Uv 3 Wey 1" ! gs ¥ wr 1 jy") 1, vi aN Id je Mi We i) Boy We i : “\ vin NY" ‘is Me NWA co Me yh WAIN uv ie Y Cue ev eye WS, ~ W WOON TOS FON hy ' voy hed iS 8 Cl ME CAMEO Ad ONY N eer —y, [NC 74 pace) Oi CS Fetch i : BUY ya yy WNW! eM dude WY yey viny veel gh OULU Bi wil iW ia “iN Wsicccly FACS vit Nan aca WM wii y We Vie Mnf lay ¥ yn YViy “yy alien”, VO MM ey vA vvivoyt Kai a Ni Ws) io he “Vyy 9 Wwe cose y ou eta We y WU ¥ Y p i: fa | Mii. Wis b, We acs i a AV, \ Aas, A) 4 wd NY . eevee. uN We YY YY s v ’ ° UNS ¥ ae = a) ‘ AO il a Sh ee wee vw iy y ae PN ee ma — . . THE JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. SECOND SERIES, VOLUME THE FOURTH. PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE, LIBRARY NEW YORK poTANIcAL GARDEN EO ND ON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1868." ~ 6Q33 vol y nd Senieg THESE EXPERIMENTS, IT IS TRUE, ARE NOT EASY}; STILL THEY ARE IN THE POWER OF EVERY THINKING HUSBANDMAN, HE WHO ACCOMPLISHES BUT ONE, OF HOWEVER LIMITED APPLICATION, AND TAKES CARE TO REPORT IT FAITHFULLY, ADVANCES THE SCIENCE, AND, CONSEQUENTLY, THE PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURE, AND ACQUIRES THEREBY A RIGHT TO THE GRATITUDE OF HIS FELLOWS, AND OFTHOSE WHO COME AFTER. TO MAKE MANY SUCH IS BEYOND THE POWER OF MOST INDIVIDUALS, AND CANNOT BE EXPECTED, THE FIRST CARE OF ALL SOCIETIES FORMED FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF OUR SCIENCE SHOULD BE TO PREPARE THE FORMS OF SUCH EXPERIMENTS, AND TO DISTRIBUTE THE EXECUTION OF THESE AMONG THEIR MEMBERS, Von THAER, Principles of Agriculture. LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS. MAR 17 1915 LIBRARY NEW voORK CONTENTS OF VOL. IV. GARDE® Srconp SERIES. | STATISTIOS :-—- PAGE Vital Statistics for the year 1867. ve I Meteorology for the six months ending December 31, 1867 50 11 Imports of Corn, &e. . io. VIL, Vir British Wheat sold, and Average Prices. " Pauperism dl ews. Ye, Xx the Bury St. Edmund’s Meeting, 1867... .. vs Vital Statistics for the six months ending June 80, 1868 xI Meteorology for the six months ending June 30, 1868 . a xu Importations of Grain. * ws XIX Sales of British Wheat—Prices of Corn, &e, 100 Whale) ow XXI Pauperism .. .. : -omegniod eds” 5.) - XXVIII ARTICLE PAGE I.—Farming of Westmorland. By Crayston Mate Land Agent and Surveyor, Kendal. Prize Essay it II.—On the Temperature of the Sea, and its Influence on the Climate and Agriculture of the British Isles. By Nicholas Whitley, F.M. Se Fs, 5 Nts ea Wo MBS) Ii.—Town Milk. By John Chalmers Morton jn sn see) +» 69 IV.—Ploughing-in Green Crops. By Peter Love .. «. + «- 99 V.—Ploughing-in Green Crops. By G.Muwray .. .. 103 VI.—Ploughing-in Green Crops. By W. EB. Wright .. .. .. 107 VII.—The Food of the People. By Harry Chester. «. «= «+ 109 VUI.—On Land Drainage and Improvement by Loans from Govern- ment or Public Companies. By J. Bailey Denton, Mem. Inst. C.H., F.G.S. Prize Essay .. 128 IX.—The Farming Customs and Covenants of England. “By C. Cadle. Prize Essay r 144 X.—On the Solubility of Phosphatic Materials, with Special Re- ference to the Practical Efficacy of the various Forms in which Bones are used in Agriculture. By Dr. Augustus Voelcker 176 XI.—Report on the Trials ‘of Fixed and Portable Steam- Engines at ; 196 XII.—Statistics of Live Stock and Dead Meat “for Consumption i in 199 the Metropolis. By Robert Herbert .. XIUI.—Prizes to Engine-Drivers. A Letter addressed to the “Editor culture in the University of Edinburgh.. .. oy aes by W. Wells... . 204 XIV. Ge the Use of Home-grown Timber when prepared with a Solution of Lime. A Letter addressed. to the Editor by Arthur Bailey Denton .. bin 12511208 XV.—Agricultural Returns of 1866 and 1867. “By James Lewis .. 214 XVI. —Farming of Huntingdon. By Gilbert Murray. Prize Essay 251 XVII.—History “of the Rise and Progress of Hereford Cattle. By H. H. Dixon. Prize Essay... 277 XVIIL.—On Clover Allies as Fodder Plants. By James “Buckman, F.LS., F.GS., &c., Professor of Geology and Rural Economy 290 XIX.—On the Composition and N utritive Value of Trifolium striatum, a new kind of Clover. By Dr. Augustus Voelcker. .. 300 XX.—On the Construction and Heating of Dairy and Cheese Rooms. By Joseph Harding. Prize Essay .. : 303 XXI.—Danish Dairy Farming, By John Wilson, "Professor "Agri- 312 lv CONTENTS. ARTICLE PAGE XXII.—The Improvement of Waste Lands. By D. Macrae .. 321 ' XXIIJ.—Annual Chemical Report. Presented to the Council by Dr. Augustus Voelcker .. 534 XXIV.—Rise and Progress of the Leicester Breed of Sheep. “By Henry H. Dixon. Prize Hssay .. . 340 XXYV.—On the Home Produce, impor ts, and Consumption ‘of Wheat. By John Bennet Lawes, F.R.S S , F.C.8., and Joseph Henry Gilberts bhs Di HRS. kh Oss ame) ges 359 XXVI.—On the Causes of the Benefits of Clover as a 1 Preparatory Crop for Wheat. By Dr. Augustus Voelcker .. .. 397 XXVII.—Cultivation of Waste Lands on Mountain-sides. By Jaa Slater es . 423 XXVIII.—Statistics of Live Stock and Dead "Meat for Consumption i in the Metropolis. By Robert Herbert .. .. 429 XXIX.—Report on the Exhibition of Live Stock at Leicester. By Edward Bowly, Senior Steward... we . 435 XXX.—General Report on the Exhibition of Implements at the Leicester Meeting. By William Sanday, Senior Steward 448 APPENDIX. PAGE List of Officers of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1867, 1868 i, xxix Standing Committees for 1867, 1868 Bhi f Acme Sous Ses Reports ‘of the Council to the General Meetings, December 11, 1867 ; and May 22,1868 .. .. .. so Vg ESRI Yearly Cash Account, from 1st January to December 31, 1867 .. ix Cash Accounts and Balance-sheets, from 1st July to Dec. 31, 1867, and from Jan. 1st to June 30, 1868 erie Ns L.. XoeS exe Country Meeting Account, Bury St. Edmund's, 1867 ell: sealer xii Schedule of Prizes : Leicester Meetings) 1868 eis. ese ee ae) eenere xili Essays and Reports.—Awards for 1867 and 1868 .. .. .. .. XxXv, lxix Leicester Meeting—Award of Prizes... .. .. .. . « o ¢ xh Committee of Education—Examination Papers fe USS DS lxx Members’ Chemical Analysis and Veterinary Privileges. XXvi, XXVii, xxvii, Ixxviii Memoranda of Meetings, Payment of Subscription, &c. .. .. xxviii, Ixxvi List or Mempers. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. PAGE Maps‘of Westmorland o...jemssil hin: (tal oth yeh 22.) eae eee Rainfall at. Kendal 56 seve chute = Qi Mie et COmaACe pace meh) Temperature of the Sea in January Te mont! Cheep ame 0 40 Isothermalstofathe Britishiisleswiiiy) yee | Se lseninenemree 53 55 Map of Huntingdonshire... Rete Bre 5 250 Table showing ‘proportion of Butter 4 in “Milk, Crna eke rn 316 Table of Particulars of the Produce of Wheat; CORN ee o 362 The Binder is desired to collect together all the Appendix matter, with Roman numeral folios, and place it at the end of each volume of the Journal, excepting ‘Titles and Contents, and Statistics, &c,, which are in all cases to be placed at the beginning of the Volume: the lettering at the back to include a statement of the year as well as the volume; the first volume belonging to 1839-40, the second to 1841, the third to 1842, the fourth to 1843, and so on. In reprints of the Journal, all Appendix matter (and in one instance an Article in the body of the Journal), which at the time had become obsolete, were omitted; the Roman numeral folios, however (for convenience ef reference) were reprinted without alteration in the Appendix matter retained. CONTENTS OF PART I., VOL. IV. SEconD SERIES. STATISTICS :-— PAGE Vital Statistics for the year 1867 .. 8 I Meteorology for the six months ending December 31, 1867 .. III Imports of Corn, &c... . na pao a epayaus British Wheat sold, and Average Prices. " Pauperism 5h) So eeebsy 8 ARTICLE PAGE I.—On the Farming of Westmorland. By Crayston Webster, Land Agent and Surveyor, Kendal. Prize Essay .. .. 1 II.—On the Temperature of the Sea, and its Influence on the Climate and pees of the British Isles. By Nicholas Whitley, M.S. .. . Anh) idompeade. 65 da op le I1I.—Town Milk. By John Chalmers Morton .. « .. « 69 IV.—Ploughing-in Green Crops. By Peter Love .. ». . .. 99 V.—Ploughing-in Green Crops. By G. Murray .. .. .. .. 108 VI.—Ploughing-in Green Crops. By W. E. Wright .. ., .. 107 VIl.—The Food of the People. By Harry Chester... .. . .. 109 VIII.—On Land Drainage and Improvement by Loans from Govern- ment or Public Companies. By J. Bailey Denton, Mem. MeiSten Ostet crSe) ALAC MUBSAY: ton lise sl ine ce epee, IX.—The Farming Customs and Covenants of England. oe C. Cadle. Prize Essay doe 40 po 8 144 X.—On the Solubility of Phosphatic Materials, with Special Re- ference to the Practical Efficacy of the various Forms in which Bones are used in Agriculture. By Dr. Augustus Voelcker 176 XI.—Report on the Trials of Fixed and Portable Steam-Engines at the Bury St. Edmund’s Meeting, 1867 .. .. .. .. 196 XII.—Statistics of Live Stock and Dead Meat for Sanson in the Metropolis. By Robert Herbert .. .. 199 XIII.—Prizes to Engine-Drivers. A Letter addressed to the Editor ipymWe Wells: 3.) 9.2) ‘s2) oa, Mele Se) 80 og 240i! 1V CONTENTS. ARTICLE PAGE XIY.—On the Use of Home-grown Timber when prepared with a Solution of Lime. A Letter addressed to the Editor by Arthur Bailey Demton) sei) ean scien tad inlle(e memes! XV.—The Agricultural Returns of 1866 and 1867. By James Lewis wis’ lz, sino) WStalc rig lh spotoun liste. pote cae Ee Sree APPENDIX. PAGE List of Officers of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1867 i Standing Committees for 166Taroee iii Hevort of the Council to the General Meeting, December int, 1867. v Yearly Cash Account, from 1st January to December 31, 1867 i 1x: Cash Accounts and Balance-sheets, from 1st July to Dec. 31, 1867 x Country Meeting Account, Bury St. Hdmund’s, 1867 .. .. .. Xi Schedule of Prizes: Leicester Meeting, 1868 .. .. Ah del Xill Essays and Reports.—Awards for (CCW eae wee saints XXV Members’ Chemical Analysis and Veterinary Privileges . ve jee 4s Se DRRSVAG aNayZTT Memoranda of Meetings, Payment of Subscription, Ge. cnt ae XXVili DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER. PAGE Mapsxof Westmorland: (6 2m, cet Te ena Weal hiiee ie 1 Rainfall at Kendal coat MAM io an. page 10 Temperature of the Sea in Januar y Neat Acer eee mS 7 40 Isothermals of the British Isles .. .. .. 55 oe ee oe ” The Binder is desired to collect together all the Appendix matter, with Roman numeral folios, and place it at the end of each volume of the Journal, excepting Titles and Contents, and Statistics, &c., which are in all cases to be placed at the beginning of the Volume: the lettering at the back to include a statement of the year as well as the volume; the first volume belonging to 1839-40, the second to 1841, the third to 1842, the fourth to 1843, and so on. In reprints of the Journal, all Appendix matter (and in one instance an Article in the body of the Journal), which at the time had become obsolete, were omitted; the Roman numeral folios, however (for convenience of reference) were reprinted without alteration in the Appendix matter retained. VITAL STATISTICS: — POPULATION; BIRTHS; DEATHS; EMIGRATION; METEOROLOGY; IMPORTATIONS OF GRAIN; SALES OF BRITISH WHEAT; PRICES OF CORN, &c.; AND PAUPERISM. [The facts are derived chiefly from the Reports of the RuaisrRaR-GENERAL ; the Meteorological Reports of Mr. Guatsuer; the Returns of the Boarp or TRADE, and the INspEcTOR-GENERAL OF ImMpoRTS AND Exports. ] GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 1867. In the middle of the year 1867, the Population of the United Kingdom, as estimated, was 30,157,478 ; viz., England and Wales, 21,429,508; Scotland, 3,170,769; Ireland, 5,557,196. In the twelve months 1,026,422 births and 634,054 deaths were registered, thus making the natural increase 392,368, or at the rate of 1,074 daily. The recorded number of emigrants was 195,953, or 537 daily. The difference between the emigrants and the registered natural increase was 537 daily. In the year 1867, 55,494 of the English people, 12,866 of the Scotch, 88,622 of the Irish people, 31,193 foreigners, and 7,778 persons, of origin not distinguished in the returns, left ports of the United Kingdom for foreign and colonial settlements. They consti- tute a total emigration of 195,953 persons, of whom 159,275 went to the United States. There is a slight decline on some recent years. ENGLAND AND WALES. In 1867 the birth-rate in England was 35°84 to a thousand persons living; the death-rate 21°98. The former was above the average, the latter below it. In districts that comprise the chief towns, the mortality of the year was 23°89 per 1000 of population. In districts comprising small towns and country parishes, 19°55. The average death-rates of town and chiefly rural districts are respectively 24°59 and 20°10 per 1000 living. The South-Eastern, South-Western and Eastern Counties were the healthiest in 1867 ; for in these the rate of mortality was only 19 per thousand. In the North-Midland and South-Midland Counties it was 20; in Monmouthshire and Wales and West-Midland Counties, 21; in London, 23 ; in Yorkshire, 24; in the Northern Counties, 25 ; in the North-Western (viz., Cheshire and Lancashire), 26. Typhoid fever broke out at Guildford, Tamworth, Queensbury VOL. III.—S.S. A () near Halifax, in the parishes of Therfield and Guilden Morden, Hertfordshire ; the Royal Marine Barracks, East Stonehouse; Terling in Essex, and other places ; and in most instances was attributed tc foulness of the water or other nuisance. Birrus and Deatus in 1867 in England. Annual Birth- | Average Birth- Births rate to 1000 rate to 1000 in 1867. persons living | persons living (1867). (1857-66). First Quarter: Jan., Feb., March 195,455 37°13 36°63 Second Quarter: April, May, June 199,649 37°42 36°19 Third Quarter: July, Aug., Sept. 190,255 35°18 33°50 Fourth Quarter: Oct., Nov., Dec. 182,638 33°68 33°40 Year 767,997 35°84 34°93 Annual Death- | Average Death- Deaths rate to 1000 rate to 1000 in 1867. persous living | persons living (1867). (1857-66). First Quarter: Jan., Feb., March 134,254 25°51 25°51 Second Quarter: April, May, June T2523 21°09 22°18 Third Quarter: July, Aug., Sept. 108,462 20°06 20°31 Fourth Quarter: Oct., Nov., Dec. 115,863 20377 22°24 Wear! iit os 471,102 21°98 22 A summary review of the national registers for the last quarter of 1867 furnishes proof of a favourable state of the public health viewed in comparison with that of former seasons; but there are exceptional facts that cannot be regarded with like complacency ; for it is impossible that the elements of nature, however happily blended to constitute a fine autumn, can successfully contend with human ignorance and neglect, can suddenly counteract poisonous emanations from drains and from marsh lands covered with hovels, or sweeten well-water that has been contaminated with sewage. It is found that in different situations there were outbreaks of fever which the local officers attribute to overcrowding, bad drainage, or otherwise defective sanitary condition; they were not confined to towns, but occurred equally in the purer atmosphere of the country. Such outbreaks are at all times numerous enough, and if they were all reported would probably be found more numerous still. They occur in the secluded hamlets of thinly-peopled districts, where inspectors of nuisances are unknown; where the doctor, when summoned, is too busy with his patients to explore their surrounding conditions; and where, as fevers may be prevalent without being fatal, it is obvious that even an intelligent registrar ( i 3 living at a distance, it may be, of some miles, has but imperfect means of acquainting himself with authenticated facts. Epidemic disease is rapid in its origin and progress; the art of sanitation, as applied by public bodies, is slow and often difficult. What may bo done with the present consent of all, and the prospect of certain benefit in the end, is the wide diffusion of sanitary knowledge among all classes, not excepting the rich. People must be taught to protect themselves. If wells in the neighbourhood of drains are fraught with danger, the fact should be made familiar to all: and if there be a simple and ready means of detecting pollution in water, that too should be universally known, Short and easy lessons on the physical forces, on animal and vegetable physiology, on health and longevity, should be interspersed, in elementary school books, with sketches in natural history, narratives of adventure, and other more attractive matter. METEOROLOGY. Third Quarter (July, August, September). The cold period which set in on 8rd June continued throughout July, and extended to 7th August; during this time the weather was very unsettled; the amount of cloud was great; there was very little sunshine; and during the first week in August the temperature was unseasonably cold, some of the nights frosty. From the beginning of the quarter to 7th August the deficiency of temperature was more than 3° daily on the average. From 8th of August to the end of the quarter the weather was better; about the middle of August there were a few days of hot weather, but generally the temperature was little in excess above the average, and frequently for two or three days together was below it. For the fifty-four days ending 30th September the average excess of temperature was 1}° daily. Vegetation at the end of July was in a backward state, and the crops in many localities had sustained considerable damage from heavy rain. On Thursday night, 25th July, heavy rain began to fall all over the south of England, and continued almost uninter- ruptedly next day; the amount registered varied from 14 inch to = inches, being the heaviest rain-fall in the space of a day ever known to the observer. The crops were extensively laid. The Thames and its tributaries overflowed their banks; and in other parts the rivers flooded the neighbouring land, inundating the crops in some places. The harvest prospect at the end of July was un- promising ; in the most forward south-eastern districts a partial corn reaping had begun. In August the crops greatly improved by the fine weather in the A 2 « avy) middle of the month, and little rain fell in England, but it fell almost daily in Scotland, sometimes heavily, where the crops were extensively laid and continued quite green. At the end of the quarter the harvest in. England was nearly completed, and also in Treland, but in Scotland about one-third of the crops remained uncut. The hay crop was one of the heaviest and best secured for many years. The potato crop was large in bulk, but the disease much com- plained of, particularly in Scotland. Wheat was first cut on the 5th July at Silloth; on the 23rd at Worthing ; on the 30th at Eastbourne; and on the 31st at Taunton. On the 2nd August at Oxford; on the 3rd at Guernsey and Card- ington; on the 9th at Helston; on the 12th at Boston and Kneb- worth; on the 20th at Hull; on the 24th at North Shields; and on the 26th at Ripon. Oats were first cut on the 15th July at Hull; and on the 22nd at Taunton. On the 12th August at Eastbourne, Boston, and Kneb- worth; on the 21st at Ripon; on the 24th at Hull; on the 26th at Cardington; on the 28th at North Shields; and on the 31st at Guernsey. Barley was first cut on the 20th July at Hull; and on the 29th at Helston. On the 5th August at Knebworth; on the 12th at Boston; on the 14th at Cardington and Hull; on the 23rd at North Shields ; on the 24th at Eastbourne; on the 26th at Ripon; and on the 31st at Guernsey. Fourth Quarter (October, November, December).—The weather was cold, with much fog from the Ist to the 13th October, From the latter day the weather was warm everywhere for five days, and rain fell daily; during the rest of the month the weather was generally mild with frequent rain and dampness of the atmosphere. In November the temperature was sometimes above but chiefly below the average; the month was one of the finest Novembers that have ever been known, with little fog, and with less rain than has fallen in that month for fifty years. A sudden change occurred in the first week of December. Rain, hail, sleet, and snow fell in various parts, and a hurricane caused great destruction by sea and land. On the 11th the frost vanished, and for seven days the weather was very warm, and afterwards till the close of the year it was changeable, with clouds and fogs, and much rain all over the country. The mean temperature at Greenwich was below the average in each of the three months: that of the quarter was 42°-5, which is 2°°5 below the average of the same period in twenty-six years. ‘The rainfall was 4°5 inches, which is 2°°6 inches below Vv ‘qooJap IO SS90NO UT alv UMNO Sarpaoaid oyy ut sonqva ogy yor Aq sSyunomre of} oqvorpul ‘paxyoid ov spoqurss osory} YI. 07 ‘Saandy oq} yeqy pur £ yooyop (—) snwjw pur ‘ssooxa sagrumis (+) sxyd us oy exp poo}s.opun Ss} JJ—*aLoN £.0— Q-t ZtOn— | tvs || Gach | 9.0-4- |) Qucbaiar.c— o.6€ | t.7— O.Iv | G.t— ToI— | S.2h |e* Uva ey eee ee A a er ee Oe A [Leasbetas ae | eee ee £.0— | ve $t0. — 661. 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It was in defect in October, defective by 2 inches in November, and slightly in excess in December. At the beginning of October the outstanding portions of the crops in the Scottish uplands, and the late districts of England, Scotland, and Iveland, were small, and the gathering was frequently inter- rupted by rain. The most reliable reports at the close of the harvest estimated the oat crop as the best of the season, and barley as the next in order for bulk, but showing considerable variation both in quantity and weight. The wheat crop was also very varied; some proved to be of good quality, but, taken as a whole, it was below the average. Beans were a good average, but there was a small crop of peas. Potatoes were a large crop, but disease was spoken of in different places. The fine weather in November, in which month the barometrical readings were remarkably high, enabled a great deal of field work to be done all over the country, and a great breadth of land was sown. In December the stormy weather stopped all out-door farming work for some time. At the end of the year the accounts of the growing wheat crop were generally favourable all over the country. Upon the whole, the quarter was favourable for agri- cultural purposes. CORN : Inporrarions, SALES, AND PRICES. Quantities of WHEAT, WHEATMEAL and Frour, Bartey, Oats, Pras and Beans, Imporrep into the Unrrep Kiyepom in the Year 1867; and in each of the last Srx Montus of the Year 1867. | 1867. Wheat. Ges ig | Barley. Oats. Peas. Beans. . cwts. ewts. | cwts. cwts. cewts. ewts. aeansel} 14,448,556 |r,823,072 |3,336,476 |4,281,150 | 743,118 | 996,006 July —«- | 3,295,622 | 233,449 | 331,684 [1,379,365 | 270,569 | 91,037 August .. | 3,287,469 | 211,01 | 280,391 | 952,093 | 137,657 | 143,939 September | 3,067,662 | 156,040 | 396,908 716,478 29,541 251,057 October .. | 2,874,854 | 227,352 | 463,368 473,056 40,400 | 213,944 November | 3,903,760 | 389,426 | 506,300 | 875,279 60,661 160,602 December 3,767,646 | 552,619 | 368,594 | 729,115 | 304,183 | 126,030 In last Six i ee Riaws ay ih ae Manthis } 20,197,013 I, 769,897 |2,347,245 [5,125,986 | 843,011 | 986,609 Year .. |34,645,569 |3,592,969 5,683,721 9,407,136 |1,586,129 |1,982,615 Note.—The average weights per quarter of corn, as adopted in the office of the Inspector-General of Imports and Exports, are as follows :—For wheat, 485} Ibs., or 4; ewts.; for barley, 400 lbs., or 54 ewts.; for oats, 308 lbs., or 2? ewts. Corn has been entered and charged with duty by weight instead of measure since Sep- tember 1864. ©. Wut yy) QvantiTIEs of WHEAT, Bartery, Oars, Peas, Beans, INDIAN Corn or Maize, WHEATMEAL and Four, Imporrep in the THREE YEARS 1865-6-7 ; also the Counrrigs from which the WuEat, WHEATMEAL, and FLour were obtained. | 1865. 1866, 1867. Wheat from— ewts. | ewts. ewts. Russia -» | 8,093,879 | 8,937,199 | 14,025,236 Denmark ple OATS 273%) 506,236 418,012 Prussia : 5,403,914 | 4,401,409 | 5,572,263 Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg | 254,159 187,938 | 127,222 Mecklenburg oT oe foe 647,685 7335571 651,884 Hanse Towns | 486,069 878,912 | 700,935 France 5 } 2,252,873 3»473,130 5972405 Turkey and Wallachia and Moldavia 574,185 528,433 2,446,638 Egypt... .. | 10,063 33,831 | 1,451,774 United States - ab |) Matty Aout 635,239 | 4,188,013 British North America Cr mee OO Os 8789 683,127 Other countries .. I,114,480 2,831,642 3, 783,060 Total Wheat .. - |20,962,963 | 23,156,329 | 34,645,569 Barley... | 7,818,404 | 8,433,863 | 5,683,72z Oats .. | 7,714,230 | 8,844,586 | 9,407,136 Peas . . | 7835135. |) To 2005635") ers oonme9 Beans ihe | %9585362) | teg24en7e 1,982,615 Indian Corn, or * Maize : 7,096,033 | 14,322,863 | 8,540,429 Wheatmeal and Flour from— Hanse Towns : 247,796 | 347,012 444,710 France ; | 3,044,823 | 3,640,320} 1,234,742 United States leu 25Os7690 280,792 | 722,976 British North America Sl aan Rise || 40,650 | 121,503 Other countries .. 177,730 663,506 | 1,069,038 Total Wheatmeal and Flour 3,904,471 4,972,280 | 3,592,969 ComputeD Reat VAtur of Corn Importep in the ELeven Montus (ended NovemBer 30th) of 1867. The value of wheat imported in eleven months was 22,102,8841., which is almost double the value of the quantity imported in the same period of 1866, and considerably more than double the value in the same period of 1865, when it was less than nine millions. The value of wheat-meal and flour was 2,940,918/,, which exceeds the value imported in the eleven months of 1865, and is less than that of 1866. The value of barley imported in eleven months of 1867 was 2,643,3251., against 2,236,109/. in 1865, and 3,062,156/. in 1866. The value of oats was 3,963,933/., against 2,466,955/. in 1865, and 3,251,657/. in 1866, ( Ix ) Quantirins of Brrrisa Wuuat Soup in the Towns from which Returns are received under the Act of the 27th and 28th Vicororra, cap. 87, and their AvrraAGE Prions, in each of the last Srx Monrus of the Years 1862-67. WHEAT: QUANTITIES IN QUARTERS, Sf ieertgne ae MIE a ath 1862, 1863. | 1864, | 1865, 1866, 1867. —- quarters, quarters. quarters. | quarters. | quarters. quarters. 163,720 | 162,817 | 257,510 | 222,961 | 127,836 | 109,829 138,810 | 187,011 | 264,939 | 201,953 | 191,057 | 102,303 Ninth month ere (five weeks) 264,410 | 390,308 | 322,292 | 318,893 | 325,056 | 265,668 Tenth month .. | 273,000 | 333,609 | 311,169 | 304,054 | 320,674 | 349, 788 Eleventh month | 265,160 | 325,209 | 302,446 | 295,632 | 284,530 | 265,622 Twelfth month WGsciemeks) \ 315,599 | 472,876 | 399,358 | 30x,041 | 332,934 | 301,558 Seventh month Lighth month Wuaat;: AVERAGE PRICES PER QUARTER, | 1862. 1863, 1864, | 1865. 1866. | 1867, oh, 1d. Sen ats Sa, od Sei es @ Seventh month 57 0 46 7 42 0 42 10 Gan mW 6 ir Highth month ve 46 2 Ao 9 43 3 50 7 | 68 © Ninth month | (five weeks) \ 56 1 44 6 42 0 | 44 0 | 49 © 63 5 Tenth month .. 49 5 40 10 38 «9 4I 10 roe 7a COTY, Eleventh month | 49 o 39 II 38 Io 45 7 56 6 69 9 Twelfth month (five weeks) \ 46 8 40 9 36.3 46 8 | 60 3 | G7, Avurace Prices of British Wunat, Barney, and Oars per Quarter (imperial measure) as received from the Inspectors and Orricrrs of Excisu according to the Act of 27th and 28th VicTortrA, cap. 87, in each of the last Twenty- six Wuexks of the Year 1867. Week ending | Wheat. Barley. | Oats, Week ending Wheat. | Barley. Oats, | 8 Np Spo Gn. 484 de Sh. da) ed dilics. de UolyGr2 45 | 64.5 | Sy perl amee Eh Oety s =a WwOxh 15 | 40 3) 251 9 July 13 pees. ined O20) 5 Oct 12) 64 RO Ao Ik | 2m) 3 July 20 él | Ge esse ak zoe OcterQer a O7 (Ol AGe Sl 25 TO July 27 Be MGS PO aR Sh iP aBh 3 Nl Oet. 26° it Fo 5 a2? 26" > o Aug. 3 oe (NOTE? SU SR aZ NaRrie Now 2 » | 69 Fr] 43 6] 26 4 Aug.to .. | 68 2] 35 rf | 28 9 || Nov. 9 Cocte jn/ (gamma! ‘un beset © 0) | acm 2 Aug. 17 ceGS: (AN. 26pe 7) 29-07 I Nowe t6 | o.nlefZ@ E | 42ay7 | 26. x RTO ZA cinch Oboe Dieter Ae Gh ET t | NOT e--2diee orveibn GB TT ife- Aide 5 25 8 Aug. 3k ae | G6 7 1.39, 6 | 28 rr || Nov. 30 «.i| 68 5 |'40.5 | 25 9 Sept.7.. +» |62 5 | 38 20 | 27 6 || Dec. 7 a0 || 68 T |e4on 22 | 25eig Sept. 14 sy | MON 93 1 392 9 | 2783 || Dec.z4 =.) 6% 3 |40028 | 2Rang Sept. 21 Pon | 62 Ir | 40 7 | 27 © | Dee. 2x .. | 66 9 | 4r.=2 | 24. 4 Sept. 28 os | GAT AQ, 6) 20a E NP Dee. 28! | ..0| 67 4 |s4egeg | 283 Average of ), | Average of | Summer 165 4137 6| 28 o} Autumn 67 IL |LAmELO | 25228 Quarter | | Quarter j tx ) The AvERAGE Prices of Consols, of Wheat, of Meat, and of Potatoes; also the Avreracrt Number of Paurrrs relieved on the last day of each Week; and the Mean 'empERATURE, in each of the ''welve Quarters ending December 31st, 1867. a AVERAGE PRICES. PAUPERISM. | Wheat a: eee | eee, Quarters ae Meat per Ib. at Leadenhall pirteed Gentes ae Was 2 Consols| Quarter | and Newgate I Markets aralton lieved on the last day of Tempe ee (for | in Rby she Carcass), at Waterside each week, rature Money). England Son KA Ol 4 Market, 2 ; Wales Beef Mutton. Southwark. In-door. Out-door. 1865 £5 |e, vas ° Mar. 31 893 | 38 4 | 44d—7d. | 54d—7id.| 855.—97s. | 142,329 | 813,372 | 36°5 Mean 53d.| Mean 64d.| Mean ors. | : June 30 | 908 | 40 6 | 43d.—63d.\ 64d.—83d.| 90s.—115s. | 125,846 | 776,016 | 56°2 | Mean 5d. Mean 72d. |Mean 102s, 6d. | cal Sept. 30 | 898 | 43 3 | 44d.—7d. |64d.—8$d.| 65s.—100s. | 117,172 | 719,589 | 62°5 Mean 53d.| Mean 74d.| Mean 85s. Dec. 31 884 | 44 10 |44d.—7d. |53d.—83d.| 6os.—gos. | 129,036 | 725,259 46°0 | Mean 53d. | Mean 63d.| Mean 75s. 1866 | | Mar. 31 | 87 | 45 6. | 43d.—63d.| 54d.—73d.| 55s.—90s. | 139,546 | 759,402 | 41°2 | Mean 52d. | Mean 63d. |Mean 72s, 6d. June 30 864 | 46 6 | 43d.—3d. 53d.—83d.| 60s.—95s. | 123,657 | 734,139 | 53°0 | | Mean 52d. | Mean 7d. |Mean 77s. 6d. Sept. 30 | 883 | 51 0 |52d.—73d.|51d.—83d.| 75s,.—1208. | 120,955 | 717,553 | 58°9 | | | Mean 6!d. | Mean 63d. |Mean 97s. 6d. Dec. 31 | 89$ | 56 8 | 43d.—7d. |54d.—73d.| 85s.—130s. | 133,979 | 734,312 | 46°2 | | | Mean 52d. | Mean 63d. |Mean 107s. éd.| 1867 | Mar. 31 903 | Go 7 |48d.—7d. | 5d.—74d. | 115s.—160s, | 147,620 | 832,364 | 38°9 | Mean 57d. | Mean 61d. |Mean 137s. 6d. June 30 | 924 | 64 0o | 48d.—63d.|534d.—73d. | 135s.—175s. | 134,678 | 779,629 | 53°5 | Mean 5#d.| Mean 63d.| Mean 155s. Sept. 30 | 94§ | 65 4 |49d.—6$d.| sd.—7d. | Loos.—155s. | 129,838 |. 7435977 | 59°7 Mean 53d.| Mean 6d. |Mean 127s.6d.| Dee. 31 943 | 67 11 |43d.—63d. | 44d—61d, | TI0s.—155s. | 146,237 | 771,230 | 42°5 | | Mean sed. Mean 53d. Mean 1328.6d. | AVERAGE Prices of Brirish WuEat, Barty, and Oats, per IMPERIAL QUARTER, in each of the SixtrEN YEARS 1852-67. | | Year. | Wheat. | Barley. | Oats. Year. Wheat. Barley. | Oats. CNSR a der |) mas res | oh Gk & ds | ‘s "d: 1852 40 Moi 28" 16 19 I || 1860 etd ies BO 7 24°55 BESS | k53 mle eon ee: | er 76 | r86r | 55 4 26 5: || eaeug 1854 | 72-5 | 36 Oo oi) Ts || “SG Zee cas Zh La le 2a tewr 1855 741 1B NF SAN Os) i277 GY ||! MBORR TIE aang! S| 38 Cel zie 1856 69) 2 eae 25 2 T8647)" 40° 2° "|S 20) ie eon 1857 56 4 42 I rye xo) 1865 AL To) | P29nkG 2t 10 1858 44 2 34 8 24 6 1866 49 II B07 aa 27 1859 | 43 9 | ey 7h 1867 64 6 Mey (ey |) 25 | | VITAL STATISTICS:— POPULATION; BIRTHS; DEATHS; EMIGRATION; METEOROLOGY; IMPORTATIONS OF GRAIN; SALES OF BRITISH WHEAT; PRICES OF CORN, &e; AND PAUPERISM. oe [The facts wre derived chiefly from the Reports of the REGIsTRAR-GENERAL ; the Meteorological Reports of Mr. GuaisHer; the Retwrns of the Boarp or TRADE, and the INsPpECTOR-GENERAL OF Imports AND Exports. ] Porutation of the Unirep Kinepom (exclusive of islands in the British seas); also of ENGLAND, Scoruanp, and IrrLanp ; estimated to the middle of the year 1868 :— Unirep Kinepom in 1868. Males 4s) faye ey ose] aa pl476285472 PGMBIES i os ning oe) peu Don Ala aie Total i<. ;.« hei 305369,845 England. Scotland. Ireland. Males .. «. 10,456,743 1,503, 766 2,667,963 Females.. .. I1I,192,634 1,684,359 2,864,380 Total) = 206495377 3,188,125 5 5325343 ENGLAND AND WALES. Birrus and Dratus in the First Six Months of 1868. Winter Quarter (January, February, March).—Births registered were 198,594. The annual* birth-rate was 3°694 per cent.; the average derived from ten corresponding winters of 1858-67 being 3674. Deaths registered were 120,095. The annual* death-rate was 2:234 per cent. ; the average derived from ten corresponding winters of 1858-67 being 2°576. The fine weather of the quarter, in which period February was remarkably vernal in its character, exercised the most salutary influence on the public health; and a singularly low rate of mor- * The annual birth-rate or death-rate of a quarter represents the proportion which the births or deaths in a quarter, after they have been multiplied by 4, bear to the population. There were more than three births to 100 living; nearly 37 to 1000, ; VOL. IV.—S. S. A (PMLA) tality was the result. There are only two instances, since the commencement of the national registration, in which the winter death-rate was so lowas it was in the early months of 1868. In the winter of 1846 it was 2°157 per cent.; in 1856 it was 2°179. In 1850 and 1857 it was respectively 2261 and 2-298. In the remain- ing twenty-six seasons it ranged from 2°350 per cent. to 2-910. The returns both of town and country testified to the higher con- dition of health enjoyed by their inhabitants. In the large town districts the rate of mortality was 2-403 per cent., the average being 2-761. In districts that comprise small towns, villages, and open country it was 2°012, the average being 2°350. It is a subject for congratulation that at a time when commerce was depressed, pro- visions dear, and the resources on which the working classes depend for food and warmth were in many parts straitened or destroyed, the rigours of an inclement winter were not added to their other privations. From ports in the United Kingdom there went in the quarter 25,986 emigrants, of whom 7926 were persons of English origin, 1917 were Scotch, 12,132 were Irish, and 4011 foreigners. Of the total emigration 23,528 persons, half of whom were of Irish birth, embarked for the United States; 57 for British North America ; 1319 for the Australian colonies. Spring Quarter (April, May, June).—Births registered were 202,892. The annual birth-rate was 3°764 per cent.; the average of ten springs (1858-67) being 3°637. Deaths registered were 109,984. The annual death-rate was 2-040 per cent.; the average of ten springs (1858-67) being 2°220. This is the lowest death-rate that has occurred in the spring season within the 30 years experience of the national registration. The influence of the weather, which continued unusually fine, appears to have been more decidedly favourable in country than in town; for the death-rate in the chief towns was 2°220 per cent. against an average of 2°353; while in the small towns and rural districts it was 1:804, the average being 2:057. The mortality of Manchester was 2°766; that of Sheffield, 2-634; and of Liverpool, 2576 per cent. In Birmingham the rate was 2°066, and was rather lower than that of London. The total number of emigrants in the quarter (ended 30th June) was 82.068. Of these, 18,759 were of English origin, who, with the exception of about 5000, went to the United States. Of the 28,829 Irish who emigrated, a still larger proportion, namely 26,262, were bound to the same destination. Of the total emigration about 67,000 persons went to the United States, about 11,000 to British q Mit ) North America, 3,000 to the Australian colonies. About a third part of the emigrants were foreigners. METEOROLOGY. Winter Quarter (January, February, March).—At Greenwich the weather was cold during the first 11 days of the year; and the deficiency of daily temperature averaged 63°. The wind was from north-east ; on the 12th it changed to south-west, and the tempera- ture rose above the average, and continued for the most part above it till the end of the quarter. The average excess of temperature in the 80 days ending the 3lst March was rather more than 35° daily. Gales of extraordinary violence were experienced in January. February was remarkably warm. There were less than the average of east winds and compounds of east winds in February and March. The weather in the former month was more like spring than winter; it caused vegetation to progress rapidly, and at the end of the month trees and shrubs were budding, and the accounts respecting winter-sown wheat were favourable. March, though less settled than February, was still favourable to agricultural operations; good progress was made in ploughing, sowing, and planting. At the end of the quarter vegetation was in advance of ordinary seasons, and the prospects of harvest were favourable. From observations collected from nearly 60 meteorological stations, it appears that the highest temperatures of the air were at Ensleigh (Lansdowne, Bath) 67°°0; Lampeter, 66°-2; Marlborough College, 66°-0 ; Osborne, 65°°7; Leeds and Bywell, 63°°0; and Not- tingham, 62°6. The lowest temperatures of the air were at Lampeter, 14°-4; Truro, 17°°0; Allenheads, 18°00; Aldershot, 19°-4; Ensleigh, 19°5; Nottingham, 19°-6; and Marlborough and Streatley Vicarage, 19°8. The greatest daily ranges were at Osborne, 16°6; Wilton, 16°°0; Bywell, 13°-9; Nottingham, 13°8 ; Marlborough, 13°:7; Strathfield Turgiss, 13°°6 ; and Ensleigh, 13°.4. The least daily ranges were at Halifax, 6°-3; Culloden, 7°3; Guernsey, 7°°6; Otley, 7°°9; Cockermouth and Silloth, 9°-0; and Grantham, 9°1. The greatest numbers of rainy days were at Allen- heads, 77; Stonyhurst, 68; Clifton and Eccles, 63; Miltown, 62; Truro, 61; and Barnstaple and Royston, 60. The least numbers of rainy days were at Ensleigh, 36 ; Norwich, 37 ; Osborne, Worthing, and Gloucester, 88; and Wisbech, 39. The heaviest falls of rain were at Allenheads, 19:1 in.; Cockermouth, 18°5 in.; Stonyhurst, AO ( XIV ) 146 in.; Lampeter, 13:8 in.; Truro, 12:1 in.; Silloth, 11:9 in.; Culloden, 11:6 in.; and Barnstaple, 11°5 in. The least falls of rain were at Worthing and Wisbech, 3:9 in.; York and Ripon, 4:3 in. ; North Shields, 4:9 in.; and Grantham and Leeds, 5:2 in. Spring Quarter (April, May, June).—At Greenwich the weather during the whole quarter was remarkably fine and warm ; the tem- perature was almost constantly over the average, exceptions being few in number and small in amount. The average daily excess of temperature for the 91 days ending 30th of June was 3°:1, and for 171 days (from January 12th to June 30th) was more than 3}° in excess. : April was warm (48° 1), but not ina remarkable degree, for since the year 1771 there have been twenty-four Aprils of higher mean temperature. May was of higher temperature than any since the year 1848, when the mean was 59°-7, or 2°4 warmer than in this year; the next and only other instance back to 1771 was in 1833, when the mean temperature of May was 59°4. The mean temperatures of all other Mays were less than 57°. That of last May was 57°3. June was of high temperature (62°0), but this was greatly ex- ceeded in the year 1846, when it was 65°'3, or 3°°3 warmer ; the other instances of higher temperature in June back to the year 1771 were in 1842, 1822, 1818, 1781, and 1775. The highest was 62°9 in 1842 and 1818, the lowest 62°5 in 1781. The mean temperature of the three months ending June was 55°8 ; for the same period in 1775 it was 55°°5; im 1822 was 55°0; in 1844 was 55°91; in 1846 was 55°7; in 1848 was 55°3; and in 1865 was 56°-2; the only instance in 98 years of higher temperature in the corresponding quarter than that of the present year, was in 1865. In the latter year the temperature in April was 52°3, being higher than that of any other April on record. The other years since 1771, when the mean temperature of the three months ending with June exceeded 54° and was less than 55°, were 1778, 1779, 1788, 1798, 1811, 1826, 1833, 1834, and 1858. The five months from February 1st to June 30th :—The mean tem- perature of this period for 1868 was 50°9, the mean temperatures of the corresponding period of other years distinguished by high temperature, were as follows :—In the year 1775 it was 50°0; in 1779 was 51°-1; in 1794 was 49%4; in 1822 was 51°-1; in 1826 was 49°5; in 1846 was 5078; in 1848 was 50°6; and in 1859 it was 50°1. The mean temperature of these five months for all the other years since 1771 ‘was less than 50°0. In two instances there- fore, viz., the years 1779 and 1822, have these :five months been of ( XV ) higher temperature than in 1868, and in both by so small an amount only as the one-fifth part of a degree ; but if we compare the mean temperature of the 171 days ending 30th June with the corresponding period of other years, we find that the year 1822 is the only one distinguished by an excess of temperature over the present year. These same five months have been further distinguished by having an almost constant atmospheric pressure above the average ; the mean monthly excess of pressure was more than 0°1 inch. They have also been distinguished by a deficiency of rain in each month, with the exception of April; the amount below the average in the five months ending June 30th was 2°°5 inches; but reckoning from Ist January the fall of rain is very nearly the true fall for the period, the deficiency being only 0°°1 inch. The period from Ist January has been distinguished by an unusual distribution of rain; in January it fell to the depth of 4:2 inches, being an excess for that month of 2°4 inches. The drought which was experienced towards the end of the quarter is not attributable, therefore, to a deficiency of rain since the beginning of the year up to the end of June, but to its unequal distribution over these months, there haying been a great excess in January and a great deficiency in June, together with an unusual evaporation caused by continued high temperatures, extending over a period of five months. The highest temperature at Greenwich occurred on 19th June, when it was 87°, and on 13th and 14th June, when it was 85°. These temperatures were exceeded at some places in the Midland Counties. It is very remarkable that notwithstanding the continuance of high temperatures, only one thunderstorm occurred at Greenwich during the quarter, that on the 29th of May, on which day the greater part of the rain for that month fell; and generally over the country there have been much less than the usual number of thunderstorms. 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Strathfield 'Turgiss, Wakefield, Hull, and Ripon, \23°:0. The greatest daily ranges were at Wilton, 27° 1; Strathfield Turgiss, 25°3; Lampeter, 24°9; Streatley Vicarage, 24°8; Weybridge Heath, 24°:7; Royston, 24°°1; and Cardington, 24°0. The least daily ranges were at Guernsey, 10°8; Culloden, 109-9; Hawarden, 13°7; Worthing, 13°38; Otley, 14°-2; North Shields, 14°-4; Helston, 15°-2; and Cockermouth, 15°-6. The greatest numbers of rainy days were at Stonyhurst, 53; Allenheads and Culloden, 51; Cockermouth, 38; Silloth and Miltown, 37; and Kecles, Liverpool, and Bywell, 36. The least numbers of rainy days were at North Shields, 11; Cardington, 18 ; Gloucester, 20; and Osborne, Strathfield Turgiss, Royal Observatory, Battersea, Wisbech, and Holkham, 21. The heaviest falls of rain were at Cockermouth, 7°6 in.; Silloth, 6°5 in.; Allenheads, 6:0 in.; Guernsey and Truro, 58 in.; and Bournemouth and Carlisle, 5% in. The least falls of rain were at Llandudno, 2:0 in.; Royston and Wis- bech, 2°4 in.; and Grantham, Boston, and Leeds, 2°6 in. Mr. Herbert J. Little, of Thorpelands, Northampton, writes as follows (see ‘ Times,’ 29th July) :-— “Tt seems to be a commonly received opinion that no year so dry as the present has occurred since 1826. ‘This is not so. Both 1863 and 1864 had less rainfall to the end of July than we have already had this year, as the table underneath will show :— 1863, 1864, 1868, Inches. Inches. Inches. January .. 5 ao IS a "705 at 3°085 February .. s..< .. +289 ats 1*200 os T° 75 Marehiy tiv meccnne ae mes Bo 2°585 ar 1°850 April a7 Pay sop, POR AEE) ao 545 ac I*390 Wayi cee ire eee hy ce "825 ce I"702 oa * 760 Apes ge OAS meas) Boye) aS "940 oh ‘510 JULY; cr ge te ee | HAO me ‘475 Fic *130 8°185 8152 9'440 “That the present drought is much more severely felt than either of those mentioned above is certain, and for this reason— that the rainfall in both those years came opportunely for the crops, and especially was this the case in 1863. In that year four months of the spring—viz,, February, March, April, and May—only gave 2°789 in. of rainfull, but a ‘dripping June’ proved the truth of the old adage, and gave us one of the finest harvests of the present century. “Tn 1864 grass was nearly as much burnt up, but the corn crops were saved by the rains of May and a cool June, with nearly double the rainfall of the same month this year. ““Now, according to Mr. Symons’s tables in the ‘Times’ of « mK ) the 27th inst., the rainfall of 1826 far exceeded that of either of the three years mentioned, amounting for the four months, April, May, June, and July, to 7°63in., and yet that year is remembered. all over the country as ‘the hottest and driest ever known,’ and old farmers assure me that nothing like it has been known since then until the present. The reason for this must be sought, then, not in the amount of rainfall, but in the excessive heat, in the absence of cloud, in the wonderful dryness of the atmosphere, and in the consequent excessive evaporation. A glance at Mr. Symons’s tables will show that in respect to temperature, June of 1826 was two degrees higher than June of 1868, and that July of 1868 will exceed the corresponding month of 1826. “ One word about the crops. There is an opinion prevalent that wheat does not want rain, and to a certain extent it is true. No doubt there are many very fine crops of wheat this year, and on deep rich clays and loams they are probably unsurpassed; but I cannot think that taking the country through, light and heavy land together, the yield will come near that of 1863, when the wheat crop, after being strengthened and ‘stiffened and braced up by the spring drought, was fed by the copious.showers of June almost to its fall capability. Barley has, much of it, never come into ear at all, and will probably not exceed half a crop in many important districts. Oats are nearly as bad. -Beans almost totally destroyed by fly, and green crops a total failure.” CORN: Inrorratrons, SALEs,.AND PRiczEs. Quantities of WHEAT, WHEATMEAL and Frour, Baruey, Oats, Peas and Beans, ImrorteD into the Unirep Kingdom in each of the First Six Monrus of the Year 1868. 1868. Wheat. Whestinsal | Barley. Oats. Peas. Beans. ewts. ewts. ewts. cwts. ewts. cwts, January .. | 2,724,152 255,098 227,181 404,667 | 171,308 128,345 February 2,283,426 | “353,311 | « 332,038 998,669 34,722 | 136,415 March 354575943 | 264,158 | 728,979 | 750,332 13,278 | 213,547 April 3,095,369 | 248,368 | 508,233 | 746,027 33,002 | 145,952 May 3,219,849 | 198,878 | 367,593 | 534,893 42,668 | 168,064 June 2,915,764 206,409 | 422,505 951,504 IOI, 823 305, 368 Torat in}| 7 lees , Six 17,696,503 \1,427,022 |2,586,529 |3,486,392 | 396,801 |1,097,691 Monras. 5 t F 5 ; et | | dle Nore.—The average weights per quarter of corn, as adopted in the office of the Inspector-General of Imports and Exports, ate as follows :—For wheat, 485} Ibs., or 41 ewts.; for barley, 400 Ibs., or 34 ewts.; for oats, 808 lbs., or 2¢ ewts. Corn has been entered and charged with duty by weight instead of measure since Sep- tember 1864. a) Quantities of WuHEAT, Baguey, Oats, Peas, Beans, INDIAN Corn or Maze, WHEATMEAL and Four, IMporTED in the Srx Monrus ended 30th of June also the Countries from which the Wueat, WuEATMEAL, and Fiour were obtained. ‘in the THree YEARS 1866e7-8; Wheat from— Russia Denmark Prussia : Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg Mecklenburg .. .. Hanse Towns if France 5 Illyria, Croatia and Dalmatia . Turkey and Wallachia and ican Egypt .. United States Chilifean ose British North America Other countries . Total Wheat .. Barley; a) sees. Hiteenuaie Oats .. seh Mec: ghia mace Peas .. Beans Indian Corn, or Maize vin (boned copeee Wheatmeal and Flour from— Hanse Towns France United States British North America Other countries .. .. Total Wheatmeal and Flour 1866. 1867, cewts. ewts. 3,649,398 | 5,147,296 148,615 305,412 1,663,193 | 3,532,054 73,597 83,599 302,225 498 , 343 315,701 432,281 2,683,389 418, 793 1,157,006 239,976 295,973 | 1,338,159 7,012 | 48 ,505 315,160 Ti, OVy sez 12,000 857,047 8,789 87 876,708 | 475,492 = ae |11,508,676 | 14,448,556 3,954,929 | 3,336,476 3,490,490 | 4,281,150 542,637 743,118 244,376 996 ,006 6,151,931 | 4,563,553 130,352 238,053 2,713,046 882,613 164,735 106,272 6,142 6,584 120, 209 589,550 35134,484 | 1,823,072 1868, | cwts. 4,489,880 249,385 2,213,473 32,279 371,446 382,837 12,984 615,861 1,915,656 2,294,011 3,817,082 442,342 154,376 704,900 17,696,503 2,586,529 3,486,392 396,801 1,097,691 4,913,715 281,407 227,498 338,092 64,126 515,899 1,427,022 ComputeD RraL VALUE oF Corn IMporTED into the Unrrep Kin@pom in the Three Years, 1865-6-7. Wiheaticn0t emis) ese csen Ueriar=-ni| Barley AS. och scan) ee Oats .. Maize 2) 2. Other kinds 5 so Wheat Flour .. Ba eae. PAAR oe Other kinds of Flour ot Minis, wat Total of Corn 1865, ae 9,775 ,616 2,524, 668 2,771,133 2,234,396 791,249 2,622,888 4,165 20,724,115 1866. £. 12,983 ,090 3,745,944 3,632,385 45530,503 I, 321,069 3,796,911 36,082 39,045 ,984 1867, £. 24,985,096 2,832,515 4,319,908 3,834,734 1,778,954 3,519,577 935350 41,364,134 ( MRT ) Quantities of British WuEat Sorp in the Towns from which Returns are received under the Act of the 27th and 28th Vicrorta, cap. 87, and their AVERAGE Prices, in each of the First Srx Monrus of the Years 1863-68. QUANTITIES IN QUARTERS. 1863. 1864. 1865, 1866, 1867. 1868. 4 quarters. quarters, quarters, quarters. quarters, quarters. First month .. | 262,923 | 344,930 | 300,816 | 212,713 | 221,7yI | 193,077 Second month 239,882 | 306,713 | 298,271 | 259,999 | 203,900 | 201,325 Third th: | Gace) 281,405 | 350,974 | 373,069 | 331,295 | 280,878 | 235,402 Fourth month 243,552 | 285,286 | 261,501 | 250,159 | 205,231 | 173,120 Fifth month .. | 267,587 | 284,601 | 327,694 | 250,890 | 221,067 | 162,030 Sixth month “si 8 z dae y0l a 6.98 8 (five weeks) 302,097 | 335,201 355 45,393 | 196,965 | 120,142 AVERAGE PRICES PER QUARTER. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868, Sn. Si hd. sd Srerds ss ds is) as First month .. AT as 40 7 38 6 45 10 Gu i 70 4 Second month 47 63 40 8 38 3 45 7 60 II 7/2) 20) Third month a (five weeks) \ 45 8 40 I 38 6 | 45 4 | 59 9 Bie Fourth month 45 7 40 0 39 «8 44 10 6r 17 33 4 Fifth month 46 4 Bg ha 4I oO 46 3 64 8 want Sixth month .. (five weeks) \ 46 8 | 39 8 | 41 5 48 3 65 5 68 9 AVERAGE Prices of BririsH WHEAT, BARLEY, and Oats per Quarter (Imperial Measure) as received from the Inspectors and Orricrrs of Excise according to the Act of 27th and 28th Vicrorta, cap. 87, in each of the First Twenry- six WEEKS of the Year 1868. Week ending | Wheat. | Barley. Oats. ! Week ending | Wheat. |- Barley. | Baal Sates (Matec. ! ES Gal Gs Gh January 4 .. | 67 10 | 4m 4] 25 10 | April4 . We (eR A January 1r.. | 69 6 | 41 6] 25 5 |, April x1 ere 2 |) AB} 6 January 18.. | 72 6 | 42 2r | 25 7 |) April 18 i773» 8/43) 00 January 25.. | 72 4/42 6/25 6 || April 25 7s Tia 4 | 2 February 1.. | 72 6 | 42 4/ 25 11) May 2 : Gian Peek oe February 8.. | 73 4] 42 7] 26 o || Mayg WAmeeTialPASuS February 15 | 73 9 | 42 5 |225 9 || May16 .. | 74 3/44 4 February 22 72 tis? (0) 20 pede May 23°) (55 | 73! TO) || 43) February 29 Buran eA ZS 20. One MayisOn es 172) 93) (43) 93 March ims. We7ae 8 43 . 2%) | 27),2,\) Jone 6. «| 70° 8 | 40; 16 March 14 . ee Tel ASA) 27 we aailpane P20. | 67) Oy! Aza? Marchi 2T ehi72 55 A424 26) gill pane. 20... | 00 >I | 3902 March 28 .. | 72 10 | 43 3/27 5 || June27 . | 67 SF aesoquer 5 : BH Yr in[an 6 as 3 | TEN Woe 2 | a 9 | n & OWR ODO OW YO ON ( ) The AvEeracE Prices of Consols, of Wheat, of Meat, and of Potatoes; also the AverAGE Number of Pauprrs relieved on the last day of each Week; and the Mean Temperature, in each of the Fourteen Quarters ending June 30th, 1868. AVERAGE PRICES. | PAUPERISM. [wares “| fey hei IE eel Quarters per | Meat perlb. at Leadenhall ieee i patterly Av euES of ne) Mean enaing |°Gor”| SUNT | A™GeySine Caremceys | ,Rer‘Tom | aieved on the Zart day of | Tempe ‘Money).| England a Moceed © pea | Yature. d ety sp eee , : Wales. Beef, | Mutton. Southwark. In-door. | Out-door. Melo eee = Te 1865 £. | 8s. d. | | Mele Mar, 31 892 | 38 4 | 44d—7d. | 54d—73d.| 85s.—97s. | 142,329 | 813,372 | 36°5 | Mean 53d. | Mean 64d.| Mean gis. June 30 | 908 | 40 6 | 43d.—63d. | 6¢d.—83d.| 90s.—115s. | 125,846 | 776,016 | 56-2 Mean 5d. Mean 73d. |Mean 102s. 6d. Sept. 30 | 80§ | 43 3 | 43d.—7d. | 64d.— 83d. | 65s.—r100s. | 117,172 | 719,589 | 62°5 | Mean 5$d.| Mean 72d.| Mean 85s. | | | Dec. 31 | 884 | 44 10 | 44d.—7d. |53d.—84d.| 60s.—gos. | 129,036 | 725,259 | 46°0 Mean 5éd. | Mean 67d.| Mean 75s. 1866 Mar. 31 | 87 | 45 6 |44d.—6$d.| 53d.—73d.| 555.—90s. 139,546 | 759,402 | 41°2 | Mean 53d. | Mean 63d. Mean 72s, 6d. June 30 | 864 | 46 6 | 43d.—7d. |53d.—83d.| 60s.—g5s. | 123,657 | 734,139 | 53°0 Mean 52d. | Mean 7d. Mean 77s. 6d. Sept. 30 | 883 | 51 © | 54d.—73d.|53d.—83d.| 75s,—1208.| 120,955 | 717,553 | 58°9 Mean 63d. | Mean 6d. |Mean 97s. 6d. Dec. 31 | 893 | 56 8 | 42d.—7d. |54d.—73d.| 85s.—1308.| 133,979 | 734,312 | 46°2 | Mean 52d. | Mean 63d. |Mean 107s. 6d.' 1867 , Mar. 31 | 90% | 60 7 |48d—7d. | 5d.—7d. | 115s.—160s.| 147,620 | 832,364 | 38°9 Mean 57d. | Mean 61d, Mean 137s. 6d. June 30 | 92 | 64 © | 43d.—63d.|53d.—71d, | 1358,—1758.| 134,678 | 779,629 | 53°5 Mean 5#d.| Mean 6}d.| Mean 155s. Sept. 30 | 943 | 65 4 | 4$d.—63d.| sd.—7d. | roos,—155s. | 129,838 | 743,977 | 59°7 | Mean 5$d.| Mean 6d. Mean 127s.6d.) Dec. 31 942 | 67 11 | 44d.—6$d. | 434d.—64d. | 110s.—155s. | 146,237 | 771,230 | 42°5 Mean 52d. | Mean 53d, |Mean 132s.6d. | 1868 | IK Mar. 31 93 72 2 |43d.—6}d.| 4¢d.—63d.| 125s—r1708. | 159,716 | 860,165 | 41.4 | Mean 5id. | Mean 53d. |Mean 1478,6d. f June 30 | 943 | 71 10 | 43d.—6$d:| 49d.—7d. | 1308s.—1708. | 142,588 | 800,944 | 55°8 | Mean’5;d. | Mean sid.| Mean 150s. PAUPERISM. The Tora number of paupers rclieved on the Ist January, 1868, in 655 unions and single parishes under Boards of Guardians, in England and Wales, was 1,040,952, of whom 163,080 were in-door paupers, 877,872 were out-door. The total gives a proportion of 1 pauper to every 19 persons in the population of those unions and parishes, as returned at the census of 1861, or a proportion equal to 5:2 per cent. The number of insane poor was 42,927. On the Ist Jan., 1867, the number of adult able-bodied paupers was 158,308 ; on the 1st Jan,, 1868, it was 185,630, exhibiting an increase of 27,3822, or 17°3 per cent. s qutilpats: ni & . ey a . ® i, ee Tae te GEOLOGICAL MAP OF WESTMORLAND : —S===N = tT — Yai RKBY=STEPHENS og LA LA WLREP i, cM ed) SUT a < aS, SiEBURTON os A 8 eye DN e FEL AN © = Se MI : “Sg — Seale of Miles — 3 pane 70 Old Red Sandstone. (RARE New Red Sandstone. —— Mountain Limestone. ne ] Brathay Flags. (A Hayfell and Kirkby-moor Slates. | (ese Obuiston Tamextone: Green Slates and Porphyry. K GF, Coniston Grits. Granite. L (eazem Coal MeaeuEeRS Gypsum. M Wr Millstone Grits. Om. oF 1 oo > Skiddaw Slate. N 603 4 Porphyry or Synetic Dykes. PHYSICAL MAP OF WESTMORLAND WY a % ta Ss CO. = 1 x 4) Ss = —— SS S4 aS / aI ieee UT RHA avernslone \ } \ >, "is Thin, +} anit i m ial i cialis aN SS WiRKBY LONSDALE , MORECAMBE BAY i A Land where Wheat is grown. B fears] Meadow and Pasture Lands. (e Fell Pastures and Commons. JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND. L—On the Farming of Westmorland. By Crayston WEBSTER, Land Agent and Surveyor, Kendal. Prize Essay. WESTMORLAND is bounded on the east by Yorkshire and Durham, west and north by Cumberland, and south by Lanca- shire. Its greatest length, measuring from Morecambe Bay to the Tees at Tyne Head, is 41} miles, and its greatest breadth, from Bow Fell to Stainmore, 404 miles, It comprises 3 poor- law unions and 32 parishes, subdivided for rating purposes into 109 townships, and about 165 highway districts. Its population wasin 1801 .. .. .. «.. 40,805 * s ISHII Pic, ee prnws co, pos MNP 5; * US 205 Gan ee ies. p Oooo a if NCBI co, Gey fo. co | DEH Oe = u sea Pete oy bee Med PF OLeee: fe 5 ISIE Mees Mech nel | ae, Ea tshertl + A LSOMT Tear wea ep eon OU,OLO These figures show a slow rate of increase compared with other counties. Between 1851 and 1861 there was a consider- able decrease in some of the purely agricultural parishes, while a considerable influx has been and is going on towards the Windermere and Lake district. Westmorland is the thinnest populated county in England, the number of inhabitants per square mile being only 80, while the average of England is 373. In 1851 there were enumerated 2335 farmers; agricultural outdoor labourers, 2404; indoor farm-servants, 1957. ‘The total number employed in manufactures of all kinds was stated at 1933. ‘The same returns indicated a remarkable extent of migra- tion from the county to towns, besides emigration. ‘There were then living in England, but out of the county, 23,068 persons born in it, and of these 1233 were in London. In 1861 there were 11,810 inhabited houses, 597 empty, and 75 building. VOLS EYc——s., 8. B The Farming of Westmorland. ‘The area of the county has usually of late been estimated at 485,452 acres. In 1793 the late Bishop Watson attempted an estimate by the primitive mode of cutting out and weighing a piece of Jeffery’s map, and so made it 540,160 acres; but by computation by scale from the same map, only 407,040 acres. The following summary is believed to be correct. 2 F | Lakes, Parishes. | plead sete s.| Woods. | Roads, | Railways. Tan Total. | Rivers. | Acres, Acres, | Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Appleby St. Lawrence is 120} 310 73 310 56 | 6,058 Appleby St.Michael.. | 7,416 | 1,600 | 350 88 52} 103 | 15,521 Asby : oe sh hans 3,077 | 1,400 100 44 12 8,497 Askham 2 O11 250 100 24 23 4,484 Bampton 6,748 300 100 31 234 | 10,925 Barton 18,695 | 3,500 850 73 15 1558 | 31,805 Beetham 401 | 1,000 | 2,150 150 31 74 | 18,627 Brough oe 11,311 | 2,000 550 105 35 50 | 21,646 Brougham .. oe a 650 57 24 55 6,226 Burton 1,500 460 112 15 32 7,634 Cliburn fa aE 140 26 56 1,890 Clifton.. ash oi ae ~ 50 835 48 13 1,781 Crosby Garrett .. .. | 1,794 600 70 43 10 25 5,108 Crosby Ravensworth | 6,915 | 2,750 480 124 26 39 | 17,962 Dufton adehocte 12,368 | 1,750 130 14 92 | 16,848 Grasmere .. .. .. | 12,022 | 4,000 | 1,350 90 & 487 | 24,352 Great Musgrave.. .. | 30 1,500 80 24 10 14 | 3,190 Heversham .. ss 1,750 | 1,050 309 40 119 | 18,804 Kendal Sy. a 5,900 |18,000 | 3,500 672 215 556 | 74,061 Kirkby Lonsdale 4,493 | 8,000 | 1,600 336 100 405 | 35,945 Kirkby Stephen 14,440 | 4,000 400 189 80 126 | 33,033 Kirkby Thore AO 2 eNO e| 200 vi 11 49 | 11,700 Long Marton 2,097 500 170 72 ne 20 | 6,947 Lowther A ae 300 38 20 31 3,674 Morland 5 50 | 1,030 | 181 24 76 | 16,012 Newbiggin.. .. .. 0 50 13 i ey Ormside ere 30 180 49 26 2,713 Orton 52 40 9,300 | 2,500 230 Wiis 73 127 | 24,515 Ravenstondale .. .. 9,562 750 90 70 17 39 | 16,407 Shap 9,601 | 8,500 150] 114 56| 310 | 27,177 Warcop 3,904 | 1,150 220 92 30 40 | 11,490 Windermere AS 5,000 | 1,580 152 15 3688 | 19,676 147,025 |74,420 |18,670 3655 947 8518 |500,904 } The total gross estimated rental of the county, as fixed by the Assessment Committees, is about 455,330/., of which 61,9277. is due to railways. The average rental per acre of the land (excluding towns, railways, &c.) is about 14s, 6d. per acre, and of the ancient inclosed lands, commons excluded, as nearly as possible 20s. per acre. The writer has been at some pains to ascertain the proportions The Farming of Westmorland. 3 of the above areas cultivated and otherwise, and believes the fol- lowing table to be near the truth :— Acres. B fale pete in Land under corn crops in 1865 SO, OL po Cyhel Dougan RU nae e green crops __,, Ree okra) cau Ale LOU) Seal! 220 - bare fallow _,, sayy. wed 2a MOD: yyeenit (Orsh 3 artificial grasses under rotation .. .. ae Ran GC) eB) Total arable, taken from Government Returns 53,946 = 10,75 Permanent pasture, meadow, and ancient inclosures 159,931 = 81:93 Rough pastures and low allotments.. .. .. .. 33,793 = 6°74 Hill pastures and high allotments .. .. .. -. 74,420 = 14°85 Fells and commons, uninclosed wah fhe: cae, ea GO Ze Yea 20150) Woodsand plantations .. «= =, «« « » 18,670 = 3-5 DRUG EMM MGR Se ee es. Lee on), Ge | “OVOOOW vers POTS) rala See AY Bet aean ay Ce esi (Orit) Lakes, tarns, riv ers, and ponds... POO pee SIaTe as ela 500,904 = 100-00 Out of the 22,130 acres under corn-crop, no less than 17,042 acres were oats. These figures plainly indicate that Westmor- land is not an arable district, only about one-tenth of the gross area being under the plough. Nearly one-third of its surface is yet uninclosed ; commons remaining in 20 out of 32 parishes. In March, 1866, the county possessed 55,328 head of cattle, being 91 for every 100 of population, and 11:4 to every 100 acres of area, the average of England being respectively 10°2 and 17-4. There were of sheep 224,664; being 46°3 to every 100 acres, or just about the average ak England. The county is essentially “mountainous, yet it contains many fertile and smiling valleys, with the charming lakes of Winder- mere, Ulleswater, Grasmere, Rydal, &c. The climate, though humid, is very salubrious, the mortality of the whole county in 1866 being only eighteen in the thousand ; that of one district being only 14:3. The lake district attracts permanent residents in increasing numbers, notwithstanding its pluvial notoriety. The great Pennine chain, stretching from Cross Fell to Stain- more, guards the county on the east; the giant ramparts of the Lake mountains, “the mighty Helvellyn,” Bow Fell, &c., on the west. The northern parts dip into the fertile vale of Eden, and the southern extremity is washed by salt water in Morecambe Bay. The county is cut in two across its centre from east to west by what may be called a backbone of mountains and high ground, stretching from the head of Grasmere by Shap Fell, Ash Fell, &c., to the Pennine chain. It is pierced by several passes, such as Raise Gap, Kirkstone, Shap, &c. The waters north of this ridge run into the Eden ‘and Solway Frith, those south of it into Morecambe Bay. B 2? 4 Lhe Farming of Westmorland. This great natural division asserts itself in various ways, remarkable in so small a county. The vernacular of the common people on either side of it is different; that on the north ap- proaches the Cumberland and Border tongue, while that on the south may be called the pure Westmorland dialect, quite dif- ferent from that of Lancashire. The modes of farm manage- ment, farming customs, times of entry on farms, weights and measures of grain, the soils, and general features, are more or less distinct, while the rainfall is something like 40 per cent. less on the north than on the south side of the line. The county is pretty well supplied by railways, which appear to intersect 21 out of 32 parishes. The Lancaster and Carlisle, now part of the great London and North-Western system, pierces the county through its centre from south to north, scaling the heights of Shap Fell, once thought by George Stephenson to be impracticable for the locomotive; a branch from Kendal taps the lake district at Windermere; another from Low Gill, down the Vale of Lune, links the county with Yorkshire. The South Durham line, from Tebay over Stainmore, affords access to the Durham Coal Fields and the east coast. The ‘* Eden Valley” connects the county town of Appleby with Kirkby Stephen and Penrith. The Ulverston and Lancaster Railway, crossing the upper part of Morecambe Bay, cuts through a nook of the county at Arnside. The outlay on highways is about 4000/. a year, but they cer- tainly cannot be described as in good order. The annual cost of out and indoor relief and maintenance of the poor is about 5400/7, The peonraies average about Is. 3d. in the pound; highway rates, 4d.; tithes, 2s. per acre. Some of the parishes are tithe free, or nearly so, land having been allotted in lieu thereof on the frolosne of the commons. The following shows the height in feet of various points above the sea-level :— Lakes and ‘T'arns. Towns and Villages. Mountains. Mountain Passes. Feet. Feet. | Helvellyn. . . 3118 West . J Bow Fell . . . 2960 Langdale Pike . 2401 | Dunmail Raise 800 High Street . . 2663 | Kirkstone . . 1467 Shap Fells. . . 1937 Aes soapy Fy Central J Wabdate Pike | 1853 {fShapFellsRoad 1300 Ortou Scar. . . 1352 | Orton Road . 1250 Wild Boar Fell. 2323 | Ash Fell. . . 1180 Mallerstang Fell 2828 Stainmore. . . 1563 pena Mickle Fell . | 9547 nail « /Murton Pike , 1949 Cross Fell. . . 2799 Feet. | Kendal Town Hall. . 171 Kirkby Lonsdale Church 214 Milnthorpe ..... 44 Orton (resem ince ttn ia 750 Kirkby Stephen .. . 530 Isl 4 G Oo GO aM 590 Applebyis us ie cspes. 21 vs 500 Shap yeas) mere te « 900 Crosby Ravensworth , 700 High Winder ... « 1000 Stainmore . . 1436 Feet. Windermere. , 134 tydal . 181 Grasmere. .. 208 Easedale ... 915 Stickle. . . . 1540 Hayes Water . 1383 Blea Water. . 1584 Hawes Water. 694 Ulleswater . . 477 a an The Farming of Westmorland. GEOLOGY. Geologically, the county has three main divisions, viz., the Cumbrian Mountain Slate Rocks, the Mountain and Carbon- iferous Limestone, and the new Red Sandstone, There are numerous minor divisions (see Map). The north-western part contains green slate and porphyry. Slate quarries are worked in Langdale, Grasmere, and Kentmere. The western mountains run up “into gome of the highest and most rugged peaks of the lake district. In the south-eastern dis- trict are found some of the fossiliferous rocks of Kirkby Moor, In a few places in the vales of Kent and Lune, and near Shap Wells, are small patches of the old red sandstone, on which is invariably found a superior class of fertile soil. The peculiar “Coniston band” of limestone, which, after crossing the country to the west in a straight line, emerges from the bed of Lake Windermere, and runs in a narrow belt across Kentmere, to near Shap Wells—wherever it comes near the surface, affords herbage much sweeter than that on either side. The mountain limestone is abundant at Kendal, and to the west, the lofty escarpments of Whitbarrow, Farlton Knot, Arn- side Knot, and Scout Scar, being formed of it. It occupies much of the central part of the county, as at Orton, Crosby Ravensworth, Shap, Ravenstonedale, and Kirkby Stephen, and on the Pennine chain itis occasionally capped with the mill-stone erit, On Shap Fell is the granitic peak known as Wasdale Crag, whence boulders have been spread wholesale, by glacial agency probably, over nearly all the county, especially to the north and east. Some have crossed the deep Vale of Eden, and afterwards surmounted the summits of Stainmore, 1000 feet high, and lie stranded on the distant plains of Northern Yorkshire. The lead-mining at Patterdale and Murton employs altogether about 300 hands. The only coal worked is at Tan Hill on Stainmore, and it is of poor quality; and, though previously to the railways, supplying a considerable district, it is now of small account. The extent of mining in Westmoreland i is too small to have any appreciable effect on its agriculture, SoILs. In many instances the underlying geological formation is, on account of deep deposits of drift, no reliable guide to the qualities of the surface-soil. Very olen the most extraordinary variations occur in the soil in short distances, and even in the 6 The Farming of Westmorland. same field—very troublesome to the farmer, and puzzling to the valuer, Westmorland is certainly a thin-skinned shallow-soiled county, The soils in the Vales of Kent and Lune are gravelly, here and there intermixed with more loamy patches, well adapted for all kinds of crops, but good feeding old grass-lands are in very small room, The Vale of Eden is sharp and sandy, in some parts with gritty deposits from the mountains, forming first-class and early turnip and barley soils, and here and there tolerable meadows, Commencing near Kirkby Stephen, and running westwards by Soulby, Bleatarn, Ormside, Hoff, Colby, Morland, Newby, Strickland, and Clifton, to the Eamont, is a belt of cold un- grateful clay, very profitless to the farmer. All this district is naturally wet; turnips are raised with difficulty, and here the bare fallow for wheat still lingers. ‘This may be reckoned the poorest land in the county, although resting on the limestone formation, which, on the southern side of the county, comprises the best land where there is sufficient depth of soil. Along the base of the Pennine range is found a continuous belt of first-class grass-land, as at Stainmore, Brough Sowerby, Brough, Hilton, Murton, Dufton, and Milburn. The meadows at Stainmore, although in a high cold climate, produce herbage unsurpassed in the county for aroma and feeding qualities. Similar good meadows are found at Shap, Orton, and Raven- stonedale, and it is always thought good farming to procure natural seeds from those places for laying down arable lands in the lower parishes for permanent grass. As a general rule, in most of the valleys, the deepest, strongest, and best soil is found near the base of the mountains, often succeeded by a belt of clay or colder land, and, as the river is approached, by deposits of sand and gravel. In many places the substratum for some distance on each side of a river is little more than “ shillow,” or pebbles, thinly grassed over. The uplands are often cold, inferior land, with a stiff impenetrable subsoil, locally called ‘sammel”—gravel and clay indurated—and very difficult to drain. The mountain vales, such as Mallerstang, Long Sleddale, Troutbeck, Grasmere, &c., contain narrow bottoms of productive meadow. Although often grazed by the mountain sheep till late in May, the crops of hay in July are abundant, and grow more rapidly than in lower spots. July, however, being almost invariably a wet month, the hay harvest in these high districts is often a protracted and weary time, and frequently is not over till into September, and occasionally even October. The Farming of Westmorland. ¥ The various dales, such as Langdale, Patterdale, Hartsop, Troutbeck, Kentmere, Long Sleddale, Martindale, Mardale, Swindale, Wet Sleddale, and Mallerstang, are unique in character, In the centre of the vale is the swift-flowing “babbling brook,” with a narrow strip of verdant mead on either side, then succeed the ‘“intack,” or fell-side pasture, often fringed with shaggy underwood and bosky dells, vestiges of the primeval forests—above all are the cloud-capped mountains. ‘The inha~- bitants retain much of the primitive simplicity of their fore- fathers. On the fells of Martindale there still survives a herd of wild red deer. Pringle, writing in 1793, describes the then existing system of farming as very primitive indeed. On the best arable lands the course was—lst year, oats; 2nd, barley; 3rd, oats; sometimes two crops of oats before the barley. The land was then left to itself, without any seeds sown, the farmers thinking that quite needless, as the land was so “girse proud.” ‘The next year’s produce was a thin crop of natural hay, mostly twitch-grass and weeds ; the crop used to improve till towards the third year, but then deteriorated, and at seven years the ground was a soft carpet of moss, then came the plough and the above course again. On the lighter soils about Kendal, a crop of potatoes was taken between the oat crops, followed by barley, and then oats again; turnips were then quite a curiosity, and people would travel miles to see a crop of an acre or two, some pronouncing them a new-fangled and useless fancy. About the beginning of the present century the high price of grain, caused by the Coutineaial wars, led to the thtlosure of many thousands of acres of the lower lying commons. This period is still spoken of by the older farmers as “ Bonneypart time,” and with many a sigh of regret, when the famous crops and prices then obtained are remembered. Immediately the allotments were set out the plough was stuck in, and a scourging succession of corn-crops, one after another, taken for years, At the same time large and costly buildings were erected, as if such times were to last for ever. The land being “ fresh,” and generally heavily limed, produced fine crops at first, but after the final struggle of Waterloo, and the collapse of prices, all was left to Dame Nature; it “laid itself down,” and a deal of it, as about Newby, Sleagill, Ormside, Bleatarn, Hoff, and many other places, has never been touched since—permanently depreciated, and a monument of folly, much of it on the bare clays being scarcely grassed over after lying half a century. One farm is pointed out as having, when newly inclosed, been let at 3002. a-year, now let at only about one-third of that amount. If instead of being robbed with the plough, these districts had § The Farming of Westmorland. been drained, limed, and kept in pasture, their present value would have been threefold what it is. It is noticeable that many decent patches of land on the open commons have been ploughed at some period, and there is scarcely an acre even of the best meadows and pastures that has escaped the plough at some time or other, One reason of this, in addition to the tempting prices above referred to, was doubtless the defective internal communication, which bansed every farmer to grow grain to provide bread for his family, otherwise unobtainable. 1 ill within a comparatively recent period there were no carriage-roads, and all the traffic of the county was carried on by pack-horses. If the traveller looks underneath the present bridges, he will find that most of them have been widened once or twice, the original width being not calculated for carriages. In those Paes the farmer manutactined much of his own clothing from his own wool, and it is not long since the spinning-wheel disappeared from the farm-houses. Many of the rural roads go right over the hills in an appa- rently unaccountable manner, When pack-horses only were in request, a steep hill was not of the consequence it ultimately proved for carriages, and the base of the hill, along which the road might have gone level, was then probably an impassable swam Pringle’s report in 1797 says, ‘“‘A large proportion of the land is occupied by ‘estatesmen’ of from 10/. to 50/. a-year, and the farms in general are so small that it is rare to meet with one of 100/. rent, though there are some of 2002. or 2507.” A wonderful change has since taken place ; the old class of “‘ estatesmen ” are nearly extinct, although a few remain, prin- cipally in the mountain dales. The sacs! small tenements, which had descended from father to son for many generations, became burdened with charges to younger members; often the family was too large to be sustained on the limited area, while mortgages and arrears of interest accumulated with fatal celerity ; then perhaps came bad seasons, losses in stock, and similar reverses to which the occupier of land is always liable, and so at last the patrimonial estate had to be parted with. ‘The tendency has all along been to render the already Jarge landowners larger still, while hg small owners are gradually disappearing. Ika the neighbourhood of the Lakes a new class of competitors for the ownership of the soil has arisen in the merchant princes of the manufacturing districts, who eagerly buy up any nook where they may escape from their own smoke, and enjoy pure air and bracing breezes, with shooting and fishing. As regards farms, the tendency has been and continues in the way of Ficoncolidation: by laying two or three small farms into The Farning of Westmorland. a one. There are now very numerous farms of 2001. to 300/. a-year rent, and several from 500/. to 7002, or upwards. Some of these are very extensive, such as Forest Hall, 4850 acres ; Shap Abbey, 2830 acres; Helbeck Hall, 2000 acres; Rydal Demesne, 1900 acres ; but these of course include a large pro- portion of mountain or fell land. A large number of small farms are left, rented at 30/. or 50, and upwards. Good farms about Kendal, Natland, Heversham, Milnthorpe, Barton, and Kirkby Thore, average from 38s. to 42s. per acre; dairy-farms near Kendal, 40s. to 50s. In the immediate vicinity of towns and villages, accommodation fields of old grass let at from 3/. to 6/. per acre. On the poor clays lying between the central ridge and the Eden, 15s. may be an average. Hill-side pastures, capable of summering young stock, from 8s. to 16s. ; higher pastures, 3s. 6d. to 7s. 6d.; and fell lands, all the way from 4d. to 1s. 6d. per acre. The rent of grass and stock farms has increased 20 per cent. within the last 15 years, In the neighbourhood of Crosthwaite, Lyth, Underbarrow, and Witherslack, a noteworthy feature is the considerable extent of fine orchards, whence large quantities of fruit are sold south- wards, In the same neighbourhood are extensive hazel coppices, fruitful of nuts, which, with the orchards, form material ingre- dients in the value of the farms, INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE, &C. From its physical conformation Westmoreland is not, nor ever can be, an arable county to any extent ; but even if it could, other causes, viz., its climate and rainfall, cannot be over-looked, as restricting tillage to a limited area. The Lake mountains, and the central ridge or “ backbone,” act as magnets in attracting the rain-clouds, brewed up by the Gulf Stream and neighbouring Irish Channel. These, careering hastily up the steep mountain sides, and there entering a cooler temperature, scatter their contents wholesale on the country beneath, often when not wanted; but on attaining the summit they have usually spent most of their store, before starting a fresh race across the valleys and plains beyond. ‘The prevailing winds are S.W. From these causes the eastern and northern sides of the county havea much less rainfall than the south and west. The writer has often left Kendal by rail, in a gloomy down-pour of rain, and found a fine day an hour afterwards, on getting over the Shap summit. Few towns in England, perhaps, can, like Kendal, produce a 10 The Farming of Westmorland. resident (Mr. Samuel Marshall) who has personally, and with unwearied zeal and accuracy, registered the rain-gauge and barometer and thermometer for the long period of forty-five years. The following diagram of the rainfall at Kendal is drawn from his observations, from 1821 to 1866. From 1811 to 1821 the registers were kept by Messrs. Gough and Harrison. The averages, in decades, are as follows— Inches. 1811 to [8Z0imelusive .. . v1 | o0;8b0 1821 to 1880 35 Kiel el DOO OD 18381 to 1840 . Mig Bee (DO eS 1841 to 1850 £ as. oe ae POSSUM 1851 to 1860 ¥, Peo nar 2Hse! 6 years—1861 to 1866 _ + | ue eel (DOLLS The diagram does not indicate regular wet and dry cycles, The average rainfall appears to be gradually decreasing. Pringle says the fall, in 1792, was 83 inches. The fall at Ambleside, in 1864, was 74:40; in 1865, 65°78; in 1866, 94:10! while that at Appleby, in 1866, was only 39°36, and at Brougham Hall, 44°71. The fall at Appleby for the last ten years averaged 38 inches. It is now getting quite fashionable to keep a rain-gauge, but to be generally useful they should all be put under systematic regulations and rules, with allowances for situation, height above the sea, and other circumstances. The average number of rainy days at Kendal is 176 in the year. The mean temperature about 47°. The rainfall seems excessive, as compared with many other counties, although the number of rainy days is not in proportion, The amount of wet, however, makes ploughing operations and cereal crops very riskful and uncertain, and often proves exces- sively inconvenient in hay-time, besides impeding. out-of-door work generally ; yet from the light, thin, and gravelly nature of most of the soil, and the rapid slopes for quitting the water, two or three weeks of warm dry weather set the farmers crying out for rain. Generally speaking the county is well watered with clear streams and springs, but even a slight drought soon betrays weak places all over the land, where, thinly concealed, lie boulders, rocks, large stones or “cobbles,” and beds of hungry sand, gravel, or “sammel,” from which the herbage or crops speedily deteriorate till restored by welcome rain. ‘The Westmorland farmer is rarely altogether satisfied with the weather, which, at all events, affords him a never-failing topic for conversation and speculation on change; but on the whole the abundance of moisture must be looked upon as a beneficial arrangement. aang dbp ayy sv so Uayods AS 8) 9E9T 5. t — ae Cer (| “99ST xsl HOA OL WS8lrslaNve WOU UVAA HOVA ONTUOC TWANGM LV NAMVL TIVANIVE ‘IVONNV The Farming of Westmorland. 11 Considering the above circumstances, there is more land ploughed than there ought to be. Wheat is grown, after costly bare fallows, about Newby, up to 600 feet ; and oats, about Shap, up to 900 feet above the sea-level. In a cold wet summer the crops never get properly ripe, and oats often stand out till October or November. On steep slopes the heavy rainfall washes away all the best soil. All kinds of rural reform are slow of accomplishment, so hard is it to move out of the accustomed track, and numerous are the excuses why land, under the above circuistances, is not turned to grass. One reason is, the land has been so long and hard ploughed that “it won’t grass,” but requires an outlay for seeds, manure, subsequent top-dressings, and years of patient waiting, with little return, which very few farmers can afford; neither, even if they had the capital, could they be fairly expected to lock it up in the absence of a proper lease or security, At the same time, it would be a great error to rush into the opposite extreme. Westmoreland is admirably adapted by nature for breeding and rearing stock, which must remain in-doors for many long months in winter, and could not be kept as they are, or in anything like their numbers, without an ample supply of oat-straw and turnips. The vales of Kent, Lune, and Eden, the neighbourhood of Milnthorpe and Burton, &c., are moreover fitted naturally for partial tillage, and if proper attention be paid to cleaning and manuring, and rotation of crops, with a rest of two or three years in grass between each course of cropping, these soils may be rendered more productive, more profitable to the farmer, and permanently to the owner, in tillage than otherwise. A safe rule would be, in high, cold, and especially undrained localities, plough none ; in more favoured districts, plough only for home consumption, making all into manure at the home- stead. Another influence of the mountainous character of the county is backward vegetation in spring and unseasonable frosts. On the hill-sides there is rarely any vegetation till May. Snow- storms occasionally occur even in that month, and in 1860 deep drifts remained in hollows amongst the rocks on Helvellyn till July, returning again in October. It must be noted, however, that there is now much less snow than formerly. The older inhabitants remember snow lying on the ground for several weeks at a time, whereas it now is seldom seen for more than a few days at once. When the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway was made in 1844, with its deep rock cutting on Shap Fell, many were the prophecies that it would be snowed up every winter—an event, however, which has not yet happened. 12 The Farming of Westmorland. CATTLE. Said Pringle in 17983—* The cattle are of the Long-horned or Lancashire breed, excellent feeders, and possessing in an eminent degree the desirable property of laying on fat. The heifers and barren cows, if well chosen, are contessedly good thrivers, and in great request among the graziers of Vorkehine Not many years ago there was killed at Lowther a bullock weighing 132 stones.” No such thing as a long-horned ox can now be Haunt in the county, the breed being extinct: Till within a very few years back one or two herds still lingered in the mountain dales near Cockermouth in Cumberland, and a well-known cattle- dealer was accustomed to purchase a lot for grazing on his farm near Kendal, but it is understood that no more can now be had. This is somewhat to be regretted, as, notwithstanding their alleged slowness in arriving at maturity, they possessed hardi- hood and other properties suiting the exposed grounds and cold and wet climate. It should be remembered that there were no green crops nor artificial foods in their day, and they existed under circumstances which finer breeds could not endure. They would have made good crosses with the short-horns. It is not improbable that the present system of forcing may result in weakening the constitution of stock. The short-horns were introduced about 45 years ago, and have gradually supplanted the native breed. Many first-rate herds are now to be found throughout the county, and every farmer of any account keeps his own short-horned bull. Previous to the regulations consequent on the cattle plague (which happily Westmorland entirely escaped) considerable quantities of Gallo- way, Highland, Irish, and Dutch cattle were shown at the great fairs of Appleby and Brough, and these, spreading through the country, led to crosses ih ‘ie short- hawae, which raised Scull stock for the high- lying farms. Every spring “there is a great exodus of stock from Westmor- land to the great grazing district of Craven. Of those summered at home, many go to be fed on turnips in Scotland and low farms in the county. In the immediate neighbourhood of Kendal the dairy farmers usually keep up their stock bred at home, and feed off the old cows. Many bullocks and gelt cows are sent off as far as Norfolk. In some parts of the county, as about Crosby Ravensworth, cattle are liable to a disease called “cripple,” and also “red water.” In the former complaint the animal has a continual hankering after bones or the clothes off the hedge. ‘The bones crackle, and death ensues. Generous feeding is the best cure, and both these diseases disappear after draining, liming, and The Farming of Westmorland. 13 improv ing the land. In the limestone districts, where the water is so hard as to show petrifying properties, surface-water in puddled ponds should be provided for the cattle. Butter now forms a profitable item, and the Westmorland housewives are perhaps not surpassed anywhere i in its manufac- ture. Its superior sweetness and flavour are well known and appreciated in the manufacturing towns, where it is in great demand accordingly. The competition amongst the middle-~ men, or dealers, became so keen that special weekly markets have been established at Shap, Orton, Ravenstonedale, Warcop, &c., where the farmer readily obtains the full value of his produce. Among the many benefits obtained from railways are the equalisation of markets, and the rise of prices at home, instead of a large intermediate profit being taken between the producer and consumer, SHEEP In March, 1866, Westmoreland owned 224,664 sheep. It would be interesting to know what proportions were in “ Fell stocks,” properly so termed, seeing that nearly one-third of the entire area of the county remains in “ Fells.” Taking a stand- point on the ridge or “ backbone” of the county at the head of Long Sleddale, the Fell sheep west thereof are Herdwicks, whilst those east and north are of the Scotch, black-faced, or “ rough” breed, The Herdwicks (once not inaptly described as “ the breed best standing starvation”) appear to suit the Lake mountains the best. In traversing these several mountain ranges, a striking difference is observed in their herbage and configuration. The western parts rise more abruptly into craggy and rugged peaks, with sweet herbage amongst the precipitous rocks. The northern and eastern ranges are more rounded in outline, the herbage coarser, and the summits more covered with bog and heather, The flocks are sometimes the property of the landlord. On entry on the farm, or on the 5th of April, “viewers” on each side, usually neighbouring farmers well up to the work, are appointed on each side, who report on the various numbers and classes, such as rams, ewes, wethers, and hoggs, specifying the proportions with the value of each per head. ae tenant gives bond for the value, and is to deliver similar numbers of like value and condition or make good any deficiency at the end of his tenancy. In other cases the sheep-stock belongs to the tenant, who, nevertheless, takes and leaves them at a valuation, as if once the “ heaf’” be lost it is difficult to recover. The right of common of pasture is appurtenant to the ancient tene- ment, and is described in letting a farm as unlimited, ze. not 14 The Farming of Wesimorland. limited by number or stint, but legally limited to the number of animals devant and couchant on the ancient tenement in winter. In other words, no farmer should in summer turn on more sheep or stock than he can winter on his ancient land and its produce. Practically speaking, however, this well-known rule of law is a dead letter, and the term ‘‘ unlimited” is correct enough. Every one turns on as many as he can find room for, and sends away all he cannot keep alive at home in winter. In these apparently peaceful vales, whose inhabitants seem so unsophisticated, there remain remnants of the border freebooter’s spirit, on the principle “he to take who has the power, and he to keep who can.” Those having most land adjoining or near the fell, and living convenient to it, will take more than their proper share, so long as human nature remains as it is, and always has been, while those further off must be content with less or nothing. The keen competition amongst the stock- owners and shepherds now and then leads to sheep-hounding, worrying, assault and battery, and work for the lawyers. Among the old hands, Sunday is often the favourite day for a quiet dogging of the neighbours’ sheep off the best ground, The sheep have wit enough from experience to move off sharply on hearing the whistle of the hostile shepherd, without waiting for his dog. As a general rule each flock knows and keeps its own “ heaf,” or particular part of the common, usually known by pretty well defined boundaries, such as a “syke,” prominent rock, or a watershed ; but this as a mere matter of convenience only, there is no exclusive privilege, the whole common is open, and sheep can be turned on any part so long as there is no “ dogging” or driving others, The Herdwicks in particular possess a strong natural instinct in keeping to the heaf when yeaned, and, have been known to return thereto from very long distances, crossing rivers and other obstacles, sometimes with the lamb following. All the Fell sheep are remarkably hardy, enduring great priva- tions. The ewes are generally brought down to lamb in the “inland,” and are often seen nibbling the best meadows bare in a backward May. In keeping up the full stock a number of ewes are put to the ram to secure the usual proportion of Fell ewes. The surplus ewes are put to Leicester and long-woolled rams for “half-bred lambs,” which are sold off in autumn, Where the ground is suitable this system is very profitable. The Fell wether-lambs are kept till three years’ old. In one sense there is no profit in this, but wethers best maintain their ground against encroachers on the heaf, or perhaps encroach themselves, keeping others back. The draft ewes are usually sold off in October. They should be disposed of when five or six years 4 The Farming of Westmorland. 15 old, as they then begin to get weaker in constitution, and give less and worse wool. Each flock has its distinctive mark of ownership, registered in a printed volume, particularising every owner in Westmorland, Cumberland, and Lonsdale North. A meeting is held annually at Kirkstone Top for the exchange and rectification of “ the sheep who have gone astray” during the preceding season, some of which occasionally ramble across the mountain in an unac- countable way to long distances. The “ hoggs” are mostly sent away from October till April to be wintered in low allotments and inclosures. ‘Such allotments as produce little beyond “ling” and coarse bents are purposely not grazed in summer, so as to secure ‘‘ roughness” for wintering. Since more attention to good management has been awakened, the low-country farmers are not so willing to turn a penny in this way as formerly. These little animals have keen noses and appetites for “ fresh fields and pastures new,” and are as “lish” (nimble) as cats, so that scarcely any fence can turn them. The price of wintering a few years ago was from 2s. 6d. to 3s. each, but now is about doubled. In the fall of the year it is customary to salve the Fell sheep with a mixture of tar and butter, the notion being that not only is the animal kept warmer and drier, but that the fleece will weigh heavier. Mr. Irving of Shap Abbey, one of the largest stockowners and most spirited and intelligent farmers, prefers dipping his sheep, and after sixteen years’ experience adheres to it, in prefence to salving, The apparatus costs only 3/. 10s. ; Biggs’ preparation being used for aged sheep, and M‘Dougall’s for the hoggs. Five hundred sheep can be dipped in a day, at a cost of lid. each, salving being estimated to cost 8d. He recom- mends as essential that the dipping should be performed in dry weather, and that each sheep should remain in the bath at least one minute, a mere plunge being useless. He has adopted the same plan with the Herdwick stock at Wythop Hall with equal success, and considers the opening of the sheep’s coat, as by salving at the commencement of winter, to be injurious and against nature. The dipped wool commands from 13d. to 2d. er lb. more in the market than the salved. “ Fell wethers,” at three and four years old, when the Fell is not overstocked, come therefrom weighing 14 lbs. per quarter ; ewes 10 to 12 Ibs., the mutton being unsurpassed in. flavour. Large numbers go to be fatted on turnips on arable farms in the valleys, and on such farms a considerable breadth of turnips is provided annually for this purpose, and let off to the owners of the sheep at from 6d. to 7d. per sheep per week, with great ad- vantage to the fertility of the land, 16 The Farming of Westmorland. Wool has of late years been a profitable article. The Fell fleeces may average from 4 lbs. to 5lbs. each. Messrs. Whit- well, Busher, oad: Co., have recently established monthly sales by auction at Kendal, where the farmer has the advantage of warehouse-room, and commanding the full market value, on paying a reasonable commission. Prizes for the mountain breeds were obtained by West- morland farmers at the Royal Agricultural Shows at Carlisle and Newcastle. On the lower commons, allotments, and hill pastures, half- bred lambs from the Herdwick or black-faced ewe and the Leicester ram, give a very ready and profitable return, and the system suits admirably on mixed heathy grounds where there is no over-stocking. Sometimes the lambs come double, and they are usually sold off at the end of summer at from 20s. to 24s. each. The Leicesters prevail on the lower farms. Southdowns and Shropshire downs are found in a few first-class farms, but are not common, If the remaining commons were, where practicable, inclosed, and others moderately stinted, better boned and better woolled sheep might be kept, and more profit made, with less trouble and expense than at present. The only drawback being that perhaps we should more seldom enjoy a leg of four-year-old wether mutton; while the school of Lake Poets, and the shade of Wordsworth, would doubtless pronounce it as a ruthless pro- fanation, if their grand mountains were to be defaced by rigid lines of six-foot walls, set out by the surveyor’s parallel ruler. So long as the tall chimneys of Yorkshire and Lancashire smoke, so long will the Westmorland farmer have a never- failing demand for all his produce—beef, mutton, butter, cheese, and wool. His corn he can keep at home to manufacture meat with.* Pasturr LAND. The commons above referred to are in their original state, or as they have existed for unnumbered ages, unaltered by man; and so must they mainly continue, Some improvements might be made by open g guttering or surface drains, but so long as the lands remain in common ‘this is not likely to be attended to to any extent. The heavy expense of fencing ig, especially of making many * Tn 1797 Fell wool sold at 5d. per lb,; 4-year-old wethers sold for 9s. to 18s. ; ewes about 8s. ; hoggs, 2s, 6d. In 1792, “nearly one-third” of the sheep in the county perished from storms and disease. The Farming of Westmorland.’ 17 miles of boundary-fence against adjoining parishes, is the great obstacle to further enclosures. Where A wishes to inclose, there is no power to compel B or C adjoining to contribute a fair pro- portion of the cost of erecting a boundary-fence. The Inclosure Acts certainly point out one way for A to evade making the boundary-fence ; but it mends matters very little, the full Beaent of any inclosure being unattainable till each owner can have the full and exclusive control of his own land, to lock his gate, and stock the ground at his pleasure. Wherever an inclosure cannot be accomplished within a reason- able cost, the common may be stinted or converted into a regu- lated pasture at a very light expense. Afterwards the smaller owners may sell their stints to the larger, and in course of time, all getting into fewer hands, the extent of subdivision-fences may be materially reduced, so as to justify the expense of a complete inclosure. The hill and rough pastures cover 213 per cent. of the whole area of the county. Many of these were originally or till lately common, and remain pretty much in their original condition, being used mainly for “ half-bred lambs” and wintering sheep. The ancient meadows and pastures are nearly one-third of the entire area. Of first-class feeding or “ bullock-land ” very little is found in the county. Good pieces of old meadow and pasture exist about Kendal, Milnthorpe, Kirkby Lonsdale, and Amble- side. From 14 to 2 tons per acre is considered a good crop of hay. A nde breadth of hay is cut in the valleys, and in the neighbourhood of Orton, Ravenstonedale, and Kirkby Stephen ; and a deficient or a badly secured hay-crop is a great drawback, as the winters are very long, and cattle must be foddered. The very dry and hot year of 1859, with its scant hay-crop, was fol- lowed by one of the opposite extreme—a very backward spring, deluges of rain, snow-storms, and absence of sunshine; and if there had been no railways to fetch hay from Lancashire and greater distances, many of the sheep and cattle in Westmorland must either have been starved to death or sent away for fodder. The meadows are usually covered with farmyard-manure in alternate years. On mixed farms the “muck” is saved for the meadows, and the crops treated with “ artificials,” Lime has always been the favourite top-dressing for pasture- land, especially on the slate-rock formation, where it acts magic- ally in producing a fine sweet herbage. Limestone is generally abundant over the county. Public kilns are established at Kendal, Ravenstonedale, Stainmore, Morland, &c., and on the formation nearly every farm has its own quarry and kiln. The usual dose for a strong, heathy, rushy, or benty pasture is from 200 to 300 imperial bushels per acre, an under-allowance being VOL, IV.—S. 8. Cc 18 The Farming of Westmorland. of little use. It is laid out fromthe cart in convenient heaps, and generally left to “sour” before being spread. The cost at the kilns is 8d. or 384d. per imperial bushel. Where the cartage is long, as for instance from Kendal to the top of Long Sleddale or Kentmere, 8 or 10 miles of bad road, and where the land to be limed slopes upwards very steeply, the operation becomes very laborious and costly, especially if the hire of man and horse, and wear and tear of cart and harness, be reckoned in. So steep and rugged are many of the hill-side pastures, that the lime has frequently to be carried in bags or swills for considerable dis- tances ; and a cart-load, after all the labour, time, and trouble, to get it to its destination, looks in a very small room indeed when emptied out. Notwithstanding al] these drawbacks the process is always considered to “pay.” A farmer who is observed to be leading plenty of lime is booked as one of the right sort, and prospering ; and strong is the faith that the further you carry lime the more potent is its effect. One most important point is, lime must never be applied to wet land, or it will be thrown away; the beneficial effect is most strongly marked on newly drained, sour, rushy land, with a strong subsoil; and on this, or on mixed heaths and bents, the fine grasses and white clovers spring up plentifully after a good dose of lime. The first dose should always be a heavy one; after which the good effects will continue for twenty or thirty years, and the mark between limed and unlimed land be plainly visible; afterwards the pasture begins to recede. A second coat of lime never answers anything like so well as the first, and some artificial dressing is usually then resorted to. A compost of lime, soil, road-scrapings, and manure, all well mixed up and decomposed, still remains a favourite top-dressing for young seeds. It is probable that bones would in many cases answer fully as well as lime, and the labour and cost of applying them must be much less when the lime has to be led a long way, and the ground to be dealt with is steep and difficult of access with a horse and cart. The writer recently superintended the drainage of a cow- pasture of twenty acres, formerly wet, producing sour blue grasses, which no beast would bite; the subsoil was stiff clay, resting on limestone. The field having been thoroughly tile- drained, half of it was top-dressed with lime, and the other half with dissolved bones, at the rate of 6 cwt. per acre. The latter began to show much sooner than the lime, bringing up in pro- fusion white clover and fine grasses, greedily appropriated by the cows. The application of bones is strongly recommended on old cow-pastures ; their indiscriminate use, however, may lead to The Farming of Westmorland. 13 costly failures and disappointment. On thin, light, and gravelly soils, or on bare limestone-land, they have often little or no effect, but they are pretty sure to answer on strong newly drained soils, naturally producing heath or ling, rushes or bents. They have been found also to have a wonderful effect in renovating old pastures where other top-dressings have failed. In favourable situations, hill-side or upland pastures, especially such as have been a long time ago ploughed and laid down dirty, and with bad, or perhaps no seeds, are greatly improved by being again broken up, cleaned, and laid down to pasture with rape and seeds, forming luxuriant pasturage for a few years, after which they should be top-dressed. The following is a good selection of grass-seeds for laying land down to permanent grass without a corn-crop :— bushel. lbs. Devonshire Evergreen Rye-grass Italian Rye-grass Cock’s Foot .. Meadow Fescue .. Hard Fescue Cow-grass_ . Alsike Clover Sealy day cee. WVibitie CLOVEL Missi a xcs: teins see puss Co Co OTH He a bo ARABLE FARMS. With the exception of some half-dozen farms near the shore of Morecambe Bay, scarcely any are purely arable, the prevailing class being of a mixed character, The return of crops in 1866 were— Acres. WYRCODUE Stu Mrs sen ines 0 Ser Oe Dancy en ee oo) he G2 Oatsis eet iy $45) WAL O42, Diy Cagscteecets 2 olla (avo ete ces 84 Beans ap WEE. 3a" PSea ed 68 Per Centage IRCUS eae ere rey ces | Stile a, 114 of the County, 22,180 = 4:42 Green Crops—Turnips .. .. .. .. «. 8,292 EOLALOCS ae eNN ee seule LEROR MamcOld LS etal eee cee ae 84. Carr OTS aero ei Eel os ns 102 Rape and Vetches .. .. .. 946 eee SIG AMOVL ett eeopilite (tee WME Bn 2p 8... 2,105 = 0-41 Clovers and Grasses under Rotation ees ciee eLO SIO Rae otoS Total Arable Land i ey ct, OU LOM me LOaT ED: The average produce per acre is, of wheat, 282 bushels. 2 22 barley, oF > 7 _ oats, d4¢ 3) c 2 20 The Farming of Westmorland. On the lighter soils, as south and east of Kendal, and in the Vale of Eden, the usual course is, 1st year, oats; 2nd year, tur- nips (sometimes half drawn and half eaten by sheep on the ground); 3rd year, barley or oats, sown with seeds; 4th year, grass. On soils a shade stronger the course is prolonged to five or six years ; and this is approved of as the best. Arable land in in many places has become “clover sick” and “turnip sick ;” one reason being that those crops are repeated at too short intervals. When the land has rested two or three years in grass, and the seeds have been well manured or dressed with lime- compost, it does not often fail to grass well after the second year, and comes out much fresher for ine succeeding grain and green crops. On the clay-soils about Newby, Morland, Strickland, Orm- side, &c., where turnips cannot be depended upon, the course is,—Ist year, oats; 2nd, bare fallow, limed and manured; 3rd, wheat; 4th, seeds ; sometimes mown for horse-hay. Oats almost invariably form the first crop on breaking up. Wheat has been tried, but given up as a failure. The rule is, always to have a green crop or fallow between white crops; and in most leases or conditions a heavy penalty is attached to two successive grain-crops. Sometimes, however, the seeds “miss,” and then a second corn-crop may be taken if well manured, Mr. R. Knowles, an able practical agriculturist, gives the following comparative estimate of a four years’ course of tillage and grazing on a mixed farm of fair quality in Westmorland (see pages 22, 23). In sowing seeds for one year’s grass, about 14 bushel Italian rye-grass sal} Ibs. American cow-grass are et For two or three years’ grass the following is recommended :— PerennialRye'Grass), 9%. 2.) ss el ea lgomsmele Italian Rive (Grass. ss ie Se ee) ee OMlse Cocksfooti jess. it Some mee emee 555 ‘TimothyiGrassi., 20 Ac S00 4: So See Cow 'Giassi.c jos ce ely sb. sib, eu Oe Alsyke Clover). 45 0% hi kic Se eee ae Wihttes@lovera tas: Geta. ch occa Eee 2 Grass cutters and reapers are becoming common. Perhaps no better turnip husbandry can be found anywhere than about Kendal, Milnthorpe, Kirkby Lonsdale, and Kirkby Thore. All produce except grain and potatoes is, by rule, consumed and made into manure on the premises; by special agreement, however, on a few farms near towns, or where more wheat than commonly is grown, the tenants are allowed to sell straw and turnips, on bringing back an equivalent in manure. Lhe Farming of Westmorland. 21 The following description of the management on the home farm at Levens, the property of the Hon. Mrs, Howard, and under the care of her able steward, Mr. Milne, will be useful, as a model of the best Westmorland farming. Lawrence House Farm contains 240 acres, besides 24 acres of moss land on Levens Marsh. Of the former, 155 acres are in meadow and pasture, and 85 under tillage. A Byes cere course is adopted, viz., Ist year, oats out of ley ; ; 2nd year, green crop ; ord year, a Sau crop sown with seeds ; 4th and Oth years, grass. After the corn-crop has been removed from the seeds, if they be vigorous, sheep are allowed in dry weather to depasture them till about the beginning of November, after which no sheep or cattle are allowed thereon till March. With favourable weather in March ewes and their lambs are turned on, and allowed to remain until the latter end of the first week in May, when they are removed, and the crop allowed to grow for hay, which is always cut just before the grass and clover-seeds come generally into flower. The seeds are always depastured the second year, and for oats out of ley are generally ploughed out in January in open weather; 5 bushels of seed are sown and well harrowed into the soil; a heavy clod-crusher, and afterwards a heavy roller is applied, it being desirable to have the soil firmly com- pressed. When not laid or twisted, the corn is reaped with a reaping-machine, and with the scythe or hook when lodged, as the reaping-machine under these circumstances would not cut the crop properly, nor leave an even stubble. After the “ley corn” is removed the land is ploughed, if possible in dry weather, with a deep strong furrow, afterwards harrowed, and then left till April, when it is again harrowed and ploughed qeross the autumn, furrows with. deep narrow furrow-slices ; the harrows are again applied, and, if need be, the roller, and any particles of couch-srass carefully gathered and carried off; but for several years isang has been no couch- grass to deal each on the fallows of this farm, as should always be the case where land has been once thoroughly made free from couch and other weeds and clean seeds always sown. One acre of the fallow land is planted with potatoes, and the remaining 16 acres with turnips, one-half swedes, three-eighths yellow bullock, and one-eighth large white globe. The manure generally applied is about 12 tons of well-made farmyard- manure, with either 2 ewt. of Peruvian guano, or 3 ewt. of super- phosphate, or 3 cwt. of bone-meal. Early in November, if the weather be dry, a beginning is made to store the turnips. A large quantity is carted to the homestead, and stored in a shed for use onwards till the latter end of February. The whole of the remainder is set in the field, five rows being placed together (neither 22 The Farming of Westmorland. SHEEP AND CATTLE. First Year, Ourssneep abbey. Fe Joss ko weet a aeinice Charges and contingencies... .. .. -. « Rent and taxes .. 50 si Wool of four sheep, at 10s. Four sheep, at 37s. 6:/. Share of profit on vane a say 1 | bullock to 8 acres Winter eatage vs See coe Wl Lovett Mae ot els JDO co ees Pac co bd ahd ball! “oo Second Year. NaMeasiahOver orb heewibeess ees) uae Ditto .. Profit Third Year. Same as above ., ner Peierls TDIttON tee eee samme (stl MEWS eS ee Bronityy: Copp seek tem cst Abctcmcc comic oaeee Fourth Year. SEITE than Gu aly Ad” Feqg” “a Dittors. tse itt nein. deme ct PrONt eee eens Meee aes sec eeme oe Hirst yeaa -eny ic | ae), (ones Rants Second year AO) MACRMRORN G0) | Ooo aede Third year .. Abe tae A. en Hourthtyearisg. meiics pre) MeaQMreD Mirae ** It would seem only fair to charge the ONE Ze0ks, oth hee eeay yy AO) 0) 5 et 9) 6 2 258 ae a8 2° 0 ae 7 10 aA 0 10 3 OL 7: 3 0) 40 35 LOD 7 BON VO a the F ri TON a7, 3 00 PaO : | # 10 7 OF 3.0) 0 | 10 7 0/10 7 Om Tif cana sis He 10 7 OM 3510) 0 a3 SS LOR ia Onl LOM iz PEC Ore ce oie tea 5 oo) 1 90 ee Pree te (Oi (th) Fem oe (i) 8) 12 0) 70 hy ecco The Farming of Westmorland. OMPARED WITH PLOUGHING. 23 Four-Course System. First Year. So ad.) 8,8.1d. ost of ploughing, welling: and harrowing 013 0 Seed .. 2 gas Ree: Camas O15 10 Reaping . 013 0 | arting, housing, and. mar rketing (by ay (0) Vhrashing ree 2 (1 Pe) Rent and taxes 2°20 ae Oats, 40 bushels.. 6 0 0 Straw .. . ve ae 110 0 BEOHC. cease, ie 214 0 ALO 0) @ 10,0 Second Year. — a Deep ploughing stubbles in November .. - 012 0 Spring harrowing and grubbing .. .. .. +» « | O 5 O Second ditto EY ar | 0 5 O Cleaning, &c. .. | 010 0 Stitching, 3s. ; seed, sowing, &e, 10s. ped mlaie GO 10 ewt. superphosphate : 4 0 0 hinning and cleaning .. .. Es - Pulling, carting, &c. .. 012 0 Rentand taxes .. .. .. 2 520 20 tons swedes, value on ground .. (10. 40} 10) 4 0 | Third Year. Ploughing and harrowing... .«. 012 0 oo eB el Oc Sa era a 015 0 rass-seeds st, Sicte op ere eo aie G5 (0) S Sowing grain and coh i ae 0 5 O Reaping . .. 013 9 Carting, housing, and ‘marketing Erie Bonen “cy #58 Ot | MMORHTEM Ck fac) joe) Geese ee eee Os Rent and taxes .. RecA —