by far the commonest species, and grows in all
situations, from the stream in the bottom of the gully to the very
tops of the highest hills (in the south part of the north island),
where perhaps it is more inclined to form groups.

G. meduUaris, or Black Fern, can be recognized in the early
stage, before it has made much stem, by the very long fronds
mounted on long black stipes, rising almost perpendicularly up-
wards, while its greater height and more solid appearance of stem
mark it out at an older stage.

C. Gunninghami is scarce, and likely to be often passed over as
G. Smithii in the dark recesses of the gullies in which it chiefly
delights to shelter itself; but it may, after some acquaintance, be
picked out of the crowd at a little distance. When very young,
its stem is entirely covered with the remains of the black bases of
the stipites, from which the dead fronds dangle all the way up,
giving it a very untidy and ragged appearance. The darker hue
of its fronds, which in the older state of the plant are as many as
thirty or forty in a head, and form a funnel-shaped crown, serves
also to distinguish this species from —

M 2

164 MR. T. S. RALPH ON THE

C. Smithii, whose delicate spreading fronds of brighter green
are mounted on a stem which is furnished with a wiry fibrous
structure, and whose top is adorned (?) with the remains of the
stipites of dead fronds, hanging closely to the stem, from sixty to
seventy in number, but all divested of the pinnae. This is what
may be seen in the bush when uninjured by the action of violent
winds. Thus much for a glance at these species ; a more detailed
account I now give, from investigations carried on uninterruptedly
during three months.

C. dealhata (White or Silver Fern) presents two or perhaps
three forms ; but the characters are scarcely marked enough to
make out so many varieties. One state of the fern is marked by
the frond being furnished with sori well within the margin, thus
giving the appearance of a broader pinna, &c. ; another form
appears to be characterized by a more delicate frond ; while a
third is a coarse or hard-fronded form, with a yellowish hue along
the upper side of the main and partial rachis, and which is per-
ceptible at a distance — the pinnules are also inclined to curl
inwards at the margins : this may be termed the full-fruited form,
as the sori are very abundant.

No decided character can be drawn from the persistence of the
bases of the dead fronds. I have seen these stipital remains cover-
ing a stem (of C dealhata) from top to bottom, in others halfway
up, in some on one side only ; seldom, however, is the stem entirely
bare, but a wiry fibrous structure (aerial rootlets) issues out and
covers it more completely. When this tree-fern has attained some
size, the base gradually enlarges by the addition of these fibres, till
it reaches perhaps a foot and a half in diameter. The greatest
height to which it seems to attain is about 24 feet. The fronds
vary from 8 feet to 12 feefc in length and from 2 feet to 3 feet in
breadth, and they spring out nearly horizontally from the crown.

Although the fronds are so beautifully white underneath, it is
almost impossible at times, even in open places, to be sure one
sees a white-fronded fern ; but a blow from a stick or a wave of
the wind is necessary, to tarn but a little portion of the frond, in
order to satisfy the observer that it is white beneath.

G. medullaris (Mamaku, or Mamagu of the natives. Black
Fern of the settlers). — This fern may be recognized at a very early
stage of its growth, and before any trunk has been developed, by
the general form and texture of the young frond. The main rachis
is usually of a very dark-brown or black colour. When it has
formed a stem, it will be observed that these black stipites are

ARBORESCENT rERJJfS OP NEW ZEALAND. 165

closely pressed to its sides and spring upwards nearly straight
and almost parallel with the direction of the stem, till the first or
lower pinnae are produced, even to a distance of five, six, or more
feet ; from this point the frond springs outwards, and, carrying its
breadth well up into the air, brings its apex out a little below the
body of the frond. The rachis is rough to the touch, and rounded
in form, with a perceptible channel or mid-groove commencing
some distance above the base. [A portion of the rachis cut off
here, for three feet or more, has very much the appearance of a
double-barreled gun, from the groove and the dark colour.] Lower
pinnae alternate, ascending nearly at right angles with the rachis,
while the succeeding ones gradually assume the horizontal direc-
tion (from the rachis). Fronds coriaceous, usually of a bright
shining green above, paler beneath, 6-9 springing out at once,
and at this stage of its growth appearing to be rather brittle.

When this fern has made a stem of ten feet or more, it will be
noticed that the stem is ragged, from the remains of the fallen
fronds, the stipites of which, often empty of cellular matter, hang
merely by the internal fibres and outer black shell-like covering.
When these last have decayed away, the fibres in connexion with
the scars on the stem still stand out like so many dried-up grassy
tufts. Should the stem at this time begin to form its dense,
matted, granular addition, which it puts on sooner or later, and
by which the stem is greatly increased in diameter up to a variable
height, then these persistent fibres occasion the additional growth
to protrude over them, thus making this portion of the stem
appear more knobbed than it otherwise would do. As this fern
usually grows on the side of a gully, and generally on one side of
it in preference to the other, this additional growth is always
greater in thickness towards the centre of the gully and away
from the bank, and gives the lower part of the stem a kind of
rough-triangular form. This growth sometimes attains a girth
of six or seven feet, extending in a gradually lessening deposit
upwards to a height of perhaps ten or more feet from the
ground.

This is a provision of nature applied to the weaker side of the
stem, occasioned by the damp and moisture trickling down the stem,
and provides a firm buttress to the lofty rise of the stem, which
sometimes attains a height of forty or fifty feet, and even, as it is
said, of eighty. The trunk seldom rises straight up, but takes a
bend or stoop, and always towards the gully, as if it experienced a
great weight of fronds ; and having formed this additional prop, it

166 ME. T. S. EALPH ON THE

seems to recover strength and determination to ascend more
straightly than before.

It is to be observed that as the stem attains a height of ten feet,
or thereabouts, the stipites become shorter, or, in other words, the
pinnae are set closer to the base of the stipites — but these last still
continue close-pressed to the stem, — that the black colour above is
replaced by a yellowish green, and greater asperities make their
appearance beneath, and are extended now all the way up the
rachis. The rachis in its outline is altered from the rounded to a
flattened form ; and as it springs from the stem, it assumes a gentle
curve, so as to bring the frond to a horizontal position. The fronds
are now seldom more than twelve feet in length, and of such a
weight as to require considerable efibrt to raise them off the ground
by one end in order to shoulder them, when one may be readily
carried. At this more mature stage of growth, the fronds, when
fully ripened, decay somewhere about six inches from their inser-
tion into the stem, and no doubt suddenly fall from their hori-
zontal position to a pendent one, and remain suspended perhaps
during the greater part of the winter, giving a majestic tree fern
the appearance of wearing a clothing of matting, much like a
native chief. These fronds ultimately fall off, and leave the stem
almost bare, so as to show the scars. This fern is seldom beset
by climbing plants, — a circumstance possibly due to the long per-
sistence of the stipital remains.

If the stem of 0. meduUaris, of a height varying from 20 to 40
feet, be examined, the following will be the features it will present.
A large, rough, black, triangular-shaped buttress tapering upwards
to 6 or 8 feet, when the original stem will most likely be seen
marked with elliptical-shaped scars of 6 or 8 inches in length
and about 3 in width. As the eye is carried higher up, these scars
will be seen to be set closer together, and to become altered in
form ; and at a height of 20 feet and upwards, they become nearly
hexagonal, and very regularly placed ; so that six of them occupy
the circumference, while the six above and those below alternate
with them. The woody matter at this part is very hard and heavy
with sap.

I have counted about 34 or 36 fronds in full vigour in one
crown at one time ; and, supposing that a circle of fronds attain
their full growth and live only six months, it will be seen that
these ferns are slow growers.

The linear form of the scars below accords with the brittle
nature of the rachis and their mode of intortion, by which a great

AEBOBESCENT FEENS OF NEW ZEALAND. ' 167

amount of weight is taken off from the young and soft stem, —
while the advanced stage of growth is marked by the addition of a
buttress, more closely-placed scars, harder woody structure, and
heavy horizontalli/-^\a,Ged fronds. I feel almost certain that the
different appearance of the young- and the older-formed fronds has
given rise to the idea of two species, not only in these islands, but
also, in some descriptions, in other places.

I now come to the other two Cyatheas ; namely, C. Cunning-
hamii and C. Smithii. I have found considerable difficulty in
making out these two species even when accompanied with plates
and descriptions.

C. Cunninghamii, or Warted Cyathea, as I have called it for
distinction. — This fern is seldom met with, except in the vicinity of
streams in the bush ; and where this is cleared away, I think it
ceases to increase. It appears to me to be less able to resist ex-
posure than either of those already described. It attains a height
of 20 feet, or perhaps more, and forms a basal fibrous structure,
much resembling that of C. dealbata, which extends about 5 feet
up. The stem is characterized by the remains of the black per-
sistent bases of the stipites, which are mostly close-pressed to
the stem for a foot or more ; and these, being hollow from decay
of the cellular substance, often contain plenty of water, and give
the stem, which is comparatively slender, a ragged, untidy appear-
ance. The young fronds, or rather as they emerge from the
fern, are fully charged with scales, which, on the main rachis,
appear to me to point towards the base, and not upwards to the
apex, of the frond. The fronds are heavier than in C. Smithii,
and appear from 20 to 30 in a crown. E-achis marked with linear
warty scars on either side, besides presenting a remarkable
warty or glandular (?) opening situated at the base of each pinna
springing from its sides. Sori numerous, generally on all the
pinnae ; the fertile fronds appear sometimes to be alternate, and
are more contracted than the barren ones.

I have called this the Warty Cyathea, to give it a local English
name, as the others are termed black and white, &c.

G. Smithii, or acorn-fruited Cyathea. — This fern also is most
frequent in the immediate neighbourhood of streams, at the
bottom of well-sheltered gullies. Soil wet or swampy. Stem fully
22 feet high, densely fibrous below, a little resembling that of Dick-
sonia antarctica (at the base), and remarkable for the dead^mwa-
less fronds, or rather raches, hanging from the upper part. Fronds
lanceolate, bipinnate, bright shining green, 8-9 feet long, and very

168 MB. T. S. BALPH ON THE

light : pinnae 20-22 pairs, springing from the upper rounded sur-
face ; lower short and erect ; middle ones gradually assuming
the horizontal position. Veins simply pinnate in barren fronds,
forked in fertile ones. Indusium truly cup-shaped, open above,
and protruding the compactly arranged sporangia to double the
distance ; they are covered by it below ; receptacle large and
club-shaped. I believe the cup never covers the sporangia. The
main rachis is brownish, channeled above, rough beneath with
minute points, the sides being covered at their early stage with
soft scales or paleae, as also are the partial ones. Warty scars
situated hetween the pinnae and on the sides of the rachis.

Note. This fern wants the characteristic sudden acuminate
point of the pinnae, so remarkable in the other three species.

I first noticed this species springing from a trunk which had
been buried in the side of a gully by the falling in of the soft
upper soil ; and it had formed a stem 6 feet high, rising up at a
right angle from the stem. I subsequently noticed many other
specimens both of this species and of G. dmningJiamii similarly
circumstanced.

I have sent with the stem-sections some natural skeletons of
the stem of Oyathea medullaris, which may be of service to com-
pare with some geological remains. I think it is evident also
that the natives of New Zealand have taken their scroll-like orna-
ments, in their houses, &c., from the gyrate fronds of the large
ferns, and also from the curious markings on the long scars of
the stems when they have decayed off the cellular substance.
These stems were in use as fencing, round their paas or villages.
(See ' Illustrations of New Zealand Scenery,' &c.)

Dicksonia antarctica. — This tree-fern is getting scarce about
Wellington, while D. squarrosa seems to be met with rather
more freely. A specimen of a stem, which I have sent, was part
of one 5 feet high. There was another which stood by, 12 or 15
feet in height ; but I had not the heart to cut it down. The lowest
part of this last was hard and fibrous, and very different from
the specimen sent ; but the upper half was so soft, that I could
impress it easily with my fingers. The lower portions had become
hardened, partly from the decay of the very soft woolly substance
which exists so abundantly at the bases of the stipites, and also
from the increase in size of the root-like fibres which penetrate
the woolly portion. This woolly substance, of a beautiful auburn
colour, serves to retain a great amount of moisture around the
rootlets which emerge from between the stipites, and facilitates

AEBORESCENT FERNS OF NEW ZEALAND. 169

their growth. A transverse section of the stem varies consider-
ably, according as it is cut high up or low down, as may be seen
in my specimens. A section taken 3 or 4 feet from below the
head gives us a woody centre or cylinder, and around it an im-
mense mass of a very dry light-brown substance, penetrated by
root-like fibres, without any trace of a stipe-like nature. A sec-
tion, taken 2 feet above this, gives the cylinder closely surrounded
by transverse sections of the remains of the stipites, — some 50 or
60, or more, remaining distinct, close-pressed and packed together,
with traces of fine hair-like fibres, which clothe the bases of the
stipites. Outside these is a surrounding mass of a looser and
coarser texture, consisting of a mass of matted fibres of a root-
like appearance, and decaying stipites, which have almost lost their
form in the general decay. On making a vertical section (and
this I believe is best done in recent fern-stems by splitting them
with a wedge in place of sawing), it will be seen that the woolly
substance closely invests the bases of the stipites, which are deeply
buried in the substance of the woody cylinder ; and a number of
rootlets may also be traced issuing outwards: these, I think,
sometimes ascend and then turn downwards, increasing, and
penetrating the decaying stipites, and in process of time forming
a tangled mesh or net-work of a coarse kind, and which remains
after the decay of the fine hairy fibres and the stipital bases.
Perhaps this state of things has led to the enumeration of a third
species of Dichsonia in these parts. As yet I have only met with
two.

D. squarrosa. — The fronds are about 8 to 10 feet long ; stem
16 feet, &c., slender ; small rootlets spreading in irregular masses
here and there, and forming irregular growths, which ultimately
unite, but no appearance of a coating of a fine fibrous nature.
The black stipites run up the stem for a foot or more, and ascend
clear of the head 18 inches or 2 feet before the lower pinnae ap-
pear, being clothed with inch-long, erect, brownish-black hairs or
setae, springing from the upper surface and sides of the stipe ;
rough, Avith minute tubercles ; branching rootlets, tufted with
brownish tomentum issuing upwards from between the stipites.
The very young gyrate fronds are clothed with auburn hair.

170 MR. D. OLIVER, JUN., ON THE

The Indian Species of Utricularia. By Daniel Oliver, Esq.,
Jun., E.L S.

[Read Dec. 16, 1858.]

Some few months ago Dr. J. D. Hooker was kind enough to
entrust to me, for arrangement, the very valuable collection of
Utricularias brought together by himself and Dr. Thomson during
their recent Indian journeys, with also an ample series of the
Southern and Ceylon species collected by the late Dr. Stocks,
and the numerous excellent botanists whose contributions are
acknowledged by the authors of the ' Flora Indica' and the ' Pra^-
cursores.' In addition to these, moreover, I may mention the
important series in Griffith's extensive herbarium, until recently
in the keeping of the East India Company, but now, through the
exertions of Dr. Hooker, in course of arrangement at Kew.
Erom the excessive entanglement of the nomenclature of this
interesting genus, at least of its Indian members, I found it
needful thoroughly to re-examine nearly every form, and to work
them up in the first place almost de novo, irrespective of their
literature ; and it is in the trust that the views which I have
felt myself required to adopt, as to the limitation, &c. of the
species, may serve as a stepping-stone to their more complete
illustration, that I venture to lay before the Linnean Society the
result of my inquiries. A few species from the temperate region
of the Himalaya are new, and especially demand publication, from
their common peculiarities.

In the elaboration of these plants, I have derived great advan-
tage from the herbaria of Sir "William J. Hooker, of Gr. Bentham,
and Dr. "Wight, which have been most freely placed at my ser-
vice ; these, with our Wallichian and Smithian collections, and
the important fasciculi preserved in the British Museum, have
been invaluable in determining their synonymy, otherwise quite
inextricable, as well as their range in respect not only to varia-
tion in form, but also of geographical distribution within the
borders of the Indian empire. Unfortunately, the insufficiency of
material, particularly as to North Australian and African species,
and, to some extent, to those of the Eastern Archipelago, pre-
cludes any satisfactory working-out of their general distribution ;
and upon this head, from the importance of absolute accuracy in
the identification of species, I feel it the safest course to say but
little. I have especially to congratulate myself on the ample

Llim.Soc.Jo\UTi.Bot.Yol.]y:t.I .

U. JaTnesoxiiaxva, D. ()ii\

Witah,afiL.etltth.

Wicent Bro<4s,LiTp .

INDIAN SPECIES OF UTBICTJLABIA. 171

suites of specimens which have been placed in my hands illustra-
tive of each or of most of the species. I have thus been enabled
to dissect and compare numerous examples, and have been spared
the contracted views of their specific limitation, which, with less
ample material, I should surely have adopted. The chief diffi-
culties in their study I have found to arise from the extreme
brevity and insufficiency of the older descriptions, and the multi-
plication of ' book species,' founded upon the unwarrantable data
afforded by solitary or very imperfect specimens. The examina-
tion of the parts of the flower in the Utricularias, also, is a labour
absorbing much time, from the care required in their dissection,
resulting less from any structural complication than from the
marked tenuity of the corolla, — while the frequent variability, even
in the same species, in the form of parts upon which important
characters are often based, demands an attentive comparison of
examples. The settlement of the synonymy of several species, and
the reduction of those specific names which have been applied
either to individual varieties or to mere forms, has been, I hope,
not an unuseful result of their study.

The more important recent contributions to our knowledge of
these plants are the papers of Benjamin, in the ' Botanische Zeit-
ung ' and the * Linnsea ; ' of Edgeworth in the ' Proceedings of the
Linnean Society ;' of Dalzell in the ' Kew Journal of Botany ;' and
the figures and descriptions in the ' Icones Plantarum Indise Ori-
entalis ' of Dr. Wight. "With regard to the descriptions of the
first-named author (although generally drawn up with care, yet
founded too often upon very imperfect and incomplete examples),
I should have felt them particularly embarrassing, were it not that,
in the herbarium of Sir W. J. Hooker, I have had access to speci-
mens of many of them authenticated by his own labels. The
contribution of M. P. Edgeworth, contained in the first volume of
our old ' Proceedings,' I should have most certainly overlooked,
had not J. J. Bennett kindly called my attention to it. Its most
important feature is the description of a supposed new genus of
Lentibularice, under the name of Diurospermum, from the Western
Himalaya. It would appear that no specimens of this plant have
been sent over by the author of this paper ; at least, in the herbaria
to which I have referred, none are to be found ; but I feel tolerably
confident that his plant may be recognized in a small and very
interesting species collected in Kumaon by Strachey and Win-
terbottom. I account for one or two little discrepancies by the
assumption that Edgeworth' s specimens have been either few or

172 Mil, D. OLIVEfi, JUN., ON THE

in an advanced state of growth, the chief difference between
the description of his plant and that of S. and W. being the
lobate upper segment of the calyx of the former. I find, in one
or two TTtricularice of this group, that this lobe of the calyx, ori-
ginally entire, or at most retuse or emarginate, often splits more
or less towards maturity, thus presenting quite a bilobate form.
The appendaged seeds are very remarkable ; but in this respect
they differ from other Himalayan species of the same series
(including the well-known U. orhiculata of Wallich) merely in the
form of the produced epidermal cells of the testa, which, as noted
by Dr. Wight, in this latter species are glochidiate or capitate,
while in the Kumaon plant they are elongated hairs from the
extremities.

The Sikkim and Khasia collections of Dr. Hooker include two
or three new species belonging to the same group with these
plants ; but I have not been fortunate enough in every case to
meet with matured seeds, the further examination of which is
very desirable. These singular Utricularias constitute a most
interesting section of the genus, characterized by small stature,
orbiculate, reniform, or obovate-spathulate leaves, very unequal
calyx-lobes, the lobed, more or less plane, lip of the corolla, and
(so far as sufficiently matured specimens enable me to speak) the
appendaged seeds ; perhaps, too, the dehiscence of the capsule,
and the ultimately more or less reflex^ed inferior lobe of the calyx,
may be common to them. Although these characters confer a
striking individuality, yet I do not discover that the species pre-
senting them are entitled to a rank superior to that of a sub-
genus. They are, too, so essentially TTtricularice, that by separating
them we should open a door yet more widely to a destruction of
the genus as interpreted in books — already, indeed, impending
from the separation, by some writers, of certain South American
forms. It is perhaps possible that a carefully conducted series of
observations upon the embryo and sti'ucture of the seed may lead
to a different conclusion ; but until such observations are forth-
coming, the more correct course is undoubtedly to retain them as
a section of the genus. Dr. Wight, in his valuable * Icones '
(vol. iv.), figures and describes twenty-three species. Some of
these, in most cases identified in his herbarium, after examination
and comparison with other series, I have thought it quite im-
possible to maintain, and have accordingly reduced them. Dr.
Wight particularly observed the characters afforded by the surface
and form of the seed in certain species, resting, in some cases,

INDIAN SPECIES OE FTEICULAEIA. 173

important specific characters upon tliem. I have examined the
seeds of many species, and believe that marked characters, avail-
able in their discrimination, are, in some instances, afforded by
them. The variety in their form and surface is striking ; but we
are yet very deficient in information as to whether parallel differ-
ences are presented in the internal structure of the seed, which it
is extremely difficult to investigate in many instances — in part
from the excessively oleaginous nature of the cell-contents, and
perhaps, too, the relatively small or imperceptible cotyledons. Of
the older descriptions of Indian TItricularicd, the most important
are those of Linnseus and Vahl. Prom the accumulation of
species subsequent to their period, the extreme brevity of their
notices, and the imperfection of the absolute material upon which
they were framed, it is very difficult, and frequently indeed im-
possible, to arrive at a confident determination of their species.
When authentic specimens have been accessible to me (as in the
case of the Linnean Herbarium) corresponding sufficiently nearly
with the published descriptions of the author, I have adopted the
Herbarium names ; in the case, however, of a few of Dr. Koenig's
plants in the collection of the British Museum, which appear to
be unusual or aberrant forms of frequent species, or else very im-
perfect and insufficient for positive determination, I have not
thought it desirable to disturb nomenclature unduly by the adop-
tion of the Vahlian names which, with reason, may be supposed
to apply to them. Examples of a TItricularia, however, in that
herbarium, from Dr. Koenig, bearing the name TT. flexuosa Vahl,
together with the description of that species in the * Enumeratio
Plantarum,' compel me to give it its fair precedence, at the sacri-
fice of Dr. Roxburgh's generally adopted name, TT. fasciculata.

In the distribution of the Indian species in this paper, for the
purpose of ready reference, I have availed myself of sectional
characters, based upon, chiefly, the presence or absence of a leafy
axis, whether submerged or terrestrial; the attachment of the
squamsB* and bracts ; the length of the pedicels ; the direction and

* I employ the word ' squa^mcB,^ with previous writers, to denote the minute
empty scales attached, like the bracts, sometimes by the base, sometimes about
or below the middle, to the scape. Although the transition to these from the
true leaves at the base of the scape, or, when present, from the capillary seg-
ments of the submerged axis, may be very abrupt, I take them to be reduced
foliar organs, referable probably to the ' hypsophyllary' series, and correspond-
ing to similar appendages in Fi/rola, &c.

At the base of the pedicel, in nearly all of the Indian species destitute of a
floating axis, are found, by and within the bract '^as noted in the sectional cha-

174 ME. D. OLIVER, JUN., ON THE

proportion of the spur of the corolla ; the comparative proportions
of the calyx-lobes, &c. The sections of A. De Candolle employed
in the ' Prodromus,' of questionable utility in their general ap-
plication, are almost useless in the apportionment of the Indian
species.

Finally, I may be allowed to express my conviction, that in the
investigation of the development and general morphology of the
' Bladder-worts,' there is a wide field for extended observation ;
and I believe that a monograph of the genus, thoroughly worked
out in respect to these, would be, although a work of much labour
and difficulty, a most valuable contribution to science.

Utrictjlaeia, L.

§ I. ^ca/pi ex axi demerso, segmentis multisectis plus minus capil-
laceis scepissime aciculiferis, per floo^escentiam persistente.
JBractecB solitarice (i. e. hracteolce nullce).

A. Scopus vesicis inflatis in verticillum unicum dispositis instructus
(vide obs. sub U.Jlexuosa, infra.).

1. U. stellaris, L.; Wall. Caf. 6400; A.BC. Prodr. viii. 3; Wight,

Icones, 1567.
hoc. Per totam Indiam tropicam. Moradabad, hb. Hook. ! Rohil-

khand, Edgew. \ Concan, Stocks ! Tanjore et Orissa, Wight ! Car-

natica, Katnig. &c. ! Khasia, hb. Griff. ! Forma macrocarpa, Nipalia,

Wall. ! &c.
Distrib. Nubia, Kotschy ! Africa aust.. Dreg. ! (Nov. Hollandia bor.,

Mueller ?)
Scapi supra v. infra medium vesicis circiter 3-5 lanceolatis oblongis

V. ovato-oblongis apicem versus filamentis capillaribus plus minus

ramosis instructis in verticillum saepissime dispositis. Pedicelli apice

saepe incrassati fructiferi patentes v. deflexi capsulam aequantes v.

excedentes.
Corollce labio superiore ovato v. rotundato obtuso calyce saepe duplo

longiore, calcari brevi saccate obtuso v. alabastro emarginato corollae

racters), a pair of very small laterally disposed lamina?, which I call hracteolce ;
these, in certain species, almost equal the bract in length and proportions, ex-
cepting that in the case of those having bracts volute at the base, the bracteoles
are, I think, not to the same extent free below their attachment. In none of
the Indian Utricularice^ however, do the bracts and bracteoles assume anything
like the development of those of the singular section ' Orchidioides^ (A. DC),
a South American group of the genus, in which they are relatively very long,
attaining a length of from :^ to f in.

INDIAN SPECIES OE ITTEICULAIIIA. ITS

labium inferius versus curvato et idem subaequante. Capsul<B glo-
bosae lobis calycinis ovatis rotundatisve saepe inaequalibus plus minus
obtectse, seminibus peltatis 5-6- angulatis.
^, Coromandeliana (A. DC. Prodr. viii. A.), forma tantum mihi in-
cognita.

B. Scapus nudus vel squamis paucis instructuis.

2. U. flexuosa, Vahl, En. PI i. 199. (U. fascieulata, Roxh. Fl. Ind. ;
Wall. Cat. 1499 ; Wight, Tcones, t. 1568. — U. insequalis, Benjamin
in LinncBa, xx. 304 (exempla cujus cum schedulis auctoris in hb.
Hook, vidi, forma mera gracilior U. flexuosce). — U. ramosa, VahU
Ind. or. ; Kcenig, hb. Mus. Brit. ?)

Loc. Per totam regionem tropicam. Ludihana, Edgew. in hb. Bth. !
Assam (Goalpara,&c.) hb. Wall. ! hb. Hook. ! Silhet, hb. Wall. ! Ni-
palia, hb. Wall. ! Malabar, Wight ; Bengalia, Rwb. in hb. Mus. Brit. !
Travancore, hb. Wall. ! Ceylonia (C. P. 2089), Thwaites ! Tavoy, hb.
Wall. ! Mergui, hb. Griff. !

Forma gracilis: — Ceylonia (sub nom. U. vulgaris, Macrae), hb. Hook\
Burdwan ! Chittagong, J. D. H. et T. T. ! Malacca, Cuming, 2278 !

Vesicae natantes (vel axes foliacei potius abnormaliter dilatati saepe
2-unc. longi lineares) foliolis capillaribus multisectis passim instructae
(ut in U. injiata, sp. occid.) prope basin scapi in verticillum infre-
quenter dispositae sunt.

Pedicelli primum erecti fructiferi saepius deflexi. Calyx lobis fructiferis
accrescentibus divergentibus saepe plus minus inaequalibus. Calcar
breve curvatum v. porrectum obtusiusculum, coroUae labio inferiore
late ovato palato (fid. sched. in hb. Wight) valde prominente macula
aurantiaca notato brevius longiusve. Semina peltata plerumque 5-6-
angulata.

U. confervifolia, Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep. p. 84, specimen auct. imperfec-
tum cujus in hb. Mus. Brit, vidi, U. flexuosce valde accedit et veri-
similiter eidem referri debet.

3. U. PUNCTATA {Wall. Cat. 2121). Scapo 4 unc. ad ped. et ultra
pauci- multifloro saepe elongato cicatricibus minutis pedicellorum
bractearumque delapsorum nonnunquam notato, pedicelhs gracilibus
fructiferis adscendento-patentibus apicem versus erectis bracteis basi-
volutis suffultis, calycis lobis subaequalibus ovato-rotundatis superiore
corollae labio superiore brevi rotundato integro breviore lobo inferiore
calcari crasso subcylindraceo obtuso corollam vix excedente dimidio
breviore, capsula ovato-oblonga v. ovata obtusa calycem denique su-
perante, seminibus peltatis suborbiculatis circumalatis margine pro-
funde dentato-laciniatis. — Wight, Icones, 1570.

Loc. Tavoy (W. G.), Wall.l Rangoon, hb. Wall.l Mergui, Griff, in

hb. Hook. !
Folia demersa segmentis capillaribus dichotome multisectis aciculifera.

176 ME. D. OLIVER, JUN., ON THE

BractetB ovatae plus minus acuta3 infra medium adfixae. Calcar corollae
labium inferius interdum parum excedens. Stylus brevis. Semina
speciei hujus notabilia et quoad sciam peculiaria sunt.

4. U. DiANTHA (Roem. et Sch. Syst. Veget, i. 169, non A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 21). Scapo gracili 2-4-unc. vel gracillimo duplo triplove longiore
1-2-floro rarius 3-floro, bracteis parvis amplexicaulibus obtusissimis,
pedicellis erectis infimo florem 2-3-plo excedente, calc} cis lobis ovatis
obtusis subrotundatisve corollae labio superiore integro late ovato-
quadrato v. subrotundato calcarique dimidio brevioribus, ealcari
cylindrico-conico corollae labium inferius subaequante v. excedente,
capsula subglobosa stigmate minuto sessili, seminibus peltatis alatis
5-6-angulatis. — Wight, Icones, t. 1569.

U. biflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.43, non Wall. Cat. 1498.— U. Roxburghii,
Sprengel, Syst. i. 52.— U. elegans. Wall. Cat. 1502.— U. ptero-
sperma, Edgew. Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 352. — U. Saharunporensis, hb.
Royle. Conf. U. exoleta, R. Br.

hoc. India bor.-occ. hb. Hook. ! Ludihana, Edgew. in hb. Bth. I Ni-
palia. Wall. ! Khasia, J. D. H. et T. T. ! Bengalia, Roxb. in hb. Mus.
Brit. ! Coromandel, Kcenig ! Quilon, hb. Wight !

Parva. Axis demersus subramosus segmentis foliaceis capillaceis utri-
culiferis. Scapus nudus v. squamis (1-2) minutis instructus; scapi
uniflori bractea vacua saepe cum axi abortivo v. flore tardo potius ei
opposita observatur. Calyx lobis parum inaequalibus capsula matura
valde brevioribus. Corolla labio inferiore integro calcaris basin am-
plectente eodemque saepius breviore. A summo corollae labii supe-
rioris ad apicem calcaris 2-3 lin.

The occurrence of an apparently abortive axis or flower-bud on the
single-flowered scapes opposite to the bract is, in this plant, as in
U. gibba, &c. (North American sp.), especially frequent. It is an in-
teresting instance of a secondary superseding a primary axis, and of a
definite inflorescence in a group in which an indefinite raceme prevails.

5. U. minor, Linn.

Loc. In Tibetia occidentali. Nubra, alt. 11,000 pedum, T. Thomson \
Folia demersa di- trichotomo-multipartita utriculifera segmentis linea-
ribus lineari-subulatisve remote subtiliter spinulosis glabrisve. Scapus
erectus 3-10 unc. (saepius 4-8 unc.) pauci- multiflorus squamis 2-3
minutis bracteisque basifixis ovatis auriculatis plus minus obtusis in-
structus. Pedicelli post anthesim saepius arcuato-patentes v. ad-
scendentes calyce 2-4-plo longiores. Calyx lobis subaequalibus ovatis
obtusis superiore corollae labio superiore ovato subrotundatove in-
tegro breviore. Corolla labio inferiore late elliptico obovato-rotun-
dato vel suborbiculato superius 2-3-plo excedente, ealcari brevissimo
saccato obtusissimo.
A basi calycis ad extremum corollae labii inferioris 3-4 lin.

INDIAIf SPECIES OF UTEICULAEIA.. 17,7

It may be proper here to state that I do not admit the specific value
of Utricularia Bremii (Heer), and doubt further if the U. intermedia of
British botanists be distinct, except as a mere form or perhaps variety,
from U. minor, L. It is not improbable that the U. sacciformis of
Benjamin {Linncsa, xx. 302) may refer to this plant ; I have not, how-
ever, seen authentic specimens.

§ II. Scopus hasifoliis Unearihus, Uneari-spathulatis v. spathulatis^
integris, cmte florescentiam scepe evanescentihus. Calyx lohis
cequalihus, interdum parvm, incequalihus.

A. Sco/pus squamis, hracteis hracteolisq^ue hasifixis instructus.

a. Glabra. Calcar conico-suhulatum v. suhulatum, dependens, scepius
plus minus curvatum. Calyx fructifer, lobis, capsulam obte-

* Flores violacei, purpurea- v. albO'Carulei.

6. U. ALBO-c^RULEA {Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. viii. 279). Floribus
paucis, pedicellis floriferis erectis subpateutibusve calcar subaequan-
tibus fructiferis curvato-deflexis, calycis lobo superiore late ovato
acutissimo coroUae labio superiore albo suborbiculato integro emar-
ginato V. retuso marginibus reflexis breviore, lobo inferiore calcari
dependente subulato acuto seepius valde breviore, labio inferiore
coroUae amplo subintegro v. emarginato calcar plerumque duplo
excedente.

hoc. Concan, Stocks ! (In rupibus prope Vingorla, fl. temp, pluviali,
Dalz. I. c.)

Fragrans (fid. Dalz. I. c). Radices sparse ramosse, utriculis paucis.
Scapus 3-10 unc. (ssepius 4-5 unc), teres, erectus, firmus gracilisve,
squamis raris parvis ovatis instructus, 1-2-florus, nonnunquam elon-
gatus 4-5-florus. Bractece ovatae acutae. Flares primum approxi-
mati. Corolla labio inferiore (fide descript. opt. Dalz. I. c.) quadrato-
orbiculari emarginato, palato macula pallida venosa antice 3-lobata
notato. Capsula globosa v. sacciformis calycis lobis accrescentibus
pedicello demum leviter decurrentibus obtecta. Stigma sessile. Se-
mina minuta, oblonga v. ovata, utrinque obtusa v. subsphaerica, scro-
biculato-reticulata.

Corolla a summo labii superioris ad apicem calcaris 4-6 lin., a basi cal-
caris ad extremum labii inferioris 4-7 lin.

Ab Utriculariis alteris afiinibus, floribus paucis, corollae amplae albo-
caeruleae labio inferiore calcar valde excedente, pedicellis fructiferis
denique curvato-deflexis, dignoscitur.

7. U. ARCUATA {Wight, Icones, t. 1570-1). Floribus paucis, calycis
lobis subaequalibus superiore paulo majore late ovato v. cordato-ovato
corollae labio superiore suborbiculato obovato-orbiculato v. obcordato

LINN. PROC. — BOTANY. N

178 MR. D. OLIVER, J UN., ON THE

integro v. plus minus profunde emarginato breviore, lobo inferiore
ovato calcari 3-4 -plo breviore, coroUai labio inferiore araplo integro
rarius emarginato ealcar longum graeile lineari-subulatum dependens
V. falcato-curvatum subaequante.

o. CoroUae labio superiore bilobato, calcari dependente, pedicellis ealcar
vix excedentibus.

y3. Corollae labio superiore suborbiculato integro subintegrove, calcari
saepius arcuatim curvato, pedicellis florem sequantibus v. paulo exce-
dentibus.

Loc. a. Bombay, Jacquemont (565 «).

^. Malabar, Law ! Concan, Stocks ! Belgaum, Law !

Flores caerulei {Wight, Icones, Not. ^ 1571); mihi corollae (in specc. ex-
sicc.) labium inferius deorsum pallide violaceura palatum flavum(?)
versus pallescens videtur. Radices ramosae utriculiferae. FoZia brevia,
lineari-spathulata v. spathulata, obtusa, utriculis nigris interdum in-
strueta, sub anthesin pauca nuUave. Scapi 3-10 unc. (saepius 3-5
unc), erecti, nonnunquam bifidi, squamis paucis (2-3) minutis ovatis.
Pedicelli fructiferi, adscendentes v. arcuato-patentes, apicem versus
leviter marginati. Capsula ovata v. elliptica, stigmate sessili v. sub-
sessili. U. albo-cmrulea et U. affini, quibus proxima est, calcari
gracillimo corollae labium inferius aequante, distinguitur.

Plahta Jacquemontiana forsan ad speciem distinctam pertinet.

8. U. AFFiNis {Wight, Icones, t. 1580. f.l). Scapo pauci- multifloro,
pedicellis brevibus plus minus arcuato-adscendentibus vix patentibus
nunquam deflexis, calycis lobis subaequalibus superiore late ovato v.
orbiculato-ovato acutissimo v. cuspidato, inferiore ovato calcari sub-
falcato dependente conico-subulato acuto v. acutiusculo valde breviore,
calycis fructiferis lobis plus minus rotundatis apiculatis acutiusculis v.
obtusis, lobo majore saepius suborbiculato orbiculato-cuspidatove,
corollae violaceae v. caeruleae labio superiore obovato-cuneato sub-
obovato vel late oblongo integro emarginato ve calyce paulo breviore
V. longiore, labio inferiore integro v. emarginato ealcar saepius sub-
aequante, seminibus plus minus profunde scrobiculatis.

a. Scapo saepius 3-8 unc. floribus primum paucis postea 5-7, pedicellis
calycem subaequantibus, corollae labio superiore saepius plus minus
obovato emarginato v. integro. Corolla a summo labii superioris ad
apicem calcaris saepius 3-4 lin., a basi anteriore calc. ad extremum
labii inferioris H-3 lin. — U. decipiens, Dalz. Kew Journ. Bot. iii.
279; conf. U. acuta, Benj.

i3. Scapo \^-A unc. 1-4-floro, pedicellis brevissimis bracteam vix exce-
dentibus, labio corollae superiore obovato emarginato. A summo co-
rollas labii inferioris ad apicem calcaris 3-4 lin., a basi calcaris ante-
riore ad extremum corollae labii inferioris 1-2-2 lin. — U. brachypoda,
Wight, Icones, t. 1578-1. Praecedentis vix varietas, forma mera
parva. Cf. U. graminifolia, MSS. ^3. Nov. Cambria (Cape Grafton),
1770, in hb. Mus. Brit.

IN^DIAK SPECIES OF UTRTCULARIA. 179

y. Scapo majore erecto v. subvolubili 6 unc, ad ped. et ultra 3- multi-
floro, foliis gramiueis linearibus v. lineari-spathulatis obtusis, pedicellis
fructiferis calycem ajquantibus saepius remotis, corollae labio superiore
oblongo V. subobovato integro v. subintegro. Petala cserulea albo
lineata (fid. not. in hb. Griff.). — U. Griffithii, Wight, Icones, t. 1676 ;
U. intricata, hb. Griffith. "■ •

Loc. : — a. Concan, Dalz. ! Stocks ! Law ! In montibus Nilghiri, Wight,
hb ! Maulmein, Lobb, hb. Hook. !— /3. Quilon, hb. Wight ! — y. Ma-
lacca, hb. Wight !

Distr. Borneo ins.. Barber !

Radices parce utriculiferse. Folia ante anthesin plerumque decidua, in
var. y. nonnunquam persistentia, ssepe 1-H lin. lata. Scapi saepius
erecti teretes, squamis paucis bracteisque ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve,
pedicellis plerumque subreraotis remotisve. Capsula ovata v. ellip-
tica, stigmate subsessili.

Characteres diagnostici formis speciei hujus communes, in colore scapi
&c. (in specc. herb.) pallide viridi, pedicellis brevibus suberectis v.
curvato-adscendentibus, calycis loborum fructiferi forma plus minus
rotundata acuta, et seminibus seepe profunde scrobiculatis, inveniuntur.
U. graminifolia (Nov. Cambria, Banks et Solander), MS. in hb. Mus.
Brit., forsan ad eandem referri debet.

9. U. CiERULEA {Linn, herb., non A. DC. Prodr. viii. 1.9). Scapo firmo
V. gracili erecto v. subvolubili 2 unc. ad ped. et ultra (saepius 3-8 unc.)
1-8-floro, squamis paucis (in var. /3. valde numerosis) bracteisque
ovatis saepius acuminatis, pedicellis fructiferis gracilibus erectis ad-
scendentibus v. laxe adscendenti-patentibus nunquam deflexis caly-
cem demum aequantibus v. excedentibus, calycis lobo superiore ovato
acuminato corollae labio superiore obovato oblongo-obovato v. orbicu-
lato-obovato (in var. y. angustiore oblongo obtuso) integro breviore
vix longiore, calycis fructiferi lobis ovatis acutis v. acuminatis, semi-
nibus minutis reticulato-striatis.

a. Scapo firmo v. gracili 2-8-10 unc, racemis denique elongatis floribus
remotis remotiusculisve, pedicellis fructiferis calycem aequantibus v.
excedentibus erectis v. erecto-patentibus, labio superiore corollae sae-
pissime obovato, inferiore plerumque plus minus adscendente. — U. pe-
dicellata, Wight, I.e. t. 1578. f. 2; U. conferta, Wight, 1. c. t. 1575.

/3. Scapo saepe firmiore squamis ovatis acutis numerosis instruct©, flo-
ribus paucis subterminalibus, pedicellis rectis calycem subaequantibus,
— U. squamosa, Wight, 1. c. t. 1579 (an forma tantum?).

y. Elongata. Scapo gracili v. volubili, pedicellis gracilioribus laxe ad-
scendenti- v. arcuato-patentibus, corollae labio superiore angustiore,
&c. — U. uliginoides, Wight, 1. c. t. 1573.

Loc. : — a. In montibus peninsulae : Concan, Stocks ! Law ! Nilghiri,
Foulkes ! Schmid ! Pulney, hb. Wight ! Courtalam, hb. Wight ! In
Ceylonia (C. P. 2086), Thwaitesl—^. Sispara, hb. Wight \—y. Cour-

1am, hb. Wight !

n2

180 Mil. D. OLIVER, JVN., ON THE

Species variabilis, formis extremis valde dissimilibus. Folia spathulata v.
lineari-spathulata plerumque ante anthesim evanescentia. Scapus
squamis raris ovatis acutis acuminatisve (excepta var. jS) instruc-
tus, firmus, debilis v. subvolubilis. Flores quam in U. reticulata,
U. albo-carulea, et U. arcuata minores, corollae labio inferiore in-
tegro saepius adscendente calcar conico-subulatum subsequante.

Pedicellis gracilibus plus minus adscendentibus vix marginatis calyce
fructifero rarius brevioribus plerumque longioribus, corollae labio su-
periore integro et ssepissime obovato, dignoscitur. {U. Smithiana,
herb. Wight, mihi forma prsecedentis major videtur.)

10. U. RETICULATA {Smith, Exot. Bot. 119). Scapo ped. et ultra
volubili V. breviore firmo erecto, calycis lobo superiore ovato aeutis-
simo cuspidatove corollae (excl. var. ^) amplse labio superiore ovato
obtusissimo v. ovato-rotundato integro marginibus reflexis breviore
(in var. /3 idem sequante v. paulo superante), calcari subulato depen-
dente, calyce fructifero accrescente marginibus pedicello deflexo (v.
in forma ^ patente) ssepius decurrentibus.

Species magnitudine scapi florumque valde variabilis : sub tribus modi-
ficationibus occurrit. Folia linearia, ante anthesin saepius deeidua.
Corolla caerulea v. violaceo-cserulea, labio inferiore faucem versus pal-
lido V. albido nervis coloratis longitudinaliter et transverse striate,
calcari pallido v. albido.

a. Scapo 6 unc. ad ped. et ultra ssepissime volubili squamis bracteisque
ovatis acutis acuminatisve instructo, pedicellis fructiferis patentibus
V. saepius deflexis apicem versus marginatis calycem aequantibus v.
interdum 3-4-plo excedentibus, floribus remotis remotiusculisve, ca-
lycis lobis fructiferis valde accrescentibus, saepe 3-4 lin. latis, late
ovatis acutis, corollae labio superiore ovato apice rotundato v. ovato-
orbiculato integro calycis lobum superiorem superante et marginibus
reflexis fere obtegente, labio inferiore amplo galeato integro v. emar-
ginato calcar rectum v. vix curvatum subulatum acutum aequante v.
saepius valde excedente, capsula ovata v. elliptica calyce accrescente
obtecta, seminibus ovatis oblongisve striatis reticulato-striatisve.

Corolla magna, a basi calcaris ad extremum labii inferioris (in herb, sp.)
s^pe 6-8 lin.— ^. DC. Prodr. viii. 19; Wight, Illust. ii. t. 143;
Rheede, Hort. Mai. ix. t. 70 ; Wall. Cat. 1493.— U. caerulea, hb. Heyn.,
Wall.

Forma occurrit cum scapo erecto v. volubili 3-8 unc., floribus paucioribus.
An plantae typicae forma junior? U. spiricaulis, Miq. PI. Hohen.
574. ; U. uliginosa, Wight, Icones, t. 1574 (in parte).

/3. (stricticaulis). Scapo erecto firmo 2-5 unc. nonnunquam longiore,
squamis plus minus acutis, pedicellis fructiferis marginatis calycem
accrescentem aequantibus v. brevioribus bracteam paulo excedentibus,
adscendentibus vel deflexo -patentibus, calycis lobis denique ellipticis
acutis deorsum angustatis.

Corolla, quam in forma tyj)ica, valde minor, labio superiore calycem

INDIAN SPECIES OF UTRICULARIA. 181

aequante v. breviore, inferiore calcar subaequante, calcari calyce bre-
viore vix longiore. U. ccerulece interdum noii parum similis, sed
corollse labio superiore calyce breviore, habitu firraiore, pedicellis
saepius brevibus firmis distinguitur. — U. carulea, var. stricticaulis,
Kcenig in hb. Mus. Brit. ; U. uliginosa, Vahl, En. PI. i. 203. ;
U. humilis, Heyn., Wall. Cat. 1 495 ; U. polygaloides, Edgew. 1. c. 351 .
hoc. :—a. In Ceylonia, Walker ! (C. P. 2090) Thwaites ! (sub nom. U.
ceerulece) Macrae ! Nilghiri, Lobb ! Malabar, PL Hohen. ! Mysore, Bw
chan., hb. Mus. Brit. ! Concan, Stocks ! Law ! Forma U. spiricaulis,
Miq. (v. supra). Prope Mangalore, PL Hohen. ! Quilon, hb. Wight !
Concan, Stocks, Sfc.l Ceylonia (C. P. 2091), Thwaitesl—^ (stricti-
caulis). In Ceylonia, Walker ! (C. P. 2088) Thwaites 1 Coromandel,
Kcenig, Sfc. ! Mysore, hb. Wall. ! Bengalia, Edgew.

11. U. SCANDENS {Benj. MS. in hb. Hook, (in parte), non Linnoea, xx.
309). Scapo tenuissimo volubili squamis paucis minutissimis ovatis
instructo, pedicellis remotis subremotisve sajpe brevissimis v. calycem
aequantibus, fructiferis plerumque deflexis, calycis lobis paulo insequa-
libus superiore breviore ovato-orbiculato corollse labium superius ob-
tusissimum integrum v. subemarginatum subaequante, lobo inferiore
ovato calcari conico-subulato dependente paulo breviore, calycis
fructiferi lobis obtusis obtusiusculisve capsulam ovatam v. ellipticam
subaequantibus.

U. minima, gracillima. Scopus 1-4 unc. saepe volubili ssi mus. Bractece
minutae, ovatae, subacutae v. obtusae. Flores caerulei, plerumque re-
moti, pedicellis brevibus vel fructiferis calycem subaequantibus. Stylus
brevis. Semina minuta, reticulato-striata, scrobiculata.

A sum mo corollae labii superioris ad apicem calcaris circiter 2 lin. ; calyx
fruct. Ij-lf lin. longus.

Loc. Prope montes Madura^, Madras, hb. Wight !

Formae minori 17. Wallichianas (quacum a Benj. confusa est) similis,
sed calcycis lobis fructiferi plus minus obtusis parum inaequalibus,
pedicellis deflexis, corollae colore, &c. ab eadem dignoscitur.

In the * Linnaea' Tvol. xx. p. 309), Benjamin describes a Utricularia
under the name of U. scandens, quoting as a synonym * U. volubilis '
of the Hookerian herbarium. Referring to this collection, I find a
sheet upon which are mounted two very distinct species of Utricularia.
To each of these is a label attached bearing the name ' 17. scandens,
Bj.,' I believe, in the handwriting of its author. To the specimens of
one of these species the name U. volubilis, quoted by Benjamin, had
been previously affixed : it is to this plant, moreover, that his de-
scription applies; and from these specimens it was most probably
framed. These latter, however, are obviously referable to the voluble
and slender variety of U. Wallichiana, "Wight, while the other examples
belong to the very diff'erent plant which I have here described, additional
specimens of which were met with in Dr. Wight's herbarium. I have
thought it better not to import a new specific name for the species.

182 ME. D. OLIVEE, JUN., OS THE

trusting that, if this explanation be accepted, the old one may be
retained.

** Floresjiavi.

12. U. BIFIDA {Linn. herb.). Scapo ssepius erecto 2-10 unc. 2- mul-
tifloro, squamis paucis, pedicellis brevibus marginatis fructiferis nu-
tantibus bractea brevioribus v. parum longioribus, calycis lobo supe-
riore ovato v. ovato-rotundato obtusiusculo corollse labio superiore
quadrato-oblongo ovato subobovatove integro paulo breviore, lobo
inferiore ovato obtuso v. bidentato calcari breviore, corollae labio
inferiore integro v. emarginato calcari dependente paululo falcato-
curvato breviore v. subaequante, capsula ssepius globosa v. ovata
calycis lobis accrescentibus demum ovato-rotundatis obtusis obtecta,
seminibus plerumque ovatis oblique striatis.

U. biflora. Wall. Cat. 1498.— U. antirrhinoides, 1498 b.—V. diantha,
A. DC. Prodr. viii. 21.— U. Wallichiana, Bj. Bot. Zeit. 1845, 213.—
U. humihs, Wight, I. c. t. 1572. f. 2. (U. humiUs, Vahl. En. PL ?)

Loc. In Ceylonia, Walker ! Wight. Malabar et Mysore, Wight. Chit-
tagong, J. D. H. et T. T. ! Silhet, hb. Wall. ! Nipalia, Wall. I Tavoy,
Wall. ! Malacca, Griff, hb. Wight !

Distr. China, Nelson, in hb. Mus. Brit. ! Ins. Philip., Cuming, No.
2289 (sec. Benj. in Linncea, xx. 303) ; sp. nova, U. brevicauUs, Bj.,
sphalmate, hb. Hook !

Scapus squamis bracteisque ovatis plus minus acutis instructus. Radices
fibrosse, parce utriculiferae. Folia lineari-spathulata, sub anthesin
nulla subnullave. Capsula globosa v. ovata, stylo brevi.

Ab omnibus affinibus satis diversa ; discrepat corollas colore flavo, caly-
cibus fructiferis obtusis nutantibus pedicello brevi denique plus minus
decurrentibus.

13. U. Wallichiana {Wight, Icones, t. 1572. f. 1 (male), non Benj.).
Scapo stricto v. volubili firmo v. gracillimo 1-2- multifloro, floribus
remotis subremotisve, pedicellis erectis adscendentibusve calcar sub-
aequantibus interdum longioribus laxe patentibus, calycis lobis sub-
sequalibus, fructiferis accrescentibus ovatis acutis v. cuspidatis, floriferis
superiore late ovato v. ovato-orbiculato cuspidato v. acuminato corollae
labium superius plus minus obovatum v. rotundatum integrum (in
var. y subraarginatum) subaequante, calcari subulato dependente saepe
falcato-curvato coroUae labium inferius integrum v. subretusum plus
minus excedente v. aequante, calycis lobo inferiore calcari interdum
2-3-plo longiore (in var. y aequilongo v. parum longiore).

j3. Scapo gracili v. capillaceo saepe volubili, floribus remotis pedicellis
adscendentibus patentibusve. — U. scandens, Benj. Linnaea, xx. 309, &c.

y {firmula). Scapo 1-3-unc. 1-3 floro, corollae labio superiore integro
v. subemarginato, calcari calycem saepe parum excedente.

Loc. In regione temperata montium peninsulae, Himalaya &c. —
a. Courtalam, Wight. Madras, hb. Wall. ! Khasia, J. D. H. et T. T. !

INDIAN SPECIES OF UTEICULAEIA. 183

Sikkim, inter Sphagna, alt. 9000 ped., /. D. H. ! — /3. In montibus
Nilghiri, hb. Wight I Courtalam, hb. Wight] Sirra Mullay, hb.
Wight ! Arcot, Hunter, hb. Hook. ! Khasia, J. D. H. et T. T. !—
y. Khasia, J. D. H. et T. T. ! Sikkim ad Lachoong, alt. 10-11,000
ped., J. D. Hooker !

Radices utriculiferse. Folia per anthesin subnuUa, linearia v. lineari-
spathulata, in var. y petiolis interdum utriculiferis. Scapus squamis
1-4 minutis ovatis v. ovato-lanceolatis acutis instructus ( U. macrolepis,
Wight, 1. c. t. 1580. f. 2), forma cum floribus (?) abortivis squamis scapi
sufFultis). Bractece acutse v. acuminatae. Pedicelli saepissime erecti
V. erecto-patentes, fructiferi apicem versus calyce decurrente plus minus
marginati, floriferi calcar aequantes v. exeedentes. Calyx lobis ovatis
superiore latiore acutissimo cuspidatove, inferiore acuto v. minute
bidentato calcari saepius valde breviore. Corolla aurea flavescensve,
labio superiore (var. y excepta) integro. Capsula ovata v. elliptica,
stigmate sessili, seminibus minutis striatis v. reticulato-striatis.

Forma typica a sum mo labii coroUae superioris ad apicem calcaris
4-5| lin.

b. Calcar cylindricum vel conico-cylindricum, plus minus porreettim,
* Scapus, Sfc, pilis laxe patentihus hirtus,

14. U. HiRTA {Klein, in hb. Willd."? vide Link, Jahrbuch, i. 55.)
Scapo gracili 1-6 unc. saepius 1-2-floro, pedicellis bracteis calycibusque
laxe subpatentim pilosis v. pilosiusculis, pedicellis brevissimis brae-
team vix excedentibus, corollae labio superiore obovato oblongo-
obovato V. quadrato-oblongo integro obtusissimo calycem saepius
duplo excedente, calcari conico v. conico-cylindrico adscendente v.
porrecto corollae labio inferiore plus minus longiore, capsula matura
calycem subaequante.

U. setacea. Wall. Cat. 6398, non Michx.

hoc. Khasia, J. D. H. et T. T. ! Hb. Madras, in hb. Wall. !

Scapus erectus debilisve, raro triflorus, saepe uniflorus, squamis paucis
bracteis bracteolisque angustis lineari-subulatis subulatisve. Calyx
lobis aequilongis ovatis obtusiusculis. Stigma sessile. Semina minute
reticulata.

Corolla caerulea v. purpurea, venosa, faucem versus et in calcari albida
V, flavescens. A basi calycis ad apicem calcaris porrecti 2-3^ lin.

Ab U. racemosa et affinibus, quibus habitu similis, scapo calycibusque
laxe hirtis, ceterisque valde diversa primum distinguitur.

From the small number of specimens of the Wallichian U. setacea
which I have seen, and their rather imperfect condition, I may err in
determining it to be identical with the Khasia species. Of the latter,
however, I have had an abundant series through my hands ; and upon
these my description rests.

184 MB. D. OLIVEB, JVS., ON THE

** Scapus glaber.

15. U. CAPILLACEA {herh. Wight, Wall. Cat. 6399). Species mihi nou
optime eognita. . Seapo tenuissimo 1-2 unc. interdum bifido sub an-
thesin foliis nullis, squamis paucis minutis, floribus 1-3, pedicellis
brevissimis braeteam ovatam v. lanceolatam acutam aequilongis v.
parum excedentibus, calycis glabri lobis ovato-rotundatis vix acutis,
superiore majore corollas labio superiore breviore, labio inferiore
corollae (3-lobato v. integro?) calcari cylindrico porrecto obtuso
breviore.

hoc. ?

Incerta : corollae color, labiorum corollae forma.

B. Scopus squamis bracteisque hasi-volutis ; ca/psula calycem suh-
cdquans vel excedens.

a. Fedicelli fructiferi capsula non breviores, scepius longiores ; hrac-

teolcB nullcs ; capsula calycem superans.

16. U. VERTiciLLATA {Beuj. in Linncea, xx. 312). Scapo 8-12 unc.
erecto 4- multifloro, pedicellis floriferis fructiferisque adscendenti-
patentibus, calycis lobis subaequilongis obtusissimis v. superiore obtu-
siusculo subrotundato, corollae (flavae ?) labio superiore calycem exce-
dente, inferiore calcar dependens subcylindraceum v. cylindrico-
couicum subaequante v. paulo breviore, capsula erecta globosa,
seminibus minutis scrobiculatis.

U. bifida, Wight, I. c. t. 1584. f. 2.

Loc. Malacca, Griff, hb. Wight ! Hook. ! &c.

Radices fibrosae, parce utriculiferae. Folia ante anthesin plus minus
decidua. Scapus saepe bifidus v. subramosus, ramis erectis, squamis
bracteisque plus minus utrinque acutis v. basi obtusiusculis. Pedicelli
fructiferi capsula saepe longiores, caesio-puberulenti. Stigma sessile
V. subsessile.

Corollae color et forma labiorum incerta sunt ; planta tamen ab affinibus
satis distincta, et characteribus praecedentibus facile dignoscitur.

b. Fedicelli brevissimi, cum bractea subcequilongi. Squamae et brac-

tecG mediofixcB, utrinque acutce ; bracteolce minutce v. braeteam
cequantes. Calyx lobis minute puberulis. Corollce calcar
plus minus porrectum. (Nigrescentes.)

* Corollce calcar labio inferiore non longius.

17. U. ROSEA (Edgew. Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 352). Scapo 4 unc. ad ped.
erecto gracili v. firmo 2- multifloro, squamis paucis pluribusve, flori-
bus subremotis approximatisve magnitudine valde variabilibus, calycis
purpurei lobis ovato-rotundatis suba^qualibus, superiore corollae labio
superiore rotundato obtusissimo integro plus minus breviore, calcari

INDIAN SPECIES OF UTRICULAEIA. 185

porrecto crasso cylindrico-conico v. cylindrico obtusissimo labio in-
feriore breviore eodemque plus minus obtecto.

U. racemosa, Wight, I. c. t. 1584. f. 1 ; Benj. in Linncea, xx. 307. — U.
cserulea. A, DC. Prodr. viii. 19.

Loc. In Bengalia, Edgew. Ceylonia, Walker \ Gardner \ (C. P. 2085)
Thwaites ! Montibus Pulney, hh. Wight !

Radices fibrosse, utriculis paucis nullisve. Folia spathulata v. lineari-
spathulata, ante anthesin ssepe evanescentia. Scapus interdum bifidus.
Pedicelli brevissimi, bracteam sequantes v. parum excedentes, brac-
teolis minutis lanceolatis a basi plus minus volutis. Corolla (pur-
purea V. rosea ?) labio inferiore cucuUato striis 4 latis pulchris notato
(fide sched. in hb. Hook.) calcar obtegente. Capsula globosa v. sub-
globosa, ealycem aequans v. parum excedens, seminibus minutis.
U. racemosa (Wall. Cat. 1496) varietas? of. U. complanatam^ Wall.
Cat. 1497.

U. rosea, Edgew., is known to me solely from the description in the
* Proceedings of the Linn. Soc' {I. c.) ; I may therefore err in referring
to the same form the plant occurring in the South and Ceylon, As
noted above, perhaps both may be forms of U. racemosa. Wall. Cat.
1496, although I scarcely consider them as such.

** CorollcB calcar labium inferius excedens.

I desire especially to draw the attention of Indian botanists to the
forms which group themselves under this subsection. Notwithstanding
the extensive suites of specimens illustrative of most of these, together
with the other aids which have been freely and most liberally afforded
me, I feel myself, after devoting no little anxious care to then* study,
quite unable satisfactorily to adjust or subordinate them. While, on the
one hand, I fear to unite them under one presumed species (the extreme
forms of which, however, would by no means present structural differ-
ences irreconcilable with the reasonable adoption of such a course), on
the other, from the variability of those parts which alone can afford
characters not common to the whole series, I cannot, with a fair con-
fidence, say between which groups a line may be most suitably drawn.
Therefore, although I incline to the opinion that there may be of these
two (or perhaps three) species, under existing circumstances I have
thought it the safer course to pursue, to indicate merely the groups
which I conceive may not improbably be of specific value, without,
however, positively attributing such import to them.

Characteres omnibus communes.
Folia lineari-spathulata v. spathulata. Scapus erectus, debilis vel sub-
volubilis, floribus paucis v. numerosis. Calyx lobis subsequalibus
ovato-rotundatis rotundatisve, superiore saepe obtusiusculo v. subapi-
culato corollse labio superiore integro v. emarginato plerumque bre-
viore. Corolla labio inferiore cucuUato integro v. subintegro calcaris

186 ME. D. OLIVER, JUK., ON THE

porrecti basin amjjlectente. Capsula globosa v. subglobosa, calycem
sequans v. parum superans, stylo brevissirao, serainibus numerosis
minutis.

18. U. RACEMOSA {Wall. Cat. 1496). Scapo erecto v. nonnunquam
debili 2 unc. ad ped. et ultra (saepius 6-12 unc.) 1- 2- multifloro,
calycis lobo superiore inferiorem parum excedente, labio corollae supe-
riore subovato ovato-oblongo v. quadrato-ovato plus minus abrupte
obtuso integro v. subemarginato calycis lobo superiore ssepe duplo
longiore, labio inferiore corollae calcari porreeto crasso subcrassove
conico-cylindraceo v. conico plus minus obtuso v. oblique obtusius-
culo breviore, capsula globosa calycis lobos subaequante.

Loc. Chittagong, J. D. H. et T. T. ! Silhet, hb. Wall. ! Ceylonia,

Walker ! Maulmein et Mergui, Griff, hb. Hook. ! &c.
riores magnitudine valde variabili. Corolla in exemplis e montibus

Khasise purpurea (fid. sched. J. D. Hook.).
Utricularia (e Concan, Stocks coll.) floribus paucioribus 1-5 (saepius

1-3), scapo 2-6 unc, corollae labio superiore plus minus oblongo v.

elliptico-quadrato obtuso integro calycis lobo superiore ovato-rotun-

dato V. rotundato subapiculato longiore.
Corollae recentis color incertus. An forma U. racemoses, Wall. ?

19. U. NivEA {Vahl{'?), Wall, in Rxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, i. 144, ex
Wall. I. c). Scapo suberecto circiter 6 unc. filiformi interdum bifido
fructifero elongato volubili, floribus parvis 4-8, corollae labio superiore
brevi lineari emarginato, inferiore calcari conico adscendente fere
duplo breviore, capsula globosa.

Loc. In oryzetis prope Serampore.
Corolla alba palato flavescente.

20. U. FiLicAULis {Wall. Cat. 1501). Scapo filiformi erecto 2-4 unc.
paucifloro, calycis lobis subaequalibus ovato-rotundatis obtusis v.
superiore obtusiusculo, corollae labio superiore integro v. emarginato
(ex descr. A. DC. " oblongo obtuso integro") quam calycis lobus
superior vel parum longiore vel breviore, calcari porreeto cylindraceo
V. cylindrico-conico quam lobus inferior non parum longiore.

Loc. Tavoy, W. G. hb. Wall. !

Utricularia scapo erecto capillaceo 1-4 unc. 1-4-floro, calycis lobis
aequalibus subaequalibusve, superiore ovato-rotundato subapiculato v.
obtuso, inferiore subrotundato, corollae labio superiore lanceolato v.
oblongo integro obtuso calycis lobum superante, inferiore cucullato
integro, calcari conico-cylindrico vel fere subulato porreeto v. ad-
scendente, capsula subglobosa calycem aequante v. superante, stylo
brevi, seminibus rainutissimis obsolete reticulato-striatis.

Loc. In montibus Khasiae, J. D. H. et T. T. !

Corolla palHda lilacina (fid. sched. cum sp.). An ad U.filicaulem,WK\\.,
referri debet?

INDIAN SPECIES OE UTllICULARIA. 187

IndeterminatcB (Nigrescentes) .

U. squamosa, Bj. (Bot. Zeit. 1845, 212).
U. paiicifolia, Bj. {Linncea, xx. 309).
U. obtusiloba, Bj. {I. c. 312).
U. albiflora. Griff. {Notulte, iv. 168).

§ III. Folia suh antliesin persistentia, reniformia, orhiculata v. or-
hicidato-spathulata. Calyx lohis valde incequalibus, inferior e
minore. Corolla lahio inferiore non galeiformi plus minus
lobato ,
PlantulcB e rosula foliorvm stolones v. ramulos graciles repent'es
utriculiferos scepe emittentes. (Semina scepe {semper ?) appen-
diculata, pilis elongatis v. spinulis {cellulis tested productis)
capitatis glocJiidiatisve plus minus instructa.)

A. Folia reniformia v. orhiculato-reniformia.

21. U. BRACHIATA {sp. nova). Scapo nudo gracillimo erecto v. ad-
scendente 2-4 unc. saepius 1 -floro rarissime 2-floro, foliis reniformibus
gracili-petiolatis, corollse labio inferiore quinque-lobato, lobis laterali-
bus superioribus divergentibus linearibus obtusis, lobo inferiore centrali
valde latiore subquadrato rotundatove plus minus abrupte obtuso.

hoc. In Himalaya orientali temperata, prov. Sikkim, Lachen, inter
muscos, alt. 8-11,000 ped., J. D. Hooker \

Species elegans. Radix fibrosa, ramulis repentibus gracilibus interdum
parce utriculiferis. Folia petiolis basin versus gracillimis. Bractea
minuta, basi-soluta v. adnata, pedicellum gracilem calcar v. florem
sequantem gerens, cum bracteolis lanceolatis v. latioribus, acutis v.
obtusis, V. minute denticulatis. Calyx purpureus, lobo superiore late
orbiculato emarginato v. retuso (forsitan interdum integro) lateribus
inflexis lobum inferiorem obovatura valde excedente. Corolla alba,
labio inferiore infra faucem macula flava notato, superiore minimo
bilobato v. profunde emarginato laciniis obtusis v. minute emarginatis
calycis lobum superiorem sequante v. paulo breviore, corollse labii
inferioris lobi laterales inferiores saepius distincti, obtusi, nonnunquam
vix prominentes. Calcar dependens v. subcurvatum, lineare, ob-
tusum, calycis lobum inferiorem 3-4-plo excedens, corollse labio
inferiore brevius.

Folii reniformis lamina cum petiolo saepe |-f unc. longa, coroUae lobis
superioribus labii inferioris plus minus linearibus divergentibusque, ab
U. orhiculata dignoscitur.

A basi calcaris ad extremum corollae labii inferioris 3-4 lin. Folia
interdum 2-3 lin. lata.

B. Folia orhiculata v. orhicnlato-spathulata.
22. U. ORBicuLATA [Wall. Cat. 1500). Foliis orbicularis orbiculato-

188 MR. D. OLIVEE, JUN., ON THE

spathulatisve petiolatis, scapo tenuissimo 2-4 unc. 2-4-floro interdum
elongate multifloro (8-1 2), corollae lilacinse labio superiore brevissimo
minute bilobato bidentatove calyce breviore, inferiore quinquecrenu-
lato-lobato lobis obtusis sequalibus subaequalibusve v. interdum lobulis
duobus superioribus majoribus tribus inferioribus minoribus, calcari
dependente lineari-subulato labium inferius sequante, seminibus ovatis
ovato-oblongisve cellulis productis glochidiatisve testae plus minus
armatis.

U. glochidiata, Wight, I. c. t. 1581. (U. striatula, Sm.l)

hoc. In Ceylonia, Gardner ! Walker ! fyc. Cochin, Johnstone ! Con-
can, Law ! Khasia, J. D. H, et T. T. ! Nipalia, Wall. ! Tavoy, in

' hb. Wall. ! Maulmein, Lohh ! (Forma lobis corollae labii inferioris
distincte inaequalibus) Maulmein, Parish ! Prope Malacca, Griff,
herb. !

Pulcherrima. Scapus nudus v. squamis (1-2) minutis basi-solutis in-
structus. Pedicelli calcari longiores v. breviores, fructiferi saepe laxe
patentes v. dependentes. Calyx lobo superiore late rotundato plus
minus emarginato v. integro capsulam globosam parum superante,
inferiore valde minore suborbiculato ovato demum deflexo.

Corolla lilacina, fauce flavo (fid. sched. Parish).

Corollae labium inferius basi 2-4 lin. latum, nonuunquam latius, magni-
tudine valde variabile.

I am unable to satisfy myself of the identity of this plant with the
U. striatula of Smith, from the imperfect examples preserved in the
Smithian herbarium or the British Museum. If they be not the same
species, they are certainly very closely allied, as already noted by Ben-
jamin, who, indeed, quotes Smith's name as synonymous with U. orbi-
culata. Benjamin is certainly in error in describing the lower lip of the
corolla in the latter plant as 4-lobed.

23. U. MULTiCAULis {sp. nova). Caespitosa, scapo firmo nudo 1-2
unc. 1-3-floro, foliis orbiculato-spathulatis petiolatis, pedicelhs ante
anthesin saepius cernuis per anthesin tamen erectis, corollae carneae
labio superiore brevissimo semi-orbiculato integro emarginatove, in-
feriore 4-lobato vel 3-lobato lobo inferiore centrali plus minus pro-
funde emarginato, interdum sub-6-lobato lobulis duobus lateralibus
superioribus saepe dentiformibus subnuUisve, calcari crassiusculo de-
pendente conico-cylindrico obtusiusculo labio inferiore saepius breviore.

Loc. In Himalaya orientali temperata, prov. Sikkim, locis paludosis,
Lachen, alt. 11,500 ped., Lachoong, 6-7000 ped., J. D. Hooker]

Species minima, caespitose crescens. Scapi stricti, fere robusti, conferti,
pedicellis subcrassis fructiferis erectis v. cernuis calyce saepe 3-4-plo
longioribus. Bractea bracteolceque minutae lanceolatae v. oblongae,
vix acutae, basi-solutae. Calyx lobo superiore late rotundato primum
integro, postea (a laesura ?) saepissime bilobato v. bidenticulato, inferiore
obovato-orbiculato emarginato v. minute denticulato. Corolla carnea,
fauce flavescente (ex sched. J. D. H.), lobulis labii inferioris saepius

INDIAK SPECIES OF UTRICULARIA. 189

plus minus angustis oblongisve nunquam patenti-divergentibus.
Capsula globosa, calycem subsequans v. excedens, stylo nullo. Semina
satis raaturata non certe observavi.
A basi calcaris ad extreraum corollse labii inferioris 1-1 1 Hn. Scapus
saepius 1-1^ unc. longus.

24. U. FURCELLATA {sp. novo). Minima, scapo gracillimo \-\^ unc.
1-2-floro, corollse albse labio inferiore forma lobata varia saepius
quadrilobato laciniis duabus inferioribus aequalibus obtusis subemar-
ginatisve, superioribus lateralibusque brevibus obtusis interdum mi-
nutis subnuUisve (labio tunc bilobato), calcari dependente subulato
quam calycis lobus inferior 3-5-plo longiore labium corollae inferius
sequante v. excedente, serainibus pro planta tantula raagnis ovatis ad
extremitatem crassam cellulis testae productis glochidiatis v. capitatis
instructis.

hoc. In montibus Khasia, Boga Panee, J. D. H. et T. T. ! Prov.
Sikkim, Lachen, ad rupes humidas, J. D. H. !

Folia orbiculata, petiolata. Scapus rarissime 3-florus, nudus, bracteis
bracteolisque minutissimis ovatis oblongisve acutis obtusisve basi vix
solutis. Pedicelli graciles, calcari breviores v. longiores. Flores
parvi, albi. Calyx lobo superiore late orbiculato ssepe emarginato
lobum inferiorem oblongum v. obovatura apice interdum denticulatum
valde excedente. Corolla labio superiore calyce breviore plus minus
bilobato v. emarginato, inferiore 2- v. 4-lobato vel (segminibus inferi-
oribus plus minus coalescentibus) subtrilobato. Calyx fructiferus, lobo
inferiore denique saepius deflexo. Capsula calyce brevior. A summo
calycis lobi superioris ad apicem calcaris 1^-2 lin.

Formam majorem notavi (in coll. Darjiling, " E. I. C") 1-3-floram,
calcari longiore, corolla lobo inferiore calyci sequilongo v. paulo ex-
cedente, foliisque late orbiculatis.

Ab affinibus dignoscitur calcari dependente subulato recto v. vix cur-
vato acuto, corollae labio baud 5-lobato, se minibus et foliorum forma.

25. U. KUMAONENSis (OUver). Minima, scapo ^2 unc. 1-3-floro,
foliis orbiculatis orbiculato-spathulatisve petiolatis, corollae labio in-
feriore 5-lobato, lobo centrali valde latiore subquadrato emarginato
V. integro, lobis lateralibus parvis linearibus v. lineari-oblongis obtusis
plus minus divergentibus, calcari dependente subcylindraceo v. cylin-
drico-conico obtuso obtusiusculove quam labium inferius paulo bre-
viore, capsula subglobosa calycem aequante v. subaequante, seminibus
(ut in praeced.) magnis testae cellulis saepe papillaeformibus e seminis
apice plus minus longe capillaceo-productis. — Diurospermum album
(Edgew. in Linn. Proc. i. 351) verisimiliter conjungi debet (vide obs.
supra).

Loc. In Himalaya occidentali temperata, Pilti fl., alt. 73500 ped.,
Strachey et Winterbottom ! (? Diurosp. album " super rupes madidas
in Visbnu Gangetis valle," alt. 8,000 ped., Edgeworth, I. c.)

190 INDIAN SPECIES OE UTRICULARIA.

Pedicellus infimus demum patens v. adscendens, calyce 2-3-plo longior.
Braciece bracteolceque minutissimaj, a basi vix solutai. Calyx lobo
superiore suborbiculato corollae labium superius excedente, inferiore
valde minore subrotundato calcari 2-3-plo breviore. A basi posteriore
calcaris ad extremum corollse labii inferioris 1-2- lin.

Ab U. brachiata (cujus semina matura non certe vidi) differt, foliorum
forma prpesertim, statura minore, et a ceteris sectionis hujus seminibus
longe-appendiculatis vel corollae labii calcarisque forma.

TltricularicB Indices miJii non satis cognitcd.

26. U. MINUTISSTMA {VoM). Scapo capillar! 2-3 unc, squamis raris
bracteisque (ut mihi videtur) basifixis, floribus parvis paucisque sub-
remotis, pedicellis brevissimis bracteam sequantibus v. parum exce-
dentibus, calycis lobis vix sequalibus subobtusis.

Itoc. Malacca {in Jih. Smith, vidi).

27 (?). Utricularia (Madras coll. No. 52). Habitu 17. reticulatam
revocans, differt corollae labio superiore ovato elliptico vel sub-
rotundato marginibus reflexis emarginato, calcari labium inferius
CBquante v. interdum non parum excedente.

That this paper may embrace all the Indian members of the
natural order Lentihularice, I append to the foregoing monograph
of the TJtricularicB a notice of the only species of JBinguicula
hitherto discovered in India.

PiNGUICULA, li.

1. p. ALPINA, Jj.

hoc. Himalaya alpina; Sikkim, alt. 10,000-13,000 ped., J. B. Hooker \
(? Kumaon, alt. 11,000, ped., Strachey et Winterbottom). Planta
Kumaonensis (exempla fructifera tantum, in hb. Hook, vidi) verisi-
militer ad speciem eandem pertinet.

The occurrence of this plant in the Himalaya is an interesting
extension of its area towards the south and east.

E-egarding the P. Jlavescens of Elorke as a form of the same
species, we may trace it from the north of Scotland, through
Scandinavia, and Northern and Central Eussia, to the Urals, and
the vicinity of Lake Baikal. At more considerable elevations it
crosses Europe from the Pyrenees, through the Alps, Austria, &c.

I do not discover any material difference between Dr. Hooker's
specimens, aided by a coloured drawing from the fresh plant, and
the European series of P. alpina in the Hookerian herbarium.
The Sikkim specimens are almost or quite glabrous, of the stature
of P. vulgaris, and with pale yellowish-white flowers, bearing a
yellow spot in the throat.

ME. SPEUCE ON FIVE NEW PLANTS FEOM EASTEEN PEEU. 191

On Five New Plants from Eastern Peru. By Eichaed Speuce,
Esq. Commimicated by Gteo. Bentham, Esq., V.P.L.S.

[Eead March 3rd, 1859.]

I. Wettinia illaqueans, a new Palm from the Peruvian
Andes.

Among the many interesting plants discovered by M. Poeppig in
his downward journey from the sources of the Huallaga to the
mouth of the Amazon, none was more remarkable than the un-
described Palm which he gathered " in Transandine Peru, in the
beautiful shady woods which border the northern bank of the
river Tocache," and which was afterwards published by himself
and M. Endlicher under the name of Wettinia augusta. Its place
in the system was considered doubtful by Endlicher, who left it
at the end of Pandanece, with the remark that it afforded a pas-
sage from Screw-pines to Palms, and would perhaps be ultimately
reckoned among the latter. I have been on the look-out for this
plant from the day of my entering the forests of the Huallaga ;
and though I have not yet seen the original species, nor have
reached within 100 miles of Poeppig' s locality for it, I have found
what is obviously a second species of the same genus, which has
enabled me to decide that Wettinia must definitively be stationed
among the true Palms. I have been so many years away from
books, that I know not how botanists now-adays distribute the
genera ascribed to Screw-pines by Endlicher and Kunth ; but I
believe that the American have been separated from the Eastern
genera, and, as it appears, with perfect justice. In fact, the
American plants, formerly referred to as Screw-pines, seem to me
to constitute two distinct orders, each of equal value with Pal-
macecB and Pandanacece, viz. 1st, PhytelepJiantacece, which are (so
to speak) palms with an inferior ovary ; and 2nd, Cyclanihacece,
whose inferior ovary alone separates them from Arads. Wettinia,
however, is far removed from both these ; the fruits are superior,
and though so densely crowded on the spadix as to suggest the
inferior concrete fruits of PJiytelephas, there is no real resem-
blance to the latter. The habit, the ringed stems, the male and
female flowers, the structure of the ovary and fruit, are in every
respect as in Palms. Wettinia Maynensis, like W. augusta, has
entirely the aspect of an Iriartea. The straight, smooth, ringed
stem, of 30 to 40 feet high, is supported on a cone of emersed
prickly roots 3 feet in height ; the petioles are dilated into long,

192 MR. SPETJCE ON FIVE NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN PERU.

tubular, entire sheaths ; and the broad pinnae are prsemorse, and
cut at the extremity. It differs notably from the Iriarteas, in
the short spadices, so densely clad with hairy fruits as to have
suggested to the prurient imagination of the Peruvians the name
by which this palm is known in Maynas — FuUo-coroto (i. e.
"testiculihirti").

Wettinia Maynensis differs from W. augusta chiefly in the more
numerous pinnae (38-40 pairs, while in W. augusta they are but
18-20 pairs), and in the spadices, which are only three from one
leaf-ring, and put forth 5-8 fastigiate branches at their apex ;
while in W. augusta they are simple, and as many as from 8 to 15
grow from the same ring. There is a further difference, in the
spathes, which in W. Maynensis are 6 in number, the three outer
(corresponding to what are called by Martins in other genera
" spathsB incompletse") much smaller, and persisting on the pe-
duncle in the form of sheaths ; while the three inner and larger
ones (" spathae completae") fall away before the fruit is ripe, or
persist only in fragments. In W. augusta the spathes are said to
be two, and the peduncle is said to be furnished with remote
coriaceous sheaths — undoubtedly the remains of the incomplete
spathes. In both specimens the sepals vary in number, and the
stamens are from 12 to 16, nor does there seem to be much dif-
ference in the form of the fruit ; but in W. Maynensis the arilli-
form raphe is in every stage thin and papery, while in W. augusta
it is fleshy. In Endlicher's description, the scale-like external
sepals are considered bracts ; but as they quite correspond to what
are called sepals in other palms, I describe them as such.

On comparing Endlicher's description of the ovary of W. au-
gusta with that of W. Maynensis, given below, there is an apparent
difference, which at first sight might be supposed even generic ;
but when the two species come to be compared, I expect it will
turn out to be no difference at all. In W. augusta the ovary is
said to be solitary, and the style is inserted " prope ovarii basin
eodem cum ovulo latere" — an abnormal position in palms. In
W. Maynensis the ovaries are 3, concrete at the base with each
other and the central style ; two of them are mostly sterile, and
at the time of ripe fruit might be taken for a mere thickening of
the base of the style, along with which they persist, of course
laterally to the fertile carpel. I have no doubt that the same
structure obtains in W. augusta, and that the sterile ovaries are
either obsolete or have been overlooked from their minuteness.

From the detailed description of W. Maynensis, an idea may be

MR. SPEUCE ON FIVE KEW PLANTS FIIOM EASTERN PERU. 193

obtained of the affinities of Wettinia among the genera of palms.
If we are guided by the triple ovary, then it must be stationed
in CoryphincB ] but the only genus described by Kunth in this
tribe with pinnate leaves is Phoenix, which, besides being very
different in habit, has the stamens never more than 9, and a
sessile stigma on each ovary. But if we be guided by the sum of
all the characters, we shall place it next the genus which most
resembles it in habit, viz. Iriartea. Iriartea has the same emersed
cone of roots, the obliquely prsemorse and incised pinnae, the
numerous stamens ; one species (J. setigera) has setulose fruit ;
and a seed of I. exorrJiiza placed by the side of one of Wettinia
Maynensis, is scarcely distinguishable — it is veined in the same
way by the vessels of the rhaphe, and the embryo has the same
position. If the spathes are not the same in number in the two
species of Wettinia, so also are they different in nearly every
species of Iriartea ; in I. setigera they are 4 or 5, in /. exorrhiza
5 or 6, and in /. deltoidea 10 to 12. Lastly, as the ovaries of
Wettinia are concrete at the base with each other and the central
style, they may, and perhaps ought to, be looked on as a deeply
3-cleft ovary, analogous to the 4-cleft ovary of Labiates ; and then
the difference from the 3-celled ovary of Iriartea will not appear
so very great. The character of the spadices of Wettinia, pre-
viously alluded to, though striking at first sight, does not disturb
the affinity with Iriartea.

Hence we may either place Wettinia in Coryphinse, and con-
sider it analogous to Iriartea in Arecinse, or, by another classifi-
cation of the genera of palms, place it actually by the side of
Iriartea.

Wettinia Maynensis is not unfrequent at the head of valleys in
the Maynensian Andes*, both north and south of the river Mayo,
at an elevation of from 3000 to 4000 feet, where it grows in com-
pany with the Chontaf (JEuterpe oleracea?), the Tarapoto {Iri-
artea ventricosa, Mart. ; the Paxiuha harriguda of Brazil), and
another Iriartea, which is perhaps I. deltoidea, Buiz et Pav.,

* I apply the term " Maynensian Andes" to so mucli of the eastern slopes
of those mountains as was comprehended in the ancient province of Maynas.
They are watered by the lower part of the Huallaga till it emerges into the
great Amazonian plain through the Pongo of Chasuta, and by some of its
principal tributaries, especially by the Mayo, which, taking its rise a little east-
ward of Chachapoyas, passes Moyobamba and Lamas, and enters the HuaUaga
near Tarapoto.

t The name " Chonta" is appHed in Maynas to two species of Euterpe, and
also to the palmifo or terminal bud of all palms.

LTNN. PROO. — BOTANY. O "

194i MR. SPRUCE ON TIVE NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN PERU.

though, having not yet seen perfect flowers and spathes, I am not
certain about it. When the people go to cut palmitos in the
time of Lent, they sometimes mistake the Wettinia for the Iri-
arteas, which have edible palmitos, while that of the Wettinia is
very bitter and may be distinguished from the others by its
striped appearance (caused by the vertical imbrication of the
young pinnae), whence it is often called STiullu-chonta. The
HvAcara-pona, or Horn-palm (J. exorrhiza, Mart.), though fre-
quent in the moist woods of the plain, I have not yet seen at the
same elevation as the palms above-mentioned.

I proceed to give the characters of the two species of Wettinia,
and a description of W. Maynensis, drawn up from fresh speci-
mens. I abstain from offering an amended character of the genus
until I shall have an opportunity of examining specimens of
W. augusta^ and perhaps of other species which yet remain to be
discovered.

Wettinia, Poepp. et Endl. Nov. Gen. ii. 39, t. 153 et 154 a-i ;
Kunth, Envmer. iii. 109 et 589.

W. AUGUSTA (P. et E.). Rhizomate conico e radicibus arete sibi invieera
impositis conflato ; pinnis 18-20-jugis ; spathis propriis 2 ; spadicibus
simphcibus pluribus (8-15), ex eodem verticillo ortis ; rhaphe arilU-
formi carnosa.

Hab. "In Peruviae Transandinae sylvis pulcherrimis obumbrantibus,
quibus arcetur ripa borealis fluvii Tocache." {Pappig, loc. cit.)

W. Maynensis (Spruce). Rhizomate conico, e radicibus inter se liberis
dissitiusculis conflato ; pinnis 38-40-jugis ; spathis propriis 3 ; spadi-
cibus apice congesto-ramosis, paucis (sub 3), ex eodem verticillo ortis ;
rhaphe arilliforrai tenui.

Hab. In convallibus Andium Maynensium umbrosis, prsecipue secus
rivulos, alt. 3000'-4000', sociis Iriartea ventricosa Mart, et deltoidea
R. et P. (?).

Descr. Caudex radicibus strictis subaculeatis e terra eraersis et in
conum 3 pedes altum conniventibus sustentus, erectus, inermis, 30-40-
pedalis, diametro 4-unciali, annulatus ; annulis latis, spatio 4 unc.
sejunctis. Frondes 5 v. 6 contemporaneae, patulae, ambitu lanceolatae,
obtusse, basi in vaginam praelongam 3|-pedalem integram subventri-
cosam dilatatse, glabrae. Rhachis 9;^-ped., supra triangularis, subtus
semiteres, basi sola subcanaliculata, et a basi ipsa pinnata. Pinnae
38-40 paria, subaequidistantes ; infimae dirainutae ; mediae 3-pedales,
latitudine 3-unciali, angulo 40'^-50'^ insertae, basi semiverticales redu-
plicatae cuneatae, dein dimidiato-lineari-lanceolatae, apice obtusato- v.
truncato-praemorsse, margine antico apiceque incisae, dentibus prae-
morsis subacutisve ; venae plurimae, basi fere contiguae, superne magis

ME. SPRUCE ON FIVE NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN PERU. 195

dissitae, et in dentes marginales alternis vicibus excurrentes, subtus
prominulse costseformes, interspatiis plica percursis.

Flores monoici, in diversis spadicibus, plerumque tribus (sc. unico ? ,
caeteris duobus i ), ex eodem verticillo ortis*.

S . Spathee 6 : 3 exteriores cuneata?, vaginaeformes, subtrigonae, 4-unci-
ales, primitus clausae, apiculatae, dein apice irregulariter ruptae, imbri-
catae, persistentes ; 3 interiores raajores, llx3-unc., e basi angustata
stipitiformi fusiformes, apiculo brevi compresso obtuso recurvo, per-
gameneae, minute crebre striatae, arete imbricatae, pro spadicis emis-
sione lacerae, cadueae ; omnes spathae pilis brevibus appressis fulves-
centibus subdeciduis vestitae. Spadicis stipes 6-une., obsolete trigonus,
fere teres, pro spatharum insertione annulatus, annulo supplementario
apicali vaginam bilabiatam (quasi spatham rudimentariam) gerente,
in ramos subocto, eonfertos, simpliees, 6-uneiales, praefloratione sinis-
trorsum circinatos postea subrectos, teretes, minute pannosos, spira-
liter areolatos, floribus dense obteetos, divisus. Sepala squamaeforraia,
crassa, rigida, eastanea, subpuberula, tubereulis paucis sparsa, aestiva-
tione valvata ; exteriora 3-5 (plerumque 4), late subulata, obtusiuscula,
lineam longa, libera vel nonnunquam duo in unicum bifidum coalita ;
interior a tria, longissima (7 lin.), anguste subulata, subflexuosa.
Stamina 12-16 (plerumque 13) ; anther cb pauUo supra basin in jila-
mento brevi (i-1 lin.) subulate compresso positae, lineares, 4 lin.
longae, obtuse 4-gonae, 2-loculares, longitudinaliter dehiscentes, pilis
albidis flexuosis deciduis vestitae, connective centrali tenui in mucro-
nem curvulum producto ; pollen globosum laeve.

? . Spathee iis spadicis <? subconformes, ancipites tamen, compressulae,
bilabiatim rumpentes, labiis fissis ; 3 interiores, fructibus maturatis,
cadueae vel eorum reliquia sola persistentia. Spadicis stipes subcom-
pressus, 10-uncialis, adscendens, apice decurvus et ramos 5-7 eon-
fertos, fere verticillatos, rectos, patulos, 8-unciales, diametro (fructibus
inclusis) fere 4-unciali, proferens. Sepala exteriora tria, a basi prae-
lata triangulari brevi-subulata, 2-3 lin. longa, inter se subinaequalia ;
interiora tria, late subulata, subflexuosa, 5-6 lin. longa. Ovaria tria,
ovalia, 3i lin. longa, basi inter se et cum stylo coalita, villosa, 1-locu-
laria, 1 vel saepius 2 sterilia ; ovulum unicum ex baseos angulo intemo
fere erectum, sessile, anatropum. Stylus unicus centralis, 7 lin. longus,
subulatus, subtrigonus, villosus, plerumque cum ovariis abortivis ad
ovarii fertilis basin persistens, rarius deciduus ; stigmata tria teretia,
erecto-flexuosa, 3 lin. longa. Baccce 1-spermae, siccae, in spadice den-
sissime collectae, pressione mutua 3-6-angulari-obpyramidatae, apice
lato convexo, pilis cinereis, basi solidis subfasciculatis, superne con-
tinue tubulosis, flexuosis, villosae. Pericarpium molliter lignosum,
tenuiu senium, apice incrassatum. Endocarpium membranaceum,

* Spadices, with ripe fruits, are usually found on the fourth ring below tlie
fronds ; the other three rings (which are at first very close, but become more
distant as the trunk lengthens) have spadices in different stages of growth.

o2

190 MR. SPRUCE ON FIVE NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN PERU,

rapheos vasibus adhaerens. Semen 11x6 lin., anguste ovali-obovatum
subtrigonum ; testa tenuis, firm a, nigrescens, a basi ad apicem usque
rhaphe tenui percursa et ejusdem vasibus albis complanatis adhseren-
tibus reticulata, cum nucleo connata. Albumen aequabile, subosseum.
Embryo in foveola basilari nidulans, conico-cylindrieus, ad nuclei
centrum directus.

II. DiscANTHUS, a new genus of Ctclanthaoe^.
DiscANTHUS, gen. nov. Cyclanthacearum.

Char. Gen. — Flores monoici in eodem spadice, in seriebus circularibus,
masculis cum fcemineis alternantibus, dispositi. Spathce 4, imbricatae,
deciduae. Perigonia florum fcemineorum discis pluribus distinctis bi-
lamellatis spadicem ambientibus constantia; florum masculorum 0.
Stamina inter perigoniorum annulos vel discos in ordines quatuor
structa; filamenta omnia ad medium usque inter se coalita, superne
libera, antheram pauUo breviorem, innatam, linearem, obtuse 4-gonam,
bilocularem, longitudinaliter dehiscentem, gerentia. Lamince cujusque
disci in facie interiori ovarium continuum, sectione verticali ovato-
lanceolatum, gerentes, supra ovarium concretse (unde ovarium in-
ferum), apice iterum discretse ; margine reflexo minute serrato, nervo
e spadicis axi radiante in dentes singulos excurrente. Ovula 00, ovalia
vel ovata, anatropa, ad ovarii parietes funiculo sequilongo flexuoso
adfixa, pluriseriata. Styli tot quot perigonii dentes, iisdem sub-
breviores, lineares, compressi, medio nervosi, in serie unica ad cujusque
laminae faciem interiorem accreti, apice solo brevi-ligulato libero intus
stigmatoso. Fructus e discis pluribus, carnosis, margine unisulcis,
interne ad parietes seminiferis, constans. Semina 00, ovata, subgibba,
breviter obtuse subapiculata, 12-sulcata, rhaphe angusta apice incras-
sata semicincta. Testa membranae tres ; externa internaque pellucidae
minute cellulosae, haec apice brevi-tubulari ; media e reticulis paral-
lelogrammis, oblatis, medio depressis, in series 12 longitudinales
catenatim dispositis, formata. Nucleus ellipsoideus, basi minute
mamillatus. Embryo rectus cylindraceus, hilo contiguus, in albuminis
carnosi basi nidulans. — Herba Peruviana acaulis, frondibus bipartitis,
facie Carludovicae vel Cyclanthi ; ab hoc perigoniis circularibus nee
spiralibus, et ovulis ab initio nudis in ovarium continuum collectis,
diver sa.

DiSCANTHUS ODORATUS, SprUCC.

Hab. In sylvis huinidis Andium Maynensium, prope Tarapoto, praecipue

ad rivuli fauces Fongo del Shillicaio dictas.
Caudex 0. Frondes plures, petiolatae, erecto-arcuatae, pallide virides,
• subtus albo-virides, fere ad basin usque bipartitae ; laciniae 44x7 unc,
lineari-lanceolatae, subacutae, angulum 15° inter se formantes, costa
media valida supra elevata subtus convexa, venis crebris parallelis,
plicis nullis. Petiolus 4-pedalis tenuiuscuhis, basi sola dilatatus am-

ME. SPBUCE ON FIVE NEW PLANTS FEOM EASTERN PERU. 197

plexicaulis, dein trigonus, facie inferiore convexus. SpathcB 4, secus
spadicis stipitis apicem imbricatae, ovatae, concavae; extima apice
foliaceo bilobo; interiores sensim minores, acutae; intima obtusata.
Flores odorati. Spadices subcylindrici, obtusi, superne paullo tenui-
ores, 3-4 uncias longi; floriferi 13 lineas, fructiferi 18 lineas crassi;
stipite tereti 7-unciali. Disci 20, floriferi 3^ lineas, fructiferi 6 lineas
lati, \\ lineam crassi. Semina vix | lin. longa.

This remarkable plant resembles the CyclantM and bifid-leaved
CarludoviccB in habit, but differs from both in the laciniae of the
fronds having a single strong costa (whence they should perhaps
be considered conjugate pinnse), and in being destitute of plicae.
It is nearly allied to Cyclanthus, but differs essentially in the peri-
gonium consisting of distinct disks (and not of a continuous spiral)
embracing the spadix, and in the ovules being naked from their
first appearance (long before the opening of the flowers), and
springing on longish funiculi from the very walls of the disk,
while in Cyclantlius they are at first contained in small pluri-
ovulate ovaries, sessile on the walls of the disk in two rows, and
finally become confluent. There would seem to be also a dif-
ference in the seeds ; but though there is a species of Cyclanthus
in the forests of Tarapoto, I have seen only its young flowers, and
Kunth describes the seeds incompletely. The seeds of Discanthus
are remarkably 12-sulcate, and traversed from base to apex by a
narrow rhaphe, which is not arilliform, as that of Cyclanthus is
said to be. After fecundation, the stamens fall away, and the disks,
increasing in thickness, become contiguous. Half-grown ovules
had the micropyle still open, and the amniotic sac separable.
Great numbers of acicular rhaphides exist in the cells of the
funiculus, rhaphe, and testa ; at first they are in bundles, but as
the seed ripens they break up from each other,

III. Tangua tinctoeia, a new genus of Bignoniace^, whose
leaves are used for dyeing Hue hy the Feru/cians of Maynas.

Yangua, gen. nov. N. O. Bignoniaoejs. Tribus TECOME-ffi.

Char. Gen. — Calyx laxus obpyramidato-campanulatus, ore patulo, pro-
funde 5-plicatus, fere ad medium usque in lobos 5 cuspidatos fissus.
Corolla basi brevi-tubularis, dein campanulata compressa, antice pro-
funde bisulcata, postice trigona; limbo sub-bilabiato, subaequaliter
5-lobo. Stamina 4 didynama, cum rudimento quinti, in corollae tubi
apice inserta, corolla dimidio breviora. Antherce biloculares, loculis
divergentibus. Ovarium disco impositum, fusiforme, biloculare. Ovula
00, secus septi angulos parietales inserta, subsessilia, globoso-oblonga.

198 MR. SPRUCE ON PIVE NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN PERU.

anatropa. Stylus corolla subbrevior, stigmate e iamellis duabus erectis
ovatis crenulatis formato. Capsula siliquseformis, magna, lata, com-
pressa, profunde 12- sulcata, bilocularis, bivalvis, ab apice loculicide
dehiscens. Semina late alata, pluriseriata, septo parallela, arete im-
bricata. Embryo planus, exalbuminosus ; cotyledonibus oblatis, pro-
funde emarginatis, basi cordatis ; radicula brevi subulata hilo proxima.
— -4r6or Peruviana humilis/Tecomsd affinis, floribus tamen mrescentibus,
calyce laxo b-plicato, et capsula insigniter \2-sulcatd diversa,

Yangua tinctoria, Spruce.

Hob. Tarapoto locisque aliis Andium Maynensium, passim pro foliis
cseruleo-tinctoriis culta, et nomine Yangua a Peruvianis insignita. In
sylvis nusquam vidi j et ubi terrarum indigena sit, mihi nondum
constat.

^rftor 30-pedalis, erecta; cortice profunde sulcatoj ramis dichotomis,
ramulis obtuse 4-gonis compressulis, faciebus 1-suleatis. Folia oppo-
sita, digitata, in petiolo 8-unciali, plano-convexo, apice baud incrassato.
Foliola 7, in petiolulo subunciali supra sulcato, terminale majus
65 X 2 unc, csetera sensim minora, lanceolata vel subobovato-lanceo-
lata, cuspide longiuscula uneiali et ultra subacuta, tenuia, pellucido-
punctata, glaberrima, siceando nigreseentia ; in stirpe juniori non-
nunquam supra medium grosse serrata, in adultiori tamen integerrima ;
venis paucis, angulo 50° e costa egredientibus, subtus prominulis,
longe intra marginem arcuato-anastomosantibus. Panicula brevis
e ramulorum novellorum dichotomia; ramis cymulas 3-12-floras
gerentibus ; pedicellis basi bracteolatis. Calyx albidus, tenuis, fere
membranaceus, laxus, corollae basi multo latior, 5-plicatus, obpyra-
midato-campanulatus, ore patulo, fere ad medium usque in lobos
5 brevi- ovatos, cuspide abrupta tenui nervo fere repleta terminatos,
fissus, 8 lineas longus, serius subauctus, longe persistens, ante fructus
maturationem tamen deciduus. Corolla pallide viridis, minute pube-
rula, intus tomentella, venis plurimis longitudinalibus percursa, 2^
unc. longa, subcurvata, basi tubulari angusta calycem vix sequante,
dein campanulata, eompressa, antice profunde bisulcata, postice obtuse
3-gona; limbo sub-bilabiato, 5-lobo, lobis subsequalibus brevi-ovatis
obtusatis subrecurvis. Stamina corollae tubi apice inserta, corolla
dimidio breviora ; quinti rudimento subulato fertilibus multoties bre-
viori et paullo inferius inserto ; filamenta basi glandulis brevi-stipitatis
obsessa; antherce lineari-oblongae, loculis divergentibus. Ovarium
fusiforme, disco impositum. Ovula 00, secus septi margines subses-
silia, globoso-oblonga, anatropa. Capsula viridis, lineari-fusiformis,
acuta, eompressa, 9i unc. longa, 25 lin. lata, 12 lin. crassa, angulis
12 elevatis acutis percursa, ex interstitiis canaliculiformibus 12- sulcata,
2-locularis, ex apice loculicide dehiscens ; septa binata valvis contraria,
margine solo inter se coalita, sed a pericarpio crassiusculo lignoso
intus laevissimo soluta, seminum delapsorum cicatricibus notata et
idee limam ferrariam baud male simulantia. Semina ad lineas plu-

MR. SPRUCE ON FlYE NEW PLANTS FROM EASTERN PERU. 199

rimas (spatio 2 lin. sejunctas) a septorum marginibus angulo 45° pro-
cedentes, sursum directas, sed ad septorum latitudinis vix tertiam
partem attingentes, funiculo brevissimo inserta, sc. 4 ad utramque
lineam, in laminas 24 septo parallelas colligata, superiora et lateralia
inferioribus et interioribus incumbentia, ala tenuissima 2x1 unc.
cincta*; nucleo 3^x3 lin. obeordato piano. Testee tenuis firmius-
culse membrana exterior in rugas creberrimas irregulariter transversales
elevata, interior ab exteriori embryoneque demum separabilis. Em-
bryo planus, exalbuminosus ; cotyledones oblatse, profunde emarginatae,
basi cordate ; radicula brevis, subulata, hilo proxima.

I first saw the tree above described in January 1851, at Ja-
nauari, in the angle between the Eio Negro and Amazon, where it
had been raised from seeds brought from Peru ; but it had no
flowers or fruit; and I did not again see it until I arrived at
Tarapoto in June 1855, when I at once recognized it growing in
the gardens, and here and there in tlie open grounds near the
town. I have not yet seen it truly wild, nor can I learn whence
it was originally brought. It is planted in all the villages I have
seen in the Maynensian Andes, and is especially noticeable in the
pretty English-looking village of Morales, where it forms scattered
clumps on the verdant plain, accompanied by oranges and limes ;
by the Ciruelo (Spondias, sp.) ; the Siamha palm (an undescribed
(Enoca/rpus with clustered stems) ; picturesque old Huingos
(Crescentia Cujete), whose branches are hidden by a dense coating
of mosses, ferns, and orchids ; and several species of terrestrial
figs, whose tortuous trunks are enveloped in a network of their
own roots. It is a small tree, scarcely larger than Samhucus
nigra, which it much resembles in its thick cracked bark, though
its regularly forked and somewhat rigid branches give it other-
wise a different aspect. When out of flower, it might be passed
over for a Tecoma, to which it is undoubtedly closely allied ; but
the green flowers, the large lax plicate calyx, and the broad pods
traversed by twelve deep furrows are marks that at once distin-
guish it from that genus. The inhabitants of Maynas dye the
cotton cloths of their own manufacture a permanent blue by
simply boiling them along with Yangua leaves. About every
three months every leaf that can be got at is stripped off"; and the
trees seem not to suffer from being thus denuded ; but they rarely
put forth flowers till they grow beyond the reach of spoliating
hands.

* Ala seminum inferiorum margine plui'isinuata ; funiculis seminum supe-
riorura, quibus ala rectangularis margine subintegra adest, per sinus alarum
inferiorum egredicntibus.

200 ME. SPEUCE ON FIVE NEW PLANTS TEOM EASTEEN PEEU.

It should be mentioned that the name " Yangua" is given also
to two species of Indigofera, cultivated sparingly at Tarapoto:
they are sometimes called " Tacsha-yangua" (or " small Tangua"),
to distinguish them from Tcmgua tmctoria, which is the " Atun-
(or great) yangua."

IV. Ckstro^k, a new genus of'RiJ'RiA.cisiM. Tribe, Cinchone^.

Char. Gen. — Calyx obparabolicus, compressulus, inferne cum ovario
connatus, dimidio superiore liber, ore obtuse 5-6-dentato ; florum
axillarium dente externo plerumque in laminam phylloideam producto.
Corolla e basi angusta tubulosa, eampanulata, subgibba, 15-18-sulcata,
5-6-lobata; lobis cordato-ovatis imbricatis, 3 (vel omnibus) demum
reflexis, quasi bilabiata. Stamina 5 (rare 6) corolla duple breviora;
filamenta basi in tubulum corollae tubo adnatum coalita, dein libera
anthercB lineares, connectivo adnatae, 2-loculares, longitudinaliter de-
hiscentes. Ovarium inferum, biloculare. Ovula 00 in placentis elon-
gatis, sectione reniformibus, dissepiment© utrinque insertis, sessilia,
anatropa. Stylus brevis cum stigmate lineari bilamellato tubum
stamineum paullo superans. Capsula anguste obovata, calycis limbo
coronata, ab apice ad basin septicido-bivalvis. Semina 00, parva, tenuia,
ala trapeziformi vel triangulari basi ssepius biloba cincta. Embryo in
axi albuminis camosi orthotropus ; cotyledonihus parvis ovalibus sub-
planis ; radiculd tereti hilo proxima. — Arbor Peruviana cortice casta-
neo deciduo, stipulis intrapetiolaribus, floribus magnis Bignonioideis,
Calycophyllo proxima ; huic tamen sunt flores multo minores, corolla
brevi-campanulata symmetrica omnino esulcata, lobis concavis fere
fornicatis nunquam reflexis, et filamenta corolla cequilonga cum eddem
ad loborum basin usque concreta, Tiaud in tubulum coalita.

Capirona decorttcans. Spruce,

Hab. Tarapoto et aliis locis secus fl. Huallaga, in sylvis primaevis recenti-
oribusque, solo arenoso. Capirona Peruvianorum dicta est.

Arbor pulchra 30-40-pedalis, apice parce patule ramosa ; ramulis sub-
teretibus; cortice castaneo, Isevissirao, nitente, lamellis tenuissimis
secedente. Folia opposita, in petiolo perbrevi 5-lineari, maxima
20 X 10 unc, oblongo-ovalia, apice rotundata vel apiculo brevissimo
obtusato terminata, subcoriacea, glaberrima vel in stirpe juniore ad
venas et in facie inferiore plus minus pubescentia; venis vaUdis pa-
rallelis, angulum 70° cum costa eflformantibus, secus marginem cur-
vatis et anastomosantibus. Stipules intrapetiolares, 36 lin. longae, 13
lin. latse, elongato-triangulari-lingulatae, acutae, 2-costatae, venulosae,
albidae, submembranacese, basi subcordata sese imbricantes. Cymi
ex stipularum superiorum plerumque aphyllarum axillis, subinde
paniculam magnam terminalem efformantes ; pedunculo 9-unciali v.
breviori, apice 3-fido ; ramis bis terve bifidis, bracteola stipulari ad
cujusque rami basin. Flores ad ramorum apices axillasque sohtarii.

ME. SPRUCE ON FIYE NEW PLA.NTS FEOM EASTEEN PEEU. 201

sessiles, ebracteolati, visciduli, subodorati ; axillaribus prsecocioribus,
plerumque (hand semper) dente calycis externo in laminam phylloi-
deam, albidam, 3-costatam, venulosam, convexam, ovalem, obtusatam,
3x1^ unc., petiolo 1 ^-unciali, producto. Calyx viridis, obparabolieus,
compressulus, obsolete 5-gonus, semuncialis, dimidio superiore libero
persistente, ore dentibus 5-6 obtusis. Corolla sesquiuncialis, cras-
siuscula, extus alba roseo tincta, lobis intus sanguineis, e basi brevi-
tubulosa 2\ lin. longa campanulata, subgibba, 15-18-sulcata, ab apice
ultra \ in lobos 5-6 eordato-ovatos sestivatione imbrieatos vix parum
contortos, 3 vel omnibus serids reflexis, quasi bilabiata, fissa. Stamina
6, basi in tubulum corollae tubo adnatum ore pilosum coalita •,filamenta
glabra 3| lin. longa; antherce filamentis aequilongae, lineares, obtusae,
connectivo adnatae, ad corollas loborum basin attingentes, loculis vix
basi productis longitudinaliter dehiseentibus. Ovarium inferum, disco
epigyno crasso cupulari coronatum, 2-loculare; ovula plurima, ana-
tropa, secus placentas incrassatas (sectione reniformi) dissepimento
utrinque adnatas apice solo liberas, sessilia, imbricata, angulo 45°
ascendentia, tenuia, ala trapeziformi vel triangulari circumcincta,
nucleo minuto infra alae centrum. Stylus brevis cum stigmate lineari
profunde bilabiato, intus dense papilloso tubulum stamineum pauUo
superans. Capsula anguste obovata, inferne sensim angustata, 10 X 5
lin., apice disco et calycis limbo brevi coronata, leviter 10-striata, e
foUiculorum marginibus introflexis axi coadunatis demum ab apice
separatis 2-locularis; epicarpium tenue badium; endocarpium car-
tilagineum albidum. Semina 00, parva, badia, ala membranacea ovu-
lorum forma, basi ssepius biloba, apice lacera vel laciniata, nucleo ovali
compresso infra-centrali, constantia. Testa membranacea firmiuscula
arete venoso-reticulata. Embryo i lin. longus, in albuminis camosi axi
rectus ; radicula teres, -^ lin. longa, hilo proxima ; cotyledones parvse,
-^ lin. longse, ovales, subplanae.

This handsome little tree is very frequent near Tarapoto, where
it grows chiefly on the lower hills, in a sandy soil. Its trunk is
conspicuous among the other trees, from the shining reddish bark,
which is continually peeling off in broad thin flakes. In this
respect it quite resembles the Mulatto-tree of the inundated
shores of the Amazon, which bears in abundance corymbs of smaU
white flowers scented like those of the hawthorn, and in struc-
ture very like those of a Cinchona. The latter tree, called also
" Capirona" by the Peruvians, but " Pao mulatto" in Brazil, has
been proposed by Mr. Bentham as the type of a new genus of
Cinchonese, under the name of Enkylista. Capirona decorticans
has, however, very slight botanical affinity with Enkylista, and
stands much nearer to Calycophyllum, from which it is strikingly
distinguished by the large rihhed floivers, and the much shorter

202 MR. SPRUCE ON FIYE IfEW PI>ANTS FROM EASTERN PERU.

stamens combined at the base into a tube which lines the short
tubular hose of the corolla, — although it has the same character,
of the outer tooth of the calyx of the axial flowers being pro-
duced into a leafy lamina, which gives to Calycophyllum its
name.

There is some analogy to Bignoniacese, in the campanulate sub-
asymmetrical flowers with a short tubular base and an approach
to a bilabiate limb. Indeed the flowers remind one much of those
of Henriquezia, which on its side shows an approach to Bubiaceae
in the inferior ovary. The winged seeds of Capirona it has in
common with the rest of the Cinchoneae, and with all true Big-
noniaceae.

Enkylista I have seen along the shores of the Amazon for full
2000 miles. It perhaps extends downwards to the very mouth
of the river, and it is said to be still abundant above the mouth
of the Huallaga. On the latter river it is frequent ; and I have
traced it by the streams among the roots of the Andes up to a
height of about 2000 feet. Capirona grows only on dry ground ;
and I have not yet seen it at a greater elevation than Enkylista,
nor anywhere far from the river Huallaga.

The light tough wood of the Capi/rona renders it very suitable
for the beams of houses ; and the trees are mostly cut down when
they have attained a suitable size; so that it is rare to find a
well-grown or a flowering specimen.

There is apparently a second species with subpilose leaves,
attenuated at the base and apex, and with paler bark, in which a
green tinge is always perceptible. It grows rather higher than
C. decorticans, and is very abundant at Turiinaguas on the Hual-
laga; but as I have never seen its flowers or fruit, and could
therefore give only an incomplete character of it, I hesitate to
signalize it by a distinct name.

V. Erythrina Amasisa, a new species with follicular pods.

Erythrina Amasisa {Spruce). Arborea, foholis ovato-rhombeis
glabrescentibus, racemis terminalibus brevibus subpaniculatis, calyce
truncate, vexillo anguste ovato coraplicato carinara gamopetalara
incurvam triente superante, alis e calyce exsertis, legumine folUculari.

Hab. Tarapoto, in sylvis montium inferiorum praecipue secus rivulos.
Amasisa* a Peruvianis designata est.

Caudex 80-1 00-pedalis, basi subdilatatus, superne ramosus ; ramis baud
late patulis; ramuUs verrucoso-scabris cinereo-tomentellis ; cortice

* Query — a corruption of " Ainor-sisa," i. e. "Love- flower" ?

MR. SPRUCE ON FIVE NEW PLANTS PROM EASTERN PERU. 203

Isevi, aculeis brevi-conicis pungentibus obsesso. Folia pinnatim 3-fo-
liata ; petiolus 7-uncialis basi incrassatus ; rhachis 2|-uncialis ; foliola
in petiolulo semunciali rhombeo-ovata, vix apiculata, subobtusa, juni-
ora pubescentia serius glabrescentia ; terminale 7i X 5? unc. ; late-
ralia subminora, eorum petiolulo basi glandula stipellari brevi-cylin-
drica, lineam longa, deflexa, cava, ore truncato aperto instructo. Folia
inferiora majora et longius petiolata sunt. Stipulce minutissimse
squamseformes cito deciduae. Racemi terminales, 2-6-unciales, cine-
reo-tomentelli, solitarii vel saepius plures paniculati. Pedicelli 5
lineas longi, seriils elongati, ebracteolati, basi apiceque articulati, de-
curvo-secundi, ternatim fasciculati, verticillati, nempe quoque verti-
cillo e faseieulis 3 v. 4 constante. Flores penduli, magni, speciosi,
miniati, graveolentes. Calyx obconieo-urceolatus, truneatus, pube-
rulus. Vexillum anguste ovale, obtusum, 20 lin. longum, primitus
complicatum, dein recurvo-explanatum, apice solo baud evoluto, ungue
brevi lato. Alee diminutse, 3-lineares, ovali-spathulatae, subobliquae,
erectae, liberae, maigine exteriore pauUo supra basin unidentatae.
Carina 14 lin. longa, anguste ovata, apice obtuse bidentata, declinata.
Filamenta ad f usque coalita, inter se subinaequilonga ; antherce par-
vulae, oblongo-ovales, paullo supra basin adfixae. Pistillum stamina
subaequans ; ovarium stipitatum,tenue, subteres. Legumen 4-5-unciale,
latitudine semunciali; pericarpio tenui subpuberulo. Semina ple-
rumque 2 maturata et in folliculis decisis apertis longe persistentia^
3 lin. longa, 6 lin. lata ; testa firma tenui.

This is the handsomest tree I have seen in the Maynensian
Andes. It is frequent towards the mouth of the hill-streams that
enter the Mayo wherever any primitive forest has been left. In
the very town of Tarapoto, on the rocky banks of the turbulent
Shillicaio, rise here and there magnificent trees of Amasisa, which
have been spared the axe of the first settlers — some of them as
much as 100 feet high. Twice in the year, viz. in March to April,
and in August to September, they are clad with large flame-coloured
or vermilion flowers, sometimes with no accompanying leaves, and
sometimes with young leaves of the most delicate green, just ap-
pearing. I have been delighted to walk by the Shillicaio at sun-
set and observe the tracery of the crown of the Amasisa, with its
copious red tassels, projected on the whitish-blue eastern sky,
when the flowers of almost every tree showed a different shade of
yellow-red, not, however, paling to yellow on the one hand, or
brightening to scarlet on the other. It continues in flower nearly
two months at a time ; and before it has well done flowering, the
ripened follicular pods, splitting up one side only and with the
seeds still adhering, begin to strew the ground. The wood is
white and softish, and of no use but for firewood. The trunk is

204 ME. SPEUCE ON FIVE NEW PLANTS FEOM EASTEEN PEETJ.

more or less beset with sharp conical prickles, on which account
it is constantly selected by the sagacious Troopial {Cassicus icte-
ronotuSy Swains.) for its long pensile nests, — though, as if doubting
that this were sufficient to render them inaccessible, it hangs
them on the very point of the outermost twigs. All the species
of Troopial I have seen on the Amazon and Eio Negro, show
similar foresight in selecting a place where to rear their infant
(polonies ; and the robber who, observing no impediment from
below, ventures to climb to their eyry, finds, to his cost, that it is
defended by some large wasps' nest, or by hordes of stinging
ants.

INDEX.

Abuta, Auhl 108

concolor, Poepp. . . . 108, 109

rufescens, Auhl. . . . 108, 109

Acacia acinacea, Lindl 129

aciphylla, Benth 135

acradenia, F. Milll. 141, 142, 143,

144

amentifera, F. Milll. . . . 141

aneura 136

arcuata, Lahill 141

argyrophylla, F. Milll. . . 125

armata, R. Br 117

aspera, lAndl 129

asperulacea, F. Milll. . . .123

aulacocarpa, A. Cunn. . 137, 143

avida, Benth 137

axillaris, Benth 116

basaltica, F. Miill 146

Baueri, R.Br 124

Bidwelli 147

Brownii, Stevd 121

buxifolia, A. Cunn. . . 115, 128

calamifolia, Lindl. . . 122, 123

calyculata, A. Cunn. . . . 141

chordophyUa, F. Miill. . .122

colletioides, Benth. . . . 120

• complanata, A. Cunn. . 116, 135

conferta, A. Cunn. 115, 124, 129

conspersa, F. Miill 140

crassiuscula, Wendl. . . .127

crassocarpa, A. Cunn. . . . 143

cultriformis, HooJc. . . . 118

Cunninghami, ^00^5;. 119,140,141,

144

cuspidata, A. Cunn. . 116, 121

Dallacliiana, F. Milll. . . . 138

decora, Reichenb. . . 115, 128

decurrens, Willd 146

delibrata,^. C«u»i.l37,138,139,140

deltoidea, Benth 119

/3. pungens, Benth. 119

dictyocarpa, Benth. . . . 124

diffusa, Ker . . . . 116, 118

dimidiata, Benth 145

dineura, F. Miill 130

dodon^ifolia, Willd. . 115, 131

Page
Acacia doratoxylon, A. Cunn. 139, 140

drepanocarpa, F. Mall. 137, 140

elliptica, A. Cunn. . . 115, 130

elongata, Benth. . . . 116, 132

ephedrioides, Benth. . 122, 136

excelsa, Benth 134

• exsudans, Lindl 130

falcata, Willd. . . . 115,126

farinosa, Lindl 132

Famesiana, Willd 147

filifolia, Benth 135

floribunda, Willd 137

galioides, Benth 123

gladiiformis, A. Cunn. . . 115

gonocarpa, F. Milll. . . . 136

gonoclada, F. Miill. . 140, 143

Grunnii, Benth 119

. hakeoides, A. Cunn. . 115, 126

hemignosta, F. Milll. . . . 134

holosericea, A. Cunn. . . . 145

homalophylla, A. Cunn. 116, 133

hmnifusa, A. Cunn. . . . 146

imbricata, F. Milll. . . . 115

implexa, Benth 135

impressa, F. Mall 133

iteaphyUa, F. Miill. . . .125

ixiophylla, Benth 132

jvlifera, Benth. . 137,139,140

latescens, Benth 144

latifolia, Benth 146

latipes, Benth 119

lenticellata, F. Mall. . . . 147

leprosa, Sieb 115, 130

leptocarpa, A. Cunn. . . . 140

leptoneiira, Benth 122

leptophleba, F. Mull. . . . 143

Leucadendron, A. Cunn. . . 140

limbata, F. Mall 145

linarioides, Benth 137

linearis, Sims 137

lineata, A. Cunn 129

longifolia, Sieb 138

loxocarpa, Benth 137

lunata, Sieb 115, 125

lycopodifolia, A. Cunn. . . 123

lysiphloia, F. Milll. . . . 137

206

INDEX.

Acacia megalantha, F. Miill. . . 143

megaphylla, F. Miill. . . .117

melanoxylon, E. Br. 115, 116, 134,

135

microcarpa, F. Miill. . 115, 128

Mitchelli, Benth 140

montana, Benth 129

mucronata, Willd 138

Miilleri, Benth 117

multinervia, Dec 116

myrtifolia, Willd 125

nematophylla, F. Miill. . . 123

nigricans, Lahill 146

notabilis, F. MiilL . . 115, 127

obliqua, A. Cunn 118

obtusata, Sieb 115

oleifolia, A. Cunn 115

oligoneura, F. Miill. . . .139

oncinocarpa, Benth. . . . 137

• orthocarpa, F. Miill. . . . 136

ovoidea, Benth. 121

pachycarpa, F. Miill. . . . 139

paUida, F. MiiU. . . 147, 148

patens, F. Miill 120

pendula, A, Cunn. . . 116, 133

penninervis, Sieh. . . 115, 126

pinifolia, Benth 122

pityoides, F. MiUl. . . 135, 136

plagiophylla, F. Mull. . . . 131

platycarpa, F. Miill. . . . 145

podalyrifolia, A. Cunn. 115, 125

■ polybotrya, Benth 146

pravifolia, F. Miill 117

pravissima, F. Miill. . 118, 132

prominens, A. Cunn. 115, 125, 127

pterocarpa, F. Miill.

ptychophylla, F. MiilL

pycnantha, Benth. .

reclinata, F. Miill. .

retinervis, Benth. .

retinodes, Schlecht. .

Riceana, Sensl. . .

rubida, A. Cunn.

rupicola, F. Miill. .

' salicina, Lindl. . .

scapuliformis, A. Cunn.

sclerophylla, Lindl. .

Sentis, F. Miill. . .

sericata, A. Cunn. .

sericopliylla, F. Miill.

siculgeformis, A. Cunn.

Sophorse, B. Br.

sphacelata, Benth. .

spinescens, Benth. .

stenophylla, A. Cunn.

stigraatophylla, A. Cunn.

stipuligera. F. Miill.

stipulosa, F. Miill. .

stricta, Willd. . .

Stuartiana, F. Miill.

134
137, 142
. . 126
115, 131
. . 144
. . 126
. . 121
. . 127
. . 121
115, 126
. . 118
116, 130
115, 128
145
122
120
138
121
116
116, 133
142
144
119
131
120

Page
Acacia suaveolens, Willd. . . . 115

suberosa, A. Cunn 148

subternata, F. Miill. . . . 124

tenuissima, F. Miill. . . . 135

tetragonophylla, F. Miill. . 121

torulosa, F. Midi 139

translucens, A. Cunn. . 116, 133

tumida, F. Miill 144

umbellata, A. Cunn. . 141, 142

venulosa, Benth 116

vemiciflora, A. Cunn. . . .115

verticillata, Willd 121

vestita, R. Br. . . . 115, 118

viscidula, Benth. . . 116, 132

viscosa, Schrad 131

vomeriformis, A. Cunn. . .119

Wickhami, Benth. . . 133, 141

Wilhelmiana, F. Miill. . . 123

xylocarpa, A. Cunn. . 135, 136

Aceras angustifolia, Lindl. ... 43

Acampe papillosa 36

Acanthogonium gracile, Wall. . . 22

Griffithii, Bchh 22

Acanthophippium ringiflorum, Griff. 21

sylhetense, Lindl. .... 21

Aclinia, Griff. 2,9

Adansonia, L 152

Aerides affine, Wall 41

ampullaceum, Roxh. ... 35

Brookei, Batem 41

carnosum, Griff, .... 41

crispum, Lindl 41

cylindricum, Lindl. ... 41

decumbens, Griff. .... 42

difforme, Wall 41

falcatum 41

Hystrix, Lindl 42

Lindleyanum, Wight ... 41

odoratum, Lowe 41

roseum, Lodd 41

radicosum, A. Rich. ... 36

tseniale, Lindl 41

testaceum, Lindl 40

trigonum, Klotzsch .... 41

Alopecurus alpinus. Smith . . . 112
Alwisia minuta, Thwaites ... 42
Amorphophallus, Blume . . . .153
Ancylanthus rubiginosus, Desf. . 153
Anelasma, Miers .... 100, 109

Guianense, Miers .... 109

Spruceanum, Miers . . .109

Angelica officinalis, L 148

Angrseeum caulescens, Th. ... 40

Zeylanicum, Lindl 40

Ania angustifolia, Lindl. ... 24

Anisophyllum, Don 72

Anstrutheria, Gardn. . . . QQ, 73, 78

Africana, Benth 78

Ceylanica, Am 78

Madagascariensis, 5ew^A. . . 78

IKDEX.

207

Anthericuni, L 155

Aponogeton, L 154

Aporum, Blume 2, 3

inorassatum, A. Brongn. . . 60

Aquilegia vulgaris, L 149

Arctostaphylos alpina, Spr. . . .111

Arenaria Rossii, B. Br 110

rubella, Hook 110

Armeria maritima, Willd. . . . 112

Arnica montana, L Ill

Arundina affinis, Griff. ... 22, 23

bambusifoHa, Lindl. . . 22, 23

Chinensis, Blume .... 22

densa 23

speciosa, Blume 23

Asteranthos, Desf. . . • . . 81

Astragalus alpinus, L 110

Azalea procumbens, L, . . . .111

AzoUa, Lam 155

Balsaminaceee 159

Balsaminese 151

Baraldeia, Du P. Th 68, 75

B&rklja, F. Miill 158

syringifolia, F. Milll. . . .158

Batschia, Thunb 108

conferta, Thunb 109

racemosa, Thunb 109

Bauhinia, L 153

Begonia, L 151

BeUevalia, Kunth 113

muscarioides, Mast, . . . 113

Bignoniacese 197, 201

Blepharistemma, Wall. . .71, 73, 78

corymbosum. Wall. ... 78

Bridelia, Willd 155

Broussaisia, Gaud 66

Bryobium, Lindl 45

pubescens, Lindl 52

Callostylis rigida, Blume . . . . 51

Calycophyllum, Lee 201

Camarotis pallida, lAndl. ... 37

Pliilippinensis, Lindl. ... 37

purpurea, Lindl 37

Campanula linifolia, A. Lee. . .111

Capirona, Spruce 200

decorticans, Spruce 200, 201, 202

CaralHa, Roxb 67, 73, 74

Baraldeia, Benth 75

calycina, Benth 75

celebica, Blume .... 68, 75

zeylanica. Am 68, 74

confinis, Blume .... 68, 75

corymbosa. Am. . . . 68, 74

cuspidata, Blume . . . 68, 75

integerrima, Lee. . 67, 68, 74, 75

lancesefolia, Roxb. . . 67, 68, 75

lucida, Roxb 68, 75

multiflora, Blume . . . 68, 75

octopetala, F. Milll. . . 68, 74

Sinensis, Am 68, 74

Carallia symmetria, Blume . . 68, 74

timorensis, Blume . . . 68, 74

Cardamine beUidifolia, 7/. . . .110

Carex compacta, R. Br 112

fuliginosa, Sternb. Sf Hoppe . 112

glareosa, Wahl 112

nardina. Fries 112

rupestris, Allion 112

siaxiH, Lrejer 112

Carludovica, Ruiz Sf Pav. . . . 197
Cassicus icteronotus, Swains. . . 204
Cassiopea tetragona, Lee. . . . Ill

Cassipourea, Aubl 72, 73, 79

Africana, Benth 78

elliptica, Poir 79

Guianeneis, Aubl 80

macrophylla, Lee 80

Madagascariensis, Lee. . . 78

quadrilocularis, Benth. . . 80

serrata, Benth 80

Cedrelese 151

Centrolepidese 156

Ceranthera, Beauv 155

Cerastium alpinum, L 110

Ceratium, Blume 58

Ceratobium, Lindl 2, 20

Ceratophyllum, L 155

Chiloschista usneoides, Lindl. . . 43

Chlorophytum, Ker 155

Clematis, L 155

Cocculus Domingensis, Lee. 108, 109

Isevigatus, Mert 109

Cochlearia angUca, Lee 110

fenestrata, R. Br 110

Cochlospermum, Kunth . . . .155
Conchiium, Griff. . . . . 45, 46

pusillum, Griff. 48

sinicum, Lindl 48

Corallorhiza foliosa, lAndl. ... 26

Indica, Lindl 26

patens, Lindl 26

Corchorus, L 156

Cottonia Championi, Lindl. ... 39

macrostachya, Wight ... 39

Cremastra Wallichiana, Lindl. . . 30

Crescentia Cujete, L 199

Crossostyles, Forst. . . .70, 73, 77

biflora, Forst 70, 77

Harveyi, Benth 70, 77

Cryptoehilus lutea, Lindl. ... 21

sanguinea, Wall 21

Cryptoglottis serpyllifolia, Blume . 37

Cyathea, Sw. . 154

Cunningbami, HooJc.fil. 163, 167

dealbata, Sw. . . . 163, 164, 167

medullaris, Sw. 163, 164, 166, 168

^miihii, HooTc.fil. 163,164,167,168

Cyclantlius, Poit 197

Cylindrolobus, Blume . . . . 45, 58
Cymbidium affine, Griff. ... 28

208

INDEX.

Cynibidium aloifolium, Swartz

chloranthum, Lindl. . .

coclileare, JLAndl. . . .

cuspidatiim, Blume . .

cyperifolium, Wall. . .

Page
. 27
. 29
. 28
. 30
. 28

densiflorum, Ch-iff. ... 28, 29

ebumeum, Lindl 28

elegans, Lindl 28

ensifolium, Sw 30

erectum, Sw 28

Erythrgeum, Lindl. ... 30

geophilum, Le Vriese ... 32

Gribsoni, Paxt 30

giganteum, Wall 29

Javanicum, Blume .... 30

lancifolium, Hook 30

longifolium, Don .... 29

micromeson, Lindl. ... 29

parvifloruin, Reinw. ... 55

pendulum, Sw 28

speciosum, Reinw 23

spineseens, Reinw 14

vaginatum, Reinw 30

Cyperorchis elegans, Blume ... 28

Cyperus, L 154

Cyrtopera bicarinata, Lindl. . . 31

Candida, Lindl 31

Cullenii, Wiffhf 31

ensiformis, lAndl 31

flava, Lindl 31

fusca, Wight 31

mysorensis, Lindl 32

sanguinea, Lindl 32

squalida, Rchh.f. . . . . 31

tricarinata 31

Cysfcopteris fragilis, Bernh. . . . 112

Cytheris cordifolia, Lindl. ... 23
Dactylopetalum, Benth. . . .72, 79

sessiliflorum, Benth. ... 79

Delphinium cardiopetalam, Lee. 161,162

Dendrobium, Swartz 1

Aclinia, Lindl 9

album, Wight 14

algosum, Reinw 42

amoenum, Wall 12

anceps, Roxh 4

, Wall 4

aqueum, Lindl 14

attenuatum, Lindl 17

aureimi, Lindl 7, 8

auroroseum, Rchh.f. ... 17

barbatulum, Lindl 20

, Wight 20

bicaudatum, Rein/w. ... 20

bicolor, Lindl 58

Blumei, Lindl 14

braccatum, Lindl 46

brachypetalum, Lindl. . . 6

breyiflorum, Lindl 14

brevifolium, Hort 12

Dendrobiimi Brisbanense, Rchh.f.

bursigenmi, Lindl. .

cserulescens, Lindl. .

calcaratum, Lindl. .

Calceolum, Roxh. .

Cambridgeanum, Faxt.

chlorops, Lindl. . .

cbrysanthum, Wall.

■ chrysotoxum, Lindl.

crepidatum, Griff'. .

crisp\mi, Lalz. . .

cuspidatum, Wall. .

Dalhousieanum, Baxt.

DalzeUi, JELooTc. . .

densiflorum, Wall. .

denudans, Lon . .

Devonianum, Baxt.

distachyon, Lindl. .

elongatima, A. Cunn.

eriseflorum, Griff. .

eulophotum, Lindl.

euphlebium, Rchh.f.

excisum ....

extinctorium, Lindl.

Farmeri, Rchh.f. .

filiforme, Wight . .

fimbriatum, Lalz. .

fimbriatum, Wall. .

flabellum, Rchh.f. .

flexuosum. Griff. .

formosum, Roxh. .

fureatum, Reinw. .

fuscatum, Lindl.

Griffithianum, Lindl.

HenshaUi, Rchh.f .

heterocarpon. Wall.

hirsutum. Griff.

Hookerianimi, Lindl.

humile, Wight . .

incurvum, Lindl. .

intermedium, Tijsm.

involutum, Lindl. .

Jenkinsi, Griff. . .

Jerdonianum, Wight

Labuanum, lAndl. .

Lawanum, Lindl. .

Lindleyanum, Griff.

Lobbii, Lindl. . .

longicomu, Lindl. .

lunatum, lAndl. . .

lycopodioides, Lindl.

Macrsei, Lindl. .

macranthum, Le Vriese

macropus, Rchh.f .

macrostachyum, Lindl.

metachiliniun . .

micranthum. Griff.

microbolbon, A. Rich.

microchilos, Lalz. .

moschatum, Wall. .

IKDEI.

209

Dcndrobium muscicola, Lindl.

nobile, Lindl. . .

nodosum, Dalz. . .

normale, Falc.

nutans, Lindl. . .

ochreatum, Lindl. .

ocliroleucum, Tijsm.

palpebrae, Lindl.

panduratura, Lindl.

parciflorum, Rchh.f.

peguanum, Lindl. .

Pierardi, Roxh. . .

planibulbe, Lindl. .

porphyrochilum, Lindl.

prasinum, Lindl.

primulinum, Lindl,

Pseudaclinia, Lindl.

pubescens, HooJc. .

pulchellum, Lindl. .

— — pumilmn, Qriff.

, Roxb. . . .

purpureum, Roxh. .

pycnostacliyum, Lindl

Rabani, Lindl. .

ramosissiraum, Wight

Reinwardtii, Lindl.

revolutum, . . .

rhombeum, Lindl. .

Roxburghii, Oriff. .

Kuckeri, Lindl. . .

rugosum, Lindl. . .

salaccense, Blume .

sanguinolentum, Lindl

sarcanthum, Lindl. .

scabrilingue, Lindl.

secundum. Wall. .

Serra, Lindl. . . .

spathaceum, Lindl. .

sphegidoglossum, Rehb

spinescens, lAndl. .

— stuposum, Lindl.

. subacaule, Reimv. .

subteres. Griff". . .

subulatiun, Lindl. .

tetraedre, Blmne

tetragonum . . .

tetrodon, Rchh.f. .

Tmesipteris, Lindl. .

transparens, Wall. .

truncatmn, Lindl. .

uncatum, Lindl.

villosulum, Wall. .

viridiroseum, Rchh.f.

xanthophlebium, Lindl

Dendrochilum roseum, I>alz
Dendrocoryne, Lindl. . .
Dendrolirium, Bhime .

pusillum, Blume

retusum, Blume . .

Dennisonia, F. Mull. .

Page

47

12

6

9, 10, 11

17

8

8

7

19

19
12,17
14
18
11
12

9
49
12

6
21
17
19

7
18
17
13
18

8

8

8

8

20

15

17

3

15

14

14

14

11

4,5

5

15

6

10

13

10,12

15

5

8

17

16

10

2,5

45,58

62

52

157

Page
Dennisonia ternifolia, F. Miill. . . 158
Desmotrichum, Blums . . . . 2t^1

Dianthus barbatua, L 149

Diapensia Lapponica, L 112

Dicksonia antarctica, R. Br. . 17, 168

squarrosa, Swartz .... 169

Diploclinium, Kl 154

Diplomeris pulchella, Lcm ... 44

Disa, Berg 154, 156

Discanthus, Spruce . . . . , 195

odoratus, Spruce .... 196

Diurospermum, Fdgevo 171

album, Edgeio 189

Dorstenia, L 151

Draba alpina, Wahl 110

rupestris, R. Br 110

Drosera, L. . . . . . . 154, 156

Dryas integrifolia, Vahl Ill

octopetala, L. . . . . .111

Dryptopetalum, Am 69, 76

coriaceum. Am 76

membranaceum, Mq. . . 71, 78

Eleeocarpese 66

Empetrum nigrum, L 112

Enkylista, Benth 201

Epilobium latifolium, L Ill

Equisetum arvense, L 112

Eria abbreviata, Rchh.f .... 65

acervata, Sol 55

acridostachya, Rchh. f . . 48

affinis. Griff. 54

alba, Lindl 53

annulata, Blume ... 56, 57

aporoides, Lindl 60

iG-meniaca, Lindl 48

artieulata, Lindl 47

bambusifolia, Lindl. . . 60, 61

bicolor, Lindl 58

' bifalcis, Lindl 55, 56

biflora, Lindl 56

braccata, Lindl 46

brachystachya, Rchh.f . . 59

bractescens 55

capitellata, Lindl 57

carinata, LAndl 50

clavicaulis, Lindl 59

eonvallarioides, Lindl. ... 53

cyKndrospora, Griff. ... 52

Dalzelli, Lindl 47

Dillwynii, Bot. Mag. ... 55

discolor, Lindl 51

elongata, Blume 59

, Lindl 49

excavata, Lindl 53

ferruginea, Lindl 57

flava, GHff 49

, Lindl 49

floribunda, Lindl. . . . . 60

graminifolia, Lindl. ... 54

Javensis, JKoMi/. . . . . 55

P

210

INDEX.

Eria Jerdoniana, Wight

Khasiana, lAndl,

lanata, Ch'iff. . .

leiophylla, Lindl.

leucostachya, lAndl

Liclienora, Lindl.

Lindleyana, Griff'.

lineata, Lindl. .

Merguensis, Lindl.

micrantha, Lindl.

microchilos, Lindl

monostachya, Lindl

mucronata, Lindl.

muscicola, Lindl.

mysorensis, Lindl

nana, A. Rich. .

nutans, Lindl. .

obesa, Lindl. . .

obliqua, Lindl. .

ornata, Lindl.

ovata, Lindl. . .

pachystachya, Lindl

paniculata, Lindl.

pannea, Lindl. .

pauciflora, Wight

pubescens, Wight

pulchella, Griff. .

, Lindl. . .

pulvinata, Lhidl.

pusilla, Lindl. .

Reinwardtii, Lindl.

reticosa, Wight .

retroflexa, Lindl.

retusa, Mchh.f. .

ringens, Mchb.f.

rosea, Lindl. . .

, Wall. . .

scabrilinguis, Lindl.

sclerophylla, Lindl.

secundiflora, Griff.

sicaria, Lindl.

sinica, Lindl.

Sonkaris, Rchh.f.

sphserochila, Lindl.

stricta, Lindl.

suavis, Lindl.

teretifolia, Griff.

trilophota, Lindl.

truncata, Lindl. .

uniflora, Balz. .

valida, Lindl.

velifera, Wight .

vestita, Ldndl. .

vittata, Lindl. .

vnlpina, Rchh.f.

Erigeron uniflorum, L.
Eriophorum polystachyu

vaginatum, L. .

Eriospermum, Jacq. .
Eriura, Lindl. . . .

L.

Page
. 46

58,59
. 49
. 57
. 60
. 46
. 53
. 53
. 52
. 60

46,47
. 55
. 59

46,47
. 54
. 46

58,59
. 53

55,56
. 48
. 55
. 60

55, 56
. 50

58,59
. 54
. 54
. 51
. 56

46, 48

55,56
. 48
. 60
. 52
. 55
. 50
. 50
. 51
. 56
. 52
. 50
. 48
. 55
. 54
. 52
. 52
. 60
. 54
. 58

. 60
. 46
. 57
. 51
. 57
. Ill
. 112
. 112
. 155
46,55

Pago

Ei'ythi'ina Amasisa, Spruce . . . 202

Erythroxylum, L 184

Eucalyptus, Herit 81

acuminata, Hook 83

alpina, Lindl 99

aspera, F. Miill. . . 82, 95, 100

aurantiaca, F.Mull. 82, 91, 92, 101

bicolor, A. Cunn. . 82, 90, 101

bigalerita, F. Mull. 82, 94, 96, 100

brachyandi-a, F. Miill. 83, 97, 101

brevilolia, F. Miill. . 81, 84, 100

citriodora. Hook. . 82, 92, 100

clavigera, A. Cunn. . 83, 98, 101

coufertiflora, F. Miill. . 96, 100

crebra, F. Mull. 64, 82, 87, 101

dichromophloia, F. Mull. 82, 89,

94, 100

exserta, F. Mull. . 82, 85, 101

ferruginea, Schauer 82, 95, 97, 101

fibrosa, F. Miill. . 82, 87, 101

floribunda, Hiig 96

gracilis 90

hemilampra, F. Miill. 82, 85, 100

Hookeri, jP. ilfi^;/ 90

latifolia, F. Mull. . 82, 94, 100

leptophlebia, F. Miill. 82, 86, 100

melanophloia, F. Miill. 82, 93, 101

melissiodora, Lindl. 82, 92, 95, 101

microtheca, F. Miill. 82, 87, 100

miniata, A. Cunn 92

odontocarpa, F. Miill. 83, 98, 101

pachyphylla, A. Cunn. ... 98

, F. Miill. . . 83, 98, 101

parviflora, F. Miill 90

patellaris, i^. JfwZZ. . 82,84,100

l^hoenicesi, F. Miill. . 82,91,101

platyphyUa, F. Miill. 82, 93, 100

polycarpa, F. Miill. . 82, 88, 100

polysciada, F. Miill. ... 98

populifolia. Hook 93

poipulne&, F. Mull. . 82,93,101

pruinosa, Schauer .... 94

ptychocarpa, F. Mull. 82, 90, 91

rostrata, Schlecht. 81, 83, 88, 99

semicordata, F. Miill. 82, 86, 100

signaisL, F Miill. . . 82,85,99

subulata, A. Cunn 83

tectifica, F. Miill. . 82, 92, 100

tereticornis. Smith 81, 83, 88, 89

terminalis, F. Miill. 82, 89, 100

tessellaris, F. Miill. . 82, 88, 100

tetrodonta, F. Miill. 83, 97, 101

trachyjihloia, F. Miill. 82, 90, 100

undulata, F. Miill 95

variegata, ^. ilfM^^. . 82,88,99

■ viminaHs, Hook 90

Eudendrobiuiu, Lindl. . . . 2, 11
Eulophia albiflora, Edgew. ... 24

bicolor, Lalz 24

brachypetala, Lindl. ... 24

INDEX.

211

Eulophia bracteosa, lAndl. ... 23

campestris, lAndl. ... 24, 25

densiflora, Lindl 25

exaltata, Reichh.f. . . . . 31

graniinea, lAndl 23

grandiflora, Lindl 23

hastata, Lindl 25

hemileuca, Lindl. .... 25

herbacea, lAndl 24

inconspicua, Lindl. ... 24

ochreata, Lindl 24

pratensis, Lindl 25

Promensis, lAndl 24

ramentacea, Lindl 25

, WigU 24

rupestris, Lindl 25

squalida, Lindl 31

stenopetala, Lindl 26

virens, R. Br 24, 25

Euproboscis G-riffithii, Reichh.f. . 63

pygmsea, Griff. 63

Euterpe oleracea, Mart 193

Festuca brevifolia, i2. J?r. . . .112

Eicus, L 150, 154

carica, L 155

Galium pusillum, L Ill

G-leichenia, Swartz 156

G-naphalium supinum, L. . . .111

Gnetacese . . 15]

Gnidia, L 155

Grewia, L 153

Gynotroches, Blume . . .69, 73, 76

axillaris, Bhime 76

■ Dryptopetalum, Bliime . . 76

micrantha, Blume .... 77

reticulata, A. Gray .... 76

Heemantbus, L 155

Haplopetalum, A. Gray . . 69, 73, 76

Ricliei, A. Gray 76

Helichrysum. Bers 153

Henriquezia, Spruce 201

Herminium congestum, Lindl. . . 43

monorcliis, R. Br 43

unalaschkense, -KeicAS.y. . . 43

Heurnia, R. Br 154

Hibiscus, L 155

Hierochloe pauciflora, R. Br. . . 112

Hildenbrantia 156

Holochrysa, Lindl 2, 7

Honckenya peploides, Ehrh. . .110

Hugonia, L 155

Hyacintliorchis variabilis, Blume . 30

Hydrocera, Blume 100

triflora, Blume 162

Hymeneria, Ldndl 45, 52

Hymenodictyon, Wall 154

Hymenophylliim, Sm 156

Hypoxis, L 151, 154

Impatiens, L 159, 1 60

Balsamina, L. . . . 160, 162

Page
Impatiens Royleana, Lindl. . . . 160

Indigofera, L 199

Iriartea, Ruiz, et Pav. . 191, 192 193

deltoidea, Ruiz, et Pav. . . 193

exorrhiza, Mart. . . 192, 193

setigera, Mart 192

ventricosa, Mart 193

Isoetes, L 154

Juncus biglumis, L 112

Kniphofia, Monch 155

Kosaria 155

Laboucberia, F. Milll 158

clilorostachya, F. Miill. . . 159

Ledum palustre, L Ill

Legnotidese 65

Lightfootia, Herit 154

Limodorum maculatum, Reinw. . 23

Lissocbilus, R. Br 151

Loganiacese 67

Lophostylis, Hochst 152

Luzula campestris, R. Br. . . . 112

hyperborea, R. Br 112

Lyebnis apetala, L 110

Lycoperdon solidimi, L, . . 102, 103

Lycopodium, L 156

Selago, L 112

Lygodium, Sw 156

Lytbraceaj 65,66

M-drsbttia,, SmitJi 156

Menispermese 108

Menyantbes 3-foliata, L 112

Mertensia maritima, Roth . . . 112

Mesembryanthemum, L 154

Micropera pallida, Lindl. ... 37

maculata, JDalz 38

viridiflora, L>alz 36

Microtropis 66

coriacea, TFall 76

Mimosa, L. . . 155

dodonseifolia, Pers 131

Monodora Angolensis, Welw. 151, 154

Myristica, Dun 151

Musa, L 154

Muscari latifolium, Kirk . . . 113

Musssenda, L 148

Mycarantbes, Blume .... 45, 57

latifolia, Blume . . . . 51, 56

lobata, Blume 51

obliqua, Lindl 55

obliterata, Blume . . . . 51

ptricta, Lindl 52

Mylitta australis. Berk 102

Myrothamnus flabellifolius, Welw. 155

Myrtacese 81

Napoleona, Beauv. . . . 80, 81, 150

Nathusia, Hochst 151, 153

Nephelaphyllum cordifolium, Lindl. 23

pulcbrum, Blume .... 23

tenuiflorura, Blume ... 23

Nymphsea, L 154

p2

212

INDEX.

Page
Nymphaea Lotus, P. Beauv. . . . 155
Oberonia gladiata, A. Rich. ... 61

micrantlia, A. Mich. ... 61

Octomeria racemosa, Kuhl et Hass. 60
(Eceoclades flexuosa, lAndl. . . 36

maciilata, Lindl 36

paniculata, Lindl 36

pusilla, Lindl 36

tenera, Lindl 36

(Enocarpus, Mart 199

Onychium fimbriatum, JBlume . . 14

Ophioglossum, L 154

Ophrys pubescens, Blume ... 15

Oreorchis, Lindl 26

foliosa, Lindl 27

• micrantha, Lindl. . . . . 27

patens, Lindl 27

Ottelia, Pers 151, 154

Oxyantliera micrantha, A. Brongn. 62
Oxyria reniformis. Hill . . . .112
Oxytropis campestris, Dec. . . .110
Pachynaa Cocos, Fries , . . . . 102

Coniferarum, Horan. . . . 102

tuber regium 107

Papaver nudicaule, L 110

Paxtonia, Lindl 9

Pedicularis hirsuta, L 112

Pedilonum, Blume ... 2, 13, l7
PeUacalyx, Korth. .... 69, 73, 75

axiUaris, Korth 69, 76

Peziza tuberosa 107

Phippsia algida, P. Br 112

Phreatia elegans, Lindl 61

gladiata, Lindl 61

micrantha, Lindl 61

microtidis, Lindl 62

minutiflora, Lindl 62

myosurus, Pchh.f. .... 61

retusa, Lindl. 52

Tahitensis, Lindl 62

imiflora, Wight 48

Pinguicula, i 190

alpina, L 190

Phyllodoce taxifolia, Lon . . . Ill
Phytelephas, Puiz. et Pav. . . . 191
Pinus Massoniana, Lamb. . . . 102

Pistia, 7^. . .155

Platanthera Schischmareffiana, Lindl. 43

Platy cerium, Beauv 156

Platypetaliim purpurascens, P. Br. 110

Plexaure, JEndl 61

Poa abbreviata, P. Br 112

• arctica, KooTc. ? 112

csesia. Smith ...... 112

PodochUus cultratus, Lindl. . . 37

densiflorus, Blume .... 36

lucescens, Blume .... 37

microphyllus, Lindl. ... 37

scalpeUilbUus, Blume ... 37

Pogonia carinata, Lindl. .... 45

Page
Pogonia flabelliformis, lAndl. . . 45

Juliana, Wall 45

Polygonum viviparum, L. . . . 112

Polyporus tuberaster 107

PotentOla nivea, L Ill

Primula officiaalis, L 149

Protea, L 155

Pootia cereopsifoHa, Miqu. ... 74
Pseudocentrum, Lindl. . . . 63, 64

macrostachyum, Lindl. . . 64

Pterocarpus, L. ...... 153

Pyrola rotundifolia, L Ill

Ranunculus hyperboreus, Potth. . 110

nivalis, L 110

Rhamnaceee 66

Rhipsahs, Qartn 152, 154

^thiopica, Welw 152

Rhizobium, Lindl 2, 5

Rhizophoracese 65

Rhododendrum Lapponicum, L. .111

Richseia, LuP.Th 78

Rophosteraon concolor, Blume . . 45

Rubiacese 199

Rubus, L 155

Ruppia, L 155

Saccolabium acutifolium, Lindl. 33, 36

ampullaceum, Lindl. ... 35

Blumei 32

• brevifolium, Lindl 35

calceolare, Lindl. . . . 33, 34

chionanthum, Lindl. ... 36

dasypogon, Lindl 34

denticulatum, Paxt. ... 33

distichum, Lindl 36

fasciculatum, Lindl. ... 37

gemmatum, Lindl 34

gracile, Lindl 35

gurwaUcum, Lindl 32

guttatum, Lindl. ... 32, 33

intermediiim. Griff. ... 35

macrostachyum, Lindl. . . 32

■ micranthum, Lindl. ... 34

— - — rmmaXvaa., Lindl. . . . , 35

niveum, lAndl 34

obhquum, Lindl 33

pachyglossum, Lindl. ... 34

pallens, Catkc 35

papillosum, Wight .... 36

parvulum, Lindl 36

racemiferum, Lindl. ... 39

ramulosum, Lindl 34

— Rheedii, Wight 32

ringens, Lindl 36

rubrum, Lindl 35

, Wight 36

speciosum, Wight .... 41

virescens, Gardn 35

viridiflorum, Lindl. ... 36

Wightianum, Lindl. ... 36

Salix arctica, P. Br 112

INDEX.

213

Page
Salix herbacea, R. Br 112

Salvia fulgens, Cav 148

Sambucus nigra, L 199

Sanseviera, L 155

Sarcantlius pallidus, Lindl. ... 39

pauciflorus, Wight .... 39

peninsularis, Dalz 39

roseus, Wight 36

secundus, Oriff. 39

tricolor, Rchb.f. .... 39

Sarcostemma, B. Br 154

Satyrium albifiorum, A. Rich. . 43, 44

ciliatum, Lindl 43, 44

Nepalense, 2>on .... 43,44

pallidum, A. Rich. . . . 43, 44

Perrottetianum, A. Rich. 43, 44

Wightianum, Lindl. . . 43, 44

Saxifraga csespitosa, L Ill

cernua, L Ill

nivalis, L Ill

oppositifoHa, L Ill

rivularis, L Ill

, var. hyperborea . . . Ill

t^icuspidata, Retz Ill

Schizeea, Smith 154

Schoenorchis juncifolia. Blame . .38

micrantha, Blume ... 35, 39

paniculata, Blume .... 39

SciUa, L 155

Scytonema 156

Sesamum, L 153

Silene acaulis, L 110

Sonchus, L 153

Spathoglottis aurea 22

Fortunei, Lindl 22

ixioides, Lindl 22

Khasijana, Griff. .... 22

lilacina, GHff. 22

parvifolia, Lindl 22

plicata. Wall 22

pubescens, Lindl 22

spicata, Lindl 9

trivalvis. Wall 22

Spondias, L 199

Stachyobium, Lindl 2, 18

Stellaria longipes. Gold 110

Sterculia, L 152, 153

Stereochilus, Lindl 38

hirtus, Lindl 38

Strongyle, Lindl 2, 5

Stroplianthus, Dec 155

Tacca, L 155

Tseniophyllura Alwisii, Lindl. . . 42
Thelasis capitata, Blume .... 63

elegans, Blume 61

ochreata, Lindl 63

pygm'sea, Lindl 63

triptera 63

Thelychiton, Blume 10

Thesium, L 153

Page
TiUsea, L 154

Tofieldia borealis, Wahl 112

Tradescantia Virginica, L. . . . 149

Trichoa, Per* 108

Trichosma, Lindl 416, 62

suavis, Lindl 52

Trichotosia, Blume .... 45, 56

biflora, Griff. 56

Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv. . . 112

Triumfetta, L 156

Tylostylis, Blume 45, 51

Uncifera, Lindl 39

acuminata, Lindl 40

obtusifolia, Lindl 40

Urostachya, Lindl 46, 60

Utricularia, L. . . 154, 156, 170, 174

acuta, Benj 178

affinis, Wight 178

albiflora, GHff. 187

albo-cserulea, Lalz. 177, 178, 180

antirrhinoides, Wall. . . . 182

— — arcuata, Wight . . . 177, 180

bifida, L 182

, Wight 184

biflora, Roxb. ... . . . 176

, Wall 182

brachiata, Oliv. . . . 187, 190

brachypoda, Wight .... 178

Bremii, £[eer 177

brevicaulis, BenJ 182

cserulea, A. Lee 185

, Sb. Heyne . . 180, 181

, L 179

capillacea, Wight .... 184

complanata, Wall 185

conferta, Wight 179

decipiens, Dalz 178

diantha, Dec 182

, Rcem. Sf Sch. . . .176

elegans, Wall 176

exoleta, R. Br 176

fasciculata, Roxb. . . 173, 175

filicaulis. Wall 186

flexuosa, Vahl . . 173, 174, 175

furcellata, Oliv 189

gibba, L 176

glochidiata, Wight . . , . 188

grajninifolia, Banks ^ Sol. 178,179

ariffithii, Wight . . . .179

hirta, Klein 183

humilis, Vahl ? 182

, Wight 182

inajqualis, BenJ. 175

Kumaonensis, Oliv. . . . 189

macrolepis, Wight .... 183

minor, L 176, 177

minutissima, Vahl .... 190

multicaulis, Oliv 188

nivea, Vahl ? 186

obtusiloba, Benj 187

214

INDEX.

Utricularia orbiculata, Wall

paucifolia, Benj.

pedicellata, Wight .

pterosperma, lEdgerc.

punctata, Wall. . .

— — racemosa, Wall. .

, Wight . . .

ramosa, Vahl . .

reticulata, Smith

rosea, JEdgew. . .

B-oxburgliii, Spreng.

sacciformis, Benj. .

Saharunporensis, Boyle

scandens, Benj. . .

setacea. Wall. . .

Smithiana, Wight ,

spiricaulis, Miqu. .

squamosa, Benj. . ,

, Wight . . .

stellaris, L. . . ,

striatula. Smith ? .

uliginoides, Wight .

Page
172, 187
. . 187
. . 179
. . 176
. . 175
183, 186
. . 185
. . 175
180, 190
184, 185
176
177
176
181, 182
183
180
180, 181
187
179
174
188
179

Page

Utricularia uliginosa, Vahl

180, 181

verticillata, Benj. .

. . 184

volubilis. Hook, . .

. . 181

vulgaris, Macrae .

. . 175

WalUchiana, Benj. .

. . 182

, Wight . . .

181, 182

Vaccinium uliginosum, L.

. . Ill

Vanda cserulescens, Lindl.

. . 42

. . 40

peduncularis, Idndl.

. . 39

pulchella, Wight

. . 33

. . 43

undulata, Lindl. . .

. . . 42

Yesicaria arctica, Richards

. . 110

Wettinia, Poepp. Sf Bndl.

190, 193

augusta, Poepp. Sf Endl. 190, 193

Maynensis, Spruce .

. . 191

Xiphosium, Ghriff. . . .

. 45,50

acuminatum. Griff.

. . 50

Xvris L

. . . 156

. . .197

tinctoria, Spruce .

. . . 197

THE END

Printed 1)}' Taylor and Fn \nci»,

I.ion Court, Flcat Str»€t.