■■]-■:
■ •

. .

/SUog

JOURNAL ^£ .

OF

THE PROCEEDINGS

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

ZOOLOGY.

VOL. I.

LONDON:
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS & ROBERTS,

AND

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

1857.

IJS51-57J

it

'

•RINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page

Bell, Thomas, Esq., Pres. L.S.

Remarks on some Habits of Argyroneta aquatica 2

Couch, Jonathan, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

On the Occurrence of Sepia biserialis in Cornwall 100

Hanbury, Daniel, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Notice of a Specimen of Insect-wax from China 103

Hicks, John Braxton, Esq., M.D. Lond., F.L.S. &c.

On a New Organ in Insects. (With a Plate.) 136

Newman, Edward, Esq., F.L.S.

Note on a supposed species of Pelopaus 39

Note on Lepidosiren annectens, Owen 73

Newport, the late George, Esq., F.L.S.

On the Natural History of the Glowworm (Lampyris noctiluca). 40

Ralph, Thomas Shearman, Esq., A.L.S.

On the Katepo, a supposed Poisonous Spider of New Zealand.
Extract from a Letter to R. Kippist, ;Esq., Libr. L.S., dated
14 Wellington, New Zealand, 18th April 1855." 1

Vinen, Edward Hart, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

On the Quantity of Tannin in the Galls of Cynips Quercus-
petioli 72

Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Singapore and
Malacca by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New

Species. (With two Plates.) 4

Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects collected at Singapore
and Malacca by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of
New Species. (With two Plates.) 82

IV

Page

Walker, Francis, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo,
by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species. (With
a Plate.) 105

Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects collected at Sarawak,
Borneo, by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species. (With two Plates.) 141

Westwood, J. O., Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Description of a New Species of Paussus from Central Western

Africa 74

Notice of the u Borer," a Caterpillar very injurious to the Sugar-

Cane 102

Note on Insects producing Wax from Port Natal and China. ... 104

Yarrell, William, Esq., V.P.L.S. &c.

On the Influence of the Sexual Organ in Modifying External
Character 76

Index 177

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON

November 6th, 1855.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. "Ward, E.L.S., exhibited a fine growing specimen of Holcus
saccharatus, Ard., raised in a closed case in January, and planted
out on a bank in his garden when about 10 inches high.

Mr. "Westwood, E.L.S., presented a fruit of Luffa JEgyptiaca,
Mill., a plant cultivated in all warm countries, and commonly-
called the Towel-gourd. The specimen presented was dried, like
those so frequently seen in collections, with the pulp washed out ;
but was remarkable as being part of a cargo imported from the
West Indies for the purpose of paper-making. The beautiful net-
work fibre is also bleached and made into picture-frames, basket-
work, reticules, &c.

Mr. "Westwood also presented an abnormal growth of the Aspa-
ragus officinalis, L., from his garden at Hammersmith, in which
the flattened stem, not thicker than a card, had attained a width

of an inch and a half.

i

Bead an Extract from a Letter addressed by Thomas Shearman
Ealph, Esq., A.L.S., to Mr. Kippist, " On the Katepo, a supposed
Linn. Proc. a

1 PROCEEDINGS OE THE

poisonous Spider of New Zealand." (See " Zoological Proceed-
ings," p. 1.)

The reading of Mr. Ralph's letter was followed by a conver-
sation on the habits of spiders generally, and especially on those of
Argyroneta aquatica.

Mr. Ralph also presented specimens of several microscopic
objects, including the tongue and tooth of a leathery species of
Chiton, and the sting of a Mosquito opened out. The latter he
describes as follows: "A sheath, which is open anteriorly, and
has also the property of being bent at a right angle to allow of the
deep insertion of the sucking-tube, which is yellow, is furnished on
either side with two fine lancet-shaped instruments, having their
tips serrated, and also with a third, apparently placed anterior to
the sucking-tube, and constituting a true lancet, by means of
which the first puncture is made ; the tube and jaws enter together,
the latter following up the work of the lancet."

November 20th, 1855.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Eead "Remarks on some habits of Argyroneta aquatica" by the
President. (See " Zoological Proceedings," p. 3.)

Read also a Paper " On some new species of Ohamcelauciece"
by Dr. C. F. Meisner. (See " Botanical Proceedings," p. 35.)

Dr. Meisner's Paper was followed by a " Notice of two appa-
rently undescribed species of Genetyllis, from S.W. Australia," by
Richard Kippist, Esq., Libr. L.S. (See " Botanical Proceedings,"
p. 48.)

December 4th, 1855.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

John Francis Champion, Esq., Daniel Hanbury, Esq., Robert
Hulme, Esq., John Lee, Esq., LL.D., Lester Lester, Esq., and
James Townley, Esq., were elected Fellows.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. Ill

Eead Extracts from two Letters addressed to the President by
Henry Evans, Esq., of Darley Abbey, near Derby, giving an account
of his experience in shooting Seals on the coast of Ireland, and
noticing the occurrence in the neighbourhood of Eoundstone, near
Clifden, of the Harp- Seal, Phoca Groenlandica, L.

Eead also " Observations upon Mystropetalum andCynomovium"
being a continuation of Dr. J. D. Hooker's Memoir " On the
Structure and Affinities of Balanophorece" read during the last
Session, and ordered for publication in the " Transactions."

December 18th, 1855.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

"William Archer, Jun., Esq., and William Dickinson, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Mr. W. Pamplin, A.L.S., exhibited some living specimens of
the Water- spider (Argyroneta aquatica).

Prof. Bentley, F.L.S., exhibited the following specimens : — 1st.
A fasciated branch of the Larix europwa, Dec. 2nd. A cluster of
flowers of the Tanacetum vulgar e, in which some of the plants had
acquired an abnormal development apparently from the attack of
insects. 3rd. A monstrosity of the Papaver bracteatum, Lindl.,
in which the stamens showed a gradual transition into pistils.
This he considered a very interesting specimen, as no such trans-
itions occur naturally between these organs, although such are
common between stamens and petals. In this specimen the ab-
normal bodies in some cases exhibited partially developed anthers
containing pollen on their outer surface, while their inner bore
numerous ovules. Prof. Bentley stated that he had observed the
flowers of the plant from which his specimen had been taken to
exhibit the above peculiarity for two seasons successively ; and he
thought therefore that it was probable such a variety would
become permanent.

Dr. J. D. Hooker, F.L.S., read a " Note on some species of
West Indian Seeds washed up on the coast of South Wales."

a 2

IV PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

Bead a Paper " On a new genus of Terns ;" by Thomas Moore,
Esq., E.L.S. Ac

The reading was commenced of a Paper " On the Natural His-
tory of the Glowworm (Lampyris noctiluca, L.) ;" by the late
George Newport, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S. &c. Prepared from the
Authdr's MS. by Prof. Ellis of University College. (See " Zoolo-
gical Proceedings," p. 40.)

January 15th, 1856.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Nathaniel H. Mason, Esq., John E. Mummery, Esq., and E. J.
Shuttleworth, Esq., were elected Fellows.

The Eev. C. A. Johns, E.L.S., exhibited a drawing, and a spe-
cimen in spirit, of the Sjphteria militarise found by him in June
last, growing upon a chrysalis among dead leaves, in Buckley Yale,
Devon.

Mr. "William Matchwick, with the permission of the President,
exhibited specimens of the fruit, and a tracing of the leaf, of
Paulownia imperialis, gathered by him on the 18th ult. in the
neighbourhood of the Champs Elysees, Paris, where the fruit had
ripened in the open air, on a tree about 20 ft. high.

Mr. W. W. Saunders, E.B.S., E.L.S. &c, exhibited several spe-
cimens of a kind of insect- wax, and of several vegetable substances,
collected by Mr. E. "W. Plant in Natal ; and read the following
extract from Mr. Plant's letter relating to them, dated Natal,
15th August 1855 :—

" Loose in the box you will find some berries (Atumber). The
outer covering contains tannin of great strength, and excellent ink
is made of them. The kernel yields oil, but of its quality or
quantity I cannot speak. I have also sent a small parcel of
insect-wax (Gian), which, if it does not compete with that of
China, may have peculiarities of its own worth knowing. It is in
extensive use among the Kaffirs for a very singular purpose.
Every man taking a wife is distinguished by wearing a coronet,

LTNNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. V

formed by twisting the hair on the crown of his head into an oval
ring by means of this wax, which, when finished, has much the
appearance of a ring of india-rubber, and as it is never covered
either from heat or moisture, and the man is never afterwards
without this ornament, the wax must have some very enduring
properties.

" There is also included a sample of three or four kinds of
indigenous medicines. The first is a species of Polygala, which
has been used with success by some of our doctors as a substitute
for the Madix serpentaria of the West. No. 2 is our sarsaparilla.
No. 3 I take to be colocynth. No. 4 is called by the natives
Maundi, and it is from the Amatinga country, where it is held as
a specific for the relief of sun-stroke. No. 5 (Tambesi) is the
tooth-ache plant, known, I believe, on the Cape frontiers. I am
assured by those who have used it, that a piece of the root rubbed
upon the gums will loosen any tooth, so that the vilest may be
removed."

Eead, a " Note on Lepidosiren annectens ;" by Edward New-
man, Esq., E.L.S.

Eead also, a "Note on a supposed species of Pelopaus ;" by
E. Newman, Esq., F.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceedings," p. 39.)

Eead further, " A Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected
by Mr. Wallace in the Malay Peninsula;" by Francis Walker,
Esq., E.L.S. ; with a Preface by W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.E.S.,
E.L.S. &c. (See " Zoological Proceedings," p. 4.)

February 5th, 1856.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Henry Christy, Esq., and Alexander Goodman More, Esq., were
elected Fellows.

Eead, a "Notice of the habits of Mypus Sulzeri, Latr. ;" by
Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S. &c. ; intended for publication else-
where.

VL PROCEEDINGS OE THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

Read also, a " Note on a Fungus found imbedded in the Fens
of Cambridgeshire ;" by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S. &c. (See
" Botanical Proceedings," p. 52.)

Eead further, the commencement of a Paper, entitled " Notes
on Loganiacece ;" by Greorge Bentham, Esq., F.L.S. &c. (See
" Botanical Proceedings," p. 53.)

February 19th, 1856.

Eobert Brown, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Albert Hambrough, Esq., and the Eev. Charles Popham Miles,
were elected Fellows.

Eead, a " Note on the quantity of Tannin in the Grail of Cynips
Quercus-JPetioli'" by Edward Hart Vinen, Esq., MJX, F.L.S.

Eead also, a " Description of a new species of JPaussus from
Tropical Africa;" by John O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S.

Eead further, the completion of Mr. Bentham's " Notes on
Loganiacece" the reading of which was commenced at the last
Meeting.

vu

ADDITIONS

TO THE

LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY.

RECEIVED FROM JUNE 20, 1855, TO DECEMBER 31, 1855.

[Continued from page 345 of Vol. XXI. of the Society's Transactions.]

Titles. Donors.

Academies and Societies.

Amsterdam : — Kon. Akademie van "Wetenschappen.
Verhandelingen, deel 2. Amsterdam, 1855, 4to.
Verslagen en Mededeelingen, deel 2, stuk 3, and deel 3,

stuk 1 & 2. lb. 1854-55, 8vo.
Kon. Besluit tot Vorming der Akademie. lb. 1855, 4to.
Catalogus der Boekerij van de Akademie. lste Afl. lb.
1855, 8vo. The Academy.

Batavia : — Bataviaasch Grenootschap van Kunsten en Weten-
schappen.
Verhandelingen, deel 25. Batavia, 1853, 4to.
Tijdschriffc voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Yolkenkunde,
jahrgang 1. lb. 1852-54, 8vo. The Society.

Berlin : —

Konigl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Abhandlungen, aus dem Jahre 1854. Berlin, 1855, 4to.
Monatsbericht ; Jan.-Juni 1855. lb. 1855, 8vo.

The Academy.

Verein zur Beforderung des Grartenbaues in den K. Preus-

sischen Staaten. Verhandlungen, Neue Beihe, jahrg. 2,

Juli-Dec. 1854. Berlin, 1855, 8vo. The Society.

Bonn : — Naturhistorischer Yerein. Yerhandlungen, jahrg. 1-5,

7-11, & 12, heft 1 & 2. Bonn, 1844-55, 8vo.

The Society.

Vlll ADDITIONS TO THE LIBBABY.

Titles. Donobs.

Academies and Societies (continued),
Boston, U.S. :—

American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Proceedings, vol. 3,
sheets 14-23, 1854-55, 8vo. The Academy.

Society of Natural History. Proceedings, vol. 4, sheets 25
& 26, and vol. 5, sheets 1-11. Boston, 1854-55, 8vo.

The Society.
Brussels : — Aeademie B. des Sciences, &c.

Memoires, tomes 28 & 29. Bruxelles, 1854-55, 4to.
Memoires couronnes, &c. Collection in 8vo : tome 6, ptie 2.

lb. 1855, 8vo.
Bulletins, tome 21, ptie 2, and tome 22, ptie 1. lb. 1854-55,

8vo.
Annuaire. 21e annee. lb. 1855, 12mo.
Bibliographie Academique ; ou Liste des Ouvrages publies

par les Membres, &c. lb. 1855, 12mo.
Observations des Phenomenes periodiques. 4to.

The Academy.
Copenhagen : — Kong. Danske Yidenskabernes Selskab. Over-
sigt i aar. 1854. Rjobenhavn, 8vo. The Society.

Dublin : — Boyal Irish Academy.

Transactions, vol. 22, part 6. Dublin, 1855, 4to.
Proceedings, vol. 6, part 2. lb. 1855, 8vo.

The Academy.
Edinburgh : — Boyal Society.

Transactions, vol. 21, part 2. Edinburgh, 1855, 4to.
Proceedings, no. 45. lb. 1855, 8vo. The Society.

India: — Agricultural and Horticultural Society of. Journal,
vol. 8, part 5. Calcutta, 1854, 8vo.

The Hon. East India Company.

Lausanne : — Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Bulletin,

no. 33. Lausanne, 1854, 8vo. The Society.

Liverpool : — Literary and Philosophical Society. Proceedings,

no. 9. Liverpool, 1855, 8vo. The Society.

London : —

Art-Union. Eeport of the Council for 1855 ; with a List of
the Members. London, 1855, 8vo.
Almanack for 1856. 12mo. The Abt-Union.

British Association.

Report of the 24th Meeting. London, 1855, 8vo.

The Association.

additions to the libeaey. ix

Titles. Donobs.

Academies and Societies (continued).
London: — British Association (continued').

Beport of the Meeting held in the Council Hall of Glasgow,
Nov. 22, 1855, for concluding the transactions connected
with the recent Meeting of the British Association in
that city. Glasgow, 1855, 8vo.

W. Gouelie, Esq., E.L.S.
British Museum.
i4^/#$"& >i Catalogue of Mammalia, parts 1-^ 4850-52, 12mo.

Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds. 1855,

12mo.
List of Birds, part 2, sect. 1, and 3, sect. 1. 1848-55, 12mo.
Catalogue of Reptiles, parts 2 & 3. 1845-49, 12mo.
Catalogue of Amphibia, part 2. 1850, 12mo.
List of Fish, part 1. 1851, 12mo.

List of Lepidopterous Insects, parts 2 & 3. 1847-48, 12mo.
Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects, part 1. Papilionida?.

1852, 4to.
List of Lepidopterous Insects, parts 1-5. 1854-55, 12mo.
* List of Hymenopterous Insects, part 2. Additions to Chal-
cididse. 1848, 12mo.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects, parts 1-3. 1853-55,
12mo.
_,___ v List of Dipterous Insects, parts 1-4, & 7. 1848-55, 12mo.

List of Homopterous Insects, parts 1-4. 1850-52, 12mo.
List of Hemipterous Insects, parts 1 & 2. 1851-52, 12mo.
Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects, parts 2-6. 1847-

52, 12mo.
Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects, part 7. 1853, 12mo.
\List of the Coleopterous Insects, part 1. 1851, 12mo.
List of Crustacea. 1847, 12mo.
Catalogue of Neuropterous Insects, parts 1-3. 1852-53,

12mo.
Catalogue of Mollusca, parts 2 & 4. 1850-53, 12mo.
Catalogue of Bivalve Mollusca, part 1. 1850, 12mo.
Catalogue of Conchifera, parts 1 & 2. 1853-54, 12mo.
Nomenclature of Molluscous Animals and Shells, part 1.

1850, 12mo.
List of Mollusca and Shells, collected, &c, by MM. Eydoux

and Souleyet. 1855, 12mo.
List of Shells of the Canaries. 1854, 12mo.

x additions to the libbary.

Titles. Donobs.

Academies and Societies {continued).
London: — British Mnseum {continued).
List of Shells of Cuba. 1854, 12mo.
List of Shells of South America. 1854, 12mo.
Catalogue of Phaneropneumona. 1852, 12mo.
Catalogue of Pulmonata, part 1. 1855, 12mo.
Catalogue of Entozoa. 1853, 12mo.

List of British Animals, parts 1-7 & 9-16. 1848-54, 12mo.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera, part 1. Apidae. 1855,

12mo.
Catalogue of Eecent Echinida, part 1. 1855, 12mo.
Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa, parts 1 & 2. Cheilostomata.
1852-54, 12mo. The Trustees.

Entomological Society. Transactions. New Series, vol. 3,
parts 5 & 6. London, 1855, 8vo. The Society.

Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, nos. 43 & 44. London,
1845, 8vo. The Society.

Medical and Chirurgical Society. Transactions, vol. 38.
London, 1855, 8vo. The Society.

Eoyal Society. *

Philosophical Transactions, part 2 for 1854, and part 1 for

1855. London, 4to.
Proceedings, vol. 7, nos. 13-15. lb. 1855, 8vo.
List of the Members, Nov. 30, 1854. 4to. The Society.
Eoyal Agricultural Society of England. Journal, vol. 16,
part 1. London, 1855, 8vo. The Society.

Eoyal Asiatic Society. Journal, vol. 15, parts 1 & 2.
London, 1853-55, 8vo. The Society.

Eoyal College of Surgeons. Descriptive and Illustrated
Catalogue of the Histological Series contained in its
Museum, vol. 2. London, 1855, 4to. The College.
Eoyal Institution.

Notices of the Meetings, part 5. London, 1855, 8vo.
List of the Members, &c. ; with the Eeport of the Visitors
for 1854. lb. 1855, 8vo. The Institution.

Society of Arts. Journal, nos. 135-162. London, 1855, 8vo.

The Society.
Zoological Society.

Proceedings, nos. 259-293. London, 1853-55, 8vo.
Eeports of the Council and Auditors, April 30, 1855. lb.
1855, 8vo. The Society.

additions to the library. xi

Titles. Donors.

Academies and Societies (continued).

Malvern Naturalists' Field Club. Transactions, part 1.

Worcester, 1855, 8vo. Edwin Lees, Esq., E.L.S.

Manchester: — Literary and Philosophical Society. Memoirs,

2nd series, vol. 12. London, 1855, 8vo. The Society.

Moscow : — Societe Imp. des Naturalistes. Bulletin, tome 26,

nos. 3 & 4, and tome 27, no. 1. Moscou, 1853-54, 8vo.

The Society.
New Orleans : — Academy of Sciences.

Constitution and Bye-laws. New Orleans, 1854, 8vo.
Proceedings, vol. 1, no. 1. 1854, 8vo. The Academy.
Paris : — Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Archives, tome 7, livr. 3
& 4, and tome 8, livr. 1 & 2. Paris, 1855, 4to.

The Administration of the Museum.
Philadelphia : —

Academy of Natural Sciences.

Journal, new series, vol. 3, part 1. Philadelphia, 1855, 4to.
Proceedings, vol. 7, nos. 2-7. lb. 1854-55, 8vo.

The Academy.
American Philosophical Society. Proceedings, nos. 51 & 52.
1854, 8vo. The Society.

Stockholm : — Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademien.

Handlingar for 1853. Eorra Afdel. Stockholm, 1855, 8vo.
Ofversigt. Arg. 11. lb. 1855, 8vo.
Berattelse om Eramstegen i Insekternas, Myriapodernas,
och Arachnidernas Naturalhistoria for 1851 och 1852 ;
af C. H. Boheman. lb. 1854, 8vo.
Ars-berattelser om Botaniska Arbeten, &c, for 1845-48 ; af
J. E. Wikstrom. Delen 2. lb. 1855, 8vo.

The Academy.
Vienna : —

Kaiserl. Akademie der "Wissenschaften.

Denkschriften. Mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche

Classe, band 1-9. Wien, 1850-55, 4to.
Sitzungsberichte. Mathem.-nat. Classe, band 1-15, and

band 16, heft 1. lb. 1848-55, 8vo.
Almanach. Jahrg. 1-5. lb. 1851-55, 8vo.
Jahrbiicher der K. K. Central- Anstalt fur Meteorologie, &c,

von Karl Kreil. Band 3. lb. 1855, 4to.
Sy sterna Helminthum ; auctore C. M. Diesing. voll. 1 & 2.
lb. 1850-51, 8vo.

Xll ADDITIONS TO THE UBEAEY.

Titles. Donors.

Academies and Societies (continued).

Vienna: — Kaiserl. Akademie der "Wissenschaften (continued).
Genera et Species Plantarum Fossilium, auctore F. Unger.

lb. 1850, 8vo.
Versuch einer Geschichte der Pflanzenwelt, von Dr. F.

Unger. lb. 1852, 8vo.
Eecueil d'ltineraires dans la Turquie d' Europe ; par Ami

Boue. Tomes 2. lb. 1854, 8vo.
Vegetations-verhaltnisse von Iglau; von Alois Pokorny.

lb. 1852, 8vo.
Grotten und Hohlen von Adelsberg, Lueg, Planina und
Laas ; von Adolf Schmidl. lb. 1854, 8vo.

Tafeln, oblong 4to. The Academy.

K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt. Jahrbuch. Jahrg. 5, nos. 3

& 4. Wien, 1854, 8vo. The Institute.

Zoologisch-botanischer Yerein. Verhandlungen, band 3 & 4.

"Wien, 1853-54, 8vo. The Association.

Washington : — Smithsonian Institution.

Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 7. "Washington, 1855,

4to.
Annual Eeports (8 & 9) of the Board of Regents, lb.

1854-55, 8vo.
Report on the Pishes of the New Jersey Coast ; by S. P.

Baird. lb. 1855, 8vo.
Descriptions of new Marine Invertebrata, from the Chinese
and Japanese Seas ; by "William Stimpson. 1855, 8vo.

The Institution.

"Wiirzburg : — Physicalisch-medicinische Gesellschaffc. Verhand-

lingen, band 1-5, and band 6, heft 1. "Wiirzburg, 1850-

55, 8vo. The Society.

Baker (J. G.) Flowering Plants and Ferns of Great Britain.

London, 1855, 8vo. The Authoe.

Bate (C. S.) On the Homologies of the Carapace, and on the

Structure and Functions of the Antennae in Crustacea. London,

1855, 8vo. The Authoe.

Bekker (E.) Der Stachel der Lowen an dessen Schweif-ende.

Darmstadt, 1855, 8vo. The Authoe.

Burmeister (H.) Handbuch der Entomologie, band 4, abth. 2.

Berlin, 1855, 8vo. The Authoe.

additions to the libbaby. xu1

Titles. Donobs.

Burmeister (H.) Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens,

theil 1, and theil 2, heft 1. Berlin, 1854-55, 8vo. The Authoe.
Cullen (W.) Lectures on the Practice of Physic ; digested by

W. Withering, 1768. MS. fol.

Henby Lee, Esq., M.D., F.L.S.
Dana (J. D.) United States Exploring Expedition during the

years 1838-42, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N.,

vol. 13. — Crustacea, parts 1 & 2, 4to (with folio Atlas of

plates). Philadelphia, 1852. The Authoe.

Darwin (C.) Monograph of the sub-class Cirripedia ; with figures

of all the species. — Balanidse, &c. London, 1854, 8vo.

Eichabd Kippist, Libr. L.S.
DeCandolle (A.) Geographie Botanique raisonnee. 2 tomes.

Paris, 1855, 8vo. - The Aijthob.

Dowden (E.) Walks after Wild Flowers ; or the Botany of the

Bohereens. London, 1852, 12mo. The Authoe.

Ellesmere (Earl of) Address at the Anniversary Meeting of the

Geographical Society, May 28, 1855. London, 1855, 8vo.

Dr. Nobton Shaw.
Harvey (W. H.) Manual of the British Algae. London, 1841,

8vo.
Henslow (J. S.) List of British Plants growing wild in the parish

of Hitcham, Suffolk. 1 sheet. The Authoe.

Hooker (J. D.) and Pitch (W. H.) Illustrations of Himalayan

Plants, chiefly selected from drawings made for the late J. F.

Cathcart, Esq. London, 1855, fol. Dr. Hooejeb.

Hooker (J. D.) and Thomson (T.) Flora Indica, vol. 1. London,

1855, 8vo. The Authobs.

Horsfield (T.) Brief Notices of several new or little-known spe-
cies of Mammalia, lately discovered in Nepal by B. H. Hodgson,

Esq. London, 1855, 8vo. The Authoe.

Jekel (H.) Insecta Saundersiana : or Characters of undescribed

Insects in the Collection of W. W. Saunders, Esq. — Coleo-

ptera, part 1. London, 1855, 8vo.

W. W. Saundebs, Esq., F.L.S.
Jessen (C. F. G.) Prasiolae, generis Algarum, monographia.

Kiliae, 1848, 4to. The Authoe.

Johnson (C.) and Sowerby (J. E.) Ferns of Great Britain, part 5.

London, 1854, 8vo. * J. E. Soweeby, Esq.

Fern-Allies, parts 1 & 2. London, 1855, 8vo.

J. E. Soweeby, Esq.

xiv additions to the libeaey.

Titles. Donoes.

Jones (J. P.) and Kingston (J. F.) Flora Devoniensis. London,
1829, 8vo. "William Pamplin, Esq., A.L.S.

Journals i —

Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Parties Zoologique et Bota-

nique. 4eme serie, tome 3. Paris, 1855, 8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd series, nos. 91-96.
London, 1855, 8vo.

Richabd Tatloe, Esq., Under-Sec. L.S.
Botanical Magazine ; edited by Sir "W. J. Hooker, K.H., F.E.S.

and L.S. 3rd series, nos. 127-132. London, 1855, 8vo.

Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany; edited by

Sir "W. J. Hooker, K.H. Ac. Nos. 78-83. London, 1855, 8vo.

The Publishes, Lovell Reeve, Esq., F.L.S.

Linnsea ; herausgegeben von D.F.L.von Schlechtendal. Band 25,

heft 3-6, and band 26, heft 1 & 6. Halle, 1852-54, 8vo.

The Editoe.
Literary Gazette, nos. 2005-2032. London, 1855, 4to.

The Publishes, Lovell Eeeve, Esq., F.L.S.

Naturalist ; edited by B. R. Morris, Esq., M.D. Nos. 54 & 55.

London, 1855, 8vo. R. Hobson, Esq., M.D.

Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions ; edited by Jacob Bell,

Esq., F.L.S. Nos. 169-174. London, 1855, 8vo.

The Editoe.
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th series,
nos. 62-68. London, 1855, 8vo.

Richaed Tatloe, Esq., Under-Sec. L.S.
Phytolegist : new series, nos. 3-8. London, 1855, 8vo.

The Publishee, W. Pamplin, Esq., A.L.S.
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science ; by Edwin Lan-
kester, M.D., and George Busk, Esq. Nos. 12 & 13. Lon-
don, 1855, 8vo. The Miceoscopical Society.
Zoologist ; edited by Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S. Nos. 153-
158. London, 1855, 8vo. The Editoe.
Kolliker (A.) Ueber den Bau der Cutispapillen und die sogenann-
ten Tastkorperchen R. Wagners. 8vo. The Authoe.

Beitrage zur Anatomie und Physiologie der menschlichen

Retina. Leipzig, 1854, 8vo. The Authoe.

Ueber die letzten Endigungen des Nervus Cochleare, und

die Functionen der Schnecke. Wiirzburg, 1854, 4to.

The Authoe.

additions to the library. xv

Titles. Donors.

Lubbock (J.) On the Freshwater Entomostraca of South America.
(From Trans. Ent. Soc, N.S., vol. 3.) 1855, 8vo.

The Author.
Moore (T.) Thejerns of Great Britain and Ireland ("Nature-
printed"), parts 4-9. London, 1855, fol.

Henry Bradbury, Esq.

Illustrations of Orchidaceous Plants, part 12. lb. 1855, 8vo.

The Author.

Miiller (F.) Definitions of rare, or hitherto undescribed Australian

Plants. Melbourne, 1855, 8vo. The Author.

Newman (E.) History of British Ferns (3rd edition). London, 8vo.

The Author.

Quetelet (A.) Sur la Relation entre les Temperatures et la Duree

de la Vegetation des Plantes. (Extr. du Bull. Acad. E. Belg.,

tome 22.) 8vo. The Author.

Eeeve (L.) Oonchologia Iconica, Monographs of the genera

Donax, Lutraria, Mesodesma, Natica, and Patella. London, 4to.

The Author.
Sowerby (G. B.) Thesaurus Conchyliorum, part 16. London,

1855, 8vo.

Spengler (L.) On the Effects of the Thermal Waters of Ems.

London, 1854, 12mo. The Author.

Stainton (H. T.) Ed.— The Entomologist's Annual for 1856.

London, 1855, 8vo. The Editor.

Stainton (H. T.), Zeller (Prof.), and Douglas (J. W.) Natural

History of the Tineina, vol. 1. London, 1855, 8vo.

H. T. Stainton, Esq.

Ville (G.) Eecherches experimentales sur la Vegetation. Paris,

1855, 8vo. The Author.

Weddell (H. A.) Sur les Cystolithes; ou Concretions calcaires

des Urticees, &c. 8vo. The Author.

DONATIONS

TO THE

MUSEUM OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

Exclusive of Presents of single Specimens of Animals, Plants, &c.

[Continued from page 352 of Vol. XXI. of the Society's Transactions.]

Donations. Donors.

Photographs, by Mr. Grlaisher, of ten species of British Ferns.

Edwaed Newman, Esq., F.L.S.

Coloured Drawings (sixty-three), by native artists, of Indian
Animals and Plants, prepared for the late Sir Elijah Impey.
Mrs. Saeah Impet, through Sir Peobt T. Cautley, C.B., F.L.S.

Specimens of the male and female Katepo, or poisonous Spider of
New Zealand ; together with their Nest, and Microscopic Pre-
parations of the Skin ; the Tongue of a species of Chiton ; and
a remarkable Cocoon and Grail found on two species of Euca-
lyptus at Melbourne. T. S. Ealph, Esq., A.L.S.

An extensive Collection of Dried Plants (consisting of about 800
species), formed in the Upper Himalaya and Tibet, by J. D.
Hooker, Esq., M.D., E.E. & L.S., and Thomas Thomson, Esq.,
M.D., E.B. & L.S. Drs. Hooe^je and Thomson.

Dried Specimens of above 200 species of Plants ; collected, chiefly
in the Australian Alps, by Dr. Ferdinand Muller.

Dr. F. Mullee.

Twenty-five species of Chamwlauciece, new to the Society's Herba-
rium, collected by Mr. James Drummond, A.L.S., during a
Journey to the North of Swan Biver, "W. Australia, in 1850-51.
W. "W. Satindees, Esq., F.B. & L.S.

A Fruit of Lttffa cegyptiaca with the pulp washed out, — part of a
cargo imported from the "West Indies for paper-making ; and an
abnormal Stem of Asparagus, 1\ inch wide.

J. O. "Westwood, Esq., F.L.S.

Dried Specimens of Anemone Coronaria, Anemone ranunculoides,
Cer otocephalus falcatus, Rhododendron ferrugineum, and Cypri-
pedium Calceolus, from Switzerland, &c.

T. C. Janson; Esq., F.L.S.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XVU

March 4th, 1856.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Eead, a " Note on some Larvae voided by Children," by Edward
Newman, Esq., F.L.S.

Eead also, a " Notice on the occurrence of Sepia biserialis in
Cornwall," by Jonathan Couch, Esq., F.L.S. (See "Zoological
Proceedings," p. 99.)

Bead further, a Memoir " On the Development of the Ovule of
Santalim album, with some remarks on the phenomena of impreg-
nation in Plants generally," by Arthur Henfrey, Esq., F.B.S.,
F.L.S. &c. (See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 69.)

March 18th, 1856.

W. Yarrell, Esq., V.P., in the Chair.

Henry Adams, Esq., was elected a Fellow.

Mr. Longmulr, jun., exhibited a photograph oiNumenius borealis,
shot in Kincardineshire in September last.

Eead, " Eemarks on the Influence of the Sexual Organ in mo-
difying external characters in Animals," by "William Yarrell, Esq ,
V.P.L.S. &c. (See " Zoological Proceedings," p. 76.)

Eead also, a Paper entitled " Eemarks on the covering of the
Seed in Clusiacece, Magnoliacece, &c, and on the development of
the raphe in general;" by John Miers, Esq., F.E.S., F.L.S. &c.
(See " Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 81.)

April 1st, 1856.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

James Alexander Brewer, Esq., and Thomas Hawkes Tanner,
Esq., M.D., were elected Fellows.

Eead, a " Note on the recent Discoveries in regard to the
Microgonidia of Freshwater Algae ;" by the Eev. M. J. Berkeley,
M.A., F.L.S. &c. (See " Botanical Proceedings," p. 145.)

Eead also, a " Note on some collections of Arctic Plants, chiefly
made by Dr. Lyall, Dr. Anderson, Herr Miertsching, and Mr. Eae,
during the Expeditions in search of Sir John Franklin ;" by J. D.

Linn. Proc b

Xviii PEOCEEDINGS OE THE

Hooker, Esq., M.D., E.E.S., E.L.S. Ac. (See " Botanical Pro-
ceedings," p. 114.)

Bead further, a Paper " On the Botany of Eaoul Island, one of
the Kermadec Group, in the South Pacific Ocean;" by J. D.
Hooker, Esq., M.D., E.E.S., E.L.S. &c. (See "Botanical Pro-
ceedings," p. 125.)

April 15th, 1856.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Erederick Currey, Esq., M.A., was elected a Eellow.

Eead, an Extract of a Letter from E. Spruce, Esq., addressed to
G. Bentham, Esq., E.L.S., giving an account of Tarapota in Peru,
from whence the Letter is dated, and of its vegetation.

Eead also, a " Note on Oholaria Virginica, L. ; by Asa Gray,
M.D., E.M.L.S. &c. (See " Botanical Proceedings," p. 129.)

Eead also, a " Note on the Chinese Insect-wax," by Daniel
Hanbury, Esq., E.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceedings," p. 103.)

Eead also, a " Note on "Wax-producing Insects from Port Natal
and China," by J. O. Westwood, Esq., E.L.S. &c. (See " Zoolo-
gical Proceedings," p. 103.)

Eead further, the Commencement of a Memoir " On several
instances of the anomalous development of the Eaphe in Seeds,
and the probable causes of such deviations from the usual course
of structure, especially in reference to Stemonurus (Urcmdra of
Thwaites);" by John Miers, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S. &c. (See
" Transactions," vol. xxii. p. 97.)

May 6th, 1856.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

John Samuel Gaskoin, Esq., E.L.S., exhibited some of the so-
called " Jumping-seeds," described by Sir W. J. Hooker and J. O.
Westwood, Esq., in the " Kew Journal of Botany ;" the motion of
which is due to the larva of a small insect enclosed in the seed.

Eead, a Paper " On the Action of Sea- water on the Germination
of Seeds;" by Charles Darwin, Esq., E.E.S., E.L.S. &c. (See
" Botanical Proceedings," p. 130.)

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XIX

Bead also, a Note " On the Vitality of Seeds after prolonged
submersion in the Sea ;" by S. James A. Salter, Esq., M.B. Lond.,
F.L.S. &c. (See " Botanical Proceedings," p. 140.)

. Bead further, a Paper " On the Homopterous Insects of Sin-
gapore and Malacca ;" by Francis "Walker, Esq., F.L.S. &c. (See
"Zoological Proceedings," p. 82.)

May 24th, 1856.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

This day, the Anniversary of the birth of Linnaeus, and that
appointed by the Charter for the Election of Council and Officers,
the President opened the business of the Meeting with the fol-
lowing Address : —

Gentlemen,
In reviewing the events of the past year, in connexion with the
objects of the Linnean Society, there are, perhaps, few striking
facts to record of particular interest to the Society itself, or bear-
ing, in any marked degree, upon the advance of Natural History
in general. There has been no very important discovery enunci-
ated, of a character to impugn former theories or systems, or to
establish new ones ; no new foundation or institution inaugurated,
by which Natural Science will be materially extended or diffused.
But, on the other hand, the general progress of this branch of
knowledge has been steadily going on ; and, if the year which has
elapsed since I last addressed you may not hereafter constitute
one of those bright, red-letter periods which will live in history as
the turning-point of some important department of discovery, yet
the accumulation of new facts, tending to the elucidation of various
doubtful questions, and the settlement of previously debated
theories, will be found sufficient at least to preclude any feeling
of dissatisfaction or disappointment. Within our own sphere, I
may appeal to the numerous valuable papers which have been
read at our meetings, and have already been, or are about to be,
published in our Transactions and Proceedings, and to the con-
tinued, perhaps I may say the increased interest of our meetings —
to show that our energies are at least undiminished ; and our
efficacy, as the principal medium of the advancement of natural
science in this country, unimpaired. The general appreciation of
the character of the Society in this point of view, is evidenced by

12

XX PROCEEDINGS OF THE

the almost unprecedented number of naturalists who have been
enrolled in our list of Fellows during the present session, — amount-
ng to no fewer than 20, — besides those whose certificates are still
suspended.

It is with much regret and sorrow that I turn to the painful
side of the account, and find it my duty to refer to the annual
diminution of our numbers by death, besides several who have,
from various causes, withdrawn from us ; but although there were
many, amongst those who have been removed from us by the
inevitable fate of man, whose loss as good men and most valuable
members of society, and some of them ardent cultivators of natural
science, we must deeply deplore, — and I have myself to mourn the
loss of one who was the constant and faithful friend of nearly fifty
years, — yet few of those of whom we have been thus deprived had
occupied a conspicuous place in the scientific world, or contributed
in particular to our own Transactions, or taken any active part in
the affairs of the Society.

At the last anniversary I had the pleasure of announcing to you,
that the Council had unanimously resolved upon a modification of
your publications, which should afford the opportunity of a more
extensive and more speedy issue of such papers, read at your
meetings, as might not require to appear in the quarto form of your
Transactions. This resolution has now been carried into effect, as
far as the brief period which has since elapsed has permitted. It
would be premature as yet to declare, that all the anticipations
of advantage from this design have been realized. It will require
at least another year to ascertain its full results, and whether the
present plan shall be exactly followed, or whether any modification
of it may prove desirable. I may, however, be permitted even
now. to state, that I have not heard one word of dissatisfaction
expressed by any one ; but, on the contrary, I have received from
many quarters the assurance of the cordial welcome with which
the new publication has been received, and of the general approval
of the form in which it has been issued. The only condition with
which I have heard this approval connected is, that the quarto
Transactions should never be infringed upon byits humbler and less
pretentious handmaid. I need not say, that in this view I most
heartily concur ; nor could I feel the satisfaction which I now do
at the present working and future prospects of the Journal of our
Proceedings, did I not confidently expect that it will not interfere
with the regular appearance, or diminish the value and importance
of those Transactions, which have been so long identified with the

LINNEA.N SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXI

Society, and to which its past and present prestige has been so
mainly due. There will, I sincerely believe, be material enough
for both forms. Papers of great value will, I doubt not, continue
to be communicated, of a nature which requires speedy publication,
without the necessity of quarto illustrations. Exclusive of these
two considerations, however, it must be confessed that there is
some difficulty in laying down any very definite rule as to the
nature of those papers requiring each particular form of publica-
tion respectively, and it must be left to the consideration of the
Council to determine the question in the case of each individual
paper. With all these difficulties, the circumstance of bringing
home to every Fellow of the Society, within reach of the post,
an important portion of our Transactions, at stated and not
distant periods, without trouble or expense to the recipients, has
hitherto been most satisfactory, and will, I am confident, tend,
when the system is rendered fully effective by experience and
habit, to increase the numbers and importance of the Society, by
bringing into our ranks many zealous cultivators of natural history,
who, from their remote residence, would not otherwise have been
induced to join us. "With regard to one element of the plan, the
sale of the Journal out of the Society, I have to state, that com-
paratively few of the separate parts of Zoology and Botany have
been disposed of; the sale of the entire work has been somewhat
greater.

I cannot take leave of this subject without adverting to the
effective manner in which the new scheme has been commenced.
For this, and for innumerable other good offices, — I may say, for
the general conduct of the affairs of the Society, — we are deeply
indebted to the talent, the devoted zeal, and the disinterested
labours of our excellent and esteemed Secretary. I cannot, in his
presence, enlarge on the obligations which we are constantly and
unceasingly under to Mr. Bennett. It would, I know, be painful
to him, and you are all too well acquainted with his great services,
— requited only by his own sense of usefulness, and by our grati-
tude, which I know he values, — to require that they should be
dwelt upon by me.

It is with much pleasure also, and with sincere acknowledgement,
that I feel called on to advert to the able and cheerful manner
in which he has been seconded in this work by Mr. Kippist.
Without such zeal and ability it would* have been impossible to
have commenced and carried out a new and untried plan such
as this.

XX11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The only drawback to the satisfaction which we must feel at the
utility and advantages on which I have been dwelling, is the con-
siderable expense which, in its outset, must necessarily be in-
curred ; and on this subject I cannot but observe, that without
some such relief from our present expenditure as we have been
hopefully anticipating, from a prospect of house-accommodation to
which I shall presently more particularly ask your attention, I
cannot see how the expenses of the Journal are to be met, unless
the advantages which its free distribution involves should prove a
sufficient stimulus to many naturalists to enter the Society. I
have, however, one circumstance to state, which is, so far as it
goes, encouraging, and that is, that when the whole expenses of
the Journal, as far as it is now published, are paid, the balance of
our annual receipts and expenditure, small though it be, is in
favour of the Society.

This result was not, I believe, anticipated ; on the contrary,
it was fully expected that we should have had to call for ex-
tensive assistance for the issue of even the first part. I should
not, perhaps, have thought it necessary to advert at all to the state
of the finances but for this circumstance, as the statement of the
income and expenditure is now before you ; but as I have referred
to the subject, I cannot but congratulate the Society upon the
favourable results of the audit, and especially on the large sum
which appears in the item of admission-fees, and the small com-
parative number of new compositions. The latter source of in-
come has a good temporary appearance on our books ; but when
it is recollected that the average term of membership is thirty-six
years, the annual subscription is obviously the more advantageous
to the Society.

I have sometimes thought, that, constituted as we are, and with
aims and objects so noble, we have perhaps too much restricted
our labours to the conventional routine of our meetings and the
publication of our Transactions. I hope I shall not be misunder-
stood here. I should be the last to ask for, or to sanction any,
even the slightest encroachment upon those long and wisely
established means* of carrying out our objects. But there may be
other methods of usefulness, by which our sphere of operation
may be enlarged, by more extensive association with the outer
world, if I may so speak, and by becoming the centre of the
interests of Natural History throughout the country. And on re-
flecting upon the various directions in which the Linnean Society

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XX1U

may thus legitimately exercise its influence, there is one which
appears to me at the present moment deserving of some con-
sideration.

When the Society was first instituted, its objects, as you will
find them expressly stated in our Charter, were " for the cultiva-
tion of the science of Natural History in all its branches, and
more especially of the Natural History of Great Britain and
Ireland." Now, although it is very certain that the publication
of numerous periodical works, having this particular design in
view, has rendered it less necessary for the Society to expend its
resources upon the mere local Elora and Eauna of various districts
of our own country, whilst the rapid advance of zoological and
botanical science has rendered the prosecution of the higher
branches our primary aim, — and I need only appeal to our publi-
cations to show the extent to which this purpose has been, and
still continues to be, carried out, — it has occurred to me that in
one particular, hitherto unattempted, we may, without entrench-
ing upon our higher duties, assist materially in increasing and
extending the knowledge of the natural products of the country.

It was the observation of the most accomplished and fascinating
writer on local natural history that England has ever seen, that if
the natural productions of each district had their local historian,
our knowledge of the natural history of the country would
become more perfect than by any other means; and every one
knows how beautifully and how perfectly the author of that sen-
timent carried it into practice. It is indeed the only means by
which this end can be obtained ; and it is therefore with much
pleasure that I advert to the numerous local institutions, now
springing up in various directions, in some instances in connexion
with mechanics' institutes, with schools, or other establishments
for the education or instruction of the middle classes, the principal
design of which is to allocate in a provincial museum the natural
products of the county or of a more circumscribed district, and
frequently associated with a collection of local antiquities. I have
thought it might be useful to point out some circumstances which
would conduce to the proper design of such institutions, and at
the same time render them the means of greatly extending our
acquaintance with indigenous zoology and botany. The primary
object then of these institutions should be the collection and pre-
servation of the animals, plants, and palaeontological specimens
which are found m jfche district ; and to this should be added a
full and accurate record of their habitats and of any other inter-

XXIV PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

esting circumstances connected with them, whether of soil, of
geological position, of meteorological phenomena, the period of
the year when obtained, peculiarities in their habits, and in short
any facts which may bear upon their history. If in addition to
this first consideration it happens that instruction is to be given,
by lectures or other means, in the study of Natural History gene-
rally, a typical collection may be added, which should be con-
sidered as entirely distinct from the local one, and as having a
totally different object. Upon this, however, it is not my purpose
to dwell at present, further than to call attention to the plan
which has been so energetically and intelligently carried out by
my friend Professor Henslow, whose exertions in this behalf are
already well known and appreciated. I would refer particularly
to the Ipswich Museum as a practical example of what may be
done in this respect, and to the lists which Mr. Henslow has
furnished to the British Association, and which are probably now
before you. — To recur to the local collections. My friend Pro-
fessor Phillips, in a recent address to the Malvern Field-Natural-
ists*' Club, alluding to the formation of such a museum, has very
strongly, and with great propriety urged the rejection, by an
absolute rule, of all offers of specimens excepting such as are con-
nected with the locality. The consequence of the neglect of this
salutary caution is the accumulation of masses of specimens from
all parts of the world, many of which might be available if suitably
placed, but are a mere useless incumbrance in a local museum.
They not only occupy space which might be more beneficially
employed, but they take off the attention and waste the time of
those who resort to the museum for information, and of those
whose duty it is to take care of the contents and keep the records.
Now, it has appeared to me that in many instances the utility
of such collections might be extended beyond the bounds of the
locality in which they are placed, by the communication to the
Linnean Society (by reports either periodical or at indefinite
times) of their new acquisitions, or of the observations recorded
by the curators or naturalists respectively attached to them in the
manner which I have before recommended. These, or selections
from them, might be printed, when considered of sufficient value,
in our Journal ; and thus many an interesting fact would be per-
manently recorded and made universally known, which would
otherwise be lost ; and great encouragement would be held out to
many a young naturalist in the country, by being placed in such
a relation to this Society.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXV

A circumstance has recently occurred in reference to the most
important and interesting portion of our property, the Linnean
Collections, of which I think it may be agreeable to you to be
informed. It was proposed in the Council that a Committee
should be appointed to examine into the present condition of
those collections, — as to what they respectively consist of, — where
they are now respectively deposited, — in what state they now are,
and whether any suggestions may occur to the Committee with
reference to their preservation and exhibition to the Fellows of
the Society and the visitors. The Committee consisted of the
President, the Secretary, Mr. Bentham, and Mr. "Wilson Saunders,
and they afterwards obtained the assistance of Mr. Hanley with
reference to the Shells, and of Mr. Tarrell to the Pishes.

It has appeared to me that this subject was a perfectly legiti-
mate one to form an element in my address, as it cannot but be
very interesting to all who have the character of the Society at
heart, and are anxious for the preservation and proper use of the
invaluable collections in question. Instead, therefore, of merely
embodying in my address a brief abstract of the acts of the Com-
mittee, as I at first intended, I will, with your permission, read
the Eeport which they delivered to the Council, in extenso.

" Report presented to the Council, May 6, 1856.

" The Committee of Council, consisting of the President, Mr.
Bentham, Mr. Wilson Saunders, and the Secretary, appointed on
the 1st of April, 1856, ' to examine the Books, Manuscripts and
Collections, forming the Library and Museum of Linnaeus, and
to report to the Council

" ' What they respectively consist of,

" \ Where they are now respectively deposited,

" ' In what state they are respectively, and

" ' Whether any suggestions may occur to the Committee with
reference to their preservation and exhibition to the Fellows of
the Society and Visitors,' report as follows : —

" The Committee have held several meetings, viz. on the 7th,
10th and 15th of April, and on the 1st of May, and carefully
examined into the several matters referred to them. The result
of their investigations may best be stated under the general heads
of Books, Manuscripts, Plants, Insects, Shells, Fishes, and Mis-
cellaneous Zoological Specimens. *

"1. Boohs.

" The Books are for the most part placed on the shelves of the

XXVI PBOCEEDINGS OF THE

General Library of the Society. They are all marked iu the hand
of the late Sir James Edward Smith as derived ' E Bibliotheca
Linnaei propria.' There is no separate catalogue of them ; but
they are entered in the General Catalogue of the Library, with
the exception of a few miscellaneous volumes not relating to
natural history, chiefly medical theses.

" The remaining portion of the Books, which must be regarded as
the most important, as containing MS. notes by Linnaeus himself,
and as connected with his Herbarium and other collections, are
contained in a case placed in the meeting-room near the Linnean
Herbarium.

" The Committee consider it to be highly desirable that the
Natural-History Library of Linnaeus should be separated from the
rest of the Society's books :

" That a list should be made of the volumes so separated :

" That for the future these volumes be not lent out to the Fel-
lows without the special permission of the Council.

" 2. Manuscripts.

" The Manuscripts are contained in a large chest in the south-
western room of the second floor of the Society's house, and are
in an excellent state of preservation. They are at present tied
up in bundles ; but the Committee consider it desirable that, when
the Society is able to afford it, the correspondence should be
mounted on guards and bound in volumes.

"3. Plants.

" The Herbarium is contained in three upright narrow cabinets
formerly belonging to Linnaeus, and in which it has remained up
to the present time : these cabinets are placed in the meeting-
room of the Society. The plants are in excellent condition, and
well protected in conformity with directions given by the Council
on the recommendation of a committee in 1836. The Committee
recommend that these cabinets should be conspicuously distin-
guished by means of a framework or in some other way.

" 4. Insects.

" The Insects are in a good and secure cabinet placed in the
south-western room of the second floor, and are in an excellent
state of preservation. While in the possession of the first Pre-
sident of the Society, the late Sir J. E. Smith, a number of addi-
tional insects were incorporated with those of Linnaeus ; and the

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXvii

Committee recommend that, as soon as the opportunity offers, these
insects be separated from the Linnean, and the two collections be
arranged in distinct parts of the cabinet.

"5. Shells.

" In the examination of the collection of Shells the Committee
requested and obtained the valuable assistance of Mr. Hanley.

" The Shells are contained in a distinct cabinet placed in the same
room with the manuscripts and insects. The Committee regret to
state that serious injury has resulted to the Linnean collection of
shells from the careless mode in which they have been occasionally
referred to by visitors, and from the attempt of a former sub-
curator to arrange them according to a modern method. Many of
the specimens have thus been displaced from their original recep-
tacles, and other difficulties have been created to the complete
identification of the Linnean species, and their discrimination
from the specimens added by Sir J. E. Smith.

" On Mr. Hanley' s recommendation, the Committee resolved
that it is highly desirable

" That the Linnean collection should, as far as possible, be se-
parated from the specimens subsequently added :

" That all the specimens which can be undoubtedly identified
as Linnean should be attached to boards with the Linnean name
added, and any useful memoranda relating to them.

" Mr. Hanley kindly offered his assistance in carrying out these
recommendations, and stated it as his opinion that the present
cabinet would be sufficient for the purpose, and that very little
expense would be incurred.

" 6. Fishes.

" With the valuable assistance of Mr. Yarrell, who consented to
join the Committee for the purpose, the Committee proceeded to
examine the collection of Fishes, which are at present contained in
the drawers of a cabinet in the large south attic, and consist of
half-skins pasted upon paper, and generally in fair condition.
Many of these undoubtedly belonged to Linnaeus ; some appear
to have formed part of the collections of his son ; and others were
probably added by Sir J. E. Smith.

" Mr. Yarrell recommended that they should be pasted on card-
board in such a manner as to retain all the original papers and
the writing upon them ; and the Committee resolved

" That it be recommended to the Council to accept the kind
offer of Mr. Yarrell to superintend the operation :

XXV111 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

" That the specimens when so laid down be systematically ar-
ranged, and placed in drawers in a more easily accessible situation.

" 7. Miscellaneous Zoological Specimens.

" These chiefly consist of a few Reptiles and Crustacea, contained
in some of the drawers of the shell-cabinet, or in those of the
cabinet of the large attic, which the President undertook to exa-
mine, and to separate whatever can be identified as Linnean.

" While examining the miscellaneous specimens in the south
attic, the Committee observed several bundles of Swedish acade-
mical announcements, and anatomical and other dissertations not
immediately connected with natural history. They recommend
that these parcels be securely placed in brown-paper covers,
labelled with a general statement of their contents. Twelve
copies of Broussonnet's ' Descriptiones et Icones Piscium,' which
are duplicates to the Library, are recommended to be sold.

"In the Linnean shell-cabinet the Committee find a large
number of bad or injured specimens of Lichens on Stones, chiefly
British, and forming no part of the Linnean Collection. These
appear to be utterly worthless, and the Committee recommend
that they be thrown away."

It cannot but be most gratifying to learn that these collections,
to which so peculiar a value attaches, should have been found by
the Committee in so perfect a state. It was indeed far beyond
the expectations of those who were deputed to examine them.

I have now, Gentlemen, to call your attention to a matter to
which I have already alluded, and which, if our present anticipa-
tions are fulfilled, must be productive of the most advantageous
results to this Society, and I may add, ultimately to the advance
of natural knowledge in this country. You are all too well aware
that, while other Societies formed for the cultivation of various
branches of science, the Royal, the Geological, the Astronomical,
and the Geographical Societies, had received, one after another,
the substantial support of the Government, in having commodious
apartments assigned to them, — three of them being located in that
great central official building, Somerset House, — -the Linnean
Society, the representative of the natural-history sciences in this
country, the oldest offspring of the great parent of British science,
and certainly not the least useful and important of such bodies,
remained unaided and unsanctioned by the authorities of the
Government, dependent wholly upon its own resources, shackled

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. XXIX

and crippled by the expenses of rent and other requirements, from
which others were exempt. It is not necessary for me now to
inquire into the causes of this neglect. It were vain now to search
for the occasion of the remarkable fact, that while we had for our
Presidents in succession, a noble Duke of great Parliamentary
influence — another noble Lord, whose connexions have been closely
associated with the Government at various times — a venerable
Prelate, the brother of a cabinet minister, — no favourable reply
could be obtained to our applications for house-accommodation.
Such, however, was the case ; and we were obliged to toil on,
encumbered with a debt, incurred, not by foolish or unnecessary
extravagance, but by the acquisition of a priceless library and col-
lection of natural objects, by which circumstance we became the
depositary of a sacred and most interesting trust, and while others
were, so to speak, basking in the sunshine of official favour, we
were thrown upon our own curtailed and inadequate resources.
But, Gentlemen, we have no reason to despond. What we have
done, we have done for ourselves ; and we may well look with
complacency upon our acquisitions, upon our publications, upon
our acknowledged usefulness, and upon the character we hold in
this and in every other country where natural knowledge is culti-
vated, and feel an honest pride in the reflection that we have done
all this unpatronized and unassisted.

Affairs were in this anomalous position when, some years since,
a scheme, emanating from several Fellows of the Royal Society,
and Members of the Philosophical Club of that Society, was pro-
posed and repeatedly discussed at the meetings of the Club, the
object of which was to bring about the juxtaposition of scientific
Societies, in some commodious and suitable building, worthy of
British science, to be provided by the country for that purpose.
The only principle upon which such a design could either with
justice or with any probability of success be carried out is, juxta-
position, but with separate property and independent action — and
this was the principle which I have always advocated, and the
only one to which my humble sanction could ever have been given.

Such was the object of a movement which, after many alterna-
tions of energy and repose, has at length obtained a partial recog-
nition of the great principle which it was its object to promote.
It would be taking up your time unnecessarily were I to retrace
all the intermediate steps which have <been taken, and the varying
phases which the question has assumed. I would however state,
that the deputation which waited upon Lord Aberdeen, when his

XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE

lordship was Prime Minister, received from him the assurance of
his entire concurrence in the object ; and on the particular claims
of the Linnean Society being strongly brought before him, he at
once acknowledged the justice of those claims, and the anomalous
nature of our position. From this time the object of the move-
ment assumed a more definite form ; and as it would be impossible
to obtain separate accommodation in any one building for all the
Societies which profess to cultivate every minor branch of science,
the claims were limited to those chartered Societies which might be
considered as representing the larger departments of scientific
research. "Within this category would be included the Royal, the
Linnean, the Geological, the Astronomical, and the Chemical
Societies, This definite object was very strongly urged upon the
late Sir "William Molesworth, at an interview with which we were
favoured by him, and his parting words were, " "Well ! it appears
quite clear that those five Societies ought to be accommodated" —
and yet, a few days afterwards, in the House of Commons, that
gentleman stated, in answer to a question put to him, that it was
only those Societies which were located in Somerset House which
were to be provided for. And this has, up to nearly the present
moment, been the difficulty. Science has not been generally
recognized for its own sake, but only as its accommodation could
be provided for at the least possible expense or trouble to the
Government, and for the sake of obtaining possession of the
apartments occupied by the Societies in Somerset House. Here
then the Linneans were again ignored !

At length it was announced that Burlington House was pur-
chased by the Government for the express purpose of affording
ample accommodation to science and literature, within the walls of
one great building. A deputation then waited upon Lord Palmer-
ston, who readily recognized the claims of the five Societies ; and
without pledging himself to any final adjustment of the question,
expressed with his usual urbanity his general concurrence with
the principle urged by the deputation.

From some cause or other which I have never fully understood,
the Royal Society, upon whose agency the rest of the Societies
depended, failed to press their advantage, and the University op
London not only applied successfully for the accommodation which
had been promised to the scientific Societies, but actually took
and still holds possession of a portion of the house. But more
recently a strong representation was made by Lord Wrottesley to
the Government on the part of the five Societies, and a meeting

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXI

was held at the rooms of the Eoyal Society of the representatives
of those bodies. A letter was there read from Mr. Wilson, the
Secretary to the Treasury, in reply to that of Lord Wrottesley,
but again recognizing only the Societies which are located in
Somerset House, and appointing a meeting of their representatives
at the Treasury. I must here inform you, that since the eastern
detached wing of Burlington House has been occupied by the
University, there is only room for three Societies, at the most, in
the main building and the western wing. To the surprise of the
gentlemen present, Mr. "Wilson assured them that the Govern-
ment did not wish to turn them out of Somerset House, where
they might still remain if they preferred it. Accordingly the
Society of Antiquaries, the Geological, and the Astronomical
Societies expressed their desire to remain as they were, and the
Eoyal only expressed their readiness to move into the new
quarters. I considered it my duty to inform your Council of
these circumstances, and as the events were now following each
other too rapidly for me to communicate every successive step to
them, and receive their sanction, they came to a resolution, — " That
it is the opinion of the Council that it is highly desirable to obtain
rooms in Burlington House, and that the President be requested
to take such steps as may appear to him best calculated to secure
that object." I accordingly acted upon this resolution. On
receiving immediately afterwards an intimation that the officers of
the Eoyal Society had a fresh appointment to meet Mr. Wilson,
and wished to know whether the Linnean Society and the Che-
mical Society would be ready to accept apartments in Burlington
House with the Eoyal, I immediately sought an interview with
the President of the Chemical Society, who I found had received
a similar carte blanche from his Council to that with which I had
been favoured, and we sent in our cordial acquiescence in the
proposed union.

I have now, Gentlemen, merely to record so much of the result
of the interview between Lord Wrottesley the President, Col.
Sabine the Treasurer, and Dr. Sharpey the Senior Secretary of the
Eoyal Society, with Mr. Wilson, as bears upon our prospects. I
am not at liberty, as I conceive, to say more than was communi-
cated to me in the presence of others ; and this simply amounts to
the statement on the part of the officers of the Eoyal Society that
the Linnean and Chemical Societies were most willing to accom-
pany the Eoyal to Burlington House, and the distinct expression
of Mr. Wilson's readiness to accede to this arrangement. I have
waited, as you will readily believe, with intense anxiety for a com-

XXX11 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

muiiication from Lord Wrottesley, to the effect that the Treasury
minute has been passed, recognizing and confirming Mr. Wilson's
expressed accordance with our desire.

I had last evening completed writing this address, when
Dr. Sharpey, the Secretary of the Eoyal Society, called upon me
from Lord Wrottesley, bringing with him the official Treasury
minute, which I shall have the extreme satisfaction of reading to
you, confirming the appropriation of Burlington House to the
Royal Society, on condition of their providing suitable accommo-
dation for the Linnean and Chemical Societies. You will find one
or two points mentioned which will require some explanation, and
this I shall be enabled to give you.

" Treasury Chambers, May 22, 1856.

" My Loed, — I am directed by the Lords Commissioners of Her
Majesty's Treasury to acquaint your Lordship, with reference to
the views set forth in your letter to the Duke of Argyle on the
30th ult., which has been laid before the Board, that Her
Majesty's Government are not at present in a position to enable
them to state any definite views with respect to the project for
the juxtaposition of the principal scientific Societies in a" building
to be erected in a convenient and central locality. I have to state
that their Lordships are, however, prepared so far to concede to
the views advanced by your Lordship on behalf of a large number
of persons connected with Science, as to allow the temporary
location of the Linnean and Chemical Societies in conjunction
with the Eoyal Society in the present building of Burlington
House, on the following conditions, viz. : —

" 1st. That the removal of the Eoyal Society from Somerset
House shall not prejudice the position of the other Societies
located in that building, in regard to the terms on which they are
permitted to occupy their present apartments.

" 2ndly. That the Eoyal Society shall be put in possession of the
main building of Burlington House, on the understanding that
they will, in communication with the Linnean and Chemical
Societies, assign suitable accommodation therein for those bodies.

" 3rdly. A common library to be formed for the use of the three
Societies, on the understanding that suitable arrangements shall
be made for the admission thereto, for the purposes of reference
and study, of men of letters and science, on orders given by Fellows
of the three Societies.

" 4thly. The Societies to be allowed the use of the Hall, which it
is proposed to construct in the west wing of Burlington House,
at such times as it may not be required by the Senate of the Uni-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXX1U

versity of London, it being distinctly understood that this permis-
sion is to be so exercised as not in any way to interfere with the
convenience of the University.

"Sthly. The collection of portraits belonging to the Eoyal Society
to be hung on the walls of the proposed Hall, and to be open to
the inspection of the public under such regulations as may be
convenient, and subject especially to the provisions in the previous
clause.

" 6thly. That the adoption of this temporary arrangement shall
not in any respect be held to weaken the claims of the Royal
Society to permanent accommodation.

" I have the honour to be, &c. &c,

(Signed) " James Wilson,"
" To the President of the Royal Society.'"

The points in this letter to which I have alluded as requiring
explanation, are the temporary character of the occupation, and
the union of the libraries. With respect to the first, nothing
more is intended than that, upon the completion of the larger
building, which is as yet only contemplated, our Society, in com-
mon with others engaged in the pursuits of science, will have
ample accommodation in that building. The intention of the
passage which refers to the union of the libraries is understood to
be the admission to each library, for the purposes of consultation
and perusal, of all the Members of the three Societies ; the privi-
lege of borrowing the books being restricted, as at present, to the
Members of the Society to which the books respectively belong.

I cannot take leave of this subject and close my address without
expressing my sense of the sincerity and earnestness with which
the authorities of the Royal Society have advocated our cause, and
the anxious desire they have expressed to commence with us the
practical development of the great principle of juxtaposition. To
us the success of the present effort is all-important. The immu-
nity from rent, the close association with our brethren in scientific
pursuits, the approximation of our libraries, and, let me add, the
prestige attached to such a locality, must act as a powerful aid to
our already growing prosperity, and enable us to carry out, unen-
cumbered, our great mission, — the advancement of natural science,
with all its advantages, the amelioration of the condition of man,
the elevation of his character, intellectual' and moral, and especially
the promotion of the glory of the Creator, by extending the know-
ledge of his works.

Linn. Pboc. c

XXXIV PROCEEDINGS OE THE

OBITTIAEY NOTICES.

The Secretary then proceeded to read the following obituary-
notices of deceased Fellows : —

John Adamson, Esq., F.S.A., F.E. G.S. Sfc., was descended from
a family of respectability in the county of Durham. His father,
Cuthbert Adamson, in 1773, accompanied the Hon. Capt. Phipps
as second Lieutenant of the Racehorse, in his celebrated Yoyage of
Discovery towards the North Pole ; and was afterwards stationed
at Newcastle in charge of the impress service of that port. Mr.
Adamson was born in Gateshead on the 13th of September 1787,
and after receiving his education at the Grammar School of New-
castle, was sent to Lisbon, where his elder brother had been for
some time established in business as a merchant. The unsettled
aspect of public affairs, however, induced him to return to England,
and completely altered his views in life. He was soon after ar-
ticled to Mr. Thomas Davidson, an eminent legal practitioner, and
Clerk of the Peace for the county of Northumberland. In 1811,
at the age of 24, he was so fortunate as to obtain the appointment
of Under-Sheriff of Newcastle, which office he retained for five-
and-twenty years; and the advantageous position which he had
thus early attained laid the foundation for his subsequent success
in his profession. From his youth he cultivated a taste for lite-
rature, antiquities, and natural history. He became a Member of
the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle in 1811, and
was one of its Secretaries from 1825 to the time of his death. His
taste for Portuguese literature, acquired during his brief visit to
that country in 1803, was evinced by the publication in 1808 of a
translation of Nicola Luiz's tragedy of Donna Ignez de Castro ;
and still more strongly by his ' Memoirs of the Life and Writings
of Camoens,' published in 1820 ; which obtained for him the title of
a Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences at Lisbon,
and induced the Queen of Portugal, at a subsequent period, to
confer upon him the Orders of Knighthood of Christ, and of the
Tower and Sword. In 1842 he commenced a work entitled i Lusi-
tania Illustrata; or Notices on the History, Antiquities, Lite-
rature, &c. of Portugal,' of which two parts only were published.
He had, in 1831, printed for private circulation, under the title of
' Bibliotheca Lusitana,' a catalogue of the books in his library
relating to Portugal ; but this ample and probably unrivalled col-
lection was, with few exceptions, together with nearly the whole
remainder of his choice and valuable library, destroyed by fire in
1849. A very remarkable collection, however, of the works of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXV

Camoens, together with other rare and curious selections from his
library, have been sold by auction in London within the last two
days.

During the earlier part of his life, Mr. Adamson was an enthu-
siastic collector of coins. He was one of the founders of the local
Antiquarian Society, and, as its Treasurer and Secretary, contributed
greatly to promote its objects. He also became a Fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries, and contributed papers to the ' Archseologia,'
as well as to the ' ArchaBologia ^Eliana,' of which the most important
related to the discovery, at Hexham in 1832, of a number of the
Anglo-Saxon coins called Stycas. In Natural History he chiefly
attached himself to Conchology, and formed a valuable cabinet of
shells amounting to upwards of 3000 species ; but despairing of
being able to keep pace with the great influx of new species of
modern introduction, he determined a few years since to part with
this collection. He had previously, in 1823, issued from the New-
castle press for private distribution, a little work entitled ' Concho-
logical Tables,' the principal object of which was to show at a
glance, on the authority of the best writers, the number of species
in each genus which a collector might hope to procure. He was
a Member of the Natural History Society of Newcastle, and,
besides other donations to various institutions, he gave a collec-
tion of fossils to the Museum at Newcastle, and a- collection of
minerals to the University of Durham. He became a Fellow of
the Linnean Society in 1823, and was elected Corresponding
Member of numerous Antiquarian and Literary Societies on the
continent of Europe, and Honorary Member of the Antiquarian
Societies of Edinburgh, Perth and Cambridge, and of the Literary
and Philosophical Society of Halifax. In the month of July last
he lost his wife, by whom he had seven children, five of whom
survive him. His friends had long noticed his failing health, but
he continued attentive to his business until a few days before his
death, which took place on the 27th of last September, when he
had just completed his 68th year.

John Allcard, Esq., of Burton- Closes, near Bakewell, in the
county of Derby, a member of the well-known firm of Overend,
G-urney and Co., became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1844,
and died at his house in Connaught Place "West, Hyde Park,
London, on the 9th of April of the present year, in the 78th year of
his age. He was a very zealous and successful cultivator of ferns,
and especially of tree-ferns, of which his collection at Stratford,
near London, might some years ago be considered as unrivalled.

c2

XXXVI PROCEEDINGS OF THE

The Right Hon. William Bagot, Baron Bagot, D.C.L. Sfc, was
the third but eldest surviving son of William, first Lord Bagot,
and was born in Bruton Street, London, on the 11th September
1773. He was educated at Westminster School, and afterwards
at Magdalen College, Oxford, from which University he received
the degree of D.C.L. in 1834. In 1798 he succeeded his father
in the peerage, and in the same year he was elected a Fellow of
the Linnean Society. He took no active part in politics, but
attached himself to literary and scientific pursuits, especially to
agriculture and natural history, and became a Fellow of the
Society of Antiquaries, and also of the Horticultural and Zoolo-
gical Societies. In the year 1824 his Lordship printed ! Memo-
rials of the Bagot Family, compiled in 1823.' He was twice
married, and died at his seat, Blithfield, near Stafford, on the 12th
of February in the present year, leaving a numerous family by
his second wife. His connexion with the Linnean Society ex-
tended over the long period of fifty-eight years.

Lewis Weston Dillwyn, JEsq., was descended from an old Bre-
conshire family, and was born at Ipswich in the year 1778. His
father, William Dillwyn, was a member of the Society of Friends,
whose immediate ancestors had emigrated to America in the com-
pany of William Penn, and who was himself early and intimately
associated with Clarkson and Wilberforce in the agitation for the
Abolition of Negro Slavery.

Mr. Dillwyn received his early education at a Friends' school
at Tottenham, where he had for the associate of his boyish days
our old and valued Fellow, Mr. Joseph Woods, together with
whom he was sent for a time to Folkestone on account of the then
weak state of his health. In the year 1798 he went to Dover,
where he succeeded his school-companion Mr, Woods as the
inmate of a friend of the name of Beck. " During his residence
at Dover," says Mr. Woods, in a communication on the subject,
" I paid him a visit, and well recollect the pleasure we had in
rambling over the country, and finding many plants which were
then unknown to us. I apprehend that it was during this re-
sidence at Dover that he first applied himself to botany, but what
fixed his attention to that science I do not know. Probably his
intimacy with the three brothers Forster had something to do
with it." The fruit of his researches at Dover appeared in a list
of plants, read at the Linnean Society in March 1801, and in
October of the same year he contributed a notice of the discovery
of the Sisymbrium murale, L., in the neighbourhood of E-amsgate,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

which was published in the sixth volume of our ' Transactions.'
At the beginning of 1801 he resided with his father at Waltham-
stow, but in the following year his father purchased the Cambrian
Pottery at Swansea, at the head of which extensive establishment
he was thenceforward placed, although he did not absolutely
settle there until the year 1803. His principal botanical work,
' The Natural History of British Confervae,' was commenced in
1802, when he was only 24 years of age ; and ' The Botanist's
Guide through England and Wales,' in two vols. 8vo, the joint
production of himself and Mr. Dawson Turner, was published in
1805. In the establishment which he conducted he found means
of turning to good account his studies as a naturalist, and the
porcelain of the Cambrian Pottery speedily acquired great ce-
lebrity for the faithful and exquisite paintings of birds, butterflies,
shells and flowers with which it was ornamented, and which,
together with the beauty of the material itself, render the
" Swansea China" an article of great value in the eyes of con-
noisseurs. It was brought to its highest state of perfection about
the year 1814, but was soon after laid aside, and earthenware
again became, as it now is, the sole product of the Cambrian
Pottery.

In 1809 Mr. Dillwyn completed his work on ' British Con-
fervae,' which formed, at the period of its publication, a most
valuable contribution to a very neglected branch of the natural
history of the British Islands. Shortly afterwards he married the
daughter of John Llewelyn, Esq., of Penllergare, in the county
of Glamorgan, on whose death, his eldest son, John Dillwyn
Llewelyn, became heir to the extensive estates of his maternal
grandfather, and for some years afterwards, as his son's guardian,
Mr. Dillwyn resided at Penllergare. Previous, however, to this
removal, he published, in 1817, ' A descriptive Catalogue of
Recent Shells, arranged according to the Linnean Method,' in
two vols. 8vo, a work of great labour and research, which he
dedicated to Sir Joseph Banks, with whom he had long been on
terms of friendly intimacy, and to the free use of whose extensive
library he declares himself in the preface indebted for the means
of producing it in so complete a form. This work was followed,
in 1823, by ' An Index to the Historia Conchyliorum of Lister,
with occasional Remarks,' printed in folio, at the Clarendon
Press, at the expense of the University of Oxford, which, on this
occasion, offered to Mr. Dillwyn the honorary degree of D.C.L.,
an honour which he, however, declined. In 1823 also he com^

XXXV111 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

municated to the Eoyal Society a paper " On Fossil Shells," which
was printed in the ' Philosophical Transactions,' and was suc-
ceeded by a second paper on the same subject in the following
year. In 1827 he communicated to the Linnean Society a notice
of the occurrence of lanthina fragilis, Lam., in the neighbourhood
of Swansea, which is published in the 16th volume of our ' Trans-
actions.' Two short paper s, one in the third volume of the
' Zoological Journal,' on the Cyprsese described by Mr. Gray, and
the other in the ' Proceedings ' of the Zoological Society, " On
the Capture of a specimen of Labrus maculatus in Swansea Bay,"
were published in 1828 and 1829. His ' Earer Plants of Swansea,'
and his ' Memoranda relating to Coleopterous Insects found in
the neighbourhood of Swansea,' both privately printed, were also
widely distributed by him in the same years.

In 1832, on the election which followed the passing of the
Reform Bill, Mr. Dillwyn was returned to the House of Commons
for the county of Glamorgan, of which he had for many years
been an active Magistrate, occasionally presiding as Chairman of
the Quarter Sessions, and for which he had also served the office
of High Sheriff in 1818. The freedom of the borough of Swansea
was unanimously presented to him in 1834, " as a mark of great
personal respect," and from 1835 to 1840 he served as Mayor and
Alderman of the borough. In his capacity of a Member of Par-
liament, from which he retired at the election of 1841, his votes
were given with more than usual independence of party trammels.
His portrait appears, in company with those of his friends, Mr.
Talbot and Mr. Vivian, in Sir G-eorge Hayter's celebrated picture,
and has since been separately lithographed by Eddis.

During the period of his parliamentary career his visits to
London were necessarily more frequent and of longer duration ;
but his time was not wholly swallowed up by his attention to
public affairs. He was busily engaged in the libraries of the
Athenaeum, of the British Museum, and of the Eoyal and Linnean
Societies, in preparing \ A Eeview of the references to the Hortus
Malabaricus of Henry Van Eheede Draakenstein,' which he
printed in 1839. In the country too he occupied himself on a
volume entitled ' Contributions towards a History of Swansea,'
300 copies of which work, printed in 1840, he presented to the
managers of a bazaar for the benefit of the Swansea Infirmary,
for which valuable institution the sale of these copies is believed
to have produced the sum of £150. In 1843 he printed ' Hortus
Collinsonianus : an Account of the Plants cultivated by Peter Col-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. XXXIX

linson, arranged alphabetically according to their modern names,
from the Catalogue of his Garden and other Manuscripts,' which
forms a useful commentary on the state of English gardens in the
middle of the last century. It was of course with no small delight
that Mr. Dillwyn welcomed the meeting of the British Asso-
ciation at Swansea in 1848. As one of the Vice-Presidents of
the Meeting, and President of the Section of Zoology and Natural
History, he took a warm interest and an active part in all the
discussions that arose ; and at his residence of Sketty Hall, to
which he had some years previously removed, he received with
hospitable welcome several of the most distinguished members of
the Association. To celebrate the occasion, he dedicated to Lord
Northampton and the Council a work ' On the Flora and Fauna
of Swansea,' which issued from the local press on the first day of
the Meeting, and was received by the members as a pleasing con-
tribution to their local information.

This was the last of his publications : his health gradually gave
way, and for several years before his death he had ceased to
mingle in the busy world, or to take any active interest in its
affairs. He died on the 31st of August last, at Sketty Hall, at
the age of 77, leaving two sons (both Fellows of our Society,
and both distinguished cultivators of natural history) and two
daughters. Mr. Dillwyn was thoroughly honourable and upright
in all his dealings, a steady man of business, a liberal and active
country gentleman, a warm friend, and a zealous and enlightened
contributor to natural science. With his contemporary natural-
ists, and especially with Sir James Smith, Mr. Dawson Turner,
Mr. Edward Forster, Mr. Borrer, Mr. Woods and Mr. Brown, he
was on terms of affectionate intimacy ; and those of a later gene-
ration looked up to him with feelings of grateful respect. He
became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1800, and of the Eoyal
Society in 1804 ; and this Society may fairly regard it as a subject
of cordial congratulation to have retained for five-and-fifty years
the fellowship of so valuable a member and so estimable a man,

George Don, Esq., was born at Forfar, on the 17th of May
179S. He was the eldest son of the zealous British botanist of
the same name, well known as the discoverer of many of the most
interesting plants of the Scottish Highlands, and a constant cor-
respondent of the late Sir James Edward Smith, who in his
' English Flora' (under Rosa Doniana) * speaks of him as " one of
the most indefatigable, as well as accurate of botanists ; who loved
the science for its own sake, and braved every difficulty in its ser-

Xl PROCEEDINGS OF THE

vice." On the death of his father, in 1814, Mr. Don, in conjunc-
tion with his younger brother, David, made an attempt to carry
on the nursery which their father had established at Forfar ; but
the business was shortly after given up, the elder brother removing
in 1815 to Edinburgh, where he was for a time employed in the
establishment of Messrs. Dickson and Co. In the following year
he came to London, and after a short engagement at the Portman
Nursery, succeeded in obtaining employment at the Chelsea Bo-
tanic Garden, then under the charge of Mr. Anderson, with whom
he remained as foreman till 1821, when he entered the service of
the Horticultural Society, and was shortly after despatched as their
collector to Tropical Africa, South America, &c. During this
voyage, which occupied something more than a year (from Decem-
ber 1821 till February 1823), he visited Madeira, Sierra Leone,
St. Thomas's, Eahia, Sb. Salvador, Maranham, Trinidad, Jamaica,
Havana, &c, and his activity in collecting and sending home
living plants, seeds, and dried specimens, obtained for him the
highest encomiums of the then Secretary of the Horticultural
Society, Mr. Sabine. Many of these plants afterwards flowered at
Chiswick, and were described by Professor Lindley in the Horticul-
tural Transactions, &c. Mr. Don's attention having been parti-
cularly directed to the introduction of tropical fruits and the pro-
curing of accurate information respecting them, and his visit to
Sierra Leone occurring at a time when many of its fruits (then
chiefly known from Dr. Afzelius's Report to the African Society)
were in perfection, he was enabled to collect materials for a very
interesting account of them, which appeared in the 5th volume of
the Horticultural Society's ' Transactions,' under the title " Some
Accounts of the Edible Fruits of Sierra Leone, drawn up by
Joseph Sabine, Esq., Secretary, from the Journal and personal
communication of Mr. George Don, A.L.S." At the recent
sale of the Herbarium of the Horticultural Society, specimens of
the plants obtained by Mr. Don during this expedition, and which
are valuable, not merely in connexion with his own botanical
labours, but likewise as being, in part, typical of the species
described by Messrs. Bentham, Hooker, &c, in the ' Flora Mgri-
tiana,' were purchased for the Herbarium of the British Museum.
His brother David having succeeded Mr. Brown, on his resigna-
tion in 1822, as Librarian to the Linnean Society, George was for
some years domiciled with him. During the earlier part of that
period, he appears to have been occupied upon a revision of the
genus Comhrvtum. which was read before the Linnean Society in

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xli

March 1826, and published in the 15th volume of its ' Trans-
actions.' About the same time Mr. Don also communicated to
the Wernerian Society a Monograph of the genus Allium, which
is published in the 6th volume of the Memoirs of that Society.
Prom 1828 to 1837 his time was principally occupied upon the
' General System of Gardening and Botany,' or as it was after-
wards called, the ' History of Dichlamydeous Plants,' consisting
of four 4to volumes, averaging about 880 pages each. The original
intention was, that the work should include all the known species
of plants, and that the whole should be comprised in four volumes ;
but this being found impracticable, and the publishers receiving
little encouragement to proceed, it was abruptly closed at the 4th
volume without its having extended beyond the Dichlamydece. He
shortly afterwards entered into an engagement to supply the
botanical articles of the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitana,' which he
continued to do till the close of the work, great part of the intro-
ductory treatise having been furnished by him, as well as the
articles •in the alphabetical series, from the middle of the 11th
volume to the end of the 12th. In 1842-3 he was employed by
the Board of Woods and Forests in naming the trees and shrubs
in Kensington Gardens and the Parks, by means of which the
names of a very considerable number of species and varieties of
woody plants have become familiar to the visitors. He likewise
rendered much assistance to the late Mr. Loudon in the prepara-
tion of the various botanical works in which that gentleman was
engaged during the last ten or twelve years of his life ; and the last
of his botanical labours was the preparation of a supplement to
Loudon's 'Encyclopaedia of Plants,' which made its appearance
only a few months before his death. He had been suffering at in-
tervals during the last two years from disease of the heart, which
had latterly prevented him from being present at any of our
meetings, at which he had for many years previously been a con-
stant attendant, having been elected an Associate in 1822, and a
Fellow in 1831. He died at Camp den Hill, Kensington, on the
25th of February last, in the 58th year of his age.

Alexander Erskine, Esq., of Balhall, in the county of Forfar,
and Longhaven, Aberdeenshire, became a Fellow of the Linnean
Society in 1804, and was also a Fellow of the Horticultural Society.
He died, at his residence in Bryanstone Square, on the 17th of
November last, in the 81st year of his age, having been for more
than fifty years a Fellow of our Society.

John Harris, Esq., of Exeter, Surgeon, was admitted a Fellow

Xlii PROCEEDINGS OE THE

of the Linnean Society in 1813, and died at Exeter on the 30th of
June last year, at the age of 73.

Samuel Holker Haslam, Esq., became a Eellow of the Linnean
Society in 1836. He was warmly attached to literary and scientific
pursuits, spoke fluently both French and German, was conversant
with Italian, and made considerable collections of plants and insects,
both of which he presented, about two years ago, to the Natural
History Society of Kendal. He died at his residence, Woodhouse,
Milnthorpe, Westmoreland, on the 13th of April in the present
year.

Henry Jenner, Esq., M.D., was the son of the Rev. Henry
Jenner, M.A., Eector of Bockhampton in Gloucestershire, and
Domestic Chaplain to the Earl of Aylesbury. In 1783 he was
apprenticed to his uncle, the celebrated Dr. Edward Jenner, and
being of an inquiring disposition and greatly attached to natural
history, assisted him, not only in his professional avocations,
but also in his natural-history studies. In this way he took a
share in the investigation in relation to the Habits of the Quckoo,
published by his uncle in the 'Philosophical Transactions' for
1788. He became a Eellow of the Linnean Society in 1799, and
had consequently been a Member for the long period of 57 years.
His death took place in March of the present year at Berkeley,
in Gloucestershire, where he had continued to reside.

Joseph Neeld, Esq., F.S.A., of Grittleton, in the county of
Wilts, a Deputy-Lieutenant of Wiltshire, M.P. for the borough of
Chippenham, and High-Steward of Malmesbury, was a grand-
nephew of the late Philip Bundell, of Ludgate Hill, at whose
death in 1827 he became possessed, as residuary legatee, of
property little short of a million sterling. In the subsequent
year he purchased the estate of Grittleton, to which he has since
made large additions, of which Mr. Britton has lately given a par-
ticular account. A new mansion, on a scale and of a character fitted
to rank with the most magnificent seats in the country, is in pro-
gress of erection; the farm-houses, cottages, and churches have been
rebuilt, and the whole domain has been placed under a general
system of amelioration and improved cultivation. In Parliament,
Mr. Neeld was a steady supporter of the Conservative party : he
married, in 1831, a sister of the present Earl of Shaftesbury, but
having no issue, his great estates devolve upon his brother John.
He became a Eellow of the Linnean Society in 1829, and died on
the 24th of March in the present year, at the age of 67.

Bear-Admiral the Hon. William Henry Percy, sixth son of Alger-

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xliii

non, first Earl of Beverley, was born on the 24th of March 1788.
He entered the Navy in 1801 as first-class volunteer on board the
Lion, 64, and became in the next year Midshipman of the Medusa,
32. In that ship, after sharing in the capture of several Spanish
frigates and merchantmen of great value, he sailed with the
Marquis Cornwallis for the East Indies, and returned from the
Ganges to the Lizard, a distance of 13,831 miles, in the sur-
prisingly short period of 84 days. He next served on board of
several vessels on the Home Station, and became in 1807 Lieute-
nant of the Decade frigate, and afterwards of the Hibernia. In
1810 he obtained the rank of Commander, and was appointed to
the Mermaid, 28, which was engaged in the conveyance of troops
to Portugal and Spain. He was posted in 1812, and in 1814
commanded the Hermes, 20, which vessel, after twenty-five of her
crew had been killed, and twenty-four wounded, in an unsuccess-
ful attack on Eort Bowyer, Mobile, was set on fire and destroyed
to prevent her falling into the hands of the Americans. On the
court-martial which ensued, Captain Percy, who had also on this
occasion under his command the Canon, 20, and Sophia and
Childers, of 18 guns each, was honourably acquitted of all blame.

He sat in two Parliaments, from 1818 to 1826, for the borough
of Stamford, and was appointed a Commissioner of Excise in 1828,
from which office he retired in 1849, having previously, in 1846,
accepted the rank of Rear- Admiral. His fellowship of the Linnean
Society dates from 1823, and he died, unmarried, at the house of
his brother, the present Earl of Beverley, in Portman Square, on
the 5th of last October, in the 68th year of his age.

Henry Perkins, Esq., of Hanworth Park, in the county of
Middlesex, one of the celebrated firm of Barclay, Perkins and
Co., became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in the year 1825,
and was also a Fellow of the Geological and Horticultural
Societies. He died at Dover, on the 15th of April of the present
year, at the age of 78.

John Beeves, Esq., F.B.S. Sfc, was the youngest son of the
Rev. Jonathan Reeves of Westham, near London, and was born
on the 1st of May 1774. Left an orphan at an early age, he
was educated at Christ's Hospital, and afterwards entered the
counting-house of a tea-broker, where he acquired so thorough a
knowledge of teas, as to recommend him in 1808 to the office of
Inspector of Tea in England in the service of the Honourable
East India Company. In 1812 he proceeded to China as Assist-
ant, and subsequently became Chief Inspector of Tea in the East

Xliv PBOCEEDINGS OE THE

India Company's establishment at Canton. From the time of his
arrival in China, he devoted his leisure to investigating the
resources of the country, and to the pursuit of various branches
of science, making it his principal object to procure specimens of
the natural productions of the country, and especially those which
promised to be either useful or ornamental, and to transmit them
to England to such individuals or societies as appeared most likely
to turn them to account. His principal correspondent for some
years after his first arrival in China was Sir Joseph Banks. He
formed no collections of his own, neither did he keep any record
of his proceedings in this respect ; so that were it not for the
knowledge possessed by many among us of the extent of his con-
tributions to our gardens and museums, there would be some risk
of our obligations to his memory remaining unacknowledged and
forgotten. During the whole period of his residence in China,
from 1812 to 1831, he contributed largely to English horticulture,
and to the Horticultural Society in particular, not only by his
own direct shipments of plants, but also by collecting plants
during the spring and summer, establishing them well in pots
previous to the shipping season, and then commending them to the
care of the captains of the Company's ships, to whom he was also
always ready to recommend the most desirable plants for transpor-
tation to England. It was in this way, to instance one case among
many, that the Wistaria Sinensis first found its way to England. It
was in the latter part of his stay in China that he made the fine
collection of fishes, which, together with his drawings, furnished
the groundwork of Sir John Richardson's valuable Eeport " On
the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan," published in the
' Eeports of the British Association ' for 1845. As the history
of these drawings and collections strikingly illustrates his activity
in collecting, and disinterestedness in distributing his materials,
I cannot do better than quote the observations of Sir John
Bichardson in regard to them. " For upwards of fifteen years,"
says that gentleman, " materials for an ample account of the
fishes of China have existed in England. John Reeves, Esq., who
was long resident at Macao, with an enlightened munificence,
caused beautiful coloured drawings, mostly of the natural size,
to be made of no fewer than 340 species of fish, which are brought
to the markets of Canton. These drawings are executed with a
correctness and finish which will be sought for in vain in the older
works on ichthyology, and which are not surpassed in the plates
of any large European work of the present day. The brilliancy

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlv

and effect of the colouring, and correctness of profile, render them
excellent portraits of the fish they are intended to represent.
Mr. Reeves had four copies of these drawings made. One set,
which he presented to General Hardwicke, is bound up with that
officer's large collection of sketches of Indian Fish, in four folio
volumes, in the British Museum. Another copy, left by Mr.
Beeves at Macao with Mr. Beale, formed the groundwork of the
enumeration of Chinese fishes in Bridgeman's ' Chrestomathy.'
A third copy, which he liberally lent to me, is the foundation
of this Report. Mr. Reeves has also deposited in the British
Museum specimens of Chinese fish, both dried and preserved in
spirits, part of them the very examples which are figured in his
drawings. His son, John Russell Reeves, Esq., [also, let me add,
a valuable Fellow of our Society,] has likewise presented various
fish procured at Macao to the British Museum ; among which are
several species not figured in his father's drawings." Mr. Reeves's
contributions to the British Museum were not limited to the
Natural-History departments, but included also the Library and
the department of Antiquities, to the latter of which in particular
he gave, from his large collection of Chinese coins, all such as
were thought desirable for the national cabinet. At an early
period of his residence in China, he collected, at the request of
Dr. Morison, the Chinese names of the stars and constellations,
which were published at that time, and are usually bound up with
Dr. Morison' s Chinese Dictionary.

Mr. Reeves became a Fellow of the Linnean Society in 1817,
and of the Royal Society in the same year ; he was also a Fellow
of the Horticultural Society, the Royal Astronomical, the Asiatic,
and the Zoological Societies, and of the Society of Arts ; and most
of these institutions are indebted to him for valuable contributions
to their collections. From the time of his return to England, in
1831, he resided at Clapham, where he died on the 22nd of March
in the present year, having nearly completed his 82nd year.

Samuel Mootsey, Esq., for many years Lecturer on Chemistry
and Botany in the Medical School of Bristol, was born on the
12th of February 1788, at Colchester, where his father was the
proprietor of extensive oil-mills. At an early age he was placed
under the charge of his grandmother at Halstead in the county
of Essex, and attended the grammar-school of that place for some
years ; after which he was removed to a boarding-school at Harlow
in the same county. In 1803 he was apprenticed to a chemist at
Southampton, and eagerly attached himself to the study of che-

Xlvi PROCEEDINGS OF THE

mistry and botany, and to the acquisition of different languages,
which occupied a large share of his attention during the remainder
of his life. Soon after the expiration of his apprenticeship he
wrote to Dr. Maton, to whom he was then personally unknown,
stating his anxious desire to become a Fellow of the Linnean
Society, and so strongly was Dr. Maton impressed in his favour
by the terms of his letter, that he readily undertook to propose
him. In the following year he was elected, and passing some
time in London, was introduced by Dr. Maton to Sir Joseph
Banks, Sir James E. Smith, and other eminent men of science, and
derived great advantage from the permission readily granted him
by Sir J. Banks to make use of his library and herbarium. In the
year 1812, Mr. Rootsey established himself at Bristol as a chemist
and druggist, and soon after commenced his Lectures on Chemistry
and Botany, the latter of which he continued until within a short
period of his death. In 1815 he published " A General Dispen-
satory, or Arrangement of the Pharmacopoeias of London, Edin-
burgh and Dublin," which he dedicated to Dr. Maton ; and in
1818, a " Syllabus of a Course of Botanical Lectures," delivered
to his pupils at Bristol. He also published a new system of No-
tation in Music, and various other works. A tour in Sweden in
1824 made him acquainted with Westring, from whom he obtained
the copper-plates of his Essays on Lichens and the Dyes afforded
by them, of which he proposed publishing an English translation ;
but unfortunately this intention was never carried out. He also
made the acquaintance of Broling and Afzelius ; and his MS.
Journal of his tour is stated to contain some highly interesting
facts and observations relating to natural history. In it he
mentions, among other subjects on which he was engaged, a new
projection of the World, his theory of vocal intervals in Music,
his mode of studying the Chinese Characters, his system of Phar-
macy, his Mineralogical Sliding-Eule, &c. &c. In 1826 he
published a revised and corrected edition of Donne's ' Mechanical
Geometry ; ' and besides the separate publications already men-
tioned, he communicated to the Philosophical and Literary Insti-
tution of Bristol, of which he was an Honorary Member, nume-
rous Papers on a variety of subjects, and to the Medico-Botanical
Society a Paper " On the Medical Botany of Shakespeare," which
was published in their ' Transactions ' for 1832. From the year
1834 he was chiefly occupied in lecturing on various subjects, but
more particularly on Botany, in Bristol, Bath, Swansea, Neath, and
other towns in the Western district ; but of late years his health

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlvii

had been gradually failing, and he died on the 4th of September
last, after a short illness, in the 68th year of his age.

Thomas Salter, Esq., was the descendant of a highly respectable
Quaker-family in Somersetshire, and became at an early age the
pupil of the late Thomas Bell, Esq. of Poole, the father of our
excellent President. In 1809 he entered at St. Thomas's Hos-
pital, and in 1810 he was admitted a Member of the Eoyal College
of Surgeons, the Council of which, on the grant of their new
Charter in 1844, conferred on him the title of Fellow. On his
return to Poole, after the completion of his medical studies in
London, he was admitted into partnership by Mr. Bell, whose
only daughter he married. Prom that time, until the day of his
death, he continued to practise his profession in Poole, where he
acquired a high degree of influence, not only by the success of his
medical practice, but also by his social qualities, the cheerfulness
of his disposition, and the atmosphere of pleasant comfort which
his presence diffused even in the chamber of sickness and of suf-
fering. Through the whole of this lengthened period he prose-
cuted his profession in all its scientific bearings, and constantly
kept pace with advancing discovery, reading all the most import-
ant medical works as they appeared, and preparing with his
own hands anatomical and pathological specimens. The medical
library which he has left behind him is one of the largest, and his
medical museum by far the most important in the county of
Dorset. He also contributed many valuable Papers to medical
literature, most of which were published in the Transactions of
the different medical societies ; and educated more than twenty
pupils, many of whom, including his three surviving sons, hold a
distinguished position in the ranks of the profession : two of his
sons are Fellows of our Society. His youngest son, Mr. Morgan
Salter, unhappily volunteered to take the medical charge of H.M.S.
Prince, and perished from the wreck of that ill-fated ship in the
great storm at Balaklava. Mr. Salter's death, which was no doubt
hastened by this sad event, from the shock of which he never
recovered, took place suddenly. On his way to visit some sick
poor, on the night of the 20th of February, the extreme coldness
of the air appears partially to have arrested his circulation, which
his heart was apparently too feeble to restore. He sought refuge
in the house of a friend, where he died before any assistance could
arrive, from no actual disease, but from sudden and complete
prostration of the system. In early life he devoted his few leisure
hours to the study of geology, botany and chemistry, and he has

xlviii PROCEEDINGS OF THE

left a choice and numerous collection of fossils accumulated at
that period. In 1824 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society,
and in 1827 of the Medico- Chirurgical : he held also the Commis-
sion of a Justice of Peace for the town of Poole. Although it
was his express desire that his funeral should be quiet and un-
ostentatious, some hundreds of the most respectable inhabitants of
the town attended to do honour to his memory, and the closing of
shops and private houses in the route through which the funeral
was to pass, evinced the deep respect in which he was held. He
died at the age of 70.

The Most Noble Edward Adolphus, Duke of Somerset, K.Q.,
Vice- Admiral of the Coast of Somersetshire, D.C.L., F.B.S., F.S.A.,
and a Trustee of the Hunterian Museum, was born at Monkton-
Farley in Wiltshire, on the 24th of February 1775. "While in
his nineteenth year he succeeded to the title and estates. He was
a Member of Christ Church College, Oxford, where the degree of
M.A. was conferred upon him in 1794, and that of D.C.L. in 1810.
From an early age he evinced an attachment to science : he was
elected F.R.S. in 1797 ; in 1816 he became F.S.A., and in 1820
F.L.S. For some years he was President of the Eoyal Institu-
tion ; and from 1801 to 1838 he was likewise President of the
Literary Fund, to which he contributed largely during forty-six
years. From 1826 to 1831 he was a Vice-President of the Zoolo-
gical Society. At the anniversary of 1834, on the resignation of
Lord Stanley, he was elected President of the Linnean Society,
and continued to hold that office till the end of 1837, when he
resigned and was succeeded in it by the late Lord Bishop of Nor-
wich. His uniform courtesy of manners and amiability of temper,
combined with the hospitable and friendly reception which he
gave to men of literature and science, and the extent of his infor-
mation on a wide range of subjects, will cause his memory to be
cherished and respected by all who were admitted to the privilege
of meeting him in social intercourse. In science he chiefly
attached himself to mathematical studies, and published, in 1842,
" A Treatise in which the Elementary Properties of the Ellipse
are deduced from the Properties of the Circle, and geometrically
demonstrated," of which a second edition was printed in the fol-
lowing year ; and the investigation was still further pursued in
another treatise, entitled " Alternate Circles and their Connexion
with the Ellipse," published in 1850. His Grace was twice mar-
ried, first to a daughter of the Duke of Hamilton, and secondly to
the eldest daughter of Sir Michael Shaw Stewart, Bart., who,

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. xlix

together with seven of his children by his first wife, survives him.
He died on the 15th of August last, at his residence in Park Lane,
and was buried in the cemetery at Kensal Green. His eldest
son, the present Duke, has filled several important offices in the
State, and is a Trustee of the British Museum.

William Swmnson, Esq., F.B.S., Hon. M.G.P.S. 8fc, was born
on the 8th of October 1789. His father was then Secretary of
the Board of Customs in London, and subsequently filled the im-
portant office of Collector of the Port of Liverpool. At the early
age of 14, he was appointed a Junior Clerk in the same branch of
the service ; but a love of natural history had been so strongly
implanted in him, when a mere child, by the inspection of his
father's collections of British insects and shells, that it became
impossible to reconcile his ardent disposition to the formal routine
of official life at home. To gratify his inclination for studying the
natural history of other countries, his father therefore obtained
for him an appointment in the Commissariat, and in this new
capacity, after a short stay at Malta, he arrived in Sicily in the
spring of 1807. During the eight succeeding years he was chiefly
stationed in that island, and no serious operations being under-
taken by the corps to which h© was attached, he had abundant
opportunities of adding to his collections of plants, insects, shells
and fishes, and leisure to make a multitude of drawings and
sketches of natural objects. During this period he made an ex-
cursion to Greece, and also visited Naples, Genoa and Tuscany.
In 1815 he returned to England, bringing with him large collec-
tions in natural history ; and resolving henceforward to devote
himself to no other pursuit, he relinquished the certain prospect
of rapid advancement in his profession, and retired upon half-pay.
His great object was to visit some distant part of the world which
had been little investigated by naturalists, and he first fixed upon
Southern Africa ; but on hearing of the successful journey of Dr.
Burchell in that region, which he supposed to have nearly ex-
hausted its natural productions, he determined on penetrating
into the interior of Northern Brazil. "With this view, in company
with Mr.'Koster, the narrative of whose first journey in Brazil
had just been published, he left England late in the autumn of
1816. But his attempts to traverse the Continent, or even to
penetrate far into the interior, were frustrated by the revolution
of 1817, and he was compelled to content himself with collecting
in the neighbourhood of Olinda, in the district of the Rio San
Erancisco, and afterwards in that of Rio de Janeiro. On his

Linn. Peoc. d

1 PBOCEEDIFGS OE THE

return to Liverpool he proposed to publish a Narrative of his
Travels, but a short abstract of them given in the f Edinburgh
Philosophical Journal ' having attracted little attention, he aban-
doned the idea, and determined to confine himself to the publica-
tion of his zoological materials. Accordingly having familiarized
himself with the then novel art of lithography, he commenced a
series of plates, drawn by himself, and issued periodically, under
the title of > Zoological Illustrations,' the first series of which,
consisting of three vols., were published between the years 1820
and 1823. In order more efficiently to superintend this publi-
cation, and also another in which he soon afterwards engaged,
under the title of ' Exotic Conchology,' he removed to London ;
but, in 1825, in pursuance of an engagement long previously
formed, he married the daughter of John Parkes, Esq. of War-
wick, and took up his residence in that town. In 1826 he lost
his father, and soon after entered into engagements with Messrs.
Longman for the publication of an ' Encyclopaedia of Zoology/
which was intended to form a companion volume to Loudon's
1 Encyclopaedia of Agriculture and Gardening.' On reconsidering
the subject, however, the publishers determined to combine this
intended work with their projected ' Cabinet Cyclopaedia,' and
eleven volumes of the 1 Cabinet Cyclopaedia of Natural History,'
from the pen of Mr. Swainson, successively made their appearance
between 1834 and 1840, embracing ' A Preliminary Discourse on
the Study of Natural History,' ' A Treatise on the Geography and
Classification of Animals,' f A Treatise on the Natural History and
Classification of Quadrupeds ;' of ' Birds,' 2 vols. ; of ' Fishes,
Amphibia, and Reptiles,' 2 vols. ; of ' Shells and Shell-fish,' 2 vols. ;
and volumes on ' The Habits and Instincts of Animals,' on 'Animals
in Menageries,' on ' Taxidermy, Bibliography, and Biography,' and,
in conjunction with Mr. Shuckard, ' On the History and Natural
Arrangement of Insects.' Previous to commencing this laborious
undertaking, Mr. Swainson had again changed his residence from
"Warwick to Tittenhanger Green, in the neighbourhood of St.
Albans, where he found himself sufficiently removed from the
distractions of a residence in London, and at the same time suffi-
ciently near the metropolis, to avail himself frequently of its
libraries and collections. Here also he prepared and published a
second series of his ' Zoological Illustrations,' consisting, like the
first, of three vols. 8vo ; two volumes on ' The Birds of "Western
Africa,' and one on ' The Flycatchers,' forming part of Lizars's
1 Naturalist's Cabinet' : extensive contributions to the volume of

LIKffEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. ll

Sir John Richardson's ' Fauna Boreali- Americana,' illustrating the
Birds ; the zoological portion of Murray's ' Encyclopaedia of Geo-
graphy ;' ' Elements of Conchology, for the use of Students and
Travellers ;' and five parts of a work entitled ' Ornithological
Drawings : Series 1, Birds of Brazil.' In 1828 Mr. Swainson
passed several weeks in Paris, busied in studying the collections
of the French Museum, and adding to his large collection of
natural-history drawings. In 1835 he was left a widower with
five children ; and marrying again some years afterwards, he de-
termined on emigrating, with his family, to New Zealand, on the
climate of which, principally with reference to its sanative cha-
racter, he published a little work in 1840. In that year he
embarked on board a vessel, from the unseaworthiness of which he
unfortunately lost a large portion of his collections ; while, on his
arrival in New Zealand, he soon found that he had been misled
by exaggerated representations. He did not, however, suffer
himself to be dejected by these losses and disappointments. From
Rio de Janeiro, at which the vessel had touched to refit, he had
brought with him numerous vegetable productions, which he
thought would be suitable to the climate of New Zealand, and he
set himself energetically to work to establish himself in his new
abode. Of his pursuits as regards natural history during this
period few traces have reached England, although it cannot be
doubted that here, as elsewhere, a large portion of his attention
must have been devoted to his favourite pursuit. We only know
that he had his full share of those losses and privations which
usually fall to the lot of the earlier settlers in a new colony, aggra-
vated by the storms and earthquakes to which New Zealand ap-
pears to be peculiarly subject. In 1851 he visited Sydney ; and in
1853, he was engaged, under the authority of the governments of
Van Diemen's Land and Victoria, in an examination of the tim-
ber-trees of those colonies. Soon afterwards he returned to his
residence at Fern Grove, River Hutt, New Zealand, where he died,
it is supposed of an apoplectic seizure, after a week or ten days'
illness, on the 7th of December last, in the 67th year of his age.
His entry into the Linnean Society dates from 1816, and into
the Royal Society from 1820 ; and he was also an Honorary or
Corresponding Member of numerous scientific societies both in
Europe and America. Of his five children by his first wife, four
sons survive him ; and of these, two are settled in New Zealand.
By his second wife he had three children, all daughters, who, with
their mother, also survive him. In addition to the extensive series

d2

Hi PEOCEEDINOS OF THE

of separate works above mentioned, he was author of ' Instructions
for Collecting and Preserving Subjects of Natural History and
Botany,' Liverpool, 1808 and 1820, subsequently enlarged into 'The
Naturalist's Guide for Collecting,' &c, London, 1822 and 1824 ;
and of numerous Papers in Scientific Transactions and Journals,
among the most important of which are the following : —

1. On the genus Picus of Linnaeus, &c. — Mem. Wern. Soc. iii.
p. 288.

2. On two new Birds of the genus Pteroglossus of Illiger. —
Journ. Boy. Inst. ix. p. 266.

3. On two new and remarkable freshwater Shells, Melania
setosa and TTnio gigas. — Ibid. xvii. p. 13.

4. On several new Shells belonging to the Linnean genus Voluta.
— Ibid. xvii. p. 28

5. Monograph of the genus Ancillaria. — Ibid, xviii. p. 272.

6. On Psittacus Meldii, a new species of Parrot from Australia.
— Ibid. xix. p. 198.

7. Monograph of the genus Tachyphonus. — Ibid. xx. p. 60.

8. On the Tyrant Shrikes of America. — Ibid. xx. p. 267.

9. On the Importance of preserving Pacts connected with the
Natural History of Animals. — Ibid, xxiii. p. 83.

10. The Characters of Acliatinella, a new group of Terrestrial
Shells.— Ibid. xxv. p. 81.

11. On those Birds which exhibit the typical perfection of
Anatidce. — Ibid. ser. 2. ii. p. 11.

12. An Inquiry into the Natural Affinities of the Laniadae. —
Zool. Journ. i. p. 289.

13. On the Characters and Natural Affinities of several new
Birds from Australia. — Ibid. i. p. 443.

14. Characters and Descriptions of several Birds belonging to
the genus Thamnophilus, Vig. — Ibid. ii. p. 84.

15. On two new genera of Birds, Formicivora and Drymopliila,
with Descriptions of several Species. — Ibid. ii. p. 145.

16. On the genus Psaris of Cuvier. — Ibid. ii. p. 354.

17. On several Groups and Forms in Ornithology not hitherto
defined.— _ZW. iii. p. 158, & p. 343.

18. On the Analogies of the Mitranw. — Proc. Zool. Soc. iii.
p. 197.

19. On Hemipodius nivosus, a new Bird from Africa. — Phil. Mag.
Ix. p. 353.

20. On Iridina, a genus of Freshwater Bivalve Shells. — Ibid.
lxi. p. 112.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. liii

21. The Characters of several rare and undescribed Shells. —
Phil. Mag. lxi. p. 375, & lxii. p. 401.

22. On the Natural Affinities of the Lepidoptera Diurna of
Latreille. — Ibid. ser. 2. i. p. 180.

23. Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock,
F.L.S., and W. Bullock, Jun.— Ibid. ser. 2. i. p. 364, & p. 433.

24. On the Nut-hatch (JSitta Puropcea). — Mag, Nat. Hist. i.
p. 328.

25. On the Natural History and Eelations of the Family of
Cuculidce.—Mag. Zool. fy Pot. i. p. 213, & p. 430.

The titles of this long list of publications sufficiently indicate
the wide scope of his zoological acquirements. He became deeply
imbued, at an early period, with Mr. W. S. MacLeay's views on
the circular succession of affinities, and the strict numerical re-
lations of the several groups ; and carried out these principles,
with some peculiar modifications of his own, through nearly all
the classes of the animal kingdom. As a zoological draughtsman
he also attained high distinction, combining the skill of a practised
artist with the accuracy of a well-instructed naturalist, and thus
giving to his representations of animals a double interest as
accurate copies of nature embellished by a refined taste in art.

The Pev. William Webb, P.P., Master of Clare Hall in the
University of Cambridge, was the son of "William Webb, M.A.,
Master of Bishop Vesey's Grammar-school at Sutton-Coldfield,
near Birmingham, and a magistrate of the county of "Warwick.
He was born at Sutton-Coldfield in February 1775, and educated
at home until sent to Clare Hall in 1793, where he took his
degrees of B.A. 1797, M.A. 1800, B.D. 1808, and D.D. 1816.
He became Fellow and Tutor of his College, and in 1815 was
unanimously elected Master, which office he filled for the long
period of forty-one years, during which he was twice Vice- Chan-
cellor of the University. Previous to his election as Master, he
held for a short time the living of Fornham near Bury St. Ed-
munds, and subsequently that of Litlington near Cambridge. At
this place, during his incumbency, in the year 1821, a Roman
cemetery was opened, which yielded an extraordinary store of
sepulchral vessels. These are now preserved in the library at
Clare Hall, and are described in two papers in the ' Archaeologia,'
vols. 25 and 26, accompanied by plates from drawings made by
Mrs. "Webb. By this lady, to whom he was married in 1815,
during his short connexion with the rectory of Fornham, he had
several children, one of whom, a son, alone survives. Dr. "Webb

liv PROCEEDINGS OE THE

is stated to have rendered great services both to his College and
to the University. He collected a very valuable library of topo-
graphical, antiquarian and botanical works, as well as a consider-
able number of articles of virtu, which have been sold by auction
since his death. He was elected a Fellow of the Linnean Society
in 1815, and died at Litlington, on the 4th of January in the
present year, in the 81st year of his age.

The only death which it is my duty to record as having occurred
among our Foreign Members during the past year, is that of

Johcmn Christoph Friedrich Klug, Doctor of Medicine and Phi-
losophy, for the last thirty-eight years Extraordinary Professor in
the University of Berlin, and one of the Directors of the Eoyal
Zoological Museum of that capital. Information of the death of
this distinguished entomologist has been so recently communi-
cated to me, that I have not yet had the opportunity of making
myself sufficiently acquainted with the particulars of his life to
give even an imperfect sketch of his career. He was born at
Berlin on the 5th of May 1775, and educated at the University
of Halle, where he printed, in 1797, his inaugural dissertation,
entitled ' Historia Instrument orum ad Polyporum extirpationem.'
His entomological publications commenced with a valuable ' Mo-
nographia Siricum Germanise,' published at Berlin in 4to, 1803 ;
and this has been followed by a long succession of monographs
(chiefly on the stinging Hymenoptera) and other works, extending
nearly to the present time. Of these thirty-five are enumerated
in the ' Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise ' of the Eay Society.
As Keeper of one of the most extensive and best-arranged collec-
tions of insects in Europe, he had ample opportunities of con-
tributing to entomological science, not only by his own labours,
but also by the assistance which he was ever ready to afford in
facilitating the labours of others.

The Secretary also announced that nineteen Fellows had been
elected since the last Anniversary.

At the Election which subsequently took place, Thomas Bell,
Esq. was re-elected President ; William Yarrell, Esq., Treasurer ;
John Joseph Bennett, Esq., Secretary ; and Eichard Taylor, Esq.,
Under-Secretary. The following Five Fellows were elected into
the Council in the room of others going out : — Bobert Bentley,
Esq. ; L. L. Dillwyn, Esq. ; Eichard Owen, Esq. ; Joseph Woods,
Esq. y and James Yates, Esq.

LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON. lv

The President nominated Francis Boott, Esq., M.D. ; Robert
Brown, Esq. ; Richard Owen, Esq. ; and William Tarrell, Esq.,
Vice-Presidents for the ensuing year.

The President proposed the Election of His Majesty Don Pedro,
King of Portugal, as one of the Honorary Members; which,
having been put to the Society by open vote, was carried unani-
mously.

June 3rd, 1856.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. William Penny was elected an Associate.

J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S., made some observations on a
Lepidopterous Insect infesting the Sugar-canes of the Island of
Mauritius, and greatly diminishing the saccharine products (see
" Zoological Proceedings," p. 101) ; and a Conversation followed
among the Members present on the best means of destroying the
insect and thereby preventing its ravages.

Read, a " Note on the development oiFtmgi upon Patna Opium;"
by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., E.L.S. &c. (See " Botanical
Proceedings," p. 143.)

June 17th, 1856.

Special General Meeting.

Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The Meeting having been specially summoned "to consider
a proposal from Her Majesty's Government to give Apartments
to the Linnean Society in Burlington House," contained in a
Letter addressed by the Secretary of the Treasury to the President
of the Royal Society, and printed at p. xxxii, it was moved by
Joseph Dalton Hooker, Esq., M.D., seconded by John Eorster,
Esq., and resolved unanimously : —

That the Council be authorized to place itself in communication
with the Councils of the Royal and Chemical Societies, with
the view of carrying out the proposal of the Government, as
to the occupation of Burlington House.

lvi PBOCEEDINGS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON.

June 17th, 1856.
Ordinary Meeting.
Thomas Bell, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Joseph Wainwright, Esq. was elected a Fellow.

Bead, a Paper " On a New Organ in Insects ;" by J. B. Hicks,
Esq., M.D., F.L.S. (See " Zoological Proceedings,' » p. 136.)

Read also, a Paper " On a New Species of P««;" by Fre-
derick Currey, Esq., F.L.S.

Read further, " Notes on some rare or undescribed Fungi lately
found in the vicinity of Malvern, Worcestershire;" by Edwin
Lees, Esq., F,L.S.

lvii

ADDITIONS

TO THE

LIBRARY OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY

RECEIVED FROM JANUARY 1, 1856, TO JUNE 30, 1856.

[Continued from page xv.]

Titles. Donobs.

Academies and Societies.

Basel : — Naturforschende G-esellschaft. Verhandlungen, heft 2.
Basel, 1855, 8vo. The Society.

Batavia: — Natuurkundige Yereeniging voor Nederlandsch
Indie. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift. Meuwe Serie, deel 5, afl.
5 & 6, & deel 6, an. 3-6. Batavia, 1855, 8vo. The Society.

Berlin : — Yerein znr Beforderung des Gartenbaues in den K.
prenssischen Staaten. Yerhandlnngen. band 16-19, bd.
20, heft 1, & band 21. Berlin, 1842-53, 4to.

: Neue Eeihe, jahrg. 3. lb. 1855, 8vo. The Society.

Bombay : — Hon. East India Company's Observatory. Mag-
netieal and Meteorological Observations made at, in the
years 1852 & 1853. Bombay, 1855, 4to. The Company.

Breslau: — Imperial Academy "Naturae Curiosorum." Nova
Acta, torn. 24, suppl. & torn. 25, pars 1. Yratislaviae et
Bonnse, 1854-55, 4to. The Academy.

Calcutta : — Asiatic Society. Asiatic Besearches, vol. 18. Cal-
cutta, 1833, 4to. The Society.

Charleston, S. C. : — Elliott Society of Natural History. Pro-
ceedings, No. 1. 1853, 8vo. The Society.

Cherbourg : — Societe Imp. des Sciences Naturelles. Memoires,
torn. 2. Cherbourg, 1854, 8vo. The Society.

Dublin: — Geological Society. Journal, vol. 7, parts 1 & 2.
Dublin, 1856, 8vo. The Society.

Erankfort : — Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gresellschaft.
Abhandlungen. band 1, lief. 2. Erankfort-a-M., 1855, 4to.
Schadel abnormen Eorms, in geometrischen Abbildungen,
&c.,vonDr.J.C.G.Luc85. lb. 1855, fol. The Society.

lviii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBEAEY.

Titles. Donoes.

Academies and Societies (continued).

G-eneva : — Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle. Me-
moires, tom.14, part. 1. Geneve, 1855, 4to. The Society.
Gottingen : — Konigl. Gesellschaft der "Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen, band 6. Gottingen, 1856, 4to.
Nachrichten, &c, vom Jahre 1855 (Nos. 1-18.). lb. 8vo.

The Society.
Hobart Town : — Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land.

Papers and Proceedings, vol. 2, part 3. Hobart Town,

1854, 8vo.
Tasmanian Contributions to the Exhibition of Industry at
Paris, 1855, fol.
The Society, through Joseph Milligabt, Esq. E.L.S.
Liege: — Societe des Sciences. Memoires, tome 10. Liege,
1855, 8vo. The Society.

London : —
British Museum, Catalogues of the Collections in.

List of the Specimens of Birds, part 4. London, 1856,12mo.
Catalogue of Shield Reptiles, part 1. lb. 1855, 4to.
List of Lepidopterous Insects, parts 6 & 7. lb. 1855-56,

12mo.
Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects, part 8. lb. 1855, 12mo.
Catalogue of the Crustacea, part 1. lb. 1855, 12mo.
List of the Mollusca, part 1. lb. 1855, 12mo.
List of the Specimens of British Animals, part 17. lb.
1855, 12mo. The Tetjstees.

Entomological Society. Transactions. New Series, vol. 3,
parts 7 & 8. London, 1856, 8vo. The Society.

Exhibition of the "Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851.
Eirst Report of the Commissioners. London, 1852.

William Matchwick, Esq.

Third ditto. lb. 1856, 8vo. The Commissionees.

Geological Society. Quarterly Journal, nos. 45 & 46. London,
1856, 8vo. The Society.

Royal Society.

Philosophical Transactions, part 2 for 1855. London, 1855,

4to.
Proceedings, vol. 7, nos. 16-20. lb. 1856, 8vo.
List of the Members, Nov. 30, 1855, 4to. The Society.
Royal Agricultural Society. Journal, vol. 16, part 2. Lon-
don, 1856, 8vo. The Society.

additions to the libbaey. hi

Titles. Donobs.

Academies and Societies {continued).

Royal Asiatic Society. Journal, vol. 16, part 2. London,
1856, 8vo. The Society.

Eoyal Astronomical Society.

Memoirs, vol. 24. London, 1856, 4to.
Monthly Notices, vol. 15. lb. 1855, 8vo. The Society.
Eoyal Geographical Society.

Journal, vol. 25. London, 1855, 8vo.
Proceedings, nos. 1-3. lb. 1856, 8vo. The Society.

Society of Arts. Journal, nos. 163-188. London, 1856, 8vo.

The Society.
Zoological Society.

Proceedings, nos. 296-298- London, 1855, 8vo.
Illustrations to ditto, for 1850-52, 8vo. The Society.

Madrid : — Real Academia de Ciencias.

Memorias. 3ra serie. Ciencias Jtfaturales, tomo 1, pte. 3.
Madrid, 1853, 4to.

lra serie. Ciencias HJxactas, tomo 1, pte. 1. lb.

1853, 4to.
Eesumen de las Actas, &c. lb. 1851-53, 4to.

The Academy.
Munich : — Konigl. Bayerische Akademie der "Wissenschaften.
Abhandlungen der mathem.-physikal. Classe, bd. 7, abth. 3.

Miinchen, 1855, 4to.
G-elehrte Aiizeigen, bande 40 & 41. lb. 1855, 4to.
Almanach fur das Jahr 1855. lb. 8vo.
Verzeichniss von Yerlagsschriften der Akademie, 8vo.
Eeden gehalten von Pr. von Thiersch, Nov. 28, 1854?
Marz 28, 1855, & Nov. 28, 1855. Miinchen, 1855,
4to.
Denkrede auf Dr. Thad. Siber & Dr. GJ-. S. Ohm, vorge-
tragen am 28 Marz, 1855, von Dr. Lamont. lb. 1855, 4to.
Ueber die Grliederung der Bevolkerung des Konigreichs
Bayern, von Dr. von Hermann. lb. 1855, 4to.

The Academy.
Neustadt a.-d.-H. : — Pollichia (ein naturwissenschaftliche Yerein
der Bayerischen Pfalz.) . Jahresberichte 12 & 13. Neu-
stadt a.-d.-H., 1854-55, 8vo. The Association.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne : — Tyneside Naturalists' Pield Club.

Transactions, vol. 2. part 4, and vol. 3, part 1. Newcastle,
1854-55, 8vo. The Club.

ix additions to the library.

Titles. Donors.

Academies and Societies (continued).
Paris : —

Societe Botanique. Bulletin, tome 1, nos. 2-7, tome 2,
nos. 1-11, and tome 3, no. 1. Paris, 1854-56, 8vo.

The Society.
Academie des Sciences de l'lnstitut de France. Comptes
rendus, tomes 40 & 41. Paris, 1855, 4to. The Academy.
Philadelphia : — Academy of Natural Sciences.

Journal, new series, vol. 2, part 4. Philadelphia, 1854, fol.
Proceedings, vol. 2, no. 2, vol. 6, nos. 7-12, and vol. 7, no. 1.
lb. 1853-54, 8vo. The Academy.

Stettin : — Entomologischer Verein.

Entomologische Zeitung, jahrgang 16. Stettin, 1855, 8vo.
Linnaea Entomologica, band 10. Berlin, 1855, 8vo.

The Association.
Turin: — Eeale Accademia delle Scienze. Memorie, Serie 2,
tomo 15. Torino, 1855, 4to. The Academy.

Vienna : —

Kaiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaffcen. Sitzungsberichte,
Mathem.-naturw. Classe. Band 16, heft 2, and band 17,
heft 1-3. Wien, 1855, 8vo. The Academy.

K. K. Geologische Reichsanstalt.

Abhandlungen, band 2. "Wien, 1855, 4to.
Jahrbuch, jahrg. 6, nos.l & 2. lb. 1855, 8vo.The Institute.
Wurzburg : — Physicalisch-medicinische G-esellschaft. Verhand-
lungen, band 6, hefte 2 & 3. Wurzburg, 1855-56, 8vo.

The Society.

Alder (J.) and Hancock (A.) Monograph of the British Nudi-
branchiate Mollusca, pts. 1-4. London, 1845-48, fol.

R. Kippist, Esq., Libr. L.S.

Backhouse (J. jun.) Monograph of the British Hieracia. York,
1856, 8vo. The Author.

Baily (E.) Journal of a Tour in unsettled parts of North America
in 1796 & 1797. London, 1856, 8vo. Miss Baily.

Belcher (Sir E.) The last of the Arctic Voyages ; being a Nar-
rative of the Expedition in H.M.S. "Assistance," in search of
Sir John Franklin, during the years 1852-54 ; with Notes on
the Natural History, by Sir J. Bichardson, Professor Owen, T.
Bell, J. W. Salter, and L. Reeve. 2 vols. London, 1855, 8vo.
The Publisher, L. Reeve, Esq., F.L.S.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY, lxi

Titles. Donors.

Bentley (E.) On a monstrosity of the Papaver bracteatum, 1856,
8vo. The Author.

On the distinctive characters of the roots of Aconitum Na-

pellus and Cochlearia Armoracia. 1856, 8vo. The Author.
Brewer (J. A.) New Mora of the Neighbourhood of Beigate,
Surrey. London, 1856, 8vo. The Author.
Burchell (W. J.) Travels in the Interior of Southern Africa. 2
vols. London, 1822-24, 4to. The Author.
Dallas (~W. S.) Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. Lon-
don, 1856, 8vo. The Author.
Dana (J. D.) Second Supplement to his Mineralogy, 1856, 8vo.
Science and the Bible : a Beview of " The Six Days of Cre-
ation," by Prof. T. Lewis. Andover (Mass.), 1856, 8vo.

The Author.
Ferguson (W.) America, by Biver and Bail. London, 1856, 8vo.

The Author.
Hanley (S.) Ipsa Linnaei Conchylia : the Shells of Linnaeus, de-
termined from his MSS. and Collections. London, 1855, 8vo.

The Author.

Headland (F. "W".) On poisoning by the root of Aconitum JVa~

pellus. London, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Hooker (J. D.) Botany of the Antarctic Voyage : Division 3.

Flora of Tasmania ; parts 1 & 2. London, 1855-56, 4to.

The Author and Publisher.

Johnson (C.) and Sowerby (J. E.) Fern-Allies of Great Britain,

parts 3-6. London, 1856, 8vo. J. E. Sowerby, Esq.

Johnston (G.) History of British Zoophytes. London, 1838, 8vo.

William Tarrell, Esq., V.P.L.S.

History of British Sponges and Lithophytes. Edinburgh,

1842, 8vo. T. C. Janson, Esq., F.L.S.

Jones (T. B.) Notes- on the Palaeozoic Bivalved Entomostraca.
no. 3. 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Journals : —

Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Parties Zoologique et Bota-

nique. 4eme serie, tome 4, nos. 1-5. Paris, 1855, 8vo.
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 2nd series, nos. 97-
102. London, 1856, 8vo.

Bichard Taylor, Esq., Under-Sec. L.S.
Botanical Magazine ; edited by Sir W. J. Hooker, K.H., F.B.S.
and L.S. 3rd series, nos. 133-138. London, 1856, 8vo.

llii ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.

Titles. Donors.

Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany; edited by

Sir W. J. Hooker, K.H. &c. Nos. 84-89. London, 1856, 8vo.

The Publisher, L. Reeve, Esq., F.L.S.

LinnaBa; herausgegebenvonD.F.L.vonSchlechtendal. Band 26,

heft 3, and band 27, heft. 2-4. HaUe, 1853-55, 8vo.

The Editor.

Literary Gazette, nos. 2033-2040, and New Series, nos. 1-18.

London, 1856, 4to. The Publisher, L. Eeeve, Esq., F.L.S.

Medical Independent, and Monthly Review of Medicine and

Surgery; by Drs. Goadby, Kane, and Robinson, nos. 1-3,

Detroit, U.S., 1856, 8vo. Henry Goadby, M.D., F.L.S.

Nya Botaniska Notiser, nos. 9-12 for 1854, and nos. 1-12 for

1855. Utgifne af K. P. Thedenius. Stockholm, 1854-56, 8vo.

The Editor.

Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions ; edited by Jacob Bell,

Esq.,:P.L.S. Nos. 175-180. London, 1856, 8vo. The Editor.

Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 4th series,

nos. 69-74. London, 1856, 8vo.

Richard Taylor, Esq., Under-Sec. L.S.
Phytolegist : new series, nos. 9-14. London, 1856, 8vo.

The Publisher, W. Pamplin, Esq., A.L.S.
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science ; by Edwin Lan-
kester, M.D., and George Busk, Esq. Nos. 14 & 15. Lon-
don, 1856, 8vo. The Microscopical Society.
Zoologist ; edited by Edward Newman, Esq., F.L.S. Nos. 159-
164. London, 1856, 8vo. The Editor.
Kirby (Rev. W.) and Spence (W.) Introduction to Entomology.
7th edition. London, 1856, 8vo.

William Spence, Esq., F.R. &L.S.
Lindley (J.) Folia Orchidacea, vol. 1. London, 1852-55, 8vo.

The Author.

Lowe (E. J.) Natural History of Ferns, British and Exotic, parts

1-14. London, 1855-56, 8vo. The Author.

Lucae (J. C. G.) Symmetria et Asymmetria Organorum Animali-

tatis ; imprimis Cranii. Marburgi, 1839, 4to. The Author.

Lyell (Sir C.) On the successive changes of the Temple of Serapis.

1856, 8vo. • The Author.

Macarthur (Sir W.) and Moore (C.) Catalogue des Collections de

bois indigenes de la Colonie "New South Wales," Australia.

Paris (1855), 4to. William Matchwick, Esq.

ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY. lxiii

Titles. Donors.

Macgillivray (W.) Natural History of the Dee-side and Braemar ;

edited by Edwin Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. London, 1855, 8vo.

H.E.H. Prince Albert, Hon.M.L.S.

Martineau (H.) Guide to the English Lakes ; with an account of
the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Mosses of the district ; by
W. Dickinson, F.L.S. Windermere (1855), 8vo.

William Dickinson, Esq.

Martins (Ch.) Memoire sur la temperature des Oiseaux Palmi-
pedes du Nord de l'Europe. Montpellier, 1856, 4to.

The Author.

Martius (C. F. von) Beitrag zur Natur- und Literar-Geschichte
der Agaveen. Miinchen, 1855, 4to. The Author.

Tabulae Vegetationis in Brasilia physiognomiam illustrantes,

1856, fol. The Author.

Moore (T.) Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland (Nature-printed),
parts 10-15. London, 1856, fol. Henry Bradbury, Esq.

Illustrations of Orchidaceous Plants, part 13. London, 1856,

8vo. The Author.

Miiller (F.) Report of his Journey to Omeo, 1854, \ sheet ; and

Annual Report, as Government Botanist, for 1854. Mel-
bourne, 1855, fol. H.M. Government.

Planchon (J. E.) Des Hermodactes, au point de vue Botanique
et Pharmaceutique. Paris, 1856, 4to. The Author.

Eadlkofer (L.) Die Befruchtung der Phanerogamen. Leipzig,
1856, 4to. The Author.

Salter (T. B.) Monthly Lists (for Jan. Feb. and April, 1856) of
the plants flowering in the open air in Ryde and the neigh-
bourhood. The Author.

Shuttleworth (R. J.) Notitiaa Malacologies : oder, Beitrage zur
nahern Kenntniss der Mollusken. Heft 1. Bern, 1856, 8vo.

The Author.

Smith (W.) Synopsis of the British Diatomaceae, the plates by T.
West. vol. 2. London, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

South (Sir J.) Letter in reply to the Obituary Notice of the late
Rev. R. Sheepshanks. London, 1856, 8vo. The Author.

Ville (G!) Recherches experimentales sur la Vegetation. Paris,
1856, 8vo. The Author.

Walker (F.) Insecta Saundersiana. Diptera, parts 2 & 5. Lon-
don, 1850-56, 8vo. W. W. Saunders, Esq., F.L.S.

Insecta Britannica. Diptera. vol 3. lb. 1856, 8vo.

T. C. Janson, Esq., F.L.S.

lxiv DONATIONS TO THE MUSEUM.

Titles. Donobs.

Wrottesley (Lord) Address read at the Anniversary Meeting of
the Royal Society, Nov. 30, 1855. London, 1855, 8vo.

The Royal Society.
Yates (J.) Narrative of the Origin and Formation of the Inter-
national Association for obtaining a uniform Decimal System of
Measures, "Weights, and Coins. 2nd edition. London, 1856,
8vo. The Author.

Anon. Correspondence relating to the Lancet Sanitary Commis-
sion ; with an appendix of documents. London, 1856, 8vo.

Dr. Hassall.

donations

TO THE

MUSEUM OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

[Continued from page xvi.]

Donations. Donoes.

Photographic Portraits of Thomas Bell, Esq., Pres.L.S. ; Robert

Brown, Esq., V.P. ; Francis Boott, Esq., M.D., V.P. ; William

Tarrell, Esq., Y.P. ; J. S. Bowerbank, Esq., F.L.S. ; and N. B.

Ward, Esq., F.L.S. Messrs. Maull and Polyblank.

Dried Specimens of Arctic Plants, collected by Dr. Rae.

Sir John Richaedson, C.B., F.R. & L.S.
Dried Specimens of about 130 species of East Australian Plants,
collected by Dr. Ferdinand Miiller. Dr. Mulleb.

Cluster of the fruit of Alpinia Renealmia ? from Jamaica.

Gh Robeets, Esq., through D. Hanbuey, Esq., F.L.S.
Specimens of the fruit of Paulownia imperialis, Sieb. & Zucc,
ripened during the last summer in the open air at Paris.

William Matchwick, Esq.
Specimen (in spirit) of Sphceria militaris, growing from the chry-
salis of an insect ; found by the Rev. C. A. Johns in June, 1855,
among dead leaves, in Buckleigh Yale, Devon.

Rev. C. A. Johns, B.A., F.L.S.

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

LINNEAN SOCIETY OP LONDON

On the Katepo, a supposed poisonous Spider of New Zealand ;
extracted from a letter addressed by Thomas Shearman
Balph, Esq., A.L.S., to R. Kippist, Esq., Libr. L.S., dated
Wellington, New Zealand, 18th April, 1855.

[Read November 6th, 1855.]

This spider is chiefly, if not only, met with under the low
scrubby bushes which exist on the sand-hills along the shore ; and
is frequent in the neighbourhood of Otaki. They build their
retreat under the branches of the shrubs close to the ground, and
make no regular net, but irregular galleries of webbing, entangled
with bits of leaves and minute fragments of wood ; and judging
from the remains of beetles' wings, I suppose that their principal
food consists of insects of that class. Their nests are round, and
contain from fifty to sixty eggs: when first hatched, the young-
present a very different appearance from the full-grown spiders.
I have several times kept them in a bottle ; but although fed with
sand flies, and occasionally with fine fragments of raw beef, on
which I have seen them occupied, they entangle each other and so
get destroyed : otherwise I have not been able to obtain casts of
their skins. At this period they are white, dotted with black
spots, there being about six pairs of black dots along the body ;
and the legs are banded with black marks. The next stage, or
Linn. Pkoc. — Zoology. 1

2 ME. BELL ON THE HABITS OF AEGYEONETA AQUATICA.

at least one larger in size, has the body white or grey, with a
beautiful orange-coloured band along the whole length of the back.
This band is angulated, consisting of a series of squares, placed
obliquely and connected at their angles with an edging of white ;
and on each side of it are two smaller black ones similarly con-
stituted ; the limbs are banded with brownish marks. The full-
grown spider is of a beautiful black ; the golden band is exchanged
for an orange-red one of the same shape ; but as the successive
coats are thrown off, it ceases to be marked at the thoracic end,
being visible only towards the tail. The body of the female is
larger and rounder. This spider is reputed to be venomous by
the natives, who will not touch them on any account ; but how far
this is really the case I am scarcely able to determine, having
only met with one European, who affirmed that he had been
bitten by one, and had had an inflamed leg in consequence ; but
his belief in the cause of this inflammation was founded on na-
tive authority. I have hitherto only been able myself to make
with them the following experiment : — I placed a lively unhurt
mouse in a glass bottle with a fine Katepo, and by dint of
shaking the bottle, at length induced the spider to bite the mouse
in two places, first on the tail, and secondly on the paw, which
latter injury the mouse resented by biting the spider and killing
it. The mouse was kept supplied with air, and was found dead
within eighteen hours, its body being wet, as though a quantity of
urine had been discharged over it. The bottle was quite dry and
clear before the spider and mouse were placed in it.

Bemarks on some Habits of Argyroneta aquatica. By Thomas
Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S.

[Eead November 20th, 1855.]
Ik consequence of some observations which were made by Mr.
Gosse at the last Meeting of the Society, in which he stated his
opinion that the Argyroneta never fills its bell with air brought
from the surface, but that it becomes gradually filled with oxygen
evolved from the vegetation casually going on beneath the web, I
immediately obtained several specimens of the animal for the pur-
pose of setting the question at rest, and the following are the
results of my observations : —

No. 1. Placed in an upright cylindrical vessel of water, in which
was a rootless plant of Stratiotes, on the afternoon of Nov. 14.
By the morning it had constructed a very perfect oval cell filled

MR. BELL ON THE HABITS OF ARGYRONETA AQUATICA. 3

with air, about the size of an acorn. In this it has remained
stationary up to the present time.

No. 2. — Nov. 15. In another similar vessel, also furnished with
a plant of Stratiotes, I placed six Argyronetce. The one now
referred to began to weave its beautiful web about five o'clock in
the afternoon. After much preliminary preparation, it ascended
to the surface, and obtained a bubble of air, with which it imme-
diately and quickly descended, and the bubble was disengaged from
the body, and left in connexion with the web. As the nest was,
on one side, in contact with the glass, enclosed in an angle formed
by two leaves of the Stratiotes, I could easily observe all its move-
ments. Presently it ascended again and brought down another
bubble which was similarly deposited. In this way no less than
fourteen journeys were performed, sometimes two or three, very
quickly one after another, at other times with a considerable
interval between them, during which the little animal was em-
ployed in extending and giving shape to the beautiful transparent
bell, getting into it, pushing it out at one place, and rounding it
at another, and strengthening its attachment to the supports. At
length it seemed to be satisfied with its dimensions, when it crept
into it and settled itself to rest with the head downwards. The
cell was now the size and nearly the form of half an acorn cut
transversely, the smaller and rounded part being uppermost.

No. 3. The only difference between the movements of this and
the former was, that it was rather quicker in forming its cell. In
neither vessel was there a single bubble of oxygen evolved by the
plant.

The manner in which the animal possesses itself of the bubble
of air is very curious, and, as far as I know, has never been ex-
actly described. It ascends to the surface slowly, assisted by a
thread attached to the leaf or other support below, and to the sur-
face of the water. As soon as it comes near the surface, it turns
with the extremity of the abdomen upwards, and exposes a portion
of the body to the air for an instant ; then with a jerk it snatches
as it were a bubble of air, which is not only attached to the hairs
which cover the abdomen, but is held on by the two hinder legs,
which are crossed at an acute angle near their extremity ; this
crossing of the legs taking place at the instant the bubble is seized.
The little creature then descends more rapidly, and regains its
cell, always by the same route, turns the abdomen within it, and
disengages the bubble.

No. 4. Several of them, when I received them, had the hair on

1*

4 MR. WALKER'S CATALOGUE OF DIPTEROUS INSECTS

the abdomen wetted, and I placed them on some blotting-paper
until they were dry. On returning them to the water, two re-
mained underneath a floating piece of cork, and the hair being
now dry retained the pellicle of air which is ordinarily observed.
One of the two came out of the water, attached the cork to the
glass, and wove a web against the latter, against which it rested
about a quarter of an inch above the surface of the water After
remaining there about two days, it resumed its aquatic habits, and
like all the others formed its winter habitation. I have now no
fewer than ten which have formed their cells, in which they are
perfectly at rest, and evidently hibernating.

The general habits of this interesting animal are well described
by De Lignac, De Greer, Walckenaer, and others, and an excellent
resume of the whole observations is given by the latter author, in
his ' Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Apteres.'

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Singapore and
Malacca by Mr. A. R. "Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Francis "Walker, Esq., F.L.S.

[Bead January 15th, 1856.]

Mr. A. E. Wallace, so well known for his natural-history re-
searches in the valley of the Amazons, and for the extensive and
valuable collections sent home by him from that portion of South
America, has now turned his attention to the eastern world, and
is actively investigating the natural history of the East Indian
Islands, after having spent some months on the Malay Peninsula.
A large portion of Mr. Wallace's entomological collections pass
into my hands, and being desirous of making his labours scienti-
fically useful, I have requested Mr. F. Walker, who has such an
intimate knowledge of the insects belonging to the order Diptera, to
draw up the following catalogue of the dipterous insects discovered
by Mr. Wallace at Singapore and Malacca. My object in so
doing is to establish a kind of starting-point for tracing hereafter,
when all Mr. Wallace's collections shall have come to hand, the
geographical distribution of the Diptera in the very interesting
portion of the globe which Mr. Wallace is now investigating with
such indefatigable zeal. Singapore and Malacca, at the extremity
of the Malay Peninsula, are well placed for carrying out the pur-
pose I have in view, being in connexion northwards through the

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. O

Burman Empire with the expanded continent of Asia, and south-
wards in close approximation with that archipelago of splendid
islands which run in a chain to the north coast of Australia, and
send off a branch northwards through the Philippine Islands to
the coast of China, touching there again the mainland of Asia.
The present catalogue will be followed very shortly by one detail-
ing the species of Diptera discovered in Borneo, the materials for
which are now nearly all in this country, and other catalogues will
follow until Mr. Wallace's discoveries in the Diptera are exhausted.
That Mr. Wallace will be able to visit all the islands of the Indian
Archipelago is not to be expected ; but still, his plan of exploring
those which have been but little examined in a natural-history point
of view, will open up a large amount of information, which, when
combined with the labours of other naturalists who have been
working in the same districts, will give sufficient facts for laying
down some laws on the geographical distribution of the insects
belonging to the Order which forms the subject of the following
catalogue. The specimens collected at Singapore and Malacca
were taken during the six months commencing with May and ter-
minating with October. Where the altitude of the locality above
the level of the sea of any species is known, this will be found
noted in the proper place, figures will be given to illustrate new
genera or any very remarkable species.

William Wilson Saunders.

14th January, 1856. «

Earn. BIBIONID^E, Holiday.
Gen. Plecia, Hoffmansegg.

1. Plecia dorsalis, n. s., mas et fcem. Atra, thorace rufo, alis nigrican-
tibus.

Male and female. Deep black. Thorax bright pale red. Wings blackish.

Length of the body 2^-3^ lines ; of the wings 7-8 lines.
The totally red thorax of this species distinguishes it from P.fulvicollis, Wied.,
and from P. ignicollis, Walk.
Singapore and Mount Ophir.

Fam. CULICID^E, Haliday.
Gen. Culex, Linn.

2. Culex splendens, Wied. Aass. Ztveifl. i. 3: 3.
Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

3. Culex fuscanus, Wied. Auss. Zweifi. i. 6. 9.
Malacca. Inhabits also Hindostan.

5 MR. WALKER S CATALOGUE OF DIPTEROUS INSECTS

4. Culex ANNULIPES, ii. s., foem. Obscure fuscus, thoracis abdorninisque
lateribus albo-punctatis, pedibus albo-cinctis, alia sublimpidis venis fusco-
ciliatis.

Female. Dark brown. Sides of the thorax and of the abdomen with minute
white dots. Legs with numerous white bands. Wings nearly limpid ;
veins brown, ciliated. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Singapore. (Jungle.)

Fam. TIPTJIADM.

G-en. Limnobia, Meigen.

Div. I. Meig. Zweifl. i. 131. pi. 5. f. 5.

5. Limnobia letjcotelus, n. s., mas. Atra, alis nigricantibus, macula discali
limpida, margine postico subcinereo, apice albo.

Male. Deep black. Wings blackish, with a discal limpid spot ; posterior
border slightly greyish for rather more than half the length from the base ;
tips white. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Singapore.

6. Limnobia plecioides, n. s., fcem. Atra, thorace pallide rufo, alis nigri-
cantibus.

Female. Deep black. Thorax pale red. Wings blackish. Length of the body

7 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.
Singapore.

Div. L. Meig. Zweifl. i. 132. pi. 5. f. 4.

The structure of the wing- veins in the above division is almost, but not quite,
identical with that of the following species.

7. Limnobia dicheoa, n. s., foem. Atra, antennis ferrugineis basi apiceque
nigris, abdomine luteo, basi fasciaque latissima postica nigris, pedibus
testaceis, femoribus tibiisque apice tarsisque nigris, alis fuscescentibus costa
testacea.

Female. Deep black. Antenna? ferruginous, black at the base and at the
tips. Abdomen luteous, black at the base and with a very broad black
band beyond the middle. Legs testaceous ; tarsi and tips of the femora and
of the tibiae black. Wings brownish, testaceous at the base and along the
costa. Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Mount Ophir.

Gen. Ctenophora, Fabr.

8. Ctenophoea chrysophila, n. s., foem. Lutea, abdominis apice nigro,
pedibus pallide luteis, femoribus apice tibiis tarsisque nigris, alis flavescen-
tibus apice nigris margine postico interrupte nigricante.

Female. Bright luteous. Abdomen black towards the tip. Legs pale luteous ;
tibiae, tarsi, and tips of the femora black. Wings yellowish, black towards
the tips, irregularly and interruptedly blackish along the posterior border.
Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 16 Hues.

Singapore.

COLLECTED AT SIXOAPORE AND MALACCA. 7

Fam. STEATIOMID^, Holiday.
Gen. Ptilocera, Wied.

9. Ptilocera quadridentata, Fair. Syst. Antl. 86. 33. (Stratiomys.)
Malacca and Singapore. Inhabits also Java, Sumatra, and the Philippino

Islands.

Gen. Stratiomys, Geoffroy.

10. Stratiomys Lutatius, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 3. 532.
Malacca.

Gen. Clitellaria, Meigen.

11. Clitellaria bivittata, Fabr. Syst. Antl. 79. 5. (Stratiomys.)
Singapore. Inhabits also Java and Sumatra.

12. Clitellaria varia, Walk. Cat. Dipt. 2nd Ser. pt. 1. 63.
Malacca. Inhabits also Java.

13. Clitellaria flaviceps, n. s., foem. Nigra, capite flavo, thorace cinereo
trivittato, scutello bispinoso, abdomine purpureo-cyaneo, ahs cinereis apud
costam nigricantibus.

Female. Black. Head pale yellow. Antennae a little shorter than the thorax.
Thorax a little narrower in front, with three grey stripes. Scutellum with
two stout spines. Abdomen purplish blue ; disk beneath hoary. Wings
dark grey, blackish along the costa; veins black. Halteres whitish.
Var. /3. Smaller. Spines of the scutellum and tarsi whitish, with black
tips. Length of the body 2£-3i lines ; of the wings 5-7 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Cyclooaster, Macquart.

14. Cyclogaster radians, n. s., fcem. Nigra, capite nitido, antennis fulvis
arista albida, thorace cinereo radiis quinque nigris, abdomine subrotundo,
tarsis albidis, ahs cinereis.

Female. Black, rather broad. Head shining. Antennae tawny, with a
pubescent white arista which is as long as the preceding part. Thorax
cinereous, with five black rays, three in front and one on each side. Scutel-
lum obconical, prominent. Abdomen nearly round, cinereous, with three
rows of black spots. Knees and the adjoining part tawny ; tarsi whitish.
Wings limpid ; veins testaceous. Halteres whitish. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Phyllophora, Macquart.

15. Phyllophora angtosta, n. s., mas. Nigra, angusta, sublinearis, antennis
setaceis basi fulvis, thorace producto cinereo -bivittato, pedibus testaceis,
femoribus posterioribus supra piceis, alis cinereis, venis halteribusque
fuscis. *

Male. Black, narrow, nearly linear. Antennae setaceous, tawny towards the
base, a little longer than the head. Thorax elongated, with two cinereous
stripes. Scutellum with four very minute spines. Abdomen hardly broader

MR. WALKERS CATALOGUE OF DIPTEROUS INSECTS

and not longer than the thorax. Legs testaceous j posterior femora piceous
above. Wings cinereous ; veins and halteres brown. Length of the body
2£ hnes ; of the wings 4£ lines.
Singapore.

Gen. Eudmeta, Wied.

16. Eudmeta marginata, Fabr. Syst. Antl. 63. 3. (Hermetia.)
Singapore. Inhabits also Java, Sumatra, and Hindostan.

I

Gen. Massicyta, n. g. {Plate I. fig. 1 .)

Corpus longiusculum, sat angustuni. Caput trans versum, breve, thorace vix
latius. Antenna graciles, thorace paulld breviores ; articulus lu* linearis ;
2US longi-fusiformis, 1° vix longior; 3US acuminatus, minimus. Thorax
longi-ellipticus. Abdomen obclavatum, subpetiolatum, thorace plus dupld
longius. Pedes graciles. Alee elongatae, sat angustae.

Body rather long and narrow. Head transverse, short, very little broader
than the thorax. Antennae slender, a little shorter than the thorax ;
1st joint linear ; 2nd elongate fusiform, very little longer than the 1st ;
3rd acuminated, very minute. Thorax elongate elliptical. Abdomen ob-
clavate, subpetiolated, a little more than twice the length of the thorax.
Legs slender. Wings rather long and narrow ; mediastinal, subcostal,
radial and cubital veins, and median veinlet of the usual structure ; 1st,
2nd and 4th externo-medial veins complete; 3rd abbreviated; subanal
joining the anal at some distance from the border ; discal areolet irregularly
hexagonal, elongated, narrower towards the tip of the wing. .

17. Massicyta bicoloe, n. s., foem. Nigra, antennis basi testaceis apice
albis, pectore scutelloque flavis, illo nigro bimaculato, abdomine testaceo
fasciato, pedibus flavis, femoribus anterioribus tibiisque posticis fusco
fasciatis, femoribus posticis nigris, alis cinereis, apud costam subluridis.

Female. Black, shining, with testaceous pubescence. Mouth testaceous. An-
tennae testaceous towards the base, white at the tips. Pectus and scutellum
yellow, the former with a large black spot on each side. Abdomen with
testaceous bands. Legs yellow ; hind femora black ; anterior femora and
hind tibia? with brown bands. Wings grey, with a slight lurid tinge along
the costa ; veins black. Halteres pale yellow. Length of the body 6-7 lines ;
of the wings 10-12 lines.

Singapore.

G-eii. Sargus, Fabr.

18. Sargus longipennis, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. ii. 34. 11.
Malacca. Inhabits also Java.

19. Sargus luridtts, n. s., mas. Ferrugineus, capite pectoreque testaceis,
antennis fulvis, abdominis segmentis testaceo-fasciatis, apice nigro, pedibus
testaceis, tibiis posticis apice nigris, tarsis posticis nigris apice albidis, alis
luridis apice fuscis.

Male. Ferruginous. Head and pectus testaceous. Antennae tawny. Ab-
domen black towards the tip ; a testaceous band on the hind border of each

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 9

segment. Legs testaceous ; hind tibiae black towards the tips ; hind tarsi
black, with whitish tips. Wings lurid, brown towards the tips ; veins
brown. Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings
14 lines.
Singapore.

Earn. TABANID^E, Leach.
Gen. Tabanus, Linn.

20. Tabanus univentris, Walk. Cat. Dipt, pt. 1. 151.

The description in the above reference will not well apply to the two folio whig
varieties of this species.

Var. 1. Female. Brown. Head testaceous in front and beneath. Thorax
with two testaceous stripes. Abdomen ferruginous, tawny beneath and
with a dorsal stripe of tawny triangular spots. Legs blackish ; femora and
tibiae partly testaceous. Wings dark grey. — Var. 2. Like Yar. 1. Ab-
domen blackish above, with a dorsal stripe of testaceous spots.
Mount Ophir. Inhabits also Borneo.

21. Tabantts paktittjs, n. s., foem. Nigricans, subtus albidus, antennis fulvis
apice nigris, thorace cinerascente cano-quadrivittato, abdomine piceo albido-
trivittato, pedibus testaceis, femoribus tibiisque apice tarsisque nigrican-
tibus, alis subcinereis.

Female. Blackish ; underside and head behind with whitish tomentum. An-
tennae dull tawny, black towards the tips ; angle of the 3rd joint minute
and obtuse. Thorax greyish, with four hoary stripes. Abdomen piceous,
with three whitish 3tripes. Legs testaceous ; tarsi and tips of the femora
and of the tibiae blackish. Wings greyish, stigma and veins black ; fore
branch of the cubital vein simple, nearly straight. Length of the body
6 lines j of the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

Note. — T. rubidus, Wied., is very closely allied to the above species, but may
be distinguished from it by the following characters.

T. rubidus. Front with the callus quite entire. Antennae blackish. Middle

stripe of the abdomen composed of triangular spots. Wings greyish.
T. partitus. Smaller. Front with the callus almost interrupted. Antennae

pale tawny, with darker tips. Middle stripe of the abdomen entire, parallel.

Wings quite limpid.

Gen. Chrysops, Meigen.

22. Chrysops dispar, Fabr. Syst. Awtl. 112. 5.

Mount Ophir and Malacca. Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

Fam. ASILID.E, £each.
Subfam. Dasypogonites, Walk.
Gen. Discocephala, Macquart.

23. Discocephala doksalis, n. s., foem. Nigricans, thorace subgibboso,

10 MB. WALKEB' S CATALOGUE OF DIPTEROUS INSECTS

lateribus pectoreque testaceis, pedibus posticis longiusculis sat validis, tibiis
posticis subarcuatis, alis subcinereis apice obscurioribus.

Female., Blackish. Thorax somewhat gibbous ; sides and pectus testaceous.
Hind legs rather long and stout ; hind tibise somewhat curved. Wings
greyish, rather darker at the tips ; veins black. Length of the body 5 lines ;
of the wings 12 lines.

Malacca.

Subfam. Laphrites, Walk.
Gen. Laphria, Fair.

24. Laphria Reinwardtii, Wied. Auss. Zweifi. i. 503. 7.
Malacca. Inhabits also Java and Sumatra.

25. Laphria notabilis, n. s., mas et foem. Nigra, capite thoracisque maculis
quatuor transversis lateralibus auratis aut albis, abdominis lateribus albo-
maculatis, pedibus pallide flavis aut albis, femoribus tibiisque apice tarsis-
que nigris, alis fuscis basim versus sublimpidis.

Male and Female. Black. Head with pale gilded or white tomentum. Face
convex towards the epistoma. Mystax with a few black bristles. Proboscis
straight, porrect, linear. Third joint of the antennae slender, linear, about
twice the length of the 1st and 2nd together. Thorax with two transverse
marks on each side of gilded or white tomentum ; scutellum, sides of the
hind part of the thorax, and spots on the pectus of the same hue. Segments
of the abdomen with a white spot and a few black setae on each side. Legs
pale yellow or white, with hairs of the same hue and with a few black setae ;
coxa?, tarsi, and tips of the femora and of the tibise black. Wings dark
brown, almost limpid towards the base which is brown. Halteres pale
yellow or whitish. Length of the body 7-9 lines ; of the wings 14-18 lines.

Malacca and Mount Ophir.

26. Laphria Vulcanus, Wied. Auss. Zweifi. i. 514. 25.
Malacca. Inhabits also Java.

27. Laphria alternans, Wied. Auss. Zweifi. i. 511. 20.
Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

28. Laphria Orcus, n. s., foem. Nigra, nigro-hirsuta, scutello nigro-cyaneo,
abdomine pedibusque nigro-purpureis, alis nigricantibus areolarum discis
pallidioribus, halteribus albidis.

Female. Black, with black hairs and bristles. Face slightly convex. Mystax
with numerous black bristles, extending over the whole surface. Scutellum
dark blue. Abdomen and legs dark purple, the latter with whitish hairs
on the coxse. Wings blackish ; disks of several of the areolets much paler ;
veins black. Halteres whitish. Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings
14 lines,

Malacca.

29. Laphria aurifacies, Macq. Dipt. Fxot. Suppl. hi. 22. 33, pi. 2. f. 5.
Singapore and Malacca. Inhabits also the Moluccas.

30. Laphria elegans, Walk. Cat. Dipt. 2nd Ser. 551. 126.
Mount Ophir. Inhabits also Hindostan.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AtfD MALACCA. 11

31. Lapheia basifeea, n. 8., fcem. Obscure nigra, capite albido tomentoso,
mystace nigro, antennarum articulo 3° fusiforini, thorace cano-sexvittato,
abdominis lateribus albido-maculatis, apice conipresso, alis subcinereis basi
sublimpidis costae dimidio apicali fuscescente.

Female. Dull black. Head with whitish tomentum and hairs. Face slightly
convex towards the epistoma. Mystax with several black bristles. Proboscis
lanceolate, stout, straight. Third joint of the antennae fusiform, as long as
the 1st and the 2nd. Thorax with six hoary stripes ; the middle pair parallel,
linear, very slender and almost contiguous. Abdomen with whitish spots
along each side, compressed at the tip. Legs with whitish hairs and with
black bristles. Wings greyish, almost limpid towards the base, brownish
along the apical part of the costa ; veins black. Length of the body 6 lines ;
of the wings 12 lines.

Singapore.

This may be the female of the following species.

32. Lapheia eadicalis, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite argenteo, mystace nigro,
antennarum articulo 3° lineari, thorace strigis quatuor lateralibus transversis
vittisque duabus intermediis albidis, abdominis lateribus albido-maculatis,
ventre testaceo, alis nigro-fuscis dimidio basali limpido.

Male. Black. Head beneath with whitish hairs. Face flat, with silvery-
white tomentum. Mystax with a few black bristles. Proboscis linear,
rather slender. Third joint of the antennae linear, a little longer than the
1st and the 2nd. Thorax with two transverse whitish marks on each side,
and with two whitish middle stripes which are broader and further apart
than those of L. has if era. Pectus with testaceous whitish tomentum. Ab-
domen with a row of whitish spots along each side ; underside testaceous
except at the tip. Legs with blackish hairs ; femora with testaceous hairs.
Wings blackish brown, limpid for almost half the length from the base ;
veins black. Halteres whitish. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings
10 lines. *

Mount Ophir, at the height of 4000 feet.

33. Lapheia inatteea, n. s., foem. Obscure nigra, capite, thoracis lateribus,
pectore abdominisque marginibus fulvo-tomentosis, mystace nigro, anten-
narum articulo 3° longi-fusiformi, thorace cinereo-bivittato, abdomine ferru-
gineo, apice nigro, alis obscure fuscis basi pallidioribus.

Female. Dull black. Head, sides of the thorax, pectus, and hind borders of
the abdominal segments with tawny tomentum. Face slightly convex
towards the epistoma. Mystax with a few black bristles. Third joint of the
antennae very elongate-fusiform, longer than the 1st and the 2nd. Thorax
with two parallel cinereous stripes. Abdomen ferruginous, black and
shining towards the tip ; underside somewhat cinereous. Legs with tawny
hairs. Wings dark brown, somewhat paler towards the base ; veins black.
Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Singapore.

34. Lapheia basigutta, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite aureo, mystace nigro, an-
tennarum articulo 3° lineari, thorace abdomineque fulvo-tomentosis, alis
nigricantibus basi sublimpidis.

Male. Black. Face almost flat, with pale gilded tomentum. Mystax with

12 MR. WALKER'S CATALOGUE OF DIPTEROUS INSECTS

very few black bristles. Proboscis linear, more slender tban that of L. radi-
calis. Third joint of the antennee linear, a little longer than the 1st and
the 2nd, more slender than that of L. radicalis. Thorax with dull tawny
tomentum ; pectus more cinereous. Abdomen more slightly tawny. Legs
with cinereous hairs and black bristles. Wings blackish, almost limpid
towards the base ; veins black. Halteres tawny. Length of the body 5 lines ;
of the wings 9 lines.
Singapore.

35. Lapheia fusifeea, n. s., foam. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, capite albido,
mystace nigro, antennarum articulo 3° fusiformi, thoracis vittis duabus
pectoreque canis, abdomine apicem versus rufo, alis subcinereis apud costse
dimidium apicale fuscescentibus.

Allied to L. crassipes, Fabr. Female. Blaek, with greyish tomentum. Head
whitish in front, with white hairs beneath ; face very convex towards the
epistoma. Mystax with a few black bristles. Proboscis oblique, ascending,
stout, straight, lanceolate. Third joint of the antennae fusiform. Thorax
with two hoary stripes ; sutures and pectus hoary. Abdomen pale red
towards the tip which is compressed. Legs with whitish hairs and black
bristles. "Wings greyish, brownish for half the breadth along the apical
half of the costa ; veins black. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings
12 lines.

Singapore.

36. Lapheia SOF.EIA, n. s., foem. Nigra, fulvo - tomentosa, capite albo,
mystace nigro, abdominis apice glabro, tibiis ferrugineis, alis cinereis basi
sublimpidis.

Female. Black. Face flat, with shining white tomentum. Mystax with a
few black bristles. Proboscis straight, slender, linear. Thorax and abdomen
with tawny tomentum, the latter bare and shining towards the tip. Pectus
more cinereous. Tibiae somewhat ferruginous. Wings dark cinereous,
almost limpid towards the base ; veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

37. Lapheia plana, n. s., mas. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, capite albido,
mystace nigro, antennarum articulo 3° elliptico, pedibus fulvis, alis cinereis,
halteribus albidis.

Male. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Face whitish, flat. Mystax with
very few black bristles. Proboscis straight, porrect, slightly lanceolate,
somewhat short. Third joint of the antenna? elliptical, a little shorter than
the 1st. Pectus hoary. Legs tawny. Wings grey ; veins black. Halteres
whitish. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.
. Singapore.

38. Lapheia imbellis, n. s., foem. Nigra, cinereo-tomentosa, capite albido,
mystace albo, antennis fulvis, thoracis strigis transversis quatuor lateralibus
vittisque tribus intermediis canis, abdominis segmentis maculis lateralibus
albidis, pedibus fusco-fulvis, alis limpidis apice fuscis, halteribus albidis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head with white hairs beneath.
Face whitish, slightly convex towards the epistoma. Mystax with a few

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 13

white bristles. Proboscis lanceolate, short, straight, porrect. Antennae
tawny. Thorax with two transverse hoary marks on each side, and with
three indistinct hoary stripes. Pectus whitish. Abdominal segments with
a transverse whitish spot on each side of the hind border. Legs tawny,
with paler hairs ; coxae black ; anterior tarsi towards the tips, hind tarsi
at the base, and hind tibiae brown. Wings limpid, brown at the tips ;
veins black. Halteres whitish. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings
10 lines.
Singapore. '

Subfam. Asilites, Walk.
Gen. Asilus, Linn.

39. Asilus fttsifoemis, n. s., foem. Niger, cinereo-tomentosus, capite albido,
mystace testaceo, thoracis vittis tribus pectoreque canis, abdominis apice
compresso glabro, pedibus rufis, tarsis nigris, femoribus anterioribus nigro-
maculatis, alis subcinereis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head whitish in front, rather
thickly clothed with whitish hairs ; a few black bristles behind ; face slightly
convex towards the epistoma. Mystax with several testaceous bristles.
Proboscis stout, straight, lanceolate. Palpi with thick black bristles. An-
tennae black. Thorax with three indistinct hoary stripes. Pectus hoary.
Abdomen oblanceolate, with whitish and black hairs, compressed, shining,
and bare towards the tip. Legs red, very stout, beset with black spines ;
tarsi except at the base and knees black ; a black spot on each of the ante-
rior femora. Wings slightly cinereous ; veins black, tawny at the base
and along the costa. Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 13 lines ;
of the wings 24 lines.

Malacca.

40. Asiltjs lineosus, ii. s., fcem. Fuscus, capite subaurato, mystace testaceo
nigroque, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace aureo-quadrivittato, abdomine
fulvo-fasciato, apice nigro compresso transverse ruguloso, tibiis luteis apice
nigris, alis cinereis.

Female. Dark brown. Head with pale gilded tomentum, clothed beneath
with whitish hairs ; face convex towards the epistoma. Mystax with several
testaceous bristles and with a few more slender black bristles. Proboscis
stout, straight, lanceolate. Palpi thickly beset with black bristles. An-
tennae black ; arista almost thrice the length of the 3rd joint which is fusi-
form. Thorax with four dull pale gilded stripes ; sides and pectus cinereous.
Abdomen oblanceolate, with broad fawn-coloured bands, black, shining,
compressed and transversely rugulose towards the tip. Legs black, armed
with black spines ; tibiae pale luteous, with black tips ; onychia pale luteous.
Wings cinereous ; veins black. Halteres ferruginous. Length of the body
12 lines ; of the wings 20 lines.

Singapore.

41. Asilus debilis, n. s., mas. Cinereus, capite navido-albo, mystace testaceo
nigroque, antennis fulvis, thorace fusco-bivittato, abdominis segmentis cano-

14 MR. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

fasciatis, pedibus testaceis, femoribus tibiisque apice tarsisque nigricantibus,
alia sublimpidis apice nigricantibus.

Male. Cinereous. Head with yellowish-white tomentum, clothed beneath
with white hairs ; face very slightly convex towards the epistoma. Mystax
with a few testaceous, and with still fewer black bristles. Proboscis black,
slightly lanceolate, rather slender. Antenna? tawny ; 3rd joint and arista
black, the latter four times the length of the former which is fusiform.
Thorax with two brown stripes. Pectus hoary. Abdomen with a hoary
band on the hind border of each segment. Legs testaceous, with very few
black bristles ; tarsi, except at the base and tips of the femora and of the
tibia?, black ; hind femora and hind tibia? mostly black. Wings nearly
limpid, blackish towards the tips ; veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Malacca.

42. Asiltts xatltascia, n. s., mas. Cinereo-niger, capite albido, mystace
testaceo, thoracis vittis quatuor pectoreque canis, abdomine ferrugineo, basi
apiceque nigris, pedibus fulvis nigro-variis, alis nigricantibus margine pos-
tico fusco.

Male. Black, with a slight cinereous tinge. Head with some whitish hairs
beneath. Face whitish, flat. Mystax with many pale testaceous bristles.
Proboscis straight, slightly lanceolate. Antennae black. Thorax with four
slight hoary stripes. Pectus hoary. Abdomen ferruginous, black at the
base and towards the tip. Legs tawny ; tarsi, hind femora, and tips of the
posterior tibia? black ; anterior femora black above. Wings blackish, brown
along the hind border ; veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 9 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Singapore.

43. Asilus Barium, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 2. 426.
Mount Ophir. Inhabits also Ceylon and Sumatra.

Gen. Ommatius, Illiger.

44. Ommatius Pennus, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 2. 469.
Malacca. Inhabits also Sumatra, Borneo, and Corea.

45. Ommatius Hecale, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 2. 476.
Singapore.

46. Ommatitts gkacilis, n. s., mas. Nigro-fuscus, facie atra, thoracis late-
ribus pectoreque canis, pedibus fulvis, femoribus tibiisque apice tarsisque
nigris, alis sublimpidis apice cinereis.

Male. Blackish-brown. Face flat, deep black. Proboscis black, rather slender,
slightly lanceolate. Antenna? black. Pectus and sides of the thorax hoary.
Abdomen dull black. Legs tawny ; tarsi and tips of the femora and of the
tibia? black. Wings nearly limpid, dark grey towards the tips ; veins black.
Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Mount Ophir.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 15

Fam. LEPTID^E, Westw.
Gen. Leptis, Fair.

47. Leptis decisa, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite albo, antennis testaceis basi
nigris, thoracis callis testaceis, vittis duabus pectoreque canis, abdomine tes-
taceo, vitta dorsali fasciisque nigris, femoribus testaceis apice nigris, alis
sublimpidis fascia apiceque fuscis.

Male. Black. Head white in front. Antennae testaceous, black towards the
base. Humeral calli testaceous. Thorax with two hoary stripes ; sides and
pectus hoary. Abdomen testaceous, with a black dorsal stripe and a black
band on the hind border of each segment. Femora testaceous, with black
tips ; hind femora black for more than half the length from the tips. Wings
nearly limpid, pale brown towards the tips, and with a darker brown band
which tapers irregularly from the costa to the hind border and crosses the
base of the discal areolet ; veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 4J lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Malacca.

Fam. BOMBYLID^S, Leach.
G-en. Anthrax, Fabr.

48. Anthrax degenera, n. s., mas et foem. Nigra, pectore albido, abdominis
lateribus ferrugineis, ventre testaceo, alis subcinereis, pedibus basi testaceis.
Mas. Alis basi et apud costam nigro-fuscis. Foem. Alis plus dimidio
basali nigro-fuscis.

Male and Female. Dull black. Head not broader than long. Antennae
small ; 3rd joint short-conical ; arista somewhat longer than the 3rd joint.
Pectus whitish. Abdomen blackish-brown, ferruginous on each side, testa-
ceous beneath. Legs long, slender. Wings greyish ; veins black ; radial
vein curved towards its tip ; fore fork of the cubital undulating, parallel to
the radial, forming near its base an obtuse angle which emits the stump of
a vein ; hind fork straight ; three nearly straight externo-medial veins ;
2nd connected with the 3rd by an undulating and very oblique veinlet ;
subanal vein near the anal on the border. Halteres testaceous. — Male.
Hind femora testaceous towards the base ; anterior femora dark testaceous.
Wings blackish-brown at the base and along the costa. — Female. Hind
femora testaceous with black tips ; anterior femora paler testaceous. Wings
blackish-brown for much more than half the length from the base. Length
of the body 3| lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

Earn. DOLICHOPIME, Leach.
G-en. Psiloptjs, Meigen.

49. Psiloptjs clarits, n. s., mas. Viridis, capite cyaneo, facie pectoreque
albis, antennis nigris, abdominis segmentis nigro-fasciatis, pedibus testa-
ceis, tibiis posticis apice tarsisque nigris, alis limpidis.

Male. Green. Head bright blue, white in front. Proboscis, legs and halteres

16 MR. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

testaceous. Antennae black ; arista as long as the thorax. Pectus white.
Abdominal segments with black bands. Legs long ; tarsi and tips of the
hind tibiae black. Wings limpid ; veins black ; fore branch of the prae-
brachial vein slightly curved ; hind branch extending to the border ; discal
transverse vein rather deeply undulating. Length of the body 4| lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.
Mount Ophir.

50. Psilopus robusttts, n. s., foem. Purpureo-cyaneus, capite purpureo,
facie pectoreque albis, antennis pedibus halteribusque testaceis, thorace
viridi-vario, abdominis fasciis nigris, tarsis apice nigricantibus, alis sub-
cinereis.

Female. Purplish-blue. Head bright purple, white in front. Proboscis and
antennae testaceous ; arista black, full as long as the thorax. Thorax green
on each side and in front. Pectus white. Abdomen with black bands.
Legs long, pale testaceous ; tarsi blackish towards the tips. Wings slightly
greyish ; veins black ; fore branch of the praebrachial vein moderately curved;
discal transverse vein moderately undulating. Halteres pale testaceous.
Length of the body. 2^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

This may be the female of P. clams.

Singapore.

51. Psilopus sttbnotatus, ii. s., nias. Cyaneus, capite purpureo, facie pectore-
que albis, proboscide antennis pedibusque testaceis, thoracis lateribus anticis
viridibus, abdomine viridi-cyaneo basi apiceque purpurascente, tarsis apice
nigricantibus, alis subcinereis albido-bifasciatis.

Male. Blue. Head purple above, white in front. Proboscis and antennae
testaceous ; arista black, nearly as long as the thorax. Thorax green on
each side in front. Pectus white. Abdomen greenish-blue, purplish at the
base and at the tip. Legs testaceous, rather long ; tarsi blackish towards
the tips. Wings slightly greyish, with two imperfect whitish bands ; hind
border white towards the tip ; costa interruptedly blackish ; veins black ;
fore branch of the praebrachial vein almost straight ; hind branch extending
to the border ; discal transverse vein almost straight, hardly undulating.
Halteres pale testaceous. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Mount Ophir.

52. Psilopus posticus, n. s., mas. Viridis, proboscide antennis abdominis
fasciis pedibusque nigris, tibiis luridis, alis nigris apud marginem posticum
subhmpidis.

Male. Dark green. Head above bluish-green. Proboscis and antennae black ;
arista nearly as long as the body. Abdomen with black bands. Legs black ;
posterior tibiae lurid ; fore tibiae testaceous. Wings black, rather narrow,
nearly limpid along the hind border ; veins black ; fore branch of the prae-
brachial vein slightly curved ; discal transverse vein slightly undulating.
Halteres black. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Malacca.

53. Psilopus tenebeosus, n.s.,foem. Purpureo-niger, facie pectoreque albis,
abdomine purpureo, pedibus fulvis, femoribus apice tarsisque nigricantibus,
alis nigricantibus margine postico fasciaque subhmpidis.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 17

Female. Purplish-black. Head dull black, white in front. Proboscis piceous.
Antennae black ; arista rather shorter than the thorax. Pectus white. Ab-
domen dark purple. Legs tawny ; tarsi and tips of the femora blackish.
Wings blackish, nearly limpid along the hind border, and at two-thirds of
the length with a nearly limpid band which extends from the hind border to
the cubital vein ; veins and halteres black ; fore branch of the prsebrachial
vein very deeply curved ; discal transverse vein almost straight. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Singapore.

Fain. SYEPHIDJE, Leach.
Gen. Ceria, Fair.

54. Ceria Javana, Wied. Auss. Zueijl. ii. 81. 1.
Malacca. Inhabits also Java.

Gen. Eristalis, Latr.

55. Eristalis Amphicrates, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 3. 623.
Malacca. Inhabits also Hindostan, Java, and China.

56. Eristalis niger ? Wied. Auss. Zweifi. ii. 183. 45.
Singapore. Inhabits also Java ?

57. Eeistalis singttlakis, n. s., foam. Ater, arista nuda, pedibus posticis
subincrassatis, tibiis anterioribus basi testaceis, alis subcinereis apud costse
medium nigricantibus.

Female. Deep black. Head shining in front. Arista bare. Legs shining j
hind femora rather thick ; hind tibise slightly dilated ; anterior tibiae pale
testaceous towards the base. Wings greyish, with a blackish tinge along
the middle of the costa ; veins black. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Helophiltts, Meigen.

58. Helophiltts insigknis, n. s., fcem. Nigricans, capitis lateribus anticis
pectorisque fasciis duabus testaceis, antennis ferrugineis, thoracis vittis qua-
tuor, scutello abdominisque fasciis tribus luteis, hujus marginibus subchaly-
beis, tibiis fulvis apice nigricantibus, alis subcinereis basi subluridis apud
costa? dimidium apicale fuscescentibus.

Female. Blackish. Head pale testaceous on each side in front. Antennas
ferruginous. Thorax with four luteous stripes. Pectus with a testaceous
band on each side. Scutellum luteous. Abdomen with three luteous bands ;
1st broad, interrupted ; 2nd narrower than the 1st, broader than the 3rd ;
hind borders of the segments slightly chalybeous and shining. Tibise tawny,
with blackish tips. Wings slightly greyish, with a lurid tinge at the base,
and a slight brownish tinge along the costa beyond the middle ; veins black,
tawny towards the costa. Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 8 lines ;
of the wings 14 lines.

Singapore.
LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 2

18 me. walker's catalogue oe dipterous insects

Gen. Xylota, Meigen.

59. Xylota conpormis, n. s., fcem. iEnea, capite femoribusque chalybeis,
antennis fulvis, thorace testaceo-bivittato, abdominis fasciis duabus latis
interruptis pedibusque testaceis, alis subcinereis.

Female. iEneous. Head chalybeous, with whitish tomentum in front, with
short white hairs beneath. Proboscis black. Antennae tawny ; arista
bare. Thorax with two testaceous tomentose stripes. Pectus with a testa-
ceous band on each side. Abdomen with two broad interrupted testaceous
bands. Legs testaceous ; femora chalybeous ; tarsi with brownish tips.
Wings slightly greyish ; veins black ; stigma brown. Halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Mile sia, Latr.

60. Milesia macularis, Wied. Auss. Zweifi. ii. 107. 5.
Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

61. Milesia Eeinwardtii, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. ii. 104. 1.
Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

62. Milesia yespoides, n. s., mas. Atra, verticis macula trigona testace&,
abdominis fascia latissima lutea, femoribus posticis extus apices versus
ferrugineis, alis fuscis apice luridis margine postico cinereis.

Male. Deep black. Head with a minute elongate-triangular testaceous spot
• on the vertex ; fore part and humeral calli shining. Abdomen partly
clothed with black hairs, with a very broad luteous band which occupies
rather more than half the hind part of the 2nd segment and the fore half
of the 3rd. Hind femora ferruginous on the outer sides towards the tips.
Wings dark brown, lurid towards the tips, grey along the hind border.
Halteres pale testaceous. Length of the body 11 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.
Singapore.

Gen. Syrphus, Fair.

63. Syrphus consequens, n. s., mas et fcem. Luteus, vertice nigro, antennis
nigro-vittatis, thoracis disco chalybeo, abdominis fasciis quatuor atris, femo-
ribus posticis apice necnon tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris, alis subcinereis
apud costam subfuscis.

Closely allied to S. ericetorum. — Male and Female. Pale luteous. Head black
and shining on the vertex by the antennae, pale testaceous in front. Pro-
boscis tawny. Antennae tawny, with a black dorsal stripe ; arista black.
Disk of the thorax chalybeous. Abdomen with four deep black bands on
the hind borders of the segments. Hind tibiae, hind tarsi, and tips of
hind femora black. Wings slightly greyish, with a brown tinge along
the costa ; veins black. Halteres pale testaceous. — Female. Vertical callus
capitate. Length of the body 4|-5| lines ; of the wings 10-12 lines.

Singapore and Mount Ophir.

64. Syrphus duplex, n. s., mas et fcem. Chalybeo-niger, gracilis, antennis
maris piceis fceminae fulvis, abdominis fasciis tribus interruptis testaceis,

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 19

femoribus anterioribus testaceis apice nigris, posticis basi testaceis, alis sub-
cinereis.

Male and Female. Chalybeous black, slender. Antenna? of the male piceous,
of the female tawny. Abdomen with three dull interrupted testaceous
bands, slightly compressed for three-quarters of the length in the male.
Legs black ; anterior femora testaceous with black tips ; hind femora tes-
taceous at the base. Wings greyish ; veins and stigma black. Halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Singapore.

65. Syephus teiligattts, n. s., mas. Flavus gracilis, antennis fulvis, thoracis
disco chalybeo-nigro, pectore et metathorace nigris, abdominis fasciis qua-
tuor latis quatuorque angustis nigris, femoribus po&ticis nigro late fasciatis,
tibiis tarsisque posticis nigris, alis subcinereis.

Male. Pale yellow, rather slender. Antenna? tawny. Disk of the thorax
chalybeous black. Pectus and metathorax mostly black. Abdomen with
eight black bands which are alternately broad and narrow. Hind femora
with a broad black band ; hind tibia? and hind tarsi black. Wings greyish ;
stigma brown ; veins black. Halteres pale testaceous. Length of the body
4£ lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Mount Opliir.

Tarn. MUSCnXE, Latr.
Subfam. Tachlnides, Walk.
Gen. Echinohyia, Dimeril.

66. Echinomtta brevipennis, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite antice albo, fronta-
Hbus ferrugineis, scutello abdominisque fasciis testaceis, alis subcinereis
parvis basi limpidis.

Male. Black, stout. Head white, with white hairs beneath ; front and vertex
black, shining ; frontalia ferruginous, slightly widening from the vertex to
the antenna? ; epistoma slightly prominent. Antenna? extending to two-
thirds of the length of the face ; 3rd joint truncated, not much longer than
broad, much broader and shorter than the 2nd ; arista stout, tapering from
its two indistinct basal joints, full twice the length of the 3rd joint. Scu-
tellum testaceous. Abdomen elongate- oval, longer than the thorax. Wings
greyish, rather short, limpid towards the base; veins black, testaceous
towards the base ; pra?brachial vein forming a very slightly acute angle at
its flexure, near which it is very deeply curved inward, and is thence straight
to its tip which joins the tip of the costal ; discal transverse vein straight,
parted by much less than its length from the border, and by little more
than half its length from the flexure of the pra?brachial. Alula? greyish,
with testaceous borders. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Mount Ophir, at the height of 4000 feet.

Gen. Tachina, Fabr.

67. Tachixa Ophieica, n. s., fcem. Cinerea, latiuscula, capite argenteo, fron-

2*

20 MR. WALKER'S CATALOGUE OE DIPTEROUS INSECTS

talibus atris, thoracis vittis quatuor interruptis nigris, scutelli margine ab-
dominisque fasciis canis, alis subcinereis.

Female. Cinereous, rather short and broad. Head hoary, silvery-white above
and in front ; frontalia deep black, slightly widening from the vertex to the
antenna?; facialia without bristles ; epistoma hardly prominent. Antennae
extending to about three-quarters of the length of the face ; 3rd joint
linear, slender, rounded at the tip, about twice the length of the 2nd ;
arista stout for about half its length, very much longer than the 3rd joint.
Thorax with four slender interrupted black stripes ; scutellum with a hoary-
border. Abdomen black, obconical, hardly longer than the thorax ; a broad
hoary band on the fore border of each segment. Wings slightly greyish ;
veins black ; prsebracbial vein forming an almost right and rather well-
defined angle from whence it is slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal
transverse vein hardly curved inward, parted by rather less than its length
from the border and from the flexure of the prsebracbial. Alula? white.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Mount Ophir, at the height of 4000 feet.

Gen. Masicera, Macquart.

68. Masicera tomentosa, Macq. Dipt. JExot. Suppl. 2.
Mount Ophir, at the height of 40C0 feet.

69. Masiceea vicaeia, n. s., fcem. Nigra, longiuscula, capite albo, frontali-
bus atris, thoracis vittis quatuor, lateribus scutello abdominisque fasciis
duabus latis interruptis canis, alis cinereis.

Female. Black, rather long. Head white, with short white hairs beneath
and behind ; frontalia linear, deep black ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma
not prominent. Eyes pubescent. Antennae extending nearly to the epi-
stoma ; 3rd joint linear, slender, slightly rounded at the tip, about four times
the length of the 2nd ; arista rather stout for full one-third of the length
from the base, very much longer than the 3rd joint. Thorax with four
hoary stripes ; sides and scutellum hoary. Abdomen elongate-obconical,
much longer than the thorax, with two broad interrupted hoary bands.
Legs stout. Wings grey ; veins black ; prsebracbial vein forming a rather
obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is slightly curved inward to its
tip ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by very little less than its
length from the border and from the flexure of the prsebrachial. Alulse
whitish. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Eurioaster, Macquart.

70. Eueigastee mttscoIdes, n. s., foem. Nigra lata, capite albido, frontali-
bus nigris, palpis testaceis, thorace cano nigro-quadrivittato, scutelli apice
fulvo, abdomine cano-fasciato, alis cinereis apud costam fuscescentibus.

Female. Black, broad, with long bristles. Head whitish ; frontalia black,
linear ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent. Eyes pubes-
cent. Palpi testaceous. Antennse extending to the epistoma; 3rd joint
linear, rounded at the tip, full four times the length of the 2nd ; arista

COLLECTED AT SINGAPOltE AND MALACCA. 21

slender, very much longer than the 3rd joint. Thorax hoary, with four
black stripes. Scutellum tawny towards the tip. Abdomen obconical,
hardly longer than the thorax, with a broad hoary band on each segment.
Legs slender, hardly setose. Wings grey, brownish in front ; veins black ;
praebrachial vein forming a slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence
it is slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein straight except
a slight curve by its hind end, parted by much less than its length from
the border, and by rather more than its length from the flexure of the prae-
brachial. Alulae white. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.
Singapore.

Gen. Zambesa, n. g. {Plate I. Jig. 2.)
Mas. Corpus longum, angustum, subcylindricum. Fades verticalis, subre-
tracta. Facialia nuda. Epistoma planum. Palpi longiusculi, sat gra-
ciles. Antennarwm articulus 3US gracilis, linearis, 2° sexties longior ; arista
gracillima. Oculi nudi. Abdomen lineare, thorace multo longius. Pedes
longiusculi. Alee sat angustae.
Male. Body long, narrow, almost cylindrical. Face vertical, slightly retracted
towards the base. Facialia without bristles. Eyes remote, bare. Palpi rather
long and slender. Antennae extending to the epistoma ; 3rd joint slender,
linear, rounded at the tip, six times the length of the 2nd ; arista very
slender, rather longer than the 3rd joint. Abdomen linear, much longer
than the thorax. Legs rather long. Wings rather narrow; costal vein
ending at hardly in front of the tip of the wing ; brachial vein joining the
cubital.

11. Zambesa ocypteroides, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite albo, frontalibus
atris, antennarum articulo 3° fulvo, thorace cano nigro-quadrivittato, ab-
dominis fasciis duabus latis interruptis semihyalinis albido-testaceis, femo-
ribus testaceis apice nigris, tibiis piceis, alis limpidis, apice margineque
postico cinereis.

Male. Black. Head white, with short white hairs beneath ; frontalia deep
black, linear. Proboscis testaceous. Palpi black. Third joint of the an-
tennae tawny. Thorax hoary, with four black stripes, of which the outer
pair are very much broader than the inner pair. Abdomen a little narrower
than the thorax, with two broad whitish testaceous semihyaline bands which
are interrupted above. Femora testaceous, with black tips ; tibiae piceous.
Wings limpid, grey towards the tips and along the hind borders ; veins
black ; praebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at its flexure from whence
it is slightly curved inward to its tip, which joins the cubital very near the
border ; discal transverse vein very slightly curved inward, parted by less
than its length from the border, and by more than its length from the
flexure of the praebrachial. Alulae white. Length of the body 5 lines ; of
the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

Subfam. Dexides, Walk.
Gen. Dexia, Meigen.
72. Dexia divergens, n. s. (gen. Thelaira, Desv.), mas. Cana longa an-

22 MB. walker's catalogue oe dipterous insects

gusta, capite albo, frontalibus atris, proboscide palpis antennisque testaceis,
arista plumosa, tborace nigro-quadrivittato, abdomine testaceo semihyalino,
vitta fasciisque nigris, pedibus longis testaceis, tarsis nigris, alis subcinereis.

Male. Body hoary, long, narrow, with long black bristles. Head white ;
frontalia deep black, widening from the vertex to the antenna? ; facialia
without bristles ; epistoma not prominent. Eyes bare. Proboscis and palpi
testaceous. Antennae testaceous, not nearly extending to the epistoma;
3rd joint slender ; arista black, plumose. Thorax with four black stripes,
of which the outer pair are broader than the inner pair. Abdomen testa-
ceous, semihyaline, with a black dorsal stripe, and with a black band on
the hind border of each segment. Legs long, testaceous ; tarsi black. Wings
greyish ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein forming a hardly obtuse angle at
its flexure, from whence it is indistinctly undulating to its tip which joins
the costal at a little in front of the tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein
slightly curved inward near its hind end, parted by hardly more than half
its length from the border, and by hardly less than its length from the
flexure of the prsebrachial. Alula? whitish. Length of the body 6 lines ;
of the wings 11 lines.

Mount Ophir.

Subfam. Sarcophagides.
G-en. Saecophaga, Meigen.

73. Sarcophaga ruficornis, Fair. Syst. Antl. 287. 12. (Musca.)
Malacca. Inhabits also Hindostan.

74. Sarcophaga eecipeoca, n. s., fcem. Cana, capite albo, frontalibus palpis
antennis thoracis vittis pedibusque nigris, abdomine subtessellato, alis sub-
cinereis.

Female. Hoary. Head white ; frontalia black, linear. Proboscis, palpi and
antennae black. Thorax with three black stripes, and with black lines
intersecting the two intermediate hoary stripes. Abdomen slightly tessel-
lated. Legs black. Wings greyish ; veins black ; prsebrachial forming a
right angle at its flexure, near which it is much curved inward, and is thence
straight to its tip ; discal transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by
less than its length from the border, and by little more than half its length
from the flexure of the prsebrachial. Alulse white. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

Singapore. A smaller specimen from Malacca apparently belongs to this
species.

75. Sarcophaga aliena, n. s., foem. Cana, capite albo, frontalibus palpis
antennis thoracis vittis pedibusque nigris, abdomine tessellato, alis sub-
cinereis.

Female. Hoary. Head white ; frontalia black, slightly widening in front.
Proboscis, palpi and antennae black. Thorax with three black stripes, and
with black lines intersecting the two intermediate hoary stripes. Abdomen
tessellated. Legs black. Wings slightly greyish ; veins black ; prsebrachial
forming a very slightly acute angle at it3 flexure, near which it is much
curved inward, and is thence straight to its tip ; discal transverse vein

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 23

hardly undulating, parted by a little less than its length from the border,
and by much more than half its length from the flexure of the praebrachial
vein. Alulae white. Length of the body 4 lines 5 of the wings 8 lines.
Mount Ophir.

Subfam. Muscides.
Gen. Idia, Meigen.

76. Idia tenebeosa, n. s., fcem. Obscure viridis punctata, capite pedibus
halteribusque nigris, antennis piceis, alis fusco-cinereis apud costam nigris.

Female. Dull green. Head slightly tuberculated above, black and. shining
in front. Frontalia dull black, hardly decreasing in breadth to the base of
the antennae which are piceous. Thorax very minutely punctured, with a
slight hoary tinge which is interrupted by three slender indistinct black
stripes. Abdomen shining, thickly punctured. Legs black. Wings brownish
grey, black along the costa. Alulae grey, with black borders. Halteres black.
Length of the body 4| lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Mount Ophir. Inhabits also South Africa.

77. Idia bicoloe, n. s., foam. Viridis, capite albido, facie nigra, frontalibus
obscure nigris, antennis fulvis, thorace nigro-quadrivittato, abdomine aeneo-
marginato, vitta dorsali nigra, pedibus nigris, alis cinereis costa apiceque
nigricantibus, halteribus albidis.

Female. Green. Head whitish and shining above, black and shining in front.
Frontalia dull black, linear, furcate hindward. Antennae tawny. Thorax
with a slight hoary bloom and with four slender black stripes. Abdomen
aeneous at the tip and along each side, and with a slight black dorsal stripe.
Legs black ; coxae and femora green. Wings grey, blackish along the costa
and at the tips. Alulae dingy whitish. Halteres whitish. Length of the
body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Malacca.

Gen. Musca, Linn.

78. Musca flaviceps, Macq. Dipt. Fxot. ii. 2. 145. 23. pi. 18. f. 1. (Lucilia.)
(Grenus Chrysomyia, Desv.)

Singapore. Inhabits also Hindostan.

79. Musca chrtsoides, n. s. (genus Chrysomyia, Desv.), mas. Sericeo-viri-
dis, capite testaceo, palpis antennisque fulvis, abdominis vitta dorsali fasciis-
que nigris, alis subcinereis apice obscurioribus.

Male. Sericeous green, hardly shining. Head testaceous. Proboscis black.
Palpi and antennae tawny. Abdomen with a black dorsal stripe, and with
a black band on the hind border of each segment. Legs black ; coxae and
femora green. Wings greyish, much darker towards the tips ; veins black,
tawny along the costa ; praebrachial vein forming a very obtuse and some-
what rounded angle at its flexure, from whence it is slightly curved inward
to its tip ; discal transverse vein deeply undulating, parted by much less
than its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from the
flexure of the praebrachial vein. Alulae dingy testaceous. Length of the
body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Malacca and Mount Ophir.

24 MB. WALKER'S CATALOGUE OF DIPTEllOUS INSECTS

80. Musca poephyeina, n. s. (genus Lucilia, JDesv.), foem. Purpurea, capite
albido, antennis pedibusque nigris, palpis fulvis, abdomine aeneo-purpureo,
alis cinereis.

Female. Purple. Head whitish. Proboscis and antennae black. Palpi tawny.
Thorax with a slight hoary tinge which is very indistinctly striped. Ab-
domen bronze-purple. Legs black. Wings grey ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming a very slightly obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is
very slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein nearly straight,
parted by little more than half its length from the border and from the
flexure of the prsebrachial. Alulae dark grey. Length of the body 4} lines ;
of the wings 9 lines.

Mount Ophir, at the height of 4000 feet.

81. Musca teita, n. s. (genus Lucilia, Desv.), foem. Cyaneo-viridis, capite
pedibusque nigris, facie alba, thoracis lateribus' subpurpurascentibus, ab-
dominis lateribus apiceque albido-tomentosis, alis sublimpidis.

Female. Bright bluish-green. Head and appendages and legs black ; face
white. Sides of the thorax slightly purplish. Abdomen green, with slight
whitish tomentum along each side and at the tip. Wings almost limpid ;
veins black ; prsebrachial vein forming a very obtuse and slightly rounded
angle at its flexure, from whence to its tip it is hardly curved inward ;
discal transverse vein hardly curved inward, parted by much less than its
length from the border and by a little less than its length from the flexure
of the prsebrachial vein. Alulse greyish. Length of the body 3 lines ; of
the wings 6 lines.

Malacca.

82. Musca deeixa, n. s. (genus Lucilia, Desv.), mas. Cyaneo-viridis, capite
albido, epistomate testaceo, palpis pedibusque nigris, antennis fulvis, alis
subcinereis.

Male. Bluish-green. Head whitish ; epistoma testaceous. Proboscis, palpi
and legs black. Antennae tawny. Wings greyish ; veins black ; prse-
brachial vein forming a slightly obtuse and slightly rounded angle at its
flexure, from whence to its tip it is moderately curved inward ; discal
transverse vein slightly undulating, parted by one-third of its length from
the border, and by less than half its length from the flexure of the prse-
brachial. Alulse grey. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Singapore.

83. Musca eeelectens, n. s. (genus Pollenia, Desv.), foem. Purpureo-
cyanea, viridi-varia, capite fulvo, frontalibus cinereis, palpis antennisque
testaceis, pectore testaceo, maculis duabus purpureo-cyaneis, abdomine
cano-subtessellato, apice seneo, pedibus validis nigris, tibiis fulvis, alis sub-
cinerascentibus.

Female. Purplish-blue tinged with green, hardly shining. Head fawn-
colour, testaceous in front j frontalia cinereous. Proboscis black. Palpi,
antennae and pectus testaceous, the latter with a purplish-blue mark on
each side. Abdomen slightly tessellated with hoary tomentum, aeneous
at the tip. Legs black, stout ; tibiae tawny. Wings very slightly greyish j
veins black, testaceous towards the base and along the costa ; prsebrachial

COLLECTED AT SINOAPOEE AND MALACCA. 25

vein forming a very obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is slightly
undulating to its tip ; discal transverse vein very deej)ly undulating, parted
by full half its length from the border, and by much less than its length
from the flexure of the praebrachial vein. Alulae white. Length of the body
5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.
Malacca.

84. Musca ikfixa, n. s. (genus Silbomyia, Macq.), foem. Viridi-cyanea,
capite albido, frontalibus antennisque nigris, palpis fulvis, thoracis vittis
quatuor abdomineque purpureis, pedibus piceis, femoribus cyanascentibus,
alis cinereis costa venisque fusco-marginatis.

Female. Grreenish-blue. Head whitish. Frontalia, proboscis and antennae
black. Palpi tawny. Thorax with four purple stripes. Abdomen purple.
Legs piceous ; femora bluish. Wings grey, brownish along the costa and
along the borders of the veins, which are black ; praebrachial vein forming
an almost right and somewhat rounded angle at its flexure, from whence it
is very slightly curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein very slightly
undulating, parted by full half its length from the border, and by much
more than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial vein. Alulae dark
grey. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

85. Musca fumipennis, ii.s. (genus Silbomyia, Macq.), foem. Cyaneo-viri-
dis, capite testaceo, frontalibus piceis, palpis antennisque testaceis, thoracis
vittis quatuor subobsoletis purpurascentibus, scutello abdomineque pur-
pureo-cyaneis, pedibus nigris robustis dense pilosis, alis fuscis, apud costae
dimidium basale sublimpidis.

Female. Bluish-green. Head pale testaceous ; frontalia piceous. Proboscis
black. Palpi and antennae testaceous. Thorax with four very indistinct
purplish stripes. Scutellum and abdomen purplish-blue. Legs black, stout,
thickly pilose ; fore coxae tawny. Wings brown, paler at the tips and along
the hind border, nearly limpid along the costa for half the breadth, and
rather less than half the length from the base ; veins black ; praebrachial
vein forming a very slightly oblique and much-rounded angle at its flexure,
from whence it is moderately curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse
vein nearly straight, parted by rather more than half its length from the
border, and by much less than its length from the flexure of the prae-
brachial vein. Alulae grey. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10
lines.

Singapore.

86. Musca dotata, n. s. (genus Phormia ? Desv.), mas. Viridis, capite
antico albo, palpis antennisque fulvis, abdominis vitta dorsali nigra fasciis-
que nigro-aeneis, pedibus nigris, alis cinereis, dimidio apicali antico nigro-
fuseo.

Male. Grreen. Head white in front. Proboscis black. Palpi and antennae
tawny. Abdomen with a black dorsal stripe, and with blackish bronze
bands. Legs black. Wings grey ; apical half blackish-brown, excepting
the hind border ; veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a very obtuse and
somewhat rounded angle at its flexure, from whence it is very slightly

26 me. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

curved inward to its tip ; discal transverse vein moderately undulating,
parted by little more than half its length from the border and by rather
less than its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial. Alula? grey.
Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.
Singapore.

87. Musca difpidens, n. s. (genus Pyrellia, Desv.), foam. Cyaneo-viridis,
capite albido, palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis vix cinerascentibus.

Female. Bright bluish-green. Head whitish. Proboscis, palpi, antenna)
and legs black. Wings hardly greyish ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein
gently curved at its flexure, from whence it is almost straight to its tip ;
discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by much less than its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the curve of the
prsebrachial vein. Alulse whitish. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

Singapore.

88. Musca CONFIXA, n. s. (genus Pyrellia, Desv.), fcem. Lsete viridis cyaneo
purpureoque varia, capite nigro, antice albido, palpis testaceis, antennis
nigris basi rufescentibus, abdominis apice subseneo, pedibus nigris, alis
cinereis.

Female. Bright green, tinged with blue and purple along each side. Head
black above, whitish in front. Proboscis black. Palpi testaceous. An-
tennae black ; first and second joints reddish. Abdomen slightly seneous
at the tip. Legs black ; femora green. Wings grey ; veins black ; prse-
brachial vein gently curved at its flexure, between which and its tip it is
slightly curved inward ; discal transverse vein moderately undulating,
parted by much less than its length from the border, and by a little less
than its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial vein. Alulse dark grey.
Length of the body 3| lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Mount Ophir, at the height of 4000 feet.

89. Musca eefixa, n. s. (genus Pyrellia, Desv.) , foam. Purpurea, lateribus
subtiisque cyanea aut cyaneo-viridis, capite antico, palpis pedibusque nigris,
antennarum articulo tertio piceo, alis subcinereis.

Female. Purple shining, blue on each side and beneath. Head in front, pro-
boscis, palpi and legs black. Third joint of the antennse piceous. Wings
slightly greyish ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein forming a gentle curve at its
flexure, which is very near the border, indistinctly curved outward from
thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by little
more than half its length from the border, and by about its length from the
flexure of the prsebrachial vein. Alulse grey. Length of the body 2|-2£
lines ; of the wings 5-5^ lines.

Var. /3. Bluish-green. Scutellum purplish -blue. Discal transverse vein very
indistinctly curved inward.

Singapore.

90. Musca peefixa, n. s. (genus Pyrellia, Desv.), fcem. Purpurea, capite
palpis antennis pedibusque nigris, alis limpidis.

Female. Very nearly allied to M. refixa. Purple, shining. Head and
appendages and legs black. Wings limpid ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 27

forming a gentle curve at its flexure which is very near the border, straight
from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by
about half its length from the border, and by a little more than its length
from the flexure of the prsebrachial vein. Alulae whitish. Length of the
body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.
Mount Ophir.

91. Mtjsca aefixa, n. s. (genus Morellia, Desv.), mas. Obscure nigra,
capite antico albo, thoracis vittis tribus latis albidis, abdomine subtessellato,
alis subcinereis.

Male. Dull black. Head white in front. Thorax with three broad whitish
stripes. Abdomen slightly tessellated. Wings greyish ; veins black ; prse-
brachial vein forming a gentle curve at its flexure which is very near the
border, nearly straight from its flexure to its tip ; discal transverse vein
• hardly undulating, parted by less than half its length from the border, and
by little less than its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial vein.
Alulse grey. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Mount Ophir.

Subfam. Anthomyides, Walk.
G-en. Aeicia, Macq.

92. Aeicia aegentata, n. s., mas. Cana, capite argenteo, palpis antennis
pedibusque nigris, thoracis vittis duabus nigricantibus, scutelli apice testa-
ceo, abdominis maculis quatuor nigris dorsalibus basi testaceo, femoribus
testaceis, alis subcinereis.

Male. Hoary. Head silvery- white. Proboscis, palpi, antennae and legs
black. Thorax with two blackish stripes. Seutellum towards the tip and
femora testaceous. Abdomen with four black dorsal spots, testaceous
towards the base. Wings and alulse slightly greyish ; veins black, testa-
ceous towards the base ; cubital and prsebrachial veins slightly diverging
for about two-thirds of their length from the prsebrachial transverse vein,
very slightly converging from thence to the border ; discal transverse vein
oblique, slightly curved inward along its hind half, parted by a little more
than its length from the prsebrachial transverse, and by much less than its
length from the border. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Malacca.

G-en. Hydeot^a, Macq.

93. Htdeot^a solennis, n. s., mas. Nigra, eapite cano, thorace subci-
nereo nigro-trivittato, abdomine longi-obconico, tibiis ferrugineis, alis sub-
cinereis.

Male. Black. Head hoary in front. Thorax slightly cinereous, with three
black stripes. Abdomen elongate- obconical. Tibise ferruginous. Wings
slightly greyish ; veins black, testaceous at the base ; cubital and prsebra-
chial veins slightly diverging for nearly two-thirds of their length from the
prsebrachial transverse vein, very slightly converging from thence to the
border ; discal transverse vein oblique, curved inward in the middle, parted
by about its length from the prsebrachial transverse and by little more than

28 MB. walkee's catalogue or DIPTEROUS insects

half its length from the border. Alulae greyish. Length of the body 2f
lines ; of the wings 5 lines.
Mount Ophir, at the height of 4000 feet.

94. Aeicia patttla, n. s., mas. Nigra sat lata, antennis, thoracis lateribus,
abdomine pedibusque fulvis, abdominis apice tarsisque nigris, alis cinereis.

Male. Black, rather broad. Eyes bright red. Antennae, sides of the thorax,
scutellum, abdomen and legs tawny. Abdomen hardly longer than broad,
black towards the tip. Tarsi black. Wings and alulae grey ; veins black,
tawny towards the base ; cubital and prgebraehial veins diverging for more
than two-thirds of their length from the praebrachial transverse, parallel
from thence to their tips ; discal transverse vein very oblique, curved
inward near its hind end, parted by more than half its length from the
border, and by very little more than its length from the praebrachial trans-
verse vein. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Singapore.

Subfani. Helomyzides, Fallen.

Gen. Xarnuta, n. g. (Plate I. fig. 4.) (J*yt>*fa(aM.]

Helomyzce affinis ; mas et fcem. Corpus sat latum. Antennarum articu-

p£cvm*ri<K j lus 3"s linearis ; arista -sttdftr Femora antica subtus tenuiter spinosa. Alee

i latiusculae.

Allied to Helomyza. Male and Female. Body rather broad. Third joint

/ 'tk zLfd ' °^ ^ne antenn£e linear, rounded at the tip ; arista bare. Fore femora with

HLhav^Vv^v / slender spines. Wings somewhat broad; discal transverse vein slightly

— 2. 2.0c. i sr. 5^7 -oblique, parted by much less than half its length from the border, and by

about its length from the praebraehial transverse vein.

95. Xaknuta leucotelus, n. s., mas et fcem. Ferrugineo-fulva, antennis
testaceis, pedibus fulvis, alis nigro-fuscis apice albis, margine postico sub-
cinereo. — Foem. Abdominis apice nigro.

Male and Female. Ferruginous tawny, with black bristles. Head rather
paler. Antennae testaceous ; arista black. Legs tawny ; fore femora with
black spines beneath. Wings blackish-brown, greyish along the hind border
for more than half the breadth and less than half the length from the base ;
extreme tips white ; veins black. Alulae whitish testaceous.

Female. Tip of the abdomen black. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Helomyza, Fallen.

96. Helomyza intereuns, n. s., mas. 'Fulva, capite metathorace pectore
pedibusque testaceis, abdominis maculis transversis nigricantibus, tarsis
ferrugineis, alis subeinereis apices versus et apud venam transversam dis-
calem fuscis.

Male. Tawny with black bristles. Head, mctathorax, pectus, legs and hal-
teres testaceous. Abdomen with a transverse blackish mark on the disk of
each segment towards the tip. Tarsi somewhat ferruginous. Wings
slightly greyish ; tips brown, which hue is darkest in front ; veins tawny,

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 29

black towards the tips ; transverse veins black. Discal transverse vein
clonded with brown, parted by much less than its length from the border,
and by much more than twice its length from the praebrachial transverse
vein. Alulae whitish. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.
Malacca.

97. Helomyza exettns, n. s., mas. Fulva, capite antico, metathorace pectore
pedibusque testaceis, abdominis maculis transversis nigricantibus, tarsis
ferrugineis apice fuscis, alis subcinereis macula apicibusque fuscis.

Very nearly allied to H. intereuns. Male. Tawny. Head in front, meta-
thorax, pectus, legs and halteres testaceous. Abdomen with a transverse
blackish mark on the disk of each segment. Tarsi ferruginous, with black
tips. Wings slightly greyish ; tips brown ; veins black, tawny at the base ;
a brown spot on the discal transverse vein, which is straight, slightly
oblique, parted by less than its length from the border, and by about thrice
its length from the discal transverse vein. Alulae whitish. Length of the
body 2£ lines ; of the wings 4£ lines.

Mount Ophir.

Subfam. Latjxanides, Walk.
Gen. Laitxanta, Latr.

98. Lauxania ettceea, n. s., mas. Nigra cinereo-tomentosa, capite atro-
biguttato, antennis piceis longissimis, arista alba, abdomine pedibusque
fulvis, femoribus tibiisque nigro-fasciatis, alis subcinereis apud costam
subluridis.

Male. Black, with greyish tomentum. Head with a deep black spot on each
side between the eyes. Proboscis dull tawny. Palpi black. Antennae
piceous 5 1st joint long ; 3rd slender, cylindrical, longer than the 1st and
the 2nd together ; arista white, pubescent, longer than the 3rd joint.
Abdomen and legs tawny ; femora and tibiae with black bands ; tarsi with
black tips. Wings greyish, slightly lurid along the costa ; veins black ;
discal transverse vein straight, slightly oblique, parted by less than its
length from the border, and by more than twice its length from the pra>
brachial transverse vein. Halteres tawny. Length of the body 2 lines ;
of the wings 4£ lines.

Singapore.

99. Lauxania detereuns, n. s., foem. Nigra, nitens, antennis piceis, arista
nigra, tarsis anticis basi tibiisque tarsisque posterioribus testaceis, alis sub-
cinereis.

Female. Black, shining, with black bristles. Antennae piceous ; 3rd joint
elongate-conical, much shorter than that of L. eucera ; arista black, pu-
bescent, full thrice the length of the 3rd joint. Fore tarsi at the base and
posterior tibiae and tarsi testaceous. Wings slightly greyish ; veins and
halteres testaceous ; discal transverse vein straight, almost upright, parted
by almost its length from the border and b$ nearly twice its length from the
preebrachial transverse vein. Length of the body 1£ line ; of the wings
3 lines.

Mount Opliir, at the height of 4000 feet.

30 MR. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

Gen. Celtphus, Dolman.

100. Celyphus obtcctus, Dalman, Analecta Fntomologica, 32. 1. pi. 2. B.
f. 1-5.

Malacca. Inhabits also Hindostan and the Philippine Islands.

Subfam. Ortalides, Holiday.
Gren. Lamprogaster, Macq.

101. Lamprogaster zonata, n. s., foem. Nigra, capite flavo nigro-vario,
antennis piceis, thorace flavo -quadrivittato, abdomine flavo-bifasciato, tarsis
albis, ahs subcinereis maculis costalibus fasciaque fuscis.

Female. Black, shining. Head pale yellow, with four black shining stripes
in front ; vertex, with a broad dull black stripe which occupies the whole
breadth behind, is notched on each side between the eyes, and is narrower
in front. Antennae piceous ; 3rd joint nearly linear, rounded at the tip ;
arista minutely plumose, more than twice the length of the 3rd joint.
Thorax with four yellow stripes, one on each side in front of the wings, and
one on each side of the scutum. Abdomen with two yellow bands ; 1st
slender; 2nd apical, dilated in the middle of the fore border; knees tawny;
tarsi white, with blackish tips. Wings greyish, slightly lurid and with
brown marks at the base and along the costa, and with a brown band which
extends along the prsebrachial vein to half the space between the latter and
the border ; discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by about one-
third of its length from the border, and by much more than its length from
the prsebrachial transverse, which is oblique. Halteres tawny. Length of
the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

102. Lamprogaster glabra, n. s., mas. Nigra, antennis piceis, abdominis
fascia subapicali flava, tarsis albis, alis sublimpidis maculis basalibus fasciis-
que quatuor fuscis.

Male. Black, shining. Antennae piceous, in structure like those of L. zonata.
Abdomen with a slender yellow band near the tip. Tarsi white, with black
tips. Wings nearly limpid, with four brown bands, slightly testaceous and
with some indistinct brown marks at the base ; 1st and 3rd bands entire ;
1st broader and darker than the others ; 2nd and 4th interrupted ; veins
black, testaceous towards the base ; discal transverse vein straight, upright,
parted by one-fourth of its length from the border, and by more than its
length from the preebrachial transverse vein, which is also upright. Halteres
tawny. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Singapore.

103. Lamprogaster transversa, n. s., foem. Nigra, capite fulvo fasciis
duabus nigris unaque albida, antennis fulvis, thoracis vittis quatuor dor-
salibus fulvis duabusque lateralibus albidis, abdomine nigro-purpureo basi
fulvo maculisque duabus subapicalibus flavis, pedibus fulvis, tarsis albidis,
alis subcinereis fusco sexfasciatis.

Female. Black. Head tawny, with two black bands above and a whitish band
in front. Antennae tawny. Thorax with four dorsal tawny stripes which

COLLECTED AT SINGAPOKE AND MALACCA. 31

are confluent in front and with two lateral whitish stripes. Abdomen
blackish-purple, tawny at the base, and with a yellow spot on each side near
the tip which is lanceolate. Legs tawny ; tarsi whitish, with black tips ;
hind tibiae with brownish tips. Wings slightly greyish, with about six
irregular macular brown bands ; veins brown, tawny at the base ; discal
transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by much less than its
length from the border, and by more than its length from the preebrachial
transverse vein, which is oblique. Halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.
Malacca.

104. Lamprogaster vittata, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite ex parte flavb, an-
tennis fulvis, thorace flavo-bivittato, scutello flavo-marginato, abdominis
vitta dorsali flava, tarsis albis, alis nigricantibus basi fasciisque quatuor
albidis.

Male. Black, shining. Head pale yellow in front, beneath and about the
eyes. Antennae tawny. Thorax with two yellow stripes ; scutellum with
a yellow border. Pectus with an oblique yellow band on each side. Abdo-
men with a yellow dorsal stripe. Tarsi white, with black tips. Wings
blackish, whitish at the base, and with four whitish bands ; 1st band irre-
gular ; 2nd and 3rd entire ; 4th interrupted ; veins black ; discal transverse
vein straight, upright, parted by about one-fourth of its length from the
border, and by much more than its length from the preebrachial transverse
vein, which is slightly oblique. Halteres testaceous. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Singapore.

105. Lamprogaster guttata, n. s., fcem. Cinerea, capite nigro trimaculato
antice testaceo, antennis fulvis, thorace cano-quinquevittato, lateribus tes-
taceis, abdominis fascia antica fulva, tarsis albidis, alis subcinereis fasciis
octo subinterruptis fuscis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head partly dull testaceous in
front ; vertex with three black spots, two in front and one behind. An-
tennae tawny ; arista pubescent. Thorax with five hoary stripes which are
connected in front by a transverse band ; sides testaceous. Pectus with an
oblique dull testaceous stripe on each side. Abdomen with a tawny band
on the hind border of the first segment ; oviduct slender, lanceolate. Tarsi
whitish, with black tips. Wings greyish, with about eight irregular and
partly interrupted brown bands ; veins and halteres testaceous ; discal
transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by about one-fourth of
its length from the border, and by more than its length from the prsebrachial
transverse vein. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Singapore.

106. Lamprogaster trtjncatoxa, n. s., foem. Nigra robusta, abdominis
apice compresso lanceolato, tarsis albis, alis subcinereis lituris transversis
fuscescentibus fasciisque duabus nigro-fuscis.

Female. Black, stout, slightly shining. Arista pubescent. Abdomen com-
pressed and lanceolate at the tip. Tarsi white, with black tips. Wings
slightly greyish, with several slight transverse brownish marks, and with

32 MR. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

two blackish-brown bands ; the 1st broad, basal, not extending beyond half
the breadth from the costa ; the 2nd narrow, entire, near the 1st ; veins
black ; discal transverse vein straight and upright, parted by one-tliird of
its length from the border, and by very much more than its length from the
prsebrachial transverse vein. Halteres- testaceous. Length of the body
2£ hnes ; of the wings 5 lines.
Singapore.

Gren. Xakgelina, n. g. {Plate I. fig. 3.)

Foem. Corpus latiusculum, parce setosum. Caput antice subdilatatum ; facies
magna. Antenna breves ; articulus 3US longi-conicus ; arista longa, gracilis,
plumata. Abdomen brevi-ovatum, thorace non longius. Pedes breviusculi.
Alee mediocriter latae ; venae recta?.

Female. Body rather broad, with a few bristles. Head somewhat dilated in
front ; face large. Antennas short ; 3rd joint elongate-conical ; arista long,
slender, plumose. Abdomen short-oval, not longer than the thorax. Legs
rather short. Wings moderately broad ; subcostal vein extending to about
one-fourth of the length of the wing ; mediastinal extending a little beyond
the subcostal ; radial ending at about seven-eighths of the length ; cubital
ending at the tip ; cubital and prsebrachial almost parallel beyond the discal
transverse vein, which is straight and upright, and parted by very much
more than its length from the prsebrachial transverse, and by much less
than its length from the border.

107. Xangelina basigtttta, n. s., foem. Testacea, scutello fusco, abdomine
fulvo, alis subcinereis gutta costali nigra venis transversis nigro-sublim-
batis.

Female. Testaceous. Proboscis partly brownish. Scutellum brown. Abdo-
men tawny. Wings slightly greyish ; veins black ; a black dot at the tip
of the subcostal vein; transverse veins slightly clouded with black.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Malacca.

Gren. Platystoma.

108. Platystoma bigida, n. s., mas. Ferrugineo-fusca, capite subtus albo,
antennis piceis, pectore albido, pedibus nigris, alis nigricantibus albo con-
fertim at interrupte guttatis.

Male. Ferruginous-brown, tomentose. Head wliite behind and beneath, fer-
ruginous and shining in front. Antennae piceous ; arista slightly plumose.
Pectus whitish. Legs black. Wings blackish, thickly studded with white
dots, which disappear at the base and on an undulating band beyond the
middle ; veins black. Length of the body 3 hnes ; of the wings 6 hnes.

Singapore.

109. Platystoma stellata, n. s., mas. Cinereo-nigra, capite subtus albido,
antennis fulvis, facie abdominis apice pedibusque nigris nitentibus, alis
obscure cinereis guttis confertis at interruptis limpidis.

Male. Cinereous-black, tomentose. Head shining black in front, whitish
behind and beneath. Antennae tawny. Abdomen shining black at the

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 33

tip. Legs black and shining. Wings dark grey, with numerous limpid
dots which are comparatively wanting on a blackish-brown stripe along
two-thirds of the length of the costa, and on an exterior upright band
which is connected with the above stripe. Length of the body 3 lines j of
the wings 6 lines.
Malacca.

Gen. Themara, n. g. (Plate I. fig. 5.)

Mas. Corpus latiusculum, subsetosum. Caput thorace paulld angustius.
Antenna epistoma non attingentes ; articulus 3US lanceolatus, longiusculus ;
arista late plumosa. Abdomen ellipticum, thorace non longius. Ales latius-
culse, obscurae, maculis pallidis, venis radiali et cubitali undulatis.

Male. Body rather broad. Head and thorax slightly setose. Head a little
less broad than the thorax ; epistoma not prominent. Proboscis short.
Palpi short, porrect. Antennae not reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint lan-
ceolate, rather long ; arista deeply plumose, about twice the length of the
3rd joint. Abdomen elliptical, as long as the thorax. Wings rather broad,
dark, with pale marks ; subcostal vein ending at much beyond one-third of
the length 5 mediastinal ending at much beyond half the length ; radial
undulating, ending at about five-sixths of the length ; cubital undulating,
ending at the tip of the wing ; praebrachial and subanal hardly undulating ;
discal transverse vein straight, nearly upright, parted by one-tenth of its
length from the border, and by more than half its length from the pree-
brachial transverse.

110. Themaea ampla, n. s., mas. Ferruginea, subtus testacea, scutello, ab-
dominis fusci fasciis tribus pedibusque testaceis, alis obscure fuscis, maculis
tribus anticis luridis tribusque posticis albis.

Male. Ferruginous, slightly shining, testaceous beneath. Head in front and
appendages testaceous. Scutellum and legs testaceous. Abdomen brown
above, testaceous at the base and with two testaceous bands. Wings dark
brown, with three hyaline triangular spots in front and three on the hind
border ; the costal spots lurid, the hind spots white. Length of the body
4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Strumeta, n. g. (Plate II. fig. 4.)

Foem. Corpus latiusculum, pubescens, vix setosum. Abdomen brevi-ovatum,
thorace latius et paulld longius. Alee mediocriter latse, limpidse, fasciis
fuscis, vena transversa prsebrachiali undulata, perobliqua.

Female. Body rather broad, dull, pubescent, hardly setose. Head rather
less broad than the thorax ; epistoma not prominent. Proboscis and palpi
short. Antenna? mutilated in the insect here described. Abdomen short
oval, broader and a little longer than the thorax. Wings moderately broad,
limpid with brown bands ; longitudinal veins almost straight ; subcostal
and mediastinal veins almost contiguous ; mediastinal vein ending at much
beyond half the length of the wing j radial ending at a little beyond four-
fifths of the length ; cubital ending at somewhat in front of the tip j discal

LINN. PEOC.— ZOOLOGY. 3

84 MB. walkeb's catalogue of diptebotts insects

transverse vein nearly straight and upright, parted by full one-fourth of
its length from the border, and by about its length from the prsebrachial
transverse which is undulating and very oblique.

111. Stetjmeta CONFormis, n. s., fcem. Cervina, thoracis vittis duabus, meta-
thorace et pectoris disco nigricantibus, pedibus testaceis, ahs limpidis fusco-
quadrifasciatis.

Female. Fawn-colour. Thorax with two blackish stripes. Metathorax and
disk of the pectus blackish. Legs and halteres testaceous. Wings limpid,
pale brown along the costa, and with four pale brown bands ; 1st and 2nd
bands connected hindwardj veins black, testaceous towards the base. Length
of the body 4 lines j of the wings 7 lines.

Singapore.

G-en. Valonia, n. g. (Plate I. fig. 6.)

F&m. Corpus sat angustum, pubescens. Caput antice subdilatatum. An*
tennce breviusculse j articulus 3U8 longi-conicus ; arista pubescens. Abdomen
fusiforme, thorace paulld longius. Pedes sat robusti. Ala angustse, obscurse,
maculis limpidis.

Allied to Flatystoma. — Female. Body rather narrow, dull, pubescent. Head
as broad as the thorax, slightly dilated in front j epistoma not prominent.
Proboscis and palpi short. Antennae rather short, not reaching the epistoma ;
3rd joint elongate-conical ; arista pubescent. Abdomen fusiform, a little
longer than the thorax. Legs rather stout, especially the hind pair. Wings
narrow, dark with limpid spots j subcostal vein ending at before one-third
of the length of the wing ; mediastinal ending at much beyond half the
length ; radial ending at a little before three-quarters of the length ; cubital
and subanal hardly .undulating, the former ending at a little in front of the
tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein straight and upright, parted by less
than half its length from the border, and by a little less than its length from
the prsebrachial transverse.

112. Valonia complicata, n. s., fcem. Obscure cinerea, capite testaceo,
thorace nigro-punctato, abdomine guttis quatuor lateralibus albis tomen-
tosis subtus testaceo, pedibus fulvis, femoribus posterioribus tibiisque
posticis nigris, ahs subcinereis guttis plurimis limpidis.

Female. Dark grey. Head and appendages testaceous. Thorax punctured
with black ; humeral calli black, shining. Abdomen with two white tomen-
tous dots on each side ; underside testaceous. Legs tawny j posterior femora
black, with tawny tips ; hind tibise blackish except at the base. Wings
greyish, with very numerous limpid dots, blackish and without dots along
more than half the length of the costa ; veins black. Halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Malacca.

Gren. Sophiea, n. g. (Plate II. fig. 1.)

Fcem. Corpus sat angustum, pubescens. Caput thorace paulld angustius.
Antennarum articulus 3US longiusculus, sublanceolatus j arista plumosa.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPOKE AND MALACCA 35

Abdomen subfusiforme, apice attexmatum, thorace paulld longius. Pedes
graciles. Alee longiusculae, sat angustae, venis limbatis.

Female. Body rather narrow, dull, pubescent. Head a little less broad than
the thorax ; epistoma not prominent. Proboscis and palpi short. An-
tennae not reaching the epistoma; 3rd joint rather long, sublanceolate ;
arista plumose. Abdomen subfusiform, somewhat attenuated at the tip, a
little longer than the thorax. Legs slender. Wings rather long and narrow ;
subcostal vein ending at before one-third of the length of the wing ; media-
stinal ending at much beyond half the length ; radial ending at about seven-
eighths of the length ; cubital ending at very little in front of the tip ; discal
transverse vein straight, hardly oblique, parted by one-fourth of its length
from the border, and by very much more than its length from the pree-
brachial transverse.

This genus seems to be somewhat allied to the Helomyzides.

113. Sophiea venusta, n. s., fcem. Testacea, thoracis fascia metathorace ab-
dominisque fasciis tribus maculisque duabus subapicalibus nigris, tibiis fus-
cescentibus, alis limpidis venis fusco-limbatis.

Female. Testaceous. Thorax with a black band between the wings. Metathorax
black. Abdomen with three black bands, and with a black subapical spot on each
side. Tibiae brownish ; tarsi tawny. Wings limpid, lurid in front, striped with
brown along most of the veins ; veins black, tawny towards the base ; cubital
vein minutely setose towards the base. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

Gen. Rioxa, n. g. {Plate II. fig. 3.)

Fcem. Corpus angustum, pubescens. Caput sat parvum, thorace multd angustius.
Antennarum articulus 3US sublinearis ; arista rard plumosa. Thorax longi,
ovatus. Abdomen fusiforme, thorace multd angustius, vix longius. Pedes
graciles, antici breves. Alee longae, mediocriter latae, obscurae, guttis albis.

Female. Body narrow, dull, pubescent. Head rather small, much less broad
than the thorax ; epistoma not prominent. Proboscis and palpi short. An-
tennae not reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint almost linear, moderately long ;
arista thinly plumose. Thorax elongate-oval. Abdomen fusiform, much nar-
rower, but hardly longer than the thorax. Legs slender ; fore legs short. Wings
long, moderately broad, dark with white dots ; radial vein ending at rather in
front of the tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein almost straight, very oblique,
parted by about one-fourth of its length from the border, and by somewhat
less than its length from the praebrachial transverse.

114. Eioxa lanceolata, n. s., foem. Cervina, thorace nigro-quadrivittato, ab-
domine nigro vitta dorsali cervina, pedibus testaceis, alis nigricantibus striga
discali guttisque quinque albis.

Female. Fawn-colour. Proboscis, legs and halteres testaceous. Thorax with two
blackish stripes on each side, the outer pair shortened hindward. Abdomen
black, with a fawn-coloured dorsal stripe which is attenuated hindward, and
does not extend to the tip. Wings blackish, almost limpid along the hind
border for more than half the length from the base, with a white discal streak
and with five white dots j 1st dot in a line with the streak ; 2nd very minute,

3*

36

behind the 1st ; 3rd on the costa near the tip ; 4th larger, apical, near the
5th, which is on the hind border. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings
10 lines.
Singapore.

Gen. Xieia, n. g. (Plate II. fig. 2.)

Mas. Corpus metallicolor, subsetosum. Caput latiusculum. Palpi longiusculi.
Antenna breves ; articulus 3US sublinearis ; arista late plumosa. Thorax ro-
bustus. Abdomen lineare, thorace paullo longius et multo angustius. Pedes
longiusculi, sat vaKdi. Alee mediocriter longse latseque.

Male. Body metallic, slightly setose. Head rather broad, hardly narrower than
the thorax ; epistoma not prominent. Proboscis short. Palpi porrect, rather
long and stout. Antenna? short, not nearly reaching the epistoma ; 3rd joint
almost linear ; arista deeply plumose, much more than twice the length of the
3rd joint. Thorax stout. Abdomen linear, a little longer than the thorax and
about half its breadth. Legs rather long and stout. Wings moderately long
and broad ; subcostal vein ending at rather beyond one-third of the length ;
mediastinal ending at very much beyond half the length ; radial ending at
beyond five-sixths of the length ; cubital ending at hardly in front of the tip ;
discal transverse nearly straight, slightly oblique, parted by about half its
length from the border, and by rather more than its length from the pree-
brachial transverse.

115. XnnA antica, n. s., mas. Purpurea, capite nigro, antennarum articulo 3°
ferrugineo, pedibus testaceis, tibiis nigris, tarsis albis anticis ferrugineis, alis
sublimpidis apice nigricantibus maculis costalibus albis et nigricantibus.

Male. Purple. Head and appendages black. Third joint of the antennse ferru-
ginous. Legs testaceous ; tibiee black ; fore tarsi ferruginous ; posterior tarsi
white, with brown tips. Wings nearly limpid, with two white and two blackish
spots on the costa ; tips blackish ; veins black, testaceous along the costa.
Halteres whitish. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Mount Ophir.

Subfam. Achiides, Walk.
Gen. Achias, Pair.

116. Achias maculipennis, Westw. Oriental Entomology \ 38. pi. 18. f. 4.
Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

Subfam. Diopsides, Walk.
Gen. Diopsis.

117. Diopsis qtjinquegttttata, n. s., foem. Nigra, proboscide pedibusque
fulvis, his ex parte fuscescentibus, alis nigricantibus basi apice guttisque quin-
que sublimpidis. {Plate II. Jig. 7.)

Female. Black, shining. Proboscis tawny. Petioles of the eyes about half the
length of the thorax. Scutellum with two spines, which are more than half the
length of the thorax. Legs tawny, partly shaded with brown. Wings blackish,
nearly limpid at the base and at the tips, and with two interrupted nearly

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 37

limpid bands, the first of two dots, the second of three dots ; veins black. Length
of the body 3 lines j of the wings 4£ lines.
Mount Ophir.

118. Diopsis quadeiguttata, n. s., mas. Picea, capite oeuloram petiolis
pedibusque fulvis, his ex parte fuscescentibus, alis nigricantibus basi fascia
subapicah guttisque quatuor sublimpidis. (Plate II. fig. 6.)

Male. Piceous, shining. Head and petioles of the eyes tawny, the latter fully
half the length of the thorax. Scutellum with two spines, which are less than
half the length of the thorax. Legs tawny, slightly shaded with brown. Wings
blackish, nearly limpid at the base and towards the tips, except the extreme
part of the latter winch is slightly blackish ; two interrupted nearly limpid
bands, each composed of two dots ; veins black. Length of the body 2\ lines ;
of the wings 4 lines.

Malacca.

Subfam. Sepsides, Walk.
Gen. Calobata, Fair.

119. Calobata confinis, n. s., fcem. Nigra, capite cyaneo, antennis piceis, fe-
moribus posterioribus albo-cinctis, tarsis anticis albis, alis subcinereis fasciis
duabus connexis fuscis, 2a apicali.

Female. Black, dull. Head blue, shining. Proboscis and antenna? piceous. Pos-
terior femora with a white ring near the tips ; hind femora with a white ring
at the base ; fore tarsi white. Wings greyish, with two brown bands, the first
connected on the hind border with the second, which is apical ; veins black.
Halteres whitish, with black knobs. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings
10 lines.

Singapore and Mount Ophir.

120. Calobata immixta, n. s., fcem. Nigra, capite cyanescente, facialibus atris,
antennis piceis, pedibus testaceis anticis nigris, tarsis anticis albis, femoribus
posterioribus fasciis quatuor nigris, alis subcinereis fasciis duabus subcon-
nexis fuscescentibus, 2a apicali.

Female. Black, dull. Head bluish, shining; facialia deep black. Proboscis and
antennse piceous. Legs testaceous ; fore femora black, testaceous towards the
base; fore tibiae black; fore tarsi white; posterior femora with four black bands ;
posterior tibiae dull testaceous, black towards the base ; posterior tarsi brown-
ish. Wings slightly greyish, with two brownish bands, the first slightly con-
nected on the hind border with the second which is apical; veins black.
Length of the body 5 lines j of the wings 10 lines.

Malacca.

Subfam. Psilides, Walk.
G-en. Micropeza, Macq.

121. MiCEOPEZA EEAGILIS, n. s. Pulva, femoribus tibiisque anticis fuscis, tibiis
posterioribus basi apiceque fuscis, tarsis anticis posticisque albidis, alis sub-
cinereis guttis tribus apiceque limpidis.

Tawny. Fore femora and fore tibiae brown j posterior tibiae brownish at the

38 me. walkee's catalogue or dipteeous insects.

base and at the tips ; fore tarsi and hind tarsi whitish. Wings very slightly
greyish, with three limpid spots forming a curved band near the tips which
are also limpid ; veins black. Length of the body 3£-4 lines ; of the wings
5-6 lines.
Singapore and Mount Ophir.

Gen. Neeitjs, Wied.

122. Nerius fuscipennis, Macq. Dipt. Fxot. ii. 3. 241. 1. pi. 325. f. 5.
Singapore and Mount Ophir. Inhabits also Java and the Philippine Islands.

Gen. Texaea, n. g. (Plate II. jig. 5.)

Feem. Corjwsgraeile, nonsetosum. Caput subproductum ; facies brevis. Antenna
epistoma attingentes ; articulus 3US clavatus ; arista pubescens, subapicalis.
Thorax subfusiformis. Abdomen lanceolatum, thorace angustius et duplo
longius. Pedes postici longi, femoribus incrassatis serratis, tarsis anticis sub-
dilatatis. Alee angustae.

Female. Body slender, without bristles. Head slightly produced, as broad as
the thorax ; face short ; epistoma not prominent. Antennae extending to the
epistoma ; third joint clavate ; arista minutely pubescent, seated near the tip
of the third joint. Thorax subfusiform. Abdomen lanceolate, narrower than
the thorax and about twice its length. Anterior legs moderately long and
stout ; fore tarsi slightly dilated ; hind legs long ; hind femora incrassated,
serrated beneath ; hind tibiae slightly curved. Wings narrow ; subcostal vein
not extending to one-third of the length of the wing ; mediastinal vein not
extending to half the length ; radial extending to a little beyond three-quarters
of the length ; cubital ending at very little in front of the tip of the wing ;
discal transverse vein straight, upright, parted by less than its length from the
border, and by about thrice its length from the praebrachial transverse.

123. Texaea compeessa, n. s., fcem. Nigra, capite nigro-cyaneo subtus cano,
antennis piceis, arista albida, alis subcinereis, halteribus albidis.

Female. Black. Head bluish-black, with hoary tomentum beneath. Antennae
piceous; arista whitish. Wings greyish; veins black. Halteres whitish.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Singapore.

Desceiption of Plates I. and II.

Obs. All the figures are more or less magnified, and the outline-details comprise
the side and front views of the head, antennae, and base of the wings.

Plate I.

Fig.l. Massicyta bicolor; la, head seen sideways; 15, the head seen in
front; lc, antenna.

Fig. 2. Zambesa Ocypteroides ; 2 a, head sideways ; 25, ditto in front ; 2 c, an-
tenna.

Fig. 3. Xangelina basigutta ; 3 a, head sideways ; 35, ditto in front ; 3 c, an-
tenna ; 3d, base of the wing.

Fig. 4. Xarnuta leucotelus; 4<a, head sideways; 45, ditto in front; 4c, an-
tenna ; 4d, base of wing.

r/wttvu ^/Zn^Cfay. %v-. MS.-/A/38. to

J)ty&Son?Jjiffiit&The'Que&i/.

aa/rn<--Sj,'>m>. c/pf^uw^

J.4J6ZS./x38.t2,.

' r;.,Li£hT:'tol','

LS0ftt*t/. ^Zc-^t. ',/6'C, JSJVI

MB. NEWMAN ON A SUPPOSED SPECIES OP PELOP-2ETJS. 39

Fig. 5. Themara ampla ; 5 a, head sideways ; 55, ditto in front ; 5 c, antenna ;
5 a", base of wing.

Fig. 6. Valonia complicata -, 6 a, head sideways j 65, ditto in front; 6c, an-
tenna, g

Plate II.
Fig. 1. SopMra venusta ; la, head sideways ; lb, ditto in front ; lc, antenna.
Fig. 2. Xiria antica; 2 a, head sideways ; 2b, ditto in front; 2 c, antenna.
Fig. 3. Eioxa lanceolata ; 3a, head sideways ; 3b, ditto in front ; 3c, antenna.
Fig. 4. Strumeta conformis; 4 a, head sideways ; 45, ditto in front.
Fig. 5. Texard compressa; 5 a, head sideways; 55, ditto in front; 5c, an-
tenna.
Fig. 6. Diopsis ^-guttata.
Fig. 7. Diopsis ^-guttata.

Note on a supposed species of Pelopceus. By Edwaed Newman,
Esq., F.L.S.

[Eead January 15th, 1856.]

In No. 59 of the "Proceedings" of our Society is a letter
addressed to our Secretary on the economy of a certain Hymeno-
pterous insect as observed by the writer when at Bombay : seve-
ral of the explanations in this letter require correction, although
evidently written in good faith. The description of the insect
and its nest is fully sufficient to identify the tribe and even genus :
it is one of the ¥espina, and doubtless of the genus Pelopceus :
the name of "Mason-bee" is therefore assigned to it in error,
because there is a tribe of Mason-bees possessing a most wonderful
and interesting economy, and with that tribe the present insect
has nothing whatever to do.

In the second place, the male is represented as the builder of
the nest, — a statement so opposed to all we know of the economy
of Hymenoptera, that it may safely be pronounced erroneous ; the
building insect was certainly not a male, and as certainly a female
or neuter.

In the third place, the shining green insect, described as the
female, was unquestionably a parasite, probably of the genus
Clirysis : its presence in the nest of the Wasp was as an insidious
enemy, not as the legitimate partner and participator in domestic
care.

40 ME. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

On the Natural History of the Glowworm (Lampyris noctiluca).

By the late George Newport, Esq., F.L.S. Prepared from

♦the Author's MS.# by George Viner Ellis, Esq., Professor

of Anatomy in Univ. Coll., London. Communicated by the

Secretary f.

[Read December 18th, 1855.]

In the summer of the years 1840, 1841 and 1842, I devoted a
great deal of time to the investigation of the natural history and
anatomy of the Glowworm, in continuation of some researches
commenced in the country so long ago as the year 1830. These
researches had reference more especially to the internal structure of
the light-producing organs, and to the origin and nature of the light.
But although the structure of the parts concerned was repeatedly
and carefully examined, and although the insects themselves were
submitted to numerous experiments, I was unable to arrive at any
entirely satisfactory conclusion, either with regard to the peculiari-
ties of the structure of the organs, or to the nature of the light
which they emit. I felt bound, therefore, to withhold from publi-
cation the observations I had then made until such time as I
might be able either to enter more fully into the examination both
of the natural history of the insect and of its peculiar organization,
or to afford such an explanation of the mode of origin and of the
nature of its luminous property as would be in accordance with
the many facts already ascertained by other inquirers. Some years
later, on comparing the results of a series of observations on the
habits and anatomy of other insects, and especially of Meloe, with
the discoveries of Faraday and Matteucci in physical science, I was
led to the conclusion that a very close relation exists between the
vital and instinctive forces of the organic world and the physical
forces of the inorganic. This view, which was announced in a

* Some additional MS. on the Anatomy and Light of the Glowworm, that is
less complete, I hope to be able to communicate to the Society on a future occa-
sion.— G.Y.E.

f The materials of the present paper have been extracted from the note-books
of the late Mr. Newport by Professor Ellis, of University College. It was evi-
dently Mr. Newport's intention to have continued his observations on this very
interesting insect ; and there can be no doubt that, had he lived to carry out
this intention, the paper would have appeared in a much more complete and
elaborate form. But the observations, incomplete as they are, have appeared
too important to be left unpublished ; and, with this explanation, which is due
to Mr. Newport's memory, they are now printed in the Society's " Journal of
Proceedings."— Secretaey.

OF THE GLOWWORM (lAM^TEIS NOCTILTJCA). 41

paper on Meloe read to the Linnean Society on the 18th of No-
vember 1845, seems to me now to afford a correct explanation of
the origin and nature of the light of the Glowworm, and to eluci-
date facts in the natural history of this and other insects, which do
not seem to be reconcilable in any other way. Added to this, I
am at length enabled, through more perfect means of microscopic
investigation, to supply, from recent examination, facts respecting
the anatomy of the light-giving organs and the other structures,
which had escaped me in my former inquiries.

I propose, therefore, in this paper to give a full account of the
natural history and anatomy of the Glowworm.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE INSECT.

The Imago.

The Glowworm is an insect which has attracted the attention of
our earliest naturalists : it was well known both in this country
and on the continent. Although very limited in its geographical
distribution, it is usually common in those parts in which it is
located.

The period at which the Lampyris noctiluca common to the
north of Europe usually makes its first appearance in this country
is about the middle of June, after it has undergone its metamor-
phosis. Prom that time to the end of June or the middle of July
it is found in abundance on grassy banks, in sheltered spots in
lanes, and at the sides of hedges, especially on calm dewy evenings.
It is most abundant in Kent at the end of June, but in Glouces-
tershire in the middle of July, and shines most vividly at those
times on perfectly calm evenings. Very few are observed to shine
on cold rainy nights, and scarcely one is seen to glimmer on a
perfectly dry night when there is a brisk cold wind. At a tem-
perature of the air below 58° Fahr., the perfect female is said not
to shine, but with that statement my own observations do not en-
tirely agree. It has been thought, also, that the glowworm ceases
to be luminous before midnight ; but, although the light is given
out most intensely and by the greater number of individuals before
that hour, yet this is not invariably the case with all, as I have
witnessed light emitted by some as late as two o'clock in the
morning, and by others until after dawn. The light given out
during the first few evenings of the glowworm's appearance is of
a faint yellow colour, but after several evenings, if the creature
continues to shine, it becomes of a greenish-yellow, and is less
intense : this faintness is very marked if the insect has been kept

42 ME. NEWPOET ON THE NATUEAL HISTOEY

several days in confinement, and especially when there has not
been communion with the other sex. It is given out from the
ventral surface of the last three segments of the body, which are
almost transparent, and have no dark pigment in their texture ;
but it is most intense in the anterior half of the tenth and eleventh
segments, on each of which it forms two broad bands extending
across the whole surface. In the twelfth or last segment it is
feeble, and appears merely as two bright spots, one on each side
of the surface, and each about the size of a moderate pin's head.
The light is most intense in those females which have passed
through their metamorphosis only within the last two or three
days, and have not yet paired : in these it is sometimes so power-
ful, that I have been able to read small print for an hour by my
watch in the darkest night. It is given forth most intensely in
faint flashes immediately the insect becomes stationary after loco-
motion, and usually when it has crept up a blade of grass, or
crawled along a slight eminence in its native haunts ; if the insect
is watched at that time, it may frequently be observed to coil the
extremity of its body upwards, exposing its light most to view,
and turning it to the right and to the left, as if to use it as a
beacon for the wandering volant male. Even when she is perfectly
stationary on the ground for a few minutes, the female rests with
the extremity of her body turned to one side, so as still to show
the light ; though if the male continues absent, she seldom remains
long in one place or position, but continues alternately to wander
on and to rest, scintillating her light more and more intensely at
intervals.

I have witnessed these circumstances repeatedly both in the
natural haunts of the insect and in confinement ; and am scarcely
prepared to regard them as a direct act of the will, but rather as
an evolution of instinct through the direct stimulus of vital causes,
precisely as I regard what is in like manner believed to be a volun-
tary extinction of the light (Kirby and Spence, vol. ii.) at the
moment of capture or of sudden contact with a foreign body. At
the instant of such contact the entire body of the insect is con-
tracted and shortened, more especially on the ventral surface ; and
not only are the light-giving segments drawn one within the other,
but the luminous organs within them are simply removed from
immediate contact with the tegument, and are not, as supposed by
Murray* and Muller, hidden behind opake parts: possibly the

* See Murray's Experimental Kesearchea on the Light of the Glowworm.
Edinb. 1826.

OF THE GLOWWOBM (LAMPTEIS NOCTILTJCA). 43

darkness may be also due to the withdrawal of nervous influence
and its employment in the action of the muscles ; and thus the sem-
blance of an act of volition may be given to what is owing to purely
vital and physical causes. This explanation appears probable from
the fact that the light is never completely extinguished in the anal
segment, in which the organs within are not easily removed from
contact with the tegument by the ventral muscles. It may be
necessary to bear these circumstances in mind, as we shall find
that they are of some consequence with reference to the right inter-
pretation of the nature of the light.

It has been supposed by most naturalists (Kirby and Spence,
&c.#) that the production and use of the light have immediate
reference to the function of reproduction,— a view in which I
entirely coincide, as it is not only in accordance with the facts now
stated, but with all the circumstances of the natural history of the
insect. It has been objected to this view by some, that the male
also is slightly luminous, but this fact in no way affects the con-
clusion with regard to the female.

The male of Lampyris noctiluca, as every naturalist is aware, is
a winged insect with large organs of vision over the greater por-
tion of each side of the head. It is far less numerous than the
female, and is very rarely taken, except on calm evenings, while
hovering about, or when in company with the females shining most
vividly ; it is, however, allured by the presence of artificial light
(Westwood, Introduction, p. 248). The sole object of its life in
the winged state is to search out its partner j and as it takes no
food whatever when it has assumed the winged condition, its
period of existence is necessarily very brief, for it dies generally
after it has paired. The light of the female too, after the union of
the sexes, becomes greatly diminished, and soon after the depo-
sition of her ova — a proceeding which occupies a few days — she
also perishes ; so that in a week or two after the middle of July,
when almost every individual has deposited her ova or has died
unimpregnated, all traces of the light of the glowworm are extin-
guished.

Like the females of most insects, the glowworm has her life pro-
longed for a considerable period beyond that of her congeners, if
she has not been impregnated. And the chances that some of the
females may not be impregnated are very great, as the males are
not only few in number, but their time of appearance, so far as my

* Journal of a Naturalist, 1830, 3rd edit. p. 302 ; Westwood's Introduction,
1838, vol. i. p. 248.

44 ME. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

observations have gone, is very limited ; they are to be found chiefly
only on the first two or three evenings after the glowworms have
begun to shine, and just completed their metamorphoses, and even
then only on warm calm nights. While, therefore, those females
which have received the male proceed with the deposition of their
ova, their light waning more and more on each evening until at
length it ceases with the life of the parent, the unimpregnated
females continue to shine more and more vividly on each succeeding
night, and their life is prolonged for many days beyond the usual
period in expectation of the chance partner that may yet remain .
The period during which the glowworm continues to shine is rarely
more than from fifteen to twenty days. Its time of appearance
and disappearance varies only a few days in different localities,
usually from the end of June to the middle of July ; but if in the
season of their coming forth the weather is boisterous and wet,
not only are fewer individuals seen, but their time of stay is more
limited, because many perish early, either at the time when their
metamorphosis is about to be completed, and when excess of
moisture is exceedingly injurious to them, or during their expo-
sure on the herbage awaiting their partners. Instead of finding
them abundant at one spot in such seasons, they are met with but
rarely, and are scattered solitarily over a wide extent.

The Impregnation of the Female, and the Deposition of the Eggs.

In the summers of 1840 and 1841 1 received from the country,
through the kindness of a friend, several collections of glowworms,
both in the latter stage of the larva, and in the imago state.
"With these I was enabled to watch the transformation, to ob-
serve the pairing of the sexes, and the development of the ova.
Degeer originally watched the metamorphosis, and Martle, with
subsequent writers, has given some account of the habits of the
larva ; but they left very much to be ascertained. In the middle
of June 1841, having then received a collection of both male and
female glowworms, and having also by me some other females,
reared from larvae sent to me in the early part of the year, which
had not paired, I had the means of watching the whole of their
natural history, and the period of the development of the young.

I placed a virgin female, which I knew to be such from having
raised it from the pupa only a few hours before, under a glass, and
put with it two of the males which I had then just received from
the country. This was at six in the evening of the 19th of June.

OF THE GLOWWORM (LAMPYItIS NOCTILUCA). 45

Within a very few seconds of the occurrence, the males became
most assiduous in their attention to the female, and one of them
was in contact in from ten to twelve minutes ; but it had not re-
mained longer than a minute when it was accidentally removed,
and the female instantly passed a single egg. Union was again
effected in an equally short length of time, but the female endea-
voured to escape, and did not receive the attention of the male as
might have been expected ; in a few minutes, however, she became
more quiet, and the male remained in contact. This second
attachment commenced at exactly sixteen minutes after six p.m. ;
and the temperature of the atmosphere was then 66° Fahr. in the
open air — the evening being moist but warm. The glowworms
continued in contact for fifteen minutes, when the female began
to crawl about, actively dragging after her the male, which main-
tained his attachment, though he lost it once for a few seconds ;
and while thus attached, the antennae of the male were thrown
backwards, and the head was drawn along under the thorax. The
sexes now continued united for an hour and a half, and then se-
parated naturally, the impregnation appearing to have been com-
plete. At fourteen minutes before eight p.m. I placed them in a box,
the bottom of which was covered with damp earth with a little
tuft of grass, for the purpose of observing the time and mode of
depositing the eggs. I now placed the vessel in the open air,
covered with a thin gauze net to prevent the escape of the insects ;
the female continued for nearly an hour to crawl about on the
grass and on the earth, still emitting her light, but with only
moderated brilliancy, while the male was concealed beneath the
grass and remained perfectly quiet as in repose. At five o'clock
on the following morning, when the temperature of the air was
about 60° Pahr., the female continued in motion with the male still
flitting about her, but the two were not in contact. I now exa-
mined the vessel and the tuft of grass very carefully, but no eggs
had yet been deposited. I then covered the vessel, so as to exclude
light as much as possible, and placed it in a dark room. At eleven
o'clock in the day, when the atmosphere was at 65° Fahr., the male
was still in occasional attendance on his partner, but no eggs had
yet been deposited by her. During the remainder of this day and
in the evening, the attention of the male was undiminished, but
on the following morning I found him dead. The female, how-
ever, did not begin to deposit her eggs until the next evening.
The conclusion to be drawn from this experiment seems to be,
that, though the female is impregnated at an early period after

46 MB. NEWPOBT ON THE NATTTBAL HISTOBT

quitting the pupa state, the eggs may not be deposited for twenty-
four to forty-eight hours after impregnation.

In the following year (1842) I had an opportunity of repeating
this observation. Having carefully preserved some larvae of the
glowworm through the preceding winter and spring, and succeeded
in rearing pupae and perfect insects from them, I found on the
morning of the 18th of June, the temperature being at 67° Pahr.,
that four female glowworms had assumed the perfect state, and
that two of these had begun to shine very brilliantly. There were
also two male insects; these had not yet assumed the perfect
form, but were still pupae ; and as the whole of these had entered
the pupa state about the same time, it would seem that the males
remain longer in that condition than the females. During the
night between the 20th and 21st of June, the two males also
threw off the pupa-covering, and their elytra remained soft and
pliable, being liable to injury for several hours. On the evening
of the 21st, the males began to pay attention to the females, and
on examining the insects at five o'clock on the following morning
(June 22nd) I found them in coitu ; at three o'clock in the same
afternoon, when the temperature of the atmosphere was 70° Fahr.,
the boxes which contained the glowworms having been placed in a
dark closet, they were still attentive to the females, and I found
that some eggs had been deposited at the roots of the grass. One
of the males was very attentive to the female that appeared to
have deposited the ova. This female was shining much more
brilliantly than the others. The fact of eggs having been depo-
sited by one of these females within a very few hours after copu-
lation, while in the former case eggs were not produced until
nearly two days had elapsed, seems, when the relative time of the
females leaving their pupa state is considered, to confirm the con-
clusion above stated, namely that when the female has been
abroad for a day or two before being impregnated, the ova, being
already fully matured, are then deposited very soon after the com-
munion of the sexes ; while, if the female is brought into contact
with the male very quickly after leaving the puparium, the ova
may not be deposited for one or two days afterwards.

The deposition of eggs, which had commenced on the 22nd of
June, as mentioned above, was continued : at half-past ten on the
morning of the 24th, when the temperature of the atmosphere was
about 65° Fahr., I found that an abundance of eggs had been de-
posited. A few of these were on the stems and blades of the
grass, but by far the greater proportion on the small exposed root*

or THE glowwobm (lampybis noctiltjoa). 47

fibres ; this, therefore, appears to be the habit of the insect. The
males continued to pay attention to their partners, which were
still engaged in the act of deposition, so that repeated impregna-
tion may be necessary, perhaps, for the full impregnation of all
the ova. On the 25th of June, at ten a.m., I removed some of the
eggs to a glass tube, closed at each end by a cork, for the purpose
of observing their development; as there is some difficulty in
doing this when the eggs are repeatedly exposed in the observa-
tions.

I now observed that the males were beginning to pay less at-
tention to their partners ; so that the season of shining is followed
quickly by that of pairing and the deposition of the eggs ; and
when the latter takes place quickly after pairing, the female has
already been in communication with the male, or has been for
some days abroad.

On the 26th of June, in the afternoon, when the temperature
was near 70°, all my glowworms, both male and female, were still
living, but the former ceased to pay any attention to the latter,
and these were not depositing any ova.

On the following day, however, June 27th, a few more eggs were
deposited, and one of the males was again attending to and flitting
about the female ; but after this day all further attention entirely
ceased, and the males died. The light of the females also became
exceedingly faint, and was shot forth only feebly at intervals. In
a few days these also died. I am not prepared, however, to state
whether these invariably die after depositing their ova, as I be-
lieve, or whether they continue to feed and live on until the follow-
ing year. It is quite certain that they take some nourishment in
their perfect state, but this is not the case with the male.

In connexion with the deposition of the ova, it is interesting to
mark the way in which that process is conducted when the union
of the sexes has not been effected. Thus, if it happens from the
absence of males that the glowworm has not been impregnated
within two or three days after quitting the pupa, the light is
given out for one or two evenings with increased intensity, and is
constantly exposed to view in the manner before described ; whilst
the insect appears to be greatly excited, and alternately moves
from place to place, resting on the ground or climbing to the ex-
tremity of blades of grass, changing the position of her body and
the light, and shining with greater brightness, but no eggs are
deposited. Like many other insects, and more especially the
females of some Lepidoptera, the glowworm retains her eggs for a

48 ME. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

very long time when unimpregnated ; and if at the end of several
days impregnation has not occurred, the natural instinct of the
creature becomes markedly affected, precisely as I formerly pointed
out is the case with the female Meloe under similar circumstances
(Linn. Trans, vol. xx. p. 302) . Her body becomes greatly distended
by the fully matured ova within her ; the light loses its brilliancy .
and is less constantly exposed, and its colour is changed to a green-
ish hue. She wanders about, with evident distress, less rapidly, but
more constantly, and ultimately deposits her eggs at random on the
grass over which she travels, or even on the ground, one or two
at a time. A very slight mechanical stimulus of touch or pressure
on her body will then occasion her to extrude an egg, but never-
theless she is extremely tenacious of life, and lives on until very
many of her ova have been carelessly extruded and scattered. After
some time she dies. In one experiment made to ascertain the
length of time the glowworm may live unimpregnated, I found the
light given out with greater brilliancy on the second evening after
the glowworm had been in confinement ; with still greater on the
third and fourth, at which time the little prisoner was evidently
in great distress, alternately traversing the sides and bottom of
the box in which she was confined, then remaining stationary for
a few minutes and emitting her light with its utmost vividness, —
it being at one moment very bright, and then slightly dimmed for
a few seconds, but only to be shed again at the next instant with
greater brilliancy. The insect was strongly attracted by the light,
first to the one side and then to the opposite ; and the sexual im-
pulse was manifested by the frequent protrusion of the vaginal
portion of the body. On the fifth evening the light had become
fainter ; and from this time to the tenth day, when the insect died,
the light continued to diminish in brilliancy, and became of a much
greener colour.

At the moment of the laying of the eggs, each is covered with a
very glutinous and adhesive matter, as I have found when an egg
has been extruded from the body beneath my eye under a lens.
They are affixed firmly by means of this matter to the small ex-
posed roots or the base of the stems of blades of grass, though not
in the ground as some have stated, but close to the surface; so
that, without being covered by the soil, they are constantly retained
in a humid locality, and yet are freely submitted to the influence
of heat and air, — conditions which I have constantly found abso-
lutely necessary for their development. Some naturalists have
stated thatthey are usually deposited on moss ; but this condition,

OP THE GLOWWORM (LAMPYRIS FOCTILTJCA). 49

I believe, is not usual. I have always found my specimens in
confinement attached as stated to the exposed roots or stems of
grass, whence the larva?, when hatched, are most likely to find
their prey near to them, and where they are constantly in a damp
place, and in a situation in which all their requirements are best
supplied.

Supposed Luminosity of the JEggs.

It has frequently been stated that the eggs are luminous, but of
the truth of this there is considerable doubt (Eogerson, Murray,
Tiedemann) : they certainly are slightly effulgent soon after they
are deposited, but this, I consider, is due rather to the matter with
which they are covered when extruded, than to any inherent pro-
perty of their own. "With the view of ascertaining the truth of
the statement, I have examined the ova both within and without
the body. In the female which had died unimpregnated on the
tenth day after capture, the ovaries were filled with ova, and when
placed in water before removal from the body appeared to emit a
greenish light; after three hours' immersion they still appeared,
when the specimen was carried into a dark room, to give out a
very faint greenish light ; but when they had been standing a few
hours longer in the water, no light was perceptible from them : the
light appeared to have been due to what was transmitted through
them from the segments. I then opened the body of a female that
was still living, but which had deposited a large proportion of her
eggs ; and on carrying the specimen into a dark room, the remain-
ing ova appeared to be luminous, like the preceding j-the specimen
was then immersed still living in water, and the ova appeared to
be more luminous than before. The entire ovaries containing the
ova were next removed from the body beneath water, placed in a
separate vessel, and carried into a dark room, but no light was
then emitted by them. They were as opake as those of other
insects ; so that the light which they appeared to give out before
removal from the body, was due in reality to that of the light-
giving segments, being transmitted through them. The segments
themselves, after the eggs were removed, still emitted light very
powerfully, although immersed in water, and continued to do so for
nearly five hours, while the insect lived, and almost as brightly as
when the insect is uninjured. In a third instance, which was
examined at the same time as the preceding, I found the ovaries,
when opened in the air, full of ova, but these were not luminous.
On placing the insect in water, the eggs then appeared to give

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 4

50 ME. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

out a faint light, but after immersion for an hour or two they
ceased to shine. "When the ova and ovaries were removed, I found
that the segments gave out only a very faint light, although the
insect was still living, and light continued to be given out from
them for several hours, but very faintly. It was thus evident to
me that the ova which are within the ovarium certainly do not
emit light before deposition, but merely transmit that of the seg-
ments beneath them ; but when the ova are deposited, I am
inclined to admit that a very slight luminosity is sometimes
apparent, though this is due rather to the fluid covering of the
egg than to the egg itself.

The Development of the Emlryo.

I have stated that some of the eggs deposited between the 22nd
and 25th of June were removed into a glass tube, still attached
to the roots of grass to which they had been affixed. This was
done in order that the eggs might not be affected too much by
warmth and dryness during examination, as when they are long
exposed, or have not sufficient moisture, they quickly dry up and
are destroyed. If, however, they are enclosed in a tube, and the
interior of the tube only very slightly moistened occasionally, then
the eggs become developed as in the natural haunts. I did not
observe the development of the young Lampyris within the eggs,
as opportunities were wanting for my so doing, but only watched
that of the egg itself, and the time of appearance of the young. The
tube with the eggs was placed in the same box and under the same
circumstances precisely as some of the same brood of eggs which
still remained attached to the roots of grass. In both these sets
I found that at about the 25th or 28th day after the eggs had
been deposited they were considerably enlarged,— a certain sign
that their development was in progress ; this increase was very
distinctly marked at this time, viz. about the middle of the period
of development of the embryo, in accordance with what I have
before and since observed in the development of other species of
insects and in other broods of eggs of the glowworm itself, as well
as in the Iulidce (Phil. Trans. 1841).

On the 7th of August I had the satisfaction to find that the
eggs in the tube, which had been deposited between the 23rd and
25th of June, were producing their larva?. I had been prevented
during the interval from watching minutely the daily progress of
the eggs, and I am unable to detail the steps of the formation in

Or THE GLOWWOBM (LAMPYBIS tfOCTILUCA). 51

this insect: I had noticed only that the egg had considerably-
increased in size, but had not in any way changed its colour. It
however, appeared now to be slightly effulgent on the day before
the young appeared, — a phenomenon which I subsequently found
to be attributable to the embryo within. I saw one specimen
immediately after leaving the ovum : at first it was coiled up and
inactive, — a circumstance which I attribute to its being still
enclosed in the amnion after the shell has burst. It was then of
a very delicate straw-white colour, and for a few minutes quite
inactive : as soon, however, as its body is stretched out and the
amnion removed, it begins to move very feebly, but after a short
time with more strength. Its colour also begins to change, the
white becoming of a darker shade, and in less than half an hour
the whole body is tinged of a very light grey. In the course of
two or three hours this colour becomes much darker, and after
some hours longer it is of a dull black, like the body of the parent.
Its body is then composed of thirteen segments, including the
head, and it moves with considerable activity ; its onward motion
being mainly effected by means of the anal segment, which serves
the purpose of the prolegs of herbivorous larva? in assisting the
progress of its body.

The length of time which these eggs had occupied in development
was thus on the average about forty-five days, or a little more
than six weeks. The other specimens, which had remained in the
box attached to the roots of grass, were hatched in about the same
time ; but the period of incubation was shorter by ten or twelve
days than that occupied in the development of a brood of glow-
worms' eggs in the preceding year, when the temperature of the
season was very much lower with rain.

During the time the specimens above referred to were in course
of development, the heat was above the average, for at the latter
part of the time on one day it was 86°, and on more than one it
ranged from 76° to 78° Eahr. This result agrees with that derived
from the observations I have before and since made, viz. that the
more or less rapid development of the embryo is mainly dependent
on differences in the amount of heat supplied to it from without.

The Food and Habits of the Larva.

Six days after the harm were hatched, I supplied them with their
proper food — a portion of a living snail, which they immediately
began to devour with great avidity. Before this they had sipped

4*

52 ME. NEWPOET ON THE EATUEAL HISTOEY

the water added to the interior of the tube. The proper food of
the larva was ascertained first, I believe, by Eogerson (Philos.
Mag. vol. lviii. p. 63), who is quoted by Murray, in the year 1826 ;
it was afterwards pointed out by M. Maille in the ' Bulletin Soc.
Phil.,' Feb. 1826, also in the ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles,'
vol. vii. p. 353, and since then by a writer in the ' Penny Cyclopaedia.'
The fact has since been re-stated and established with additions,
by Eennie, in 1831*. Eogerson stated that the larvae "feed on
small snails, and the carcases of insects, &c."

At the end of eighteen days the larvae were still very active, and
had grown considerably, but had not yet shed their skins ; they
had been fed during the interval on portions of a snail. On the
following day (August 26th), or nineteen days after hatching, one
specimen underwent its first change in casting off its skin, but
exhibited no change of form. "When the larva first escapes from
the egg^ the only change it experiences is that of colour : it be-
comes of a deep grey-black, with the margin and posterior angles
of the segments of a whitish colour, and with a distinct white line
along the middle of the back in the line of the dorsal vessel. After
the first change of skin, the whole of the upper surface of the body
becomes of a much deeper colour ; the longitudinal line almost
entirely disappears, and the angles of the segments are then white,
and have also a reddish or flesh-coloured spot at the apex.

On the 15th September, or nineteen days after the first change,
some of the specimens cast their tegument a second time, while
others had only then just entered their first period, although the
whole had been living under like conditions. I have constantly
noticed similar differences, and am strongly induced to refer them
to original imperfect impregnation of the ovum.

I had thus traced the individuals I had watched from the eggf
to the second change of tegument in the middle of September, when
by accidents most of them died ; and 1 was forced to continue my
observations on other specimens which had been supplied to me
from their native haunts in the beginning of October.

A full account of the habits of the Glowworm was first given in
the ' Bulletin Soc. Phil.,' Feb. 1826, and subsequently in the same
year in the ' Annales des Sciences Naturelles,' vol. vii. p. 353, and
these memoirs are attributed to M. Maille. Eogerson, however,
as mentioned before, had given a brief history of the insect, and
had already shown that it feeds on snails. A particular account of
the cleanliness of the larva is given in the ' Bulletin des Sciences
* Journal of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, vol. i. pp. 16 & 19, 1831.

OF THE GLOWWORM (LAMPYRI9 NOCTILUCa). 53

Naturelles,' June 1826, vol. viii. p. 296 ; and the same is also re-
ferred to by a writer in the ' Penny Cyclopaedia,' in which are given
some additional accounts of the voracity of the creature and its
mode of feeding.

I am not aware, however, that any one has made observations
similar to some which have been reported to me in a letter dated
August 23, 1840, by my friend Professor Ellis.' The writer in the
' Penny Cyclopaedia ' states that he kept the larvae alive for a long
time, and that they subsisted upon snails : " Attacking those of the
largest sort sometimes, they would seize a snail whilst crawling,
and when the snail retired within its shell they would still keep
their hold, and allow themselves to be carried into the shell with
the snail; and although they became enveloped with mucous
secretion, it very seldom appeared to adhere to their bodies."
Mr. Ellis wished to observe the proceedings here described of the
larva being carried into the shell by the snail, and therefore fur-
nished snails to some larvae that he had in confinement. He was
not able to verify the statements made by the writer referred to.
On the contrary, he says : " Instead of witnessing that effect, I
was astonished to'find that the manner of destroying the snail was
by a series of sudden bites, repeated at intervals ; and I was more-
over struck with the fact that the snail seemed in extreme agony
after the first bite. I therefore made a number of experiments
with snails, and the following are the results : —

" Exp. 1. — A rather large snail was bitten ; it retracted after the
wound of the glowworm into its shell, and had afterwards a partial
paralysis (if I may so speak), inasmuch as it could not right its
shell when crawling.

" Exp. 2. — Another, bitten in the horn, was not able, or did not
protrude it fully for as much as a quarter of an hour afterwards ;
and put out only one (the opposite) for some time.

"Exp. 3. — Some smaller snails, bitten once by a large larva,
never emerged from their shells afterwards, and it is now eight
hours since, while one or two seemed to be dead.

" Perhaps you may think these effects are due to mechanical
injury. I kept this also in view, and pierced some of the snails
when crawling through and through with a needle, and fastened
them thus to the table ; but although they retracted into their shells
as much as possible for the time, they came out again directly
afterwards, and were to all appearance as well and active as ever
— even those that had been impaled three or four times. These
effects cannot be simply those arising from mechanical injury,

54 MB. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

seeing the difference in the results. I therefore infer that there is
some special poison inserted, or influence exercised, at the time of
striking the prey, like that of the snake-tribe ; and that the effect
on the snail is proportioned to its size, for it takes repeated bites
to kill a large one. I am further confirmed in this opinion by the
fact that, when a dead snail is presented, the glowworm simply
begins to eat slowly. The way in which the glowworms remove
the snail, when killed, is interesting : they walk backwards with
it, using the claws (prolegs) at the end of the tail as feet."

These interesting facts, communicated to me by my friend
Professor Ellis, immediately led me to watch the proceedings of
the glowworm. I had the gratification of witnessing every parti-
cular, and the opportunity of confirming what he had pointed
out, as he had forwarded to me with the glowworms some of the
same species of snail as those employed by himself. These snails
proved to be the Helix nemoralis, and were mostly young indi-
viduals; but there were also some full-grown ones, and besides
them was a small specimen of Limax agrestis. As a general result,
I found that the larvae attacked most fiercely and fed upon the
former species of snail most voraciously, but would not touch the
latter ; their proper food therefore appears to be the Helices.

On repeating these observations, I at first thought that it was
only the smaller snails which fell a prey to this larva, but I soon
found, as stated by the writer in the ' Penny Cyclopaedia,' that
the very largest are also destroyed by it ; for I have seen the full-
grown and largest-sized Helix attacked by a single larva. I have
not, however, seen the larva actually drawn into the shell by the
snail, as mentioned by M. Maille, and I therefore suspect that
was an accidental occurrence which is likely to happen, since the
mode of attack, as M. Maille states, is by sudden bites, repeated,
as my friend observes, at intervals, and, as I myself noticed,
made by the larva with apparently great caution. So far from the
larva being drawn into the shell by the snail, I have noticed that
the frothy matter that is invariably given out by the snail when
it returns into its shell after being bitten by its assailant, is parti-
cularly avoided by the larva. I witnessed the attack of a larva
on a very large and full-grown snail while crawling. The larva
raising the anterior part of its body made one sudden and very
cautious bite about midway in the body of the snail on the margin
of the foot, and repeated this by running backwards and forwards
from the tail to the head of the snail. At each bite the snail
seemed to be in great agony, and a greenish transparent fluid was

OF THE GLOWWORM (LAMPTRTS NOCTILTTCA). 55

instantly exuded from each wound. In this way the larva con-
tinued its attack on the snail, running along the side of it from
tail to head and back again, repeating its bite at each turn as the
snail crawled along. It seemed to direct its chief attacks against
the head of its victim, and in this it succeeded in two or three
attempts. Once the snail was bitten at the base of one of the
large feelers, and the effect was inability to protrude the organ to
its full extent. I then placed this snail aside until the next day :
although it had been the object of repeated attacks it was not
killed, but only appeared to be a little paralysed. These experi-
ments were made on the 27th of August, when the larvae were in
full activity. On the following afternoon I found that the speci-
men set aside had really been more injured than at first appeared ;
it moved very feebly and slowly, and was unable to protrude the
feelers on the injured side of the body to their full extent. The
inferior margin of the body from the head to the posterior extre-
mity of the foot was unused, irregular and shrunken, and the entire
animal had evidently suffered greatly in health ; it appeared to be
highly sensitive to light. I then placed near it a large larva, by
which it was immediately bitten in the inferior horn on the left
side, and the snail retired into its shell. Before it could withdraw
itself completely, it was again struck in the margin of the foot on
the right side, and the larva then passed quietly to the opposite
side and wounded it there also ; then, just as the snail was about
to reappear, bit it again twice, first in the inferior, then in the
superior horn of the right side ; and when the snail made an effort
to protrude the left horn, which had never recovered its original
power, wounded it again in that also. After this, it was struck
again on the margin of the foot on both sides, and the snail then
seemed to be entirely incapable either of completely withdrawing
itself within the shell, or of locomotion and attempt to escape.
Its body soon appeared shrunk and corrugated, and writhed as if
in great agony. It occasionally protruded a very small portion of
its horns, but it seemed to have lost all power to project them to
their full extent, the utmost length being then not more than one-
half that of their original dimensions.

It was interesting to observe with what apparent caution the
glowworm proceeded with its work of destruction. It protruded
its head to the greatest extent from the thorax, extended its body
backwards, and flexed and affixed it firmly by its prolegs, so as to
obtain as it were a fulcrum against which it might direct its
whole strength in the attack. When I removed the snail, in order

56 ME. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY ■

to learn whether it would ultimately recover from its injuries, the
larva seemed perfectly disconsolate, turning its head about with
extended mandibles in every direction, and watching like a dog at
fault. A second snail was then supplied to it, which I shall
designate

No. 2. — This also was a snail of the very largest size and perfect
health. The instant it had left its shell and began to crawl freely
along, the larva attacked it : it was bitten once in the inferior horn
of the right side and immediately drew itself within the shell, but
almost as quickly came forth again, though it did not protrude the
horn. In a few minutes the snail had regained its full power of
locomotion, and crawled slowly along, yet apparently in agony. The
larva then ran quickly backwards and forwards at the side of its
victim, with its head and mandibles extended, and watching for a
proper opportunity to strike it again : it next passed backwards to
the side of the snail as this creature crawled forwards, and sud-
denly struck it again in the under lip . The snail instantly retracted,
and before the larva could disengage itself, drew it within the shell
for a short distance ; but this was evidently accidental, as the latter
let go its hold, and, affixed by its prolegs, awaited the onward move-
ment of the snail again. After this it gave its victim another severe
wound, and the snail withdrew itself entirely. The larva appeared
to search eagerly about for its lost victim, first in one direction
and then in another. Soon after this it bit the snail within the
shell, and this wound had the effect of occasioning the creature to
protrude itself, and again it crawled along, the larva following in
its track.

Observing how little injurious effect was produced on the snail
by these repeated attacks of its assailant, I began to suspect that
if the injury to the snail depended on the effect of any specific
poison injected into the wound at the moment of striking it, that
by the repetition of attacks on the snail No. 1, the virulence of
the poison might have become exhausted, and the bites on this
one therefore produce but little injury. Accordingly I removed
this larva, and placed a second one in its stead to attack the snail,
and certainly the result which followed the bites of this second
seemed in some measure to justify the supposition. No sooner
had this larva been placed near the snail than it struck it repeatedly
in the head, the snail retracting at each attack, and appearing to
suffer much more severely than from all the attacks of its first
assailant : each wound appeared to be equally severe, until at last
the snail shrunk into its shell. It did not appear, however, to be

or THE glowwoem (lampyeis noctilttca). 57

able to remain within the shell more than a few minutes after
being wounded, as it seemed to writhe in agony from the bites.
These observations therefore do not seem to support the statement,
that it is usual for the larva to be drawn by the snail into its
shell ; on the contrary, the instinct of the larva seemed to lead it
to avoid this interruption to its attack, as before striking severely
it invariably affixed itself firmly by its prolegs and curved the
posterior part of its body in the form of an arch, as if for the pur-
pose of affording a means of support, and allowing the entire body
to be suddenly extended forwards to reach the object of its attack.
On one or two occasions, when the larva made a very fierce bite,
and struck its mandibles deeply into the wound as the snail was
crawling at full length out of its shell, the larva was dragged along
for a short distance, but I never saw the creature drawn into the
shell by the snail. I now set aside this individual like No. 1, and
placed a much smaller snail with the larva first employed. This I
shall call No. 3. The size of this snail was not greater than that
of a large pea.

No. 3. — The larva bit this snail once, and the effect was imme-
diately evident, although this creature had so repeatedly bitten the
larger snail ; yet the power of locomotion was not destroyed. The
specimen No. 4 was next exposed to this larva : this was rather
larger than No. 3 : it was bitten once in the head and retired
within its shell. At the expiration of one minute it came out
again, but its power of locomotion was affected, and it was unable
to protrude its left horn. I now allowed this snail to be bitten
by another larva which had not been employed before, and which
was rather smaller than those before used : the snail was bitten
once by it and withdrew itself, and seemed to exhibit effects of
something more severe than the simple wound. This snail I put
by like the former.

Another specimen, No. 5, was now employed : this was rather
larger than the two preceding, but not so large as the first two ;
it was also bitten once by the larva last employed. This specimen
as yet had been perfectly uninjured. The larva seemed voracious
and active ; it bit this specimen slightly at the extremity of the
foot, and I allowed it to bite again the head and neck. The snail,
when bitten on the head, instantly retired and threw out abun-
dance of froth ; it soon emerged from the shell, and attempted to
crawl, but it was unable to keep the shell upright on its back ;
it then retired within, and again came forth from the shell with
apparently a little more power. I then allowed it to be bitten

58 MR. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

again on the mouth, and it again withdrew itself. By this time
it was evident that the snail was much injured, and I allowed the
larva to feed upon it.

I then placed a healthy snail, No. 6, about the size of those just
noticed, and allowed this to be bitten once by a fresh and hitherto
unemployed larva. The wound in this was in the head : the snail
withdrew into its shell and never came forth again ; and two hours
afterwards I found that it was completely dead. This experiment
induced me to think, with my friend Professor Ellis, that the bite
of the glowworm is peculiarly poisonous to the snail, although I
was uncertain in what way it produces its effect. It was evident
from all the previous observations, that, even after the first bite
from a larva that had already expended its force on other snails,
the bitten snail writhes and seems to be in great agony ; and if a
young individual, it often dies from this single wound in a state of
contraction or kind of convulsion, giving out at the time a sanious
fluid.

The circumstances noticed in these detailed experiments with
regard to the little effect produced on different snails by the same
larva which had previously bitten many successive times, and the
very marked result which instantly followed the bite of one which
had not before been employed, seem to support the opinion that a
fluid, which is poisonous to the snail, is injected into the wound
by the larva at the moment of its bite, and that the effect produced
is diminished in the ratio of the number of times the larva has
already bitten : precisely as in poisonous snakes, in which, as also
in the glowworm, we may suppose the want of power to produce
death may be due to exhaustion of the supply of their secreted
fluid, or to its imperfectly matured secretion and dilution with
other fluids.

I may mention here, in support of the view that a poison is
injected, that I have noticed, on watching some larvae which were
preparing to attack the snail, a transparent fluid oozing from its
mouth and extended mandibles. Whether this fluid is secreted by
distinct poison-glands, as is the case with the centipede and with
serpents ; or whether it is merely a profuse flow of saliva, which
may act as a poison on the prey, is yet a subject for inquiry.
Certainly such a fluid is produced, and the mouth of the glowworm
is filled with it to overflowing at the moment of its attack. I have
witnessed the same thing in the Carabidce and in the Silphidce,
both of which generate an abundance of dark-coloured foetid fluid
from the mouth at the time they are feeding, though this I am

OF THE GLOWWORM (LAMPYEIS NOCTILUCA). 59

inclined to regard as the proper saliva of these insects. At one
time I thought I had detected two poison-glands, in the form of
two sacculated salivary vessels, in the perfect female glowworm,
but I was not able to confirm this dissection in other instances.
It is not improbable that the fluid exuded by the mouth may be
secreted by the stomach ; as in one instance, while a larva was
attacking a large snail, I observed that its mouth was flowing with
a blackish fluid .which it subsequently regurgitated in considerable
quantity. It was similar in appearance to the fluid ejected from
the salivary glands or the stomach by the larva and imago Carabi ;
and it seems probable therefore that the fluid of the Lampyris is
of the same kind.

That the effect of the bite on the snail was not simply that of
mechanical injury, I am of the same opinion as my friend above
quoted, since, like him, I struck several snails through in every
part with a needle, and wounded them ostensibly far more severely
than did the larva ; and yet they appeared not to suffer half so
much inconvenience, nor give -evidence of agony by their peculiar
contortions, but moved away with as much activity as before:
their movements were not in the slightest degree impeded. One
snail, which I repeatedly struck through the head and neck, and
impaled on the table, seemed quite unaffected when released, and
appeared, if there was indeed any difference in its speed, to move
a little quicker. Even although I pierced this specimen through
the head twice, close to the cerebral ganglion, it did not appear to
be seriously injured : it withdrew for an instant within its shell?
but soon came forth again and moved away with as much ease and
speed as before, and was alive and apparently quite well on the
following day. Another and much larger snail, pierced twice
through the stomach and head, crawled away as readily as when
uninjured ; but when this same specimen was afterwards bit once
by a larva which was only of moderate size, the snail withdrew
into its shell, and was completely dead within two hours.

Although the mechanical injury inflicted by myself on this last
snail had not produced any marked result, the effect from the bite
of the larva of the glowworm was instantaneous, and reminded me
strongly of the action of some deadly poison injected into the body
of a vertebrated animal, as that of the viper, &c, only that it was
more rapid and approximative to the effect of an electric shock.

The repetition, extension, and variation of the experiments of
Professor Ellis prove : —

That the single bite of a larva of the glowworm will infallibly

60 MR. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

kill a small snail, of about the size of a large pea, in less than
two hours.

That two or three bites are usually required to kill a snail about
the size of a small bullet.

That the effect produced by the bite is not that of mere mecha-
nical injury. Nor does it appear that a bite at one spot is more
fatal than at another ; for although the larva usually attacks the
head of the snail, it wounds it in other parts also with similar
results. But if the snail is very large, instinct prompts the glow-
worm to bite it two or three times at the foot, before venturing to
strike it on the head.

That even when the snail is twice pierced through its head with
a needle near the cerebral ganglion, or through its body, but little
effect is produced, though when this same snail was bitten by the
larva it was dead in two hours.

That when two small snails about the size of grapes were em-
ployed, one being pierced through and through with a needle, and
the other not so injured, but bitten once only by a large larva, both
snails immediately retired into their shells ; and that whilst the
bitten one never came forth again and was nearly dead at the end
of two hours, the other snail was alive and apparently well 'on the
following day.

I noticed also that, although a snail may be bitten once by a
small larva and not appear at the time to have been much injured,
yet it frequently dies after some hours. This fact still further tends
to support the view that some poison is injected, or some serious
derangement of the vitality of the snail is occasioned at the time of
inflicting the wound, and to confirm it in a negative way by the
fact, that if the larva be allowed to exhaust its force, of whatever
nature this may be, by repeatedly biting a snail, and then be em-
ployed to wound a very much less snail, the effect it produces is
far less marked than if it had not previously bitten any.

"What is the nature of this influence ? Can it at all resemble
that of the shock of the electric eel or of the torpedo, both of
which we know become exhausted by the repeated use of their
power ; or can it resemble that of the ray or stinging skate, which
is believed to inject a poison with its sting ?

But although the effect is fatal to a small snail, even when the
larva has previously exhausted its force, it is yet exceedingly
slight in the latter case, when the creature is allowed to strike a
large snail. On one occasion I employed a full-grown larva which
had been used before, to attack a full-grown Helix that was as

Or THE GLOWWORM (lAMPYRIS NOCTILTTCa) . 61

large as a walnut : the larva struck it repeatedly without killing
it. I saw the creature wound the snail at least from thirty to
forty times. On the following day the snail was living and able
to crawl, but was so much injured that it was unable to balance
its shell, and moved along with it tilted on one side. Its progres-
sion also was impeded, for it moved very slowly, and kept its feelers
depressed, and nearly close to the table over which it was crawling,
as if looking out to avoid danger, moving one horn on one side
and then the other on the opposite. This was twenty-four hours
after it had been injured. I next put a very healthy full-sized
larva to attack it. At first the snail did not appear to recognize
the danger, and actually crawled over the back of its enemy ; but
very soon its danger seemed to become known. It appeared to
recognize its foe, and continued to crawl round him in a circle,
even when placed in a straight line before the larva, as if to avoid
the danger. The larva soon bit it on the head, and the snail drew
back, but not into its shell ; a second wound was then made in the
foot. On examining the wound with a lens, after each bite, I
observed some dark-coloured sanious fluid upon it, such as I have
seen flowing from the mouth of the larva.

From what I have above stated, it will be seen that it is by no
means a common occurrence for the larva to allow itself to be
drawn by the snail into the shell, since it usually attempts to
retain firm hold, by means of its prolegs, of whatever it may be
moving over, before striking its prey ; but it is occasionally drawn
into the shell when it attacks large individuals. I saw one larva
bite a large snail fiercely in the head while the snail was crawling,
and as the wounded animal instantly withdrew itself before the
glowworm could detach itself, the latter was drawn more than
half its length into the snail's shell, and had its head and body
compressed by that of the snail. This position, as appeared from
the struggles and rotation of the body of the larva in attempting
to relieve itself, was by no means agreeable ; and it came forth
covered with slime, and apparently not disposed to return very soon
to the attack. On another occasion, when the snail, unconscious
at first of the presence of its enemy, slowly crawled over it, and
covered its whole body with slime, the insect withdrew, and did not
return to the attack until it had rid itself of its filthy covering.

The Voracity oftlie Larva.

The voracity of the larva of the glowworm is extreme. "When
they are only about half-grown, they will attack fiercely any new

62 ME. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

victim that may chance to be crawling near them, even though
they may have fed plentifully on their prey but a few minutes
before. Having killed a snail, they seldom leave it, except for a
few minutes, until the whole of the body is devoured. They will
remain for many hours with their heads buried in the body of the
snail, gorging to the utmost, and plunging their small heads and
erected mandibles into its viscera, which they continue to pierce
and exhaust until all the juices of the body are drained. I have
sometimes seen four or five larvse crouched one upon the other, in
a snail-shell, feasting and gorging upon their prey. In this latter
respect they somewhat resemble in habit, as they do in general
appearance and colour, the voracious larva of the Lady-bird {Coc-
cinella) which preys upon Aphides. The glowworm larvae will
pertinaciously continue to attack and devour the snails until they
are so completely gorged, that they can move but with difficulty,
and yet at the expiration of half, and sometimes even but a
quarter of an hour, during which they are motionless, as in sleep,
or as if fatigued, they will return to their feast as voraciously as
before.

Cleanliness of the Larva.

Although the larva manifests such an avidity for food, and con-
tinues to gorge itself so long and so pertinaciously, with its head
thrust into the snail, and its body buried in the shell amidst the
decomposing corporeal elements, it is nevertheless* very diligent to
cleanse itself of the slime. M. Maille (loc. cit.) first mentioned
this circumstance, and pointed out the organs which it uses for
that purpose. Degeer, however, long ago referred to the structure,
but did not observe its use.

After the larva has finished its repast, it leaves the snail, as I
have seen, retreats a short distance beneath the roots of grass, and
begins to cleanse itself from the adherent slime. This process is
effected, as mentioned by Maille, by means of the anal prolegs,
protruded from the thirteenth segment, which I shall more parti-
cularly describe hereafter. With this apparatus, which the author
referred to says is " une espece de houppe nerveuse composee de
7 ou 8 rayons blancs" (Bulletin des Sciences Nat. p. 297), but
which consists in reality of a number of fleshy radiations, mus-
cular, not nervous, and capable of being greatly elongated, the
larva grasps its mandibles, and wipes them and every part of its
body to which any slime adheres, using its organ in the manner of
a sponge or tail to wipe away the offensive matter. When the

or THE glowworm (lampybis noctiluca). 63

slime has become adherent to the body and is partially dried, the
creature seems to have the power of detaching it, by curling the
posterior part of the body round in every direction, and using the
apparatus in the manner of a hand or claw for that purpose.

The Luminosity of the Larva.

The luminosity exists at the very moment that the embryo is
escaping from the egg-shell and amnion. At that time a faint light
is given out from the ventral surface of the anal segment of the
being that is starting into active existence. I have repeatedly seen
light emitted from those parts on each side of the twelfth segment,
when the little creature has but the minute before been liberated,
and is still a feeble creeping body of a pale straw colour, and not
one line in length. Macaire also mentions the fact (Journal de
Physique, July 1821, torn, xciii.) of having seen the light in larvaB
that had just quitted the egg, and were of the size mentioned above.
I have found the light given out most vividly when the little body
has been suddenly disturbed or slightly compressed.

I have noticed the light at this early period in all my specimens
reared in the closed glass tube, as well as in those produced from
eggs still attached to a tuft of grass-roots in the soil. Even at
this early period I have found that the little insect may be induced
to give out its light more brightly than usual, when it is placed in
a tin box, and agitated slightly by shaking this in a dark room.
The light then emitted resembles two very minute brilliant points,
the brightness of which is constantly varying and twinkling, like
stars of the smallest magnitude in the heavens.

It is thus evident that the same influence that occasions the
perfect glowworm to shine with increased brightness, operates
equally in the very young larva. And as the light is given out by
the larva from its birth, there is reason to think that the luminosity
of the egg, at the later period of development of the embryo, is
not due to any luminous property of the yelk-tissue, but to the
special light-giving organs of the embryo.

But although light has been observed at this early period of the
larva only by Macaire and myself, it has been long known that the
larva, at a later period of growth, emits light. This was noticed
by Swammerdam (Bibl. Nat. p. 124), and afterwards by Degeer
(Mem. de l'Acad. des Scien. Paris, torn. ii. p. 261), and since by
Schmidt, Macaire and Todd ; and Burmeister has shown that the
larva of L. splendidula is also luminous.

64 ME. NEWPOET ON THE NATTJEAL HISTOEY

I have found the light of the larva of Lampyris noctiluca to
proceed from two little lobes on the ventral surface of the twelfth
segment, which are the only parts that transmit light in this
larva. The light, when the larva is nearly full-grown and full-fed,
in good health, and placed in a warm atmosphere, is at times
almost as brilliant for a few seconds as that emitted by the perfect
insect. But it is of short duration, and its degree of intensity is
not sustained; besides which, it is of a greener colour, and is
given out only when the insect is in motion : even then the light
is emitted only in flashes or scintillations. This fact, however, is
of some interest with reference to the nature of the light itself, its
emission being hardly referable to a phosphorescent property of
secreted fluid, but more probably to discharges of vital force
through nervous function.

In support of this view, it may be said, that when the young
larvae are violently shaken and driven against the sides of a box,
they emit their light more brilliantly; and that the full-grown
larva, under such circumstances, gives out its light for a short
time almost as brilliantly as the perfect insect. The larva seems,
like the perfect insect, to have some control over its light, or at
all events to become excited to emit it under certain circumstances.
Thus, I have noticed that when the larvae had been exposed for a
short time to artificial light, they did not shine, or but very feebly ;
but when the light was suddenly removed, they at first gave out
not a single gleam of light, though in four or five minutes after-
wards one or two began to shine ; and when they had remained
undisturbed in darkness from a quarter to half an hour, most of
them were shining.

I have found that the larvae shine during the whole night when
undisturbed. I placed a collection of larvae which had fed vora-
ciously during the day, in a glass phial, which was placed on a table
by my bedside on a dark night; and being awake during the
greater part of the night, I observed them shining at twelve, at
one, at two, at three, at four, and even so late as at five o'clock,
but always far less brightly than the imago. The creature thus
appears to have some control over the emission of its light in a
state of rest, for I have seen them shining when undisturbed
during the whole of the night. On the other hand, when they have
been exposed to light, either artificial or that of the sun, it was
found, when the illuminating influence was suddenly removed, that
they had ceased to shine ; but after remaining in darkness for a
few minutes, they gave out their light again, and continued to do

OF THE GLOWWORM (LAMPYRIS NOCTILUOa). 65

so steadily until disturbed or again exposed to light, when they
ceased to shine, becoming luminous again after a short interval,
when the light was again removed.

Another circumstance also which influences their shining is
deficiency of food. It is only when well-fed that they give out
light more brightly ; for if deprived of food, the light is then very
feeble.

All these circumstances tend to show that the light is greatly
influenced by physical causes, and that those physical causes which
operate generally on the body, or health, or vital force of the
animal itself, as food, motion, heat, are precisely those which
affect the production of light.

The Growth and Hybernation of the Larva.

It constantly happens with insects as with other animals, that
when many individuals, constituting one brood, are hatched at
very nearly or exactly the same time, some of them grow more
rapidly and arrive at their completion much earlier than others.
This is precisely the case with the larvae of the glowworm. Owing
to this circumstance, some individuals undergo their changes more
rapidly, and attain to their imago state sooner than others, but
having reached that stage and performed the great intent of their
being, their life is rarely if ever prolonged beyond that of their
fellows in a similar state of existence.

This difference in the rapidity of the growth appears to depend
on physical causes, as for instance the more complete development
of the constituents, and the subsequent more complete impreg-
nation of the ova from which these precocious growths are pro-
duced ; the greater amount of nourishment which the young have
taken during corresponding periods of time ; and generally the
circumstances in which the whole brood have been placed in
regard to light, heat, air, locality, and quality of food. I have
usually observed that the larger beings came first from the egg,
and appeared more robust and healthy than those subsequently
produced ; further, that a difference of but a very few hours in the
earlier hatching of these individuals is followed by a much greater
difference than can be accounted for merely by the length of time
between the birth and the first and subsequent changes which the
several individuals undergo.

Another circumstance of very great importance, since it is
applicable to all beings, is, that the facts first noticed being taken

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 5

66 ME. NEWPOET ON THE NATTJEAL HISTOET

into consideration, those become the most healthy and most ma-
tured individuals to which food in full abundance is supplied
during the earlier periods of existence. Improper food, or food
in too restricted quantity at this period, more affects the rapidity
and extent of growth during the subsequent periods of the life of
this insect, and probably also of other animals, than deficiency of
proper nourishment at any farther advanced stage. Not only are
the changes of the animal retarded by this deficiency, but its full
development is rarely if ever attained. I may mention, in support
of this statement, that there was a difference in the period at which
the eggs of the glowworm, placed in the glass tube as I have men-
tioned, were deposited, of only ninety-one hours, namely from
three p.m. June 22nd to ten a.m. June 26th ; but there was a
difference in the hatching of the larvae from these very eggs of
nearly eight days, or more than one hundred and ninety hours,
namely from the morning of August 7th to that of the 15th of
the same month, although during the whole period of six weeks'
incubation, all the circumstances under which the whole of these
eggs were placed were exactly the same. I have constantly noticed
like circumstances in the development of other insects, the For-
ficulce, Meloe, and others, and regard the facts stated as of general
application in development.

These facts may help to explain what otherwise might seem to
be the result of imperfect observation, viz. that the larvse of ihe
same brood of glowworms do not all undergo their changes at the
same time, or even attain their maturity in the same year, although
developed from the egg in the same season. For instance, the
most advanced individuals of those reared in the tube, underwent
their first chcmge on the nineteenth day, and the second also in the
same length of time, nineteen days', but others had not then
entered on their first. This was on the 15th of September. Some
individuals of other broods obtained from their native haunts, I
found had undergone this change as early as the 1st of that month.

The very earliest periods of development of the glowworm are
thus of considerable length, and exceed that of the majority of
insects. The Sphinx larva undergoes its first two changes, if at
the same season of the year and at nearly the same temperature of
the atmosphere, within thirteen days, those of the glowworm being
thirty-eight (Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 315). But in proportion as the
temperature of the season diminishes, so is the length of time which
the larva continues before changing increased, the amount of food
supplied, heat, and other circumstances being the same. Eut inde-

OF THE GLOWWORM (LAHPYRIS NOCTILUCA). 67

pendently of any diminution of temperature or supply of food to the
larva, the interval of time between each successive change is pro-
gressively increased ; and this occurs in the larvae of all insects,
and perhaps the young of all animals. So that at last a very long
period may elapse between the young glowworm's penultimate
change of skin, and that by which its larva or simple period of
growth is terminated, by its assuming the quiescent state of a
nymph ; and if any yet earlier changes are retarded, either through
late development from the ovum or insufficient supply of food, or
through the influence of external physical causes, its growth is
arrested, and the animal does not complete its development as a
larva until the following summer. Thus the changes of the being
are influenced by physical causes, and subject to physical laws.

It is only by reference to these circumstances that we are
enabled to understand how the glowworm occasionally passes more
than an entire year without undergoing its metamorphosis to the
perfect state, seeing that this its latter stage is always attained in
the month of June and July in this country. Yet the concurrent
observations of naturalists have shown that this is the case.
Bogerson noticed that it may be a year and nine months before it
becomes a perfect larva ; and I have certainly found this to be the
case in some under my own observation. As my specimens were
numerous, I was enabled to observe their habits during the winter
and their change to the perfect state ; but as I had by accident
lost most of the brood I had reared, and watched to their second
change, my observations were made on others supplied to me at
the end of September from their natural haunts. I preserved
them in an earthen vessel partly filled with mould and a turf of
grass, and secured at the top with gauze. An abundance of
Helices were supplied to them, and some of the larvae seemed
almost never to desist from feeding. I put with these the only
four remaining specimens of the brood I had reared. The whole
continued to gorge to repletion during the first part of October,
and gave out light freely when touched, or in any way compressed.
The temperature of the room in which they were kept was at this
time ranging from 50° to 55° Fahr.

In the evening of the 18th of October, when the temperature of
the room was 50° Eahr., the larvae were still active and feeding ;
they were very healthy, and some of them were shining — one very
brightly.

On the 25th of November I found them still feeding, but the

largest were less active in their movements ; they seemed to be in

5*

68 MB. NEWPORT ON THE NATURAL HISTORY

quest of moisture, and most of the food was consumed. On adding
water to the soil, they began immediately to sip the fluid. Others
were at rest in a state of partial torpor in the emptied shells of
some of the snails which they had devoured. They seem to use
these shells as their hybernacula, taking food at intervals and then
relapsing into a state of repose. One or two, however, were partly
buried in the earth. The temperature of the room in which they
were kept at this time usually ranged from 40° to 50° Fahr. On
one occasion at the end of August and beginning of September, I
found the larvae pass under the turf among the roots of grass, and
desist from feeding : this occurred with specimens which but a few
days before attacked the snails most pertinaciously and voraciously.
The temperature of the season was then from 65° to 70° Fahr.

On the 30th of November, the temperature of the room having
been a little increased during the last few days, the larva? were
again feeding as eagerly as before, and several of them now ap-
peared to be very fat. Still however they sought food, but moved
more slowly than heretofore.

On the 13th of December, the temperature of the room being
then 51° Fahr., the larvae were still in a state of hybernation : when
touched they moved their bodies slightly, but did not attempt to
escape. Even in this state however they still gave out light, the
brightness of which was increased at the moment they were
touched.

On the 22nd of December, the temperature of the room during
the preceding night having been stationary at 35° Fahr., and at
the time of the observation only 36° Fahr., they were still hyber-
nating, and lay with the body contracted and the head partially
drawn beneath the thorax : when touched lightly, they still moved
the body. Some of them were reposing in the empty snail-shells.
I had now an opportunity of observing that, in a dry atmosphere,
even at this low temperature, they still continued to give out light ;
for when they were touched and turned on their backs, they not
only gave out light, but that with greater brightness. A low
temperature of the atmosphere therefore does not necessarily
arrest their luminosity y and this fact seems to favour the view
that the light is the result of a vital property, of the nature perhaps
of the electric discharge of fishes, rather than of phosphorescence
or chemical action.

On the 25th of December, when the temperature was 48° Fahr.,
they still remained hybernating.

On the 30th of December, on taking them into an atmosphere

OF THE GLOWWORM (lAMPYRIS NOCTILUCA). 69

of 60° Fahr. for a short time, they became aroused, gave out light,
and moved about apparently in search of food.

On the 6th of January, when the temperature of the room had
remained for a day or two at only 33° Fahr., that of the external
atmosphere being then 28° Fahr., my larvae were again in a state
of hybernation, and when disturbed still gave out a faint light,
but when undisturbed no light was perceptible : this I think still
further confirms the view I have advanced, as at this low tem-
perature the respiration of the insect was almost completely sus-
pended. The part from which the light was given out was the
two spots on the penultimate or twelfth segment.

On the 2nd of February, at a temperature of 45° Fahr., I found
the specimens aroused, and apparently disposed to feed: some
food was supplied to them, and they commenced feeding, but less
eagerly than in the autumn.

From this time, during the months of March and April, they
were supplied with food: many of them died; several, however,
still remained to undergo their changes to the perfect state.

On the 28th of May, the temperature being 70° Fahr., my
specimens were still feeding, and continued to do so until the
9th of June, a few days before which they ceased to take nourish-
ment and became more inactive.

Change of Tegument of the Larva.

I have not been able to ascertain with precision the number of
times the larva changes its tegument before arriving at its full
size. I believe, however, there are four changes. The mode in
which this is performed differs from that of many other larvae, as
it has been correctly described by some observers.

I have several times witnessed the operation. It is effected
by a lateral fissure on each side of the prothorax and mesothorax,
extending forwards to the neck behind the head, so that the whole
may be elevated like the lid of a box, out of which the larva first
presses its thoracic segments, and then withdraws its head and the
organs of sense, and the legs, slipping backwards the skin to the
extremity of its body.

At the time of the larva leaving the»skin it is perfectly white
and colourless, delicate and easily injured, and when disturbed
or touched gives out its light more vividly. Immediately the
tegument has been cast, the larva coils itself up in a circle, and
seems forcibly to extend all the segments of its body, protruding

70 ME. NEWPOET ON THE NATUEAL HISTOEY

its head and neck to their fullest extent, as well as its anal
appendage. Although the creature is so courageous at other
times, it is now very timid and takes no food for several hours :
indeed it will not venture near a snail to attack it, as if conscious
of its present weakness.

One specimen which changed at ten o'clock in the evening
became shining and active, and acquired its dark colour at the
expiration of twelve hours ; but it did not venture to take food for
several hours afterwards.

The Nymph.

On the morning of the 9th of June one of the larvse cast its
skin, and assumed the condition of a nymph. This specimen was
a female ; but a male specimen had already changed to the same
state only a few hours before. At mid-day, when the temperature
was 75*5° Fahr., a second female assumed the same condition ; and
on the evening of that day at six p.m., when the temperature was
77'5° Pahr., two others, one male and one female, also changed.
At ten p.m., the heat being still so high as 72° Eahr., I found the
whole of these giving out an abundance of light; the females,
although undisturbed, were exceedingly luminous, and the males
shone almost as brightly as the perfect insect in its state of greatest
activity.

It was quite evident that in the quiescent state of a nymph, the
emission of the light was not the result of any direct influence of
the will or instinct of the insect ; it was simply the result of the
vital forces of the body, the manifestation of which seemed to be
greatly augmented by the very high degree of temperature of the
atmosphere. It was interesting also to notice that the whole of
the specimens, three females and two males, underwent their
change on the same day, in which the weather became much
warmer than for some days previously. The light emitted by
these insects was apparently in a ratio corresponding to the in-
crease of heat ; the rapid increase of the temperature operated
nearly equally upon the whole in inducing their transformation to
the nymph state, within a few hours of each other ; and, as we
shall afterwards learn, the^same external force equally accelerated
their development when they had assumed this condition.

The mode in which the change to the nymph state is effected is
precisely that of the shifting of the skin by the larva ; but the
result of the change is different, in consequence of the operation of

OF THE OLOWWOEM (LAMPYEIS NOCTILUCA). 71

laws of organization, which I shall attempt to explain in connexion
with the anatomy of the insect.

The form which the insect assumes as a nymph is that of a
semicircular body.

The Imago.

On the 16th of June, the temperature of the atmosphere being
then 73° Eahr., and it having been likewise at nearly the same
height during some preceding days, the three female specimens
threw off their nymph covering and assumed the Imago state:
their change was thus completed at this high temperature in seven
days, — a very marked instance of the influence of increased heat
in accelerating the metamorphosis. M. Maille found that his
insects -passed fifteen dags as the interval between the larval and
perfect state, namely seven days of quietude in assuming the form
of nymph, and eight full days in the nymph state (Bull, des Sc.
Nat. viii. 297). But some specimens which I reared from the
larvae in the summer preceding this, left the larva state about the
25th of May, and at a much lower temperature of the atmosphere
than those now observed.

The pupa-covering is exceedingly thin and delicate ; and not
only during the pupa state, but immediately when they became
perfect insects, my specimens shone very brightly. The tegu-
ment thrown off by the larva on becoming a pupa is solid and of a
dark colour, but that of the pupa, shed on assuming the imago
state, is almost colourless, and very thin and transparent.

The two male specimens, which assumed the nymph state at
the same time as the females, did not reach the imago condition
until the night of the 20th of June, and were thus eleven dags in
the state of nymphs, so that the females appear to become perfect
much earlier than the males. This fact is of importance with
regard both to the natural history and the relative anatomical
development of the two sexes. The female undergoes but little
change in her anatomy, and continues in a semilarval condition ;
consequently she is most early fitted for leaving the puparium,
and is ready to receive the male, whose life is very limited.

Erom the individuals thus produced, I may simply state that
I succeeded in again observing the deposition of eggs and the
hatching of larvae.

We are now prepared, by the consideration of the natural
history, to proceed to the description of the anatomy of the
glowworm, which will form the subject of a future paper.

72 DB. VINEN ON CYNIPS QUEECTJS-PETIOLI.

On the Quantity of Tannin in the Galls of Oynips Quercus-petioli.
By Edward Habt Vinen, Esq., M.D., J\L.S. &c.

[Read February 19th, 1856.]

Much interest has been excited by the frequent occurrence in this
country of the galls of Cynips Quercus-petioli, and they appear,
from a recent communication in the * Gardeners' Chronicle,' to
have increased to such an extent during the past season, as to do
vast mischief to the trees infested by them, rendering them unpro-
ductive of acorns, and even threatening their entire destruction.

In a recent conversation with Mr. Westwood on this subject,
he informed me that these galls had been used in Devonshire for
the purpose of making ink, and at the same time suggested that
it would be desirable to know whether they contained sufficient
tannin to render them useful substitutes for the ordinary galls of
commerce. At his request I undertook to ascertain this, and
thought the result might be sufficiently interesting to communi-
cate to the Society: the following is the result of my examination.
By macerating 100 grains of Devonshire galls in aether and water,
a residue was obtained weighing 26*74 grains : this contained 17
grains, or about two-thirds, of tannic and gallic acids. In order
to estimate the comparative value of these galls with those of
commerce, 100 grains of best Aleppo galls were submitted to the
same treatment with aether and water. The residue weighed 58*50
grains, containing 56 grains of tannic and gallic acids. Of the
superiority of the foreign galls there can of course be no doubt ;
but in comparing the results of these two analyses, it is necessary
to observe, that the Aleppo galls operated on were very heavy
specimens of the best kind of galls of commerce, and that they
had not been perforated by the Cynips, while the Devonshire galls
had all been perforated, and therefore contained a much smaller
proportion of tannin than would have been the case if they had
been examined at an earlier period.

If we compare the published analyses of nutgalls, considerable
difference will be found in the quantity of tannin obtained by
different chemists. The following are the principal : —

Sir Humphry Davy found . . 26 per cent, of "tannin."

Pelouze 40

Leconnel. . 60

Guibourt 65

Mohr 72

Buchner 77

MR. NEWMAN ON LEPIDOSIREN ANNECTENS. 73

However widely these results may vary, they are entitled to
every credit; and high as are those of the two last-mentioned
chemists, their well-known accuracy will ensure entire confidence
in their statements. I am inclined to think that these great dis-
crepancies are owing to accidental causes, among which the
variable nature of the seasons, which influences so much the quan-
tity and intensity of all vegetable secretions, may be a principal
one. "With the small amount of tannin found in the Devonshire
galls I must confess myself much disappointed ; but I hope in the
ensuing summer to procure some of them at an earlier period, and
before they have been perforated by the Cynips. I have no doubt
that they would then be found to contain enough tannin to justify
their being collected for commercial purposes ; and if they were
gathered at the proper season, before the Cynips has escaped, and
when the gall is in its most vigorous and valuable state, another
good result would follow. The insect would be prevented from
increasing to what seems to be a mischievous extent, and a check
would be put to the serious injury, if not entire destruction, with
which the oak plantations in some of our southern counties appear
to be threatened.

Note on Lepidosvren annectens, Owen. By Edward Newman,

Esq., E.L.S.

[Eead January 15th, 1856.]

[Abstract.]

Beferring to Prof. Owen's paper on Lepidosiren in the 18th
volume of the Society's "Transactions," the author states that
the conclusion at which that gentleman has arrived, that the
animal in question is a Eish, although controverted by some of our
best naturalists, appears to him to receive confirmation from one
or two points in its structure on which no great stress has hitherto
been laid. The first of these relates to the mode in which the
gill is covered, having only a single small external opening, in
which respect Lepidosiren makes a very near approach to Murcena.
Secondly, the two peculiar anterior teeth in the upper jaw so
closely resemble those of some Eishes, that the vignette represent-
ing these teeth in Echiodon Drummondii, given in Mr. Yarrell's
"History of British Eishes," might serve as well for the front
teeth of Lepidosiren. Thirdly, the continuous dorsal, caudal and
anal fin, and the absence of pectorals and ventrals, are common

74 MR. WESTWOOD ON A NEW SPECIES OF PAUSSTJS

characters among Murcenidce. And fourthly, the true Fish-scales,
together with the lateral line extending from the gill to the ex-
tremity of the tail, are characters peculiar to Fishes, and not to
be found among Amphibian Reptiles. Assuming then that Lepi-
dosiren is unquestionably a Fish, and not either a Reptile or an
osculant between Fishes and Reptiles, Mr. Newman regards it as
completely obliterating the boundary set up by Cuvier between
the two great subclasses of Fishes, the Osseous and the Cartilagi-
nous. In support of this opinion he quotes several passages from
Prof. Owen's paper, and concludes by stating his conviction that
it is "equally impossible to place it in either the Cartilaginous or
Osseous series ; and we are compelled either to establish an inter-
mediate series, consisting of but three species or perhaps genera,
or to break up those great divisions, which have received the
almost universal approbation of naturalists. The first course
seems most undesirable in an age in which we are exerting our-
selves to find associates and allies for every abnormal form, how-
ever apparently isolated. The alternative, the mingling of carti-
laginous and osseous fishes, seems inevitable."

Description of a New Species of Paussus from Central "Western
Africa. By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

[Bead February 19th, 1856.]

During the twenty-six years which have elapsed since the publi-
cation of my first Monograph on the family Paussidce in the 16th
volume of the " Transactions of the Linnean Society," our know-
ledge of the species of this singular group has increased in a
remarkable manner, as we are now acquainted with nearly a
hundred well-defined species. Indeed, even since the appearance
of the synopsis of the family which I published in the 19th volume
of the " Transactions" in 1841, the number (which then amounted
to 47) has been doubled. A considerable number of these new
species were described and figured in the 2nd volume of my "Arcana
Entomologica " (1845), together with coloured figures of all the
previously described species. Seventeen new species were described
by me in the "Proceedings" of the Linnean Society, June 19,
1849. A new species from Tangier (subsequently found also in
Spain) was described by M. Leon Fairmaire in the " Annales " of
the French Entomological Society for 1852. Six additional spe-
cies with a fresh general synopsis (recording eighty-five species)

FROM CENTRAL WESTERN AFRICA. 75

were published by me in the " Transactions of the Entomological
Society" (vol. ii. p. 84), read August 2nd, 1852, and/our additional
species were added by me in the "Transactions" of the same
Society (vol. iii.), read July 3rd, 1854. I have now the pleasure
of adding another new species of the genus JPaussus, very remark-
able in several of its structural details, and which belongs to the
African section of the genus with a bipartite prothorax and an
excavated clava to the antennae.

Paitsstjs Murrait, Westw.

P. prothorace bipartito clavaque antennarum postice excavata ; piceo-rufus,
sub lente creberrime punctatus, capite inter oculos transverse eleyato et in
medio fossulis duabus minimis transversis impresso, angulis posticis parte- v
que postica prothoracis extus porrectis et fere latitudine elytrorum, podiee
setis longis marginato.

Long. corp. 3 lin.

Hab. " Old Calabar," Africse tropicse occidentalis. In mus. nostro. Ami-
cissime communicavit D. Audr. Murray, Entomologus Edinensis peri-
tissimus.

This species is distinguished at once from every species hitherto
described in the peculiar form of the clava of the antennae and
prothorax. The upper side of the head is sloping and slightly
concave from between the eyes to the fore margin, which is
slightly emarginate and a little depressed. Between the eyes the
head is raised into a transverse ridge, in the middle of which are
two very minute impressions placed transversely with raised
black edges : the hinder margin of the eyes is furnished with some
porrected bristles : the antennae have a thick and somewhat pris-
matical basal joint, and the clava is large, being about equal in size
to the prothorax ; it is navicular, the front margin or keel being
acute, with three deep transverse impressions within the margin.
The inner basal edge is very deeply incised close to the insertion
of the clava upon the basal joint, the remainder of this margin
forming a long and acute angle, the outer edge of which extends
to the base of the deep boat-like excavation; the upper edge of
this excavation is very slightly crenated ; the lower edge on the
contrary is more irregular, being deeply emarginate at its base,
the emargination clothed with strong bristles, and oblique from
the middle to the apex of the antennae, which is rounded ; within
the posterior margin the excavation is marked with four deep
transverse impressions ; the hind part of the head is narrowed
into a neck. The prothorax is strongly bipartite; the anterior
portion is the shorter, having a sharp ridge running across it, with

76 MB. YABBELL ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE SEXUAL OBGAN

each side produced into a strong and acute angle. In the centre
of the pronotum is a deep excavation, with a tuft of luteous setae
on each side : the hinder portion has its sides gradually dilated
outwards, forming a strong salient tooth or spine on each side,
pointing to the outer angle of the shoulder of the elytra ; the
space between the point of this spine and the outer posterior
angles of the prothorax being emarginate, and furnished with a
strong tuft of luteous setae. The elytra are oblong, and with the
sides nearly parallel. The disk, and especially the lateral margins,
clothed with luteous setae. The podex is oblique, flat, with the
outer margin slightly raised, and fringed with long strong reddish
curved bristles. The legs are slender ; the tibiae compressed, but
not dilated ; the tarsi distinctly 5-jointed, the basal joint being
as large as the following.

The species is named in honour of Andrew Murray, Esq., of
Edinburgh, whose knowledge of Coleoptera is evinced by the
excellent Catalogue of the Scottish species recently published by
him, as well as by his entomological contribution to the fine
volume on the " Natural History of Dee Side " by the late
Dr. MacGillivray, recently published by command of Her Ma-
jesty, and so liberally distributed by the Prince Consort. Two
specimens of the species before us were received by Mr. Murray
from Old Calabar, and it is to his liberality that I am indebted
for one of them.

On the Influence of the Sexual Organ in Modifying External
Character. By "William Yabbell, Esq., V.P.L.S. &c.

[Bead March 18th, 1856.]

Haying been requested to supply some notes to the Appendix
on the subject of Bed Deer, published in the handsome volume
of the "Natural History of Dee Side and Balmoral," of which
I have had the honour to receive a presentation-copy from
H.B.H. Prince Albert, I regret that my opportunities of obser-
vation on the Bed Deer have been so limited ; but as the same
physiological laws appear to prevail in the three species of Deer
which belong to this country, I beg to offer a few remarks on the
influence of the sexual organ in modifying external character ; the
horns in Deer furnishing the most obvious external secondary
sexual character in this tribe of animals.

IN MODIFYING EXTEBNAL CHABACTEB. 77

In the volume referred to, it is stated at page 462 : " That the
production of the horns is dependent upon conditions connected
with the sexual function, is proved by the fact, that they are not
produced in castrated stags." At page 470 Mr. Eobertson states
that, " If the operation is imperfectly performed at the time that
the stag is void of horns, small horns will grow ; but these are
never cast, and the velvet which always covers them when they
are growing, retains its freshness to the last." Mr. Eobertson
has the reputation of being good authority, and I have reason to
believe that he is correct. When a stag carrying horns is
castrated, the operation being perfectly performed, the horns are
cast, sometimes as early as the fifth day, and generally within
three or four weeks. Very soon after that, the young horns begin
to bud and show, whether the stag at the time of castration
carried horns or not. The horns increase in size, but are
frequently irregular in form, unequal on the two sides, and
deficient in bulk and character for the age of the animal. Males
in this state are usually called Heavers, or Heaviers, a term
apparently intended to have reference to the greater size and
weight of body such stags attain ; but Pennant in his " British
Zoology," under the article on the Groat, says, "that the meat of
a castrated goat of six or seven years (which is called Hyfr) is
reckoned the best; being generally very sweet and fat. This
makes an excellent pasty, goes under the name of rock venison,
and is little inferior to that of the deer." The Anglo-Saxon word
for a he-goat is Haefer.

The author of the " Sportsman's Cabinet," published in 1804,
states in volume ii. page 61, " that Heaviers are experimentally
proved to be of great strength, and afford good sport before
hounds, for which reason the Eoyal hunting establishment of His
Majesty George III. was never without a regular succession.
The perfect males, after their rutting season, are out of condition
for hunting.

" Among the Laplanders the males only of their rein-deer are
used as beasts of burden and draught, and chiefly those which are
castrated, as they are the strongest." — GL P. Blom's Essay. •

To return to the castrated red deer : I remember to have seen
a large red stag which had been hunted and caught in one of the
outbuildings of a farmer's stack-yard in Berkshire. The horns
were unequal in size, both being straight portions of the beam
only; one about six inches long, the other about double that
length, and both in their velvet. On the beam of greater length

78 MR. YARRELL ON THE INFLUENCE OE TIIE SEXUAL ORGAN

was a rounded bulbous excrescence, upon which blood appeared at
the slightest injury.

At the Zoological Gardens some years since, a female rein-deer
died while her horns were growing and in the velvet. "When the
skin had been taken off, I went up to look at the state of the
carcase. The shoulders and the whole of the neck were of a
bright scarlet colour, from the strong determination of arterial
blood to the head at that particular period.

Inequalities in the size and form of the two horns of the same
deer may be accounted for, as an injury from a gun-shot wound,
or other cause, may affect the horn on one side only by inter-
fering with the natural size or course of the arteries.

When the horns of deer have completed their growth, the
blood-vessels are compressed at the burr, and the velvet-like
covering then begins to dry up, crack, and peel off; the deer by
his fraying assisting to get rid of it.

Colonel Charles Hamilton Smith, in the article on Mammalia
in Griffith's "Animal Kingdom," vol. iv. p. 93, says, "Hinds are
asserted to have been found with horns, but no well-authenticated
fact places this beyond a doubt."

In the Appendix to the "Dee Side Natural History," on the
red deer of Scotland, p. 472, it is stated, that in no one instance
does it appear that the hind of the red deer was ever observed to
have horns. To this, however, there are exceptions, apparently
the operation of a physiological law. John Hunter, in his " Ob-
servations on Animal (Economy," states, that where the male and
female among animals are distinguished by a difference in their
external characters, by depriving either sex of the influence of the
true sexual organ, they will seem to approach each other in out-
ward appearance.

Some years since, a red hind, in the forest of the Duke of Gordon
in Scotland, was observed to carry a single horn on one side of
her head, — such a horn as the red male bears in his third year.
As this appearance was unusual and interesting, a request was
made to be allowed to shoot her. Leave was immediately granted,
the hind was shot, and on internal examination by two com-
petent persons, she was found to have a scirrhous ovary on the
opposite side to that on which she bore the horn. The skull and
horn as attached are preserved in the armoury at Gordon Castle,
with a label appended detailing the particulars.

About four years ago, a red hind, in the park at Holkham, was
observed to carry one horn of some length. She was closely

IN MODIFYING EXTEENAL CHAEACTEB. 79

watched, and having cast this horn at the usual period, it was
secured and preserved. I have seen it very recently. It is
straight and upright, measuring thirteen inches from the burr to
the end ; about as thick as a man's fore-finger at its base above
the burr, but tapers gradually; brown in colour at the bottom,
whiter above, hard, smooth and polished towards the point, which
is sharp. To add to the interest in this case, this hind dropped a
calf; we may therefore suppose, the cornua and ovaries being
double, that one side was healthy and perfect, the other side
probably diseased.

About six years since, a red hind in the forest of the Lords of
Lovatt was observed to bear a horn, and of this instance I hope
to receive further particulars.

The writer in the " Sportsman's Cabinet" before referred to,
mentions, at p. 61, that a deer " being deprived of only one tes-
ticle, the horn will never regenerate on that side ; but continue
to grow and be annually shed on the other, where the remaining
testicle has not been taken away." This statement of a lateral
influence, and the case of the Gordon Forest hind, induced an
experiment which I will endeavour to describe. In the autumn
of the year 1833, having the advantage of being on the Council of
the Zoological Society with Prof. Owen, I suggested to him an
experiment having reference to this sexual lateral influence. Mr.
Owen very kindly immediately joined me in it. We procured
two fallow-bucks, equal in size, and both in their fourth year
one, a dark-coloured buck of the breed considered to have been
brought originally from the North ; the other a buff-coloured one
from the South, and both carrying horns of equal size, and of the
fourth year.

From one of these fallow-bucks, while held on the ground, Mr.
Owen removed the testis of the right side, and from the other
buck, the testis on the left side. Neither of these bucks cast
either horn, nor was any lateral influence observable. They shed
their horns as usual in the following spring, the new horns coming
in due course ; but in the autumn, when these horns had ceased
to grow and become hard, all four horns were those of the third
year, and not those of the fifth year : no lateral influence was ob-
servable, but it was plainly shown that the diminished sexual power,
consequent upon the operation, had produced a corresponding
diminution in the size of the horns in both cases. Towards the
end of 1834, the Society's farm at Kingston, where the bucks had
been kept, was given up, and further observation prevented.

80 MR. YAERELL ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE SEXUAL ORGAN

The fallow-buck is at his best in his sixth, or at most in his
seventh year ; after which, though the carcase may increase, the
horns become smaller, and irregularly going back annually through
something like their former stages of increase, a very old buck
has from the state of his horns been mistaken for a young one.
In the osteological department of the Museum at Paris, there was,
and may be now, the skeleton of a female rein-deer in which the
horns were reduced to little more than a rudiment of the beam
and the brow-antler ; yet was this animal so old, that the molar
teeth were worn down to the edges of the alveolar cavities.

Park-keepers in large establishments, where much venison is
required, are in the habit of cutting 20, 30 or 40 bucks in the
spring, and giving them the summer run of the park, or better
still, in paddocks, while the grass remains nutritious, after which
they are taken up for stall-feeding and fattened as wanted. These
bucks never lose their velvet. Some park-keepers practise modi-
fications when cutting, producing corresponding differences and
effects. If a fawn is castrated at a very early age, and the earlier
the better, he will never put forth horns of any sort, but remain a
polled buck during life.

The roe is the smallest of our British deer, and being under the
influence of the same physiological laws, requires but a brief
notice.

The horns acquire but three points each at their best, and as
the roe-buck increases in years, his horns, like those of our other
deer, diminish in size and number of points, till they recede irre-
gularly to their early appearance in the third or second year.

Eoe-deer are preserved in some parks in England, as at Petworth
in Sussex, and elsewhere, and form a pleasing addition to the scene.
After having fed in the early morning, they, in fine weather, scrape
out a bed for themselves in long grass, and when approached jump
up in haste, and scud away like a hare from her form.

The males are said to be less friendly disposed towards their
young than the males of either of the other two species ; but with
the very common tendency, not confined to deer, to use power
where it is possessed, I suspect this tendency has its origin in the
state of the horns.

Boe-bucks shed their horns in December : the new horns, while
growing, are covered with their velvet, but become hard and
burnished by the end of April. The kids are dropped in May,
and may be occasionally exposed to a push of the then hard and
pointed horn.

IN MODIFYING EXTERNAL CHARACTER. 81

The horns of the red and fallow deer remain in their velvet till
August, and while they are in that soft and tender state, the
males never make an offensive use of them ; and long before they
are hard and burnished, the calves of the one, and the fawns of
the other, dropped about the first week in June, are strong and
nimble enough to get out of harm's way. This, however, is certain,
that the old females of all the three species take especial care to
conceal their young while they remain helpless.

The neutral effect produced when the animal happens to be
deprived of the influence of the true sexual organ, whether from
original malformation, subsequent disease, or artificial obliteration,
is particularly conspicuous in our common fowls. The capon ceases
to crow ; the comb and gills do not attain the size of those parts
in the perfect male ; the spurs appear, but remain short and
blunt ; and the hackle feathers of the neck and saddle, instead of
being long and narrow, are short and broadly webbed. The capon
will take to a clutch of chickens, attend them in their search for
food, and brood them under his wings when they are tired.

In the imperfect female the comb increases ; a short spur or
spurs appear ; the plumage undergoes an alteration, getting what
is usually called "foul-feathered;" she ceases to produce any
eggs, and makes an imperfect attempt to imitate the crow of the
cock. Being profitless in this state, she is usually made away
with. The proverb says,

" A whistling woman and a crowing hen
Are neither good for gods nor men."

Our neighbours and allies the French, who seem to take a wider
range in their prejudice against habits which they consider irre-
gular, have the following proverb, which says,

" Poule qui chante, Pretre qui danse,
Et Femme qui parle latin,
N'arrivent jamais a belle fin."

I have seen two instances in which females of the wild duck
have assumed to a considerable extent the appearance of the
plumage of the Mallard, even to the curled feathers of the tail.
One of these birds, in my own collection, was given me when alive
by my kind friend the late John Morgan, Esq. When this bird
was examined after death, the sexual organs were found to be
diseased, as in the cases of the hen pheasants referred to, and
figured in the 2nd volume of the " History of our British Birds."
In the published illustrations to his " Fauna of Scandinavia,"

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 6

82 MR. walker's catalogue of iiomopterous insects

M. Nilsson has given a coloured figure of a duck in this state of
plumage, plate 163, which is called a barren female, and in which
the curled tail-feathers are made very conspicuous.

From the general similarity in these females to the appearance
assumed for a time by healthy males in July, I am disposed to
refer this seasonal change in males, in this and in other species
of ducks, to a temporary exhausted state of the male generative
organs, and their consequent diminished constitutional influence
on the plumage.

A male shut up by himself from early spring to the end of July
undergoes no change in his plumage ; but if he is allowed to
associate with females till their season of incubation commences,
he then goes through the change, and this appears to indicate the
cause of the partial summer moulting.

The appearance is somewhat different, but yet very interesting,
in Insects and Crustacea. In these classes the sexual organs are
double, and distinct, arranged one on each side of the elongated
mesial line. It sometimes happens that a species in which the
sexes are of a different colour, or markings, or form, has one
sexual organ of each sort, male and female, in which case each
half of the same insect is developed under the exclusive influence
of the sexual organ on its own side. Instances are preserved
among our collections of butterflies, moths, and beetles ; and I
have seen it twice in the common lobster.

JNor is the human race exempt from the operation of the law
which prevails in the Mammalia. In women, at an advanced age,
hair appears on the chin and upper lip, and the voice alters, be-
coming deep in its tone. The beard in old men becomes thin and
soft, and our own inimitable Shakspeare has told us,

. . . . " his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound."

Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects collected at Singapore and
Malacca by Mr. A. E. "Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Francis Walker, Esq., F.L.S.

[Read May 6th, 1856.]

To carry out the object I had in view, as explained in the note to
Mr. "Walker's paper on the Diptera of Singapore and Malacca,

COLLECTED AT SINOAPOKE AND MALACCA. 83

published in the first number of the " Journal of Proceedings," I
have induced the same author to undertake the following Catalogue
of Homopterous Insects from the same localities. The specimens
were procured during the six months commencing with May and
terminating with October, and are all in my collection.

W. Wilson Saukders.
3rd May, 1856.

Ord. CICADINA, Burmeister.

Earn. STEIDULANTIA, Burm.

G-en. Platypletjka, Amyot et Serv.

1. Platypleura semilucida, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 1. 20. 27.
Inhabits also Java.

Gen. Dttndubia, Amyot et Serv.

2. Dundubia imperatoria, Westw. Arc. Ent. ii. 13. pi. 51 (Cicada).
Inhabits also Borneo and Sumatra.

3. Dttndttbia GTTTTigeea, n. s. Testacea, capite supra vittis tribus angulosis,
antice annulo elliptico lineisque transversis lateralibus nigris, prothorace
vittis duabus dorsalibus subparallehs nigris, mesothoracis scutello vittis
quinque nigris, abdomine ferrugineo, alis vitreis; anticarum venis mar-
ginahbus apice venulisque transversis fusco-maculatis.

Testaceous. Head above with three angular black stripes, and in front with
a black elliptical ringlet, which has black transverse Hues on each side.
Prothorax with two black dorsal nearly parallel stripes. Scu^ellum of the
mesothorax with five black stripes, the inner pair abbreviated, the outer
pair interrupted. Drums small, rounded. Abdomen ferruginous. Wings
vitreous. Fore wings with a brown spot on each transverse veinlet and on
the tip of each marginal vein. Length of the body 11 lines ; of the wings
34 lines.

4. Dundubia albigtttta, n. s. Viridis, ex parte testacea, capite supra lineis
duabus obliquis duabusque lateralibus transversis nigris, antice lineis non-
nuUis transversis lateralibus nigris, abdomine subtus tuberculis quatuor
nigris, alis vitreis ; anticis apice subfuscescentibus, gutta costali albida,
venulis transversis la et 2a fusco-maculatis.

Green, partly testaceous. Head with two black lines forming an angle in
front of the ocelli which are bordered with black ; a black line on each side
of the fore-border ; front with black transverse lines along most of the
ridges on each side. Drums small, rounded. Abdomen with two black
tubercles on each side beneath. Wings vitreous. Fore wings slightly
clouded with brown at the tips ; a whitish spot on the costa at the tip of
the front areolet; 1st and 2nd transverse veinlets with brown spots.
Length of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 32 lines.

6*

84 me. walkeb's catalogue or homoptekotjs insects

5. Dttndubia intemebata, n. s. Testacea, alis vitreis, costa fulva, venis
viridibus.

Testaceous. Drums small, triangular. Wings vitreous; costa tawny; veins
green ; 2nd marginal areolet a little shorter than the 1st ; 1st transverse
veinlet oblique, hardly curved, parted from the 2nd by full thrice its
length ; 2nd straight, more oblique and much shorter than the 1st ; 3rd
nearly straight, longer than the 1st ; 4th a little shorter than the 3rd and
as long as the 5th, from which it is parted by about thrice its length.
Length of the body 10 lines ; of the wings 34 lines.

G-en. Cicada, Linn.

6. Cicada yiegttncula, n. s. Viridis, capite parvo, abdominis basi supra et
segmentorum marginibus posticis luteis, alis vitreis, costa venisque viridibus.

Green. Head small. Drums very small. Abdomen luteous above at the
base ; hind borders of the segments luteous. Wings vitreous ; costa and
veins green; 2nd marginal areolet much shorter than the 1st ; 1st trans-
verse veinlet straight, very oblique, parted from the 2nd by about thrice
its length ; 2nd upright, nearly straight, much shorter than the 1st ; 3rd
almost straight, as long as the 1st ; 4th longer than the 3rd and as long as
the 5th, from which it is parted by much less than its length. Length of
the body 6£ lines ; of the wings 17 lines.

Gen. Htjechys, Amyot et Serv.

7. Huechys sanguinea, Beg. Ins. iii. 221. 18. pi. 33. f. 17 (Cicada).
Malacca. Inhabits also Java and China.

Fam. FULGOKINA, Burm.

Subfam. Fulgk)eell.e, Spinola.

Trib. FulGtOeites, Spinola.

Subtrib. Fulgoeoides, Spinola.

Gen. Hotintjs, Amyot et Serv.

8. Hotinus subocellatus, Ghierin ; Belessert, Souvenirs Voy. Inde> 66. pi. 16.
f. 1 ; Rev. Zool. 1839 (Fulgora).

Malacca. Inhabits also Nepaul.

Subtrib. Lysteoides, Spinola.
G-en. Aphaena, Guerin.

9. Aphaena rosea, Guerin, Voy. Belanger, Zool. 454. pi. 3. f. 3.
Malacca. Inhabits also Sumatra.

10. Aphaena Saundersii, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1846, xvii. 330.
Malacca. Inhabits also Hindostan and Borneo.

Subtrib. Dictyophoeoides, Spinola.

Gen. Dictyophoea, Oermar.

11. Dictyophoea speilinea, n. s. Viridis, capite lanceolato prasino carinis
tribus supr& unaque subtus luteis, prothorace carinis tribus prasinis dua-

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 85

busque luteis, mesothorace carinis tribus lateribusque ex parte prasinis,
tibiis anticis tarsisque anterioribus fulvis, alis limpidis, venis stigmateque
viridibus.

Green. Head emerald-green, with three luteous ridges above and one beneath ;
protuberance lanceolate, ascending, as long as the hind part of the head.
Prothorax with three emerald-green ridges, the lateral pair marginal and
accompanied by two luteous ridges. Mesothorax with three emerald-green
ridges ; sides partly emerald-green. Fore tibiae and anterior tarsi tawny.
Wings limpid ; veins and stigma green, the latter occupying three areolets.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Ceomna, n. g. 3£ f%*i £JL%f&i&*Jm*

Dictyophorce affinis. Caput supra conicum, subascendens ; frons lanceolata,
subcarinata, marginibus vix elevatis. Antenna breves ; articulus lu* 2°
mult6 brevior. Thorax subcarinatus. Prothorax subarcuatus; Pedes
breves. Alee latee ; anticee areolis costalibus et marginalibus ordinariis
areolisque plurimis minutis discalibus abnormibus, costa subconvexS,
margine exteriore subquadrato, angulo interiore peracuto.

Allied to Dictyophora. Head conical above, very slightly ascending ; front
lanceolate, indistinctly keeled, with the margins hardly elevated. Antennae
short ; 2nd joint very much shorter than the 1st. Thorax with a slight
keel. Prothorax somewhat arched. Legs short. Wings broad. Fore wings
with regular areolets along the costa and along the exterior border, and
with very numerous minute irregular areolets over the rest of the surface ;
costa slightly convex, forming a slightly obtuse angle at the tip ; exterior
border straight, subquadrate j interior angle very acute.

12. Ceomna acutipennis, n. s. Viridis, subtus pallidior, capite thoraceque
testaceo-vittatis, alis anticis linea marginali fusca, pos'ticis albis.

Green, paler beneath. Head and thorax with testaceous stripes. Fore wings
with a brown line extending from near the tip of the costa to one-third of
the length of the hind border from the interior angle. Hind wings white.
Length of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Malacca.

Gen. Dabadax, n. g.

Caput lanceolatum, ascendens, lateribus elevatis ; frons lanceolata, carinata.
Antennae globosae, minimae. Prothorax valde arcuatus, carinatus. Meso-
thorax quadricarinatus. Aloe anticae fusiformes, areolis costalibus et
marginalibus plurimis ordinariis, discalibus longis.

Head lanceolate, ascending, with a ridge along each side ; front lanceolate,
with a middle keel; sides also ridged. Antennae globose, very minute;
bristle moderately long, very slender. Prothorax much arched, with a
slight middle keel ; each side forming a fusiform compartment. Mesotho-
rax with four keels. Fore wings fusiform, with numerous parallel equi-
distant veinlets along the costa ; discal areolets long ; marginal areolets
short, like those of the costa.

86 me. walkee's catalogue or homoptebous insects

13. Dabadax fttsipennis, n. s. Viridis, ex parte lutescens, alis anticis fusco
apud marginem exteriorem guttatis, posticis albis.

Green, partly lutescent. Fore wings with brown dots along the exterior
border. Hind wings white. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
7 lines.

Malacca.

Gen. Elica, n. g.

Caput conicum, subascendens, supra tricarinatum ; frons lanceolata, tetra-
gona, tricarinata, lateribus elevatis. Antennas breves. JProthorax brevissi-
mus. Mesothorax tricarinatus. Alee anticse latse, venulis plurimis trans-
versis costahbus, areolis discalibus basahbus elongatis, exterioribus abbre-
viatis ssepissime hexagonis.

Head conical, slightly ascending, with three ridges above ; front lanceolate,
tetragonal, with three ridges, the lateral pair curved, margins also ridged.
Antennae conical; bristle about twice the length of the preceding part.
Pro thorax very short. Mesothorax with three keels. Fore wings broad,
with numerous transverse veinlets along the costa j discal areolets elongate
towards the base of the wing ; those exterior more numerous, short, and
generally hexagonal or pentagonal.

14. Elica latipenkls, n. s. Testacea, ex parte fulva, capite supra thoracis-
que disco fuscis, alis hyalinis subtestaceis, venis fulvis, nonnuUis nigris.

Testaceous, partly tawny. Head above and disk of the thorax brown. Wings
hyaline, with a slight testaceous tinge ; veins tawny, some of them black,
forming an irregular incomplete band. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of
the wings 9 lines.

Malacca.

Gren. Elidipteea, Spinola.

15. Elidipteea smaeagdilinea, n. s. Ferruginea, capite ex parte prasino,
cornu gracili cylindrico ascendente nigro subtus viridi, fronte angusta, facie
pectoreque nigro alboque variis, prothorace maculis tribus prasinis, meso-
thorace vitta prasina, abdomine vittis duabus prasinis duabusque ventrali-
bus nigris, pedibus viridi-fulvis, femoribus basi nigris, tibiis anticis apice
albis, alis hyalinis vittis duabus strigaque transversa fuscis.

Ferruginous. Head emerald-green about the eyes and on each side of the
front; protuberance slender, cylindrical, ascending, black above, green
beneath, about twice the length of the head above ; front long and narrow ;
face black and white. Prothorax with an emerald-green spot in the middle
and one on each side. Mesothorax with an emerald-green stripe. Pectus
black and white. Abdomen with a green stripe on each side, and with a
black stripe on each side beneath. Legs tawny ; femora black at the base ;
tibise and tarsi partly green ; fore tibiae white towards the tips. Wings
limpid. Fore wings with a narrow brown etripe along the terminal part of
the costa, and with a broad brown stripe along the corresponding part of
the hind border, the two stripes connected by a brown streak along the
transverse veinlets. Length of the body 4£ lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

Mount Ophir.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPOBE AND MALACCA. 87

Subtrib. Cixioides, Spinola.
Gen. Cixius, Latr.

16. Cixius pustulatus, n. s. Fulvus, subtus testaceus, capite viridescente,
guttis duabus nigris, carinis ferrugineis, alis anticis maculis pallidioribus
necnon punctis plurimis guttisque paucis nigricantibus, posticis fuscis.

Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head greenish, with a black dot on each side ;
ridges ferruginous. Fore wings with some paler marks and with many-
minute blackish dots which are accompanied by two or tliree larger and
darker dots. Hind wings brown. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

In this species the veinlets towards the tip of the costa and along the apical
margin are more numerous than in the European Cixii.

Singapore.

17. Cixius albistkiga, n. s. Nigricans, subtus testaceus, capite parvo, fronte
angusta fusca, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis rufescenti-
bus subtus albidis, alis anticis fuscisy strigis tribus transversis costalibus
subapicalibus albidis, posticis cinereis.

Blackish, testaceous beneath. Head much smaller, and with the front much
narrower than in the European species ; front dark brown. Hind borders
of the abdominal segments reddish above, whitish beneath. Fore wings
brown, with three whitish transverse streaks towards the tip of the costa.
Hind wings grey. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Singapore.

18. Cixius eppeeatus, n. s. Testaceus, fronte subfusiformi, oculis magnis
approximates, abdomine fulvo, alis limpidis, venis fulvis, anticis stigmate
testaceo maculisque duabus marginalibus fuscis, posticis striga costali apicali
fusca.

Testaceous. Front subfusiform, attenuated in front. Eyes large, nearly
contiguous on the vertex. Abdomen tawny. Wings limpid ; veins tawny j
stigma testaceous, with a brown spot contiguous to its tip, and opposite a
smaller and paler brown spot on the interior border. Hind wings with a
brown streak at the tip of the costa. Length of the body 2i\ lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Euria, n. g. ^JYQk^jbvL&twt^ Jftot

Caput brevissimum, supra arcuatum; frons longa, subfusiformis, carinata.

- Antenna globosse. Thorax brevissimus, carinatus, lateribus elevatis. Alee
anticse mediocriter latse, venis costalibus plurimis ordinariis, marginalibus
multis ssepissime furcatis, discalibus nonnuUis, basalibus paucis.
Head very short, arched above. Front long, subfusiform, with a keel in the
middle. Antennae small, globose. Thorax very short, with a keel in the
middle and a ridge on each side. Fore wings moderately broad, with the
angles rounded ; many oblique, parallel, equidistant veins along the costa ;
veins along the exterior border very numerous, mostly forked, divided by
transverse veinlets from the much fewer veins in the next compartment,
which is likewise divided by veinlets from the still fewer basal areolets.

88 me. walker's catalogue oe homopterous insects

19. Etteia ltjeida, n. s. Fuscescens, subtus pallidior, capite viridi carinis
fulvis, alis anticis fusco-quadrifasciatis, posticis fusco-trifasciatis.

Brownish, paler beneath. Head green, with tawny ridges. Wings lurid.
Fore wings with four brown bands ; 1st and 2nd dilated in front ; 3rd
slender, curved, joined at each end to the 2nd ; 4th marginal. Hind wings
with three brown bands. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings
7 lines.

Singapore. U^^ifhA 3u*f-t

Gen. Bidis, n. g.

Caput conicum, vis ascendens, vertice carinato, fronte perangusta carinata
lateribus elevatis. Antennae filiformes ; articulus 2US 1° paulld longior ;
seta longissima. Prothorax arcuatus, brevissimus. Mesothorax tricari-
natus. Alee, anticee sat angustse, areolis nonnulhs apud costse apicem et
apud marginem exteriorem ; areolae basales longissimse, discales elongatse.

Head conical, hardly ascending, with a ridge above; front very long and
narrow, with a middle keel; sides also ridged. Antennae filiform; 2nd
joint a little longer than the 1st ; bristle about twice the length of the 2nd,
and full fths of the length of the body. Prothorax arched, very short.
Mesothorax with three keels. Fore wings rather narrow, with marginal
areolets towards the tip of the costa and along the exterior border ; discal
areolets elongated, less than half the length of the basal areolets.

20. Bidis notivena, n. s., mas et fcem. Testacea, ex parte viridis, alis hya-
linis, anticis subtestaceis, venis testaceis ex parte nigricantibus. Mas ex
parte rufescens.

Male and female. Testaceous, partly green. Winga hyaline. Fore wings with
a very slight testaceous tinge; veins testaceous, here and there blackish.
Male. Partly red. Length of the body 2 lines j of the wings 6 lines.

Singapore and Malacca.

Trib. Is sites, Spinola.
Gen. Ettrybrachys, Gue'rin.

21. Etjeybeachys mttlticoloe, n. s. Leete viridis, albo-tomentosa, thorace
testaceo, abdominis lateribus posticis laete runs, membranis duabus apicali-
bus foliaceis fulvis, alis anticis nigro-guttatis, apud costam nigro-strigatis,
marginibus latis subhyalinis, posticis albis, maculis nonnuUis marginalibus
nigris.

JBright green, with white tomentum. Thorax mostly testaceous. Abdomen
bright red on each side towards the tip, which has two foliaceous tawny
appendages. Fore wings nearly hyaline, with green disks, which are
brightest beneath, and with several black discal dots ; some little black
streaks along the costa. Hind wings white, with some black marginal
spots. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

22. Eueybeachts ETJBEESCENS, n. s. Testacea, vertice thoraceque rufes-
cente notatis, fronte viridi-testacea, pedibus roseis, alis anticis pubescenti-
bus, basi purpureo-rufis nigro-guttatis, apices versus fulvis, fascia inter-
media marginibusque ex maxima parte sordide hyalinis, tuberculis duobus
submarginalibus nigro-uniguttatis, posticis lacteo-albis fascia fusca.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPOEE AND MALACCA. 89

Testaceous. Head, vertex and thorax with reddish marks. Front greenish
testaceous. Legs rosy red. Fore wings pubescent, slightly tuberculated,
and with a black shining dot near the tip of the costa and at three-quarters
of the length of the hind border, purplish red and with black dots towards
the base, tawny towards the tips, with a dingy hyaline middle band and
with the borders chiefly of the same hue. Hind wings milky white, with a
brown band. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 18 lines.

Mount Ophir.

Subtrib. Flatoides, Spinola.
Gen. Flatoides, Guerin.

23. Flatoides tenebrosus, Walk. Cat. JETomopt. pt. 2. 406. 7.
Malacca and Singapore. Inhabits also China.

24. Flatoides marginalis, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 2. 409. 10.
Mount Ophir. Inhabits also Africa ?

25. Flatoides discalis, n. s. Nigra, fronte tricarinata marginibus subele-
vatis, segmentorum abdominalium marginibus posticis pedibusque testa-
ceis, alis anticis nigricantibus disco guttisque quatuor limpidis, punctis
marginalibus testaceis, posticis limpidis fusco-marginatis.

Black. Front much broader than long, with a slightly elevated margin, and
with three slight keels. Hind borders of the abdominal segments and legs
dull testaceous. Fore wings blackish, with a testaceous point on the tip
of each vein ; disk limpid ; two limpid dots on the costa, and two towards
the tip of the exterior border. Hind wings limpid with brown borders.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Singapore^

26. Flatoides emaeginattjs, n. s. . Nigricans, capite pectore pedibusque
testaceis, fronte carinis tribus abbreviatis, alis nigricantibus, anticis macula*
costali albo-limpida, incisuris duabus costalibus exterioribus, margine exte-
riore antice eoncavo postice dilatato.

Blackish. Head, pectus and legs dull dark testaceous ; front about twice
broader than long, with an elevated border, and with three short keels on
the hind part. Wings blackish. Fore-wings slightly hooked ; costa with
two slight excavations between the tip and a white limpid spot which is
beyond the middle ; exterior border concave between the tip, and a conical
dilatation which is in front of the middle. Hind wings slightly excavated
along the exterior half of the costa. Length of the body 3 lines j of the
wings 11 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Bicania, Germar.

27. Ricania Hemerobii, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 2. 425. 19.

Malacca. Inhabits also Ceylon.

Gen. Cofna, n. g.

Corpus sublineare. Caput thorace vix angustius, fronte depress*!, elongate
carinula media, lateribus subelevatis. Prothorax arcuatus, carinatus, ver-

90

ticem posticum superans. MesotTiorax tricarinatus. Pedes breviusculi,
sat validi. Alee latse, apice rotundatse ; anticse areolis costalibus ordinariis,
discalibus plurimis abnormibus.
Body almost linear. Head nearly as broad as the thorax ; vertex much
longer than broad ; front flat, much longer than broad, forming a rounded
angle on the middle of each side, with the borders slightly elevated and
with a slight middle keel. Antennae short ; 2nd joint much shorter than
the 1st j bristle not long. Prothorax keeled, arched, extending over the
hind part of the vertex. Mesothorax longer than broad, with three keels.
Legs rather short and stout. Wings broad, rounded at the tips. Fore
wings with a row of regular areolets along the costa ; discal areolets nu-
merous, very irregular in size and shape.

28. Conna GTTTTIFEKA, n. s. Testacea, capite guttis sex nigris, verticis tho-
racisque discis fuscescentibus, abdominis vitta dorsali fusca, segmentorum
marginibus posticis albidis, alis hyalinis, anticis subtestaceis guttis paucis
fuscescentibus, posticarum margine ex parte fusceseente.

Testaceous. "Vertex and thorax with brownish disks. Head with two black
dots on each side, and four in front. Abdomen with a brown dorsal stripe;
hind borders of the segments whitish. Wings hyaline. Fore wings some-
what testaceous, with a few slight brownish dots. Hind wings with a
brownish tinge along part of the hind border.

Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Malacca.

G-en. Befna, n. g.

Corpus sat gracile. Caput carinatum, thorace paullo angustius, lateribus
elevatis, fronte compressa elongato-subfusiformi. Antennce breviusculse.
Thorax tricarinatus. Prothorax brevissimus. Abdomen basi halteribus
duobus capitatis, oviductu longo arcuato. Pedes longiusculi, sat graciles.
Alee latse, apice rotundatse ; anticse areolis discalibus brevioribus, bag^hbus
et marginalibus longioribus.

Body rather slender. Head a little narrower than the thorax, with a keel
which extends from the back of the vertex to the rostrum ; sides also
ridged ; front compressed, elongate-subfusiform. First and 2nd joints of
the antennae a little shorter together than the breadth of the front ; bristle
not long. Thorax with three ridges. Prothorax very short. Abdomen at
the base with two lateral capitate appendages like the halteres of Diptera ;
tip terminating in a long curved oviduct. Legs rather long and slender.
Wings broad, rounded at the tips. Fore wings with about twenty areolets,
formed by two irregular bands of transverse veinlets ; the discal areolets
generally shorter than the basal and the marginal areolets.

29. Benna capitulata, fcem. Testacea, abdomine lanuginoso, alis hyalinis,
anticis subtestaceis, gutta discali nigra guttulisque duabus fuscis, venis
fuscis, basi et apud costam testaceis, venulis transversis ex parte infuscatis,
striga apud marginem exteriorem fusca, stigniate testaceo.

Female. Testaceous. Abdomen with long cottony secretions ; capitate append-
ages with white tips. Wings hyaline. Fore wings with a very slight testa-
ceous tinge ; veins brown, testaceous towards the base and in front, with a

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 91

black basal dot, and with two smaller brown dots near the base ; trans-
verse veinlets partly clouded with brown ; a brown streak along the ex-
terior border; stigma testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines j of the
wings 8 lines.
Singapore.

Gen. Pochazia, Amyot et Serv.

30. Pochazia fasciata, Fair. Syst. Bhyn. 47. 8. (Flata.)
Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

31. Pochazia fumata, Amyot et Serv. Hist. Nat. Rem. 529. 2. Flata fuscata ?
Fair. Syst. Bhyn. 47. 9.

Malacca and Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

32. Pochazia obscura, Fair. Syst. Bhyn. 49. 16. (Flata.)
Malacca., Inhabits also Hindostan.

33. Pochazia inteeettpta, n. s. Testacea, fronte elongato-subquadrata,
prothorace arcuato verticem ex parte superante, mesothorace tricarinato,
alis fuscis, anticis apud marginem posticum ex parte luridis, fascia inter-
rupts fusca, apice testaceo-hyalino.

Testaceous ; vertex much broader than long ; front elongate-subquadrate,
with a slight groove in the middle. Prothorax arched, extending over part
of the vertex. Mesothorax with three slight keels. Wings brown. Fore
wings partly lurid towards the hind border ; an interrupted band beyond
the middle; the tips hyaline, slightly testaceous. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Singapore. ,

V 34. Pochazia costimactjla, n. s. Nigra, capite pedibusque fulvis, vertice
fusco margine fulvo, alis nigricantibus, anticis apud margines et apud venu-
las transversas luridis, macula costali albido-hyalina.

Black. Head and legs tawny ; vertex brown, with a tawny border ; front
broader than long, with a middle keel and with an elevated margin. Wings
blackish. Fore wings mostly lurid along the borders and about the trans-
verse veinlets, and with a whitish hyaline spot on the costa beyond the
middle. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Malacca.

1^* 35. Pochazia geadiens, n. s. Fulva, subtus testacea, alis nigris, anticis

apud costam fulvis.
Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head with a middle keel, and with the margins

elevated. Front hardly broader than long ; sides rounded. Wings blackish.

Fore wings tawny along the costa. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the

wings 6 lines.
Singapore.

Gen. Nephesa, Amyot <et Serv.

36. Nephesa rosea, Spinola, Ann. Soc. Ent. France^ viii. 400. 5. (Bicania.)

Flata matutina, Walk. Cat. Homopt. 437. 13.
Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

92 me. walkeb's catalogue of homoptebotjs insects

Gen. Plata, Fair.
37. Flata obscura, Fair. Syst. Wiyn. 49. 16.
Singapore. Inhabits also Hindostan.

/Gen. Colobesthes, Anmot et Serv. ^
38. Colobesthes albiplana, il. s. Alba, ahs anticis'apudr costam convexis,
margine exteriore quadrato, angulo interiore attenuato peracuto, posticis
vix acuminatis.
White. Fore wings convex in front, rectangular at the tips, straight and
quadrate from thence to the interior angle which is attenuated and very
acute ; hind border straight. Hind wings hardly acuminated at the tips.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

sf 39. Colobesthes i

•"'

\t

makginata, n. s. Viridi-alba, mesothorace vittis duabus
testaceis luteo-unilineatis, ahs anticis fascia marginali lutea, basi subtuber-
culatis, apud costam convexis, margine exteriore quadrato, angulo interiore
attenuato acuto.

Greenish white. Front not broader than long, with a slightly elevated border
and a slight keel ; sides slightly rounded. Mesothorax on each side with
a testaceous stripe which includes a luteous line. Fore wings minutely
tuberculate towards the base, convex in front, rectangular at the tips,
straight and quadrate from thence to the hind angle which is attenuated
and acute ; hind border straight ; a pale luteous marginal band extending
from f ths of the length of the costa nearly to the middle of the hind border.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 18 lines.

Malacca.

Gen. P<ecilopteba, Latr.

40. Poeciloptera maculata, Guer. Icon. Regne Anim. Ins. pi. 58. f. 7.
Malacca and Singapore. Inhabits also Java.

41. Pcecilopteba LUTEIMAEGO, n. s. Subtestaceo-viridis, fronte subcari-
nata, lateribus subelevatis rotundatis, prothorace arcuato verticem ex parte
superante, ahs anticis margine exteriore subquadrato, fascia apicali lutea
fusco-marginata, posticis limpidis.

G-reen, with a slight testaceous tinge. Front a little longer than broad, with
the border slightly elevated, and with a slight keel ; sides rounded. Thorax
not keeled. Prothorax nearly semicircular, extending over the vertex.
Mesothorax broader than long. Fore wings subquadrate at the tips, about
which there is a luteous brown-bordered band. Hind wings limpid.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Singapore. t *
'.>/+* NMM /;<,

42. PceCtlOpteea niveina, n. s. Alba, P. luteimarginis structura, ahs anti-
cis fascia marginali testacea.

White, in structure like P. luteimargo. Fore wings with a testaceous mar-
ginal band which extends from two-thirds of the length of the costa to the
base of the hind border. Length of the body 2£ lines j of the wings 7 lines.

Mount Ophir.

s-

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 9d

Gen. Eupilis, n. g.

Foem. Corpus subfusiforme. Caput breve, antice rotundatum, thorace an-
gustius ; vertex depressus, bicarinatus ; frons convexa, lsevis ; facies lanceo-
lata, vix carinata. Antenna globosse. Oviductus longus, arcuatus, lan-
ceolatus. Alee sat angustae; anticee apice rotundatee, venulis quatuor
transversis costalibus, venulisque quatuor discalibus.

Female. Body subfusiform. Head nearly semicircular, narrower than the
thorax ; vertex depressed, with a ridge on each side ; front convex, smooth j
face lanceolate, hardly keeled. Antennae globose. Abdomen terminating in a
long curved lanceolate oviduct. Wings rather narrow. Fore wings rounded
at the tips, with four transverse veinlets along the costa, and with four
irregular discal transverse veinlets.

43. Eupilis albilineola, n. s., foem. Testacea, ex parte viridis, fronte nigra,
macula fulva margineque testaceo, facie fasciis duabus (anteriore maculari)
nigris, thorace pectoreque nigro-maculatis, abdomine fasciis nigris, ahs hya-
linis, venis nigris, anticis subluridis fusco quinque-strigatis, venulis trans-
versis albidis.

Female, Testaceous, partly pale green. Front black, shining, with a tawny
central spot and with a testaceous border ; face with two black bands, the
anterior one macular. Thorax and pectus with black spots. Abdomen
with black bands. Wings hyaline, with black veins. Fore wings slightly
lurid, with five brown streaks ; transverse veinlets white. Length of the
body 4 lines j of the wings 7 lines.

Singapore.

Fam. MEMBBACINA, Burmeister.
Gen. Centeotus, Fair.

44. Centrotus Taurus, Fair. Syst. Rhyn. 20. 19.

Mount Ophir and Singapore. Inhabits also Hindostan, Java, the Philippine
Isles, and China.

45. Centrotus laminieer, n. s. Nigricans, scabrosus, thoracis cornubus
anticis divergentibus subplanis membranaceis rufo-fuscis, postico abdomen
superante, pedibus ferrugineis, alis luridis, anticis apud costam nigrican-
tibus.

Blackish, scabrous. Thorax armed in front with two almost directly diver-
ging nearly horizontal membranous reddish-brown horns, from each of
which a keel proceeds to the tip of the hind horn, which is horizontal and
extends beyond the abdomen. Legs ferruginous. Wings lurid. Fore
wings blackish along the costa. Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings
6 lines.

Singapore. , —

46. Centrotus calioinosus, n. s. Niger, obscurus, brevis, robustus, dense
et scite scaber, thoracis cornubus lateralibus validis abbreviatis divergen-
tibus oblique ascendentibus, cornu postico abdominis dimidium non supe-
rante, ahs anticis fuscis, basi nigris, posticis limpidis.

Black, stout, short, dull, thickly ard minutely scabrous. Lateral horns of

94 ME. WALKER'S CATALOGUE OF IIOMOPTEROTJS INSECTS

the thorax stout, diverging, obliquely ascending, shorter than the breadth
of the thorax between them ; hind horn horizontal, extending to half the
length of the abdomen. Tarsi ferruginous. Fore wings brown, black at the
base. Hind wings limpid. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings
4 lines.
Malacca.

47. Centeotus semiviteeus, n. s. Niger, crassu3, brevis, nitens, subtilis-
sime punctatus, thorace antice inermi angulato, cornu postico abdomen
fere adsequante, ahs hyalinis, anticarum dimidio apicali nigro.

Black, thick, short, shining, very minutely punctured. Thorax unarmed in
front, but angular on each side by the base of the fore wing ; hind horn
horizontal, extending nearly to the tip of the abdomen. Wings hyaline.
Fore wings black for half the length from the tips. Length of the body
1£ line ; of the wings 3£ lines.

Singapore.

48. Centeotus SEMIEASCIA, n. s. Niger, obscurus, thorace antice inermi,
cornu postico abdominis dimidium superante ; ahs hyalinis, anticis gutta
costali fascia subapicali apiceque fuscis.

Black, dull. Thorax unarmed in front ; hind horn horizontal, extending to
rather beyond half the length of the abdomen. Wings hyaline. Fore
wings with a brown dot in front, a subapical band, and brown tips. Length
of the body 1 line j of the wings 2^ lines.

Malacca.

Gren. Micreuke, n. g.

Centroto affinis. Thorax antice lanceolatus ; cornu caput longe superans,
apud apicem ramis duabus erectis subarcuatis armatum ; cornu posticum
abdominis dimidio vix brevius.

Allied to Centrotus. Thorax prolonged into a long, slender, lanceolate horn
which extends far beyond the head, and has at its tip two more slender
vertical slightly recurved and diverging branches. Hind part of the thorax
armed with a horizontal horn which extends to near half the length of the
abdomen. Wings fusiform, much like those of Centrotus.

49. Miceetjne FOEMIDANDA, n. s. Nigra, thorace scabro, cornubus carinatis,
segmentorum abdominahum marginibus posticis genubus tarsisque fulvis,
ahs anticis nigricantibus, posticis cinereis.

Black. Thorax scabrous ; its horns channelled. Hind borders of the ab-
dominal segments, knees and tarsi tawny. Fore wings blackish. Hind
wings grey. Length of the body lines ; of the wings lines.

Singapore.

Tarn. CICADELLINA, Burmeister.

Trib. L^eyipedes, Amyot et Serv.

Subtrib. Cercopldes, St. Farg. et Serv.

G-en. Cercopis, Fair.

50. Cercopis tricolor, St. Farg. et Serv. Enc. Meth. x. 604. 1.
Var. Alis anticis nigris guttis sex basalibus rufis.

V

COLLECTED AT SINGAPOEE AND MALACCA. 95

Var. Black, shining. Head, thorax, scutellum towards the tip, hind borders
of the abdominal segments, and tip of the abdomen, red, as are also the
legs. Femora black, the four anterior red towards the tips. Fore wings
with six red dots on each at the base.

Mount Ophir. Inhabits also Java.

51. Cercopis plana, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 3. 653. 10.
Var. Thorax nigro-bipunctatus.

Var. Scutum of the mesothorax with two black points.
Mount Ophir. Inhabits also Java.

52. Cercopis dorsimacula, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 2. 658. 31.
Malacca. Inhabits also North Bengal.

53. Cercopis costalis, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 2. 664. 45.
Var. Alae anticse guttis duabus subapicalibus runs.
Var. Fore wings with two red subapical dots.
Inhabits also Malabar.

54. Ceecopis ettgtilosa, n. s. Nigra, nitens, subtus ferruginea, abdominis
marginibus pedibusque rufis, femoribus vitta nigricante, alis anticis
rugulosis.

Black, shining, ferruginous beneath. Abdomen bordered with red. Legs
red ; a blackish band on each of the femora. Fore wings rugulose. Length
of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Mount Ophir.

Nearly allied to C. viridicans, Gruer., but without any tinge of green.

55. Ceecopis dislocata, n. s. Nigra, capite fascia verticis marginibusque
anticis testaceis, thorace testaceo maculis duabus anticis nigris, alis anticis
costa testacea, fasciis duabus vittaque obliqua dislocata rufis.

Black. Head testaceous, black across the vertex and on each side in front.
Thorax testaceous, with a black spot on each side in front. Fore wings
testaceous along the costa, with two red bands, and with a red oblique stripe
which extends from near the base of the wing to the hind end of the 2nd
band, and is dislocated as it traverses the 1st band. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

56. Ceecopis ttntpascia, n. s. Eufa, thoracis lateribus dilatatis, pectoris

disco nigro, alis anticis fascia nigra, posticis hyalinis.
Eed. Thorax dilated on each side. Disk of the pectus black. Fore wings

with a black band across the middle. Hind wings hyaline. Length of the

body 6 lines j of the wings 12 lines.
Singapore.

** 57. Ceecopis disceepaits, n. s. Nigro-purpurea, subtus nigra, alis anticis
nigris macula elongata nonnunquam divisa rufa.
Blackish-purple, black beneath. Fore wings black, with an elongated red
spot, which is contracted in the middle, and occasionally divided. Length
of the body 3-3£ lines ; of the wings 8-9 lines.
Singapore.

Vb ME. WALKEE S CATALOGUE OF HOMOPTEEOTJS INSECTS

Gen. Colsa.

Corpus subfusiforme. Caput sat magnum, thorace paulld angustius ; vertex
depressus ; frons convexa ; facies brevi-conica, lateribus imprcssis. An-
tennae brevissimse ; seta brevis. Prothorax brevis, antice angustior. Meso-
thorax subpunctatus ; scutellum excavatum. Alee angustse, apice rotun-
datse, anticse venulis nonnullis costalibus apicalibus venisque quatuor
longitudinalibus, la 2&que furcatis.

Body subfusiform, shining. Head rather large, a little narrower than the
thorax; vertex somewhat depressed; front convex; face short-conical,
impressed on each side. Antennse very short ; bristle shorter than the
breadth of the head. Prothorax narrower in front, about six times broader
than long. Mesothorax minutely punctured ; scutellum with a fusiform
depression. Wings narrow, rounded at the tips. Fore wings with four
longitudinal veins ; 1st springing from the middle of the costa, emitting
a fork towards the tip of the costa, and ending at somewhat behind the
tip of the wing ; 2nd forked near the base, springing from near the base of
the costa ; the forks connected by a veinlet at half their length ; the fore
fork emitting a branch to the 1st vein ; 3rd slender, springing from near
the base of the costa, ending on the hind border with a veinlet which con-
nects it with the hind fork of the 2nd vein ; 4th springing from very near
the base of the costa, and extending obliquely to the hind border ; several
oblique veinlets at the tip of the costa.

58. Colsa cost^esteiga, n. s. Nigra, subtus testacea, prothorace scutello-
que testaceis, abdomine testaceo fascia nigra, coxis femoribusque testaceis,
alis limpidis, venis nigris crassis, costa nigra, stigmate albido-testaceo.

Black, testaceous beneath. Prothorax and scutellum testaceous. Abdomen
testaceous, with a black band. Legs black ; coxae and femora testaceous.
Wings limpid ; veins black, thick ; costa black ; stigma whitish testaceous.
Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 6£ lines.

Malacca.

Subtrib. Apheophoeldes, Amyot et Serv.
Gren. Ptteltjs, St. Farg. et Serv.

\/ 59. Ptteltjs bipaes, n. s. Testaceus, capite supra thoraceque testaceis,
pectore testaceo-bivittato, alis anticis vitta brevi postica fasciaque testaceis,
posticis fuscescentibus.

Black. Head above and thorax testaceous. Pectus with a testaceous stripe
along each side. Fore wings with a testaceous stripe which extends along
half the length of the hind border from the base, and is united to a testa-
ceous band across the middle. Hind wings brownish. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Singapore.

60. Ptyelus immutatus, n. s. Testaceus, capite subtus nigricante, pectore
ex parte abdomineque nigris, tibiis apice nigris, alis anticis subpubescen-
tibus, posticis cinerascentibus.

Testaceous. Head blackish beneath and with the usual ridges. Pectus partly
black. Abdomen black. Tibige black at the tips. Fore wings minutely

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 97

pubescent. Hind wings greyish. Length of the body 3| lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.
Singapore.

Subtrib. Serripedes, Atnyot et Serv.

Coh. Tettigonides, Amyot et Serv.

Gen. Tettigonia, Germar.

61. Tettigonia farinosa, Fair. Syst. Rhyn. 70. 41. T. brevifrons, Walk. Cat.
Homopt. 754. 41. — T. nigrifrons, Signoret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 3me ser. i.
671. 123. pi. 21. f. 14.

Malacca and Singapore. Inhabits also Java, Pulo-Pinang, and Sumatra.
M. Signoret apparently describes the male of this species as T. farinosa, and
the female as T. nigrifrons.

62. Tettigonia ferruginea, Fair. Syst. Rhyn. 69. 36. (Cicada.)
Singapore. Inhabits also Hindostan, Java, the Philippine Isles, and China.

63. Tettigonia tbipaes, n. s. Lsete rufa subtus senea, capite brevi rotun-
dato vittis duabus nigris, fronte testacea margine nigricante, abdomine
obscure rufo fasciis nigricantibus apice seneo, pedibus testaceis, tarsis nigris,
alis anticis testaceis glaucescentibus basi rufis, posticis fuscis.

Bright red, dark seneous beneath. Head short, rounded, nearly semicircular ;
vertex with two black stripes ; front dull testaceous, with a blackish border.
Abdomen dull dark red, with blackish bands ; tip eeneous. Legs dark
testaceous ; tarsi black. Fore wings dull testaceous, with a glaucous
bloom, bright red at the base. Hind wings brown. Length of the body
5 lines j of the wings 10 lines.

Malacca.

64. Tettigonia stjavissima, n. s. Nigra subtus alba, capite brevi-conico
vitta guttisque duabus nigris, thoracis lateribus luteis, pectore maculis
nigris, abdomine luteo maculis lateralibus fascia rufa apice albo, alis anticis
fuscis apices versus pallidioribus striga obliqua rufa antice limpidis costa
lutea, posticis fuscis apud costam limpidis basi nigricantibus.

Nearly allied to T. semiclara, Signoret, and to T. stellata, Sign.,, and forming
with them a distinct group in the genus. Black, white beneath. Head
short-conical, rounded in front, white with a black stripe and two black
dots. Thorax luteous on each side. Pectus with black spots. Abdomen
luteous with black spots on each side, red towards the tip which is white.
Legs white. Fore wings dark brown, paler brown with an oblique red
streak towards each tip, interruptedly limpid along the costa which is
luteous. Hind wings brown, limpid along the costa, blackish at the base.
Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

65. Tettigonia jocosa, n. s. Rufa subtus alba, capite albo brevi rotundato
lateribus nigris, thorace vittis quinque testaceis duabusque albis, pedibus
albis, alis anticis albo-vittatis fascia lurida basi testaceis apice fuscis,
posticis cinereis.

Eed, white beneath. Head white, short, rounded, nearly semicircular ; front
LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 7

98 MR. walker's catalogue oe homopterous insects

black on each side. Thorax with five testaceous stripes and with two
white stripes. Legs white. Fore wings with several various white stripes,
testaceous at the base, lurid towards the tips which are brown. Hind
wings dark grey. Length of the body 3 lines j of the wings 7 lines.
Mount Ophir.

Coh. Scarides, Amyot et Serv.
G-en. Ledra, lair.

66. Ledra chxtellieera, n. s. Testacea punctis pallidioribus, capite conico,
scutello attenuato, oviduCtu fulvo apice nigro, alis anticis subtuberculatis,
posticis limpidis.

Testaceous. Head and thorax with minute paler dots. Head conical, broader
than long. Scutum about twice broader than long. Scutellum attenuated
and acuminated at the tip. Oviduct tawny, with a black tip. Fore wings
very minutely tuberculate. Hind wings limpid. Length of the body
6£ lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Singapore.

67. Ledra conifera, n. s. Fulva tuberculis pallidis, subtus testacea, capite
conico, alis anticis testaceis venis ex parte rufescentibus, posticis limpidis.

Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head and thorax thickly covered with very
minute pale tubercles. Head conical, hardly broader than long. Scutum
not twice broader than long. Scutellum acuminated. Fore wings testa-
ceous, very minutely tuberculated ; veins partly reddish. Hind wings
limpid. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Singapore.

68. Ledra nigrilinea, n. s. Testacea subpunctulata, capite scutique lateri-
bus nigro marginatis, capite brevi-conico, alis posticis limpidis.

Testaceous, very minutely punctured. Head and sides of the scutum bordered
with black. Head short-conical, twice broader than long. Scutum not
twice broader than long. Scutellum acuminated. Hind wings limpid.
Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Singapore.

Gen. Penthimia, German.

69. Penthimia castanea, n. s. Ferruginea leevis nitens, capite antice sub-
tusque pectoris margine antico maculisque duabus nigris, pedibus nigris,
tibiis spinosissimis, alis anticis apices versus luridis maculis nigris.

Ferruginous, smooth, shining. Head black in front and beneath. Pectus
black in front and with a black spot on each side behind. Legs black ;
tibise very spinose. Fore wings lurid, and with black spots towards the
tips. Length of the body 2>\ lines j of the wings 5 lines.

Malacca.

Coh. Iassides, Amyot et Serv.
G-en. Acocephaltjs, Germar.

70. Acocephalus olivaceus, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 3. 846. 1.
Malacca. Inhabits also the Philippine Islands.

COLLECTED AT SINGAPORE AND MALACCA. 99

0^ * Gen. C(elidia, Germar.

71. Ccelidia guttivena, n. s., fcem. Nigro-senea, capite viridi-testaceo, ver-
ticis guttis duabus frontisque vittis duabus rufis, thorace punctis testaceis,
pectore abdomineque testaceis ex parte nigris, pedibus testaceis, tibiis tar-
sisque apice nigris, alis anticis hyalino-bifasciatis apicibus semihyalinis
venis nigris luteo-guttatis, posticis cinerascentibus.

Female. Blackish-ameous. Head greenish testaceous, with two red spots
on the vertex, and with two red stripes in front. Thorax thickly covered
with testaceous points. Pectus and abdomen testaceous, partly black.
Legs testaceous ; tips of the tibiae and of the tarsi black. Fore wings with
two hyaline bands, and with semihyaline tips ; veins black, with very
numerous luteous dots. Hind wings greyish. Length of the body 3£ lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

72. Ccelidia pttnctivena, n. s., fcem. Nigro-senea, capite testaceo strigis
tribus abbreviatis nigris, thorace punctis testaceis, pectore et abdomine
nigris ex parte testaceis, pedibus nigricantibus, alis anticis testaceo-guttatis
venis luteo-guttatis, posticis cinerascentibus.

Female. Blackish-seneous. Head dull testaceous, with three short black
streaks between the eyes. Thorax thickly covered with testaceous points.
Pectus and abdomen black, partly testaceous. Legs blackish. Fore wings
with numerous minute testaceous dots between the veins which are black,
with minute luteous dots. Hind wings greyish. Length of the body
4 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Malacca.

Ord. PHYTOPHTHIRES, Burmeister.

Fam. COCCID^E, Leach.

G-en. Monophlebtjs, Leach.

73. Monophlebus atripennis, Klug, FLandb. ii. 80.
Malacca and Singapore. Inhabits also Hindostan.

Description op Plates.

Plate III.

Fig. 1. Fupilis albilineola, p. 93 ; la, head and rostrum seen in front ; lb, the

same seen sideways ; lc, the extremity of the body seen sideways.
Fig. 2. Micreune formidanda, p. 94.
Fig. 3. Benna capitulata, p. 90 ; 3«, the head and rostrum seen in front

35, the same seen sideways ; 3c, the abdomen seen beneath.
Fig. 4. Cromna acutipennis, p. 85 ; 4a, the head and rostrum seen in front

4J, the same seen sideways ; 4c, the abdomen seen sideways.
Fig. 5. ColobestJies marginata, p. 92 ; 5a, the head and rostrum seen in front

55, the same seen sideways ; 5c, the abdomen seen sideways.

7*

100 MR. COUCH ON THE OCCURRENCE

Plate IV.
Fig. 1. Colsa costcestriga, p. 96 ; la, the head and rostrum seen in front ;

15, the same seen sideways.
Fig. 2. Bidis notivena, p. 88 ; 2a, the head and rostrum seen in front ; 25, the

same seen sideways.
Fig. 3. Conna guttifera, p. 90 ; 3a, the head and rostrum seen in front

35, the same seen sideways.
Fig. 4. Flica latipennis, p. 86 ; 4a, the head and rostrum seen in front

45, the same seen sideways.
Fig. 5. Daradax fusipennis, p. 86 ; 5a, the head and rostrum seen in front

55, the same seen sideways ; 5c, the extremity of the abdomen seen

Fig. 6. Ewria Itvrida, p. 88 ; 6a, the head and rostrum seen in front ; 65, the
same seen sideways j 6e, the extremity of the abdomen seen sideways.

On the Occurrence of Sepia hiserialis in Cornwall.
By Jonathan Couch, Esq., E.L.S. &c

[Read March 4th, 1856.]

It appears from the " History of British Mollusca," by Professor
E. Eorbes and Mr. Hanley (vol. iv. p. 241, and PL P.P.P.), that
the Sepia hiserialis is regarded as of very rare occurrence in
Britain ; one specimen only of its shell or plate having been found
in England and three in Ireland. The English specimen was ob-
tained on the shore of the county of Northumberland. It may
therefore be regarded as of some importance in the completion of
our local fauna, to make the Linnean Society acquainted with
the fact, that in the course of two days in the month of February
of the present year I have myself found no less than ten speci-
mens of the dorsal plate or shell of this animal, scattered among
perhaps a hundred of those of the Common Bone or Burn Cuttle,
Sepia officinalis.

My attention was attracted to these specimens by the beautiful
pale pink colour of the dorsal aspect of the shell; and a very
slight examination of the most perfect specimen I could find, com-
pared with those of the common species, was sufficient to point
out the decided distinction there is between them; but as the
shell of this species is but little known, and those which have
fallen into my hands are slightly different from what is described
in the work above referred to, I beg leave to lay before the
Society a more particular description than might otherwise be
necessary.

The length of this shell, as described by Professor Eorbes, was

OF SEPIA BISERIALIS IN CORNWALL. 101

2\ inches, and the breadth (I suppose without the membranous
wing) was yf ths of an inch ; but in the most perfect of my spe-
cimens, which however is defective at its blunt end, the length is
4> inches, and the breadth, including the membranous border,
If inch. The form is much more slender than in the common
species, and, as it approaches the mucro or spur, may be described
as lancet-shaped. The spur projects much more considerably
than in the Sepia officinalis, although in the latter I find a differ-
ence in different specimens. In the 8. biserialis it advances fth
of an inch beyond the membranous border in a straightforward
direction, whereas in the S. officinalis it is depressed and bent
inward. The membranous border at this part is also turned
inward, so as to enclose a cavity, and conceal the narrower portion
of the shell. The structure of this spur in the S. biserialis is also
different ; for while that of the common species is for the most
part hooked, round and simple, in the S. biserialis it is slightly
lobed or keeled. I have not been able to assure myself of its
shape at the point, as in my most perfect specimen it was a little
injured.

In addition to these well-marked distinctions, the rarer species
is smooth on its dorsal aspect at that part where the more
common is covered with a decided graining. The transverse striae
are also much more numerous, and of a finer structure. Their
direction also at the sides is not so bent towards the slender ex-
tremity.

It is still a subject of interesting inquiry whether the animal
to which this shell or plate belongs is truly a native of our own
waters, since it does not appear that any observer has ascertained
its existence. It is to be observed, however, that although the
whole of these specimens were injured, and most of them much
broken, they were scarcely more so than were those of the com-
mon species, which is, beyond question, common on our coasts.
The two species were lying together on the beach, as they had
been left by the tide ; and although there were at no great
distance from them many specimens of the stalks of the American
maize, clothed with perfect leaves — and although without heads of
grain, still bearing clumps of the male flowers, — yet we cannot con-
clude from the presence of these foreign plants that the shells
can have come to us from a considerable distance, since those of
the Sepia officinalis certainly have not done so, and the leaves and
stalks of the plants bear no marks of long immersion or of a distant
voyage. It is probable that they were thrown overboard from

102 ON A CATERPILLAR INJURIOUS TO THE SUGAR-CANE.

some ship, as is often the case with foreign productions which we
find cast up on our shores.
Polperro, 1856.

Notice of the " Borer," a Caterpillar very injurious to the Sugar-
Cane. By J. O. Westwood, Esq., E.L.S. &c.

[Read June 3rd, 1856.]

[Abstract.]

Mr. "Westwood gave an account of the natural history of the
" Borer," or caterpillar of a moth which is at the present time
doing immense damage to the sugar-canes in the island of Mau-
ritius. A committee had been formed in the island, composed of
the chief planters and scientific individuals, for the purpose of
investigating the subject, and from the able report which they had
drawn up, it appears that the insects were in all probability
imported with a cargo of new cane plants from the island of
Ceylon several years ago, and that since that time the damage has
been rapidly extending, and now threatens the entire destruction
of the plantations. The female insect deposits her eggs in the
axils of the young leaves, and the larvae as soon as hatched bore
into the stem, forming long galleries filled with the excrement of
the insect, and which have the effect of bringing the stem into
such a state of disease, that no crystallization will take place, and
the plant becomes quite useless even for making rum. The
entire transformations of the insect are effected in about six
weeks, so that there are at least six successive generations in the
course of a year. It appears that the chrysalis state is passed in
a slight cocoon spun amongst the dead leaves of the plant ; and
the committee, after reviewing various proposals suggested for the
destruction of the insect, had come to the conclusion that a well-
organized system of burning the infested canes, as well as all
loose rubbish and leaves in the plantation, was the only prac-
ticable means of getting rid of the enemy. Dr. Ulcoq, an ex-
tensive sugar-cane planter in the island, who was present at the
meeting, confirmed the details contained in the report, and begged
for any suggestions which could be offered by scientific men in
this country for the purpose of remedying the evil. He had
already been in communication with M. Gruerin-Meneville and
other naturalists in Paris.

Several of the members present took part in the discussion

MB. HANBTJBY ON INSECT-WAX FBOM CHINA. 103

upon the subject, and especially dwelt on the care necessary in
the selection and treatment of the cuttings of the cane-tops for
future plantations. The destruction of the eggs and young larvae
attached to such shoots would be effected if the latter were kept
immersed in damp furrows, but the nature of the soil of the island
prevented such a process ; their immersion in a liquid capable of
destroying the insect embryo without hurting the plant was also
insisted upon ; as well as the placing of the cuttings for a time
in a close atmosphere saturated with the fumes of prussic acid
arising from bruised laurel-leaves, which would certainly destroy
the insect.

From the account given of this Mauritian borer, it appears
identical with the borer of the West Indian plantations described
by Eabricius under the name of Phalcena saccharalis, and by the
Eev. L. G-uilding under that of Diatrcea Sacchari in a memoir
published in the Transactions of the Society of Arts, for which he
received the G-old Ceres Medal from the Society.

Notice of a Specimen of Insect-wax from China.
By Daniel Hanbuby, Esq., F.L.S. &c,

[Read April 15th, 1856.]

[Abstract.]

Mb. D. Hanbuby exhibited a specimen of Chinese Insect-wax in
the crude state, attached to the branch on which it had been
formed by the insect, Coccus Pe-la, "Westw.* (O. sinensis, Westw.
Pharm. Journ. xii. 478).

The specimen was obtained by Dr. M'Cartee of Ningpo, at a
spot about fourteen miles N.E. of that city. The exact locality is
described as " three miles from Chin-hae, southerly, behind the
first range of hills across the river, — in the direction of Ling-fung,"
where the trees supporting the wax-insect occur on the banks of
the canals.

Dr. M'Cartee procured specimens for Mr. Fortune, which that
gentleman has taken to India with the view of introducing the
insect into that country. He also sent specimens to "William Lock-
hart, Esq., of Shanghai, through whose kindness that exhibited
was received. r

It may be remarked that, according to the Chinese accounts

* Gardener's Chronicle for Aug. 20, 1853 (p. 532).

104 ON INSECTS PRODUCING: WAX FROM PORT NATAL AND CHINA.

the trees upon which the wax-insect lives are of two or three
species. Of one of these, resembling an ash, a dried specimen
was on the table. Mr. Lockhart has in his garden at Shanghai a
small wax-tree of this species which he hopes shortly to colonize
with the wax-insect. The tree has not yet flowered, and its bo-
tanical position is as yet undetermined. A living plant of the
same species was brought to England by Mr. Fortune, from
whose hands it passed into those of Messrs. Eollisson and Sons of
Tooting.

Specimens of the manufactured insect-wax from China were
also on the table.

Note on Insects producing Wax from Port Natal and China.
By J. O. Westwood, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

[Read April 15th, 1856.]

The wax-insect from Natal, exhibited by Mr. W. "W. Saunders, is
the female of a large species of Coccus, analogous to the Coccus
ceriferus ; each female being about the size of a pea, and of a dark
chestnut colour, but encased in a solid layer of white waxy matter
nearly a quarter of an inch thick, so as to make the entire insect as
large as a boy's marble ; the under side being flattened, or rather
concave, so as to fit the convex surface of the branch on which they
are found. The size of the insect would render it easy of observa-
tion, and the thickness of the wax would make it a more important
object of commerce than the wax-insects of South America.

The Chinese wax-insect, of which so fine a specimen on the
branch has been exhibited by Mr. Daniel Hanbury, differs from
the latter by the waxy matter being deposited over the surface of
the branch, and not confined to a coating of the insect. The spe-
cimens submitted to my examination are probably of considerable
age, as they have been much deteriorated in a commercial point of
view, by being attacked by other insects, namely a species of ant,
of which I found the heads and other parts of several specimens ;
and a species of moth, of which I found portions of many chrysa-
lides ; the larvae of which, I do not doubt, had devoured the ani-
mal matter of the Cocci, as well as burrowed into the wax. There
were also some fragments of a Curculio (OtiorhyncTius ?), but these,
I suppose, must have been taken accidentally on the trees in
collecting the Cocci.

ME. WALKER'S CATALOGUE OF DIPTEROUS INSECTS. 105

Catalogue of the Dipterous Insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo,
by Mr. A. E. Wallace, with Descriptions of New Species.
By Francis Walker, Esq., F.L.S.

[Received Sept. 15, 1856.]

Fam. MYCETOPHILHLE, Haliday.

G-en. Sciara, Meigen.

Div. A. a. Meig. vi. 305.

1. Sciaba laticobnis, n. s., mas et fcem. Nigra, antennis validis, thorace
nitido. Mas. Alis subnigricantibus. Foam. Abdomine ferrugineo, alis
nigricantibus.

Male and Female. Black. Antennae stout. Thorax shining, Male. Wings
slightly blackish. Female. Abdomen ferruginous. Wings blackish.
Length of the body 3-4 lines ; of the wings 5-6 lines.

2. Sciara solita, n. s., foam. Nigra, antennis gracilibus, thorace abdomi-
nisque apice subnitidis, pedibus piceis, alis subnigricantibus.

Female. Black. Antennae slender. Thorax and tip of the abdomen slightly
shining. Legs piceous. Wings slightly blackish. Length of the body
li line ; of the wings 3 lines.

Fam. CECIDOMYZIDJE, Haliday.

Gen. Cecldomyia, Latreille.

3. Cecidomyia defeeekda, n. s., fcem. Fusca, capite nigro, thorace rufes-
cente, pedibus testaceis, alis albidis, venis halteribusque testaceis.

Female. Brown. Head black. Thorax reddish. Legs testaceous. Wings
whitish, ciliated ; veins and halteres pale testaceous ; subcostal vein end>
ing at a little before the middle of the costa ; cubital vein ending at the tip
of the wing ; hind branch of the anal vein straight, and proceeding ob-
liquely to the hind border. Length of the body If line ; of the wings
3^ lines.

Fam. BIBIONID^E, Haliday.

Gen. Plecia, Hoffmansegg.

4. Plecia dorsalis, Walk. See page 5.

5. Plecia subvaeians, n. s., mas et fcem. Atra. Mas. Thorace rufo, alis
subnigricantibus. Foam. Thorace rufescente, alis nigricantibus.

Male and Female. Deep black. Male. Thorax bright red. Wings slightly
blackish. Female. Thorax dull red. Wings blackish. Length of the body
1^-2 lines j of the wings 4-5 lines.

This species may be distinguished from P. dorsalis by its narrower wings.

Fam. CTJLIC1TLE, Haliday.
Gen. Culex, Linn.

6. Culex fuscanus, Wied. See page 5.

106 me. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects
Fam. TIPULID^, Holiday.
G-en. Limnobia, Meigen.
Div. n.

Veins of the wings like those of Div. S. Meig. {Zweijl. i. 147. pi. 4. f. 17),
with the exception of the subcostal vein, which is not connected with the
costal, but emits a veinlet at its tip to the radial.

7. Limnobia impeessa, n. s., foem. Fusca, capite nigro, thoracis lateribus
testaceo-marginatis, pectore cano, abdomine lutescente fasciis fuscis, pedibus
pallide fuscescentibus, genubus testaceis, alis- subcinereis venis nigris.

Female. Brown. Head and antennae black. Lateral segments of the
thorax with testaceous borders. Pectus hoary. Abdomen somewhat
luteous, with brown bands. Legs slender, pale brownish ; knees testa-
ceous. Wings greyish ; veins black. Length of the body 4i lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

Div. n.

Veins of the wings much like those of Div. E. Meig. (Ztveijl. i. 125. pi. 6.
f. 2), but the veinlet which connects the subcostal vein with the radial is
far beyond the base of the fork of the latter, the cubital parts from the
radial at some distance from the veinlet which connects it with the 3rd
externo-medial, and the veinlet between the 3rd externo-medial and the
subanal is very near the base of the discal areolet.

8. Limnobia eubbescens, n. s., mas. Ferrugineo-rufa, capite pedibusque
nigris, pectore ventre femoribus basi coxisque rufescentibus, abdomine
vitta dorsali nigricante, ahs fusco cinereis venis stigmateque nigricantibus.

Male. Ferruginous red, paler beneath. Head, antennae and legs black.
Abdomen with a blackish stripe. Femora at the base and coxae reddish.
Wings brownish-grey ; veins and stigma blackish. Length of the body
5 lines j of the wings 12 lines.

Div. n.

Veins of the wings much like those of Div. E. Meig. (Zw. i. 125. pi. 6. f. 2),
but the veinlet which connects the subcostal vein with the radial is beyond
the base of the fork of the latter, and the veinlet between the 3rd externo-
medial vein and the subanal is opposite the middle of the discal areolet.

9. Limnobia pyeehocheoma, n. s., mas. Ochraeeo-rufa, capite nigro?,
pedibus nigris, femoribus basi coxisque fulvis, alis cinereis venis fuscis.

Male. Ochraceous red. Head black ? Legs black, slender ; femora towards
the base and coxae tawny. Wings grey ; veins brown. Length of the
body 3£ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Div. n.

Diners from all the other divisions of Limnobia by the contorted petiole of the
radial and cubital veins, and by the radial vein which near its base forms an
angle emitting a branch ; externo-medial veins simple ; discal areolet sub-

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 107

hexagonal, about twice longer than broad; veinlet between the 3rd externo-
medial vein and the subanal near the base of the discal areolet.

10. Limnobia aegento-cincta, n. s., fcem. Nigra, antennis verticillato-
pilosis, thorace nitido, abdomine fasciis argenteis, femoribus subclavatis,
ahs cinereis venis nigris nebulosis.

Female. Black. Antennae verticillate-pilose. Thorax shining. Abdomen
with silvery bands. Femora subclavate. Wings grey ; veins black, slightly
clouded with black. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Pteeocosmtjs, Walk.

Limnobia leucotehis and L. plecioides, p. 6, and other species, may be placed
in this genus ; the structure of their wing-veins differs somewhat from that
of Meigen's Div. 1.

11. Pteeocosmtjs ltjntg-eetjs, n. s., mas. Ater, pedibus piceis, alis violaceo-
nigricantibus apice testaceis macula discali sublunata alba.

Male. Deep black. Legs piceous. Wings black, with violet reflections,
testaceous at the tips, and with a white slightly curved discal white spot.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

12. Pteeocosmtjs ineixtjs, n. s., mas et fcem. Niger, thorace ferrugineo,
abdomine antico flavescente, vitta viridi, pedibus ferrugineis, femoribus
tibiisque apice tarsisque nigris, ahs violaceo-nigricantibus fascia brevi discali
maculaque subapicali albis. Fcem. Abdominis segmentis posterioribus ni-
gris fulvo marginatis, terebra ferruginea\

Male and Female. Black. Thorax and legs ferruginous. Abdomen to-
wards the base yellowish, and with a green stripe. Tarsi and tips of the
femora and of the tibia? black. Wings blackish, with violet reflections,
adorned with a short white discal band and with a subapical white spot.

Female. Hinder segments of the abdomen black, with tawny borders;
oviduct ferruginous. Length of the body 5-6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

13. Pteeocosmtjs optabilis, n. s., mas. Ater, abdomine luteo basi fasciaque
lata postica atris, pedibus piceis, alis nigricantibus apice subcinereis fascia
brevi discali alba.

Male. Deep black. Abdomen luteous, black at the base, and with a broad
black posterior band. Legs piceous, very slender. Wings blackish, with
violet reflections, greyish hyaline at the tips, with a limpid mark by the
interior angle, and with a short white discal band. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

14. Pteeocosmtjs combinattjs, n. s., fcem. Saturate rufo-ferrugineus, capite
nigro, abdomine fascia antica testacea, terebra pedibusque pallide fulvis,
ahs violaceo-nigricantibus guttis costalibus et marginahbus macula discali
lunulaque subapicali albis costd testacea.

Female. Deep reddish ferruginous. Head and antennae black. Abdomen
with an anterior testaceous band. Oviduct, legs and halteres pale tawny.
Tarsi blackish towards the tips. Wings blackish, with violet reflections,
with a few marginal white dots, with two white spots (one discal, the other

108 MB. walker's catalogue oe dipterous insects

subapical), and with a limpid mark on the hind part of the base ; costa
testaceous. Length of the body 8 lines j of the wings 12 lines.

15. Pteeocosmus diltjtus, n. s. Saturate rufus, capite nigro, antennis
pedibus halteribusque testaceis, ahs cinereis costa testacea venulis trans -
versis nigricante nebulosis macula discah guttisque marginalibus albis.

Nearly alhed to the preceding species, of which it may be an immature variety.
Deep red. Head black. Antenna?, legs and halteres pale testaceous.
Tarsi a little darker towards the tips. Wings greyish, pale testaceous along
the costa, with a discal white spot, and with some white marginal dots of
various size ; transverse veinlets slightly clouded with black. Length of
the body 6 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Tipula, Linn.

16. Tipula pedata, Wied. Auss. 2kveifl. i. 45. 7.
Inhabits also Java.

17. Tiptjla vilis, n. s., mas. Fusca, antennis subverticillato-pilosis, thorace
ferrugineo nitido, femoribus basi fulvescentibus, alis subcinereis venis stig-
mateque nigris.

Male. Brown. Antenna? short, slightly verticillate-pilose. Thorax ferru-
ginous, shining. Legs slender ; femora somewhat tawny towards the base*
Wings very slightly greyish ; stigma and veins black. Length of the body
4 lines j of the wings 10 lines.

Earn. STKATIOMLDJ2, Holiday.

Gen. Ptilocera, Wied.

18. Ptilocera quadridentata, Fair. See page 7.

Gen. Clitellaria, Meigen.

19. Clitellaria varia, Walk. See page 7.

20. Clitellaria flaviceps, Walk. See page 7.

21. Clitellabia notabilis, n. s., foem. Nigro-cyanea, capite halteribusque
pallide testaceis, antennis pedibusque nigris, abdomine cyaneo, ahs fuscis
costam versus nigricantibus.

Female. Blackish-blue. Head pale testaceous. Antenna? and legs black.
Thorax with a band and a stripe of grey tomentum. Abdomen blue, with
grey tomentum beneath. Wings dark brown, blackish along the costa.
Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Cyclogaster, Macquart.

22. Cyclogasteb detbacta, n. s., foem. Nigra, cinereo-pubescens, antennis
fulvis, arista albida elongata tenui, pedibus albidis, coxis femoribusque nigris,
alis subcinereis venis sordide albidis.

Female. Black, with grey down. Head shining. Antenna? tawny j arista

COLLECTED IN BOKNEO. 109

whitish, elongated, filiform. Legs whitish ; coxae and femora black. Wings
very slightly greyish ; veins dingy whitish. Halteres whitish. Length of
the body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

23. Cyclogastek infeea, n. s., foem. Nigra cinereo-pubescens, antennis
nigris, articulo 1° fulvo, 3° valido; pedibus albidis, coxis femoribusque
nigris, alis limpidis venis albidis.

Female. Black, with grey down. Head shining. Antennae black ; 1st
joint tawny ; arista stout. Legs whitish ; coxae and femora black. Wings
limpid ; veins whitish. Halteres white. Length of the body 2 lines ; of
the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Culcua, n. g.

Caput parvum ; frons declivis. Antenna breves ; articulus 3U8 rotundus ;

arista apicahs, longa, 'tenuis, setiformis. Thorax productus, longiconicus.

Scutellum quadrispinosum. Abdomen crassum, subrotundum, thorace bre-

vius et latius. Pedes breves, simplices. Alee sat angustae. Mas. Oculi

supra connexi.
Head small ; front vertical. Antennae short j 3rd joint round ; arista long,

slender, setiform, apical. Thorax elongate-conical, produced in front.

Scutellum with 4 spines. Abdomen thick, nearly round, shorter and

broader than the thorax. Legs short, slender, unarmed. Wings rather

narrow ; structure of the veins like that of Clitellaria.
Male. Eyes connected above. ,

24. Culctta simtjlans, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite albo-tomentoso, antennis
fulvis, thorace et abdomine fasciis cinereo-pubescentibus, scutelli spinis
fulvis, alis subcinereis fascia media nonnunquam subinterrupta apiceque
late nigricantibus.

Male. Black. Head with white tomentum. Antennae tawny. Thorax and
abdomen with bands of grey down. Scutellum with tawny spines. Legs
pubescent. Wings slightly greyish, blackish towards the tips, and with a
sometimes nearly interrupted blackish band. Length of the body 3-3^
bines ; of the wings 5-6 lines.

This species also inhabits Malacca, and was accidentally omitted in the de-
scriptions of the Malay species.

Glen. Evaza, n. g.

Corpus planum, subglabrum. Caput thoracis latitudine. Antennce breves ;
articulus lus longiusculus ; 3U8 rotundus ; arista apicalis, longa, gracilis,
setiformis. Thorax ellipticus. Scutellum quadri-spinosum. Abdomen
subellipticum, thorace paulld longius, vix latius. Pedes graciles, simplices.
Alee sat longae, vix latae. Mas. Oculi magni, supra connexi.

Body rather flat, nearly bare. Head as broad as the thorax. Antennae
short ; 1st joint rather long ; 3rd round ; arista long, slender, setiform,
apical. Thorax elliptical. Scutellum with 4 rather long spines. Abdo-
men flat, elliptical, a little longer but hardly broader than the thorax.
Legs slender, unarmed. Wings rather long, moderately broad ; structure
of the veins like that of Clitellaria.

Male. Eyes large, connected above.

110 MR. walker's catalogue oe dipterous insects

25. Evaza bipaes, n. s., mas. Nigra nitida, oculis rufis, antennis scutelli
margine postico spinisque pedibus halteribusque pallide flavescentibus,
abdominis disco navescente, alis cinereis stigmate venisque nigricantibus.

Male. Black, shining. Eyes red. Antennae, hind border and spines of the
scutellum, legs and halteres pale yellow. Arista black. Thorax with a
testaceous line on each side. Disk of the abdomen yellowish. Wings
grey ; stigma and veins blackish, the latter testaceous at the base. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Sargus, Fair.

26. Sargus metallinus, Fair. Syst. Antl. 258. 11.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

27. Sargus luridus, Walk. See page 8.

28. Sabgus latifascia, n. s., mas. Fulvus, antennis pectore abdomine pedi-
busque testaceis, abdomine fasciis latis nigris, pedum posticorum femoribus
nigro vittatis, tibiis tarsisque nigris, his albido fasciatis, alis cinereis venis
nigris basi fulvis.

Male. Tawny. Antenna?, pectus, abdomen and legs testaceous. Abdomen
with broad black bands. Hind femora striped with black ; hind tibiae and
hind tarsi black, the latter with a whitish band. Wings grey ; veins
black, tawny at the base. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings
11 lines. ,

Fam. TABANLDvE, Leach.
Gen. Tabanus, Linn.

29. Tabanus hybridus, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. i. 557. 31.
Inhabits also Macao.

30. Tabanus univentris, Walk. See page 9.

Var. Abdomen luteous-tawny, with an indistinct paler dorsal stripe.

31. Tabanus nexus, n. s., foem. Ferrugineus subtus canescens, callo piceo
elongato, antennis nigris, thorace vittis subobsoletis rufescentibus, abdo-
mine rufescente e maculis trigonis testaceis univittato, pedibus rufescenti-
bus, femoribus anticis tibiis anticis apice tarsisque nigris, alis cinereis
venis fusco marginatis, halteribus pallide luteis.

Female. Very nearly allied to T. univentris. Ferruginous, somewhat hoary
beneath. Callus piceous, long and slender. Proboscis black. Lancets
ferruginous. Palpi brown. Antennae black ; angle of the 3rd joint small.
Thorax with indistinct reddish stripes. Abdomen reddish, with a testa-
ceous triangular spot on the hind border of each segment. Legs reddish j
fore femora, tips of the fore tibiae and tarsi black. Wings grey ; veins
black, clouded with brown. Halteres pale luteous. Length of the body
8 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

32. Tabanus eumieee, n. s., mas et foem. Fuscus subtus cinereus, abdo-
mine ferrugineo-rufo apicem versus nigro segmentorum marginibus posticis
testaceis, pedibus nigris, tibiis ferrugineo vittatis, alis fuscis. Mas. An-

COLLECTED IN BOENEO. Ill

tennis ferrugineis, alarum margine postico cinereo. Foem. Antennis nigris,
basi ferrugineis, abdomine maculis dorsalibus subtrigonis testaceis, alarum
areolis cinereo vittatis.
Male and Female. Very nearly allied to T. univentris. Brown, cinereous
beneath. Abdomen ferruginous-red, black towards the tip ; hind borders
of the segments testaceous. Legs black; tibiae with ferruginous stripes.
Wings brown ; veins black. Halteres pale luteous. Male. Eyes aeneous,
and with very small facets in front. Antenna? ferruginous. Wings grey
along the hind border, and with indistinct grey streaks on the areolets
elsewhere. Female. Antennae black, ferruginous at the base. Abdomen
with a small nearly triangular spot on the hind border of each segment.
Areolets of the wings with cinereous disks. Length of the body 6-7 lines ;
of the wings 12-1.4 lines.

33. Tabantts optatus, n. s., foem. Ferrugineus subtus canus, capite antico
albido callo lanceolate, antennis nigris basi fulvis, thoracis lateribus testa-
ceis, scutello cano, abdomine fulvo vitta postice dilatata nigra guttis dor-
salibus albidis, pedibus nigris, tibiis anticis basi tibiisque posterioribus
fulvis, alis nigro-fuscis apice lato margineque postico subcinereis macula
media sublimpida.

Female. Ferruginous, hoary beneath. Head whitish in front. Callus lanceo-
late. Proboscis black. Palpi testaceous. Antennae black, tawny at the
base j angle of the third joint acute, slightly elongated. Thorax with
three darker lines ; sides testaceous. Scutelluin hoary. Abdomen tawny;
hind borders of the segments beneath and on each side above testaceous ;
a black dorsal stripe which is dilated hindward ; a whitish nearly triangular
dot on the hind border of each segment. Legs black ; fore tibiae at the
base and hinder tibiae tawny. Wings blackish-brown ; apical third part
and hind border slightly cinereous ; a nearly limpid discal spot before the
middle ; veins black. Halteres blackish. Length of the body 6 lines ; of
the wings 12 lines.

34. Tabantjs simplicissimxjs, n. s., mas et foem. Cinereus, callo trigono
piceo, antennis fulvis, thoracis lateribus testaceis, abdomine testaceo apice
nigricante, pedibus nigris. Mas. Tarsis posterioribus basi tibiisque poste-
rioribus testaceis, tibiis anticis testaceis apice nigris, alis sublimpidis costa
venisque testaceis. Foem. Femoribus apice fulvis, tibiis albidis, anticis
apice nigris, tarsis posterioribus basi fulvis, alis cinereis apud costam
luridis venis nigris basi ferrugineis.

Male and Female. Cinereous. Callus at the base of the antennae broad,
triangular, piceous. Palpi testaceous. Antennae tawny ; 3rd joint not
dilated nor dentate. Sides of the thorax testaceous. Abdomen testaceous,
blackish at the tip. Legs black.

Male. Eyes in front aeneous, and with very minute facets. Tibiae testaceous ;
fore tibiae with black tips ; hinder tarsi testaceous at the base. Wings
nearly limpid, very slightly cinereous ; costa, veins and halteres testaceous.

Female. Callus between the eyes long and slender. Femora with tawny tips;
tibiae whitish ; fore tibiae with black tips ; hinder tarsi tawny towards the
base. Wings cinereous, lurid along the costa ; veins black, ferruginous
towards the base. Length of the body 3^-4^ lines ; of the wings 7-8 lines.

112 me. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects
Gen. Chrtsops.

35. Chrysops dispar, Fair. See p. 9. " Very abundant in the jungle at
Sarawak."

36. Chrysops fasciatus, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. i. 198. 5.
Inhabits also Java.

37. Cheysops itxissimtts, n. s., foem. Picea, capite thoracisque marginibus
aureo-pubescentibus, capitis callo atro, facie ferruginea guttis duabus late-
ralibus nigris, antennis nigris basi fulvis, abdomine fulvo fasciis tribus nigri-
cantibus, pedibus fulvis, Aibiis subdilatatis nigricantibus, alis subcineras-
centibus costa apice fasciaque lata, nigro-fuscis.

Var. Abdomine bifasciato basi testaceo.

Female. Piceous. Head and borders of the thorax with gilded down. Head
with a black shining callus above the antennae ; face ferruginous, shining,
with a black dot on each side. Palpi tawny. Antennae black, tawny at
the base. Abdomen tawny, with three blackish bands. Legs tawny ;
femora and tarsi with piceous tips ; tibiae and fore tarsi black, the former
slightly dilated. Wings very slightly cinereous, brown along the costa and
at the tips, and with a broad brown band. Halteres testaceous.

Var. Abdomen testaceous at the base, with two bands, the fore one black,
the hind one brown. Length of the body 3^-4 lines ; of the wings 7-8
lines.

Gen. HzematopOta, Meig.

38. Haematopota roralis, Fair. Syst. Antl. 107. 2.
" Eyes above opal white, with black specks."

39. Hjematopota atomaeia, n. s., foem. Nigro-picea, capite antico atro
nitido, antennis nigris basi nitidis, abdominis marginibus posticis canis,
tibiis albido cinctis, alis nigricantibus guttis plurimis annuloque unico
albis.

Female. Piceous-black. Head black and shining in front. Palpi ferru-
ginous. Antennae black; 1st joint shining. Abdominal segments with
hoary hind borders. Tibiae with a whitish band on each. Wings blackish,
with very numerous white dots, and with one white ringlet which is by the
costa at two-thirds of the length. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

Fam. ASILID^E, Leach.
Subfam. Dasypogonites, Walk.

Gen. Dasypogon, Fair.
Subgen. Microstylum, Macq.

40. Dasypogon Vica, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 2. 304.
Inhabits also Silhet.

41. Dasypogon incomptus, n. s., mas. Nigro-cinereus subtus canescens,
facie ferruginea, antennis pedibusque nigris, thorace vittis quatuor canis,

COLLECTED IN BOBNEO. 113

abdomine rnaculis lateralibus canis apice rufescente, alis violaceo-nigri-
cantibus.
Male. Blackish-cinereous, hoary beneath. Face bright ferruginous. Epi-
stoma with six white bristles. Antennae and legs black. Thorax with four
hoary stripes. Abdomen with hoary spots along each side ; tip reddish ;
appendages black, ciliated. Wings blackish, with violet reflections. Length
of the body 9 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Gren. Discocephala, Macquart.

4>2. Discocephala dobsalis, Walk. (See page 9.) mas. Thorace vittis
duabus testaceis, abdomine piceo fasciis latis abbreviatis testaceis apice
nigro-cupreo, pedibus testaceo-fulvis, femoribus tibiisque apice nigricanti-
bus, femoribus posticis crassis spinosis.

Male. Thorax with two testaceous stripes. Abdomen piceous, with short
broad testaceous bands, blackish cupreous towards the tip. Legs testa-
ceous-tawny ; femora and tibiae with blackish tips ; hind femora thick,
spinosa.

Subfam. Laphbites, Walh
Gen. Laphbia, Fabr.

43. Laphria Reinwardtii, Wied. See page 10,

44. Laphria alternans, Wied. See page 10.

45. Laphria notabilis, Walk. See page 10.

46. Laphria triangularis, Walk. Cat. Dipt. 2nd Ser. 3. 553. 138.
Inhabits also Sumatra.

47. Laphria constricta, Walk. Cat. Dipt. 2nd Ser. 3. 555. 142.
Inhabits also Sumatra.

48. Laphria aurifaeies, Macq. See page 10.

49. Laphria inaurea, Walk. See page 11.

50. Laphria plana, Walk. See page 12,

51. Laphria tjnifascia, n. s., mas. Nigro-cuprea aureo-nirta, mystace
nigro, abdominis lateribus fascia ventreque rufescentibus, alis nigricantibus
basi late sublimpidis venis nigris, halteribus fulvis.

Male. Blackish cupreous, partly clothed with gilded hairs. Face with very
pale gilded tomentum. Mystax with some black bristles. Antennae
black ; 3rd joint linear, acuminated, a little longer than the 1st and the
2nd together. Thorax with two bands of gilded tomentum. Abdomen
reddish beneath and on each side, and with a very broad reddish band.
Legs black, stout, pilose ; hind femora very thick. Wings blackish, nearly
limpid for one-third of the length from the base. Halteres tawny. Length
of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

52. Laphria comptissima, n. s., mas et fcem. Aureo-tomentosa, facie
albo-tomentosa, antennis pedibusque nigris, abdomine apicem versus nigro-
purpureo, tibiis luteis, alis nigricantibus dimidio fere basali subcinereo,
halteribus fulvis apice fuscis.

LINN. PBOC. — ZOOLOGY. 8

114 MR. WALKER'S CATALOGUE OE DIPTEROUS INSECTS

Male and Female, Body covered with gilded tomentum. Mystax com-
posed of several slender black bristles. Antennse and legs black. Third
joint of the antennse nearly linear, slightly acuminated, hardly longer than
the 1st and the 2nd together. Abdomen bare, shining and blackish-purple
towards the tip. Legs rather stout ; tibiae luteous ; hind tibia? black
towards the tips. Wings blackish, slightly greyish on nearly half the
length from the base ; veins black, tawny at the base. Halteres tawny,
with brown knobs.

Male. Face with white tomentum.

Female. Face with pale gilded tomentum.

Length of the body 4£-5 lines ; of the wings 8-9 lines.

53. Lapheia Eupis, n. s., foem. Nigra, capite postico pectoreque cano-
tomentosis, facie fulva, thorace vittis duabus canis ; abdomine cyaneo-
nigro maculis lateralibus canis, alis nigricantibus basi late subcinereis,
halteribus fulvescentibus.

Male. Black. Head with hoary tomentum behind, thickly clothed beneath
.with testaceous hairs. Face tawny. Mystax composed of many black
bristles. Thorax with two hoary stripes. Pectus hoary. Abdomen bluish-
black, with hoary spots along each side. Legs stout, clothed with hoary
and pale testaceous hairs, and with black bristles. Wings blackish, slightly
greyish for more than one-third of the length from the base ; veins black.
Halteres somewhat tawny. Length of the body 6 lines; of the wings
11 lines.

54. Lapheia peodttcta, n. s., mas. Atra vix pilosa, facie aureo-tomentosa,
pectore cano, abdomine longiusculo punctis lateralibus canis, pedibus
crassis, alis nigricantibus dimidio fere basali subcinereo, halteribus tes-
taceis.

Male. Deep black, hardly pilose. Face with pale gilded tomentum. Mystax
with very few black bristles. Pectus with hoary tomentum. Abdomen
somewhat long, with minute hoary dots along each side- Legs thick,
rather short. Wings blackish, greyish for nearly half the length from the
base ; veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4£ lines ; of
the wings 7 lines.

55. Lapheia lepida, n. s., mas. Nigra aureo-pilosa, facie aureo-tomentosa,
thorace bivittato et bifasciato, abdomine aureo-rufo, pedibus crassis pilosis,
alis nigricantibus triente basali subcinereo, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Black, clothed with gilded hairs. Face with gilded tomentum.
Mystax with many gilded and with a few black bristles. Third joint of
the antennse linear, conical at the tip, longer than the 1st and the 2nd
together. Thorax with two stripes and two bands of gilded tomentum.
Pectus gilded. Abdomen with golden-red tomentum. Legs pilose; femora
incrassated. Wings blackish, slightly cinereous for full one-third of the
length from the base ; veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

56. Lapheia completa, n. s., foem. Nigra fulvo-pilosa, facie pectoreque
aureo-tomentosis, abdominis apice glabro nigro-purpureo, pedibus robustis,
alis fuscis triente basali pallidiore, halteribus testaceis.

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 115

Female. Black, clothed with tawny hairs. Face and pectus with gilded
tomentum. Mystax with several gilded and with a few black bristles.
Third joint of the antennae elongate-fusiform, longer than the 1st and the
2nd together. Legs hairy ; femora slightly thickened. Wings brown,
paler towards the base ; veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 6 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

57. Lapheia incivilis, n. s., foem. Nigra fulvo-tomentosa, facie subaurata,
pectore cano, abdominis lateribus cano-guttatis, tibiis basi fulvis, alis
fusco-cinereis basi pallidioribus, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black, thinly covered with tawny tomentum, not pilose. Face with
slightly gilded tomentum. Mystax with very few black bristles. Pectus
hoary. Hind borders of the abdominal segments with a hoary dot on each
side. Legs slightly pilose ; femora rather stout ; tibiae tawny, black to-
wards the tips. Wings brownish-grey, paler at the base; veins black.
Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4£ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

58. Lapheia paetita, n. s., foem. Nigra, facie albido-tomentosa, thorace
fusco-tomentosa, pectore cano, abdomine nigro-purpureo, pedibus fulvis,
tarsis tibiis apice genubusque posticis nigris, alis subfuscis aut subcine-
reis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black. Face with whitish tomentum, which is very slightly gilded.
Mystax with several bristles of the same hue. Third joint of the antennae
fusiform, as long as the 1st and 2nd together. Thorax thinly covered with
brownish tomentum. Pectus hoary. Abdomen purplish-black, with a
very slight cupreous tinge ; sides with brownish tomentum. Legs tawny;
femora moderately stout; coxae, trochanters, tarsi, tips of the tibiae and
hind knees black. Wings slightly cinereous or with a brownish tinge ;
veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

59. Lapheia inteebttpta, n. s., foem. Nigra, facie aureo-tomentosa, tho-
racis fasciis duabus interruptis pectoreque subaurato-tomentosis, abdomine
nigro-aeneo maculis tribus lateralibus fulvis, tibiis tarsisque testaceis apice
nigris, alis nigricantibus dimidio basali subcinereo, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black. Face with gilded tomentum. Mystax with a few gilded
and very few black bristles. Thorax with two interrupted bands of very pale
gilded tomentum, which also covers the pectus. Abdomen blackish-aeneous,
with three tawny tomentose spots on each side. Femora moderately thick ;
tibise and tarsi testaceous, black towards the tips. Wings blackish, very
slightly greyish for half the length from the base ; veins black. Halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

60. Lapheia cingrtlifeea, n. s., foem. Nigra, capite pectore thoracisque
fasciis duabus interruptis pallide aureo-tomentosis, abdominis segmentis
apud margines posticos aurato-tomentosis, pedibus testaceis, femoribus
nigro-vittatis, tibiis posticis apice tarsisque anticis nigris, tarsis posteriori-
bus nigro-cinctis, alis cinereis, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Black. Head and pectus with very pale gilded tomentum. Thorax
with two -stripes and two interrupted bands of the same hue. Mystax with
many pale gilded bristles. Third joint of the antennae linear, slightly
acuminated, very much longer than the 1st and the 2nd together. Ab-

8*

116 ME. WALKER'S CATALOGUE OE DIPTEROUS INSECTS

domen with a gilded band on the hind border of each segment. Legs
testaceous ; femora hardly stout, with black stripes ; hind trochanters and
fore tarsi black ; hind tibiae with black tips ; posterior tarsi with black
bands. Wings cinereous ; veins black. Halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 6 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

61. Lapheia detecta, n. s., mas. Atra, eapite postico pectoreque albido-
tomentosis, thorace macula laterali pallida aureo-tomentosa, abdomine basi
albo piloso macuhs tribus laterahbus aurato-tomentosis, pedibus fulvis,
femoribus nigro-vittatis, tarsis nigris basi fulvis, ahs limpidis dimidio fere
apicah nigricante.

Male. Deep black. Head behind and pectus with whitish tomentum. My- .
stax with very few black bristles. Third joint of the antennae nearly
linear, elongate- conical towards the tip, very much longer than the 1st and
the 2nd together. Thorax with a spot of pale gilded tomentum on each
side, in front of the base of the wing. Abdomen with white hairs at the
base, and with three spots of gilded tomentum on each side. Legs tawny ;
coxae and trochanters black ; femora rather thick, with black stripes, which
are very short on the hind pair ; tarsi black, tawny at the base. Wings
limpid, blackish for nearly half the length from the tips ; veins black,
tawny in the limpid part. Halteres very pale yellow. Length of the body
6| lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

Subfam. Asilites, Walk.
Gen. Trupanea, Maeq.

62. Trupanea Amorges, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 2. 391 (Asilus) ; 2nd ser. pt. 3.
612. 102.

63. Teupanea inseeens, n. s., mas et foem. Nigra, fusco-tomentosa, facie
pectoreque subauratis, mystace supra albido subtiis nigro, antennis pedibus-
que nigris, thorace vittis quinque nigris, abdominis segmentis cano inter-
rupts marginatis, alis fuscis.

Male and Female. Black, with brown tomentum. Face and pectus with
pale, slightly gilded tomentum. Mystax with some whitish bristles above,
and with very few black bristles beneath. Antennae black ; arista as long as
the 3rd joint. Thorax with five black stripes. Abdomen rather slender,
moderately long ; hind borders of the segments with slightly interrupted
hoary bands. Legs black ; tibiae ferruginous above, except towards the
tips. Wings brown ; veins black ; 3rd externo-medial vein joining the 4th
far from the base. Halteres tawny.

Male. Sexualia moderately large. Female. Abdomen attenuated, not stylate.
Length of the body 6 lines j of the wings 9-10 lines.

Gen. Asilus, Linn.

64. Asilus Barium, Walk. See p. 14.

65. Asiltjs flageans, n. s., fcem. Piceus, eapite pectoreque aureo-tomen-
tosis, mystace aureo, antennis fulvis, thorace strigis duabus obliquis late-
rahbus vittisque duabus aureo-tomentosis, abdominis segmentis testaceo-

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 117

marginatis, pedibus fulvis, tibiis posticis femoribusque piceo-vittatis, tarsis
posticis nigris, alis luridis triente apicali fusca.
Female. Piceous. Head and pectus with gilded tomentum. Mystax with
several gilded bristles. Antennae tawny ; arista as long as the preceding
joints together. Thorax with two oblique streaks on each side, and with
two stripes of gilded tomentum. Abdomen moderately long, hardly sty-
late j hind borders of the segments testaceous. Legs tawny ; femora and
hind tibiae mostly piceous above ; hind tarsi black. Wings lurid j apical
third part brown, which colour extends further along the hind border ;
veins black, tawny at the base ; cubital vein forked at a little beyond half
its length ; hind fork very undulating ; 3rd externo-medial vein joining
the 4th at some distance from the border. Halteres tawny. Length of
the body 5| lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

66. Asiltts contortus, n. s., fcem. Niger, cinereo-tomentosus, facie albida,
mystace supra nigro subtus albido, antennis nigris, thorace vittis duabus
nigricantibus, pectore cano, abdomine subaureo piloso segmentis testaceo-
marginatis, pedibus ferrugineis, femoribus tibiisque apice tarsisque nigris,
alis luridis areolarum apicalium fuscarum discis pallidioribus.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Face prominent, whitish. My-
stax with some black bristles above, and with many whitish bristles be-
neath. Antennae black ; arista as long as the preceding joints together.
Thorax with two indistinct blackish stripes. Pectus hoary. Abdomen
with slightly gilded hairs, moderately long, hardly stylate ; hind borders
of the segments testaceous ; tip black, shining. Legs ferruginous ; tarsi
and tips of the femora and of the tibiae black. Wings lurid ; apical areo-
lets brown, with pale disks ; veins black ; cubital vein forked at beyond
half its length ; fore fork angular near its base ; hind fork very undulating;
3rd externo-medial vein joining the 4th near the border. Halteres tawny.
Length of the body 6 lines j of the wings 13 lines.

Gen. Ommatius, Xlliger.

67. Ommatius Hecale, Walk. See p. 14.

G-en. Leptogaster, Meigen.

68. Leptogaster tricolor, n. s., mas. Piceus, capite albido-tomentoso,
thoracis vittis duabus postice attenuatis pectorisque lateribus testaceis, ab-
domine nigro fasciis quinque flavis, pedibus flavis, tibiis posticis tarsisque
apice nigris, tarsis posticis ferrugineis apice nigris, alis cinereis costa
lurida, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Piceous. Head with whitish tomentum. Antennae testaceous towards
the base. Thorax with two stripes, which are attenuated hindward, and
with the sides of the pectus testaceous. Abdomen black, with five yellow
bands. Legs yellow ; coxae and knees black ; hind femora striped with
black beneath ; hind tibiae with black tips ; hind tarsi ferruginous, with
black tips. Wings grey, lurid along the costa; veins black. Halteres
testaceous. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

69. Leptogaster intjtilis, n. s., mas. Niger nitens, pectore cano, pedibus
testaceis, femoribus tibiis et tarsorum articulis apice nigris, femoribus

118 MR. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

posticis apices versus nigricantibus annulo subapicali testaceo, alis lim-
pidis venis nigris triente basali infuscatis, halteribus testaceis apice fuscis.
Male. Black, shining. Pectus with hoary tomentum. Legs testaceous ;
tips of the femora, of the tibise, and of the joints of the tarsi black ; hind
femora mostly blackish, with a testaceous subapical band. Wings limpid;
veins black, clouded with brown towards the base. Halteres testaceous,
with brown knobs. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Fam. LEPTID^E, Westw.
G-en. Leptis, Fair.

70. Leptis ferruginosa, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. i. 224. 6.

71. Leptis decisa, Walk. See p. 15.

G-en. Chrtsopila, Macq.

72. Chrysopila macttlipennts, n. s., mas et foem. Picea, pectore testaceo
cano-tomentoso, abdominis segmentis testaceo-fasciatis, pedibus testaceis,
alis limpidis, fasciis tribus maculosis fuscis.

Male and Female. Piceous. Head in front and pectus with hoary tomentum.
Proboscis, legs and halteres testaceous. Antennae black. Abdomen with
a testaceous band on the hind border of each segment. Wings limpid,
with three irregular brown bands ; 2nd and 3rd bands broad, connected,
adorned with several limpid spots ; veins black. Length of the body
%\ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Earn. BOMBTLID^E, Leach.

Subfam. Therevites, Walk.

Glen. Thereva, Latr.

73. Thereva prjecedens, n. s., foem. Nigra confertim cano-tomentosa,
capite antico albo barbaque alba, pedibus subpilosis, alis subcinereis venis
nigris.

Female. Black, entirely covered with hoary tomentum. Head white and
shining in front, clothed beneath with white hairs. Proboscis black and
shining as usual. Legs slightly hairy. Wings slightly greyish; veins
black. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Subfam. Bombylites, Walk.
Gen. Anthrax, Fabr.

74. Anthrax Tantalus, Fabr. Syst. Antl. 124. 29.
Inhabits also Hindostan, Java and China.

75. Anthrax pennipes, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. i. 272. 23.
Inhabits also Java.

76. Anthrax semiscita, n. s. (Group 10. Dipt. Saund. 167), mas. Nigro-
picea cinereo nigroque pilosa, abdomine nigro apicem versus argenteo-

COLLECTED IN BOENEO. 119

micante, alis nigricantibus dimidio apicali oblique limpido guttis duabus
(una anteriore exteriore, altera posteriore interiore) nigricantibus.
Very nearly allied to A. bimacula, Walk. Male. Blackish-piceous, with a
few grey and black hairs. Abdomen black, brilliant silvery towards the
tip. Wings obliquely blackish for half the length from the base, the
blackish part very irregular in outline, and extending to f ths of the length
of the costa; one blackish dot on the basal angle of the fore fork of the
cubital vein, the other on the hind end of the veinlet between the 2nd and
3rd externo-medial veins ; veins black. Halteres with whitish tips. Length
of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.

77. Antheax Satellitia, n. s. (Group 10. Dipt. Saund. 167), mas. Atra
vix pilosa, alis nigricantibus plus triente apicali suboblique limpida guttis
tribus discalibus unaque apicali nigricantibus.

Male. Deep black, hardly pilose. Wings blackish, obliquely limpid for more
than one-third of the length from the tips ; the outline of the blackish
part slightly denticulate ; the limpid part containing four blackish dots,
three, discal and one apical, the middle discal dot much larger than the
two others. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Fam. DOLICHOPID^E, Leach.

Gten. Psilopus, Meigen.

78. Psilopus apicalis, Wied. Auss. Zweifi. ii. 227. 32.
Inhabits also Sumatra.

79. Psilopus robustus, Walk. See page 16.

80. Psilopus tenebrosus, Walk. See page 16.

81. Psilopus allectans, n. s., mas. Laete cyaneo-viridis, antennarum arti-
culo 3° fulvo, arista longissima apice albida, abdominis segmentis atro-
fasciatis, pedibus testaceis, tarsis nigricantibus, alis obscure fuscis postice
pallidioribus, venis halteribusque nigris.

Male. Bright bluish-green. Proboscis testaceous. Third joint of the an-
tennae tawny ; arista longer than the body, whitish at the tip. Abdomen
with deep black bands. Legs testaceous j tarsi blackish, paler towards the
base. Wings dark brown, paler along the hind border ; veins and halteres
black ; fore branch of the praebrachial vein nearly straight ; discal trans-
verse vein curved outward. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
5 lines.

82. Psilopus alliciens, n. s., mas. Laete cyaneo-viridis, facie pectoreque
argenteo-tomentosis, antennis testaceis, articulo 3° lanceolato, arista vix
longa, abdominis segmentis atro-fasciatis, pedibus testaceis, alis sublimpidis,
venis halteribusque testaceis.

Male. Bright bluish-green. Face and pectus with silvery tomentum. Pro-
boscis testaceous. Antennae testaceous ; 3rd joint lanceolate j arista black,
less than half the length of the body. Abdomen with broad deep black
bands, partly aeneous towards the tip. ' Legs testaceous ; tarsi darker
towards the tips. Wings nearly limpid ; veins and halteres testaceous ;
fore branch of the praebrachial vein much curved ; discal transverse vein
undulating. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of this wings 6 lines.

120 me. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

83. Psiloptts Illiciens, n. s., mas. Laete cyaneo-viridis, antennis nigris
articulo 3° brevi, arista sat longa, abdomine laete viridi segmentis atro-
fasciatis, pedibus nigris> tibiis fulvescentibus, alis cinereis apud costam
fuscescentibus, venis halteribusque nigris.

Male. Bright bluish-green. Proboscis black. Antennae black ; 3rd joint
short ; arista more than half the length of the body. Abdomen emerald-
green, with broad black bands. Legs black ; tibiae duU tawny. Wings
grey, brownish along the costa ; veins and halteres black ; fore branch of
the praebrachial vein curved ; discal transverse vein undulating. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

84. Psilopus delectans, n. s., mas. Laete cyaneo-viridis, facie pectoreque
argenteo-tomentosis, antennis nigris articulo 3° conico, arista sat longa,
abdomine laete viridi segmentis nigro-fasciatis, pedibus nigris, alis sub-
cinereis, venis halteribusque nigris.

Male. Bright bluish-green. Face and pectus with silvery tomentum. Pro-
boscis black. Antennae black j 3rd joint conical j arista black, more than
half the length of the body. Abdomen bright green, with narrow black
bands. Legs black. Wings greyish ; veins and halteres black ; fore branch
of the praebrachial vein curved ; discal transverse vein undulating. Length
of the body 3^ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

85. Psilopus peoliciens, n. s., fcem. Laete viridis robustus, capite cyaneo-
viridi, facie pectore abdominisque Iateribus argenteo-tomentosis, antennis
nigris articulo 3° longi-conico, arista sat longa, abdominis segmentis atro-
fasciatis, pedibus nigris, alis cinereis macula costali fusca venis nigris,
halteribus fulvis.

Female. Bright green, stout. Head bluish -green ; face with silvery tomen-
tum. Proboscis black. Antennae black ; 3rd joint elongate-conical ; arista
full half the length of the body. Thorax with three bright cupreous stripes.
Pectus and sides of the abdomen with silvery tomentum. Abdomen with
broad deep black bands. Legs black. Wings grey, with an elongated
brown spot towards the middle of the costa ; veins black ; fore branch of
the praebrachial vein much curved ; discal transverse vein nearly straight.
Halteres tawny. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

86. Psilopus peolectans, n. s., fcem. Laete cyaneo-viridis, antennis nigris
articulo 3° conico, arista longissima, abdomine apicem versus purpureo,
pedibus nigris, alis obscure fuscis fasciis tribus abbreviatis apiceque sub-
limpidis, venis halteribusque nigris.

Female. Bright bluish-green. Proboscis black. Antennae black ; 3rd joint
conical; arista nearly as long as the body. Abdomen purple towards the
tip. Legs black. Wings dark brown, with three nearly limpid bands which
do not extend to the costa ; 1st band dilated along the hind border to the
base of the wing \. 2nd very short ; 3rd much longer ; tips nearly limpid ;
veins and halteres black ; fore branch of the praebrachial vein very much
curved ; discal transverse vein very deeply undulating, angular, and emit-
ting a short stump in the middle. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

87. Psilopus collucens, n. s., foem. Laete viridi-cyaneus brevis latus, ver-
tice purpureo, facie pectoreque albido-tomentosis, antennis nigris articulo

COLLECTED IN BOBNEO. 121

3° longi-conico, arista vix longa, abdomine laete viridi segmentis cupreo-
fasciatis, pedibus nigris, tibiis testaceis, alis subcinereis, venis nigris, hal-
teribus testaceis.
Female. Bright greenish-blue, short, broad. Vertex purple. Face and
pectus with whitish tomentum. Proboscis black. Antennae black ; 3rd
joint elongate-conical ; arista about half the length of the body. Abdomen
bright green, with cupreous bands. Legs black ; tibiae testaceous. "Wings
greyish ; veins black ; fore branch of the praebrachial vein very much
curved; discal transverse vein almost straight. Halteres testaceous.
Length of the body 1\ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

88. Psilopus derelicttts, n. s., mas. Laete cyaneo-viridis gracilis, meta-
thorace purpureo, abdomine laete viridi segmentis cupreo-fasciatis, pedibus
pallide flavis, alis sublimpidis venis nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Bright bluish-green, slender. Head wanting. Metathorax purple.
Abdomen bright green, with cupreous bands. Legs pale yellow. Wings
nearly limpid ; veins black ; fore branch of the praebrachial vein almost
rectangular ; discal transverse vein straight. Halteres testaceous. Length
of the body If line ; of the wings 3 lines.

Glen. Dolichoptjs, Latr.

89. Dolichoptjs electtjs, n. s., foem. Late viridis robustus, capite antico
albo, antennis pedibusque nigris, thoracis margine aeneo, abdomine aeneo-
viridi maculis lateralibus albo-tomentosis, tibiis spinosissimis obscure tes-
taceis apice nigris, alis fusco-cinereis venis nigris, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Bright green, stout. Head white in front. Antennae black ; arista
rather stout. Thorax aeneous in front and on each side. Abdomen dark
aeneous-green, with spots of white tomentum along each side. Legs black ;
tibiae dull testaceous with black tips, very spinose. Wings brownish-grey ;
veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a very obtuse angle, nearly straight
from thence to its tip ; discal transverse vein straight, upright. Halteres
tawny. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

90. Dolichoptjs alligattjs, n. s., mas. iEneo-viridis sat gracilis, capite
argenteo, antennis nigris, pectore cano, abdomine obscure aeneo, pedibus
fulvis, tibiis subspinosis, tarsis nigricantibus basi fulvis, femoribus poste-
rioribus nigris, mediis apice fulvis, alis fuscis sat latis venis nigris, halteri-
bus fulvis.

Male. iEneous-green, rather slender. Head with silvery-white tomentum.
Antennae black. Pectus hoary. Abdomen dark aeneous. Legs tawny;
tibiae slightly spinose ; tarsi blackish, tawny at the base ; posterior femora
black; middle femora with tawny tips. Wings brown, rather broad,
darker along the apical half of the costa ; veins black ; praebrachial vein
and discal transverse vein straight. Halteres tawny. Length of the body
2£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

91. Dolichoptjs collecttjs, n. s., mas. Lsete viridi-cyaneus gracilis, facie
perangusta, antennis nigris, abdomine cyaneo-purpureo, pedibus testaceis,
tibiis vix spinosis, femoribus posticis nigris, tibiis posticis nigricantibus
apice testaceis, alis subcinereis latiusculis apud costam fuscescentibus, hal-
teribus testaceis.

122 me. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

Male. Bright greenish-blue, slender. Face extremely narrow. Antennae
black. Abdomen dark bluish-purple. Legs testaceous ; tibiae hardly
spinose ; hind femora black ; hind tibiae blackish, with testaceous tips.
Wings greyish, rather broad, brownish along the costa ; veins black ;
praebrachial vein hardly curved, forming an almost imperceptible angle at
its junction with the discal transverse vein which is nearly straight. Hal-
teres testaceous. Length of the body If line ; of the wings 3| lines.

G-en. Diaphortjs, Meigen.

92. Diaphortjs delegatus, n. s., fcem. Viridis albido-tomentosus, antennis
nigris, abdomine aeneo-viridi basi testaceo, pedibus testaceis, tarsis nigris,
tibiis posticis fuscescentibus, ahs subcinereis venis nigris, halteribus tes-
taceis.

Female. Green, with whitish tomentum. Proboscis and antennae black.
Abdomen aeneous-green, testaceous towards the base. Legs testaceous ;
tarsi black ; hind tibiae brownish. Wings greyish ; veins black ; prae-
brachial vein and discal transverse vein almost straight. Halteres tes-
taceous. Length of the body 2| lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Earn. SYEPHIDJE, Leach.
Gen. Ceria, Fair.

93. Ceria Javana, Wied. See page 17.

G-en. Eristalis, Latr.

94. Eristalis niger, Wied. See page 17.

95. Eristalis arvorum, Fabr. Syst. Ambl. 235. 14.
Inhabits also Java and China.

96. Eristalis Andraemon, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 3. 627.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

Gen. Helophilus, Meigen.

97. Helophilus insignis, Walk. See page 17.

Gen. Merodon, Fabr.

98. Merodon vaeicolor, n. s., fcem. Atra, antennis nigris, arista testacea,
thorace postico cinereo, scutello fulvo, abdomine basi fulvo segmentis
testaceo-fasciatis, pedibus nigris, ahs subcinereis apud costam fuscis venis
nigris, halteribus testaceis.

Female. Deep black. Head with hoary tomentum in front. Antennae black ;
arista testaceous. Thorax cinereous towards the scutellum, which is tawny.
Abdomen with testaceous bands; base tawny. Legs black. Wings slightly
greyish, mostly dark brown along the costa ; veins black. Halteres testa-
ceous. Length of the body 8 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Xylota, Meigen.

99. Xylota conformis, Walk. See page 18.

COLLECTED IN BOBNEO. 123

Gen. Milesia, Latr.

100. Milesia macularis, Wied. See page 18.

101. Milesia Reinwardtii, Wied. See page 18.

102. Milesia Zamiel, n. s., foem. Atra, abdomine nigro-cupreo fasciis dua-
bus angustis interruptis flavis, femoribus rufis basi nigris, alis luteis postice
subcinereis macula magna costali subapicali fusca, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Deep black. Head shining in front. Proboscis and antennae black.
Abdomen blackish cupreous, shining, with two slender interrupted yellow
bands. Legs black j femora red, black at the base. Wings luteous, greyish
along the hind border, with a large brown costal subapical spot ; veins
luteous, brown towards the tips. Halteres tawny. Length of the body
8 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

Gen. Volucella, Geoff.

103. Volucella trifasciata, Wied. Auss. Zioeijl. ii. 196. 3.
Inhabits also Java.

Gen. Babyteeoceba, n. g.

Foem. Corpus sublineare, compactum. Caput thorace paulld latius ; facies
plana. Antennce conspicuse ; articuli lus et 2US brevissimi ; 3US longissi-
mus, dilatatus, subarcuatus ; arista nuda, basalis, articulo 3° non longior.
Abdomen subovatum, arcuatum, sessile, thorace paulld brevius et latius.
Pedes validi, breviusculi. Alee breviusculse ; venae transversee exteriores
rectse non obliquse.

Female. Body compact, nearly linear. Head a little broader than the thorax ;
face flat ; epistoma slightly prominent. Proboscis extending a little be-
yond the epistoma. Antennae diverging ; 1st and 2nd joints very short ;
3rd very long, dilated, curved and slightly widened towards the tip ; arista
bare, seated on the base of the 3rd joint, which it does not exceed in
length. Abdomen sessile, arched, nearly oval, a little broader and shorter
than the thorax. Legs stout, simple, rather short. Wings somewhat
short; exterior transverse veins straight, upright, forming almost right
angles with the cubital, preebrachial and externo-medial veins.

104. Babyteeoceba incltjsa, n. s., foem. Nigro-cuprea, capite antico al-
bido, antennis nigris articulo 3° subtus luteo, thorace pectoreque testa-
ceo bivittatis, abdomine fasciis tribus testaceis, la basali biguttata, 2a inter-
rupts, 3a apicali latissima trimaculata, pedibus testaceis, femoribus posticis
apice tibiisque posticis nigris, alis subcinereis macula costali fasciaque ex-
teriore palhdiore fuscis.

Female. Blackish cupreous, shining. Head whitish in front. Antenna?
black ; 3rd joint luteous beneath. Thorax with a testaceous stripe on
each side. Pectus with a testaceous streak on each side. Abdomen with
three testaceous bands ; 1st basal, entire, dilated on each side, including a
blackish- cupreous dot on each side ; 2nd interrupted, dilated on each side
and connected with the 3rd, which is apical, very broad, and includes three
very large blackish cupreous spots. Legs testaceous ; hind femora towards
the tips and hind tibiae black. Wings greyish, with a dark brown spot

124 me. walker's catalogue of dipterous insects

beyond the middle of the costa, and with a paler incomplete exterior band ;
yeins black, testaceous at the base. Halteres testaceous. Length of the
body 3 lines j of the wings 5 lines.

G-en. CiTiBiENA, n. g.

Mas. Corpus sublineare, pilosissimum. Caput thorace vix latius ; facies
plana. Oculi villosissimi. Antennce breves ; articuli lus et 2US transyersi;
3as conicus, longior et paulld latior ; arista nuda, basalis, articulo 3° dupl6
longior. Abdomen thorace multo longius. Pedes simphces, sat graciles.
Alee sat angustae j vena transversa exterior inter cubitalem et prasbrachia-
lem angulata, ramulum emittens.

Male. Allied to Chrysochlamys. Body nearly linear, thickly pilose. Head
hardly broader than the thorax ; face flat. Proboscis short. Eyes very
pubescent. Antennae short ; 1st and 2nd joints transverse j 3rd conical,
longer and a little broader ; arista bare, seated on the base of the 3rd joint,
and about twice its length. Abdomen much longer than the thorax. Legs
simple, pubescent, rather slender. Wings rather narrow ; 1st externo-
medial vein curved ; transverse vein between it and the praebrachial nearly
straight and upright ; transverse vein between the cubital and the prae-
brachial forming an angle which emits a short stump ; fore side of the
angle straight ; hind side curved.

105. Citibjena atjrata, n. s., mas. Cuprea aureo-pubescens, capite aurato,
oculis villosis, antennis pedibusque testaceis, thorace bivittato, femoribus
basi cupreis, posticis cupreis apice testaceis, alis sublimpidis apice sub-
cinereis, venis halteribusque testaceis.

Male. Cupreous, thickly covered with gilded down. Head with gilded
tomentum in front. Antennae testaceous. Eyes very pubescent. Thorax
with two stripes of pale tomentum. Abdomen brighter than the thorax.
Legs testaceous ; anterior femora cupreous at the base ; hind femora cu-
preous, with testaceous tips. Wings nearly limpid, greyish towards the
tips ; veins testaceous, black towards the tips. Halteres testaceous. Length
of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gren. Syrphus, Fair.

106. Syrphus aegrotus, Fair. Syst. Antl. 243. 48. (Eristalis.)
Inhabits also Hindostan, Java, and China ?

107. Syrphus alternans, Maca. Dipt. JExot. ii. 89. 7.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

108. Syrphtts diveetens, n. s., fcem. Chalybaeus aeneo-varius, capite antico
antennis thoracis vittis duabus scutelloque testaceis, abdomine subluteo
fasciis tribus strigis sex obliquis vittaque brevi interrupta apicali nigris,
pedibus halteribusque testaceis, tibiis posticis fuscis, alis limpidis.

Female. Chalybeous, partly aeneous. Head in front, antennae, a stripe on
each side of the thorax and scutellum testaceous. Abdomen pale luteous,
with three black bands on the hind borders of the segments ; a black basal
forked streak ; the two following segments with an oblique black streak on
each side, and an apical interrupted black streak. Legs testaceous ; hind

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 125

tibise brown. Wings limpid, rather long ; veins black. Halteres testa-
ceous. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

109. Stephus cyathifek, n. s., foem. Chalybaeo-niger, antennis pedibusque
fulvis, abdomine maculis sex subtrigonis duabusque minoribus apicahbus
fulvis, ahs fusco-cinereis, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Chalybeous-black. Head about the eyes and pectus chalybeous.
Antennae tawny. Abdomen with eight tawny spots ; 1st, 2nd and 3rd
pair large, nearly triangular ; 4th smaller, semicircular. Legs tawny.
Wings brownish-grey ; veins black. Halteres tawny. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Baccha, Fabr.

110. Baccha Amphithoe, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt.3. 549.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

Gren. Ascia, Megerle.

111. Ascia brachystoma, Wied. Auss. Zweifi. ii. 90. 1.
Inhabits also Hindostam

Fam. MUSCIDJE, Latr,

Subfam. Tachinides, Walk.

G-en. Euryoaster, Macq.

112. Ettrygasteb SUBFERRIFERA, n. s., fcem. Nigra cinereo-tomentosa,
capite albo, palpis fulvis, thorace vittis quatuor angustis nigris, abdomine
fasciis tribus vittaque angusta nigris, macuhs duabus ventre femoribusque
ferrugineis, alis subcinereis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum and long black bristles. Head
white in front and about the eyes; frontalia black, nearly linear; facialia
without bristles; epistoma not prominent, with a stout bristle on each
side. Eyes pubescent. Palpi tawny. Antennae extending to the epi-
stoma ; 3rd joint linear, rounded at the tip, full four times the length of
the 2nd ; arista slender, very much longer than the 3rd joint. Thorax with
four slender incomplete black stripes. Abdomen obconical, hardly longer
than the thorax, with three black bands and with a slender black stripe ;
a large ferruginous spot on each side of the 2nd segment; underside
mostly ferruginous. Legs black ; femora ferruginous. Wings greyish ;
veins black ; praebrachial vein forming a somewhat rounded but hardly
obtuse angle at its flexure, from whence it is nearly straight to its tip ;
discal transverse vein slightly curved inward near its hind end, parted by
less than its length from the border and from the flexure of the praebra-
chiaL Alulae greyish. Length of the body 3 lines j of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Megistogaster, Macq,

Corpus angustum, cylindricum. Fades obliqua. Facialia non setosa. An-
tennce longae ; articulus 3US linearis, 2° sextupld longior ; arista nuda,
gracilis, articulo 3° paulld longior. Pedes longiusculi, setosi. Alee an-
gustae.

126 MR. walker's catalogue OE DIPTEROUS insects

Megistogaster, Macq. Mem. Soc. Sei. Nat. de Lille, 1850, 185.

Body narrow, cylindrical, slightly setose. Face slightly retracted and ob-
lique ; epistoma not prominent ; facialia without bristles. Antennae very
long ; 3rd joint nearly linear, six times the length of the 2nd ; arista bare,
slender, a little longer than the 3rd joint. Legs setose, rather long. Wings
narrow ; prsebrachial vein forming an obtuse angle at its flexure, nearly
straight from thence to its tip, joining the costal at somewhat in front of
the tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein undulating, parted by about
half its length from the border and from the flexure of the prsebrachial.
Type. Tachina Diabolus, Wied.

113. Megistogaster Imbrasus, Walk. Capt. Dipt. pt. 4. 781. ( Tachina.)
Inhabits also China..

The female has silvery- white tomentum in front of the head.

Subfam. Dexides, Walk.

Gren. Dexia, Meigen.

114. Dexia munda, n. s., mas. Viridis, capite cano, frontalibus atris, oculis
nudis, antennis pedibusque nigris, abdomine nigro albo-tomentoso fasciis
duabus latissimis interruptis apiceque testaceis, alis fuscis, halteribus
testaceis.

Male. Green, shining. Head with hoary tomentum in front and beneath,
and with gilded tomentum along the eyes above; frontalia deep black,
widening in front ; facialia without bristles ; epistoma not prominent.
Eyes bare. Proboscis and palpi testaceous. Antenna? black; 3rd joint
elongate ; arista pubescent. Pectus and sides of the thorax with whitish
tomentum. Abdomen black, shining, oblanceolate, about twice the length
of the thorax, armed with several very stout spines ; segments with whitish
reflections, and with two very broad interrupted testaceous bands; tip
testaceous. Legs black. Wings brown ; veins black ; prsebrachial vein
emitting a branch at its flexure which forms an almost right angle, from
whence it is indistinctly undulating to its tip, which joins the costal at
somewhat in front of the tip of the wing ; discal transverse vein undu-
lating, parted by less than half its length from the border, and by more
than half its length from the flexure of the prsebrachial. Alula? slightly
greyish. Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings
8 lines.

115. Dexia extenders, n. s. (gen. Thelaira, Desv.), foem. Atra, capite
cano-tomentoso, vertice cervino, palpis antennisque ferrugineis, thorace
vittis tribus fasci&que testaceo-tomentosis, scutelli apice testaceo, abdomine
fasciis duabus latis albido-tomentosis, pedibus piceis, femoribus fulvis, alis
nigro-fuscis postice cinereis, halteribus fulvis.

Female. Deep black. Head with hoary tomentum; vertex with fawn-
coloured tomentum ; frontalia broad ; epistoma, proboscis and palpi ferru-
ginous. Antennae ferruginous, much shorter than the face ; arista plumose.
Thorax with three stripes and one hinder band of testaceous tomentum ;
scutellum testaceous at the tip. Pectus with whitish tomentum. Abdomen
with some stout bristles, and with two broad bands of whitish tomentum,

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 127

the fore one interrupted. Legs piceous ; femora tawny. Wings blackish-
brown, dark cinereous along the hind border ; veins black, tawny at the
base ; praebrachial vein emitting a short branch at its flexure which forms
a slightly acute angle from whence the vein is curved to its tip, and joins
the costal at somewhat in front of the tip of the wing ; discal transverse
vein undulating, parted by hardly half its length from the border, and by
rather less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial. Alulae
cinereous. Halteres tawny. Length of the body 5^ lines ; of the wings
12 lines.

Subfam. Sakcophagides, Walk.
Gen. Cynomyia, Desv.

116. Cynomyta fobtis, n. s., mas. Laete cyaneo-viridis, capite testaceo-
tomentoso, frontalibus nigris, palpis antennisque ferrugineis, abdomine
cyaneo, pedibus nigris, alis fusco-cinereis, halteribus fulvis.

Male. Bright bluish-green, with black bristles. Head with shining testa-
ceous tomentum ; frontalia black, widening in front. . Proboscis, palpi
and antennae pale ferruginous ; 3rd joint of the antennae very long ; arista
deeply plumose. Abdomen blue. Legs black, stout, very pilose. Wings
brownish-grey, darker along the costa beyond the middle ; veins black,
ferruginous at the base. Halteres tawny. Length of the body 7 lines ;
of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Sarcophaga, Meigen.

117. Sarcophaga aliena, Walk. See page 22.

118. Sakcophaga indicata, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite albo-tomentoso, fron-
talibus atris, thoracis vittis quatuor interlineatis pectoreque canis, abdo-
mine apicem versus subferrugineo e maculis excavatis albidis quadrifariam
tessellato, alis subcinereis, halteribus fulvis.

Male. Black. Head with shining white tomentum ; frontalia deep black,
linear, rather broad. Antennae black. Thorax with four hoary stripes,
which are interlined with black. Pectus hoary, Abdomen with a ferru-
ginous tinge, which is most apparent towards the tip, distinctly tessellated
with four rows of excavated whitish spots. Wings greyish ; veins black ;
praebrachial forming an acute angle at its flexure, near which it is very
much curved inward, and is thence straight to its tip ; discal transverse
vein slightly undulating, parted by less than its length from the border,
and by much less than its length from the flexure of the praebrachial.
Alulae grey. Halteres tawny. Length of the body 4% lines ; of the wings
8 lines.

Subfam. Mttscides, Walk.
Gen. Idia, Meigdn.

119. Idia discolor, Fair. Si/st. Antl. 295. 55. (Musca.)
Inhabits also Java.

128 MR. walker's catalogue oe dipterous insects

120. Idia bivittata, n. s., foem. Rufa subtus testacea, capite antico nigro,
thorace vittis duabus nigris, abdomine supra nigro vitta brevi antica rufa,
pedibus testaceis, tarsis anticis nigris basi albidis, alis fusco-cinereis.

Var. (3. Tborace nigro vittis duabus canis, abdominis dorso toto nigro.

Female. Red, testaceous beneath. Head black in front. Antennae pale red.
Thorax with two black stripes. Abdomen above black, with a short red
stripe on the anterior part. Legs testaceous ; fore tarsi black, whitish
towards the base. Wings brownish-grey, darker along the costa towards
the base ; veins black. Halteres testaceous.

Var. /3. Thorax black, with two hoary stripes. Abdomen wholly black above.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gen. Musca, Linn.

121. Musca flavieeps, Macq. See page 23.

122. Musca chalybea, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. ii. 402. 30.
Inhabits also Java.

123. Musca micans?, Fair. Syst. Antl. 291. 38 (genus Silbomyia, Macq).
Inhabits also Hindostan, Sumatra and Java.

This is certainly the S. micans of Macquart, but does not quite agree with
the descriptions of Fabricius and of Wiedemann.

124. Musca trita, Walk. See page 24.

125. Musca diffidens, Walk. See page 26.

126. Musca exempta, n. s. (n. subgen. allied to Pyrellia, Desv), fcem. Leete
viridis, palpis antennisque nigris, abdominis disco purpureo, pedibus piceis,
alis subcinereis basi fuscis, venis praebrachiali et cubitali conjunctis.

Female. Bright green. Palpi and antennae black. Disk of the abdomen
purple. Legs piceous ; femora darker than the tibiae. Wings slightly
greyish, brown at the base and along nearly half the length of the costa ;
veins black ; praebrachial vein curved, not angular, joining the cubital vein
near the tip of the latter ; discal transverse vein almost straight, parted by
less than its length from the border, and by more than its length from the
flexure of the prgebrachial. Alulae lurid. Length of the body 2 lines ; of
the wings 3£ lines.

127. Musca domestica, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 990.

Inhabits also Europe and some parts of Africa, Asia, and America.

Gen. Bengalia, Dev.

128. Bengalia Dioclea, Walk. Cat. Dipt. pt. 4. 869 (Musca).

Subfam. Anthomyides, Walk.
Gen. Aricia, Macq.

129. Aricia patula, Walk. See page 28.

This may perhaps be a variety of Anthomyia quadrata, Wied. Auss. Zweijl.

ii. 428. 14.
The latter inhabits Java.

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 129

130. Aeicia inapeeta, n. s., mas et foem. Testacea, capite supra et thoracis
disco nigris, orbitis albis, pedibus testaceis, alis cinereis apud costam obscu-
rioribus venis nigris basi fulvis. Foem. Abdominis disco nigro.

Male and Female. Testaceous. Head above and disk of the thorax black.
Abdomen shining. Eyes bordered with white tomentum. Legs testaceous.
Wings grey, darker along the costa ; veins black, tawny at the base ; discal
transverse vein undulating, slightly oblique, parted by less than its length
from the border, and by much more than its length from the preebrachial
transverse vein. Female. Disk of the abdomen black. Length of the body
3 lines j of the wings 5i lines.

Gen. Anthomyia, Meigen.

131. Anthomyia illocata, n. s., foem. Albida, capite albo, macula verticis
subquadrata nigra j thorace fascia nigra, abdomine e maculis nigris trivit-
tato, alis sublimpidis.

Closely allied to A. tonitrui, Wied. Female. Whitish, with black bristles.
Head white. Frontalia with a black subquadrate spot hi front. Proboscis
and legs black. Thorax with a black band in front of the wings. Abdomen
with three rows of black spots ; the middle spots lanceolate, the lateral tri-
angular. Wings nearly lirnpid j veins black, testaceous at the base j discal
transverse vein slightly curved and oblique, parted by much less than its
length from the border, and by much more than its length from the prse-
brachial transverse vein. Length of the body 2| lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Cjsnosia, Meigen.

132. Caenosia macularis, Wied. Auss. Zweijl. ii. 438. 2.
Inhabits also Hindostan.

133. Cjjnosia insuegens, n. s., foem. Nigra cinereo-tomentosa, orbitis albis,
antennis testaceis, abdomine e maculis nigris trivittato, alis limpidis, halte-
ribus pallidis.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head white about the eyes. An-
tenna? dull testaceous. Abdomen with three black spots on each side.
Wings limpid ; veins black, testaceous at the base ; discal transverse vein
parted by full its length from the border and by nearly twice its length from
the prsebrachial transverse vein. Halteres pale. Length of the body 2
lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

Subfam. Helomyzides, Fallen.
Gen. Helomyza, Fallen.

134. Helomyza orientalis, Wied. Auss. 2jweifl. ii. 575. 2. (Sciomyza.)
Inhabits also Java.

135. Helomyza euscicostata, n. s., foem. Fulva, facie orbitisque cano-
tomentosis, abdomine nigro basi fulvo, tibiis tarsisque fuscescentibus, alis
cinereis apud costam fuscis.

Female. Tawny with black bristles, paler beneath. Head with hoary to-
mentum about the eyes and in front. Abdomen black, tawny at the base.
Tibia? and tarsi brownish. Wings grey, brown along the costa ; veins black,

LINN. PRpC. — ZOOLOGY. 9

130 me. walker's catalogue oe dipterous insects

tawny at the base ; discal transverse vein oblique, hardly undulating, parted
by full half its length from the border and by less than twice its length from
the prsebrachial transverse vein. Halteres testaceous, with darker knobs.
Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

136. Helomyza jequata, n. s., foam. Ferruginea, facie cinereo-tomentosa,
antennis fulvis, scutelli apice pectoreque nigricantibus, abdomine nigro,
pedibus piceis, alis luridis postice cinereis.

Female. Ferruginous, with black bristles. Head with cinereous tomentum in
front. Antennae tawny. Scutellum towards the tip and pectus blackish.
Abdomen black. Legs piceous. Wings lurid, grey along the hind border ;
veins tawny ; discal transverse vein straight, oblique, parted by less than its
length from the border, and by much more than twice its length from the
prsebrachial transverse vein. Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 2 \
lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

137. Helomyza limbata, n. s., foem. Pallide fulva, thorace abdomineque
late nigro-vittatis, pedibus testaceis, alis cinereis.

Female. Pale tawny, with black bristles, testaceous beneath. Arista black,
deeply plumose. Thorax and abdomen with a broad black stripe. Legs tes-
taceous. Wings grey ; veins black, tawny at the base ; discal transverse
vein parted by much less than its length from the border, and by more than
twice its length from the prsebrachial transverse vein. Length of the body
2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

138. Helomyza peovicta, n. s., foam. Fulva, orbitis albidis, pedibus tes-
taceis, tarsis obscurioribus, alis luridis postice cinereis apice fuscis.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Head whitish about the eyes. Arista
black, with long hairs. Legs testaceous ; tarsi darker. Wings lurid, grey
along the hind border, brown at the tips and along the adjoining part of
the costa ; veins tawny, black in the brown part and along the costa ; discal
transverse vein clouded with brown, parted by half its length from the
border, and by twice its length from the prsebrachial transverse vein.
Length of the body 2\ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

139. Helomyza invicta, n. s., fcem. Fulva, abdominis segmentis nigro-fas-
ciatis, pedibus testaceis, alis cinereis dimidio apicali antice fusco vena discali
transversa fusco-nebulosa.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Arista black, with long hairs. Ab-
domen with a blackish band on the hind border of each segment. Legs
testaceous. Wings grey, brown on half the breadth behind the apical half
of the costa ; discal transverse vein clouded with brown, almost straight
and upright, parted by its length from the border, and by more than twice
its length from the prsebrachial transverse vein. Length of the body 2 lines ;
of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Sapromyza, Fallen.

140. Sapromyza biguttata, Macq. Dipt. Exot.
Inhabits also Java.

Gen. Gauzania, n. g.
Fcem. Corpus gracile, setosum, subcylindricum. Oculi nudi. Antenna;

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 131

breves ; articulus 3US longk conicus 3 arista plumosa. Abdomen oblan-
ceolatum, thorace angustius, vix longius. Pedes non setosi. Alee angustae,
venis parallelis.
Female. Body slender, bristly, nearly cylindrical. Eyes bare. Antennae short ;
3rd joint elongate-conical ; arista deeply plumose. Abdomen oblanceolate,
shining, narrower but very little longer than the thorax. Legs not bristly.
Wings narrow j prsebrachial vein parallel to the cubital ; discal transverse
vein straight, parted by about its length from the border, and by much more
than twice its length from the prsebrachial transverse vein.

141. Gattzania devecta, n. s., fcem. Nigra obscura, abdomine nitente, pe-
dibus piceis, alis nigricantibus postice pallidioribus, halteribus albidis.

Female. Black, dull. Abdomen shining. Legs piceous ; femora darker than
the tibise. Wings blackish, paler along the exterior border ; veins black.
Halteres whitish. Length of the body If line ; of the wings 3£ lines.

Subfam. Latjxanldes, Walk.
Gen. Lattxania, Latr.

142. Lauxania eucera, Walk. See page 29.

Gen. Celyphtts, Dahnan.

143. Celyphus scutatus, Wied. Auss. Zweifi. ii. 601. 2.
Inhabits also Hindostan and the Philippine Islands.

Subfam. Ortalides, Holiday.
Gen. Lamprogaster, Macq.

144. Lamprogaster zonata, Walk. See page 30.

145. Lamprogaster glabra, Walk. See page 30.
" On decaying timber," Wallace MSS.

146. Lamprogaster basiltttea, n. s.,-?m*6-. Nigra, capite apud oculos vittis-
que duabus anticis testaceis, antennis piceis, thorace vittis quatuor pallide
flavis, abdomine fasciis duabus pallide flavis postica interr^pta, femoribus
apice rufescentibus, tarsis albis apice nigris, ahs cinereis fusco subnebulosis
basi antice luteis, halteribus testaceis.

Male. Very nearly allied to L. zonata, and perhaps the male of that species.
Black, shining. Head testaceous about the eyes, and with two testaceous
stripes in front. Antennse piceou3. Thorax with four pale yellow stripes,
one on each side in front of the wings, and one on each side of the scutum.
Abdomen with two slender pale yellow bands, the hind one interrupted. Fe»
mora reddish at the tips ; tarsi white, with black tips. Wings grey, partly
and very slightly clouded with brown, luteous along the basal part of the
costa ; veins black, tawny towards the base and along the costa ; discal
transverse vein like that of L. zonata. Halteres testaceous. Length of
the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines,

147. Lamprogaster divisa, n, s., fcem. Nigra, tibiis testaceis nigro-fas-
ciatis, tarsis albis apice nigris, ahs nigricantibus guttis plurimis fasciaque
interlineata limpidis, halteribus pallidis.

9*

132 MR. walker's catalogue oe dipterous insects

Female. Black. Abdomen shining. Tibiae testaceous, with black bands ;
tarsi white, with black tips. Wings blackish, with numerous limpid dots,
and with a limpid band which includes the discal transverse vein, and is
intersected by an interrupted blackish hue. Halteres pale. Length of the
body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

148. Lampeogastee punctata, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite antico testaceo, ^^
orbitis albidis, antennis halteribusque testaceis, pectore vittis duabus tes-
taceis, pedibus piceis, alis nigro-fuscis guttis decern discalibus luridis gutta-

que apicali alba.
Male. Black, slightly shining. Head very shining in front, testaceous about
the mouth, whitish about the eyes. Antennae testaceous. Pectus with a
testaceous stripe on each side. Legs piceous. Wings blackish-brown, with
about ten lurid dots on each, and with a larger white dot on each tip.
Halteres testaceous. Length of the body If line ; of the wings 3 hues.

149. Lampeogastee guttata, n. s., mas. Nigra, orbitis albidis, epistomate
antennis halteribusque testaceis, pectore vittis duabus vix determinatis tes-
taceis, pedibus piceis, alis nigro-fuscis guttis plurimis apicibusque limpidis.

Male. Black, shghtly shining. Head very shining in front, testaceous about
the epistoma, whitish about the eyes. Antennae testaceous. Pectus with an
indistinct testaceous stripe on each side. Legs piceous. Wings blackish-
brown, with many limpid dots, the largest on the hind border ; tips limpid.
Halteres testaceous. Length of the body 1| line ; of the wings %\ lines.

The two preceding species may perhaps form a new genus, the peculiar cha-
racters of Lampromyia being hardly conspicuous in them.

Gen. Sophira, Walk.

150. Sophiea concinna, n. s., foem. Testacea, frontalibus luteis, thorace fas-
ciis duabus lateralibus vittisqiie duabus nigricantibus, pectore ex parte abdo-
minisque vittis quatuor nigris, tibiis posticis fuscescentibus, alis obscure
fuscis apices versus pallide fuscis strigis basahbus fasciaque abbreviate
limpidis.

Female. Testaceous, shining. Head with luteous frontalia. Thorax with two
blackish stripes, and on each side with two blackish bands. Pectus partly
black. Abdomen with four black stripes. Hind tibiee brownish. Wings
dark brown, pale brown on the apical third part, with limpid basal streaks,
and with a limpid shghtly abbreviated band beyond the middle ; veins black.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 hnes.

Gen. Rioxa, Walk.

151. Rioxa lanceolata, Walk. See page 35. This species is very variable in
the breadth of the stripes of the thorax, and in the number and size of the
spots on the wings.

152. Rioxa confinis, n. s., foem. Ferruginea, abdomine nigricante, alis ni-
gro-fuscis basi guttisque octo limpidis.

Female. Ferruginous. Abdomen blackish. Wings blackish-brown, limpid
towards the base, with three triangular limpid spots on the costa, with two
limpid spots (one of them double) on the hind border, and with two on the
disk ; veins black. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 133

Gen. Dacus.

153. Dacus asneus, Wied. Auss. Zweifl. ii. 513. 2.
Inhabits also Java.

154. Dacus determinates, n, s., mas. Nigro-asneus, capite antennis pedi-
busque fulvis, thorace vittis tribus albidis duabusque fulvis, abdomine
ferrugineo basi irigro, tibiis anticis tarsisque niseis, alis sublimpidis apice
fasciisque duabus fuscis.

Male. iEneous-black. Head and antennae tawny. Thorax with three whitish
stripes and with two tawny stripes ; the latter are united at the tip of the
scutellum, and the whitish bands extend obliquely on each side to the pectus.
Abdomen ferruginous, black above at the base. Legs tawny ; tips of the
femora darker ; posterior femora minutely spinose beneath ; tarsi and fore
tibiae brown. Wings nearly limpid, brown from the discal transverse vein to
the tips, and with two brown bands ; 1st band very imperfect ; 2nd very
pale and diffuse on the hind half of the wing. Halteres whitish. Length
of the body 4^ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

155. Dactjs fkhtrattjs, n. s., fcem. Niger, capite antennis pedibusque
fulvis, vertice nigro, thorace vittis tribus (intermedia quadriramosa) pec-
toreque tes^aceis, abdomine vitta antica- fasciaque luteis, tibiis tarsisque
posterioribus fuscis, alis subcinereis apice fuscis plaga media, costali lurida,
halteribus albidis.

Female, Black, shining. Head and antennas pale tawny; vertex black.
Thorax with three testaceous stripes, the middle one emitting two oblique
branches on each side. Pectus with two testaceous stripes. Abdomen
with a luteous stripe extending from the base to the middle, where it is
united to a luteous band. Legs tawny; posterior tibias and tarsi brown.
Wings slightly greyish, with a large lurid space along the middle of the
costa ; tips brown ; veins black. Halteres whitish. Length of the body
3| lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Gen. Noeeta, Desv.

156. Noeeta latiuscula, n. s., mas. Nigra, capite testaceo, thorace cinereo,
scutello nitido, tibiis tarsisque albidis, illis fusco-fasciatis, alis nigro-fuscis
guttis plurimis limpidis apud costam dilatatis limpidis fusco-fasciatis.

Male. Black. Head testaceous, with white tomentum in front and beneath.
Antennas and halteres testaceous. Thorax with grey tomentum. Scutellum
brilliant black. Abdomen shining. Tibias and tarsi whitish, the former
with brown bands. Wings blackish-brown, with many limpid dots ; costal
part limpid, somewhat dilated, with transverse brown streaks. Length of
the body 1£ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

Gen. Trypeta, Meig.

157. Trypeta rttdis, n. s., foem. Nigra cinereo -tomentosa, capite thoracis
scapulis fascia interrupta scutello abdominis apice pedibusque testaceis,
alis sublimpidis fasciis duabus fuscis la postice abbreviata.

Female. Black, with cinereous tomentum. Head testaceous in front and
beneath. Antennas, legs and halteres testaceous. Scapulas of the thorax,

134 MB. walkeb's catalogue op diptebotjs insects

an interrupted band, scutellum, and tip of the abdomen also testaceous.
Wings nearly limpid, with two brown bands, the interior one abbreviated
hindward; veins black, testaceous at the base. Length of the body
3 lines j of the wings 5 lines.

Gen. Ubophoba, Desv.

158. Ueophoea fasciata, n. s., fcem. Nigra nitens, capite antennis scapulis
scutello abdominis terebra pedibusque testaceis, abdomine fasciis duabus
albido-tomentosis, femoribus posterioribus piceis, ahs nigro-fuscis vitta
lata subobliqua limpida apicem versus furcata et arcuata.

Female. Black, shining. Head testaceous, whitish in front and beneath.
Antennae, scapulae, scutellum, legs and halteres testaceous. Abdomen with
two bands of whitish tomentum. Terebra testaceous, long, slender. Poste-
rior femora mostly piceous. Wings blackish-brown, with some paler spots
along the costa, and with a broad, slightly oblique limpid stripe, which
towards its tip is divided and curved to the hind border. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

Subfam. Achiides, Walk.

Gen. Achias, Fabr.

159. Achias maculipennis, Westw. See page 36.

There are two specimens of the male of this species, and the petiole with
which the head is furnished on each side is much longer in one specimen
than in the other, and in the latter is much longer than in the male from
Singapore. I am indebted to Mr. Westwood for the correction of an error
in page 33, where the female of this species is described by the name
of Themara ampla.

Subfam. Diopsides, Walk.

Gen. Diopsis, Linn.

160. Diopsis quinqueguttata, Walk. See page 36.

161. Diopsis quadriguttata, Walk. See page 37.

162. Diopsis disceepans, n. s., mas et foem. Nigra nitens, antennis fulvis,
abdomine apud petioli apicem maculis duabus rufis tomento albo plagiatis,
pedibus rufescentibus, tarsis testaceis, alis sublimpidis macula apud venam
transversam praebrachialem fasciaque exteriore fuscis. Mas. Oculorum
petiolis corpore paullo longioribus aut brevioribus. Foem. Oculorum pe-
tiolis corporis dimidio brevioribus.

Male and Female. Black, shining. Antennae tawny. Abdomen at the tip
of the petiole with two red spots, each accompanied by a patch of white
tomentum. Legs reddish ; tarsi testaceous. Wings nearly limpid, with a
brown spot on the prsebrachial transverse vein, and with an exterior brown
band ; veins black. Halteres white.

Male. Petioles of the eyes a little longer or a little shorter than the body.

Female. Petioles of the eyes less than half the length of the body. Length
of the body 2% lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

COLLECTED IN BOENEO. 135

Subfam. Sepsldes, Walk.

Gen. Calobata, Fair.

163. Calobata steentja, n. s., fcem. Nigra sat valida, capite antico nigro-
cyaneo, thorace subcinereo, femoribus mediis flavo unifasciatis posticis
flavo bifasciatis, tarsis anticis albis, alis subcinereis fascia lata fusca apice
subfuscescentibus, halteribus piceis.

Female. Black, rather stout. Head shining, blackish-blue in front, with
white tomentum about the eyes. Thorax slightly tinged with grey tomen-
tum. Legs long, slender ; middle femora with one yellow band; hind
femora with two yellow bands, one of them at the base ; fore tarsi white.
Wings slightly greyish, with a broad brown band beyond the middle ; tips
slightly brownish ; veins black. Halteres piceous. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

164. Calobata cedens, n, s., fcem. Nigro-cyanea nitens, antennis abdomine
pedibusque nigris, pectore plagis duabus albo-tomentosis, femoribus anticis
basi testaceis posterioribus testaceis nigro-fasciatis, tarsis anticis albis, alis
subcinereis fascia fusca apice subfuscescentibus.

Female. Blackish-blue, shining. Antennae, abdomen and legs black. Pectus
with a patch of white tonientum on each side. Legs long and slender ;
fore femora testaceous towards the base ; posterior femora testaceous, with
blackish bands ; fore tarsi white. Wings slightly greyish, with a brown
band beyond the middle ; tips slightly brownish. Halteres testaceous, with
blackish knobs. Length of the body 3£-4 lines ; of the wings 6-7 lines.

Gen. Cardiacephala, Macq.

165. Cabdiacephala longicollis, n. s., mas. Eufo-lutea, capitis maculis
duabus facieque nigris, thorace longissimo lanceolato lineis duabus glaucis,
abdomine apicem versus nigro, tibiis tarsisque nigricantibus, tarsis anticis
basi albis, alis subcinereis apice fuscescentibus, apud costam subluteis.

Male. Reddish luteous. Head with a black spot on each side of the vertex ;
face black, with white tomentum on each side. Thorax very long, attenu-
ated in front, with a glaucous stripe on each side. Abdomen black towards
the tip, not longer than the thorax. Legs long and slender ; tibiae and
tarsi blackish; fore tarsi white at the base. Wings slightly greyish,
brownish at the tip3, and with a luteous tinge along the costa ; veins black,
tawny towards the base. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Subfam. Psilides, Walk.

Gen. Miceopeza, Meigen.

166. Micropeza fragilis, Walk. See page 37.

Gen. Nebius, Wied.

167. Nerius fuscipennis, Macq. See page 38.

Gen. Texara, Walk.

168. Texara compressa, Walk. See page 38.

136 DB. J. B. HlCKS ON A NEW OBGAN IN INSECTS.

Subfam. Gteomtzides, Fallen.
Gen. G-yhnopa, Fallen.

169. G-TMNOPA ? GUTTICOSTA, n. s., fcem. Nigra nitens, pectoris lateribus
canis, thoracis fascia abdominisque basi pallide flavis, tibiis tarsisque ferru-
gineis, alis subflavescentibus gutta costali nigra.

Female. Black, shining. Head wanting. Thorax with a pale yellow band.
Pectus hoary on each side. Abdomen blackish, cupreous towards the
base, which is pale yellow. Tibise and tarsi ferruginous. Wings slightly
yellowish, with a black dot on the costa before half the length ; veins yel-
lowish. Length of the body 1^ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

170. Gymnopa IKFTJSA ?, n. s., mas. Nigra, thorace subpubescente, scutello
longi-obconico, abdomine seneo-nigro, pedibus halteribusque testaceis, alis
limpidis venis nigris.

Male. Black. Head wanting. Thorax slightly pubescent. Scutellum long-
obconic. Abdomen seneous-black, shining. Legs and halteres testaceous.
Wings limpid ; veins black ; discal transverse vein parted by more than
its length from the border, and by less than twice its length from the
prsebrachial transverse vein. Length of the body 1£ line ; of the wings
2£ lines.

On a New Organ in Insects. By John Bbaxton Hicks, Esq.,
M.D. Lond., E.L.S. Ac.

[Read June 17, 1856.]

About a month since my attention was directed towards a pecu-
liar structure in the halteres of the Mhingia rostrata, by Mr.
Purkiss, who is an energetic and zealous searcher for microscopical
objects, and who, from the position and structure of this organ,
considered it to be the organ of smell. How far this is probable,
I will leave the Society to judge at the termination of this paper.
I instantly directed my attention to the subject, and I will en-
deavour to lay before the Society the results at which I have
arrived up to the present time, apologizing for the incompleteness
of the investigation, in consequence of my anxiety to bring it
before the Society previous to the summer recess.

If we dissect a perfect fly, there will be seen in the centre of
the thorax the great thoracic ganglion, which is formed by the
fusion of the three thoracic ganglia into one. From thence it
will be plainly seen that the first branch passes to the anterior
leg ; the second (much larger) enters the base of the wing after
giving off a few branches to the muscles ; the third branch passes

DB. J. B. HICKS ON A NEW OBGAN IN INSECTS. 137

to the middle leg; and the fourth (the largest of all) passes
straight into the halteres ; the fifth set supplying the posterior
legs. I have drawn the nerves of the Drone (Plate Y. fig. 1) and
Blow-fly (fig. 2).

In the Lepidoptera there are two thoracic ganglia. The first
(the smaller) supplies the anterior legs. The second gives off the
first pair to the anterior wings, the second pair to the middle
legs, the third pair to the second wings, and the fourth to the
posterior legs.

In the Lucanus Cervus (Coleoptera) we find three thoracic
ganglia : the anterior supplies the first pair of legs ; the second
gives a pair to the elytra and a pair to the middle legs ; while the
third ganglion supplies a pair to the second wings and the poste-
rior legs.

In the Orthoptera, in the Locust for example, the arrangement
is similar as to the origin of the nerves.

In the Hymenoptera the arrangement is as in the Lepidoptera.

In the Neuroptera (Dragon-fly) there are three thoracic ganglia,
the nerves passing off in the same manner as in the Lucanus
Cervus.

In the Hemiptera the thoracic ganglia are fused into one, as in
the Fly. But the nerve to the anterior wing is twice the size of
that to the posterior.

From the above statement, it will be seen that we find in all
insects —

1st, A pair of nerves going to and entering the base of each of
the wings ; and in the Diptera, of the halteres also.

2nd, The nerves supplying the posterior wings or halteres are
generally the larger.

As there are no muscles in either the wings or halteres, these
nerves must be sensatory.

I shall now describe the curious organs to which they proceed.

And first as regards the halteres. Situated on the pleura, and
closely adjoining a large spiracle, we find the joint very free, so
that these organs can be moved with such rapidity as to render
them invisible when in motion ; and they are beautifully protected
in the Fly by the scales, which in Rhingia rostrata form a very
beautiful object.

The halteres consist of a base, shaft, and head; the relative
proportion of each varying in different insects. On each side of
the base is a ridge, and on these ridges are situated two similar
structures. In the Bhingia rostrata (Plate V. fig. 3), for instance,

LINN. PBOC. — ZOOLOGY. 10

138 DB. J. B. HICKS ON A NEW OBGAN IN INSECTS.

there are about twenty rows of vesicles, each row separated from
the adjoining one by a slight distance. There is a row of hairs
between each row of vesicles, the hairs arching over them, and
thereby forming a protection from extraneous particles. These
hairs are in pairs, one pair being opposite to each vesicle. The
rows on the ridge are arranged transversely to the axis of the
halteres (fig. 3 a, c) . The vesicles themselves are very trans-
parent, and hemispherical or even more nearly spherical projec-
tions, apparently cuticular. This is well seen by a profile view,
fig. 3 e. Their diameter, in this fly, is about 4-oVo^h of an inch :
each vesicle nearly touches its neighbour.

Beneath these, but on one side only, is a broader, flatter face,
on which the vesicles are more distinct, and at a farther distance
from each other, the rows arranged parallel to the axis of the hal-
teres, and only one hair opposite each vesicle, there being some
alternate. The diameter of each of these is about -gy^th of an
inch. There is a smaller group of vesicles situated on one side of
this latter face, in number about ten ; the individual vesicles are
rather larger.

In the Tdbanidce the arrangement is very similar, with the ad-
dition of seven vesicles on the shaft of the halteres, to the upper
part of the facet of the ridge, and another group of eight or nine
beneath the ridge opposite the broader facet.

In Tipula the same general arrangement holds, except that in
the facets on the ridge the vesicles are arranged in a quincuncial
manner, and are larger than those on the broad facet, being about
x 9*0 0th of an inch, with numerous hairs between each (fig. 4 a).
The broader facet too is less extensive relatively to the others,
and is also quincuncial in arrangement, of the diameter of 3^- ¥th
of an inch (fig. 4 b). Besides these, in the largest Crane-fly, on
the joint, there is a cone, having on its flattened apex a group of
about eight or nine vesicles, with numerous very small hairs be-
tween them (fig. 4 c).

The shaft of the halteres is tubular, and through it apparently
passes a branch of the nerve, which seems to expand as it reaches
the head, and which head contains cellular substance, and has ex-
ternally a groove on one side, just below its greatest diameter.
The membrane lining the groove is apparently very delicate. A
group of hairs is generally found at the end of the groove.

I have now described the principal features of these curious
structures, as found in the halteres of the Diptera ; none that I
have examined have been free from them. The number of vesicles

DE. J. B. HICKS ON A NEW ORGAN IN INSECTS. 139

in each of the halteres (in Mhingia for instance) is about 120
for each principal face, making for the three faces 360.

Thus we find a nerve, the largest nerve except the optic, enter-
ing the halteres, where there are no muscles, therefore this nerve
must be one of sensation ; and I think it will be allowed that it
must be one of special sensation.

But as there is also a nerve going to the base of the wings, we
might expect to find similar structures there, and we shall not be
disappointed ; for if we look on the subcostal nervure at the base,
we shall see a group of vesicles of a similar character to those on
the halteres, — not so beautifully arranged, but still very distinct,
as is clearly shown in the Tabanidce and some Muscce (fig. 5).
They extend in a single row some little distance up the nervure,
and are found on both sides of the nervure, but principally on
the upper side.

These organs are not confined to the Diptera, but 1 believe
are to be found in all insects ; at least I have found them as far
as I have examined. They exist on both sides, but principally
on the upper side of the base of the subcostal nervure; on
the costal nerve in Hemiptera. Those on the second wing are
generally the largest in number and size ; but that, I suspect, is
determined by the size of the nerve proceeding to them. In
Moths they are very apparent, being greatest in the JSToctuce and
Bomlycidce. There are about 100 vesicles on the upper surface
of the posterior wing, and half that number beneath, besides some
few on the nervures. (See fig. 7 b.) In the Butterfly they are
smaller, but arranged in more definite groups, about three in
number. In Coleoptera and Neuroptera they are arranged in long
rows along the subcostal nerve ; they are more apparent in Co-
leoptera than in Neuroptera. In the Hymenoptera, for instance the
Bee, they are found in a rounded group of about forty on each
side (fig. 6 a).

In a subsequent paper I hope to show a more extended analysis
of this structure in the different tribes of Insects.

Now, what is the nature of these organs ? Are they organs of
smell, as suggested by Mr. Purkiss ? As the olfactory organ has
never yet been decided on, it seems to me not improbable that
they may be the organs of that sense ; for, first, it is not likely
that they should be the organ of hearing, as they are in constant
motion, and situated near the source of the hum of the wings, so
that other sounds would be drowned. 2ndly. It is not necessary
that the power of smell should be in the head. It is situated in

140 DE. J. B. HICKS ON A NEW ORGAN IN INSECTS.

the commencement of the air-passages in the upper animals, pro-
bably because the current of air or water passing the olfactory
nerves is there most powerful ; but in the spiracle-breathing in-
sect the greatest currents are in the neighbourhood of the wing,
and near the greatest thoracic spiracle. The motion of the hal-
teres also permits a greater exposure to odours floating in the air.

That the olfactory nerves should be necessarily, and by analogy,
always before the optic, will not hold good below Fishes, where
they first appear in that position. Otherwise the auditory appa-
ratus in Crustacea ought to be behind the optic. In fact, there
is no known analogy on this point, as no olfactory organs have yet
been described below Vertebrata. Besides, if there are no nerves in
front of the optic except those to the mouth and antennae, either
these latter must be olfactory organs, or the olfactory organs must
be sought for elsewhere behind.

It may be added, that the respiratory apparatus is diffused (as
are the nervous centres), and not connected with the oral or nasal
aperture ; and although the sensations be the same, analogy forms
no sort of argument that the organs of sensation should always
occupy precisely the same place.

Description of Plate V.

Fig. 1. Nervous system of the Drone-fly (Fristalis tenax) : a, nerve of first
leg ; b} nerve of second leg ; <?, nerve of third leg ; d, nerve of wing ;
e, nerve of one of the halteres.

Fig. 2. Nervous system of Blow-fly (Musca vomitoria) ; nerves lettered as
above.

Fig. 3. Details of Rhingia rostrata ; 3 a, base of one of the halteres : a, group
of vesicles on ridge ; b, ditto on the broad facet ; b\ a group of larger
vesicles on the side of b. 3 b, base of one of the halteres, another view,
showing, «', group of vesicles on the other ridge ; 3 c, magnified vesi-
cles of the ridge, diameter 4000th of an inch ; 3 d, ditto on broad
facet, diameter 3700th of an inch ; 3 e, profile of 3 c.

Fig. 4. Details of the largest Crane-fly (Tipula oleracea ?) : 4 a, base of one of
the halteres ; 4 b, ditto, another view ; 4 c, several of the vesicles on
the ridge, diameter 1900th of an inch ; 4 d} ditto on broad face, dia-
meter 3000th of an inch ; 4 e, ditto on the conical lobe at the junction
of the halteres with the body.

Fig. 5. Details of Blow-fly (Musca vomitoria) : 5 a, base of one of the halteres ;
5 i, another view of ditto ; 5 c, vesicles on the ridge, diameter 2720th
of an inch ; 5 d, ditto on the broad facet with the small lateral group,
diameter 3730th of an inch.

Fig. 6. Details of Bee (Andrena Mouffetella) : 6 a, dorsal view of the vesicles
on the costa of the hind wing ; 6 i, section of ditto.

Fig. 7 a, Subcostal nervure of the Ermine Moth, upper side ; 7 b, section of
ditto.

Fig. 8 a, Base of anterior wing of Leptis scolopacea, showing the base of the
subcostal nervure on the upper side ; 8 bt ditto on the under side.

\fo*toJ2^y£e£9. %6J.yf3b, 1 6

3es

i 'njj UliftoT'ie fafieK

MR. WALKER S CATALOGUE OF 1I0M0PTER0US INSECTS. 141

Catalogue of the Homopterous Insects collected at Sarawak,
Borneo, by Mr. A. B. Wallace, with Descriptions of New
Species. By Francis Walker, Esq., F.L.S. <fec.

[Bead January 20th, 1857.]

Ord. CICABINA, Burmeister.

Fam. STKIDULANTIA, Burm.

G-en. Platypleura, Amyot et Serv.

1. Platypleura seinilucida, Walk. See page 83.

Gen. Tacua, Amyot et Serv.

2. Tacua speciosa, Illiger (Tettigonia).
Inhabits also Hindostan.

Gen. Dundubia, Amyot et Serv.

3. Dundubia immacula, Walk. Cat. Romopt. pt. 1. 50.
Inhabits also Tenasserim.

4. Dundubia phseophUa, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 1. 52.
Inhabits also Corea.

5. Dundubia Thalia, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 1. 72.

6. Dundubia intemerata, Walk. See p. 84.

7. Dundubia decem, n. s., foam. Ferrugineo-lutea lata, mesothoracis scuto
viridi, scutello fascia lata, interrupts nigricante, abdominis segmentis nigro
marginatis, tibiis supra tarsisque nigris, alis vitreis ; anticarum areolis
marginalibus fuscescente vittatis, venis viridibus nigro variis, venis trans-
versis apice venulisque transversis nigricante maculatis.

Female. Ferruginous luteous, broad. Scutum of the mesothorax green ;
scutellum with a broad diffuse blackish band consisting of four parts, and
with the apical ridges partly black. Hind borders of the abdominal
segments, tibiae above and tarsi black. Wings vitreous. Fore wing3 with
an indistinct pale brown streak on each marginal areolet; veins green,
partly black ; transverse veinlets and tips of the marginal veins clouded
with blackish-brown. Length of the body 18 lines ; of the wings 58 lines.

8. Dundubia duakum, n. s., mas. Fulva, capite vittis tribus angulosis
fasciaque antica, prothorace vittis quatuor mesothoracis scuto vittis duabus
scutelloque vittis quinque nigris, tympanis abdominis apicem attingen-
tibus apices versus nigris, abdominis segmentis testaceo aut viridi mar-
ginatis, pedibus nigro variis, alis vitreis, anticarum venis nigris ex parte
rufescentibus, venulis transversis 1* et 2» nigricante maculatis.

Male. Tawny. Head above with three angular black stripes, and in front with
a black band. Prothorax with four black stripes, which are dilated in front.
Scutum of the mesothorax green, with a black stripe on each side; scutellum
with five black stripes, the inner pair interrupted, the outer pair broad.

LINN. PROG. — ZOOLOGY. 11

142 me. walker's catalogue oe homopteeous insects

Opercula green ; drums black towards the tips and along the inner border,
extending to the tip of the abdomen. Legs testaceous, femora and tibiae
striped with black; tarsi black; hind tarsi testaceous. Wings vitreous.
Fore wings green at the base ; veins black, reddish along the costa and
towards the base ; 1st and 2nd transverse veinlets clouded with blackish-
brown. Length of the body 15 lines; of the wings 46 lines.

Gen. Fidicina, Amyot et Serv.

9. Fidicina Aquila, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 1. 84.
Inhabits also Corea.

Gen. Httechts, Amyot et Serv.

10. Huechys splendidula, Fair. Syst. Rhyn. 42. 49.
Inhabits also Hindostan and Java.

11. Huechys facialis, n. s., mas. Atra, fronte facie mesothoracisque
maculis duabus testaceis, pectoris niaculis duabus et segmentorum abdo-
minalium marginibus run's, alis anticis fuscis, posticis subcinereis.

Male. Deep black, shining. Front and face testaceous. Scutellum of the
mesothorax with a very large testaceous spot on each side. Pectus with a
red spot on each side. Hind borders of the abdominal segments red.
Fore wings brown. Hind wings slightly greyish. Length of the body
9 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

Fam. F TTLGOKINA, Burm.
Subfam. Fitlgoeell.e, Spinola.

Trib. Fulgoeites, Spinola.
Subtrib. Ftjlgoeoides, Spinola.
Gen. Hotikus, Amyot et Serv.

12. Hotinus Sultana, White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 184V, 83 ; Ann. Nat.
Hist. xx. 204.

13. Hotinus inteicatus, n. s., mas. Ferrugineus, rostro ascendente albo
punctato apice luteo corpore vix breviore, abdomine nigro segmentorum
marginibus viridibus, tibiis tarsisque nigris, alis anticis viridi-venosis
fasciis interioribus testaceis, maculis exterioribus luteis, posticis lsete
cyaneo-viridibus, margine latissimo purpurascente nigro.

Male. Ferruginous. Rostrum slightly curved and ascending, sprinkled with
white flecks, rounded and luteous at the tip, a little shorter than the body.
Abdomen black ; hind borders of the segments green. Tibia? and tarsi black.
Fore wings black, with three testaceous interior bands, and with twelve
exterior luteous spots ; 3rd band interrupted ; veins green, brighter on the
interior part than on the exterior part, where they are differently arranged.
Hind wings bright bluish-green, with very broad purplish-black borders.
Length of the body without the rostrum 11 lines; of the wings 33 lines.

This species is closely allied to H. maculatus, Oliv., but in the latter species

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 143

the rostrum is wholly black and more slender at the tip ; the fore wings hare
green spots and no bands, and the blue part of the hind wings extends more
towards the borders in front and less so hindward.

14. HoTiNTTS CTTLTELLATUS, n. s., mas. Pallide viridis, rostro compresso
subascendente corporis fere longitudine, abdomine testaceo, alis anticis
guttis nonnullis testaceis fusco marginatis, posticis luteis.

Male. Pale green. Eostrum compressed, keeled, hardly ascending, acumi-
nated at the tip, testaceous above, a little shorter than the body. Abdomen
and legs testaceous. Pore wings with a few testaceous brown-bordered
dots of various size. Hind wings luteous. Length of the body without

• the rostrum 8 lines ; of the wings 28 lines.

Subtrib. Lystroldes, Spinola.
Gen. Aphsena, Ouerin.

15. Aphsena scutellaris, White, Ann. Nat. Hist. xvii. 330.

16. Aphsena Saundersii, White. See page 84.

17. Aphsena basirufa, Walk. Cat. Honiopt. pt. 2. 278.

It differs slightly from the three Silhet specimens in the British Museum,
which are exactly alike.

18. Aphjsna sattteata, n. s., mas. Nigra, thoracis lateribus ferrugineis,
alis anticis viridi-nigris e linea transversa arcuata lutescente in areas duas
divisis, area interiore longiore semicirculis rufescentibus ornata, exteriore
subrotunda creberrime luteo-venosis, posticis linea recta divisis, marginis
interioris dimidio basali flavo plagiato.

Male. Black. Ferruginous piceous, black beneath. Wings greenish-black,
divided into two areas by a transverse line, which is curved and pale
luteous in the fore wings, straight and rather darker in the hind wings ;
interior area longer than the other one, adorned in the fore wings with various
little luteous half-ringlets which are accompanied by dots, in the hind
wings with partly green veins, and with a yellow patch towards the base
of the interior bordur; exterior area nearly round, most tliickly crowded
with luteous veins ; a glaucous bloom covering the interior area on the
under side, and forming a semicircle on the exterior one. Length of the
body 11 lines ; of the wings 30 lines.
This species and A. rosea, Ghier., are closely allied in structure and in the

disposition of the colours, and are distinguished from the two preceding

species by their much more ample wings.

19. Aph.ena veeis-amoe, n. s., mas et foem. Nigra, facie pedibusque ferru-
gineis, abdomine rufo, alis anticis saturate et lsetissime viridibus, costa
linea arcuata exteriore maculaque basali flavis, subtus tomento albo variis,
posticis niveis apice fulvis.

Male and Female. Black. Face and legs' ferruginous. Abdomen red.
Fore wings intensely grass-green, with the costa, a basal spot, a few dots
in the disk, and an exterior curved transverse line yellow; tips tawny;
under side with various marks of white tomentum, which also appears on

11*

144 mr. walker's catalogue of homopterous insects

the costa above at the base. Hind wings snow-white, with tawny tips.
Length of the body 11 lines ; of the wings 26 lines.
This species has narrow fore wings like A. scuiellaris, but belongs to a
distinct group.

20. ApH-ENA unifoemis, n. s., fcem. Fusca, capite thorace antico pedi-
busque fulvis, alis fulvo venosis, anticis basi nigris fascia contigua flava.

Female. Brown. Head, fore part of the thorax and legs tawny. Abdo-
minal segments with red borders. Wings with tawny veins. Fore wings
narrow, black at the base, near which there is a yellow band. Length of
the body 8 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.

This species will form a fourth group in the genus. The veins of the fore
wings have the same structure over the whole surface.

Subtrib. Dictyophoroides, Spinola.
Gren. Dictyophora, Germar.

21. Dictyophora speilinea, Walk. See page 84.

22. Dictyophora speicarina, n. s., mas. Testacea, capite thoraceque
viridi carinatis, capite lanceolato tricarinato subascendente apice fusco,
thorace septem-carinato, tibiis tarsisque rufis, alis hyalinis venis fulvis
apice fusco nebulosis, stigmate fulvo. »

Male. Testaceous. Head and thorax with green keels. Head lanceolate,
very slightly ascending, with three ridges, brown at the tip, as long as the
breadth of the thorax. Thorax with seven ridges, three dorsal and four
lateral. Tibiae and tarsi red. Wings hyaline ; veins and stigma tawny ;
apical transverse veinlets clouded with brown. Length of the body 5 lines ;
of the wings 12 lines.

Gen. Leusaba, n. g.

Dictyophora affinis. Caput arcuatum, breve, vertice marginato, fronte plana
longi-subquadrata antice latiore, facie lanceolata fronte paulld breviore.
Prothorax marginatus, valde arcuatus, margine postico excavato et intiis
angulato. Mesothorax tricarinatus. Pedes longi. Alai anticse extus
latiores, areolis basalibus longissimis, discalibus et marginalibus brevi-
oribus, venis marginalibus nonnullis furcatis, venuhs transversis costahbus
et submarginalibus nullis.

Allied to Dictyophora. Head short, arched ; vertex with an elevated border,
about four times broader than long; front smooth, subquadrate, much longer
than broad, slightly widening in front, with two indistinct furrows which
converge forwards ; face lanceolate, a little shorter than the front. Pro-
thorax much arched, with an elevated border, excavated and much arched
on the hind side. Mesothorax with three keels. Legs long. Fore wings
widening towards the tips ; five basal areolets very long ; six discal areolets
a little longer than the marginal areolets, the latter numerous, and four
of them forked ; no transverse costal or submarginal veinlets.

23. Lettsaba marginalis, n. s., mas. Viridis, capitis thoracisque marginibus
et carinis ex maxima parte testaceis, thorace guttis nonnullis nigro-fuscis,

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 145

alis hyalinis, anticis apud marginem exteriorem fuscis, venis nigris basi
fulvis, stigmate fusco.
Male. Green. Borders and keels of the head and of the thorax for the most
part testaceous. Thorax with a few blackish- brown dots. Wings hyaline.
Fore wings brown along the exterior border ; veins black, tawny towards
the base ; stigma brown. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings
14 lines.

Gen. Isporisa, n. g.

Leusabce affinis. Caput breve, valde arcuatum, vertice postice excavato et
marginato, fronte facieque marginatis et medio carinatis, fronte sub-
quadrata antice latiore, facie trigona. Thorax brevis. Prothorax et
mesothorax tricarinati, carinis lateralibus valde obliquis. Alee anticae
angustse, areolis basalibus longissimis, discalibus et marginalibus breviori-
bus, venis marginalibus simplicibus, venuhs transversis costalibus non-
nullis exterioribus, subrnarginalibus nullis.

Allied to Leusaba. Head short, much arched ; vertex with three angles in
front j hind part excavated, and with an elevated border ; front and face
with elevated borders and with a middle keel ; front subquadrate, a little
longer than broad, slightly widening in front, its sides indistinctly concave;
face triangular, a little broader and longer than the front. Thorax short.
Prothorax and mesothorax with three keels, the lateral pair very oblique.
Wings narrow. Fore wings with the five basal areolets very long ; six discal
areolets hardly longer than the marginal areolets, which are rather more
numerous ; all the latter are simple, and form a continuous row with the
few very oblique exterior costal veinlets ; no submarginal veinlets.

24. Ispoeisa apicalis, n. s., foem. Yiridis, capite thorace pectoreque nigro
maculatis, abdomine nigro, segmentorum marginibus posticis viridibus,
pedibus nigro notatis, alis subluridis, anticis apice fuscis, venis nigris basi
fulvis, stigmate nullo.

Female. Green. Head with three black spots in front of the vertex; front and
face with reddish borders, each with two black spots. Prothorax and meso-
thorax with a black dot on each side. Pectus with black spots. Abdomen
black ; hind borders of the segments green. Legs marked with black.
Wings slightly lurid. Fore wings with brown tips ; veins black, tawny
towards the base ; no stigma. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings
8 lines.

Gen. Epoea, n. g.

Dictyophoree affinis. Caput tricarinatum, supra transversum ; vertex
conicus; frons longissima, linearis; facies brevior, lanceolata. Prothorax
quadricarinatus, valde arcuatus. Mesothorax tricarinatus. Pedes lon-
giusculi. Alee anticse sat angustse, areolis basalibus longissimis, longi-
tudinis bis trientem occupantibus, discalibus et marginalibus subsequalibus,
venuhs transversis costalibus obliquis parallelis, submarginahbus nullis.

Allied to Dictyophora. Head with three keels, transverse above ; vertex conical ;
front very long, with parallel sides ; face lanceolate, much shorter than the
front . Prothorax much arched, with four keels . Mesothorax with three keels .

146 MR. walker's catalogue of homopterous insects

Legs rather long. Fore wings rather narrow; basal areolets as long as
two-thirds of the length of the wing ; marginal areolets a little longer than
the discal areolets, all of them simple j transverse costal veinlets oblique,
parallel except towards the tip.

25. Epoea subtilis, n. s., mas et fcem. Viridis (mas) aut testacea (foam.),
alis hyalinis, venis viridibus, stigmate nullo.

Male and Female. Green {male) or testaceous {female). Wings hyaline;
veins green ; no stigma. Length of the body 2£-3 lines ; of the wings
6-7 lines.

Gen. Daradax, Walk.

26. Daradax aceis, n. s., mas. Viridis, mesothorace tricarinato, abdomine
albo-tomentoso, alis anticis fuscescente marginatis, posticis albis.

Male. Green. Head much longer than broad ; vertex and front lanceolate,
with a keel in the middle and one on each side. Mesothorax with 3 keels.
Abdomen with whitish tomentum. Fore wings with brownish borders.
Hind wings white. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Subtrib. Cixioides.
Gen. Cixius, Latr.

27. Cixius pustulatus, Walk. See page 87.

28. Cixius eebeeus, n. s., mas. C. efferato valde affinis. Ferrugineus,
fronte facieque subcarinatis, pedibus fulvis, alis subcinereis, anticis macula
discah interiore guttaque costah exteriore fuscis, venis fulvis.

Male. Yery nearly allied to C. efferatus. Ferruginous. Head convex
between the eyes ; front and face with a slight middle keel ; front much
broader than long ; face lanceolate, 'much longer than the front. Abdo-
men with the apical appendages much developed. Legs tawny. Wings
slightly greyish. Fore wings slightly greyish, with a brown spot in the
disk before the middle, and with a brown dot on the costa near the tip ;
veins tawny. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.
•

29. Cixius dieeinis, n. s. Fuscus, subtiis testaceus, fronte perangusta,

thorace vitta dorsali fusiformi interlineata straminea, pedibus testaceis,
alis fuscis, anticis fasciis duabus interruptis guttisque nonnullis pallide
viridibus.
Brown, testaceous beneath. Head narrow; vertex slightly concave ; front
very long and narrow, with three keels. Thorax with a fusiform straw-
coloured dorsal stripe, divided longitudinally by a brown line. Legs
testaceous. Wings brown. Fore wings with two pale green bands, and
with a few pale green dots, of which the largest is on the costa near the
tip ; 1st band quite interrupted ; 2nd slightly interrupted. Length of the
body 3| lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

30. Cixius GUTtifee, n. s., foem. Testaceus, capite supra subquadrato subtus
lanceolato, pectore guttis duabus anticis lateralibus nigris, alis anticis

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 147

pallide testaceis subhyalinis nigro triguttatis, venis testaceis, posticis cine-
reis, venis nigricantibus.
Female. Testaceous. Head with elevated borders ; vertex subquadrate ; front
and face with a middle keel ; front full thrice longer than broad, slightly
increasing in breadth towards the face, which is lanceolate and shorter than
the front. Pectus with a black dot on each side in front. Eore wings
pale testaceous, nearly hyaline, with a slightly darker spot near the tip of
the costa, and with three black dots which form a curved line in the disk ;
veins testaceous. Hind wings grey with black veins. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Tixi

31. "Cixius ^equus, n. s., mas. Testaceus rufo varius, albido tomentosus,
capite toto valde angusto lateribus valde elevatis, alis cinereis, anticarum
venulis transversis costalibus duabus, exterioribus paucis..

Male. Testaceous, with some red marks, slightly covered with whitish
tomentum. Vertex, front and face very narrow ; their borders much
elevated. Wings greyish, with two oblique costal veinlets, and with a
few discal exterior veinlets. Length of the body 2-2£ lines ; of the wings
6-7 lines.

32. Cixius pekplextts, n. s., mas. Niger, capitis lateribus elevatis carma-
que testaceis, fronte testaceo conspersa, vertice perangusto, abdominis
segmentis testaceo marginatis, pedibus testaceis, alis anticis cervinis fusco
conspersis, costa margineque interiore pallidioribus guttis nigro-fuscis
magis deter minatis, posticis nigricantibus.

Male. Black. Head with testaceous elevated borders ; vertex very narrow ;
front and face forming an elongated fusiform compartment with a testa-
ceous keel and testaceous marks. Hind borders of the abdominal segments
and legs testaceous. Eore wings fawn colour, sprinkled with brown, paler
towards the tips ; costa and interior border pale testaceous, with blackish-
brown dots. Hind wings blackish. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the
wings 5 lines.

33. Cixius inclinatus, n. s., mas. Niger, capitis lateribus elevatis carina-
que testaceis, vertice perangusto, frontis lateribus nigro punctatis, abdo-
minis segmentis testaceo marginatis, pedibus testaceis, alis anticis testaceis
fusco conspersis et nebulosis, stigmate obscuriore, posticis cinereis.

Male. Black : like the preceding species in structure. Borders of the head
and middle keel testaceous ; borders of the front with minute black dots.
Borders of the abdominal segments and legs testaceous. Fore wings
testaceous, sprinkled and clouded with brown; stigma darker. Hind
wings grey. Length of the body 1| line ; of the wings 3£ lines.

34. Cixius simplex, n. s., mas. Niger, carinis pedibusque piceis, thorace
tricarinato, abdomine subtus testaceo, apice albo dense floccoso, alis cinereo-
hyalinis, venis nigris, stigmate fusco.

Male. Black. Ridges of the head and of the thorax, and legs piceous.
Head with the borders much elevated; vertex subquadrate, a little narrower
in front ; front and face together fusiform, with a rather deep keel. Pro-
thorax extremely short. Meso thorax with three parallel keels. Abdomen

148 MR. walker's catalogue of homopterotjs insects

testaceous beneath ; tip thickly covered with white flecks. Wings hyaline,
slightly cinereous ; veins black ; exterior transverse veinlets and tips of
the apical veins of the fore wings clouded with brown ; stigma brown.
Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

35. Cixius vilis, n. s., foem. Niger, frontis lateribus fernoribusque fulvis,
thorace tricarinato, segmentorum abdominahum marginibus albidis, tibiis
tarsisque testaceis, alis hyalinis apice fuscis, venis nigris basi fulvis, stigmate
sordide testaceo postice nigro.

Female. Black. Head with elevated borders; vertex very narrow; front
with tawny sides, forming with the face a fusiform compartment which has
a middle ridge. Prothorax extremely short. Mesothorax with three parallel
keels. Segments of the abdomen with whitish borders. Legs testaceous ;
femora tawny. Wings hyaline, slightly greyish, with brown tips ; veins
black, tawny at the base; stigma dingy testaceous, black hindward.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

36. Cixitts modicfs, n. s., mas. Testaceus, capite supra angusto subtus
fusiformi, thoracis disco abdomineque supra fuscis, thorace tricarinato,
alis subhyalinis ; anticis fusco vix trifasciatis apice fuscescentibus, venis
nigris basi testaceis.

Male. Testaceous. Head with elevated borders ; vertex narrow ; front and
face together fusiform with a middle ridge. Mesothorax with three parallel
keels ; its disk brown. Abdomen above brown ; hind borders of the
segments testaceous. Wings nearly hyaline ; fore wings with three slender
and very incomplete brown bands ; tips brownish ; veins black, testaceous
at the base. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

37. Cixirs nexus, n. s., foem. Testaceus, capite subtus perangusto, abdo-
mine nigro marginibus testaceis, alis hyalinis, anticis testaceo fasciatis,
fasciis interioribus nigricante marginatis exterioribus fusco nebulosis.

Female. Closely allied to C. Meander, Walk. Testaceous. Head with
elevated borders, slightly ascending and conical above; front and face
very narrow. Abdomen black ; hind borders of the segments testaceous.
Wings hyaline. Pore wings with irregular testaceous bands, of which the
interior have incomplete blackish borders, and the exterior are partly
clouded with brown ; veins testaceous. Length of the body 2 lines ; of
the wings 4| lines.

38. Cixius despecttjs, n. s., fcem. Nigricans, carinis abdomine subtus
pedibusque testaceis, alis cinereo-hyalinis, anticis latis, fasciis plurimis
transversis intus nigricantibus extus fuscis, venis nonnullis marginalibus
furcatis.

Female. Blackish. Bidges of the head, abdomen beneath and legs testaceous.
Head slightly conical and ascending above ; front and face together almost
lanceolate, with a rather high middle keel. Wings hyaline, slightly cine-
reous ; fore wings broad, with several slender and interrupted bands, which
are blackish towards the base and brown towards the exterior border ;
veins testaceous. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

COLLECTED TN BORNEO. 149

This and some of the following species differ slightly from the typical Cixii
in the veins of the wings, but hardly sufficiently to form new genera.

39. Cixitjs dedttcttts, n. s., foem. Piceus, "capitis marginibus pedibusque
testaceis, vertice subquadrato, fronte breviuscula, facie lanceolata, alis sub-
cinereis, anticarum venis marginalibus apice venulisque transversis infus-
catis, margine exteriore albo punctate

Female. Piceous. Head with elevated testaceous borders ; vertex short ;
front and face with a testaceous keel, the former short, the latter lanceolate.
Legs testaceous. Wings greyish ; veins of the fore wings black, punc-
tured with testaceous ; transverse veinlets and tips of the marginal veins
clouded with brown ; a row of whitish dots along the exterior border.
Length of the body 1£ bine ; of the wings 4 lines.

40. Cixitjs munitus, n. s., foem. Ferruginosus, capite perangusto lateribus
elevatis nigro guttatis, alis fuscis, anticis chalybeo-cinereo quinque-fas-
ciatis. — Var. Fronte facieque nigris.

Female. Ferruginous. Vertex, front and face very narrow, with elevated
black dotted borders. Wings brown ; fore wings with five incomplete grey
bands, which are shining and have a chalybeous tinge ; veins black, ferrugi-
nous towards the base. — Var. Front and face black, with ferruginous bor-
ders. , Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 5£ lines.

41. Crxius teahens, n. s., mas. Niger, subtiis ferrugineus, capite peran-
gusto lateribus elevatis, pedibus ferrugineis, alis nigricantibus, venis nigris.

Male. Black, ferruginous beneath. Yertex, front and face very narrow,
with elevated borders. Legs ferruginous. Wings blackish ; veins black.
Length of the body 1^ line ; of the wings 4 lines.

42. Cixiu& pallens, n. s., mas. Testaceus, capite sat lato, vertice brevi,
fronte longi-subquadrata, facie lanceolata, alis hyalinis, anticis subtestaceis,
venis pallidis, areolis basalibus longissimis, discalibus nullis, marginalibus
sat longis.

Male. Testaceous. Head moderately broad, with elevated borders ; vertex
very short ; front and face with a middle keel, the former elongate-qua-
drate, the latter lanceolate. Wings hyaline, with pale veins ; fore winga
with a slight testaceous tinge, and with only one row of transverse veinlets ;
basal areolets very long ; marginal areolets moderately long, some of their
veins forked. Length of the body lg- line ; of the wings 4 lines.
•' ; • '

43. Cixius FiNiTUS, n. s., fcem. Testaceus, capite thorace pedibusque tes-
taceis, vertice transverso, fronte longi-subquadrata, facie lancfiolata, alis
nigro-fuscis albo guttatis, anticis latis, venulis transversis vix ullis, venis
marginalibus versus costam flexis.

Female. Testaceous. Head with an elevated border ; vertex transverse ;
front and face with a very slight keel ; front elongate-subquadrate ; face
lanceolate. Wings blackish-brown, with several whitish hyaline spots in
the disk and along the exterior border ; fore wings broad ; veins black,
ferruginous at the base, mostly simple ; subcostal marginal veins curved ;
only one transverse veinlet. Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings
6 lines.

150 me. walker's catalogue of iiomopteeotjs insects

44. Cixitrs dilecttjs, n. s., mas et fcem. Testaceus, C. Jiniti structura,
alis hyalinis, anticis latis fusco subfasciatis, venis nigris basi testaceis.

Like C. Jinitus and C. nexus in structure. Male and Female. Testaceous.
Wings quite hyaline ; veins black, testaceous at the base ; fore wings
broad, with some irregular and incomplete pale brown bands. Length of
the body If line ; of the wings 4 lines.

45. Cixitts dotattjs, n. s., mas et foem. Nigricans, facie pectore pedibus-
que albidis, alis fuscis, anticis basi fascist lata interiore macuhs quinque
exterioribus apiceque hyahnis, stigmate fusco, posticis basi late hyalinis.

Male and Female. Blackish. Face, pectus and legs whitish. Vertex short ;
front and face with a middle keel ; front elongate-subquadrate, with whitish
elevated borders ; face lanceolate. Wings brown ; fore wings with the
base, a broad band, five exterior dots and the tips hyaline ; veins black,
several of them forked ; one row of transverse veinlets ; stigma black ; hind
wings hyaline for nearly one-third of the length from the base. Length of
the body 1 line ; of the wings 3 J lines.

46. Cixms INSTTETTTS, n. s., mas. Testaceus, fronte facieque longis peran-
gustis, alis hyalinis albo tomentosis, venis albis.

Male. Testaceous. Head with an elevated border, transverse above ; front
and face long and very narrow, with a slight middle keel. Wings hyaline,
but thickly covered with white tomentum ; veins white, much like those
of C. dilectus in structure. Length of the body f line j of the wings
3 lines. ,. /)

Gen. BirW, Walk.

47. Bidis pictttla, n. s., mas et fcem. Viridis rufo nigroque vittata, ver-
ticis apice, pectoris maculis duabus abdomineque nigris, alis hyahnis, an-
ticis striga apicali guttisque marginalibus fuscis, venis nigris albo fas-
ciatis.

Male and Female. Green, with red and black stripes. Head with much
elevated borders ; vertex narrow in front, black at the tip ; front and face
narrow and very long, with red disks. Antennae long, filiform ; 2nd joint
much longer than the 1st ; seta much longer than the 2nd joint. Pectus
with two black spots. Abdomen black. Wings hyaline, with brown
marks along the borders, and with a brown streak which extends from
two-thirds of the length to the tip ; veins black, with white bands. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

48. Bidis ptrNCTiEEONS, n. s., mas et foem. Testacea rufo vittata, fronte
nigro punctata, thoracis carinis palhdioribus, alis subhyalinis, anticis guttis
marginalibus strigaque apicali dilatata, fuscis, venis nigris testaceo fasciatis.

Male and Female. Testaceous, with red stripes, in structure like B. pictula.
Front with three rows of black transverse dots ; face with black dots at the
base. Thorax with three brown stripes. Wings nearly hyaline ; fore wings
with marginal brown dots, and with an irregular brown streak, which is
dilated towards the tip of the wing ; veins black, with testaceous bands.
Length of the body 3-3f lines ; of the wings 7-7i lines.

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 151

49. BlDiS CONTICHTA, n. s., mas. Testacea, rufo vittata, fronte nigro punc-
tata, alis subhyalinis, anticis vitta postica nigra, venis testaceis.

Male. Testaceous : in structure like B. pictula. Head and thorax with red
stripes. Front with three rows of black transverse dots. Prothorax with
black dots on each side. Mesothorax with three pale brown stripes. Wings
nearly hyaline ; fore wings with a black stripe along the interior border ;
veins testaceous. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. Ostama, n. g.

Caput breve ; vertex subquadratus lateribus subelevatis ; frons plana, longi-
subquadrata, antice latior ; facies lanceolata. Antennae longiusculse, fili-
formes ; articulus 2US 1° non longior ; seta brevis. Mesothorax tricari-
natus. Alarum anticarum areolae basales marginalibus rnultd longiores ;
venae marginales plurimae, nonnullae furcatae.

Head short; vertex subquadrate, with elevated borders ; front smooth, elongate-
subquadrate ; face lanceolate, a httle shorter than the front. Antennae fili-
form, rather long ; 2nd joint as long as the 1st ; seta short. Mesothorax
with three slight parallel keels. Fore wings with a row of transverse veinlets
which divides the basal veins from the marginal veins, the former nearly
twice the length of the latter, which are rather numerous, and some of
them forked.

50. Ostama jtjncta, n. s., mas. Ferruginea subtus nigra, abdominis dorso
tibiisque runs, alis anticis fuscis testaceo conspersis, apices versus hyalinis
vitta arcuata strigaque nigro-fuscis, posticis cinereis.

Male. Ferruginous, black beneath. Borders of the thorax testaceous. Ab-
domen above and tibiae red. Fore wings brown, with numerous testaceous
punctures ; part beyond the transverse veinlets hyaline, with a curved
stripe and a streak of a blackish-brown hue ; hind wings grey. Length of
the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

G-en. Erana, n. g.

Caput lateribus elevatis carinaque medist ; vertex subconicus ; frons sub-
quadrata, faciem versus latior ; facies lanceolata. Antennae longae, validae,
filiformes ; articulus lus brevis ; 2US longus ; seta nulla. Mesothorax ca-
rinis tribus parallelis. Alarum anticarum areolae basales discalibus et mar-
ginalibus tripld longiores ; venulae transversse costales paucae perobhquae.

Head with elevated borders and with a middle keel ; vertex nearly conical ;
front elongate- subquadrate, broader towards the face which is lanceolate.
Antennae elongated, stout, filiform ; 1st joint short ; 2nd long ; no arista.
Mesothorax with three parallel keels. Fore wings with the basal areolets full
thrice longer than the discal and marginal areolets together ; the marginal
areolets as long as the discal areolets and not more numerous j costal trans-
verse veinlets few and very oblique.

51. Eeana opeeosa, foam. Ferruginea ; alis anticis apud venas chalybeo
notatis, posticis nigricantibus.

Female. Ferruginous. Fore wings with chalybeous spangles on the veins j
hind wings blackish. Length of the body 2£ lines j of the wings 6 lines.

152 me. walker's catalogue of hohopteeous insects
Gen. Ehotala, n. g.

Caput supra conicum, lateribus elevatis, fronte facieque planis, elongatis,
punctulatis. Antenna breviusculse, filiformes ; articulus 2US 1° longior ;
arista longa, gracilis. JProthorax sat magnus ; area media conica, tricari-
nata. Alee anticse areolis basalibus longissimis, venulis transversis pluri-
mis exterioribus nonnullisque costalibus.

Vertex conical, with elevated borders ; front and face forming a fusiform com-
partment which is flat and punctured. Antennae cylindrical, rather short ;
arista long, slender. Prothorax well developed ; middle part conical, with
three keels. Fore wings with very long basal areolets, and with several
transverse veinlets on the marginal areolets ; exterior part of the costa
with some oblique parallel veinlets.

52. Ehotala delitteata, n. s., mas et foam. Testacea, vertice thorace alis-
que anticis crebre ferrugineo conspersis, fronte facie pectoreque nigris, pe-
dibus ferrugineis nigro variis, anticis testaceo fasciatis, alis posticis nigri-
cantibus.

Male and Female. Testaceous. Vertex, thorax and fore wings thickly co-
vered with ferruginous dots. Fore wings with three short black streaks
forming an oblique transverse line. Head beneath and pectus black.
Legs ferruginous, with black marks; fore legs with testaceous bands.
Hind wings blackish. Length of the body 4 lines j of the wings 10 lines.

s,

Trib. Is sites, Spinola.
Gen. Issus, Fair.

53. Issus pejecedens, n. s., foem. Piceus, capitis lateribus elevatis, vertice
longi-subquadrato, fronte antice dilatata testacea, pectore pedibusque testa-
ceo notatis, alis anticis nitentibus testaceo subobsolete guttatis, posticis ni-
gricantibus.

Nearly allied to I. sinensis. Female. Piceous. Head with elevated borders ;
vertex elongate-subquadrate ; front broader and testaceous in front. Pectus
and legs with testaceous marks. Fore wings shining, with indistinct tes-
taceous dots. Hind wings blackish. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

54. Issus COMPOSITUS, n. s., mas. Obscure testaceus, capite thorace alisque
anticis nigro confertissime conspersis, capitis lateribus elevatis, vertice trans-
verso, fronte tricarinata, alis anticis latis plaga nigra submarginali, angulo in-
teriore acuto, posticis cinereis. — Var. Alis anticis paUidioribus plaga nulla.

Male. Dull testaceous. Head, thorax and fore wings thickly sprinkled with
black. Head with elevated borders ; vertex transverse ; front with three
keels, slightly broader in front. Legs with a few black marks. Fore wings
broad, with a black patch near the interior border ; interior angle promi-
nent, almost acute ; hind wings grey. — Yar. Fore wings paler, with no
black patch. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

55. Issus eeteactus, n. s., mas. Piceus latus, capitis lateribus elevatis
fulvis, vertice transverso, fronte lata, carina media subobsoleta carinaque

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 153

transversa postica, facie, mesothoracis disco pedibusque fulvis, alis anticis
non angulatis, posticis nigro-cinereis.
Male. Piceous, broad. Head with elevated tawny borders ; vertex much
broader than long; front hardly longer than broad, very slightly broader
in front, with a slight middle keel and a more distinct transverse keel to-
wards the vertex ; face, disk of the mesothorax and legs tawny. Fore wings
not angular, conical towards the tips ; hind wings blackish grey, with many
transverse veinlets. Length of the body 3 hnes ; of the wings 6 lines.

tS*H>Q. Issus fuetivus, ii. s., foem. Cervinus, capitis lateribus elevatis, vertice
subquadrato, fronte antice latiore lateribus tuberculatis concavis carina
media subobsoleta, alis anticis fusco variis non angulatis, posticis nigro-
cinereis.
Female. Fawn-colour. Head with elevated borders ; vertex a little longer
than broad, indented behind with a corresponding angle in front ; front
elongate-subquadrate, broader towards the face, with concave minutely tu-
berculated sides and with a nearly obsolete middle keel. Fore wings with
various brown marks, not angular ; hind wings blackish-grey. Length of
the body 2\ hnes ; of the wings 5 hnes.

57. Issus patulus, mas. Piceo-ferrugineus, capite testaceo, marginibus
elevatis, vertice parvo quadrato, fronte longa carinata* antice latiore, pedi-
bus fulvis, alis posticis nigro-cinereis.

Male. Pitchy ferruginous. Head testaceous, with elevated borders ; vertex
small, quadrate ; front more than twice longer than broad, a little broader
towards the face, with a distinct middle keel. Legs tawny. Hind wings
blackish-brown. Length of the body 2\ hnes ; of the wings 5 lines.

?ZZ 58. Issus inees, mas. Piceo-ferrugineus, capite fulvo lateribus testaceis,
marginibus elevatis, fronte longa carinata antice dilatata, pedibus fulvis, alis
posticis nigro-cinereis.
Male. Pitchy ferruginous. Head tawny, with elevated borders ; sides tes-
taceous ; vertex small, quadrate, dilated towards the face, with a distinct
middle keel. Legs tawny. Hind wings blackish-grey. Length of the body
2£ hnes ; of the wings 5 hnes.

59. Issus GEAVis, n. s., mas. Ferrugineus, capitis marginibus elevatis, ver-
tice cOnico, fronte carinata obconica, facie transversa disco nigricante, alis
anticis venulis transversis nulhs, posticis subhyalinis, venis venulisque per-
paucis.

Male. Ferruginous. Head with elevated borders ; vertex conical, with a
brown mark on each side ; front obconical, with a distinct middle ridge and
a slight oblique ridge on each side ; face transverse, blackish, with a
testaceous border. Legs tawny, with some ferruginous marks. Fore wings
with no transverse veinlets ; hind wings subhyaline, with very few veins
and veinlets. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

60. Issus aectatus, n. s., foem. Ferrugineus", capitis marginibus elevatis,
vertice transverso, fronte carinata subquadrata antice latiore, facie carinata
brevi-lanceolata, pedibus testaceis, alis posticis cinereis.

Female. Ferruginous. Head with elevated borders : vertex much broader

154 mr. walker's catalogue or homopterotjs insects

than long ; front a little longer than broad, slightly wider in front, with a
slight keel ; face keeled, short-lanceolate. Legs testaceous. Hind wings
grey. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

>*- *

61. Issus sobrinus, n. s., mas. Fulvus, capitis lateribus albidis, marginibus

elevatis, vertice transverso minimo, fronte longa, carinata antice latiore,
facie lanceolata carinata, ahs posticis nigro-cinereis.
Male. Tawny. Head with whitish sides and elevated borders ; vertex trans-
verse, very small; front twice longer than broad, slightly widening in
front, with a distinct keel ; face keeled, lanceolate. Hind wings blackish-
grey. Length of the body 2 bines ; of the wings 5 lines.

62. Issus ovalis, n. s., mas. Sordide testaceus, capite latissimo lateribus
elevatis, vertice transverso punctis duobus nigris, fronte transversa carinata,
ahs anticis plaga costali sordide albida, posticis nigro-cinereis.

Male. Dingy testaceous. Head very broad; vertex, front and face transverse,
with elevated borders ; vertex twice broader than long, with a minute
black dot on each side in front ; front and face with a slight keel, the
former a little broader than long, the latter lanceolate. Fore wings with a
dingy whitish patch by the middle of the costa ; hind wings blackish-grey.
Length of the body 2 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

63. Issus literosus, n. s., mas. Testaceus, capitis marginibus elevatis,
vertice transverso, fronte quadrata carinata, carina transversa guttisque
duabus posticis, facie lanceolata, alis anticis nigro plagiatis, posticis fusco-
cinereis.

Male. Testaceous. Head with elevated borders ; vertex much broader than
long ; front subquadrate, with a slight middle keel, and a more distinct
transverse keel near the vertex, where there is a black dot on each side ;
face lanceolate. Fore wings with a few black patches ; hind wings brownish- '
grey. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

64. Issus lineatus, n. s., mas. Testaceus nigro varius, capitis marginibus
elevatis, vertice conico depresso, fronte longa, subcarinata antice latiore,
facie lanceolata, abdominis dorso rufo, segmentis testaceo marginatis, ahs
testaceo reticulatis, anticis nigro-fuscis, posticis rufescentibus.

Male. Testaceous, with black marks. Head with elevated borders ; vertex
conical, depressed, with a black spot on each side ; front twice longer than
broad, with a slight middle keel, much wider towards the face which is
lanceolate. Abdomen red above ; hind borders of the segments testaceous.
"Wings with testaceous veins and veinlets, the latter numerous ; fore wings
blackish-brown ; hind wings reddish. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

Gen. Hiracia, n. g.

Corpus elhpticum, convexum. Caput marginibus vix elevatis ; vertex conicus,
tricarinatus ; frons faciesque carinis tribus vix conspicuis, hsec lanceolata,
ilia obconica antice excavata. Prothorax transversus, quinque-carinatus,
antice angustior. MesotJiorax trigonus, tricarinatus, apice acutus. Ala;
anticse venis venulisque transversis plurimis elevatis, apice acuminata?.

COLLECTED IN BOENEO. 155

Body elliptical, convex. Head with the borders hardly elevated ; vertex
conical, with three distinct keels ; front and face with three indistinct keek,
the former obconical, excavated next the face, which is lanceolate. Pro-
thorax full twice broader than long, narrower in front, with five keels.
Mesothorax triangular, acuminated, with three keek. Fore wings acumi-
nated, with numerous rugulose veins and transverse veinlets.

65. Hieacia ignava, n. s., fcem. Cervina, verticis apice nigro, pedibus et
alis anticis nigro guttatis, alis posticis nigricantibu3.

Female. Fawn-colour. "Vertex black at the tip. Legs and fore wings with
a few black dots. Hind wings blackish. Length of the body 5 lines ; of
the wings 10 lines.

^Oh a * f$ ^en* Hemisph^eitjs, Schaum.

66. Hemispbleeius nigee, n. s., mas et foem. Niger nitens subtus ful-
vescens aut testaceus, alis anticis confertissime cribratis, posticis nigro-
cinereis.

Male and Female. Black, shining, tawny or testaceous beneath. Fore wings
thickly covered with minute punctures ; hind wings blackish-grey. Length
of the body 1-1£ line ; of the wings 3-3J lines.

%/* 67. Hemisph^eeitts typictts, n. s., mas. Testaceus, ahs anticis fusco bifas-
ciatis, fascia 2a arcuata, posticis subcinereis.
Male. Testaceous. Fore wings with two brown bands, the hind one undu-
lating ; hind wings greyish. Length of the body 1 line ; of the wings
3 lines.

if 68. HemispHjEeius toepidtts, n. s., mas. Testaceus nitens, ahs anticis
confertissime cribratis, posticis subcinereis.
Male. Testaceous, shining. Fore wings thickly covered with very minute
punctures ; hind wings greyish. Length of the body |-1 line ; of the
wings 2^-3 lines.

Gen. Etjeybeachys, Guerin.

69. Eurybrachys insignis, Westw. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, 119 ; Hope, Trans.

Linn. Soc. xix. 134. 27. pi. 12. f. 9.
Inhabits also Manilla. F. multicolor, p. 88, may be a variety of this species.

^ 70. Etjeybeachys conseeta, n. s., foem.i Testacea, capite truncato-conico,
fronte obconica subcarinata sulco antico transverso, facie basi sulcata, pro-
thorace vittis duabus obliquis nigris, ahs anticis reticulatis nigro variis
costa dilatata, posticis albis.
Closely allied to F. tuberculosa ? Female. Testaceous. Head above trun-
cate-conical ; front obconical, with a short keel behind and with a trans-
verse furrow in front ; face lanceolate, with a short furrow behind.
Prothorax with two black oblique stripes. Fore wings with various black
marks, reticulated with numerous transverse veinlets, slightly tuberculated ;
costa dilated, with very numerous transverse veinlets ; hind wings white.
Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 16 lines.

vA

156 me. walker's catalogue of homoptekous insects

71. Eueybeachys vetusta, ii. s., fcem. Viridescens subtus. testacea, capite
truncato-conico, fronte obconica carinata, facie carinata, mesothorace fasco
notato, alis anticis reticulatis, posticis subcinereis.

Female. Pale dull green, testaceous beneath. Head above truncate -conical ;
front elongate-obconical, with a keel, which does not extend to the fore
border ; face lanceolate, with a keel in front. Mesothorax with some
brown marks on each side. Fore wings reticulated with numerous trans-
verse veinlets, slightly tuberculated ; costa slightly dilated, with very
numerous transverse veinlets ; hind wings pale greyish. Length of the
body 5_lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

\f 72. Etteybeachys intebcepta, n. s., mas. Pallide viridis subtus testacea,
capite brevi-conico subtus lanceolato piano lateribus elevatis, alis anticis
striga basali guttisque duabus apud marginis interioris apicem nigris,
posticis albidis.
Male. Pale green, testaceous beneath. Head above short-conical ; front and
face together lanceolate and with elevated borders, but not keeled. Fore
wings with a black basal streak and with two black dots near the end of
the interior border. Hind wings whitish. Length of the body 3£ lines ;
of the wings 9 lines.

y^73. Eueybeachys stteeecta, n. s., mas. Pallide cervina subtus pallide
testacea, capite lateribus elevatis, vertice conico carinato, fronte facieque
planis, ilia lineari, alis anticis macula basali guttisque duabus discalibus
exterioribus nigris, costa undulata, posticis albis.
Male. Pale fawn-colour, pale testaceous beneath. Head with elevated
borders ; vertex conical, with a middle keel j front and face not keeled, the
former linear. Fore wings with a black basal spot, and with two black
discal dots ; costa undulating ; hind wings white. Length of the body
3^ lines ; of the wing3 9 lines.

Subtrib. Elatoides, Spinola.
Gen. Flatoides, Guerin.

74. Flatoides guttatus, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 2. 408. 9.
Inhabits also China.

75. Flatoides marginalis, Walk. See page 89.

76. Flatoides discalis, Walk. See page 89.

77. Flatoides veteeatoe, n. s., mas. Niger, capite thoracisque lateribus
testaceis, alis anticis apud margines nitentibus, fascia interiore plag&que
exteriore cinereis, gutta discali atra, posticis nigro-cupreis.

Male. Black. Head and sides of the thorax testaceous. Fore wings shining
about the borders, with an inner cinereous band, and an outer chiereous
patch, the latter including a deep black dot. Hind wings blackish cupreous.
Length of, the body 4 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

^78. Flatoides posteeus, n. s., mas. Piceus, pedibus fulvis, alis nigri-
cantibus, anticis apud marginem interiorem nigro-fuscis, fascia brevi antica
strigisque duabus marginalibus hyalinis.
Male. Piceous. Legs tawny. Wings blackish ; fore wings blackish-brown

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 157

about the interior border, with a hyaline band extending from the middle
of the costa to the disk, and with two marginal hyaline streaks. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

V '' 79. Flatoides limitaeis, n. s., mas. Piceus subtiis testaceus, alis anticis
apud margines nitentibus, plaga cinerea maculaque nigra discalibus, macula
costali alba.
Male. Piceous ; under side and legs testaceous. Thorax with three keels. Fore
wings shining about the borders ; middle of the disk cinereous, and
including a black spot ; a white spot on the middle of the costa. Length
of the, body 3-4 lines ; of the wings 8-10 lines.

80. Flatoides stttpidtts, n. s., foem. Fulvus subtus testaceus, alis nigro-
ceneis, apud margines nitentibus, anticis guttis duabus (una costali, altera
subcostali) albidis, subapicali nigra.

Female. Tawny, testaceous beneath. Wings blackish seneous, shining about
the borders ; fore wings with a black subapical dot, with two indistinct
whitish dots, one costal, the other subcostal. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 8 lines.

This species and the preceding and F. veterator are very closely allied.

a . Gen. Rjcania, Germar.

\f 81. Ricania osmyloides, n. s., mas. Testacea, capite thoraceque nigro
maculatis, ahs hyalinis, anticis maculis marginahbus fasciisque duabus
incompletis nigris, stigmate albido, posticis nigro marginatis.
Male. Testaceous. Vertex arched, with two black stripes ; front with five
black stripes, the middle one and the exterior pair shortened in front ; four
spots in front and the borders also black ; face with a black stripe. Pro-
thorax with two black stripes ; mesothorax with eight black spots. Wings
hyaline, with two incomplete black bands ; veins black ; fore wings with
black marginal spots, and with a whitish stigma ; hind wings with black
borders. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 12 lines.

82. Rjcania subacta, n. s., foem. Testacea, fronte carinata, abdominis
apice nigro nitido, ahs hyalinis nigro-venosis, anticis stigmate nigro.

Female. Testaceous. Head with elevated borders ; vertex arched ; front
with a middle keel. Abdomen black and shining at the tip. Wings
hyaline ; veins black ; fore wings with a black stigma. Length of the
body 3 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

Gren. Benna, Walk.

83. Benna canescens, n. s., mas et foem. Testacea, capitis marginibus
elevatis, fronte facieque perangustis, halteribus apice albis, ahs subcinereis,
anticis guttH basali nigra, stigmate albido.

Male and Female. Testaceous. Head with elevated borders ; front and face
very narrow. Halteres with white tips. Wings very pale cinereous ; veins
blackish, testaceous at the base ; fore wings with a black basal dot and
with a whitish stigma, their transverse veinlets fewer than those of B. capi-
tulata. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.
LINN. PROC— ZOOLOGY. 12

158 me. walker's catalogue of iiomopteeotjs insects

84. Benna clarescens, n. s., mas. Testacea, halteribus apice albis, alia
subcinereis, anticis extiis albido lituratis, fascia interiore fuscA.

Male. Testaceous ; like the preceding species in structure. Halteres with
white tips. Wings greyish ; fore wings with a brown band before the
middle, and with exterior whitish marks ; veins testaceous. Length of the
body 2£ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

85. Benna pejestans, n. s., foem. Ferruginea subtils fulva, alis subhyalinis,
anticis triente basali ferruginea fusco marginata.

Female. Ferruginous, tawny beneath; like the two preceding species in
structure. Wings nearly hyaline ; third part from the base of the fore
wings ferruginous with a brown border ; veins testaceous. Length of the
body 2| lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

G-en. Seeida, n. g.

Caput subascendens, lateribus elevatis angulum acutum utrinque fingentibus ;
vertex linearis ; frons angusta, carinata, antice dilatata ; facies lanceolata,
subcarinata. Thorax tricarinatus. Alee anticse angulis rotundatis, venulis
costahbus venisque marginalibus plurimis.

Head sHghtly ascending, with elevated borders, forming a slightly acute angle
on each side in front of the vertex which is linear ; front narrow, with a
distinct keel, widening towards the face which is lanceolate, and has a
slight keel. Thorax with three slight keels. Fore wings moderately broad,
with rounded angles ; marginal veins and costal veinlets very numerous,
the latter oblique and parallel.

86. Seeida latens, n. s., mas. Fulva, frontis lateribus basi prothoraceque
nigro guttatis, alis anticis guttis paucis discalibus costa lineisque transversis
exterioribus nigricantibus, apice cinereo-hyalinis lineolis duabus obliquis
nigricantibus.

Male. Tawny. Sides of the front at the base and pro thorax with black dots.
Fore wiiigs with the costa, some discal spots, and some exterior transverse
lines blackish ; tips cinereous hyaline, with two short oppositely oblique
black lines. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

87. Seeida eeevens, n. s., mas. Fulva, fronte viridi sat lata, marginibus
carinaque fulvis, alis apice fuscis, anticis fusco bifasciatis.

Male. Tawny. Front green, moderately broad, with the borders and the
keel tawny. Wings with brown tips ; fore wings with two brown bands,
one near the base, the other oblique irregular and beyond the middle.
Length of the body 3 lines j of the wings 8 lines.

This species differs much in the structure of the front from S. latens, which
is the type of the genus.

Gen. Paeicana, n. g.

Caput lseve, planum ; vertex brevis ; frons longi-subquadrata ; facies lan-
ceolata. Antenna arista longa gracili. Thorax tricarinatus. Alee anticee
apice latse rotundatse, areolis mediis et marginalibus longitudine sub-
aequalibus.

Head smooth, not keeled nor with elevated borders ; vertex short ; front

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 159

elongate-subquadrate ; face lanceolate. Antenna with a long and slender
arista. Thorax with three keels. Fore wings broad and rounded towards
the tips ; basal areolets about half the length of the wing ; middle and apical
areolets of nearly equal length ; a few oblique costal transverse veinlets
beyond the middle.

88. Paricana dilatipennis, n. s., foem. Testacea, fronte facie apice pec-
torisque fascia nigris, alis hyalinis, anticis fasciis duabus (una basali, altera
media) fuscis.

Female. Testaceous. Head shining ; front and tip of the face black. Pectus
with a black band. Wings hyaline ; veins black, tawny at the base ; fore
wings with a black band near the base and another across the middle.
Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. Niceeta, n. g.

Corpus gracile. Caput compressum, perangustum ; vertex lateribus valde
elevatis ; frons cultriformis ; facies lanceolata. Antenna articulo 2° longo,
cylindrico. Alee angustse ; anticse venis paucis, venuhs nonnullis trans-
versis exterioribus posterioribus.

Body slender. Head much compressed, very narrow; vertex with the borders
much elevated ; front forming an acute edge ; face lanceolate. Antenna?
with the 2nd joint long and cylindrical. Wings narrow ; fore wings with
few veins ; hind part beyond the middle with some transverse veinlet3.

89. Niceeta stjbmentiens, n. s., mas. Albida, oculis fulvis, ahs albo-
hyahnis, venis albis.

Male. Whitish. Eyes tawny. Wings whitish hyaline j veins white. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

90. Nicerta elammttla, n. s. Lsete et saturate rosea, tarsis albidis.

Very bright rosy-red. Tarsi whitish. Length of the body \\ line ; of the
wings 5 lines.

91. Nicerta fervens, n. s. Testacea, capite elongato strigis rufis, ahs
anticis rufis hyalino guttatis, posticis hyalinis.

Testaceous. Head much elongated, conical when viewed laterally, streaked
with red. Fore wings red, with very numerous hyaline spots. Hind wings
hyaline. Length of the body %\ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Gen. Eucabpia, n. g.

Caput breve, marginibus valde elevatis ; vertex transversus, subquadratus j
frons et facies carinatse, h»c lanceolata, ilia subquadrata. Thorax brevis,
bicarinatus. Pedes breves, tenues. Aloe angustge ; anticse areolis discalibus
perpaucis, marginalibus plurimis.

Head short, with the borders much elevated ; vertex and front subquadrate,
the former transverse ; front and face keeled, the latter lanceolate. Thorax
short; scutum with two parallel keels. Legs short, slender. Wings
narrow. Fore wings slightly widening from the base to the tips which
are rounded ; discal areolets very few ; marginal areolets large, numerous.

92. Eucarpia univitta, n. s. Ferruginea subtils testacea, capitis thoracisque

12*

100 MR. WALKER S CATALOGUE OF HOMOPTEROUS INSECTS

carinis pedibusque testaceis, alis anticis fuscis, disco margineque tenui flavis,
posticis cinereo-hyalinis.
Ferruginous, testaceous beneath. Borders and keels of the head and of the
thorax and legs, testaceous. Fore wings brown ; the middle of the disk
and a slender stripe along the border yellow. Hind wings greyish hyaline.
Length of the body li line ; of the wings 4 lines.

Gen. Ehotana, n. g.

Capitis vertex cultriformis ; frons trigona ; facies lanceolata. Prothorax
brevissimus. Mesothorax carinis duabus vix conspicuis, lateribus elevatis.
Alee lata? ; anticfe venis yenulisque transversis paucis.

Vertex of the head forming a sharp edge ; front triangular, acuminated
towards the vertex ; face lanceolate. Prothorax very short. Mesothorax
with elevated borders and with two indistinct keels. Wings broad ; fore
wings with a few veins, some of which are forked, and with only one line
of transverse veinlets.

93. Bhotana latipennis, n. s., mas. Testacea, capitis margine rufo, alis
hyalinis, anticis cervino nebulosis macula postica subapicali nigra, posticis
macula magna apicali nigra.

Male, Testaceous. Head red along the edge. Wings hyaline ; veins testa-
ceous ; fore wings slightly clouded with fawn-colour, with a black posterior
subapical spot ; hind wings with a large black apical spot. Length of the
body 2 lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

Gen. Pochazia, Amyot et Serv.

94. Pochazia fumata, Amyot. See page 91.

^ 95. Pochazia convergens, n. s., mas. Nigra, fronte latissima, abdominis
apice albo floccoso, alis anticis vitta discali arcuata hyalina, posticis hyalinis
ex parte nigro marginatis.
Male. Black. Front very broad. Abdomen with white flecks at the tip.
Fore wings with a curved hyaline discal stripe which is attenuated at each
end ; hind wings hyaline, bordered with black except along the costa and
at the tips. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 15 lines.

/

Gen. Nephesa, Amyot et Serv,.

96. Nephesa grata, n. s. Pallide viridis, pedibus testaceis, alis anticis
purpureo marginatis angulo exteriore rotundato interiore acutiore, posticis
albis.

Pale green. Legs testaceous. Fore wings with narrow purple borders ;
apical angle rounded ; interior one rectangular, well denned j hind wings
white. Length of the body 4-5 lines : of the wings 12-14 lines.

V 97. Nephesa gttttularis, n. s. Pallide testacea, alis albis, anticis nigro
guttatis angulo exteriore rotundato interiore subobtuso.
Pale testaceous. Wings white ; fore wings with about eighteen black dots ;
apical angle rounded, interior one slightly obtuse. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

£ , ., COLLECTED IN BOKNEO. 161

\/ 98. Nephesa volens, n. s. Pallide testacea, alis anticis subobsolete luteo
margiiiatis angulo exteriore rotundato interiore subobtuso, posticis albis.
Pale testaceous. Fore wings indistinctly bordered with luteous ; apical angle
rounded ; interior one slightly obtuse. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the
wings 9 lines.

j 99. Nephesa ltttea, n. s. Lutea, alis anticis angulo exteriore valde rotun-
dato interiore producto acuto, posticis albis.
Luteous. Fore wings with fewer reins than those of the three preceding
species ; apical angle very much rounded ; interior one produced, acute.
Hind wings white. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

100. Nephesa marginella, Guer. Icon. Rhgne Anim. Ins. pi. 58. f. 6. texte,

359 (Ricania).
Inhabits also Cochin Clrinar
The acute front of this species distinguishes it from every other in the genus.

j//"~ 101. Nephesa deducta, n. s.i Yiridis, ahs anticis luteo marginatis, anguhs
rotundatis, posticis albis.
Green. Fore wings with luteous borders; apical angle much rounded;
interior one slightly rounded. Hind wings white. Length of the body
2^ lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

\f 102. Nephesa teipaes, n. s., mas. Viridis subtus pallida, ahs anticis
deflexis luteo marginatis angulo exteriore rotundato interiore vix rotundato,
posticis albis.
Male. Green, pale green beneath. Fore wings with luteous borders ; apical
angle rounded ; interior, one almost rectangular, hardly rounded. Hind
wings white. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 11 lines.
The fore wings of this species are deflexed in repose, not vertical as in the
other species of the genus.

Gen. Elata, Fabr.

103. Flata obscura^ Fabr. See page 92.

Gen. Colobesthes, Amyot et Serv.

104. Colobesthes albiplana, Walk. See page 92.

Gen. Pcecilopteea, Latr.

105. Poeciloptera circulata, Guer. Icon. Re'gne Anim. texte, 361.
Inhabits also Java.

106. Poeciloptera maculata, Guer. See page 92.

Var. More like the Java specimens than those from Malacca, but differing
from both.

107. Pcecilopteea eoeida, n. s., mas. Testacea subtus albida, alis anticis
subfuscis albo guttatis, vitta undulata pallidissime purpurascente, margine
interiore albido punctato, posticis albis.

Male. Testaceous, whitish beneath. Abdomen and hind wings white. Fore

/

162 MR. walker's catalogue of homopterous insects

wings very pale brown, with many minute white dots, and with a forked,
much curved, very pale purplish stripe which includes a spot, and is inter-
rupted along the exterior border ; interior border darker, with white points
towards the base. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 20 lines.

108. P(ECiLOPTEEA deplana, n. s., mas. Pallide testacea, capite angusto
lateribus elevatis, antennis tibiis tarsisque anticis nigris, alis albis, anticis
lineis tribus exterioribus nigris faseiisque duabus arcuatis (una submar-
ginali, altera marginah) fuscis.

Male. Pale testaceous. Head narrow, with the borders much elevated.
Antennae, fore tibia? and fore tarsi black. Wings white. Fore wings pale
testaceous at the base, with three exterior black lines, of which two are
by the interior border, and the third is discal, angular, and much longer
than the others ; two pale brown curved bands, one submarginal, parallel
to the other which is marginal. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings
121ines. ?+tfitt4**t

Gen. Ficarasa, n. g.

Caput lateribus elevatis ; vertex arcuatus ; frons subcarinata ; lateribus
angulatis ; facies lanceolata. Prothorax valde arcuatus. Mesothorax
tricarinatus. Alee anticse areolis basalibus longissimis, mediis et mar-
ginalibus subsequalibus, venuha plurimis transversis costalibus et exteriori-
bus plurimis.

Head with elevated borders ; vertex transverse, arched ; front elongate, with
a slight middle keel, with a slight groove along each side, and with very
obtusely angular borders ; face lanceolate. Fore wings rather narrow,
rounded towards the tips ; basal areolets more than half the length of the
wing ; marginal areolets very little longer than the middle areolets, several
of which are forked ; costal veinlets and exterior veinlets numerous, the
former oblique and parallel.

,/ 109. Ficaeasa pallida, n. s., mas. Pallide testacea, alis hyalinis, venis
testaceo-albidis.
Male. Pale testaceous. Wings hyaline ; veins whitish testaceous. Length
of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

Gen. Eupilis, Walk.

110. Eupilis albilineola, Walk. See page 93, where the length of the wings
is erroneously stated to be 7 instead of 12 lines.

\/ 111. Eupilis hebes, n. s., mas et fcem. Testacea, fronte maculis duabus
posticis vittaque nigris, vertice thoraceque nigro guttatis, alis subcinereis,
venis ferrugineis.
Male and Female. Testaceous. Vertex with two black dots ; front with two
black spots towards the vertex, and with a black stripe which extends to
the face. Thorax with a few black dots. Wings very slightly greyish ;
veins ferruginous. Length of the body 3-4 lines ; of the wings 8-10
lines.

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 163

Fain. MEMBEAOINA, Burmeuter.
Gren. Centrotus, Fair.

112. Centrotus Taurus, Fair. See page 93. • .

113. Centeotus subsimilis, n. s., foem. Niger obscurus, thorace scabro
gibboso, comubus lateralibus rectis acutis, cornu postico abdominis apicem
superante, scutello pectorisque maculis duabus albidis, alis subluridis, costa
venisque nigris.

Female. Black. Thorax scabrous, elevated ; lateral horns acute, extending

at right angles to the body ; scutellum, and a spot on each side of the

pectus whitish. Wings slightly lurid ; costa and veins black. Length of

the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Very nearly allied to C. Taurus^ from which it is distinguished by its shorter,

straight, and horizontal lateral horns.

114. Centrotus laminifer, Walk. See page 93.
Exceeding in size the specimen from Malacca.

115. Centrotus vicarius, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 2. 605.
Inhabits also( Java.

116. Centrotus limbatus, n. s. Niger, thoracis vittis tribus, abdomine
subtus pedibusque albidis, cornubus lateralibus parvis, cornu postico
abdominis apicem vix attingente.

Black. Thorax with three white stripes which are united in front and behind ;
the lateral pair curved, including the lateral horns, and dilated at the base
of the hind horn ; lateral horns acute, as long as half the space between
them ; hind horn extending nearly to the tip of the abdomen, which is
whitish beneath. Legs whitish. Wings greyish hyaline, with black veins.
Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

117. CentbotuFlatimaego, n. s. Ater, thoracis cornubus lateralibus latis
planis acuminatis bicarinatis, cornu postico abdominis apicem non attin-
gente, tarsis posticis albidis, alis testaceo-hyalinis, anticis apud costam
late nigris.

Deep black, scabrous. Lateral horns of the thorax broad, flat, acuminated,
with two ridges, slightly inclined backward, each as long as the space between
them ; hind horn extending nearly to the tip of the abdomen. Hind tarsi
whitish. Wings testaceous hyaline. Fore wings with a broad black costal
stripe. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

Nearly allied to C. Assamensis^ Fairm.

5uJouA.Vvv^tt(30

118. Centrottts denstts, n. s., mas. Niger obscurus scabrosus, thoracis

cornubus lateralibus acuminatis carinatis subascendentibus, cornu postico
abdominis apicem superante, scutello maculis duabus albidis, alis posticis
cinereo-hyalinis. '

Male. Black, dull, scabrous, stout. Lateral horns of the thorax acute, ridged,
obliquely ascending, each a little shorter than the space between them ;
hind horn extending a little beyond the tip of the abdomen j scutellum

164 MR. WALKERS CATALOGUE OE HOMOPTEBOUS INSECTS

with a whitish spot on each side. Hind wings greyish hyaline. Length
of the body 2| lines ; of the wings 7 lines. m

Ah IrttoJtuv <r Se&i^ftjTrgtAA*/ . ..-^

119. Centeotus varipbs, ^n. s., foem. Niger obscurus scabrosus, tnorace

' carinato, cornubus lateralibus acuminatis carinatis subrecurvis, cornu postico
brevi, tibiis tarsisque posterioribus albidis, his apice nigris, alis subcinereo-
hyalinis, anticis costa nigra.
Female. Black, dull, scabrose. Thorax with a slight keel ; lateral horns
acute, ridged, slightly curved backward and ascending, each as long as the
space between them. Hind tibia? and hind tarsi whitish, the latter black
towards the tips. Wings hyaline, slightly cinereous ; veins black ; costa
of the fore wings black for two -thirds of the length from the base. Length
^ of the body 2| lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

120. Centrotus caliginosus, Walk. See page 93.

121. Centeotus cicadifobmis, li.s., foem. Niger obscurus scabrosus,
thoracis cornubus lateralibus subobsoletis, cornu postico nullo, abdominis
apice supra pedibusque fulvis, alis subcinereo-hyalinis, anticis costa basique
nigris.

Female. Black, dull, scabrous. Lateral horns of the thorax almost obsolete ;
no hind horn. Abdomen tawny towards the base above. Legs tawny.
Wings hyaline, slightly greyish ; veins black ; fore wings black at the base
and along the costa. Length of the body If line ; of the wings 4 lines.
^A.Yj <» X<L— -»

— 122. Centrotus consocius, n. s., foem. Niger obscurus punctulatus, tho-
race antice inermi, cornu postico abdominis dimidium superante, pedibus
fulvescentibus, alis hyalinis, anticis basi fasciis duabus maculaque sub-
apicali nigris.

Female. Black, dull, minutely punctured. Thorax unarmed in front ; hind
horn extending to a little beyond half the length of the abdomen. Legs
dingy tawny. Wings hyaline ; veins pale ; fore wings with the base, two
irregular bands, and a subapical spot black. Length of the body 1 line ;
of the wings 2^ lines.

Very nearly allied to C. semlfascia, Walk.

Gen. Micreune, Walk.

123. Micreune formidanda, Walk. See page 94.

124. Micreune metuenda, n. s., mas et foem. Atra, thoracis macuhs
duabus lateralibus posticis testacei3, cornu erecto spinis duabus lateralibus
acutis subarcuatis, cornu postico abdominis apicem superante, alis cinereo-
hyalinis, venis nigris.

Male and Female. Deep black. Thorax with a testaceous spot on each side
hind ward ; the erect horn armed with two acute, horizontal, slightly curved
spines ; hind horn extending a little beyond the tip of the abdomen.
Wings cinereous hyaline ; veins black. Length of the body 3 lines ; of
the wings 6 lines.

C. dama, Germar, and C. gazella, Hoffm., probably belong to this genus.

COLLECTED IN BOBNEO. 165

Earn. CICADELLINA, Burm.

Trib. LiEYiPEDES, Amyot et Serv.

Subtrib. Cebcopides, St. Farg. et Serv.

G-en. Cebcopis, Fair.

125. Cercopis tricolor, St. Farg. See page 94.

126. Cercopis submaculata, Walk. Cat. Somopt. pt. 3. 657. 27.
Inhabits also Java.

127. Cercopis flavifascia, Walk. Cat. Homojpt. pt. 3. 654. 16.
Inhabits also Java.

128. Cercopis costalis, Walk. See page 95.

The marks on the thorax and on the fore wings are occasionally white.

129. Cercopis dorsimacula, Walk. See page 95.

130. Cercopis rugulosa, Walk. See page 95.

131. Cercopis semipardalis, n. s. Cuprea pubescens, abdomine subtus rufo
nigro maculato, pedibus rufis, alis anticis fulvis nigro maculatis apice
cupreis, posticis cinereis.

Cupreous, pubescent. Abdomen beneath red, with black spots. Legs reddish.
Fore wings tawny, with nine black spots ; apical third part cupreous.
Hind wings cinereous. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

132. Cercopis delineata, n. s., fcem. Nigro-cyanea pubescens, capitis
vitta thoracisque fascia postica flavis, pedibus rufis, alis anticis purpureo-
cupreis luteo trivittatis, posticis cinereis.

Female. Blackish, pubescent. Head with a lanceolate yellow stripe in front.
Scutum with a curved yellow band. Abdomen tawny beneath. Legs red,
Fore wings purplish cupreous, with three luteous bands, one along the
basal part of the interior border, the other two at right angles to the costa.
Hind wings grey. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

133. Cercopis semirosea, n. s. Rufo-lutea, alis anticis testaceis basi costa-
que rufescentibus apice roseis, posticis albidis.

Reddish luteous. Fore wings testaceous, rosy towards the tips, reddish at
the base and along the costa. Hind wings whitish. Length of the body
3 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

134. Cercopis tjndttlifera, n. s., fcem. Nigra, frontis macula thoracis
fascia et alarum anticarum lineis duabus transversis undulatis testaceis
tibiis tarsisque fulvescentibus, alis posticis cinereis.

Female. Black. Vertex piceous, with a testaceous border ; front with a
testaceous spot behind. Thorax with a broad testaceous band. Tibiae
and tarsi dark tawny. Fore wings with two undulating transverse tes-
taceous lines. Hind wings cinereous. Length of the body 3 fines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

135. Cercopis subdolens, n. s. Rufa, capifce pectore pedibusque nigris,
femoribus tibiisque posticis rufis, alis posticis cinereis.

Red. Head, pectus and legs black. Hind femora and hind tibiee red. Hind
wings grey. Length of the body 2 fines ; of the wings 6 lines.

166 MR. walker's catalogue oe homopterotjs insects

Subtrib. Aphrophorides, Amyot et Serv.

^ , Glen. Ptyelus, St. Farg. et Serv.

* 136. Ptyelus amplus, Walk. Cat. Eomopt. pt. 3. 706. 11.

Inhabits also Java.

«
>/ 137. Ptyelus ineffecttts, n. s., foem. Piceus, tibiis posticis fulvis, alia

anticis linea transversa angulosa subobsoleta fulva, postieis nigro-cinereis.

Female. Piceous. Pectus with a tawny spot on each side. Hind tibiae dull

tawny. Fore wings with an indistinct transverse zigzag tawny line.

Hind wings blackish-grey. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings

8 lines.

Gen. Amartjsa, n. g. 2= fL g

Corpus longum. Caput breve, arcuatum, lateribus vix brevioribus ; frons

sulcis transversis. Scutum antice impressum, margine pestico excavato ;

scutellum oblanceolatum. Pedes brevissimi. Alee longi-fusiformes.
Body long. Head short, convex in front, concave behind, hardly longer in

the middle than on each side ; its breadth more than four times its length.

Scutum impressed in front ; middle part of the hind border excavated ;

scutellum oblanceolate. Legs very short. Wings elongate -fusiform.

138. AmaSusa picea, n. s. Nigra, capite supra thoraceque obscure fulvis,
thorace maculis duabus lateralibus piceis, alis anticis piceis, posticis nigro-
cinereis.

Black. Head above and thorax dark tawny. Thorax with a piceous spot
on each side. Fore wings piceous. Hind wings blackish-grey. Length
of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

- . Gen. Perinoia, Walk.

139. Peeinoia exclamans, n. s., foem. Fusca, capite supra - thoraceque
testaceo septem-vittatis, capite subtus pectoreque testaceo bivittatis, alis
anticis nigro-fuscis vittis tribus basalibus duabusque apicalibus maculisque
quatuor intermediis testaceis, posticis cinereis.

Female. Brown. Head above and scutum with seven testaceous stripes
which extend to the scutum and to the interior base of the fofle wings.
Head beneath and pectus with a testaceous stripe on each side. Fore
wings blackish-brown, pale brown like the thorax at the interior base, with
three basal and two apical testaceous stripes, and with four intermediate
elongated testaceous spots. Hind wings cinereous. Length of the body
3£ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

140. Peeinoia signifera, n. s., foem. Nigra, capite supra thoraceque
testaceis cervino sex-vittatis, capite subtus pectoreque testaceo bivittatis,
pedibus testaceis, alis anticis margine interiore vitta basali arcuata vittisque
duabus apicalibus testaceis, posticis cinereis.

Female. Black, narrower than the preceding species, and with a more conical
head. Head above and thorax testaceous, with six fawn-coloured stripes

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 167

which extend to the scutum and to the interior border of the fore wings.
Head beneath and pectus with a testaceous stripe on each side. Legs
testaceous. Fore wings with the interior border, a curved basal stripe,
and two apical stripes testaceous. Hind wings cinereous. Length of the
body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

141. Peejnoia*" expressa, n.s., fcem. Nigra, capite subtus pectoreque
albido bivittatis, ventre pedibusque obscure fulvis, alis anticis maculis
duabus strigaque exteriore subarcuata albido-testaceis, posticis cinereis.

Female. Black. Head piceous above ; under side and pectus with a whitish
stripe on each side. Abdomen beneath and legs dark tawny. Fore wings
with two whitish testaceous spots, and with an exterior somewhat paler
slightly curved streak which joins the costa and extends nearly to the tip
of the wing. Hind wings blackish-grey. Length of the body 3£ lines j
of the wings 8 lines.

Subtrib. Serripedes, Amyot et Serv.
Coli. Tettigonides, Amyot et Serv.

Gen. Tettigonia, Germar.

142. Tettigonia farinosa, Fair. See page 97.

143. Tettigonia ferruginea, Fair. See page 97.

144. Tettigonia suavissima, Walk. See page 97.

145. Tettigonia elongata, n. s. Fulva subtus testacea, capitis disco fas-
ciisque duabus anticis necnon scuti macula antica margineque postico
scutellique disco nigris, abdomine nigro, margine fasciisque subtus rufis,
pedibus albidis, tibiis tarsisque apice nigris, alis anticis ferrugineis basi
fulvo nigro glaucoque maculatis apice posticisque nigricantibus.

Tawny, testaceous beneath. Disk of the head and two bands beneath, a spot
in front of the scutum and its hind border, and the disk of the scutellum
black. Abdomen black ; under side with red bands and a red border.
Legs whitish ; tips of the tibiae and of the tarsi black. Fore wings ferru-
ginous, blackish towards the tips, with three spots at the base ; 1st spot
taw^ny, 2nd black, 3rd glaucous. Hind wings blackish. Length of the
body 6 lines : of the wings 14 lines.

\:

146. Tettigonia lineolata, n. s. G-lauco-nigra, capite subtus fasciis
duabus flavis, pectoris abdominisque lateribus flavis, ventre subtus fascia
postica flava apice albo, pedibus piceis, anticis flavo variis, alis posticis basi
cinereis.

Black, with a glaucous tinge. Head beneath with two yellow bands. Pectus
and abdomen yellow along each side ; the latter with a yellow band near
the tip, which is white. Legs piceous ; fore legs marked with yellow.
Hind wings cinereous hyaline towards the base. Length of the body
6 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

147. Tettigonia angularis, n. s. Nigra albo tomentosa subtus picea,

168 me. walkee's catalogue of homopteeous insects

thorace cupreo, vittis obscurioribus guttisque albis, margine antico nigro,
alis anticis cupreo-rufis apice cinereis, posticis nigro-cinereis.
Black, with whitish tomentum, piceous beneath. Thorax cupreous, with
darker stripes and with white dots, black along the fore border. Fore
wings cupreous red, grey towards the tips, with a dotted pale lilac band
at the base. Hind wings blackish -grey. Length of the body 5 lines ; of
the wings 10 lines.

148. Tettigonia invadens, n. s., fcem. Ochracea, tibiis anticis intus nigro
lineatis, alis anticis apice posticisque cupreo-cinereis.

Female. Ochraceous. Fore tibiae with a black line on the inner side. Fore
wings at the tips and hind wings cupreous-cinereous. Length of the body
4 lines ; of the wings 10 Hues.

149. Tettigonia scitipennis, n. s., mas. Lsete flava, subtus nigra, abdo-
mine nigro apice albido, pedibus fiavis, alis anticis maculis quatuor fasciaque
exteriore nigris, apice cinereis, posticis nigro-cupreis apice cmereis.

Male. Bright yellow, black beneath. Abdomen black, whitish at the tip.
Legs yellow. Fore wings with four black spots and with an exterior black
band, grey at the tips. Hind wings blackish- cupreous, with grey tips.
Length of the body 3| lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

150. Tettigonia lepidipennis, mas. Flava, thorace ochraceo-vittato, ab-
domine pedibusque albidis, alis anticis seneo-testaceis subhyalinis, maculis
quinque elongatis ochraceis, posticis albo-hyalinis.

Male. Yellow. Thorax with an ochraceous stripe. Abdomen and legs
whitish. Fore wings seneous testaceous, subhyaline, with five elongated
irregular ochraceous spots, the subapical one indistinct. Hind wings white,

' hyaline. Length of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 10 lines.

151. Tettigonia ebtjenea, n. s., mas et foem. Albida, capite conico, alis
lacteo-albis.

Male and Female. Whitish. Vertex of the head conical. Wings milk-white.
Length of the body 2f lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

/ 152. Tettigonia signifera, n. s. iEneo-cinerea, capitis maculis quatuor,
thoracis vittis duabus absque anticis vitta interrupts runs, alis posticis
cinereis.
iEneous-cinereous. Head conical, with four red stripes. Thorax with two
red stripes and a red dot on the hind border between them. Fore wings
with a red stripe composed of five streaks. Hind wings greyish-hyaline.
Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings V lines.

153. Tettigonia polita, n. s. Ochracea subtiis albido-flava, capite guttis
septem thoraceque duabus atris, alis anticis nigris costa testacea margine
interiore ochraceo, posticis nigricantibus.

Ochraceous, whitish-yellow beneath. -Head with seven black dots, three in
front and four behind. Thorax with two black dots. Fore wings black ;
costa testaceous ; interior border ochraceous. Hind wings blackish.
Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

154. Tett£gonia glabra, n. s. Testacea, capite guttis duabus lateralibus

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 169

nigris, thorace fulvo, abdomine nigro, alis anticis cupreis, guttis duabus
marginalibus testaceis, posticis nigro-cinereis.
Testaceous. Head with a minute black dot on each side near the eye.
Thorax tawny. Abdomen black. Fore wings cupreous, shining, with two
elongated testaceous dots ; one on the costa, opposite to the other which
is on the interior border. Hind wings blackish-grey. Length of the body
2f lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

155. Tettigonia inclinans, n. s. Cuprea, capite pedibusque testaceis,
capite subtus vittis duabus runs, abdomine nigro, alis posticis nigricantibus.

Cupreous. Head testaceous ; front with two red stripes. Abdomen black.
Legs testaceous. Hind wings blackish. Length of the body 2| lines; of
the wings 6 lines.

156. Tettigonia dieficilis, n. s. Nigro-senea subtus testacea, capitis fascia
interrupts thoracis vittis duabus angulatis scutelhque guttis ochraceis,
pedibus testaceis, alis cinereo-hyalinis, anticis nigricante guttatis.

Blackish-seneous, testaceous beneath. Head with an interrupted ochraceous
band. Scutum with an angular ochraceous stripe on each side ; scutellum
with ochraceous dots. Legs testaceous. Wings greyish-hyaline ; fore
wings with a blackish dot on each areolet. Length of the body 3 lines ;
of the wings 6 lines.

Cob.. Scaeides, Amyot et Serv.
G-en. Ledea, Fabr.

157. Ledea titbeectjlifeons, n. s., foam. Ferruginosa, capite lato tuber-
culato, scuto quadricarinato, alis cinereo-subhyalinis, anticis ferrugineo
variis tuberculis duobus nigris, areohs plurimis.

Female. Ferruginous, paler beneath. Head short-conical, tuberculated, slightly
keeled, much broader than long, with a short oblique ridge on each side
behind. Scutum transverse subquadrate, with four keels. Wings cine-
reous-hyaline ; fore wings varied with ferruginous, slightly tuberculated at
the base, and with two more distinct black tubercles in the disk ; areolets
irregular and very numerous. Length of the body 6 lines ; of the wings
10 lines.

158. Ledea dilatieeons, n. s., foem. Obscure ferruginea confertissime
punctata subtus nigra, capite latissimo subtus antice testaceo, facie flava,
scuto quadrirugoso, femoribus apice tibiisque albidis, alis posticis cinereis.

Female. Dark ferruginous, very thickly punctured, black beneath. Head
and thorax with a slight middle keel. Head a little broader than the
thorax, twice broader than long, very obtusely angular in front ; . disk on
each side with an impression containing a black forked line ; under side
testaceous along the fore border ; face yellow. Scutum more than twice
broader than long, a little broader in front, with four broad ridges. Legs
black ; femora towards the tips, tibiae and posterior tarsi whitish. Fore
wings with ridged veins. Hind wings cinereous. Length of the body
5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

170 _, MB. walkeb's catalogue of iiomopterotjs insects

159. Ledea tenuifeons, n. s., mas. Cervina albido varia subtus albido-
testacea, capite transverso brevi-conico, angulis tribus anticis perobtusis,
scuto antice convexo maculis duabus lateralibus fuscis, scutello maculis
duabus fuscis nitidis, abdomine supra pallide luteo, alis hyalinis, anticis
cervino-venosis basi cervinis punctulatis, posticis nigro-venosis.

Male. Fawn-colour, whitish testaceous beneath. Head and thorax partly
whitish. Head very thin, with a slight keel, nearly twice broader than
long, with three very obtuse angles in front. Scutum convex and with a
brown spot on each side in front j scutellum with a brown shining spot
on each side. Abdomen pale luteous above. Legs whitish. Fore wings
hyaline, with fawn-coloured veins, fawn-coloured and punctured at the
base. Hind wings with black veins. Length of the body 4| lines ; of the
wings 7 lines.

160. Ledea xongifeons, n. s., fcem. Ferruginea subtus sordide albido-
testacea, capite thorace alisque anticis apud costam testaceo guttatis, capite
longi-conico, scuto antice convexo, abdomine longo, suturis chalybeo-albidis
nitentibus, alis anticis vitta discali apicibusque subhyalinis, posticis hyalinis
nigro-venosis.

Female. Ferruginous, dingy whitish testaceous beneath. Head, thorax and

fore wings along two-thirds of the costa with testaceous dots. Head

elongate-conical, rather broader than long, with an almost obsolete keel.

Scutum convex in front. Sutures of the abdomen chalybeous-white,

shining ; tip testaceous. Legs whitish. Fore wings with a discal stripe

and with the apical third part nearly hyaline. Hind wings hyaline, with

black veins. Length of the body 5 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.
.1 . • * " ....

161. Ledea cokicifeons, n. s. Pallide fulva subtiis sordide albido-testacea,
capite thorace alisque anticis confertissime punctulatis, capite conico, scuto
antice convexo, pedibus albidis, alis anticis testaceis, apicibus posticisquc
hyalinis.

Pale tawny, dingy whitish testaceous beneath. Head, thorax and fore wings
along two-thirds of the length very thickly and minutely punctured. Head
and scutum with an indistinct keel ; head conical, a little shorter than
that of the preceding species ; scutum convex in front. Legs whitish.
Fore wings testaceous, hyaline towards the tips ; veins testaceous. Hind
wings hyaline, with black veins. Length of the body 4£ lines ; of the
wings 8 lines.

162. Ledea planifeons, n. s., mas. Testaceo-viridis subobsolete punctulata
subtus viridi-alba, capite scutoque ferrugineo marginatis, illo brevi, hujus
lateribus angulatis, abdomine pallide rufo, pedibus albidis, alis posticis
albido-hyalinis venis albis.

Male. Testaceous-green, very minutely punctured, greenish-white beneath.
Head and scutum with a ferruginous border. Head rounded in front, full
thrice broader than long, indistinctly keeled. Scutum hardly convex in
front, slightly concave behind, with a distinct angle on each side. Abdo-
men pale red. Legs whitish. Fore wings more green than the thorax.
Hind wings whitish-hyaline, with white veins. Length of the body
4£ lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

COLLECTED IK BORNEO. 171

163. Ledea aectxattfeons, n. s. Pallide viridis subobsolete punctulata
subtus albida, capite conico, scuto antice non convexo postice vix concavo,
pedibus albidis, alis posticis albo-hyalinis venis albis.

Pale green, whitish beneath. Head and scutum with an almost obsolete
furrow. Head conical, very much broader than long. Scutum not convex
in front, very slightly concave behind. Legs whitish. Fore wings greyish
towards the tips ; hind wings whitish-hyaline, with white veins. Length
of the body 4 lines ; of the wings 7^ lines.

164. Ledea eanifbons, n. s., mas. Ferruginea, capite subtus abdomineque
rufis, thorace fascia postica viridi piceo marginata, pectore pedibusque
testaceis, alis anticis fulvis, margine postico viridi striga exteriore fusca,
posticis cinereis.

Male. Ferruginous. Head short-conical, much more than twice broader
than long, red beneath. Scutum hardly convex in front, green along the
hind border, and with an intermediate transverse piceous line. Pectus and
legs testaceous. Abdomen red. Fore wings tawny, green along the hind
border, and with a brown streak towards the tip which is paler. Hind
wings cinereous, with black veins. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the
wings 6 lines.

165. Ledea obtttsifeons, n. s., foem. Viridis lata subtus testacea, capite
brevi subtus ferrugineo, scutello fusco, alis anticis linea basali aream
pallidam includente fasciaque subapicali fuscis, posticis hyalinis nigro-
venosis.

Female. Green, broad, testaceous beneath. Head much more than twice
broader than long, rounded in front, ferruginous beneath. Scutum hardly
convex in front and as little concave behind; scutellum brown. Fore
wings with a brown basal line including a pale space along the hind
border, and with a brown subapical band. Hind wings hyaline, with
black veins. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

166. Ledea teuncatifeons, n. s., mas. Picea lata punctulata subtus nigra,
capite perbrevi, abdomine basi pedibusque testaceis, alis anticis apice pal-
lidioribus, posticis cinereis nigro-venosis.

Male. Piceou3, broad, black beneath. Head, thorax and fore wings very
minutely punctured. Head about four times broader than long. Scutum
short. Abdomen at the base and legs testaceous. Fore wings paler at the
tips. Hind wings greyish-hyaline, with black veins. Length of the body
1\ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

Gen. Epiclikes, Amyot et Serv.

167. Epiclines obliqtta, n. s. Viridis subtus testacea, capite conico, lento
fasciis duabus anticis runs postice fusco, scutello et alarum anticarum
margine postico basi vittaque discali obliqua luteis, alis posticis cinereo-
hyalinis nigro-venosis.

Green, testaceous beneath. Head conical, indistinctly keeled, nearly twice
broader than long. Scutum obtusely angular on each side, with two red
bands in front, brown along the hind border. Scutellum luteous. Fore
wings luteous along the hind border towards the base, and with an oblique

172 mb. walker's catalogue of homopterotjs insects

luteous band which extends from the base of the costa to nearly two-thirds
of the length of the hind border. Hind wings cinereous-hyaline, with
black veins. Length of the body 7 lines ; of the wings 14 lines.

Gren. Isaca, n. g.

Corpus breve. Caput transversum, convexum ; frons transversa ; fades
transversa, trigona. Antennae brevissimae ; arista gracillhna, corporis
dimidio longior. Pedes anteriores breves ; postici longi, tibiis spinosissimis.
Alee sat angnstse, venis paucis.

Body short. Head transverse, convex ; vertex short ; front and face trans-
verse, the latter triangular. Antennae very short ; arista very slender,
more than half the length of the body. Anterior legs short ; hind legs
long ; their tibiae very spinose. Wings rather narrow, with few veins.

168. Isaca bipaks, n. s. Nigra nitens glabra, facie pectore abdomine
pedibusque albidis, alis hyalinis, anticis striga lata basali fasciaque latissima
exteriore nigro-fuscis, posticis disco nigro-fusco.

Black, shining, smooth. Face, pectus, abdomen and legs whitish. Wings
hyaline. Fore wings with a broad blackish-brown basal streak, and with
a very broad exterior blackish-brown band. Hind wings with a blackish-
brown disk. Length of the body 1£ line ; of the wings 4 lines.

Coh. Iassides, Amyot et Serv.
Gen. Acocephalus, Germar.

169. Acocephalus olivaceus, Walk. See page 98.

170. Acocephalus stramineus, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 3. 847. 2.
Inhabits also Java.

171. Acocephalus discigfcttta, n. s., mas. Testacea brevis, abdominis
dorso nigro, alis anticis albis fusco reticulatis, macula discali nigra, plaga
postica testacea, posticis hyalinis albo-venosis.

Male. Testaceous, short. Abdomen black above. Fore wings white, with
brown transverse marks which are most frequent at the tips ; a black discal
spot and a posterior testaceous patch. Hind wings quite hyaline, with
white veins. Length of the body 1^ line ; of the wings 3 lines.

(iv. Gren. C(ELIdia, Germar.

172. Coelidia DiRiGENS, n. s., foem. Fusca subtus alba, vertice albo antice
nigro, capite subtus fasciis ferrugineis, scuto albo consperso, abdomine
nigro- vario, tibiis tarsisque apice albis, alis anticis maculis nigris albisque,
venis albo punctatis.

Female. Brown, white beneath. Vertex white, black along the fore border ;
front with three ferruginous bands. Scutum sprinkled with white. Abdo-
men varied with black. Tibiae and tarsi with black tips. Fore wings
slightly mottled, with black costal spots, and with white hyaline discal
spots ; veins with white dots. Length of the body 3£ lines ; of the wings
7 lines.

},

COLLECTED IN BORNEO. 173

173. C(ELiDiA paedalis, n. s. Fulva subtus testacea, fronte facieque vittis
duabus rufis, alis anticis fuscis maculis variis luridia, posticis cinereis.

Tawny, testaceous beneath. Front and face with two red stripes. Fore
wings brown, with lurid spots of various size and shape. Hind wings
grey. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

174. Ccelidia albisigna, n. s. Nigra, capite albido, facie nigra, abdominis
segmentis albido marginatis, tibiis anterioribus albidis, alis anticis nigro-
fuscis, guttis plurimis luridis maculis quatuor marginalibus albis, posticis
cinereis.

Black. Head whitish ; face black. Segments of the abdomen with whitish
borders. Tarsi whitish, with black tips ; anterior tarsi whitish ; hind tibiae
partly whitish. Fore wings with several lurid dots, with two irregular
white spots on the costa, and with two more on the interior border. Hind
wings grey. Length of the body 2£ lines ; of the wings 5 lines.

'sie~V75. Ccelidia cttpbaeia, n. s., foam. Testacea, capite subtus fulvo bivittato,
pectore plagis quatuor nigris, alis anticis nigro-cupreis costa testacea, pos-
ticis nigro-cinereis.
Female. Testaceous. Front and face with two tawny stripes. Pectus black ;
segments with testaceous borders. Legs tawny. Fore wings blackish-
cupreous ; costa testaceous. Hind wings blackish-grey. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines,

G-en. Bythoscoptts, Germar.
Group 1. Arista brevis. Arista short.

176. Bythoscopus ferrugineus, Walk. Cat. Homopt. pt. 3. 865. 31.
Inhabits also Java. , v

177. Bythoscoptts testacetts, n. s., mas. Luteo-testaceus nitens subtus
pallide testaceus, capite brevi, thorace subpunctulato, abdominis segmentis
rufo marginatis apice rufo, alis anticis apice cinereo-hyalinis, posticis nigro-
cupreis.

Male. Luteous-testaceous, shining, pale testaceous beneath. Head very little
longer in the middle than on each side. Thorax very minutely punctured.
Abdominal segments with red borders; tip red. Fore wings greyish-
hyaline towards the tips. Hind wings blackish-cupreous. Length of the
body 4 lines ; of the wings 8 lines.

178. Bythoscoptts metallictts, n. s., foem. Cupreus subtus ferrugineus,
capite fulvo brevissimo latissimo, vertice scutoque antice testaceis, illius
margine antico nigro, alis anticis fascia maculaque exteriore discali albido-
hyalinis, posticis nigro-cinereis.

Female. Cupreous ; ferruginous beneath. Head tawny, very short and
broad ; vertex with a black line along the fore border which is testaceous.
Scutum testaceous in front. Fore wings with' a whitish-hyaline band, and
with an exterior discal spot of the same hue. Hind wings blackish-grey.
Length of the, bodv 4£ lines ; of the wings 9 lines.

Jra hmA

179. Bythoscoptts lateealis, n. s. Cupreus subtus fulvus, capite brevi-
LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY. 13

174 MR. walker's catalogue oe homopterous insects

conico line& antica transversa nigra, alis anticis apices versus cinereo-
notatis, strigis duabus costalibus hyalinis, posticis nigro-cinereis.
Cupreous, tawny beneath. Head short-conical, rather longer than in most
species of the genus ; vertex with a transverse black line in front. Fore
wings towards the tips with some cinereous marks and with two more
distinct hyaline costal streaks. Hind wings blackish-grey. Length of the
body 2 lines ; of the wings 4 lines.

180. Bythoscopus cephalotes, n. s. Pallide flavus, capitis disGO testaceo,
punctis duobus anticis nigris, strigis duabus subtus facieque nigris, abdo-
mine testaceo, alis anticis fulvis, margine postico basi pallide flavo, posticis
cinereo-hyalinis.

Pale yellow. Head testaceous in the disk above, with two minute black dots
in front, and with two black streaks towards the face, which is also black.
Abdomen testaceous. Fore wings tawny, pale yellow at the base of the
hind border. Hind wings greyish-hyaline. Length of the body 1$ line ;
of the wings 3 lines.

Group 2. Arista perlong a. Arista very long.

1.81. Btthoscopus biaecttatits, n. s., fcem. Albido-testaceus,verticescuto-
que linea transversa arcuata rufa, alis anticis maculis duabus costalibus
exterioribus apiceque fuscis, posticis subhyalinis pallido-venosis.

Female. Whitish-testaceous. Head arched, about four times broader than
long, a little more convex in front than concave behind. Vertex and
scutum each with a transverse red arched line. Arista about three-fourths
of the length of the body. Fore wings with brown tips, and with two
exterior brown costal spots. Hind wings nearly hyaline, with brown tips.
Length of the body 2^ lines ; of the wings 5| lines.

182. Bythoscoptts l^tisigxna, n. s., mas. et foem. Cinereo-cupreus subtus
cinereus, capitis linea antica thoracis fascia antica interrupts, arcuata*
maculisque posticis ochraceis, tibiis anticis ochraceis, alis cupreo-hyalinis,
anticis costa ochracea maculis duabus exterioribus costalibus apiceque
nigro-fuscis.

Male and Female. Cupreous, with a cinereous tinge ; cinereous beneath.
Head with an ochraceous line in front of the vertex. Arista about half
the length of the body. Thorax with an arched interrupted ochraceous
band and some hinder ochraceous spots. Fore tibiae and tips of the fore
femora ochraceous. Wings cupreous-hyaline. Fore wings with the costa
and the interior border ochraceous, with two exterior blackish-brown costal
lines, with blackish-brown tips, and with a blackish-brown dot by the
interior border. Length of the body 3 lines ; of the wings 7 lines.

183. Bythoscoptts nigeilinea, n. s. iEneo-fulvus, capite lineis duabus
transversis nigris, alis anticis seneo-luridis, guttis tribus apud marginem
posticum nigris.

^Eneous-tawny. Head with two black transverse lines. Arista a little more
than half the length of the body. Wings lurid, with an aeneous tinge ;
interior border of the fore wings with three black dots. Length of the
body 2£ lines ; of the wings 6 lines.

COLLECTED JX BORNEO. 175

184. Bythoscopus ignicans, n. s. Ochraceus subtus testaceus, scutello albo,
alis anticis guttis discalibus inaculisque marginalibus albis, maculis apicali-
bus fuscis, posticis cinereis.

Ochraceous, testaceous beneath. Arista longer than the body. Scutellum
white. Legs testaceous. Fore wings with white brown-bordered discal
dots, and with some white spots on the costa and on the interior border ;
disks of the exterior areolets brown. Hind wings grey. Length of the
body If line ; of the wings 4 lines.

Description or Plate VI., illustrating New Genera of Bornean
Diptera, described in Mr. Walker's Memoir, pp. 105-136.

Plate VI.
Fig. 1. Culcua simulans, magnified, p. 109 : 1 a, the head seen sideways ;

1 b, the antenna more strongly magnified.
Fig. 2. Fvaza bipars, magnified, p. 109 : 2 a, the head seen sideways, showing

the large facets of the eyes ; 2 b, the antenna.
Fig. 3. Citibcena aurata, magnified, p. 124, showing the spinose posterior

femora : 3 a, the head seen in front j 3 b} the same seen sideways ;

3 c, the antenna.

Fig. 4. Baryterocera inclusa, magnified, p. 123 : 4 a, the head seen sideways ;

4 Z>, the same seen in front ; 4 c, the antenna.

Fig. 5. Gauzania devecta, magnified, p. 130, showing the large middle legs :

5 a, the head seen in front ; 5 b, the same seen sideways ; 5 c, the
antenna. ■

Illustratiye Description oe Plates VII. & VIII. of Bornean
Homoptera, described in the foregoing Paper.

Plate VII.
Fig. 1. Leusaba marginalis, p. 144 : 1 a, the head and prothorax seen sideways.
Fig. 2. Isporisa apicalis, p. 145 : 2 a,.the head and prothorax seen sideways.
Fig. 3. Fpora subtilis, p. 146 : 3 cvfhe head and prothorax seen sideways.
Fig. 4. Ostama juncta, p. 151 : 4 a, upper wing ; 4 b, face seen in front.
Fig. 5. Frana operosa, p. 151 : 5 a, upper wing ; 5 b, face seen in front.
Fig. 6. Rhotala delineata, p. 152 : 6 a, the head and prothorax seen sideways.
Fig. 7. Hiracia ignava, p. 155 : V a, the head and prothorax seen sideways

7 b, the fore and hind wings expanded.
Fig. 8. Lerida fervens, p. 158 : 8 a, head and prothorax seen sideways.

Plate VIII.
Fig. t. Paricana dilatipennis, p. 159 : 1 a, head and prothorax seen sideways.
Fig. % Rhotana latipennis, p. 160 : 2 a, head and prothorax seen sideways.
Fig. 3. Eucarpia univitta, p. 159 : 3 a, head and prothorax seen sideways.
Fig. 4. Ficarasa pallida, p. 162 : 4 a, head and prothorax seen sideways.
Fig. 5. Nieerta submentiens, p. 159 : 5 a, head and prothorax seen sideways ;

5 b} hind leg.
Fig. 6. Amarusa picea, p. 166 : 6 a, face seen in front.
Fig. 7. Isaca bipars, p. 172 : 7 a, face seen in front.

13*

Joua, . mLjv. ifa>, 2#v. pG^i/u 105, k£.

k

J)a,ykSo?uLit1iT6to The^Qoee

lAttm,. JeJnn*!&>. Z?o '1450% 7*

J&e*c i£tJiJ45.0£&

INDEX.

Page
Acliiae, Fair. . . . . . . . 36, 134,

maculipemiis, JFestiv. . 36, 134

Acoeephalus, Germ 172

discigutta, Walk 172

olivaceus, Walk. . . 98, 172

stramineus, Walk 172

Amarusa, Walk 166

picea, Walk 166, 175

Andrena Mouffetella 140

Anthomyia, Meig 129

illocata, Walk 129

tonitrui, Wied 129

Anthrax, Fabr. 15, 118

degenera, Walk 15

pennipes, Wied 118

satellitia, Walk 119

semiscita, Walk 118

Tantalus, Fabr 118

Aphana, Guer 84, 143

basirufa, Walk 143

rosea, Guer 84

saturata, Walk 143

Saundersii, White . . 84, 143

Scutellaria, Walk 143

uniformis, Walk 144

veris-amor, Walk 143

Argyroneta aquatica, Walk. . . 2

Aricia, Macq 27, 128

argentata, Walk 27

inaperta, Walk 129

patula, Walk 128

Ascia, Meg 125

brachystoma, Wied. . . . 125

Asilus, L. 13

Barium, Walk. ... 14, 116

contortus, Walk 117

debilis, Walk 13

flagrans, Walk 115

fusiformis, Walk 13

latifascia, Walk 14

sinuosus, Walk. . , . . 13

Baccha, Fabr 125

Amphithoe, Walk. . . . 125

Baryterocera, Walk 123

inclusa, Walk. . . . 123,175

Bengalia Dioclea, Walk. . . . 128

Benna, Walk 90,157

canescens, Walk 157

capitulata, Walk 90

clarescens, Walk 158

prsestans, Walk 158

Page

Bidis, Walk 88, 150

contigua, Walk 151

notivena, Walk 88

pictula," JFaZZ- 150

punctifrons, Walk. . . . 150

Bythoscopus, Germ 173

biarcuatus, Walk 174

cephalotes, Walk 174

ferrugineus, Walk 173

ignicans, Walk 175

lsetisigna, Walk 174

lateralis, Walk 173

metallicus, Walk 173

nigrilinea, Walk 174

testaceus, Walk 1 73

Csenosia, Meig 129

insurgens, Walk 129

macularis, Wied 129

Calobata, Fabr 37, 135

cedens, Walk 135

confinis, Walk 37

immixta, Walk 37

strenua, Walk 135

Cardiacephala, Macq. . . . . 135

longicollis, Walk 135

Cecidomyia, Latr 105

deferenda, Walk 105

Celyphus, Balm 30, 131

obtectus, Dalm 30

scutatus, Wied 131

Centrotus, Fabr. .... 93, 163

caliginosus, Walk. . . 93, 163

i cicadiformis, Walk. . . .164

consocius, Walk 164

densus, Walk 163

laminifer, Walk. . . 93, 163

latimargo, Walk 163

limbatus, Walk 163

semifascia, Walk 94

semivitreus, Walk. ... 94

subsimilis, Walk 163

Taurus, Fabr. ... 93, 163

varipes, Walk 164

vicarius, Walk 163

Cercopis, Fabr 94, 165

costalis, Walk. ... 95, 165

delineata, Walk. ..... 165

discrepans, Walk 95

dislocata, Walk 95

dorsimacula, Walk. . 95, 165

flayifascia, Walk 165

178

INDEX.

Cercopis semirosea, Walk.

rugulosa, Walk.

semipardus, Walk.

plana, Walk. . .

subdolens, Walk. .

submaculata, Walk.

tricolor, St. Farg. and Serv.

Page

. 165

95, 165

. 165

. 95

. 165

. 165

94,

165

undulifera, Walk 165

unifascia, Walk 95

Ceria, Fair 17, 122

Javana, Wied. ... 17, 122

Chrysopila, Macq 118

maculipennis, Walk. . . . 118

Chrysops, Fair 9, 112

dispar, Fair 9, 112

fasciatus, Wied 112

fixissimus, Walk 112

Cicada, L 84

virguncula, Walk 84

Citibsena, Walk 124

aurata, Walk. . . . 124, 175

Cixius, Latr 87, 146

sequus, Walk 147

albistriga, Walk 87

deductus, Walk 149

despectus, Walk 148

diffinis, Walk 146

dilectus, Walk 150

dotatus, Walk 150

efferatus, Walk. . . 89, 146

ferreus, Walk 146

finitus, Walk 149

guttifer, Walk 146

inclinatus, Walk 147

insuetus, Walk 150

modicus, Walk 148

munitus, Walk 149

nexus, Walk 148

pallens, Walk 149

perplexus, Walk 147

pustulatus, Walk. . . 87, 146

simplex, Walk 147

trahens, Walk 149

vilis, Walk 148

Clitellaria, Meig. ... 7, 108, 109

bivittata, Fabr 7

flaviceps, Walk. ... 7, 108

notabilis, Walk 108

varia, Walk 7, 108

Coccus ceriferus, Westw 104

Pe-la, Westw 103

Sinensis, Westw. .... 103

Ccelidia, Germ 99, 172

albisigna, Walk 173

cupraria, Walk 173

dirigens, Walk 172

guttivena, Walk 99

pardalis, Walk 173

punctivena, Walk 99

Page

Coleoptera 137, 139

Colobesthes, Am. Sf Serv. . 92, 161

albiplana, Walk. . . 92, 161

marginata, Walk 92

Colsa, Walk 96

costsestriga, Walk 96

Conna, Walk 89

guttifera, Walk 90

Cromna, Walk 85

acutipennis, Walk 85

Crustacea 140

Ctenophora, Fabr 6

chrysophylla, Walk. ... 6

Culcua, Walk 109

simulans, Walk 109

Culex, L 5, 105

annulipes, Walk 6

fuscanus, Wied 5, 105

splendens, Wied 5

Curculio (Otiorhynchus ?) . . . 104

Cyclogaster, Macq 108

detracta, Walk 108

infera, Walk. . . . . .109

radians, Walk 7

Cynips Quercus-petioli .... 72

Cynomyia, Desv 127

fortis, Walk 127

Dacus, Wied 133

seneus,- Wied. ...... 133

determinatus, Walk. . . . 133

figuratus, Walk 133

Daradax, Walk 85, 146

acris, Walk 146

fusipennis, Walk 86

Dasypogon, Fabr 112

(Microstylum) incomptus, W. 112

Vica, Walk 112

Dexia, Meig 21, 126

divergens, Walk 21

extendens, Walk 126

\ munda, Walk 126

Diaphorus, Meig. 122

delegatus, Walk 122

Diatrsea Sacchari, Guild. . . . 103
Dictyophora, Germ. ... 84, 144

speicarina, Walk 144

speilinea, Walk. . . . 84, 144

Diopsi3 discrepans, Walk. . . . 134

quadrigutta, Walk. . . 37, 134

quinquegutta, Walk. . 36, 134

Diptera 4, 137, 138, 139

Discocephala, Macq 9, 113

dorsalis, Walk 9, 113

Dolichopus, Latr 121

alligatus, Walk 121

collectus, Walk 121

electus, Walk 121

Dundubia, Am. Sf Serv. . . 83, 141

albigutta, Walk 84

decern, Walk 141

IXDEX.

179

Tage
Dundubia duarum, Walk. . . . 141

guttigera, Walk 83

immacula, Walk 141

imperatoria, Walk 83

intemerata, Walk. . . 84, 141

ila, Walk 141

Thalia, Walk 141

Echinomyia, Dum 19

brevipennis, Walk 19

Echiodon Drummondii .... 73

Elica, Walk 86

latipennis, Walk 86

Elidiptera, Spin 86

smaragdilinea, Walk. ... 86

EpicHnes, Am. Sf Serv 171

obliqua, Walk. . . . . .171

Epora, Walk 145

subtilis, Walk. . . . 146, 175

Erana, Walk 151

operosa, Walk. . . . 151, 175

Eristalis, Latr 17, 122

Amphicrates, Walk. ... 17

Andrsemon, Walk 122

arvorum, Fair 122

niger, Wied 17, 122

singularis, Walk 17

tenax 140

Eucarpia, Walk 159

univitta, Walk. . . . 159, 175

Eudmeta, Wied'. 8

marginata, Fabr 8

Eupilis, Walk 93, 162

albilineola, Walk. . . 93, 162

hebes, Walk 162

Euria, Walk 87

lurida, Walk 88

Eurybrachys, Guer. . . . 88, 155

conserta, Walk 155

insignis, Westw. ..... 155

intercepta, Walk. K . . . 156

multicolor, Walk 88

rubrescens, Walk 88

surrecta, Westw 156

vetusta, Walk 156

Eurygaster, Macq. ... 20, 125

muscoides, Walk 20

subferrifera, Walk 125

Evaza, Walk 109

bipars, Walk. . . . 110, 175

Fiearasa, Walk 162

pallida, Walk 162

Fidicina, Am. Sf Serv 142

Aquila, Walk 142

Flata, Fabr 91, 161

matutina, Walk 91

obscura, Fabr. ... 92, 161

Flato'ides, Guer 89, 156

discalis, Walk. ... 89, 156

emarginatus, Walk. ... 89

— — guttatus, Walk 156

Page
Flato'ides limitaris, Walk. . . . 157

marginalis, Walk. . . 89, 156

posterus, Walk 156

stupidus, Walk 157

tenebrosus, Walk 89

■ Veterator, Walk 156

Grauzania, Walk 150

devecta, Walk. . . . 131, 175

Gymnopa, Fallen 136

gutticosta, Walk 136

infusa, Walk 136

Hsematopota, Meig 112

atomaria, Walk 112

roralis, Fabr 112

Helix nemoralis, L 54

Helomyza, Fallen 28

sequata, Walk 130

exeuns, Walk 29

fuscicostata, Walk 129

intereuns, Walk 28

invicta, Walk 130

limbata, Walk 130

orientalis, Wied 129

provecta, Walk 130

Helophilus, Meig 17, 122

insignis, Walk. ... 17, 122

Heniisphserius, Schawm . . . .155

niger, Walk 155

torpidus, Walk 155

typicus, Walk 155

Hemiptera 137, 139

Hiracia, Walk 154

ignava, Walk. . . . 155, 175

Homoptera 82, 141

Hotinus, Am. Sf Serv. . . . 84, 142

cultellatus, Walk 143

intricatus, Walk 142

• subocellatus, Guer. ... 84

Sultana, White 142

Huechys, Am. Sf Serv 142

facialis, Walk 142

sanguinea, Deg 84

splendidula, Fabr 142

Hydrotsea, Macq -27

patula, Walk 28

solennis, Walk 27

Hymenoptera 137,139

Idia, Meig 23, 127

bicolor, Walk 23

bivittata, Walk 128

discolor, Fabr 127

tenebrosa, Walk 23

Isaca, Walk 172

bipars, Walk. . . . 172, 175

Isporisa, Walk 145

apicalis, Walk. . . . 145, 175

Issus, Fabr 152

arctatus, Walk 153

compositus, Walk 152

furtivus, Walk 153

180

INDEX.

Page

Issus gravis, Walk 153

iners, Walk 153

lineatus, Walk 154

literosus, Walk 154

ovalis, Walk 154

patulus, Walk 153

prsecedens, Walk 152

retractus, Walk 152

sobrinus, Walk 154

Iulidse 50

Katepo 1

Lamprogaster, Macq 30, 131

basilutea, Walk 131

divisa, Walk 131

glabra, Walk 30, 131

guttata, Walk 31, 132

punctata, Walk 132

transversa, Walk 30

truncatula, Walk 31

vittata, Walk 31

zonata, Walk 30, 131

Lampyris Noctiluca, L. . . . 40, &c.

splendidula 63

Laphria, Fair 10, 113

alternans, Wied. . . .10, 113

aurifacies, Macq. . . .10, 113

basifera, Walk 11

basigutta, Walk 11

cingulifera, Walk 115

completa, Walk. . . . .114

comptissima, Walk. . . .113

constricta, Walk. . . . .113

detecta, Walk 116

elegans, Walk 10

fusifera, Walk 12

imbellis, Walk 12

inaurea, Walk 11, 113

incivilis, Walk 115

interrupta, Walk 115

lepida, Walk 114

notabilis, Walk. .... 10, 113

Orcus, Walk. ..... 10

partita, Walk 115

plana, Walk. ..... 12, 113

producta, Walk. .... 114

radicalis, Walk 11

Reinwardtii, Wied. . . .10, 113

rudis, Walk 114

sobria, Walk 12

triangularis, Walk 113

unifascia, Walk 113

Yulcanus, Wied 10

Lauxania, Latr 29, 131

detereuns, Walk 29

eucera, Walk. .... 29, 131

Ledra, Fair 98, 169

arcuatifrons, Walk. . . . 171

conicifrons, Walk 170

conifera, Walk 98

cultellifera, Walk 98

Page

Ledra dilatifrons, Walk 169

longifrons, Walk 170

nigrilinea, Walk 98

obtusifrons, Walk 171

planifrons, Walk 170

ranifrons, Walk. .... 171

tenuifrons, Walk 170

truncatifrons, Walk. . . . 171

tuberculifrons, Walk. . . . 169

Lepidoptera 137

Lepidosiren annectens, Owen . . 73

Leptis, Fair ,15,118

decisa, Walk 15, 118

scolopacea, Fair 140

Leptogaster, Meig 117

inutilis, Walk 117

tricolor, Walk 117

Leusaba, Walk 144

marginalis, Walk. . . 144, 175

LibeUula, L 137

Limax agrestis, L 54

Limnobia, Meig 6, 106

argenteo-cincta, Walk. . . 107

dichroma, Walk 6

impressa, Walk 107

leucotelus, Walk. ... 6, 107

plecioides, Walk. ... 6, 107

pyrrhochroma, Walk. . . . 106

rubrescens, Walk 106

Lucanus Cervus, L 137

Masicera, Macq, 20

tomentosa, Macq 20

vicaria, Walk 20

Massicyta, Walk 8

bicolor, Walk 8

Megistogaster, Macq 125

Imbrasus, Walk 126

Meloe, L 40

Merodon, Fabr 122

varicolor, Walk 122

Micreune, Walk 94, 164

formidanda, Walk. . .94,164

metuenda, Walk 164

Micropeza, Meig 37, 135

fragilis, Walk 37, 135

Milesia, Latr 18, 123

macularis, Wied. . . .18, 123

Reinwardtii, Wied, . . .18, 123

vespo'ides, Walk 18

Zamiel, Walk 123

Monophlebus, Leach 99

atripennis, Leach .... 99

Mursena, L 73

Musca, L 23, 139

affixa, Walk 27

chalybea, Wied 128

chrysoides, Walk 23

confixa, Walk 26

defixa, Walk 24

diffidens, Walk . . . .26, 128

INDEX.

181

Page

Musca domestica, L 128

dotata, Walk 25

exexnpta, Walk 128

flayiceps, Macq 23, 128

fumipennis, Walk 25

infixa, Walk 25

micans, Fair. ...... 128

perfixa, Walk 26

porphyrina, Walk 24

refixa, Walk 26

reflectens, Walk 24

trita, Walk 24, 128

vomitoria, L 140

Nepheza, Am. Sf Serv. . . . 91, 160

deducta, Walk 161

grata, Walk 160

guttularis, Walk. . '. . .160

lutea, Walk 161

marginella, Walk 161

rosea, Spin 91

tripars, Walk 161

volens, Walk 161

Nerius, Wied 38,135

fuscipennis, Macq. . . . 38, 135

Neuroptera 137,139

Nicerta, Walk 159

fervens, Walk 159

flanmmla, Walk 159

submentiens, Walk. . 159, 175

Noctua, L 139

Noeeta, Desv 133

latiuscula, Walk 133

Ommatius, III 14, 117

gracilis, Walk 14

Hecale, Walk 14, 117

Pemms, Walk. ..... 14

Ortlioptera 137

Ostama, Walk 151

juncta, JTatt. . . . 151,175

Paricana, Walk 158

dilatipennis, Walk. . 159, 175

Paussus, L 74

Murraii, Westw 75

Pelopseus 39

Penthimia, Germ 98

castanea, Walk 98

Perinoia, Walk 166

exclamans, Walk 166

expressa, Walk 166

signifera, Walk 166

Phalsena saccharalis, Fabr. . . . 103

Phyllophora, Macq 7

angusta, Walk 7

Platypleura, Am. S{ Serv. . . 83, 141

semilucida, Walk. . . .83, 141

Platystoma rigida, Walk. ... 32

stellata, Walk 32

Plecia, Hoffmans 5, 105

dorsalis, Walk 5, 105

subvarians, Walk 105

LINN. PROC. — ZOOLOGY.

Pochazia, Am. Sf Serv. . . .91, 160

convergens, Walk 160

costimacula, Walk. ... 91

fasciata, Fabr 91

fumata, Am. Sf Serv. . . 91, 160

gradiens, Walk 91

interrupta, Walk 91

obscura, Fabr 91

Poeciloptera, Latr 92, 161

circulata, Ghier 161

diploma, Walk 162

luteirnargo, Walk 92

maeulata, Guer 161

niveina, Walk 92

rorida, Walk 161

Psilopus, Meig 15, 119

allectans, Walk 119

alliciens, Walk 119

apicalis, Wied 119

clarus, Walk 15

collucens, Walk 120

delectans, Walk 120

derelictus, Walk 121

illiciens, Walk 120

posticus, Walk 16

prolectans, Walk 120

proliciens, Walk 120

robustus, Walk. . . .16, 119

subnotatus, Walk. . . . 16, 119

Pterocosmus, Walk 107

combinatus, Walk 107

dilutus, Walk 108

infixus, Walk 107

lunigerus, Walk 107

optabilis, Walk 107

Ptilocera, Wied 7,108

quadridentata, Fabr. . . 7, 108

Ptyelus, St. Farg. $ Serv. . . 96, 166

amplus, Walk 166

bipars, Walk 96

immutatus, Walk 96

ineffectus, Walk 166

Rhingia rostrata, Fabr. . . 136, 140

Rhotala, Walk 152

delineata, Walk. . . 152, 175

Rhotana, Walk 160

latipennis, Walk. . . 160, 175

Ricania, Germ 89, 157

Hemerobii, Walk 89

osmyloides, Walk 157

subacta, Walk 157

Rioxa, Walk 35, 132

confinis, Walk 132

lanceo^ata, Walk 35

Sapromyza, Fallen 130

biguttata, Macq 130

Sarcophaga, Meig 22

aliena, Walk 22, 127

indicata, Walk 127

reciproca, Walk 22

14

182

INDEX.

Page
Sarcophaga ruficornis, Fair. . . 22

Sargus, Fair 8,110

latifascia, Walk 110

longipennis, Wied 8

luridus, Walk 8, 110

metallinus, Fair. .... 110

Sciara, Meig 105

laticornis, Walk 105

- solita, Walk 105

Sepia biserialis 100, 101

officinalis, L 100, 101

Serida, Walk .158

fervens, Walk. . . . 158, 175

latens, Walk 158

Sophira, Walk 34, 132

concinna, Walk. .... 132

venusta, Walk 35

Stratiomys, Oeoffr 7

Lutatius, Walk. .... 7

Strumeta, Walk 33

conformis, Walk 34

Syrphus, Fair 18, 124

segrotus, Fair 124

alternans, Macq 124

consequens, Walk 18

cyathifer, Walk 125

divertens, Walk 124

duplex, Walk 18

triligatus, Walk 19

Tabanus, L 9, 110

fumifer, Walk 110

hybridus, Walk 110

nexus, Walk 110

optatus, Walk Ill

partitus, Walk. ..... 9

rubidus, Wied 9

simplicissimus, Walk. . . Ill

univentris, Walk. . 9, 110, 111

Tacbina, Fair 19

Diabolus, Wied 126

Ophirica, Walk 19

Tacua, Am. Sf Serv 141

speciosa, III 141

Tettigonia, Germ 97, 167

angularis, Walk 167

brevifrons, Walk 97

difficilis, Walk 169

eburnea, Walk 168

elongata, Walk 167

Page
Tettigonia farinosa, Fair. . . 97, 167

ferruginea, Fair. . . .97, 167

glabra, Walk 168

inclinans, Walk 169

invadens, Walk 168

jocosa, Walk 97

lepidipennis, Walk. . . . 168

lineolata, Walk 167

nigrifrons, Sign 97

polita, Walk 168

scitipennis, Walk 168

semiclara, Sign 97

signifera, Walk 168

stellata, Sign 97

suavissima, Walk. . . . 97, 167

tripars, Walk 97

Texara, Walk 38,135

compressa, Walk, . . . 38, 135

Themara, Walk 33

ampla, Walk 33

Tbereva, Latr 118

prsecedens, Walk 118

Tipula, L 108,138

oleracea, L 140

pedata, Wied 108

vilis, Walk 108

Tripeta, Meig 133

rudis, Walk 133

Trupanea, Macq 116

Amarges, Walk 116

inserens, Walk 116

Uropbora, Desv 134

fasciata, Walk 134

Yalonia, Walk . 34

complicata, Walk 34

Vertebrata 140

YoluceUa, Geoffr 123

trifasciata, Wied 123

Xangelina, Walk 32

basigutta, Walk 32

Xarnuta, Walk 28

leucotelus, Walk 28

Xiria, Walk 36

antica, Walk 36

Xylota, Meig 18, 122

conformis, Walk. . . .18, 122

Zambesa, Walk 21

ocypteroides, Walk. ... 21

Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street,

JOURNAL

THE PROCEEDINGS

THE LINNEAN SOCIETY,

BOTANY.

VOL. k

LONDON:
LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS & ROBERTS,

AND

WILLIAMS AND NORGATE.

1857.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PAPERS.

Page

Archer, Thomas C, Esq.

Extract of a Letter to Thomas Bell, Esq., Pres. L.S., dated
" Liverpool Royal Institution, 20th Nov. 1856." 151

Bennett, John Joseph, Esq., F.R.S., Sec. L.S.

Description of the Kobo-tree, a New Genus of Leguminosce, col-
lected by Dr. W. F. Daniell, F.L.S., in Sierra Leone 149

Bentham, George, Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Notes on Logaaiacece 52

Berkeley, Rev. M. J., M.A., F.L.S. &c.

Note on a Fungus found imbedded in the Fens of Cambridge-
shire 52

Note on the Development of Fungi upon Patna Opium 143

Note on the Recent Discoveries in relation to the Microgonidia
of Freshwater Algce 145

Note on the Use of the Rhizoma of Pteris aquiliaa as an Article
of Food 156

On some Entomogenous Splicerioc. (With a Plate.) 157

Bunbury, Charles J. F., Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c.

Remarks on the Botany of Madeira and Teneriffe 1

Currey, Frederick, Esq., F.L.S.

On a New Species of Peziza, being the full Development of

Scterotium roseum, Kneiff. 147

On a Species of Pilobolus. (With a Plate.) 161

Darwin, Charles, Esq., Vice-Pres. R.S., F.L.S. &c.

On the Action of Sea-water on the Germination of Seeds 130

Gray, Asa, M.D., F.M.L.S. &c.

Note on Obolaria virginica, L 129

IV

Page

Hicks, J. B., Esq., M.D., F.L.S.

Description of a New British Species of Draparnaldia 192

Hooker, J. D., Esq., M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. &c.

On some 'Collections of Arctic Plants, chiefly made by Dr. Lyall,
Dr. Anderson, Herr Miertsching, and Mr. Rae, during the
Expeditions in search of Sir John Franklin, under Sir John
Richardson, Sir Edward Belcher, and Sir Robert M'Clure. ... 114

On the Botany of Raoul Island, one of the Kermadec group in
the South Pacific Ocean 125

Kippist, Richard, Esq., Libr. L.S.

Notice of two apparently undescribed Species of Genetyllis, from
S.W. Australia 48

Lindley, Professor, F.R.S., F.L.S. &c.

A Note on Spiranthes gemmipara 167

Contributions to the Orchidology of India. — No. 1 170

Masters, Maxwell T., Esq.

Note on a Monstrosity of the Flowers of Saponaria officinalis, L. 159

Meisner, Dr. G. F.

On some New Species of Chamcelauciea 35

Oliver, Daniel, Jun., Esq., F.L.S. &c.

Note respecting certain Glandular Appendages of the Leaves in
the Autumn Rosettes of Epilobium montanum 190

Salter, James, Esq., M.B., F.L.S. &c.

On the Vitality of Seeds after prolonged Submersion in the Sea. 140

Seemann, Berthold, Esq., Ph.D., F.L.S. &c.

On the Palm of Timbuctoo 152

Index 193

JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

Bemarks on the Botany of Madeira and Teneriffe. By Charles
J. F. Bttnbttry, Esq., F.E.S., F.L.S. &c.

[Read March 6th and April 3rd, 1855.]

I offer to the Linnean Society the botanical observations made
during my recent visit to Madeira and Teneriffe. Some apology
may perhaps be necessary for writing anything on the botany of
islands so well known and so much frequented. But, numerous as
may be the botanists that have visited Madeira, I must say that I
have been able to find but very little published information, of a
satisfactory kind, relating to its vegetation. In the beginning of
my visit to that island, I felt much the want of some memoir which
might give me a general idea of its leading botanical features, and
serve as a guide to my researches. Madeira is not like the neigh-
bourhood of Cape Town, in which the botanist can hardly take a
wrong direction, or make an unproductive excursion. I lost much
time for want of such information as I have here endeavoured in
some measure to supply. Mr. Lowe's researches in the island
have indeed been so careful and persevering, that there is little
likelihood of the detection of any absolute novelty, unless perhaps
in the minuter cryptogamic tribes ; but what he has published on
the subject, as far as I am aware, consists chiefly in the description
of some new species. A few general remarks on the Flora of
Linn. Proc. — Botany. b

2 MB. BUNBUBY ON THE BOTANY 0E MADEIBA.

Madeira, prefixed to his ' Primitia3,' are indeed useful, as are also
his remarks on some particular species in the 1st volume of Sir
"W. Hooker's ' Journal of Botany ;' and there are some excellent
observations on Madeira botany by Dr. J. D. Hooker, in the 6tb
volume of the ' London Journal of Botany ;' but all these still
leave much room for further illustration of the subject. I have
endeavoured to add something to the information hitherto pub-
lished, in relation both to the distribution of species in the island,
and to the connexion of its Flora with those of other countries,
though my materials are insufficient for thoroughly working out
either of these subjects.

My notes on Teneriffe must be considered as merely supple-
mentary to the excellent accounts of that island by Yon Buch,
"Webb, and Berthelot.

The first thing that strikes a botanist on landing at the capital
of Madeira, is the thoroughly tropical aspect of the cultivated
vegetation. The Banana, the Sugar-cane, the Coffee, the G-uava,
and the Custard-apple, are seen in all the gardens ; the Datura
arborea, JPoinciana pulcherrima, Linum trigynum, Bignonia venusta,
several Ipomseas and Passion-flowers, two or three species of
Hedychium, the Duranta Ellisia, Erythrina Corallodendron, and
Ccesalpinia Sappan, flourishing luxuriantly in the open air, delight
the eye of a botanical visitor from more northern climates. On
the lower slopes of that sunny amphitheatre of mountains which
rises from the Bay of Funchal, most of the productions of the
tropics are cultivated with success. The Papaw is frequent in the
gardens, and ripens its fruit abundantly. Pandanus odoratissimus
grows to a great size, and occasionally ripens fruit. The Bananas
of Funchal, though not large, are of excellent flavour ; the Anona
reticulata arrives at great perfection; the Ghiava is half naturalized ;
and the Rose-apple is a common garden tree, attaining to great
size and beauty.

In the fields, and in the little plots and terraces of soil which are
cultivated with infinite industry amidst the basaltic rocks, we see
the plants of the tropics mixed with those of the temperate zone.
The Banana, the Sugar-cane, the Coffee, the Orange, and the Gruava
are frequently seen, in sunny nooks of the ravines, in company
with the Peach, the Vine, the Fig, and the tall Italian Reed*. The
Sugar-cane is grown to a considerable extent on the warm sunny
slopes of the coast to the westward of Funchal, between that town
* Arundo Donax, L.

MB. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 3

and Camara dos Lobos ; its peculiarly light and lively yellow-green
colour makes it conspicuous even in a distant view. In that
situation it flowers in February.

Two of the characteristic field-crops in Madeira are the Sweet
Potato {Batatas dozes, Convolvulus Batatas, L.?), and what is there
called the Inhame, or Yam, which is an Aroideous plant {Caladium
nymphceifolium ?) with beautiful large leaves of a peculiarly soft
and tender green. The Convolvulus thrives best in the lower and
more sunny region, below the elevation of 1000 feet : being easily
propagated, and yielding a large produce, it is of great value to the
inhabitants ; and, since the failure of the vine in particular, its
culture is said to have been much extended. The Caladium,
which requires a moist soil, is cultivated especially along the
margins of the torrents, and up to a considerable elevation on the
mountains.

The culture of the Cactus, or Opuntia (0. Tuna, DC. according
to Mr. Lowe), has of late been much extended, and carried on with
new zeal, since hopes have been entertained that the rearing of the
Cochineal insect may prove a valuable branch of industry in Ma-
deira, as it has in Teneriffe. Whatever may be the success of this
speculation, it is certain that the plant thrives exceedingly in the
coast region of Madeira, where it is indeed so well established, that
it may almost be reckoned among the naturalized species.

When, leaving the beautiful gardens of Funchal, I began to
search for the native vegetation of the neighbourhood, I at first
experienced considerable disappointment. This was partly, indeed,
owing to the season ; for the winter has a much more decided
effect on the condition of the vegetable world in that island, than
might have been inferred from its latitude. The profusion of
blossom in the gardens of Funchal, in December and January, is
indeed strikingly contrasted with the scantiness of wild flowers
at the same season; In this latter respect, Madeira has little ad-
vantage over the south coast of France. Of the more peculiar and
characteristic, and unquestionably native plants of the island, very
few, comparatively, are winter flowerers ; most of those which are
to be found in blossom at that season are either evidently or pro-
bably naturalized.

Besides, cultivation has extended so far around Funchal, and has
taken such entire possession of the soil, that one has far to go
before reaching any good botanizing ground. The sea-cliffs are
in most places inaccessible ; sandy shores (which in most warm
countries afford so many peculiar plants) there are none ; and in

b2

4 MB. BUNBUBY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA.

whatever direction the botanist proceeds inland, he finds himself
sorely hampered by far-stretching stone walls and paved roads.
The majority of the wild plants that grow about Funchal, in the
coast-region, are such as come under the common denomination of
weeds, most of them wide-spread European species ; together with
some naturalized colonists from South America and the Cape.

One of the first excursions generally made from Funchal by
strangers is that to Nossa Senbora do Monte, upwards of 1900
feet above the sea-level. This is an excursion very unprofitable to
the botanist, although he will meet with a few Ferns on the walls
by the roadside, and will notice, along the margins of the little
watercourses, great abundance of a delicate Commelyna*, a plant
of an exotic aspect, and of a non-European family. This is one
of the characteristic plants of the lower region of the south
side of Madeira, and, together with Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens
leucantha, Gnaphalium luteo-album, and Oxalis comiculata, is seen
in all wet places, especially in the beds of torrents and on the
margins of brooks and watercourses. All of the plants just enu-
merated are species very widely distributed.

One striking characteristic of Madeira is the rapidity with which
exotic plants become naturalized. This process is going on so fast,
that it is difficult, and is constantly becoming more difficult, to
udge what plants are really native, and what are introduced. For
example : a beautiful cherry-coloured Oxalis (O. speciosa ?), from
the Cape of Good Hope, was introduced into the island by a lady
still living there, and is now thoroughly established as a wild plant,
and very abundant in many places, not only in cultivated fields,
but on rough, wild, broken ground amidst the fir plantations. So
also the Pelargonium capitatum and the Salvia pseudo-coccinea are
completely naturalized in various places. The Datura arbor ea and
Fuchsia coccinea are rapidly establishing themselves : the former
grows apparently wild, and forms whole thickets, on the bank of a
stream in the Boa Ventura Valley ; the Fuchsia grows like a native,
and in great abundance, among the Vaccinium and other indigenous
shrubs, on the hills near Santa Anna.

It is very probable that many other plants, of which the exotic
origin cannot so easily be traced, may in like manner have been
introduced into Madeira in modern times, through the agency,
either voluntary or accidental, of man. Perhaps even the greater
number of those South' European species, which are the " weeds "
of cultivated lands in Madeira, ought to be placed in the category
* C. agraria (Kunth, Enumeratio Plantarum), if I am not mistaken.

MR. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 5

of ' ' colonists . ' ' Such are Calendula arvensis (one of the comm onest
winter-flowering plants about Funchal), Setaria verticillata, La-
ihyrus sativus, Galactites tomentosa, Galium saccharatum, Echiurn
violaceum, Anchusa Italica, Anagallis arvensis var. ccerulea, and
many others. There are, however, very many plants, common to
Europe and Madeira, the introduction of which cannot so easily
be ascribed to the agency of man ; of these I shall speak more
particularly afterwards.

Gomphoearpus fruticosus, a very common Cape plant, which
seems to have spread widely through Africa and parts of Asia,
grows wild in several places about Funchal, particularly amidst
the volcanic cinders of the little cone called Pico de S. Joao. Its
feathered seeds may easily have been transported by the winds
from the continent of Africa. In spite of the wide distance between
the two localities, there is no appreciable difference between the
Madeira specimens and those from the Cape of Good Hope.

In speaking of the naturalized plants of Madeira, I must not
omit to mention the Sweet or Spanish Chestnut, and the common
Broom {Cytisus scoparius, DC.) ; both of which, it is said, are
certainly known to have been introduced into the island, though
now so well established as to have all the appearance of true natives,
widely spread, and covering great tracts of ground.

On the sea-coast near Funchal there are a few localities where
the purely native and peculiar plants may still be found. One of
these is the spot long since mentioned by Mr. Lowe* as pro-
ducing the rare Chamcemeles coriacea ; namely the edge of the
sea-cliff a little way east of the city, on the road to Santa Cruz
and Machico. Here the Chamcemeles still grows, as well as the
splendid plant commonly called the " Pride of Madeira " (LJchium
fastuosum ?), the Plantago Maderensis, Decaisne, and a shrubby
Cassia (C. bicapsularis) , which, though probably an introduced
plant, is well established, and plentiful in many places along
the cliffs. The pretty Lavandula pinnata is also to be found on
the same part of the coast, on rocks above the Lazaretto. On
the other side of Funchal, near the Ponta da Cruz, the rugged
lava rocks surrounding that singular crater-like chasm which
opens to the sea, produce a few interesting plants : the Helichry-
sum obconicum is abundant, a fine shrubby plant, very conspicuous
from the contrast of its excessively white woolly leaves with the
black lava ; Lotus glaucus also grows there, and Matthiola Ma-
derensis ; this latter not in flower at the time of my visit, but
* Linnean Transactions, vol. xvi.

b ME. BUNBUEY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIEA.

allowing the dry withered remains of its long seed-vessels. The
most abundant maritime plant, however, here and on the sea-rocks
near Punchal generally, is a fleshy-leaved Plantain, which appears
to be merely an excessively luxuriant variety of P. Coronopus.

The culture of the vine hardly extends above 2000 feet. Beyond
this height there is still some cultivation, but it is in scattered
patches, no longer so continuous and extensive as to exclude the
native vegetation. The mountain sides are in part covered with
open woods of chestnut, nowhere so thick as to prevent herbage
from growing under them ; in parts there are large plantations of
Pinaster ; but on the whole the general appearance of the upper
region of the mountains, on the southern side of the island, is
rather bare, and strikingly so when compared with the northern
side. The above-mentioned Pinasters seem to have been mistaken
by Spix and Martius* for JPinus Canariensis, which I never saw
in Madeira. In the chestnut woods, and in the ravines of this
region of the mountains, one meets with some of the charac-
teristic plants of the island, such as Hypericum grandifolium,
Choisy {Androscemum Webbianum, "Webb and Berthelot), Cedro-
nella triphylla, Benth., Sibthorpia peregrina, and Ificromeria
varia ; this last, indeed, a common plant on rocks, even down to
the coast. The Sweet Violet (called Viola Maderensis, but which I
do not see how to distinguish from V. odoratd) grows in profusion,
beginning at an elevation of about 1000 feet above the sea. Vinca
major abounds here and there, but not far from houses or gardens,
and probably naturalized. Of the Amaryllis Belladonna, which is
said to be the most beautiful ornament of the chestnut woods, I
saw only the leaves. There seems to be no doubt of its being the
same species that grows at the Cape ; its occurrence in two such
distant localities is puzzling to account for on any theory of
migration, unless we suppose it to have been purposely intro-
duced ; for its large bulbs would with difficulty be conveyed to
great distances, either by any natural means of transport or by
the unconscious agency of man. On the other hand, if we resort
to the hypothesis of independent creations, it seems strange that
a local plant, very fastidious as to soil and situation, should be
common to the dry parched sands of the Cape Plats and the damp
cloudy mountains of Madeira.

Of Perns, the Polystichum aculeatum (Aspidium annulare, Sm.)
and Lomaria Spicant (Blechnum boreale, Sm.) are very common
in the chestnut woods ; Asplenium anceps, Lowe, Aspl. acutum,
* Travels in Brazil, vol. 1.

ME. BUNBTTBY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 7

Bory, and Polypodium vulgare, frequent on rocks in this as well
as in the lower region ; Nephrodium affine, Lowe, and Polystichwm

falcinellum (Aspidium, Sw.), more local, This last is an interest-
ing plant, remarkable for its very rigid texture, and its resem-
blance at first sight to the leaves of a Zamia ; I found it sparingly
in the woods about the Jardim da Serra (Mr. Veitch's country
house, about 2500 feet above the sea), and in a more dwarfish
state amidst the crowning rocks of the Arrebentao Peak, at the
elevation of more than 3800 feet. In general, the chestnut woods
on the south side of the island are too dry and open to be rich in
Terns or Mosses. In many parts, particularly in the woods above
N. S. do Monte, I observed that the trunks of the chestnut trees,
though of considerable size, were quite clean and bare, without a
moss, without even a lichen except minute crustaceous species.

* It is only in some few deep and sheltered ravines that the
cryptogamous plants are to be found in abundance and in fine
condition, and that a few remnants are still to be seen of the pri-
mitive forests which seem to have formerly clothed the southern
as well as the northern face of Madeira. Such is the case in the
beautiful ravine commonly called the Little Curral, from which
the Bibeiro de Joao Gomez descends to Funchal. I do not know
any other place, so easily accessible from the city, so attractive
to a botanist, and especially to a lover of Ferns. Here, Wood-
wardia radicans, Adiantum reniforme, Pteris arguta, Gystopteris

fragilis, Aihyriwm Filix-fcemina, Nephrodium elongatum, Davallia
Oanariensis may all be found, with abundance of Lycopodium den-
ticulatum. Here, too, are still growing a few trees of Yinhatico,
Laurus {Persed) Indica, one of the beautiful Laurels of the native
forests.

The fine ravine of the Santa Luzia torrent, at the head of which
is a remarkable waterfall, is still^more rich in Ferns ; but though
not many miles distant from the city, it is much less easy of
access than the Little Curral. Woodwardia radicans, Allantodia
umbrosa, and Pteris arguta grow in most luxuriant beauty about
the foot of the waterfall, at an elevation of about 2600 feet above
the sea. Adiantum reniforme is plentiful on the cliffs that bound
the ravine; and Ad. Capillus-Veneris, which at Funchal grows
close to the actual sea-shore, extends even up to the waterfall. In
this one ravine, and in one day's excursion, I observed twenty-two
species of Ferns.

The Tea-tree is cultivated with great success by Mr. Veitch at
the Jardim da Serra, and its produce is of excellent flavour. At

8 ME. BUNBUBY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIEA.

Eunchal he finds that it does not succeed. Fuchsia coccinea
grows most luxuriantly at the Jardim, where Mr. Yeitch culti-
vates it for food for cattle. He informed me that, in consequence
of the scarcity of grass, the cattle are generally fed during winter
on the leaves and young branches of trees or bushes, and that
there is nothing which they eat with so much eagerness as the
Fuchsia.

I observed that the Sweet Chestnut trees, which are cultivated
here and there in the lower grounds in the neighbourhood of
Funchal, retain most of their leaves through the winter, the
foliage being partly green even in January, while those on the
mountains are as completely deciduous as in Europe.

The highest parts of the southern mountains above the chest-
nut woods have a very bare appearance, and, at the season of my
visit, exhibited very few plants in a recognizable state. Large
spaces are covered with low stunted bushes of Erica scoparia and
Laurus Ganariensis ; the margins of the little mountain streams
are fringed with Brambles {JRubus fruticosus ?) and a few Ferns,
particularly Gymnogramme Lowei and Lomaria Spicant * ; the
earthy banks are covered with small Jungermannicc, and the rocks
with crustaceous Lichens, among which Lecidea geographica is
abundant and conspicuous. A very handsome bushy white Stereo-
caulon grows in profusion on the rocks. Mosses are not plentiful
in this bare and exposed region, with the exception of Polytrichwm
nanum and the ubiquitous P. juniperinum.

When we cross the watershed of the mountains, and begin to
descend towards the northern side of Madeira, the appearance of
the vegetation changes remarkably. In consequence, probably,
of the less attractive climate, and the frequency of rains and
storms, the quantity of cleared and cultivated land is compara-
tively very small on the northern side of the island, and the great-
est part remains in its original state, while this same abundance
of moisture promotes a luxuriant growth of native vegetation.
There is, indeed, on the southern side of the watershed one great
valley, the Serra d'Agoa, which sends its waters to the south, and
which yet remains as much in a state of nature, and is as richly
wooded, as any of the northern valleys. But the upper part of
the Serra d'Agoa valley, to which this observation applies, is a
basin of immense depth, almost surrounded by high mountains of
excessive steepness, and in great measure sheltered from the
effects of the southern winds and sun by a ridge which, branching
* These two ascend to upwards of 3800 feet.

MR. BUNBTTKY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 9

from the central range, projects from E. to W. almost across the
valley. The circumstances are therefore exceptional. As a
general rule, the native forests characterize the northern face of
the island.

These evergreen woods are remarkably beautiful and pictu-
resque, though they have not the overwhelming luxuriance and
almost awful grandeur of the tropical American forests. They are
principally composed of four species of Laurel : the Til, Laurus
(Oreodaphne) foetens ; the Vinhatico, Laurus (JPersea) Indica; the
Laurus Canariensis, Webb and Berth. ; and the Laurus (Phoebe)
Barbusana. All these are noble trees, of great size, of free and
picturesque growth, and of rich, massy, glossy foliage. Old trees
of Til and Vinhatico*, with rugged and cavernous trunks, are as
fine objects as any trees I have ever seen. These two species pre-
dominate in the woods of the Serra d'Agoa valley, while the Lau-
rus Canariensis, which likewise grows to a very large size, is the
prevailing tree in those of Eibeiro Frio and the Metade. Another
beautiful tree of these forests, but a less abundant one, is the Fol-
hado, Clethra arborea, the wood of which is much used for ham-
mock-poles and walking-sticks. The undergrowth consists mainly
of two Heaths, Erica scoparia and arborea, and the Madeira Whor-
tleberry, Vaccinium padifolium, Sm.f ; with Hypericum grandifo-
lium, and a profusion of Ferns. The Erica arborea grows really
to a tree, and a very picturesque one, but I did not myself see in
Madeira any specimens of it as large as some in the wood of Agua
Garcia in Teneriffe. All the old trees in the Madeira woods are
most beautifully draped with ferns (especially Davallia Canariensis
and Polypodium vulgar e), mosses and lichens.

Madeira is famous for its abundance of Eerns. This character
is deserved chiefly by the northern side of the island, which,
owing to its wild and wooded condition and very moist climate, is
indeed a choice situation for these beautiful plants. The southern
side, more exposed to the sun, may perhaps have always been less
suited to them ; and the destruction of the woods, and extensive
spread of cultivation, have left comparatively few localities favour-
able to their growth. On the northern slope they grow in sur-
prising profusion. In all the ravines which intersect that coast
we see them clothing the rocks and shady banks, the roots and
trunks of trees, the margins of the innumerable rapid streams,

* The young stems of the Vinhatico have a very smooth bark, but that of
the old trunks is peculiarly rugged and knotty,
f V. Maderense, DC.

10 MR. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA.

and the moist and mossy walls. Even in the villages they abound.
The beautiful Hare's-foot Fern, Davallia Canariensis, and the
JPolypodium vulgare, appeared to me the most generally common
ferns throughout the island ; they are frequent even in the imme-
diate neighbourhood of Funchal ; and on the northern side of the
island, there is hardly a damp wall or an old mossy tree on which
they do not flourish. Near the mouth of the S. Vicente river I
saw them growing (in a stunted condition certainly) among the
loose stones of the actual sea-beach. It is on old trees in the
mountain woods of Serra d'Agoa and Ribeiro Frio that they are
most luxuriant and beautiful ; and there they ascend to an eleva-
tion of at least 3000 feet above the sea-level.

I will here bring together the rest of the observations I made
on the Ferns of Madeira.

Nothochlcena lanuginosa, R. Br. In the crevices of old walls
here and there in the city of Funchal.

Gymnogramme Lowei, Hooker. On wet rocks near the water-
fall of Santa Luzia, elev. about 2600 feet. On the margin of a
small stream on the Arrebentao, a little below the summit, the
elevation of which is 3844 feet * ; also at Ribeiro Frio. Its re-
semblance at first sight to Neplirodium molle is very striking.

Gymnogramme leptophylla, Desvx. In the crevices of walls near
the church of S. Antonio, on the south side of the island ; but the
young plants (for it appears to be an annual fern) were only be-
ginning to appear before I left Madeira.

Acrostichum squamosum, Swartz ? (A. paleaceum, Hook, and
Grev.). Ribeiro Frio, very sparingly, at the roots of decayed
trees, by the levada or aqueduct.

Lomaria Spicant, Desv. Common in the mountain woods on
both sides of the island, also on shady banks in lanes ; more com-
mon, and descending to a lower level, on the north side.

Woodwardia radicans, Sm. In great plenty on the plateau of
Santa Anna, about 1000 feet (more or less) above the sea, on
shady hedge-banks and the margins of streams; this was the
lowest level at which I saw it. Very fine at Ribeiro Frio (elev.
about 3000 feet) and in the Metade Valley. On the south side :
on the margins of streams descending from the Arrebentao ; in
the Little Curral, below the mill ; and in great beauty about the
Santa Luzia waterfall. It is certainly one of the handsomest of
ferns. It is very remarkable, that, among the impressions in the
bed of fossil leaves discovered by Sir C. Lyell in the ravine of
* Captain Vidal's Map.

MR. BTJNBTJRT ON THE BOTANY OP MADEIRA. 11

S. Jorge, I observed some fragments closely agreeing in form and
venation with the leaflets of this Woodwardia.

Pteris aquilina, L. Very common in the island.

Pteris arguta, Vahl. In the wet shady ravines, very common
on the north side of the island, down nearly to the sea-level ;
extremely abundant and fine at Eibeiro Frio (3000 feet), and in
the woods at the head of the Serra d'Agoa valley. On the south
side : in great plenty and luxuriance in the Santa Luzia ravine ;
in a dwarf state on rocks in the Little Curral.

Cheilanthes fragrans (Hook. Spec. EL : Ch. Maderensis, Lowe).
On old walls at Funchal, sparingly ; sometimes in company with
Noihoclilcena lanuginosa.

Adiantum reniforme. Under the shade of overhanging rocks,
and on rocks constantly wet with the spray of waterfalls and tor-
rents ; plentiful in many of the ravines of the north side of the
island, mostly at a low or moderate level, but certainly not (as
represented by M. H611) confined to the region of the Cacti. At
Eibeiro Trio (though very sparingly), and on the precipice imme-
diately below Pico Grande, at an elevation probably exceeding
4000 feet. Very local on the southern side, though plentiful in
some particular ravines, especially in that of Santa Luzia.

Adiantum Capillus- Veneris. Very common on both sides of
Madeira, chiefly in the coast region, but ascending to nearly 2600
feet in the Santa Luzia ravine. Particularly fine and luxuriant in
some of the wet ravines of the north coast.

Asplenium palmatum. Very plentiful along the northern coast,
generally below, or not much above, 1000 feet of elevation, de-
scending indeed to a very low level ; but I saw it also in the
mountain woods at the head of the Serra d'Agoa valley, and I was
told it had been found at Eibeiro Frio. I never saw it to the
south of the central range of mountains.

Asplenium anceps, Lowe. Seemingly very general in the island,
from the rocks of the coast region (between Funchal and Camara
dos Lobos) to the Laurel forests at 3000 feet and even higher.
The figure in the ' Icones Filicum ' represents an extreme speci-
men ; the ordinary Madeira state of the plant is much more like
A. Trichomanes.

Asplenium monanthemum, Sm. Much more local than the pre-
ceding, but abundant in some places : particularly abundant and
fine at Eibeiro Frio (about 3000 feet). In some lanes near
S. Jorge and Santa Anna, perhaps below 1000 feet. On the
south side of the mountains : in company with Woodwardia radi-

12 ME. BUNBUBY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIBA.

cans and Gymnogramme Lowei, on the shaded margins of small
streams below the Arrebentao Peak.

Asplenium marinum. Frequent on the north coast, especially
near the mouth of the S. Vicente Eiver *. I nowhere saw it much
above the sea-level. It has been found on the south coast, at
Camara dos Lobos and Santa Cruz.

Asplenium Canariense, W. On moist mossy stone walls and
rocks, on the north side of the island, in many places : Punta
Delgada, Boa Ventura, Arco de S. Jorge, and in the ravines that
run down to Fayal ; most commonly at a moderate elevation, like
A. palmatum. I understand it has been found at Bibeiro Frio.
To the south of the dividing range it is wanting or very rare.

Asplenium lanceolatum, Huds. On walls near N". S. do Monte,
and in one or two other places not far from Funchal.

Asplenium acutum, Bory (according to "Webb and Berthelot,
and to Newman, Brit. Ferns, ed. 3) (A. productum, Lowe). One
of the most common Ferns throughout Madeira, from the coast up
to at least 4000 feet of elevation. In the neighbourhood of Fun-
chal it is the most common of all. It is very difficult to decide
whether this be really distinct from A. Adiantum-nigrum. The
latter is a plant so excessively variable, that it seems hardly pos-
sible to set limits to its sportiveness ; but on the other hand, much
as the plant of Madeira and Teneriffe varies in size and develop-
ment, I have never seen it assume exactly the common appearance
of Adiantum-nigrum. The differences are not owing merely to
luxuriance, for some of my Madeira specimens, not above 8 inches
high, have all the characters of acutum strongly marked, while
some of Adiantum-nigrum from Ireland, 14 or 15 inches high, have
all the characteristic marks of that species.

Athyrium Filix-fwmina. Frequent in moist and shady places on
both sides of Madeira.

Allantodia umbrosa, B. Br. In very wet and shady ravines:
Bibeiro Frio, Metade Valley, and near the Santa Luzia waterfall.
A very beautiful Fern.

Scolopendrium vulgar e, Sm. Seemingly rare in Madeira : I saw
it only in the Santa Luzia ravine, where it grows sparingly and
small.

Ceterach qfficinarum, W. On walls here and there in the neigh-
bourhood of Funchal. It is remarkable, that this, which is one of
the most common Ferns in the south of Europe, should occur so
sparingly in Madeira.

* Some of the specimens gathered here are as much as 2 feet high.

MR. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 13

Polystichumfalcinellum, Sw. In the chestnut woods at Jardim
da Serra, and amidst the crowning rocks of the Arrebentao (see
before, p. 7).

Polystichum aculeatum (Aspidium angulare, Sm.). Very com-
mon in the mountain woods ; also in lanes and hedge-banks on the
north side of the island. I did not see in Madeira any specimens
referable to Aspidium lohatum, Sm., or even approaching to it.

JVephrodium molle. On wet banks and under dripping rocks, in
the neighbourhood of Punchal ; mostly, if not exclusively, below
1000 feet of elevation.

Nephrodium qffine, Lowe. Here and there in the chestnut woods,
at 2000 feet and upwards, but sparingly. It does not appear to
me distinct from N. Filix-mas ; but whether species or variety, I
have found in North "Wales (near Dolgelly) a Fern perfectly
agreeing with the JV. qffine of Madeira.

Nephrodium elongatum, Lowe. Common in moist shady places
in the mountain woods ; particularly fine by the side of the levada
near Eibeiro Frio. Besides the characters pointed out by Hooker
and Greville, and by Lowe, as distinguishing this from N.Filix-rnas,
the stalk, below the first pinnae, is much longer in proportion, so
that the general form is more like JSt. cristatum or dilatatum than
Filix-mas ; and the paleae on the midribs of the pinnae are of quite
a different shape.

Nephrodium foenisecii, Lowe. Very plentiful in the Laurel
forests of the Metade Valley and Eibeiro Frio ; also above the
forests, amidst the bushes of Vaccinium padifolium, Sm., quite up
to the Poizo Pass, nearly 4600 feet above the sea.

Cystopteris fragilis. Very abundant on wet and shaded rocks
and banks, from very near the level of the sea (on the north coast)
to 3000 feet and upwards in the Laurel forests.

Davallia Canariensis, Sm. One of the most common Perns in
Madeira (see p. 7).

Trichomanes speciosum, ~W. (T. radicans, var., Hook. Sp. Pil.)
On very wet shaded rocks, by the side of the levada or aqueduct,
between the Eibeiro Prio and Metade valleys; very sparingly.
The specimens gathered here are much less luxuriant than those I
collected in the wood of Agua Garcia, in Teneriffe ; the stipes
shorter, and more broadly winged.

Hymenophyllum Tunhridgense, Sm. In the same locality with
the Trichomanes, and rather more plentifully. All the Madeira
specimens I have seen are well-marked examples oiH. Tunhridgense,
not approaching to H. Wilsoni.

14 MR. BUNBUET ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA.

The Eerns of Madeira altogether amount to 40 species, accord-
ing to Mr. Lowe ; and it is not very likely that, after his zealous
and persevering researches, carried on for many years, any new-
ones should remain to be discovered. Taking the number of phse-
nogamous plants, on the same authority, at about 700, the propor-
tional number of Perns is nearly twice as great as in Britain,
though still very small if compared with the proportion in many of
the Pacific islands, or in St. Helena. The Canary Islands, with a
much larger phsenogamous flora, have, according to "Webb and
Berthelot, only 34 Eerns.

The Azores * have 28 Eerns to about 400 flowering plants. Of
the 40 Madeira Eerns, 15 at least are found in Britain f ; perhaps
more, but there may be different opinions as to the distinctness of
some of the species. I am myself strongly inclined to believe that
Asplenium anceps, Lowe, is only a variety of A. Trichomanes, and
Nephrodium affine, Lowe, of N, Filix-mas. Asplenium acutum,
Bory, whether it be a true species, or a variety of A. Adiantum-
nigrum, appears to have been found in Ireland, and is therefore
included in the 15. Of the Eerns of the Canary Islands, Hyme-
nopJiyllum unilaterale, W. % (=I£. Wilsoni, Hook.), Pteris longi-
filia, JPteris caudata §, and Cheilanthes pulchella, have not, as far as
I know, been discovered in Madeira. On the other hand, the Ma-
deira Eerns, which appear to be strangers to the Canaries, are

Polypodium drepanum. Gymnogramme Lowei.

Polystichum falcinellum. Scolopendrium vulgare,

P.frondosum. Acrostichum squamosum.

Nephrodiwn affine. Dicksonia Culcita.
N. fcenisecii.

The Eerns found in the Azores, and not in Madeira, are Os-
munda regalis, Ophioglossum vulgatum (if O. Lusitanicum be really
distinct from it), and perhaps Hymenophyllum Wilsoni. A much
greater number belong to Madeira, and not to the Azores.

Dr. Hooker || enumerates 5 species of Eerns which are common

* Watson in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. iii. p. 615.

t Excluding the Channel Islands, which do not natwrally belong to this
country.

% This may likely enough exist in Madeira, and have been confounded with
H. Tunbridgense.

§ There may be some doubt, whether the Canary plant so called be distinct
from Pt. aquilina.

|| London Journ. Bot. vol. vi. Gymnogramme Lowei should be added to the
list, according to Lowe, Primitise, Appendix A, Note .4 ; he says it has been
found in Jamaica.

ME. BUNBUEY OK THE BOTANY OF MADEIEA. 15

to Madeira and the West Indies, but not found on the continent
of Europe, nor in North Africa. The identity, however, of Asple-
nium Canariense with A.furcatum, and of Trichomanes speciosum
with T. radicans, may be open to some dispute.

Polypodiwn drepanum, JPolystichum falcinellum and P. frondo-
sum appear to be really peculiar to Madeira ; while the Canaries
have, as it seems, no peculiar Fern except Cheilanthes pulchella ;
and the Azores none at all. Some species which are common to
Madeira and the Canaries are confined to these two groups, or
only straggle into the westernmost part of Europe, and do not
reach the Azores ; such are Davallia Canariensis, Adiantum reni-
forme, Nephrodium elongatum, and Asplenium Canariense (if it be
distinct from A.furcatum). On the other hand, Dichsonia Culcita
is common to Madeira * and the Azores, and peculiar to them.
Species common to all three groups, and scarcely to be found else-
where, are Allantodia umbrosa, A. axillaris, and Pteris arguta.

It is worthy of notice, that, with the single exception of Ophio-
glossum Lusitanicum, all the Madeira Ferns are Filices Gyratce,
or Polypodiaeece. There are no Osmundacece, no Schizceacecz,
no Oleicheniacece. The absence of Osmunda regalis, a plant so
widely distributed, and which is found in Northern Africa and in
the Azores, is perhaps to be accounted for by the want of marshes
and pools. It is also remarkable, that, with so large a number of
Ferns, Madeira has only two Lycopodiacece. In general, the same
localities are favourable to both families. Lycopodium (Selagi-
nella) denticulatum abounds everywhere in the mountain woods
and deep shady ravines, and even carpets the moist stone walls
close to the sea, on the north coast; in the neighbourhood of Fun-
chal it is less frequent. Lycopodium suberectum, Lowe, appears
to be rare, and I never met with it.

The Mosses, Hepatica?, and Lichens of Madeira offer a fine
field of research to a botanist who has plenty of leisure to search
for them. They are very abundant and beautiful in the Laurel
woods of the central range, but I had not time to do more than
collect a few of the more conspicuous kinds. The following are
the principal Mosses and Lichens that I observed in the island : —

Fissidens serrulatus, Bridel. Abundant on very wet and shady
banks in the Laurel forests ; in fruit in a small gully amidst the
chestnut woods above N. S. do Monte.

Hypnum purum. On the ground in the Laurel forests, Eibeiro
Frio, and at the head of the S. Vicente valley. I did not find it in
* In Madeira, however, it is very rare.

16 ME. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA.

fruit, but the stems and leaves agree so well with our common
purum, that I have little or no doubt of its identity.

Hypnim Illecebrum, L. ? Common on the mountains, on moist
shady banks ; but barren.

Hypnum alopecurum, L. Eibeiro Frio ; barren.

Hypmim strigosum ? Moist rocks, Eibeiro Erio ; finely in fruit,
February 11.

Neckera crista, Hedw. In great profusion and beauty on old
trees in the Laurel forests, especially at Eibeiro Frio, often en-
tirely clothing the trunks ; bearing ripe capsules in January.

Neckera pennata ? Sparingly on old trees in the forests below
Pico Grande ; not in fruit.

Leptodon longisetus, Montagne (in "Webb and Bert helot, Hist.
Nat. Canar.). On old Til trees below the precipice of Pico
Grande ; very sparingly in fruit.

Leucodon seiuroides var. ? (The capsules roundish-ovate, shorter
and broader than in any other specimens I have seen of L. seiu-
roides ; but all the other characters agree with the variety called
L. Morensis by Bridel.) On trees near Santa Anna, and on
moist rocks in the Little Curral ; bearing fruit plentifully in
January.

PolytricTium juniperinvm. Very common on the upper parts of
the mountains, especially in the bare region above the forests.

PolytricTium nanum. Common on the mountains.

Bartramia stricta, Brid. On moist rocky banks on the moun-
tains about the Great Curral, but rather sparingly. (In Teneriffe
I found it in great abundance.)

Bartramia rigida, Mont. (Philonotis rigida, Brid.) On wet
rocks near Santa Anna, and at Eibeiro Frio.

Trichostomum polyphyllum, Turn. (Ptychomitrium, Mont.)
Abundant on rocks at Eibeiro Frio.

Stieta macropliylla. Plentiful on rocks at Eibeiro Frio, and
fructifying abundantly.

Stieta damcecomis. On old mossy trees, Eibeiro Frio.

Stieta aurata. On trees, Eibeiro Frio ; very sparingly in fruit.
The upper side of the frond, when fresh and growing, is of a rather
bright green colour, much like that of S. macrophylla ; but after it
has been dried some time, it turns to a reddish-brown, as repre-
sented in Von Martius's ' Icones Plant. Crypt. BrasiL'

Parmelia caperata. On rocks.

Parmelia parietina. On rocks, especially near the sea.

Parmelia plumbea. On rocks, Great Curral.

MR. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 17

Parnielia affinis (Squamaria, Hook. Brit. EL). Among moss
on trees near Santa Anna.

Borrera leucomela, Ach. On old trees at Kibeiro Erio, abun-
dant, but barren.

Borrera Jlavicans, Ach. On trees in the mountain forests.

Ramalina scopulorum ? On rocks, Great Curral.

JJsnea barbata, Extremely common on trees and shrubs in the
mountain forests.

JJsnea articulata. In the forests at the head of the Serra
d'Agoa valley.

Alectoria Canariensis ? On trees and shrubs in the above-
mentioned forests.

Cladonia rangiferina (a variety of rather small growth, with
the branchlets scarcely bending down). Erequent on open ground
on the mountains, even below 2000 feet of elevation, as for instance
near the Palheiro.

Stereocaulon paschale ? Very abundant on rocks on the moun-
tains, above 2000 feet.

Sphcerophoron ? On rocks in the Laurel forests.

Above the Laurel forests, in ascending from Ribeiro Erio to the
Poizo Pass, are extensive low thickets of the Vaceinium padifoliwm
(or Maderense), which is here as thoroughly a social plant as the
V. Myrtillus with us ; it covers the upper slopes and plateaux of the
mountains to a great extent, and is very conspicuous in January
and Eebruary, when its foliage assumes a rich vinous red colour.
It ascends, in a more scattered manner, to the top of the Poizo
Pass, 4560 feet above the sea ; while, on the north coast, it grows
in the ravines about Santa Anna, at an elevation scarcely exceeding
1000 feet. Erica arborea also is pretty plentiful about Santa
Anna. On the south side of the island it is confined to much
higher regions, and is by no means as general as F. scoparia. My-
rica Faya (Faya fragif era, "Webb and Berth.) abounds, particularly
along the cliffs of the northern coast, between S. Vicente and S.
Jorge.

Two large and remarkable species of Sempervivum form, by their
size, abundance, and peculiar appearance, very conspicuous features
in the botanical scenery of Madeira : one of them in particular
(S. tabulceforme) , spotting the rocks with its broad, flat, compact
rosettes of light green leaves, has a very singular effect. Both are
exceedingly plentiful along the north coast, on the bare precipitous
rocks of all the ravines and headlands ; they abound also in the

Linn. Proc. — Botany. c

18 MR. BUNBT7ET ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA.

ravine of Santa Luzia ; and S. glutinosum, the more general of the
two, is frequent in various places on the southern coast.

The flora of Madeira seems to be made up of three principal
elements : the first, and numerically much the greatest, portion
consisting of South-European, or Mediterranean plants ; the second,
of plants characteristic of the Macaronesian region (as Mr. Webb
has named it), that is to say, plants either peculiar to Madeira, or
common to it and the Canaries or Azores, but not natives of any
of the continents. The third division consists of tropical or sub-
tropical species, American or Indian, or, in some few cases, African,
but not European ; most, if not all of these, are probably intro-
duced plants.

1. The large proportion of South-European plants in Madeira. —
480 out of less than 700 phaenogamous species* — is very striking ;
and the space they occupy is not less remarkable than the number
of generic and specific forms. In the lower region of the southern
side especially, although the climate and the cultivated vegetation
are nearly tropical, the general aspect of the wild plants constantly
reminds one of the Mediterranean. A large proportion of these
South-European species, it is true, are plants of cultivated ground,
or of road-sides, and may have been introduced accidentally since
the island has been colonized by Europeans. But there are others,
such as Cotyledon Umbilicus, Lavandula Stoechas, Salvia clandestina,
Psoralea bituminosa, Ruta angustifolia, Phagnalon saxatile, DC,
the sea-side variety of JPlantago Coronopus, and many more, to
which this supposition is less applicable ; and the number alto-
gether seems too great to be explained by mere accidental trans-
port through the agency of cultivation. One is rather tempted to
speculate on the operation of some greater and more extensive
cause, and to think of the bold hypothesis of Bory de St. Vincent
and Edward Eorbes, concerning the former existence of an Atlantic
Continent , by which the three Macaronesian groups f might have
been connected with western Europe and north-western Africa.
Supposing the existence of such a continent, the presence of so
great a proportion of plants common to Europe and the three
groups aforesaid would be easily and simply explained, as they
might have migrated by degrees, in the course of ages, by this
overland route ; whereas, in many cases, it is difficult to understand,
how they could have crossed the great breadth of sea at present

* J. D. Hooker, in * London Journal of Botany,' vol. vi. p. 126.
f Namely, Madeira and Porto Santo, the Canaries, and the Azores.

MR. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 19

intervening. This remark applies, of course, equally, whether we
suppose species to have migrated from Europe to the islands, or
from the islands to Europe. There are instances in which the
latter supposition seems the more probable. Erica arborea, for
example, though widely spread through the south of Europe,
nowhere (I believe) predominates so remarkably, or grows to so
extraordinary a size, as in Madeira and the Canaries ; whence one
is tempted to conclude, that these islands were its true original
native country. It is doubtless within the limits of possibility,
that the small seeds of this plant may have been transported by
violent winds across the intervening sea ; but the migration would
be much more easily explained on the hypothesis of a former land
communication.

On the other hand, there are botanical anomalies difficult to
explain on this supposition. One would have expected, if such a
communication had existed, that the plants common to Europe and
Madeira would have been more particularly those of the west of
Europe ; whereas, in fact, the great majority of them are species
general through the Mediterranean region ; and few, if any, of the
more characteristic plants of Spain and Portugal occur in Madeira.
In particular, that island seems entirely to want the Cistus ladani-
ferus (which is described as covering leagues and leagues of country
in Portugal), and indeed all the Cisti, as well as Erica ciliarisj
Erica vagans, and a great number more of the most characteristic
wes£-European species. Dr. Hooker* has already remarked the
singular fact, that out of the 480 European species common to
Madeira, only 170 are found in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar,
although this latter locality has as many as 456 indigenous plants.
It is puzzling to understand how so many of the 480 (most of them
common South-Europe plants), in their supposed migration from
Europe to Madeira, or vice versa, should have missed Gibraltar.

Again, one of the prominent botanical characters of the south
of Europe is the great number and variety of Ophrydece, especially
of the genera Orchis and Ophrys. A striking contrast in this
respect is presented by the Macaronesian groups, which are re-
markably poor in Orchids. Supposing a former connexion by
intervening land, one would have expected to meet with many
European species of this, as of other families.

On the whole, I can hardly say that the botanical evidence
afforded by Madeira, and the other groups in question, in their
present state, gives very decisive support to the theory of an
* In London Journal of Botany, vol. vi.

o2

20 MB. BUNBTJBY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIBA.

Atlantic continent. It is probable that the botanical character of
the lower parts of those islands has been very materially changed
since they were first occupied by Europeans, and we can hardly
now hope to determine with precision how much of the European
element of their flora is due to transport by winds or by birds,
how much to the indirect agency of man, and how much to other
causes.

2. The second, and most interesting element of the flora of
Madeira, consists of Macaronesian plants ; species either peculiar
to that island, or common to it with the Canaries, or with the
Azores, or with both, but confined to those groups. To this
category belong several of the Eerns already enumerated, and the
following pheenogamous plants may serve as further examples* : —

I. Plants appabently pectjliab to Madeiba. *

Sinapidendron frutescens, Lowe.

Matthiola Maderensis, Lowe (the distinctness of this species
may perhaps be doubtful).

Lotus glaucus, Soland.

Chamcemeles coriacea, Lindl.

Sempervivum glutinosum, Soland.

S. tabulceforme, Haw.

Saccifraga Maderensis, Don.

Helichrysum obconicum, DC.

H. melanophthalmum, DC.

Calendula Maderensis, DC.

Senecio crassifolius, var. (3, DC, ($. incrassatus, Lowe.)

Tolpis pectinata, DC.

T. macrorhiza, DC.

T.fruticosa, DC.

Sonchus ustulatus, Lowe.

Musschia aurea, DC. (= Campanula aurea, L.)

Sibthorpia peregrina, L. (= Disandra prostrata, Linn, fil.)

JEchium fastuosum.

Sideritis Massoniana, Benth.

Teucrium betonicum.

jBlantago Maderensis, Decaisne (is it really distinct from P.
arbor escens ?).

* I am not at present able to give complete lists of the plants comprehended
in these several categories, but must content myself with enumerating a few
conspicuous examples.

ME. BTTNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 21

Obs. — The number of species of flowering plants peculiar to
Madeira is stated* at 85 ; but this number may probably be rather
too high ; at least, the distinctness of several of Mr. Lowe's new
species appears doubtful. In fact, in all estimates of botanical
statistics, we are met at every step by the difficulty of deciding
what are distinct species. The differences of opinion among emi-
nent botanists on this point, and the want of anything like a fixed
rule, throw an uncertainty upon all numerical comparisons of the
floras of different countries.

II. Plants common to Madeira and the Canaries,

AND CONEINED TO THEM.

Chdranthus mutabilis.

Hypericum floribundum.

H. glandulosum.

Geranium anemonifolium.

Rhamnus glandulosus.

Celastrus cmssinoides.

Phyllis Nobla, L.

Clethra arbor ea (found in the Canaries, according to Von Buch) .

Globularia longifolia, Soland.

.Lavandula pinnata, L.

Teucrium heterophyllum.

Micromeria varia, Benth.

Cedronella triphylla, Benth.

Laurus Canariensis, Webb and Berth.

L. (Phoebe) Barbusano.

L. ( Oreodaphne) foetens.

Euphorbia piscatoria.

Carlowitzia salicifolia, Mcench.

III. Plants common to Madeira and Azores, not found in

Canaries.

Vaccinium padifolium, Sm. (= V. Maderense, DC.)
Ilex Perado, Soland. (In the Azores, according to "Watscn, in
' Hook. Lond. Journ.' vol. iii. The Ilex Perado of Yon Buch's
list of Canary plants is I. Canariensis, Webb and Berth.)
Melanoselinwn decipiens, Hoffm.

* Hook., Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. vi. p. 126.

22 MR. BUNBURY OK THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA.

IV. Plants common to all the three groups, scarcely

FOUND ELSEWHERE.

FLanunculus cortuscefolius (= JR. grandifolius, Lowe).
Hypericum foliosim, Soland. (= H. grandifoliwm, DC. ; see
"Watson in ' Lond. Journ. Bot.' iii. 588).
Frankenia ericifolia, Chr. Smith.
Faya fragifera, Webb (= Myrica Fay a, Soland.).
Fersea Indica, Spreng.
Muscus androgynus, L.

The Madeira plants belonging to this Macaronesian flora are
inhabitants either of the sea-cliffs, or of the mountain woods and
rocks in the interior, here and there descending along the deep
rocky ravines towards the coast. From the region lying between
the actual sea-cliffs and the upper limits of vine culture, on
the southern side of the island, they have been mostly expelled
by cultivation or by plants of European origin. Micromeria varia
is perhaps more generally diffused through the island than any
other phaenogamous species of this peculiar flora, growing on
almost all the rocks, as well near the coast as in the ravines of
the mountains. Davallia Canariensis is another very general
Madeira plant which may fairly be included in this category,
since its head-quarters are evidently in Madeira and the Canaries,
and it appears a straggler in Europe, where it is confined to the
corner nearest to the islands in question. The most remarkable
and striking features of this flora are the trees which compose
the principal part of the native forests, namely the four species
of Laurel, and the Clethra arbor ea ; the more remarkable, because
they appear to have no affinity with the flora of the neighbouring
continent of Africa. The singular fact of the absence of Laurinece
from tropical Africa was long since pointed out by Mr. Brown,
and has been confirmed by subsequent researches. At the Cape
of Grood Hope, indeed, there is a solitary species * (Ocotea bul-
lata), and it is worth notice that this resembles the Til of Madeira
and the Canaries in the qualities of its wood. Otherwise, very
little analogy can be perceived between the truly indigenous
flora of Madeira and that of South Africa.

The genus Frica, indeed, holds a conspicuous place in the
floras of both these countries, but in very different ways. Ma-
deira has two species only of Heath, but these cover a vast extent

* Besides the anomalous Cassytha.

MR. BUNBURY OS THE BOTANY OF MADEIRA. 23

of ground, and form most conspicuous features in the physiognomy
of vegetation. At the Cape, on the other hand, the species of
Erica are almost innumerable, but none of them are very con-
spicuously abundant, nor cover much ground. The large Sem-
pervivums of Madeira (S. glutinosum and tabulceforme) remind
one of the Crassulacece of South Africa, and are perhaps in reality
the closest link between the two floras.

The Clethra arborea, an outlying species of a genus otherwise
entirely American, is very remarkable. The Vaccinium, which is
one of the most characteristic plants of Madeira, likewise deserves
notice, on account of the rarity of that genus in Africa. Pour
species indeed are recorded from Madagascar, but not one, as far
as I know, from the continent of Africa. Vaccinium indeed is
principally an American genus*, though not as strictly so as
Clethra.

The Madeira flora, at least the non-European element of it,
has much of a fragmentary character ; made up of a few species
from each of a great number of families and genera, none (unless
perhaps the Ferns and the Cichoraceci) having any remarkable
numerical preponderance. Moreover, the families richest in species
are not (with the exception of the Ferns) those which have the
greatest influence on the physiognomy of the vegetation. In the
flora of the Canaries, on the other hand, there is a much more
decided preponderance of particular families and genera.

3. The plants composing the third portion of the Madeira
flora, namely such as appear to be immigrants from tropical
countries, or from the southern hemisphere, are comparatively
few in number, but several of them are conspicuous from their
abundance. Among the number are Bidens leucantha, Ageratum
conyzoides, Commelyna agraria (?), Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Ben-
nisetum cenchroides, Solatium Pseudo-capsicum, Cassia bicapsularis,
Amaryllis Belladonna, Sida rhombifolia, Achyranihes argentea,
Chenopodium ambrosioides ; not to mention others more evidently
and recently introduced (see pp. 4, 5). Most of those above
enumerated are plants widely diffused f over the warmer parts of
the world, and several possess evident facilities for spreading
themselves, either by the appendages of their fruits, seeds, or in-
florescence, or by their rooting stems.

Seeing the rapidity with which exotic plants of late introduction

* Out of 85 species enumerated by DeCandolle, 62 are peculiar to America,
North or South.

t The Amaryllis is an exception.

21 ME. BUNBUEY ON THE BOTANY OE TENEEIFFE.

naturalize themselves in Madeira (of which I have already given
some instances), we may fairly suppose that the plants included
in this category are not strictly indigenous, but have been in-
troduced since the island has been brought, through human
agency, into communication with America and with the southern
hemisphere.

Some of the Madeira plants might almost equally well be classed
under this division or the first ; for, though frequent in southern
Europe, they are so universal throughout the warm temperate
and tropical zones, that they are as likely to have been originally
introduced into Europe, as from it. Such are Gynodon Dactylon,
Senebiera didyma, Oxalis comiculata, and Gnaphaliwn luteo-album.

The botany of Teneriffe has been so fully and so well illus-
trated, first by Yon Buch and since by Webb and Berthelot, that
it would be superfluous to attempt any general review of it ; I
will accordingly content myself with offering a few detached ob-
servations

It has been remarked*, that the neighbourhood of Santa Cruz
in Teneriffe is one of the most barren localities of the whole
Canary group. It is so in appearance, and perhaps actually is so
in an agricultural view. To a botanist, however, Santa Cruz is
very far from being a barren or uninteresting station. Even the
appearance of the coast, as seen from the water at the season of
my visit, was far less barren than I had expected from descrip-
tions to find it. The coast mountains, though excessively rugged,
abrupt and wild, are (at least in the early spring) far from being
destitute of verdure ; and beautifully green and fertile spots are
discerned in the deep narrow valleys between them. A very sin-
gular appearance is given to the littoral mountains by the round
pale green bushes or clumps of Euphorbia Canariensis, which are
dotted over them in such a way as to produce a curiously spotty
effect, that strikes the eye at a considerable distance.

The immediate neighbourhood of Santa Cruz is much more pro-
ductive in a botanical view than that of Eunchal. In the very
outskirts of the town, as for instance around the Lazaretto, one
finds some of the endemic Canarian species, such as Aizoon Cana-
riense, Notoceras Canariensis, mingled with a great number of
South-European plants, such as Lamarchia awrea, JPolycarpon te-
traphyllvm, Picridivm Tingitanum, Erodivm malacoides, Medicago

* London Journal of Botany, vol. vi. p. 137.

MR. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF TENERIFFE. 25

orbicularis and minima, Plant ago Lagopus, Bromus Madritensis,
and many more.

The rugged cliffs eastward of the town, and the mouths of the
little valleys that intersect them, afford an abundance of curious
and interesting plants. One is struck at first sight with the
peculiarity of the flora ; one sees at once that it is far more
exotic than that of Madeira, and has much less in common with
Europe, whether in its general physiognomy or its specific details.
The uncouth Euphorbia Canariensis*, one of the most abundant
plants on the sea-cliffs and on all the rocky and rugged parts of
the coast, up to the tops of the hills commanding Santa Cruz,
immediately reminds us of the South- African flora ; it has indeed
a very close resemblance to the numerous succulent and prickly
Euphorbias which form a material part of the extraordinary vege-
tation of Caffraria.

The singular and graceful Plocama pendula, another of the most
abundant and characteristic plants of the coast near Santa Cruz,
is, on the contrary, a thoroughly peculiar Canarian type, not con-
nected with any other flora. The two other plants which espe-
cially characterize this part of the coast, and which, together with
the two just mentionedt, give to it its distinctive botanical phy-
siognomy, are the Kleinia neriifolia and Euphorbia piscatoria ;
the latter resembling, on a greater scale, the Euphorbia dendroides
of the Mediterranean, while the Kleinia, which has the look of a
Dragon-tree in miniature, is a truly African type. When, as often
happens, the Elocama and the Kleinia grow in close contact with
the clumps of Euphorbia Canariensis, the effect is singular; the
light weeping form and lively green colour of the Plocama being
strongly contrasted with the grey hue and gouty branches of the
Kleinia, and with the stiff columns of the Euphorbia.

Other plants, which, by their abundance, particularly charac-
terize this part of the coast, are Artemisia argentea%, Chrysanthe-
mum foeniculaceum, and the beautiful Lavandula abrotanoides.
Fagonia Cretica also grows along the edges of the cliffs, as well
as Aizoon Canariense, Plantago amplexicaulis, Lotus sessilifolius,
JBortulaca oleracea, and a pretty little Cyperus, which one is sur-
prised to see flourishing on such arid rocks.

* This plant is admirably well described by Yon Buch.

t The physiognomy of these four plants is extremely well represented in the
plates to Webb and Berthelot's great work.

X The people call it Incienso, and consider it an excellent remedy for colds
and headaches.

26 MB. BUNBITRY ON THE BOTANY OF TENEBIEEE.

The deep valleys which open on the coast north-eastward of
Santa Cruz are full of interest to the botanist as well as the geo-
logist. The picturesque Yal Bufadera, rich in beautiful orange
gardens, is one of the best examples. In the lower part of it, the
shingle of the dry torrent bed, which occupies the flat bottom, is
overspread with a thick growth of Blocama pendula, Artemisia ar-
gentea, Euphorbia piscatoria, Lavandula abrotanoides, mixed with
some herbaceous Composites and Leguminous plants. The steep
rocky hills on either side are dotted over with bushes of the Eu-
phorbia Canariensis and piscatoria, the Kleinia and Blocama ; and
the Opuntia, an introduced plant, spreads in many places up the
hill sides, and mingles with the native growth. Higher up, where
the valley narrows, and a clear and rapid stream flows along the
bottom, the native vegetation is very rich and interesting. The
rocks, carpeted with Selaginella denticulata, are ornamented with
a variety of fine plants, among which Echium giganteum and stric-
tum, Cineraria Tussilaginis, Andryala pinnatijlda, and various
shrubby Cichoracece, Lavandula pinnata, Messerschmidtia fruticosa,
Bubia fruticosa, Hypericum Canariense, Jasminum humile, Globu-
laria longifolia, Banunculus cortuscefolius var. (B. Teneriffce, Pers.),
and various Sempervivums, are conspicuous. Beriploca laevigata
forms beautiful wreaths amidst the thickets. Several Terns also
grow on the rocks in this valley ; in particular, Notholcena Ma-
rantce, Ceterach aureum (which appears to me a variety of C. offi-
cinarum), Gymnogramme leptophylla, Adiantum Capillus, Davallia
Canariensis, and JPolypodium vulgare. Baron Humboldt was cer-
tainly misinformed when he restricted the list of Ferns found in
the region of the Vine in Teneriffe, to two Acrostichums (Notho-
loencd) and an Ophioglossum. The six that I have enumerated all
grow within the region of Euphorbias*, and much below its upper
limit.

Besides the endemic Canarian or Macaronesian species above
noticed, a great many South-European plants grow along the
bottoms of these valleys, especially near their mouths, such as
Asphodelus ramosus, JEcMum violaceum, Trifolium glomeratum, to-
mentosum and stellatum, Silene Gallica, Dianthus prolifer, Linum
angustifolium, Plantago Psyllium and P. Lagopus, Briza maxima
and minor. Achyranthes argentea, a frequent plant in the valleys
of this part of Teneriffe, is perhaps of African origin.

The beautiful neighbourhood of Orotava, on the north-west
coast, has quite a different botanical character from that of Santa
* The " Subtropical or African Region " of Von Bucli.

ME. BUNBUKY ON THE BOTANY OF TENERIFFE.

27

Cruz. As the climate is less dry, and more temperate, so the
vegetation, even in the lower region, has less of an African aspect,
and reminds us rather more of Madeira and of Southern Europe.
Some of the characteristic plants, which stamp the flora of the
south-eastern coast with its most marked peculiarities, are either
wanting or rare about Orotava. The Kleinia and the Euphorbia
piscatoria, indeed, are abundant, but the Euphorbia Canariensis
occurs only in a few places on the sea-cliffs *, and the Plocama I
saw nowhere but near Icod de los Vinos. Some of the most cha-
racteristic plants of the coast near Orotava are, the beautiful little
Erankenia ericifolia, Stat ice pectinata, Paronychia Canariensis,
Crithmum maritimum, Lotus sessilifolius, Artemisia argentea, and a
glaucous-leaved JPyrethrum. Argemone Mexicana, a wanderer from
the tropics (within which it appears to be very widely diffused),
grows on the sea-shore at the mouth of the Barranco Buiz, near
S. Juan de la Eambla, and more abundantly at Garachico.

The great abundance of Date Palms in the valley of Orotava
and some of the other valleys of that coast, forms a striking feature
in the landscape, and distinguishes it particularly from the scenery
of Madeira, where there are comparatively very few of these trees.
The Phoenix, however, does not appear to be indigenous to Tene-
riffe, as it is to the islands of Canaria and Palma. The JDraccena
is a scarcely less conspicuous feature in the scenery of Orotava,
but although it is ascertained to be indigenous to the island of
Teneriffe, almost all the trees which occur in this valley are evi-
dently cultivated.

The famous Dragon-tree of Villa de Orotava, so well known
through Humboldt's description, is still in existence ; a ruin indeed,
but a noble ruin. Its foliage is still fresh and vigorous, but the
tree has been much shattered, and has lost many branches within
the last few years, and a gentleman who has long known it is of
opinion that it will not last another century. By my measure-
ment, the part that remains entire of the trunk is 30 feet round,
that is, from edge to edge of the hollow ; and the width across the
hollow is 12 feet. This measurement was taken at 8^ feet above
the roots. I measured another Dragon-tree, a flourishing and
comparatively young one, which stands beside a convent at Eealejo
de Arriba, and found the circumference of the trunk to be 14 feet
4 inches, at 4 feet from the ground. There is a still finer one at
Icod de los Vinos.

The remarkable ravines, or JBarrancos, which are most charac-
* Particularly near La Paz, a little way to the east of the Puerto de Orotava.

28 ME. BTTNBTJEY ON THE BOTANY OF TENEKIFEE.

teristic features of the physical geography of Teneriffe, are rich in
curious plants. In their lower parts (below 1000 feet or there-
abouts), one of their peculiarly characteristic plants is the Rumex
Lunaria, a fine shrub with broad glossy bright green leaves and
ample spreading panicles ; certainly the handsomest of its genus.
The Ricinus communis (Palma-Christi) is frequent and ornamental,
and whether originally introduced or not, has all the appearance
of a wild plant. A fine large, shrubby, prickly Solanum, with
showy purple flowers (#. Vespertilio), has quite a tropical aspect,
strongly reminding one of some of the Brazilian Solanums ; while
on the other hand, the Aloe vulgaris, which is seen here and there
in some of the barrancos near Orotava, is a South- African form ;
and the shrubby SoncM are peculiarly Canarian. Some con-
spicuous plants of the forest region straggle far down these
ravines to an elevation of only a few hundred feet ; as is the case
with the beautiful Escobon (Oytisus proliferus), and the Erica
arborea, in the Barranco de S. Felipe near Orotava.

About the level of Villa de Orotava (1000 feet), or a little
below it, the Ferns begin to be very abundant and beautiful, and, in
company with Houseleeks, profusely adorn the rocky banks and
stone walls. Rolypodium vulgare * and Davallia Canariensis are,
here as in Madeira, the most abundant kinds ; Gymnogramme lepto-
phylla, NotholcBna Maranto?, Asplenium palmatum, and Nephrodium
elongatum, frequent and fine. Some of these occur here and there
at a much lower level ; and near Garachico the Asplenium pal-
matum descends even to the sea-shore. Pteris longifolia is rare ;
I saw it only in one spot, on the margin of a rivulet that crosses
the road between Garachico and Icod de los Vinos. Cheilanthes
pulchella grows in rather arid rocky spots, among the Cistus
Monspeliensis, in the wild rugged country (overspread with obsi-
dian) between Icod de los Vinos and the village of La Guancha.

Towards the level of Villa de Orotava, too, one begins to meet
with the Hypericum grandifolium, and the beautiful crimson Cine-
raria (C. Tussilaginis f), which is one of the greatest ornaments of
the lower part of the woody zone.

Although there has been a lamentable waste of the beautiful
forests of Teneriffe, yet there are still some accessible spots where
the woodland vegetation may be seen in all its luxuriance. Such
is the wood of Agua Mansa, above Orotava, which is fortunately

* It is very singular that Von Buch should have entirely omitted this Poly-
podium in his lists of Canarian plants,
f Senecio Tussilaginis, DC.

MR. BTTNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF TFNERIFEE. 29

preserved unhurt, through a belief (doubtless well-founded) that
the destruction of the shade would lead to the failure or diminu-
tion of the fine spring which supplies the town and valley with
water. The elevation of Agua Mansa is rather more than 4000
feet * above the sea-level.

The large trees in the wood are principally Vinaticos, Persea
Indica, and some of them are indeed of great size and noble aspect.
Beneath them is a luxuriant and beautiful undergrowth of Erica
arborea, Myrica Fay a, Viburnum rugosum, Ilex Canariensis, "Webb
and Berth, (the Acevino of the Canarians), Hypericum grandi-
folium, and one or two species of Gistus. Few herbaceous plants
were in flower at the season of my visit, except a beautiful Eorget-
me-not, considered by Webb and Berthelot as identical with our
Myosotis sylvatica. Ferns are abundant and fine, particularly
Pteris arguta, Asplenium acutum, and Cystopteris fragilis. Gym-
nogramme leptophylla ascends to this elevation. The ground, the
rocks, and the trunks of trees, are richly carpeted with Mosses :
of these the most remarkable is the Glyphocarpus Webbii % Mont.,
which is in great abundance, covering the moist rocks with broad
cushion-like patches of a rich yellow hue ; this seems to have been
hitherto found nowhere else. With this exception, the hypnoid
mosses predominate greatly ; but the variety of species did not
appear to be in proportion to the extent of surface they covered.
Pterogonium gracile and Hypnum cupressiforme are especially
abundant, covering the trunks of the trees ; the latter of them, as
with us, sporting into many varieties. Other Mosses which I
found here were : —

Hypnum Ulecebrum (H. blandum, Lyell) : abundant, but I
could find no fruit; the leaves, however, agree with those of
authentic specimens from the late Mr. Lyell.

H. alcpecurum ? (var. with compressed branches and bifarious
leaves) : on very wet rocks ; barren.

LesJcea sericea.

NecTcera pennata ? :• on trees, sparingly and barren.

Neckera (AntitricMa, Brid.) curtipendula : on rocks, not in
fructification.

Leucodpn sciuroides.

Leptodon Smithii, Brid. (Pterogonium, Sm.) : on trees.

* 3820 French feet, according to Von Buch.

t Montagne, in Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canar., Cryptog. p. 28. pi. 2.
%. 2.

30 ME. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF TENERIFFE.

Zeptodon longisetus, Mont. : in abundance on some large old
trees, but producing fructification very sparingly.

Schistidium ciliatum, Brid. : on rocks.

On the mountain side near the wood of Agua Mansa, but sepa-
rately, not intermixed with the other trees, grow a number of fine
pines, Finns Canariensis : this is the nearest spot to Orotava, and
the most accessible, in which they are to be seen in a state of
nature. This species of Pine is a noble and picturesque tree, per-
haps the finest that I have seen of its genus. The representations
of it in the Atlas to "Webb and Berthelot's work do not give a good
idea of its appearance, at least as I have seen it ; it has not the
stiff and formal regularity there represented, but rather the free
and bold style of branching of the finest states of Finns sylvestris ;
while the very long, slender, drooping and almost pendulous leaves
give it a distinct and peculiar character.

The prevalence of the Erica arborea is one of the most striking
characteristics of the forest zone in this part of Teneriffe. This
beautiful shrub or tree forms a broad and continuous belt along
the face of the great screen of mountains which half encloses
the valley of Orotava. Whether one ascends towards the Peak
by the usual route, or along the Tigayga ridge, in either case,
after passing the limits of cultivation, one proceeds for hours
through a dense and uninterrupted shrubbery of this Heath.
The larger trees having been destroyed, the Erica now predomi-
nates over everything else. The Myrica Faya (Faya fragifera,
Webb), the Acevino (Ilex Canariensis), the Fteris aquilina, and
one or two Cisti, grow intermixed with it, but in smaller quantity.
A similar and most luxuriant shrubbery of Frica arborea and
Myrica Faya is crossed before arriving at the wood of Agua Mansa.
The Heath here grows ten or twelve feet high, and the effect of
its countless myriads of white bells is quite charming. The lower
limit of this great zone of Frica is probably not much below
3000 feet, but whether it would not extend lower if not interfered
with by cultivation, may be doubtful. In the deep barrancos, as I
have already remarked, the Frica flourishes in a scattered manner
down to a much lower level.

The Frica scoparia, which in Madeira generally accompanies the
arborea, appears to be scarce or local in Teneriffe. In the Azores,
on the other hand, the scoparia prevails to the exclusion of the
arborea *. The prodigious abundance of these Heaths in Madeira
and the Canaries, while the species are so few, is very remarkable.
* Watson, in Hook. Lond. Journal of Botany.

ME. BUNBUKY ON THE BOTANY OF TENEBIFFE. 31

It exemplifies in a striking manner the two different ways in
which the botany of a country may be looked at. If we consider
only the number of species, the Ericacece form but an insignificant
part of the vegetation of the islands in question ; and so a botanist
judging from dried collections would consider them; whereas,
from the extraordinary multiplication of one or two species, they
form, in another point of view, a most important element in the
vegetation.

The well-marked succession of different zones of vegetation, as
one ascends from Orotava towards the Peak, is very interesting,
although its effect must have been more striking before the de-
struction of the great trees. Starting from amidst the gardens of
the coast, where the Banana, the Date Palm, the Orange, and the
Coffee flourish in luxuriant beauty, we ascend for more than 2000
feet through cultivated grounds, the aspect of which becomes pro-
gressively more and more like that of Middle Europe. One can
hardly define the limit between the zone of tropical, and that of
European culture ; the one seems to melt gradually into the other.
"Wheat is grown from the coast up to the beginning of the Heath
zone, but the difference of climate is well shown by its state of for-
wardness ; at the time of my visit it was in full ear, and approach-
ing to ripeness in the valley, whereas at the upper limit of its
zone it was only peeping above the ground. At this higher level,
Lupins are the principal crop. The commencement of the woody
zone is marked by the Tree Heath clothing all the waste and stony
ground between the fields. Presently we come to the very exten-
sive zone of shrubbery composed of this Heath (Erica arbor ea),
together with the Myriea Eaya, Ilex Canariensis, and Hypericum
grandifoliim. This snrubbery here seems to represent both the
woody zones, — that of the Laurels and that of the Pine ; for on
this part of the mountain range the woods have been all cut down,
and a solitary Pine, high up in the savage ravine on the left of our
path, is the only tree to be seen in the whole ascent after we have
left the cultivated fruit-trees. The case is nearly the same in
ascending by the other route, from the Tigayga and Icod el Alto ;
only here, there still remain a few large Vinaticos around the fine
spring called Euente de Pedro.

To the region of the Heath succeeds, as we ascend, that of the
Codeso del Pico, Adenocarpus franhenioides, DC. The limit of this
is particularly well-marked. Eor a little space it is intermixed
with scattered and stunted bushes of the Heath, but this soon
thins out and disappears, and for miles the whole slope is covered

32 ME. BTJNBUBY ON THE BOTANY OF TENEKIFFE.

with the Adenocarpus alone, as some of our commons and wastes
in England are covered with Furze. It is in general a low com-
pact rigid bush, peculiar in its multitude of short lateral branches
and the minute closely-crowded grey-green leaves ; by no means a
handsome plant when out of flower ; but here and there, in shel-
tered spots, it assumes the character of a little tree. It is very
surprising to me, that Yon Humboldt, in his famous description of
the Peak, should have omitted all mention of this plant, which
occupies by itself so wide a tract of ground. It is one of the
most eminently social plants in the world.

The first bushes of the Betama blanca, Cytisus nubigenus (Spar-
tium nubigenum, Soland.), appear immediately below the Cumbre, or
ridge surrounding the actual Peak. Here the Adenocarpus is
thinly scattered amidst the wilderness of loose stones and rugged
rocks ; and when the ridge is surmounted, and we enter the great
plateau of pumice-stone (Las Canadas), no vegetation is to be seen
except the Betama, forming large isolated bushes at considerable
distances apart. These bushes are of a very regular hemisphe-
rical form. I was assured by a most intelligent observer, that the
fragrance of the flowers of this plant is so powerful, that in the
early morning it may sometimes be distinctly perceived at the
Port of Orotava.

To a botanist acquainted with the Alps, there is something very
striking in the entire absence, from the upper regions of Teneriffe,
of all those forms which we are accustomed to consider as alpine.
In place of the fine close carpet of small grasses, and dwarf herba-
ceous plants with brilliant flowers, which clothes the heights
above the region of trees on the European mountains, we see here
a very few species of rigid shrubs, monopolizing vast spaces. Eor
although, according to the observations of Yon Buch, and of Webb
and Berthelot, the region of the Cumbre is not entirely destitute of
herbaceous plants, yet they are rare, and occur only as single in-
dividuals, thinly scattered. Nowhere is there anything like a turf.
Even mosses occur only in small scattered tufts on the larger
rocks. The peculiar aridity and unstable character of the soil are
evidently the causes of this. The mountain vegetation most ana-
logous to that of the Peak of Teneriffe is (as Webb and Berthelot
have shown) that of Etna. The upper region of Pico, in the
Azores, seems very different in its botanical physiognomy *, being
characterized by Calluna vulgaris, Erica scoparia, Vaccinium Made-
rense, a Myrsine, and a Juniper; while it is entirely wanting
* Watson, in Hooker's London Journ. Bot. ii. 401-405.

ME. BUNBURY ON THE BOTANY OF TENERIFFE. 33

in the shrubby Legwminosce, which form the whole of the ligneous
vegetation of the highest parts of Teneriffe.

In the prevalence of Leguminous shrubs, the Teneriffe flora
shows an analogy to that of Spain. Besides the two already men-
tioned, which are confined to heights above the region of the
Heath, several other Genistece abound at lesser elevations, espe-
cially the beautiful Adenocarpus foliolosus and Cytisus proliferus.
Another point of resemblance between the Teneriffe flora and
that of Spain, is the abundance, in some parts of the island, of
various species of Gistus. The Gistus Monspeliensis, in particular,
is the prevailing shrub of the wild, rugged, rocky country between
Icod de los Vinos and Icod el Alto ; and the curious Cytinus
Hypocistis grows plentifully on its roots, as in the south of Europe.
These analogies between the vegetation of the Canaries and that of
the Iberian Peninsula are the more remarkable, as they seem to
be wanting in Madeira.

The beautiful wood of Agua Garcia, of which a glowing (but
not exaggerated) description is given by Webb and Berthelot, is
the finest example I saw of the forest vegetation of Teneriffe. It
is especially remarkable for the profusion of Perns and Mosses,
and for the gigantic growth of Erica arborea. Towards the out-
skirts of the forest, in particular, this Heath grows to a surprising
size, even to the height of 40 feet ; it is however always slender in
proportion, and none of the trunks that I measured were more
than four feet round. The forest consists entirely of evergreen
trees : the most abundant, as far as I saw, appeared to be the
Laurus (Per sea) Indica (Vinatico), Laurus Ganariensis, Ilex pla-
typhylla, Webb and Berth., Myrica Fay a, and Viburnum ruyosum, —
for this last grows here quite to the size of a tree. The variety of
species, however, is greater than I was able, in one hasty visit, to
ascertain : M. Berthelot told me that he had found in that wood
not less than 25 species of trees j but all are evergreen, and all
(with the exception of the Heath) have a great general resem-
blance of physiognomy. All (with the aforesaid exception) belong
to the Laurel form or type of vegetation, having broad, undivided,
deep green, shining leaves, more or less coriaceous, and approach-
ing to an elliptical or lanceolate form, in no degree lobed or cut.
This prevalence of one particular type of foliage distinguishes in a
marked manner the forest vegetation of Teneriffe from that of the
tropics ; as, on the other hand, its evergreen character contrasts
with the woods of Europe. In tropical forests, indeed, there is a
great abundance of trees of the Laurel type, — Laurinece, Gutti-
Linn. Proc. — Botany. d

34 . MB. BTTNBUBY ON THE BOTANY OF TENEBIFFE.

ferce, Figs, and others ; but they are always mixed with various
other well-marked forms, particularly with that beautiful form of
the Mimosece, which is entirely absent from the Canaries.

Of herbaceous flowering plants, in the wood of Agua Garcia,
one of the most ornamental and interesting is the Geranium ane-
monefolium. The profuse abundance and luxuriant growth of the
Ferns are very striking. The Woodwardia radicans and JPoly-
stichum aculeatum grow to extraordinary size and beauty ; and the
Trichomanes speciosmn mantles the wet overhanging banks with its
dark green glistening fronds.

The most abundant moss, by far, is Hypnum cupressiforme,
which, in many varieties, entirely clothes the trunks of the largest
trees.

Of the other mosses that I observed in my hasty visit to this
locality, the most interesting was Fissidens serrulatus, Brid., grow-
ing in profusion on the wet rocks and banks, often in company
with the Trichomanes speciosum, and bearing abundant fructifi-
cation.

To sum up my observations on Teneriffe, I may say, that the
botanical features most striking to me were : — 1. In the coast
region, the remarkable forms of the Euphorbia Canariensis, F.pisca-
toria, Klemia neriifolia, and Plocama pendula ; the social growth
of the Artemisia aryentea, covering great spaces of rocky and stony
ground with its whitish foliage ; the conspicuous abundance (espe-
cially on the Orotava side of the island) of cultivated Date Palms
and Dragon-trees ; and, in the ravines, the striking and peculiar
forms of shrubby species of Mumecc, JEchium, Solanum, and Son-
chus. 2. In the woody region, the prevalence of trees of the
Laurel type of foliage ; the vast extent of ground occupied by the
Erica arbor ea, and the surprising size to which it grows in favour-
able localities ; the abundance of Ferns and Hypnoid Mosses in
the more damp and shaded situations, and of Gistinece and Ge-
nistece on the dry and open grounds ; and the noble form of the
Canary Pine in the upper part of this zone. 3. The great zone
occupied by the Adenocarpus frankenioides above the region of
trees, and that of the Gytisus nubigenus at a still higher level.

The striking botanical features of Madeira may be summed up
thus : — 1. The tropical cultivation in the lower region, contrasted
with the South-European or Mediterranean character of the native
vegetation. 2. The frequency, in that same region, of plants evi-
dently or probably introduced, and belonging to very different
countries. 3. The abundance and variety of Ferns, more particu-

DB. MEISNEB OS CHAMJELAUCIE^J. 35

larly indeed in the forest region, but also in the ravines at lower
levels, and even down to the coast on the northern side. 4. The
great abundance of two large and conspicuous species of Semper-
vivum, especially in the ravines of the north side. 5. The
forests of Laurel-like trees ; and 6. The prevalence of Vaccinium
padifolium, JEJrica arborea and JBJ. scoparia, not only as under-
growth in the forests, but almost entirely covering the upper
mountain-region.

The most remarkable negative characteristics of Madeira botany,
as compared with that of Teneriffe, are, the absence of most of the
peculiar and striking forms belonging to the coast-region of the
latter country, especially of the succulent JEuphorbia, the Kleinia,
and the Plocama ; the absence of Pines and Cisti ; and the small
number of shrubby Leguminosce.

On some New Species of Chamcelauciece. By Dr. C. F. Meisneb.

[Read November 20th, 1855.]

Among those natural orders or tribes of plants which are parti-
cularly characteristic or exclusively peculiar to the Flora of New
Holland, the Myrtaceous group established by DeCandolle under
the name Chamcelauciece is one of the more remarkable, as well for
the numerous and curious modifications of structure it presents, as
also for the uncommon elegance and loveliness of its flowers. In
the latter respect it is surprising, indeed, that although several of
the finest species are not uncommon in the Swan River colony,
and long since well-known to botanists, especially through the col-
lections made and distributed by Drummond and Preiss, these
charming shrubs have not yet found their way to our greenhouses,
where they would certainly be admired as a most valuable and
highly ornamental acquisition. Whether it be that the seeds of
these mono- or oligospermous shrubs are perhaps scarce or difficult
to procure, or that the transport of living individuals and their
culture offer peculiar difficulties (which however can hardly be
supposed, considering their close affinity of structure and similarity
of growth with the other New Holland Myrtacese, of which so
many are common and perfectly thriving in our greenhouses), or
whatever reason there be, I must leave undecided; but the fact is,
that, as far as I have been able to ascertain, the only representa-
tives of Chamcelauciece introduced until the last year into European

d2

36 DK. MEISNEB ON CHA.M^!LAUCIE^.

gardens were two or three species of Calycothrix, to which have
been quite recently added two fine species of Genetyllis, published
with beautiful figures in the ' Botanical Magazine ' for July, plates
4858 and 4860. On comparing these plates with the specimens
in Mr. Drummond's last (6th) collection, I have been led to
examine also the whole of the Ghamcelauciece it contains, and have
found almost all of them to be new species, the characters of which
form the subject of this paper. It will show at the same time that
in the beautiful genus Verticordia certain details of structure
appear to have remained unnoticed till now, while others have been
explained in a wrong or at least unsatisfactory manner, and that
both these circumstances will render necessary certain alterations
in the character and subdivision of the genus. To conclude these
introductory lines with a survey of the progress our acquaintance
with Ghamcelauciece has made during the last twenty-seven years,
we find that in 1828 (DeC. Prodr. vol. iii.) there were only ten
species known, distributed in five genera. To these were added
by Dr. Schauer, in his ' Monograph ' (1841) and in the ' Plantae
Preissianse' (1844) six new genera, including sixty-two species,
mostly discovered by Baron von Hiigel, Drummond and Preiss,
and partly previously published by Endlicher and Prof. Lindley.
Another addition of twenty-six new species from Drummond's
collections was published in 1849 by Turczaninow in the 'Bulletin
de la Soc. Imp. d'Hist. Nat. de Moscou,' tomes xx. and xxii.
(1847-49), and of one Genetyllis by Lindley in Mitchell's Exped.
ii. p. 178 (which Dr. Muller refers to his Lhotskya genetylloides in
the Transact. Philos. Soc. of Yictoria, no. 1. p. 16), so that, with
the following twenty-two new species, the total number of Cha-
mcelauciece described up to this day amounts to 121 species, com-
prised in eleven genera.

1. Genetyllis (Involucratce) speciosa, nob. (non Turcz.), glaberrima, foliis
oppositis sessilibus imbricatis internodia sequantibus v. superantibus ob-
longis obtusis integerrimis supra concavis, involucro ovato-oblongo pollicari
3-5-floro, bracteis interioribus conniventibus sanguineis ovato-oblongis apice
attenuatis, floribus sessilibus 2-bracteolatis, calycis tubo turbinate 5-cos-
tato, lobis 5 oblongis acutiusculis dimidium tubi corollseque subsequantibus,
staminodiis lineari-oblongis stamina sequantibus, stylo incluso superne
barbate

Hob. " Plentiful on the sand-plains to the east and west of the Hill Eiver."
Drummond, coll. 6. n. 34 ! ; HooJc. Journ. 1853, p. 118.

Although agreeing in many points with the plant figured in
Bot. Mag. t. 4860, which is considered as G. macrostegia, Turcz.,

DE. MEISKER ON CHAM^LAUCIE^E. 37

our plant sufficiently differs from it to justify its being established
as a distinct and new species. Its leaves are much smaller, only
2-3 lines long, 1— £ line broad, everywhere opposite (not alter-
nating, as the figure shows them, especially on the upper part of
the branches), more crowded and adpressed, less flat, and there is
no trace of a serrulate margin ; the inner bracts of the involucre
are tapering towards their end, not rounded or emarginate ; and
the lobes of the calyx, which in the figure appear quite short and
semicircular, are narrower and more than twice as long. More-
over, Drummond's plant (if we are correct in referring his notice
in Hook. Journ. 1853, p. 118, to no. 34 of the collection) seems to
differ also in habit, being only about 1 foot high, with numerous
short, erect, flowerless shoots, densely crowded in the centre,
around which the flowering branches are prostrate and bearing
erect flower-heads, whereas the plant figured t. 4860 appears to be
a taller shrub and shows hanging capitula, a difference hardly
attributable to the mere effect of cultivation. Turczaninow's
description of his G. macrostegia differs from our plant partly in
the same points as that of the Bot. Mag. t. 4860, and moreover
in having the tube of the calyx carved with ten ribs at the lower
and twenty at the upper part, a character in which it equally dis-
agrees with the latter, which therefore I suspect to be a distinct
species, for which I would propose the name of G. Hoolceriana.
Drummond's n. 34 comes also very near G. cederioides, Turcz.,
which however is easily distinguished by sub triquetrous leaves,
ciliated bracts, &c.

2. G. (Involucratcz) helichrysoides, nob.y glaberrima, foliis oppositis
patulis acerosis carinato-triquetris apice truncato-bicuspidulatis marginibus
(sub lente) ciliolato-serrulatis, capitulis nutantibus 4-floris, involucro
ovato-oblongo subclauso, bracteis interioribus sanguineis v. roseis ovato-
oblongis haud ciliatis apice virescenti subcarinato obtusiuscule acuminatis,
exterioribus brevioribus semiherbaceis, bracteolis nores sessiles subsequan-
tibus, calyce campanulato lsevissimo, lobis tubo dimidio brevioribus rotun-
datis integerrimis, staminodiis subulatis glanduloso-subcapitatis stamina
sequantibus, stylo apice barbellato.

Sab. cum prsecedente. Drummond> coll. 6. n. 35 !

Probably the plant alluded to by Drummond in the ' Journal
of Botany,' 1853, p. 118, in these words : — "Another pretty
species of this genus grows about a fopt high, with heath-like
leaves ; the drooping heads of the flowers are surrounded by gla-
brous bracts of a deep rose-colour." It is very near G. speciosa
and cederioides, but differs from the former in the triquetrous,

38 DB. MEISNEB ON CHAMJELAIJCIE^.

thinner and ciliolate leaves, from the latter in having the bracts
not ciliated, and from both in the tube of the calyx being without
any trace of ribs or furrows.

3. G. (Bracteatce) Sanottinea, nob., humilis decumbens glaberrima, foliis
oppositis patulis lanceolatis acutiusculis margine subrecurvo minute cilio-
lato-serrulatis subtus subcarinato-uninerviis, capitulo terminali brevissime
pedunculato hemisphserico cernuo composito, partialibus 3-5 obovato-glo-
bosis dense congestis 2-4-floris subsessilibus, bracteis membranaeeis san-
guineis adpressis, primariis lanceolatis subcarinatis, secundariis brevioribus
latioribusque subrotundis breve acuminatis florem amplectentibus et sub-
sequantibus, calyce obconico inferne 5-costato inter costas papilloso, lobis
5 erectis ovatis acuminatis dimidium tubum petalaque sequantibus, sta-
minodiis subulatis stamina sequantibus, stylo exserto compresso glabro
apice obtuso barbellato. \

Sab. cum prsecedente. Drummond, coll. 6. n. 36 !

Caules spithamsei v. vix pedales, apice adscendentes, secunde ramulosi, cica-
tricibus parvulis tuberculosi. Folia 2-4 lin. longa, ^-fere 1 lin. lata, subtus
glandulis fuscis punctata, juniora subimbricata. Pedunculus communis
2-3 lin. longus. Capitulum magnit. cerasi majoris, bracteis primariis 3 lin.
longis basi X lin. latis, secundariis petaloideis roseis diaphanis. Calyx
fere 3 lin. longus, obsolete 10-nervius, fauce leviter constricta, lobis peta-
lisque ovatis integerrimis stylo dimidio superatis.

Approaching G. {JB oily zonae) purpurea, Endl., which however dif-
fers in the leaves and inflorescence, and especially in the annulate
calyx.

4. G-. {Bracteatoi) vieescens, nob., humilis glaberrima, foliis patulis tri-
quetro-linearibus obtusiusculis lsevibus, capitulo terminali subsessibl sphse-
roideo cernuo simplici multifloro, bracteis subherbaeeis ovate-lanceolatis
enerviis demum patuUs, bracteolis flore dimidio brevioribus, calyce subcam-
panulato ecostato, lobis 5 brevissimis erectis petalisque ovato-oblongis
obtusis, staminodiis subulatis stamina a3quantibus, stylo longe exserto cras-
siusculo compresso apice tenui barbellato.

Hob. cum prsecedente. Drummond, coll. 6. n. 37 !

Although very similar to G. sanguinea, this is easily distin-
guished from it by the smooth and triquetrous leaves and the
inflorescence. The receptacle is convex, about 6 lines in dia-
meter and somewhat crenate on the margin, thus showing a
tendency to divide into several short peduncles, and to form a
compound capitule, as in the preceding species. The bracteaB are
of a greenish colour, 5-6 lines long and 2-3 lines broad at the
base. The style is half an inch long.

5. Vebticobdia stelluligeea, nob., glabra, foliis triquetro-linearibus obtu-
sissimis, corymbis terminalibus divaricato-trifidis, floribus subcapitato-

DR. MEISNER ON CHAM^LATTCIEJS. 39

racemosis (parvis citrinis), pedicelli3 folio brevioribus, bracteolis caducis,
calycis tubo sphseroideo ecostato inferne patenti-piloso, limbo uniseriali
5-partito, lobis subunguiculatis palmatim 3-5-partitis, lacinulis longiuscule
pinnatim fimbriatis mollibus, petalis subrotundis breve fimbriato-ciliatis
glabriusculis, staminodiis subulatis acutis stamina sequantibus glanduloso-
verruculosis, stylo breve exserto infra stigma obtusum hispidulo.

Sab. cum prsecedente. Drwmmond, coll. 6. n. 50 !

Affinis V. densiflora Lindl. (ad quam referenda videtur planta Drummondii
coll. 6. n. 49) et V. fimbripetalce Turcz., sed a posteriore distincta calyce
ecostato, loborum lacinulis non aristatis, stylo apice taiatum pubescente,
stigmate simplici nee capitato, etc. ; a priore floribus luteis (nee roseis),
staminibus corolla dimidio brevioribus (nee sequalibus), etc. Folia 2-3 lin.
longa, £-§ lin. lata demum patula, novella pseudo-fa sciculata. Capitula
4-8-flora. Calycis limbus patens, diametro vix 3 lin., lobis pallide citrinis
stellulam referentibus, fimbriis radiantibus vix 1 lin. longis. Anther®
8ubglobosae, mutic«e.

6. Veeticoedia nobilis, nob., glabra, foliis triquetro-linearibus obtusis sub-
mucronulatis, corymbis terminalibus simplicibus brevibus, bracteolis 2
connatis diu persistentibus, calyce majusculo, tubo turbinato glaberrimo
inferne 10-costato, limbo petaloideo aureo 1-seriali 5-fido, lobis subrotundis
sessilibus palmatim multifidis, lacinulis rectis linearibus planis pinnato-
ciliatis, petalis ovatis longe fimbriato-ciliatis, staminodiis lanceolatis utrin-

_ que 1-2-dentatis filamentis fertilibus subulatis nudis breve superatis,
antheris pendulis ovalibus inflexo-bicornutis, stylo tenui stigmateque im-
berbi.
Hob. in planitie prope Smith Biver. Drum, in Hook. Journ. 1853, p. 120.
coll. 6. n. 47 !

A beautiful species, closely approaching V. grandiflora, Endl.
(V. heliantha, Lindl.), but differing in its higher growth, larger
leaves and flowers, and in the shape of the sterile filaments, which
are subulate, not cuneato-trifid. The anthers are exactly as
figured in V. grandiflora by Schauer, Monogr. t. 4. B. f. 7. Leaves
3-4 lines long, f-1 line broad, with a very minute mucro, the
younger ones imbricate. Peduncles 1-flowered, about an inch
long, compressed. Bracteoles at last half separating, cut off from
the peduncle, and falling off as a bifid calyptra. Expanded calyx
7 lines in diameter, without a trace of outer appendages.

7. Veeticoedia calliteicha, nob., glabra, foliis linearibus compresso-tri-
quetris obtusis minute mucronulatis basi attenuatis marginibus carinaque
integerrimis acutis, faciebus planis, superiore lateralibus dimidio angustiore,
corymbis terminalibus simplicibus 6-8-floris densis, pediceUis folia pariim-
superantibus, bracteolis caducis, calycis tubo campanulato-turbinato supra
basin hemisphsericam dense villosulam glabro colorato 10-costato sursum
breviter dilatato, Umbo biseriali, utriusque seriei lobis 5 capiUaceo-multifidis
roseis, lacinuUs indivisis mollibus comam densam formantibus, lobis serie

40 DE. MEISNEE ON CHAMiELAUCIEiE.

exterioris a sinubus interioris deflexis subunguiculatis calycis tubum sub-
sequantibus et abscondentibus, seriei interioris sessilibus patulis, petalis
ovatis indivisis toto margine dense fimbriato-ciliatis, staminibus 10 styloque
tenui glabro exsertis, filamentis capillaribus cum staminodiis conformibus
dimidio brevioribus basi monadelphis, antheris ovalibus muticis, stigmate
subcapitato.

Sab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 48 !

Corymboso-ramulosa. Folia viridia, 4-7 lin. longa, faciebus lateralibus $-f
lin. latis. Pedicelli 6-8 lin. longi, teretes, deflorati apice truncato-patelli-
formes. Flores pallide rosei v. fere albi, expansi diam. 5 lin., calycis fim-
briis 2-3 lin. longis haud nitentibus, petalorum ciliis mollibus calycem
cequantibus. Genitalia florem superantia.

This pretty species agrees in the essential points of structure of
the calyx with V. insignis, Endl. (Schauer, Monogr. t. 4. B. f. 10,
11), but differs from it in the shape and size of the leaves, in the
exterior (renexed) lobes of the calyx being neither connected with
the base of the tube nor divided into recurved lobules, in the
simple and filiform staminodia, &c. It has also some affinity with
V. compta and Hilgelii, Endl., and V. Lehmanni, Schauer, and
consequently must belong to Schauer' s section Catocalypta, the
characters of which however, as given by the author, would scarcely
be recognized in our plant without the assistance of the quoted
figure.

- 8. Veeticoedia ovalieolia, nob. , glabra, ramis gracilibus apice corymboso-
ramulosis, foliis imbricatis glaucis ovalibus suborbicularibusque obtusissimis
integerrimis planis, racemis brevibus pedunculatis in corymbum congestis,
pedicellis folio yix longioribus, bracteolis caducis, calycis tubo obconico
glaberrimo basi tenui rugoso-striato, limbo biseriali, lobis 5 exterioribus
deflexis dimidio tubo brevioribus albo-membranaceis ciliatis, interioribus 5
brevibus patulis subtruncatis palmatim inciso-multindis, laciniis pinnatim
2-3-fidis, lacinulis setaceis dense breveque plumoso-ciliatis pallide roseis,
petalis coriaceo-scariosis ovatis apice irregulariter inciso-3-5-fidis, laciniis
eetaceis rigidulis fimbriatis v. passim simplicibus, nlamentis staminodiisque
subffiquilongis subulatis corolla brevioribus, antheris ovatis apiculatis, stylo
infra stigma obtusum hispidulo.

Hob. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 45 !

Kami longi simplices. Folia 2^-3 lin. longa et plerumque vix angustiora
dorso leviter 1- passim basi 3-nervia, subeglandulosa, margine vix diaphano.
Pedicelli crassiusculi, deflorati apice truncato brevissime bilobi. Calycis
tubus 2 lin. longus, loborum exteriorum ciliis tubum subsequantibus, lobis
interioribus 3 lin. longis nitidis. Petala basi lata sessilia inferne macula
rubra ? notata, excepto apice integerrima. Staminodia glandula minuta
rubra, capitata.

This species is very distinct from any other, and although
approaching in habit and foliage V. oculata, and at first sight

BE. MEISNER ON CHAM^LAUCJE^E. 41

almost like it in the flowers, it differs so materially in the struc-
ture of the flowers, that it cannot even take its place in the same
section of the genus.

9. Verticoedia Cheysostachys, nob., glaberrinia, ramis gracilibus, juniori-
bus imbricato-foliosis, foliis glaucis ? orbicularibus planis enerviis margine
integerrimo baud diaphanis demum patulis, racemis terminabbus spici-
formibus foHosis densis apice sterilibus, peduncuhs fohum sequantibus,
bracteobs 2 cucullatis apiculatis, calycis tubo glabro obconico 5-costato,
limbo 3-seriaH, seriei exterioris lobis 5 deflexis herbaceis semirotundis inte-
gerrimis tubo dimidio brevioribus ejusque valleculis semiadnatis, seriei se-
cundae lobis illis alternis deflexis tubum sequantibus totumque obvelantibus
petaloideis luteis sessilibus cordato-subrotundis toto ambitu integro breve
cihatis, seriei tertise (intimse) lobis 5 illis alternis brevibus margine truncato
subpalmatim 7-partitis, laciniis setaceis dense plumoso-ciliatis citrinis,
petabs ovatis acutis indivisis toto margine longiuscule cibatis, filamentis
staminodiisque subsequahbus subulatis, antheris ovabbus muticis, stylo
tenui glabro apice sigmoideo hinc dense barbellato.

Sab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coU. 6. n. 46 !

Rami corymboso- v. fastigiato-ramulosi. Foba subcarnosa ? 2-3 Hn. longa,
basi obtusa v. vix emarginata, dorso glandubs fuscis punctata. Eacemi
aurei, l-2£ poU. longi, pedicellis apice brevissime bilobis (2-bracteatis ?) .
Alabastra magnit. pisi, obovato-subglobosa, bracteobs 2 enerviis membra-
naceis tecta, prope apicem 2-mucronulata, lutea v. bine sanguinea. Calycis
expansi diameter 5-6 lin.

A very elegant and quite distinct species, resembling the two
following ones in the shape of the leaves and inflorescence, but very
different in the smaller size of the leaves and flower, in the colour
of the calyx, and the form of the lobes or appendages of the second
series. From all the yellow-flowered species it is widely different
in the leaves.

10. Yeeticoebia OCTTLATA, nob., glaberrima, ramis gracilibus imbricato-
fobosis, fobis glaucis orbicularibus planis basi emarginatis enerviis margine
anguste albido-diaphanis, racemis terminabbus fobosis, peduncubs fobo
subdupl6 longioribus, bracteobs 2 cucullatis apiculatis, calycis tubo
glabro obconico 5-costato, limbo 3-seriab, seriei exterioris lobis 5 deflexis
herbaceis integerrimis tubo adpressis et parum brevioribus, seriei secundse
lobis 5 paullo brevioribus deflexis patulisve scariosis nitidis subspathulatis
longe fimbriato-ciliatis albis, seriei tertiae lobis 5 brevibus latis (macula
violacea reniformi notatis) inciso-serratis, dentibus 7-11 argenteis in aristam
tenuem indivisam plumoso-cibatam nitentem productis, petabs subrotundis
fimbriato-multifidis, fimbrus setaceis indivisis eciliatis, filamentis stamino-
diisque sequabbus subulatis semimonadelphis, stylo complanato glabro,
stigmate obtuso barba densa crisp4 cincto.

Hob. in planitie arenosa inter num. Hutt et Murchison, Drummond in Hook.
Journ. 1853, p. 119. coll. 6. n. 43 j

42 DE. MEISNER ON CHAM^LATJCIEiE.

Frutex (fide Drttmm. I. c.) 5-6-pedalis, gracillimus, ramis numerosis, floribus
copiosis lilacinis in centro sanguineis, colore scil. loborum calycis per petala
transparente. Folia 3-4 lin. longa lataque, sessilia, glandulis nigris punc-
tata. Pedicelli, bracteolee, alabastra praecedentis. Calycis expansi diam.
9-10 lin., lobis 2dse et 3tiee seriei argenteo-nitidis, dentium pennulis 3 lin.
longis. Antherse muticse.

Closely allied to the following, but with smaller leaves and
flowers, and differing besides in the lobes and colour of the calyx,
and in the fringed petals.

11. Yeeticoedia grandis, Drummond in HooJc. Journ. 1853, p. 119,
glaberrima, ramis virgatis gracilibus, foliis imbricatis glaucis orbicularibus
planis basi emarginatis tenuiter 5-7-nerviis margine anguste scarioso dia"
phanis, racemo folioso apice sterili, pedunculis folium sequantibus, braoteo-
lis membranaceis cucullatis infra apicem mucronatis, calycis tubo obconico
lflevi glabro inferne obsolete 5-costato, limbo 3-seriali, seriei exterioris lobis
5 deflexis coriaceis ovato-oblongis integerrimis tubum sequantibus eique
dorso semiadnatis basi contiguis, seriei secundae lobis 5 petaloideis sub-
spathulatis tubum subeequantibus fimbriato-ciliatis (roseis), seriei tertise
lobis 5 patentibus purpureis latis truncatis inciso-multidentatis, dentibus
palmatim multipartitis roseis nitidis, lacinulis setaceis dense plumoso-
ciHatis, petalis obovatis minute serrulatis, filamentis subulatis, sterilibus
antheras muticas subsuperantibus, stylo pollicari compresso infra apicem
obtusiusculum pilosiusculo.

Hob. secus Hill River. Drumm. I. c. coll. 6. n. 44 !

A most splendid species, much resembling V. oculata in habit
and characters, but of a stouter growth and with larger leaves
and flowers, the former being 6-8, the latter 10-12 lines in dia-
meter. The branches are often densely covered for a foot or more
in length with scarlet flowers, which however appear never to
reach to their top, which continues to grow on, and is thickly
covered with leaves only. The beautiful and delicate feather-like
divisions of the inner lobes of the calyx are 4-5 lines long, and
quite straight. The peduncles are compressed, and show at their
top two very short and rounded opposite lobes, which are probably
rudimentary exterior bracteolse. The flower-buds in their bimu-
cronate involucre are globose, rose-coloured, and the latter, cut off
as it were at the base, is thrown off later than in other species,
either in form of a half-split calyptra, or separated into two cucul-
late bracteoles.

Obs. Prom the above descriptions it will be seen that the calyx
of Verticordia shows a variety of structure sufficiently notable
even to suggest the idea of dividing the genus into three or four
distinct ones, instead of which however, — and in our opinion quite

DE. MEISNEE ON CHAM^ELATJOIEJ!. 43

wisely, — Schauer, the monographer of Chatncelauciece (Nov. Act.
Acad. Leopold.-Car. vol. xix. suppl. 2) has only subdivided it into
three sections, characterized partly by the structure of the calyx
and partly by that of the anthers As however the anthers show
but very minute and (except in two species only, viz. V. grandi-
flora and nobilis) by no means striking characters, we should
have thought it preferable to establish the sections chiefly, if not
exclusively, on the structure of the calyx, according to its having
three or two or only one series of lobes or appendages. Of these
different series of lobes, the innermost, and often the sole existing,
i. e. that whose lobes alternate with the petals and are always
coloured and deeply divided or friuged, is undoubtedly formed by
the free ends of the five sepals, and continuous with the tube
formed by the coalition of their inferior portion. But what are
the lobes of the accessory second and third series ? Without
presuming to decide this question, I may only say that, instead of
regarding them as a second and third whorl of (more or less
altered) sepals, we would rather consider them as mere appendages
of the calycinal leaves, analogous to those so commonly occurring
in Lythrariece, in certain Melastomacece ( Otanthera, Blume ; Lean-
dra, E-addi ; Melastoma, &c), and even in some Myrtacece (species
of Astartea, D.C. ; Lophostemon, Schott), or to the scales on the
calyx of certain species of Osbeckia, although the fixity of their
number and position (those of one series constantly alternating
in the most regular manner with those of the next series) would
perhaps speak against our opinion ; while on the other hand the
10-lobed, 2-seriate calyx of Pileanthus, and the doubled, trebled,
quadrupled, or even more increased number of stamens in the
plurality of genera of Myrtacece, seem to indicate a tendency in
this order to multiply the number and most probably also the
series or whorls of these organs. At all events, that inter-
pretation of the appendages in question which Dr. Schauer has
given in his Monograph, appears, to say the least, very unsa-
tisfactory and arbitrary. What I have designated (in V. chry-
sostachys, oculata and grandis) as the lobes of the first series,
Dr. Schauer mentions (though only en passant, in the descrip-
tion of V. Lindleyi, pennigera and Drunwwndii) under the name
of "ungues loborum" (they are distinctly figured on his tab. 4. B.
fig. 8, 9. litt. b), although they evidently do not originate from
the base, but from the upper part of the calyx, and always have
their apex free, not adnate to the tube. What I have de-
scribed as the reflexed and fringed membranous or petaloid lobes

44 DE. MEISKEE ON CHAMiELATTCTEjE.

of the second or middle series in V. chrysostachys, oculata and
grandis, and of the first or exterior series in V. callitriclia and
ovalifolia, exist in the whole section Catocalypta, and are correctly-
figured by Schauer (t. 4. B. fig. 10) ; but these lobes are consi-
dered by him as an involucre (!), and described as originating from
the "margo exterior loborum," whereas in reality they distinctly
spring from the narrow sinus between the lobes, and are perfectly
free from the latter : nor do they adhere to the base of the calyx,
except in V. insignis, and even here but very slightly. The idea
of an involucre springing from the linibus calycis is certainly new,
but altogether untenable. According to the differences of the
calyx above mentioned, I would propose to divide the genus Ver-
ticordia into the following four sections : —

I. Euveeticoedia, nob. Calycis limbus 1-serialis.

To this belong Schauer' s whole Sect. I. Euverticordia and
III. Chrysonia, and our V. nobilis and stelluligera.

II. Veeticoedella, nob. Calycis limbus 2-serialis, serie media
deficiente, exterioris lobis reflexis integerrimis tubo semiad-
natis, &c.

Of this section I know only V. Drumniondii.

III. Catocalypta, Schauer. Calycis limbus 2-serialis, serie
prima (lobis reflexis integris, &c.) deficiente, &c.

To this belong all the species of Schauer' s second section,
and our V. callitriclia and ovalifolia.

IV. Penntjligeea, nob. Calycis limbus 3-serialis, &c.

Of this we know only the three last species here described,
V. chrysostachys, oculata and grandis.

12. ChamjELATJCITTH Detimmokdii, nob., glabrum, foliis sparsis passimque
oppositis linearibus triquetris minute mucronulatis subtus obtuse carinatis
margine dense ciliatis carina glabra, corymbis dense multifloris, floribus sub-
sessilibus, calyce turbinato 10-neryio demum basi obsolete 10-costato, limbi
lobis ovalibus obtusis minute ciliolatis, petalis sessilibus orbicularibug
minute ciliato-serrulatis calycis lobos dimidio superantibus, filamentis
fertilibus basi dilatatis sterilibusque Hgulseformibus subsequalibus, stylo
stamina superante petala sequante, stigmate capitato corona pilorum cincto.

Hob. in planitie arenosa prope Colbourn Springs. Drummond in Hook.
Journ. 1853, p. 119. coll. 6. n. 41 !

Frutex 2-pedalis. Rami virgati, ramuHs gracilibus subcorymbosis. FoHa
3-4 lin. longa, \-\ Hn. lata, obtusiuscula cum mucronulo minuto sub-
recurvo, supra plana v. subconcava, marginis ciliis albidis latitudinem folii
subsequantibus, punctis glandulosis prominulis fuscis utrinque satis copiosis.

DR. MEISKER ON OHAMtELAUCIE^). 45

Corymbi capitulum hemisplisericum simulantes, magnic. cerasi majoris,
floribus albis demum roseis, magnit. Verticordice insignis. Bracteolse ca-
ducse.

From Ch. ciliatum and virgatum this is easily distinguished by
the ciliated leaves and petals ; from the former, moreover, by the
subcapitate and larger flowers, the bearded stigma, &c. ; from the
latter by the ciliated lobes of the calyx, smaller leaves, &c.

13. ChaMjELATjcium apfine, nob., glaberrimum, foliis oppositis subfilifor-
mibus semiteretibus recurvo -mucronulatis dorso convexis marginibus
obtusis, corymbis paucifloris laxiusculis, pedunculis folio pariun brevi-
oribus, calyce obovato leviter 10-costato, inter costas inferne minute foveo-
lato, lobis brevissimis semilunaribus margine subscanosis petalisque late
obovatis integerrimis, filamentis subulatis basi dilatatis steriba conformia
breve superantibus stylum sequantibus, stigmate capitato basi barbula cincto.
Drwmm. coll. 6. n. 40 !

Folia semipatentia, stricta, parum rigidula, 8-12 Un. longa, %-% lin. crassa,
floralia conformia sed breviora. PediceUi 2-3 Un. longi, crassiuscub, de-
florati apice truncato-subbilobi.

This seems to be the plant mentioned by Drummond in Hooker's
Journ. 1853, p. 118. in these words : — " By far the largest shrub
of the order known to me is found on sandy ground on all the
rivers, from the Moore to the Irwin ; it grows from 15 to 20 feet
high, bearing numerous corymbs of large lilac flowers ; the sepals
are broad and very short, without cilia," &c. It differs from
all the other species in its thin and longer leaves, and from
C. uncinatum, Schauer, which seems to be its nearest relation, by
the larger petals, the rounded (not truncate) lobes of the calyx,
and the antherse being not apiculate.

14. PileanThus MLiFOLius, nob., glaber, foliis oppositis tereti-v. semitereti-
filiformibus subpoUicaribus obtusis muticis, pedunculis in summis axillis
solitariis 1-fioris folia sequantibus, involucro calyptrseformi bicornuto prope
basin circumscisso, basi persistente brevi turbinata leviter 5-crenata, calyce
obovato-oblongo ecostato flavido-sericeo basi attenuato, limbi lobis 10
biseriatis obovato-subrotundis minute serrulatis, petalis obovato-oblongis
unguibus latis nudis, lamina subrotunda breve ciliata, antherarum loculis
connectivo lato subdivaricatis, stylo stigmateque simpbci glabris.

Sab. cum preecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 42 !

Rami graciles, laxiuscule fobosi. FoHa 6-11 lin. longa, £ lin. crassa, lsete
viridia, parce glanduloso-punctata. Alabastra obovata, fere 4 lin. longa,
involucri a basi demum fissi bracteis 2 supra cohaerentibus, marginibus
tamen distincte conspicuis. Petala blacina v. rosea, 4 lin. longa.

Very distinct from P. limacis and pedunculata, especially in the
leaves and involucre.

46 DB. MEISNER OS CHAM^LAUCIEiE.

15. Caltcotheix tenuifolia, nob., glaberrima, ramulis laevibus, foliis semi-
pollice brevioribus acute triquetro-filiformibus obtusis muticis demum
semipatulis, floribus infra apicem ramulorum axillaribus subsessilibus
20-andris, bracteolis scariosis oblongis cuspidatis vix basi connatis sub-
carinatis, calycis tubo braeteolas demum parum superante angulato, lobis
subrotundis acuminatis, aristis petala (rosea) dimidio superantibus.

Sab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 57 !

Folia 3-4 lin. longa, f lin. lata, recta, sessilia, opposita et sparsa. Flores in

spicam circ. pollicarem foliosam comatam congesti, calycis tubo 3-4 lin.

longo, setis 5-6 lin. longis. Petala lanceolato-oblonga, glabra, staminibus

subdupld longiora.

Approaching C. glutinosa, Lindl., which differs by 10-androus
flowers, &c, and C. tenuiramea, Turcz., which differs in having no
stipules, pointed leaves, connate and ecarinate bracteoles and cilio-
late arista?.

16. Caltcotheix eosea, nob., glaberrima, ramulis dense cicatrisato-tubercu-
latis, foliis imbricatis semipollicaribus triquetro-linearibus acutiusculis
muticis dorso obtusis, floribus infra apicem ramulorum paucis axillaribus
subsessilibus folia vix superantibus, bracteolis scariosis vix basi connatis
oblongis attenuato-acutis subcarinatis, calycis tubo braeteolas subdimidio
superante angulato, lobis emarginato-subrotundis, aristis petala (rosea) vix
dimidio superantibus.

Hab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 56 !

Folia 5-7 lin. longa, \ lin. lata. Spicse breves, capitulum comatum menti-

entes. Stamina 20 v. plura, petalis ovato- oblongis acutis glabris sanguineo-

roseis dimidio breviora.

Very near the preceding species, but easily distinguished by the
larger, blunter, adpressed leaves, &c.

17. Caltcotheix lasiantha, nob., foliis nanis triquetro-linearibus obtusis
muticis semipatulis ramisque lsevibus puberulis demum glabratis, racemis
terminalibus multifloris, bracteoUs cum pedicello brevissimo folium sub-
sequantibus basi connatis ovali-oblongis acutis medio puberulis apice sub-
carinatis divergentibus, calycis tubo bracteolis tripld longiore puberulo
inferne angulato, lobis ovatis setaceo- acuminatis plumoso-pilosiusculis
corolla (rosea v. lilacina ?) extus puberula parum brevioribus.

Hab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 53 !

Folia opposita et sparsa, 1-2-2 lin. longa, £ lin. lata, stipulis exiguis caducis.

Calycis tubus 4-5 lin. longus, tenuis, eglandulosus. Petala 3 lin. longa,

oblonga, acuta, eglandulosa. Stamina 20 v. plura.

A very pretty species, resembling certain Trernandrce, and allied
to C. breviseta, Lindl. and C. strigosa, Cunn., but quite distinct.

18. Caltcotheix beevifolia, nob., glaberrima, foliis nanis triquetro-
oblongis obtusis submuticis, floribus infra ramorum apicem paucis axilla-

DR. MEISSEB ON CHAMJELAUCIE.E. 47

ribus, pedicello folium subsequante, bracteolis subcoriaceo-scariosis obovatis
infra medium connatis breve mucronato-acuminatis haud carinatis, calycis
tubo tereti bracteolas vix dimidio superante, lobis scariosis rhombeo-orbi-
cularibus, aristis corollam (roseam) dupld superantibus.

Hab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 58 !

Folia \-\\ lin. longa, £-f lin. lata, brevissime petiolata, margine dorsoque
acutiuscula, glanduloso-punctata, interdum minute mucronulata, passim
subrotunda. Bracteolse rubrse, medio dorso virides et glanduloso-punctatse,
2£ lin. longse. Calycis tubus ruber, eglandulosus, lsevis, aristis capilla-
ribus 6-7 lin. longis. Stam. 20. Stipulse vix conspicuse, caducissimse.

This comes near C. Leschenaultii, which however differs in
having scabrid leaves, carinate bracteolse, only 8-13 stamens, &o

19. Calycotheix Deummondii, nob., glaberrima, foliis erecto-imbricatis
unguicularibus acutiuscule triquetro-linearibus subacutis muticis supra
planis, corymbo subterminali densifloro, bracteolis vix basi connatis lineari-
lanceolatis complicato-subcarinatis setaceo-acuminatis dimidium calycis
tubum vix superantibus, calycis lobis subrotundis acuminatis aristis petala
(citrina) glabra dimidio superantibus.

Hab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 52 !

Folia subsessilia, 3-6 lin. longa, £ lin. lata, lsevia, obsolete glanduloso-punc-
tata. Calycis tubus 4 lin. longus, foliis brevior, angulatus, inferne glandu-
loso-punctatus, lobis scariosis subdecoloribus, arista 5 lin. longa. Petala
ovato-oblonga, acuta, glabra. Stamina 20 v. plura.

Closely allied to C. luteola, Schaner (in PI. Preiss. i. p. 106),
and perhaps a mere variety of it, differing in longer leaves, keeled
bracteolse, &c.

20. Calycotheix tenella, nob., glaberrima, foliis patentibus semiunguicu-
laribus linearibus complicatis triquetrisve obtusis, mucronulo exiguo deciduo,
corymbis sabterminalibus paucifloris, bracteolis folio calyceque dimidio
brevioribus basi connatis supra divergentibus lanceolatis carinatis, acumin*
brevi setaceo recurvo-patulo, calycis tubo angulato, lobis subtruncato-
obovatis, arista petalis (citrinis) duplo longiore.

Hab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 55 !

Hamuli corymbosi tenelli, leviter et remotiuscule cicatrisato-denticulati.
Stipulse minutse, setacese, caducse. Folia sparsa, brevissime petiolata, 2-4
lin. longa, \— \ lin. lata, obsolete punctata. Bracteolse 2 lin. longse, albse,
carina viridi, glanduloso-punctata. Calycis lobi lutei, arista 4-5 bin. longa.
Petala et stam. prsecedentis.

Perhaps a mere variety of C. flavescens, Cunn. (Fielding, Sert.
t. 38), which however differs in the form and length of the
bracteolse, racemose flowers, and ovate acuminate calycinal lobes.

21. Calycotheix teteagonophylla, nob., ramulis apice puberulis, foliis
patentissimis nanis oblongo -linearibus acutiuscule tetraquetris obtusis mu-

48 MR. KIPPIST ON TWO SPECIES OP GEKETYLLIS.

cronulatis basi attenuatis minute ciliolatis demum glabratis, spica subter-
minali pauciflora, bracteolis subliberis anguste lanceolatis setaceo-acuminatis
complicatis puberulis, apice subrecurvo patulo, calycis tubo angulato brac-
teolis vix dimidio longiore, lobis obovato-triangularibus emarginatis, arista
petala (lutea) dimidio superante.

Hob. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 54 !

Bamuli tenues, corymbosi, dense cicatrisato-denticulati. Folia sparsa et
opposita, l-2£ lin. longa, £ lin. lata, subimpunctata, faciebus glabris.
Flores subsessiles. Bracteolae 2 lin, longae, virides, margine albidse. Calycis
lobi lutei. Petala glabra. Stamina 20.

This approaches chiefly C. aurea, Lindl. and G.flavescens, Cunn.,
but the former differs in having imbricated concave leaves, and the
bracteoles as long as the tube of the calyx ; and the latter in being
glabrous, and in the shape of the leaves and bracteolse.

22. Calycotheix pttbeeula, nob., foliis imbricatis demum semipatulis
linearibus carinato-triquetris acutiusculis submucronulatis undique hispido-
puberulis, corymbis subterminalibus paucifloris, bracteolis erectis calycis
tubum subaequantibus subliberis foliaceis puberulis subulato-linearibus
complicatis, calycis lobis truncato-obovatis acuminatis, arista petalis (aureis)
vix dimidio longiore.

Sab. cum prsecedente. Drumm. coll. 6. n. 51 !

Hamuli prsecedentis, apice puberuli. Folia sparsa, circ. 3 lin. longa, % lin.
lata, subsessilia, dorso quasi 2-sulco, mucronulo minuto deciduo, pube
patula brevissima albida. Bracteolae virides, puberulee, margine albidae.
Calycis tubus circ. 3 lin. longus, angulatus, glaber, lobis luteis suborbicu-
laribus, aristis 3-4 lin. longis. Stamina 20.

This is also closely allied to C. aurea, Lindl., but easily distin-
guished by the leaves, bracteolae, &c.

Notice of two apparently undescribed species of Genetyllis, from

S.W. Australia. By Bichard Kippist, Esq., Libr. L.S.

[Bead November 20th, 1855.]

The Chamcelauciecd described by Dr. Meisner in the foregoing
paper were all contained in a collection (the 6th) formed by
Mr. Drummond during a journey of eighteen months' duration, to
the northward of Swan River. On comparing the MS. with the
specimens of Chaincelauciece recently presented to the Society by
Mr. W. "W. Saunders, as well as with those already contained in
our herbarium, I was somewhat surprised to find two very distinct
and beautiful species of Genetyllis, collected by Mr. Drummond
in a previous journey to the south of the colony, which appear to

%

MK. KirPIST ON TWO SPECIES OE GENETYLLIS. 49

be still undescribed. Of these I have prepared the following cha-
racters, at the request of Dr. Meisner, he not having been able
to obtain access to specimens of the plants. They both belong
to the group with enlarged and coloured bracts, of which two
very ornamental species have been recently introduced to our
gardens, and figured in the number of the ' Botanical Magazine'
for July last.

1. Genetyllis {Involucrata^ fimbeiata, erecta, ramosa, glabra ; foliis con-
fertis, plerumque oppositis, decussatis, ellipticis, obtusis, supra convexis,
subtiis pallidis, margine ciliatis ; capitulis terminalibus cernuis, 8-10-
florisj involucro campanulato pollicari; bracteis ecarinatis, elliptico- v.
ovato-oblongis, margine fimbriatis ; interioribus membranaceis, roseis, apice
hiantibus ; exterioribus ovatis, herbaceis, quadrifariam imbricatis ; brac-
teolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, carinatis, flores sessiles subsequantibus ; calyce
ovato-cylindrico, basi laevissimo, crustaceo, minute punctato, fauce con-
tracts,, corrugata, lobis minutissimis ; petalis ovatis, acutis, membranaceis ;
staminodiis filiformibus, filamenta subulata sequantibus ; stylo filiformi,
longe exserto, apice hispido.

Hob. in Australia austro-occidentali. Drummond, coll. 5. no. 99 !

This appears to be the plant with thyme-like ciliated leaves and
large rose-coloured bracts, mentioned by Mr. Drummond (in a
letter, dated Cape Eiche, Oct. 29, 1848, and published in the
* Journal of Botany ' for 1849) as having been gathered by him
on Congineerup, in company with another large-bracted Genetyllis
with heath-like leaves, and bracts without cilia, which I believe to
be the following species.

Genetyllis Jimbriata may be readily distinguished from all its
congeners of the ' Involucratce ' section by its leaves and bracts
both being beautifully ciliated ; G. oederioides, Turcz., of which the
bracts are even more strongly fringed, having entire triquetrous
leaves, while those of Jimbriata are elliptical, revolute, and some*,
what like those of G. citriodora, but smaller,

2. Genetyllis (Involucratce) Meisneei, erecta, fruticulosa, 2-3-chotome
ramosa, glaberrima ; foliis sparsis, patulis, lineari-lanceolatis, acutis, mar-
gine revolutis integerrimis, dorso subcarinatis ; capitulis terminalibus
nutantibus multi- (8-10-) floris ; involucri campanulati bracteis interioribus
(6-8) elliptico-oblongis, membranaceis, roseis, integris v. apice serrulatis,
breve mucronatis ; exterioribus dupld minoribus, subherbaceis, ovatis,
longe acuminatis ; bracteolis lineari-lanceolatis acutis, floribus sessilibus
purpureis vernicosis paullo longioribus ; calyce ovato-cylindrico lsevi, lobis
exiguis petalis ovatis niultd brevioribus ; nlamentis staminodia superanti-

; stylo subulato longe exserto, apice barbato.
Hal. cum praecedente. Drummond, coll. 5. no. 100! (& 101 !).
LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY. E

50 MR. KIPPIST ON TWO SPECIES OF GENETYLLIS.

In the structure of its flowers, and more particularly in the
extremely minute and nearly obsolete calyx-lobes, as well as in
the form of the style and hispid stigma, this species, which I have
much pleasure in naming after the indefatigable author of the
paper just read, agrees with the preceding : in habit it most nearly
approaches G. helichrysoides, Meisn., which, however, is readily
distinguished by its smaller size, less branched stems, triquetrous
serrulate leaves, gradually tapering bracts, and much more con-
spicuous elliptical calyx-lobes. No. 101 of Drummond's 5th col-
lection seems to be merely a less luxuriant state of the same
plant, with more thinly scattered leaves, and paler bracts and
flowers ; but I have been unable to detect any difference of struc-
ture sufficiently important to justify its separation as a distinct
species.

In conclusion, I may, perhaps, be allowed to add a few words,
by way of endorsing the opinion expressed by Dr. Meisner in the
foregoing paper, viz. that the Genetyllis macrostegia of the ' Bo-
tanical Magazine ' (t. 4860) does not appear to be the plant
originally described under that name by Turczaninow ; an opinion
at which I had arrived prior to the receipt of Dr. Meisner' s MS.,
but which, without such a confirmation, I should scarcely have
ventured to express in opposition to those of Dr. Lindley and Sir
"William Hooker. The former, however, evidently entertained
some doubts on the point, as he suggests, when writing on the
Genetyllis tulipifera (his Hedarome tulipiferum) , that that plant
should be compared with the G. macrostegia of Turczaninow. A con-
stant interchange of publications having been carried on between
the Linnean Society and the Natural History Society of Moscow,
I have fortunately been enabled to refer to Turczaninow' s original
paper in the ' Bulletin' of that Society for the year 1849 ; and a
comparison of his description (at tome xxii. pt. 2. p. 18) with
Mr. Saunders's very complete set of Swan River Chamcelauciece,
in which Drummond's Nos. (quoted in the Moscow ' Bulletin,'
but omitted by Walpers) have been carefully preserved, and the
different series distinguished, as well as with the descriptions and
figures of the two species given in the ' Botanical Magazine ' for
July last, has satisfied me that the plant with broad party-coloured
bracts, described and figured at tab. 4858 as a new species, under
the name of G. tulipifera, is identical with G. macrostegia, Turcz. ;
while the narrow-leaved plant with self-coloured bracts (t. 4860),
to which Sir W. Hooker assigns that name, was probably unknown
to the Russian botanist, since it does not occur in Drummond's

Mtt. KIPPIST ON TWO SPECIES OE GENET TLLIS. 51

4th series #, the latest, apparently, which had reached him when
writing his "Decas 6ta generum Plantarum hucusque cognita-
rum," in which the name in question was first promulgated. He
there cites, as belonging to his G. macrostegia, No. 40 of Drum-
mond's 4th collection; and with the single exception that the
leaves are not, for the most part, opposite (a point, by the way,
in which these plants vary extremely, even on the same branch),
our specimen so numbered corresponds perfectly with his de-
scription, as it also does with that of G. tulipifera, Hook., in the
1 Botanical Magazine.'

The two recently introduced species being very closely allied,
and Turczaninow having had only one of them before him when
framing his definition, it can hardly be a matter of surprise that
much of that definition is equally applicable to both : still it
appears to me that, in addition to the very important character
already pointed out by Dr. Meisner, " calycis tubo basi decem-
costato " (while Sir William Hooker states that he can find only
Jive furrows in the lower part of the tube of his G. macrostegia),
there are one or two other points in which it accords better with
the G. tulipifera of the ' Botanical Magazine ' than with the ma-
crostegia of that work. For instance, the leaves are described as
broadly linear ; the capitula as cemuous ; the bracts of the general
involucre as obovate obtuse, thrice as long as the flowers, " colore
purpureo plus minus tinctis," and the partial bracts as " basi roseis,
a/pice atro-purpureis ;" while in the specimens of No. 98 of Drum-
mond's 5th series, unquestionably identical with the G. macro-
stegia of the ' Botanical Magazine ' (for which Dr. Meisner pro-
poses the name G. Hookeriana) , the leaves are much narrower, the
heads of flowers nutant rather than merely cernuous ; the bracts
of the involucre are elliptical, much less obtuse, and concolorous,
scarcely more than twice as long as the flowers (exclusive of the
style, which in both species eventually becomes nearly as long as
the involucre), and the partial bracts show no indication of the
dark purple colour at their tips, which is so obvious in the dried
specimens of the broader-leaved plant, as well as in Mr. Fitch's
very characteristic figure of it. In this, which I take to be the
true G. macrostegia, the base of the calyx-tube appears to me rather

* In Drammond's 5th series, both G. tulipifera, and G. macrostegia, Hook.
(G. Hookeriana, Meisn.), occur, in company with the two very ornamental and
well-marked species just described by myself, which surely would not have
been overlooked by Turczaninow, had that series, where the ' macrostegia ' of
the Bot. Mag. first occurs, reached Moscow in time to admit of his inserting
them in his paper.

e2

52 ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEiE.

punctate than transversely rugose ; while that of O. HooJceriana,
Meisn., is distinctly marked between the jfe ribs, with prominent
transverse wavy ridges, showing an approach to the peculiar struc-
ture which occurs in the lower part of the calyx of G. diosmoides
and Drumniondii ; the " calycis tubus polyzonatus " of Schauer's
Monograph in the 'Nova Acta Academise Naturae Curiosorum,'
where (vol. xix. suppl. 2. tab. 2, A. & B.) this structure is very
accurately represented.

Note on a Fungus found imbedded in the Pens of Cambridgeshire.
By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, F.L.S. &c.

[Eead February 5th, 1856.]

Fungi are so rare in a fossil state, if indeed any undoubted cases
occur before the post-pleiocene period, that no apology need be
made for recording so trifling a matter as the present. Moulds
are occasionally well preserved in amber, and a diligent search
would probably detect species of other groups amongst the vege-
table relics in the London clay. In the Museum at Kew there is
a specimen of P olypor us foment arius, Fr., communicated from the
Pens of Cambridgeshire by the Bev. Mr. Hailstone, where it
occurred with bog^oak, and must have been buried for many
centuries. The specimen is so perfect that it shows the peculiar
substance of the pileus in admirable condition, both as regards
colour and texture. It may be remarked, that the specimen, which
is attached by the centre and ungulate, is far more strongly lac-
tate than any British individuals which have passed through my
hands, and in fact accords perfectly with one which was gathered
in Sikkim by Dr. Hooker, and which may be seen in the same
oompartment of the Museum. It must have been dependent from
some large branch, a situation in which the species seldom if ever
occurs in Great Britain, and was probably surrounded by a moister
atmosphere, in consequence of the prevalence of extensive forests,
than exists at present in the same or neighbouring districts,

Notes on Loganiacece. By George Bentham, Esq., P.L.S. &c.

[Read February 5th and 19th, 1856.]

The group of plants collected under the name of Loganiacecs can
scarcely be said to constitute a natural order, but rather one of

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJE. 53

those artificial assemblages, which, in the present state of our
knowledge of plants, we are obliged to interpose between some of
the great families, to receive anomalous genera rejected from them.
Our natural orders, with all the improvements they have received
from the most philosophical of modern botanists, are yet as dis-
similar in definiteness of circumscription and apparent conformity
to nature, as they are in extent. Some indeed, including the two
most numerous of all, are so well characterized as to admit of no
doubt. The Cruciferce, Leguminosce, Umbelliferce, Composite, La-
biatce, JPalmce, Orchidece, Cyperacece, Graminece, and several others,
comprehending two-thirds of the known species of plants, are ad-
mitted by all botanists without any variation, and although, amidst
the thousands of species comprised in each, there may be some one
or two which may offer an exceptional character or anomalous
structure, indicating some slight approach to other groups, yet we
cannot have the least hesitation as to where to draw the line of
demarcation. The Himalayan Megacarpceas, although polyandrous,
are still decidedly Cruciferous, not Capparideous. The distinction
between Leguminosce and Mosacece, although so difficult to be ex-
pressed in words, is yet so clearly defined, that we find no single
genus or species ever considered as intermediate, and although the
passage from the former into Terebinihacece through Copaifera and
Connarus be really more gradual, yet it is still between those two
genera that the limits are placed by universal consent ; so are they
as irrevocably fixed between the closely allied genera Teucriwn and
Vitex, which form the connecting link between Labiatce and Verbe-
nacece. The vast orders of Umbelliferce and Composited are equally
isolated, notwithstanding the anomalous inflorescences of Hors-
fieldia and some others in the former and Xanthium in the latter,
which at first sight disguise their characters. The few species of
Apostasiece are but anomalous Orchidece, rather explaining their
structure than connecting them with any particular order. Cype-
racece and Graminece retain their typical structure through all the
singular modifications hitherto observed.

There are other orders again, even amongst the most riumerous
in species after the Composites and Leguminosce, which are admitted
on all sides to be natural, but upon whose precise limits few
botanists can be made to agree, an almost continuous chain of
intermediate groups connecting them with adjoining ones. Here
the severance has generally been made wherever the links have
appeared the weakest; but as these weak points have been variously
appreciated by different minds, and no definite standard has been

54 Mil. liENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJE.

adopted for testing them, the greatest uncertainty has been the con-
sequence. Malvacece are connected with Tiliacece by numerous
genera which some would unite into one intermediate order, whilst
others consider them as constituting from two to six or seven in-
dependent ones, and others again propose uniting more or less of
these groups with Malvacece. The Mernecylece are in the eyes of
some botanists one or two intermediate families between Melasto-
macece and Myrtacece, whilst for others they are but a tribe of the
former. So it is with the connecting groups between Myrtacece and
Passiflorece, between the latter and Cucurbitacece, &c. Amongst
some of the largest and most universally recognized Monopetalous
orders the connexion is still more gradual and the limits proposed
more arbitrary. There can be no doubt that Bubiacece, Apocynece,
Gentianece, and Scrophularinece are large independent orders in-
dicated in nature, yet those genera now amalgamated under the
name of Loganiacece bind them so firmly together, that some of
these genera will be found even more closely allied to certain
others of each of the above orders respectively than they are to
each other. On the other side, ScropJiularinece themselves pass
imperceptibly into Solanece, Pignoniacece or Convolvulacece, and
through these into several others.

Since the metaphor of a chain or linear series has been found
inadequate for the illustration of the connexion of the natural
groups, that of a geographical area or map has been more generally
resorted to. In following out this idea, we may compare the
natural system to an extensive country more or less densely
wooded. Here the Compositce, Leguminosce, and other well-defined
orders may be represented by dense forests clearly separated from
all others by open spaces all around them, although here and there
a solitary tree or a small cluster may stand a little out from the
general boundary-line. The Malvacece and Tiliacece, the Melasto-
Tnacece and Myrtacece, the Myrtacece and Passijlorce, these again and
the Cucurbitacece would not be separated by any clear open space,
but by a tract still wooded, but of less density, in which here and
there the trees would be so thinly scattered as almost to break the
connexion. So the above-mentioned Monopetalous orders, the Bu-
biacece, Apocynece, Gentianece, and ScropJiularinece would, be typi-
fied by large and dense woods rather widely separated from each
other, but the intervening space would be dotted over with solitary
trees or small clusters representing our Loganiacece. Many of these
may be very near to the surrounding woods, and considerable clear
spaces may intervene between some of them ; yet, in mapping out

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^. 55

the country, it may be more convenient to draw the line close
round the frontiers of the whole space, than to portion it out into
projecting parcels annexed to the adjoining woods.

On a careful examination, it will be found that almost the whole
of the Loganiacece lie very near to some part or other of the vast
field of Rubiacece, although by their free ovary they are absolutely
and with very few exceptions clearly separated. The connecting
genera with Apocynece, Gentianece, and Scrophularinece are on the
other hand much fewer, but the union is much closer. With
Scrojphularinece in particular, although the general affinity is more
remote, the few intermediate genera and species are intermediate
in every respect, in habit as in technical character. The main
distinction, the presence of stipules in Loganiacece, disappears very
gradually, and the difficulty of drawing the line is the greater from
there being no general habit or family resemblance to unite the
several members of the Loganiacece. A somewhat arbitrary deci-
sion is therefore here unavoidable, and we can only direct our best
endeavours to the adoption of that demarcation which shall inter-
fere the least with the circumscription of the allied orders.

Opposite leaves, interpetiolar stipules (represented occasionally
by a mere line connecting the petioles), epipetalous stamens alter-
nating with the lobes of a regular gamopetalous corolla, a free
ovary divided into two or rarely more cells, a style cleft at the
top into as many lobes, an axile placentation and albuminous
seeds with a comparatively small straight embryo, may be said to
be the main features of Loganiacece-, and wherever these characters
can be undoubtedly recognized, there will be no difficulty as to the
identification of the order. But where the stipules become rudi-
mentary, the case is very different, and secondary characters, such
as aestivation of the corolla, regularity in the flower, dehiscence of
the capsule, peculiarities of placentation variously combined, must
be resorted to, as will be seen when we come to examine into the
various tribes into which the order is divided.

In DeCandolle's ' Prodromus ' eleven distinct tribes are adopted,
showing but little of that philosophical method which usually cha-
racterized his systematical works. This was, however, the natural
consequence of the process by which the amalgamation was formed.
A number of detached genera rejected from very different orders
were provisionally associated with others which had been published
by various botanists as separate families ; and as the materials he
possessed did not admit of his taking a comprehensive view of the
whole, he thought it necessary to retain as tribes whatever had

56

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJ3.

been established as orders, adopting as essential tbose characters
which had occasioned their separation from Apocynece, Gentianece,
or other free Monopetalous orders. As they were now, however,
brought into contact with a new set of affinities, many of these
characters became much altered in value. Thus, aestivation of the
corolla, for instance, is of great value among Scrophularinece, Apo-
cynece, and their allies, in the distinction of tribes or even of orders,
but among Rubiacece is available for little more than for the sepa-
ration of genera ; and as long as Loganiacece were thought to be
most closely connected with the former families, near which the
elder DeCandolle placed them, he very naturally attached great
importance to this character. But now that we bring them into
contact rather with Rubiacece, that importance, as observed by
Alphonse DeCandolle in his notes, becomes much lessened in our
eyes. Regarding indeed Loganiacece, as now generally admitted,
as Rubiacece with a free ovary, — a sort of artificial offset from that
family, it appears to be the more philosophical as well as the more
practically convenient course, to divide them as nearly as possible
according to the same principles as those adopted in classing Ru-
biacece themselves.

Of the thirteen tribes adopted by DeCandolle in the division
of Rubiacece, there are a few, founded chiefly on number of parts,
which subsequent experience has not confirmed. But the most
important, artificial as they are in some respects, are yet by far
the best that have been proposed. And if the whole number be
thus reduced to seven, or perhaps eight, it will be found that the
four largest of them have a close parallel among Loganiacece, as
may be seen by the following comparative statement : —

Rtjbiaceje.

LOGA.NIACE.aE.

i ° .

« &

m O
ft) s3

-3 «>

t>
O

R u 1

6 *

Seeds
winged ..."

Seeds not
winged ..."

Fruit succi

Flowers numerous on
globular receptacles

Flowers distinct

Fruit capsular

Naucleese.

Cinchonese.

Hedyotidese.

Grardeniese.
CofFeese.

Spermacocese.
Stellatse.

Antoniese.
Euloganiese.

Fagrseese.
Gsertneriese.

Fruit succulent, inde-
hiscent

ilent

Fruit dry <

Stipules interpetiolar,
not foliaceous

Stipules similar to the
leaves, forming a
whorl with them . . .

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEiE.

57

The nearest approach to Spermacocece among free Monopetalce
must be sought for among Verhenacecs, although I am not aware
of any of them having a sufficiently marked tendency to stipular
appendages and regular flowers to be referred to Loganiacece, and
I know of no genera whatever with free ovaries representing either
Naucleece or Stellatce.

The following table will best show the double arrangement of the
known genera of Loganiacece according to the nature of the fruit,
or according to the aestivation of the corolla : —

^Estivation contorted.

^Estivation valvate.

^Estivation imbricate.

Antonte^e.

Antonia.
listeria.
Norrisia.

Gelsemium.

EULOGANIE-E.

Gfeniostoma.

Spigelia.
Mitreola.
Mitrasacme.

Polypremum.

Logania.

Gromphostigma.

Nuxia.

Chilian thus.

Buddleia.

FAGB.EE.E.

Desfontainea.
Fagrsea.
Potalia.
Anthocleista.

Strychnos.
Brehmia.

? Labordea.

•

Nicodemia.

G-jEKTNEKIEiE.

Gardneria.
Pagamsea.
Grsertnera.

I shall now proceed to enter into some details with regard to
each of these tribes and genera.

Tribe I. ANTOISTnLE.

Of the Antoniece, or Cincfionece with a free ovary, we have four
genera. Three of them, the South American Antonia, the African
listeria, and the Asiatic Norrisia, each with a single species, agree
with some of the smaller-flowered Cinchonas in inflorescence, in
the valvate aestivation of the corolla and general habit ; the fourth,
Gelsemium, North American and Asiatic, corresponds with Ma-
nettia in its climbing habit, inflorescence, and imbricated (quin-
cuncial) aestivation of the corolla. In all, the stipules are much
less developed than in the corresponding Rubiaceous genera,
being almost reduced to an elevated line connecting the stipules,
and thus showing some approach to Apocynece.

58 MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE.E.

1. Antonia, Pohl.

The peculiar characters of this plant consist in the numerous
imbricated bracts surrounding the calyx, the short tube of the
corolla, and the broad peltate placentae, producing numerous ovules,
of which only one or two in each cell are ever found to enlarge
into seeds. It has been hitherto supposed that there are two
species, the one glabrous, the other more or less hairy, especially
on the under side of the leaves ; but the numerous specimens we
now possess from various parts of Brazil and Guiana show a gra-
dual passage from the one into the other, and it is seldom, even in
Pohl's original specimens, that the under side of the leaves is abso-
lutely without hairs.

2. TTsteeia, Willd.
The great development of one lobe of the calyx, a circumstance
of which several examples exist in JRubiacece, and the constant
abortion of three out of the four stamens, afford good generic cha-
racters in listeria, although they do not appear of sufficient im-
portance to separate this single species into a distinct tribe. The
corolla, excepting in the number of its parts, and the placentas,
are as in Norrisia, with the capsule and seeds common to that
genus and Antonia. With regarcf to the reduction of the stamens,
it cannot be considered as any approach to the irregular flowers of
Scrophularinece, as it shows no tendency to didynamy, but it is
rather one of those exceptional anomalies such as that observable
in Carlemannia among Hedyotidece, where the stamens are reduced
to two, without any irregularity in the corolla.

3. Noeeisia, Gardn.

"Well described by Gardner, this plant differs from Antonia,
with which Wight proposed to unite it, in the want of the imbri-
cated bracts, in the slender tube of the corolla, and in the linear
placentae. Gardner describes and Wight figures the embryo as
reversed with the radicle uppermost, contrary to what we observe
in all allied Ginchonecd and Antoniece; but this may be a mistake.
The seeds of Griffith's specimens are almost all loose, and the two
ends are generally so exactly alike, that it is very difficult in
dissecting to be certain which end really lie uppermost in the
capsule.

4. Gelsemitjm, Juss.

This genus, most accurately described and properly placed by
Alph. DeCandolle in the ' Prodromus,' corresponds, as already

MB. BENTHAAI Otf LOGANIACE/E. 59

observed, very closely with Manettia, but differs from all Bubiacece
and Loganiacece known to me in the bifid lobes of the style. That
this character, however, when it does occur, is of not more than
generic importance is evidenced by the analogous case of Oleoma
among Labiates. One only species, from North America, has hitherto
been referred to Gelsemium, but I have no hesitation in adding to
it as a second species a plant gathered by the late Major Champion
in Hong Kong and by Blume in Sumatra. Gardner, in describing
Major Champion's specimens under the name of Medicia elegans,
did not fail to observe its affinities with the old Gelsemium, but,
not having specimens to compare, thought himself justified in
distinguishing it generically, 1st, " by its imbricated not quincuncial
aestivation of the corolla," which, however, is decidedly quincuncial
in the Chinese as in the American plant; 2nd, by its "inflated
capsule," which certainly is more inflated and less coriaceous in
the Chinese species than in G. nitidum, but this is a character of
degree, which appears rather specific than generic; 3rd, by its
" numerous peltate compressed seeds, surrounded on all sides by
a broad inciso- dentate membranous wing." I have no seeds of
G. nitidum, but Alph. DeCandolle describes them as "erecta,
compressa, minutissime muricata, inferne breviter marginato-
alata, apice in alam amplam oblique oblongam expansa, hilo laterali
paullo inferiore inter alam superiorem et marginem inferiorem."
This agrees with the seeds of the Chinese plant, except that in
the latter the wing is nearly equal in breadth all round, with a
slight interruption near the hilum. These trifling differences do
not at all appear to me sufficient to warrant the generic sepa-
ration of two species in other respects so similar. The climbing
habit, the texture of the leaves, the form of the corolla are the
same. In the Chinese plant the leaves are rather broader, the
inflorescence looser, more regular and more generally terminal, and
the bracts, which are only to be found at the ramifications of the
cyme, are smaller. But in G. nitidum, although the peduncles are
generally axillary, but little branched with numerous bracts, yet
they vary much in all these respects. The real specific distinction
lies in the capsules, which are very turgid and blunt in the Chinese
plant, more compressed and ending in a prominent point in the
American one. The flowers of the former are also smaller, and
the fleshy base on which the ovary rests is less prominent. I have
only seen the capsules of G. nitidum in two specimens ; in one they
are of a hard texture and about 9 lines long ; in the other they
are much thinner and barely half that size, but had perhaps dried

60 MB. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE2E.

up before arriving at maturity. In both cases the seeds had been
already shed.

I have not seen the Sumatra plant published by Blume under
the name of Leptopteris Suniatrana; but neither in his description,
nor in his figure of the flower and its analysis can I find anything
to distinguish it specifically from the Hong Kong plant.

Tribe II. EULOGANIEJ3.

This, the original group upon which the order was constituted,
presents also in the strongest degree its peculiarities and diffi-
culties. Representing on the one hand the Hedyotidece among
Bubiacece, and passing into them by the most gradual steps
through Houstonia, it is, on the other hand, as closely connected
through Buddleiece with Scrophularinece, and through Geniostoma
forms the nearest approach to Apocynece. Towards Bubiacece, a
slight adherence of the ovary at its base will perhaps justify the
including Houstonia, as proposed by Torrey and Gray, within the
boundaries of that family, to the exclusion of Spigelia and Mi-
treola ; but, on the opposite extremity, I see no way of establish-
ing a distinctive character between Loganiacece and Scrophularinece
without bringing over Buddleia and its allies into the domain of
the former. The aestivation, upon which I had formerly relied,
under the mistaken supposition that it was, as described by
Endlicher, contorted in Logania as in Geniostoma, proves of no
avail. I had then overlooked the observations of Alph. DeCan-
dolle, which I have since verified in a number of species, that it
is imbricated with one external lobe in Logania as in Buddleia.
The stipules are occasionally reduced in Logania to a slight con-
necting line, which always exists in Buddleia, and in some species
is expanded into foliaceous appendages, which, although not called
by the name of stipules, appear to be of the same nature. The
capsules and seeds are essentially the same in both genera, and
even in inflorescence and general habit some species of Logania
differ very little from Gompliostigma and some of the entire-leaved
Buddleias. It is true that most species of the latter genus have
dentate leaves, an element hitherto unknown in Loganiacece, and
till lately also in the vast family of Bubiacece ; but now, in the
instance of Carlemannia, we are obliged to admit dentate leaves as
an exceptional character in Hedyotidece, and by analogy we cannot
exclude it from Buloganiece. The line of demarcation between
Ltoganiacece and Scrophularinece cannot therefore be drawn between

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEiE. 61

Logania and Buddleia. Either Logania must be transferred to
Scrophularinece and a new name be given to the free Bubiacece, or
Buddleia and its allies must be brought over to Loganiacece. I
should prefer the latter course, for I think that better characters
can thus be given to the two orders. The irregular more or less
personate corolla, sometimes indicated only by its bilabiate aesti-
vation or by the absence of one or of three of the stamens, and
the absence of any stipular connexion between the petioles, would
be indicative of ftcrophularinece, and any trace of stipules accom-
panied by a regular corolla isomerous with the stamens and quin-
cuncial in aestivation would refer to Loganiacece. It is true, there
would even then remain some intermediate genera among Scopa-
riece, where the quincuncial passes gradually into the bilabiate
aestivation, the regular into the personate corolla, but the absence
of the stipular line and the tendency to alternation in the leaves
would leave these among ScropTiularinece. So also Microcarpcea
and Bryodes, which I had included among Buddleiece, would, not-
withstanding the presence of the connecting line and a general
resemblance to some Mitrasacmes, be rejected from Loganiacece on
account of their diandrous or didynamous flowers.

The approach to Apocynece is indicated in Geniostonia by the
contorted aestivation of the corolla, and in Mitrasacme by the
partial separation of the ovaries, whilst the styles are joined at
the apex ; but, as in neither instance are the two characters com-
bined, there is little hesitation as to their retention within the
boundary-line of Loganiacece.

Several of the Euloganiece had been formerly placed among
Gentianece, but have been judiciously rejected by the able mono-
graphist of that order on account of their axile placentation,
besides that they want the bitter principle so universal in Gen-
tianece. It is true that the Bubiacece also include a few genera
(such as Gardenia, Amaioua, &c.) where the placentation is pa-
rietal, as an exception to the almost universal central placentation
of the order; that this exceptional character shows itself occa-
sionally also in the corresponding genus Fagrcea, and that it cannot
in either case be treated as even of tribual importance ; yet here,
among free capsular Ifonopetalce, we must give it a much higher
value, in order to find a tangible character for the definition of
such an eminently natural family as the Gentianece.

Although aestivation of the corolla does not in Loganiacece any
more than in Bubiacece afford good tribual characters, yet in both
instances it is a convenient one for the subdivision of the tribes.

62 MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^E.

Accordingly in Euloganiece we may distinguish three groups : the
first with a valvate aestivation, corresponding with Hedyotece, in-
cludes the American Spigelia, the American and East Indian Mi-
treola, and the Australian and Indian Mitrasacme ; the second
with an imbricate quincuncial aestivation, approaching Scrophula-
rinece, comprises the Australian Logania, the North American
Polypremum, the South African Gomphostigma, Nuxia and Chi-
liantkus, and the almost cosmopolitan JBuddleia ; the third, with a
contorted aestivation like that of Apocynece, is limited to the
Asiatic and Australian Qeniostoma.

5. Spigelia, Linn.
This genus, in its habit, inflorescence and broad capsule, closely
corresponds with Ophiorrhiza among Buliacece. The peculiar
dehiscence of the capsule and the articulate style are its readily
recognizable characters, and the species are well worked up by Alph.
DeCandolle in the ' Prodromus.' Since then, few if any really
new ones have appeared, nor have we more than one in the
herbaria I have access to. There are, however, several described
species to suppress. Some of the perennial herbaceous species
will flower the first year, so as in that state to have been described
as annuals, and it would seem that the common herbaceous ones
have usually a large- and a small-flowered variety. S. anthelmia,
a common weed in tropical America, includes S. nervosa and S.
multispicata of Steudel, which are not even marked varieties ; my
S. SchomburgJciana is the same as S. Humboldtiana, and S. JMLexi-
cana seems to be but the larger-flowered form of the same species.
My S. humilis varies in the same manner in the length of the
flowers both in Spruce's and in Schomburgk's specimens. 8. gra-
cilis, DC, is the same as S. spartioides, Cham, et Schl. I am
unacquainted with the two Mexican plants of Galeotti, described
by Martens as new Spigelia, for I cannot find them in Sir W.
Hooker's herbarium, whose set is in general nearly complete.

6. Miteeola, Linn.
This genus, well characterized by Torrey and Gray and by
Alph. DeCandolle, very closely resembles some species of Olden-
landia ; but the ovary is free, and the two-horned capsule readily
distinguishes it from all others. The styles, separating at the base
whilst they still adhere under the stigma, recall a very common
structure in Apocynece, with which, however, Mitreola has little
else in common. Four species are described in the ' Prodromus,'

ME. BENTHAM Otf LOGANIACEJJ. G3

and a fifth is added by Zollinger and Moritzi in their Catalogue of
Java plants, but of these, M. paniculata, supposed to be common
to Brazil and India, appears to have been founded on insufficient
materials. All Gardner's Brazilian specimens which I have seen
have the fruit and all other characters of If. petiolata, which has
a wide range from the Southern United States over the West
Indies to equatorial America, whilst Wallich's Indian specimens
do not appear to differ from his M. oldenlandioides* . It is to
that species also that I would refer Zollinger's plant. It has a
much larger capsule than M. petiolata, narrowed at the base, with
longer horns, which, as the fruit enlarges, become very broadly
divergent at the base; the pod of M. petiolata is smaller, more
globular, and the short horns, at first erect, diverge but slightly
as the fruit enlarges. In both species the horns often curve more
or less inwardly, but more so in M. petiolata than in the majority
of specimens of Jj£ oldenlandioides, and in neither is it a constant
character. The seeds of the American species are always much
broader than in the Indian one, although both vary in this respect.
To these annuals I have to add a very distinct perennial species
gathered by Drs. Hooker and Thomson in Khasiya.

7. Miteasacme, Ldbill.

Mitrasacme is closely allied to Mitreola in flowers and in fruit,
and partakes of its affinities. The technical distinction, consist-
ing in its tetramerous, not pentamerous flowers, is however accom-
panied by a difference in habit which approaches rather to that of
some slender Gratioloid genera than to Oldenlandia, which, in that
respect, is its Rubiaceous representative. The capsule is also more
variable in form than in Mitreola, and the tube of the corolla is
occasionally elongated. I find the aestivation of its lobes always
valvate, as suspected by Alph. DeCandolle.

Nineteen Australian species distributed in four divisions were
enumerated by Brown. To these have since been added four
Australian ones, of which, however, two only prove to be really
distinct from Brown's, and three Asiatic species published under
eight names. I shall now describe three more from Australia which
I find in our herbaria ; but as I propose to reduce to varieties three
of the older species, the total number now stands at twenty-four.

Brown's divisions have been adopted by subsequent botanists

* In "Wight's { Icones,' t. 1601, a curious mistake of the artist has occurred
in the flowers of the general figure of M. paniculata ; the analysis, however,
drawn by Dr. Wight himself, correctly represents the true structure.

61 Mil. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^l.

as sections, under names given by Don or by Endlicher ; but a
few only of his species have been hitherto accurately identified,
our herbaria not generally possessing authentic specimens. As I
have now had an opportunity of seeing nearly the whole of them
in the Banksian herbarium, I subjoin a few notes derived from a
cursory inspection of the original specimens, and a more detailed
examination of such as are contained in the herbaria at Kew.

Brown's fourth division (Plecocalyx, Don) is limited to the
single M. ambigua, a small slender plant with the habit of some
other annual Mitrasacmes, but the four small lobes of the calyx
are somewhat dilated and concave. The corolla is very small with
a slender tube. The second division (Dichelocalyx, Don) has only
two dilated and concave lobes to the calyx, which has a truncate
or two-horned aspect; the two other lobes are usually entirely
abortive, although in some luxuriant specimens of M. paradoxa I
have seen very minute traces of them. This section consists now of
two or three species ; the original M.paradoxa, Br., which includes
M. divergens, Hook. til. ; the M. distyla, F. Miill., a minute species
remarkable for its styles entirely free ; and M. nuda, Nees ab E.,
closely allied to M. paradoxa, but which, from the specimens of
Preiss's which I have seen, I cannot venture to unite with that
species.

Brown's third division {ILologyne, Don) is distinguished by the
style not split at the base till after flowering. This is not an easy
character to ascertain, for the separation takes place very soon
after fecundation, and I have sometimes opened several flowers
before finding one in which the styles appeared perfectly joined.
Brown's M. connata, the only species he refers to the division, is
in other respects so closely allied to M. elata, and the M. nudi-
caulis to M. pygmcea, that I have no hesitation in proposing that
the first and third divisions be united into one section under
Endlicher's name Mitragyne-, the more so, as the two Indian species
with styles connate from the base have the stigma decidedly two-
lobed, not entire as in M. connata.

Of the sixteen species referred by Brown to his first section, we
easily recognize in our herbaria the M. elata, remarkable for its
long corolla ; as in M. connata, the tube varies from 4 to 6 lines in
length. M. stellata appears to vary in its leaves ovate-oblong or
linear-lanceolate, smooth or hairy, but to be always known by its
dense umbels of small flowers, either solitary or several together
forming a compound umbel at the end of along bare erect peduncle.
M. pilosa, Labill., agrees with M. serpyllifolia, Br., the since

ME. BENTHAM ON LOOANIACE.3E. 65

published M. perpusilla, Hook, fil., and M. diffusa, described
below, in its diffuse, much branched habit and short peduncles in
the upper axils ; but these four species differ too much in their
leaves and calyx to be united into one. M. niontana, Hook, fil.,
another new species, has also a similar habit, but the flowers appear
terminal, and the capsule is of a very singular shape, something
like that of the broad-fruited Veronicas, but with two styles at the
external angles instead of one in the middle. M. serpyllifolia, Br.,
of which I have only seen small flowering specimens, is very much
like M. montana, but comes from a very different locality, and I
have not been able to ascertain the structure of its flowers. M.
alsinoides, Br., is a little annual near 31. indica, but with broader
leaves chiefly in the lower part of the stem and longer slender
peduncles. Some specimens gathered by Bidwill at Wide Bay
appear to belong to a slight variety somewhat hairy in the lower
part of the stem and leaves. The species described below as M.
Icevis differs in the shape of the corolla. M. pygmcea, Br., is very
slender with the leaves all radical. It has all the appearance of
the small specimens of M. nudicaulis, and may possible prove to
be specifically identical, in which case Brown's name, as the oldest,
should be adopted. M. paludosa, Br., is also near alsinoides, but
is much branched with narrow leaves. M. raniosa, Br., and larici-
folia, Br., are very distinct little annuals, with very narrow leaves
and very small flowers, differing from each other chiefly in the
shape of the corolla. M. phascoides, Br., is certainly the smallest
of the genus ; the whole plant in full flower is scarcely more than
a quarter of an inch high.

The commonest of the Port Jackson species in our herbaria,
distributed by Sieber as M.prolifera, n. 170, and published by Presl
under the name of M. hirsuta, is the M. polymorpha, Br., a species
varying much in hairiness, and running quite into the M. canes-
cens, Br. Among the numerous specimens I have seen from
various collections, there are some which might be equally well
determined to be M. squarrosa, Br., M. cinerascens, Br., or M.
Sieberi, DC, of none of which I have seen authentic specimens,
but a careful examination of which would, I have little doubt,
show the propriety of uniting all these supposed species into one.

8. Polypbemum, Linn.
This genus, referred by the elder DeCandolle to Bubiacece, by
his son to Loganiacece, and by myself to Scrophularinece, must
accompany Logania and Buddleia, of which it has the aestivation

LINN. PBOC. — BOTANY. E

66 ME. BENTHAM ON L0GANIACE.E.

and connected petioles. As a genus it differs from them essentially
in the loculicidal dehiscence of the capsule, which only becomes
at length septicidal by the splitting of the valves, instead of the
two cells separating in the first instance. On this account Polypre-
mum was associated by Alph. De Candolle with his Spigeliece, and
the aestivation supposed to be valvate. It proves, however, to be
as strongly imbricate as in Logania. The habit of the plant is
unlike that of any of the allied genera, and reminds rather of a
Minuartia, or of some Barony chiece. In this respect it also forms
some approach to Gilia among Boletnoniacece ; and the tendency to
a loculicidal dehiscence of the capsule, abnormal in Loganiacece,
but characteristic in Bolemoniacea, would add the latter to the
number of families with which Bolypremum might be associated,
were it not for the quincuncially imbricate aestivation of the lobes
of the corolla, which are, I believe, without exception contorted
in Bolemoniacece. The genus contains but a single species, for
the B. Schlechtendafdii of Walpers appears to be merely an acci-
dental form of the common one.

9. Logania, Br.

I have already shown that the affinities of Logania are rather
with the ScrophularinecB than with the Bubiacecd or Apocyneae.
From Gomphostigma, hitherto placed in the former family, there
is indeed little to distinguish it but the usually pentamerous, not
tetramerous flowers, and even this character fails in the Logania
micrantha mentioned below. The same circumstance also separates
Logania from the other Buddleiece, except that in Buddleia itself
some species have often an admixture of pentamerous flowers. In
these cases the toothed leaves, indumentum, and general habit are
very different from those of Logania.

The species of Logania are now rather numerous. In addition
to the twelve Australian ones, enumerated by De Candolle, four
from Swan Biver have been described by Nees, one from South
Australia by Schlechtendahl, a very distinct one from subtropical
Australia by Hooker, and a doubtful garden one by Kunth and
Bouche\ There are also one or two in our herbaria which appear
to be undescribed, but, without more numerous specimens in all
states of some of the commoner species, it is very difficult as yet
to make out a good monograph. Some species are evidently very
variable. There appears to be a regular gradation among the
Eastern ones, from L.Jloribunda to L. angustifolia, L. revoluta, and
L. linifolia ; so also between L. latifolia, L. longifolia, and their

ME. BENTHAM ON L0GANIACEJ3. 67

allies in South-western Australia. The distinction of the species
allied to L. carnpanulata, Br., from the same part of the country, is
likewise involved in much obscurity.

One species from the same district again which I have ventured
to describe as new, under the name of L. micrantha, is very remark-
able from the ovules as well as the seeds being solitary in each
cell, which would technically exclude the plant not only from the
genus, but from the tribe, and place it in a new one to correspond
in Loganiacece with Spermacocece among Itubiacecd. But I should
regard it as rather a specific anomaly in Logania, similar to what
we observe in Hedyotis monosperma, W. & Arn., where the ovules
are likewise solitary. Eor the great development of the placenta
and the position of the seed seem to point to the abortion of
other ovules, which the observation of the ovary in a living
state at a very early period of growth might probably enable us to
detect.

Dr. Hooker has described a species from New Zealand, so far
extending the limits of the genus beyond Australia itself. On the
other hand, it is probable that there is some mistake in the sup-
posed South African species described by Ecklon. No one appears
to have since seen it, although the Uitenhage flora is now pretty
well known; nor have Ecklon' s specimens been re-examined by
any competent botanist.

10. Gompho stigma, Turcz. 11. Nuxia, Lam. — and
12. Chilianthus, Burch.
I have nothing to add to the distinctive characters of these three
genera as given in the tenth volume of the ' Prodromus,' nor have
any new species been added either to Gomphostigma or Chilian'
thus. Sonder has in the twenty-third volume of the ' Linnsea f
described three South African Nuxias as new. His N". pubescens,
which we have from Burke and Zeyher, is a well-marked one, of
which N. tomentosa appears, as suspected by Sonder, to be a mere
variety. The third, JSf. emarginata, is unknown to me.

13. Bttddleia, Linn.
In this genus we have the addition of Dr. Hooker's beautiful
and splendidly illustrated B. Colvillei from the Himalaya, two Bo-
livian species described by Bemy, and both unknown to me, and
no less than thirteen supposed new species from Mexico, — three
published by Martens from Galeotti's dried collection, and ten by
Kunth and Bouche, from specimens cultivated in the Berlin garden.

f2

68 MR. BENTHAM ON LOOANIACE^!.

Of the former, B. pseudoverticillata, Mart. & Gral., is a not un-
common state of B. sessilijlora, H. B. K. ; B. obtusifolia is identical
with B. microphylla, H. B. K. ; the third, B. elliptica, is unknown
to me. The ten published by Kunth appear to be chiefly slight
varieties of some of the common Mexican species, but, for want of
a critical comparison with wild specimens of these very variable
plants, it is impossible to form any plausible opinion respecting
them, and they must remain as so many puzzles until authentic
specimens shall have been examined by some one well acquainted
with the genus in general.

On the other hand, two Madagascar plants retained as Budd-
leias in the ' Prodromus,' B. diversifolia of Vahl and my own B.
rondeleticeflora, must be removed, as forming Tenore's genus Nico-
demia. With precisely the flowers and ovary of Buddleia they
bear, instead of a capsule, an indehiscent berry, not perhaps so
fleshy as in most of the Fagraeece, but white, and filled with a
juicy pulp in which the seeds are immersed. This increases much
the difliculties of classification ; for by adhering to the tribual cha-
racters, these plants must be classed amongst Fagrceece, although
in everything but the fruit they are so perfectly Buddleias, that
it seems very unnatural to remove them so far from that genus.
Many such unnatural separations are, however, absolutely unavoid-
able in all classifications of Bubiacea hitherto proposed.

In Griffith's posthumous ' Icones,' t. 422, the Teucrium macro-
stachytm, Wall., is figured as a Buddleia, a name probably pro-
visionally given to the plant without examination in the hurry of
a mountain excursion, and never intended to be retained. The
unrevised publication of all these fugitive memoranda is much to
be regretted, as tending to do irreparable and most undeserved
injury to the reputation of so eminent a botanist, with those who
are unacquainted with the circumstances of the case.

14. GrENIO STOMA, Forst.

This genus has the stipules and habit of some JRubiacea, but
the ovary is superior, although attached by a very broad fleshy
base. The corolla has the contorted aestivation of the Apocynew,
and the fruit is not so unlike as has been generally supposed.
The two thick concave valves cohering at the base and curved
outwards, each crowned by one of the styles, which, though also
long cohering, ultimately separate, are very much like two folli-
cles. The placentae generally form one central column, but in
some species they separate and turn back with the valves. Genio-

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^. 69

stoma is therefore more exactly intermediate between Bubiacece
and Apocynece than any other known genus.

The corolla is usually described as " subinfundibuliformis, fauce
barbata." The tube is, however, so short that it is often almost
rotate, and the hairs, when they exist, are rather on the upper
surface of the lobes than in the throat.

Of the species enumerated by DeCandolle six are from the
Mauritius, but of these the G. parviflorum does not appear to
differ from G. pedunculatum, and G. lanceolatum is probably a
mere variety of the common G. ovatum which varies much in the
shape of the leaf. On the other hand, some specimens transmitted
by Bqjer under the name of G. obovatum belong to a really distinct
species with larger flowers, anthers terminated by a long linear
appendage, and pods more than twice the length of those of the
other species.

From the five Polynesian species must be deducted G. acumi-
natum, Wall., described from male specimens of a species of
Zfrophyllum {Axanthes, Bl.) allied to XT. glabrum ; and G. hcemo-
spermum does not appear to me specifically to differ from Forster's
original G. rupestre, of which I have seen the specimen in the
British Museum, and which I have also from the Feejee Islands,
gathered by the American Exploring Expedition. It is well
described by Blume, and, besides the varieties alluded to by him,
the branches often become glabrous. I have three new species to
add : one from the Philippine Islands with the leaves of G. ligus-
trifolium, but differently shaped calyxes, a thick-leaved sea-coast
one from the Isle of Pines off New Caledonia, and a very large-
leaved one from Bonin.

Tribe III. FAGK^EE^E.

This tribe corresponds with Gardeniece, characterized by an in-
dehiscent fleshy fruit with several ovules in each cell of the ova-
rium. The affinities, however, with Bubiacece, except in the case
of Fagrcea itself, are not so close as in the case of the other
tribes. Strychnos is in the tribe the representative of Apocynece,
and Nicodemia of Scrophularinece, but in both instances the con-
nexion is rather remote ; nor are all these genera very naturally
associated with each other, but I have been unable to discover
any better arrangement. Like the other tribes, it may be divided
according to the aestivation of the corolla ; contorted in the Asiatic
Fagrcea, the American Desfontainea and Potalia, and the African

70 ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^I.

Anthocleista ; valvate in Stryclinos, a genus spread over the whole
of the tropics, Brehmia, peculiar to Africa, and possibly also in
Labordea from the Sandwich Islands, and imbricate in the Masca-
rene JVicodemia.

15. Deseontaikea, Buiz et Pav.
This plant, for the genus consists but of a single species, al-
though repeatedly described and figured, has given rise to much
difference of opinion as to its affinities, and even to considerable
uncertainty as to the real structure of its ovary. Referred by
some from its foliage to Ilicinece or Theophrastece, by others from
its fruit to Solanece, from its bitter principle to Gentianece, from
some supposed affinities quite unintelligible to me, to the vicinity
of Diapensia and Galax, it is only recently that its real place
among Loganiacece has been pointed out in the ' Gardener's Chro-
nicle,' although even there an affinity is also suggested with
Legnotidece, whose connexion with Loganiacece I have already said
I am unable to comprehend. I have now been enabled to clear
up all doubts as to the structure of the flower • the rich materials
at Kew, where the Hookerian herbarium alone contains specimens
from seventeen different collections, have given me the means of
examining several ovaries taken from the most different-looking
forms, and all confirm the association of Desfontainea with Lo-
ganiacece, showing the closest affinity with Fagrcea, and like
Fagrcea forming a connecting link between Loganiacece and Gen-
tianece. Indeed, besides the dentate leaves and the colour of the
flowers, almost the sole generic distinction between Desfontainea
and Fagrcea consists in the number of cells of the ovary, which in
the former are usually five, although sometimes reduced to four
or even three, whilst in Fagrcea they are always two only. The
raised line connecting the petioles, the five-leaved calyx, the aesti-
vation of the corolla, the form and position of the stamens as well
as the structure of the gynoecium (always excepting its number
of parts), are the same in both. In both genera, although the
ovary is completely divided into cells at its base, the dissepiments
show an occasional tendency to separate from each other in the
upper part. In some species of Fagrcea, as I have already ob-
served, they do not even meet in the centre ; in Desfontainea I
have always found them to meet, but they are often very easily
separable, and if the ovary under examination has not been
thoroughly soaked, they appear on a transverse section to leave a
vacuity in the centre. This has probably been the cause of the

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^. 71

ovary having been described by Don as unilocular with parietal
placentae, contrary to the more accurate characters given by Euiz
and Pavon, and by Bonpland.

The geographical range of the species is extensive, — along the
whole length of the Andes of South America, from New Grenada
to the Straits of Magellan ; and, as might be expected, there are
considerable variations in the foliage, although much less than in
some of our own shrubs, such, for instance, as our common Holly,
The connecting line of the petioles often shows on each side two
minute teeth or protuberances, from whence two prominent lines
are more or less decurrent along the young branches, disappearing
entirely on the older ones. In the small-leaved specimens gathered
at great elevations within or near the tropics these lines are par-
ticularly prominent, and characterize the D. acutangula of Dunal.
The southern specimens have usually a luxuriant foliage and
broader and more ciliate lobes to the calyx, constituting the D.
Hookeri, Dun. Specimens similar to these, but with unusually
large leaves and more numerous teeth, were originally selected by
Euiz and Pavon to figure as their D. spinosa ; and when Bonpland
had only before him the commoner Columbian form with few
large teeth to the leaves and narrow scarcely ciliate lobes to the
calyx, he did not venture to identify them as the species figured
in the ' Flora Peruviana,' and therefore published them as a
distinct one under the name of D. splendens. But all these trifling
differences are so variously combined in the numerous specimens
before me, that I cannot but regard them as mere variations of
one species which will retain the older name of D. spinosa.

16. Eagkelzea, Thurib.

Fagraeas may be almost characterized as Gardenias with a free
ovary. The habit and flowers are very similar ; there is in both
an occasional tendency to an increase in the number of lobes of
the corolla and consequently of the stamens ; some few species of
Fagrcea have even the peculiar exceptional character of Gardenia,
an incompletely divided ovary, the parietal placentae not reaching
quite to the centre. But in Fagrcea the ovary is completely free,
and the stipules are reduced to mere auricular expansions of the
base of the petiole, like those of some East Indian Taberncemontanas.
In other respects Fagrcea has less in common with Apocynea than
several other Loganiaceous genera, but it forms in the whole
family the nearest real approach to Gentianece. Comparing it

72 MB. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEjE.

with some species of Lisyanthus, the chief ordinal distinction
consists in the greater development of the placentae and fleshy
fruit, and the habit is by no means dissimilar.

The known species of Fagrcea are all Asiatic or Polynesian.
They are all thick-leaved trees or shrubs with a more or less
tendency to pseudo-parasitism, or to a somewhat climbing habit ;
the inflorescences and flowers are apt to be thick and succulent,
so as to be difficult to dry ; many of the species run much one
into another, and herbaria specimens are very unsatisfactory for
distinguishing them. That an erect or climbing habit is not in this
case a good specific difference, we have not only the presumption
derived from the inspection of specimens, but the positive evidence
of the late Col. Champion, a most careful observer, who found both
the common Ceylonese species to vary as stunted shrubs, weak
trees, or woody climbers, or perhaps rather trees with sarmentose
branches. Blume, who has with perfect justice included Cyrto-
phyllum and Ficrophloeus, enumerates thirty -three species, besides
seven others contained in DeCandolle's Prodromus, the F. coro-
mandeliana since published by "Wight, and three new ones which
I now propose. But it is probable that several of the above will
have to be reduced when better known. Some are described from
specimens in leaf only, others in fruit without flowers, or from
manuscript descriptions and figures, and there appears reason to
believe that the characters derived from the leaves are not more
constant in this than in other genera.

The division proposed by Blume into three groups according
to the inflorescence is a very good one. The first, with few-
flowered terminal cymes or corymbs and large flowers, contains
the greatest number of species. These may be subdivided, or
rather arranged, according to the length of the tube of the corolla
before it expands into a campanulate throat. In F. carnosa, Jack,
of which we have specimens from Moulmeyn, gathered by Lobb,
it is near 5 inches long ; F. tubulosa, Blume, is said to be very
near that one ; F. zeylcmica of Thunberg, very well figured by him
in the * Stockholm Transactions,' and by Blume in the ' Bumphia,'
although often confounded by others with a short-flowered
species, has the tube full 3 inches long. In the Carissa grandis
of Bertero, from the Society Islands, which is an unpublished
Fagrcea, and in F. lanceolata, Blume, the tube is shorter, but still
it does not expand till above the middle ; so it is also in F. lanceo-
lata, Wall., a Penang plant with smaller flowers, which DeCan-
dolle had on that account placed in Cyrtophyllum, but which has

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^!. 73

them still near twice as long as in F.fragrans, while the inflo-
rescence is that of Blume's first group.

All the remaining species of this first group, as far as they are
known to me, have the tube of the corolla expanded from below
the middle. Of these, F. auricularia, Jack, a common Molucca
species, and F. plvmericeflora, A. DC, from the Philippines, are
not easily mistaken ; but we have next a set of East Indian ones
which present the greatest difficulty in defining. F. obovata,
"Wall., from Khasiya, is well figured in the \ Botanical Magazine,'
t. 4205. F. coromandeliana, "Wight, Ic. t. 1316, of which I have
seen but a single very poor specimen, is very like it in the flowers,
but the petioles of the leaves are very short. F. crassifolia, Bl.,
gathered in Malacca by Griffith, has the leaves and calyx of F.
obovata, but only one or three sessile flowers and apparently a
shorter tube to the corolla. F. globosa, "Wall., from Tavoy, only
known in fruit, is perhaps identical with the last. F. malabarica
of "Wight or of Blume, for both have given it that name with
reference to Eheede's figure of Modagam, vol. iv. t. 58, has again
the foliage of F. obovata, and some specimens from the Calcutta
Garden have been so named in some herbaria, and figured as such
in Griffith's Icones ; but the flowers are rather smaller and more
slender, the calyx shorter, and the inflorescence often, but not
always, looser. Specimens from Ceylon again, gathered by
Champion, have the short calyx and the corolla of F. malabarica,
but with the short petioles of F. coromandeliana, and Blume's F.
obovato-javana from Java appears intermediate between several of
these, so that it is not improbable that the whole of these may
ultimately prove to be varieties of F. obovata. All appear to have
a globular or somewhat ovoid fruit at least an inch in dianeter.

The Khasiya collections contain another species, near to F. ob-
ovata in foliage, but with a more lax inflorescence, smaller flowers,
and especially a much smaller ovate-oblong fruit. In this the
ovary is bilocular only at the base. In the upper part the parietal
placentae do not meet.

The only two remaining species of this group of which I have
seen specimens, are one gathered by Lowe in Borneo, which, from
the form of its leaves and flowers, may be the F. minor of Blume,
and one from the Eeejee collection of the American Exploring
Expedition, which may be new, but which I am afraid to charac-
terize without comparison with some of Blume's evidently allied
to it.

In the second group, or so-called Racemosce, the short few-

74 ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^E.

flowered cymes are arranged in opposite pairs along a common
peduncle, so as to form a kind of compound raceme. The typical
species are, F. volubilis, Wall., F. racemosa, Jack, and F. morindce-
folia, Blume, which constitute probably but one species spreading
all over the Moluccas. We have Jack's own authority that the
F. volubilis (of which he had sent the specimens to Wallich) is
the same species as his racemosa, and some specimens of the
latter can by no means be distinguished from the smaller ones of
F. morindcefolia. Both have precisely the same foliage ; and if in
F. volubilis, besides the compact inflorescence, the leaves are more
acuminate and more contracted at the base than is usually the
case with F. racemosa, still there are specimens of that and of F.
morindcefolia which have a similar tendency.

Blume has seven other species of this group, of none of which
we have any specimens ; but we have two well-marked ones,
perhaps both new ; one is from Mr. Motley's Borneo collection,
and must be near F. coarctata, Blume, but with flowers very much
larger and differently shaped from those of F. morindcefolia, with
which those of F. coarctata are compared ; the other, as it were,
a miniature representation of F. racemosa, gathered in Singapore
by Mr. Lobb, which may be a form of F. ligustrina, BL, with
three flowers instead of one or two to each of the cymes forming
the raceme.

Of the third group with small flowers in supradecompound
corymbs our herbaria possess two species. One is F. fragrans,
Roxb., introduced into the Moluccas from China, with which F.
peregrina, Blume, appears identical. The other is jP. speciosa,
Blume, from Java, which is most likely to be the true F. elliptica,
Roxb., only known by his very short and incomplete diagnoses.
The F. Tcimangu and F. picrophloea referred to this section by
Blume are entirely unknown to me ; the author himself has only
seen the foliage of one and the foliage and fruit of the other.

A Penang plant occurs in some herbaria distributed from the
Horticultural Society's collections under the name of a Fagrcea,
of which it has the stipular expansions of the petiole. Can this
be the one shortly described by Martius as Fagrcea malayana ? If
so, that species must be rejected from the genus, as upon a careful
examination it proves to be merely a few-flowered form of Taber-
ncemontana corymbosa, Boxb.

17. Potalia, Aubl.
This genus is very well characterized by the great number

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEiE. 75

(usually ten) of the lobes of the corolla and of the stamens, whilst
that of the lobes of the calyx is four only. But all the other
characters are too near to those of Fagrcea to justify its removal
into another tribe, more especially as, according to Blume, Fagrcea
itself has occasionally six or seven lobes to the corolla.

There appears to be but one species of JPotalia known from
tropical America; at least I can find no difference between
Martin's Cayenne specimens, which are evidently Aublet's P.
amara, and Spruce's Rio Negro ones, corresponding with Martius'
P. resinifera. Both are low weak shrubs (1 to 3 feet high
according to Aublet, about 4 feet high according to Spruce),
of which the short flowering branches are said to wither and fall
off with the inflorescences, as is the case with a great number of
other shrubs and even trees. The plant figured in Griffith's
I Icones Plantarum Asiaticarum,' t. 383. fig. 1, as a Fotalia, appears
to be a species of Ehretia allied to E. longiflora, Champ.

18. Anthocleista, Afz.

The great difference between this African genus and JPotalia
consists in the greater development and singular arrangement of
the placentae, well figured in Hooker's Icones, t. 793, 794 (Niger
Flora, t. 43, 44) . They appear to be two parietal placentae twice
bifid and connected together by a spurious dissepiment dividing
the ovary into two cells, thus giving the appearance of two pairs
of opposite bifid placentae placed at some distance from each other
on the dissepiment, whilst in JPotalia there are but two bifid pla-
centae in the centre of the dissepiment. This difference is, how-
ever, not greater than those observable in the placentation of
different species of Fagrcea, and had the genus Anthocleista not
been already established, I should certainly have considered it as
a second species of JPotalia.

On a further examination, I see no reason to alter the opinion
I had already expressed in Hooker's ' Niger Mora,' that the three
supposed species of Anthocleista, A. nobilis and niacrophylla of
Don, and A. Vogelii of Planchon, are in fact but one, the di-
stinctive characters given being liable to variation even in the
same specimen.

19. Stetchnos, Linn.

The genus Strgchnos appears to have no very exact parallel in
either of the allied families JRubiacece or Apocynece. In the former,
the combination of a succulent indehiscent many-seeded fruit with

76 MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^.

a valvate aestivation of the corolla is rare, and occurs chiefly among
the genera with more than two cells in the ovary, usually classed
among Isertiece and Hamelie<s. In Apocynece we have a somewhat
similar fruit in Melodinus. In external appearance those of the
common species of both genera are described as exactly like
oranges, and the strong poisonous properties of Strychnos occur
also in several Apocyneous genera; but the aestivation of the
corolla forms a decided separation, confirmed by the peculiar
foliage, and Strychnos (including JBrehmia) stands more isolated
than almost any other Loganiaceous genus.

The species more or less known, both in the new and the old
world, are now numerous. Unfortunately the great similarity of
their foliage, the impossibility of preserving their ripe fruits in
herbaria, and the difficulty of obtaining even good flowering spe-
cimens of large woody climbers, render the discrimination and
identification of many of them a difficult task. The arboreous or
climbing habit, which has been adopted as one of the first prin-
ciples of division, is very difficult to judge of from dried specimens.
The presence or absence of the peculiar hooked tendrils of the
genus is by no means a safe criterion. They are sometimes so
few in some of the most climbing species that herbarium speci-
mens are mostly without them, whilst, on the other hand, some
of the smaller American kinds are described by all collectors
as erect shrubs, although the specimens bear several cirrhi.
There is reason indeed to believe, that some species which
are erect and bushy in open situations become more or less
scandent when growing in moist woods or thickets. A much
more marked distinction lies in the shape of the corolla. The
tube is sometimes so short as to make it almost rotate, sometimes
four or five times the length of the laciniae ; in some species it is
slender and equal to the top, in others it is gradually enlarged.
The hairs of the laciniae occupy either nearly the whole inner
surface, or the base only, or form a ring round the throat or a
curved line across the middle of the lobe, or again are wanting
altogether. But all these distinctions pass so gradually one into
the other, that, however different for instance may be the flowers
of S. nucc-vomica from those of S. rubiginosa, no good sectional
line can be drawn between them. The number of parts of the
flower, quaternary or quinary, is barely of specific value ; it has
no relation to habit, and both numbers are occasionally to be
found on the same species, although it may often occur in two
species otherwise very nearly allied that the one or the other may

MB. BENTHAM ON LO&ANIACE^. 77

be the prevailing number. I have therefore been unable to retain
even as a section the genus Bouhamon, adopted with some hesi-
tation by Alph. DeCandolle ; and if Brehmia may yet be main-
tained as distinct, it is not on account of its supposed tetramerous
flowers, for I find almost as often five as four parts ; but because
a combination of minor characters gives to the flower so different
an appearance, that I have been unwilling to suppress it so long
as no second species is discovered to connect it more closely with
other Strychni. There are also among Strychni considerable dif-
ferences in inflorescence, yet seldom in sufficient accord with
other characters to make good sections. I have therefore, in the
subjoined enumeration of species, thought it most convenient to
commence by separating those of the old world from the Ame-
rican ones ; in the former case to adopt DeCandolle's division into
arborescent and climbing species, and to arrange these as nearly
as possible according to the form of the corolla. Among the
American species, inflorescence combined with the form of the
corolla appears to afford the best primary characters.

The Asiatic species present some difficulty in the identification
of those already published. The S. nux-vomica, a common tree
on the Indian coasts, is indeed easily recognized, not only by its
arborescent stem and corymbose inflorescence, but essentially by
the long tube and naked throat of the corolla. It has, however,
frequently been confounded with S. colubrina, a scandent short-
flowered species, and several of the figures usually quoted do not
help to clear up the confusion. Bheede's Caniram, vol. i. t. 37,
represents the leaves as alternate, although he describes them as
opposite, and the flowers are very rudely drawn. Wight's plate
434 of his ' Icones ' is a very good representation of the foliage
and flowers of a luxuriant specimen ; but there is a tendril repre-
sented on the stem, and the figure is therefore referred to S.
colubrina, though quoted by DeCandolle under & nux-vomica.
The drawing was one of Eoxburgh's, and it is impossible now to
say whether the tendril was an error of the artist having mixed
up specimens of two species, or whether in the individual repre-
sented a tendril had been accidentally formed, as occurs occasion-
ally in some of the erect American species, or whether again it
was really a somewhat anomalous specimen of one of the long-
flowered scandent species, such as S. ovalifolia. "Roxburgh's own
plate 4 of his Coromandel plants is an excellent representation of
S. nux-vomica.

Blume's figure and description of his S. ligustrina (Rumphia,

78 MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^E.

t. 25) do not in any respect differ from a stunted state of 8. nux-
vomica, which, according to Dr. Wight, is not uncommon about
Madras. All writers describe the leaves and fruit of 8. nux-vomica
as very variable in size. DeCandolle says, indeed, that the colour
of the fruit of 8. nux-vomica is of a brown-red, and that of 8. li-
gustrina of a yellow-green; but we learn from Roxburgh and
Eheede, as well as from verbal communications of those who are
familiar with the tree, that the fruit of 8. nux-vomica, at first of a
yellow-green, assumes at length a rich orange-yellow. The figure
of Eumphius, vol. ii. t. 38, quoted for the 8. ligustrina, evidently
represents some totally different plant. It is without flowers,
and has neither the foliage nor the fruit of a 8trychnos.

8. colubrina is generally supposed to be a scandent nux-vomica
with simple tendrils, and is consequently placed among the long-
flowered species by DeCandolle. The original must be taken to
be Eheede's Modira Caniram from Malabar, vol. viii. t. 24, which
has not been identified by subsequent writers; for the only
Malabar species like it which is known has been universally
distinguished under Leschenault's name of 8. bicirrhosa, as having
the tendrils forked instead of simple as figured by Eheede. I
find them, in such specimens as our herbaria afford, almost uni-
versally forked, but I have also met with simple ones even on the
same specimen. The 8. bicirrhosa has a very short tube to the
corolla, but so also may 8. colubrina for anything in Eheede's
figure or description to the contrary, and I feel little doubt in my
own mind of the identity of these two species.

Linnseus, in quoting Eheede's Modira Caniram, refers by mistake
to another plate of the ' Hortus Malabaricus,' vol. vii. t. 5, which
represents his Tsjeri Katu Valli Caniram, a smaller species from
the islands off the coast, which Eheede clearly distinguishes.
Blume has identified this with a not uncommon Cingalese species
which he has described under the name of 8. minor, and which,
besides minor differences, appears to have the flowers almost uni-
versally tetramerous instead of pentamerous.

Wallich has described under the name of 8. colubrina a Silhet
species which I am unable to identify, there being no specimens
of it in his collections, and none answering to his description in
either Griffith's, Hooker and Thomson's, or any other of our
Khasiya collections. It must be very near to the true Malabar
species ; Wallich does not indeed particularly describe the corolla,
but says generally that the flowers are small. A Malacca plant
in Griffith's collection agrees, however, still better with Wallich's

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJS, 79

detailed description. It has appeared to me to be a good species,
which I have described under the name of 8. malaccensis. Possibly
this and Wallich's latter plant may ultimately prove to be mere
varieties of the true colubrina, but, I repeat it, the specimens I
have seen in the several herbaria at Kew, London, or Paris, are
wholly insufficient to afford any satisfactory evidence of the real
value of the characters assigned by myself or others to the 8.
colubrina, bicirrhosa, minor, and malaccensis respectively.

8. ovalifolia, Wall., and 8. Wallichiana, Steud. (8. lucida, Wall.,
not of Brown), are both long-flowered climbers, differing slightly
from each other in foliage, but more decidedly in the corolla, hairy
at the base of the limb in one, naked in the other. ' Of 8. acumi-
nata, Wall., published as distinct, neither flowers nor fruit are
known, and there is nothing in its foliage to separate it from 8.
ovalifolia.

8. Tieute, Blume, from Timor and other islands between that
and Java, and S. lucida, Br., from tropical Australia, are both
unknown to me.

8. grandis, Wall. Cat. n. 4454, from Penang, referred to
Strychnos in the haste of a first sorting, on account of its ribbed
leaves, must be at once rejected as having them alternate. It is
the same plant as the Gocculus flavicans, Wall. Cat. n. 4976 ; and,
as mentioned in Hooker and Thomson's ' Flora Indica,' belongs to
Anisophyllum, Don, or Tetracrypta, Gardn., a curious genus re-
ferred by Gardner to Hcvmamelidece, and in the ' Niger Flora ' to
Legnotidece, in which this plant constitutes a new and very distinct
species*.

Strychnos, n. 5500 of Wallich's Catalogue, is a very bad speci-
men, in fruit only, with alternate pinnately-veined leaves, and
therefore no 8trychnos. It affords no materials to determine what
it may really be.

8. oblongifolia, Hochst., mentioned in the ' Prodromus' as

* Anisophyllum grande, sp. n., foliis'amplis qumtuplinerviis oblongo-ellipticis
glabris, pedunculis crassis ramosis floribusque tomentellis. — Kami adulti glabri.
Folia 8-10 poll, longa, 3-4 poll, lata, acuminata, basi obtusa, siccitate flavicantia,
petiolo crasso 3 lin. longo. Inflorescentia supra-axillaris ; pedunculi ssepe
plures suprapositi insequales, longiores 3-4-pollicares, parum ramosi, tomento
minuto rufescentes. Mores sessiles. Unicum examinavi ovario jam paullulum
aucto ovoideo 2 lin. longo. Calycis lacinise 4, brevissimae, latse, obtusee. Petala
jam delapsa non vidi. Stamina perpauca superfuerunt parva, anthera biloculari,
filamento brevi. Styli 4, divaricati, subulati, basi incrassati et pubescentes,
disco crassiusculo insidentes. Ovarium inferum, quadriloculare, orulis in quoque
loculo solitariis pendulis.

80 ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^!.

a doubtful species, has been since referred by its author to
Garissa.

S. JJnguacha, A. Rich., from Abyssinia, extending, if I mistake
not, across to Senegambia, an unpublished species gathered by
Forbes at Delagoa Bay, and S. Zokna, A. Eich., unknown to me,
but from his description intermediate between the two, are Afri-
can arborescent species, corresponding in habit, inflorescence and
flowers with the well-known East Indian 8. potatorum.

S. scandens of Schumacher and Thonning, from West tropical
Africa, can, from the descriptions given, scarcely belong to the
genus. The leaves, if I understand them rightly, are penninerved,
the stamens inserted near the base of the corolla, the lobes of the
corolla elongated and slightly contorted, and the fruit a " bacca
capsularis;" all which would rather indicate some Apocyneous
plant allied to Vahea. Vogel's collection from the Niger does
indeed comprise a scandent cirrhiferous Strychnos, but it is evi-
dently not Thonning' s plant. It is in fruit only, and without
the flower cannot be distinguished from several of the Indian
ones.

The St. Ignatius' s bean, a Philippine Island seed, whose medical
properties have been so highly extolled by Loureiro and other older
writers on Indian botany, as well as by Blanco among modern ones,
has been described and figured by Gaertner and others, showing all
the characters of a Strychnos. The plant which furnishes them is
unknown to all modern botanists. The younger Linnaeus alone
professes to have been acquainted with it, and has characterized it
as a distinct genus, under the name of Ignatia. He does not tell
us where he procured the specimens from, but says generally,
" Hab. in India." The species does not, however, appear to have
been ever cultivated in India, where the seed alone is imported.
Eoxburgh does not mention it : Loureiro introduces it into his
flora as an imported seed, taking the characters of the flower from
Linnaeus. Even Blanco in the Philippine Islands could never pro-
cure more than a dried specimen, an "arbolito " of a man's height,
in leaf only, without flowers, although he says it is common in the
Bisayas provinces of the islands. He vainly endeavoured to cause
the seeds to germinate ; they all rotted in the ground, although,
hearing from an old woman that they would grow if steeped in
vinegar, he tried that and other means of exciting them. Turning
to Sir James Smith's herbarium, where the younger Linnaeus's
plants are generally preserved, I find in the cover of Ignatia two
good specimens of Posoqueria longiflora, one from Guiana, from

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANLACE^!. 81

the Banksian herbarium, the other without any reference to its
origin, which agree in most respects with the published descrip-
tion of Ignatia ; and in a small capsule marked " Flos Ignatiee, an
amarsD ? ex Herb. Linn. fil. inter plantas Aubletii," is a detached
flower of the same plant. From these data we are forced to con-
clude, that Linnaeus the younger' s character of Ignatia is taken
from the flowers and foliage of a Guiana Posoqueria, and the seed
only of the true Philippine Island plant, and the genus must
therefore be suppressed as fictitious. The St. Ignatius' s bean is
most probably the seed of a true StrycAnos, the identification of
which must be reserved for future travellers. There is, indeed,
one species, described below under the name of S. multiflora,
which must be abundant in the Philippines, as it occurs under
four different numbers of Cuming's collection, and whose foliage
answers to Blanco's description ; but we have it in flower only,
and we have no means of ascertaining whether it be or not the
one that produces the bean.

I may here allude to another plant, which, on account of its
opposite ribbed leaves, occurs in some herbaria under StrycAnos.
This is a tall, large-leaved climber, having a wide range, from the
foot of the Sikkim Himalaya, Khasiya, and Chittagong to Penang
and the Moluccas, and has been published by Wallich and DeCan-
dolle in Jasminece under the name of CAondrospernum smilaci-
folium, and by Blume in Oleinece under that of Myxopyrum
nervosum. "With the habit and flower and exact ovules of the
one, and the albuminous seeds of the other, it suggests the pro-
priety of reuniting the Jasminece and Oleinece as tribes of one
family, as established by the elder Jussieu.

The American Strychni show the same variations as the Asiatic
ones in the length and number of parts of the flower ; and, as I
have already observed, there remains no character whatever to
distinguish JRouAamon, for the fruit in all is baccate and indehiscent,
although smaller and drier in some species than in others. The
division into erect and scandent species is fully as difficult as in
the case of the Indian ones, as the dried specimens seldom afford
any evidence one way or the other. From collectors' notes it
appears that S. pseudochina and triplinervia are the only two,
among the long-flowered ones, which are real trees. S. Gardneri,
described as such in the ' Prodromus,' is, according to Gardner's
label, a tall climber, and some of his specimens have cirrhi. It
is a species closely allied to three or four others from various parts
of tropical America, which our specimens scarcely afford materials

LINN. PKOC. — BOTANY. O

82 MB. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEjE.

for distinguishing properly ; and I am by no means confident that
I have ascribed correct limits to them. So among the small-
flowered ones, some species with cirrhi are nevertheless distinctly
described by their collectors as erect twiggy shrubs, and the pro-
duction of straight spines, as well as of these hooked cirrhi, appears
to vary according to situation. I feel persuaded that, however
different Blanchet's specimens of S. parvifolia, A. DC, may at first
sight look from Sello's of S. brasiliensis, Mart., they are but forms
of one species, which Spruce also found in abundance on the
Amazon ; the pubescence, the breadth of the leaves, the greater or
less prominence of the nerves, vary exceedingly even on the same
tree, and specimens with or without thorns and cirrhi differ in no
other respect. The stature is generally described as a shrub, or
small twiggy tree, of about 15 feet.

The most important of the American species, such as S. pseudo-
cMna, St. Hil., JS. toxifera, Schomb., S. JRouhamon, &c, may now
be considered as pretty well known ; but there are others, said to
be much used, of which we have only very vague information and
imperfect specimens ; such are S. cogens, Schomb., and 8. cware,
H. B. K. Much as Schomburgk and Spruce have contributed to
the enlargement of this genus, there are still several of their species
of which we have not yet seen the flowers ; and of the western
ones I have only found a flowerless specimen of S. Darienemis,
Seem., in the Hookerian herbarium, and none at all of 8, Pana-
mensis, Seem., or of S. braehiata, R. et Pav. Very much therefore
remains to be done before a good classification of the genus can
be substituted for the artificial arrangement I now propose.

20. Bbehmia, Harv,

I have already alluded to the close connexion of this genus (or
rather species, for there is but one) with StrycJinos, with which it
will probably one day be reunited. It is a Madagascar shrub,
widely spread also over South-east Africa. A specimen of Heu-
delot's, from Senegambia, is more luxuriant, has no spines, larger
leaves, and more flowers ; but these flowers are in every respect
so precisely similar to those of B. spmosa, that I have no hesitation
in considering the whole as one species, thus stretching, in common
with so many other plants, entirely across the African continent.

21. Labobdea, Gaud.

This genus is only known from Graudichaud's figure and imperfect
description in the Botany of Freycinet's Voyage. It is evidently

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGAKlACEiE. 83

a very distinct plant. The aestivation of the corolla is not described,
but it would appear from the figure to be valvate. The fruit is
unknown. Gaudichaud doubts whether it be capsular, as was then
supposed to be generally the case in Loganiacece, and it is clear from
the figure that the ovary and placentae are thick and fleshy. It
would therefore rank artificially next to Strychnos, with the stipular
dilatations of Fagraea, a peculiar calyx, and three cells to the ovary,
the only instance except Desfontainea as yet known in the Order.
Since this paper was drawn up, during a hurried visit to Paris,
I saw the original specimen in the herbarium of the Jardin des
Plantes. It had much the look of a Gcertnera, but the inflorescence
was so young, that it was impossible to derive from it any further
information as to the structure of the flowers.

22. Nicodemia, Ten.

As already mentioned, Nicodemias are Buddleias with an inde-
hiscent baccate fruit. The plant was long known as a Buddleia,
and the fruit was probably originally observed by DeCandolle,
who, in the 4th vol. of the ' Prodromus,' excludes Sieber's speci-
mens from Bubiacece, where that collector had placed them, and
refers them with doubt to Solanacece. Tenore was the first who
fully identified the fruit and flowers, and established the genus ;
but as he published it in a country having but little scientific
intercourse with the rest of Europe, his Nicodemia had been long
overlooked ; and when preparing Buddleia for the ' Prodromus,' I
had nothing to lead me to exclude the B. diversifolia. I have since,
however, received excellent specimens from Tenore, besides seeing
the plant in fruit myself in the Botanical Garden at Naples, and
have now the opportunity of doing full justice to the Professor's
investigations. In describing a second Madagascar species, I my-
self saw reason to believe that the ovary was fleshy, but had no
specimens at all far advanced enough to decide the point.

Tribe IV. G^ETNEEE^.

The Gcertnerece, or Coffeacece with a free ovary, consist of three
genera, more intimately connected with the corresponding Bubiacece
than almost any other Loganiacece, although they represent but
very few of the modifications observable in the extensive tribe of
Coffeacece. We have only the valvate corolla of Bsgchotria, not
the contorted aestivation of Ixora ; we have no instance of more

g2

84 MB. BENTHAM ON LOaANIACEJE.

than two cells to the ovary; and of the three most important
modes of insertion of the ovule, pendulous in Canthiece, erect in
'Psycnotriew, and laterally peltate in Ixorece, we have in Gart-
ner ece only the two last.

The connexion with the allied free Monopetalce is very slight.
Pagamea and Gartner a are Rubiaceous even in their stipules.
Gardnera may indeed show some approach to Apocynece in its
anthers and less prominent stipules, but not in any other par-
ticular.

23. Gabdnebia, Wall.

The ovary in this genus is at the time of flowering so small and
fleshy, and the cavities so very minute, that it has always been
found very difficult to ascertain its structure. It has generally
been supposed to have two cells, with one ovule in each ; but this
is doubted by DeCandolle. Zuccarmi describes one pendulous
ovule in each cell, and the berry is certainly usually two-seeded.
But four-seeded berries are occasionally to be met with in one
species, and Wight represents more than one ovule in each cell of
the other. I have therefore been led to examine very carefully
the ovaria of a considerable number of specimens ; and although
at first I had some difficulty in tracing them in the G. ovata, I
subsequently found them in several flowers, but always solitary
and exceedingly minute. In the G. angustifolia. they appeared
more distinct, and always two in each cell, collaterally attached by
their centre. I found the same structure also in one of Siebold's
Japanese specimens of that species.

On searching among Bubiacece for the nearest parallel to
Gardneria, I was struck with the very close resemblance in habit
and foliage of a Singapore plant, determined by Gardner to be a
species of Ccelospermum. It is in fruit only, but evidently belongs
either to that genus or to Gonochthodes, of neither of which have
we any authentic Javanese specimens, but which are probably
not really generically distinct. The seeds of Ccelospermum are
shaped like those of Gardneria-, but they are enclosed in the
crustaceous endocarp, so that the fruit, instead of being a berry,
is a drupe with as many pyrenes as seeds. The number of these
is four, as in many fruits of Gardneria angustifolia, and the genus
is consequently placed among those with a four-celled ovary. The
ovary, however, is not described by Blume ; and, from the fact of
the style being bifid only, one would be led to conjecture that it
was two-celled only, with two collateral ovules in each cell, show-
ing a still further analogy to Gardneria angustifolia.

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJ3. 85

I have mentioned but two Gardnerias, although four are de-
scribed; but this has been done chiefly on phytogeographical
grounds. On a careful comparison of a considerable number of
specimens, I can find no difference between the Nilgherry G, Wal-
lichiana and the original G. ovata from Khasiya ; and a specimen
communicated to me by the Leyden Museum of the G. nutans,
Sieb. et Zucc, from Japan, agrees in every respect with the G.
angustifolia, which is so abundant in Sikhim, Nepal, and Khasiya.

24. Pagahea, Aubl.

The ovary and fruit of this genus have been hitherto but little
known. The seeds of Aublet's species, the only one as yet pub-
lished, had not been described at the time I determined Schom-
burgk's Loganiacece ; and, misled by fruits apparently nearly ripe,
but filled with a fleshy pulp which had become granulated by
drying, I totally misunderstood their structure. I have conse-
quently misled DeCandolle also, who, in the ' Prodromus,' copied
the character I had given, in contradiction to the older but more
correct one of Jussieu. Mr. Spruce's labours have now supplied
us not only with ripe seeds of the old P. guianensis, but also with
fine specimens, in various states, of three other very distinct new
species, from whence I am now enabled to complete the history of
the genus.

The flowers, like those of many Buhiacece, have a tendency to
become polygamous, by the abortion of the female organs in some
flowers, and occasionally of the anthers in others. The calyx,
corolla and anthers are correctly described in the ' Prodromus,'
except that in one species the chaff-like hairs which line the lobes
of the corolla are exceedingly short. The ovary, in many speci-
mens of P. guianensis, and occasionally also in the other species,
is short and fleshy, with two very small cells containing each a
minute abortive ovule, and the style is then very short, usually
divided to the base. "Where the ovary is perfect, which I have
seldom had occasion to observe in the common P. guianensis, it is
much less fleshy, completely divided into two cells with one ovule
in each, erect from the base, precisely as in Psycliotria. The style
is then elongated, divided much below the middle in P. guianensis,
but less so in the others. The fruit is a greenish or black berry,
or rather drupe, containing two crustaceous, almost bony pyrenes,
with a flatfish inner face and convex back. Each contains a single
erect seed with a thin testa adhering to a cartilaginous albumen,
very much ruminated, as in Gruniilea. The embryo is small,

86 MB. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEjE.

nearly cylindrical and erect, near the base of the albumen, with a
straight radicle about the length of the cotyledons. Such at least
is the structure of the seeds in P. guianensis and coriacea, where I
have seen them perfectly ripe.

The stipules of Pagamea are long, vaginate and deciduous, as
in Gcertneray from which it differs as Psychotria does from Cha-
salia, in the shortness of the tube of the corolla. The number of
parts of the flower is also usually (though not always) four in
Pagamea, five in Gcertnera ; the inflorescence is axillary, not ter-
minal, as might be inferred from the expressions in the *Pro-
dromus.' I have at least always observed two opposite axillary
peduncles, which in the early stage appear to terminate the
branches ; but the bud between them soon grows out, leaving
the peduncles one on each side at the base of the young shoot,
instead of a single terminal peduncle in the dichotomy of two
young shoots.

The whole genus has but a limited range in East tropical
America. The old P. Guianensis is the widest spread, extending
over Guiana and North Brazil ; P. capitata is confined to Guiana
and Surinam ; the three others have only been found by Spruce
on the Upper Bio Negro.

25. G^ibtneba, Lam.

If Pagwnea is the Loganiaceous counterpart of Psychotria, Gcert-
nera is, without doubt, that of Chasalia, from which genus it is
absolutely undistinguishable except by the ordinal character of the
free ovary and fruit, not always very easy to ascertain at the time
of flowering, when the fleshy epigynous disk of Chasalia or Psy-
chotria is often as large or larger than the ovary itself. The con-
sequence has been, that many Gcertneras have been first described
as Chasalias. The generic characters, originally drawn up from
some of the Mauritius species, have since been slightly modified
by Endlicher, and lastly by Blume, so as to include the Cingalese
ones published by Arnott under the name of Sylcesia. I have
nothing to add to the detailed character in Blume's 'Museum
Botanicum,' p. 173, nor even to remark upon, except that the
phrase " cotyledonibus e basi tumida subulatis " does not refer at
least to the G. thyrsiflora, where the cotyledons are short and
thick. The seeds have, however, only been examined in a very
few species. These are now rather numerous; for besides the
fourteen Mauritius species enumerated in the ' Prodromus,' one
has been found in West tropical Africa, five in Ceylon, of which

MR. BENTHAM ON L0GANIACE2E. 87

one appears to extend over the Moluccas, and two in Singapore.
It is possible that some others may exist in herbaria, confounded
with Psychotrias and Chasalias. In some cases indeed, there is
really considerable ambiguity ; for although the fruit be always
entirely superior, the ovary is sometimes semi-adherent. In the
plant distributed by Wallich as Pcederia ternata, n. 6248, the
ovary is really adherent, but separates so readily from the calyx,
especially between the ribs, that, if not dissected with great care,
it appears free. I had thus, in a note to the ' Niger Flora,' re-
ferred it to Gcertnera, although it be in fact a true Bubiacea, very
near to Psychotria, if not a genuine species of that genus,

A singular anomaly is mentioned by DeCandolle in regard to
the G. cdlycina, that two of the stamens are opposite to the lobes
of the corolla, whilst the three others are normally alternate. I
have only been able to examine unopened buds, in which I cannot
perceive any such irregularity ; but it may become developed as
the corolla expands, in which case it cannot have any organic im-
portance. The large coloured calyx, however, gives to the plant
a peculiar aspect, which may justify the maintenance of the section
JEtheonema, as proposed by DeCandolle.

Although I perfectly agree with Endlicher, Blume, and "Wight,
in the propriety of uniting Sykesia with Gcertnera, yet the com-
paratively short tube of the corolla, the hairs at its mouth, and
the somewhat higher insertion of the stamens, may justify the
maintenance of two of its species as a section analogous almost as
much to Psychotria as to Chasalia, and showing a strong approach,
as to flowers, to Pagamea.

In one of the new species described below, G. rosea, Thwaites,
two of the stamens appear to be frequently abortive with short
filaments ; but I have had too few flowers to examine to ascertain
whether this anomaly is constant or only accidental.

There are two doubtful genera usually placed at the end of
Loganiacece : Codonanthus, G-. Don, which has now been ascer-
tained to be a Convolvulaceous plant not generically distinct from
Prevostia ; and Anabata, "Willd., so imperfectly described, that it
may be equally well attributed to half-a-dozen of the most distinct
monopetalous orders.

The genus Chwtosus, which I had at first referred to Loganiacece,
is correctly placed by Alph. DeCandolle in Apocynece.

Dr. Lindley, in the ' Vegetable Kingdom,' attaches Legnotidece
to the end of Loganiacece, as their nearest probable allies ; but this

88 ME. BENTHAM OS LOaANIACE^.

depends upon a view of affinities in which I cannot partake ; for
to my mind their close proximity to JRMzophorece, with a tendency
towards JLythrarieas and Cunoniaceas, as indicated by Brown, does
not admit of much doubt.

GENEEUM LOGANIACEAKUM SYNOPSIS.

Tribus I. Antonie^:. Ovula in loculis plurima Semina ala
membranacea cincta.

* JEstivatio corollas valvata.

1. Antonia. Bractese plurimse imbricate calycem obtegentes.
Corollse tubus brevis. — America tropica.

2. listeria. Bracteae 2, parvae. Corollas tubus elongatus. Sta-
men perfectum unicum. — Africa tropica. '

3. Norrisia. Bractese 2, parvse. Corollse tubus elongatus. Sta-
mina tot quot lobi corollse. — Asia tropica.

** JEstivatio corollas imbricata.

4. Gelsemium. — America borealis, China et Sumatra.

Tribus II. Euloganie^:. Ovula in loculis plurima. Fructus
capsularis. Semina nuda, rarius subalata.

i

JEstivatio corollce valvata.

5. Spigelia. Stylus superne articulatus. Capsula compressa,
circumscisse dehiscens. — America.

6. Mitreola. Capsula compressa apice biloba, lobis intus dehis-
centibus. Mores pentameri. — America et India orientalis.

7. Mitrasacme. Capsula compressa apice biloba, lobis intus de-
hiscentibus. Flores tetrameri. — Australia et India orientalis.

## JEstivatio corollas imbricata.

8. Polypremim. Capsula loculicide dehiscens. Herba dicho-
toma. — America.

9. Logania. Capsula septicide dehiscens. Flores ssepius penta-
meri.— Australia.

10. Gomphostigma. Capsula septicide dehiscens. Flores tetra-
meri. Corolla subrotata. — Africa australis.

11. Nuocia. Capsula septicide dehiscens. Flores tetrameri.
Corolla tubo brevi supra basin transverse rupto. Stamina exserta.
— Africa australis et calidior.

ME. BENTHAM OS LOGANIACE^. 89

12. Chiliantlius. Capsula septicide dehiscens. Plores tetra-
meri. Corollse tubus brevis uou ruptus. Stamina exserta. — Africa
australis.

13. JBuddleia. Capsula septicide dehiscens. Plores plerique
tetrameri. Antherae tubo corollae inclusae, v. ad faucem sessiles. —
America, Asia, Africa.

### JEstivatio corollce contorta.
14 Geniostoma. — Mascarenhasia et Polynesia.

Tribus III. Ykqkm&m, Ovula in loculis plurima. Fructus
baccatus indehiscens.

* JEstivatio corollce contorta.

15. Desfontainea. Corolla 5-loba. Ovarium 5-3-loculare. — Ame-
rica australis.

16. Fagrcea. Corolla 5-loba rarius 6-7-loba. Ovarium bilocu-
lare. — India orientalis et Polynesia.

17. Fotalia. Corolla 10-loba. Placentae 2 bilobae. — America
tropica.

18. Anthocleista. Corolla 10-16-loba. Placentae 4 bilobae. —
Africa tropica.

** JEstivatio corollce valvata.

19. Stryclinos. Stamina supra medium tubi corollas inserta.
Ovarium biloculare. — America, Africa, et Asia calidiores.

20. Brehmia. Stamina ad basin corollse brevis inserta. Ova-
rium septo evanido subuniloculare. — Africa et Mascarenhasia.

21. ? Labor 'dea. Ovarium triloculare. — Ins. Sandwich.

### JEstivatio corollce i/mhricata.

22. Nicodemia. — Mascarenhasia.

Tribus IV. G-jsktneee^;. Ovula in loculis solitaria, rarius 2
collateralia.

23. Gardneria. Ovula lateraliter peltatim affixa. Caulis scan-
dens. — Asia calidior.

24. ~Pagamea. Ovula e basi erecta. Corolla vulgo tetramera
tubo brevissimo. — America tropica.

25. Gcertnera. Ovula e basi erecta. , Corolla vulgo pentamera
tubo distincto nunc elongato. — Asia calidior et Mascarenhasia.

90 ME. BENTHAM ON LOOANIACEJ).

Species Prodromo Candolleano addenda3 vel emendandae : —

I. Antonia, Pohl DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 20.
Species unica : —
A. ovata, Pohl, PI. Bras. Ic. 1. 109.— ^4. pilosa, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 64 j Endl.

Iconogr. t. 56. — A. pubescens, Bong. Mem. Acad. Petrop. Ser. 6. vol. iii. 1. 1.
Sab. In Guiana Anglica (Schbmb. coll. 1. n. 85 a ; coll. 2. n. 520 ; Mich.

Schomb. n. 822). In Brasilia variis locis (Pohl, Mart. herb. n. 540, Qardn.

n. 2667, 2943, 4349Jw, 5023 & 5024).

II. UsTERiA, Willd. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 22.
Species unica : —

U. guineensis, Willd. Hook. Fl. Nig. t. 45, et Ic. PI. t. 795.
Hub. In Africa tropica occidentali.

III. Noeeisia, Gardn. in Kew Jonrn. Bot. vol. i. p. 327.
Species unica : —

N. malaccensis, Gardn. 1. c. — Antonia Griffithii, Wight, Illustr. vol. ii. 1. 156 b.
Hob. In Malacca (Griffith).

IV. Gelsemitjm, Juss. A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 23.
Species sunt : —

1. G. nitidttm, Mich., foliis ex ovato-lanceolatis, inflorescentiis brevibus vix
ramosis squamato-bracteatis, capsulis compressiusculis acuminatis.

Sab. In Virginia, Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana ; Mexico (Harris,
Jurgensen, n. 835), prov. Chiapas (Linden, n. 1658).

2. G. ELEGANS, foliis ovatis acuminatis, cymis trichotomis multifloris nonnisi
ad ramificationes bracteatis, capsuhs turgidis muticis. — Medicia elegans,
Gardn. in Kew Journ. Bot. vol. i. p. 325.— Leptopteris sumatrana, Blume,
Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 240. fig. 34 (ex ic. et descr.).

Sab. In insula Hong Kong (Champion) et in Sumatra (Blume).

V. Spigelia, Linn. A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 3.

Species Prodromo addendae sunt : —

S. Cotjlteeiana, perennis, humilis, decumbens, glabra, foliis obovatis ovatisve
obtusissimis, corollse tubo ampliato limbo obliquo. — Caules e basi procum-
bente ramosa erecti, 2-3-poUicares. Folia 2-4-na, semipolhcaria vel vix
longiora. Calycis lacinise capsula longiores. Corolla circa 8 lin. longa
tubo fere a basi ampliato.

Sab. In Mexico ad Zimapan, Coulter, n. 962.

S. longijlora et S. pauciflora, Mart, et Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. j Walp. Eep.
vol. vi. p. 496, a me non visse subdubise.

Species delendae sunt : —

S. SchomburgJciana, Benth. = S. Sumboldtiana, Ch. et Schl.
S. gracilis, DC. = S. spartioides, Ch. et Schl.
S. multispicata, Steud. = S. anthelmia, Linn.
S. nervosa, Steud. = S. anthelmia, Linn.

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^. 91

VI. Mitreoea, Linn. A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 8.

Species sunt : —

1. M. sessilipolia, Torr. et Gr., annua, glabra, foliis sessilibus, pedicellis
brevissimis, capsulae subovoideae lobis brevibus erectis v. basi leviter diver-
gentibus.

Hab. In Americas borealis civitatibus australioribus.

2. M. petiolata, Torr. et Gr., annua, glabra, foliis petiolatis, pedicellis bre-
vissimis, capsules subovoideae lobis brevibus erectis v. basi leviter divergen-
tibus.

Hab. In Americae borealis civitatibus australioribus, in insulis nonnullis Indiae
occidentals, in Mexico (Beechey), Panama (Seemann), et in prov. Gtayaz
Brasiliae (Gardn. n. 3897). — M. paniculata, A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 9,
quoad specimen Brasiliense.— Hook. Ic. t. 828.

3. M. oldenlandioides, Wall.) annua, glabriuscula, foliis petiolatis, pedicellis
brevissimis, capsulae subtriangularis lobis ipsa vix brevioribus demum basi
v. undique late divergentibus. — Hook. Ic. PI. t. 827. — M.paniculata, "Wall.
Cat. n. 4349 ; Cat. Burm. n. 1826.— Wight, Ic. t. 1600 (exclusis floribus
figurae majoris). — M. inconspi'cua, Zoll. et Mor. Yerz. PI. Jav. p. 55.

Hab. In India orientali; Bombay (Balzelt), Concan (Law), Sukanaghur
(Hamilton), Burma (Wallich), Java (Zollinger).

4. M. pedicellata, perennis, repens, foliis petiolatis subhirtellis, pedicellis
flore longioribus, capsulae latae lobis brevibus demum latissime divergenti-
bus.— Caulis basi repens, ad nodos radicans, ramis floriferis adscendentibus,
nunc 3-4-pollicaribus, nunc ^-1-pedalibus simplicibus. Stipulae brevissimae
petiolos connectentes, ad petiolos utrinque 1-2-aristatae. Folia ovato-
acuminata v. oblongo-lanceolata, 2-4 poll, longa, basi in petiolum angustata,
ad margines et subtus ad venas ssepissime ciliato-hirta. Cymae paucae, longe
pedunculatae. Pedicelli graciles, 1-2 lin. longae. Mores et fructus parvi.
Sepala ovata, margine membranacea. Stylus basi fissus, mox deciduus,
apice breviter bifidus. Capsula quam in M. oldenlandioide minor, lobis
primum erectis, mox divaricatis, demum seepe recurvis. Semina fere
globosa.

Hab. In Sikhim (Hooker fil.) .

VII. Miteasacme, Lalill. A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 9.

Seetio I. Plecocalyx, Bon. Species unica : —

1. M. AMBIGUA, Br. ; DC. 1. c. p. 12. — Annua, M. nudicauli habitu affinis,
imprimis calycis forma et corolla tenui distincta.

Sectio II. Dichelo calyx, Don. Species 3, omnes Australasian : —

2. M. paeadoxa, Br., erecta, ramosa, foliata, calyce late bifldo, stylis superne
connatis. — M. divergens, Hook. fil. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. vi. p. 276.

Hab. Swan Eiver (Drummond), King George's Sound (Bauer, Wakefield),
Victoria (Ferd. Muller), Tasmania (Gunn).

3. M. nttda, M ab E., foliis radicalibus, scapo erecto filiformi aphyllo apice
umbellifero, calyce late bifido, stylis superne connatis.

Hab. Swan Hirer (Preiss).

92 ME. BENTHAM ON LOGkOIACEJE.

4. M. distylis, Ferd. Mull., pusilla, decumbens, foliata, calyce truncato
subbifido, stylis liberis v. vix apice connatis. — Planta semipollicaris v.
subpollicaris habitu Monties v. Microcarpcece sknilis. Folia oblonga v.
linearia, 1-3 lin. longa. Pedicelli ssepius solitarii, filiformes, semipollicares.
Flores quam in M. paradoxa multo minores, calyce breviore, lobis rotun-
datis obtusissimis, corolla calyce brevior, ut in M. paradox a stipitata, lobis
brevibus latis. Stamina M. paradoxes. Styli breves, stigmatibus distinctis
coronati, et vix levissime cohserentes. Capsula inclusa.

Hah. In montibus Grampians prov. Victoria? {Ferd. Mutter) et ad Q-eorge
Town in Tasmania {Gunn, n. 2019).

Sectio III. Mitkagtste, Endl. cum Hologyne, Don.
Species 17 Australasicse, 3 Indica3 : —

# Annuce.

5. M. phascoides, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 1] .- — Planta minima vix 3-linearis.

6. M. laricifolia, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 10. — Planta bipollicaris, corolla minima tenui.

7. M. ramosa, Br., DC. 1, c. — M. laricifotta similis, imprimis corolla brevi
diversa.

8. M. multicaulis, Br., DC. 1. c. — A me non visa.

9. M. paludosa, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 11. — M. alsinoidi affinis, sed ramosissima,
angustifolia, et corolla? forma diversa.

10. M. pygmcea, Br., DC. 1. c. — Speciminibus minoribus M. nudicautts simil-
lima.

11. M. ntjdicatjlis, Reinw., DC. 1. c. p. 12, caule basi pilosulo, foliis sub-
radicalibus patentibus, scapo glabro foliis paucis minimis erectis, umbella
pauciilora, calycis lobis corolla? tubi dimidium suba?quantibus, stylo basi
per anthesin indiviso (mox bifido). — M. chinensis, Griseb. in PI. Meyen.
p, 51 (ex descr.).

Hob. Khasiya {Griffith, HooJc.fil. et Thomson), Assam {Mrs. Mack), China
prope Canton.

12. M. indica, Wight, Icon. t. 1601, glabra, caule foliato pedicellis axillari-
bus v. summis subumbellatis, calycis lobis corollas tubo vix brevioribus,
stylo basi per anthesin bifido (v. rarius indiviso ?). — M. crystallina, Griff.
Notula?, pars iv. p. 87 ; Ic. t.[383. f.2. — M. pusilla, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot.
vol. ii. p. 136.

Hah. In India? orientalis peninsula {Dalzell, Law, Wight).

13. M. capillaeis, Wall., DC. 1. c. p. 11, caide basi pilosulo foliato, foliis
lanceolatis, pedunculis umbelliferis subnudis glabris, calycis lobis corolla?
tubi dimidium subsequantibus, stylo basi per anthesin indiviso (mox bifido).
— M. trinervis, Spanoghe in Linnsea, vol. xv. p. 335. — M. Malaccensis,
Wight, Ic. t. 1601. — Limnophila campanuloides, Benth. in Wall. Cat.
n. 3908. — Yariat corolla longiore v. breviore, calycis laciniis longioribus bre-
vioribusve, latioribus angustioribusve, &c.

Hah. In terra Canara {HohenacJcer, n. 590), Ncpalia {Wallich), Tavoy {Go-

MIL BENTIIAM ON LOGANIA.CE2E. 93

mez), Malacca (Griffith), Moulmeyn (Lobb, n. 348 ; specimina sa3pe pedalia
v. ultra) ■, Hong Kong (Minds).

14. M. alsinoides, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 11. — M. capillari valde affinis. Yariat
caule basi foliisque glabris v. pubescentibus.

15. M. prolifera, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 10. — Yariat foliis ovatis. A prsecedentibus
differt imprimis corolla? tubo subgloboso calycem paullo superante, limbo
tubum subsequante patente.

16. M. LjEYIS, glaberrima, caule foliato subramoso, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis
rigidulis uninerviis subtus glaucis, umbella terminali, calycis semi-4-fidi
lobis latis rigidis corolla? tubi dimidium a?quantibus, stylo basi per anthesin
indiviso. — Caules graciles 6-10-pollicares. Folia 3-4 lin. longa, crassius-
cula, floralia minora. Pedunculi et pedicelli elongati. Flores magnitudine
M. capillaris, siccitate virescentes, et corolla? limb us patens videtur ut in
M. prolifera. Capsula parva, subglobosa, apice vix ante maturitatem
bifida.

Sab. Ad Port Essington, Australia? tropica? orientalis (Armstrong).

17. M. stellata, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 11. — Caules semipedales ad pedales in parte
inferiore tantum foliati. Flores in umbellas simplices v. compositas con-
ferti, parvi. — Formam latifoliam legit ad Port Essington cL Armstrong.

18. M. elata, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 11. — Caules l-l-|-pedales. Folia latitudine varia.
Corolla? tubus 4-6 lin. longus.

19. M. connata, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 11. — Statura et corolla M. elates. Folia an-
gusta, vix aliter nisi stylis per anthesin a basi connatis differre videtur.

** JPerennes, a basi ramosissimce.

20. M. polgmorpha, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 10. — Species prope Port Jackson vul-
garis magnopere variat hirsutia, et cum ea jungenda? videntur M. canescens,
Br. — DC. 1. c. — M. hirsuta, Presl ; Walp. Ann. vol. vi. p. 496. — Necnon
verosimiliter M. squarrosa, Br., M. cinerascens, Br. et M. Sieberi, DC, a
me non visa?.

21. M. diffusa, ramosissima, diffusa, pilosa, foliis linearibus sublanceolatisve
ciliatis, pedicellis hirtis axillaribus v. summis subumbellatis, calycis laciniis
lanceolatis ciliatis corollam superantibus. — Habitus M. pilos<e, sed folia
4-6 lin. longa, semilineam v. raro fere lineam lata, pedicelli folio a?qualos
v. sublongiores, et calycis lacinia? angustiores acuta?. Corolla parva, sub-
campanulata semi-4-fida. Styli basi soluti apice coha?rentes.

Sab. Ad Stradbrooke River, Australia? orientalis (Fraser in herb. Sooker).

22. M. pilosa, Labill. — DC. 1. c. p. 11.

23. M. serpyllifolia, Br., DC. 1, c. — A M. pilosa differt imprimis glabritie.
Specimina juniora tantum vidi. Ab illis tamen haud differre videtur M.
perpusilla, Hook. fil. in Lond. Journ. Bot. vol. vi. p. 275. Calycis lacinia?
in hac angustiores quam in M. pilosa. Planta Browniana circa Portum
Jackson lecta fuit, Hookeriana in Tasmania.

24. M. Montana, Soolc.fd. MSS.} humilis, ramosissima, diffusa, glabra,

94 MB. BENTHAM ON LOOANIACE^.

foliis oboratis subcarnosis, floribus sessilibus terminalibus solitariis, stylis
distinctis, capsula late triangulari compressa supra concava. — Caules
perennes -^-2-pollicares, caspitoso-ramosissimi. Folia in petiolum brevissi-
mum angustata, raro margine pilis paucis brevibus ciliata. Calyces pro-
funde fissi, lobis duobus paullo latioribus, capsulam aquantibus. Corolla
(quam nonnisi emarcidam vidi) calyci aqualis, lobis brevibus. Anthera
subsessiles ad apicem tubi inserta. Styli breves, paullo post anthesin jam
longe distantes, apice leviter introflexi. Capsula apice 2 lin. lata, truncata
et obscure sinuato-biloba, valde compressa, ad angulos stylorum vestigiis
acuta, supra marginibus valde inflexis concava, ad angulos internos cavi'
tatis dehiscens. Placentae axiles, 4-6-sperma.
Hal. Ad montes Wellington et Black Buff, Tasmania (Gunn).

VIII. Poltpbemtjm, Linn. DC. Prod. vol. iv. p. 435,
et vol. ix. p. 12.
Species unica : —
P. procumbens, Linn., DC. 1. c. — P. ScMecJrfendahlii, Walp. in PI. Meyen et

ejusd. Repert. vol. vi. p. 56.
Hob. In civitatibus australioribus America borealis, in Mexico et Columbia
(et Chile?).

IX. Logania, B. Br. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 25.

Species Prodromo addendse v. emendandse : —

L. angustifolia, Sieb. in DC. Prod. 1. c. et L. linifolia, Schlecht. ; Walp.
Ann. vol. i. p. 512, inter L. floribundam et L. revolutam intermedia, cum
hac pro varietatibus L. fioribundce habendae videntur, hac enim species,
circa Port Jackson vulgaris magnopere variat et latitudine foliorum et in-
florescentia copiosa vel parca.

L. cordifolia, Hook., Walp. Ann. vol. iii. p. 74, et foliis et inflorescentia ab
omnibus mini notis longe distat.

L. Mspidula, Nees in PI. Preiss. vol. i. p. 368 valde affinis videtur L. serpyl-
lifolice, Br., cujus varietates plures legit Drummond in Australia austro-
occidentali.

L. depressa, Hook. fil. e Nova Zealandia h&bitxi L. fasciculate, Br., approxi-
mata, foliorum forma aliisque notis longe diversa. Speciem L. fascicu-
late amniorem (nee forte diversam ?) communicavit F. Muller ex AustraHa
austro-orientalis montibus sub nomine L. alpince. Flores tamen in speci-
mine desunt.

L. hyssopoides, Nees, PI. Preiss. vol. i. p. 368, et L. centaurium, Nces, 1. c.
vol. ii. p. 240 vix a L. campanulata, Br., differunt.

L. bracteolata, Nees, 1. c. vol. i. p. 367, mihi ignota, ex descriptione sua di-
stinctissima est. Quoadfolia, habitus et inflorescentiam cum sequente con-
venit, corolla pentamera et capsula loculis pleiospermis (si rite observata)
longe differt.

L. MICEANTHA, sp. ii., fruticulosa, ramosissima, glabra, fohis (parvis) lineari-

ME. BENTHAM ON LOaAKIACE^). 95

bus, floribus minimis solitariis corymbulosisve tetrameris, ovarii loculis
uniovulatis. — Fruticulus fere in omnibus notis cum descriptione L. bracteo-
latcB conveniens prseter numerum partium floris et ovarii structuram. Tota
glabra est v. rarius pubes minima in partibus novellis sub lente observatur.
Folia 3-4 lin. longa, obtusa, coriacea, margine revoluta. Pedunculi in
axillis supremis 1-3-flori, v. ad apices ramorum in corymbum 6-12-florum
dispositi. Flores minimi, nutantes. Bracteolse 2 angustse ad basin pedi-
celli, 2 latiores, interdum ovatse, sub calyce. Calycis lacinise ovatse, inter-
dum minutissime ciliatse. Corollse faux nuda. Ovarium biloculare, ovulis
solitariis prope basin affixis. Stylus brevissime conicus apice stigmatoso
subbilobo. Capsula globosa, coriacea, septicide dehiscens, carpellis locu-
licide bifidis. Semina hemisphserica, facie interna placentae crassiusculse
oblongse demum liberse peltatim affixa. Testa minute impresso-punctata.
Albumen cartilagineum. Embryo brevis, rectus.

Hob. In Australia austro-occidentali (Drummond, coll. 5. n. 252).

L. capensis, Eckl. ; DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 26, ex Africa australi, a nemine inter
exploratores hodiernos visa, delenda videtur.

L. paniculata, Kunth et Bouche, Walp. Ann. vol. i. p. 513, in horto Beroli-
nensi descripta, planta videtur a genere aliena. Mores dioici dicuntur,
styli distincti, &c.

X. Gomphostiqma, Turcz. Eenth. in DC. Prod. vol. x. p. 433.
Species unica : —
Q. scoparioides, Turcz. 1. c, ex Africa australi.

XI. JSTttxta, Lam. A. DC. Prod. vol. x. p. 434.

Speciebus in Prodromo descriptis addendse sunt N. pubescens, JV. tomentosa
et N. emarginata, omnes a Sondero in Linnsea, vol. 23, e plantis Zeyherianis
austro-Africanis illustrata3j quarum duse priores verosimiliter unius speciei
formse.

XII. Chilianthijs, Burch. A. DC. Prod. vol. x. p. 435.
Species 4 jam in Prodromo recensitae.

XIII. Btjddleia, Linn. Benth. in DC. Prod. vol. x. p. 436.

Species Prodromo addendse v. corrigendae : —

B. Colvillei, Hook. fil. 111. PI. Himal. t. 18, species pulcherrima Himalayana
nulli hucusque cogmta3 proxima.

JB. coriacea, et B. aromatica, Remy in Ann. Sci. Nat. Par. 3 Ser. vol. viii.
pp. 226, 227, e Bolivia, mihi ignotse.

B. pseudoverticillata. Mart, et Gal. = B. sessiliflora.

B. obtusifolia, Mart, et Gal. =-B. microjpTiylla.

B. elliptica, Mart, et Gal., e Mexico, mibi ignota est.

Buddleiece species decern e seminibus Mexicanis in horto Berolinensi natse et
a Kunth et Bouche divulgatse, omnes denuo inquirendse verosimiliter plerseque
varietates specierum jam in Prodromo descriptarum.

96 ME. BENT1IAM OS LOGANIACE^l.

B. diverrifolia, Yahl, Benth. in DC. Prod. vol. x. p. 445 et B. rondeletice-
flora, Benth. 1. c. ad genus Nicodemiam referenda sunt.

XIV. Geniostoma, Forst. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 26.
Species Mauritianse sunt : —

1. G. pedunculatum, Boj., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 28. — G. parviflorwm, Boj.,
DC. 1. c. p. 27. — Connectivum vix loculos antherse excedens, appendice bre-
vissima ciliolata.

2. G. cordifolium, Boj., DC. 1. c. — Connectivum ultra loculos anther© produc-
tion, appendice ovato-triangulari ciliolata.

3. G. ovatum, Boj., DC. 1. c. — G. lanceolatwm, Boj. ?, DC. 1. c. ? — Folia forma
quam maxime variabilia. Corollse lacinise ovatse vix Hneam longse. Con-
nectivum ultra loculos non aut vix productum. Capsula ovoidea 4-5 lin.
longa, vix duplum diametri sui eequans.

4. G. angiistifolium, Boj., DC. 1. c. — A me non visum.

5. Q-. oboTatum, Boj. MSS., glabrum, foliis obovatis oblongisve obtusis v.
vix acutis, cymis abbreviatis, Galycis lobis ovatis acutiuscuhs, corollse lobis
lanceolatis intus basi villosis, capsuhs oblongis latitudine sua 3-4-plo longio-
ribus. — Affinis G. ovato, sed folia crassiora, corollse multo majores, laciniis
1£ lin. longis ; antherse appendice longa lineari ciliata terminatse et capsulse
7-8 lin. longse.

Hab. In sylvestribus ins. Mauritii ad Colville Bridge in Grand Bassin (Bojer).

Species Polynesicse : —

6. Gr. fage.eoides, glaberrima, foliis amphs ellipticis utrinque acutis, calycis
iaciniis acutis, placentis distinctis, seminibus stipitatis. — Foha 4-6-polli-
caria, fere Fagrcece. Stipulse intrapetiolares, breviter vaginantes, truncatse.
Flores non vidi. Capsulse 7-8 Hn. longse, crassse, valvulis crasso-coriaceis
recurvis. Placentae 2 lineares, vix carnosse. Semina generis, sed funiculi
filiformes semine ipso vix breviores.

Sab. In ins. Bonin {Beechey).

7. G. crassifolium, foliis obovatis ovatisve obtusissimis subcarnosis pubes-
centibus glabratisve, calycis lobis ovatis acutiuscuhs, corollse laciniis intus
basi barbatis. — Frutex 12-16-pedahs. Foha 2-3-polhcaria, crassa, semper
obtusissima,basirotundata v. breviter angustata, petiolo apice dilatato, sub-
tus uti ramuh puberula v. in var. /3. glabra. Cymulse a basi v. ad medium
trichotomse, petiolo paullo longiores. Flores quam in G. rwpestri paullo
majores, tubo calyce breviore, hmbo patente, lobis ovatis obtusis basi medio
pilosis margine vix ciholatis. Stamina ad faucem inserta, filamentis bre-
vibus, antheris ovatis corollam subsequantibus, connectivo loculos non
superante, apice nudo v. ciliis paucis penicihato. Ovarium puberulum.
Stigma ovoideum v. globosum, minute puberulum. Capsula (in var. /3)
3 hn. longa.

Frequens in insula Isle of Pines dicta juxta Novam Caledoniam in locis syl-
vaticis ad pedem montis {Milne).

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE-E. 97

/3. glaberrinmm, foliis paullo majoribus. — In ins. Angau et Ovalau (ins. Feejee)
(Milne)) et ins. Sandwich teste herb. Hooker., sed hie forte latet error
quidam.

8. G. rupestre, Forst., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 26. — G. hamospermum, Steud.,
DC. 1. c. p. 27. — Blume, Mus. Bot. vol. i. p. 238. — In ins. Java (Lobb, &c.),
Feejee (Amer. Fxplor. Fxped.), Tanna e Novis Hebridibus (G. Forster).

9. G. retichlatum, Blume, 1. c. p. 239. — Java. — A me non visum.

10. G. montanum, Zoll. et Mor. Yerz. PI. Jav. p. 58. — Mihi ignotum. An
G. rupestris var. ? — Java.

11. G. ligmtrifolium, A. Cunn. ; Hook. Ic. t. 430 ; DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 27.—
In Nova Zeelandia.

12. G, mieranthum, DC. 1. c. — Mihi ignotum. — In ins. Marianis.

13. Qt. Cumingiantjm, foliis elliptico-lanceolatis acuminatis basi acutis, cymis
brevibus, calycis lobis ovatis obtusis, corollse lobis basi intus villosis. — Folia
et inflorescentia G. ligustrifolii sed ab omnibus diversum calycis lobis
apioe minime acuminatis. Cymulse plurinorse in speciminibus Cumingi-
anis, 1-3 -florae in Lobbianis. Corollse iaciniae intus basi tantum piloses, nee
fere in tota superficie ut in G. ligustrifolio. Antherae glabrae. Stylus bre-
vis, stigmate glabro.

Hob. In ins. Philippinis (Cuming, n. 864 j Lobb, n. 450).

14. G. lasiostemon, Blume, Mus. Bot. p. 239, e Java, mihi ignotum.

XV. Desfontainia, Buiz et Pavon. Dun. in DC. Prod. vol. xiii.
pars 1. p. 675.

Ovarium 5- rarius 4-3-loculare, septis in parte superiore ovarii
vix in medio cohaerentibus. Ovula in quoque loculo plurima
(circa 10) ex angulo interno pendula. Bacca complete v. fere
complete 5-3-locularis.

Species unica : —

D. spinosa, R. et P. in Andibus Americae australis crescens a Nova Granada
usque ad fretumMagellanicum. Formse sub nomineD. splendentisi'R.'B. K,
D. HooJceri, Dun., et D. acutangulce, Dun., editae, inter se intermediis nume-
rosis junctae, vix pro varietatibus distinguendae sunt.

XVI. Faoilea, Thumb. Blume, Mus. Bot. p. 163.
Species sunt : —

§ 1. Corymbosce, cymis paucifloris ad apices ramorum subcorym-
bosae. Flores majusculi v. maximi.

* Longifloraa, tubo corolla longe exserto supra medium v. apice
tantum ampliato.

F. carnosa, Jack. — Moulmeyn (Lobb).
LINN. PE0C. — BOTANY. jr

98 MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^J.

JP. tubulosa, Bl. e Sumatra, ex auctore JP. camosce affinis mihi ignota.

JP. zeylanica, Thunb. In ins. Ceylon (Hb. Sm. e herb. Linn, fil., Gardner, &c.).

F. Beeteeiana, A. Gray, MS., foliis obovato-oblongis obtusissimis v. bre-
viter acuminatis longiuscule petiolatis coriaceis crassis obsolete venosis,
petiolorum basi stipulacea brevi rotundata, corymbo terminali brevi trifido
v. trichotomo, corollse tubo elongato supra medium ampliato calyce triplo
longiore. — Arbor 30-pedalis affinis JP. zeylanicce, corollse tubi parte tenui
longe exserta, brevior tamen est, corolla tota 2^-3-pollicaris nee 4-5-polli-
caris. Antherse angustiores videntur. — Carissa grandis, Berter., et eo teste
Pua incolarum.

Blab. In ins. Societatis (JBertero, Bidwill, Hinds, Barclay), ins. Nukahiva e
Marquesas {Barclay), in Archipelago Louisiade dicto {Macgillivray).

F. lanceolata, Blume. — In Java {Lobb, Junghuhn). Species ab auctore optime
illustrata inter longifloras et latifloras fere media.

F. Walliehiana. — F. lanceolata, Wall. Cat. n. 1599. — Cyrtophyllum? lan-
ceolatum, A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 31. — In ins. Penang {Wallich). — Cymse
subsessiles, laxe 3-5-florse. Corollse tubus tenuis longe exsertus. Flores
multo minores quam in prsecedentibus, duplo tamen longiores quam in F.
fragrante.

** Latiflorse, corolla infimdibuliformis tubo a basi v. jam infra
medium usque adfaucem dilatato.

F. auricularia, Jack. — Malacca (Griffith), Java (Lobb, Zollinger, &c).

JP. truncata, Blume, e Celebes, mild ignota, huic affinis dicitur.

F. plumericefolia, A. DC. — In ins. Philippinis (Cuming).

F. obovata, Wall., Bot. Mag. t. 4205. — In montibus Khasia (Wallich,
HooJc.Jil. et Thomson).

F. coromandeliana, Wight, Ic. 1. 1316. — Specimen unicum vidi e Peninsula in
herb. Stocks. Vix a prsecedente differre videtur petiolis abbreviatis.

F. crassifolia, Blume (ex descr. et ic). — In Malacca (Griffith), Rangoon
(MacLelland). — F. obovatce valde affinis, differt paullulum floribus l-3nis
subsessilibus et forte corollse tubo breviore latiore.

F. globosa, Wall., e Chappedong et Tavoy, cujus flores ignoti sunt, est vero-
simihter eadem ac JP. crassifolia.

F. littoralis, Blume, a me non visa, paullulum differt ex icone, fructu ovi-
formi.

JP. obovata-javana, Blume, ex icone et descr. quasi intermedia videtur inter
JP. obovatam et JP. malabaricam.

F. malabarica, Blume, Wight, Ic. 1. 1317 (JP. obovata, Q-riff. Notul. Pars iv.
p. 35, Ic. t. 382), prsecedentibus valde affinis. Folia JP. obovatce, inflores-
centia laxior, calyx brevior, corollse paullo minores. — In peninsula indica
(Stocks), specimina etiam vidi in horto Calcuttensi culta. Adsunt etiam
specimina Ceylonensia a Champion et Thwaites lecta inflorescentia calyce

MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIAOE.E. 99

corollaque JF*. malabaricce donata, foliis ut in F. coromandeliana breve pe-
tiolatis. Forte 6 prsecedentes omnes F. obovatce varietates sunt.

F. Khasiana, foliis longiuscule petiolatis oblongo-ellipticis acuminatis basi
angustatis crassis subeveniis, cymis laxe trichotomis paucifloris, calycis
laciniis margine membranaceis, corolla? tubo fere a basi dilatato, ovario
superne uniloculari, bacca ovoideo-oblonga. — A prsecedentibus floribus mi-
noribus et baccis parvis primo intuitu distinguitur. Folia iis F. obovatce
angustiora, longius acuminata, 3-7 poll, longa, li-2^ poll, lata, crassa, sic-
catione punctato-rugosa, costa subtus prominente, venis raro conspicuis.
Corymbi subsessiles, laxi, bis terve trifidi, pedicellis ultimis 2-3 lin. longis.
Flores quoad formam iis F. malabaricce subsimiles sed vix sesquipollicares.
Calyces 4-5 lin. longi, lobis orbiculatis margine late attenuatis fere scariosis.
Corolla? tubi pars tenuis vix calyce longior. Ovarium disco crasso insidens,
basi biloculare, superne uniloculare'placentis ibidem parietalibus basi con-
fluentibus. Bacca fere matura 9 lin. longa, anguste ovoidea, fere acuta.
Semina pulpa carnosa semi-immersa, numerosa, testa maculata, albumine
carnoso v. fere cartilagineo. Embryo (in semine nondum maturo ?) mini-
mus.

Sab. In montibus Khasia (Griffith, Simons, Da. Mack, HooJc. fil. et
Thomson).

Speciem ut videtur novam ab Asa Gray edituram, prsecedenti afSnem, foliis
latis, calyce minore, corolla? tubo longiore, legit American Fxploring Ex-
pedition in ins. Feejee. Inflorescentia F. lanceolatce, Wall., sed flores
longe diversi.

F. minor, Blume, e Moluccis foliis basi non angustatis a plerisque hujus
sectionis differt. Specimen vidi e Borneo (Lowe) cum icone Blumeana
satis conveniens.

Supersunt species decern a Blumeo enumeratse mini omnino incognita?.

§ 2. Racemosa, cymis paucifloris brevibus secus pedunculum
terminalem oppositis, in racemum plus minus elongatum dispositis.

F. racemosa, Jack, teste ipso Jackio, eadem est ac F. volubilis, Wall. Mihi
forma videtur inter hanc et F. morindcefoliam, Blume, media et varietates
tres in speciem unicam jungit, nomine antiquiore F. racemosce, Jack, salu-
tandam.

Sab. In Moluccis ; frequens in Malacca, ins. Philippinis, &c.

F. ceassipes, foliis amplis ellipticis breviter acuminatis basi obtusis, petiolo-
rum basi stipulacea brevissime connata truncata, cymis plurifioris in race-
mum brevem subcorymbosum longe pedunculatum coarctatis, corolla crassa
infundibulari laciniis subrotundis tubo lato triplo brevioribus. — Folia 10-
pollicaria fere F. racemosce sed magis coriacea, venis arcuatis subtus pro-
minentibus, petiolo brevi crasso torto. Pedunculus 6-10-pollicaris, crassus,
medio interdum bracteis 2 subfoliaceis instructus. Cymarum paria 2-3,
inferiores pedunculatse, superiores coarctatse, singula? sub-5-flora?. Pedicelli
pollicares, crassi. Calyx F. racemosce v. paullo major. Corolla crassa,
sesquipollicaris v. paullo longior, tubo basi lato, fauce ampliata minus tamen
quam in F. racemosa, limbi lobis subeequalibus. Stamina lobis corollinia

h2

100 MR. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJE.

paullo breviora. Ovarium complete biloculare, placentis in medio dissepi-
mento bifidis. Bacca junior fere globosa. Affinis ex descr. F. coaretatce,
Blume, cujus tamen corolla cum ilia F. morindcefolice (F. racemosce) com-
paratur.
Sab. In ins. Labuan {Motley).

F. LIGTTSTbina, Blume, var. ? brachystachya. — Pedunculus 1^-2-pollicaris.
Eacemi rhachis 1-1^-pollicaris. Cymge sessiles, oppositse, triflorse. Pedi-
celli breves. Corolla pollicaris, tubo tenui supra medium campanulato,
dilatato. Ovarium superne uniloculare, placentis ibidem parietalibus basi
confluentibus.

Sab. In Singapore (Lobb).

Species Blumeana vera, cum aliis sex ejusdem auctoris hujus sectionis mihi
ignotee sunt.

§ 3. Parviflorcd, corymbis supradecompositis multifloris.

F.fragrans, Roxb. — F. peregrina, Blume ? In Martabania et Penang ( Wal-
lich), Tavoy (Gomez), Mergui et Malacca (Griffith).

F. speciosa, Blume. — F. elliptica, Roxb. ? — In Java (Lobb, n. 76).

F. Kimangu et F. picrophlcea, Blume, mihi ignotse sunt.

F. tetragona, Spanoghe, Linnsea, vol. xv. p. 326, ex descr. e genere remo-
venda erit.

F. Malay ana, Mart., est forte Taberncemontana corymbosa ?

XVII. Potalia, Aubl. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 36.

Species unica : —

P. amara, Aubl. — P. resinifera, Mart. — In Cayenna (Martin). Ad Rio
Negro superiorem (Spruce).

XVIII. Anthocleista, Afzel. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 96.

Species unica : —

A. nobilis, Don. — A. macrophylla, Don. — A. Vogelii, Planch, in Hook. Ic.

t. 793, 794, et Fl. Nig. t. 43, 44.— In Africa tropica occidentali (G. Don,

Vogel, &c.).

XIX. Steychnos, L. A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 12.

I. Species Asiatics v. Africanse.
* ScAtfDENTES, a Irevifloris ad longifloras ordinate.

1. S. minor, Blume, A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 14, scandens, glabra v. minute
puberula, cirrhis simplicibus, foliis ovatis breviter acuminatis, cymis brevi-
bus axillaribus terminalibusque, floribus plerisque tetrameris, corollse tubo
laciniis breviore. — Folia 3-5 -nervia, nunc glaberrima,nunc uti petioli ramuli
juniores et inflorescentia plus minus pubescentia, pilis minutis strigosis.

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^i. 101

Cirrhi oppositifolii (folio subtendente abortiente squamseformi) . Cymse
petiolo paullo longiores. Calyx profundi 5-fidus, lobis ovatis ciliatis nunc
obtusissinie rotundatis, nunc acutiusculis. Corolla vix 1£ lin. longa, laci-
niis supra barbatis. Antherarum loculi basi ciliis paucis barbati. Ovarium
biloculare, ovulis in quoque loculo 8-10. Bacca mono- vel oligo-sperma.
Sab. In ins. Ceylon, ubi varietates sequentes observantur : —

a. nitida, foliis ovatis subbipollicaribus basi angustatis, petiolo 2-3 lin. longo,
cymis laxioribus terminalibus axillaribus. — In ins. Ceylon (Walker,
Thwaites, n. 2516). Hue etiam pertinere videtur IconEheedii, vol. vii. t. 5.

/3. ovata, foliis paullo minoribus, basi rotundatis opacis, cymis plerisque axil-
laribus densis paucifloris. — In ins. Ceylon {Kelaart).

y. angustior, foliis angustius ovatis magis acuminatis, petiolo 1-2 lin. longo,
cymis plerisque axillaribus. — In ins. Ceylon {Walker, Thwaites, n. 187).

5. parvifolia, foliis vix pollicaribus, ovatis v. rarius obovatis, cymis pauci-
floris plerisque terminalibus. — In ins. Ceylon (Gardner, n. 580).

2. S. colttbein A, Linn. ?, A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 14 ?, glabra, scandens, cirrhis
plerisque bifurcatis, foliis ovatis ellipticisve obtusis v. vix acuminatis, cymis
laxis axillaribus terminalibusque, floribus plerisque pentameris, corollse
tubo laciniis breviore. — Modira Caniram, Rheede, Hort. Malab. vol. viii.
t. 24. — 8. bicirrhosa, Lesch., A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 16. — Folia nunc iis
8. minoris similia, nunc ssepius majora et proportione longiora. Cirrhi ut
in 8. minore oppositifolii, folio subtendente ad squamam reducto, sed
ssepius bifidi sunt et sub bifurcatione bibracteolati ; rarius occurrunt hinc
inde simplices. Flores magnitudine S. minoris, sed semper pentameros nee
tetrameros vidi. Fructus multo major quam in S. minore.

Sab. In Peninsula Indise Orientalis, in montibus Nilgherry (Leschenaulf) ,
circa Madras (Wight, Wall. Cat. 1589 A, B, & C, et 4455 B*), in Terra
Canara (Law). Specimina in herbariis nostris ad speciem rite elucidandam
haud sufficiunt.

3. S. MALACCENSIS, scandens, minute puberula, cirrhis simplicibus v. in ramulis
aphyllis geminis, cymis interrupts paniculatis, pedicellis brevissimis, flori-
bus pentameris, corollse tubo laciniis breviore. — S. colubrina, "Wall, in Roxb.
Fl. Ind. vol. ii. p. 264 ? — Folia in speciminibus suppetentibus late ovata,
3-pollicaria, quintuplinervia, costis petiolis ramulis inflorescentiaque pube-
rulis ; folia adulta coriacea glabrata. Pedunculi axillares, folio sublongiores,
ad apicem cyma densa coronati, additis cymis 2 v. 4 secus pedunculum per
paria dissitis. Flores parvi 8. colubrince. Lacinise corollse prope basin
dense barbati. Antherse basi barbatse.

Sab. In Malacca (Griffith). Species ulterius cum 8. colubrina comparanda.

4. S. axillaris, Colebr., A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 13, scandens, cirrhis sim-
plicibus, foliis ovatis acuminatis, cymis densis axillaribus, floribus penta-
meris, corollse tubo laciniis breviore. — Ramuli novelli pubescentes demum
glabrati. Folia 1^-2^-pollicaria, acumine longo angusto. Cirrhi ssepius
axillares folio subtendente perfecto, inferiors interdum more S. minoris

* 1589 D. est Celtis Wightii, 4455 A. est Slrychnos nux-vomica.

102 MB.BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJE.

oppositifolii, nonnulli etiam in ramulos folijferos abeunt. Flores fere S. mi-
noris, sed semper pentameros vidi.
Hab. In montibus Khasia {Wall. Cat. n. 1587, Griffith, Hook. fil. et
Thomson).

6. S. panicttlata, Champ., Benth. in Kew Journ. Bot. vol. v. p. 57, glabra,
subscandens, ecirrhosa ?, foliis ovatis, paniculis thyrsoideis plerisque termi-
nalibus folio longioribus, pedicellis calyce multo longioribus, floribus tetra-
meris, corolla? tubo laciniis multo breviore. — Anthera? filamento suo a?qui-
longa? basi parce ciliata?.

Hab. In ins. Hong Kong {Champion).

6. S. mttltifloka, glabra, subscandens?, ecirrhosa?, foliis amplis ovatis
ellipticisve, paniculis folio sublongioribus laxe floribundis, pedicellis calyce
sublongioribus, floribus pentameris, corolla? tubo lacinias sequante. — Eamuli
lseves. Folia 4-8 poll, longa, 2-4 poll, lata, breviter et obtuse acuminata,
quintuplinervia, petiolo 3-4-lineari. Inflorescentia fere S. paniculate sed
pedicelli proportione breviores. Flores majores, semper pentameri. Corolla?
tubus \\ lin., lacinia? \\ ad \\ lin. longa?, basi barbata?. Anthera? imberbes.
Ovarium villosum. Stylus elongatus. Bacca globosa oligosperma, maturam
non vidi. Affinis S. laurince. Folia latiora. Corolla? majores laciniis lon-
gioribus.

Hab. In ins. Philippinis {Cuming, n. 641, 695, 1059 & 1482).

7. S. latjeina, Wall., A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 13, glabra, subscandens, cirrbis
bifidis, foliis ovali-ellipticis oblongisve subacuminatis 3-5-plinerviis, pani-
culis axillaribus folio brevioribus, terminalibus amplis multifloris, floribus
pentameris, corolla? tubo laciniis paullo longiore. — Folia 4-6-pollicaria.
Panicula? puberula?. Pedicelli ultimi abbreviate Corolla? tubus 1£ lin.
longus, superne latior, lacinia? vix lineam longa?, dense barbata?. Ovarium
villosum. Bacca parva videtur, sed in specimine immatura.

Hab. Tavoy {Gomez), Mergui {Griffith).

8. S. ANGUSTIPLOEA, glabra, scandens, cirrhis simplicibus apice incrassatis,
foliis ovato-acuminatis orbiculatisve, cymis terminalibus pedunculatis laxis
folio brevioribus pubescentibus, floribus pentameris, corolla? tubo laciniis
elongatis sublongiore. — Folia parva, raro 2 pollices excedentia, latitudine
quam maxime varia. Cyma? iis S. Nux-vomica minores. Calyx mini-
mus. Corolla 4 lin. longa ; lacinia? basi intus villosa?, angustiores et lon-
giores quam in omnibus mini notis speciebus. Ovarium et stamina gla-
berrima. Bacca globosa.

Hab. In ins. Hong Kong {Hinds, Champion, planta a me olim dubitanter ad
S. colubrinam relata).

9. S. Wallichiana, Steud., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 13, glabra, foliis ovato- v.
oblongo-ellipticis longe acuminatis triplinerviis, cymis densis multifloris
folio brevioribus, corolla? pentamera? tubo tenui laciniis intus basi villosis
4-5-plo longiore. — Folia pleraque sub-5-pollicaria basi in petiolum brevem
angustata, acumine abrupto semi-pollicari ; in speciminibus nonnullis
occurrunt latiora brevius acuminata fere S. ovalifolicB. Pedunculi axillares
v. terminales, apice trichotomi, cymis ultimis subcapitatis. Corolla? tubus
4-5 lin. longus, lacinia? vix lineam. Antherw subexserta?, glabra? v. basi

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJB. 103

pilis paucis ciliatse. Ovarium glabrum ; dissepimentum crassiusculum ;
placentae peltatse ovulis plurimis semi-immersis.
JLdb. In montibus Khasia (IT. Bruce \ Simons).

10. S. Tieute, Blume, Rumphia, vol. i. t. 24, species Moluccana scandens,
longiflora, fauce nuda, mihi ignota.

11. S. ovalifolia, Wall., DC. 1. c. vol. ix. p. 13, scandens, cirrhosa, glaber-
rima, foliis ovatis ellipticisve obtuse acuminatis triplinerviis, paniculis axil-
laribus pedunculatis laxis folio subbrevioribus, noribus pentameris, corollse
imberbis ? tubo laciniis pluries longiore. — 8. WalliehiancB affinis, folia
plerumque latiora, magis coriacea, venis trans versis minus conspicuis. In-
florescentia laxior. Pedicelli calyce longiores. Flores in speciminibus
meis nimis juveniles non rite examinare potui, sed corolla intus glabra
videtur. Tubus certe ut in 8. Wallichiana elongatus.

Hob. In ins. Penang (Wallich). — 8. acuminata, Wall., DC. 1. c. p. 14, e Am-
herst et Chappedong videtur eadem species, sed flores et fructus desunt.

12. S. species, scandens, cirrhifera ex Africa tropica occidentali, noribus ignotis
non definienda.

## Abbobescentes, a longifloris ad brevifloras ordinate.

13. S. nttx-vomica, Linn., DC. 1. c. p. 15, arborescens, foliis petiolatis ovatis
3-5-plinerviis glabris, corymbis terminalibus, corollse imberbis tubo laciniis
3-4-plo longiore. — 8. ligustrina, Blume, Rumphia, vol. i. p. 68. t. 25, ex ic.
et descr.

Hob. Species ad oras Indise orientalis in ins. Ceylon et in Moluccis vulgaris.

14. ? S. lucida, Br., DC. 1. c. p. 16, ex Australia tropica, mihi ignota.

15. S. potatorum, Linn.fil., DC. 1. c. p. 15, arborescens, foliis brevissime
petiolatis ovatis oblongisve sub-5-plinerviis glabris, cymis ad ramos anno-
tinos brevibus, noribus pentameris, calycis laciniis acuminatis, corollse tubo
laciniis paullo longiore, fauce villosissima. — Iconibus citatis adde Wight
Illustr. vol. ii. t. 156. Corollse tubus H ^n- longus.

Hal. In India orientali frequens, in Peninsula {Wight), Behar (Eook. fil.)t
Prome (Wallich).

16. S. Ungtjacha, A. Rich., Walp. Rep. vol. iii. p. 72, arborescens, foliis
petiolatis ovatis oblongisve glabris, cymis ad ramos annotinos brevissimis
densis, floribus plerisque tetrameris, calycis laciniis suborbiculatis, corollse
tubo laciniis incrassatis sublongiore, fauce breviter villosa.

Hob. In Abyssinia (Schimp. Ser. 3. n. 1817) et forte eadem species floribua
4-5-meris, in Senegambia {Heudelot, n. 801).

17. 8. Lokua, A. Rich., Walp. 1. c, ex Abyssinia, a me non visa. Ex cha-
racter differre videtur a prsecedente pube, a sequente foliorum forma.
Flores ignoti sunt.

18. S. dtsophylla, arborescens, foliis petiolatis obovatis orbiculatisve utrin-
que velutino-pubescentibus, cymis ad ramos annotinos brevissimis densis,
floribus tetrameris, calycis laciniis suborbiculatis, corollse tubo laciniis in-

104 MR. BENTHA.M ON LOGANIACE.E.

crassatis sublongiore, fauce breviter villosa. — An S. Uhguachce var. insignia,
foliis utrinque dense molliterque pubescentibus ?
Hab. In Africa austro-orientali subtropica ad sinum Delagoa (Forbes).

II. Species Americans .
* Longiflor<B arbor escentes.

19. S. pseudochina, A. de St. Hil. j A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 14. — Frequens in
campis altis prov. Minas Geraes et Groyaz (Gardner, n. 4273 & 5007, Pohl,
Claussen, Martins, &c.).

20. S. triplinervia, Mart. ; A. DC. 1. c. — S. Gomeziana, Casar. Stirp. Nov.
p. 14 ; Walp. Rep. vol. vi. p. 497. Prope Rio Janeiro (Gardner, Tweedie,
Gomez, &c.).

**

Longiflorce scandentes vulgo cirrhiferce.

21. S. eondeletioides, Spruce, scandens, glabra, foliis ovatis oblongisve
breviter acuminatis coriaceis, cymis paniculatis terminalibus, pedicellis
brevibus, corollse pulveraceo-tomentellse tubo laciniis duplo longiore. —
Frutex alte scandens, cirrbis simplicibus incrassato-dilatatis. Folia supe-
riora circa 3 poll, longa, 1£ poll, lata, basi rotundata; inferiora ssepe semi-
pedalia, circa 2 poll, lata, basi angustata ; omnia demum coriacea, 3-5-pli-
nervia, supra nitida, subtus pallida, petiolo 3-4-lineari. Paniculse foliis
superioribus vix longiores, ramis oppositis, floribus ad apices ramulorum
confertim cymosis suaveolentibus. Calyces sessiles v. breviter pedicellati,
parvi, laciniis late triangularibus acutis apice ssepe recurvis. Corollse ochro-
leucse tubo 3 lin. longo, laciniis 1| lin. lanceolatis obtusiusculis intus basi
lanatis. Stamina infra apicem tubi inserta, glabra; antberse oblongee,
apiculatse. Ovarium glabrum, dissepimento tenui. Ovula pauca. Stylus
exsertus, stigmate capitato.

Hab. Frequens in " gapo " ad Rio Uaupes ubi Uirari-rana vocatur (Spruce,
n. 2419).

22. S. tqxifeea, Schomb., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 16, scandens, pilis longis runs
patentibus hirsutissima, fobis ovatis v. oblongo-ellipticis acuminatis mem-
branaceis, cymis paucifloris subcapitatis terminabbus, corollse birsutissimse
tubo laciniis 3-4-plo longiore.

Hab. In Gkiiana anglica (Rob. Schomb. coll. 1. n. 155, coll. 2. n. 770 j Rich.
Schomb. n. 1465). Confer Schomb. in Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 411,
t. 12 & 13 ; Hook. Ic. t. 364 ; Walp. Ann. Bot. vol. i. p. 512.

23. S. tomentosa, scandens, foliis ovatis oblongisve supra adpresse hirtellis
subtus ramulisque rufo-tomentosis, cymis terminalibus confertim pauci-
floris, corollse hirsutissimse tubo laciniis subtriplo longiore. — Rami juni-
ores tomentosi, demum glabrati. Folia breviter petiolata, in speciminibus
suppetentibus 1-2 poll, longa, obtusa v. acuta, basi rotundata, 5- v. fere
7-nervia, puis paginse superioris brevibus appressis, tomento inferioris
denso molli. Inflorescentia fere S. toxiferce sed laxior. Calycis lacinise
dimidio breviores, ovato-acuminatse. Corolla fere S. toxiferce, sed in speci-

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^. 105

minibus paucse nondum apertse. Antherse ut in ilia ovato-oblongee obtus»
vix apiculatse. Ovarium glabrum, dissepimento tenuissimo.
Hab. In Ghiiana anglica, in montibus Roraima (Rob. Schomb. coll. 2. n. 723 ;
Rich: Schomb. n. 1075).

24. S. brachiata, Ruiz & Pav., A.DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 15, e Peruvia, a me non
visa.

25. S. smilacina, glabra, foliis (amplis) ellipticis oblongisve coriaceis, cymis
axillaribus brevissimis paucifloris v. secus ramulos axillares aphyllos folio
breviores oppositis, calycis laciniis orbiculatis obtusis, corollse pentamerse
punctato-tomentellse tubo laciniis plus duplo longiore. — Folia semipedalia
v. longiora. Flores nunc in axillis 3-5 fasciculati breviter pedicellati,
nunc ssepius in cymulas breves oppositas dispositi, paniculam axillarem
racemiformem constituentes. Corollse tubus 3 lin. longus, lacinise vix
linea longiores, obtusse, intus basi parce piloso-lanatse.

Hab. In Guiana anglica (Rob. Schomb. coll. 2. n. 775, Rich. Schomb. n. 1516),
Cayenne (Martin).

26. S. G-aedneki, A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 14. Frutex scandens hinc inde
cirrhifer, nee arbor. Flores pentameri, corollse tubo punctato-tomentello
laciniis duplo longiore.

Sab. In prov. Goyaz Brasilise, in sylvis prope Arrayas (Gardner, n. 3890),
et ut videtur eadem in Gkiiana anglica ad flumen Corentyne superius (Rob.
Schomb. specimen unicum).

27. S. pedttnctjlata ; Rouhamm pedunculatum, A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 561.
Frutex scandens, prsecedenti similis, sed flores tetrameri, corollse tubo laci-
niis vix dimidio longiore.

Hab. In montibus Roraima Gruianse anglicse (Rob. Schomb. coll. 1. n. 482 &
792).

28. S. Darienensis, Seem. Bot. Herald, p. 166. — Prsecedentibus affinis et
prsesertim sequenti simillima. Folia tamen basi angustata nee ut in se-
quente rotundata. Flores non vidi. Secundum Seemann glabri sunt. An
S. cogentis varietas ?

Hab. In maritimis ins. Coyba et orse Darienensis Americse centralis (Seemann).

29. S. cogens, Schomb., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 16. — In specimine Schom-
burgkiano ramuli steriles pubescentes sunt, folia ssepius glabra ; in Spru-
ceanis ad eandem ut videtur speciem pertinentibus rami fructiferi glabri,
paniculse axillares, oblongse, 1-2-pollicares, a basi ramosse. Calycis lacinise
5, parvse, lanceolatse, acutse. Baccse globosse, fiavescentes, seminibus 1-2
orbiculatis. Corollse desunt.

Hab. In Gruiana anglica (Rob. Schomb. coll. 1, n. 156). In "gapd" ad Rio
Uaupes (Spruce, n. 2634) et specimen defloratum e Cayenna (Martin) hue
etiam pertinere videtur.

30. S. lanceolata, Spruce, scandens, ramulis hirtellis, foliis oblongo-lanceo-
latis acutis, cymis abbreviatis axillaribus, corollse tubo laciniis densissime
lanatis vix longiore. — Cirrhi superne demum ,valde incrassati. Folia bre>
vissime petiolata, circa 2 poll, longa, 6-9 lin. lata, in specimine fructifero
3 poll, longa, 1 poll, lata, 3-5-plinervia, subtus ad axillas costarum barbata,

106 MB. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^E.

costis minute puberubs, ceeterum glabra. Cymee laxee, subsessiles, glabrae,
pedicellis 1-2 lin. longis. Flores ochroleuci, suaveolentes, pentameri.
Calyces glabri, laciniis breviter lanceolatis acutis. Corolla fere S. Rouha-
mon sed tubus 1\ lin. longus ; laciniee lanceolatee vix breviores, lana inte-
riore nivea densissima. Stamina ad faucem inserta ; filamenta complanata,
ad medium laciniarum attingentia; antheree parvse, ovatse. Ovarium

• glabrum, carnosulum, dissepimento crassiusculo. Bacca flavescens, hinc
planiuscula illinc convexa (loculo uno abortiente?). Semina 1-2.

Hab. In "gapd" ad ostium fluminis TJaupes et ad cataractas San Gabriel ad
Eio Negro {Spruce, n. 2084 & 2375).

### Brevijlorce (corollce tubo laciniis breviore) cymis axillaribus.

31. S. Rotxhamon, fruticosa, subcirrbifera, foliis ellipticis obovatis oblongisve
basi angustatis subtus ad venas ramulisque tomentellis, cymis axillaribus
brevibus, floribus 4-5-meris, corollse tubo laciniis intus densissime lanatis
breviore. — Rouhamon guianense, Aubl., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 17. — R. diva-
ricatum, DC. 1. c.

Hab. In Guiana anglica et gallica.

32. S. subcoedata, Spruce, scandens, cirrbifera, ramulis birtis, foliis sub-
sessilibus ovato-lanceolatis basi plerisque cordatis subtus ad venas pubes-
centibus, cymis brevissimis axillaribus laxe 3-5-£loris, floribus plerisque
tetrameris, corollse tubo brevi. — Frutex scandens. Foba majora bipolh-
caria, polhcem lata, acutiuscula, inferiora breviora et latiora, rameaba multo
angustiora, fere omnia basi cordata, consistentia papyracea v. demum cori-
acea. Calycis lacinise parva3, hirtellse. Corollam nonnisi emarcidam vidi.
Bacca cerasiformis, viridis, 1-2-sperma.

Hdb. In sylvis ad Barra do Bio Negro (Spruce, n. 1237).

33. S. brevifolia, Spruce, scandens, cirrbosa, ramubs pubescentibus, foliis
subsessibbus cordato-ovatis subtus vel utrinque birtellis, floribus axillari-
bus 1-3-nis subsessibbus plerisque tetrameris, corollse tubo brevissimo. —
Affinis S. subcordatce. Foba vix unquam pollicem longa. Flores minores
pediceUis subnulbs. Calyces tamen majores et fere glabri. Baccam non
vidi. Flores ex Spruce ochroleuci suaveolentes.

Hab. In " Capoeiras " ad ostium flum. Uaupes (Spruce, n. 2087.)

34. ? S. Mitscherlichii, Scbomb. ; Walp. Ann. vol. i. p. 512. — In Guiana an-
gbca (Rich. Schomb.). Species a me non visa.

35. ? S. HIESUTA, Spruce, arborescens, pibs longis rufis patentibus hirsuta,
fohis amplis oblongo-eUipticis acuminatis, floribus axillaribus sessibbus glo-
meratis pentameris, calycis laciniis lanceolatis birsutis. — Arbor gracibs
20-pedabs (ex Spruce). Ramub, costse paginse inferioris foborum, calyces
et bracteee rufo-liispidi. Foba semipedaba, fere sessilia, basi rotundata,
apice longe et anguste cuspidata, 5-nervia, papyracea, supra glaberrima.
Flores in axilbs (uti de S. Mitscherlichii prsedicatur) dense aggregati, brac-
teis lanceolatis acutis calyces superantibus. Calyx 1£ bn. longus. Corol-
lam non vidi. Ovarium apice pilosum, biloculare, ovubs paucis. Bacca
glabra, oblonga, apice obbqua, semipolbcaris, abortu monosperma.

Hab. In sylvis umbrosis Managuiry ad Rio Negro (Spruce).

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIAOEJE. 107

36. S. paevifloea, Spruce, foliis amplis oblongo-ellipticis glabris, cymis axil-
laribus paniculatis multifloris, floribus minimis pentameris, corollse canes-
centis tubo brevissimo laciniis crassis medio lanatis. — Species inflorescentia
distinctissima, flores parvi sequentium. Frutex est alte scandens. Eamuli
tomento minutissimo flavicantes, demum glabri. Folia breviter petiolata,
usque ad 8-10 poll, longa, 3-4 poll, lata, apice acuminata, basi cuneato-
rotundata, demum crasso-coriacea, costis subtus elevatis. Paniculse vel
axillares vel ad basin innovationum oppositse foliis floralibus abortientibus,
pedunculatse, trichotomse, floribundse, cymis ultimis densis. Flores in
cymulis sessiles, suaveolentes, virentes, siccitate canescentes, vix lineam
longi. Calyx minutus, laciniis latis obtusis ciliolatis. Corollse tubus om-
nium brevissimus, staminibus versus basin affixis ; lacinise crassse, intus
breviter lanatse. Ovarium glabrum, stylo brevi.

Hal. In "gap6" ad Eio TJaupes (Spruce, n. 2482).

#### Brevifiorce (corolla tubo brevissimo) cymis terminalibus.

37. S. makg-inata, suffruticosa, glaberrima, foliis ovatis orbiculatisve obtu-
sissimis margine incrassatis, cymis terminalibus corymbosis, floribus
4-5-meris, corollse extus glabrse tubo brevissimo. — Suflrutex 1-2-pedalis.
Folia rigida 5-plinervia, venosa, basi apiceque obtusissima v. retusa, petiolo
vix lineam longo. Cymse nunc pauciflorse subsimplices, nunc multiflorse in
paniculam seu corymbum basi trifidum dispositse, Pedicelli brevissimi.
Calyces parvi, lobis acutis. Corolla \\ lin. longa, alba, laciniis intus villoso-
lanatis.

Hob. In collibus arenosis Missionum Duro prov. Groyaz (Gardner, n. 3322,
caule bipedali foliis l-l/|-pollicaribus) et ad Chapada da Mangabeira ejus-
dem provincise (Gardner, n. 3323, caule pedali foliis semipollicaribus sed
inflorescentia vix evoluta).

38. S. beasiliensiS, Mart., subarborescens, ramulis puberulis rarius glabra-
tis, foliis ovatis submembranaceis v. tenuiter coriaceis margine tenui, cymis
corymbosis terminalibus paucifloris, floribus pentameris, corollse tubo bre-
vissimo, laciniis medio barbatis. — Arbor parva (sub-15-pedalis) interdum
spinis cirrnisve axillaribus hinc inde armata. Folia 1-1^ v. rarius 2 poll,
longa, acuta v. obtusa basi rotundata v. angustata. Flores vix 1£ lin. longi.
Baccse cerasiformes aurantiacse v. flavescentes, 1-2-spermse. — Varietates
tres vidi: a, normalis, glabriuscula ssepe floribunda axillis ssepe spini-
feris j S. brasiliensis et S. breviflora, DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 15. Prope Eio
Janeiro prsesertim in monte Corcovado (Sello, LhotsTcy, Gomez, &c.). —
j8, minor, puberula, foliis minoribus, floribus paullo majoribus, inflorescentia
densiore, ramulis hinc inde apice spinescentibus axillis nonnunquam cirrhi-
feris. In Serra Acurua prov. Bahia (Blanchet, n. 2792), ad Eio Tapajoz
prope Santarem (Spruce, n. 704). — y, rigida, ramulis evidentius tomentosis,
foliis subtus plus minus hirtellis. In campis apertis montosis prope San
Antonio (Gardner, n. 2085).

39. S. rubiginosa, DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 16. ,Frutex v. arbor 6-20-pedalis.
Flores vix linea longiores, pentameri. Ad Eio San Francisco (Blanchet,
n. 2918), in districtu Paranagoa, prov. Piauhy (Gardner, n. 2660 & 2661).

108 ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^.

40. S. CASTELN.ffil, Wedd. in Castelnau Exped. Amer. Sud, vol. v. p. 22,
scandens, ecirrhosa, ramulis ferrugineo-villosis foliis elliptico-oblongis mem-
branaceis nervis subtus ferrugineo-pilosis, cymis corymbosis terminalibus
multifloris ferrugmeo-tomentosis, corollse tubo brevi laoiniis apice barbu-
latis. — Caules alte scandentes demum glabrati. Folia palmaria, acuminata,
nitidula glabraque v. puberula, nervis supra pubescentibus imprimis sub-
tusque ferrugineo-pilosis ; floralia pollicaria, bracteeeformia, basi incras-
sata et reticulata. Cymse vix bipollicares in ramulis annuis terminales.
Calyces bracteis nonnullis linearibus involucrati, lobis obtusis. Corolla in-
conspicua, breviter infundibuliformis, ad faucem nuda. Antherse basi bar-
bellatee. (Descr. ex Weddel. 1. c. et vidi specim. in herb. Mus. Par.)

Sab. Ad ripas fluminis Amazon inter flumina Ucayala et Tabatinga (de
Castelnau).

Species non satis notse sunt : —

S. Ignatia, Juss. Semina a Gsertnero aliisque depicta ad Strgchnum quen-
dam (an 8. multifioram ?) ex ins. Philippinis pertinent. Flores a Linnseo
filio sub nomine Ignatice amorce descripti, Posoaueriam longifloram e
Guiana referrunt.

S.farinosa, Blume. — DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 16, e Madagascaria.

S. innocua, Delile. — DC. 1. c. e Nubia.

S. Cwrarei H. B. K. — JRouhamon ? Curare, A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 17.

S. Panamensis, Seem. Bot. Herald, p. 166.

Species excludendae : —

S. grandis, Wall. = Anisophyllum grande.

S. 5500 Wall. Cat. Planta dubia, certe non hujus ordinis.

8. oblongifolia, Hochst. = Carissa oblongifolia.

8. scandens, Schum. & Thonn. = Apocgnea?

XX. Beehmia, Harv., A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 19.
Species unica : —

B. spinosa, Harv. ; A. DC. 1. c. — In Madagascaria, Africa austro-orientali et
tropica usque ad Senegambiam (Heudelot).

XXI. Laboedea, Gaud., A. DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 21.
Species unica : —

L. fagroidea, Graud. ; DC. 1. c. — In ins. Sandwichensibus. A me non exa-
minata.

XXII. Nicodemia, Ten. Cat. Hort. Napol. p. 88.

Species sunt : —

1. N. diversifolia, Ten. 1. c. ; Walp. Ann. vol. i. p. 531. — Buddleia diversi-
folia, Lam. ; Benth. in DC. Prod. vol. x. p. 445. — In ins. Mauritio et Ma-
dagascar.

2. N. rondeletiajlora. — Buddleia rondeleticejlora, Benth. 1. c. p. 445. — In ins.
Johanna Comores.

ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACEJ3. 109

XXIII. Gardneria, Wall, DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 19.
Species sunt : —

1. G. ovata, Wall., DC. 1. c. p. 20, pedunculis trifidis trichotomisve, corollse
lobis obtusis, antheris connatis, ovarii loculis uniovulatis. — Wall. PI. As.
Ear. vol. iii. t. 231.— #. Wallichiana, Wight in Wall. PI. As. Ear.vol.iii.
t. 281 j Wight, Ic. t. 1313.

Hob. In montibus Khasia {M. R. Smith, Griffith, HooJc. fil. Sf Thorns.) ;
in montibus Peninsulse Indise Orientahs ( Wight, Gardner, Schmidt, Hohen-
acker, n. 1445, sub nom. Ardisiaceee tetramerse).

2. G. angustifolia, Wall., DC. 1. c, pedunculis unifloris recurvis rarissime
bifloris, corolla? lobis acuminatis, antheris hberis, ovarii locuhs collaterals er
biovulatis. — G. nutans, Sieb. & Zucc. Fam. nat. Fl. Jap. pars 2. p. 41.

Hob. In jugo Himalaico, inNapalia {Wall.), in Kemaon {Madden, Strachey
Sf Winterbottom), in montibus Sikkim {HooJc. fil.) et Khasia {Hook. fil. Sf
Thorns.), et in Japonia {Siebold).

XXIV. Pagamea, Aubl, DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 19.

Flores ssepe polygamo-dioici. Ovarium perfectum, biloculare ;
ovula in loculis solitaria, e basi erecta. Bacca seu drupa
nigra v. virescens, dipyrena, pyrenis crustaceis v. fere osseis,
intus planis, dorso convexis. Semen erectum, testa tenui,
albumine cartilagineo sulcato-runcinato. Embryo parvus,
subteres, prope basin albuminis erectus, radicula recta, coty-
ledonibus sequilonga.

Species sunt : —

1. P. capitata, foliis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis margine revolutis subtus
inflorescentiaque hirtelhs, florum glomeruhs ad apicem pedunculi capitatis
bracteatis. — Partes juniores pilis brevibus moUibus hirtse et ut videtur visci-
dulse. Stipulse quam in ceeteris Pagameis breviores et diutius persistentes ;
vaginae vis 2 lin. longee, dentes breves. FoUa forma fere P. guianensis, sed
magis acuminata, rigidiora, 2-2£ poll, longa, supra nitidula, margine in
sicco semper revoluta, venis primariis secus costam utrinque 4-6 prominulis
subphcata. Pedunculi compressi, foliis breviores, capitulo denso depresso,
bracteis linearibus fohaceis ssepius 2-4 flores superantibus. Flores tetra-
meri. Corollee lobi intus fere glabri. Stylus bifidus.

Hab. In Guiana anglica {Bob. Schomb. coll. 2. n. 578 j Rich. Schomb. n. 870)
et in Surinama {Hostmann, n. 801).

2. P. plicata, Spruce, foliis (amplis) ovali-ellipticis subtus molhter pubes-
centibus, venis primariis valde prominentibus, florum glomeruhs interrupte
spicatis. — Arbor 30-pedalis. Stipulse elongatse. Foha 6-8 poll, longa,
3-4 poll, lata, petiolo triquetro ssepe ultra pollicem longo, supra glabra,
subtus canescentia, inter costas insigniter plicata, prsesertim in vivo teste
Spruceo. Pedunculi 2-4-poUicares, valde compressi, uti calyces leviter
puberuli. Inflorescentia P. guianensis, sed flores et fructus majores j corol-
las tamen non vidi.

Sab. In campo quodam arenoso parvo prope San Gabriel do Cachoeiras ad
Rio Negro Brasilise septentrionahs detexit R. Spruce.

110 MB. BEtfTHAM ON LOGANIACEJE.

Yar. (3. glabrescens, foliis subtus parce villosis. Corollse tubus brevis, laci-
nise intus breviter paleaceo-villosse. In Brasilia prov. Pernambuco ad Rio
Preto legit &. Gardner, n. 2891.

3. P. gutianensis, Aubl., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 19, glabra, foliis ovato-lanceo-
latis oblongisve planis, florum glomerulis interrupts spicatis, corollse lobis
intus paleaceo-villosissimis. — Frutex v. arbor parva 6-15-pedalis. FoHa
l£-2 rarius 3 poll, longa. Flores albi. Baccse demum nigricantes.

Sab. Frequens in Guiana anglica et gallica, in Surinama et in BrasiHa boreali
usque ad Babiam.

4. P. SESSILIELOEA, Spruce, glabra, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis planis, florum
glomerulis inter foHa suprema arete sessiHbus, corollse lobis intus villosis.
— Arbor parva, ramosissima, 6-15-pedalis. Folia quam in P. guianensi
minora, apice basique angustata. Stipulse lata?, membranacese, caducis-
simse. Flores magnitudine P. guianensis. Calycis margo 4-5-dentatus.
Corolla pallide virens, viUis quam in P. guianensi brevioribus. Baccse
ovoideo-globosse, non didymse. Semina profunde sulcato-rugosa.

Hab. In sylvis humilioribus prope San Carlos do Rio Negro (Spruce).

5. P. thyksifloba, Spruce, glabra, foliis ovato-lanceolatis oblongisve planis,
florum glomerulis pedunculatis thyrsoideo-paniculatis, corollse lobis intus
brevissime paleaceo-hirtis. — Arbor 6-15-pedalis, dense ramosa, in omnibus
P. guianensi similis, nisi inflorescentia laxa, interdum fere corymbosa, glo-
merulis inferioribus longiuscule pedunculatis et floribus (albis) minoribus
corollse lobis intus paleis brevissimis candidis nee pilis longis paleaceis ob-
tectis. Stylus semibifidus. Baccse quam in P. guianensi minores, obo-
voideo-globosse nee didymse. Semina hemisphserica, intus profunde bisul-
cata, dorso leviler corrugata.

Sab. In sylvis humidis prope San Carlos do Rio Negro (Spruce).

6. P. maceophylla, Spruce, glabra, foliis amplis ovali- vel oblongo-ellipticis
breviter acuminatis, panicula ramosa petiolum vix superante, corollse lobis
intus dense villosis. — Arbor 15-20-pedalis, ramubs crassiusculis. FoHa
6-8 poll, longa, 3-4 poll, lata, basi in petiolum sesquipollicarem angustata,
subcoriacea, plana, glabra at opaca, subtus punctis lepidotis minutis creber-
rimis pallida ; costa venisque primariis utrinsecus 8-9 subtus prominenti-
bus. Stipulse 1^-2-poIlicares, acuminatse, connatse, superiores circa in-
florescentias juniores medio inflatse, membranacese, mox rumpentes et sub-
calyptratim deciduse, basibus latis irregulariter truncatis persistentibus.
Paniculse in axillis supremis oppositse, petiolo paullo longiores v. subbre-
viores, trichotomse, densiflorse, rhachide compressa. Flores ad apices ra-
mulorum brevium conferti, sessiles. Calyx cupuliformis, truncatus, tubo
basi breviter carnoso, ovario pulvinato. Ovula in floribus a me examinatis
minuta ut videtur abortiva. Corolla virescens, 4-fida, lobis intus densis-
sime paleaceo-pilosis.

Sab. Frequens in sylvis Caa-tingas dictis prope Panure ad Rio Uaupes
(Spruce).

7. P. COEIACEA, Spruce, glabra, foliis (amplis) ovali- v. oblongo-ellipticis co-
riaceis, paniculis foHa subsequantibus, florum glomerulis secus ramos pani-
eulse interrupte spicatis. — Arbor gracilis 20-50-pedalis. Ramuli virides,

ME. BENTHAM ON L0GANIACE.2B. Ill

medulla ex Spruceo hexagona. Folia longe petiolata, subsemipedalia, in
vivo crassa et viridia, venis vix prominulis. Stipularum vaginae pollicares
v. longiores, dentibus brevibus. Inflorescentiae albidee, subcarnosae, folia
breviter superantes, pedunculo compresso supra medium ramoso, glomeru-
lis secus ramos sessilibus. Flores P. guianensis, albi, pili tamen loborum
corollae multo breviores. Stylus vix ad medium bifidus. Fructus P. guia-
nensis, v. paullo major, apice emarginatus v. subdidymus.

Sab. In campis ad Bio Negro prope cataractas San Gabriel et ad Uananaca,
necnon ad ripas fluminis Orenoco prope Esmeralda frequens (Spruce).

8. P. hiesuta, Spruce, undique pilis longis hirsuta, foliis amplis oblongo-
ellipticis, florum glomerulis secus pedunculum paucis, summis sessilibus
infimis breviter pedunculatis. — Folia petiolata, magnitudine P. coriacece et
P. plicatce, sed utrinque uti ramuli stipulae et inflorescentiae pilis longis
subrufis patentibus hirsuta. Stipulse sesquipollicares, connatae, ruib-villosae,
caducissim83. Pedunculi oppositi, folio breviores, ancipites. Capitula in
parte superiore 3-5, summo terminali, pari superiore sessili, inferiore utrin-
que pedunculato. Calyx breviter hispidus, limbo brevi cupulato integro.
Corollse tubus duplo longior, laciniae angustae, acutae, extus hispidae, intus
pilis brevibus paleaceis vestitae. Fructus P. coriacece, subdidymus.

Hab. In sylvis humilioribus ad flumen Guiaina seu Rio Negro superius, et
prope San Carlos do Rio Negro (Spruce).

XXV. G^etneea, Lam., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 32 j Blume, Mus.

Bot. p. 173.

Sect. I. iETHEONEMA, DC. — Calyx amplus coloratus limbo cam-
panulato.

Species unica : —

1. &. calycina, Boj. in DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 35.

Sect. II. Eugjertneka, DC. — Calyx parvus, limbo patente v.
subcampanulato. Corollse tubus elougatus intus nudus v. intra
stamina leviter villosus.

2-14. Species 13 Mascarenses in * Prodromo ' enumeratse cum sequentibus
duabus Ceylonensibus.

15. Gk eosea, Thwaites, foliis ovatis lanceolatisve acute acuminatis, stipulis
biaristatis, floribus ternis sessilibus, calyce truncato 5-dentato, corollae tubo
elongato intus leviter villoso, filamentis anthera longioribus medio tubo in-
sertis. — Frutex dichotome ramosus. Folia sub-bipollicaria. Vaginae stipu-
lares breves, aristis brevioribus longioribusve. Corollae roseae, 8-9 lin.
longae. Bacca subdrupacea, basi contracta.

Sab. In ins. Ceylon (Walker, Thwaites).

16. Gt. Walkeei, Wight, Illustr. vol. ii. t. 156, foliis oblongis lanceolatisve
acute acuminatis, panicula pauciflora, pedicellis elongatis, corollae tubo
elongato intus villosulo, filamentis anthera sublongioribus medio tubo in-
sertis.

Sab. In ins. Ceylon (Walker, Gardner, n. 581). — Ejusdemvar. angustifolia,
foliis anguste lanceolatis linearibusve, pedicellis 1-3 -nis, dentibus calycinis
angustioribus. In ins. Ceylon (Walker, Thwaites, n. 363, 440 & 457).

112 ME. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^E.

Sect. III. Sykesia. — Calyx Eugmrtnerce. Corollae tubus lobis
brevior v. vix longior, ad faucem intus villosus.

17. Q-. panicttlata, Benth. in Hook. PL Nigr. p. 459, foliis (amplis) breviter
petiolatis obovali-ellipticis oblongisve breviter acuminatis, vaginis stipula-
ceis apice aristato-dentiferis, panicula laxa trichotoma, corollse lobis tubo
subbrevioribus, antheris vix exsertis filamento suo longioribus. — Species G.
Koenigii arete affinis. Flores numerosiores, minores, graciliores, calyx
minus patens, et stipulse aristatse.

Sab. In Africa tropica occidentali ad Grand Bassa (Voget).

18. Gk K<eni(HI, Wight, Ic. 1. 1318 j Blume, Mus. Bot. p. 174, foliis (amplis)
breviter petiolatis obovali-ellipticis oblongisve breviter acuminatis, vaginis
stipulaceis integris v. obtuse dentatis, panicula laxe trichotoma, corollse
lobis tubo suo longioribus, antheris exsertis filamentis elongatis. — Sykesia
Koenigii, Arm, DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 35.

Sab. In ins. Ceylon (Walker, Gardner, n. 582, &c.).

19. Or. acuminata, foliis oblongis acute acuminatis, vaginis stipulaceis apice
subaristato-dentiferis, panicula laxe trichotoma, corollse lobis tubo subsequi-
longis, antheris vix exsertis filamento suo longioribus. — Valde affinis G.
Koenigii et forte ejus varietas, folia angustiora longius et acutius acumi-
nata, corollse minores tubo tenuiore et filamenta multo breviora. Faux
corollse dense villosa.

Sab. In Singapore (Wall. Cat. n. 8342), et eadem species ? in Borneo (Lobb).
— An G. Koenigii, paniculata et acuminata ad unam speciem pertinent ab
Africa occidentali usque ad Moluccas diffusam ?

20. Gt. thtesiploea, Blume, Mus. Bot. p. 174, foliis oblongis acute acumi-
natis, vaginis stipulaceis 2-4-aristatis, panicula laxe thyrsoidea pauciflora,
corollse tubo laciniis breviore, antheris exsertis, filamentis elongatis. —
Sykesia thyrsiflora,Axn., DC. Prod. vol. ix. p. 35. — Drupa dipyrena, pyrenis
chartaceis, facie plana. Semen semiglobosum, prope basin interiorem
affixum. Testa venis ramosis leviter impressa. Albumen cartilagineum.
Embryo prope basin albuminis rectum, cylindricum ; radicula elongata ad
hilum spectans ; cotyledones breves conicse.

Sab. In ins. Ceylon (Walker, et forte Thwaites, n. 288 sine fi.).

21. G. oxyphylla, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acute acuminatis basi longe an-
gustatis, vaginis stipulaceis subbiaristatis, panicula laxa pauciflora, corollsa
tubo laciniis subsequilongo, filamentis brevibus (?). — Psychotria oxyphylla,
Wall. Cat. n. 8374. — Specimina perpauca quse vidi a G. acuminata differre
videntur, foliis minoribus multo angustioribus et inflorescentia depauperata.
Panicula trifida ramis subpollicaribus, terminali 5-7-floro, laterahbus tri-
floris.

Sab. In ins. Singapore (Wallich).

Since the publication of the first portion of this paper, I have
received a detailed memoir on the same subject by M. Louis

MR. P.ENTHAM ON LOGANIACEiE. 113

Edouard Bureau, entitled " De la Famille des Loganiacees et des
plantes qu'elle fournit a la medecine, These pour le Doctorat en
medecine." Paris, 1856, 4to, 150 pp. The medical properties of
the drugs derived from the family are treated at great length, but
there is also considerable space devoted to the systematic questions
which are the subject of my own paper. M. Bureau has not had
the same advantages as myself in the examination of so large a
proportion of specimens, nor does he appear to have had the
opportunity of consulting some of the more modern works except-
ing through Walpers's extracts, such, for instance, as Blume's
" Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum," but he has availed him-
self to the utmost of the materials he has had access to, and his
analysis and descriptions are very careful and exact. He inclines
to reject a considerable number of genera, referring them to their
nearest allied families ; that is, Mitreola, Mitrasacme, and Poly-
premum to Buliacece ; GeUemium to Apocynece ; Fagrcea, Potalia,
and Antliocleista to Gfentianece ; Nuocia and its allies to Scrophu-
larinece. For the reasons above given, I cannot concur in this
course, unless indeed the whole order be broken up, and the two
genera which M. Bureau considers as essentially typical, Logania
and Geniostotna, be also rejected, the one to Scrophularinece, the
other to Apocynece.

M. Bureau's careful observations of the details of structure of
such genera as he had specimens of to dissect, suggest a few addi-
tional notes which I shall place in the order above adopted.

MlTEEOLA, MlTEASACME, and POLYPBEMTJM.

In dissecting the flowers at a very early stage, M, Bureau finds
a very perceptible adherence of the ovary to the tube of the calyx,
amounting in Polypremum to a fifth or nearly a fourth of the total
height of the young ovary, and in Mitreola to nearly one-half in a
very young state, although gradually disappearing as the ovary
grows, and imperceptible when the capsule is ripe. This adherence,
which some might be disposed to consider as the broad base of
the ovary, always large in proportion to its height at an early
stage, is, without doubt, indicative of a close affinity to Buliacece,
an affinity which must suggest itself to any one who studies the
Loganiacees ; but appears to me insufficient to establish identity,
as it is no more than what is observable in numerous Scrophula-
rinece — in none more so than in Calceolaria, which can yet hardly
be excluded from true Scrophularinece.

Ge:ntostoma.
M. Bureau points out the curious expansions of the placenta in

LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY. I

114 MB. BENTHAM ON LOGANIACE^.

which the seeds are imbedded. Most probably in a fresh state
they form a pulp filling the whole cavity of the fruit, assuming in
desiccation the regular atellately-lobed form, described and figured
by M. Bureau.

Labobdea.
M. Bureau has been enabled to dissect three flowers of this
plant. He confirms the presumed valvular aestivation of the
corolla, but finds always two cells only to the ovary, as in the
majority of Loganiacece, and very plausibly suggests that the
three-celled one, examined by G-audichaud, was an accidentally
abnormal one. As the fruit is still unknown, there is nothing yet
to indicate more exactly its proper place in the order.

Gabdnebia.

M. Bureau has dissected a flower of G. ovata, with ovary-cells
and ovules very much larger in proportion to the ovary itself
than I had succeeded in finding ; possibly those I dissected may
have been imperfect by abortion, or M. Bureau's flower may have
belonged to the G. angustifolia, which is often much like G. ovata
in foliage. I found the ovary of G. angustifolia very much like
that figured p. 55 of M. Bureau's paper ; but what he designates as
a cupuliform arillus, was to my eyes a second ovule, collateral in
attachment, but superposed by pressure, and often ripening into
a second seed ; for the fruit of G. angustifolia is more frequently
tetraspermous than dispermous.

M. Bureau's woodcuts, comprising dissections of all the genera
he has examined, are very accurate and well executed.

I take this opportunity of requesting the correction of two
clerical or typographical errors in the first portion of this paper : —

Page 57, line 2 from the bottom, for stipules read petioles.

— 81, — 25, for exact read erect.

On some Collections of Arctic Plants, chiefly made by Dr. Lyall,
Dr. Anderson, Herr Miertsching, and Mr. Bae, during the
Expeditions in search of Sir John Franklin, under Sir John
Eichardson, Sir Edward Belcher, and Sir Eobert M'Clure.
By J. D. Hookeb, Esq., M.D., F.E.S., E.L.S., &c.

[Read April 1st, 1856.]

Although the collections made during the later Arctic expedi-
tions contain no novelty, they are, I think, worthy of publication ;

DR. HOOKER ON SOME COLLECTIONS OF ARCTIC PLANTS. 115

both as important materials towards our knowledge of the geogra-
phical distribution of plants within the Polar Circle, and as records
of the eminent services rendered to this branch of science, by the
exertions of the officers of those expeditions, which have contri-
buted so materially to the naval glory of the first half of the
nineteenth century.

It is not my intention to do more here than place on record an
account of the collections made by Dr. Lyall in Sir E. Belcher's
expedition, by Dr. Anderson and Herr Miertsching in Sir E.
M'Clure's, and by Mr. Eae after his detachment from Sir John
Eichardson's party on an exploring expedition from Great Bear
Lake to the mouth of the Coppermine Eiver, and to the south
shores of Victoria Land. I restrict myself thus, because I hope at
some future period to have the honour of laying before this Society
a full account of the vegetation of the Polar Circle, embracing the
discoveries of all our Arctic voyagers, as well as those of the Scan-
dinavian and Eussian naturalists in Greenland, North Europe, and
Siberia. This, however, is a work demanding much time and
study ; my main object in attempting it being to trace the extra
Polar distribution of the Polar species, to determine, if pos-
sible, the effects of climate upon them during various phases of
their development, and to indicate some causes which may have
contributed to determine their present distribution.

1. Dr. Lyall's plants, collected during Sir E. Belcher's expedi-
tion in 1852-4, in Disco and Whale Pish Islands, and Cape York
(coast of Greenland) ; and in Lancaster Sound, Beechey Island,
Wellington Channel, and Northumberland Sound, amongst the
Polar islands.

Lat. 68° to 77° N.
Long. 50° to 95° W.

2. Dr. Anderson's and Herr Miertsching' s collections from
Banks' Land and the adjacent west coast of Prince of Wales
Land, and Cape Bathurst, on the mainland to the southward of
Banks' Land.

Lat. 70° to 74° N.
Long. 115° to 128° W.

3. Mr. Eae's collections, the chief interest of which is that they
connect the latter with the vegetation of the mainland to the
south-east, and with the southern shores of Prince Albert's Land,
portions of which are called Victoria Land and Wollaston Land.

Lat. 66° to 69° N.
Long. 112° to 117° W.

i2

116

DE. HOOKER OK SOME COLLECTIONS

I cannot dismiss this subject, however briefly introduced, with-
out adverting to the advantage I have derived from the study
of Sir John Richardson's admirable Essay on the Geographical
Distribution of (American) plants in the country north of the
49th parallel of latitude in his "Arctic Searching Expedition"
(ii. 264).

I. Dr. Ltall's Collection.

1. Thalictrum alpinum, L.
Sab. Disco.

2. Eanunculus nivalis, L.

Sab. Disco, Navy Board Inlet,
Pond's Bay, Beechey Island, and
Northumberland Sound.

3. Papaver nudicaule, L.

Hob. Wellington Channel, &c.,
abundant.

4. Arabis alpina, L.
Sab. Disco.

5. Draba alpina, Wahl.

glacialis, Adams.

algida, Adams.

Sab. Beechey Island and Welling-
ton Channel.

6. Draba micropetala, SooTc.
Sab. Wellington Channel.

7. Draba rupestris, B. Br.

Sab. Powell Creek and Beechey
Island.

8. Cochlearia anglica, DC.

Sab. Pond's Bay, Beechey Island,
and Wellington Channel.

9. Platypetalumpurpurascens, .K.-Br.
Sab. Lancaster Sound.

10. Silene acaulis, L.
Sab. Disco.

11. Lychnis apetala, L.
Sab. Wellington Channel.

12. Larbrsea uliginosa, Sook.
Sab. Disco.

13. Stellaria glauca, L.
Sab. Disco.

14. Stellaria longipes, Goldie.
Sab. Wellington Channel.

15. Arenaria rubra, L.
Sab. Disco.

16. Arenaria rubella, Sook.
Sab. Beechey Island.

17. Arenaria Rossii, B. Br.

Sab. Beechey Island and Northum-
berland Sound.

18. Honckeneya peploides, Ehrh.
Sab. Whale Fish Island.

19. Cerastium alpinum, L.

Sab. Whale Fish Island, Disco,
and Wellington Channel.

20. Oxytropis campestris, L.
Sab. Pond's Bay.

21. Alchemilla vulgaris, L.
Sab. Disco.

22. Dryas integrifolia, Vahl.
Sab. Beechey Island, Northumber-
land Sound, and Powell Creek.

23. Dryas octopetala, L.
Sab. Wellington Channel.

24. Potentilla crocea, Salisb.
Sab. Disco.

25. Potentilla pulchella, B.Br.
Sab. Powell Creek, Beechey Island,

and Northumberland Sound.

26. Potentilla nivea, L.
Sab. Disco.

27. Potentilla pulchella, B.Br. ?
Sab. Disco.

28. Epilobium latifolium, L.
Sab. Disco.

29. Saxifraga Hirculus, L.

Sab. Beechey Island, Wellington
Channel, and Northumberland
Sound.

OF ARCTIC PLANTS.

117

30. Saxifraga flagellars, Willd.
Hab. Beecliey Island, Wellington

Channel, and Northumberland
Sound.

31. Saxifraga tricuspidata, Metz.
Hab. Pond's Bay and Disco.

32. Saxifraga nivalis, L.

Hab. Beechey Island and Welling-
ton Channel.

33. Saxifraga csespitosa, L.

Hab. Whale Fish Island, Powell
Creek, Beechey Island, Welling-
ton Channel, and Northumber-
land Sound.

34. Saxifraga hirta, Haw.
Hab. Disco.

35. Saxifraga cernua, L.

Hab. Beechey Island, Wellington
Channel, and Northumberland
Sound.

36. Saxifraga rivularis, L.
Hab. Disco.

Saxifraga rivularis, var. hyperborea.
Hab. Wellington Channel and Powell
Creek.

37. Saxifraga Aizoon, Jacq.
Hab. Disco.

38. Saxifraga oppositifolia, L.
Hab. Abundant as far North as

Northumberland Sound.

39. ChrysospleniumalternifoUum,!/.
Hab. Wellington Channel.

40. Angelica officinalis, L.
Hab. Disco.

41. Taraxacum dens-leonis, Desf.
Hab. Disco. Wild and introduced

forms.

42. G-naphalium sylvaticum, L.
Hab. Disco.

43. Gnaphalium supinum, L.
Hab. Disco.

44. Antennaria alpina, Garln.
Hab. Disco.

45. Erigeron uniflorum, L,
Hab. Disco.

46. Campanula linifolia, A. DC.
Hab. Disco.

47. Vaccinium uliginosum, L.
Hab. Disco and Pond's Bay.

48. Azalea procumbens, L.
Hab. Whale Fish Island.

49. Pyrola rotundifolia, L.

Hab. Disco and Whale Fish Island.

50. Cassiopea tetragon a, Don.
Hab. Whale Fish Island, Navy

Board Inlet, Pond's Bay, Beechey
Island, and Northumberland
Sound.

51. Ledum palustrc, L.
Hab. Whale Fish Island.

52. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Don.
Hab, Disco.

53. Pedicularis hirsuta, L.

Hab. Disco, Pond's Bay, Beechey
Island, and Wellington Channel.

54. Veronica alpina, L.
Hab. Disco.

55. Bartsia alpina, L.
Hab. Disco.

56. Empetrum nigrum, L.

Hab. Whale Fish Island and Disco.

57. Polygonum viviparum, L.
Hab. Disco, Powell Creek, Beechey

Island, and Wellington Channel.

58. Oxyria reniformis, L.

Hab. Disco, Powell Creek, Beechey
Island, and Northumberland
Sound.

59. Betula nana, L.
Hab, Disco.

60. Salix arctica, E. Br.

Hab. Disco, Navy Board Inlet,
Powell Creek, Beechey Island, and
Wellington Channel.

61. Salix polaris, Wahl.
Hab. Powell Creek.

62. Peristylus albidus, Lindl.
Hab. D^co.

63. Platanthera hyperborea, Lindl.
Hab. Disco.

118

DR. HOOKER ON SOME COLLECTIONS

64. Juncvis biglumis, L.

Hab. Powell Creek and Wellington
Channel.

65. Luzula parviflora, Desv.
Hab. Pisco.

66. Luzula spicata, Desv.
Hab. Wellington Channel?*

67. Luzula hypcrborea, B.Br.
Hab. Disco, Powell Creek, Beechcy

Island, and Wellington Channel.

68. Luzula campestris, Desv.
Hab. Whale Fish Island.

69. Elymus arenarius, L.
Hab, Disco.

70. Festuca rubra, L.

Hab. Disco and Beechcy Island.

71. Festuca brevifolia, B. Dr.
Hab. Whale Fish Island, Becchey

Island, and Wellington Channel.

72. Poa pratensis, L.
Hab. Disco.

73. Poa angustata, B. Br.

Hab. Powell Creek, Beechcy Island,
and Wellington Channel.

74. Poa csesia, Sm.
Hab. Beechey Island.

Poa csesia, var. vivipara.
Hab. Beechey Island,

75. Poa laxa, Hcenke.
Hab. Lancaster Sound.

76. Grlyceria arctica, Hook.
Hab. Wellington Channel.

77. Pleuropogon Sabinii, B.Br.
Hab. Powell Creek.

78. Phippsia algida, B. Br.
Hab. Cape York.

79. Dupontia Fischcri, B.Br.
Hab. Beechcy Island.

80. Hierocliloc alpina, Bozm. Sf Sch.
Hab. Beechey Island.

81. Colpodium latifolium, B.Br.
Hab. Wellington Channel.

82. Phleum alpinum, L.
Hab. Disco.

83. Alopecurus alpinus, Sm.

Hab. Cape York, Pond's Bay,
Powell Creek, Beechey Island,
and Wellington Channel.

84. Trisetum eubspicatum, Beauv.
Hab. Disco.

85. Eriophorum capitatum, Host.
Hab. Whale Fish Island and Powell

Creek.

86. Eriophorum polystachyum, L.
Hab. Disco, Powell Creek, and Wel-
lington Channel.

87. f Carex festiva, Dewey.
Hab. Disco Island.

88. Carex hypcrborea, Drejer.
Hab. Disco Island, Powell Creek,

and Coast of Greenland.

89. Carex rariflora, Smith.
Hab. Whale Fish Island.

90. Equisetum arvense, L.

Hab. Whale Fish Island and Disco.

91. Equisetum yariegatum, L.
Hab. Disco.

92. Polystichum Lonchitis, Presl.
Hab. Disco.

93. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.
Hab. Disco.

94. Lycopodium annotinum, L.
Hab. Disco.

95. Lycopodium Sclago, L.

Hab. Whale Fish Island and Disco.

* More probably from Disco.

f The Cariccs were named by Dr. Boott.

OF ARCTIC PLANTS.

119

Musci.
(Determined by W. Mitten, Esq., A.L.S.)

1. Disticliium capillaceum, B. Sf S.
Hab. Beechey Island, between

Beechey Island and Northumber-
land Sound, andNavy Board Inlet.

2. Leptotrichum flexicaule, Hnvpe.
Hab. "Wellington Channel.

3. Dicranum elongatum, Schleich.
Hab. Pond's Bay.

4. Dicranum etrumiferum, Ehrh.
Hab. Arctic Greenland : fertile.

5. Splachnum Wormskioldii, Hsch.
Hab. Cape York s fertile.

6. Conostomum boreale, Sw.
Hab. Powell Creek, Lancaster Sound.

7. Bartramia fontana, Schw.
Hab. Disco Island : fertile.

8. Bartramia ithyphylla, Brid.
Hab, Disco Island : fertile.

9. Pottia Heimii, Filrnr.
Hab. Beechey Island : fertile.

10. Desmatodon obliquus, Bruch.
Hab. Beechey Island : fertile.

11. Trichostomum rigidulum, Sm.
Hab, Beechey Island, Navy Board

Inlet.

12. Tortula ruralis, Hedw.

Hab. Beechey Island, and between
there and Northumberland Sound.

13. Tortula leucostoma, JR. Br.
Hab. Beechey Island : fertile.

14. Enoalypta rhabdocarpa, Schw.
Hab. Wellington Channel, Beechey

Island: fertile.

15. Zygodon Lapponicus, B. Sf S.
Hab. Arctic Greenland : fertile.

16. Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw.
Hab. Arctic Greenland, Powell

Creek, Lancaster Sound.

17. Racomitriumlanuginosum, Brid.
Hab. Whale Fish Island.

18. Mielichhoferia nitida, Hsch.
Var. gymnostoma ; csetera ut in

form& y. elongata.
Hab, Wellington Channel and
Beechey Island : fertile.

19. Bryum nutans, Schreb.

Hab. Whale Fish Island, Cape York,
Wellington Channel, Beechey
Island, and Pond's Bay : fertile.

20. Bryum albicans, Wahl.
Hab. Disco Island.

21. Bryum crudum, Schreb.

Hab. Disco Island, Beechey Island.

22. Bryum cernuum, B. Sf S.

Hab. Whale Fish Island, Welling-
ton Channel, Powell Creek, Lan-
caster Sound : fertile.

23. Bryum bimum, Schreb.
Hab, Beechey Island.

24. Bryum calophyllum, JR. Br.
Hab. Beechey Island ; fertile.

25. Bryum pallens, Sw.

Hab. Between Beechey Island and

Northumberland Sound.
26.Bryum pseudo-triquetrum,.Htfc&(\
Hab. Navy Board Inlet.

27. Bryum Ludwigii, S$reng.
Hab, Whale Fish Island,

28. Milium affine, Bland.

Hab. Whale Fish Island, Beechey
Island, Wellington Channel.

29. Mniumhymenophylloides, Hub.
Hab. Navy Board Inlet.

30. Cinclidium stygium, Sw.
Hab. Wellington Channel*

31. Aulacomnion palustre, Schw.
Hab. Whale Fish Island.

32. Aulacomnion turgidum, Schw.
Hab. Whale Fish Island, Powell

Creek, between Beechey Island
and Northumberland Sound,

33. Timmia Megapolitana, Hedw.
Hab. Wellington Channel.

34. Timmia austriaca, Hedw.
Hab. Between Beechey Island and

Northumberland Sound.

35. Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw.
Hab. Cape York, Whale Fish Island.

120

DR. HOOKER ON SOME COLLECTIONS

36. Polytrichum fomiosum, Hedic.
Hab. Disco Island.

37. Hypnum julaceum, Vill.
Hab. Wellington Channel, Pond's

Bay, Navy Board Inlet.

38. Hypnum chryseum, Schuo,
Hab. Wellington Channel, Beechey

Island, Pond's Bay.

39. Hypnum pulchellum, Dicks.
Hab. Between Beechey Island and

Northumberland Sound.

40. Hypnum splendens, Hedw.
Hab. Disco Island.

41. Hypnum rutabulum, L.
Hab. Disco Island.

42. Hypnum salebrosum, Hojprn.
Hab. Beechey Island, Navy Board

Inlet.

43. Hypnum cirrhosum, Schw.
Hab. Beechey Island.

44. Hypnum Sprucei, Bruch.
Hab. Navy Board Inlet.

45. Hypnum filicinum, L.
Hab. Beechey Island.

46. Hypnum stellatum, Schreb.
Hab. Wellington Channel, Pond's

Bay.
Hypnum stellatum, var. foliis basi

profunde excavatis.
Hab. Navy Board Inlet.
Differing in appearance from usual

states of the species, but, so far as

yet observed, without tangible

specific character.

47. Hypnum uncinatum, Hedw.
Hab. Wellington Channel, Disco

Island, Beechey Island, Navy
Board Inlet, Arctic Greenland.

48. Hypnum cordifolium, Hedw.
Hab. Whale Fish Island.

Hepaticce.
(Determined by W. Mitten, Esq., A.L.S.)

6. Frullania Tamarisci, Nees ab E.
Hab. Navy Board Inlet.

7. Sarcomitrium pingue, (L.) Mitten,
Hab. Beechey Island.

1. Jungermannia concinnata,!^^.
Hab. Whale Fish Island.

2. Jungermannia barbata, Schreb.
Hab. Disco Island, Pond's Bay.

3. Jungermannia trichophylla, L.
Hab. Pond's Bay, Navy Board

Inlet.

4. Plagiochila asplenioides, M. <$f N.
Hab. Pond's Bay.

5. Ptilidium ciliare, Nees ab E.
Hab. Whale Fish Island. Between

Beechey Island and Northum-
berland Sound.

II. Dr. Anderson's and Herr Miertschino's Collections.

4. Caltha arctica, L.

8. Marchantia polymorpha, L.
Hab. Whale Fish Island, Disco

Island.

9. Preissia commutata, Nees ab E.
Hab. Wellington Channel.

1. Anemone Richardsoni, Hook.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

2. Eanunculus nivalis, Z.
Hab. Banks' Land.

3. Ranunculus affinis, 2i.Br.
Hab. Bay of Mercy, Minto Inlet,

and Cambridge Gidf.

Hab. Cambridge Gulf and Minto
Inlet.

5. Papaver nudicaule, L.

Hab. Banks' Land, &c, abundant,

6. Cardamine digitata, Richards.
Hab. Banks' Land.

OF ARCTIC PLANTS.

121

7. Hesperis Hookeri, Led.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

8. Parrya arctica, B.Br.

Hab. Cambridge Gulf and Minto
Inlet.

9. Vesicaria arctica, Bichards.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

10. Draba alpina, Wahl. (D. gla-
cialis, Adams, and algida^ Adams.)

Hab. Banks' Land, &c.

11. Draba hirta, L.

Hab. Banks' Land, Albert Sound,
Minto Inlet, and Cambridge Gulf.

12. Draba incana, L.
Hab. Banks' Land.

13. Draba rupestris, B.Br.
Hab. Bay of Mercy, Banks' Land.

14. Cochlearia anglica, DC.
Hab. Banks' Land, &c.

15. Platypetalum purpurascens,
B.Br.

Hab. Minto Inlet.

16. Eutrema Edwardsii, B.Br.
Hab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge

Gulf.

17. Silene acaulis, L.

Hab. Banks' Land and P. Albert's
Sound.

18. Lychnis apetala, L.

Hab. Baring Land, Cambridge
Bay, and Minto Inlet.

19. Stellaria longipes, Goldie.
Hab. Banks' Land, &c.

20. Honckeneya peploides, Ehrh.
Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,

and Cambridge Gulf.

21. Cerastium alpinum, L.

Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,
and Cambridge Gulf.

22. Linum perenne, L*
Hab. Minto Inlet.

23. Lupinus perennis, L.
Hab. Banks' Land.

24. HedysarumM'Kenzii, Bichards.
Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,

and Cambridge Bay.

25. Hedysarum boreale, Bichards.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

26. Phaca astragalina, DC.

Hab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge
Gulf.

27. Phaca aboriginorum, Bichards.
Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,

and Cambridge Gulf.

28. Oxytropis campestris, L.
Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,

and Cambridge Bay.

29. Oxytropis Uralensis, var. arc-
tica.

Hab. Banks' Land, Cambridge
Gulf, and Minto Inlet.

30. Oxytropis nigrescens, Fisch.
Hab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge

Gulf.

31. Dryas integrifolia, Vahl.
Hab. Banks' Land.

32. Potentilla nivea, L.

Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,
and Cambridge Gulf.

33. Potentilla nana, Lehm.
Hab. Banks' Land.

34. Epilobium latifolium, L.
Hab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge

Gulf.

35. Epilobium alpinum, L.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

36. Hippuris vulgaris, L.
Hab. Cambridge Bay.

37. Saxifraga Hirculus, L.

Hab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge
Bay.

38. Saxifraga aizoides, L.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

39. Saxifraga flagellaris, Willd.
Hab. Banks' Land.

40. Saxifraga tricuspidata, Betz.
Hab. Banks' Land and Minto Inlet,

122

DB. HOOKER ON SOME COLLECTIONS

41. Saxifraga hieraciifolia, Kit.
Sab. Cambridge Bay.

42. Saxifraga nivalis, L.

Sab. Banks' Land and Cambridge
Gulf.

43. Saxifraga ca>spitosa, L.
Sab. Banks' Land.

44. Saxifraga cernua, L.

Hob. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,
Cambridge Ghilf, Point Drew, and
Point Pitt.

45. Saxifraga oppositifolia, L.
Eab. Abundant throughout Banks'

Land, &c.

46. ChrysospleniumalternifoHum,Z-.
Sab. Cambridge Gulf.

47. Taraxacum dens-leonis, Desf.
Hob. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,

and Cambridge Bay.

48. Senecio frigidus, Less.

Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,
and Point Bathurst.

49. Senecio palustris, var. con-
gestus.

Hab. Banks' Land, Cambridge
Gulf, and Minto Inlet.

50. Senecio aureus, L. ?

Sab. Point Drew, Jones' Island,
and Cape Bathurst.

51. Arnica angustifolia, Vahl.
Sab. Banks' Land and Minto Inlet.

52. Artemisia vulgaris, L.} var. Ti-
lesii. '

Sab. Point Drew and Cape Bath-
urst.

53. Artemisia borealis, Pall.
Sab. Minto Inlet.

54. Leucanthemum integrifolium,
DC.

Sab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge
Gulf.

55. Leucanthemum arcticum, DC.
Sab. Point Maitland.

56. Erigeron ?

Sab. Banks' Land.

57. Erigeron uniilorum, L.

Sab. Banks' Land and Minto Inlet.

58. Nardosmia corymbosa, Hook,
Sab. Banks' Land, Point Drew,

and Minto Inlet.

59. Campanula linifolia, A.DC.
Sab. Minto Inlet.

60. Vaccinium uliginosum, L.
Sab. Minto Inlet.

61. Cassiopea tetragona, Don.
Sab. Banks' Land and Minto Inlet.

62. Arbutus alpina, L.

Sab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,
Point Drew, Cape Bathurst, and
Jones' Island.

63. Polemonium c£eruleum,Z.,v<w\/3.
Sab. Banks' Land.

64. Primula Hornemanniana, Lehvn.
Sab. Banks' Land.

65. Androsace septentrionalis, L.
Sab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge

Bay.

66. Androsace Chamsejasme, Wulf.
Sab. Banks' Land, Cape Bath-
urst, &c.

67. Phlox Eichardsonii, SooJc.
Sab. Banks' Land.

68. Castilleja pallida, Spr.

Sab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,
and Cambridge Bay.

69. Pedicularis capitata, Adams.
Sab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge

Bay.

70. Pedicularis Sudetica, Willd.
Sab. Minto Inlet, Cambridge Bay,

Points Drew, Pitt, Armstrong
and Maitland.

71. Pedicularis hirsuta, L.

Sab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,
and Cambridge Bay.

72. Armeria arctica, Wallr.

Sab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge
Bay.

OP ARCTIC PLANTS.

123

73. Polygonum viviparum, L.
Hab. Banks' Land, Cambridge

Gulf, and Minto Inlet.

74. Oxyria reniformis, Hook.
Hab. Banks' Land, &c.

75. Salix myrsinites, L.
Hab. Prince Albert's Sound.

76. Salix Bichardsonii, Hook.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

77. Salix myrtilloides, X,
Hab. Banks' Land.

78. Salix desertorum ?, Richards.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

79. Salix speciosa, Hook.
Hab. Banks' Land.

80. Salix polaris, Wahl.
Hab. Cape Bathurst.

81. Salix reticulata, L.

Hab. Cambridge Bay and Minto
Inlet.

82. Triticum repens, L.} var. pur-
pureum.

Hab. Banks' Land, Points War-
ren and Pitt.

83. Elymus arenarius, L.

Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,
and Point Warren.

84. Festuca brevifolia, R.Br.
Hab. Banks' Land, Point Drew,

Cape Bathurst, and Jones' Island.

85. Poa laxa, Hcenke.
Hab. Point Drew.

86. Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. ?
Hab. Banks' Land.

87. GUyceria arctica, Hook.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

88. Deschampsia csespitosa, Beauv.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

89. Dupontia Fischeri, R.Br.
Hab. Points Maitland and Warren.

90. Hierocliloe pauciflora, R.Br.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

91. Calamagrostis stricta, Beauv.
Hab. Point Maitland.

92. Calamagrostis purpurascens, R.
Br. ■

Hab. Minto Inlet.

93. Colpodium latifolium, R.Br.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

94. Alopecurus alpinus, Sm.
Hab. Banks' Land, Cambridge Bay,

and Minto Inlet.

95. Eriophorum capitatum, Host,
Hab. Banks' Land, Minto Inlet,

Point Drew, and Cambridge Bay.

96. Eriophorum vaginatum, L.
Hab, Minto Inlet.

97. Eriophorum polystachyum, L.
Hab. Banks' Land, Prince Albert's

Sound, and Minto Inlet.

98. Carex* scirpoidea, Mick.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

99. Carex incurva, Lightf.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

100. Carex rigida, Good.
Hab. Banks' Land.

101. Carex stans, Drejer.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

102. Carex compacta, R.Br.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

103. Carex vaginata, Tausch.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

104. Carex fuliginosa, Stemb. $
Hoppe.

Hab. Minto Inlet and Cambridge
Bay.

105. Carex ustulata, Wahl.
Hab. Cambridge Bay.

106. Elyna spicata, Schrad.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

107. Equisetum arvense, L.

Hab. Banks' Land and Minto Inlet.

108. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.
Hab. Minto Inlet.

* I owe the names of the Cariccs to the kindness of Dr. Boott.

124 DR. HOOKER ON SOME COLLECTIONS OE ARCTIC PLANTS.

III. Mr. Eae's Collections.

1. Anemone Richardsonii, Hoolc.

2. Anemone parviflora, Mich.

3. Ranunculus Purshii (3, Rich.

4. Ranunculus hyperboreus, Rottb.

5. Caltha arctica, L,

6. Draba incana, L.

7. Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.

8. Oxytropis deflexa, Dec.

9. Oxytropis campestris, Dec.

10. Oxytropis Uralensis, DC.

11. Oxytropis nigrescens, Fisch.

12. Phaca astragalina, DC.

13. Phaca aboriginorum, Richards.

14. Lupinus perennis, L.

15. HedysarumM'Kenzi^-Kic^anfo.

16. Hedysarum boreale, Nutt.

17. Sieversia Rossii, R.Br.

18. Dryas integrifolia, Vahl.

19. Dryas octopetala, L.

20. Potentilla biflora, Willd.

21. Potentilla fruticosa, L.

22. Epilobium latifolium, L.

23. Saxifraga Hirculus, L.

24. Saxifraga tricuspidata, Roth.

25. Saxifraga nivalis, L.

26. Saxifraga csespitosa, L.

27. Saxifraga cernua, L.

28. Saxifraga rivularis, L.

29. Saxifraga oppositifolia, L.

30. Taraxacum dens-leonis, Desf.

31 . Senecio palustris, var. congestus,
DC.

32. Arnica angustifolia, Vahl.

33. Antennaria alpina, Gcertn.

34. Pyrethrum inodorum, var. pu-
milum, Smith.

35. Leucanthemum integrifolium,
DC.

36. Achillea Millefolium, L.

37. Erigeron compositum, Pursh.

38. Erigeron uniflorum, i.

39. Aster pygmseus, Torr. Sf Gray.

40. Campanula linifolia, Lam.

41. Gentiana propinqua, Richards.

42. Vaccinium uliginosum, £.

43. Cassiopea tetragona, G.Don.

44. Ledum palustre, -L.

45. Rhododendron lapponicum,
Wahl.

46. Arbutus alpina, L.

47. Primula Hornemanniana,Ze^w.

48. Androsace septentrionalis, L.

49. Androsace Chamsejasme, Wulf.

50. Phlox Richardsonii, Hoolc.

51. Castilleja pallida, Spr.

52. Pedicularis capitata, Adams.

53. Pedicularis Sudetica, Willd.

54. Pedicularis hirsuta, Z.

55. Pinguicula vulgaris, L.

56. Mertensia maritima, Roth.

57. Plantago lanceolata, i.

58. Empetrum nigrum, L.

59. Armeria arctica, Wallr.

60. Polygonum viviparum, L.

61. Oxyria reniformis, Hoolc.

62. Salix glauca, Z*.

63. Salix Richardsonii, Hoolc.

64. Salix arctica, Rail.

65. Salix reticulata, L.

66. Triticum repens, X., mr. pur-
pureum.

67. Festuca brevifolia, R.Br.

68. Poa caesia, Smith ?

69. Poa laxa, Hcenlce.

70. Dupontia Fischeri, R.Br.

71. Hierochloe alpina, .B. $ &

72. Calamagrostis Canadensis,
Beauv.

73. Colpodium latifolium, .R.2?r.

74. Alopecurus alpinus, Sm.

75. Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv.

76. Eriophorum capitatum, Host.

77. Eriophorum polystachyum, L.

78. Carex * stans, Drejer.

79. Lycopodium Selago, Z.

* Named by Dr. Boott.

DR. HOOKER ON THE BOTANY OF RAOTIL ISLAND. 125

On the Botany of Eaoul Island, one of the Kermadec group in
the South Pacific Ocean. By J. D. Hooker, Esq., M.D.
E.E.S., F.L.S. &c.

[Bead April 1st, 1856.]

The materials from which the following sketch is drawn up con-
sist of a small collection of plants made upon Eaoul Island, by
Mr. M'Gillivray, late Naturalist to H.M.S. Herald, under the
command of Captain Denham, E.N., who forwarded the collection
in question to Sir W. Hooker ; and whose zealous exertions in
furthering the scientific objects of the expedition under his com-
mand demand the grateful acknowledgement of all classes of
naturalists.

Very little being known of the Kermadec group, I applied to
Captain Washington, E.N., the present able and assiduous Hydro-
grapher to the Admiralty, who promptly forwarded me the follow-
ing information.

The name of Kermadec Islands was first given, in the chart
accompanying Admiral Eossel's account of D'Entrecasteaux's
voyage in search of La Peyronse, to a group situated about 450
miles N.E. of New Zealand, between that group and the Eijis.
They consist of four principal islands, Macauley and Curtis
Islands, discovered before D'Entrecasteaux's visit, by Lieutenant
Watts in the JPenrhyn in 1788, and Eaoul and Esperance Islands,
by D'Entrecasteaux on March 15th, 1793.

Eaoul, or Sunday Island, is described both by D'Entrecasteaux
(vol. i. 295) and D'Urville (Voy. de l'Astrolabe, iii. 7) as trian-
gular, and not more than four leagues in circumference, forming
a high, rugged, steep mountain covered with wood. Commodore
Wilkes, who afterwards visited it, adds that it appears to be vol-
canic, and that its rocks rise like basaltic columns.

Captain Denham in H.M.S. Herald finished the survey of this
island on July 24th, 1854, and reports that "it is in lat. 29° 15 30" S.,
long. 177° 54' 52" W., and that its maximum altitude is 1627 feet."
Its only inhabitants consist of a family from New York, to whose
humane disposition he is indebted, under the trying circumstances
of having to inter his son close to their settlement. Poultry,
vegetables and water can be procured there during the summer.

Some further information regarding Eaoul Island is given by
Mr. Milne (Botanical Collector to the Expedition) in Hooker's
' Journal of Botany' (vii. 151), where the luxuriance of the
Cryptogamic vegetation is particularly alluded to, and the pre-

126 BB. nOOKEB ON THE BOTANY

sence of a Palm and some Orchidece, of which, however, no speci-
mens have hitherto been transmitted.

Macauley and Curtis Islands are very much smaller, and
L'Esperance is a mere rock.

The most interesting circumstance connected with the vegeta-
tion of Eaoul Island is the identity of most of the flowering
plants, and all but one of the ferns, that have been collected upon
it, with those of New Zealand. The great extent of intervening
ocean (450 miles), and the small size of the islands, would appear
to render it extremely difficult to account for this similarity of
vegetation by transport ; added to which, the prevailing winds
blow from the north-west, and the oceanic currents set in the
same direction.

It is also worthy of remark, that of the nine species that are
not natives of New Zealand, four are new, and three of these are
nearly allied to New Zealand plants ; whilst of those five that are
not new, three are widely diffused throughout the tropical and
subtropical Pacific islands, and would appear not to be capable of
enduring the cold of New Zealand ; these are the Metrosideros
polymorplia, Piper latifolium, and Omalanthus nutans.

The absence of any Ferns (with a single exception) but such as
are natives of New Zealand, is, however, a far more striking fact,
both because the list is a large one for so small an island (twenty-
two species), and because, if their presence is to be accounted for
wholly by trans-oceanic transport of these species, the question at
once occurs, why has there been no addition of some of the many
Fiji or New Caledonian Island ferns, that are common tropical
Pacific species, the Fiji Islands being only 700 miles north of the
Kermadecs, and New Caledonia 750, The only fern which is
not a native of New Zealand, is the Norfolk Island Asplenium
difforme.

Still more remarkable is the total absence in the collection of
any of the plants peculiar to Norfolk Island, for Eaoul Island is
in the same latitude as Norfolk Island, is exactly the same di-
stance from New Zealand, and the winds and currents set
from Norfolk to Eaoul Island: in short, though the northern
extreme of New Zealand, Norfolk Island and Eaoul Island form
an equilateral triangle, with the exception of Asplenium difforme,
there is not a single fern of Norfolk Island found in Eaoul Island
that is not also found in New Zealand ; whilst of the twenty
flowering plants of Eaoul Island, no less than six are absolutely
peculiar to New Zealand and Eaoul Island, and with the excep-

OF BAOTJL ISLAND. 127

tion of the tropical, widely diffused Pacific species, there are no
phsenogamic plants or ferns confined to Norfolk Island and Eaoul
Island. It is further remarkable that of the Eaoul Island ferns,
Gyathea medullaris and Pteris falcata have not been found in
Norfolk Island.

There is no doubt that a complete flora of Eaoul Island
would modify these results ; but there can also be no doubt that
it would confirm these indications of its affinities being most
strong with that of New Zealand, and feeble to a very unaccount-
able degree with the floras of those other groups with which it
might be expected to possess a very strong relationship.

Of the twenty flowering plants, three are noticed by the col-
lector as being possibly introduced by man, viz. Sicyos angulatus,
. Gnaphalium luteo-album, and Oplismenus cemulus, all of which were
found to affect cultivated ground. These are, however, so widely
distributed in the South Pacific Islands, New Zealand, and Au-
stralia, that it is quite as probable as not that they are truly wild
in the Kermadec group, and only grow in more abundance upon
prepared soil. All have, however, appendages that would favour
their transport, as the glochidiate seta3 of the fruit of the /Sicyos,
the awn of the glume of Oplismenus, and the pappus of Gna-

With regard to the remaining seventeen flowering plants, I
recognize special adaptations for transport in the following two
only: — Bidens leucantTia*, in the barbed seta? of the fruit, and
Lagenophora petiolata, in the viscid fruit. Of the rest none seem
in any way adapted for transport, unless the minute and numerous
seeds of the Lobelia, Acianthus, and Metrosideros be so regarded.

DlCOTYLEDOKES.

1. Coriaria ruscifolia, L.

2. Metrosideros polymorpha, Gaud.

3. Sicyos angulatus, L.

4. Coprosma petiolata, n. sp.

5. Coprosma acutifolia, n. sp.

6. Panax arboreum, Forst.

7. Lagenophora petiolata, H.f>

8. Bidens leucantha, Willd.

9. Gnaphalium luteo-album, L.

10. Scsevola gracilis, n. sp.

11. Lobelia anceps, Thurib.

12. Veronica parviflora, Vahl.

13. Myoporum lsetum, Forst.

14. Omalanthus nutans, Quill.

15. Piper latifolium, Forst.

16. Peperomia Urvilleana, A. Rich.

17. Ascarina lanceolata, n. sp.

* This, though not included in the New Zealand flora, has been latterly
introduced into the neighbourhood of Auckland, &c.

128

DR. HOOKER ON THE BOTANY

MOKOCOTYLEDONES.

18. Acianthus Sinclairii, BZ.f.

19. Isolepis nodosa, B. Br.

20. Oplismenua semulus, B. Br.

Filices & Lycopodiace^:.

21. Cyathea medullaris, Sw.

22. HymenophyUumdemissum,#w.

23. Adiantum hispidulum, Sw.

24. Pteris falcata, B. Br.

25* Pteris aquilina, L., va/r. escu-
lenta.

26. Pteris comans, Forst.

27. Pteris tremula, B. Br.

28. Lomaria procera, Spr.

29. Lomaria lanceolata, Spr.

30. Doodia caudata, B. Br.

31. Asplenium flaccidum, Forst.

32. Asplenium difforme, B. Br.

33. Asplenium polyodon, Forst.

34. Asplenium obtusatum, Forst.

35. Asplenium lucidum, Forst.

36. Nephrodium decompositum,
B.Br.

37. Polystichum aristatum, Presl.

38. Hypolepis tenuifolia, Bernh.

39. Phymatodes Billardieri, Presl.

40. Niphobolus rupestris, Spr.

41. Psilotum triquetrum, Sw.

42. Lycopodium Billardieri, Spring.

Descriptions of the New Species.

COPROSMA PEHOLATA, S.Jtl. j ramis cylindricis cortice pallido, ramulis petio-
lisque puberulis, foliis gracile petiolatis elliptico-oblongis obovatisve obtusis
subcoriaceis, stipulis transverse elongatis abrupte longe acuminatis, costis
puberulis, floribus capitatis, pedunculis infra v. supra medium bracteolatis,
ft, $ subsessilibus congestis, calyce brevissimo, corolla late campanulata
profundi 4-fida, fl. $ 3-5 sessilibus, calycis limbo truneato, corolla brevi
cylindrica breviter 4-fids\, stylis crassis erectis.

C. Baueriance Ins. Norfolcise et Nov. Zelandiee similis, sed folia gracilius
petiolata minus carnosa, et marginibus non aut vix recurvis. — Arbor parva,
cortice lsevi pallido. Folia 1-2 unc. longa, petiolo costa venisque subtus
puberulis. Pedunculi puberuli, stricti v. curvi, petiolis sequilongi v. iis
longiores, interdum bifoliati. Mores £ plurimi, basi involucello brevi
suffulti, i unc. longi, alabastra subglobosa. Antherse breviter oblongse.
Fl. $ pauciores, involucello longiore diphyllo suffulti.

CoPROSMA ACUTIFOLIA, H.fil. ; arborescens, ramis cortice lsevi pallido tectis,
foliis petiolatis membranaceis ovatis elliptico-ovatis ovato-lanceolatisve acu-
minatis, fl. <J ad apices pedunculorum solitariis binis ternisve subsessili-
bus ; pedunculis simplicibus v. dichotomis, calyce minimo 4-lobo, corolla
infundibuliformi ad medium 4-fida, staminibus longe exsertis.

C. lucidce, Forst., affinis, differt prsecipue foliis membrananceis. — Arbor parva,
ramosa, cortice lsevi pallido, ramulis gracilibus ultimis cylindricis. Folia
2£-2£ unc. longa, in petiolum £ unc. longam angustata, penninervia, et
reticulatim venosa. Pedunculi petiolis eequilongi v. iis longiores, dum divisi
ad axillas stipulis connatis membranaceis instruct!. Flores brevissime
pedicellati § unc. longi, <? tantum visi.

DE. ASA GEAY OK OBOLAEIA YIEGINICA. 129

Scjevola gracilis, H. fil. ; procumbens, ramis herbaceis foliisque utrinque
pubescenti-pilosis axillis villosis, foliis lanceolatis cuneato-lanceolatisve
acutis irregulariter serrato-dentatis in petiolum elongatum angustatis, flori-
bus in ramulis brevissimis axillaribus subsessilibus, foliis 4 lineari-lanceo-
latis floribus sequilongis bracteatis, calycis tubo brevi basi bracteolato, limbi
lobis 5 insequalibus, 3 subulatis, 2 intermediis brevibus, corollse lobis an-
gustis.

Calycis villosi tubus basi multibracteatus, sericeus, \ unc. longus, lobis valde
insequalibus, 3 subulatis tubo corollse \ brevioribus, 2 intermediis brevibus
obtusis lobulatis. Corollse flavidse tubus lente curvus,lacinise tubo longiores,
lineares, ligulatse, acuminato-uncinatae, superne pauld dilatatse, marginibus
membranaceis undulatis, tubo intus villoso superne pilis capitatis opacis et
secus basin limbi instructo. Stamina subsequalia, tubo corollse breviora ;
filamenta filiformia, glaberrima ; antheris linearibus muticis. Stylus pilo-
sus. Stigma hemisphsericum, marginibus cupulse ciliatis.

Asimina lanceolata, H. fil. ; arbuscula, foliis coriaceis petiolatis lanceo-
latis acuminatis grosse serratis subtiis glaucis, paniculis folio brevioribus.

A. lucidce, H. fil., Novse-Zelandise afiinis, sed foliis lanceolatis longioribus et
angustioribus, serraturis grossioribus apicibus curvis acutis. Folia 2-3 unc.
longa, acuminata, basi in petiolum sensim angustata. Flores subimbricati.

Note on Oholaria virginica, L. By Asa Geat, M.D., F.M.L.S.
&c. — Extracted from a Letter to George Bentham, Esq.,

F.L.S. &c.

[Read April 15th, 1856.]

Seveeal years ago, in a memoir* in which Oholaria virginica is
figured and described, I endeavoured to show that this genus
should be referred to the order Gentianece, notwithstanding a
peculiarity in its placentation. I wish now to say, that it should
be referred there on accoimt of its placentation. Had I properly
noted at the time what Grisebach states (in his Gen. et Sp. Gen-
tianearwm), respecting the ovules sometimes occupying several
series somewhat remote from the sutures, or had I been led to in-
spect the ovary of almost any of our common Gentians, the case
would have been clear at once. It is only recently that my former
pupil, Mr. Henry J. Clark, has called my attention to the fact,
hitherto unknown, I believe, that the ovules in most of our Gen-
tians of the United States occupy the whole, or nearly the whole
parietes of the ovary ; sometimes in nearly definite rows, as in
G. quinqueflora, but more commonly indefinitely crowded over

* Chloris Bor. Amer. in Mem. Amer. Acad. 1846.
LINN. PEOC. — BOTANT. K

130 ME. C. DAEWIN ON THE ACTION OF SEA-WATEE

every part except the very sutures, as in G. Andrewsii, G. crinita,
&c. Examining some other genera, we found this to occur also
in JBartonia, Muhl. (Centaurella, Michx.) ; equally so in both
species, B. tenella and B. verna. In the former species, in which,
as in Oholaria, four re-entering angles render the cell cruciform,
the resemblance to Oholaria is striking and complete, as you will
see from the enclosed sketch of a transverse section of the ovary
of B. tenella. The only anomaly of Oholaria as a true Gentianea
which remains, is the imbricative (instead of convolutive) aesti-
vation of its corolla ; — of which no parallel instance is known, so
far as I am aware. It may however be expected to occur ; for
useful and reliable as the aestivation of the corolla often is, as an
ordinal mark, it is seldom altogether constant.

I think I once mentioned to you an exception of this sort, or
rather a variation, which occurs in a family in the arrangement of
which you have employed aestivation of the corolla to great ad-
vantage, viz. the Scrophulariaeecje, in characterizing the suborders
(as I would suggest they ought not to be called) Antirrhinidece
and Bhinanthidece. The same accurate observer, Mr. Clark, long
ago showed me that this character occasionally failed in Mimulus}
especially in M. ringens and M. moschatus, which almost as fre-
quently present the aestivation of the Bhinanthidece (i. e. have some
part of the lower lip exterior) as that of the Antirrhinidece, to
which the genus belongs. Last summer I noticed a second ex-
ception of the kind in sbPentstemon (P. heterandrum, Torr. & Gray,
in Beckwith's Report of a Pacific Railroad Survey), which besides
the anomaly of having the fifth stamen sometimes antheriferous
and sometimes sterile, had also, in about half of the flowers
examined, the lateral lobes of the corolla external in the bud, and
covering the two posterior lobes as well as the anterior one.

On the Action of Sea- water on the Germination of Seeds. By
Chaeles Daewin, Esq., Vice-Pres. E.S., E.L.S. &c.

[Eead May 6th, 1856.]

Dtjeing the spring of last year it occurred to me that it would be
worth while, in relation to the distribution of plants, to test how
long seeds could endure immersion in sea-water, and yet retain
their vitality. As far as I knew, this had not been tried by bota-

ON THE GERMINATION OE SEEDS. 131

nists, who would have been far more capable of doing it efficiently
than myself; and I now find that M. Alph. DeCandolle, in his
admirable work, " Greographie Botanique," regrets that such
experiments have not been tried; I think, that had he known
even the few facts here to be recorded, some of his opinions on
the means of distribution of particular families would have been
slightly modified. The Bev. M. J. Berkeley has likewise tested
fifty-three different kinds of seeds, and has published a report in
the " Gardener's Chronicle*," to which periodical I have also
sent two brief notices on the same subject f- I intend here to
give, with Mr. Berkeley's kind permission, an account of our joint
experiments. I may premise, that not knowing, at first, whether
the seeds would endure even a week's immersion, I selected a few
by simple chance, taking, however, the seeds of different families ;
subsequently I have been aided by suggestions from Dr. Hooker.
I must briefly describe how my experiments were tried: the
seeds were placed in small bottles, each holding two or three
ounces of salt water, carefully made according to Schweitzer's
analysis : as both algm and marine animals have, as is well known,
long survived in water thus made, there can be no doubt that the
experiment was thus fairly tried. Mr. Berkeley sent his seeds to
Bamsgate, tied up in little bags and placed in the sea- water, daily
renewed ; and they were thus immersed for three weeks, and when
partially dried, but still damp, were sent off, but by accident were
not unpacked for four days subsequently, so that their total im-
mersion " was equivalent to one of more than a month." Some
of my bottles were put out of doors in the shade, and were ex-
posed to an average weekly temperature of from 35° to 57° ; the
other bottles were kept in my cellar, and were exposed to much
less variation of temperature, viz. to a daily mean average of
from 46° to 56°. Further, to test the effect of temperature, I
immersed eighteen different sorts of seeds in salt water, in a tank,
which, from containing much snow, was for six weeks at the tem-
perature of 32°, slowly rising for the next six weeks to 44° ; but
the seeds thus tested did not seem to withstand the injurious
effect of the salt water better than those exposed to a higher but
variable temperature. I may remark, that amongst the eighteen
kinds of seeds immersed in the cold salt water, there were seeds
of a somewhat tender constitution, as capsicum and vegetable
marrow, but the exposure to the cold in no degree injured their
germination. In the case of some of the seeds which I first tried,
* Sept. 1st, 1855. f May 26th and Nov. 24th, 1855.

k2

132 MB. C. DABWIN ON THE ACTION OP SEA-WATEB

and which were put out of doors, I did not change the salt water
for fifty-six days, and it became putrid and smelt offensively to a
quite surprising degree, especially the water with the cabbage,
radish, cress and onion seed, which also gave out strongly the
odour of each kind ; so that I thought the putridity would infalli-
bly have been communicated to the seeds ; but judging from the
seeds of some of the same plants (but not actually from the same
lot of seed) placed in salt water often renewed, and likewise kept
in the cellar under a less variable temperature, neither the pu-
tridity of the water nor the changing temperature had any marked
effect on their vitality. Cress seed (Lepidium sativum) and that
of JPhalaris Canariensis, after twenty-two days' immersion, were
thoroughly dried for a week and then planted ; they germinated
pretty well, but the seeds themselves of this particular lot were
not very good. At first I tried the seeds after each successive
week's immersion, and they germinated at the same period as did
seeds of the same kind which had not been salted ; celery and
rhubarb seed, however, were somewhat accelerated in their ger-
mination. Some kinds of seeds, as of Trifolium incarnatum, Si-
napis nigra, peas, kidney and common beans, swelled much in the
salt water, and they generally were killed by a short immersion ;
but the swollen seeds of Lupinus polyphyllus germinated better
than those which did not swell. I was surprised to observe that
most of the seeds of Convolvulus tricolor germinated after seven
days under the salt water and lived for some time in it ; as did
likewise the fresh seed of Tussilago farfara after 9 days ; after 25
days I took out some of the young plants of the Tussilago and
planted them, and one of them grew : some of the seeds of the
garden orache (Atriplex) also germinated under water after 56
days' immersion, but I failed in raising the seedlings ; the other
seeds of the same lot of the orache germinated excellently after
100 days' immersion.

The total number of seeds tried by Mr. Berkeley and myself
amount only to 87, for unfortunately we happened to select some
of the same kinds ; in one respect, however, this has been for-
tunate, for we have thus tested each other's results, and they
accord perfectly as far as they go ; the seed of the tomato, how-
ever, germinated better after a month's immersion with Mr. Ber-
keley than after only 22 days with me ; but my seed appeared to
be old. And this leads me to remark, that I suspect that fresh
seed withstands the salt water better than old, but yet good seed ;
this was the case with Trifolium incarnatum, PJilox Drumrnondii,

ON THE TERMINATION OE SEEDS. 133

and I believe with Sinapis nigra. Of the genus Godetia, Mr.
Berkeley found one species was killed by, and another survived, a
month's immersion : but a far more curious case is presented by
the varieties of the cabbage ; for I found that good seed of the
" Mammoth white broccoli " germinated after 11 days' immersion,
but was killed by 22 days ; seed of the " early cauliflower " sur-
vived 22 days, but was killed by 36 days; " CattelFs cabbage"
germinated excellently after 36 days, but was killed by 50 days ;
and lastly, fresh seed of the wild cabbage from Tenby germinated
excellently after 50 days, very well after 110 days, and two seeds
out of some hundreds germinated after 133 days' immersion.

Of the 87 kinds of seeds tried, 23 or more than one quarter did
not endure 28 days' immersion : capsicum has endured the trial
best, for 30 out of 56 seeds germinated well after 137 days' im-
mersion : of celery seed after the same period of 137 days, only
6 out of several hundreds germinated. The worst germinators
have been dwarf kidney beans and Hibiscus mcmihot, both killed
by 11 days' immersion; common peas were killed by 14 days' ;
Tussilago farfara germinated under water after 9 days, but the
young plants kept alive for some time : the next worse germina-
tors have been Phlox Drumniondii, Trifoliz&m incarnatum, Linum
usitatissimwm, and Sinapis nigra, very few of which survived
15 days' immersion.

From such scanty materials it is, perhaps, rash to draw any
sort of deduction in regard to the power of resistance to salt
water in the different divisions of the vegetable kingdom ; but a
few remarks may be permitted. Three out of the 17 Endogens
and 20 out of the 70 Exogens were killed by a month or 28 days'
immersion : this fact, together with the marked power of endurance
in the Atriplex, Beta, Spinacea, and JRheum, lowly organized
exogens, accords with, and is perhaps connected with, the fact, in-
sisted on so much by M. A. DeCandolle, of the wider range of the
Endogens and of the lowly organized Exogens, than of the higher
Exogens*. The four Solanacece and two TJmbellifercd endured the
salt water very well, and each included the longest survivor of all
the species tried. Ten Composites were tried, and only one was
killed by a month's immersion, that is excepting the Tussilago
which germinated under water. Eight Cruciferce were tried, and
all withstood the influence well, excepting Sinapis nigra, which

* Grodron in his " Morula Juvenalis," p. 16, states that the seeds of some
plants, as of Atriplex and certain Grraminece, germinate perfectly in salt-marshes,
where they have been immersed during all the winter under salt water.

134 ME. C. DARWIN OS THE ACTION OF SEA- WATER

was killed by 25 days' immersion ; three of the Crueiferce survived
85 days : this power of endurance in the seeds of this family is,
perhaps, surprising, considering the oil in their seeds. Nine
Leguminosce were tried; these all resisted the salt water badly,
with the exception of the hard thin seeds of Mimosa sensitiva,
which germinated pretty well after 50 days; three species of
Lupine seemed just able occasionally to withstand about 36 days'
immersion ; the seeds of the other Leguminosce having all been
killed by much shorter periods. I suspect that it is the water,
and not the salt, which kills the Leguminosce ; at least I found that
a lot of fresh " Thurston Reliance" peas were all killed by 13 days'
immersion in pure water* ; and I have been assured that a much
shorter immersion will kill kidney beans. Lastly, seven species
of the allied families of Hydrophyllacece and Polemoniacece (six
having been selected by Mr. Berkeley) were killed by a month's
immersion, and so great a proportion can hardly be accidental.

From the great difference in the powers of resistance to the
sea-water in the different families just specified, and even in the
varieties of the same species ; and from the Leguminosce being
apparently in this respect the tenderest, whereas they aro
generally believed to keep longer than any other seeds in a dry
state, I think we may learn a lesson of caution, not to infer
with too much certainty which seeds will endure longest when
naturally buried in damp earth, from knowing what kinds will
keep best in an artificial state.

I had intended trying many more seeds, as I at one time
thought that these experiments would have thrown more light on
the dispersal of plants than I now think they do. I soon became
aware that most seeds, in accordance with the common experience
of gardeners, sink in water ; at least I have found this to be the
case, after a few days, with the 51 kinds of seeds which I have
myself tried; so that such seeds could not possibly be trans-
ported by sea-currents beyond a very short distance. Some few
seeds, however, do float, as I have tried with some of those cast
by the Gulf Stream on the coast of Norway. From knowing that
timber is often cast on the shores of oceanic islands far from the
mainland, and from having met with accounts of floating vege-

* Loiseleur-Deslongchamps says (Consid. sur les Cereales, Part ii. p. 234)
that in wheat put into water the embryo comes out in the course of two days j
as Mr. Berkeley's wheat survived after 30 days' immersion in sea-water, one
may suspect that in this case, the seed would survive longer under sea- water
than under fresh water.

OF THE GEEMINATION OF SEEDS. 135

table rubbish off estuaries, I assumed that plants, with ripe seeds,
washed into the sea by rivers, landslips, &c, might be drifted
by sea-currents during a period of some weeks. The closing of the
capsules, pods, and heads of the Composite, Ac, when wetted, and
their re-opening when cast on shore and dried, the seeds being
thus allowed to be driven inland by the first stormy winds, seemed
to favour such means of transport. But in putting 34 plants of
different orders, with ripe fruit, into salt water, one alone, the
Euonymus, floated for a month, being buoyed up by its fruit ; the
others all sunk in 21 days, some in 5, and several in 7, 9, and 11
days. But I am not sure that I have made the trial fairly, for I
kept the floating plants in too warm and dark a place, which
might have favoured their decay. Finally I may remark, that the
seeds of very few species are, as far as we yet know, all killed by
10 days' immersion, — that some plants will float for this period, —
that the average rate of the ten currents in the Atlantic Ocean,
given in Johnston's " Physical Atlas," is 33 miles per diem (the
main Equatorial current running at the rate of 60 miles, and the
Cape Stream at 80 miles per diem) ; and therefore I conclude,
under the existing extremely scanty materials for forming any
opinion, that some plants might under favourable conditions be
transported over arms of the sea 300 or even more miles in breadth ;
and if cast on the shore of an island not well stocked with species,
might become naturalized.

In the following list, to save repetition, I have marked the
plants tried by Mr. Berkeley, and which germinated after a
month's immersion, with f ; when they did not germinate, this is
expressly stated. The " cold water " refers to the seeds placed in
salt water in the tank with snow.

I have arranged the families in accordance with Lindley's
"Vegetable Kingdom."

EKDOGEJSTS.

(GrEAMINE^.)

Avena (common oats) : after 85 days' immersion germinated
excellently ; after 100 days some germinated ; after 120 days
some half-germinated.

Hordeum (common barley) : germinated well after 28 days, but
none after 42 days ; in the cold water well after 30 days(f).

"fTriticum (wheat). ,

Phalaris Ccmariensis : after 70 days nearly all germinated ; in

136 ME. C. DARWIN ON THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER

another lot after 85, most of the seeds germinated, but the
seedlings died off; after 100 and likewise after 120 days'
immersion, in each case, a single seedling came up.

Holcus saccharatus : after 36 days germinated fairly ; after 50
days all died.

^Zea Mays : none germinated after a month's immersion.

fArum maculatum.
fAnomatheca cruenta.
\Babiana plicata.
fTrichonema pudicum.

Carina Indica : after 50 days several germinated, but not very

strongly.
fColchicum autumnale : did not germinate.
Allium cepa : after 56 days' immersion, 3 out of 15 germinated ;

after 82 days in the cold water, most of the seeds grew well ;

after 100 days, 2 or 3 grew out of about 25 planted (t).
fBulbine annua.
fAsphodelus luteus.
t Uropetalum serotinum : did not germinate.

EXOGENS.

Bicinus communis (var. major and minor) : both germinated

after 36 days.
Cucurhita Melopepo (vegetable marrow) : germinated after 100

days ; of 4 seeds immersed in the cold water for 82 days, 2

germinated.
fCucumis Melo (melon).
Cistus (mixed shrubby garden varieties) : germinated well after

36 days, and some germinated after 70 days.

(Crtjcifer^i.)

Lepidium sativum : after 85 days' immersion only one out of
many germinated; after 56 days -^y grew: in the cold
water, after 65 days, -fa grew, (fvar., golden cress.) These
seeds gave out an astonishing quantity of slime in the salt
water.

Brassica oleracea, var. "Mammoth white Broccoli:" germi-
nated after 11 days' immersion, but after 22 days all died.

, var. " Early Cauliflower:" after 22 days, 5

out of 100 germinated ; after 36 days all dead.

ON THE GEBMINATION OF SEEDS. 137

Brassica oleracea, var. " Cattell's Cabbage:" germinated ex-
cellently after 36 days ; all dead after 50 days.

, var. growing wild on the Castle Eocks of

Tenby ; fresh seeds, after 50 days germinated excellently ;
after 110 days germinated very well ; after 133 days only two
out of some hundreds germinated (f).

t Brassica Bapa (var. yellow turnip).

Baphanus sativus : after 85 days, -£$ germinated ; the cold water
seemed to be injurious to these seeds, for after only 30 or 50
days all the seeds were dead (var. black radish) (t).

Erysimum Berowskianum : after 36 days germinated well ; after
50 only one seed ; after 70 days all dead (t).

Matthiola annua: germinated after 28 days; all dead after 54 days.

Sinapis nigra : seeds much swollen ; germinated after 11 days ;
all dead after 22 days : fresh seed germinated pretty well
after 15 days, but were all killed by 25 days' immersion.

Crambe maritima : after 37 days germinated well.

Tropceolum majus : after 37 days nearly all germinated, but after
50 days none did.

fldmnanthes Douglasii.

Hibiscus Manihot: all were killed by 11 days' immersion (t).

fMalope grandiflora.

Bapaver somniferwm : germinated well after 28 days ; was killed
by 54 days.

Argemone Mexicana: came up excellently after 50 days, and
pretty well after 70 days.

fChrgseis crocea (germinated very imperfectly after the month).

Linum usitatissimum : after 7 and after 14 days only two or three
seeds, out of very many, germinated ; after 28 only one seed
came up; after 42 days not one germinated. These seeds
gave out much slime.

fSilene compacta.

Bheum BJiaponticum : germinated well after 82 days.

Atriplex (garden or ache) : some of the seed germinated under
water after 56 days' immersion ; the remaining seed ger-
minated excellently after 100 days.

Beta vulgaris : excellently after 100 days (f).

Spinacea oleracea : excellently after 70 days ; a few after 120
days ; all killed by 137 days (f).

(LEGUMINOS-E.)'

Vicia Faba (var. " Johnston's Wonder") : two out of six lived

138 MR. C. DARWIN ON THE ACTION OF SEA-WATER

after 11 days' immersion ; one half-germinated after 14
days ; after 22 days all dead : many of these beans swelled
greatly. I tried sixty after 28 days and found all dead.
None survived 30 days in the cold water.

Pisum sativum : after 11 days some germinated ; none survived
14 days ; none survived 30 days in the cold water. Another
lot of fresh seed (" Thurston's Eeliance ") all died after 12
days ; none survived 30 days in the cold water. I found 13
days' immersion in pure water killed these latter fresh peas.
(fNone germinated.)

Phaseolus vulgaris (var. " early frame dwarf"): all died after
11 days' immersion ; after 28 days' immersion, 80 were planted,
but all dead. I tried another lot of fresh seed, but none of
them resisted even 10 days' immersion; nor did they re-
sist 30 days in the cold water : many of these seeds swelled
much (f).

Trifolium incamatum : all died after 11 days' immersion, and
after 30 in the cold water. Fresh seed germinated excellently
after 5 days' immersion, well after 12 days, and one single
seed out of some hundreds germinated after 20 days. These
seeds swelled much.

JJlex europceus : after 11 days germinated well ; after 14 days
two germinated ; after 28 days all dead.

Lupinus polyphyllus : after 22 days, out of seven swollen seeds
three germinated; seven others did not swell and were all dead;
after 36 days' immersion one began to germinate and then died.

Lupinus luteus (pale var.) : after 22 days /T uve(i 5 a^er 36
days' immersion -^ germinated j after 50 days all dead.

fLupinus pubescens germinated after a month, but Mr. Berke-
ley says the greater number were rotten.

Mimosa sensitiva : germinated excellently after 36 days' immer-
sion, and pretty well after 50 days.

Oeum coccineum (var. splendens) : after 36 days germinated well,
and after 70 days one single seed germinated.

Saxifraga incurvifolia : did not germinate after 30 days' immer-
sion.

aizoides, nor did this species, but the seed was not

very good.

(SoLANACE^E.)

Capsicum annuum : after 137 days' immersion, 30, out of 56
planted, germinated well (f).

- ON THE GEKMINATION OF SEEDS. 139

Solanum tuberosum : germinated excellently after 70 days, well
after 100 ; all dead after 120 days.

ly coper sicum (common tomato) : one seed germinated

after 22 days' immersion, the rest were killed by 36 and 50
days' immersion, (t But Mr. Berkeley found that they ger-
minated after a month.)

t *

t None of these were found by Mr.
Berkeley to germinate after a
month's immersion.

Convolvulus tricolor : after having been 7 days in the salt water,
many of the seeds germinated, and the embryos came out of
the husks : of those which did not germinate under water,
one germinated after 36 days' immersion.

(Polemoniaceje and Htdeophtllace^:.)

Gilia tricolor (t was killed by a month's immersion). .
Phlox Drummondii : of old seed none germinated after 11 days ;

but of fresh seed, 3 out of many germinated after 15 days,

and none after 25 days' immersion.
Eutoca viscida.
Nemophila insignis.

atomaria.

maculata.

discoidalis. j

Borago officinalis : a few came up after 14 days' immersion, one

after 28 days, and none after 42 days.
^Nolana grandiflora.
Satureja (common savory) : after 42 days, 3 seeds out of many

germinated.
Campanula Pentagonia (fdid not germinate after a month's

immersion) .
fFedia graciliflora.
fFedia (corn salad).

(Composite.)

Lactuca sativa (common lettuce) : after 56 days' immersion -^
of the seed came up ; after 85 days only one out of several
germinated. Cold water had no marked effect, but after 65
days they germinated rather better than the others (f).

fdchorium JEndivia.

Galinsoga trilobata : germinated after 22 days.

Aster Chinensis (mixed German varietes) : germinated after 28
days ; all dead after 54 days' immersion.

140 DR. J. SALTER ON THE VITALITY OF SEEDS

Ageratum Meccicanum : after 100 days, one seed out of many
germinated; at much shorter periods these seeds did not
germinate well.

Leontodon Taraxacum : germinated excellently after 61 days'
immersion ; the seeds were fresh.

Tussilago Farfara : fresh seeds being placed in the salt water,
after 9 days, many of them germinated under water. After
25 days, I took out some of the young plants and planted
them : one grew. The germination of these seeds is the more
remarkable, as this is not a sea-side plant.

■fMbnolopia Calif ornica.

fOenia turbinata.

•f Cosmos luteus : did not germinate after a month's immersion.

ClarJcia pulchella : germinated well after 28 days ; was killed by
54 days' immersion.

f Godetia rubicunda.

f Lindleyana was killed by a month's immersion.

Apium graveolens (var. " Cattell's white") : after 137 days only
6 seeds out of some hundreds germinated ; after 85 days the
seeds germinated excellently; they did not appear to ger-
minate quite so well after 82 days in the cold water (f) •

Daucus carota : a very few germinated after 85 days ; after only
56 days ^ grew (t).

On the Vitality of Seeds after prolonged Submersion in the Sea.
By James Salter, Esq., M.D., F.L.S. &c.

[Read May 6th, 1856.]

I should not have thought the observations which are the subject
of this little communication of sufficient importance to occupy the
attention of the Linnean Society, had it not come to my know-
ledge that one of our most distinguished British naturalists is at
present engaged in investigating experimentally the question of
the vitality of seeds after prolonged submersion in sea-water,
especially in reference to the influence which that circumstance
would have in explaining some of the problems of geographical
vegetable distribution.

The facts which I am about to detail, and which came accident-
ally under my notice some years since, bear directly upon this
subject, and while, as it seems to me, they establish the doctrine

AFTER PROLONGED SUBMERSION IN THE SEA. 141

that certain seeds do retain their vitality after submersion in the
sea, probably for a considerable period, they suggest also, as far
as these instances themselves are concerned, an explanation of the
mode in which the seeds may have passed from one locality to
another. The facts to which I refer are briefly these : —

In the year 1843, the authorities of Poole in Dorsetshire deter-
mined to deepen the channels of Poole Harbour to facilitate navi-
gation. For this purpose a large number of ballast-lighter-barges
were employed to scrape the mud from the bottom of the channels
and convey it to the shore, where it was deposited in large quan-
tities. During the winter sufficient mud was thus obtained to
cover an area of some hundred square yards several feet in thick-
ness, and this was accumulated to such an extent, that a quay was
made of the hardened mud on the edge of the shore.

The quay however was never used, nor its surface disturbed.
Early in the following spring I was surprised to see that the
surface of this harbour-mud exhibited abundant vegetation, of a
character totally distinct from that of the neighbouring shore ; and
as the season advanced, and the species were recognized, the flora
of this mud quay was not only found totally distinct from the
littoral vegetation which surrounded it, but it contained plants
which did not grow within many miles of the spot, and one which
was probably foreign to the county. Immediately surrounding
the mud quay was the ordinary vegetation of our southern harbour
shores, Statiee, Salicornia, Atriplecc, Carices, &c, whilst on this
exposed mud itself not one of them was to be seen ; but instead
of these there sprung up a large crop of oats and barley, some
plants of LysimacMa vulgaris, one plant of Centaurea calcitrapa,
and multitudes of Epilooium hirsutum ; and besides these there
were other plants which I did not recognize, or whose names I
have forgotten.

To my mind it appeared conclusive, that the seeds which pro-
duced this crop of vegetation must have been in the mud at the
time it was deposited on the shore by the lighters.

Taking the plants I have named as constituting part of the
vegetation of this new-made land, — they none of them grew in its
neighbourhood. The cereals, which constituted the most numerous
of the plants, were not cultivated within a mile of the spot. This
mud quay was made at the extremity of the peninsula upon which
the town of Poole is built, and the nearest field upon which cereals
are cultivated is on the other side of the 'town, and at least a mile
from the shore.

142 DE. J. SALTER ON THE VITALITY OE SEEDS.

Lysimachia vulgaris does not grow within four or six miles of
the spot ; Epilobium hirsutum two or three miles ; and Centaur ea
calcitrapa is scarcely known in the county, and certainly not
within ten miles of Poole.

Now remembering that none of these plants grew either on the
shore around the spot, nor even within miles distant; remem-
bering too that they were the sole occupants of this new-made
land, and that the ordinary shore plants, growing in abundance
only a few feet from its edges, were not to be seen on it, and
further, that this abnormal vegetation showed itself the very next
spring, even only a few weeks after it was completed, it must,
I think, be conceded, that the seeds were in the mud at the time
it was spread upon the shore ; and that idea is still further sus-
tained because a very possible explanation suggests itself, which
would sufficiently account for the presence of the seeds of the
plants named, in the situation from which the. mud was obtained.
The mud was collected in the main channel about midway be-
tween the head and the mouth of the harbour. At the head of
the harbour two rivers pour their waters into it, the river Frome
and the river Piddle. These rivers take their origin in the western
parts of the county of Dorset, and in their course pass through
districts having every variety of soil and capable of furnishing
vegetation of great diversity ; on their banks, moreover, two of
the species I have mentioned (Lysimachia and Epilobium) grow
in profusion.

Is it too much to suppose that the seeds from which these plants
sprung had fallen into the rivers in various parts of their course,
had gone with their waters into the harbour, and ultimately
reached the position from which the mud and they had been col-
lected? That explanation appears to me to be very probably
correct ; but whether it be received or not, the more important
point, — that a variety of seeds had been for a period, probably
considerable, at the bottom of Poole Harbour, soaking in water as
salt as that of the ocean, had retained their vitality till brought
under the influence of air and rain and warmth, and had then pro-
duced healthy vegetation — that is a point which I think cannot be
disputed.

DEVELOPMENT OF EUNGI ON PATNA OPIUM. 143

Note on the Development of Fungi upon Patna Opium. By the
Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., E.L.S. &c.

[Eead June 3rd, 1856.]

Corda has figured in his fifth Fasciculus a species of Periconia,
which was observed by Janner on Opium from which the Morphine
had been extracted. This, as far as I know, is the only recorded
instance of vegetation on that substance, though there would be
no reason for surprise, when moulds are developed so largely in
mineral poisons, if they should not be incapable of growth in vege-
table poisons. The stems and capsules of Papaver somniferum
nourish more than one parasite ; but it is probable, that in the
condition in which they are when the f ungi make their appearance,
they contain very little opium.

Specimens of the shell of opium cakes, consisting of the petals
of Papaver somniferum, agglutinated with an impure opium paste
known under the name of Lewah, have just been transmitted to
me by Dr. Thomson, to whom they had been communicated by
Dr. Mackinnon from Patna, in consequence of an affection to which
the opium cakes have been subject for the last year or more. One
specimen consists of shell from a very perfect cake, the other from
a cake in an advanced state of decay. On examination of the
lewah between the layers of petals, with sesquichloride of iron,
there was little or no red tint in either. Both so far seemed to be
in the same condition. On examination with the microscope, the
shell from the perfect cake exhibited a large quantity of pollen-
grains attached to the surface, and abundant mycelium ofPenicil-
lium, with necklaces of spores of various sizes, but without any
symptoms of consequent decay. The shell from the unsound cake
was much decomposed. It was infested with Acari, whose eggs
and dung were scattered about, mixed with a few pollen-grains.
There were abundant traces of the same Penieillium, but not in
so perfect a condition. There seemed also to be a mixture of the
spores of Aspergillus, with copious sporangia of Eurotium Herba-
riorum, which is now recognized as a form of the fruit of that
genus ; besides which, there were little heaps of white matter,
consisting of minute bodies endowed with Brownian motion, and
numberless infant spores of some mould in various conditions, re-
sembling the Yeast fungus, and possibly an early stage of the
Penieillium or Aspergillus. In the former case mould was pre-
sent, but not in such abundance as to do mischief; in the latter
mould predominated, and was, I believe, the cause of the dete-

144 DEVELOPMENT OF FUNGI ON PATNA OPIUM.

rioration of the opium. "Without more ample materials, it would
be imprudent to conclude that the little mould in the first instance
had robbed the lewah of its meconic acid, though it had done no
damage to the mass of opium within, nor have I any specimen of
the damaged opium itself for comparison.

Supposing however, which is very probable, that the injury to
the opium has really arisen from the mould, the question is, how
may it be remedied, and so remedied as not to impair the sample ?
It is obvious that dipping the cakes into any solution would be
liable to objection, as probably leading to mischief. If, however,
the cakes, as soon as any mould appears, were submitted to sul-
phurous acid (the vapour of common sulphur), I am inclined to
think that the remedy would be complete, and that the cakes
would not be injured in appearance. If the affection should be-
come of any serious importance, the practice would be well worth
trial, and I should be very sanguine of its success.

M. J. Berkeley.
King's Cliffe, April 26, 1856.

Supplemental Observations, in a Letter to J. D. Hooker, Esq.,
M.D., F.K.S., E.L.S. &c.

King's Cliffe, April 28, 1856.

My dear Friend, — I have made another chemical examination
of the two specimens of Opium shell this morning, the result of
which is as follows : —

Neither in the bad nor good the lewah in solution with water
and alcohol gave any red tint with litmus paper. There is, there-
fore, no free meconic acid.

1. Sesquioxide of iron in a spirituous solution of the lewah gave
no red tint in either. It should seem then, again, that there is
no meconic acid. As, however, the solution was slightly dis-
coloured with gallate of iron, the matter is not decisive. Me-
conate of iron may not have been formed, in consequence of the
formation of gallate of iron.

2. Strong nitric acid gave a slight red tinge to a spirituous solu-
tion in both cases : there is, therefore, a small quantity of morphia
in both.

"We made a comparative trial with opium powder in the first
instance (No. 1), and at once obtained a strong red tint even with
an aqueous solution. Our examination, therefore, is to a certain
degree worth attention.

ME. BEEKELEY ON THE MICEOGONLDIA OF EBESHWATEE ALG.E. 145

We also made a comparative trial with opium powder, and
obtained a decided red with a spirituous solution on the addition
of strong nitric acid (No. 2). Our manipulation then, in this
case, is not at fault.

Of course, no more weight is to be attached to such a rough
chemical examination than it deserves, but it is at least sug-
gestive.

Mould destroys the virtue of many drugs, and why not of opium ?
We ought to have had a portion of the opium from the cakes to
which the two specimens of shell belonged.

M. J. Beekeley.

The lewah would naturally be deficient in meconic acid and
morphia compared with good opium ; but not probably so deficient
as in the shell after moulds have grown upon it.

Note on the Recent Discoveries in relation to the Microgonidia of
Freshwater Algm. By the Eev. M. J. Beekeley, F.L.S. &c.

[Read April 1st, 1856.]

Amongst other points in the physiology of Algae, on which so
much light has been thrown by the beautiful observations of
Pringsheim, the functions of the little organs which Braun has
discovered in very different groups of freshwater Algce, and to
which he has given the name of microgonidia, have not been neg-
lected. These bodies, which scarcely exceed -g-^-oth of an inch in
length, and are often not half that size, are clavate above and
strongly attenuated below. They are either unicellular or divided
by one or two septa, and occur in little groups or separately on or
in the neighbourhood of the large spores. They soon attain their
full development, and open by means of a little lid at their apex,
through which their contents are rapidly evacuated. Pringsheim has
observed in CEdogonium (Vesiculifera, Hass.) and Bulbochcete, that
when the contents of the swollen joints in which the spores origin-
ate have been concentrated, a round lateral aperture in the former,
and one or more circular fissures in the latter are formed, by means
of which they are exposed to the entrance of minute bodies from
without. As the microgonidia burst at the same time with the
formation of these apertures, Pringsheim conjectures with great
probability that they perform the same functions as the horn-like

LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY. L

146 MR. BERKELEY OK THE MICROGONIDIA OF FRESHWATER ±LQtM.

processes in Vaucheria. He has not, however, witnessed the pro-
duction of spermatozoids from them. After the rupture of the
spore-cells has taken place, the concentrated mass soon acquires
an external membrane, exactly after the fashion of the spores in
Vaucheria, and is in a condition to be separated at the proper
time from the parent plant, to germinate, or to undergo farther
changes instead of immediate germination. One of these bodies
is figured by Thuret under (Edogonium, but he does not call any
particular attention to them, nor does he seem to have observed
them in situ.

After reading the paper of Pringsheim, I referred to a file of
letters received some ten years since from Mr. Thwaites, and
under the date of April 1846 I found a correct figure of the micro-
gonidia in a species of (Edogonium, agreeing exactly with the ac-
count of Pringsheim, as does a mounted specimen received at the
same time which is still in excellent condition. Mr. Thwaites
remarks that these bodies appear to be of the same nature with
the horns in Vaucheria, and that they are probably antheridia ;
but he was led aside from following the clue before him by theo-
retical views which in the end proved of far less importance. It
is curious that he had not observed them also in Bulbochcete, for
mounted specimens received from him about the same time exhibit
them in great abundance. Mr. Broome, who was at that time the
constant companion of Mr. Thwaites in his scientific pursuits, has
at my request examined his own mounted specimens of Bulbochcete.
He finds that microgonidia are equally abundant in them as in my
own specimens, and has moreover transmitted sketches, which are
now laid before the Society. There is no doubt that Pringsheim
will follow up the question which he has so successfully begun ;
but as the season is just at hand for observing these bodies in per-
fection, I have thought that an especial notice of their observation
some years since in England might be interesting to such Members
as may not have met with Pringsheim' s memoir.

The same author has, moreover, made some important dis-
coveries as to the development of the spore in Bulbochcete after
separation from the mother-cell. The spore, after remaining some
weeks without much alteration, at length escapes, and in a few
hours elongates, attaining twice its original length. The endo-
chrome by successive division gives rise to four distinct bodies
which acquire a nearly globular form and are furnished at one ex-
tremity with two sets of ciliary processes, by means of which they
move about, and thus appear in the condition of zoospores. It is

MR. CURREY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCLEEOTIUM ROSEUM. 147

probable that some similar change may take place in (Edogoniwn.
The observation of the spores, therefore, in this genus, after their
formation or separation from their parent-cells, presents another
interesting subject of investigation.

The species of Bulbochcete on which the microgonidia are figured
by Mr. Broome, appear to be B. setigera and B. crassa. The two
species at any rate are different, for while the spores of B. setigera
measure "003 in diameter, or 3-3-3'", in *ne °tner species they mea-
sure only -0015, or ^-gV". On the threads of the former a little
parasitic species is also figured, which I believe to be undescribed,
and has been named by Messrs. Broome and Thwaites B. para-
sitica. Microgonidia have not been observed in this species ; but
the specimens are so entangled with the threads on which they
grow, that it is not possible to obtain a very clear view. The
sketches, it should be observed, are mere hasty sketches for the
sake of illustration, and were made without the slightest notion of
being laid before the Society.

On a New Species of Beziza, being the full Development of Scle-
rotium roseum, Kneiff. By Frederick Currey, Esq., F.L.S.

[Eead June 17th, 1856.]

The genus Sclerotium is one which, for a long time, has occupied
a doubtful position in the family of the Fungi. After having been
bandied about from one family to another, the opinion has for some
time been gaining ground, that the Sclerotia are not autonomous
productions, but are merely the mycelia of other Fungi, which
being arrested in their growth whilst retaining their vitality, await
only a favourable season for attaining their full development.
There are numerous instances in which, by the observation of
them in their natural condition or by cultivation, the Sclerotia
have been ascertained to produce Fungi of various kinds and
belonging to widely different families, but there is still a vast
number in which no such subsequent development has been traced,
and which in the mean time are necessarily retained in the genus
Sclerotium. Under these circumstances, any new case in which
the full development is observed must be a matter of interest to
mycologists, and I have therefore thought it worth while to bring
before the notice of the Society the following instance. The Site*
rotium to which I allude is Sclerotium roseum, Kneiff., which is
found in the interior of the stems of Bull-rushes and common

l2

148 MB. CITRREY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OE SCLEROTIUM ROSEUM.

rushes, the pith of which it partially displaces. The fungus is
oolong and almost cylindrical in shape, usually somewhat rounded
at both ends, and varying in length from -|-th to -J- an inch and
upwards. Its surface is marked with longitudinal furrows, and I
have observed that the fibres of the interior of the rush fit closely
into these furrows. Like many other Sclerotia, its outer surface
is formed of a layer of dark-coloured cells, making the body appear
black to the naked eye, but which cells, when seen under a suffi-
cient magnifying power, assume a brown hue. The internal cellular
tissue is. almost white, but with a decided tendency to rose-colour,
a circumstance which has given rise to the specific name " roseum."
It is worthy of remark that if a thin transverse section be placed
under the microscope, it is seen to consist of a mass of densely
packed thread-like cells which constitute the substance of the
Sclerotium, and intermixed with these cells there is to be seen a
quantity of the well-known stellate cells forming the pith of the
rush. This fact shows that the Sclerotium has not altogether dis-
placed the pith, but has grown round it, cutting off, and as it were
incorporating with itself, a portion of such pith.
. It was on the 23rd of April in the present year (1856), that in
searching for AlgaB in a pool on Paul's Cray Common, near
Chislehurst, in Kent, I met with several specimens of a very
elegant Peziza growing upon the last year's stems of some species
of Bush, probably Juncus conglomeratus. Upon a closer examina-
tion I observed that the Peziza was not attached to the surface of
the rush, but had emerged from the interior, causing a longitudinal
fissure in its passage from within outwards ; and upon splitting
open the rush, a black tubercular body was visible which proved
to be Sclerotium roseum, to which the stalk of the Peziza was
attached, and from which in fact it grew. The cup was of a bright
brown colour, varying somewhat in shape ; in most of the speci-
mens it was hemispherical, but in some cases infundibuliform ; in
one the edge of the cup was erect, extending beyond the equator
of the hemisphere, and calling to mind the peculiar shape of
Peziza Persoonii as figured in the ' Mycologia Europsea ; \ in
other specimens the edge of the cup was recurved and sinuous.
The number of Pezizce growing from each Sclerotium varied from
two to thirteen, and the greater the number the less was the size
of each individual. The diameter of the largest cup was rather
more than one-half, and of the smallest about -y-g^li of an inch.
The stalk was well developed, being generally about the length of
the diameter of the cup, of a darker colour than the cup, and

MR. BENNETT ON THE KOBO-TREE. 149

tapering somewhat from above downwards. In one specimen the
base of the stalk at its point of junction with the Sclerotium was
thickly covered with hairs.

The Peziza described has not been hitherto observed, but there
is another well-known species which also grows from a Sclerotioid
base to which it bears a considerable resemblance, viz. Peziza
tuberosa, Bull. The cup of the latter generally grows to a larger
size, and its stalk is usually much longer, but the two plants are
so alike in shape and colour, that there might be some difficulty
in distinguishing small detached specimens of Peziza tuberosa from
large specimens of the new Peziza \ — I say detached specimens,
because the habits of growth of the two Fungi are so dissimilar
that they could never be confounded in their natural habitats.
Peziza tuberosa grows on the ground, its cup just appearing above
the surface, and its stalk with the tuberous extremity being buried
sometimes to the depth of upwards of 2 inches in the earth. The
other, having its nidus in the interior of rushes on the edge of a
pool, grew almost, I may say quite, in the water. Another important
mark of distinction is to be found in the spores, those of Peziza
tuberosa being elliptical, whilst those of the rush-Peziza are
narrow, and more or less arcuate. In conclusion I may mention
that there is another Sclerotium {Sclerotium sulcatum, Desm.),
which grows in the interior of the stems of Car ices, just as Scle-
rotium roseum does in the interior of rushes. It has lately
been observed by M. Durieu de Maisonneuve, that Sclerotium
sulcatum under favourable circumstances becomes (like Sclerotium
roseum) developed into a Peziza. I have not seen this latter Pe-
ziza, and am indebted to M . Tulasne for a notice of the fact.

My friend Mr. Berkeley, to whom I sent specimens, has marked
my plant in his herbarium " Peziza Curreyana" and has requested
me to adopt that name.

Description of the Kobo-tree, a new genus of Leguminosce, col-
lected by Dr. W. F. Daniell, E.L.S., in Sierra Leone. By
John Joseph Bennett, Esq., F.K.S., Sec. L.S.

[Bead November 4th, 1856.]
Gutbourtia, Benn.
Char. Gen. Calyx bibracteatus, 4-sepalus; sepalis deciduis.
Corolla nulla. Stamina 10, libera, saqualia. Ovarium com-
pressum, pauci- (2-4-) ovulatum; stylo filiformi; stigmateob-

150 ME. BENNETT ON THE KOBO-TREE.

tuso. Legwmen . — Arbor Africa? Occidentalis, Hymencece

facie. Folia bifoliolata, foliolis S-5 -nerviis. Paniculse termi-
nales ; floribus in ramulis ultimis approximatis, sessilibus,
ineonspicuis.

This new genus belongs to the Suborder Ccesalpinece, and is
evidently very nearly related on the one hand to Copaifera and
Cynometra, and on the other to Hymencea, TracTiylobium and
JPeltoyyne. It differs from the three latter genera in the total
absence of petals, in the complete suppression of the tube of the
calyx, and in its closely approximated sessile flowers. In these
particulars it approaches Copaifera, from which it is technically
scarcely to be distinguished by any other character than the
remarkable one of its two large persistent lateral bracteae, and by
its bifoliolate leaves ; which last-named peculiarity is, however,
found in one or two species of Copaifera. It thus forms a connect-
ing link between Hymencea and its subdivisions on the one hand,
and Copaifera and Cynometra on the other. As one of the trees
producing a valuable kind of Copal, it cannot be more appropri-
ately dedicated than to the learned Pharmacologist to whom we
are indebted for so many elaborate investigations into the origin
and history of substances used in Medicine and the Arts.

G-UIBOTTETIA COPALLIPEEA, Benn.

Habitat in Africa Tropica Occidental^ apud "Goderich" et "Lumley."
Descr. Arbor, coma ut videtur densa ; ramulis ultimis molliter pilosiusculis,
dense foliatis. Folia petiolo vix semiunciali crassiusculo insidentia, bifo-
liolata ; foliolis sessilibus, falcato-semiobovatis, latere interior! plus minus
concavo, acumine brevi obtuso plerumque terminatis, glaberrimis, coriaceis,
plerumque opacis sed aliquandd evidenter pellucido-punctatis, a basi 3- vel
rarius 5-nerviis, nervis venisque crebris subtus prominentibus reticulatis.
Inflorescentia terminalis, e spicis numerosis in paniculam brevem densam
dispositis. Spicse, vel paniculse ramuli, 1- 2-pollicares ; rachibus crassius-
culis, velutino-tomentosis. Mores sessiles, approximati ; juniores bractea
subtendente concava, orata, acuta, velutino-tomentosa, margine ciliata,
alabastro longiore, cito caduca, stipati et occlusi. Calyx bibracteatus,
bracteis lateralibus coriaceis, subrotundis yel truncatis, nervo carinatis,
glabriusculis, alabastro ovali quadruple brevioribus, persistentibus. Se-
pala 4, 2 posteriora nempe in unicum coalita; sestiTatione imbricata,
anticum scilicet omnin6 exterius, alterumque e lateralibus ornnind
(carina excepta) interius ; coriacea, subsequilonga, latitudine insequalia,
subovalia, obtusa, glabra, pellucido -punctata, decidua. Petala nulla.
Stamina 10, omnino libera, sequalia, disco inconspicuo in calycis fundo
breviter piloso inserta ; filamentis in sestivatione medio inflexis, flore
aperto sepalis dupld longioribus, exsertis. Antherse omnes fertiles, sub-
sequales, lineari-oblongse, versatiles. Ovarium e basi attenuate insequi-

MB. T. C. ARCHER ON AFRICAN COPALS. 151

lateraliter ovoideum, compression, 2-4-ovulatum ; stylo ejusdem fere lon-
gitudinis, in alabastro spiraliter involuto; stigmate obtuso. Legumen
ignotum.

Extract of a Letter from Thomas C. Archer, Esq., dated " Liver-
pool Eoyal Institution, 20tk Nov., 1856," to Thomas Bell,
Esq., Pres. L.S.

[Read December 2nd, 1856.]

In one of the newspaper reports of a recent meeting of the Lin-
nean Society, I read with much interest some remarks by Dr. W.
F. Daniell on the Kobo-tree of Sierra Leone (Guibowtia, Bennett).
To the observations of Dr. Daniell, I can add one or two which
may be acceptable to your botanical Members.

The gum-resin which Dr. Daniell speaks of as being collected
from Guibourtia copallifera is probably one of three kinds which
are very largely imported into Liverpool under the names of
African Copal, African Yellow-gum, and African Bed-gum, speci-
mens of which I shall have much pleasure in forwarding to you if
they would be acceptable. They differ very much in appearance,
and I believe in value. The first is in rounded tears of variable
size, but usually large, often very transparent, but rather dull on
their surfaces ; the colour a pale straw-yellow. The other two are
in masses which are fragmentary in appearance, the yellow one
usually less so than the red ; the latter is often rendered yellowish
in colour by adherent dust. The yellow sort is often semi-opaline
from a milkiness which exists in some of the masses. I have seen
one piece (evidently only a portion of a gigantic tear) which
weighed nearly three pounds. The usual size of the fragments is
that of a hen's egg. The colour of the red kind is rather redder
than the oriental topaz, and may be called a reddish-yellow. The
quantity of these gums received in this port is enormous, when we
reflect upon the labour required for the collection of such pro-
ducts : more than 150 tons were imported in 1855 ; the whole of
which I believe is consumed in the manufacture of varnishes, under
the general name of Copal.

Trusting these remarks may not be out of place,
I remain, dear Sir,

Yours faithfully,

Thos. C. Archer.

152 DR. SEEMANN ON THE

On the Palm of Timbuctoo. By Bertiiold Seemann, Esq., Ph.D.,

E.L.S. &c.
[Read November 18th, 1856.]
Until lately, all our knowledge of Timbuctoo was very unsatis-
factory. A mysterious haze was closely associated with the very
name of that place, opening a field for the exercise of the imagi-
native faculties, the more unbounded as the veracity of those who
had visited and described Timbuctoo was very much doubted ; the
doubts arising chiefly from the descriptions given, which in order
to find general credence were either too vague, or when more
positive, too much opposed to well-ascertained facts. Thus, for
instance, it was stated that the Cocoa-nut Palm grew there ; but as
that tree, though found, according to J. D. Hooker, as far inland
as Patna in Bengal, and, according to Humboldt and Bonpland
in New Granada, nearly a hundred leagues up the River Mag-
dalena, is essentially a littoral plant, which refuses to grow in many
countries any distance from the sea, the correctness of the state-
ment was called in question, and the Palm of Timbuctoo remained
until this day a botanical enigma.

In September 1853, Dr. Henry Barth succeeded in reaching
Timbuctoo, and during a stay of several months obtained an intimate
knowledge of the place and its productions. On his return to
Europe, I asked that enterprising explorer whether the Palm
alluded to was actually the Cocoa-nut tree. He replied in the
negative, and at the same time informed me that it was the same
which our mutual friend Edward Vogel had met with on the
Lake of Tuburi, and described in his letter to Petermann, dated
Kuka, July 13, 1854 (Bonplandia, vol. iii. p. 13). In that letter,
Dr. Vogel mentions that he takes the Palm described by him to
be the same as that discovered in Sennar by Bussegger's Expe-
dition. Now, in submitting, during my stay at Vienna, all my
evidence, including a letter received from Dr. H. Barth, to my
friend M. Theodore Kotschy, the botanist of Bussegger's Ex-
pedition, he agreed with me that Vogel was right in his conclu-
sion, and that the whole of Barth' s description corresponded with
what he knew of the Palm. Having thus ascertained that the
information I had collected referred to one and the same plant,
the next step was to find out the genus to which it could belong.
It must be borne in mind that I had no specimens at my disposal ;
Vogel, it is true, had sent a few fruits, but the box containing
them has not come to hand*, — and the chief thing I had to guide

* Since this paper was read the box has arrived at Kew, and the fruits prove
to be those of Bonassus ? Mthio'pum^ Mart.

PALM OF TIMBUCTOO. 153

me was the description given in Vogel's letter, in which it is
stated that the fruit is from 8-9 inches long and from 6-7 in
diameter, weighs about four or five pounds, has an oval shape, and
a fibrous husk enclosing three seeds ; that the trunk is, unlike that
of the Doom-palm, undivided, and the leaves fan-shaped, characters
which agreed with no other genus than JBorassus ; and on turning
to Martius' great work, I find the palm described as Borassus ?
^Sthiopum, Mart.

It was necessary to show the way and the means by which I
have arrived at the identification of the Palm of Timbuctoo with
Borassus ? JEthiopum, Mart., in order to gain the assent of bota-
nists to it, and I will now proceed to condense and connect all the
information I have collected, that we may see the sum total of
what is known about this palm. Like Adansonia digitata, Hy-
phcene Thebaica, Kigelia pinnata, and many other plants, the
Borassus ? jEthiopum is spread from the eastern to the western
shores of Africa, and has, by some, been thought to extend as far
as the Cape de Yerd Islands ; but Dr. Bolle, from personal obser-
vation, assures me that the Borassus occurring on that group in
isolated specimens is the old B. jlabettiformis, Linn., as correctly
stated by J. A. Schmidt in his Contributions to that flora (Bei-
trage zur Elora der Cap-Yerdischen Inseln, Heidelberg, 1852),
and that it was introduced by the Portuguese from the East
Indies. B. ? JEthiopum has been found in Nubia, on the Senegal,
and in the territories of the Fidaees ; Ed. Yogel observed it on the
Lake of Tuburi ; and Barth adds : " It is diffused over the whole
of Central Africa, and forms, especially on the banks of the shallow
water-courses, so numerous in that country, extensive forests ; at
any distance from such waters it is only found in isolated speci-
mens, and sometimes it is met with in company of the Date- and
the Doom-palm. It is the most characteristic tree, not only in
the Musgoo-country (i. e. the fertile, slightly elevated plains be-
tween the Shary and the eastern tributaries of the so-called Niger),
but also in all the southern tributary provinces of Bagirmi ; in
Wadai, especially on the Bat-ha, as well as in Darfur and Kordo-
fan, it is abundant. On the central Niger it is scarce ; in Haussa
very much isolated ; but on the Upper Niger, above Timbuctoo,
it is again plentiful, and has there been mistaken for the Cocoa-
nut Palm. In the language of the Haussa-people it is termed
' G-igiria,' — in Kanuri, that of the Bornuese, ■ Kamelutoo,' in that
of Fulbe, ' Dugbi,' in that of the people of Logon, * Margum,' and
in the Musgoo-language, ' Uray.' " In Nubia it is known by the

154 DB. SEEMANN ON THE

name of ' Dolaib,' ' Delaib,' or ' Deleb,' on the Senegal by that of
* Ennn,' and amongst the Fidaees by that of ' Vige-Tjo.'

The trunk is about 2 feet in diameter, and according to Ed.
Vogel 40, according to Thonning from 60-70, and according to
Barth from 60-80 feet high. It is undivided, unarmed, and shares
with Iriartea ventricosa and several other palms the peculiarity of
having above its middle height a very perceptible swelling.
Kotschy informs me that this swelling does not remain fixed in
the particular part in which it makes its first appearance, but that,
as the plant grows higher, it shifts its position, draws in, and ap-
pears in another place. Judging, however, from what I know of
Iriartea, I do not see how it is possible for this hard woody swelling
to become contracted ; perhaps it may be that the part below the
ventricose extension increases so much in thickness that the swell-
ing itself becomes obsolete, and that a new swelling appears.

The foliage, forming a magnificent crown at the end of the
trunk, is, according to Ed. Vogel, of a more lively green than that
of the Ginger-bread-tree or Doom-palm, and is composed of fan-
shaped leaves, measuring 5 to 12 feet in diameter. They are used
for thatch, for making baskets, mats, hats, and other articles for
which the leaves of most palms are usually employed. The palm
is polycarpseous, — the inflorescence appearing between the leaves,
bearing large bundles of almost round fruits, about as large as a
common-sized melon, of a dark-yellow colour, and about four or
five pounds in weight. The fruit has three seeds, surrounded by
a fibrous husk which contains a pulp, of an acid sweet (according
to Ed. Vogel, rather bitter) flavour, and an agreeable odour
resembling that of the pine- or the Mamey-apple, on account of
which (the fruit being either raw or boiled) the natives eat or
rather suck it. The seeds are planted in the ground. In about a
fortnight seedlings have sprung up, which are eaten, either roasted
or raw. Barth states that he never saw them eaten in any other
state than raw, in the parts he visited. " I am inclined to believe,"
says the last-named traveller, " that a well-known flour, called ' fid-
ogma,' in the southern provinces of Bornoo, is derived from their
root." The albumen of the seed, when still soft, is likewise eaten.

It is curious to find this palm applied to the same uses in Africa,
as its congener the Palmyra (B. flahelliformis, L.) is in Asia,
especially the sucking of the husk of the fruit, the eating of the
young seedlings, and the extracting from the latter (as most pro-
bably is the case) a kind of flour. Now there may not be anything
peculiar in the way in which the fruit is eaten, as that would

PALM OF TIMBUCTOO. 155

readily suggest itself to anybody wishing to partake of it ; but
there is something peculiar in eating the seedlings, to say nothing
of the extraction of flour from them. Here the question in-
voluntarily arises : " Is the idea of eating them of native growth,
or has it been derived from the East Indies ? " I am not inclined
to give the negroes much credit for inventive genius, but I think
in this instance we must assign it to them. For if the applications
of this palm had been adopted from the Palmyra, it is not likely
that the most useful one of them, the extracting of toddy for
making wine, vinegar, yeast, spirits and sugar, would have been
overlooked. But neither of the B. ? JEthiopum nor of any other
African palm do I find it recorded that they serve for that pur-
pose ; all we hear is, that the date-tree in Northern Africa, after
the heart of its leaves has been cut out, accumulates a thick,
sweetish, and refreshing sap ("Lagbi"), of a slightly purgative
tendency ; and that the ancient inhabitants of the Canary Islands,
the G-uanches, knew how to prepare from it a beverage, which
replaced the grape wine, and also vinegar, honey, and sugar ; but
that branch of industry has long since become extinct, and even
the method by which the sap was obtained has not been handed
down to us : as we are informed, however, by Viera, that each
tree yielded about a small caskful, it is not impossible that it may
have been procured as it is still in Northern Africa, and that
whenever sap was required, at least one tree had to be sacrificed.
The extraction of toddy seems to be peculiarly Asiatic : in America
it is unknown, for the so-called "palm- wine " of that country is
not obtained by means of the spadix from a living tree, as is the
case with genuine toddy, but by a hole cut under the crown of a
tree previously felled. Thus we find that all the three continents,
chiefly inhabited by these princes of the vegetable kingdom, prac-
tise one principal method of extracting the saccharine matter in
which many of the palms abound. Both the Africans and the
Americans kill the tree, the sap of which they procure, the former
by destroying its terminal bud, the latter by felling its trunk :
only the Asiatics preserve it by merely cutting its spadix, and
allowing the sap to ooze out through the wounded parts. The
wanton destruction of the trees by the one party, and the careful
husbanding of them by the other, is the reason why Africa and
America have never furnished, and as long as the present process
of destruction is continued, will never furnish any palm-sugar, a
product of which Asia sends to Europe alone several thousand
tons annually.

156 MR. BERKELEY OK THE RHIZOMA OE PTERIS AQTJILLNA.

Note on the Use of the Rhizoma of Pteris aquilina as an Article
of Food. By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. &c.

[Read December 16th, 1856.]

The rhizoma of Pteris aquilina, which abounds in starch and
mucilage, is sometimes used in Europe and Siberia to make a
coarse kind of bread. This circumstance is mentioned by Hout-
tuyn in his edition of the * Systema Plantarum ' of Linnaeus, ad-
verting at the same time to the report of Forster, that the New
Zealanders derive a large portion of their food from roasted fern-
roots pounded between stones, the woody matter being rejected as
useless. He expressly says, however, that the fern so used is not
Pteris aquilina, but Acrostichum falcatum, Linn. Houttuyn has,
however, made some mistake in this, as Gleichenia Hermanni,a,ndLiiot
Gleichenia furcata, a West Indian species, is the plant mentioned
by Forster under the name of Polypodium dicJiotomum, which, after
all, is a very doubtful native of New Zealand. It is now, however,
well known, not only that several species of Fern in New Zealand
afford an esculent rhizoma, but that amongst them is a species of
Pteris so like P. aquilina, that it is considered merely a variety of
that species under the name of esculenta. Having lately had occasion
to examine the rhizoma of our common Bracken, it became a
matter of interest to ascertain what sort of food might be afforded
by it. I accordingly roasted some of the rhizomata, and found
them eatable, but extremely disagreeable from their slimy consist-
ence and peculiar flavour, in both of which respects they precisely
resemble ill-ripened Brinjals. It struck me, however, that they
might afford a better food, if the slimy matter could be removed.
I accordingly scraped some of the rhizomata, which had first been
washed and peeled, avoiding, however, the two columns of hard
coloured tissue with which they are threaded, and then placed the
pulp thus obtained in water. After four-and-twenty hours, the
water had become extremely slimy and of a yellow-brown. This
was carefully decanted, and the pulp washed again with water,
which was now quite colourless. This also was decanted, and the
pulp, when sufficiently dry, was kneaded into a cake, and baked
upon the hearth. The result was a coarse but palatable food,
perfectly free from any disagreeable flavour, — much better indeed
to my taste, and probably not less nutritious, than Cassava bread.
In laying this note before the Society, I do not] make the
slightest pretension to novelty. The only interest which it may
be supposed to possess, is the confirmation of the views, so far as

MB. BERKELEY ON SOME ENTOMOGENOUS SPH-3EBI^!. 157

the nutritive qualities of the two ferns in question go, which con-
sider the New Zealand Bracken as belonging to the same species
with our own.

Bread is said to be made of the roots of Pteris aquilina in
Normandy and Siberia. "Wahlenberg, however, states that, as far
as he has seen, the plant is confined to one locality in Lapland.
It is mentioned by Pallas in his ' Iter Sibiricum.'

On some Entomogenous Sphceria.
By the Eev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S.
[Read Nov. 4th, 1856.]
No country in the world seems to abound more in Fungi than the
United States. I have something approaching to 5000 species in
my Herbarium from two or three of the Southern States alone,
and it is quite certain, from the new forms which are constantly
occurring, that the number is far from being exhausted. Many
of the species are identical with European forms, but there is a
considerable number which have at present occurred nowhere
else. Amongst the most curious and interesting of these are the
entomogenous species of which I now lay a short description before
the Society. None of these are completely isolated from the
rest, for Gordyceps palustris resembles G. sobolifera ; G. stylophora
and acicularis are connected through G. Bavenelii with G. sinensis ;
and G. armeniaca calls to mind the apricot-coloured G. myrmeco-
phila. Besides these species I have received G. militaris from
South Carolina, where G. entomorrhiza also occurs under a very
fine form.

The entomogenous species of Gordyceps, as at present known,
are distributed as follow : —

2. G. militaris and entomorrhiza are common to Europe and the
United States.

1. G. myrmecopMla is found in England and Italy.

1. G. gracilis in Scotland and Algiers.

1. G. sinensis in China, where it is used as a drug.

2. G. Gunnii and Taylori in Australia.

2. C. Sinclairii and Hobertsii in New Zealand.
2. G. racemosa an&falcata at Myrong in the Khazia Mountains
of Bengal.

1. G. armeniaca in South Carolina. ,

2. G. sobolifera and sphecocephala in the "West Indies.
1. G. larvata in Cayenne.

158 MB. BERKELEY ON SOME ENTOMOGENOUS SPH^JBIJE.

Eight species therefore belong to temperate climates, descending
however occasionally to warmer regions, and seven to tropical or
subtropical. Of the first eight, four belong to those temperate
parts of the Southern Hemisphere which often exhibit subtropical
species of Fungi. The Entomogenous Spharice, then, on the
whole predominate in warm or equable climates.

One doubtful entomogenous species, C. bicephala from Brazil,
has been omitted in the foregoing list.

1. Coedyceps aemeniaca, Berk. 3f Curt. ; armeniaca, stipite flexuoso bre-
viusculo, capitulo e peritheciis asperulo pallidiore. Curt. no. 3774.
{Plate I. Jiff. 1.)

Apparently on the excrement of birds, but probably on larvae contained in it.

Society Hill, South Carolina.
Apricot-coloured. Stem ^ inch high, flexuous, sometimes twisted, paler than

the head, which is subhemispherical and rough with the ostiola. Asci

elongated, with a swollen apex ; sporidia immature.

This species has some points in common with C. wiyrmecophila,
but it is a shorter and far more robust plant, with a differently
shaped head.

2. Coedyceps acictjxaeis, Pavenel ; fusca, stipite gracili elongato, capitulo
cylindrico apice sterili acuminato longiorej peritheciis superficialibus
liberis. Mav. no. 1276. (Plate I. fig. 2.)

On caterpillars buried in the soil in damp shady woods. South Carolina.
Summer. H. W. Pavenel, Esq.

Stem 3 inches or more high, not half a line thick, brown below and
tomentose, smooth above and tawny, grooved when dry. Head f inch
long, cylindrical, brown, studded with the free perithecia, above barren and
acuminate. Asci very long, flexuous ; sporidia linear, breaking up into
truncate joints -g^^ or more rarely lbl66 inch long.

This species is closely allied to C. Bavenelii, but the habit is
very different. I can find no essential difference in the fruit.

3. Coedyceps stylophoea, Perk, fy Proome ; fulva, stipite gracili, capitulo
in stylum producto subsequali ; peritheciis immersis. Mav. no. 1325.
(Plate I. fig. 3.)

On larvae buried in rotten logs. South Carolina. Autumn. PZ. W. Pavenel,

Esq.
Stem 5-| inch high, ^ line thick, smooth, about as long as the cylindrical

head, which is produced into an acuminate sterile process as long or longer

than itself ; perithecia immersed.

I have not seen the ripe asci of this species, which appears to be
quite distinct from either of the foregoing or subsequent species.
All three occur on different larvee, and in different situations.

LTin J 01] 17: DO"!

Corciyceps JLavenelri .

C. aciculans

M J.Berkley del W.fttehTjtk .

Vincent Brooks Imo.

ME. MASTEES ON A MONSTEOSITY OF SAPONAEIA. 159

C. entomorrhiza differs from all in the far longer articulations of
the sporidia.

4. Coedtceps Ravenelii, BerJc. Sf Curtis ; fusca, stipite elongato flexuoso
suloato compresso glabriusculo, capitulo cylindrico attenuate longiore;
peritheciis superficialibus. Curt. no. 3080, Rav. no. 1272. (Plate l.fig. 4.)

On larvse of Ancylonycha, Dejean, or Rhizotrogus, Latreille, buried one or
two inches in the earth. Spring and Summer. South Carolina. Rev.
M. A. Curtis and H. W. Ravenel, Esq.

Brown. Stem 2 inches or more high, flexuous, compressed or grooved, at
first minutely tomentose, at length smooth ; head f inch long, cylindrical,
but slightly attenuated at either end. Perithecia free, ovate ; asci very long ;
sporidia very long, filiform, breaking up into joints 10ft66 of an inch long.

This species has very much the habit of G. sinensis.

5. Coedtceps paltjsteis, BerJc. SfBroome ; carnoso-suberosa, sordid^ carneo-
fusca; stipite cylindrico sursum bifido trifidove, capitulis clavatis sub-
cylindricis ex ostiolis asperulis ; sporidiis filiformibus in articulos minimos
globosos solvendis. Rav. no. 718. (Plate l.fig. 5.)

On moist putrid logs, undoubtedly attached to larvae. Northampton Swamp,
South Carolina. May. S. W. Ravenel, JEsq.

From 1-2 inches high, about half as much when dry, of a dull brownish-
purple or flesh-colour ; carnoso-suberose ; stem cylindrical, pulverulent,
divided above, about as long as the clavate head, but scarcely so thick.
Head rough with the mouths of the globose perithecia. Asci long, flexuous,
filled with moniliform strings of globose, extremely minute grains, at length
discharged in the form of white flocci. Articulations of the sporidia not
exceeding 5o^ff6 of an inch in diameter.

The extremely minute articulations or sporidiola, without any
other character, separate this curious species, which has moreover
a peculiar habit.

Note on a Monstrosity of the •Flowers of Saponaria officinalis, L.
By Maxwell T. Mastees, Esq. Communicated by the
Secretary.

[Read Nov. 18th, 1856.]

Much discussion has from time to time arisen among Morpholo-
gists, as to the exact nature of the scales found on the petals of so
many of the Caryophyllece. The early botanists were content to call
them nectaries, scales of the corona, appendages to the petals, &c,
without attempting to explain them further. M. Dunal and the
supporters of the theory of transverse chorisis, consider them to
afford good illustrations of that process. This notion has also the
support of Dr. Asa Gray, who institutes a comparison between

100

ME. MASTEES ON MOtfSTEOTTS FLOWEES.

the combined intrapetiolar stipules of Melianthus, and the two-
cleft adnate appendages to the petals in the Caryophyllece.
Another view is that taken by a writer in Hooker's Journal of
Botany for 1849, where they are considered to be in most cases
deformed glands, the writer adducing, among other reasons for so
considering them, the fact of " their gradual passage into anthers
in some flowers," in accordance with his notion that the formation
of anthers is due to the conversion of the glands of the staminal
leaf into those organs.

"Without wishing to enter into the question of the morphological
import of the so-called glands in general, the object of the present
communication is to bring forward evidence to show that the scale
on the petals of the CaryopTiyllece is in reality a double organ,
consisting of two abortive stamens united together. The double
nature of the scale is very manifest. In Dianthus there are two
plates projecting from the claw of the petal. In most of the
species of Silene the two plates are quite detached one from the
other, and from the petal itself at the point of junction between
the claw and the blade ; hence in systematic works the appendage
is described as bifid, while in some species, as S. cerastoides, Cucu-
lalus lacciferus, &c. &c, the appendage is quadrifid, — an indication,
as it were, of two two-lobed anthers. The double nature of the
scales is almost equally obvious in the flowers of the Sapindacece,
particularly in certain species of Cupania and Urvillea.

In some young flower-buds of a semi-double variety of Saponaria
officinalis that have recently been examined, the scales were found

in some instances to be completely divided into two strap-shaped
bodies, standing in front of the petal, and quite distinct from it.
In one example the scale, single below, was bifurcated above, each
subdivision bearing an anther. Several similar scales were found

or saponabia officinalis. 161

adherent to the claws of the petals. There were also numerous
cases showing an intermediate condition between the ordinary-
scale and that of two distinct stamens — some of these are drawn
in the sketch given below. A careful inspection of some very-
young flower-buds showed that these scale-like stamens, though
formed subsequently to the petals,, yet advanced more rapidly in
their development than the petals, from which in the first instance
they were perfectly distinct.

From these circumstances it seems fair to infer that the scales
on the petals of the CaryopJiyllece are composed of two abortive
stamens united together, and in consequence that these bodies do
not constitute any real exception to the laws of alternation.

The nature of the scales of the flowers of the species of Cuscuta
has been explained by Mr. Babington in the Annals of Nat. Hist,
for 1844 in a similar way, but he does not adduce any positive
evidence in support of his opinion.

The flowers of Saponaria above alluded to afforded instances of
both marginal and free central placentation. In the sketch are re-
presented cross sections of two ovaries (figs. 1,2), each consisting

of two carpels, and in each there is an evident connexion between
the placenta and the walls of the ovary. Other bi-carpellary ovaria,
examined at a more advanced period of development, presented a
central ovuliferous column, apparently quite unconnected with
the walls of the carpels. The most frequent condition of the ovary
was that in which there were three carpels, slightly united at their
bases, but distinct one from the other for the greater part of their
length, open along the ventral suture, and bearing ovules on their
margins, as is shown in transverse section in the sketch (fig. 3).
Figure 4 shows one of three carpels ; the other two bore marginal
placentae, but in this one there was an ovuliferous cord, free from
the margins of the carpel, but connected with the style, which is
inflexed. Here it seems as if the two placentae had become
detached from the margins of the carpel during growth, while
they had remained in union one with the other.

A not unfrequent condition was that in which there were two

LINN. PBGC. — BOTANY. M

162 ME. F. CTJKREY ON A SPECIES

lateral carpels with no ovules on their edges (fig. 5), but between
them there was an arched body, bearing a style, and studded with
four rows of ovules, two on either side, as if the placentae of both
carpels had become detached, with a portion of the style from
each, and had united to form the arch : — or, were there four carpels
originally, the anterior and posterior reduced each to a narrow
strip bearing ovules and united together above, so as to form a
single style ?

On a Species of Pilobolus.
By Fbedebigk Cttbrey, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. &c.

[Bead Dec. 16th, 1856.]

A species of Pilobolus has lately occurred in the neighbourhood
of Blackheath, differing in some respects from the only common
species, Pilobolus crystallinus, and closely resembling, if it be not
identical with, Pilobolus roridus of Bolton, which has hitherto been
considered a doubtful form. Like Pilobolus crystallinus it is a
most delicate and elegant fungus, although not choice in its
habitat, flourishing as it does on the surface of cow-dung. My
attention was first attracted by a number of little points of a dull
yellow colour, giving a scabrous appearance to the surface of the
dung, and an examination with a lens disclosed a very few small,
ripe specimens of the Pilobolus, not differing much at first sight
from ordinary specimens of Pilobolus crystallinus. By scraping
off a thin layer of the cow-dung and keeping it under a small
bell-glass in a moist atmosphere, an abundant crop appeared in a
few hours, which was followed by others in continuous succession
for a fortnight; after which the soil appeared to be exhausted,
and in order to procure further specimens a fresh layer of the
cow-dung was necessary. I have thus been enabled to follow out
the different phases of the plant and to examine its structure with
some minuteness. The yellow points above alluded to become
elongated into filiform processes, tapering slightly towards the upper
extremity, which frequently assumes a clearer and deeper colour
(PI. II. fig. 1). Subsequently the apex of these threads becomes
gradually swollen into the form of a flattened sphere, at which
period the plants look like small orange-coloured pins (fig. 2).
The swollen heads gradually change colour, becoming first of a
dull olive-green, and eventually black ; or rather (as appears upon
a closer examination) a very deep opaque purple. During the

OP PILOBOLUS. 163

time that the heads are changing colour the upper part of the
pedicel becomes swollen into the form of a clear ovoid vesicle,
separated by a sharp constriction from the head, but passing
gradually at its lower extremity into the line of the stem. This
vesicle and the stem were usually continuous and crystalline, look-
ing, in fact, as if made of the clearest glass ; but in some instances
a granular layer of protoplasm covered the walls of both, and in
many specimens there was to be seen a bright orange-coloured
band at the point of junction of the stem and vesicle, indicating
either the existence of a septum, or a want of affinity between
their fluid contents ; I rather think the latter. From a time ante-
cedent to the formation of the head, that is, from the period of
growth shown in fig. 1, the beauty of these fungi was greatly in-
creased by the vast number of drops of water with which they
were always covered. This appearance of dew-drops is invariably
seen to occur to some extent in Pilololus crystallines, but in the
present species the drops were far more abundant, being sufficient
in many instances entirely to conceal the outline of the stem;
they occurred, although in less abundance, on the vesicle, and
frequently also on the head, the latter however being often en-
tirely free from them. Up to this point the description applies
to the part of the fungus which is, so to speak, above ground ; but
the part which is imbedded beneath the surface of the dung is no
less curious. There is no great difficulty in extracting this por-
tion without injury with the point of a lancet, and then by a
careful use of needles, plenty of water, and a delicate camel' s-hair
brush, the foreign matter may be cleared away, and it is then seen
(figs. 3, 4) that the stem-cell becomes globular at its lower extre-
mity, the globe being somewhat obliquely situated with regard to
the axis of the stem, and being generally more or less filled with
granular orange-coloured endochrome. The globe fits into a cup-
shaped cell filled with a similar but denser endochrome, and this
latter cell tapers gradually for a considerable length at its lower
extremity, and ultimately expands into numerous colourless rami-
fications resembling the ordinary mycelium of any other fungus.
The spores are formed beneath the black covering at the apex of
the fungus, which covering seems to have been hitherto con-
sidered, at least in Pilololus crystallinus, to be the coat of the
sporangium. Such however is not the case in the present species,
for this black covering may be drawn off like a finger-stall, leaving
the ellipsoidal sporangial cell enclosed in its own proper thick
gelatinous membrane still adherent to the apex of the pedicel, and

m 2

164 ME. F. CUEEEY ON A SPECIES

filled with ripe spores. It is clear therefore that this purple skin
only forms as it were a partial veil, and cannot be properly looked
upon as a coat of the sporangium. Not unfrequentiy this skin
either partially peels off, of its own accord, or is imperfectly deve-
loped, as shown in fig. 7 ; but it usually hides the sporangium
entirely, and is finally cast off with it by the process peculiar to
the genus JPilobolus, namely the elastic action of the septum
which is formed at an early period across the upper end of the
vesicle between that and the sporangium. This septum takes an
upward growth, becomes gradually more and more everted, and at
length by its pressure throws off the sporangium-cell and its pur-
ple veil to a distance of several inches. After this has taken place
the upper end of the stem-cell exhibits the appearance shown in
fig. 8. In the Transactions of the Breslau Academy for 1851 is
to be found an elaborate account of Pilobolus crystallinus by
Dr. Cohn, on reference to which it will be seen that the fungus
just described differs from JPilobolus crystallinus in the great de-
velopment in length of the stem, and the vast number of the drops
of water spread over its surface. There is another peculiarity,
which consists in a number of shining specks scattered over the
surface of the veil, having the appearance of small grains of
quartz ; but these, although very general, are not universal. They
are so minute that it is almost impossible to detach them sepa-
rately, and they do not occur in sufficient numbers on any one
plant to be capable of being scraped off in a mass. In one in-
stance they seemed to dissolve in water into a number of exceed-
ingly minute pear-shaped bodies; but the observation was an
uncertain one, and beyond it I have not yet been able to ascertain
their nature.

The distinctions above mentioned would not, I think, be alone
sufficient to separate this species from P. crystallinus, and I
should have been disposed to consider the present fungus as only
a form of the latter species, had it not been for a difference in the
spores. Such a difference, I need hardly say, is one of the safest
criterions for the separation of species in Fungi, and one which
will probably be more and more valued in proportion as the mi-
croscope is called in aid for the detection of such differences.
Dr. Cohn describes the spores of Pilobolus crystallinus as glo-
bular, surrounded' by a tough distinct membrane, the latter ap-
pearing as a broad dark line, and filled with flesh-coloured, grumous,
highly refractive contents, with small nucleoli. Now the spores
in my species (fig. 9) are quite unlike those figured by Dr. Cohn ;

or piLOBOLus. 165

they are elliptical, of a pale straw-colour, and without any evident
external membrane until treated with aether or alcohol, when by
the contraction of the contents such membrane becomes visible,
not however in the form of a broad dark band, but of a clear and
bright line. The contents moreover are very slightly, if at all,
granular.

In Bolton's account of Filobolus roridus no particulars are
given of the spores — indeed the microscopes of his time would
hardly have enabled him to do so with accuracy ; in other respects
his account agrees sufficiently with the above description to lead
me to think that his Filobolus roridus is the same as that which
I have described. There are two very curious facts connected with
the above Filobolus, which I have had an opportunity of investi-
gating, and which are worthy of notice. They are alluded to by
Dr. Cohn as having been noticed by former observers in Filo-
bolus crystallinus, but he refrains from giving any opinion, inas-
much as the appearances in question had not fallen under his
own observation. The first is mentioned by Muller, the original
discoverer of Filobolus crystallinus, who states that he had seen in
many of the vesicles a small white delicate worm, which crawled
round and round, and appeared to swim as it were in a little
ocean of its own. Muller thereupon came to the conclusion that
Filobolus crystallinus was neither animal nor vegetable, but a
mixture of the two, in fact a Zoophyte — not in the modern accep-
tation of that term, but according to its proper meaning. Persoon,
on the other hand, alleged that these creatures were nothing but
Anguillulce, which came out of the dung and crawled on the outside
of the fungus. It would seem that Persoon' s opinion is correct,
for I have several times observed a species of Anguillula encased
in the drops of water on the surface of my Filobolus, and twirling
round so actively that it is a matter of surprise that it does not
cause the drops to collapse. There is no difficulty in extracting
the worm from the drop, and it appears to be the common An-
guillula fluviatilis, which no doubt climbs up the stem of the
fungus and deposits itself in one of the numerous dew-drops.
Similar worms may be seen crawling on the surface of the dung
and unconnected with the fungus, leaving no doubt as to their
place of origin. The sight of these animals revolving rapidly in
their crystal cases is most curious and interesting. It is no matter
of surprise that Muller should have been led to suppose that
the worm was in the interior of the plant, for it not unfrequently
happens that before the real vesicle is formed, a drop of water

166 ME. F. CT/RREY ON A SPECIES

becomes attached to the apex of the stem precisely in the spot
usually occupied by the vesicle, and it is not always easy for the
observer to tell whether he is looking at the vesicle itself or at a
substituted drop of water.

The second appearance alluded to above is not so easy of
explanation. In the interior of the drops of water which, as
has just been mentioned, sometimes occupy the place of the
vesicle, I have several times seen a small orange-coloured body
revolving with more or less rapidity, but having rather the ap-
pearance of being carried round and round by the force of a
current than by any voluntary motion. This, or a similar ap-
pearance, was noticed by Ehrenberg, and described by him in
a paper published in 1823, in Kruze and Schmidt's 'Mykolo-
gische Heffce' ; he did not however ascertain what the revolving
body was, and only endeavoured to explain its rotation by attri-
buting it to some unknown physical agency which kept the drop
of water in perpetual revolution, I was very desirous of ascer-
taining the nature of this moving body, and tried to detach it
from the drop of water. This attempt was not successful, but I
managed to float a drop entire with its orange-coloured occupant
on to a piece of white paper, and then waited for the water to
evaporate, hoping thus to leave the object high and dry. How-
ever, as the water dried up the body became entirely disintegrated,
resolved itself into a mass of granular orange-coloured particles,
and left nothing behind but a yellow stain on the surface of the
paper. As to what its nature may be, or what may be the cause of
its singular rotation, I can offer no conjecture, but I have thought
it worth while to mention the above facts with the view of directing
further attention to this curious phenomenon. It is interesting
to notice the resemblance in point of structure between the genus
Pilobolus and the fungus which causes the annual epidemic
amongst the House Flies ; the only essential difference being, that
the latter throws off a single cell, whereas in Pilobolus the cell
which is thrown off is the mother-cell of innumerable multitudes
of spores, by which the species is reproduced. It is possible,
however, that the contents of the single cell in the JEmpusa may
become subdivided into smaller reproductive particles after sepa-
ration from the parent plant ; and this supposition seems the more
probable as the single cell is of too large a size to admit of its
gaining access to the bodies of the flies, in the interior of which
(according to Dr. Conn's account in a late paper) the first sym-
ptoms of this disease are always to be noticed.

Linn. Jo-urn .Bot.t.II

T Carrie dd WErtxhlith .

"Vincent Brooks Imp.

OF PILOBOLUS. 167

There is one other fact which may be mentioned before I conclude,
viz. the occasional appearance in the interior of the vesicle of
small, pale yellow bodies, sometimes cylindrical, sometimes shaped
like a dumb-bell (fig. 10). It is probable, I think, that these are
young and imperfect spores which have escaped into the vesicle
through a small rupture in the septum between that and the
sporangium. "When the septum is accidentally broken through,
the whole mass of spores may be seen to rush into the vesicle, and
the fracture, if very slight, might permit the escape of these small
bodies, and at the same time not be sufficient to allow of the
passage of the fully-formed spores.

Postscript.— 1 was not aware, until after this paper was finished,
that the question of the specific difference between Pilololus
crystallinus and Pilooolus roridus has been lately discussed by
Bail. His observations are to be found in the ' Botanische
Zeitung,' 7th Sept. 1855.

Description of Plate II.

Fig. 1. The Filoholm in an early stage, before the formation of the head, slightly

magnified.
Fig. 2. The Pilobohts when it has assumed the pin-shape, slightly magnified.
Fig. 3. A perfect plant magnified about 20 diameters.

Fig. 4. The lower portion of a plant in which the swelling at the lower end of
the stem-cell is less oblique than in figs. 3 & 5.

Fig. 5. A perfect plant magnified 44 diameters, showing the adherent dew-drops.

Fig. 6. The root-cell and a portion of the stem-cell of another plant, magnified
44 diameters. „

Fig. 7. The upper portion of a plant magnified 60 diameters. This specimen
shows the peeling off, or imperfect development, of the veil, and the
band of orange-coloured matter at the junction of the stem and vesicle,
referred to in the text.

Fig. 8. A portion of the vesicle of a plant which has cast its sporangium, show-
ing the eversion of the septum.

Fig. 9. Spores magnified nearly 400 diameters. The one with a double outline
has been treated with alcohol.

Fig. 10. Cylindrical and dumb-bell-shaped bodies occasionally seen in the in-
terior of the vesicle.

168 PEOEESSOE, LINDLEY ON

A Note on Spiranthes gemmipara. By Professor Likdley,
F.E.S., F.L.S. &c.

[Read January 20th, 1857.]

With the permission of the Society, I venture to draw its atten-
tion to a point in Irish botany which has not yet been sufficiently
examined. In the year 1828 Sir Jame3 Smith published in his
* English Flora ' (iv. 36) an account of a Neottia gemmipara which
had been discovered in August 1810, near Cork, by Drummond,
and at the same time communicated to him by the Eev. Mr. Hincks.
Smith compared it to his Neottia spiralis, from which he distin-
guished it by the leaves being " lanceolate and as tall as the stalk.
Spike 3-ranked, twisted. Eracteas smooth."

Subsequently a figure, taken from the dried specimen in Smith's
Herbarium, was published in the ' Supplement to English Botany,'
t. 2786 ; and was afterwards copied by the younger Eeichenbach,
in 1851, into his elaborate ' Orchideae in Flora Grermanica recen-
sitse.' So early, however, as September 1840, 1 had examined the
specimen in the Smithian Herbarium, and referred it to the genus
Spiranthes (Gren. et Sp. Orch. p. 464), with the remark that it
so much resembled Spiranthes Momanzoffiana, a Unalaschka plant,
that I could scarcely doubt the identity of the two. Nevertheless,
Prof. Eeichenbach, misled by the only published figure, expressed
a doubt whether the plant even belonged to the genus Spiranthes
(Orch. in Fl. Germ. p. 154). This acute Orchidologist was not
aware that, so long before as 1844, it had been made the subject of
a special memoir laid by Mr. Babington before this Society, and
afterwards published in our Transactions (xix. p. 261 . t. 32) . Since
that time it has, I believe, remained unnoticed by all writers on
critical botany. A recent examination of the Neottian Orchids
of the Old World, the result of which is now before the Society
in another communication, has rendered it necessary to recon-
sider the relation which the Irish Spiranthes bears to other species,
and the conclusion at which I have arrived forms the subject of the
present note.

Of Spiranthes gemmipara I possess two authentic specimens, for
which I am indebted to the kindness of Lord Berehaven, the
present Earl of Bandon, on whose estate, near Castletown, the
species occurs. Both were gathered at the end of August 1843.
These correspond so nearly with the description given by Mr. Ba-
bington, that a redescription would be superfluous. The only cir-

SPIBANTHES GEMMIPABA. 169

cumstances to which it seems useful to advert are — 1, that the
adhesion of the sepals and petals is no greater than occurs in
S. autumnalis ; 2, that the sepaline hairs represented in Mr. Sow-
erby's figure are scarcely discoverable in the dried specimen ; 3,
that the face of the column is distinctly pilose below the stigma, as
Mr. Sowerby has shown it ; 4, that the lip has two distinct, rather
large, oblong calli within the base, which were overlooked by both
Mr. Babington and Mr. Sowerby. Other material points are, that
the foot of the column is unusually long, whence the breadth of
the base of the sepals and apex of the ovary is much greater than
usual, that the base of the lip is nearly twice as broad as the apex
above the contraction, and that the coherent sepals and petals
curve their points upwards in such a manner as to become secund,
while the point of the lip projects beyond them in front.

The first suggestion that is on record as to the relation of this
plant is that of Smith, who compares it with Sp. autumnalis (his
Neottia spiralis) , from which he separates it. The second is my own,
that it may be identical with Sp. Romanzoffiana. The third is that
of Mr. Babington, who refers it unhesitatingly to the Sp. cernua
of the United States, an old and well-known species.

Mr. Babington objects to its union with Sp. Romanzoffiana,
because it differs by "its much shorter bracts, its blunt linear
and equally broad sepals, and its longer spatulate lip." But if
Eeichenbach's figures are examined (and he evidently possessed
excellent materials), especially the left-hand figure of his t. 125,
and all the analysis, it will be seen that these distinctions are
unreal, with the exception of the short bracts. Better differences
are to be found in the hairy sepals of Sp. Romanzoffiana, and if I
mistake not, in the smaller calli placed far within the base of the
lip of that species.

From the proposal to identify the plant with Spiranthes cernua,
I am obliged wholly to dissent. The dispersion of terrestrial
Orchids is doubtless far greater than is generally supposed, and,
therefore, mere geographical probabilities cannot have much
weight ; at the same time we must require very strong proof that
a plant hitherto unknown, except in the south-east of Ireland, is
the same as a common North American species. Not only does it
seem to me that such proof is absent, but I hope to show that the
evidence lies all the other way. Sp. cernua has long naked stems
and a thin spike loaded with glandular hairs — Sp. gemmipara has
short leafy stems and a dense naked spike. Sp. cernua has the
ovary very narrow and much contracted below the sepals, as is

170 peoeessoe likdley's conteibutions to

usual in the genus — in Sp. gemmipara it is pear-shaped, and there
is scarcely a trace of a contraction, as Mr. Sowerby has very well
shown in his figure. In Sp. cernua the sepals and petals have
very little cohesion, are long and narrow, and the lateral sepals
are almost acute — in Sp. gemmipara, on the contrary, their co-
hesion is great, while the sepals are almost ovate and remarkably
blunt. Moreover, while in Sp. cernua the lip is not much broader
at the base than apex, has the basal calli on the very edge, and is
covered externally with coarse hairs, — Sp. gemmipara has the lip
nearly, if not quite, twice as broad at the base as apex, has the
calli distinctly intramarginal, and has no hairs externally, as far as
I can discover ; Mr. Babington, indeed, describes it as glandular
externally, a circumstance that escaped the observation of Mr.
Sowerby, and which might easily be overlooked by others, the
only glands I can make out being minute points just visible under
a half-inch simple lens.

I therefore think the identification of Sp. gemmipara with Sp.
cernua is to be regarded as a mistake, and that the former must
be admitted as a perfectly distinct species, peculiar, as far as is at
present known, to a small district in Ireland. In my view of the
affinities of the species, it is much nearer Sp. cestivalis than cernua,
although distinct from the former by its dense 3-rowed spike, leafy
stem scarcely longer than the radical leaves, short pyriform ovary,
and very broad base to the lip.

Contributions to the Orchidology of India. — No. 1.
By Professor Lindley, E.K.S., F.L.S. &c.

[Head January 20th, 1857.]

The materials out of which the following observations proceed are
principally derived from the highly important collections formed
by Drs. J. D. Hooker and Thomas Thomson, who, with rare libe-
rality, have placed everything they possess, bearing on the present
subject, at my disposal. But in addition to such resources, many
others must be mentioned, especially the Burma and Khasia and
Malacca plants sent me by the lamented Griffith, the Indian col-
lections in the Herbarium of the Museum of Natural History,
Paris, a fine set dried by Mr. Thomas Lobb while in the service
of our great nurserymen the .Messrs. Veitch, many Ceylon plants
from Mr. Thwaites, the late Col. Champion and others, Cuming's

THE ORCHIDOLOOY OF INDIA. 171

Philippine Collection, Chinese plants from Fortune, Champion,
and Vachell, authentic specimens from Wight and Achille Eichard,
and a pretty extensive series of Malay plants placed in my hands
by my friends Prof. De Yriese and the late venerable Prof. Rein-
wardt. To these should be added whatever the herbarium contains
of Dr. Stock's, whose loss we have so lately had to deplore, the
whole of Wallich's materials, and every thing that the great Hook-
erian Museum, or the Gardens of England have been able to
supply. In short, there is little that has not been entrusted to
me except the Malay plants of Horsfield in this country and those
of Blume from Java and other Dutch islands.

To deal with so large a mass of materials in a single communi-
cation would fatigue the Society, even if it did not render any
communication whatever altogether uncertain. I therefore propose
to take up different portions of the subject as time will permit.

To nothing, perhaps, more remarkable does an examination of
Indian Orchids lead, than to the unexpected fact that they show
certain species to have a most extensive geographical distribution.
Hitherto it has been believed that these plants are extremely local,
and such is probably the case with epiphytes, but it is quite the
reverse with terrestrial species, the range of some of which proves
to be as wide as that of the most ubiquitous species belonging to
other natural orders.

It has been long known that our Orchis latifolia wanders into
North-Western India, where it was found by Buchanan Hamilton,
Wallich, and Eoyle ; to this must now be added Western Thibet,
whence Dr. Thomson has brought it (Hb. 254). But this is no
solitary case.

Herminium MbnorcMs, in no respect whatever distinguishable
from its English state, is found in North- Western India, and pro-
bably also in Sylhet; while the Herminium unalasclikense* of
Chamisso, from the distant Aleutian Islands, is identical with the
Herm. congestum found on the Alps of Sikkim.

Gymnadenia cucullata, a plant of Eastern Europe and Siberia,
seems to be the same as a plant gathered by Dr. Hooker, in
Sikkim, at the elevation of 14,000 feet.

Goodyera repens is common in Sikkim at the height of 11,000-
12,000 feet; while Goodyera procera extends from Sikkim to
Hong Kong, by way of the Nilgherries, Ceylon, and Java.

In like manner Zeuxine sulcata is as much an inhabitant of

* This is by no means Platanthera Sehiffmareffiana, as Prof. Reichenbach
supposes.

172 PBOFESSOE LINDLEY's CONTRIBUTIONS TO

Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Ceylon, as it is of Indian plains
as far as Peshawur.

"What I believe to be Spiranthes autumnalis occurs in North-
Western India, and Sp. australis seems to grow everywhere from
Siberia, Peshawur, and North- Western India generally, the Sun-
derbunds, Nilgherries, Ceylon, and Java, to China, New Holland,
and New Zealand. What is more, I think that any one who has
examined a long suite of specimens will probably be right in
regarding this variable plant as nothing more than our own Sp.
cestivalis.

Similar facts are elicited by a critical examination of the genera
Epipactis and GepTialanthera. JE. veratrifolia, a remarkable Persian
species, was found at Peshawur by Major Yicary ; and there can
be no doubt that the common Indian species described under the
names of consimilis, macrostachya, herbacea and Dalhousiw, are
only so many states of the well-known European E. latifolia. It
is equally certain that my Cephalanthera acuminata, found all over
Northern India from Mussooree to Bootan, is identical with the
European Cephalanthera ensifolia.

Epipogium Gmelini was found in Sirmur by Dr. Thomson.

Lastly, what is most startling and unexpected, is the discovery
by Dr. Hooker, in Sikkim, of a species of the genus Tipularia,
hitherto known only in the United States of America. This plant,
although different in some respects from the American form, and
distinguished by Prof. Eeichenbach, Jun., is probably nothing
more than a form of the original Tipularia itself, which thus
appears at once in two points of the globe distant some 12,000
miles from each other.

Pacts of this nature are of the more interest, seeing that the
ordinary modes of dispersion by birds, by winds, by waves, by man,
would seem to be inoperative, or at least insufficient to explain
such very remarkable ranges.

In the following enumeration of species, I have not thought it
necessary to observe much order, the purpose of a catalogue being
equally well served whatever the sequence of the species.

I. Pholidota, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Oreh. p. 36.

1. P. imbricata, Lindl. I. c.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 3000-5000 feet j Khasia Mountains, at 2000-4000 feet,
J. D. H. $ T. T. (78)

2. P. rubra, Lindl. I. c.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 6000 feet, J. D. H. ; Khasia Mountains, at 4000 feet,
J. B. H. Sf T. T. (123)

THE ORCHIDOLOGY OF INDIA. 173

3. P. recurva, Lindl. I. c.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 5000 feet, J. D. S. (158)

Flowers dirty rose-colour.

4. P. articulata, Lindl. I c.

Khasia Mountains, at 2000-6000 feet, J. D. R. (79), Loll.

" Scarcely odorous. Lowest flowers on spike open first." —
J. D. H.

6. P. calceata (Rchb. fil. in Bonpl. Oct. 15, 1856) ; pseudobulbis e lata
basi angustissimis caespitosis monophyllis, foliis lanceolatis in petiolum
longum angustatis, spicis erectis capillaribus foliis longioribus, bracteis
dissitis ovatis subpersistentibus, sepalis oblongis obtusis ecarinatis, labello
apice bilobo lobis incurvis.

Khasia Mountains, J. D. S. Sf T. T. (122)

A small-flowered plant with convex, very blunt, wholly keelless

II. Otochilus, IAndl. Gen. et Sp. OrcJi. p. 35.

6. O. alba, Lindl. I. c.

Sikkim Himalaya, at 5000 feet, J. D. H. j Khasia Mountains, at 4000-6000
feet, J. D. K. Sf T. T. (81)

7. O. fusca, Lindl. I. c. ; Wallich, PI. As. Rar. i. t. 68 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3921.
Otochilus, Griff. Ic. t. 289.— O. latifolius, Notulce, p. 279 ; It. Not. p. 75.
Sikkim Himalaya, at 2000-6000 feet, J. L. H. SfT.T.-, Khasia Mountains

(82), Griffith ; Bootan, id.

This is readily known from the last by its nearly persistent
bracts and much narrower leaves.

8. O. porrecta, Lindl. I. c.

Tetrapeltis fragrans, Wall, in Lindl. Gen. et Sp. p. 212.

Otochilus, Griffith, Ic. t. 288 ; Bin. Notes, p. 75. — O. lancifolius, Notulce,

p. 278.
Dipodous genus, Griff. Ic. t. 329 ; Not. p. 406.
Khasia Mountains, J. D. H. Sf T. T., Lobb, Griffith ; Pilling in the Mishmee

Mountains, and towards the summit of Thumathaya, Griffith.

I give Grriflith's names as I find them in his published works ;
but it is hardly to be doubted that his editor has transposed them.
This species must have been what he meant to call O. latifolius.
It is also unquestionably the "dipodous genus," not Dipodium
from Dilling.

The name Tetrapeltis originated with "Wallich, who gave it to
a remarkable plant of uncertain origin, of which it was supposed
that a drawing only existed among his collections. It was said
by him to have a stigmatic gland common to a pair of narrow
caudicles, which bore four peltate hemispherical pollen-masses,

174 PROFESSOR LIND LEY'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO

whence the name. I had however described it three years before
as a probable species of Otochilus, the pollen-masses of which had
not been found. And such it really is, as Griffith determined,
without however knowing that it was a described plant. The
stigmatic gland described by Wallich, but not represented in his
drawing, has no existence, as Griffith's figure and description
show, and as I have verified. The species is, however, remarkable
for having two straps holding together the pollen-masses in pairs,
each strap having a perfectly well-defined outline ; of these only
rudiments occur in the two other species. They are analogous to
the narrower and more obscure threads which occur in Pholidota
articuhta, as I learn from Dr. Hooker's drawings.

III. Tiptjlaria, Nutt. Gen. Amer. ii. 195.

9. T. Josephi (Bchb.f. ined.) ; labello acuminata.
Sikkim, 10,000-12,000 feet, J. D. S. (351)

When Prof. Eeichenbach saw this in my herbarium he gave it
the above name, distinguishing it by its " having the lateral lobes
of the lip half ovate not acute, and by its shorter column." The
latter difference seems constant, the former cannot be relied on.
I, however, find that the lip of the Indian species is acuminate,
and the flowers smaller and darker coloured. The two plants are,
however, so much alike that I cannot avoid doubting their specific
distinctness.

IV. Epipactis, Camerarius.

10. E. veratrifolia, Boissier, Diagnoses, xiii. 11. — (E. consimilis, Wall. Cat.
7403, nee D. Don.)

Peshawur, Major Yicary, J. D. H. (324)

Identical with the plant found 'by Kotschy in the gorges of
Mount Elbruz, near Derbend. The plant intended by Don for
E. consimilis is E. latifolia.

11. E. Royleana, Lindl. in Boyle's Illustr. 368.

Eavine above Jungnam, Kunawur, T. Thomson ; a single specimen.
The bracts are short and broad, and the parts of the flower less
elongated than in 12. americana, which is very like this.

12. E. latifolia, Swartz, Act. Holm. 1800, p. 232.— (E. consimilis, Don, Prodr.
p. 28. — E. macrostachya, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7404. — E. herbacea, Lindl.
in Boyle's Illustr. 368.— E. Dalhousise, Wight, Ic. t. 1723.)

N.W. Himalaya, 6000-9000 feet, T. T. (323) ; W. Thibet, 7000-11,000 feet,
T. T. (322) ; Sikkim, 11,000 feet (323).

The Himalayan plant is more robust in growth than the Eu-

THE OBCHIDOLOGY OF INDIA. 175

ropean specimens, but is evidently the same. The plant found by
Dr. Thomson in Western Thibet has a thinner raceme, and a
smaller lip much compressed with a pair of large calli at the base
of the epichil ; the ovary, moreover, is perfectly smooth, as in
what has been called Epipactis Bhyllanthus, but I do not think, in
so variable a species, such characters have any distinctive value.
B. herbacea is not distinct from the B. viridiflora of European
botanists.

13. E. INTETJSA ; habitu E. latifolia valde attenuate folio unico parvo cuique
cauli, floribusque longe distantibus, hypochilio subtus intruso, epichilio
ovato apiculato trinervi ecalloso.

Sikkim, at 11,000 feet, J. D. S. (323 mixed with JE. latifolia).

This seems to be something more than an attenuated starved
state of B. latifolia, (with which it is mixed in Dr. Hooker's col-
lections,) on account of the hypochil being pushed upwards as it
were from below, so as to be convex in the inside, and the epichil
having no calli and no venules, but only three well-defined veins
ending in a little distinct point.

V. Cephalantheba, L. G. Richard.

14. C. ensifolia, L. C. Richard.

C. acuminata, I/indl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 412 ; Wight, Ic. 1. 1721.

Secunda Devee, near Mussooree ; Dadoo-ka-Taola, in Gurhwal ; HVW. Hima-
layas generally to the height of 5000-10,000 feet, J. D. S. Sr T. T. (321) ;
Bootan, near Panga, in oak and fir woods at 7500 feet, Griffith ; in pine
and oak woods under the mountain Yari-Ki-teibi, Jacquemont (651).

I am persuaded that the Indian Cephalantheras all belong to
one and the same species, that one being the common European
C. ensifolia. The specimens before me differ in the length and
breadth of their leaves and in the denseness of their inflorescence ;
perhaps, too, in the form of the epichilium, a point hard to deter-
mine when dried. The Bootan specimen is the smallest. It has
already been found in the country beyond Caucasus according
to Boichenbach fil. I have seen no specimen with the long leafy
bracts which Dr. Wight's artist has represented ; such a state is
only to be found occasionally associated with the lowest flower.

VI. Listeea, B. Brown.

15. L. pinetoeitm ; foliis cordato-subrotundis acutis, rachi flexuosd tomen-
tosa, bracteis adpressis ovarii longitudine, floribus subsessilibus, labello
maximo obovato bilobo, columna elongata. *

Sikkim, 10,000-11,000 feet, near Lachen in pine woods, J. D. H. (355)

Flowers pale green, the largest in the genus. Most like L. con-

176 PROFESSOR LINDLEY's CONTRIBUTIONS TO

vallarioides, from which it differs in the form of the leaves, the
sessile flowers, &c. L. JEscholtziana, of which L. Banksiana is a
synonym, differs in its smaller long-stalked flowers and in the
form of its leaves.

16. L. tenuis ; foliis ovatis acutis, caule capillari, bracteis parvis pedicellis
sequalibus, labello cuneato emarginato sepalis multd longiore.

Sikkim, 11,000-12,000 feet, J. D. H. (354)

A very slender plant. Lip apparently deep olive colour.

17. L. miceantha; foliis subrotundo-ovatis radicalibus, racemo tenui,
bracteis pedicellis filiformibus multd breyioribus, labello ovato cucullato
trilobo sepalis vix sequali, lobis lateralibus rotundatis intermedio acutissimo.

Sikkim, 10,000 feet, J. D. H. (353)

A very remarkable plant, with the lip concave, not convex, and
scarcely so long as the sepals ; at its base it is furnished with a
pair of auricles, while the sides of the acute middle lobe have each
a single minute sharp tooth.

VII. Neottia, Linn.

18. N. listeroides, Lindl. in T&oyWs Himal. p. 368.
N.W. Himalaya, at 8000 feet, 23 Thomson (356).

The specimens, like those brought home by Dr. Eoyle, appear
in two states, the one very much stouter than the other.

VIII. Epipooixjm, B. Br. (Gralera, Blume, Bijdr. i. 415. t. 3.
Podanthera, B. Wight, Ic. t. 1759. Ceratopsis, Lindl. Gen.
et Sp. Orch. p. 383.)

There is no doubt that all these genera are the same, and that
their supposed differences have been suggested by inexact obser-
vation, or insufficient comparison. Ceratopsis, founded on the
Limodorum rosetim of D. Don, was supposed by me to have cirrhi
on the column, such cirrhi being nothing more than the cartila-
ginous caudicles of its pollen-masses observed in an old and
withered flower. Bodanihera and Galera are not different from
each other even as species, and are merely Epipogiums with an
undivided lip bearing two hairy lines along the middle. The
following are the only species yet known.

19. E. Gmelini, L. C. Richard ; Mchb.f. Orch. Germ. 1. 116 ; Hooker, Bot.
Mag. t. 4821 ; labello auriculato ovato inttis pulverulento seriatim papilloso,
calcare inflate

Sirmur, N.W. Himalaya, at 8000 feet, T. Thomson (224). Two specimens
only seen.

THE 0BCHLD0L0GY OF INDIA. 177

Although this diners in some small particulars from the Eu-
ropean and Siberian plant, I cannot think the two specimens
found by Dr. Thomson to be anything more than a slight variety.
Their general aspect is quite the same as usual, but the lip is more
acute, and its auricles are much smaller, or even obsolete. It
would seem, however, from the stains still observable in the
dried specimens, that the characteristic blotches on the lip of
the European state are also present, and the magnitude of the
auricles of the latter, like the length of the sepals and petals, is
inconstant.

20. E. eosettm (Ceratopsis rosea, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 383) ; labello
indiviso acuto intra apicem pulvinato-glanduloso lineis 2 pubescentibus
decurrentibus continuis, calcare clavato integro.

Upper Nepal, Wallich, according to D. Don.

No specimens of this exist among any of the modern collections
that I have examined. That in my herbarium was sent by Wallich
to Rudge among the first of his Indian consignments. The flowers
are much smaller than in E. nutans, there is a large papillose con-
vexity just within the apex of the lip, and the spur is quite unlike
that of either of the two other species.

21. E. nutans (Gl-alera nutans, Illume, I. c. Podanthera pallida, Wight,
I. c.) ; labello indiviso acuto apice piano lineis 2 pubescentibus decur-
rentibus continuis, calcare oblongo emarginato.

Ceylon, Thwaites, Macrae ; Sikkim, in hot valleys, J. D. H. (348), Cathcart ;
Wynaud, Wight; Java, Blume.

There is no apparent difference among the specimens from these
places, all of which I have examined except that from Java. Dr.
Wight's artist has indeed represented three hairy lines upon the
lip of Podanthera pallida, but this is certainly an oversight, as I
have ascertained not only from excellent drawings by Dr. Hooker
and Mr. Thwaites, but from "Wight's own specimens. There
seems to be some difference in the colour of the plant, for Dr.
Hooker's figure represents it of a uniform pale straw colour, while
Cathcart and Macrae's draughtsmen have it whitish, with small
red speckles.

IX. Spikanthes, Richard.

22. S. autumnalis, Rich. Orch. JSurop. Annot. 37.
Sohonghat, May 1845, T. Thomson.

A couple of specimens gathered at this place are, I think, un-
questionably our European species.

LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY. N

178 peoeessoe lindlet's conteibtjtions to

23. S. australis, Lindl. in B. Reg. 823. (Sp. australis et densa, Wight, Ic.
t. 1724.— Spiranthes, Griffith, Notul. iii. 384. t. 348.— Sp. N. Zelandiae,
SooJcer, Fl. N. Zealand, i. 243.)

Upper Assam, Griffith ; Sunderbunds, id. ; Bootan, id. ; Nilgherries, Per-
rottet (864) ; Western India, Jacquemont (411) ; Peshawur, Major Vicary;
Java, Reinwardt ; Hong Kong, Champion ; China, Sowchow, Fortune ;
Chusan hills, id. ; Canara, Dalzell in hb. Stocks ; N.W. Himalaya,
6000-9000 feet, T. Thomson (326) ; Khasia, 4000-6000 feet, id., Lobb,
Griffith ; Sikkim, 6000-10,000 feet, J. D. H. (327).
In the long list of localities here given, there occur all the forms
of the species previously described {Gen. et Sp. Orch. 465) and
others, but they run into each other in so many directions, that
any attempt further to define the forms would be unsuccessful. The
most distinct of all is the Chinese plant, which I formerly called
pudica, and which seems to have invariably a smooth rachis and
ov^ry, while all the others are more or less downy. Fortune's
Sowchow plant is said to have yellow flowers, which I take to be
a mistake, there being nothing whatever in its structure to sepa-
rate it from the red-flowered S. pudica. One of the Java plants
in Reinwardt' s herbarium has the red flowers, in another they are
white, and it appears that in this respect, as well as in the size of
the flowers, the specimens vary from hill to hill. Griffith seems,
however, only to have seen the white sort.

24. S. Stylites ; foliis gramineis vix in caulem ascendentibus, caule elato
glabro 4-vaginato, spica laxa quaquayersa ovariisque tomentosis, floribus
glabris angustis elongatis, sepalorum marginibus rectiusculis, petalis
linearibus univeniis, labello oblongo canaliculato apice crispulo pubescente
basi calloso-sagittato, columna valde elongata rostello subulate

China, province of Che-Kiang, Fortune.

At first I took this for the 1ST. American Sp. cernua, some of the
states of which it much resembles, and with which it corresponds
in the sagittate lip ; but its flowers are narrower in proportion to
the breadth, and its column is so long that the attenuated point
of the rostellum reaches beyond the middle of the lip.

X. Heepysma, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 506.

25. H. longicaulis, lAndl. I. c.

E. Nepal, at 3000 feet, J. B. S. (340).

Flowers white, tinged with pink (CatJicart). The lip is some-
times rounded and nearly equally 3-lobed ; sometimes it is oblate
with a very small middle lobe.

XI. An^ctochiltts, Blume, Fl. Jav. prsef. vi.

26. A. elattjs ; foliis radicalibus 3-4 subrotundo-ovatis apiculatis subtus
purpurascentibus venis concoloribus, scapo gracili erecto pubescente vaginis

THE OBCHIDOLOGY OF INDIA. 179

tribus acuminatis patentibus, spica distantiflorll, labelli medio auriculati
fimbriis lamina bipartite integra longioribus, sacco conico acuta.
Ootacamund, in damp woods near Wallaghaut ; M'lvor, 59.
This seems to be quite distinct from A. setaceus in its long
slender stem, loose inflorescence, very long fringes to the lip,
which is distinctly auriculate near the middle, and in the want of
coloured veins on the leaves.

27. A. lanceolatus, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 499.

Khasia Hills, at 4000-5000 feet, J, B. H. Sf T. T. (330) ; Sikkim, 5000 feet,
J. B. S. (338) ; Mishmee Hills, lower ranges, Griffith.

The specimens from Khasia have the fringes on the lip much
shorter than in those from Sikkim and Assam, but I see nothing
else by which to separate them. The sac of the lip is very short
and almost hemispherical; the leaves are nearly as long as the flower
stem, and rather unequal-sided. Lip white with brown fringes.

28. A. ltjteus ; caule folioso, foliis ovatis acutis undulatis scapo 1-2-squa-
mato longioribus, spica coniea, labelli fimbriis setaceis lamina? lobis oblique
truncatis multo brevioribus, sacco hemispherico.

Sikkim, 5000 feet (341 in part), J. B. S., Cathcart.

Upper sepal and petals rufous, lower herbaceous ; lip bright
yellow with a crimson line along the centre. Anther crimson.
Two conical yellow processes in front of the yellow column. In-
odorous. The true structure of this very distinct species is shown
in Dr. Hooker's drawings.

29. A. GBANDEFLORUS ; caule folioso, foliis oblongis acutis unicoloribus scapo
longioribus, floribus glabris, sepalis variegatis, labelli fimbriis acuminatis
basi latis laminae lobis ovati3 brevioribus, sacco obtuso.

Sikkim, 4000-6000 feet, J. B. K. (329) ; Khasia, 4000 feet, id.

A much larger plant than any other, with flowers in long loose
spikes. Sepals spreading, green with rose-coloured veins; lip
white, with a tinge of pink ; anther crimson ; column yellow, with
a pair of conical processes in front. Inodorous.

30. A. setaceus, Illume, Bijdr. 1. 15 ; Bot. Reg. t. 2010. (Orchis picta, Herb.
Beinwardt.)

Java, Beinwardt.

31. A. brevilabris, Lindl. I. c,
Sikkim, Cathcart.

No specimen of this exists in the herbarium, but there is a
drawing in Mr. Cathcart's portfolio. The lip is white, with dirty
purple notches in the room of fringes, the number of which is
much greater than in the Assam plant, from which the species
was first described. The leaves have yellow veins, and much

n2

180 PROEESSOB, lindley's conteibutions to

resemble those of Ancectochilus setaceus. The short lip, with its
two broad obovate lobes, are very characteristic. The lateral
sepals spread at right angles, and are rosy at the point but green
at the bases.

32. A. (Myrmecbis) CEISPTTS ; foliis subrotundo-ovatis acutis crispulis con-
coloribus scapo brevioribus, spica pubente laxa, 5-flora, labelli mutici lobis
terminalibus semiovatis acutis serrulatis, sacco bemispbaerico.

Sikkim, Cathcart.

Of this no specimens exist in the herbarium. Mr. Cathcart's
artist represents it as a plant 6 or 7 inches high, with roundish 3-
ribbed leaves setting close to the stem, and shorter than the downy
scape, which has two distant acuminate scales. The flowers (five)
are distant, white, with no fringes on the unguis of the labellum,
whose terminal lobes are half-ovate, somewhat falcate, and serru-
late on the outer side. It is so very different from all others that
I do not hesitate to describe it from a drawing only.

XII. Physttrus, Rich. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. 501.

No species of this genus occurs among Dr. Hooker's collections.
The following are new : —

33. P. hirsutus (Goodyera hirsuta, Griffith, Ic. t. 347 ; Notul. iii. p.
On tbe Burmese frontier of Assam, Griffith.

I have seen no specimens. The leaves are said to be glaucous
beneath ; the scape or rather the spike tawny ; the bracts and
all the flowers more or less ferruginous, with a white lamina to
the lip.

34. P. vieidiploetjs (Neottia viridiflora, Blume, Bijdr. 408) ; caule debili
ascendente usque ad spicam folioso, foliis ovalibus acutis inaequilateris,
spica 6-8-flora, sepabs crassissime carinatis, labello lanceolato apice defiexo,
appendicibus calcaris filiformibus eapitatis.

Java, Lobb Sf De Vriese.

Four specimens occur in Sir "W. Hooker's herbarium. It is a
weak plant, not unlike Physurus dehilis ; the closed flowers and
excessively thick keels of the sepals are remarkable. Petals with
the inner edge straight, the outer straight near the point, half-
oblong next the base.

35. P. GLANDTJLOSTJS ; foliis rosulatis ovato-oblongis membranaceis scapo
erecto filiformi tomentoso supra medium vaginato multo brevioribus, spica
pauciflora corymbosa pilis glandulosis conspicuis tecta, labello lineari cana-

THE OEOHIDOLOGY OF INDIA.. 181

liculato apice parvo cochleari basi hemisphserico ventricoso juxta columnam
subitd in calcar conicum extenso.
Borneo, Lobb.

Flowers small, inconspicuous, furnished with hairs having broad
depressed glands.

36. P. Blumei, XAndL I. c. p. 504..
Ceylon, Thwaites (598).

Flowers pale brownish red, with the blade of the lip white.

XIII. Ehomboda.

Ovarium rectum. Sejpalum dor sale petalis agglutinatum, an-
ticum ; lateralia basi valde gibba. Labellum cucullatum, basi
ventricosum, 3-lobum, appendicibus 2 rhombeis intra scrotum
juxta basin. Columna brevis, alte cucullata, resupinata, rostello
obtuso, antice lineis 2 parallelis carnosis elevatis apice expan-
sis truncatis aucta.

37. E. longifolia.

Sikkim, unique, J. D. B. (335).

A great caulescent plant. Leaves 6-8 inches long, standing
twice as high as the scape, which has a pair of close-pressed
sheaths. Spike 6 inches long, very slightly downy. Bracts acu-
minate, shorter than the rostrate ovary. Flowers apparently dull
brownish red, smooth. Sepals subulate at the points ; petals un-
equally falcate, firmly glued to the upper sepal. The column
resembles a resupinate membranous goblet, within which lies the
acuminate anther. In front of the column grows a pair of con-
tiguous fleshy ridges which suddenly project into a strong ledge
at the base of the stigma.

This genus most nearly resembles BhampMdia, from which
however the very peculiar apparatus in front of the column and
the internal appendages of the lip distinguish it. The latter are
lozenge-shaped, flat, petaloidt and terminate two deep red simple
veins originating at the base of the column. They are extremely
like what occur in Dossinia lanceolata.

XIV. Rhamphidia, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 494. Groodyerse §.

38. B-. ovalifolia. (Goodyera ovalifolia, Wight, Ic. 1730.)
Sikkim, at 3000 feet, J. B. H. (337).

Near B. {Goodyera) elongata, from which it is distinguished by
its lip, 3-lobed at the point, and its truly ovate oblong leaves.
Wight's figure is much exaggerated and inconsistent with itself.

182 PROFESSOR LINDLEY'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO

39. R. rubens. (Cerochilus rubens, Gard. Chron., New Plants, no. 45.
Goodyera 4, Griff. Not. iii. p. 390.)

Naga Hills, Khasia j Griffith.

When I published this under the name of Cerochilus rubens,
I had forgotten my old section of Goodyera, which I had not seen
for fifteen years. It seems to me to be undoubtedly Griffith's 4th
Goodyera, which I hare from himself, although the flowers are
larger, as was to be expected in a cultivated plant.

40. R. tenuis; caule scapoque pubescentibus, scapi vaginis supremis aris-
tatis, spica longa tenui tomentosa, labello libero obtuso margine subrepando
extils piloso.

Philippines, Cuming.

Very like B. elongata, but the spike much more slender, the
flowers not more than half the size, the lip quite free, sparingly
covered with jointed hairs externally, and the calli of the lip
sample and incurved, not broken up into narrow membranes,

41. R. alsotepolia (Neottia alsinefolia, Herb. Beimoardt) ; debilis, caule
multifolio, foliis ovatis, spica 2-3-flora, bracteis membranaceis fimbriatis
ovario brevioribus, petalis sepalo antico solutis acuminatis obtusis recurvis,
labello apice transverso angusto bilobo.

Java, Lobb in Hb. Hooker, Reinwardt.

Stem weak, many-leaved at the very point, 2-3-flowered. Mowers
small, white, with odd sepal in front. Petals quite free, bluntly-
acuminate, recurved at the point. Lip ventricose, acuminate, end-
ing in a narrow transverse almost reniform point. The separation
of the petals and third sepal, in this species, is very remarkable.

42. R. geandiploea; caule dense folioso, foliis ovato-subrotundis acutis,
spica 2-3-flora sessili glabra, sepaHs petalisque obtusis acuminatis, labello
libero apice 2-dentato.

Java, Loll (192).

Apparently a trailing plant with stems 6 or 7 inches long,
closely covered with roundish ovate acute leaves. The flowers are
twice as large as in any other species and perfectly glabrous. The
lip is channelled and acuminate from a free ventricose base, with
two short tooth-like blunt lobes at the point.

XV. Goodyera, B. Brown.

43. Q-. secundiflora, Griffith, Not. iii. 393 ; Ic. t. 347 ; also Goodyera no. 6,

id. Not. iii. 392.
Khasia, 4000-6000 feet, J. B. H. Sf T. T. (342, 328). Woods in the province

of Che-Kiang, Fortune ; Surureem, in Assam, Griffith.

Elowers white, with a green dorsal sepal. Leaves green with

THE OECHIDOLOGY OF INDIA. 183

pale variegations. Usually from 4 to 10 inches high ; but there is
a specimen in the collection (328) nearly 18 inches high with
larger flowers. The Chinese plant has also rather larger flowers,
but is not taller than the common state.

44. G-. hispida; foliis rosulatis subsessilibus ovato-lanceolatis acutissimis
scapo 4-vaginato longioribus, spica spirali, alabastris subglobosis pilis
articulatis hispidis, sepalis apice crassis recurvis, labello cymbiformi acu-
minato canaliculato obtuso.

Khasia, 4000 feet, J. D. H. (2110).

A solitary specimen exists in the collection. Much resembles
G. repens, but the leaves are very much larger. Flowers " white,"
remarkably hispid with glandular articulated hairs.

45. G-. repens, R. JSrovm, I. c.

Sikkim, 11,000-12,000 feet, J. D. M. (349).

The specimens of this are taller and with larger flowers than
some of those of Europe and N. America ; the point of the lip is
also a little more drawn out ; but I find nothing distinct.

46. G-. marginata, I. c.

3ST.W. Himalaya, at 8000 feet, T. T. (346.)

This little species, like the following, is one of those which have
the sac of the lip destitute of hairs.

47. Or. eecueva ; foliis lanceolatis parum mutatis scapum vestientibus,
racemo denso secundo recurvo pubescente, sepalis abrupte acuminatis,
labelli lamina canaliculata oblonga sacco vacuo dupld longiore.

Kbasia, 5000-6000 feet, J. D. S. $ T. T. (345).

A very distinct plant with a dense recurved one-sided raceme,
and the scape clothed with leaves but little smaller than the others.
The leaves are also narrower than in G. tnarginata, and not at all
ovate.

48. Gt. procera, Hooker^ I. c. (Cionisaccus lanceolatus, Kuhl S{ Hasselt. Gt.
carnea, A. Richard, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2. xv. p. 80.)

Assam, Naga Hills, Griffith ; Sikkim, hot valleys, J. D. H. (291) ; Hong
Kong, Champion ; Ceylon, Macrae, Thwaites ; Java, Reinwardt j Nil-
gherries, Perrottet, no. 1107, in the Herb, of M. de Franqueville.

A common plant subject to a little diversity in the sharpness of
the sepals and petals, and in the degree of down upon the spike ; but
these states do not seem to require separate notice. An authentic
specimen of G. carnea, obligingly sent me through M. "Weddell, by
M. Graves from the collection of M. de Franqueville, shows that
plant to be merely a young state of this common species.

184 peoeessoe lindley's cofteibutions to

49. Gh rubicunda, Lindl. in Bot. Beg. 1839, Misc. 92 (iEtheria rubicunda,
Mchb.Jil. in Bowplandid).

Philippines, Cuming.

This is certainly a plant of the same genus as Goody era proceray
and no JEtheria, as Prof. Beichenbach supposes.

XVI. Geoechis, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 495.

50. GL cordata, I. c.

Khasia, at the height of 4000 feet, J. D. H. $ T. T. (344), Griffith.

51. Gk foliosa, I. c. (Groodyera, Griffith, Ic. t. 346. 1.)

Khasia, 3000-5000 feet, J. D. H. $ T. T. (339) ; Sikkim, 3000-5000 feet,
J. D. H. (331) i Burma, Griffith.

This seems to be a common species, and subject to some differ-
ences in the degree of hairiness of its flowers and in the length of
the bracts. The flowers are rose-coloured with a white lip and
petals.

52. G-. vittata ; foliis OTatis acutis carnosis subtus purpuras supra vittis
3 pallidis, spica subspirali, floribus ovarioque glaberrimis, labello elongato
canaliculato, petahs sepalo dorsah conformibus.

Sikkim, in hot valleys, J. D. H. (336).

Flowers much larger than in the last, with the pouch of the lip
projecting beyond the sepals. Sepals pink ; petals and lip white.

53. G-. CALVA ; foliis obliquis, spica oblonga omnind calva fohis parum Ion-
giore, bracteis linearibus acuminatis herbaceis floribus multd longioribus,
petahs obovatis.

Java, Lohb.

Much like some states of G. foliosa, especially in its unequal-
sided leaves ; in the length of the bracts it corresponds with the
Sikkim state of that plant. But its short spikes, perfectly smooth
ovary, and obovate petals induce me to separate it.

XVII. ^Etheeia, JEndlich. Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 490.

54. M. fusca, Lindl. I. c. p. 491.

Sikkim, 12,000-15,000 feet, J. D. H. (347).

55. M. mollis ; caule debili folioso, foliis ovatis acutis in vaginam fere ses-
silibus, scapo vagina subherbacea in medio spicaque tenui elongata mollibus,
sepalo dorsah lateralibus multd majore, petahs oblongis obtusis, labello
bilobo callis in ventre sigmoideis.

Khasia, 3000-4000 feet, J. D. H. $ T. T. (343) ; Burma, Griffith.

A slender plant a span high with small somewhat spiral soft
flowers, white and green. " Lip adnate (glued ?) to the margins
of column," J.D.H..

THE 0RCHID0L0GY OF INDIA. 185

56. .ZE. anomala (Goodyera no. 10, Griff. Notul. iii. 394).
Forest at Tingree in Assam, among Tea-trees, Griffith.

It appears that Mr. Griffith found only two specimens of this
remarkable plant, one of which is in my herbarium, from himself.
The materials at my command do not permit me to determine
with certainty the peculiar structure of its column and stigmatic
apparatus, but there is evidently something very unusual in it.
Griffith's words, restored to what he probably wrote, may be put
thus : — " Saccus (labelli) intus utrinque et basin versus, continet
processus cellulosos complanatos 2-3, apicibus crenato-repandis.
Columna nana, hinc utrinque dente membranaceo aucta; facies
antica centrum versus processum [habet] cellulosum cristiformem
basi, mediante labello, c. dentibus lateralibus continuum. Stigma
verum anticum inconspicuum, canali inter faciem anticam et
faciem processiferam, quae verosimiliter pars labelli. Stigma supra
in rostelli processus 2 subulatos productum ; facies postica, in
alabastro, integra membranacea, basi in gibberem quasi inflatum."
It appeared to me that the stigmatic surface consisted of a deep
hollow opening vertically, and forming two faces, one of which is
presented to the lip and the other to the anther. Possibly my
specimen may be the specimen in which what Griffith regarded as
a deformity occurred. It is much to be regretted that no other
traveller should have met with this curious plant.

57. M. coedata ; foliis cordato-lanceolatis, spica tenui pubescente, labello
basi subconico apice obtuse bidentato.

Banda, Reinwardt.

The long cordate thin leaves are remarkable. In habit the
plant resembles Monochilus flavus. The calli are thin, long, and
falcate.

XVIII. Dossinia, Morren in Ann. Gand, iv. 171, with a figure.

58. D. marmorata, Morren, I. c. (Cheirostylis marmorata, Lindl. in Van
Houtt. Fl. des Serres, 1848, t. 70.)

Khasia, at 4000 feet, J. JD. S. Sf T. T. (366).

The specimens in the herbarium of Hooker and Thomson prove
the inaccuracy of the Garden report, that this plant comes from
Java, where no one has found it growing. From the following it
differs in its hairy raceme, golden-veined roundish ovate leaves,
and long falcate toothed appendage of the column. The figure
in the ' M. des Serres' gives a good view of the general appearance
of the plant, but the details are inaccurate.

186 PROFESSOR LINDLEY'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO

69. D. lanceolata ; foliis lanceolatis acuminatis eosta supra alba, scapi
vaginis 4 laxiusculis quarum inferior foliacea, spica et bracteis acuminatis
pubescentibus, floribus distantibus ovariisque glabris, sepalis petalisque sub-
sequalibus acutis, petalis semioblongis acutis sep. dors, agglutinatis supra
cohunnam cucullatis, labello longe angustato tridentato intra ventrem
2-lamellato callis 2 carnosis circularibus dentatis, columnee appendicibus
2 membranaceis liberis bilobis.
Khasia, near Pomrang ; one specimen only seen, J. D. H.
About a foot high. Stem erect with three or four dark green
leaves near the middle, each with a broad white band along the
midrib ; the petioles rose-coloured. Spike cylindrical, 2 inches
long, of about fourteen distant rose-coloured flowers. The dorsal
sepal and broad petals firmly glued to it form a wide hood com-
pletely overlaying the column and hypochil.

XIX. Zetjxlne, Idndl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 485.

60. Z. sulcata, I. c. (Z. robusta, Wight, Ic. 1726. Z. brevifolia, id. Ic. 1725.
Z. emarginata, Lindl. I. c.)

Peshawur, Major Vicary ; Plains of N.W. India, T. T. (352) j Pladn& of
Behar, J. D. H. (id.) ; Ceylon, id. ; Hong Kong, Champion j Assam,
Griffith ; Chittagong, J. D. H. $T.T.} Philippines, Cuming*
This very common plant is evidently extremely variable, and I
think all the names above quoted certainly belong to it ; Z. emar-
ginata is a very small state. Z. robusta and brevifolia I cannot
at all distinguish.

61. Z. membranacea, I. c. (486). (Z. bracteata, Wight, Ic. 1724 bis.)
Assam, Bootan, Sunderbunds, Griffith.

A much taller plant than the last, with long grassy leaves and
a membranous lip.

62. Z. Tripleura. (Tripleura pallida, Lindl. I. c. p. 452.)
Hot valleys, Sikkim, J. D. H. (352).

Very like the last, but distinguished by its lateral petals being
linear and spreading at right angles to the lip, which is oblong,
concave, and abruptly terminated in an emarginate point. The
proposal of the genus Tripleura was a great oversight.

XX. Mokochilus, Wallich, in Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 486.

63. M. lengilabris, Idndl. I. c. (M. affinis, R. Wight, Ic. 1728.)
Ceylon, Thwaites, Champion-, The Ghats, Stocks (13).
No doubt can exist of the above figure in Wight's Icones be-
longing to this, and not to M. affinis, a smaller two-flowered plant

THE ORCHIDOLOGY OF INDIA. 187

with a tomentose calyx, and shorter broader lip with a few cre-
natures.

64. M. nervosus, I. c.

Hot valleys in Sikkim, J. D. B. (341) j Ceylon, id. (334).

65. M. flavus, I. c.

Ceylon, Thwaites (3120) ; Assam and Mergui, Griffith.

The lip seems to vary in the length of its lobes ; in Mr. Thwaites's
excellent sketches, in my possession, they are very short, broad,
and rounded ; in other cases they are deeply divided.

66. M. goodyeroides (Zeuxine goodyeroides, Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orch. p. 486).
Mishmee Hills, Griffith.

" Sepals brownish flesh-coloured. Petals white." IV. G.

Petals obovate, rather longer than the dorsal sepal. The habit
being that of Monochilus flavus, and the dorsal sepal not being
saccate, this requires to be removed from Zeuxine, in which I
first placed it.

67. M. GUXEATTTS ; foliis ovatis linea media pallida, scapo basi univaginato,
floribus glabris, petalis oblique obovatis sepalo dorsali adnatis et paul6
longioribus, labello breviore apice rotundato.

Mishmee Hills, Griffith.

Very like M. regius, but the leaves are broader, the flowers
smooth, the lateral sepals longer, the petals rounded and obovate,
not linear and acute, and the lip rounded, not 2-lobed. The sepals
are almost petaloid, and I have found no calli in the hollow of
the hypochil.

XXI. Cheieostylis, JBlvme, Bijdr. 413. t. 16.

68. C. flabellata, Wight, Ic. Vl2ft. (G-oodyera flabellata, A. Rich, m Ann.
des So. ser. 2. xv. p. 79. t. 12. Zeuxine moniliformis, Griffith, Notul. iii.
397. t. 350.)

Bootan, Griffith.

69. C. pakvifolia, Lindl. in Sot. Meg. 1839. Misc. no. 21 ; spica elongate,
labelli lamina" dentata sepalis vix longiore, stigmatis processubus acinaci-
formibus rostello sequalibus.

Ceylon, Thwaites (3071).

A slender plant, very like JEtheria flaw. An excellent drawing
and specimens from Mr. Thwaites show that it altogether agrees
with Cheirostylis in the connate sepals and stigmatic processes,
nor is it when young unlike Ch. flabellata, but the lip is wholly
dissimilar. The specific character originally given was framed
from a poor starved specimen; for that now described I am
indebted to Mr. Thwaites.

188 peofessoe lindlet's conteibutions to

70. C. pusilla, Lindl. I. c. p. 489.

Sikkim, 7000-8000 feet, J. B. S. ; Khasia, Griffith, 3000-4000 feet, J. B. H.
$ T. T. (325).

71. C. GtBIFfithii (Goodyera no. 9, Griff. Not. iii. 393) j foliis ovatis
acutis, scapi glabriusculi vaginis 2 laxis acuminatis, spica 1-3-flora, labello
basi subgibboso columnse faciei arete adnato inde in unguem linearem
producto apice dilatato multifido, columnse falcibus setaceis acutissimis..

Khasia, Lobb ; in the woods of Mamloo, Griffith.

Of this remarkable plant I have three specimens from Griffith,
and one gathered by Lobb. They are from 4 to 6 inches high,
with a few ovate thin leaves, a pubescent scape with two amplexi-
caul lanceolate sheaths, and a solitary bract of similar size and
form. The flowers are 1-2, or 3 in number, nearly smooth, barely
■J- an inch long, with the parts forming an almost cylindrical tube
4-5 lines long.

In the foregoing enumeration I have reserved what I wish to
say respecting the new genera which it contains till I could bring
into one general view those Neottian Orchids that constitute the
group of Phtsiteids.

Prom the analytical table given in the Gen. et Sp. Orcli. p. 443,.
there must be excluded PZ&mm?,Endl., ascertained to be a JPhreatia
by Professor Eeichenbach, junior ; TJlantJia, Hooker, which is a
Chlorcea ; and Galera, which belongs to Arethusece. The remainder
require rearrangement, which I propose to effect as follows.

The genera fall into three groups, of which one has a lip with a
distinct spur or pouch at the base ; another a mere swelling ; while
the third has neither the one nor the other, but is nearly flat next
the column.

In the first, or calcarate group, there is nothing to add or alter.
The second, or ventricose group, requires both correction and
addition.

Macodes has been described as having a twisted column and lip
like Hcemaria ; this was a mistake originating with Blume's artist.
An examination of a specimen collected by Junghuhn (no. 282),
for which I am indebted to my learned friend Prof. De Yriese,
shows that the column and lip are straight as usual, that the two
great "tubercles" at the foot of the column are a pair of hooked
processes analogous to what occur in Cheirostylis, Ancectochilus,
&c, that the rostellum is petaloid, and that the lip, which is dorsal,
bears at its base the two fleshy calli characteristic of JEiheria,
Cheirostylis, Spircmthes, &c.

THE OECHIDOLOGT OF INDIA. 189

From Cheirostylis must be separated Morren's Dossinia, on
account of its ventricose labellum, the double petaloid deflected
process of its style, and either a tubercle or a double vertical
plate situated at the base of the epichil.

From Goodyera three forms require to be distinguished. Firstly,
Achille Eichard's JPlatylepis, the Goodyera occulta of Du Petit
Thouars, the lip of which has a pair of calli within the base, and a
•long column, the stigmatic area of which is bordered by a mem-
brane ; for this, of which I have a second species from Tahiti, I
propose the name of Notiophrys*, that of Platylepis being now
admitted among Cyperacece. A second genus is the section of
Goodyera, which I formerly called Bharnphidia (Gren. et Sp. Orch.
p. 494), and at a later period Cerochilus, distinguished from Good-
yera by its dorsal lip with calli instead of hairs within, and from
Macodes and Mhornboda by the want of appendages on the column.
The last-mentioned genus is founded upon a most remarkable
plant, native of Sikkim, with a great saccate dorsal lip, a truncate
column having quite a funnel-shaped anther-bed, and a pair of
large, soft, tooth-like transverse processes in front, resembling in
form the mandibles of a coleopterous insect, added to which the
customary calli within the base of the lip are so large and thin as
almost to deserve the name of petaloid. Of the importance and
signification of these processes I hope to offer some explanation
on another occasion.

The last group, in which the base of the lip is flat, consists of
four certain genera, Chloidia, Zeuxine, Monockilus, and Cheiro-
stylis, to which may possibly be added Blume's Eucosia, a plant
which I have found nowhere, and of which the figure is perhaps
as inaccurate as that of Macodes.

In order to bring the differences among the genera of Physurids
into a more distinct view, the following analytical table has been
prepared.

* Sp. 1. N. occulta (Goodyera occulta, Thouars ; Platylepis goodyeroides,
A. Rich. ; iEtheria occulta, Lindl.) ; bracteis ventricosis floribus longioribus,
labello indiviso, sepalis pilosis. — Mauritius.

Sp, 2. N. Commelynce ; bracteis planis acutis ovarii longitudine, labello apice
3-lobo, sepalis glabris. — A foot and a half high. Leaves three, stalked,
oblong lanceolate acuminate, shorter than the scape, which has three close-
pressed sheaths and is downy under the spike. Spike itself and ovaries downy,
4 inches long. — Found once only in Tahiti by Bidwill (who at first took it for
& Commelyna), on a rock, in the bed of a stream, in the valley of Fataua, about
a, mile beyond the native camp.

190 ME. D. OLIVER, JUN. ON GLANDULAR APPENDAGES

OKCHIDACEtE, Neottie^, Physuridce.

A. Labellum calcaratum.
Columna labello sub apice bilamellato adnata Herpysma.

libera.

Petala columnar dorso adnata Baskervilla.

libera.

Columna antice tuberculis aucta An^ctochilus.

inappendiculata Physurtts. •

B. Labellum basi manifeste ventrieosum.

Columna torta Hjemaria.

-i recta, elongata, col. adn. Sep. et pet. reflexa Myoda.

, , libera. Sep. et pet. conniventia.

Labellum nudum. Stigma planum Notiophrys.

2-lamellatum. Stigma 2-labiatum Tropidia.

Columna nana.

Labellum posticum, galeatum.

Columna sub stigmate 2-tuberculata.

Stigma rostratum petaloideum Macodes.

truncatum Rhomboda.

Columna nuda Rhamphidia.

Labellum anticum.

Sep. dorsale basi galeatum Hylophila.

rectum.

Columna antice inappendiculata.

Labellum intus pilosum. Stigma planum G-oodyera.

. infundibulare G-eorchis.

callosum iETHERiA.

Columna processu duplici petaloideo deflexo sub stig-
mate aucta Dossinia.

C. Jjabellum basi planiusculum.

Columna elongata. Labellum 2-lamellatum Chloidia.

nana, sepalo dorsali basi galeato v. saccato Zeuxine.

, recto.

Labellum acuminatum, intus villosum EucosiA.

apice expansum.

Columna simplex Monochilus.

antice bifalcis Cheirostylis.

_.

Note respecting certain Glandular Appendages of the Leaves in
the Autumn Rosettes of Epilobium montanum. By Daniel
Oliver, Jun., Esq. F.L.S. "&c.

[Read December 2nd, 1856.]

[Abstract.]

Mr. Oliver notices the younger leaves of the autumnal radical

rosettes of JEpilobium montanum as exhibiting glandular append-

Or THE LEAVES OF EPILOBIUM MONTANTJM. 191

ages, which, so far as he has been able to ascertain, are unde-
scribed. They occur on the apices of the younger and nascent
leaves, and may be readily observed, assisted by a simple lens, by
removing the outer fleshy, alternately opposite pairs, until but
from two to four or five pairs remain around the punctum vege-
tationis.

The outer leaves provided with the * gland' present it as a
yellow-brown, or brown-black apical process, evidently evanescing
and about to fall away. These glands, which are somewhat ovate-
conical or oblong in form, are erecto-patent, or deflexed towards
the back of the leaves ; thus, when seen in profile or from above,
they radiate from the axis of the sprout. The external leaf-scales,
which, doubtless, in their early condition had been in like manner
furnished with these organs, do not exhibit any very perceptible
scar at the point of their former attachment. The ' glands'
appear to be in their matured and perfect condition on but the
very young leaves, the contents of the large cells composing
them assuming, more especially towards the base and middle
portion, a yellowish-brown colour, and at the same time becoming
more opake, and probably granular, as they remove from the
termination of the axis. The perfect 'gland' consists of nume-
rous, comparatively large cells, filled with a clear watery cell-sap,
becoming yellowish on the application of tincture of iodine. In
some cases perhaps they are almost pedicellate, though generally
they may be termed sessile, and resting upon the apex of the leaf.
They appear in almost the earliest stage of the nascent leaf, form-
ing, when the succeeding pair becomes visible, an appendage of
considerable relative size.

The minute buds in the axils of the cataphyllary leaves of these
rosettes are also furnished with these organs.

Mr. Oliver considers the function and purpose of these glands,
as in many and parallel cases in structural botany, to be enveloped
in obscurity. He suggests that it would be desirable that some
observer having at hand fresh specimens of allied JEpilobia and
other Onagracece producing 'rosettes' towards the cold season,
should take the pains to institute a more comparative exami-
nation of these structures, which possess, he thinks, considerable
interest.

Mr. Oliver's Note was accompanied by illustrative microscopical
drawings of the structures indicated.

192 DR. HICKS ON A NEW BRITISH SPECIES OF DRAPARNALDIA.

Description of a New British Species of Draparnaldia.
By J. B. Hicks, Esq., M.D., F.L.S.
[Eead November 18, 1856.]
I eottnd the following Draparnaldia two years since, and again
this year, in the bog-streams of the New Forest, Hampshire. I
have been nnable to find it described in any of the works which I
have obtained ; I have therefore named it Draparnaldia cruciata,
from the cruciate arrangement of its parts, and beg leave to sub-
mit a description as follows : —

Draparnaldia cruciata, Kicks.
Frond 3 to 4 inches long, light green, paler than Drop, plumosa or D. glo-
merata, haying a flocculent appearance in water ; when removed it is highly
mucous. Main filament — cells fasciated, very slightly inflated, 3-4 times
longer than wide, about 330th inch diameter. Hamuli proceeding from
main filament at right angles, mostly in whorls of four, cruciately ; the in-
tervals between the principal ramuli great, about every 50-60 cells of main
filament between them ; cells as wide as long, especially the younger, not
fasciated. Ultimate tufts springing in a cruciate manner from the ramuli ;
their branches springing nearly at right angles gives them an arborescent
appearance, bearing cilia of extreme tenuity and length. The tufts also
arise from the main filament at about every 5-10-20 cells distant. From
the base of the ramuli, and even from the smaller tufts, roots arise very
freely, which coil round the filament many times ; sometimes the end
diverges from it, and becomes a small tuft. These rooted ramuli be-
coming disengaged float away, and form another plant. The main fila-
ment and ramuli are invested with a most perceptible layer of mucus, about
6 diameters of the cell. This layer is less seen after the plant has been
kept for a day or two in a glass, when it will be found covered with the
spores that have been generated. The spores are not so large as those of
D. glomerata, being about -g^ th inch long diameter and g^o^h short
ditto, with cilia.

This species is found attached to sticks and stones in streamlets
issuing from some of the New Forest bogs. In its young state it
is of a very pale yellow-green, but when older it is rather greener.
It may be easily distinguished from Drop, glomerata, D. plumosa,
and D. tripartita, 1st, by the ramuli diverging at right angles ;
2ndly, by the cruciate arrangement throughout; 3rdly, by the
perceptible mucous sheath, thus drawing it closer to the genus
Chcetophora ; 4thly, by the excessive length of the cilia ; 5thly, by
the extraordinary length and frequency of the radicles ; 6thly, by
the more equal width of the main cells, as also their greater length ;
7thly, by the stiff and formal appearance of the larger tufts, so
unlike the thick flexible tufts of the other species. The long
interval between the ramuli gives the main filament a much more
naked appearance.

[Index

INDEX.

Achillea Millefolium, L 124

Achyranthes argentea, Lam. . 23, 26
Acianthus Sinelairii, Hook.f. 127, 128
Acrostichum falcatum, L. . . .156

paleaceum, Hook. Sf Grev. . 10

squamosum, Sw 10

Adansonia digitata, L 153

Adenocarpus foliolosus, DeC. . . 33

frankenioides, DeC. . 31, 32, 34

Adiantum Capillus- Veneris, L. 7, 11, 26

hispidulum, Sw 128

reniforme, L. . . . 7, 11, 15

^Etheria, JEndl 184, 190

anomala, Lindl 185

cordata, Lindl 185

flava, Lindl 187

fusca, Lindl. 184

mollis, Lindl 184

rubicunda, Rchh.f. . . . 183

Ageratum conyzoides, L. . . 4, 23

Mexicanum 140

Aizoon Canariense, L. . . . 24, 25
Alchemilla vulgaris, L. . . . '. 116
Alectoria Canariensis, Achar. . . 17
Allantodia axillaris, R. Br. ... 15

umbrosa, R. Br. . . 7, 12, 15

Allium cepa, L 136

Aloe vulgaris, L 28

Alopecurus alpinus, Smith 118, 123, 124
Amaryllis Belladonna, L. . . 6, 23
Ansectochilus, Blume . . 178, 188, 190

brevilabris, Lindl 179

— — elatus, Lindl 179

grandiflorus, Lindl. . . . 179

lanceolatus, Lindl 179

luteus, Lindl 179

setaceus, Lindl 179

(Myrmechis) crispus, Lindl. 180

Anagallis arvensis, L. var. ceerulea. 5

Anchusa Italica, L 5

Androsace Chamsejasme, Wulf. 122, 124

septentrionalis, L. . . 122, 124

Andryala pinnatifida, Sol. ... 26
Anemone parviflora, Mich. . . . 1 24

Kichardsoni, HooJc. . 120, 121

Angelica officinalis, L 117

Anguillula 165

fluviatilis 165 I

LINN. PEOC. — BOTANY.

Anisophyllum 79

grande, Benth 79

Anomatheca cruenta, Ker. . . . 136

Anona reticulata, L 2

Antennaria alpina, Gcertn. . 117, 124

Anthocleista, Afz 75, 100

macrophylla, Don .... 100

nobilis, Don 100

Vogelii, Planch 100

Antonia, Pohl 58, 90

Griffithii, Wight .... 90

ovata, Pohl 90

pilosa, Hook 90

pubescens, Bong 90

Apium graveolens, L 140

Arabis alpina, L 116

Arbutus alpina, L. ... 122, 124

Arenaria Rossii, R. Br 116

— rubella, Hook 116

rubra, L. ...... . 116

Argemone Mexicana, L. . . 27, 137
Armeria arctica, Wallr. . . 122, 124
Arnica angustifolia, Vahl . 122, 124
Artemisia argentea, Sol. . 25, 26, 27, 34

borealis, Pall 122

vulgaris, L 122

Arum maculatum, L 136

Arundo Donax, L 2

Ascarina lanceolata, Hook.f. 127, 129

lucida, Hook.f. 129

Aspergillus, Micheli 143

Asphodelus luteus, L 136

ramosus, L 26

Aspidium angulare, Sm. ... 6, 13

lobatum, Sm 13

Asplenium acutum, Bory 6, 12, 14, 20

Adiantum-nigrum, L. . 12, 116

anceps, Sol 6, 11, 14

Canariense, Willd. . . . 12, 15

difforme, R. Br. . . 126, 128

flaccidum, Forst 128

fui'catum, Thunb 15

lanceolatum, Huds. ... 12

lucidum, Forst 128

marinum, L 12

monanthemum, Sm. ... 11

obtusatum, Forst 128

palmatum, Lam. ... 11, 28

O

194

INDEX.

Page
Asplenium polyodon, Forst. . .128

productum, Lowe . . . . 12

Tricbomanes, L 14

Astartea, DeC, ,43

Aster Chinensis, L 139

pygmseus, Torr. Sf Gray . .124

Athyrium Filix-foemina, Itoth . 7, 12
Atriplex hortense, L. . 132, 133, 137
Aulacomnion palustre, Schto. . .119

turgidum, Schw 119

Avena sativa, L 135, 141

Azalea procumbens, L. . . . . 117
Babiana plicata, Ker. .... 136

Bartonia, Muhl 130

tenella, MuM 130

-i verna, Muhl 130

Bartramia fontana, Schw. . . .119

ithyphylla, Brid 119

rigida, Mont 16

stricta, Brid 16

Bartsia alpina, L. 117

Baskervilla 190

Beta vulgaris, L. . . . . 133, 137

Betula nana, L. 117

Bidens leucantba, Willd. . 4, 23, 127

Bignonia venusta, Ker 2

Borago officinalis, L 139

Borassus 2Etbiopum, Mart. . 152-5

flabelliformis, L. . . . 153-5

Borrera flavicans, Achar. ... 17

leucomela, Achar 17

Brassica oleracea, L. var. . 136, 137

Rapa, L. var 137

Brebmia, Harv 82, 108

spinosa, Harv 108

Briza maxima, L 26

minor, L. . 26

Bromus Madritensis, L 25

Bryum albicans, Wahl 119

bimum, Schr 119

calophyllum, B. Br. . . .119

cernuum, Br. Sf Sch. . . .119

crudum, Schr 119

Ludwigii, Sjpreng 119

nutans, Schr 119

pallens, Sw 119

pseudo-triquetrum, Hedio. . 119

Buddleia, Linn 67, 95

aromatica, Bemy .... 95

Colvillei, HooJc.fil 95

coriacea, Bemy 95

diversifolia, Vabl .... 108

elbptica, Mart. Sf Gal. . . 95

oltusifolia, Mart. & Gal. . . 95

jpseudoverticillata^ Mart. & Gal. 95

rondeleticeflora, Bentb. . . 108

Bulbine annua, Willd 136

Bulbocbsete, Ag 145,146

ci*assa 147

parasitica 147

Page

Bulbochsete setigera, Ag 147

Caesalpinia Sappan, L 2

Caladium nymphreifolium, Vent. . 3
Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv. 124

purpurascens, B. Br. . . .123

stricta, Beauv 123

Calendula arvensis, L. . . . . 5

Maderensis, DeC. . . . . 20

Calluna vulgaris, Salisb 32

Caltha arctica, L 120, 126

Calycotbrix, Labill 36

aurea, Lindl 48

brevifolia, Meisn 46

breviseta, Lindl 46

Drummondii, Meisn. ... 47

flavescens, Cunn. . . . 47, 48

glutinosa, Lindl 46

lasiantba, Meisn 46

Lescbenaultii 47

luteola, Schauer .... 47

puberula, Meisn 48

rosea, Meisn 46

strigosa, Cunn 46

tenella, Meisn 47

tenuifolia, Meisn. .... 46

tenuiramea, Turcz 46

tetragonopbylla, Meisn. . . 47

Campanula Hnifolia, A. DeC. 117, 122,

124

pentagonia, L 139

Canna Indica, L 136

Capsicum annuum, L 138

Cardamine digitata, Bichards. . . 120

Carex, L 141

compacta, B. Br 123

festiva, Dewey 118

fuliginosa, Sternb. Sf BLoppe . 123

hyperborea, Drejer . . .118

incurva, Lightf. . . . .123

rariflora, Smith 118

rigida, Gooden 123

scirpoidea, Mich 123

stans, Drejer .... 123, 124

ustulata, Wahl 123

vaginata, Tausch 123

Carissa grandis, Berter 98

Carlowitzia saboifolia, Mcench. . . 21
Cassia bicapsularis, L. ... 5, 23
Cassiopea tetragona, Don. 117, 122, 124

Castanea vesca, G&rtn 8

Castilleja pallida, Spreng. . 122, 124
Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. . . . 123
Cedronella triphylla, Benth. . 6, 21
Celastrus cassinoides, VHerit. . . 21

Cenia turbinata, Comm 140

Centaurea caleitrapa, L. . . 141, 142

Centaurella, Mich 130

Cepbalanthera acuminata, Lindl. . 172,

175
ensifolia, Bich. . . . 172, 175

INDEX.

195

Page
Cerastium alpinum, L. . . 116, 121

Ceratopsis rosea, Lindl 177

Cerocliilus, Lindl 189

rubens, Lindl. 182

Ceterach aureum ...... 26

officinarum, Willd. ... 12, 26

Cha;tophora, Schrank .... 192

Chamselauciese 35, 48

Chamselaucium affine, Meisn. . . 45

-^ ciliatum, Desf. . . . . . 45

Drummondii, Meisn. . . . 44

uncinatum, Sch. . . . . 45

virgatum, Fndl. ..... 45

Chamsemeles coriacea, Lindl. . 5, 20
Cheilanthes fragrans, Hook, . . 11

Maderensis, Lowe .... 11

pulchella, Bory , ; 14, 15, 28

Cheiranthus mutabilis, Viler it . 21
Cheirostylis, Blume . 187, 188, 190

flabellata, Wight 187

Griffithii, Lindl. .... 188

marmorata, Lindl 185

parvifolia, LindL .... 187

pusilla, LindL . . . . . 188

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L. . 23
Chilianthus, Burch. . . , . 67, 95
Chloidia, Lindl. .... 189,190

Chlorsea, Lindl 188

Chrysanthemum foeniculaceum . . 25

Chryseis crocea, Lindl 137

Chrysosplenium alternifolium, L. . 117,

J 121

Cichorium Endivia, L. . . . . 139
Cinchdium stygium, 3m. .... 119
Cineraria Tussilaginis, VH&rit. . 26
Cionisaccus lanceolatus, Kuhl Sf Hass.

183

Cistus ladaniferus, L. 19

Monspeliensis, L. .... 33

Cladonia rangiferina, Hoffm. . . 17
Clarckia pulchella, Pursh . . . HO
Clethra arborea, Sol. . . 9, 21, 22, 23

Coccus Cacti, L 3

Cochlearia anglica, DeC. . . 116, 121

Cocos nucifera, L 152

Colchicum autumnale, L. • • • 136
Colpodium latifolium, R. Br. . .118,

* 123, 124

Commelyna agraria, KtmUi . . 4, 23
Convolvulus Batatas, L. . . • • 3

tricolor, L. .... 132,139

Copaifera, L 150

Coprosma acutifolia, HooTc.f. 127, 128

Baueriana, Endl 128

petiolata, Rook.f. . 127, 128

Cordyceps, Fries 157

acicularis, Raven 158

armeniaca, Berk. Sf Curt. 157, 158

bicephala „ . 158

eiitomorrhiza, Fries . 157, 159

Cordj'ceps falcata, BerTc. . , . 157

gracilis 157

Gunnii, Berk 157

larvata 157

militaris, Fries 157

myrmecophila . . . 157,158

palustris, Berk. <fy Broome . 159

racemosa, Berk 159

Ravenelii, Berk. Sf Curt. 158, 159

Robertsii, Hook 157

Siftdairii, Berk. 157

sinensis, Berk. 157

sobolifera 157

spheeocephala 157

styiophora, Berk. Sf Broome . 158

Coriaria ruscifoha, L. 127

Cosmos luteus, Sims 140

Cotyledon Umbilicus, L 18

Crambe maritima, L. 137

Crithmwm maritimum, L. ... 27
Cucubalus bacciferus, L. . . . . 160

Cucumis MelOj L. 136

Cueurbita Melopepo, L. . . . . 136

Capania, L. . . 160

Cyathea medullaris, Sw. . . 127, 128
Cynodon Dactylon, Rich. ... 24

Cynometra, L 150

Cyrtophyllwm lanceolatum, A. DeC. 98
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh% . 7, 13, 29
Cytinus Hypocistis, L. .... 33
Cytisus nubigenus, Link . . 32, 34

proliferus, L. .... 28, 33

seoparius, DeC. 5

Datura arborea, L. .... 2, 4

Daucus carota, L 140

Davallia Canariensis, Sm. 7, 9, 10, 13,

15, 22, 26, 28

Deschampsia csespitosa, Beauv. . 123

Desfontainea, Ruiz Sr Fav. . . 70, 97

acutanyula, Dun. . ■ . . . 97

Biookeriy Dun 97

spinosa, Ruiz Sf Fav. ... 97

sjplendens, H. B. K. ... 97

Desmatodon obliquus, Bruch . . 119

Dianthus, L 160

prohfer, L. 26

Dicksonia Culcita, Sw. . . . 14, 15
Dicranum elongatum, Schl. . . . 119

strumiferum, Fhrh. . . .119

Disandra prostrata, L. fit* ... 20
Distichium capillaeeum, Bruch Sf

Schimp H9

Doodia caudata, R. Br 128

Dossinia, Morr. . . 185, 189, 190

lanceolata, Lindl. . . 181, 186

marmorata, Morr 185

Draba algida, Adams . . . 116, 121

alpina, Wahl .... 116, 121

glacialis, Adams . . . 116, 121

hirta, L 121

02

196

IM)EX.

Page

Draba incana, L 121, 124

micropetala, Hook 116

rupestris, R. Br. . . 116, 121

Dracaena Draco, L. ..... 27

Draparnalclia, Bory 192

cruciata, Hicks 192

glomerata, Bory .... 192

plumosa, Bory 192

tripartita 192

Dryas integrifolia, Vahl 116, 121, 124

octopetala, L. . . . 116, 124

Dupontia Fisheri, R. Br. 118, 123, 124

Duranta Ellisia, L 2

Echium fastuosum, Jacq. .' i 5, 20

giganteum, L 26

strictuin, L 26

violaceum, L 5, 26

Elymus arenarius, L. . . . 118, 123
Elyna spicata, Schrad. .... 123
Empetrum nigrum, L. . . 117, 124
Encalypta rhabdocarpa, Schw. . . 119

Epilobium alpinum, L 121

hirsutum, L 141, 142

latifolium, L. . . 116, 121, 124

montanum, L. . . . 190, 191

Epipactis conshnilis, Don . . . 172

, Wall 174

Dalhousise, Wight . . 172, 174

herbacea, Lindl. . 172, 174, 175

intrusa, Lindl 174

latifolia, Sw. . . 172, 174, 175

macrostachya, Lindl. . 172, 174

Royleana, Lindl 174

veratrifolia, Boiss. . . 172, 174

viridiflora, Rchb 175

Epipogium Grmelini, Mich. . 172, 176

nutans, Lindl 177

roseum, Lindl 177

Equisetum arvense, L. . . 118, 123

variegatum, L .118

Erica arborea, L. 9, 17, 19, 23, 29, 30,
31, 33, 34, 35

ciliaris, L 19

scoparia, L. 8, 9, 17, 22, 30, 32, 35

vagans, L , . 19

Erigeron compositum, Pursh . . 124

uniflorum, L . . 117, 121, 124

Eriophorum capitatum, Host. 118, 124

polystachyum, L. 118, 123, 124

vaginatum, L 123

Erodium malacoides, Willd. . . 24
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. . . 124

Perowskianum, Fisch. Sf Mey. 137

Erythrina Corallodendron, L. . . 2

Eucosia, Blume 189, 190

Euonymus Europseus, L. . . .135
Euphorbia Canariensis, L. 24, 25, 26,

27, 34

dendroides, L 25

— -— piscatoria, Sol. 21, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35

Eurotium herbariorum, Link . . 143

Eutoca viscida, Benth 139

Eutrema Edwardsii, R. Br. . . . 121

Fagonia Cretica, L 25

Fagrsea, Thunb 71, 97

auincularia, Jack .... 98

Berteriana, A. Gray ... 98

carnosa, Jack 97

coromandeliana, Wight . . 98

crassifolia, Blume .... 98

crassipes, Benth 99

elliptica, Roxb 100

fragrans, Roxb 100

globosa, Wall 98

Khasiana, Benth 99

Kimangu, Blume . . . .100

lanceolata, Blume .... 98

lanceolata, Wall 98

ligustrina, Blume .... 100

littoralis, Blume .... 98

malabarica, Blume .... 98

Malayana, Mart 100

minor, Blume 99

morindeefolia, Blume ... 99

obovata, Griff. 98

obovata, Wall 98

obovato-javana, Blume . . 98

peregrina, Blume .... 100

picrophlcea, Blume .... 100

plumerisefolia, A. DeC. . . 98

racemosa, Jack 99

speciosa, Blume 100

tetragona, Span 100

truncata, Blume .... 98

tubulosa, Blume .... 98

Tolubuis, Wall 99

Wallichiana, Benth. ... 98

zeylanica, Thunb 98

Faya fragifera, Webb Sf Berth. 17, 22,

30

Fedia graciliflora 139

olitoria, Vahl 139

Festuca brevifolia, R. Br. 118, 123, 124

rubra, L 118

Fissidens serrulatus, Brid. . . 15, 34
Frankenia ericifolia, Chr. Smith 22, 27
Frullania Tamarisci, N. ab E. . .120

Fuchsia coccinea, L 4, 8

Gsertnera, Lam 86, 111

acuminata, Benth 112

calycina, Boj Ill

Kcenigii, Wight 112

oxyphylla, Benth 112

paniculata, Benth 112

rosea, Thio Ill

thyrsiflora, Blume . . . .112

Walkeri, Wight Ill

G-alactites tomentosa, Mozneh. . . 5

Galera, Blume 188

nutans, Blume 177

INDEX.

197

Page
GaHnsoga trilobata, Cav. .... 139
Galium saccliaratum, All. ... 5

Gardneria, Wall 84, 109

angustifolia, Wall 109

nutans, Sieb. & Zucc. . . . 109

ovata, Wall 109

Wallichiana, Wight . . .109

Gelsemium, Juss 88, 90

elegans, Benth 90

nitidum, Mich 90

Genetyllis, DeC. 36, 48

citriodora, Fndl 49

fimbriata, Kipp 49

helichrysoides, Meisn. . . 37, 50

Hookeriana, Meisn. . . . 37, 51

macrostegia, Turcz. 36, 37, 50, 51

Meisneri, Kipp 49

oederioides, Turcz. . . . 37, 49

purpurea, Fndl 38

sanguinea, Meisn 38

speciosa, Meisn 36, 37

tulipifera, Hook. . . . 50, 51

virescens, Meisn 38

Geniostomum, Forst 68, 96

angusti folium, Boj. ... 96

cordifolium, Boj 96

crassifolium, Benth. ... 96

! Cumingianum, Benth. ... 97

fagrseoides, Benth 96

hcemospermum, Steud. ... 97

lanceolatum, Boj 96

lasiostemon, Blume ... 97

ligustrifoKum, Cunn. ... 97

micranthum, DeC. .... 97

montanum, Zoll. Sr Mor. . . 97

obovatum, Boj 96

ovatum, Boj. ...... 96

parviflorum, Boj 96

pedunculatum, Boj. ... 96

■ reticulatum, Blume .... 97

rupestre, Forst 97

Gentiana Andrewsii . . . . .130

crinita, Frbl. ...... 130

propinqua, Richards. . . .124

quinqueflora, Lam 129

Georchis, Lindl 184, 190

calva, Lindl ' . 184

cor data, Lindl 184

foliosa, Lindl 184

vittata, Lindl 184

Geranium anemonifolium, L'Herit. 21,

34
Geum coccineum, Smith .... 138

GiUa tricolor 139

Gleichenia furcata, Sw 156

Hermanni, R. Br 156

Globularia longifolia, Sol. . . 21, 26
Glyceria arctica, Hook. . . 118, 123
Glyphocarpus Webbii, Mont. . . 29
GnaphaHum luteo-album, L. 4, 24, 127

Page
. 117
. 117
. 140
. 140
5, 23
67,95
. 95
182, 189, 190

Br.

Gnaphalium supinum, L.

sylvaticum, L. . .

Godetia Lindleyana, Spach

rubicunda, Lindl. .

Gomphocarpus fruticosus, 1
Gomphostigma, Turcz. .

scoparioides, Turcz .

Goodyera, R. Br. . .

carnea, A. Rich 183

flabellata, A. Rich 187

hirsuta, Griff. 180

hispida, Lindl 183

marginata, Lindl 183

occulta, Thouars . . . .189

ovalifolia, Wight . . . .181

procera, Hook. . . . 171, 183

recurva, Lindl 183

repens, R. Br. ... 171, 183

rubicunda, Lindl 184

secundiflora, Griff. . . , . 182

Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. . . .119

Guibourtia, Benn 149, 150

copallifera, Benn. . . 150, 151

Gymnadenia cucullata, Rich. . . 171

Gymnogramme leptophylla, JDesv. 10,

26, 28, 29

Lowei, Hook 8, 10, 14

Hamiaria, Lindl 188, 190

Hedarome tulipiferum, Lindl. . . 50
Hedychium, Keen. ...... 2

Hedysarum boreale, Richards. 121, 124

M'Kenzii, Richards. . 121, 124

Helichrysum melanophthahnum, DeC.

20

obconicum, DeC. . . . 4, 20

Herminium congestum, Lindl., . .171

Monorchis, R. Br 171

unalaschkense, Cham. . . . 171

Herpysma, Lindl 178, 190

longicaulis, Lindl 178

Hesperis Hookeri, Led 121

Hibiscus Manihot, L. . . 133, 137
Hierochloe alpina, Roem. Sf Sch. . 118,

124

pauciflora, R. Br. . . 123, 124

Hippuris vulgaris, L 121

Holcus saccharatus, Ard. . . .136
llonckeneya peploides, Ehrh. 116, 121
Hordeum vulgare, L. . . 135, 141
Hydrophyllacea) .... 134, 139

Hylophila 190

Hymensea, L 150

Hymenophyllum demissum, Sw. . 128

Tunbridgense, Sw 13

unilaterale, Willd 14

Wilsoni, Hook 13, 14

Hypericum Canariense, L. ... 26

floribundum, Sol 21

foliosum, Sol 21

glandulosum, Sol 21

198

INDEX.

Page

Hypericum grandifolium, Choisy 6, 9,

22, 28, 29, 31

Hyphsene Thebaica, Gcertn. . . . 153

Hyprmm alopecurum, L. . . 16, 29

blandum, Lyell 29

chryseum, Schw 120

cirrhosum, Schw 120

cordifolium, Hedw 120

cupressiforme, L. . . . 29, 34

nlicinum, L. ...... 120

Illecebrum, L 16, 29

julaceum, Pill 120

pulchellum, Dicks 120

purum, L 15

rutabulum, L 120

salebrosum, Hoffm. . . . 120

splendens, Hedw 120

Sprucei, Bruch 120

stellatum, Schreb 120

strigosum, Hoffm 16

uncinatum, Hedw 120

Hypolepis tenuifolia, Bernh. . .128

Ignatia, Linn, fil 80,108

amara, Linn, fil 108

Ilex Canadensis, Webb $ Berth. 21, 29,

30, 31

Perado, Sol 21

platyphylla, Webb $r Berth. . 33

Iriartea ventricosa, Mart. . . .154

Isolepis nodosa, R. Br 128

Jasminum humile, L 26

Juncus biglumis, L 118

conglomerates, L 148

Jungermannia barbata, Schreb. . 120

concinnata, Light/. . . . . 120

trichophylla, L 120

Kigelia pinnata 153

Kleinia neriifolia, Haw. 25, 27, 34, 35
Labordea, Gaud. .... 82, 108

fagroidea, Gaud 108

Lactuca sativa, L 139

Lagenophora petiolata, Hook. fil. . 127
Lamarckia aurea, Moench. ... 24
Larbrea uliginosa, Hook. . . . 116

Lathyrus sativus, L 5

Laurus Canariensis, Willd. 8, 9, 21, 33

(Oreodaphne) fcetens, Sol. 9, 21

(Persea) Indica, L. 7, 9, 22, 29, 33

(Phoebe) Barbusana . . 9, 21

Lavandula abrotanoides, Lam. . . 25

pinnata, L 5, 21, 26

Stcechas, L 18

Leandra, Raddi 43

Ledum palustre, L. . . 117, 124
Lecidea geographica, Achar. . . 8
Leontodon Taraxacum, L. . . . 140
Lepidium sativum, L. . . 132, 136
Leptodon longisetus, Mont. . . 16, 30

Smithii, Brid 29

Leptopteris sumatrana, Blume . 90

Page
Leptotrichum flexicaule, Hampe . 119

Leskea sericea, Hedw 29

Leucanthemum arcticum, DeC. . 122

integrifolium, DeC. . . .122

Leucodon sciuroides, Schw. . . 16, 29

Morensis, Brid 16

Lhotskya genetylloides, F. Mull. . 36
Limnanthes Douglasii, B. Br. . . 137
Limnophila campanuloides, Benth. 92
Linum angustifolium, Huds. . . 26

perenne, L 121

trigynum, Roxb 2

usitatissimum, L. . . 133, 137

Listera Banksiana, Lindl. . . . 176

convallarioides, Nutt. . . . 176

Escholtziana, Lindl. . . . 176

micrantha, Lindl. . . . . , 176

pinetorum, Lindl 175

tenuis, Lindl 176

Lobelia anceps, Thunb 127

Logania, R. Br 66, 94

alpina, ¥. Mull 94

angustifolia, Sieb 94

bracteolata, N. ab 22. . . . 94

campanulata, R. Br. ... 94

capensis, Eckl 95

centaurium, N. ab E. . . . 94

cordifolia, Hook 94

depressa, Hook. fil. ... 94

fasciculata, R. Br 94

floribunda, R.Br 94

hispidula, N.abE.. . . . 94

hyssopoides^ N. ab E. . . . 94

linifolia, Schlecht 94

micrantha, Benth 94

paniculatai Kunth & Bouche 95

serpyllifolia, R. Br 94

Lomaria lanceolata, Spreng. . .128

procera, Spreng 128

Spicant, Desv. ... 6, 8, 10

Lophostemon, Schott 43

Lotus glaucus, Sol 5, 20

sessilifolius, DeC. . . . 25, 27

Lupinus luteus, L 138

perennis, L 121, 124

polyphyllus, Dougl. . 132, 138

Luzula campestris, Desv. . . . 118

hyperborea, R. Br 118

parviflora, Desv 118

spicata, Desv 118

Lychnis apetala, L. . , . 116, 121
Lycopodium annotinum, L. . . 118

Billardieri, Spreng. . . .128

denticulatum, L. . . 7, 15, 26

Selago, L 110, 124

suberectum, Loive . . . . 15

Lysimachia vulgaris, L. . . 141, 142
Macodes, Blume . . 188, 189, 190
Malope grandiflora, Hort. . . . 137
Marchantia polymorpha, L. . . . 120

INDEX.

199

Page

Matthiola annua, R. Br 137

Maderensis, Loioe ... 5, 20

Medicago orbicularis, Desv. . . 24, 25

minima, Desv 25

Medicia elegans, Gardn 90

Melanoselinum decipiens, Hoffm. . 21

Melianthus, L 160

Mertensia maritima, Roth . . . 124
Messerschmidtia fruticosa, L. . . 26
Metrosideros polymorpha, Gaudich.

126, 127
Micromeria varia, Benth. . 6, 21, 22
Mielichhoferia nitida, Hornseh. . 1 19
Mimosa sensitiva, L. . . . 134, 138

Mimulus moschatus 130

ringens, L 130

Mitrasacme, Labill 63, 91

alsinoides, jB. Br 93

ambigua, R. Br 91

canescens, R. Br 93

capillaris, Wall 92

chinensis, Griseb 92

cinerascens, R. Br 93

connate, R. Br 93

crgstallina, Griff. .... 92

diffusa, Benth 93

distylis, F. Mull 92

divergens, Hook. fil. ... 91

elate* R.Br 93

hirmta, Presl 93

— — indica, Wight 92

laevis, Benth 93

laricifolia, R. Br 92

Malaccensis, Wight ... 92

montana, HooJc.Jil. ... 93

multicauHs, R. Br 92

nuda, N. ab E. 91

nudicauks, Reimv 92

paludosa, R. Br 92

paradoxa, R. Br 91

perpusilla, Hook. fil. . . . 93

phascoides, R. Br 92

pilosa, Labill 93

polymorpha, R. Br. ... 93

prolifera, R.Br 93

pusilla, Dalz 92

pygmsea, R. Br 92

ramosa, R. Br 92

serpyllifolia, R. Br 93

Sieberi, DeC 93

squarrosa, R. Br 93

stellate, R. Br 93

trinervis, Span 92

Mitreola, Linn 62, 91

inconspicua, Zoll. & Mor. . . 91

Oldenlandioides, Wall. . . 91

paniculata, A. DeC. ... 91

paniculata, Wall 91

pedicellate, Benth 91

petiolata, Torr. % Or. ... 91

Mitreola sessilifolia, Torr
Mnium affine, Bland. . ,

hymenophylloides, Hiib

Modira- Caniram, Rheede
Monochilus, Wall. . . 186,

affinis, Wight . .

flavus, Wall. . . .

galeatus, Lindl. . .

goodyeroides, Lindl.

longilabris, Lindl. .

nervosus, Wall. . .

regius, Lindl. . .

Monolopia CaUfornica
Musschia aurea, DeC. . .

Myoda

Myoporum lsetum, Forst.
Myosotis sylvatica, Ehrh.
Myrica Faya, Sol. 17, 22, 29
Nardosmia corymbosa, Hook
Neckera crispa, Hedw.

curtipendula, Hedw.

pennata, Hedw

Or

Nemophila atomaria, Fiscli. 3f Meg. 139

discoidalis . . .

insignis, Benth. . .

maculate ....

Neottia alsinefolia, Reinw.

gemmipara, Sm.

Hsteroides, Lindl. .

spiralis, L. . . .

viridiflora, Blume .

Nephrodium affine, Lowe

decompositum, R. Br.

elongatum, Lowe

Filix-mas, L.

fcenisecii, Lowe .

molle, R. Br. . ,

Nicodemia, Ten. . .

diversifoHa, Ten.

rondeletiseflora, Benth.

Niphobolus rupestris, Spreng.
Nolana grandiflora, Lehm
Norrisia, Gardn. . .

malaccensis, Gardn

Nothochlsena lanuginosa,

Marantse, R. Br.

Notiophrys, Lindl.

Commelynse, Lindl.

occulta, Lindl. .

Notoceras Canadensis, R
Nuxia, Lam. . ...

emarginata, Sond.

pubescens, Sond.

tomentosa, Sond.

Obolaria virginica, L.
Ocotea bullata . . .
(Edogonium ....
Omalanthus nutans, Guill
Ophioglossum Lusitanicum, L* 14, 15
vulgatum, L . 14

11.

Br

Page
91
119
119
101
189, 190
186
185, 187
187
187
186
187
187
140
20
190
127
29
30, 31, 33
122
16
29
16,29

Br,

139

139

139

182

168

176

168, 169

180

7, 13, 14

128

13, 15, 28

. 14

13,14

. 13

83, 108

. 108

. 108

. 128

. 139

58,90

. 90

10, 11

26, 28

189, 190

189

189

24

95

95

95

95

129, 130

. . 22

145, 146

126, 127

200

INDEX.

Page
Oplismenus eemulus, 22. Br. 127, 128
Opuntia Tuna, DeC. . . . . 3, 26

Orchis latifolia, L 171

Osbeckia, L 43

Osmunda regalis, L 14, 15

Otanthera, Blume 43

Otochilus, IAndl 173

alba, IAndl 173

fusca, IAndl 173

lancifolius, Griff. .... 173

latifolius, Griff. 173

porrecta, IAndl 173

Oxalis corniculata, L 4, 24

speciosa, Jacq 4

Oxyria reniformis, Hook. 117, 123, 124
Oxytropis campestris, L. 116, 121, 124

— — deflexa, DeC. 124

nigrescens, Fisch 121

Uralensis, L. ... 121, 124

Pagamea, Aubl 85, 109

capitata, Benth 109

coriacea, Spruce . . . .110

guianensis, Aubl 110

hirsuta, Spruce Ill

macrophylla, Spruce . . .110

plicata, Spruce 109

sessiliflora, Spruce . . . .110

thyrsiflora, Spruce . . . .110

Panax arboreum, Forst 127

Pandanus odoratissimus, L. . . 2
Papaver nudicaule, L. . . 116, 120

somniferum, L. . . . 137, 143

Parmelia affinis 17

caperata, Achar 16

parietina, Achar 16

■ plumbea, Achar 16

Paronychia Canariensis, Juss. . . 27

Parrya arctica, R. Br 121

Pedicularis capitata, Adams 122, 124

hirsuta, L. . . . 117, 122, 124

Sudetica, Willd. . . 122, 124

Pelargonium capitatum, Sol. . . 4

Peltogyne, Vog 150

Penicihium, Grev 143

Pennisetum cenchroides, Mich. . . 23
Pentstemon heterandrum, Torr. Sf Gray

130

127

26

117

147

Peperomia Urvilleana, A. Rich.
Periploca laevigata, Vahl . ,
Peristylus albidus, IAndl. . .

Peziza, L.

Curreyana, Berk 149

Persoonii, Moug 148

tuberosa, Bull 149

Phaca aboriginorum, Richards. 121, 124

astragalina, DeC. . . 121, 124

Phagnalon saxatile, DeC. ... 18
Phalaris Canariensis, L. . . 132, 135

Phascolus vulgaris, L 138

Philonotis rigida, Brid 16 I

Page

Phippsia algida, R. Br 118

Phleurn alpinum, L 118

Phlox Drummondii, Hook. 132, 133, 139

Eichardsonii, Hook. . 122, 124

Phoenix dactylifera, L 27

Pholidota, Lindl 172

articulata, lindl. . . 173, 174

calceata, Rchb.f. .... 173

hnbricata, lindl 172

recurva, IAndl 173

rubra, Lindl 172

Phreatia, Lindl 188

Phyllis Nobla, L 21

Phyllodoce taxifolia, Don . . . 117
Phymatodes Billardieri, Fresl . .128

Physurus, Rich 180, 190

Blumei, Lindl 181

debilis, Lindl 180

glandulosus, Lindl. . . . 180

hirsutus, Lindl 180

viridiflorus, Lindl 180

Picridium Tingitanum, Desf. . . 24

Pileanthus, Labill 43

filifolms, Meisn 45

limacis, Labill 45

peduncularis, Fndl. ... 45

Pilobolus, Tode 162

crystallinus, Tode . . . 162-7

roridus, Bolt 162-7

Pinguicula vulgaris, L 124

Pinus Canariensis, Sweet. . . 6, 31
Piper latifolium, Forst. . . 126, 127

Pisum sativum, L 138

Plagiochila asplenioides, M. Sf N. . 120
Plantago amplexicaulis, Cav. . . 25

arborescens, Poir. .... 20

Coronopus, L 6, 18

Lagopus, L 25, 26

lanceolata, L 124

Maderensis, Decaisne . . 5, 20

Psyllium, L 26

Platanthera hyperborea, Lindl. . 117

Platylepis, A. Rich 189

Platypetalum purpurascens, R.Br. 116,

121
Pleuropogon Sabinii, R. Br. . .118

Plexaure, Fndl 188

Plocama pendula, Sol. 25, 26, 27, 34, 35

Poa angustata, R. Br 118

csesia, Smith .... 118, 124

, var. vivipara .... 118

laxa, Hanke . . 118, 123, 124

pratensis, L 118

Podanthera pallida, Wight . . . 177
Poinciana pulcherrima, L. . . . 2
Polemonium caruleum, L. • . • 122
Polycarpon tetraphyllum, L. ... 24
Polygonum viviparum, L. 117, 123, 124
Polypodium dichotomum, Forst. . 156
drepanum, Sol. .... 14, 15

INDEX.

201

Page
Polypodium frondosum, Sol. . 14, 15

vulgare, L. . . 7, 9, 10, 26, 28

Polyporus fomentarius, Fries . . 52

Polypremum, Linn 65, 94

procumbens, Linn 94

Schlechtendahli^Welip. . . 94

Polystichum aculeatum, Presl 6, 13, 34

aristatum, Presl . . . .128

falcinellum, Presl . 7, 13, 14, 15

Lonchitis, Presl . . . .118

Polytrichum formosiim, Hedw. . 120

juniperinum, Hedw. . 8, 16, 119

nanum, Hedw 8, 16

Portulaca oleracea, L 25

Potalia, Aubl 74, 100

amara, Aubl 100

resinifera, Mart 100

Potentilla biflora, Willd 124

crocea, Salisb. . . . 116, 121

fruticosa, L 124

nana, Lehm 121

nivea, L 116

pulchella, M.Br 116

Pottia Heimii, Furnr 119

Preissia commutata, Nees ab F. . 120
Primula Hornemanniana, Lehm. . 122,

124
Psilotum triquetrum, Sw. . . . 128

Psoralea bituminosa, L 18

Psychotria oxyphylla, Wall. . . 112

Pteris aquilina, L 11, 30

var. esculenta, HooTc.f. 128

arguta, Vahl . . 7, 11, 15, 29

caudata, L 14

comans, Forst 128

esculenta, Forst. ..... 156

faloata, B. Br. . . . 127, 128

longifolia, L 14, 28

tremula, B. Br 128

Pterogonium gracile, Schw. ... 29
Ptilidium ciliare, Nees ab F. . . 120
Pyrethrum inodorum, Smith . . 124

Pyrola rotundifolia, L 117

Racomitrium lanuginosum, Brid. . 119
Ramalina scopulorum, Achar. . . 17
Ranunculus affinis, B. Br. . . . 120

cortussefolius, Willd. ... 22

var 26

grandifolius, Lowe . ... 22

hyperboreus, Bottb. . . . 124

nivalis, L 116,120

Purshii /3, Richards. . . . 124

Teneriffse, Pers 26

Raphanus sativus, L 137

Rhamnus glandulosa, Sol. ... 21
Rhamphidia, Lindl. . . 181, 189, 190

alsinefolia, Lindl 182

elongata, Lindl. . . . 181, 182

grandiflora, Lindl 182

ovalifolia, Lindl 181

LINN. PROC. — BOTANY.

Page
Rhamphidia rubens, Lindl. . . . 182

tenuis, Lindl 182

Rheum Rhaponticum, L. . 133, 137
Rhododendron Lapponicum, Wahl. 124
Rhomboda, Lindl. . . . 181, 189, 190

longifolia, Lindl 181

Ricinus communis, L. ... 28, 136
Rouhamon Curare, A. DeC. . . 108

guianense, Aubl 106

pedunculatum, A. DeC. . . 108

Rubia fruticosa, Sol 26

Rubus fruticosus, L 8

Rumex Lunaria, L 28

Ruscus androgynus, L 22

Ruta angustifolia, Pers 18

Salicornia, L. 141

Salix arctica, R. Br. . . . 117,124

desertorum, Richards. . .123

glauca, L. . . . . . . . 124

myrsinites, L. . . . . .123

myrtilloides, L 123

polaris, Wahl. . . . 117,123

reticulata, L 123, 124

Richardsonii, Hook. . 123, 124

speciosa, HooJc 123

Salvia clandestina, L 18

pseudo-coccinea, Jacq. . . 4

Saponaria officinalis, L. . . 159-161

Sarcomitrium pingue, L 120

Satureja hortensis, L 139

Saxifraga aizoides, L. ... 21, 138

Aizoon, L 117

csespitosa, L. . . 117, 122, 124

cernua, L. . . . 117, 122, 124

flagellaris, Willd. . . 117, 121

hieraciifolia, Kit 122

Hirculus,i. . . 110,121,124

hirta, Raiv 117

incurvifolia, Don .... 138

Maderensis, Don .... 20

nivalis, L. . . . 117, 122, 124

oppositifolia, L. . 117,122,124

rivularis, L 117, 124

var. hyperborea . . . 117

tricuspidata, Retz. 117, 122, 124

Scsevola gracilis, SooJc.f. . 127, 129
Schistidium ciliatum, Brid. ... 30
Sclerotium roseum, Kneiff. . . 147-9

sulcatum, Desm 149

Scolopendrium vulgare, Sm. . 12, 14
Sempervivum glutinosum, Sol. 18, 20

tabulseforme, Haw. . 17, 20, 23

Senebiera didyma, DeC. . . . . 24

Seneeio aureus, L 122

crassifolius, var. j3, DeC. . . 20

frigidus, Less. ..... 122

inerassatus, Lowe .... 20

palustris, L 122, 124

Tussilaginis, DeC. . . . . 28

Setaria verticillata, L 5

P

202

INDEX.

Page
Sibthorpia peregrina, L. . . . 6, 20

Sicyos angulatus, L 127

Sida rhombifolia, L. . . . . . 23

Sideritis Massoniana, Benth. . . 20

Sieversia Eossii, R. Br 124

Silene, L 160

acaulis, L 116, 121

cerastoides, L 160

Gallica, L 26

Sinapidendron frutescens, Lowe . 20
Sinapis nigra, L. . . . 132, 133, 137
Sisyrinchium iridifolium, Humb. . 136
Solarium lycopersicum, L. . . . 139

melongena, L 139

pseudo-capsicum, L. ... 23

tuberosum, L 139

Vespertilio, Sol 28

Sonchus ustulatus, Lowe .... 20
Spartium nubigenum, Sol. ... 32

Sphseria, L 157

Sphserophoron -.17

Spigelia, Linn. 62, 90

Coulteriana, Benth. ... 90

gracilis, DeC 90

longiflora, Mart. <Sf Gal. . . 90

multispicata, Steud. ... 90

nervosa, Steud 90

pauciflora, Mart. & Gal. . . 90

Schomburghiana, Benth. . . 90

Spinacia oleracea, L. . . . 133, 137

Spiranthes, Rich 188

sestivalis, Rich. . 168, 170, 172

australis, Lindl. . . 172, 177

autumnalis, Rich. 169, 172, 177

cernua, Rich. . . 169, 170, 178

densa, Wight 177

gemmipara, Lindl. . . 168, 170

N. Zelandise, SooTc.f. . . .177

Eomanzoffiana 169

stylites, Lindl 178

Splachnum Wormskioldii, Eornsch. 119

Statice, L 141

pectinata, Sol .27

Stellaria glauca, L 116

longipes, Goldie . . . 116, 121

Stereocaulon paschale, Achar. . . 17

Sticta aurata, Achar 16

dameecornis, Achar. ... 16

macrophylla 16

Strychnos, Linn 75, 100

acuminata, "Wall 103

angustiflora, Benth. . . . 101

— — axillaris, Colebr 101

bicirrhosa, Lescb 101

brachiata, Ruiz Sf Pav. . . 105

brasiliensis, Mart. . . . . 107

brevifiora, DeC 107

brevifolia, Spruce .... 106

Castelnai, Wedd 108

cogens, Schomb 105

Strychnos colubrina, Linn

colubrina, Wall. .

Curare, H. B. K.

Darienensis, Seem.

divaricata, DeC. .

dysophylla, Benth.

formosa, Blume

Gardneri, A. DeC.

Gomeziana, Casar.

granUis, Wall.

hirsuta, Spruce .

Ignatia, Juss.

innocua, Delile .

lanceolata, Spruce

laurina, Wall. \

ligustrina, Blume

Lokua, A. Rich. .

lucida, R. Br.

malaccensis, Benth

marginata, Benth.

minor, Blume

Mitscherlichii, Schomb

multiflora, Benth.

nux- vomica, Linn

oblongifolia, Hochst

ovalifblia, Wall.

Panamensis, Seem.

paniculata, Champ.

parviflora, Spruce

pedunculata, Benth

potatorum, Linn. fil.

pseudochina, A. de St.

• rondeletioides, Spruce

Rouhamon, Benth. .

rubiginosa, DeC.

scandens, Schum. .

smilacina, Benth. .

subcordata, Spruce .

Tieute, Blume . .

tomentosa, Benth. .

toxifera, Schomb.

triplinervia, Mart. .

Unguacha, A. Rich.

Wallichiana, Steud.

Syhesia Koenigii, Am.

thyrsiflora, Arn.

Taraxacum dens-leonis, Desf.

Tetrapeltis fragrans, Wall,
Teucrium Betonicum, L'Serit.

heterophyllum, L'SeHt.

Thalictrum alpinum, L. .
Thea Chinensis, Sims . .
Timmia Austriaca, Hedio.

Megapobtana, Hedw

Tipularia discolor, Nutt. .

Josephi, Reichenb.f.

Tolpis fruticosa, DeC.

macrorhiza, DeC. .

pectinata, DeC. . .

mi

Page
. 101
. 101
. 108
. 105
. 106
. 103
. 108
. 105
. 104
79, 108
. 106
. 108
. 108
. 105
. 102
. 103
. 103
. 103
. 101
. 107
. 100
. 106
. 102
. 103
. 108
. 103
. 108
102
107
105
103
104
104
106
107
108
105
106
103
104
104
104
103
102
112
112
117,122,
124
173
20
21
116
7
119
119
172
172, 174
20

2<>

INDEX.

203

Page
Tortula leucostoma, B. Br. : . .119

ruralis, Hedw 119

Trackylobium, Hayne .... 150
Trichomanes radicans, v. speciosum,

Hooker 13, 14

speciosum, Willd. . . 13, 14, 34

Trichonema pudicum, Ker . . .136
Trichostomum polyphyllum, Turn. 16

rigidulum, Sm. . . . . . 119

Trifolium glomeratum, L. ... 26

incarnatum, L. . . . 132, 138

stellatum, L . 26

tomentosum, L 26

Tripleura pallida, Lindl 186

Trisetum subspicatum , Beam. 1 1 8, 1 24
Triticum hybernum, L. . . 134, 135

repens, L 123, 124

Tropaeolum majus, L 137

Tropidia, Lindl. ...... 190

Tussilago farfara, L. . 132, 133, 140

Ulantha, Hook 188

Ulex europseus, L 138

Uropetalum serotinum, Ker . . 136

Urvillsea, Gaudich 160

Usnea articulata, Hoffm 17

barbata, Hoffm 17

listeria, Willd 58,90

guineensis, Willd 90

Vaccinium Maderense, DeC. . 21,32

Myrtillus, L 17

padifolium, Sm. 9, 13, 17,21,22,35

uliginosum, L. . 117, 122, 124

Vaucheria 146

Veronica alpina, L 117

parviflora, Vahl 127

Verticordia, DeC. 36

Verticordia callitricha, Meisn. . 39, 44

cbrysostachys, Meisn. . 41, 43, 44

compta, Endl 40

densiflora, IAndl. .... 39

Drummondii, Meisn. . . 43, 44

fimbripetala, Turcz. ... 39

grandiflora, Endl. . . .39, 43

grandis, Drtimm. . . 42, 43, 44

heliantha, Lindl 39

Hugelii, Endl 40

insignis, JEndl 40, 44

Lehmanni, Schauer . . .40

Lindleyi, Meisn 43

nobilis, Meisn. . . .39, 43, 44

oculata, Meisn. ... 40, 41, 44

ovalifolia, Meisn. . . . 40, 44

pennigera, Meisn 43

steUuHgera, Meisn 38

Vesicaria arctica, Richards. . . .121
Viburnum rugosum, Pers. . , 29, 33

Vicia Faba, L. var 137

Vinca major, L 6

Viola Maderensis, Lowe .... 6

odorata, L 6

Woodwardia radicans, Sto. . 7, 10, 34

Zea Mays, L 136

Zeuxine, Lindl 189, 190

bracteata, Wight .... 186

brevifolia, Lindl 186

emarginata, Lindl 186

goodyeroides, Lindl. . . . 187

membranacea, Lindl. . . . 186

robusta, Wight 186

sulcata, Lindl. . . . 171, 186

Tripleura, Lindl 186

Zygodon Lapponicus, Bruch <Sf Sch. 119

EEEATUM.
At p. 129, 1. 16, for Asimina read Ascaeina.

Printed by Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.