ADVERTISEMENTS.

LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS

for

vea

red,

-£5.

313 3-91 4-2 OM-6449

WE,

LTD,,

E112S417fll

S30 . 6 R81 V , 74 1913

A44928

ing or Foaling
reliable. Un-

For all caf
A magnifice
equalled for

ses

ral

RS\

V.1A

All Rights Reserved.

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

* * » i l- iV \

OF ENGLAND.

VOLUME THE SEVENTY-FOURTH.

» c» 3 3 j J » 1

9 -9 1 J 1 ' P

ft i » ) } J »

e i » * * a ® ®

9 3 1 ) 1 1

n ) i j 5 3

5

3 I

PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE.

1 3

f\

j

\ u

>
*7

LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

I9I3*

Price i os.

ALL interested in laying
down land to grass should
read

66

Permanent

& Temporary
Pastures.”

eighth

edition.

By MARTIN J. SUTTON, F.L.S.

Created Chevalier de la

» for services

rendered to Agriculture.

PRICE •>

bound in Cloth.

Illustrated with 22
beautiful engravings
of Natural Grasses,
Clovers, etc., and
including 44
Analyses of Grasses,
Clovers, etc.
prepared expressly
for this work by Dr.
J. AUGUSTUS -
VOELCKER. - '

The Times says : —

“ The general arrangement of the volume is the
same a°s heretofore, and the book remains, and is
likely to long continue to be, our standard authority
upon the cultivation of grass land.”

Th!,is!": ASM s ~s

analyses, and illustrations are most complete and accurate.

The Field say&<

* « e

d) «1

<*) *>•

“As the present the eighth

of

SUTTON’S

FARMER’S YEAR BOOK
& GRAZIER’S MANUAL.

contains descriptions, illustrations,
and much valuable information
on the best varieties of Grasses
and Clovers.

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY IN
FEBRUARY. :: POST FREE.

it proves' •'cpnclusi vel y the necessity
ol such * a volume to the intelligent
agriculturist, and we heartily commend
it as a standard work of the day. Lt
forms a complete vade-mecum upon a
subject in which vast interests are
involved, and about which so little^ is
known by the average grass farmer.’

SUTTON & SONS,

fflljE lime's r'fio-.mni

READING

r

WILLCOXS

SEMI-ROTARY WING

Lift and Force. For Carts and
A Farm and Estate Work, &c.

“ PENBERTHY ” INJECTORS.

Automatic and auto-positive. For
high pressures on Traction
Engines, &c.

STEAM IN LET
£QR WARMING OIL

“Manzel” Automatic Oil Pump Lubricator

Strongly made to stand vibration
on Road Locos, &c.

Lubricating Oils and Greases

for all types of Engines and Machines.

We shall be pleased to send copy of 736 pp. Catalogue to
Agricultural Engineers on receipt of trade card.

W. H. WILLCOX & Co., Ld.,

32 to 38, Southwark Street, London, S.E.

advertisements.

tring Park Stud of Shire fior$e$

The Property of the RT. HON. LORD ROTHSCHILD.

Photo F. Babbage.

HALSTEAD BLUE BLOOD 27397.

Sire— Lockinge Forest King 18867. Dam 4212 1 H^lsiea.d ^
by Menestrel 14180. Gr. Dam— 28812 Halstead Lady Haiold y

Markeaton Royal Harold i5225-

Photo F. Babbage.

HALSTEAD ROYAL DUKE 25255.

Sire-Lockinge Forest King 18867. Dam-42121 Halstead Duchess

III by Menestrel 14180. Gr. Dam — 28812 Halstead Lady Harold y

Markeaton Royal Harold 15225.

Jersey and Dairy Shorthorn Cattle. :: :: Hampshire Down Sheep.

For further particulars apply to—

RICHARDSON CARR, SRg Tring Park, Tring, HERTS,

who will be pleased to show the Stock by appointment.

\

ADVERTISEMENTS.

R. A. LISTER

AND CO., LTD.

DURSLEY ENGLAND.

MANUFACTURERS OF HIGH-CLASS
DAIRY APPLIANCES.

“LISTER”

ENGINES

for

Petrol, Oil,
and Gas.

‘lister-

BRUSTON”

ELECTRIC LIGHT

plant ::

ITSELF

STARTS
G STOPS

No Engineer & no large hasttery
needed. Nearly lOOO plants ir> use
Can be seen working daily at -
4J, Victoria St., Westminster, s.w.

REFERENCES, CATALOGUES & PRICES
FREE ON APPLICATION TO

R. A. LISTER 6 <P L° DURSLEX Qlos.

“ LISTER-
BRUSTON”

Automatic

Electric

Lighting

Plants.

“LISTER”

SHEEP

SHEARS.

Sir Archibald Denny, Bart., Cardross
Park, Cardross, D u m bartons h i r e,
•writes :

"Your Automatic Plant las been in use
here /or about two years & has given
me every satis faction The small bat-
tery seems to he in pood order. The
plant js looked after by my motorman
& he tells me that it gives him no trouble
whatever ”

Catalogue and full particulars
sent on application to the
Sole Makers.

inutiuiunil

it’s Right if it’s a

mm

«L

CLEAN DIGGING

1 is assured if you use the new Cambrian Link
Digger. This machine has Roller and Ball
Bearings in the strong rigid frame, simple levers,
powerful gears, and new patented Digging attachment
which digs the potatoes clean without bruising them m
any way, and leaves them nicely on the top for picking.
Get our new Catalogue D., or call at our Agents an see
one ; it will certainly pay you to do so.

Powell Brothers $ Whitaker,
Wrexham.

Agent -

13

Q.O 0*^0 o P a
a o»

PURVEYORS TO

Ibis flbajest^ tbe Iking.

By Appointment.

WATERLOO ROUND FEEDING CAKES,

AS SUPPLIED TO

his majesty the KING.

By Appointment,

The most perfect MIXED FOOD in the Market.

if

—188 BBBBB

il WATER LOO 97 %i

i

BlillllilliUi

WATERLOO 97°/o PURE COTTON CAKES.

GUARANTEED FROM EGYPTIAN SEED ONLY.

Guaranteed 97 per cent, of Purity.

WATERLOO ROUND 97°/0 PURE LINSEED CAKES.

these cakes are made from the

r> Each cake contains about 1 pint
BEST LINSEED PROCURABLE. of Pure Linseed Oil.

GUARANTEED 97 PER CENT. OF PURITY.

T„ rnittain about 13 per cent. Pare Linseed Oil. Under about | per cent. Sand.
To T°hls is the Purest and Best Linseed Cake Manufactured.

WATERLOO 97°|„ PURE LINSEED CAKES.

ANGLO SHAPE.

Guaranteed 97 per cent, of Purity.

To contain about 12 per cent. Pure Linseed Oil. Unto about J per xent. Sand-

MADE FROM FINEST QUALITY LINSEED. THOROUGHLY SCREENED.

WATERLOO 97%

sold .ha contract warranty

- . „ ^ i Mill

-“Guaranteed pure

MlTnut«tur«l tTvTur W^ATERLao^ MILTs CO., Ltd., Htll.^^ HULL

For Price and Particulars apply (tgelk*gR|rokers tor the Company.)

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BUFFALO BRAND BINDER TWINE

Holds the Field!

FOR LENGTH.

FOR STRENGTH.

FOR SMOOTHNESS.

FOR MODERATE PRICE.

i

THIS is not merely the opinion of the Manufacturers, but it is
* the actual experience of thousands of farmers at Home and
Abroad who have used it regularly every season for many years past,
and who will not have any other.

Q It is packed in flat \ cwt. bales with
a single band running up the centre.

Q It is always on view at the Royal
and other principal Shows.

*

q It is stocked by the leading
Implement Agents and Wholesale
Dealers, and it is always there
when you want it.

If you cannot procure it from your local Dealer write us, and we
shall tell you where to get it.

Sole Proprietors and Manufacturers :

Dixon & Corbitt and R. S. Newall & Co.,

Ltd.,

Teams Rope & Twine Works, GATESHEAD=ON=TYNE.

We are also old established Manufacturers of —

HEMP AND WIRE ROPES

of every description and for all purposes.

advertisements.

THE

WALTON & WORSLEY HERDS

OF PEDIGREE

LARGE WHITE

YORKSHIRE

PIGS

The Property of SIR GILBERT GREENALL,
Bart., Walton Hall, Warrington.

The whole of the famous Worsley Herd, which
has been in existence between 40 and 50 yeai&,
and which during the last 10 seasons has been
practically invincible at the Royal and leading
County Agricultural Shows, has been purchased
from the Earl of Ellesmere and is now combined
with Sir Gilbert Greenall’s famous Walton Herd

at Walton Hall.

Four or five hundred Boars, Sows and
Gilts to select from.

ngr- Prices on application to RICHMOND DAYBELL,
Manager, Rowswood Farm, Higher Walton, nr. Warrington;
or to W. BA1NBR1DOE, Walton Estate Office, nr. Warrington.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

IMPERIAL ACCIDENT
INSURANCE COMPANY, Ltd.

Established 1878.

17, PALL MALL EAST, LONDON, S.W.

DIRECTORS.

The Rt. Ron. Thomas Frederick Halsey. I Col. The Hon. Francis C. Bridgehax.

Cyril Selby Lowndes, Esq., M.F.H. | E. Roger Owen, Esq.

Benjamin S. Essex, Esq.

LOCAL DIRECTORS.

The Rt. Hon. Lord Sempill. I A. E. O. Humphrkys-Owen, Esq, J.P.

The Rt. Hon Lord Wrottesley. | Richard Marker, Esq., J.P., D.L.

FARMERS’ INSURANCES-LOW RATES

HORSES and CATTLE INSURED against DEATH from Accident or Disease.
COLTS INSURED for CASTRATION. STALLIONS INSURED against DEATH
or DISABLEMENT. HUNTERS INSURED against DEATH or DISABLEMENT.

IMPERIAL FOALING POLICIES.

SPECIAL ADVANTAGES ! GREAT BENEFITS ! LOW RATES I

Full Market Value of Mares Insurable. Foals Insured to 31st December, or to
expiry of Annual Policy. Full Amount Paid for the Foal if cast any time.
Double Amount payable for Foal after three months old.

Large Cash Payment for Barren Mares.

THE “IMPERIAL” IS THE FARMERS’ COMPANY.

CLAIMS PAID - £500,000.

Prospectus Post Free. B. S. ESSEX, Manager,

“IDEAL” &
“SAMSON”

WINDMILLS

(OF GALVANIZED STEEL)

FOR PUMPING,

FOR WATER SUPPLY

To House, Farm, or Estate, and

FOR DRAINAGE

Of Marsh, Quarry, or Cesspool.

Hot Air, Gas, and Oil Engine, Turbine and Water-
wheel Pumps.

Tubes, Tanks, and Fittings.

Hydraulic Rams.

Well Boring (Tubular & Artesian Wells).

Water Softening Apparatus.

IV Surveys made and Estimates
given for Water Supplies and
Fire Protection by Gravitation or
Pumping.

JOHN S. MILLAR & SON,

Water Engineers, &c., ANNAN.

advertisements.

The Stud Farm can be seen by appointment.

For terms, nominations, and full particulars, apply

ESTATE OFFICE, BRICKENDONBURY, HERTFORD,

Stations .—Hertford. Great Northern and Great Eastern Railways.

T aUtsrnvns : — “ Stud." Avenue, Hertford.

brickendon shire stud,

The Property of

E. E. PEARSON, Esq., BRICKENDONBURY, HERTFORD.

SEASON 1914.

™SHIRE STALLION COLESH1LL FORESTER 24.49-

Winner of numerous Firsts and Champion Prizes, including two S.H.S. Medals. .

Brown, stands 17-1 hands ; foaled 1905 ; F°ieSt g’ 1 ’

Dam, 24474* Pansy, by Herald, noui.

QPVFPN CHAMPION, 27759* Brown ; foaled 1908 ; Sire, Childwic
SEVERN CHAMr Maiestic 17254 5 Dam, 49077,

ChamP,°npriimose BaSnesfby Hendre Baronet, 16714.

USSSS!

THE JOURNAL

OS' THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

YOL. 74.

1913.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Carters Tested Seeds

Our Root Seeds are selected by analysis
by the Carter Method

for

1. The specific gravity of the entire root

as a guide to its keeping quality.

2. The specific gravity of the juice as a

guide to its feeding quality.

3. The percentage of sugar and its allied

compounds.

4. The total amount of dry matter.

IT WILL PAY YOU TO SOW THEM.

Illustrated Catalogue of Farm Seeds. Post Free.

^eetJsnten to 3^(8 iBajestg, Ct)?

RAYNES PARK, LONDON, S.W,

THE

JOURNAL

OF THE

*

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF ENGLAND.

VOLUME 74.

(being the seventy-fourth volume issued since the

FIRST PUBLICATION OF THE JOURNAL IN 1839.)

I 3 > 1 * * ** ) «) •>

a J 1 » ) ^ ) -1)

■, no • i » » a J', i ) )

S O O >5?) ) *

♦

9 »

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*) >

o ■»

j m

4 •» %

O L

> > >
)

> 0

0 0 3 ’1 ) O :> O J
!> > ) 1 33
) 0 ) > 33
) ■) 0)0 )
1 rj-y-r V ) O D

PRACTICE WITH SCIENCE.

LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1913.

93355

Extract from the Society’s By-laws

( Dating from the Foundation of the Society )

“ The Society will not be responsible for the accuracy
of the statements or conclusions contained in the several
papers in the Journal, the authors themselves being

solely responsible.”

[ 5 ]

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

VOLUME 74, 1913.

SPECIAL ARTICLES.

PAGE

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil . . . . 1

{With Four Illustrations )

By Edward J. Russell, D.Sc.

The Agriculture of the Cots wolds . . . . . . .22

By Robert Anderson, F.S.I.

Welsh Ponies and Cobs ......... 37

{With Five Illustrations')

By Chas. Coltman Rogers.

Hereford Cattle .......... 54

( With Two Illustrations)

By W. G. C. Britten.

Shropshire Sheep .......... 62

{With Three Illustrations)

By Alfred Mansell.

Mole-Draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains . . .76

{With Two Illustrations)

By Douglas T. Thring, F.S.I.

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows . . . .89

{With Four Illustrations)

By Professor Sir John McFadyean, M.B., B.Sc., C.M.

Compensation for the Unexhausted Manurial Yalues of Feeding

Stuffs and Fertilisers . . . . . . . .104

By J. Augustus Yoelcker, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., and
A. D. Hall, M.A., F.R.S.

The Duration of the Action of Manures . . . . .119

By A. D. Hall, M.A., F.R.S.

Some Minor Farm Crops, I. . . . . . . . .127

I. — Flax . . . . . . . . . .127

By J. Yargas Eyre, M.A., Ph.D.

II. — Hemp . . . . . . . . . .140

By J. Yargas Eyre, M.A., Ph.D.

III. — Seed Growing in Essex . . . . . .149

By Arthur W. Ashby.

IY. — Tobacco . . . . . . . . .155

1. — On Waste Land at Methwold, Norfolk . . .155

By Major G. F. Whitmore, M.A.

2. — At Redfields, Hants. . . . . . .159

By A. J. Brandon.

Y. — Teazles . . . . . . . .163

By Arthur W. Ashby.

[6]

Contents of Volume 74.
CONTEMPORARY AFFAIRS.

PAGE

. 173
. 187

Contemporary Agricultural Law . •

By Aubrey J. Spencer, M.A.

The Organisation of the Wool Industry . /

By J. Nugent Harris.

OFFICIAL REPORTS.

The Bristol Show, 1913 . • • •

(With Twenty -two Illustrations)

By Thomas McRow.

Report on the Trials of Milking Machines .

(With Two Illustrations)

_ j. a Trial of Hand-Power Machines for applying y
Report on the Trials of Mana row to Bushes or

Insecticides or Fungicides m 1 owder
Trees .

(With One Illustration )

By the Judges.

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Bristol, 1
(With Three Illustrations)

By Harry W. Buddicom.

Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show, 1913 .

By Ernest Mathews.

I. — Milk Yield Trials ■ *

TI — Butter Tests . • • • • , ‘ \

HI— Experiments in Butter Making from Whole and Mixed

Milks '

XV. — Experiment in Churning •

y. — Caerphilly Cheese •

Agricultural Education Exhibition, Bristol, 1913 .

Forestry Exhibition at Bristol, 1913
By A. T. Gtllanders.

Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1913
By the Judges.

Farm Prize Competition, 1913

By C. S. Orwin, Hon. M.A.

Report of the Council to the Annual General Meeting of Governors

and Members of the Society, December 10, 1913 • • •

-Rrxrxrvri mi the Results of the Examinations m 1913 tor (i) J-ne
ReP°NationM Dfploma in Agriculture ; (2) The National Diploma in

Annual Report for 1913 of the Principal of the Royal Veterinary

C°"eRy Professor Sir John McPadyean, M.B., B.Sc., C.M.

Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist . . •

By J. Augustus Yoelcker, M.A., B.bc., rn.u.

Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist .

By Professor R. H. Biffen, M.A.

192

234

256

259

267

267

271

276

278

278

281

286

290

294

325

337

346

358

372

Contents of Volume 74.

[7]

Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist

By Cecil Warburton, M.A., F.Z.S.

PAGE

. 379

The Woburn Experimental Station of the Royal Agricultural
Society of England

By J. Augustus Voelcker, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.
Agricultural Statistics .

The Weather of the past Agricultural Year ..... 430
By Frederick J. Brodte, F.R. Met. Soc.

Rainfall, Temperature, and Bright Sunshine during 1913 . .436

The Rainfall of 1913

NOTES, COMMUNICATIONS and REVIEWS.

The Government Scheme for the Improvement of Live Stock
The Sugar Industry in France .....

“A Pilgrimage of British Farming,” by A. D. Hall

“Farm Management,” by G. F. Warren

“An Agricultural Faggot,” by R. H. Rew ....

Sir Richard Powell Cooper, Bait

Henry Herbert Smith ....

Martin John Sutton

. 439
. 441
. 442
. 444
. 445
. 446
. 447
. 448

APPENDIX.

List of Council of Royal Agricultural Society of England
Standing Committees of the Council .

Chief Officials of the Society .......

Distribution of Governors and Members of the Society, and of
Ordinary Members of the Council

Table showing the Number of Governors and Members in each
Year from the Establishment of the Society
Financial Statement by the Chairman of the Finance Committee
Trust Funds held by the Royal Agricultural Society .
Balance-sheet for 1913, with appended Statements of Ordinary
Income and Expenditure and of Receipts and Expenditure
at the Bristol Show, 1913 .

Statement showing Distribution of Prizes at Bristol Show .

Minutes of the Council Meetings in 1913

February 5, xix ; February 12, xxi ; March 5, xxi;
April 2, xxii ; May 7, xxiii ; June 4, xxvi ; July 2, xxvii ;
July 30, xxxiii ; November 5, xxxv ; December 10, xxxix.
Proceedings at the General Meeting, July 2, 1913
Proceedings at the Annual General Meeting, December 10, 1913
Officials and Judges at the Bristol Show, 1913 .

Awards of Prizes at Bristol, 1913
Prize List for Shrewsbury Show of 1914 .

Index to Volume 74

i

iii

iv

v

vi
vii
ix

x

xviii

xix

xxviii

xli

xlviii

liii

cxxxix

cli

[ 8 1

Binding

ot back Volumes of the Journal.

:he Journal is now issued to tme “scri^™

^RUSCOTT & Son have contracted enrmlv the green cloth lettered case ,

Scorer at the rate of free, or 1, each tf

or the use of local bookbinders, jrt thhp^ howeveri be 8Upplied separately for the

•ailed for at their offices. ^ Qqq i qqq

Volumes of the First and Second Series, 1839 to 1 •

tu binding of hack numbers or me
All parcels ™ T"T

LTo""lfiolf£XcanU Street, London, E.C.

To avoid confusion the Volumes of ^^oid^and the NewNumbers of each of the

fo^^

NEW

(UMBERS

Old Numbers

. (1839-40)

SERIES

I. Parts

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

, 15.

, 16-
,17.

, 18.

, 19.
, 20.
, 21.
, 22.
, 23.
, 24

25,

1841 ..

1842 ..

1843 ..

1844 .

1845 .

1846 .

1847 .

1848 •

1849 .

1850 .

1851 ,

1852

1853

1854

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860
1861
1862

, 1863
. 1864

I. (i.), II. (ii.), HI. (iii.).
and IV. (iv.) .

TT I. (v.) II. (vi.), & III. (vii.)

III. « I. (viii.), II- OVX.&nb (x.)
IV* I. (xi.) and II. (xu.)

V " I. (xiii.) and II. (xiv.)

Vi I. (xv.) and II. (xvi.).

VII ”, I- (xvii.) and II. (xvm.)

VIII , I- (xix.) and II. (xx.)

TX I. (xxi.) and II. (xxn.)

X ” I. (xxiii.) and II. (xxiv.)

Vf " i (xxv.) and II. (xxvi.)

xti ” I. (xxvii.) and II. (xxvni.)
XIII ” I- (xxix.) and II. (xxx,)

xtv " I (xxxi.) and II. (xxxn.)

Xi v ”, I (xxxiii.) and II. (xxxiv.)

XVI.' I. (xxxv.) and II. (xxxvi )

itvtt I. (xxxvn.) & II- (xxxyinj

xVlII :, I (xxxix.) and II. (xl.)
xiX I. (xli.) and II. (xln.)

XX " I- CxliiiO and II. (xliy.)
VVt' I. (xlv.) and II. (xlvi.) ..

x¥ll. Z I.ixlyuOandlMxlvin.)
Sv : L (U anVil (lib .

¥rvl ” I- Oii-) and II. (liu.)

[.26. 1865 —
27. 1866 ...

28. 1867 -

29. 1868 ...

30. 1869 ...

31. 1870

32. 1871 ••

33. 1872 ••

34. 1873 ••

, 35. 1874 ••

, 36. 1875 ••

, 37. 1876 ..
, 38. 1877 ..

39. 1878 ..

40. 1879 ..

41. 1880 .

SECOND SERIES

Vol.

I.

II.

III.

IV.
V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XIV.
XV.

XVI.

Parts I.

- 5:

” i.
” i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i,
i

Vol. 42.
. 43.

1881 •
1882 .

1883 .

1884 .

1885 •

1886 ,

1887

1888
1889

Vol. 51. 1890

SECOND SERIES continued.

^ T ItTTV.1 and II. (xxxvi.)

(i.) and II. (ii;)

(iii.) and II. (iv.)

(v.) and II. (vi.) .

(vii.) and II. (vm.)

(ix.) and II. (x.)

(xi.) and II. (xn.)

(xiii.) and II. (xiv.)
(xv.) and II. (xvi.)
(xvii.) and II. (xvm.)
(xix.) and II. (xx.)

(xxi.) and II. (xxn.)
(xxiii.) and II. (xxiv )
(xxv.) and II. (xxvi.)
(xxvii.) and II. (xxvm.)
(xxix.) and II. (xxx.)
(xxxi.) and II. (xxxii.)

„ 52.
„ 53.
„ 54.

1891 .

1892

1893

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

xxv.

THIRD SERIES

I. '(xxxv.) and II. (xxxvi.)

I. (xxxvii.) & II. (xxxviii.)
I. (xxxix.) and II. (xl.)

I. (xli.) and II. (xln.)

I. (xliii.) and II. (xliv.)

I. (xlv.) and II. (xlvi.)

I. (xlvii.) and II. (xlvin.)

I. (xlix.) and II- (1.)

and

and

55. 1894

56. 1895*

57.

58.

1896

1897

59. 1898

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.
74

1899 ..

1900 ..

1901 ••

1902 ..

1903 .

1904 .

1905 .

1906 .

1907 .

1908 .

1909 .

1910 .

1911 ,

1912

1913

Vol. I. Parts I. (IX. 11^(2), IIL (3)’

XI I. (5), II- (®)> til- (I),

I, ” TV

nI I. (9), II. (10), HI- (ID.

” ili- ” TV (12)

IV „ I. (13), II. (14), HI. (15), and
" IV. (16) x ,

y I. (17), II. (18), HI- d»). “d

” ' ” IV. (20) x .

VI I. (21X11.(22), HI. (23), and

” IV (24)

VII I. (25), II. (26), III. (27), &nd

" IV. (28) „ ,

VIII . I. (29), II. (30), III. (31), and
” IV. (32) % ,

IX ,. I. (33), II. (34), HI. (35). «d
” IV. (3b) x .

X „ I. (37), II. (33), III. (39), and

ii " iy (40)

XI „ I. (41), II. (42), HI. (43), and
” IV. (44)

issued as an Annual Bound V olume.

5ed as an Annual Bound Vo ume.

Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.

Issued as an Annual Bound V olume.

Issued as an Annual V olume in paper covers.
Issued as an Annual Volume m paper covers,
issued as an Annual Volume in paper covers,
issued as an Annual Volume in paper covers.
Issued as an Annual Volume in paper covers.
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Issued as an Annual Volume m ]'aPer cover-
Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.

Issued as an Annual Bound Volume.

.5 0
O

JOURNAL

OF THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF ENGLAND.

THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE
AND WEATHER ON THE SOIL.

The dominating influence of weather on agriculture asserts
itself not only on the growth of crops ; it has at least as great
an effect on the soil. It is the purpose of the present paper to
discuss some of these soil effects and to see how they arise and
to what extent they are of importance in the economy of the
farm. We shall find that the interest of the subject is not con-
fined alone to the thoughtful and observant farmer who likes
to think out the reasons for the things he sees ; it. appeals also
to the man whose chief care is for practical information,
because it already affords some help, and seems likely in the
future to afford much more, in deciding the best methods of
soil management. Climate and weather apparently lie beyond
human control, but soil does not ; there are reasonable hopes
that the farmer can step in to modify in some directions the
effect of the climate and the weather on the soil.

The soil as we find it to-day represents the result of at least
two sets of changes : a breaking up and decomposition of rock
material, which gives rise to the mineral framework of the
soil ; and a slow accumulation of organic matter in consequence
of a long succession of generations of plants and animals that
have lived and died in the soil and, in dying, have left their
remains to mingle with it. Both sets of changes are very
profoundly affected by the climate in ways which must be
discussed in some detail.

The Effect of Climate on the Formation of the
Mineral Framework of the Soil.

It would be impossible within the limits of this paper to
trace out in detail the processes by which the mineral portion
of the soil has come into being ; indeed much of the history is

B

YOL. 74.

2

The Effect of Climate and Weathev \6n the Soil.

r, *' > » *v ♦ , * f * ,

' i *’ 6j }~ > <’ *1 ' » *) '»y _ >) #) e,

unknown and has yet to be written. But the main outlines
have been discovered. The crust that formed when the earth
first cooled sufficiently to have one, and the masses of molten
material since extruded, soon began to break down under the
action of the air, water, heat and cold. The particles chipped
off did not necessarily remain where they were, but often got
carried away by wind, water, or ice to remote places, and
became further ground up or decomposed during the journey.
Great quantities were washed out to sea and gradually deposited
to form thick masses which ultimately consolidated ; when the
sea-floor was uplifted to form dry land, these deposits appeared
as new rocks and once again the breaking down and carrying
away of the particles began. In some cases the newly formed
particles remained where they were, elsewhere they were
carried away to the sea, once more to go through the process of
conversion into rock and subsequent re-conversion into new
particles of a new soil. This process has not ended ; these
changes are still going on, and every muddy stream carries
away some of the particles of our soil to contribute to the
formation of a new soil in untold years to come.

There is no need to point out that these processes are
profoundly affected by the climate ; indeed the very name
“ weathering,” used to denote the breaking down of rock
material under the influence of rain, air, and tempeiature,
emphasises the vital part played by weather conditions.

It is obvious, moreover, that the breaking down of one and
the same rock may proceed in widely different fashion in
places where the climatic conditions are very different, and in
point of fact these differences have been observed. There are
difficulties in the way of investigating this point thoroughly
because it is not easy to find areas where the original rock is
uniform and the climatic variations sharp. But cases have
been observed where the differences in soil of two regions are
greater than could be expected from the rocks alone, and these
differences are therefore attributed to climate. In climatic con-
ditions such as obtain in this country the rocks break up to yield
enormous quantities of silica, the chief constituent of sand, and
of various complex silicates, containing combinations of iron
and aluminium, which occur largely in clay. The iron and
aluminium compounds form only relatively small proportions
of our soils. But in parts of the tropics, where the disintegra-
tion processes have gone on under wholly different conditions,
the rocks have broken down to yield soils containing only
small amounts of silica and relatively large quantities of
aluminium and iron oxides. These soils differ entirely from
ours and have received a special name — laterite soils. In
sub-tropical regions another type of disintegration has gone on,

3

The Efeet of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

giving rise to considerable areas of a distinct type of red soil,
in which again there is only relatively little silica. The study
of these changes is very incomplete, and it is not supposed that
the original rocks were identical in all cases. But it is very
significant that under these three sets of climatic conditions
three distinct varieties of soil have arisen : in the temperate
regions soils were formed characterised by great amounts of
silica ; in tropical regions considerable areas of laterite soils
have arisen characterised by the presence of much alumina and
little silica ; while in sub-tropical regions there have been
formed quantities of a third kind of soil which differs
altogether from the other two.

This is not the place to describe the laterite or the red soils ;
it is sufficient to note that they are altogether different in
character and require wholly different treatment from ours.
The important point for our present purpose is that the soils to
which we are accustomed and on which we have grown up owe
part of their character to our past and present climate, for it
was the climate that determined in part the way in which the
rock broke down into the mineral particles of the soil.

There is a second direction in which climate regulates the
composition of the soil. As we have already seen, the particles
formed from the rocks do not remain where they are formed
but get carried away by various climatic agencies. Sometimes
running water has been the transporting agent, sometimes ice,
sometimes wind. Usually there was some selection and the
particles got sorted out to some extent on the journey ; also
they suffered change. Even where the sorting out processes
did no more than grade the particles according to their size the
effect was still very far-reaching. Many of the important
agricultural properties of the soil are regulated by the size of
the particles : large particles tend to make the soil light and
easily worked, porous, non-retentive and early ; small particles
tend to make it heavy, sticky, and late, retentive both of
water and manure. Perhaps the best illustration of selection by
the transportation medium is afforded by the famous loess soils
of central and eastern Europe, the Mississippi valley and else-
where. In this case wind was the transporting agent, but as
the carrying capacity of wind is limited these soils are
characterised by the relatively small variation in the size of
their particles. In the northern parts of the Mississippi region
large glaciers had brought down a great amount of drift.
Some of this was carried for many miles by the wind and
deposited to form new soils. The original drift material is
very mixed containing particles ranging in size from large
stones down to the finest clay. The loess soils, on the other
hand, are much less mixed ; as found in Nebraska they are

4

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

deep, uniform in texture, and free from stones ; they are easily
worked and very fertile where the water supply is good.

The loess soils represent the simplest case because they are
formed by the sorting action of the wind, there has not been
much change in transit. Other modes of carriage involve greater
change : thus ice in some cases has ground the particles down
considerably and the final result of the glacier action and
subsequent changes has been to produce a great deal ot boulder

clay of no very high agricultural repute.

Thus we see that the mineral part of the soil is very
considerably affected by the climatic conditions that have
obtained since the original rock began to split up. The effect
has been produced in two directions : in determining the way
in which the particles have broken down, and in determining
the extent to which they have been removed or sorted out
since. In both ways the character of the soil is altered.
Sometimes the climate has changed, but it always leaves its
mark. Over the part of Great Britain which is covered with
glacial drift the character of the subsoil is determined by a
climate that has long since vanished, while the surface soil has

been modified by the climate we now enjoy.

We must now turn to a third highly important effect or
climate on soil, viz., its effect on the organic matter of the soil.

The Influence of Climate on the Organic
Matter of the Soil.

The mass of mineral particles formed by the weathering of
the rocks and the sorting out by subsequent agencies is not yet
soil, although it may be looked upon as the framework of the
soil! But it soon covers itself with vegetation which gradually
has a most profound effect and converts the mineral, mass into
a true soil. As this vegetation dies its residues mingle with
the mineral particles, being carried in by earthworms and
various insects. During its lifetime the plant has been making
a good deal of the substance of its leaves and stems from the
gases of the air and the rain water, and the materials thus
formed contain stored up energy derived from the sunlight.
When they mingle with the soil and begin to decay the energy
is liberated in the form of heat, and by the time they are
completely decayed they have given out just as much heat as if
they had been burned in a bonfire. The original heap of
mineral matter contained no easily available stores of energy ;
the mixture of mineral matter and plant residues on the other
hand does. The consequence of this addition is very pro-
found ; life is now possible in the soil, and there springs up a
vast population of living creatures all drawing on this
accumulated store of energy, flourishing so long as it holds out

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil. 5

and dying off when it is exhausted. It is this that constitutes
the vital distinction between a heap of mineral matter and a
soil. There is no soil without life and no life is possible
without stored up energy. We are only beginning to know
what this soil life is, but already some hundreds of different
kinds of creature have been found. Some few are large
enough to be seen. Of these the most important are the earth-
worms, which burrow in the soil and effect a fine natural
cultivation, letting in air and drawing in leaves, stems, and
other vegetable debris from the surface to mingle with the
mass of soil below. Most of the soil organisms are microscopic
in size ; some are leading an active life, others are in the
inert resting stage and are called spores or cysts. The very
incomplete census taken so far shows that the numbers of
micro-organisms living in a single salt-spoon full of soil must
be reckoned in millions.

The second effect of this addition of organic matter is also
great ; the decay of the vegetation profoundly influences the
amount of plant food in the soil. The first vegetation that
sprang up must obviously have got its food — its calcium and
potassium salts, phosphates, &c. — from the mineral particles,
but new sources of food appear for the plants that come after.
The first crop slowly decayed under the influence of the soil
organisms and in decaying it set free those substances that its
roots had taken as food and returned them again to the soil.
Hence subsequent plants have food from two sources : the
potassium salts, &c., dissolved by the soil water from the soil
particles ; and in addition a supply of the same substances
drawn by previous generations from the soil during their life-
time, but afterwards set free on the decay of the dead tissues.
The plant food, in fact, keeps circulating between the soil and
the plant, and the organic matter constitutes the medium by
which the circulation takes place.

In our climate, and in humid climates generally, the decay
of the plant residues is not complete, at any rate during the
course of a few seasons, and some of the products accumulate
as dark brown or black substances conveniently known by one
name, humus. These substances have certain physical pro-
perties which they impart to the soil, and they enable the
cultivator to get a really good tilth.

The character of the soil is therefore very much affected by
the nature of the organic matter present, and this is largely
determined by the type of vegetation that grows there and the
extent to which the decomposition has proceeded in the soil.
Now both these are climatic effects. Under dry conditions the
plants tend to be narrow leaved and tough — pine needles,
broom, &c., will at once occur as instances — whilst under

6

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

moister conditions a more leafy type of vegetation arises.
These two types of vegetation break down m very Ameren
manner in the soil : the large leafy plants yield a considerable
supply of useful humus material, while the shrubbier and more
leathery plants of the dry situation do not. There may be
plenty of organic matter in these dry soils ; the light dry
sands of the Sussex heaths sometimes contain -as much as It
per cent., but it exists in the form of undecomposed bracken
fronds and similar residues, and is of no agricultural value
because it is not properly decomposed. Hilgard m California
long ago drew attention to the great difference between the
humus material in soils of dry and humid regions, and this
difference arises from the fact that in humid regions the
conditions are favourable for the growth of the best kind of
plant to make humus material and also for the carrying on of
the best type of decomposition process.

Soil Losses.

So far we have been considering only the building up of
the soil ; we have now to turn to the other side of the account
and study the losses that are going on. The processes that
called the soil into being are still operative to-day, and the
transport of material did not come to an end when the soil
was brought into its present position but continues, and tends
to remove the soil now that it is formed. The losses have gone
on simultaneously with the formation of the soil and they still
continue. The most important source is the rain. As rain
falls on to the land and soaks in it dissolves out some substances
and carries them away. Hence the drainage waters are always
hard and often unfit for drinking. The constituent that is
removed in largest quantity is calcium carbonate, and no less
than 8 to 10 cwt. per acre of this are washed away each year
at Rothamsted. The importance of this becomes evident when
it is realised that calcium carbonate is a most potent agent in
enabling a good tilth to be got and in preventing the soil from
becoming sour. Other soluble constituents are also removed
in proportions which are certainly less but which become
considerable when the action is continued year after year.
Thus in course of time a soil exposed to a heavy rainfall tends
to become reduced to hard insoluble residues of unchanged
mineral fragments ; finally it may become barren through loss
of plant food, and “ sour ” through absence of calcium carbonate.
On the other hand, a soil in a dry region of low rainfall keeps
all its soluble constituents intact, indeed it may become so
heavily charged with them as to become barren through this
very excess. Again, heavy rainfall may wash the soil bodily
away and leave only the bare rock or a wholly impossible

Fig_ ! _A donga in Natal, showing erosion caused by heavy rainfall.

7

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

subsoil. This sometimes happens in our own country in hilly
regions, and is not infrequent in lands of violent storms,
especially where man has come in and removed the native
vegetation that once afforded some measure of protection :
thus arises the dongas of South Africa and some of the eroded
lands of Australia. Fig. 1 is a photograph of a donga in
Natal for which I am indebted to Dr. F. A. Hatch. Wherever
some break in the surface of the veld allows the rain to start a
little water course, the washing away goes on along that line.
The break may be a natural depression, or it may result from
clearing the veld for cultivation, or even from keeping cattle
always to one track in passing to and from their drinking
places. Torrential rains soon remove the soil and lead to the
remarkable erosion shown in the illustration.

Soil Belts and Climatic Zones.

We have seen that right from the very commencement of
its history the soil has been moulded by the climate, and it
is not surprising, therefore, that parts of the earth with
characteristic climates should also have correspondingly
definite soils. Wherever there is a well-marked climatic
zone we may look for a well marked soil type. Of course
there are always subdivisions within the climatic zone arising
out of the differences in the original rock and based therefore
on geological grounds. But in any great classification of soils
it is necessary to begin with the climatic zones and divide the
soils into great groups according to these zones, then, and not
till then, to subdivide the great groups according to the
geological origin of the material.

These zones can be recognised in any great continental
area. In the great dry belt in the west of North America
there is a scarcity of vegetation, consequently but little organic
matter finds its way into the soil, and such as does get there
possesses very characteristic properties. Further, the absence
of rain leads to an accumulation of soluble substances derived
from the breaking up of certain mineral particles, and some of
these are directly harmful to the plant while others indirectly
injure it by depriving it of such little soil moisture as is
present — for plants can only take water from weak and not
from strong solutions. Soils thus charged with salts are called
alkali soils ; these occur sometimes in patches (often the result
of seepage) and sometimes in great areas, but they are always
dreaded alike by cultivators and travellers. For as they dry
the wind blows them up into the eyes and mouth and nostrils
till the membranes smart again : they carry no broad-leaved
vegetation and they yield no drinking water. Patches in
cultivated fields are marked by the failure of the plant. The

8

The Effect of Climate 'and, Weather on the Soil.

soil is curiously mottled in appearance ; it forms hard white
lumps round which black water collects or dries to leave a
black crust behind. It is hard on top but often mushy helow
especially in irrigated regions, and after you have kicked away
the surface layer® you come into a thick stodgy clayey mass.
Irrigation, drainage, and treatment with gypsum have done

much to reclaim these lands. e . ,

Moving eastwards and northwards there is a rather moiste

belt with more grass and less alkali, but the vegetation is still
wiry or leathery and gives rise to organic matter characteristic
in quality but sparse in amount. These are the steppe soils
which can be found in parts of the Western States and
Alberta. Alkali spots still occur, and Fig. 2 shows one taken
by Dr. Alway on a farm on the Platte River, Nebraska.

Still further eastwards and northwards is a zone or higher
rainfall where the conditions were such that organic matter
accumulated to a very marked extent in the soil. Here arose
the wonderful black soils on which so much of our wheat is
grown, especially developed in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and
Alberta, in Minnesota and other Middle Western States.

Elsewhere, however, the black soil is not seen but the
loess, a windcarried soil derived from glacial drift and mingled
with calcareous debris but without the large amounts of organic
matter of the black soils. These give the deep rich soils found
in Eastern Nebraska, Iowa and parts of the Mississippi valley.
All these areas are characterised by cold, clear winters and hot
dry summers. In the aggregate the rainfall may be high, but
its distribution is not always favourable to maximum crop
production. These areas are in the main treeless, homing
still further east into the regions of wood and forest where the
climatic conditions approximate more closely to our own, the

soils also resemble ours in England.

A wholly different type of soil, known as the tundra, is

found in the far north in the barren lands beyond the regions
of our accustomed vegetation. It is like a peat bog with a
permanently frozen subsoil and carries only mosses, lichens,

and dwarf csespitose shrubs. ■

Any other continental area can similarly be divided into

zones corresponding broadly with climatic zones. In Russia,
for example, white desert soils poor in organic matter but
often containing alkali are to be found in the dry Caucasian
region ; further north under a limited rainfall of 8-12 inches
occur the brown steppe soils, their deeper colour indicating
their higher content of organic matter ; pushing still further
north a belt of chestnut coloured soils is found stretching
away in a north-easterly direction from Podolia in the south-
west across Little Russia to Samaria and Orenburg in the east.

FIG. 2. — Alkali spot in a field, on the Platte River, Nebraska.

9

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

Above this again comes the famous belt of black earth, the
Tchernozem, the nearest European approach to the black soils
of the western prairies, and like them devoted largely to the
cultivation of wheat ; these are found in Hungary, and continue
north-easterly through the West Russian province, Volhynia, to
the Government of Perm. Further north these are succeeded
by the Podsols, white, poor, acid soils in a cold wet belt still
left in forest ; and finally above them come the tundra soils,
acid, treeless, carrying only lichens and moss.

Even in England indications of climatic zones can be
traced, although in the main our soils would fall into one
great group of woodland origin. But in the dry eastern
counties some of the heaths are distinctly steppe-like in
character, while in the wet high-lying districts of the north
occur moorland soils entirely different from the clays, loams
and sands of the midlands and the south.

We cannot now go into a detailed description of these
various soils ; the point of immediate importance is that the
very marked and unmistakable differences in the soils are
the result of the climatic conditions to which they have been
exposed.

The Effect of Weather on the Soil.

Climate, as we have seen, plays a great part in determining
the general character of the soil, but every farmer knows that
a soil may often deviate a good deal from its general character,
and exhibit tolerably ivide variations from year to year. The
broad character is set by climate, but the variations are the
result of season or weather, which may vary considerably
within the rather wide and vague limits of climate. These
effects are different in character from those we have been
studying, and before passing on to them it is necessary to get
some general idea of the state of things in an ordinary fertile
soil.

The various mineral particles, the calcium carbonate,
phosphates, &c., and the organic matter are on the whole
well mixed up together to form a porous mass of which about
60-80 per cent, is solid while 20-40 per cent, is pore space.
This space, however, is not actually empty but contains a
varying amount of water : sometimes it is completely filled,
but more usually only about half to two-thirds is so occupied,
leaving the remainder filled with air. In a wet season the
pores are pretty completely filled with water ; in a dry season
they are more nearly full of air.

The various changes going on in the soil in consequence of
chemical and bacterial processes result in the formation of a

10 The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

certain amount of soluble material, and a good deal more
soluble material is added in the form of manure Some o
this, notably the phosphates and potassium salts gets absorbed
by the soil in such a way that it becomes foe the time b g
locked up, and is only slowly given up to plants and still
slowly to the drainage water. Two very striking except
occur, however. The calcium carbonate dissolved n the
drainage water does not become re-absorbed to any notab
extent, but is- quickly removed as the drainage watei Ao
away. The nitrates, also, which are among the most potent
all nitrogenous plant foods, are not absorbed but are spee i y

washed out. Both these substances-calcmm carbonate and
nitrate— are exceedingly important to the fertility of the s ,
and their loss is a serious matter which has to be made good
In the case of calcium carbonate this is readily done bj addin*
lime or chalk, but the process of increasing the nitrate is often

m° Often, ^of course, a nitrate is added to the soil and then the
process is as simple as when chalk is added. But it ^ common
to add some other nitrogen compound, such as sulphate
ammonia, or a complex organic material such as f&rmjar
manure, the residue of a clover ley, or some kind of guano.
In this case a manufacturing process has to go on m ie
soil through the agency of the soil bacteria, and not till this
is complete does the nitrate appear. The complication arises
through the fact that the soil bacteria are themselves affected
by the weather, so that the whole manufacturing process may
be brought abruptly to an end by an adverse change m this
direction. But even this relationship is not entirely direct.
There is now evidence that the bacteria producing ammonia
and nitrates are not the only organisms living in the soil, but
that others are also present, destructive to the useful ones.
The amount of action at any time depends on the difference in
activity of these opposing groups. Fortunately the detrimental
forms are more readily put out of action than the use u
bacteria, and a period of adverse conditions is really an
advantage to the useful forms and leads to a greater production
of plant food. Thus exposure to prolonged frost or drought or
to the baking of the sun does not permanently injure the
useful bacterial activity in the soil, but on the contrary leads
to an increase as soon as the conditions become normal again,
because the detrimental organisms suffer the greater check, so
that the balance shifts in favour of the useful ones.

Further, the physical condition of the soil is affected very
much by the weather. Frost helps to make a tilth, rain tends
to destroy it. Neither action is quite understood, but the tact
is incontrovertible.

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil. 11

Thus there are at least five ways in which the weather or
seasons affect a soil apart from the great climatic effects we
have already studied : —

1. High rainfall tends to wash out two very useful con-
stituents, calcium carbonate and nitrates, both of which must
be replaced or the soil loses fertility. Fortunately other
useful substances are less liable to loss.

2. High rainfall has an adverse physical effect, spoiling the
tilth.

3. In dry conditions there is less or no washing out of
calcium carbonate or of nitrates, and hence less wastage of
fertility.

4. Drought, frost, hot sunshine, and other factors which
are detrimental to life are finally beneficial to bacterial activity
and lead to an increased production of plant food.

5. Frost has a beneficial effect on tilth.

These factors are of course all mixed up in their action, but
the general effects may be summed up briefly.

The nitrates formed during summer by bacterial action,
and destined to serve as food for the next generation of plants,
are readily washed out during a wet winter, but they remain
safely locked up in the soil throughout a period of frost and
snow when no leaching takes place. There they lie ready for
use when spring awakens the young plant into activity, and in
consequence a mild spring following on a hard winter is
commonly a period of vigorous growth. This is well seen
in Canada, where a remarkable development of vegetation
takes place directly the weather is sufficiently warm. In part
the result is due to the effectual cold storage of the plant food
neither loss nor deterioration going on in frozen ground ; in
part to the disintegration of the soil organic matter under the
action of frost so that it becomes more easily assailable by soil
bacteria, and partly to the improvement already mentioned in
the amount of work the plant food makers can do.

Another effect of a wholly different nature is also produced.
Frost puffs up or lightens the soil ; it splits the hard clods and
brings them down to a nice crumbly tilth well adapted for a
seed bed. On the other hand, long continued wetness con-
solidates the soil, makes it sticky and very unsuitable for
seeds. Thus at the end of a mild wet winter the soil is poor
in plant food because of the leaching that has gone on, its
population of micro-organisms is very mixed because the
susceptible harmful ones have not been depressed, and it is
in a bad mechanical condition because the wetness has made
the clay particles very sticky. On the other hand, at the end
of a more severe winter when the land lay frostbound or
covered with snow there is a good supply of plant food, all

12

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil

the autumn reserves having been safely locked up m the soil,
the micro-organic population has become more e cien m
producing plant food, and the texture of the soil is very
favourable for the production of a good seed bed. iue
advantages, therefore, are wholly in favour of a dry, co
winter, and we can see the wisdom of the old prover s

“Under water famine, under snow bread.”

“ A snow year is a rich year.”

and of the more recent calculation by Dr. W. N. Shaw that
every inch of rain falling during the autumn months
September, October, and November lowers the yield ol
wheat in the next season by a little over two bushels per

acre from his ideal standard of 46 bushels.

The older writers, noticing the value of frost and snow,
thought they had an actual fertilising value, and indeed many
gardeners and farmers will still contend that snow is a manure
Opinions of good cultivators are always entitled to respectful
consideration, and many analyses of snow have been made,
but they have failed to reveal any appreciable amount ol
fertilising constituents. Snow differs a little from frost in
its action ; it forms a non-conducting coat for the soil and
prevents the temperature from falling as low as it otherwise
would. How far this affects the soil has not been ascertained,
no one yet having found out just what degree of cold is
necessary to bring about these useful results, but any plants
that happen to be in the soil certainly benefit by the snow
cover, because their roots are protected from excessive cold.

A hot dry summer has at least as beneficial an effect on
the soil as a cold dry winter. The drying out certainly
changes a heavy soil into clods, but when these are moistened
again by autumn rains they really fall to a good tilth. If the
warmth has been sufficient there is an even more marked
improvement in the soil population as far as food making is
concerned than after a cold winter, and Mr. and Mrs. Howaid
have shown that hot weather cultivation in India, which
facilitates the exposure of the soil to the hot sun, leads to a
considerable increase in productiveness. In the first yreai of
the experiment the increase was six bushels of wheat, in the
second year it was 12^ bushels. We obtained a similai lesult
at Rothamsted during'the hot dry summer of 1911 ; some soil
was exposed in a thin layer to the sun for ten days, and turned
over at frequent interval's so that every part should be baked
through and through. It was then transferred to pots and
sown with buckwheat ; pots of similar soil, which, howevei,
had not been exposed to the sun, were sown at the same time.
Other pots were put up of soils artificially dried to 100° F., a

> ,

♦

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil. 13

temperature easily obtained in hot regions. Right from the
outset the dried and sun-baked soils gave the best results, and
a .photograph of the crops taken at the end of the season is
shown in Fig. 3.

These are the same kind of results as we get with partially
sterilised soils, and it is probable that the same cause is at work
in both cases.

However, we do not often get summers like 1911, and crop
increases of this size must necessarily be exceptional in this
country, although they could more regularly be obtained in
hot regions.

The remarkable fact has recently been brought out that the
manufacture of nitrates in the soil (which, as we have seen, is
an indispensable process for the welfare of the crop) takes
place most rapidly in our climate in late spring or early
summer. It then slackens down while the plant is growing,
but it may speed up again in autumn, especially in such an
autumn as 1913. The amount produced in spring is of the
most importance, because this is the time of most rapid nitrate
production. If for any reason only a small quantity is formed
then the amount tends to remain low throughout the year,
with consequent loss of fertility. On the other hand, if the
amount runs up high the plant has plenty of food to draw
upon, although of course it may still fail if the season is bad.
Now the quantity of nitrate formed in spring depends partly
on the weather at the time, as this regulates the activity of the
organisms, partly on the weather of the preceding winter, and
also on the wetness of the land. As the soil becomes moist
the pores fill with water, so that there is less room for air, and
finally when the soil becomes really wet the air supply in the
pores is much reduced, and may become too small for active
nitrate formation. So much for the effect of spring.

Now for the effect of the summer. In a dry summer the
nitrate formed is all left in the soil or taken by the crop ; in a
wet summer some of it leaches out. These results are well
illustrated by a comparison of the nitrates present on one of
the Rothamsted plots during the wet summer and autumn of
1912 with the amounts present in the dry summer of 1913.
These particular plots are unmanured and have been for long
past ; both were fallow during the summer. The amount of
nitrate present in the top eighteen inches of soil was equivalent
to the following quantities of nitrate of soda, in lb. per acre : —

Dry summer, 1913
Wet summer, 1912

Feb. May Sept.
126 312 378
180 138 114

Difference in favour of dry summer, reckoned
as nil rate of soda, lb. per acre

174 264

93355

14

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

At the beginning of the spring, in February, the amount of
nitrate was less in 1913 than in 1912 because of the very wet
winter. By May, however, matters had greatly improved,
and already 1913 showed a great advantage over 1912 so that
there was now a stock of nitrate 174 lb larger than in 1912-
This advantage was kept throughout the season, and .
September, 1913, there had been a still further increase m
the stock, so that it now stands at 378 lb., while m 1912 the
had been a decrease and it fell to 114 lb., making a difference

of 264 lb. in favour of the dry summer.

This is not merely a question of academic interest , it is
of supreme practical importance. Reckoning the farmers year
as beginning in October, we see that the summer fallow m the
drv season of 1913 left him with as much nitrate m the top
18 inches of soil as is contained in 378 lb. of nitrate of soda,
while after the wet season of 1912 he only had 114 lb. ow
this nitrate represents some of his working capital, for it was
partly to gain nitrate that the fallow was_ undertaken

Here is another table showing the nitrate present on other
plots at the beginning of October in the two years. In these
cases the plots had been cropped during the previous season,
but the crops had been removed as early as possible and tie
land subjected to as near a bastard, fallow as we can get m
our circumstances. Here again it is seen that after the wet
summer of 1912 there was less nitrate left with which to

Broadbalk plots.

Dunged

Un manured

Plot 2

Plot 3

314

208

240

126

74

82

Nitrate present in top 18 in., Sept.

1913, after dry summer
Nitrate present in top 18 in., Sept.
1912, after wet summer .

Difference in favour of dry sum-
mer reckoned as nitrate of soda,
lb. per acre •

H003 wheat
unmanured

198

96

102

The important point I want to emphasise is that the amount
of nitrate in a soil at the beginning of the farmers’ year- in
October depends very much on the character of the preceding

lit has already been pointed out that this spring formation of nitrate does

not depend on any one factor but on several, and it is particularly interesting
to note that the rainfall during the four months February-May was practically
the same in the two years, viz. 8-14 in. in 1912 and 8'49 m. m 1913. This
shows that rainfall alone does not decide the matter.

Pounds of nitrate reckoned as nitrate of soda in top 18 ins. of soil per acre.

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil. 15

spring and summer. It may be high, if the spring has been
favourable and the summer dry, or low if the summer is wet.
The difference is not simply a matter of rainfall, but also of
the general state of the soil, other factors coming into play
which we need not now discuss.

Fig. 4.— Curves showing the way in which nitrates accumulate in the soil in a hot dry

season, but get washed out in a wet season.

This initial October stock remains safely locked up if the
winter is dry, but it may suffer serious loss in a mild wet
winter. Here are some results that have been obtained at
Rothamsted. The most favourable year in recent times for
the summer and autumn accumulation of nitrates was 1911.
In September, 1911, a piece of land in good heart that had been

16

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil

fallowed throughout the summer contained nitrate equivale
to no less than 690 lb. nitrate of soda per acre m the top 18 in.
The winter 1911-12 was very wet, and 19'9 in. of rain fell
in the five months September 13th— February loth. By
latter date only 186 lb. nitrate was left, the rest, equivalent
to 504 lb. of nitrate of soda, being lost. One heard a goo
many complaints at the time of the badness of the season, but
it may be doubted whether many realised exactly how serious
the loss was. Even land in much poorer condition suffered
greatly; a poor plot started out in September, 1911, with mti ate
equivalent to 306 lb. nitrate of soda per acre and ended up m
February, 1912, with only 168 lb., a loss of 138 lb. This
on a loam. On clays the loss is less because there is less
accumulation of nitrate during the summer and less percolation
during winter; a stiff clay at Ridgemont began m ep em er
with 234 lb. and ended in February with 180 lb., a loss of
only 54 lb. The harm done to a clay soil by a wet winter
is the iniury to its texture rather than to its nitrate content
On sands also the loss of nitrate is less than from loams ; a sand
at Milbrook started with 102 lb. in September and ended up
with only 54 lb. in February, a loss of 4 8 lb. In a dry
winter much less loss goes on. These relationships are shown

in Fig. 4.

The Effect on the Crop.

All these actions show up in the crop yields. Of couise,
other disturbing factors may come in to mask them in a
particular season, and the character of the season has a great
direct effect on the crop, but taking the yields over a series ot
years the effects due to the soil are very plainly visible. 1 he
damage done by a wet winter is sharply brought out in two
sets of the Rothamsted plots.

Two plots on the Broadbalk wheatfield receive the same
rather liberal dressing of artificial manures including sulphate
of ammonia, superphosphate, sulphate of potash, &c., the only
difference between them being that in one case (plot 7) the
ammonium salts are applied in spring, while in the other
(plot 15) they are applied in the autumn shortly after sowing.
In years of low winter rainfall there is on an average
practically no difference in yield, the ammonium salts, and the
nitrates formed from them, remaining in the soil till the plant
has had time to take all it wants. But in years of high winter
rainfall the autumn dressings give considerably poorer results
than the spring dressings ; the nitrate formed does not remain
in the soil but washes out so that the plant does not get all it
wants. The results are : —

The Efeet of Climate and Weather on the Soil. 17

Rainfall

Yield of grain, bushels per acre

Oct. — March

Ammonium salts applied

Difference in
favour of
spring dressing

In Autumn

In spring

*Dry winters .
xWet „

11-73

16-73

31-8

27-5

32-5

32-5

0-7

5-0

Total produce (grain and straw) lb. per acre.

Dry winters .

11-73

5,631

5,829

196

Wet , ,

16-73

4,932

6,004

1,072

-no <aoT>a? >nW-dfiilter8W<Fe those Prece<3ing the harvests of 1889, '90, ’91, ’93, ’98 1901,
W U3, 05, 06, 09, for which the results are averaged here ; the wet winters were those
preceding the harvests of 1892, ’94, ’95, ’96, ’97, ’99, 1900, ’07, ’08, ’10, ’ll.

When the ammonium salts are put on in spring it makes
little difference on these plots whether the winter has been wet
or dry because so much is supplied that the plant has more
than it needs. But when the application is in autumn the case
is very different ; a wet winter now causes considerable loss.

In Hoos Field there are two adjacent plots unmanured for
many years each of which is fallowed one year and cropped
with wheat the next. On Broadbalk Field the plots are cropped
every year. As the fields lie next to one another the experi-
ments^ enable a reasonable comparison to be set up between a
crop grown after a preceding crop, and one taken after a
summer fallow. When there is no crop on the ground,
f.e., during the fallow, the nitrates accumulate and the various
desirable changes already mentioned have a maximum chance
of going on. If the nitrates remain in the soil till the
following spring they increase the yield of wheat over and
above what is obtained under continuous cropping. But if the
winter is wet much of the advantage is lost, and the difference
between the plots becomes considerably less. On an average
after dry winters the crop preceded by a fallow is 38 per cent,
higher than that preceded by another crop, but after wet
winters it is only 16 per cent, higher : —

Rainfall

Oct. — March

Yield of grain, bushels per acre

After

previous

crop

After fallow

Difference in
favour
of fallow

Dry winters

11-73

12-4

16-2

3-8

Wet „ . ' .

16-73

11-7

12-8

1-1

Total produce (grain and straw)

lb. per acre.

Dry winters

11-73

1,898

2,632

734

Wet „

16-73

1,795

2,085

290

18 The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

A hot, dry summer, as we have seen, is favourable to the
accumulation of nitrates and an improvement in the soil
generally, and when this is followed by a dry wintei the
fertility thus gained is preserved by the cold storage so that
the crop starts under very favourable circumstances. When
the hot dry summer is followed by a mild wet winter much
less favourable results are obtained because of the serious
losses in winter, indeed the crop may be worse off than when
the summer has been cooler because in that case less of the
organic reserves of the soil have been changed to nitrate. Oui
investigations show that a hot dry summer followed by a dry
winter is on the whole very beneficial to the soil, while a
hot dry summer followed by a mild wet winter is likely to be
harmful.

Two of the Broadbalk wheat plots illustrate this point very
clearly. Plot 2b receives farmyard manure every year and the
plant is dependent for its food supply on the decomposition
process brought about by the soil bacteria and is therefore
much affected by the seasonal factors just discussed. Plot 16
receives a complete artificial manure containing more than
enough nitrate of soda to yield a full crop and is therefore
much more independent of the character of the preceding
season. Over a long period the two plots give practically the
same yield, for example, from 1874 to 1912 the average crop
was 34-2 bushels when dung was applied, and 33T bushels
where artificials were used, or, taking the total produce,
6,374 and 6,540 lb. per acre respectively. But in the
individual years the crops were not equal. The dunged plot
came out much the best when the preceding summer (i.e., the
summer before sowing) had been dry and the winter dry also,
it gave nearly 6^ bushels more grain and over half a ton more
total produce. But when the dry summer was followed by a
wet winter the dunged plot suffered, and lost over 2 bushels of
grain and nearly half a ton of total produce in comparison with
the plot receiving artificials.

The actual yields are given in the table on the opposite page.

Of course we cannot attribute the whole of these effects to
the character of the preceding season because the season of
growth obviously plays a part, but the averages for the whole
period show that the latter effects are largely smoothed out
over the number of years.

It is evident from all this that when the farmer begins his
year in October he does not start with a clean sheet so far as
season is concerned, for his soil is much influenced by the
character of the preceding summer. To a still greater extent
is it affected in the spring by the character of the winter
through which it has passed. The soil is very much the result

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil. 19

Seasons preceded by dry summers and dry winters1

Rainfall of

Number of days on
which the
drain gauges ran

Yield of wheat, bushels per acre

Summer

before

Winter

Dunged
plot, 2b

Complete
artificials
plot 16

Difference

sowing

(July-Sept.)

inch.

(Oct.-Mar.)

inch

Summer

Winter

in favour
of dung

5-63

11-91

8

45

36-9

30-5

+ 6-4

Total produce, lb. per acre

7,537

6,375

+ 1,162

Seasons preceded by dry summers and wet winters2

7-72

17-19

17

93

Means for the whole period, 1874 — 1912.

6-93

15-18

13

75

Yield of wheat, bushels per acre

32-5

346

2-1

Total produce, lb. per acre

5,489

6,577

- 1,088

Yield of wheat, bushels per acre

34-2

33-1

+ Id

Total produce, lb. per acre

6,269

6,500

231

1 The harvests were 1888, ’98, 1901. ’02, ’03. ’05, ’07, ’09.

2 The harvests were 1874, ’75, ’77, ’81, ’82, ’84, ’85, ’87, ’97, 1900, ’ll, 12.

of its past history, and among the items that go to make up its
history the weather immediately preceding is no small one.

How can the Effects of a Bad Season on the Soil

be Overcome ?

For practical purposes the bad effects may be reduced to
three groups : —

The texture of the soil is injured.

The manufacture of plant food is interfered with.

Loss of nitrate occurs.

Whenever the texture of the soil has suffered the agricul-
turalist immediately turns to lime as the best remedial agent,
unless, indeed, the winter is near and there is the possibility of
laying up the land rough to be mellowed by the winter frosts
if they come. Lime no doubt is useful after a bad season, but
its action is only incomplete, for it does nothing to replace the
lost nitrates or to prevent any further loss.

20 The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil.

Given a sufficiently long spell of favourable weather at
a convenient time a good man would soon improve matters
considerably, but this is largely a matter of chance, and we
want to have some means of soil treatment that will be
helpful without having to depend on anything so tickle.
Unfortunately only few experiments have been made in this
direction, although it is a highly promising field that would
well repay investigation.

One very hopeful method is by a development of catch
cropping or green manuring. While the land lies bare in
a hot dry summer or a cold dry winter it is gaining benefits,
but when it lies bare in a wet season it is losing. The results
given in the preceding pages show that land may easily lose
as much nitrogen as is contained in 300 lb. of nitrate of soda,
or a 30 bushel wheat crop, while it lies bare between harvest
and seed time. By putting a catch . crop in directly the
harvest is over the main portion of this is saved ; the catch
crop can be ploughed in and it then returns the whole of the
nitrogen to the soil. This ought invariably to be done after
a dry summer unless there is some very good reason to the
contrary.

During the very dry summer of 1913, some of the Rotham-
sted land perforce lay fallow because the mangolds failed, and,
later on, the swedes put in to take their place did. the same.
But a great accumulation of nitrate took place, and in Septem-
ber the amount present was equivalent to 600 lb. nitrate of
soda per acre on one plot, and 420 lb. on another. This stock
was obviously too valuable to risk, and in anticipation of
the need for saving it mustard had been sown on such of the
land as was available ; the vigorous growth as soon as the rain
came was visible proof of the presence of abundant plant food.
The mustard took up the nitrate and held it safe for the
following spring.

There is a further advantage of green manuring. So far as
our present incomplete knowledge goes, the ploughed in green
crop does very much towards maintaining the texture of the
soil during a bad season and improving it afterwards.

Thus green manuring has a steadying effect on the fluctua-
tions of soil productiveness produced by bad seasons. This is
well illustrated by a comparison of the wheat crop taken after
clover (supplemented by artificial fertilisers) on the Agdell
Field at Rothamsted, with that on the Broadbalk Field where
no green crop is ever ploughed in but where a liberal dressing
of artificials is given. On an average the Agdell plot gives
a yield of 34f bushels against 29 on Broadbalk, and it is a
much steadier crop. It has only twice fallen below 25 bushels,
once in 1867 and again in that notorious year of disaster, 1879,

The Effect of Climate and Weather on the Soil. 21

when it got as far down as 13^ bushels. But the Broadbalk
plot which has never been green manured fluctuates to a much
greater extent ; it has frequently dropped below 25 bushels,
and in 1879 touched bottom at 4J bushels. The results are as
follows : —

Year

Wheat grown after clover
ploughed in
(Agdell Field Plot)
Complete artificial manure also
supplied

Wheat grown without any clover
or other green manure ploughed in
(Broadbalk Plot 16)
Complete artificial manure

Bushels of
grain

Crop when
average crop =100

Bushels of
grain

Crop when
average =100

1851

30i

87-8

36f

124-6

1855

39

112-2

321

111-4

1859

39*

1129

34f

117-4

1863

45|

130-6

55fr

189-4

1867

22i

64-7

14f

49-6

1871

24f

71-2

13*

45-8

1875

31

89-2

101

35-2

1879

13*

38-8

13
-* 4

16-1

1883

47f

137-4

16f

53 4

1887

42|

123-0

39f

134-3

1891

43*

124-5

411

139-4

1895

39i

113 7

32f

110-6

1899

42 i

121-2

37f

126-7

1903

27f

80-2

261

91-1

1907

29f

84-5

341

117-4

1911

38

1094

40f

136-9

Averages

34f

29*

A systematic investigation of green manuring is in hand at
Rothamsted, and this particular side of the subject is under
examination. But there must be other ways of getting round
the bad effects of an adverse season on the soil which a careful
study ought to reveal. The problem is one of first-rate
importance, for, with city stable manure getting scarcer, with
all outgoing expenses tending to rise, and no visible prospect of
any increase in prices, it is necessary for the farmer to make
his soil yield all it will and reduce to a minimum all wastes
and losses. Fortunately the problem does not seem to be
beyond hope, and it ought to be solved by a systematic
investigation.

E. J. Russell.

Rothamsted Experimental Station,

Harpenden.

22

t

THE AGRICULTURE OF THE
COTSWOLDS.

AGRICULTURISTS from every part of England who visited the
Royal Show at Bristol this year must naturally have been
interested in what they could observe of the farming practice
of the County of Gloucester, but they can have seen very little
of the Cotswold Hills unless they made a special pilgrimage
with that object. Those who came from the North and
Midlands passed through the beautiful and fertile vale of the
Severn. Travellers from South Wales, and also from the
extreme West, were hardly in the county at all until they
found themselves in the Showyard, and only those from the
South and East who came through Swindon may have had a
view of a few miles of the Cotswolds in the neighbourhood
of Badminton. But although the hills are physically unsuited
to railways requiring easy gradients they possess many interest-
ing agricultural features, and a charm that appeals to every

Gloucestershire man. >

As to the name, some etymologists derive “ Cotteswold
(to give the name its ancient spelling) from two synonymous
elements, the Celtic Coed and the Anglo Saxon Weald , both
denoting a wood, and these hills were once largely cohered
with trees, of which beech was the prevailing species, yielding
pannage for the herds of long-legged black swine, from which,
in prehistoric times, neolithic man derived a great part of his
sustenance.

The Cotswolds are part of the great chain of Stonebrash
hills interspersed with clay vales, which extends from Dorset-
shire through the Counties of Wilts, Gloucester, Bedford,
Northampton, and Lincoln, into Yorkshire. In Gloucester-
shire they form an elevated tableland, which on the south
flanks the Avon at Bath, on the west and north-west forms a
steep escarpment, below which are the Yales of Evesham,
Gloucester, and Berkeley, and on the east and south-east
gradually dips to the Yales of Moreton and the upper Thames.
Its greatest length is close on sixty miles, and the greatest
breadth about fifteen miles, its area being about 300,000
acres. Along the western edge it rises from 700 to 900 ft.
above sea level, and at two or three points in the northern
part, notably near Cheltenham, it attains a height of over
1,000 ft. The only important depression in the escarpment
is the valley leading into the Stroud Yalley, through the latter
of which the Great Western Railway runs from London to
Gloucester.

23

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

Geologically the Cotswolds consist of eight divisions of
the Jurassic series ranging from the Lias to the Limestone.
The pervious rocks are chiefly the Great and Inferior Oolites,

and the impervious strata consist of the Lias clay and Fuller’s
earth.

The porous beds of the Inferior Oolite are drained by
springs thrown out into the valleys by the underlying Lias
clay, as at Ullen Wood, Seven Springs, Charlton Abbots, and
Sierford, and those of the Great Oolite by others similarly
thrown out by the clay of the Fuller’s earth, as at Hawling,
Compton Abdale, Chedworth, Bibury, Perrotts Brook, Duntis-
bourne, and at Thames Head. But for the Fuller’s earth the
wide extent of country occupied by the Great Oolite would be
an arid waterless tract, and it is therefore socially and agricul-
turally the most important geological feature of the Cotswolds,
the villages and homesteads being invariably situated in the
green and fertile but narrow valleys that break up the hills at
frequent intervals, and add so greatly to the charm of the
landscape. The chief rivers are the Churn, the Coin, the
Windrush and their tributaries, the Leach, and the Ampney
Brook. These and others, fed by prolific springs, are tribu-
taries of the Thames, and the quantity of water poured into
that river from the Cotswold Hills is computed to be about
100 million gallons per day, or about one-third of the quantity
that flows over the weir at Teddington every summer day.
The Severn receives the waters of the Chelt and Frome, and
also of the Avon rivers rising in the South Cotswolds.

The surface soil of by far the greater part of the Cotswolds
is called “ Stonebrash,” and is derived from the Great Oolite
with traces of the marls of the Forest marble that was once
superimposed, or from the Inferior Oolite similarly mixed
with those of the Fuller’s earth. While these in moderation
add to its fertility they sometimes impart an amount of tenacity
that makes cultivation difficult. The soil is seldom more than
a few inches thick, and at the higher altitudes such as Cleeve
Hill, near Cheltenham, the turf rests directly upon the rock.
The valleys, formed in the far distant past by the numerous
rivers then existing, are coated with transported material, of
which sand and gravel are the chief constituent parts, mixed
with the marls and clays of the waterbearing strata of Fuller’s
earth or Upper Lias. Few districts, however, exhibit the soil
of the rock in so pure a state, or so free from the debris of
other formations, as the Cotswolds.

The prevailing winds are from the west and south, and
bring the rainclouds from the Atlantic that are broken up
when they meet the colder air of the hills, and although this
district suffered terribly from the disastrous droughts of 1911

24

The Agriculture oj the Cotswolds.

and of the current year, the rainfall is generally sufficient foi
agricultural necessities. Near Cirencester, on the south-east
boundary of the Cotswolds, the average for the ten years
1903-1912 has been as follows : —

January .
February .
March
April
May .

June.

July.
August
September
October .
November.
December .

2-40

1- 84

2- 62

1- 93

2- 23
315
2-22
326
1-71

3- 75
2 37
322

30-74

The two wettest years of the decade were 1903 and 1912,
each with rather over 40 inches, and the driest 1911, with less
than 23 inches. The very variable quantity of rain falling on
the Cotswolds in different localities is shown by the fact that
over 50 inches was recorded at Colesborne in 1912. Although
an excess of rainfall in this district is far less harmful than a
drought, that year was an exception, the absence of sun having
a most disastrous effect on both corn and roots, as well as hay.
It may be observed that the yearly total rainfall is less
important agriculturally than the season at which it falls.
For instance, in 1903, the wettest year of the decade, but with
practically the same total for the year as 19 13, in Januaiy,
February, and March, the average of about 7 in. was little
exceeded, but in 1912 it was over 12^ in. In June, July, and
August, 1903, about 11 in. of rain was registered, whereas in 1912
in the same months 14 in. fell, the average for the 10 years
having been less than 9 in. In 1903 the Cotswold farmers had
a good crop of corn, and good average crops of hay and roots.
In 1912 one of the best and largest farmers on the Hills tells
me his corn did not realise more than 2 1- an acre all round,
most of the hay was spoilt, and owing to the cold summer
roots were only half a crop.

The Stonebrash is hollow and porous and easily worked
when dry, but from the predominance of lime it becomes sticky
and difficult to manage when wet, at which time the experienced
cultivator leaves it alone. One of the earliest maxims learned
by the Cotswold farmer is that patience is a virtue. Although
the soil varies much in quality its character is similar, and it
requires pressure and consolidation to enable the roots of plants
to keep a firm hold in the ground, and a fine tilth to preserve
the moisture necessary to vegetate the seed. As is always the

25

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

case where the soil is of only moderate fertility and chiefly in
arable cultivation, the farms are large, and must be so since
small holdings on this land will not bring in sufficient return
to support the cultivator. On the Cotswolds the average farm
is from 400 to 600 acres. There are some few holdings of 200
acres, which is about as small an area as is economically
profitable, and others of 1,000 acres or more held by men with
the necessary capital. This is not a district where small
holdings of 30 to 80 acres are found, and it may safely be said
that so long as the County Council is the medium through
which such small holdings are supplied in the county, and so
long as persons conversant with agricultural facts have to deal
with the question, they will not be put forward as an economic
proposition on the Cotswolds.

The nature of the fences is indicative of the fertility of the
soil, and where the land is of better quality hedges are found
dividing the fields, but walls built without mortar of the thin
beds of stone lying close to the surface are the general rule.
When well put together they make excellent and lasting fences,
and are cheaply maintained.

In comparison with the light hill lands on other formations
the Stonebrash contains a very small quantity of sand, and does
not plough so easily as might be supposed. It does not go
down kindly to permanent pasture, which is generally confined
to the valleys and those parts where the clays and marls of the
Upper Lias, Fuller’s earth, and Forest marble are exposed, and
in order to make up for the deficiency it is customary to have
a proportion of the arable land in sainfoin, which forms a
most useful temporary pasture. From 10 to 15 per cent, of
the arable area is usually in this crop on hill farms, being cut
for hay the first year, and kept down four to six years, or as
long as it will stand, the feed being highly esteemed for sheep,
another field being sown every year to take its place when
worn out. It is generally remarked that whereas formerly
sainfoin was often profitably kept down ten or more years it
now seldom stands more than four or five years, and one of my
correspondents attributes this deterioration to the English
sainfoin having been crossed by bees with the French variety.
With this exception the course of cropping does not vary much
from what is customary on land of similar fertility in other
parts of the country. On the better soils the well-known
Norfolk four course system is practised, viz., wheat, followed
by roots consumed on the land by sheep, barley, or oats with
seeds mown for hay the next year and broken up again for
wheat in the autumn after the hay is off, but this is more often
varied by leaving the seeds down a second year and making it
a five course rotation. On these arable hill farms a greater

26 The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

head of live stock can be maintained by adopting this
modification, which provides summer keep for ewes and lambs

after the turnips are finished. .

The necessity of continually consolidating this loose porous
soil has already been emphasised, and this is well and
economically done by the sheepfold, without which it would
be impossible to produce the corn crops, from which a large
proportion of the receipts from a Cotswold farm are derived.
All the wether lambs and the ewe lambs not required for
maintaining the breeding flock are therefore fed on the roots
through the winter, having cake, corn and hay, and are brought
out as mutton at from ten to fifteen months old.

In the neighbouring county of Wilts it is customary to keep
a larger flock of ewes and sell out the wether and draft ewe
lambs and the over-aged ewes at the autumn fairs, and although
more is made of the sheep by this practice it is pretty certain
that the Cotswold farmer would lose more by his crops than he
would gain by his flock if he managed in the same way.
Moreover, neither soil nor climate are here favourable for the
production of early feed for lambs, and it is always a doubtful
experiment to depart from the custom of the country founded
on the experience of generations that so surely indicates the
practice that is best adapted to the circumstances of each

locality.

Until comparatively recently the necessary consolidation ot
the soil was affected by the treading not only of the flock but
also of the oxen that were formerly worked on all hill farms,
and which are now seldom used. The ox team was cheaply
maintained, did not require the more costly buildings necessary
for horses, and being sold out at six years old at good prices
for grazing in the rich Somersetshire marshes, the draught
animals were always growing into money. Although old and
experienced farmers often remark that since they gave up their
ox teams they are not so forward with their work, and their
crops suffer more than they did from wireworm, more boys
were required than with horses and they are now not
forthcoming, whilst the value of old worked oxen is also much
less than in the seventies of the last century, and fewer are
kept every year. On the Continent, however, cattle, both oxen
and cows, are everywhere used for all kinds of agricultural
work, and there seems no prospect of their being supplanted

by horses.

While the ox team is still occasionally found at work on the
Cotswolds, another practice that was universal half a century
ac0 is now entirely discontinued. This was the breast-ploughing
and burning of old sainfoin and clover leys and foul wheat
stubbles. The breast-plough, which, with the flail, may still

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds. 27

be met with as an object of antiquarian interest in remote
villages, is a paring iron fixed on a wooden shaft with a
crossbar. This was held with both hands, and the labourer
pushed it into the ground from his thighs, which were protected
by two narrow boards, cutting a thin slice, about 2 in. thick,
which he turned over by moving the cross-handle When dry,
the turves were stifle-burned, being gathered up in small heaps
regularly distributed over the field, with a handful of straw in
the centre, which was set on fire, and when properly alight all
the apertures were closed, wherever smoke was observed to
issue a clod being immediately placed upon the spot. If the fire
was too brisk the earth came out hard and in lumps, but when
done properly it resulted in a fine powder, which, when spread
over the field, ensured a good crop of turnips, with a saving
of at least half the usual dressing and sometimes without any
manure. This operation not only destroyed weeds, but also the
grubs of wireworm and larvae of other insects inimical to crops,
and besides providing a fertilizer, the fine ashes were useful in
getting a fine tilth to absorb and retain the moisture in the soil,
without which the turnip seed would not vegetate. Although
the rubbish in foul land is still burnt, the preceding cultivations
are now effected by horse-drawn implements. The breast-
plough was also often used to turn in the manure behind the
sheepfold on the root land, which was believed to prevent loss
of manure by evaporation, and to keep the soil moist for the
barley crop to a greater extent than if it had been ploughed in
according to the present practice. Breast-ploughing, however,
was an expensive operation, even in the days of low-priced
labour, and when labourers became less numerous and wages
rose, it dropped out of practice. It is, however, considered by
the older generation of farmers that since the breast-plough
and ox team ceased to be employed it has been more difficult
to get a plant of turnips than before.

Arthur Young riding over the Cotswolds in 1773, wrote of
them as follows : —

“ The crops were generally very poor, and mostly full
of weeds — a strong proof of bad husbandry ; and another
yet more so, is their fallows being the same. About
Burford and Sherborn their courses of crops are various.
1, some fallow for wheat ; 2, dibbled pease ; 3, barley.
Others vary it : 1, wheat ; 2, beans dibbled or barley ; 3,
pease. This is in the low lands about Sherborn, but on
the Cotswold Hills they take a crop, and lay down with
ray-grass and clover. They use all foot ploughs with one
wheel, and four horses in length ; plough about one acre
a day. The open fields on the hills let in general for

/

28

The Agriculture of the Cots wolds.

about 5s. or 6s. an acre ; the low meadows about 20s. They
reckon three quarters of wheat to be a very good crop,
and as much barley and beans. The farms are m general
large, indeed absurdly so considering the manner ot
managing them, for the farm-houses are all m the towns ;
so that the farmers are at a prodigious distance from then
lands; they are in general from 200?. to 500?. a year at about
5s. per acre. Enclosing by no means flourishes, for from
Tetsworth to Oxford enclosures are scarce, and from thence
to North Leach few or none. Mr. Dutton has planned
some at Sherborn, but the scheme goes on very slowly, it
is amazing that a man of his considerable fortune can bear
to live in the midst of such a vastly extensive property
in its present condition. All this bleak unpleasant country
is strong enough for any kind of trees, and might there-
fore be ornamented with fine plantations, which would
yield considerable profit in a country wherein firing is so
scarce. (Scarcely any wood. Coals brought from Gloucester
cost at Sherborn 25s. a ton.) And farm-houses barns
and all kinds of out-houses might be built on the spot
cheaper, I apprehend, than in any part of England ; oi
the stone which everywhere lies almost within six inches
of the surface forms the walls and covering slates ot ail
the buildings in the country. The wages of labourers
were 8 d. to 10c?. a day in winter and spring, and Is m
summer, and Is. 8c?. in harvest. Butter cost l^d. (lhe
dearness of this article must be owing to nine-tenths ot
the country being arable.) Mutton cost 4c?., and beet 4a.
About North Leach they sow much sainfoine ; they pre-
pare for it by turnips, and sow it with oats, and mow it
every year for about ten, getting generally a tun or a tun
and a half of hay from it. Between North Leach . and
Frog-mill the country improves continually until it
becomes what may really be called fine. About Stowell,
the seat of Lord Chedworth, I observed them for the
first time ploughing with oxen, and to my great indigna-
tion eight large ones yoked to a plough, and skimming up
the surface about three inches deep, which the ploughman,
with a very grave face, called stiff work. About Shipton
day labour used all winter to be 8c?. to 10 d. a day, but
lately the farmers raised it to Is. for the first time on
account of the dearness of provisions, and gave the men
Is. 2c?. in the spring, Is. 6c?. in mowing time, and Is. 8a.
at harvest for five weeks. Oxen are pretty much used.
The ploughs here are very clumsy, the beams 10 ft. long,
and all have wheel coulters. From Frog-mill to Crickley
Hill, which leads into Gloucester Yale, the beauty of the

29

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

landscape is great. Six miles from the former, from the
top of an hill is seen to the right a most prodigious
prospect, over an extensive vale bounded by Cheltenham
hills, which seem to tower quite to the clouds ; the
inclosures appear in a bottom under you, and are very
distinct. All this country is full of picturesque views ;
the romantic spots of Crickley Hill are exceedingly fine.
Rents run from 6s. to 12s. an acre, but in general 6s. or 7s.
The farms above hill are large ; from two to three hundred
a year, and some more ; but in the Yale of Gloucester they
are much less. What grass they have they mow ; very
few beasts are grazed, and but few dairies, except in the
vale, where they have all that fine breed of hogs which at
Barnet market are called the Shropshires, with exceedingly
long carcases, and long slouching ears, which almost train
upon the ground, to make way for their noses. Oxen are
much used, never less than six in a plough, frequently
eight. They are reckoned the most profitable by some
farmers, and horses by others. Wages are 8d. to 10 d. in
winter. The stoutest fellows often want work for 9 d.,
and cannot readily get it. In hay time, for mowing Is.
and Is. 2d. ; in harvest Is. 8d. Beef costs 4^., mutton 4 \d..
butter Id ., bread 5^ lbs. for Is.”

The cultivation of the soil for the usual crops is now as
follows : —

Wheat. — On the Cotswolds it is not the practice to dung
the land for wheat, and the seeds are ploughed early, a stale
funow being best, the teams being often at work in August.
The roll follows the plough and makes the land firm? A
seed-bed is prepared with drags and harrows, and about 9 pecks
of corn is drilled early in October with the two-horse drill and
harrowed in. In spring, the wheat is rolled and lightly
harrowed, and when ripe is cut and tied by the binder. Hoeing
is now seldom practised, and more thistles and docks are seen
at harvest time than formerly. Occasionally, when the land is
clean and in good heart, peas or barley are grown on a wheat
stubble, but as a rule roots follow wheat.

Roots. After harvest the stubbles should be cultivated, and
the acreage that can be treated in this way depends on the
season. When weather permits, the cultivator is followed by
the roll, and the rubbish dragged out and burnt, and if this can
be done in the autumn it saves work in the spring, when the
horses are more busily employed. A small acreage only of
mangold is grown on hill farms, and the land for this is dunged
and ploughed first. That intended for swedes and turnips is
also dunged as far as the manure will go, and all is ploughed by

30

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

the end of the year if possible. In spring it is ploughed across,
rolled, dragged, rolled again, and the seed drilled. Ihe land
often has 3 or 4 cwt. of salt broadcasted before drilling, and
about 4 cwt. of superphosphate drilled with the seed. It is
afterwards top-dressed with 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda. .

In the seventies of the last century, Professor Wnghtson
and the members of the Cirencester Chamber of Agriculture
carried out numerous field experiments on the Cotswold Hills
on the artificial manuring of swedes and turnips, the results o
which were communicated to this Journal, and nothing has since
occurred to cause any alteration in the practice that was then
found the most successful. About 3 cwt. of superphosphate ot
lime or about 2 cwt. of superphosphate and 1 cwt. of dissolved
bones is drilled with the swedes, and somewhat less tor the
turnips. In this district all roots are drilled on the flat. A
small acreage of vetches is usually grown, and as lamb keep is
often short in the late summer, rape or kale and early turnips
are sown early in May, followed by the swedes for the fatting
sheep in winter. Later on provision must be made for the
ewes and lambs, and white swedes (a variety peculiar to the
Cotswolds), late turnips and kale are drilled with this object. ^

Sometimes roots follow sainfoin, as after a field has been m
this crop some years it is apt to get very foul. In extreme cases
the land is often baulked, or raftered, in the autumn, that is to
say, one slice is ploughed from end to end of the bout and the
next at just double the distance, so that half only of the field is
thus actually ploughed and the sod is turned over flat on the
unploughed" portion, the two surfaces touching each other.
After being left a month or so to rot, it is pulled across with
heavy drags, cross-ploughed, cleaned, and prepared for roots.

As soon as the plants show sufficiently they are horse-hoed,
and this is done three or four times throughout the summer.
Mangold and swedes are singled and seconded, but turnips
only°singled. Early in November the mangold are pulled and
secured in the clamp, after which a proportion of the swede
crop is pitted, or trenched, in the field to protect it against

frost

Barley and Oats . — The plough will have been following
the sheepfold throughout the autumn and winter, and the land
is crossploughed in February or March, dragged, rolled, and
harrowed. When ready for sowing about three bushels of
barley, or three to four bushels of oats are drilled pei acie,
harrowed, and lightly rolled in. In April or May the seeds for
the next year’s hay crop are either drilled across the corn or
sown with the seed barrow, and lightly harrowed and rolled in.
About 28 lb. of seeds is usually sown for a two years ley, the
mixture varying according to circumstances. About four

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

31

bushels of sainfoin are sown per acre. On the Cotswolds both
spring corn and roots require rain pretty frequently, especially
when the early spring has been wet, and it has not been possible

^ i1 h' TBarle^’ as wel1 as oats, is now generally cut
with the binder. In order to get an even sample, barley was

formerly mown with the scythe, laid thinly in swathe, and
turned so as to expose it all as far as possible to the same
amount of sun and dew. There are not now enough men in

the country districts to do this, and few of these know how to
use a scythe.

Seeds .—After -harvest the young seeds sown in the spring
corn are often lightly grazed by the lambs. In a growing
season, and with a good plant, this does little harm, but it is
better to keep off sainfoin the first autumn. The young layers
will be greatly helped if it can be arranged to give them a
dressing of farmyard manure in the winter to strengthen the
piant and protect it from frost. Early in June the seeds are
cut with the machine, after which they are turned with -the
side delivery rake, put up in small cocks, and stacked in
ricks usually placed in the turnip fields for consumption by
he sheep m the following winter. Sainfoin is cut as soon as
it shows m flower, and requires more time to make than

ordinary seeds. It is, however, well worth all the trouble that
can be bestowed on it.

For some years after the middle of the last century it was
customary even on the lighter Cotswold soils to plough with
three horses at length, which required a boy to lead, besides the
man driving the plough. The lack of boys working on farms
has led to the general employment of pairs for ploughing, and
it is found that the work can be got through as easily as with
three Formerly horses were not so well kept, and were
unable to do so hard a day’s work. At the present time they
are generally allowed two bushels of corn a week, and are out
ot the stable seven hours a day in winter and eight in summer
but longer at hay time and harvest. They go out in winter at
«, and are back in the stable at 4, with three quarters of an
hour s rest standing unfed and often shivering on the headland
while the men get their lunch and dinner. In summer the
ordinary hours, except at hay time and harvest, are 7 to 4. In
many other parts of the country where, when daylight permits
it is the practice for horses to work from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m with
two hours rest at midday when they are unharnessed and fed
more work is done, but on the large arable farms of the
Cotswolds the fields are often at such a distance from the
homestead that this could not well be managed. The result
however, is that while in winter three quarters of an acre may
sometimes be ploughed in a day, it is very often considerably

32 The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

less. In the Midlands, where collieries and manufactories
compete with the farmer for labour, and wages are higher, bot
men and horses are longer in the field and move more quic y,
and the cost of agricultural operations is probably very little
more than on the Cotswolds. As the result of enquiries, I
find the average number of horses employed is one pair to
ninety acres, that is to 63 acres of ploughed land and 27 of
grass, the proportion of arable land being thus 70 per cen ■ •

The change that has taken place in the rural popuM
shown by the census returns for the county. In 1671 the
were 20,506 persons employed m agriculture of whom 2,00
were women, whereas in 1901 the total number had fallen
to 13,319 and there were only 182 women. The figures i
the census of 1911 are not yet available. In spite of this
extraordinary decrease it appears that there are genera i y
sufficient labourers in this district, although experienced caite ,
shepherds, cattlemen, and milkers, are less easy to get tlia
formerly. There are also fewer boys and lads coming on than
used to be the case, and this points to a shortage of tra™®
agricultural labourers in the future. For some years past many
young men have left the country for service m the police and
the railways, and recently the Colonies have offered them great
inducements to emigrate. If this continues, and there see
every prospect that it will, it must inevi a y lesu *
serious difficulty in obtaining the necessary labour to cultivate

At the present time ordinary labourers cash wages on the
Cotswolds are from 12s. to 14.s. a week, with advantages m
piece work and allowances, that probably increase the average
earnings of the best men to 17a. or 18a. The usual hours

worked are from 7 to 5 with H ll0Urs for “eals’ and m
winter from daylight to dark. In hay time or harvest, when
extra money is paid, work goes on until 7 o cloc or a ei .
Shepherds, carters, and stockmen have about 15s., with
allowances that make their average weekly earnings about 20s.
Now that so much of the work of the farm is done by machinery
and horses, the actual labour bill does not appear to be more
per acre than when wages were lower, for although the day
wages were less, more men were employed, and there was more
well-paid piece work when all the hay was- cut and turned, an
the corn cut and tied by hand, and the labour-saving
implements of the present day had not come into use. I his
may not be readily accepted, but the accounts of a farm with
which I am well acquainted show that at the present time e
amount actually paid for manual labour, after making allowance
for small variations in acreage, is actually somewhat less than
in 1858, when the ordinary day wages were at the rate ot 1US.

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

33

ai we.e^’ and carters and stockmen received much less than they
do at the present time The actual money paid for labour on
an ordinary Cotswold farm where ram breeding is not practised,
and where pedigree cattle are not made a speciality, averages
about 20s. per acre per annum.

Turning to the live-stock of the district, the Cotswolds have
been celebrated for centuries past for the flocks of sheep that
were pastured on the wide and open downs. When the villa at
hue d worth was excavated, evidence was found showing that the
Komans spun and wove wool into cloth at that place, and we learn
from Stowe s “ Chronicles ” that in the time of Edward the
fourth the fine Cotswold wool had a European reputation, and
that the sheep were exported into Spain, where they “ mightilv
increased and multiplied to the Spanish profit.” But these
flad little m common with the sheep of the present day, being
nne-woolled, and they were, perhaps, the ancestors of the breed
known as the Ryeland. The modern Cotswold is believed to
iiave been derived from the native breed altered in character bv
being crossed with the old Midland long-woolled sheep, and
later again crossed with the Improved Leicester originated bv
Bakewell of Dishley about 1750. Rudge, in his Agricultural
Survey published by the Board of Agriculture in 1807, remarks
mat the pure breed is become scarce in consequence of the
introduction of the New Leicester by which it has been in
some points improved.” It is well established that in the early
years of the eighteenth century Cotswold breeders regularly
went into Leicestershire to buy rams, but for many years the
breed has been entirely maintained by selection without
crossing, and has now its Breed Society and Flock Book.

The Cotswold sheep of to-day is well adapted to the soil
and climate of the district, although it has not maintained its
position against the invasion of the Oxford Down. It is horn-
less with white or speckled face and shanks, the head carried
by a rather erect neck set off by a curly topknot. The fleece
is of long curled wool, in good flocks averaging 10 lb., which
covers a wide symmetrical body. It is celebrated for
constitution and early maturity, and easily reaches 20 to 25 lb.
a quarter when sold to the butcher. When fat mutton was
more saleable, and the sheep were pushed, 40 lb. a quarter was
not an unusual weight.

It is characteristic of these hardy sheep that they are quiet
m disposition and do not break bounds, and that they are not
subject to footrot. They also have the peculiarity of individually
spi eading themselves over the field they are grazing, whereas
Down sheep, that have perhaps acquired the habit from
generations of close folding, feed in company. They enjoy
some popularity in Canada and the United States of America,

VOL. 74. c

34

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

and tlie rams are very largely used in East Anglia for mating

with Suffolk and crossbred ewes.

The Oxford Down, by which they have been so largely
displaced, was originally derived from crossing the Cotswold
ram with the Hampshire Down ewe, which had in turn been
produced by crossing the old A iltshire and Berkshire breed
with the Southdown, and has the good qualities of. both its
parents. The face is dark brown with a topknot, inherited
from the Cotswold, a close and heavy fleece, and a wide and
deep body on fairly short legs. It has attained great perfection,
and is said to bear harder folding and have a greater disposi-
tion to early maturity than the Cotswold, though this is not
admitted by the advocates of the latter. Like its parents, it

possesses a Breed Society and Flock Book.

The average number of breeding ewes on a hill farm is about
thirty-five to a hundred acres, and they are generally put to the
ram about Michaelmas, though ram breeders who wish to get
their lambs earlier in the year turn out in August. The practice
of breeding from a few ewe lambs that are timed to produce
their lambs later is increasing. Lambing takes place in a shelter
made about a field barn or off farm buildings, or in a temporary
pen constructed of hurdles and straw in a turnip field that has
been cropped to provide suitable feed, and to which the ewes
and lambs have access, returning to the shelter of the fold at
night, where a rack of seed hay pro’s ides their evening meal.
Italian rye grass and seeds with roots thrown to them daily
follow, and the lambs are weaned in July, when they are run
thinly on lattermath seeds or sainfoin, the ewes being given a
bite on old seeds or bare pasture to dry up their milk. By
September early turnips and rape are ready, and these are
followed by swedes sliced with Gardners turnip cutter, the
wether lambs being pushed with corn and cake, and sold out
when ready for the butcher. When plentiful probably about a
ton of seed hay to the acre is consumed by the sheep on the
turnip land. The ewes act as scavengers, and clean up what is

left by the fatting sheep and ewe tegs.

Although a fair number of horned cattle are reared on the
Cotswolds, not very many are bred, a few cows only being
generally kept to provide milk and butter, calves being
bought from the dairymen of the vale and weaned with those
that are home bred. They are practically all shorthorns of
useful quality, and one of my correspondents tells me he
weans about eighty calves on ten cows, selling them fat about
thirty months later, when he expects them to fetch 1,600/.
The production of beef by feeding a number of. bullocks
through the winter in yards and boxes that prevails in the
eastern comities is not customary, nearly all the roots being

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

35

consumed by the sheep, who manure the arable land more
economically than would be the case if the dung had to be
filled, carted, and spread, and at the same time give it the
requisite firmness.

The position of the Cotswolds as regards railways is
unfavourable for the sale of milk in the large towns, though
this is done on a few farms that are not too far from a station,
and are otherwise suitable.

Some good herds of Shorthorns are found on the hills, the
dispersion of the celebrated Sherborne herd in 1848 having
been the means of distributing a number of animals of the
highest breeding over the district. Among the purchasers at
this notable sale were Colonel Kingscote, and Messrs. Bowly,
Game (of Broadmoor), Lane, Mace, and Kendall, all of whom
have now passed away, but whose names are well-known in
the history of Shorthorn cattle. There is still a fine herd at
Sherborne Park, and others in the neighbourhood in the hands
of tenant farmers, and those at Cowley, Sarsden, Nether Swell,
Brockhampton, Notgrove, and other places in the district, show
that with skill and enterprise no better or sounder Shorthorns
can be bred in England than are produced on the Cotswolds,
and there is probably no herd in the world with a higher
reputation than that at AldsAvorth, which contains the descen-
dants of the old Broadmoor stock. Although the Shorthorns
at Kingscote have been dispersed, there are good herds in that
neighbourhood, at Crudwell, Chedglow, Pinkney, and round
Badminton, and when low prices prevailed in the eighties and
nineties of the eighteenth century many farmers had the fore-
sight to secure well bred animals, and have started pedigree
herds on modest but sound lines.

Horses are not bred to any extent on the hills, although
some farmers keep one or two brood mares to replenish their
teams. The large arable fields divided by stone walls, and
exposed to every wind that blows, are unsuitable for horse
breeding, and most farmers buy suckers or sometimes two or
three year old colts from their breeders, or at the fairs. Nearly
all of the light horses come from Ireland, very few being bred,
although Mr. Russell Swanwick has some thoroughbred mares
of fashionable blood at the Royal Agricultural College Farm
near Cirencester, and realises good prices for his yearlings at
the Newmarket and Doncaster sales.

The nature of the country being unsuitable for dairying
is also unfavourable to pig breeding on a large scale. Those
that are kept show a good deal of the influence of the Berk-
shire breed, and the Large Black is seen in increasing numbers.
There is a well-known herd of pedigree Berkshires at the Royal
Agricultural College Farm.

36

The Agriculture of the Cotswolds.

From the system of agriculture practised in this part of the
county of Gloucester it follows that the farm buildings are not
of such an elaborate character as is necessary where the land is
devoted to dairying and pig breeding, or where the greater
part of the root crop is consumed in the winter by cattle for
the production of beef. A number of old barns are seen,
whose importance has largely diminished now that they are no
longer occupied in the winter by men threshing corn with the
flail, and these are made use of for storing the many new
implements now required, weaning calves, and other purposes.
All the horses are fed in one long stable, being tied up close
together without partitions. About half lie in the stable at
night, the rest being turned out into boxes after being watered
and fed. In summer they lie out in a grass field or piece of
old seeds. Two important considerations on the hills are
water supply and Dutch barns, and money spent in theii
provision is of great benefit to the farmer.

The farm houses are old-fashioned and roomy, and although
many old cottages have been pulled down, as not coming up
to modern requirements, those that are left are generally
speaking sufficient for the diminished agricultural population.
In places where there is a shortage of cottages for farm
labourers it is frequently due to the fact that many7 are occu-
pied by men engaged in better paid industries, who bicycle
to their work at a distance, and pay a nearer approach to an
economic rent than the agricultural labourer can afford. It is
likely that while the Old Age Pensions Act may keep people
out of the workhouse, it may also tend to overcrowding in
the villages, where already an appreciable proportion of the
cottages is occupied by old people past work, and by widows.

In bringing this short account of the agriculture of the
Cotswolds to a close I must express my great indebtedness to
many of my agricultural friends, too numerous to mention by
name, who have most kindly and readily given me informa-
tion. I have also to thank Mr. John Sawyer, author of “ The
Story of Gloucestershire,” for his valuable help in many ways.
Had I not been assured of the assistance so generously given
me I would have felt unable to accept the Editor’s invitation
to contribute a paper on such an important subject.

Robert Anderson, F.S.I.

Cirencester.

37

WELSH PONIES AND COBS.

Prehistoric and Earliest Day Phases.

The history of Welsh Ponies and Cobs at first glance presents
a field for operations almost illimitable in extent.

A writer might start with an investigation as to the form of
life, if any, in the shape of type or proto-type, which existed at
the time when great glaciers radiated from the heights of
Snowdon, and fiung themselves with their stony fragments into
the valleys below. He might only desist from those efforts
when he had completed a review of his own particular ideas
upon the merits or demerits of the latter-day showyard
winners.

From a geological point of view, Wales is perhaps more
noted as a happy hunting ground for the mollusc hunter, but
it is quite erroneous to imagine that, though she may have
specialised in these marine form directions, she has unearthed
no evidences of the mightier beasts of an ancient day, for it
is a fact that in the two Gower caves in Glamorganshire,
Paviland and Spritsail Tor, in the former of which was dis-
covered the “ Red Lady of Paviland,” were found ( inter alia)
the detached hard prismatic molar teeth of at least two species
of Equus — the Equus caballus and Equus asinus.

It was not so with the other osseous remnants of former
animal life which were scattered about the floors of these rock
dens. They for the most part had been gnawed into a state of
comminuted splinter, and so dental more than skeletal evidence
was only forthcoming. Sufficient, however, was found to
establish the fact that the characteristic quartenary represen-
tatives of the Perissodactyle family of Equidce, with the
contemporaneous Pachydermata ruminantia , and the larger
sized carnivora were common enough, not only in South Wales
at Gower, but also in North Wales, at Bryn Elwy, in the Cefn
caves, in which were discovered the teeth and astralagus of an
undetermined species of this same equine family. As there
were two kinds of men in the Pleistocene days — the river drift

38

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

man. representing the ruder civilisation, and the cave man the
higher culture — so also, according to Professor Ridgeway (author
of Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse), and
Professor Cossar Ewart (Regius Professor of Natural History in
the University of Edinburgh), the authorities on these subjects,
there were two distinct sub-species of the class Equus which
demand a passing reference.

The one called E. caballus represented the fully developed
one-hoofed horse, which has been introduced to us as a more 01
less new-comer of the Pleistocene and not a survivor of the
Pliocene era. His proportions were those of the middle-sized
horse of the present day.

Another smaller type, about the size of the donkey, is
alluded to by Professor Ridgeway as E. plicidens.

Professor Cossar Ewart tells us that there lived in England
three or four kinds of wild horses. One allied to the E.
robustus of Solutre, one to the E. sivalensis of India, 01 the
E. Stenonis of Italy, and the other, with fine cannon bones, and
short pillared teeth, to which he gave the name E. Agilis , and
which includes the plateau type alluded to farther on, in
connection with the subject of our mountain ponies. Who
were the suspected progenitors of a more recently differentiated
sub-species of this class, named by Professor Cossai Ewart,

“ E. caballus celticus ,” is a problem upon which information
is wanting, and therefore this must remain a subject of
speculation.

The differences between the two types, E. caballus and
E. caballus celticus , appear to be as follows : that E. caballus
(both the larger and smaller type) sported small hock (heel)
callosities on the hind legs, as well as larger ones on the fore-
limbs, and also exhibited the regulation ergots (fetlock pads),
the tail being covered with long hairs from base to end, while
E. caballus celticus , in common with the Asses and Zebras, was
destitute of these hall-marks of superiority and those external
signs, which some have argued are vestigial footpads, whilst
others have regarded them as the remains of scent glands.
E. caballus celticus , too, rejoiced in a taillock fringe
a peculiarity of appendage that was in contradistinction
to the more orthodox hair dressing arrangements of the E.
caballus.

Though the bones that have remained tell a tale of the
existence both of a stouter and of a more slender limbed sub-
species, all signs of any external accessories or trimmings in
the shape of skin or tissue, chestnut or ergot, have long since
disappeared.

From the name one would naturally suppose that the Welsh
pony derived his origin from this Celtic-called ancestor. As a

Welsh Ponies and Cols.

39

matter of fact the pony was so named because he was found in
Ireland and the Islands of Scotland. Though the Welsh, we
presume, represent the Aryan race of Celts as much as the Irish
or Scottish Highlanders, the ponies in the Principality appear
to have no affinity with the so-called E. caballus celticus or
the inferior races of animals, Connemara, Icelandic, Faroe,
Hebridean, Shetland, Russian and Norwegian; inferior because
there was either a total absence or suspicious deficiency in the
matter of these callosities, chestnuts and ergots, in them, while
in the Welsh pony these outward and visible signs that
are requisite to qualify for admission to the family of the E.
caballus are found.

^ hether this Celtic pony ever lived upon Cambrian soil is
a matter of conjecture, but it must not be forgotten that in
those early times no barriers were offered to the migration of
Asiatic and African animals, from utmost East to utmost West
of those drylands which included Great Britain and Ireland.
It may be, therefore, that the so-called Celtic pony left his
home in Central Asia and reached Europe before the arrival of
neolithic man, in which case some of his species might have
remained in Whies, as well as in Connemara and the outer
Hebrides, where, undoubtedly, he has been found.

While the discoveries mentioned above would show that
the fully developed E. caballus existed side by side with
earliest man, there is unfortunately no trace of any rude
pictorial effort incised upon antler or rib of deer, showing a
representative of the pony world, in the full glory of upright
mane, taillock fringe and dorsal band.

It is, however, pretty certain that what existed in the more
eastern, also existed in the more western part of the country,
and that when Julius Caesar uttered his oft-construed comments
on our race of horses, there existed somewhat similar specimens
in that part of the country where dwelt the tribal Ordovices
and Silures. It is, however, probable, that as the lands of the
west Avere, from a climatic and altitudinous point of view, not
so suitable for the breeding and thriving of such animals as
those of the east, the horses were more pony-like, and the
“ wee beasties” and ponies more “puny still.”

The Pre-Norman Horse of Wales.

Many readers and writers in search of information upon
the early history of our horse breeds, have fallen back upon
Julius Caesar as an authority, and even gone again through the
commentaries he wrote upon his Gallic wars, with an avidity
they perhaps hardly displayed in their earlier days. In
referring, hoAvever, to the British horses, he (Julius Caesar)

40

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

unfortunately omitted to hand down to posterity any clue as to
their height. He spoke of them in terms of unqualified
admiration, of their docility as chariot horses, of their activity
as riding horses, and of their general superiority all round —
and there he ended.

To those who do not underrate the claims of long descent,
it is interesting to recall that horses of various breeds, and used
for various purposes, were recognised as institutions and
articles of value in the Laws of Howel, the Good Prince of
Cwmru in the tenth century.

In the Editions of Laws, that he handed down to us, entitled
“ Leges Wallicae, ” the small ponies were left ominously
unmentiontd. Was it that they were deemed unworthy of
notice, or were similar ideas entertained of them as in a later
Tudor period, for Henry VIII. gained almost as much
posthumous notoriety from his attitude towards ponies as he
earned by his methods of wifely treatment. Animals of the
larger types, weight-carrying armour bearers, and prancing
war horses that “scent battle afar” reigned supreme in his
regal mind, and occupied his all-conquering thoughts.

The self-supporting little pony on the hill was in his
opinion but a blot upon creation. On the indictment of not
maintaining a “ reasonable stature ” His Majesty pronounced
against them a sentence of annihilation, which, however, does
not appear to have been carried out. What opinion Howel the
Good may have entertained towards the lesser animal we do
not, and never shall now, know. He brought, however, a wide
range of intellect to bear exhaustively, and to good purpose,
on the larger animals. In conjunction — we read — with an
assembly very representative in appearance, consisting as it did
of 120 prelates and 836 deputies from the Coinmots, he drew
up and codified an exhaustive set of laws bearing on the
subjects of horse-breeding, keeping and selling, which were
subsequently approved by the Pope.

Prince Howel discoursed of three estates of the realm
Equine. First there was the Palfrey, an animal reserved more
for the delectation of patrician patrons, their pastimes and
their pageants, for knights in tourneys, or as ambling hacks
dedicated to the use of the lords and ladies gay. An old
sixteenth century chronicler (Blundeville) once wrote, “ Some
have a breed of ambling horses to journey and travel by the
way. Some perhaps againe a race of swift runners to runne
for wagers, or to gallop the bucke and such exercises of
pleasure. But the plaine countryman would perchance have
a breed only for draught and burden.” How amblers or swift
runners worked or strove does not concern our theme. It is
the Nag that carried the yeoman, or conveyed the goods and

I

/

Welsh Ponies and Cobs. 41

chattels of the non-jousting “ plaine countryman ” that comes
into our story here.

Next after the ambling horse comes the so-called Rowney,
Runey or Sumpter. It is rather difficult precisely to place this
particular beast of burden in an up-to-date category. E.
elitellarius (the animal that carried the pack saddle) was his
definition in the days of Giraldus Cambrensis, and E. vilis

the uncomplimentary designation bestowed upon him in
Spain.

The champion of the present-day Pack horse in Pembroke,
or Devon, might possibly resent even the most distantly
suggested affinity with such a lowly relation of the past.
Both types of animals in their 'day— if history speaks aright of
them — worked at a similar carrying trade.

The Pack House in Wales.

To the Pack horse of a later day has always been assigned
in fiction the responsibility of bearing illegitimate burdens
m the shape of smugglers’ casks, and other contraband goods,
from sea coast to hiding place, as also the more legitimate,
but often not less commodious, load of farmers’ wives, on
pillions.

Whether this Sumpter or Pack horse of a bygone day had a
separate past worth investigating or a future before him is a
present day question both in Pembrokeshire and Carmarthen-
shire, as well as in Devonshire. As concerns Carmarthenshire,
the so-called Pack horses I have seen are Welsh cobs pure and
simple masquerading under a new name, while the Pembroke-
shire Pack horse, roadster or cob, I should unhesitatingly
classify as a larger and better developed edition of the old
Welsh cob.

The Light Carter in Wales.

The third estate mentioned of Howel as the working horse,
the Equus operarius (the animal that drew the car), or the
Equus occatorius (that draws the harrow), more especially
invites our comparison with the specimens of our own times.
This animal, we take it, is represented to-day in the light
carter or collier of the Principality. Such a one was an old
horse now dead that was visited by many last year (a.D. 1912),
and by all regarded as a very remarkable old horse of a fine
type, and original characteristics. He was an old bay horse,
belonging to Messrs. Howells (Narberth, Pembrokeshire), and
rejoicing in the name of Stonecr acker — a name well earned,
for, besides being used for stud purposes during the twenty-
three years of his long life, he carried stone from the

42

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

quarries regularly. His sire was a forgotten colliei, and his
dam a Welsh cob, presumably of the Old Trotting Comet
and Cardigan breed. Judiciously mated this old horse might
have turned out a valuable asset to Welsh cob fame, and siied
ci famous race

" ■ Old Blind Flyer , the sire of Old Trotting Comet (who in turn
was the sire of Old Welsh Flyer ) seems, from the description
handed down of him, to have been a horse of the same type as
Stonecracker. The owner of Old Flyer is described rather
enigmatically in the pedigree as Schon Glanmor Clarach, which
freely translated reads, “John who lived by the sea in the
Valley of Clarach.”

The Welsh Cob op the Victorian Era.

The world generally has adopted the habit of denoting
styles, whether of architecture, furniture, or personal orna-
ments and dress, by the name of kings and queens. If we
carry this principle into our earliest accounts of Welsh cobs
and call them the Victorian cobs of Wales, we shall be working
on chronological lines, as it is to the early days of Queen
Victoria’s reign that their origin is traced, and it was during
her long reign that they obtained their notoriety.

In an attempt to trace the origin of the Welsh cob, the
Hackney, or any similar type, it must be remembered that
none of these breeds are, in the true sense of the word, pure.
There can be no doubt that the so-called roadsters, nags, or
cobs, were more or less admixtures of varieties. There comes
a day in the history of all breeds, when the blend, after being
persevered with, becomes a type, to which is given a distinc-
tive title.

In this way the Welsh cob, having been inbred for some
generations, became known universally as the Welsh trotting
cob. The details of its origin are fully set out in the pages of
the Welsh stud books. On referring to them it will be seen
that in the 130 pedigrees given in the Welsh Cob Society’s
earlier volumes, there are some 126 absolutely indigenous
Welsh cob sires that have left their mark as the sires of this
particular type of animal. Many of these were descended
from Old Trotting Comet. His stock and the stock of Old
Welsh Flyer , his illustrious son, reinforced and improved by
the infusion of Arab blood through the redoubtable Cymro
Llwyd , became so notorious that most of their progeny were
kept for stud purposes, justifying Herbert Spencer’s formula,
that each step in their evolution showed greater heterogeneity,
greater coherence, and greater definiteness than the stage
that preceded it.

Welsh Ponies and Cobs. 43

Appended are the pedigrees of Old Trotting Comet and Old
Welsh Flyer : —

Pedigrees op OLD TROTTING COMET and OLD WELSH FLYER.
By Charles Coltman Rogers, Welsh Stud Book, 1903.

Owner,

Richard Evans,
Cefn Cae
Llangeitho,
Cardiganshire.

Breeder,

Black Jack.
Owner,

Cauliflower.

Old Flyer.

Owner and
Breeder,
Schon of Glan-
mor Clarach.

Mr. Pryse Pryse,
Goggerdan.

Do.

Black Bess.

Gomer.

Mr. Poole,
Peithyll.

Do.

OLD

OLD

TROTTING

COMET.

Dark brown,
15-li

f. 1840 (circa)
d. 1861.

H. S. B. 834.

Mr. James’ Colt
of

Llwynniortli-

with-issaf,

Aberystwyth.

Bechoyn

Bank.

WELSH

FLYER.

Bess.

Mr. Poole’s

Do.

Ray, 14-3,
f. 1861.

celebrated
trotting mare.

A Welsh Pony.

Do.

H. S. B. 856.

Owner,

Do.

Griffith. Griffiths,
Stag’s Head,

afterwards

D. Evans,
Rhiwarthen,
Aberystwyth.

Breeder,
David Davies.

Mr. William
Crawshay’s

Do.

Cymro Llwyd.

f. 1850 (circa),
dun coloured.

(of Cyfartha)
Arab horse.

Do.

Trotting

Nancy.

Owner,

Brown.

Mr. Jones, of
Groven, a very
fast trotter.

Old

Comet Brown.

Derby by
Currey Comb.

j ' > 1

The Hon. Capt.
W. Vaughan,
Crosswood.

Do

Do.

«>

) i . Dam

Do.

. • .-it.

■&

unknown.

i

Do.

. ..

' '

i J $ ‘ >

Do.

• ; ■//. , - . ‘--V - .yv

: •• •

Do.

This pedigree practically contains all that is known, of the
early history of the Welsh Trotting Cob of modern days.

Among the names of the descendants of Old Trotting
Comet are many Welsh Flyers , Cardigan and other Comets ;
Fiddwen , Trotting and Briton Flyers ; Expresses and Cara-
dogs ; King and Welsh Jacks ; Welsh Beaconsfields , Lions , and
Dandelions, which show what an impressive sire he must have
been.

If Old Trotting Comet obtained a patriarchal fame, it is
clear that his ancestors are worthy of notice. Thanks to the
members of the Pryse family, and the evergreen memory of

44

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

Mr. David Evans (Hon. Member of our Welsh Pony and Cob
Society), the problem, so far as it affects the sire side of the
question, has been solved, for it has been proved that Flyer , the
sire of Old Trotting Comet was of the able-bodied carter type,
or the Equus operarius of the 10th century, indigenous to our
hillside country, but not to be confused with the large Midland
shire of to-day. The Welsh carter was a lighter built animal
which drew the light cart of the country, the gambo laden with
trouse on the hillside, and which sometimes carried the farmer
and his wife on his back to market.

As to the histories of the dams of these trotting horses little
if anything is known, save that their powers of endurance were
generally ascribed, and with good reason, to thoroughbred
influence, as the following will show : —

In the County of Cardigan lived a sporting family of the
name of Lovedon Pryse. Their dwelling place was Goggerdan,
in the vicinity of Aberystwyth. For many years they kept
racehorses. To enumerate a few, Buscot Buck (f. 1841,
ex. the Reubens mare), a winner of many classical races,
Cardinal Puff by Phamtom (f. 1820), Doctor Eady by
Reubens (f. 1822), and another thoroughbred or two, one
by name Bobtail , were used there for stud purposes.
Although the Squires of Goggerdan kept a thoroughbred sire
for their tenants, this generous privilege did not content them,
as it is common gossip that surreptitious visits were arranged to
be paid to the other stud horses. If the blanks in the pedigrees
of Mr. Poole’s trotting mares, Captain Vaughan’s Trotting
Nancy ( vide Pedigree of Old Trotting Comet), could be traced
and properly filled in, it is more than likely that the well-
known names of turf celebrities of a past day would be found
therein.

To many otheis in the Welsh Stud Book the same story of
the introduction of thoroughbred blood would also apply.
The famous Express II., alias Little Robin, went back on
his dam’s side to the thoroughbred Potsheen, Express III.
through Old Hereford , Cardigan Comet through True Briton
(whose dam was Arabian ), and the Eiddwen Flyers and
Beacons fields, through the before-mentioned Arab bred Cymro
Llivyd.

Inter-Breeding Between Welsh Cobs and Ponies.

Some writers contend that all that is best in the Welsh cob
comes from the mountain pony strain.

The fact that the Welsh cobs were afterwards often mated
with the smaller pony successfully admits of no doubt.
Eiddwen I., 14*1 hands, by Old Welsh Flyer, and on the
dam’s side sprung from pony sources, and Trotting Flyer,

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

45

14'2 hands (locally known as Aberhenwen-y-fccch ), similarly
bred, stand out with others as conspicuous impressive sires of
smaller ponies. It is worthy of remark that in these cases
such ponies reverted to the smaller size of the dams, and in
spite of their cob ancestry on one side, invariably retained the
pony character.

A similar experience in the case of thoroughbred and pony
crosses is mentioned and explained in the Mountain and Moor-
land Pony Commission, where attention is called to the fact
that those thoroughbreds whose back lineage disclosed pony
crosses were best adapted to mate with ponies. Rosewater ,
the celebrated Polo pony sire of so many excellent pony
types, was cited as an instance. He was descended from
Tramp (winner of the Derby in 1813) foaled in 1810, who was
reputed to have twelve pony crosses on his family escutcheon.

Science steps in and explains that animals with certain
physical similarities due probably to a common origin in the
past, mate satisfactorily, while animals with certain physical
dissimilarities mate unsatisfactorily ; or, transcribed in Men-
delian language, that homozygous mating, i.e.9 animals with
physical similarities, produces good, and heterozygous mating,
i.e., animals with physical dissimilarities, indifferent results.
What animals are homozygous one to another, and what are
heterozygous can only be ascertained by experiment, a lengthy
process, while the fact that the homozygous identity of
characteristics may be of a limited nature enhances the
difficulties of an interesting and deep problem.

The Hackney and Welsh Cob Question.

It is beyond contradiction that some Eastern Hackneys
appear in the Welsh Stud Book.

Had the system of registration at first been better thought
out, the Hackney Stud Book would not have contained the
names of Welsh cobs, or the Welsh Stud Book the names of
Eastern Hackneys. Some arrangement should have been
devised whereby when a Hackney was mated with a Welsh
the result would have had to appear in a separate section as
Foundation stock, and if mated back with a Welsh cob, the
second progeny allowed a number in the Welsh Stud Book.
A quarter outcross might have bettered rather than injured
the type aimed at, and an occasional outcross of the Hackney
or Thoroughbred might in some cases result in a slight
rejuvenation or improvement of the aboriginals.

Hackneys, however, now are no longer admissible for
registration in the Welsh Stud Book, and by the system
adopted of compiling the pedigrees the harm or confusion that
might arise in studying old pedigrees is minimised.

46

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

The true descended Cardigan and Welsh cob, the Hackney-
bred animal, the Rigmaden or Polo pony intermingled race, or
the half Welsh cob and half Hackney-bred animal are easily
recognised by anyone who studies the Stud Book, so that if
mistakes are made the breeder has only himself to blame.

Cob Premiums.

In view of the fact that the Board of Agriculture, in con-
junction with the Development Commissioners, are conducting
a Native-bred Cob Revival in the Principality, the results so
far achieved must be briefly alluded to.

There is no denying the fact that although both in the
showyards and on the road the place of the Welsh cob has
been to a great extent taken by the Hackney, some half
dozen sires of undisputed Welsh blood were awarded Board
of Agriculture Premiums, and several others without any
Premiums were travelling Welsh districts two years ago (1911),
and though the Welsh cob mare types may not be as plentiful
as formerly, there were still many more than some had antici-
pated, to whom free nominations were given.

The results we hope, especially as some of the mares had
been purchased by the Government for purposes of preserva-
tion to the country-side, will effect a renaissance in this old
and useful native breed.

Board op Agriculture’s Certificates for Soundness.

A condition precedent in connection with the premiums
given by the Board of Agriculture is that every animal must
obtain the Annual Board Certificate of Soundness, which may
be registered in its particular Stud Book.

This system, inaugurated in 1911, is becoming more widely
known each year, and it is to be hoped that breeders will not
patronise animals who do not possess this certificate. The
Welsh Pony and Cob Society already accept this Govern-
ment certificate as qualifying the holder for entry in their
Stud Books and for competing for medals given at the Shows.
At the same time the Society objects to the re-naming of any
animal, as it is determined to prevent sires travelling under new
names and so deluding the careless breeder.

The Mountain and Moorland Pony.

Professor Ewart, to whose work reference has already been
made, traces the origin of domestic horses to three wild species
or varieties, which he names the steppe, forest, and plateau
varieties. To describe briefly their characteristics : —

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

47

(1) The steppe pony. — Long faced, Roman nosed, coarse
and ram headed, which makes him peculiarly adapted to
cropping short herbage ; ears long ; from eye to nostril a long
way, as in the case of many cart horses of to-day ; hoofs
narrow, contracted at the heel ; tail well set on. Represented
by Prejevalsky’s horse, but any evidence of this type’s presence
here in prehistoric times uncertain.

(2) The forest pony. — Face short and broad, and nearly in
a line with the cranium, which has made him adapted for
browsing on trees, shrubs and tall grasses ; ears long ; eye half-
way between the top of his head and nostril ; hoofs broad ;
neck and chest short ; coarse limbed ; the total length of
metacarpal bone 5' 5 times the width of shaft. Represented
to-day by certain Highland and Iceland types.

(3) The plateau type. — Small, narrow face, ending in a
fine muzzle ; ears small and near each other ; eyes large, full
and prominent ; long neck and oblique shoulders ; hoofs
varying according to its habitat, sometimes wide, sometimes
narrow ; ergots and hind chestnuts absent or small ; taillock at
root of tail well set on ; slender limbed, and generally adapted
to a free life on the plains ; the total length of metacarpal bone
is 7*5 times the width of middle of shaft. This type is
represented by the Celtic pony of North Western Europe,
and the somewhat specialised forms included in Professor
Ridgeway’s variety (E. caballus libycus). The northern or
Celtic variety is characterised by the taillock, while in the
Southern or Libyan variety this characteristic is at the most
vestigial.*

Accepting Professor Ewart’s divisions, the Welsh mountain
pony at least would appear to fall under the description of the
Libyan variety of the plateau type, which is, perhaps, the
purest of all. The fine muzzle, the slender limbs, the small
pricked ears, the long neck, all proclaim him a true descendant
of this variety.

The definition of the animal as he should be, in Part I. of
the Welsh Pony Stud Book, is the definition of the plateau
pony. The definition of the animal in Part II. is a definition
of the plateau pony with a few characteristics of the forest
pony.

In the Welsh Stud Books the smaller ponies have been
divided into two parts, Part I. consisting of ponies 12 hands
and under (which must be neither docked nor hogged), and
Part II. of ponies 12*2 hands and under, in which section
there are no restrictions as to docking and hogging. The book
further differentiates between the pony with the finer quarters
and the pony a little more massive in those parts ; the one
being generally described as Arab born and the other as cob

48

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

descended. The entries during the past four years have been as
follows : —

Section A. Part I.

Section A.

Part II.

Stallums .

9

Stallions .

.

.

14

Re-entries .

5

Mares

133

Mares

• • •

83

Re-entries .

.

22

Re-entries .

.

3

Stallions .

25

Stallions .

12

Re-entries' .

....

5

Re-entry .

• . •

1

Mares

342

Mares

. . •

52

Re-entries .

.

31

Re-entries .

.

5

Stallions .

56

Stallions .

19

Mares

.

360

Mares

.

144

Stallions .

45

Stallions .

17

Re-entries .

3

Mares

345

Mares

.

111

Re-entries .

•

24

Re-entries .

.

24

In these four years without including re-entries there were in
Part I. Stallions . 135 Mares . 1,180

Part II. Stallions . 62 Mares . 390

The presence of ponies with cob characteristics has been
previously explained as due to a mixture of cob and pony
blood. Many breeders in Wales have bred on these lines and
sent into the show yards showy, trotting, sturdy little animals,
more suited to the shafts than to the saddle.

Ponies of Section A, Part I., Welsh Stud Book.

Probably no members of the Equidce could lay claim to the
title of a pure bred animal with more confidence than the
truest types of the small ponies on the Welsh Hills, which
appear in Section A, Part I., of the stud books.

An Arab outcross in the far back cannot be said to vitiate
their claim to purity, as the Arab is recognised everywhere as
a pure dominant breed. Of such undoubtedly is the well-
known Dy oil- Starlight breed. Starlight belongs to Mr.
Meuric Lloyd, and the prefix Dyoll read backwards (Lloyd)
gives the clue to his prefix. He was foaled in 1894, was first
shown in 1896, and retired from the showyard in 1901, having
won first prizes at four R.A.S.E. ShoWvS — Birmingham, Maid-
stone, York, and Cardiff — and two Crystal Palace firsts; since
which time he has only been exhibited twice. He made two
re-appearances for exhibition only, not for competition — once
at Church Stretton in 1911, and again at the Welsh National
Show at Swansea in 1912.

Shooting Star, a son of Dyoll- Starlight, and a great prize-
winner, is now back again in Cardiganshire ; Grey light,

Fig. l.— 1 -Nantyrharn Starlight 2207.”

The property of Mbs. H. D. Greene, Grove, Craven arms, R.S.O., Salop.

Fig. 2.— Welsh Cob, “King Flyer 35.”

The property of Messrs. 11. M. and H. W. Jones, Id athyrafal, Meifod, Welshpool,

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

49

another successful son, was sold for the handsome sum of a
thousand guineas to Australia, while Dyoll-Starlight , their sire,
still remains in Carmarthenshire. Since Dyoll-Starlight' s
showyard career closed, many of his prize-winning progeny
have been successfully exhibited.

Mr. Evan Jones’s (of Manoravon) Starlight sold for 1,000Z.
to go to Australia. Sir Walter Gilbey’s Shooting Star, and
Mrs. H. D. Greene’s Ballistite, constitute the old guard of the
maturer celebrities, but Dyoll-Starlight' s descendants hold in
intermediate stages full sway to the two-year-olds of last year.
That he and his progeny take after the Arab in appearance
is generally admitted, but how he inherited these traits it is
difficult to say, as his pedigree up to the second and third
generation gives no clue.

The story of Marske , the sire of the famous Eclipse , foaled
1764 in the Neiv Forest, the story of Katerfelto upon Exmoor,
and their improving effect upon the ponies are well known, and
often cited. Perhaps less widely known were the good effects
obtained by the presence of Merlin , of direct descent from
the Brierly Turk, turned down by an ancestor of Sir Watkin
Williams Wynn on the Ruabon Hills. The so-called Merlin
Ponies enjoyed a renowned fame. Others, too, turned down
Arabs in Wales. Lord Oxford the Clive Arabian ; Mr. Richard
Crawshay, the sire of Cymro Llivyd ; whilst Colonel Vaughan,
of Rug, owned the Arab that sired the well-known Apricot.

The late Mr. Morgan Williams (of St. Donat’s, Glam.), some
seventy years ago, used Arab sires with his Welsh Pony mares,
and kept them on the hills behind Aberpergwm. Mr. Meuric
Lloyd bought Moonlight, the fleabitten unshod dam of Dyoll-
Starlight, from the same district. To Arab blood undoubtedly,
therefore, Dyoll-Starlight owes not only his sand-born appear-
ance, but also his exceptional impressiveness as a sire.

There is a general consensus of opinion amongst exhibitors
that the standard of ponies has improved very much of late
years. For one good pony that appeared in the shows ten years
ago there are a dozen to-day, and this in spite of the boom in
the export trade due in some measure to the abolition of the
United States duty on registered ponies. There is, however,
still plenty of work to be done. The undrilled squadrons of
shaggy, scanty fed, illbred ponies on the Welsh hills require a
great deal of improvement.

To accomplish this, the inauguration of pony societies, the
employment of the Commons Act, a careful selection of sires,
and the extermination of all barren and bad mares, are all
means to the desired end ; but before any real progress can be
made the little commoner of limited rights, the small-holder
of meagre means and barer acres, and last but not least the

50

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

large owner, whose experience has been fast bound by
tradition, must be made to see the importance of breeding

only the best.

The Commons Act.

Although the interests of pony breeders in past years may
have been neglected, this cannot be said to be the case now.
The State has given them the Commons Act, while the Board
of Agriculture is desirous of assisting horse-breeding in every
way. The Development Commissioners have voted grants for
this purpose, and a Commission was appointed in 1912,
specially to get at the needs of Mountain Breeds. Representa-
tives from the New Forest, Exmoor, Dartmoor, and Wales sat
in conclave, compared notes, issued recommendations, and to
the best of their ability endeavoured to prescribe for their
betterment. The Commission, in their Report, recommended
financial aid only to such communities as had formed, or were
willing tQ form, Pony Associations, and to make application for
putting into force the provisions of the Commons Act. .

This Act (8 Edw. 7 c. 44) in effect permits a ^ majority of
Commoners, after application and instituted enquiry, to make
Regulations as to the turning out of male animals on commonly
owned lands. At the present time, except in some half dozen
cases or so, where some such regulations are in force, the
Mountain ponies still run wild in the same uncar ed-f oi lioi des
as did their ancestors.

Before the passing of this Act, judicious pony breeders were
absolutely at the mercy of any one negligent, malicious, or
obstinate commoner, with the result that ponies, young and old,
male and female, of all sorts of sizes and ages, cart colts and
pony colts, two-year olds, inbred sons and daughters, and roving
jackasses, were allowed to roam over the unfenced hills and
interminable commons, and so to become the sires and dams of
scallywags of every variety.

Under such circumstances it is surprising that the ponies
bred on the hills have turned out as well as they have.

Enclosure Acts in the middle of last century did little to
remedy these grievances, and until the Commons Act was
obtained no permanent improvement was possible. With
regard to this Act, in the seven years’ campaign in its
behalf I have never heard a single argument against it, or any

1 Since writing these words, we have just been confronted with the sad
announcement in the papers of the death of Lord Arthur Cecil, the esteemed
Chairman of our Commission, and the able writer of its Report (in conjunction
with Mr. T. F. Dale). We can only say in words sincere and sorrowful, that
the Pony question has lost its most able and interested exponent, and that all
Pony lovers, and many others, who enjoyed the privilege of his friendship,
advice, and experience, are the poorer for the loss of an invaluable friend.

Fig. 3.—“ Shooting Star.”

The property of Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt.

IMRHLm, ■ ■

' ^ ' ' $ - •' ■ ' ' '•

, - : - •

Photo by] [ F. Babbage.

Fig. 4.— “Dyoll-Starlight 4."

The property of Mr. H. Meuric Lloyd, Delfryn, Llanwrda, Carmarthenshire.

1st and Medal Welsh Mountain Pony Stallion. Islington, 1913, Spring Show of Polo and Riding

Pony Society.

ft

V

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

51

remarks that were unfriendly to it, which may be taken as a
sign that it is generally approved.

A deputation to the Board of Agriculture challenged
criticism, and interested friends, from time to time, asked
questions in the House of Lords upon the subject, while it was
laid before every County Council in Wales and submitted to all
the agricultural organisations. It is satisfactory now to place
on record the fact that this Act received the unanimous support
and approval of all those whom it affected.

Government Premiums to Mountain Ponies.

The Mountain Pony Commission in their report named
four areas which they thought should qualify for conditional
premiums, namely : Church Stretton, Eppynt Forest, Gower
Common, and Penybont. It was pointed out to them that a
large district lying on the borders of Brecon, Carmarthenshire,
and Glamorganshire, which had been taking active steps to
. comply with their conditions, might well make a fifth area.
A Pony Association had been started there. Membership
had been thrown open to those who pastured their ponies on
the northern slope of the Black Mountains to the left of Saw
dde Fechanand, as well as to those who bred ponies in the area
between Llangadock and Ffairfach, which included Tychrug
Hill, Trapp, and the whole of Gwynfe, while to stimulate the
interest taken in the subject, the writer of this article visited
the district in the autumn of 1912, and gave two lectures.
This was followed by a round up of ponies in the spring and
an inspection for registration.

Church Stretton.

Of the successful applicants for these premiums in 1913,
Church Stretton (who as a recipient of awards had previous
experience) sent a first-class collection of animals that day, as a
result of their progressive activities.

The Peninsula of Gower (Fairwood Common Pony

Association).

This Association, which also had previous experience of
organisation, with the help of the Hon. Odo Vivian and
others, also made gallant efforts in the right direction. Their
report tells us that they had purchased three first-class
stallions, all sons of the famous Dy oil- Starlight, named
respectively, Tommy Titmouse , W.S.B. 558, ex Tell Tale ;
Starlight , W.S.B. 471, ex Star /. ; Starbram , W.S.B. 495, ex
Dolly Grey by Eiddwen Flyer II.

Before the season commenced the Haywards drove the
Common and all the other stallions were taken off. In doing
this they came across no less than eight stray stallions of so

52

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

uninviting an appearance that, being unclaimed, they weie sold

for the Society’s benefit. ~

On March 17, 1913, it was decided to adopt the Commons
Act, with the result that the Board of Agriculture granted a
premium of 5 1. to each of these Association sta ions. o
briefly and simply reads this little history of action taken by
wise commoners. So simply also should read the action taken
in other places, if only sufficient interest could be stirre up.

Penybont.

Penybont alone of the selected areas has thrown away its
chances of the proffered prizes for this year.

Eppynt Forest.

Perhaps the most sensational event connected with the
distribution of the Board of Agricultural Premiums was the
show held for that purpose on the Eppynt Hills m May last
The place of rendezvous was an old historic wayside ale-
house called the Drovers Inn far removed from all other
dwellings in a district that to most was a terra incognita.
There were present owners, breeders, farmers, and all sorts
and conditions of men— but all, however, with one object m
view, to see what could be done to improve the Welsh pony.

• There were unfortunately but few really good ponies present,
and two of the best, although exhibited, did not compete tor

the premiums. , „ „ , .,

What the judge (Mr. T. F. Dale) thought of the exhibits

has doubtless ere this been reported upon and communicated
to the proper authorities. As onlookers we felt that here
certainly was a huge tract of land that could be improved
beyond* recognition by following out the suggestions of the
Mountain Pony Commission, and where, by a drastic change in
conditions of pony breeding, a great change for the better could

be effected in the course of a few years.

The two best animals, as mentioned above, did not compete.
Of these, the one was “ a starling coloured dark grey flecked
with white,” with a bright silver mane that flashed in the sun.
The other was a dun pony, and of the same colour as were

we are told — the old dun-coloured horses of Upper Europe

and Asia. These duns presumably formed the substrate of the
grey Celtiberian horses, and were of that same yellow dun
colour that is to-day known as Isabella (un cheval Isabelle).

In the actual competition, the one that was placed first was
typical of the breed, but the bulk were not up to the mark,
on the whole it must be admitted that the show of ponies on
the Eppynt Hills in 1913 displayed the fact that there was
ample room for improvement.

t

.

Welsh Ponies and Cobs.

53

Recommendation of Mountain and Moorland

Commissioners, 1912.

On the fulfilment of certain conditions, a number of 51.
premiums for approved pony sires turned out upon the
Commons were recommended by the Mountain and Moorland
Pony Commissioners. At the outset of the formation of pony
associations the initial difficulty experienced has always been
the raising of a sum of money requisite to buy such animals,
but as these premiums are to be of annual recurrence it is
estimated that after five or six years duty on the hills, a good
pony would about earn his original cost. This should be an
incentive, especially to a judicious purchaser, nor will the
obvious necessity of occasional changes discount the advantages
of the annual five pound note.

Another suggestion with regard to the mares and filly foals
put forward by the Commissioners was the giving of premiums
to young mares until foaiing. The method of awarding this
prize money was to be that each filly foal should receive 11. ; in
the two succeeding years 30s., and upon the day she appeared
with foal at foot, so long as she was not more than six years of
age, a bonus of 4 1. A good filly foal will thus have earned SI.
by the time she has come to breeding maturity, an incentive
surely to the hill pony breeders.

A few words of caution to the small breeder will not be
out of place. If the owner of the filly foal, fathered by the
newly acquired premium pony, sells to the first buyer that comes
along the whole object of the scheme will be nullified. The
pony owner will not only lose the first-fruits of his new venture
but he will have disposed of the animal which should go to make
his stud remunerative, for to get rid of the improved fillies is not
the way to breed up a first-class stud of ponies. Unless the
new race of improved brood mares are jealously kept at home to
breed for several generations, all other measures taken in the
cause of betterment can be but labour lost, and the rate of
progress will be nil. Ponies cannot be grown like potatoes.
Pony breeding processes require patience on the part of the
farmer if he really wishes to build up a breed on improved and
sure foundations, and this little restraint will eventually repay
him a hundred fold.

The Welsh farmer should think of the practice of the
breeders of Arabs which has been going on for two thousand
years. They have always registered on parchment the date of
birth and the breeding of their foals, and jealously safe-
guarded the continuance of the strain, by refusing to part with
the mother mares. Of such importance was this deemed that
Mahomet embodied in the Koran an exhortation to his faithful

54

Hereford Cattle.

followers to sedulously preserve their horse breeds, that they
might become a “ source of happiness and wealth to many.

If the breeders of ponies will give a little more attention to
the breeding of their animals and take advantage ot the
premium sires, a few years should show a marked improvement
in their stock, and this might be an inducement to those m
authority to act upon the Pony Commissioners suggestions and
to grant the filly foal premiums mentioned above. ^ Govern-
ment have offered aid to the restoration of our Old .Native
Breed of Cobs. It is the chance of a lifetime, a chance it
unaccepted not likely to recur. It remains to pony leeceis
to take it or leave it. Pony associations are being formed ^ m
many places, and applications coming from several districts
for an exercise of powers conferred by the Commons Act.
Pony owners and commoners with rights of pasture upon
hills and moorlands are beginning to get together and to
realise that grazing rights can be put to a better purpose an
the mere maintenance of a mixture of siies and a me ey o

In conclusion, I would venture to hope that ere long Board
Premiums, Free Nominations, Pony Associations, and the
Commons Act will become household words in rural Wales,
and then, and not till then, will a new era dawn for this
neglected but hopeful subordinate industry of agriculture.

Chas. Coltman Rogers.

Stanage Park,

Radnorshire.

HEREFORD CATTLE.

THE exact origin of the Hereford breed has always been a
subject of speculation and controversy. Several agricultural
historians make mention of the breed in various wor s
published in the eighteenth century, but their theories as
to its origin are so conflicting as to be of little use m
arriving at a correct conclusion. There is, however, no
doubt that the district of Herefordshire was noted for its
cattle from the earliest date. Speed, writing in 1627, men-
tioned that “ the soyle of the County was so fertile lor
corne and cattle that no place in England yieldeth more or
better conditioned.” Marshall, writing in 1788, said the
cattle of Herefordshire were the most valuable breed ot
cattle in the Island, and he gives a detailed description of
the cattle as he then found them which would be almost
correct to-day, certainly correct as to their markings. There
may be some difference in the conformation from the modern
Hereford which is somewhat less angular, shorter legged, with

Hereford Cattle.

55

less bone and more compact bodies. In those days the breed
served the dnal purpose of draught animals and beef producers,
and the working oxen would consequently be bred as large as
possible. To-day the type desired is a more symmetrical animal
with less bone and more meat.

Mr. T. A. Knight, of Downton Castle, Ludlow, himself a
noted breeder, and one of the early improvers of Hereford
cattle, writing in 1790, puts forward the theory that the breed
orginated with an importation of cattle having red bodies and
white faces from Flanders, made by Lord Scudamore who died
in 1671, and other historians have put forward other theories.

It is at least established that a breed of white-faced cattle
existed in the district many years prior to the date of Lord
Scudamore’s importation from Flanders, and this, as well as
other facts which space will not permit of introduction here,
seems to point to the probability that the breed is indigenous
to the district and existed, perhaps not in its present type but
still as a breed, from the remotest times. The most readily
acceptable explanation of the colouration of the breed is that
the aboriginal cattle of Herefordshire were of a dark red self-
colour similar to the cattle of Devon, and that this breed was
common to Devon, Gloucester and Hereford. Further, Here-
fordshire being on the Welsh border, the cattle would no doubt
come in contact with the large white cattle of Wales, and thus
the red and white colour would ultimately be established.
The earlier prints of Hereford cattle show that the white
markings were not so fixed as to-day, in fact many had white
all along the backs, some had mottle faces, and others were of
a light roan or grey. To-day cattle with red rings round the
eyes or ivith red eyelids are met with and are preferred for
very hot countries, as it is thought that they withstand the
sun’s glare better than those with unrelieved white faces. It
is quite possible that Herefordshire breeders used Lord
Scudamore’s imported cattle to improve their own, and
possibly even made them a standard to breed to, and that
they therefore had something to do with the fixing of the type.

Anyway, the efforts of the early breeders very wisely took
the course of fixing the colouration with the result that to-day
it is possible to see thousands of Herefords without observing
the slightest difference in the markings of them. Among the
early breeders who so judiciously set about improving the
breed, and whose efforts have been so well justified, should be
mentioned the families of Tomkins, Galliers, Tulley, Jeffries
and Hewer.

There is a consecutive record of Hereford cattle ever since
the formation of the Smithfield Club in 1799. At the first
show of the Club in that year Mr. Westcar, of Buckinghamshire,

56 Hereford Cattle.

a well-known grazier and feeder, won first prize with a
Hereford ox. All breeds were then shown in competition, and
during the years this system remained in force the Herefords
won 185 prizes against the Shorthorns 82, Devons 44, Scotch 43,
Sussex 9, Longhorns 4, and Crossbreeds 3.

Hereford cattle have made their way into every civilised
country in the world, and one of the most remarkable facts
noticeable to the student of the breed is that in England they
have not extended their area as would at first be expected. Of
course Hereford steers are to be found in almost every county,
especially in the grazing districts, but the registered herds are
mainly confined to Herefordshire and the adjoining counties.

This seems difficult to explain, especially when one remem-
bers the adaptability of the breed. Of course there are Herefords
in many counties as far west as Cornwall, and as far north as
Scotland, but not in great numbers. Nevertheless the bulls
are in great demand for crossing purposes in all parts of
the United Kingdom. In Ireland there are many registered
herds of great excellence, the breed having been first introduced
into that country in 1775 by the Duke of Bedford.

The Hereford sire is possibly the most potent and impressive
sire in the world, and this quality, combined with other dis-
tinctive characteristics of the breed, has won for him a place in
every country where the native cattle need grading up. The
breed was introduced into the United States in 1817, and
to-day is supreme there. As some indication of their remark-
able success in the States, it is only necessary to state that each
year from 25,000 to 30,000 pure bred calves are registered in
the American Hereford record, apart from many hundreds of
thousands of grade Herefords, having one or two pure crosses.

The first consignment of Hereford cattle to the Argentine
and Uruguay took place in 1858, and to-day the breed is to be
found in every state of the South American Continent, and
during the past ten years the demand for Herefords in South
America has been steadily on the increase.

Australian breeders first imported Herefords as far back as
1839, and they seem particularly adaptable to the droughts so
prevalent in that country, surviving on the same stations where
other breeds die of hunger and thirst. Most European
countries have purchased Herefords from time to time, and
recently shipments have been made to Japan. Large ship-
ments have been made to South Africa and Rhodesia, and there
is every prospect of a very successful future for the breed in
these countries.

Hereford cattle are noted for early maturity and aptitude to
fatten. They are unsurpassed as grazers, and will readily
fatten on grass alone.

H

Hereford Cattle.

57

The grass-fed Hereford beef is in great favour, and com-
mands top price on the London market during the season,
having that marbled, well-mixed appearance that butchers
and consumers prefer. A Hereford carcass carries most flesh
where the best joints are cut. For winter feeding no breed
gives better return for the amount of corn consumed than
the Hereford, and more Herefords can be carried to the acre,
both at home and abroad, than any other cattle.

The following figures as to average live weights are taken
from the Smithfield Club records, and of course refer to
animals fattened for exhibition

Steers under 2 years old

>) » ^ ,, ,,

» over 3 „ „

Heifers under 3 ,,

1,350 lb.
1,820 „
2,115 „
1,595 „

The average daily gain
being :

in live weight at

the same shows

Steers under 2 years old
Heifers under 3 „ ,,

1-85 lb.
1-66 „
1-45 „

Herefords are supreme as ranch cattle, roughing it in
extremes of heat or cold. They thrive and fatten on scanty
fare and are eminently suited for countries where the grass is
rough and the land harsh and stony, and there is a great
future for the breed in the more southern of the South
American States and in South Africa, where less hardy con-
stitutioned breeds would succumb. They are also remarkably
good travellers, and can walk longer distances in search of
water than any other cattle.

In addition, or to be more correct, because they are so
robust and hardy, Hereford cattle are remarkably free from
disease and have great powers of withstanding infection. As a
breed they are practically free from tuberculosis, only about
2 per cent, reacting over a very large number of tests. This
is a most important point in their favour now that so much
attention is being paid to tuberculosis in cattle, and no doubt
the mild climate of their native home, which admits of
a system of open-air management (see further on), is largely
responsible for the apparent immunity they enjoy. Hereford
breeders are so confident of the freedom of their cattle from
this disease that nearly all of them sell their cattle, even by
auction, subject to the tuberculosis test. That other disease so
dreaded by stockmen, namely contagious abortion, is also rare
in Hereford cattle.

Although coming to such early maturity, Hereford cows
have exceptionally long lives as breeders. Dropping their first

58

Hereford Cattle.

calf at three years old, they frequently live and continue
breeding up to fourteen or fifteen years of age, and instances
have been known of cows much older than this.

It is often stated that Hereford cattle are bad milkers.
This is entirely due to the system of management. The beef-
producing qualities of the breed have been developed somewhat
at the expense of the milking propensity. Also the practice of
letting the calf run with the cow has had a bad effect on the
milk production, as the calf does not require all the milk the
dam naturally gives, and nature in time limits her supply to
the requirements of the calf. Hereford milk is very rich,
containing a large percentage of butter fat, and where
Hereford cows are brought up to the pail they prove good
milkers. Many Hereford breeders have kept one or two
cows specially for milk for their household purposes, and
have developed their milking properties with very satis-
factory results. There is a herd of pedigree Herefords in
Wiltshire that has been kept entirely for milk for over a
century, and the milk average for each cow is very great. The
calves are taken from the dams and the milk is sent to a
a large creamery in the district. This herd has won prizes at
the Bath and West Show against milking cattle.

The cows are splendid mothers, and their milk is so rich
that their calves always look well nourished.

The usual system of management of Hereford cattle is to
keep them under conditions as natural as possible, and hence
their healthy constitution. The young stock, yearlings, heifers,
&c., frequently run out all the winter, only having a, little hay
hauled out to them when the ground is covered with snow or
when the grass is frosted. Under this treatment they develop
coats as deep as one’s hand, and maintain themselves in good
condition.

It is arranged for the calves to be dropped as soon after the
1st of January as possible on account of the age for show-yard
purposes being always calculated from this date, and the calves
are not weaned until about eight months old. The dams are
thus ready to take advantage of the spring grass, and pur-
chasers from abroad are also suited, as they prefer to have
animals calved as early in the year as possible.

To give an instance of the practical system of management
of a Hereford herd, the writer cannot do better than quote
Mr. Arthur P. Turner, of Hereford, one of the oldest and
most successful breeders of Herefords.

Mr. Turner says that he endeavours to get the calves
dropped in the spring months, January, February and March.
They run in the pastures with their dams until the autumn.
The heifer and the steer calves are then weaned and fed upon

Hereford Cattle.

59

hay, roots and about 2 lb. of crashed oats and cake each per
day. Those to be kept for bulls of course get more liberal
treatment. When turned to grass the following spring the
young stock get no extra food. In the second year they are
fed upon straw and turnips, with sometimes a little hay. The
cows get straw and a few roots until they calve, afterwards
a little hay in addition. The stock bulls are kept inside, but
are not fed at all highly. When about two years old they
usually live upon hay and roots, and in the summer upon cut
grass, vetches, clover, &c.

Mr. Turner houses all his stock in winter in open sheds,
cowhouses and stalls. His buildings are made of wood, and
are very cold and draughty. He thinks his cattle do better in
these buildings than in covered yards and closed boxes. They
are hardier and less liable to chill and other diseases. The
cows and heifers get a few hours run in the pastures daily
during the winter. Abortion is almost unknown amongst
Mr. Turner’s cattle, and during forty years he did not have
more than one case per year. This immunity he attributes to
a regular system of feeding and always endeavouring to keep
the cows in the same condition. The few male calves made
into steers are sold to the butcher before they are eighteen
months old.

Wherever beef is required, or in foreign countries where
the cattle need grading up, there the Hereford bull is found,
because first of all the Hereford will cross satisfactorily with
almost any breed, and secondly because the Hereford bull is so
impressive a sire that he leaves his stamp on his get more than
any other breed. Cross-bred calves by a Hereford bull almost
invariably have correct Hereford markings, no matter what
colour or breed the dam may be. On the ranches of the far
West the Hereford bull has proved his worth as a cross,
and steers in thousands can be seen in the Chicago stock
yards, all as like as peas, though only grade cattle with one
pure cross. The cross is nearly always from the Hereford bull,
the crosses with the cow not being so common.

The following averages obtained at auction sales for the
dispersion of breeders’ herds will convey a better idea of
values than can be got by quoting outstanding prices for
individual animals with showyard records.

At a sale by auction in September, 1912, of the
herd of Mr. Arthur P. Turner, 163 animals including
calves averaged 63/. each, whilst nineteen animals sold
for over 100 guineas each. The highest prices were 360
guineas for the stock bull u Mariner ” (28468), 300 guineas
for a bull-calf named “ Rufus ” (sold for export to New
Zealand), 160 guineas for another bull-calf (for South

60 Hereford Cattle.

America), whilst the highest price
210 guineas.

for a cow

at this sale was

At Mr. R. Bright’s sale at
October 26th, 1909 :

Ivington,

Leominster, on

A s. d.

81 Cows and calves averaged .

.

44 7 5

27 Two-year-old heifers .

• • •

35 12 10

27 Yearling ditto

21 19 0

4 Bulls .....

.

63 15 9

At Mr. W. T. Barneby’s sale held at Saltmarslie, Bromyard,
in October, 1909 :

A s. d.

105 Cows and calves averaged .

.

30 17 0

2l Two-year-old heifers .

.

37 16 0

19 Yearlings ....

• . .

25 8 5

6 Bulls .....

. . .

78 4 6

The above figures are enough to inform the reader of the
current run of prices.

The dispersion sales of breeders’ herds are chiefly held in
the autumn of each year. The Hereford Herd Book Society
holds two annual sales of bulls in March and April at Hereford,
when some two or three hundred bulls, chiefly yearlings and
two-year-olds, are offered for sale by public auction.

There is no breed of domestic live stock of a more uniform
type than the Hereford cattle.

This uniformity of appearance is undoubted testimony to
purity of blood and the influence of many years of careful
study and use of hereditary principles on the part of Hereford
breeders.

The colour is red on the body with white face, crest,
brisket and underparts of the body, hence the title “ wrhite
face,” and the stamp of the white-faced Hereford bull can be
seen wherever the breed has roamed. The conformation of
the breed is almost, if not quite, as uniform as the colouring.

The following may be taken as a fairly full description : —

The bull should have a moderately short head, broad fore-
head, horns springing straight from the side of the head and
slightly drooping, and of a waxlike appearance, any black on
horns being objectionable.

The eyes should be full and prominent.

Nose broad and clear of a flesh colour. The body should be
massive and cylindrical on short legs. The top and underline
should be straight. The neck should be thick with well
developed crest. Shoulders sloping but lying well open at the
top between blades.

Chest full and deep. Ribs well sprung. Flank deep.
Buttocks broad with lower thigh well developed, coming down
to hocks (meat to the hock). The tail should be well set on

T w o - ye a u • old Hereford H e i fe i ? .

V

.■

-I

*

Hereford Cattle.

61

and evenly filled between setting on of the tail and hipbones
(hooks). The hipbones should not be prominent.

The whole carcass should be covered with firm flesh. The
skin should be thick and mellow to the touch and well covered
with thick soft curly hair of a rich red colour, very silky to
the touch. The hair of face, top of neck, and underparts of
the body should be perfectly white.

The cow should be more feminine in appearance. Head
and neck less massive, and the eyes should show a quiet docile
disposition.

The whole appearance should denote the placid and docile
disposition to be expected in a breed so noted for its aptitude
to fatten.

The following scale of points for judging Hereford cattle
which has been adopted by the Herefordshire County Council
for the use of their students may be of interest : —

For Bulls.

General appearance. 26 points, as follows : — Maximum points

Carriage of animal when walking ..... 3

Size and weight according to age . . . . . 5

Colour and markings ....... 4

Hair and skin : Skin thick and mellow to the touch, with

thick soft hair . . . . . . . 5

Flesh : Body well covered with flesh which is firm and

mellow to the touch and free from patchiness . . 9

Head and neeh. 10 points.

Masculine head, horns slightly drooping, short face,

prominent eyes, and flesh-coloured nose ... 6

Neck : Good crest, clean throat, the whole sloping gradually

on to the shoulders ....... 4

Fore quarters. 8 points.

Shoulders not prominent, shoulder blades well open on

top, and well covered with flesh .... 8

Body. 24 points.

Chest wide and deep, well filled on behind shoulders,

large heart girth ....... 8

Bibs long and well arched ...... 4

Back and loin strong and broad with level top line . . 8

Flank full and well down, straight underline . . 4

Hind quarters. 27 points.

Hind quarters as long and wide as possible, well filled
in from hip bones to root of tail. Hip bones not
prominent. Tail well set on . . . .16

Upper, thigh fall and well developed .... 5

Lower thigh prominent and well fleshed down to hock’ . 6

Legs. 5 points.

Legs should be short, set on well apart, strong clean bone 5

In Great Britain the interests of the breed is looked after
by the Hereford Herd Book Society, whose offices are at

62

Shropshire Sheep.

20 East Street, Hereford. The society was formed in 1878,
and consists of some 500 members. The society publishes the
annual herd book, which contains each year the pedigrees of
about 700 bulls and 4,000 to 5,000 cows and their produce.
Forty-four volumes of the herd book have been issued, the nist
having been published in 1862 as Eyton’s Herd Book of
Hereford Cattle ; the first eight volumes were published by the
late Mr. Thomas Duckham, to whom more than any one else is
due the credit of keeping the records of pedigrees in the early
days of registration. Since 1884 the herd book has been closed,
i.e., only the produce of sires and dams already entered are
accepted for registration, so that there cannot be other than
great purity of blood. The United States, Argentine, Uruguay,
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa each have
Hereford herd books of their own.

W. G. C. Britten

(, Secretary , Hereford Herd Book Society).

20 East Street,

Hereford.

SHROPSHIRE SHEEP.

The history of Shropshire Sheep has been dealt with by
many writers and though the origin of the breed is more or less
lost in obscurity there is a general consensus of opinion that it
existed in Shropshire and Staffordshire in the early years of the

19th century. . .

Morfe Common, near Bridgnorth, Shropshire, occupying an

area of about 4,000 acres on the Borders, of the River Severn,
was certainly one of the homes of the original Shropshire anc
this idea is supported by Professor Wilson, who in his report
of the breeds of sheep in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural
Society, Yol. 16, states that when the Bristol Society in 1792
procured as much information as possible regarding sheep in
England they reported as follows in reference to Morfe Common

Sheep : —

“ On Morfe Common, near Bridgnorth, there are about
10,000 sheep kept during the summer months, which pro-
duce wool of a superior quality. They are considered a
native breed, are black faced, or brown, or spotted-faced
horned sheep, little subject to either rot or scab, weighing
the wethers from 11 to 14 lb., and the ewes from 9 to. 11
lb., per quarter, after being fed with clover and turnips,
and clipping near 2 lb. per fleece ; exclusive of the breech-
ing. This appears to be the original Stock from which
the present breed of Shropshire Sheep has sprung.”

Shropshire Sheep.

63

Youatt, alluding to the Morfe Sheep, says it was probably
this species of Shropshire wool that in 1343 was the choicest
and dearest in England, and at every succeeding period when
mention has been made fit justice has been done to its
excellent quality. He further adds in a foot-note : “ The
Shropshire short wool must not be quitted without another
testimony to the degree of estimation in which it was formerly
held.”

Joseph Plymley, Archdeacon of Salop, writing on the
Agriculture of Shropshire in 1803, describes a somewhat similar
sheep to that found on Morfe Common. Plymley says there is
a breed of sheep on the Longmynd, a hilly range near Church
Stretton, with horns and black faces that seem an indigenous
sort. They are nimble, hardy and weigh nearly 10 lb. per
quarter when fatted. The fleeces on the average may weigh
fy lb.

The author of a very interesting and valuable work on the
commercial politics of the times in 1694 used the following
language: — “ It is no small advantage to trade to be fitted with a
complete sortment of goods abounding in the middle sort of
wools excellent of its kind and suitable to a middle sort of
people, which are far the greater number, and herein is chiefly
our strength, not that we in the least fall short in the merit of
our fine wool, our Herefordshire and our Shropshire wool is
not to be equalled in its kind by any part of the world and
suitable to almost any degree.” A page or two afterwards this
author again speaks of the Shropshire and Herefordshire wool
in these terms : — “ So comprehensive in excellency is our
English wool that it may be improved to the thickest felt
which will secure from the most violent storms of wet and be
likewise drawn to the finest crape and still carrying a merit
with it and thereby rendering itself a most acceptable
commodity both in hot and cold climates.”

Smith in his History of Wool and Woollen Manufactures
(Chron. Rusticum , published 1641), quotes the wool of
Shropshire as being the choicest and dearest in England, and
this is confirmed by Anderson in his “ Origin of Commerce ,”
giving prices for English Wool in 1343.

Cannock Chase in Staffordshire, an unenclosed Common,
was also the habitat of a very similar and equally valuable race
of a somewhat heavier type from which many of the best flocks
in Staffordshire were originally descended.

William Pitt, writing in 1817, describes a grey-faced hornless
sheep with fine wool, natives of Cannock Chase and Sutton
Coldfield. These, he states, are the native common sheep, their
characteristics are grey faces, lighter or darker, varying in

64

Shropshire Sheep.

white from white to black in different shades, the legs the same
colour, wool fine, closely and compactly covering the carcass.
The better breed of these sheep are similar to the South Down
and not inferior, their general fault being a want of thickness
in proportion to their length. This is confirmed by a Lincoln-
shire grazier, who in 1833 wrote thus : — u The Cannock Heath
sheep are bred upon an extensive waste so named in Stafford-
shire. They are generally grey-faced without horns, bear fine
wool and from many points of similitude between them and
the Southdown it has been thought that they have been
derived from the same stock. The bone, however, is coarser,
nor do they possess the same beauty and compactness as the
Southdown. In some of the neighbouring counties to
Herefordshire, both in England and Wales, there is a breed of
sheep very much resembling the Ryelands, known as the
Shropshire Morfe. They bear wool of fine quality, generally
have white faces and legs, though sometimes are a little freckled,
are light in the bone and have small clean limbs. There are
two species, which from inattention to the breeds, are often
blended, the one polled and the other having small light
crooked horns.”

A report to the Board of Agriculture in 1796 speaks of
Sheep on a Common near Market Drayton in the north of
the county of Shropshire, and at Kinver Hill, and mentions
the name of Dyott of Freeford, near Lichfield, as an early
breeder.

The Farmers' Magazine alluding to the 1857 Salisbury
Meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society, contains the
following “ The disposition of the Royal Agricultural
Society to recognise more generally the different breeds of
sheep in England by instituting a prize at the last meeting
(Salisbury) for any short-wooled sheep not Southdown, has
already had a beneficial tendency, inasmuch as it has been the
means of bringing more immediately before the public a breed
which even now is but partially known, and which but a few
years ago was in utter obscurity. The original Shropshire can
be traced to the Longmynd and other adjacent mountains in
mid-Shropshire and in its improved state may be thus
described : a small, but wide and well-formed head with a
good countenance, a dark grey and somewhat speckled face
with a whitening tendency towards the ears, somewhat erect
and thickset in the neck, short but symmetrically fine in the leg,
broad in the shoulder, with very deep, full and well-developed
brisket, rather long and particularly broad and level in the
back, with ribs well covered and of a rounded tendency, low
in the flank with exceedingly heavy hindquarters and a leg very
thick, round and low. The average weight at sixteen months

65

S hr op shire S heep .

would be about 20 to 22 lbs. per quarter and a good Hock would
average 6 8 lbs. fleece. Their original mountain-breeding

has stamped them with a remarkable hardihood of constitution.
They will thrive and do well on land of a sterile nature while
in more generous districts the rapidity of their growth and
their natural tendency to fatten are most extraordinary.
Thickly depastured in the undulating districts of their native
county they are ever a source of ready profit to their owners,
who, beginning now to generally understand their superiority',
tend them with the greatest skill, care and management!
Hence this sheep, hitherto so little known, is now taking its
proper place and the few real Shropshire breeders who have
been so indefatigable and untiring in their efforts to produce a
perfect animal have at length been rewarded by obtaining for
them a name and first class position amongst the sheep of this
country. They possess to a singular degree the quality and
symmetry which have made the Southdown so famous, but are
much larger in scale, earlier at maturity and heavier in their
wool-cutting properties. They cannot compete with the
Hampshire Downs for size, but when weighed against their
larger antagonists the compact and well-developed points of the
Shiopshiie render the apparent disparity in size amply com-
pensated for by the actual weight, while in fineness of quality
they are very far their superiors.”

It will be remembered that at the 1857 Royal meeting the
Hampshire Down No. 722 took the first special prize awarded to
its class, and being eligible to compete also in the class “ Short-
woolled sheep other than Southdown,” was shown against
the Shropshires and with the others exhibited was defeated by
IMessis. Adney and JMeire, two well-known county breeders
of Shropshire sheep, who carried off two firsts and one second
prize from this class. Mr. Adney’s first prize shearling ram was
aftei wards let for the season to the Earl of Aylesford for
65 guineas.

From these parent stocks has evolved the modern Shropshire,
but there are no reliable records as to how the improvement in
size, in uniformity of character, and in the value and weight
of the fleece was effected. In the early days, some historians
say the Southdown ram was introduced for this purpose, whilst
others equally well qualified to express an opinion assert that
the present uniformity of character and perfection of form is
the result of selection from home-bred sheep of the best type.
Speaking from personal knowledge far back into the last
century, I am in a position to assert that no one who has
achieved any success as a breeder or exhibitor has deviated
from a line of pure breeding for the last sixty to seventy
years.

YOL. 74.

D

66

Shropshire Sheep.

Two pioneer breeders mtist be mentioned in any article
relating to Shropshire sheep, viz., Mr. Samuel Metre, formerly
of Berrin -ton but latterly of Harley, and Mr. George Adney

2 W rmrSarsSd^s 5 =ra£

no S that many of the best present-day

flocks contain much of the Meire and Adney blood.

A sidelight on the foundation of Mr. Adney’s famous flock
is in the Farmers' .Magazine for 1859 in the report of

live-stock which reads as follows Mr. Adney, a famous
breeder of Shropshire Downs, has generally a first-class letting ,
his flock was founded upwards of forty years ago upon the old
b ack oT grey faced sheep of the county, taking care to keep
the dark-laid character and the fine and good wools. His
first regular sales and lettings commenced in l«Dl at gooa
prices, and for the last four years his sales and lettings
averaged 1 SI. each, many of his best varying from - 0

gU1Mr? Edward Holland’s flock, we understand, quite equals

thi This1!" vtaed bv'a "fport in a Shrewsbury paper giving
an Iccount of on e 'of Mr. Adney’s sales at Har ey, when
onwards of 800 gentlemen partook of luncheon well supplied
and other bevels. Competition was keen and
iar„e nrices easilv realised. Rams made from ID to 95 0umeas,
ewfs Cmlto'S guineas, theaves from 3 to 5 guineas, ram
lambs from 8 to 22 guineas, and ewe lambs 2 to 2 2 guineas.
Buyels attended from Australia, France, Ireland, and several

EU TohthosUenwho can call to mind the Shropshire sheep of
fif2 to sixty vears ago, the modern Shropshire bears no
resemblance, save and except its natura! hardihoodr and its

aptitude to adapt itself to all soils and climes Jg^el Meire
which Messrs. Thomas Horton, George Adne> , barnuei Mene,
w 0 Foster J & E. Crane, Mrs. Baker, Messrs. John Coxon,
Mward Holland, Thomas Mansell, Thomas Horley, John
i L Gomrison Bvrd Col. Dyott, Messrs. E. Thornton, and
H Jb Sheldon successfully exhibited at the Royal Shows of
foro to 1865 were for the most part brown with speckled
faces and speckled.1 legs, fine in the bone and devoid of wool
with bare bellies, and too often sickle hocked and crooked
spines were the rule rather than the exception. The head of
the male lacked masculine strength and character and came
little or no wool on the poll, and the sheep generally stood on
much longer legs than the modern Shropshire. Little attention
"t this early date had been paid to the wool which was
generally of a soft open character and greatly lacking that

67

Shropshire Sheep.

density, length of staple and fineness which is now one of
the leading attributes of the breed.

The present Shropshire is the result of great skill and
judgment on the part of the breeder during the last sixty
years. By degrees, nice soft black (not sooty) face and legs
have supplanted the brown or speckled faced sheep, a straight
spine has been obtained, the head of the male now possesses
strength and character, and in both sexes the head is beautifully
covered with wool of a valuable staple, which in addition to its
charm against sore heads and flies, is a distinct improvement
to the general appearance of the sheep. The wool is now the
most valuable of all the short-woolled breeds when weight,
denseness, and length and fineness of staple are taken into
account, and it is this fact which has proved of great value
when crossing the Shropshire ram on the merino or come-back
ewe, the result being an ideal mutton sheep, whilst the wool
loses little of its merino character for density and fineness.

The extensive foreign trade for the last 25-30 years and the
demand for black faces and legs has done much to eliminate
the brown face and legs, as it is found in practice that the
black leg which the Shropshire always puts on the cross bred
is a feature when they have to be marketed in London or
elsewhere.

None of these great improvements in the contour and
appearance of the present-day Shropshire have been obtained
at the sacrifice of essential points, for the sheep of to-day is
wider, deeper and fuller of flesh than the improved sheep of
which we write, whilst its quality of wool and mutton have
been greatly improved, and in addition the breed enjoys the
reputation of being the hardiest, most prolific, and the earliest
maturing of all the short-woolled varieties.

The spread of the Shropshire sheep is amongst the most
remarkable features of the latter day livestock trade, brought
about largely by the magnificent display of Shropshire sheep
at the Royal Agricultural Show at Shrewsbury in 1884, when
875 sheep were exhibited as against 420 of all other breeds of
sheep. No less than sixty competitors hailing from fifteen
counties exhibited Shropshire sheep. This remarkable exhibit
brought a quick response in a most extraordinary foreign
demand for Shropshires, mainly from the United States and
Canada, and this in its turn stimulated home breeding, and
Shropshires became universally spread over Great Britain and
Ireland, doing particularly well in the Emerald Isle where they
have always been great favourites.

North of the Tweed Shropshires have also done well, and
one of the leading flocks of the present day is that of Mr. T. A.
Buttar some twelve miles from Perth.

gg Shropshire Sheep.

Shropshire Sheep Exported.

1913

1912

1911

1910

1909

1908

1907

1906

1905

1904

1903

North America (U.S.A.,

Canada, and Newfound-
land) ....

400

61

733

968

1,352

1,774

1,427

1,057

253

217

65

S. America (Buenos Aires,

Uruguay. Monte Video,
Chili, Peru, Brazil)

105

7

78

65

115

205

569

657

497

275

288

Australia, Tasmania, and
New Zealand

17

8

7

2

3

11

212

82

153

66

331

South Africa, Algiers, Algoa
Bay, &c. . • • •

Russia, Germany, France,

120

2

26

11

9

21

45

52

54

27

46

Spain, Denmark, Sweden,

Hungary, Jamaica, Fin-
land, Greece, Portugal, &c.

43

38

39

25

122

35

61

54

75

118

58

Totals ....

685

116

883

1,071

1,601

2,046

2,314

1,902

1,032

703

788

The public appearance of the breed in the Royal Showyard
at Gloucester in 1853 was the turning point with the Shropshire
sheep, and encouraged breeders to use their best judgment in
selection, and do all in their power to place their breed of
sheep in the front rank. The reports available state that
Shropshires were in great force amongst the other short-
woolled sheep.

The prizes on this occasion were won by Mr. Thomas
Horton and Mr. W. 0. Foster, the other exhibitors including
Mr. Samuel Meire, Castle Hill, Much Wenlock ; Mr. Charles
Ran dell, Chadbury, Evesham ; Mr. George Haugliton, Pitch-
ford ; Mr. B. Vaughan, Biirway, Ludlow ; the Earl of Ayles-
ford, and Mr. James Hand and Mr. F. Lloyd, both of Ludlow,
who exhibited respectively what were styled old Shropshire
grey ewes and Shropshire Down ewes.

It should, however, be noted that at the Royal Show at
Shrewsbury in 1845 several Shropshire rams of various ages
were exhibited by Mr. John Davies, of Halford, Ludlow, and
that Mr. Forester, of High Ercall, Salop, also exhibited a ram
forty months old, bred by Mr. Salisbury, Dordon, near
Ather stone.

Shropshires were next seen at the Great National Show
in 1857 at Salisbury. Reporting on this Show in the Farmers'
Magazine we have the following : —

“ The Shropshire Downs have for several years stood high
as a distinct breed, they are very prolific breeders, they fatten
upon very moderate food, their form is in good proportion, and
they yield good fleeces.

“ In reporting upon the Gloucester meeting (1853) we said
something like this, that the best sheep in the Show was
Shropshire Down. From that time our eye has been upon

'

'

*

CELEBRITY (6).

Winner Royal Show , Chester , 1858 and Warwick , 1859.

“Royal Bristol.”

ls£ prize Shearling Shropshire Ram , 1913.

Exhibitor and Breeder— A. S. BERRY, Shenstone Hall, Lichfield.

69

Shropshire Sheep.

them, and, taking them in every point, we have yet to be
convinced that they are to be surpassed by any other breed.”

At Chester Royal Show in 1858 Messrs. J. & E. Crane with
Celebrity , Mr. W. 0. Foster, Mrs. Annie Baker with Chester Billy
and Mr. G. Adney with Patentee and Earl Salisbury were
successful competitors, and the Reports of Judges at the Royal
and at local Shows in succeeding years continue to draw
attention to the qualities of the breed, which was first recog-
nised as distinct at the Warwick Meeting in 1859, when special
classes were admitted into the R.A.S.E. prize list, in which 192
sheep competed. At the Leeds Meeting in 1861, the judges of
Shropshires reported : — u Perhaps no description of sheep
excited more interest in the Showyard than these. We find
them in greater number than any other breed shown. It is
impossible not to be struck with the appearance of these as a
most useful rent-paying kind of animal. It would be well for
breeders of these sheep to bear in mind that the qualities which
have brought their sheep into notice are their aptitude to
produce great weight and quality of both mutton and wool,
combined with early maturity, wliile they will bear to be
stocked more thickly than any other breed of equal weight.
In addition to these good qualities, they are far more prolific
than any other breed, and capital nurses.”

About this period the principal breeders were Mr. Sampson
Byrd, Mr. Henry Mathews, Mr. Pryrce W. Bowen, Lord Wenlock,
all of whom were successful exhibitors at the Royal, and other
breeders showing at that time and not already mentioned,
include Mr. J. H. Bradburne, Mr. R. H, Masfen, Mr. Joseph
Meire, Mr. Maddox, Mr. John Preece, Mr. John Stubbs, Mr. 0.
R. Keeling, Colonel Dyott, Mr. William Grindle, Mr. J. B. Green,
Mr. T. C. Whitmore, Mr. Edward Thornton, Mr. Tarte, Mr.
Urwick, Mr. Thomas Marsh, Mr. Grewcock, Mr. Nurse, &c., &c.

To repeat what has been so well put forward by experts in
the middle of the last century, no breed is so prolific and with
ordinary management and care during the autumn and winter,
at least 50 per cent, of doubles may be looked for, though in
many instances I have known a much larger crop, and the
increase when a Shropshire ram is put upon long-woolled ewes
is, to quote Professor Coleman’s own words, “ much greater.”
In his work on the sheep of Great Britain he states that in the
autumn he usually purchases forty Banffshire ewes, i.e. a
description of Border Leicesters, with a slight Cheviot cross,
and serves them with a Shropshire ram, either a shearling or a
ram lamb. In 1872, thirty-six ewes produced seventy-eight
lambs (216 § per cent.) all sold fat. In a subsequent year, forty
ewes produced eighty-two lambs* but owing to unfavourable
causes ten were lost.

70

Shropshire Sheep.

Shropshires are not only very prolific, but they are capital
nurses, and I have frequently seen one of a triplet take a leading
position at the annual exhibitions and ultimately prove a good
sire, whilst the other two in due time formed part of the
breeder’s own flock. This shows that triplets from Shropshire

ewes can be reared successfully.

In November, 1862, Mr. F. J. Fox issued the following

report from the Parlington Tenant Farmers’ Club

The Members of this Club having brought to a close their
second experiment in summer grazing the following different
breeds of shearling sheep — Shropshire, Leicester, Lincoln and
North sheep — for the purpose of ascertaining with an equal or
given quantity of food the class most profitably adapted to
their locality, comply with the wishes of their friends in again
publishing the result.

The lambs were wintered together and alike until May 20,
clipped and brought to pasture, twelve of each class and upon
about 2^ acres of seeds equally alike and without cake and the
tabular statement speaks for itself : —

Class of sheep

Weight of twelve
sheep on May 20,
1862, when
brought to test

Total increase
October 20, 1862

Total weight
October 20, 1862

st.

lb.

st.

lb.

st. lb.

Shropshire

108

2

49

9

157 9

Leicester .

99

10

42

3

141 13

Lincoln

119

6

38

10

158 2

North Sheep

109

9

34

8

144 3

Mr. Fox adds that should reference be made to the first
experiment, it will appear that the second trial verifies the first
in showing the leading propensities of the Shropshire to gain
weight.

Nowhere do Shropshires thrive better than in the humid
climate of the Emerald Isle ; even in the Highlands of Scotland
the Shropshire has been bred for a lengthened period with
signal success and the Shropshire cross for fat lambs have for
several years secured a large proportion of the prizes at the
Highland and the Agricultural Society’s annual shows.

The hardihood and longevity of the breed is testified to in
Saddle and Sirloin (Mr. Dixon, p. 449), where he states that
Mr. Samuel Meire’s Magnum Bonum (first Royal Show at
Salisbury, 1857) was used for eleven seasons and that his dam
lived till she was twenty.

Again in 1896, the present writer saw a Shropshire ewe
nineteen years old, hale and hearty, having reared thirty-three

71

Shropshire Sheep.

lambs and during the whole of this time she had enjoyed
absolute immunity from foot-rot.

To quote another instance : the dam of Beaconsfield 338,
bred by Mr. T. Mansell and used successfully by Mr. Matthew
Williams, was thirteen years old when this ram was born.

Again going back to 1860, it seems clear that at that period
several first-class flocks existed. An expert, commenting on
the display of Shropshires at Canterbury Royal Show, 1860,
speaks in these words : — “ Two wonderfully good rams were
the heroes of the new class of Shropshires, and a very good class
too. We honestly admit this grant has worked even thus early,
far better than we expected. It has brought out men who did
not care to send to Birmingham and Smithfield, and the world

Head (mounted) of Worcester Patron , winner of the First Prize for all aged at

Worcester, 1863.

never knew how many good flocks of Shropshires there were
till now. Mr. Holland, the Member for Worcestershire, who
has some good sheep of his own, gave the stiff price of 126?. for
Mr. Byrd’s first-prize ram, Canterbury Patentee 13. There were
over 40 shearling rams and 20 others. The mere fact that such
old established breeders as Mr. Orme Foster, Mr. Smith, of
Sutton Maddock, and Mr. H. J. Sheldon, of Brailes, could get no
nearer than a commendation will go to show how excellent was
the entry, and how strong the competition.”

The Farmers' Magazine again (1860) reiterates its opinion
that the Shropshire is one of the most profitable and best of the
modern breeds, and that it may be said to possess the most
commendable points of the Southdown and Leicester breeds,
being such a judicious commingling and blending of the two
characters of the animals, in size and proportion, and in wool,

72

Slirop s hire S keep .

as to produce a kind second *to none in every phase of their
character. They are exceedingly prolific, possess handsome and
large frames, come early to maturity, are very hardy, and yield
a great weight, both of wool and mutton, both exceedingly good
in quality. This breed is ako extending itself over a large tract
of country, and is fast becoming not only a very numerous but
a very important breed of sheep.

It is also worthy of note that at the Essex Agricultural
Show held at Witham in 1863, Mr. F. Smith, of West Hanning-
field, won the first prize of 5 1. for Shropshire Shearling rams
in a class where Shropshires and Oxfords competed ; that in
a class of five ewes of any breed that have reared lambs,
Mr. H. Moss was placed second with a pen of Shropshires, and
that in a class for wool, Mr. F. Smith, who showed Shropshire
wool, was only beaten by Mr. Charles Sturgeon’s merino.

Referring to published reports of some of the principal
shows commencing, in 1856, we find Shropshires have even
then been extensively exhibited and were rapidly coming into
public favour. The Farmer's Magazine commenting on the
Birmingham Fat Cattle Show in 1856, says the sheep show was
not a large one, but with good pens of Shropshires as usual.
Mr. S. C. Pilgrim, Burbage, Hinckley, near Leicester, won first
prize and the silver medal for three fat wethers, the other
prizewinners including the Earl of Aylesford and Mr. H.
Smith, junr., whilst the Right Hon. Robert Curzon, of Hagley,
near Rugeley, was commended.

The writer goes on to say he specially admired Mr. Henry
Smith’s first prize wethers exceeding twenty-two months for
their splendid quality of meat, broad chines and full plaits,
wonderfully good loins and rumps.

In Ireland about the same period Shropshires were being
exhibited at the meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society of
Ireland and the Royal Dublin Society’s Show by Mr. C. W.
Hamilton, of Dunboyne, Mr. Peter Broughton, of Kells, Mr. L.
W. Lambart, Beau Parc, Mr. L. H. King Harmara and Lord
Londonderry, Lt.-Col. Tottenham, Mr. C. H. Hamilton, Mr. Tuite
and Mr. Atkinson.

Shropshires were first recognised by the London Smithfield
Club in 1861, but numerically they were poorly represented,
and all the prizes fell to Mr. Holland, of Dumbleton, Evesham,
and Mr. W. 0. Foster. They are described as undeniably fine
animals with great expansive frames and all the evidence of
vigour both in the touch and wool.

At the International Fat Stock Show held at Poissy, France,
in the same year the report of the meeting commenting on the
sheep classes says : — Save for one middling animal, Mr. Edward
Holland’s first prize pen of Shrops. (which also won the first

73

Shropshire Sheep.

prize at the London Smithfield Show), formed the most even
pen in the show. The five weighed eighty-two stones.

From 1857-63 several fresh names had been added to the
successful list of breeders, including Lord Whnlock, Lord
Dartmouth, Mr. G. A. May, Mr. J. Coxon, and Mr. Thomas
Mansell, of Adcott, who won prizes at the Birmingham Christmas
Show in 1863 ; and Mr. John Coxon, Mr. J. H. Sheldon and
Mr. Thomas Horley, junr., who were in the Prize List at
Warwick, 1859. Mr. Coxon sold his ram, Juvenile 8th, for
£100 to go to Ireland.

It is only stating a truism to say that the breed is much valued
and widely spread over the earth’s surface, and it would be well
to consider how it has gained this extraordinary popularity.

Favourable points. — 150 to 175 lambs per 100 ewes is the
usual average. A recent return from 11,666 ewes gave 168
lambs per 100 ewes.

The ewes good mothers. — Shropshire ewes are excellent
nurses, and nature has endowed them with great milk-yielding
properties.

Wool properties. — The Shropshire sheep cuts a heavy fleece
of wool of the most marketable description, being of good
staple, fine in texture and very dense, with small loss in scour
and always readily saleable. Average weight of fleece for
whole flock 7-8 lb. Individual fleeces much more. Shearling
rams up to 18 lb. Shearling ewes up to 13 lb.

Adaptability to various soils and climes. — The most
ubiquitous sheep extant, in every County in England the Shrop-
shire sheep flourishes, also in the Highlands of Scotland, the
humid climate of Ireland, and in the mountainous districts of
Wales, frequently at an altitude of 1,000 ft. above the sea level.

The Shropshire also thrives and does well in the United
States, Canada, South America, Russia, France, Germany, the
Australian Colonies, South Africa, Jamaica, and the Falkland
Isles, and indeed in every part of the world.

Early maturity. — If well cared for the wethers are fit for
the butcher at 10 to 12 months old, and that on a moderate
consumption of food. Shropshire Lambs mature very early
as fat lambs, and the Shropshire cross for the fat lamb trade
cannot be beaten. Throughout Australia, Tasmania, and New
Zealand, the Shropshire ram is largely used for this special
purpose with wonderful results.

Constitution and hardihood. — The breed is notoriously
sound in constitution, and capable of withstanding extreme
variations of heat and cold, and is one of the most hardy breeds
in existence.

Quality of mutton. — The mutton of the Shropshire is rich in
flavour, close in grain, juicy, and contains a large percentage of

74

S lir op shire S heep .

lean meat, and commands the highest price in the London,
Manchester, Liverpool and all the principal markets m Lreat
Britain. Note the report of the “ Block Test in the Live
Stock Journal , January, 3, 1913 ; — Shropshire lambs, first in
class, bred and exhibited by Mr. Kenneth Milnes ; age, about
9 months ; average live weight, 156 lb. ; average daily £^m 0
live weight, 0*58 lb. ; average weight of dressed carcass, 95 lb. ;
average weight of skin, 15 lb. ; average weight of caul fat, 8 lb. ;
average percentage of dressed carcass to gross live weig t,

61*06 lb- . „ . ,

These sheep dressed out very evenly, and cut lull ol lean,

in fact they were ideal butcher’s carcasses.

General purpose sheep. — Shropshire sheep have . rapidly
increased in favour in all parts of the world, and combining as
they do the most desirable points (from a wool and mutton point
of view) with the minimum of objectionable features, they have
obtained an eminent and permanent position in the estimation
of sheep-breeders all over the world. In fact, they meet all
the requirements of the present day as a successful general
purpose sheep and are therefore very profitable to farmers
and graziers. The Shropshire has been very largely bred for
crossing purpose to produce freezers with splendid lesults.
The Shropshire-Merino cross produces a very fine sheep, and is
preferred by many who have tried it to any other cross. The
half-bred is a deep, square-set sheep, well covered with a fine
close fleece, which gives a high percentage of clean, scoured
wool, and commands a comparatively high price, whilst the
sheep are hardy and fatten to nice handy weights at a very
early age.

Probably one of the most valuable attributes Shropshire
sheep possess is their power to sustain life on the poorest and
scantiest of food and this has been forcibly brought to my
mind by the comparatively small mortality amongst Shropshire
flocks on Australian Stations during a prolonged drought as
compared with Merinos. This hardy character is no doubt
inherited from the original parent stock which largely roamed
the hills and commons of Shropshire and Staffordshire.

It has never been the custom to judge Shropshire sheep by
points, which in the writer’s opinion is a method somewhat
difficult of application, and more correct results will be obtained
by the judge weighing the points for and against in his own
mind and then giving his decision.

The best type of Shropshire should possess (particularly in
the male), a well-developed head, with clean and striking
expression of countenance, a muscular neck well set on good
shoulders, the body symmetrical and deep, placed as squarely as
possible on short strong legs, due regard being paid to grandeur

75

Shropshire Sheep.

of style, the face and legs should be a nice soft black (not
sooty), the head should be nicely covered, and the wool
generally should be tine, of great density and length of staple.

The skin should be nice cherry colour and the belly and
scrotum (in the males) should be well wooled.

Objections. — Horns in ram, speckled face, ears or legs, long
heavy ears, thin open wool.

In all breeds there are more or less two types, and it is to a
certain extent the case with Shropshire sheep. Some favour
the short-legged, symmetrical, deep, lean-fleshed sheep, covered
with a dense heavy fleece, while others prefer the longer-legged
animal with more size, and open, soft wool, and possibly a little
more bone. Personally I have always considered the Shropshire
sheep as a medium-sized sheep of good quality with a robust
constitution, maturing early at small cost, admirably adapted as
a general purpose sheep. What I wrote some years ago I again
repeat, and it fully expresses my views on medium versus
large sheep. Some farmers prefer a big, coarse sheep on long
legs, but I am quite convinced of this, that the most rent-paying
class is the moderate-sized sheep of good quality, because the
butchers can sell them the more readily and at better prices, and
a greater weight per acre can be raised than where the larger
and coarser sheep is resorted ' to, for 100 ewes in the former
instance require as much land for their support as 130-140 well
bred moderate sized ewes.

Men are too apt to look at the price per head of their teg
sheep rather than the return per acre of mutton, and the better
prices obtained for moderate-weighted sheep as compared with
those which dress 70-90 lb.

To Shropshire breeders will belong the credit for all time
of having founded the first Flock-Book ever published in this
or any country. In the autumn of 1882 a meeting was called
of the leading Shropshire breeders who formed themselves into
the Shropshire Sheep-Breeders and Flock-Book Society. The
first volume was published in 1883 and since then a volume has
appeared annually, the last being No. 31.

The Flock-Book Society has done much to encourage
breeders and disseminate knowledge abroad of the valuable
attributes of the breed, and to this source alone much of the
extraordinary demand of the last twenty-five years can be
traced.

Alfred Mansell.

College Hill,

Shrewsbury.

76

MOLE-DRAINING AND THE RENOVATION
OF OLD PIPE DRAINS.

The reasons why land owners, land agents, and farmers aie
now turning their attention to Mole-draining on heavy clay
land are, it is believed, firstly, because a great many of the land
drains put in forty or fifty years ago are now found to be
incapable of properl v freeing the land of water ; and secondly,
because the land drains put in 4 ft. deep with money borrowed
under the Lands Improvement Acts, generally known amongst
tenants as Government drains, have proved in many instances
to be too deep for their purpose ; and thirdly, owing to the
fall in the capital value of heavy land and to the rise in price
and scarcity both of skilled labour and of pipes, this class of
land is not considered worth the expenditure of some 71. per
acre which would be about the cost of redraining it with pipes
at the present time.

Owing to a recurrence of wet seasons after a cycle of dry
seasons, owners and occupiers of heavy-land farms are once
more beins? forced seriously to consider the question of land
drainage. The farmer will often come to the agent and com-
plain that he can grow nothing like a full crop on his arable
fields partly because the water ruins his crops and partly
because on account of the wet state of the land he cannot get
on it at the proper time, and even if he could get on to the land
he would be unable to get a proper tilth. How often in the
last few years has one seen spring-sown crops substituted for
winter-sown crops on heavy lands, with the consequent loss to
the farmer, and more permanent crops such as both lucerne
and sainfoin failing after two years. The reason is neatly
alwavs the same — the land was too wet. This is frequently
also the case, unfortunately, with grass lands ; land that used
to carry sheep with safety *will do so no longer, land that once
could carry cattle in the winter now becomes poached, land
that used to grow sweet good hay now tends to grow sour

herbage and not much of that.

These are facts which cannot be disputed, but before
looking for a cure it is necessary to ascertain the causes of the
present state of affairs. The mouths of land dfains of all sorts
must be kept clear, that is to say, the ditches into which they
discharge must be kept well below the mouth of the pipe. If
the mouth gets blocked the water going down the drain cannot
get a free outlet and consequently it backs up in the drain and
becomes stagnant. Then the mud in the water is deposited in
the pipe, which in a few years becomes quite choked. How

Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains. 77

far back into the field this deposit occurs in the pipes depends
on how much fall the drain has, and also whether or no the
water has been able to find any other outlet. The main cause
of drains becoming “ worn out,” as it is generally termed, is
undoubtedly the blocking of the mouths. Too great stress
cannot be laid on the necessity for shovelling out all ditches
on clay soil every year to their original bottom. Following on
this the main brook draining the district must also be kept
clear. In the last cycle of dry seasons and in the bad times
preceding it farmers in many places have certainly not kept
their ditches clear ; in the dry seasons they forgot the drains
and in the bad times they did not want to spend the money
necessary to keep the ditches clear. Constant supervision is
necessary if land drains are to be kept in order. Often the
fault lies in the ditch or watercourse of a neighbouring owner,
and it should be remembered that an owner can be compelled
to give a free run to another man’s water by an application to
the magistrates under section 14 of Yict. 10 and 11.

In examining a field that has recently shown pronounced
symptoms of water-logging it is not uncommon on heavy lands
to find several sorts of drains. There may be the old stone
drains, i.e. a trench filled with upright stones or rubble
stones ; there may be the half-round horse-shoe pipe with
no bottom, or the same with a separate tile bottom ; there
may be the Q-shaped pipe, and finally the round pipe,
varying in diameter from 1 in. to 6 in. These drains are
not infrequently at all sorts of depths. The new work
may have been connected properly with older and deeper
drains, or the new drains may be deeper than the old ones
which may or may not have been properly connected with the
new. Before any new drains are put into a field it is very
necessary to find out if the field has been drained before. On
enquiring from the old inhabitants and old tenants one is often
told that the field has never been drained, but this information,
especially on heavy clay land, frequently proves incorrect, as the
writer has sometimes found out to his cost. The only way to
find the old drains is to have all the ditches thoroughly cleaned
out by a careful man who must go right down to the old
bottom of the ditch, which often has not seen daylight for
twenty years. It will be found that the man digging the ditch is
far more likely to find the old drains if he gets l.s. for each
drain-mouth that he discovers. If, however, no drains are
found when the bottom is being dug, the sides should be
carefully watched in wet weather for wet places, and the
ground at these spots should be opened several yards back into
the field. The result of this investigation will nearly always
disclose old drains of one kind or another.

78 Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains.

The question then arises whether the field must be com-
pletely redrained or whether the old drains can be made to
work, i.e ., can the old mains be made serviceable? Very often
if the old drain mouths are taken up, cleaned and re-laid for
a few yards back the drain will work again. It is nearly
always worth while to clear a ditch up to an old stone drain,
as water so often finds its way in the wet times down
them, but it is a waste of time and labour to renovate horse-
shoe drains without a bottom, or with a loose bottom, and this
also applies to 1 in. round pipes. Nor as a rule is it any good
trying to renovate 2 in. pipes coming direct into the ditch,
though sometimes a new main properly connected to the old
2 in. pipes may effect a cure.

Having found the mouth of the drain, if it be a 3 in. or a
4 in. or even a larger round pipe, it is advisable to open the
main in several places for examination. If the pipe should
not be too full of dirt, or if the dirt be not too hard, it can
sometimes be cleaned out by means of 2 ft. bamboo drain rods,
or other rods that will not come unfastened in the drain, or
even by a wire. The rods must be worked from openings in the
drain at about every 20 yards. They should be used from the
mouth upwards when the drain is full of water ; working the
rods down with the water often causes a new stoppage as the
displaced mud cannot get away. If the drain is too full of
dirt to admit of its being easily cleaned out by rods, it is best
abandoned unless it is within 2 ft. 6 in. of the surface when
the pipes may be dug out, cleaned, and relaid at a less cost than
carrying out entirely new work, but if the drain is deeper than
2 ft/ 6 in. it will generally be found cheaper and more satis-
factory to buy new pipes and make new drains.

So far no mention has been made of a very common cause
of waterlogged land chiefly found on arable land, but often,
too, on pasture land ; on arable fields by continual ploughing
and by the tread of the horses an impervious pan is formed
just under the ploughed soil, through which the water can
only very slowly, if at all, find its way. Another common
cause is that the land has been drained too deep. Thousands of
acres were drained 4 ft. deep about forty years ago with money
borrowed from one of the societies formed under the Lands
Improvement Acts. These drains had to be passed by an
inspector from the Board of Agriculture and consequently
have come to be known as Government drains. These so-
called Government drains have in many instances quite failed
to take away the surface water, partly because a pan has
formed as mentioned above and partly because the surface
water cannot get through the clay into the drains after the
moved soil has become set over them. I have examined a

Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains. 79

number of these Government drains on heavy clay land, both
mains and minors, and have found them generally to be as
clear and clean as the day they were put in, but showing very
little signs of water running in them. It is evident that the
method of rodding out drains as mentioned above is of no
use, for as a rule the pipes are clear. Yet another cause is
that owing to the old high ridges having been ploughed
down and subsequently reformed and straightened after the
drains were put in, the drains are buried too deep under
the ridges.

On arable lands in both these cases, a good deal may in
some instances be done when the field is being steam-cultivated
by putting a few extra long tines in the cultivator with a view
of piercing the pan. These tines should penetrate the soil at
least 6 in., or better still 9 in., below the ordinary ones, and
should be formed like a plough coulter. There will then be no
danger of their bringing up the subsoil, and the piercing of the
pan will often improve the drainage considerably.

In very many instances, however, nothing short of re-
draining the field will be of any service, and this has become
a very important question. Landlords are often very unwilling
to incur the expense of pipe draining, on the grounds that
they cannot get any return on their money. Owing to the rise
in wages and to the scarcity of men capable of doing the work
properly and also to the increased cost of pipes due . to the
closing of local brickyards, the cost of pipe drainage has gone
up considerably. The cost now per acre will in many parts of
England be found to be nearly 11. for drains 7 yards apart
2 ft. 3 in. deep. The rent of the average heavy land I have in
my mind is from 10s. to 18s. per acre. The lowest percentage
that can safely be placed on capital expenditure on pipe drain-
ing would be to 6 per cent, after all the fees and costs of
inspection have been paid on money borrowed from a society
formed under the Lands Improvement Acts. per cent, on
71. is rather more than 7s. 6d. per acre. I have suggested
to many tenants who complain of waterlogged land that
the landlord would drain the land if they paid 7s. 6d. an
acre more rent but it is needless to say that they refused to do
so because they could not see their way to afford an increase of
50 per cent, to 60 per cent, in their rent. In other words they
considered on that class of land the yearly benefit derived was
not commensurate with the increased rent, and it also follows
that on the occasion of a sale the landlord would certainly not
receive back the money spent on pipe draining. Consequently,
therefore, on these waterlogged lands some method other than
pipe draining must be adopted to get rid of the water, and the
solution is, I believe, to be found in mole-draining.

80 Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains.

Mole-draining is tlie making of a long hole 3 in. to 4 in. in
diameter under the surface of the land at varying intervals and
at depths from 3 ft. to 18 in., without digging and without
pipes. It derives its name from its resemblance to a mole run.

The actual draining tool consists of a 3J- in. round steel
plug brought to a sharp point at one end and firmly secured to
a blade of steel 8 in. wide, which is sharpened to a cutting
edge on one side and secured to a suitable frame. A hole is
dug to the required depth, the tool dropped into the ground
and then drawn up the field. The result is that the earth is
cut with the blade to the depth of the plug, and that a round
hole is left by the plug in the clay with the sides quite smooth
and compressed. The cut soon closes up, leaving the round
hole in the clay.

Before giving any detailed description of the different tools
and the method of working them, it would be advisable to
discuss the conditions under which this method of draining
may be effectual. I am not at all certain whether plug draining
is not as old, or older, than pipe draining, at any rate I have
found plug drains in fields which date back beyond the
proverbial memory of the oldest inhabitant. The reason why
it has been lost sight of in recent years is that pipe draining
took its place as being more reliable and not so very much
more expensive forty years ago. Very considerable advances
have been made with mole-draining implements and engines in
quite recent years, with the result that the cost has been
materially decreased and the efficiency increased, while during
the same time the cost of pipe draining has considerably
increased.

Mole-draining is of no use unless the subsoil is clay. If
there are patches of sand, gravel or stone, these drains will
soon block up. The best results are obtained on a heavy clay
soil when the field has a good fall, but this second condition is
often absent. I have, however, satisfactorily drained fields
nearly flat, but more mains are then required.

The first thing to be done when it is decided to mole-drain
a field is to find out whether there are any old mains, and if so,
where they run. They can be best seen in June or July when
the land is under a white straw crop, and when found the next
step is to ascertain whether they can be made serviceable. It
is absolutely necessary to have proper pipe mains, for the
system of running each mole drain direct to the ditch is not
good. The mouths get filled up and lost, with the result that
2 or 3 acres at the bottom of the field stand in water. I have
seen a field mole-drained satisfactorily without mains, when
the field has been previously drained with tiles by taking the
mole drains across the old pipe drains (Figs. 1 and 2). The

Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains. 81

effect of this is that the mole drain lets the water through the
pan and delivers it into the old pipe drains wherever the
two types of drain cross. Even in these cases, however, I
like to connect the mole drains to the main.

Mole-draining is usually done with steam power, and most
engines pull 10 chains with a double rope, i.e., a continuous
rope working round a pulley on the mole plough. This double

FIG. 1

DOTTED L/NES MOLE DRA/NS,
PLA/N L/NES OLD DEEP PIPE ORA //VO.

rope is very much better than a single rope, as the plough does
its work without jerking. Ten chains is quite long enough for
a mole drain in ordinary cases, and on flat fields this is too
long, without an intercepting main. Lay out your mains
accordingly, using 3 in. or 4 in. pipes according to the acreage
to be drained. On very heavy clay it is a good plan to put a
layer of bushes, preferably blackthorn, over the pipes before
filling in the drains.

The mains should be all ready by the beginning of April.
Holes should be dug at the main at the point where each minor
will come, about 4 ft. long, and of the required depth, and one
2 in. pipe should be connected to the main at these spots when
the main is being laid. These holes are called eyes, and are
made when the main is being dug.

The procedure is then as follows : — One engine will go to
one end of the field and the other to the other end. The work
commences by dropping the mole plough into the first eyehole
at the main, and then the engine begins hauling. The plough
will travel nearly as fast as a man can walk. A man sits or
stands on it to steer it, so that it is perfectly easy to follow
crooked or S shaped lands or any ordinary curve (Fig. 3). The
head drainer on the estate, or some other responsible person,
should follow the plough to be ready to put in a peg at any
point where the i plough is seen to jump. The jumping means

82 Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains.

that the mole has hit a stone, and these places should be dug
out and a few 2 in. pipes put in to make the drain good. In
some clays there are no stones and in others there are a good
many. At the top end of the field the man on the plough
winds it up so that it is gradually drawn out of the ground in
the course of 5 to 6 yards.

The other engine meanwhile having changed its position to
the next eye pulls back the mole plough over the surface of the
ground. The plough is dropped into the next eye, and so the
work proceeds. The drainers follow behind to put the 2 in.
pipes into the eyeholes to connect the mole drains to the mains
and then to fill in.

If (as in Fig. 4) an extra main has to be put into a hollow
place this main should be put in after the mole-draining has
been finished, the mole drains on either side being connected
to it with pipes. Gores can be made by using a mole drain
as a main (Fig. 4).

The distance the mole drains are to be apart is governed
as a rule by the furrows if these are not too far apart, but
where there are no furrows, then the drains should be from
5 yards to 9 yards apart, 7 yards being about the average. The
depths of the drains are to a great extent governed by the soil.
On very retentive soil 18 in. to 21 in. is deep enough. On
rather lighter clay 24 in. to 27 in. deep will be found not
too much. 18 in. deep is as a rule too near the surface to
withstand the weight of ploughing engines, timber carriages,
&c., but often it is advisable to drain at 18 in. so as not to
disturb the old pipe drains.

I

Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains. 83

Mole drains must follow the natural fall of the surface of
the ground (Fig. 6), and they must also follow either the furrow
or the ridge (Fig. 7). The reason of this, is, of course, that the
drain itself will follow the surface of the land exactly, and a
drain cut across the ridge and furrow would reproduce each rise
and fall, which would obviously be fatal (Fig. 8).

In Fig. 5 the method of dealing with mole drains over
10 chains long is indicated, new eyes being dug and the two
ihole drains connected by means of 2 in. pipes in the eyes.

Mole draining with engines can only be done when the
surface is hard enough to carry the engines, and when the
subsoil is wet enough to allow the mole plough to work easily,
and to allow of the glazing of the drain. These conditions are
usually to be found at the end of April and beginning of May,

and only very rarely indeed in the autumn. In April and May
the winter sown crops are well up, and generally the spring
crop is sown. The ideal crop for mole-draining on is, of course,
seeds, or stubble not yet ploughed, but in actual practice very
little damage is done whatever the crop may be. I have drained
a field with winter beans 15 in. to 18 in. high with hardly any
damage, and I have constantly drained wheat fields. A dead
fallow field can be drained if the clods are not too big. In all
cases where mole-draining is to be done, if the surface is dry
enough for the engines it is not advisable to defer the draining
merely on account of possible damage to the crop.

If the depth is not more than 2 ft. 3 in. and the pull 9 or
10 chains, then about fifteen acres should be drained in a day
provided that everything is ready for the work — /.<?., mains,
eyes, coal, water, &c.

As to drain mouths : Built-up expensive blue brick mouths
fall sooner or later into the ditch, or are left as islands. Dry

84

Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drams

Fig. 9.— Mole Plough, out of the ground.

Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains. 85

Fig. 10.— Mole Plough, ready to start.

86 Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains.

stone walls built with large flat stones on the same batter as the
ditch appear to last longer, but the problem is to find a cheap
and effectual mouth where no local stone is available. I have
used three 2 ft. glazed socketted pipes cemented together
for the last 6 ft. of main with very good results. At first,
framed, oak posts were put at the mouth with iron rods to form
a grating to prevent rabbits going into the drain, but a cheaper
way is to turn the socket pipes the wrong way, so that the
socket, and not the spigot, is in the ditch. Into the socket two
rods of iron are cemented so as to form a grate, and no posts
are then needed. This latter method is the best for pipe
drains, but for pipe mains taking mole drains it is advisable
to be able to move the grating so that stones and gravel can
be removed. Whenever a drain mouth is put into a ditch
a large flat stone should without 1 ail be put at the bottom of
the ditch to take the splash of the water. This stone also
serves another important purpose, namely, to show clearly to
what depth the ditch should be cleaned out.

The illustrations on pp. 84 and 85 show an up-to-date mole
plough for use with engines, the first, out of the ground, the
second, dropped into an eye ready to start work. The front
wheels are 2 ft. 3 in. high and 2 ft. apart ; the back wheels are
5 ft. 6 in. high and 5 ft. apart ; the distance between front and
back wheels is 10 ft. The beam is of iron, and where it runs
on the ground is 9 in. wide and 6 ft. long.

The mole is 2 ft. long and 3J in. in diameter, and it is
brought to a chisel point. The bar holding the mole is 8 in.
by 1 in., and is capable of dropping, if required, 3 ft. into the
ground. The stay to the mole is 3 in. by § in.

The gear for winding the plough out of the ground is now
fixed behind the back wheels, and, as already described, the
steersman gets down and winds the plough out before the
engine stops. The trailer behind the mole I personally object
to, as I have found it does not work very well, and I alwavs
have it removed.

Generally speaking, about half a chain all round the field is
not drained. The following table gives the approximate cost
per acre for drains at different distances apart : —

Yards

apart

of

Drains

Num-
ber of
Chains
to the
Acre

Cost

of

Steam

Work

per

Chain

Total

Cost

of

Steam

Work

Cost

of

Coal

Total

for

Mole

Drains

only

Renovat-
ing Old
Mains,
Eyes, and
Super-
vision

New

Mains,

Eyes,

and

Super-

vision

Total

Cost

with

Old

Mains

Total

Cost

with

New

Mains

d.

s. d.

s.

d.

s .

d.

s .

d.

s.

d.

s. d.

s. d.

7

25

4

8 4

1

0

9

4

2

6

10

0

11 10

19 4

9

20

4

6 8

0

11

7

7

2

6

9

6

10 1

17 1

11

16

4

5 4

0

9

6

1

2

0

9

0

8 1

15 1

13

11

4

3 10

0

8

4

6

2

0

9

0

6 6

13 6

Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains. 87

It is assumed that the farmer will do the hauling free of
charge.

The cheapest field to drain would be one ten chains wide
with an even fall and as long as you like, in which case a
chain of main will drain an acre. The cost of mole-draining
a field will vary according as to whether the old mains can be
utilized or not, and as to whether the shape and fall of the
field necessitates extra mains. Mole drains are measured from
the eye to the spot where the mole begins to be lifted up.

I have taken the cost of mole-draining by steam engines
because I have no figures as to the cost of the old mole
draining -which was done with a mole plough drawn by
bullocks. A farmer tells me that on grass writh a capstan fixed
at one end of a field worked with two or three horses he can
drain with a mole plough about eighty chains per day, 12 in.
to 14 in. deep, having first ploughed a furrow 6 in. deep. A
well-known land owner informs me that wdth his plough,
pulled direct by nine horses, ten acres a day 18 in. to 20 in.
deep could be drained, and he adds that the draining was
carried out in winter at odd times. Both of these methods
seem cheaper than steam, but I am inclined to think that the
work is not so good as when done with a heavy mole plough
pulled without jerking by a double rope working round a
wheel. When the mole plough is drawn direct by bullocks
or horses the land may become poached and any growing crops
would inevitably be damaged.

Such ploughs are usually pulled by nine horses, three
abreast, and they consist of a wooden beam in. by 7 in.
and 6 ft. long, which runs on the ground, and on the front end
of it is a coulter 11 in. deep. The mole itself is 14 in. long,
3 in. in diameter, and tapered ; it is fastened on to a cutting
bar, 3 in. by 1 in., arranged so as to be adjustable to depths
varying from 1 ft. 9 in. to 12 in. It has ordinary plough
handles.

The question will be asked how long will mole-draining
last. It is not easy to generalise, for I know grass fields
drained about thirty years ago which are still quite dry,
whilst on the other hand I know fields drained ten years ago
which are now quite waterlogged. The answer to the question
depends on whether the work was done well and with judg-
ment, and whether the subsoil was suitable. Given these
conditions, and they are not difficult to obtain on heavy, wet
lands, mole-draining should be safe for fifteen years if not
for twenty-five years.

It w-ill be seen therefore at a cost of sometimes more and
sometimes less than one ploughing the water can be drained
off a field. Surely mole-draining is worthy of far greater

88 Mole-draining and the Renovation of Old Pipe Drains.

attention. The farmer will not only ensure his crops from
damage by surface water, but will save every year at least one
ploughing, besides being able in most seasons to get on his
land at the proper time and have a chance to put his seed in
on a good tilth.

Arable land has been chiefly mentioned because the results
are more easily seen and appreciated on arable than on grass
land ; but as great or greater results can be obtained on grass
lands. Grass farms have been absolutely altered in character
by mole-draining, and have been made worth more than double
the old rent.

Another very important advantage of draining is the fact
that it can be utilised to feed ponds. It is therefore always
advisable to arrange the main so that it discharges into a pond
where possible (Fig. 3). Mole drains will as a rule run
quicker than pipe drains, and thus a heavy thunder-storm will
often fill a pond quite full through their agency.

One difficulty in mole-draining lies in the fact that if a very
dry season follows the spring in which the work is carried out,
the cut made by the coulter does not close up, in fact, it may
get larger, and then the earth crumbles and falls into the drain
and so blocks it up. In order to obviate this, the experiment
was tried on a grass field of first turning a furrow with the
plough with the idea of turning it back over the crack, but it
was found that the mole plough drawn with engines would not
work with the turf left close beside it, and so the furrow-slice
had to be replaced in its original position before the work
could be proceeded with. It is always advisable to pass a
heavy roller over the drains on grass land as soon as the drain-
ing is finished. Next spring I shall have a small cutting blade
fixed on each side of the plough beam behind the main bar, so
shaped as to close up the crack above the drains.

Speaking from a land agent’s point of view I have found
tenants quite ready to pay the bill for the steam work and coal,
besides doing all the necessary hauling, if the landlord will
find the pipes and put the mains and mouths in order, or if he
will put in any new mains that may be required. The land-
lord should also have an experienced man to superintend the
draining.

In order to comply with the Agricultural Holdings Act, the
cost paid by the tenant is reckoned out and the compensation
for this is agreed either on a three or on a five years’ basis,
i.e., if a tenant is on the five years’ basis and he leaves at the
end of the third year he would receive as compensation
two-fifths of the money paid by him. These are favourable
terms, for the tenant generally obtains in the first year heavier
crops which more than repay the whole of his outlay. I

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

89

venture to think there is not the slightest doubt that it would
well pay a tenant to mole drain heavy land, even if the
landlord did not bear any of the cost, but the question of
future compensation would probably lead to trouble, especially
if the land after draining should prove to be worth a greatly
increased rent.

I hope these notes may draw the attention of land owners
and farmers to this simple and cheap method of considerably
improving wet, heavy land whether arable or pasture, for it is
well worthy of their consideration. I am indebted to Messrs.
John Fowler & Co. of Leeds, the makers, for the illustrations
of mole ploughs, and to Messrs. Briggs & Sons, of Stamford,
who have carried out a great deal of mole draining for me, for
various particulars.

Douglas T. Thking, F.S.I.

1 Sheep Street,

Northampton.

CONTAGIOUS OR EPIZOOTIC ABORTION

IN COWS.

The purpose of this article is to describe in language that may
easily be understood by a layman the present state of know-
ledge with regard to abortion in the bovine species. It hardly
requires to be stated that the failure of cows to carry their
calves to full term may be the result of various untoward
circumstances, including all those that seriously injure or
threaten the life of the pregnant animal herself. Thus, abortion
may be caused by mechanical injury, severe diseases of various
kinds, poisoning, starvation, and possibly severe mental shock
or fright. Although it is admitted that these must be reckoned
as possible, and occasional actual, causes of abortion, they
are, even collectively, of little or no practical importance,
from the simple fact that in the immense majority of cases
of abortion in cows there is strong evidence that none of
them has been in operation. What these suggested causes
particularly fail to explain is the occurrence of multiple cases
of abortion in the same herd in one or several successive
seasons. Very slight reflection regarding the various diseases
of man and animals which have this character of affecting
considerable numbers of individuals living in more or less
close association, will show that the great majority of them
are contagious or infectious, by which is meant that the cause
of the illness is a living organism which multiplies in the

90

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

bodies of infected animals and by some means or another is
passed on from the diseased to the healthy individuals. It is
therefore not surprising that contagion should long ago have
been suggested as the probable cause of multiple cases of abor-
tion among cows. The idea is more than a century old, but
what is surprising is that in spite of its obvious reasonableness
it is only in quite recent times that it has found anything
like general acceptance. In what follows it will be shown that
the occurrence of multiple cases of abortion in a herd is nearly
always due to the spread of a particular contagious disease
among the cows, meaning by the word “ particular ” that the
disease is caused by a definite species of organism which can
be recognised and identified by a number of special features
or characteristics. It may be observed that in the preceding
sentence it is not asserted that this organism is responsible
for all multiple cases, or outbreaks, of abortion in the same
herd, for it is obvious that some of the earlier mentioned
causes may occasionally operate simultaneously on a considerable
number of pregnant animals and bring about abortion. More-
over, it must be admitted as conceivable that other microbes
than the one referred to above may be capable of causing
abortion in cows, and that there might thus be two or more
different kinds of contagious abortion in these animals. The
writer, however, is in possession of evidence which proves that
beside the special organism which in the remainder of this
article will be called the abortion bacillus all other causes of
abortion among cows sink into insignificance.

The abortion bacillus. — The accompanying figure (Fig. 1)
may serve to give the reader a fairly correct idea of the shape of
abortion bacilli, and also of their size, if it is remembered that
they are in reality two thousand times smaller than they here
appear on the paper. In cases of contagious abortion, the bacilli
are always present in large numbers in the diseased womb, and
in the discharges and afterbirth. A pecular feature of the bacilli
is that they are often collected together into large clusters
or clumps, one of which may contain hundreds of individual
organisms.

There is no great difficulty in inducing the bacilli to grow
outside the body under entirely artificial conditions in test tubes
or flasks containing various nutritive materials of which the
basis is meat extract. It does not appear to be necessary to
describe here in any detail the various appearances presented
by artificial crops or cultures of the abortion bacillus, but one
of its so-called cultural characteristics may be described because
it is of value for the identification of the organism. The
medium or nutritive substance in which this peculiar appearance
is exhibited is one which is transparent and solid at temperatures

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in (!ows. 91

considerably above that of the body. At the boiling temperature
it becomes liquid, and it “ sets ” again when the temperature
falls. It is obvious that if one mixes up a large number of
abortion bacilli with such liquefied medium in a test tube and
then allows the medium to become solid again, the different
bacilli will be imprisoned at so many different points in the
transparent substance, just as minute particles might be
embedded in calf’s-foot jelly. The individual bacilli are, of
course, quite invisible to the naked eye, but when they multiply
each discloses its position by building up a visible speck of
growth, just as a spore of common mould does when it grows
on a piece of bread. Many different species of bacteria can be
grown in this way, and as a rule when they do the specks of
growth, or “ colonies,” as they are called, develop more .or less
regularly throughout the whole of the medium. Generally,

Fig. 1.— Abortion bacilli (magnification 2,000).

however, the growths of abortion bacillus obtained in this
medium have the appearance shown in the annexed figure
(Fig. 2), from which it will be seen that the spots or colonies do
not develop everywhere, but are confined to a definite narrow
stratum which lies a short distance beneath the surface. The
result is remarkable in view of the fact that what may be
called the “ seed bacilli ” were scattered throughout the whole
of the medium. Apparently the conditions favourable for
their multiplication are present only at a slight distance from
the surface, a fact which was interpreted by Bang as indicating
that oxygen in the full strength in which it occurs in the

92

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

atmosphere exerts a restraining influence on the bacilli. Some
oxygen, however, is required for their growth, and the necessary
amount is obtained at a little distance beneath the surface by
diffusion of the gas into the medium, with the result that the
bacilli there begin to multiply. Beneath that depth the oxygen
fails to penetrate and growth is therefore prevented.

Although this mode of growth is of value for enabling one
to distinguish the abortion bacillus from many other organisms,
it is presented by a few other bacteria. Moreover, it has
been found that abortion bacilli can be induced to grow quite

readily on the surface of artificial media
where they are freely exposed to the
atmospheric oxygen.

Susceptibility of different animals
to infection. — Putting aside one or two
doubtful observations, natural cases of
contagious abortion have hitherto been
encountered in the bovine species only.
Outbreaks of abortion are not uncommon
among ewes and mares, but no outbreak
among these animals has been definitely
proved to have been caused by the abor-
tion bacillus. Indeed, one may go farther
and say that the particular disease which
is the common cause of abortion in cows
seldom or never attacks any of the other
domesticated animals.

It is remarkable, however, that the
abortion bacillus is capable of causing
abortion in a large number of animals
— a fact which has been ascertained by
experiment, and which appears to be
out of harmony with experience. Preg-
nant animals belongingto all the common
domesticated species have been success-
fully infected by experiment with the abortion bacillus, as
have also the rabbit and guinea-pig. Indeed no species of
mammal which has hitherto been tested by experiment has been
found to be immune against this organism. It is, however
not necessary on this account to doubt the opinion stated above,
viz., that other animals than those belonging to the bovine
species seldom or never contract the disease by contagion or
infection, for there are many other well-known instances of
marked discrepancy between the disease -producing power of
an organism as determined by experiment and the incidence
of the disease which it causes naturally. For example, it is
very easy to infect sheep experimentally with tuberculosis, but

Fig. 2.— Artificial culture of
abortion bacilli in serum-
gelatin-agar. The growth is
confined to the dark stratum
extending across the tube a
short distance below the
surface of the medium.

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows. 93

natural cases of the disease are very rarely observed in these
animals.

It was until recently very generally believed that contagious
abortion was exclusively a disease of pregnant cows, although,
as was first pointed out by Bang, some local inflammation
follows the injection of large numbers of the bacilli under the
skin in male animals as well as in females. It has, however,
now to be recognised that the abortion bacillus may infect
bovine animals of either sex and any age. This is a fact which
could probably never have been determined by observation,
owing to the circumstance that unless the animal happens to
be pregnant infection with the abortion bacillus is not mani-
fested by any symptom of disturbance or illness. The fact
that the disease which is now being considered is not confined
to pregnant cows has been ascertained by means of the agglu-
tination test, and it is important to note that what has been
proved is not merely that cattle of either sex and any age
can be experimentally infected, but that non-pregnant females
and bulls do actually contract the disease naturally, viz., by
contagion or infection.

Source of the bacilli which cause infection. — It is obviously
important to know from what source the bacilli which infect
previously healthy animals come, and the first point to be
considered in that connection is whether abortion bacilli can
grow in water, soil, &c., or whether they multiply only in the
bodies of infected animals. In the first of these alternatives
a case of abortion might arise almost anywhere, and quite
independently of any antecedent case of the disease. It is,
of course, impossible to prove that abortion bacilli never
multiply outside the bodies of infected animals, but it may
safely be said that there is no evidence that they do so in
natural circumstances, and that there is no experience which
really contradicts the view that the disease with which we are
dealing is a purely contagious or infectious one.

The question of the source of the bacilli which cause
infection is therefore narrowed down to a consideration of the
channels by which the bacilli leave the body of a diseased
animal. It is a matter of certainty that the greatest number
of bacilli escape from the infected animal at the time of
abortion or parturition and during the next following few
days, and it has very generally been assumed that the disease
is mainly spread by the bacilli thus voided. It must he
admitted, however, that there is at present little or no real
knowledge regarding the importance of other channels by
which bacilli might escape from an infected animal. They
are apparently sometimes passed out with the milk, but
nothing is known as to their possible presence in faeces or

94 Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

urine. It is also uncertain, and difficult to determine, whether
the bacilli commonly escape directly in any numbers from the
genital passages before abortion or parturition, or for how long
they generally continue to escape after either of these events.
In these circumstances, one must regard every infected animal
— of either sex, and whether pregnant or not — as a potential
disseminator of bacilli.

Methods of infection. — Experiments have proved that preg-
nant animals can be infected in a variety of ways. The
method which appears to be the most effective for causing
actual abortion is the injection of bacilli into one of the veins,
but abortion may also follow the experimental introduction of
bacilli under the skin or into the genital passages, or their
administration by the mouth. But the important question
under this head is not the possible experimental methods of
infecting animals, but the way by which the bacilli enter the
bodies of animals when the disease is spreading naturally in a
herd. Until quite recently the generally accepted view was
that the bacilli, as a rule, if not always, entered by way of the
genital passages. Opportunity for such admission was supposed
to be provided while the animals were lying down in the
cowshed, the vulva then coming into contact with materials
containing the bacilli in the channel for the urine and faeces.
It cannot be said that this view ever had much in its favour
except the fact that various experimenters had found that
animals could be experimentally infected by the direct intro-
duction of bacilli into the vagina, and the further fact that the
vagina furnishes the most direct route to the womb, which is
the main seat of the disease. In the light of recent researches
it appears actually doubtful whether cows ever become infected
in consequence of such casual or accidental admission of the
bacilli into the genital passages. As soon as experiments had
shown that animals could be infected by the mouth this had
to be regarded as a highly probable natural method of infection,
and a consideration of all the circumstances leaves little or no
room for doubt that it is the way in which the disease usually
spreads in a herd. It is quite obvious that, given the existence
of abortion bacilli in a cowshed, these are much more likely to
be taken in by healthy animals with their food than to find
their way directly into the genital passages. Without denying
the occasional occurrence of infection in the last-mentioned
way, it appears to be safe to say that the disease is far more
frequently contracted by the ingestion of bacilli in food or
water. And if this opinion is justified with regard to the
dissemination of the disease in cowsheds, there are still stronger
reasons for holding that direct infection of the genital passages
cannot occur with any frequency among animals at grass.

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

95

The role of the bull in the transmission of the disease has
next to be considered. Many persons of experience believe
that bulls play an important part in spreading contagious
abortion from cow to cow, their opinion being that by successive
acts of copulation the abortion bacilli are mechanically trans-
ferred from the genital passages of diseased to those of healthy
cows. It is impossible to deny that this is one of the natural
methods of infection, and facts which have only recently
been proved will probably be held by many to constitute
further strong evidence in support of the view that the bull is
a serious factor in the spread of the disease. The facts here
referred to are (1) that bulls can be experimentally infected by
introducing abortion bacilli into the sheath, and (2) that in
infected herds bulls can sometimes be proved to have contracted
the disease. The proof of infection in both these cases has been
furnished by the agglutination test. It would, however, be
easy to exaggerate the importance of these discoveries, for it
does not follow from the mere fact that a bull has become
infected that he would be capable of transmitting the disease in
the act of service, nor does it follow that he himself became
infected in that way, since the disease has been detected in
young animals of both sexes, which had never copulated. It
must be left to future observation and experiments to furnish
more conclusive evidence than exists at present regarding the
relative frequency of infection from the bull, but it seems
probable that this method has far less importance than infection
by the mouth.

The results of infection with abortion bacilli. — The act of
abortion or premature labour is only a symptom — and an
inconstant one — of the disease which is caused by the abortion
bacillus. The cause of the abortion is a diseased condition of
the womb, and the membranes which surround the foetus, and
beyond this the post-mortem examination of an infected preg-
nant cow never reveals anything abnormal. The absence of
disease from the other internal organs explains the fact that in
cases of contagious abortion the animal’s general health, at
least up to the time of abortion, appears quite unaffected.
After the act of abortion the cow’s health may suffer, but that is
practically always attributable to retention of part of the
cleansing, which must be regarded as a complication of the
original disease. Contagious abortion has been defined as a
specific uterine catarrh, and no doubt that is accurate for the
disease as it affects pregnant animals. Obviously, however, the
definition is not wide enough to embrace all the cases, since
male animals can contract the disease, and young female
animals when infected do not develop any catarrh of the
womb. Indeed, in these animals the post-mortem examination

96

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

reveals no evidence of disease, the existence of which can
only be proved by the agglutination or complement tests. It
is of interest to notice also in this connection that although at
the post-mortem examination of infected pregnant cows abortion
bacilli have never been found external to the womb, it is
obvious that they must in many if not in all cases exist in
other parts of the body at a certain stage of the disease, for, to
account for the fact that cows can be infected by the mouth,
one must assume that the bacilli find their way into the
bloodstream, and by that means reach the uterus. The known
facts also make it practically certain that an actual multiplica-
tion of the bacilli must take place either in the blood or in
other organs besides the uterus.

It has already been stated that abortion is not a constant
result of infection even in pregnant cows, and the fact must be
emphasised here. That many infected cows carry their calves
to full term has long been suspected, but the fact has now been
proved by the employment of the agglutination test in large
numbers of infected herds. In such circumstances one often
finds that cows which have recently calved at full term are
condemned by the test, or that pregnant cows condemned
by the test do not afterwards abort. There is, of course,
nothing remarkable in this fact, for a considerable amount
of structural disease is required in order to provoke the womb
to expel its contents prematurely, and the normal period
of parturition may arrive before that point has been reached.
The reader may here be warned not to jump to an explana-
tion of the fact which may appear to him much simpler,
namely, that the agglutination test is in error when it con-
demns a cow that carries her calf to full term. Judgment
with regard to that point may be suspended until the evidence
bearing on the reliability of the agglutination test has been
dealt with.

Diagnosis . When a cow has just aborted there are various
ways in which one may attempt to determine whether the act
has been caused by infection with the abortion bacillus or has
been due to some other cause.

Some guidance in the matter may be obtainable by con-
sidering the condition of the cow, the ease or difficulty with
which the foetus has been expelled, and the appearance of the
latter and its membranes. Thus, absence of any indication of
illness on the part of the cow and almost effortless expulsion
of the foetus are points in favour of the case being one of
contagious abortion. It is, however, not necessary to discuss
the value of such evidence at any length, for nothing is
more certain than that there are many cases in which the
cause of the abortion cannot be determined in that way.

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

97

A bacteriological examination of the matter which comes
away with the foetus, or of the latter and its membranes, will
in nearly t all cases enable an expert to diagnose a case of
contagious abortion, but this applies only to the first day or
two after abortion. Within less than a week diagnosis in this
way becomes impossible.

A material analogous to tuberculin, and termed “abortin,”
has been employed for diagnosis, but it cannot be said that
there is sufficient evidence to warrant an opinion as to its
actual value.

There are, however, two recently introduced tests for
contagious abortion which have been proved to be remarkably
trustworthy, named, respectively, the complement and the
^•gg^tination test. These appear to give closely concordant
lesults, but, inasmuch as the first is much more complicated
and difficult to carry out, and no more accurate than the second,
only the latter will be here described.

The agglutination test depends upon the fact that when an
animal becomes infected with contagious abortion a substance
■which has a special affinity for and exerts a peculiar action on
abortion bacilli appears in the blood. This substance is termed
“ agglutinin.” When blood serum in which this agglutinin is
present is added to an emulsion or suspension of abortion bacilli
in water, it acts on these in such a way as to cause them to
collect together in clusters or clumps, and this clumping or
agglutination of the bacilli can be observed under the micro-
scope. It can, however, also be made manifest to the naked
eye, because the clumps wThich are thus formed in a suspension
of abortion bacilli tend to fall more rapidly under gravitation
than the single unagglutinated bacilli do. Hence, when marked
agglutination occurs in a test-tube, the original slightly hazy
liquid gradually becomes quite clear and transparent, while the
clumps of bacilli at the same time settle to the bottom of the
tube.

Briefly stated, the test is carried out as follows : — A sufficient
quantity of abortion bacilli obtained from a pure artificial
culture is added to water in such proportion as to make the
mixture slightly hazy when a test tube containing it is held up
to the light. Care must be taken that this suspension does not
contain any coarse clumps of bacilli, but is for the most part
made up of single bacilli suspended in the liquid. Measured
small quantities of this suspension are then poured into a series
of small test tubes and to each of these a measured quantity of
serum from the suspected animal is added, the proportion
of serum varying in the different tubes. In general one
employs at least three such tubes, which respectively contain
the serum in the proportion of —

E

98

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

1 in 50 of emulsion,

1 in 100 of emulsion,

1 in 200 of emulsion.

In carrying out the test with any suspected serum it is
necessary to make at the same time two similar sets of, tubes,
one containing serum from an animal which is known to have
been- infected with contagious abortion, and one with serum

Fig. 3. — The three right hand tubes marked “Negative Control” each contain serum from a healthy cow.
and. in each case, the emulsion of abortion bacilli retains its original cloudy appearance.

The three tubes marked “Positive Control” each contain serum from a cow known to be affected with
contagious abortion. The tube nearest the left shows complete agglutination, the bacilli have fallen to the
bottom and lelt the liquid quite clear. In the middle tube the agglutination has been less complete, and
in the one to the right it is only recognisable.

The figures beneath the tubes indicate the proportion of serum present in each.

from an animal which is known to be free from contagious
abortion. One also includes in the test a single tube of bacterial
emulsion without any serum whatever. The whole of these
tubes are placed in an incubator at the body temperature for
twenty-four hours, at the end of which time the tubes are
inspected.

NEGATIVE CONTROL

Im50 IinIOO Iin200

POSITIVE CONTROL

Iin50 IinIOO Iin200

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows. 99

If any importance is to be attached to the results, the tube
containing plain emulsion, and all the tubes containing emulsion
and serum from the non-inf ected animal, must be unaltered in
appearance. Furthermore, the three tubes from the animal
known to have been infected must show distinct agglutination,
the evidence of which will be that the liquid in the tubes has
now become quite clear owing to settlement of suspended
bacilli to the bottom. Assuming that the things have worked

Fig. 4.— A series of four tubes containing serum from a suspected cow. Agglutination
has been complete in the left hand tube, nearly complete in the next, and distinct
though less in the third. No agglutination has taken place in the fourth (right hand)

tube.

The agglutination proves that the suspected cow .was actually affected with
contagious abortion.

out in this way, one is nowiable to judge whether the suspected
animal whose serum is being tested is an infected animal or
not. In the former case some or all of the tubes will show
complete agglutination, whereas if the animal has not been
infected no agglutination will have taken place, and the tubes
will show just the same appearance as when they were placed

100

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

in the incubator. The appearances presented by the different
sets of tubes can be gathered from the accompanying

illustrations (Figs 3 and 4). « ,,

When it is declared that this test is a valuable one tor the

diagnosis of contagious abortion, that is equivalent to stating
that in the immense majority of cases blood serum from an
animal which has not been infected with contagious abortion
will not agglutinate emulsions of abortion bacilli in the propor-
tions given above, but that blood serum from animals that have
been infected with contagious abortion will cause agglutination
in these proportions. With regard to the first of these points,
it may be stated that McFadyean and Stockman 1 tested blood
serum from 535 presumably healthy cattle, viz., 4b5 steers,
34 bulls, 6 heifers and 10 calves, and found that in only three
cases (2 bulls and 1 steer) did the blood serum cause complete
agglutination in the strength of 1 in 50. . The history of these
three animals was not obtainable, but, since it is now known
that both steers and bulls can be infected with contagious
abortion, it would not be justifiable to regard the agglutination
in these cases as accidental, that is to say, resulting from
something else than previous infection with abortion bacilli.
However, even allowing that they were of that nature, it is
important to observe that, if one had been relying upon the
agglutination test to determine whether any of these 535
animals had been infected with contagious abortion, an error
in diagnosis would have been made in only three cases.

Turning next to the other point, viz., the question whether
the blood serum of infected animals generally or always causes
agglutination, it may be stated that the authors above mentioned
tested blood serum from 127 cows which had actually aborted
or which came from herds in which cases of abortion had
recently occurred, and they found that in fifty of these cases
complete agglutination occurred in serum dilutions of 1 in 50.
More recently blood from over 2,000 cows belonging to herds
in which cases of abortion had recently occurred has been
tested at the Royal Veterinary College, and the results (of
which details will hereafter be published) support the opinion
that with few or no exceptions blood serum from cows which
have aborted from infection with the abortion bacillus will
cause complete agglutination in serum dilutions of 1 in 50.

The great value of this test, however, lies in the fact that it
enables one to detect the disease during its early stages, or, at
least, before abortion has occurred. It can also be relied upon
to determine the nature of an abortion although weeks or even
months have elapsed since the act.

1 Journal of 'Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics , Yol. xxv., page 22

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows. 101

Prevention— The consideration of this part of the subject
falls naturally into two parts, viz., (1) the means by which a
healthy herd may be kept free from contagious abortion, and

the measures which may be employed to eradicate the
disease from an infected herd.

1*. There is no doubt that the usual cause of an outbreak of
abortion in a previously healthy herd is the introduction of
an infected animal. In the great majority of cases the animal
which thus serves as the starting point of an outbreak is a cow
or heifer, but facts already mentioned indicate that it may
sometimes be a bull. Except when there is perfectly trustworthy
evidence that a newly purchased animarcomes from a healthy
herd there is only one practicable safeguard against the possible
introduction of infection, viz., to keep the animal isolated until
the agglutination test has freed it from suspicion. Inasmuch
as a certain time must elapse after infection before a positive
reaction to this test can be obtained, it is advisable to delay the
test for three or four weeks after purchase. This may appear
a troublesome procedure, and in dairy herds in which sales and
purchases are frequent it can hardly be considered practicable.
In breeding herds, however, and especially in valuable pedigree
herds, the trouble and expense of such precautionary measures
can hardly be pronounced out of keeping with the risk of
incurring the serious losses which an outbreak of .contagious
abortion always entails.

2. To eradicate contagious abortion from a herd is a problem
of much greater difficulty. It must be stated, in the first place,
that there is no satisfactory evidence that the disease can be
either cured or prevented by the administration of any drug
whatsoever. The alleged success of treatment with carbolic
acid reposes on a very obvious fallacy, viz., that the disappear-
ance of the disease from a herd which has been treated in this
way cannot have been due to natural causes. It has long been
known that under certain circumstances contagious abortion
often disappears without any treatment whatever, and the fact
can be most reasonably explained by assuming that, speaking
metaphorically, the fire has died out from lack of fresh fuel.
Although, unfortunately, there are a good many exceptions to
the rule, cows that become infected while pregnant generally
make a complete natural recovery after the act of abortion
or parturition, and are for a time thereafter immune against
re-infection. Hence the disease tends to die out in a few years
provided no fresh animals are introduced into the herd. A
fact which is quite in harmony with this -view is that after one
or two bad seasons of abortion the further cases are mainly or
entirely among heifers carrying their first calves.

For a good many years past the preventive measures

102 Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows.

recommended by the late Professor Nocard have been exten-
sively practised, but it must be admitted with little or no
apparent benefit. The treatment consisted m frequent disin-
fection of the premises, combined with repeated spongmg o
the hindquarters of the cows and syringing of then genital
passages with germicidal solutions. These latter measures
were based on the view that infection usually took place per
vaqinam, and they are obviously futile for the ^
infection by the mouth. Frequent disinfection of the piemises
is no doubt advisable, but the repeated injection of disinfectants
into the genital passages of healthy cows m order to safeguard
them from infection must be condemned as being both useless

aUdAs is the case with every chronic contagious disease m
which there is a long latent stage, any hope of being able to
arrest an outbreak of contagious abortion must lie _ m the
possibility of early accurate diagnosis. The agglutination test
provides that possibility and indicates a new way of dealing

with, outbreaks. . .

A point which cannot be too strongly emphasised is that

every case of abortion should be regarded as of the contagious
kind until the contrary has been proved. It must, of course
be admitted that there are cases in which the circumstances
mav be held to prove that the abortion is the result of some
such cause as severe mechanical injury, and is not o e
contagious kind, but such cases are rare. In two instances that
have recently come under the writer’s notice the owner con-
sidered it almost certain that the abortion was the result ot
accident (falling into a ditch in one case, fright and breaking
fences in the other), but the agglutination test proved that both
cows were affected with contagious abortion. As^ soon as the
existence of contagious abortion has been proved m a herd the
agglutination test should be applied with the least possib e
delay to every breeding animal in it. The test may show that
only a small number of animals are affected, and m that event
the owner will probably be able to get out with very little loss
bv disposing of these to a butcher. If they are very valuable
it may be possible to isolate them. Unfortunately, m order to
be effective such isolation must include separate pasture as
well as separate houses, and it must be maintained for at least
three months after the suspected cow has calved or aborted.

Disinfection of premises ought, of course, to be practised,
and after abortion the foetus and its membranes ought to be
destroyed by fire or deeply buried. The genital passages of the
cow may also be washed out occasionally as long as any visible
discharge is coming away, and the manure and litter should
not be spread on grass land.

Contagious or Epizootic Abortion in Cows. 103

It is not so easy to advise an owner when the agglutination
test proves that a large proportion of the cows are already
infected. If isolation of the diseased animals is possible it
ought to be tried, but in the contrary case at the present time
the only possible alternative to allowing the disease to run its
course is to vaccinate one month after calving each cow in the
herd. Such vaccinated cows should not be put to the bull
within less than thiee months. Heifers that are to be brought
into the herd should also be vaccinated three months before
service.

What is here referred to as vaccination is carried out by
injecting living or dead artificial cultures of abortion bacilli
under the skin. The use of dead bacilli in this way is devoid
of danger but it is probable that it is of little value for confer-
ring immunity. The injection of large doses of living bacilli
does undoubtedly confer a considerable degree of immunity,
but it must be remembered that it is a dangerous proceeding
in the case of pregnant cows, and that even when the animal is
non-pregnant at the time of vaccination it may cause abortion
during the ensuing pregnancy if too short a period is allowed
between vaccination and service.

It is to be hoped that the trials of this method of dealing
with outbreaks which have recently been made under the
supervision of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries will
provide information to show whether it can be recommended
as both safe and efficacious.

Lastly, it may be pointed out that when it appears to be
impossible to arrest an outbreak, owing to the lack of facilities
for isolating the animals found to be already infected, the best
plan is to endeavour to run the herd for the next year or two
with as few changes as possible. To dispose of the cows that
have aborted and replace them by fresh animals is objection-
able, because the majority of animals make a complete recovery
after abortion and in consequence of immunity are likely to
carry their next calves to full term, whereas any healthy cows
brought into an infected stock serve as fresh fuel to the fire.1

J. McFadyean.

Royal Veterinary College,

London, NAV.

1 The author is indebted to Mr. A. L. Sheather, B.Sc., for the photographs
from which the illustrations in the article have been prepared.

104

COMPENSATION FOR THE UNEXHAUSTED
MANURIAL VALUES OF FEEDING STUFFS

AND FERTILISERS.

The first attempt at putting on a really scientific basis the
compensation to be awarded for the unexhausted manurial
values of foods consumed on the farm was made by Lawes and
Gilbert as long ago as 1870.

After showing the fallacy of assessing compensation on the
basis of the original “ cost ” of the materials, Lawes and Gilbert
drew up a table of values founded upon the actual manurial
constituents left in the dung after deducting what had been
lost in the maintenance and live-weight increase of the animal,
and also any loss incurred during making and storing of the
manure.

The Tables thus drawn up were first published in 1875.
They were subsequently revised in the years 1885, 1897, and
1898.

Changes in the prices of manurial constituents, and increase
of knowledge as the result of experience derived from experi-
mental work, conducted alike at Rothamsted, Woburn, and on
the Continent, with regard to the losses in the making of
farmyard manure and the practical value of the manurial
constituents of food in a rotation, led to a reconsideration of
the scale. This was done by the present writers in 1902.

The Tables, thus revised, met with general acceptance, and
in large measure have replaced the local systems formerly in
vogue.

Time, however, has brought its changes again, and there
has been a growing feeling that still further revision is
required. Firstly, the prices of manurial ingredients have
gone up, more especially in respect of the nitrogenous ones.
Further, the inconvenience of spreading compensation over so
long a period as four years has been increasingly felt. These
circumstances induced the leading professional bodies connected
with agricultural valuation to meet in conference, and ultimately
the present writers were invited to again undertake a revision
of the Tables, and to give replies to a number of questions
which were raised in the progress of the discussion. We were
further invited to deal, not only with foods consumed on the
farm, but also to draw up, if possible, a scale of compensation
for artificial and other manures used on the farm, but the full
value of which had not been worked out by crop-growing.

Our replies to these various questions are contained in the
report recently issued (Octob'er, 1913) to the Central Association
of Agricultural and Tenant Right Valuers,

Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values. 105

It lias been thought desirable, in addition to putting forward
our revised Tables and our replies to the enquiries made, to
contribute a paper in which there would be set out the general
considerations which have weighed with us in giving our
recommendations.

By the kind consent of the Central Association, permission
has been accorded us to publish this in the Journal of the
R.A.S.E., where our former Tables of 1902 appeared.

Reasons for Revision of Previous Tables.

We propose considering first the circumstances which have
led to a revision of the earlier Tables. These reasons are
twofold — (1) The rise in prices of manurial ingredients ; (2)
the growing feeling that the spreading of compensation over a
period of four years is alike inconvenient and not borne out
by recent investigation nor in actual agricultural practice.

Rise in Prices of Manurial Ingredients.

It may at once be pointed out that fertilisers generally have
decidedly gone up in price since 1902. This applies mainly to
nitrogenous fertilisers, potassic ones having remained much
about the same, while phosphatic fertilisers have increased
slightly, though, perhaps, hardly materially. The rise in unit
value of nitrogen, however, has been very marked. Sulphate
of ammonia, for example, has risen in price, since 1902, from
12 1. a ton to about 14?. ; nitrate of soda, similarly, from about
10 1. a ton to 12?., and other nitrogenous materials in proportion.

In our former Tables we put the unit value of nitrogen, as
found in common nitrogenous manures used on the farm (such
as sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, bone meal, fish manure,
blood, shoddy, guano, &c.), at 12s. per unit. A revision of
current prices for the above materials warrants us in now
putting the unit value of nitrogen at 15s. instead of 12s. as
formerly.

We do not consider it necessary to make any alteration as
regards phosphoric acid. There has been a slight rise in the
price of phosphatic manures, but not a material one. Super-
phosphate, basic slag, and bone dust, for instance, have remained
much as they were. This is also the case with fertilisers
supplying mainly potash ; Kainit, for instance, has remained
steadily at about 50s. per ton.

The question was, of course, present in our minds, whether
the change in prices was merely a fluctuation, or a permanent
change. We have come to the conclusion that the rise is
likely to be sustained for some time to come, and is not
merely temporary, and we have felt that we should alter
our Tables in this direction accordingly.

106 Compensation for Unexhausted Manuriai Values,

Compensation for Loss of Potash.

We have, however, considered it desirable to introduce a
change of another kind in our Tables as regards the compen-
sation to be given for potash. Previously we had reckoned the
whole of the potash to be recovered in the manure. This,
however, we now think to be hardly correct, and that, as with
phosphoric acid, so with the potash, there must be a certain
loss of potash, more especially in respect of the loss by drain-
age of the liquid portions of manure. Accordingly, we have,
in our new Tables, suggested that three-quarters of the potash,
and not the full amount, be credited to the manure.

Period over which Compensation should be spread.

In 1902 we proposed that compensation should be spread
over a period of four years. This was based on the fact that,
taking a rotation course, as exemplified in the Rothamsted and
Woburn Experiments, there was evidence of the influence of
manuriai application lasting up to the fourth crop of a rotation.
Indeed, it could be shown by the Woburn Experiments on the
continuous growth of wheat and barley, that the applications
of farmyard manure made from purchased foods continued to
show a residue from their application for a much longer period
than this. Some influence could even be shown for so long
a time as twenty years, the land being practically raised
permanently in fertility, for the crops grown subsequently
never went down to the level of the unmanured plots.

On the other hand, we have had to take into account more
particularly the fact that the nitrogen contained in purchased
feeding stuffs (and it is chiefly nitrogren for which compensa-
tion is paid) is, in the main, contained in digestible compounds,
and is therefore excreted from the animal as urea. This uiea
passes rapidly into ammonia, which is not only subject to loss
in the manure, but also exerts its effect on the first and second
crops only that are grown with the manure. The experiments
at Rothamsted, to be described later, show practically no
returns in the third and later crops for the inci eased nitrogen
in the dung that is brought about by cake feeding, &c. The
long continued effect of dung is due to the more slowly acting
compounds of nitrogen contributed by the litter and the

undigested residues of the food.

In our former paper (1902) we gave instances from rotation
experiments conducted both at Rothamsted and at ^Vobum, the
general outcome of which was to show that when a loot-crop
was fed on the land, and was followed by barley, the barley
crop was materially benefited thereby ; that the next crop
showed also a gain, but a much reduced one, and that when
the wheat crop — the fourth in the rotation was reached, the

Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values. 107

influence of the manuring had practically ceased to tell. These
experiments are fully discussed in the R.A.S.E. Journal, Yol. 63,
1902, pp. 99-105, and as the continuation of them from then to
the present date gives results similar to the foregoing, we con-
sider that we are justified in reducing the period over which
compensation shall be spread.

Taking all these matters into consideration, we are now
agreed that in practice a period of four years over which
compensation is to be spread, is inconveniently long and hardly
borne out by experience. Moreover, the farmer’s records
rarely extend so far back as four years, nor can they be
adequately checked.

The desire is evident to have matters of compensation
promptly settled as between the in-coming and the out-going
tenant. Accordingly, we are agreed to recommend that a period
of two years be substituted for our previous one of four years
over which compensation is to be spread, and we have revised
our Tables in this sense.

Manure made under different Conditions.

We have introduced a further change in our Tables, feeling,
as we do, that a discrimination should be drawn between
manure that is made in yards and that obtained by feeding
direct on the land. It is recognised that when an animal is
being fed upon the land, the urine, which contains the most
valuable manurial constituents of the food, is very completely
absorbed by the soil, without the large loss of ammonia that
occurs during the making and storage of dung.

In the case of manure stored in heaps it is on the nitrogen
that the loss chiefly falls, both through the storage of the
manure and the washing by rain and loss by drainage which it
may suffer.

It would only seem right, therefore, that higher compensa-
tion should be given for the food that is fed direct on the land
than for that which is consumed in yards and the manure
subsequently stored in heaps.

In our original Tables, as the result of experiments on the
losses which farmyard manure undergoes in making and
storing, we reckoned that 50 per cent, of the total manurial
constituents would be lost under ordinary good farming
practice before the manure went out on the field.

We now consider that when the manure is not subject to
these changes it would be right to allow for 70 per cent,
of the nitrogen being retained instead of the 50 per cent,
given in our former Tables. This should apply equally to
the case of sheep feeding on the land and to bullocks and
cows on pasture when either class of stock is consuming

108 Compensation for Unexhausted JClanurial Values.

cake or corn, the manure being deposited direct on the land.

As this increase is due to the greater proportion of ammonia
saved, it should only apply to the crop for which the manure
is directly used, and not for a subsequent crop. Accordingly,
we have divided the column D into two sections according as
the food is consumed in yards, D (1) and D (2), or is fed direct
on the land, D (3) and D (4).

In suggesting this change we are aware that we are compli-
cating our Tables by the introduction of additional columns,
and that it would be more convenient to have a single scale
which would meet all purposes.

We are, however, so convinced of the justification for
drawing a distinction between food consumed on the land and
that made into manure in the yard, that, at the risk of compli-
cation, we have introduced this modification.

It may be said that it is impossible to get to know how
much cake, &c., is fed on the land, and how much at home,
and that a farmer about to quit will be disposed to claim
for a large proportion having been fed on the land, so that
he may get compensation on the higher scale. But we do
not anticipate more difficulty over this than there is in ascer-
taining, as at present, whether the cake has been purchased at
all, and how mach. In any case the valuer will know the
custom of the country, and whether it is usual to feed one-
half, one-third, or some other proportion of the roots on the
land, and, similarly, how the grass land is treated in this
respect. With this knowledge, the existence of the supple-
mentary columns, D (3) and D (4), will enable the valuer to
reckon what proportion he may fairly put to one head or the
other.

“First year” — “Second year.”

Some misunderstanding having arisen from the use of the
expressions “ First year,” “ Second year,” &c., in our former
Tables, we have thought it well to indicate clearly in our
revised ones what we mean by this.

By “ First year ” we mean the year in which the manure is
made, whether it be in yards and stored for later use, or
whether it has been already put on the land as in the case of
sheep feeding or in that of bullocks consuming cake or corn
on pasture, but in all cases before the crop, if any, grown with
the manure has been utilised. The first column, D (1), of our
new Table means the value to be assigned to the manure before
the out-going tenant has derived any benefit from it.

By “ Second year ” we wish to indicate the state of things
that rules after a crop has been grown with the manure, that
is, the residue still remaining after that crop has been grown.

'

Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values. 109

To make this clear, we have substituted for “First year,”
“ Second year,” &c., in our Tables the terms “ Before one crop
has been grown,” “After one crop has been grown.” As a rule
the manure will have been made during the winter and be
applied to the following spring or root crop. D (1) will
accordingly, as a rule, mark the value of the manure as it is in
the yards, D (2) after the root crop has been grown.

In a case where the manure has been used for the root
crop, and where this crop, though still on the land at the time of
the giving up of the tenancy, has to be paid for by the in-coming
tenant, the value is indicated by column D (2), for the manure
has been used for the crop, and is clearly not of the same
value as when lying in the yards, but is only the residue left
after the taking out by the root crop of what the latter will
utilise.

Storing of Manure.

Another point upon which there has been misunderstanding
is in regard to the conditions under which we presume the
manure to have been made at the time it is valued, and the
precautions against loss that should have been observed in
the making and storing of it. We would state clearly that
our Tables, as set out, presume the manure to have been made
in boxes or yards where there is no avoidable loss by drainage,
and where the manure is not washed by rain ; further, that
the manure has been made wTith all reasonable care, and that it
has been stored, protected from the rain, and not unduly
exposed or otherwise subjected to loss.

We have shown in our original Tables that even under ideal
conditions, such as those which existed at Woburn (where the
manure was made in pits with cemented bottom and sides, and
was, after removal, covered with earth) there was an unavoid-
able loss of from 30 to 35 per cent, of the original manure
value as calculated from the composition of the materials used.
Reckoning that these conditions would not be obtained in
ordinary practice, we followed Lawes and Gilbert in their
estimate that the loss would be about 50 per cent, under
ordinary good farming conditions, and our Tables are based on
this assumption. When these conditions have not been com-
plied with, and the manure has been made in open yards and
has been exposed to rain, so that the liquid portions may to a
great extent have drained away, or where the manure has been
left exposed in uncovered heaps in a field and the washings
have sunk into the earth around, it is clear that the losses may
be still more.

It is impossible to frame separate scales for all such sets of
conditions, and this is a matter on which the valuer must exercise

110 Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial T allies.

*

his discretion, and make such deductions as, in his opinion, are
justified. But, seeing that manure, be it ever so badly kept,
can only to a limited extent be deprived of its manurial
constituents, and that the more insoluble portions will remain
in the dung despite much washing by rain, we have felt it wise
to insert the provision that any deduction on account of bad
storage shall not exceed 50 per cent, of the value as set out in
our column D (1) ; that is, even in the worst cases a figure not
lower than one-half the corresponding one in our Table D (1)
will represent the value of the manure.

New Feeding Materials.

We have been frequently asked if we would be willing to
extend our Table of Foods by the inclusion of further items,
new feeding materials, &c. While this is undoubtedly desir-
able in the case of foods in regular use, we feel it necessary to
avoid overloading our Tables with matter that would only be
of occasional use.

For the same reason we think it desirable to exclude all
articles which are really of a “ proprietary ” character, and
others which come on the market for a time and then dis-
appear. Moreover, the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act now
obliges vendors to give on the invoice the analysis of the
foods which they sell. Included in such statements are the
albuminoids, and from these the nitrogen — which is the main
manurial constituent — can be obtained by dividing the per-
centage of albuminoids by 6J. The phosphoric acid and
potash are of minor significance, and will not vary in foods to
the extent that the albuminoids do. It is accordingly com-
paratively simple in the case of a material not included in our
Tables, but with the analysis in hand, to assign to it, by
comparison with foods of like composition, its appropriate
place in the Table and its manurial value.

Our opinion has been asked if we would include such
things as gluten meal, meat meal, compound cakes, and “ pro-
prietary ” articles such as “ uveco,” “ molassine meal,” &c., also
treacle.

The use of some of these does not seem to us sufficiently
general to warrant their inclusion, while others, such as
“ molassine meal ” and treacle, have no appreciable manurial
value at all. At the same time we have thought it well to add
to our list three further materials. These are soya bean cake,
earth-nut cake, and Bombay cotton cake. The widespread use
of the latter makes it desirable to separate it from the ordinary
or “ Egyptian ” cotton cake, and this we have accordingly
done.

Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values. Ill

Mechanical Value attaching to Straw used as

Manure.

It is recognised that, in addition to the mannrial constituents
of value which straw manure possesses, it exercises a further
benefit, one which can best be described as its “ mechanical ”
value. This benefit is exercised alike on light and on heavy
soils when farmyard manure made with straw is used. To
the former class of soil it imparts “ substance ” and tends to
retain moisture in the land ; on heavy soils it helps to open
them out, lightens them, and renders drainage easier. These
beneficial effects are over and above anything possessed by the
purely manurial ingredients of the dung ; accordingly, when
straw has been sold off the farm that ought to have been used
as litter, we consider that the farm has been depreciated to this
extent, and that additional compensation should be paid when
the land has been so deprived of these benefits.

This would not apply, however, where the hay or straw
would normally have been given as food to stock. Moreover,
it must be left to the valuer to determine what proportions
should, under the ruling custom of the district, have been
consumed, and what proportion trampled down as litter by
stock. Also, it may be that there are cases where it can be
clearly shown that land would not be benefited by such appli-
cation, and is not in need of the mechanical benefits conferred
by the use of straw dung. This, again, is a matter which must
be left to the discretion of the valuer.

The mechanical value of the straw thus used we consider
to be about equal to that of its manurial benefit, and we
consequently assign a figure of 7s. per ton to be paid as
compensation for removal of straw, in addition to the 7s.
per ton already allowed for its manurial value.

We should point out that, in dealing with this matter, we
have had purely to do with the losses of manurial material to
the land, and not with any point that has reference to breach
of custom, contract, or agreement.

Food-stuffs Fed to Milking Cows.

The question has been asked whether in the case of foods
given to milking cows less compensation should be allowed
than for the same foods when given to fattening beasts,
because of the constituents taken off the farm in the form of
milk, or by the fact of the cows carrying their calves.

It is quite true that milking cows excrete less of the
nitrogen, phosphoric acid, &c., in their food than do fattening
bullocks. They are, however, pastured to a greater degree
upon the land, under which conditions they will return more
than do bullocks which are fed in the yard ; hence in this case

112 Compensation for Unexhausted Mannrial Values.

the value of their excreta would probably be represented by
figures somewhat in excess of those of column D (1).

On the other hand, while the cows are within doors the
proper amount of compensation would be less than that
indicated in D (1). The circumstances of the case could only
be met by the addition of another column to the Tables, or,
more probably, two fresh ones. Apart from the inconvenience
of this, there would have to be taken into consideration what
proportion of the time the cows were out at grass, and what
time under cover. This would be very hard to arrive at, and
so we have decided that it would be better to class these cases
all together, and apply the figures of column D generally to
foods consumed by milking cows as well as by fattening
bullocks. It would be open to the valuer to use his discretion
either as to allowing rather more when the cows were, for the
greater part of the year, out at grass, or a somewhat less
amount where the cows were kept in the stalls with little or
no litter, and where the urine to a large extent went to waste.

Food-stuffs Fed to Young Stock.

It might similarly be urged that young stock, by reason of
their building up their body structure, will use up more of the
constituents of food and return less in manure than would
older stock, and that, therefore, a less value should be assigned
in their case to the litter. But in practice it is never possible
to discriminate between what food is given to young stock and
what to older, nor would the manure of each be kept separate.
Nor again would it, more than exceptionally, be the case that
only young stock was kept on a farm. So here, too, we
think it advisable to avoid bringing any further sub-divisions
into our Table, and to class the manure from young and old
stock alike under D.

Food-stuffs Fed to Pigs.

Much the same question has been raised in regard to the
manure made by pigs. It would, however, seldom be the case
that the manure from pigs was kept separate from the rest, and,
on a general farm, all manure, whether from fattening bullocks,
milking cows, young stock, or pigs, would be put together in
one heap, and be used indiscriminately.

It would overburden the Tables to no good purpose to
attempt to provide for all these varied circumstances, and,
accordingly, we have decided to class them together.

Fertilisers.

In addition to revising our scales for compensation to be
paid for Feeding-stuffs consumed, we were asked to put out, if

Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values. 113

possible, a similar scale for the assessment of the unexhausted
value of such Fertilisers as are generally used on a farm/ and
to indicate what might be expected to be the period of duration
of these, and how much of the original value is left after
the taking of one or more crops. This we have found to be
by no means an easy matter. In the first place, reliable sources
of information are but few in number. Then, it is well-known
that different fertilisers act very differently according to the
nature of the land to which they are applied. Thirdly, there
are the differences attaching to the growing of different crops,
for these will not all alike remove the same constituents, nor to
the same extent. The influence of manures must depend, not
only upon the suitability of them for the particular purpose for
which they are employed, but also upon the condition of the
land, and whether they have been rightly applied. Hence, to
draw up a set of Tables attempting to provide for all cases that
might occur, for all classes of land, for all variations of cropping
and rotation, would involve such complication as to render
them practically useless.

The most we have been able to do is, after a cousideration
of such data as exist, and of what is known generally regarding
the action of different fertilisers, to. draw up a general Table
which, at least, will have the merit of being an approximation
to the truth, and certainly be better than many of the hap-
hazard and variable systems of valuation at present adopted.

We have, however, seen it well to discriminate between the
application of fertilisers to arable land and grass land re-
spectively. Where, as in the latter case, there is always a crop
on the land, the constituents of manure are more fully retained
and do not drain away so readily as on arable land.

Thus, we have allowed, in the case of grass land, compen-
sation to extend over a longer period than with arable land.
Notably is this the case with such materials as basic slag and
lime, the influence of which is known practically to last longer
on grass land.

Though one crop, say for example, a cereal crop, will not
take as much out of the land as does a root crop or a potato
crop, it is impossible to discriminate between the residues each
Avould leave behind. The decisive factor is less the with-
drawal by the crop than the changes which afterwards go on
in the soil.

Between different classes of soil, also, we have not been able
to discriminate, but must leave it to the discretion of the
valuer whether the manures have been rightly applied or not.
This is more especially the case when manure has been put on
grass land, e.g. in cases such as those of superphosphate, bones,
basic slag, and lime. Superphosphate, for example, is in some

114

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

t

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values.

Table I. — Showing the Composition, Manurial and

Lawes and Gilbert's Tables , 1897,

VALUATION PER TON AS

Foods

A

Nitrogen

B

Phosphoric acid

Per

cent, in
food

Value at
15s.

per unit

Half of
value to
manure

Per

cent, in
food

Value at
3s.

per unit

Three-
quarters
of value
to

manure

j Decorticated cotton
( cake .

( Undecorticated cotton
( cake (Egyptian)
(Undecorticated cotton"
\ cake (Bombay)
Linseed cake

Linseed

Sova-bean cake .
Palm-nut cake
Cocoa-nut cake .
Earth-nut cake

Rape cake .

Per cent.

6 90

3 '54

3- 10

4- 75
3'60

6' 85

2- 50

3- 40
7-62

4- 90

s. d.

103 6

53 2

46 6

71 4

54 0
102 8

37 6

51 0

114 4

73 6

s. d.

51 9

y

26 7

23 3

35 8

27 0

51 4

18 9

25 6

57 2

36 9

Per cent.

3-10

2'00

2'50

2'00

1-54

1-30

1-20

1- 40
2'00

2- 50

s. d.

9 4

6 0

7 6

6 0

4 7

3 11

3 7

4 2

6 0

7 6

s. d.

7 0

4 6

5 7

4 6

3 5

2 11

2 8

3 1

4 6

5 8

Beans ....

4'00

60 0

30 0

MO

3 4

2 6

Peas ....

3'60

54 0

27 0

0'85

. 2 7

1 11

Wheat ....

1-80

26 10

13 5

0-85

2 7

2 0

Barley ....

1-65

24 10

12 5

0-75

2 3

1 8

Oats ....

2'00

30 0

15 0

0-60

1 10

1 5

Maize ....

1-70

25 6

12 9

0'60

1 9

1 4

Rice meal

1-90

28 8

14 4

O' 60

1 9

1 4

Locust beans

1-20

18 0

9 0

0'80

2 5

1 10

Malt ....

1-82

27 4

13 8

0'80

2 5

1 10

Malt culms .

3-90

58 6

29 3

2'00

6 0

4 6

Bran ....

2'50

37 6

18 9

3'60

10 10

8 2

Brewers’ grains (dried)

3'30

49 4

24 8

1-61

4 10

3 8

Brewers’ grains (wet) .

0-81

12 4

6 2

0-42

1 3

0 11

Clover hay .

2-40

36 0

18 0

0-57

1 9

1 4

Meadow hay

1-50

22 6

11 3

0-40

1 2

0 11

Wheat straw

0-45

6 8'

3 4

0 24

0 9

0 7

Barley straw

0'40

6 0

3 0

0-18

0 6

0 4

Oat straw

0 50

7 6

3 9

0-24

0 9

0 7

Mangolds

0-22

3 4

1 8

1 007

0 3

0 2

Swedes.

0-25

3 10

1 11

0'06

0 2

0 1

Turnips

0-18

2 8

1 4

0-05

0 * 2

0 1

Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values.

115

ompensation Values of Feeding Stuffs ( Revised from
nd Voelcker and HalVs Tables , 1902).

A.NURE

C

Compensation value for each ton
of the food consumed

D

Pn tin, sh

Food made

Food consumed

into dung

on land

Foods

*

(It

(2)

(3)

(4)

Per

Value

Three-
quarters .

Before

After

Before

After

*nr.. in

at 4s

of value

one crop

one crop

one crop

one crop

food

Der unit

to

nas been

lias been

has been

lias been

manure

grown

grown

grown

grown

or

or

or

or

removed

removed

removed

removed

r cent.

S.

d.

s.

d.

s.

d.

s.

d.

s.

d.

s.

d.

2-00

8

0

6

0

64

9

32

4

85

6

32

4

( Decorticated cotton )

| cake . . . (

2-00

8

0

6

0

37

1

18

6

47

9

18

6

( Undecorticated cotton 1
( cake (Egyptian) . j

1-61

6

fe'

4

10

33

8 '

16

10

43

0

16

10

f Undecorticated cotton )

] cake (Bombay) . . . j

140

5

7

4

2

44

4

22

2

58

10

22

2

Linseed cake

1-37

5

6

■ 4

2

34

7

17

3

45

4

17

3

Linseed

2-2)

8

10

6

7

60

10

30

5

81

6

30

5

Soya-bean cake .

0-50

2

0

1

6

22

11

11

5

30

6

11

5

Palm-nut cake

2-00

8

0

6

0

34

7

17

3

44

9

17

3

Cocoa-nut cake .

1-50

6

0

4

6

66

2

33

1

89

1

33

1

Earth-nut cake .

1-50

6

0

4

j

6

46

11

23

5

61

8

23

5

Rape cake .

1-30

5

2

3

10

36

4

18

2

48

4

18

2

Beans . .

0-96

3

10

2

10

31

9

15

10

42

6

15

10

Peas ....

0-53

2

1

1

7

17

•o •

8

6

22

5

8

6

Wheat .

0-55

2

2

1

7

15

8

7

10

20

8

7

10

Barley ....

0-50

2

0

1

6

17

11

9

0

23

11

9

0

Oats .

0-37

1

6

1

1

15

2

7

7

20

4

7

7

Maize ....

0-37

1

6

1

1

16

9

8

4

22

6

8

4

Rice meal

0-80

3

2

2

4

13

2

6

7

16

9

6

7

Locust beans

0-60

2

5

1

10

17

4

8

8

22

9

8

8

Malt ....

2-00

8

0

6

0

39

9

19

10

51

6

19

10

Malt culms . .

145

5

9

4

4

31

3

15

7

38

10

15

7

Bran . . . .

0-20

0

10

0

8

29

0

14

6

38

11

14

6

Brewers’ grains (dried)

0-05

0

2

0

1

7

2

3

7

9

9 i

3

7

Brewers’ grains (wet) .

1-50

6

0

4

6

23

10

11

11

31

0

11

11

.. . . • „ t y

Clover hay .

1-60

6

5

4

8

16

10

8

5

21

4

8

5

Meadow hay

’ ... ■ • v ■■ > .

0-80

3

2

2

4

6

3

3

1

7

7

3

1

Wheat Straw

1-00

4

0

3

0

6

4

3

2

7

6

3

2

Barley Straw

1-00

4

0

3

0

7

4 *

3

8

8

11

3

8

Oat Straw .

040

1

7

1

2

3

0

1

6

3

8

1

6

Mangolds

0-22

0

11

0

8

2

8

1

4

3

7

1

4

Swedes.

0-30

1

2

0

11

2

4

1

2

2

10

!

1

2

Turnips

No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8
9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

< j ; *

19

20
21

; 22

23

24

25

/;

26

27

28

29

30

31

116 Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values.

parts advantageously used for grass land ; in other parts no
benefit is experienced from it. Basic slag, again, is invaluable
on some lands, but useless on others. Bones, in their different
forms, are very variable as regards their results ; while lime,
though indispensable on some soils, may not be called for at
all on others.

The matter of the prices charged for manures is again one
beyond our power to check ; we must assume these to be fair.
Inasmuch, however, as the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act
compels the giving of the analysis on the invoice, a safeguard
is introduced by which a competent valuer can form some
opinion, or upon which expert opinion can be taken, as to
the reasonableness of the price charged. We must, therefore,
leave it to be understood that, while the Tables we have set
out are to be taken as a guide, they must be subject to such
modifications as the particular circumstances of the case
demand.

The most recent information as to the residual value of
fertilisers is that obtained from a large series of experiments
which were commenced in 1904 in Little Hoos Field, Rotham-
sted, and which are still in progress. These have already
given certain definite issues regarding the residue left for
subsequent crops after one or more have been taken off the
land.

Perhaps one of the most striking points brought out is that
phosphates, whether derived from superphosphate, bones, or
basic slag, behave much alike as regards their residues. A
further point is that in nitrogenous manures like Peruvian
guano, fish guano, meat meal, &c., as also in manure cakes, the
greater portion of the value is used up in the first crop.
Slowly-acting organic manures, such as shoddy, hoofs, and
horns, &c., last for a longer period, and for this duration
allowance should be made.

As regards lime, the Woburn Experiments have clearly
shown the duration of this both on arable and -on grass land.
Lastly, the Rothamsted and Woburn Experiments alike have
demonstrated that for such soluble salts as nitrate of soda,
sulphate of ammonia, and the like, there is practically nothing
left over after the first crop has been taken off.

Acting on these data, we have drawn up the following Table
of compensation (page 117) for the use of fertilisers generally.

The first point that will probably strike the practical man as
being somewhat strange is the putting of superphosphate and
bones on the same level. This, however, is the direct outcome
of the experiments on Little Hoos Field, and superphosphate
must clearly not be considered the transient material which it
is too often supposed to be. On grass land, bones may be

Compensation for Unexhausted Manurial Values. 117

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The Valuer must exercise his discretion as to the suitability of these manures when used upon grass land.

118 Compensation for Unexhausted Afanurial T alues.

expected to yield a benefit for a longer period, and we have
lengthened their duration accordingly. Dissolved bones are
more rapid in their action, and so a higher proportion has been
put down as being taken up by the first crop. Regarding basic
slag, a long series of statistics exist, notably those from the
Cockle Park Farm of the Northumberland County Council.
While basic slag is. not so certain in its action on arable land, it
is clear that, where it is well suited to grass land, the benefit

may last for seven to eight years.

Bone and compound manures are very variable in composi-
tion, and it is with these that one meets with most cases of
comparatively high prices being charged ; we think ourselves
justified, therefore, in putting these into a lower scale as
regards their residual value than superphosphate or dissolved

bones.

It may again cause some surprise that the effect of nitro-
genous manures such as Peruvian guano, fish guano, and meat
meal, is reckoned to be so readily exhausted ; but this is what
the experience of the Rothamsted Experiments in Little Hoos
Field has shown. The same applies even more strikingly to
manure-cakes and dried blood. It will, however, cieate no
surprise to those who have followed the Rothamsted and
Woburn Experiments, that we allow no appreciable residue
in the case of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, or the
more recently introduced nitrogenous fertilisers, cyanamide,
nitrate of lime, &c.

Potash salts, however, possess a longer duration in the
soil, and hence we reckon them to last through to the thiid
crop.

Lastly, as regards lime, we have clear evidence from the
Woburn Experiments that, on arable land, lime, when required,
will exercise tangible benefit for quite seven years, and, on
grass land, may be expected to last even longer.

In drawing up these new Tables, we. have been actuated
solely by the desire to put the system of valuation of unex-
hausted residues on as scientific a basis as possible, while
having due regard to practical considerations. We know
well the imperfections of our own knowledge of the subject,
but, so far as the results of actual experiment are available, we
have endeavoured to utilise these for the purpose of drawing
up our Tables. We in no way, however, wish it thought that
we are proposing to dispense with the Valuer, for, as our Paper
will have shown, there are numerous points in which the
judgment of the Valuer must be exercised, and our Tables are
intended primarily to give him a sound basis upon Avhich to
work.

The Duration of the Action of Manures. 119

We have been much gratified by the reception already given
to our earlier Tables, and we can but hope that the present
revision and extension of them will be found of real benefit
and will meet with general acceptance.

J. Augustus Voelcker,

A. D. Hall.

[Copies of this article will be obtainable in pamphlet form at the Society’s
House, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., through any bookseller, or of Mr. John
Murray, 50a Albemarle Street, London, W. Price one shilling. Half price to
Members on application to the Society only.]

THE DURATION OF THE ACTION OF

. MANURES.

HOW long the action of a manure may be expected to last in the
soil is a question of considerable scientific interest, and also of
immediate practical importance, since an outgoing tenant is
entitled to compensation for any added fertility he may have
left in the land for the benefit of his successor.

The obvious answer would be that of simple arithmetic ;
the manure contains so many pounds of nitrogen, phosphoric
acid, and potash ; one or more crops are grown after its appli-
cation, each containing a certain amount of these constituents ;
the difference, if any, calculated on the same scale of prices
should then represent the value of the residue in the soil.
We cannot, however, work along these lines ; too many other
factors than the crop withdrawals come into play. The nitrogen
compounds in the manure in particular are subject to various
losses of an incalculable nature — some of them are exceedingly
stable, persist in the soil, and slowly become available to the
plant ; others change rapidly into ammonia and nitrates, and
if they are not utilised by the crop are then liable to be washed
out of the soil or destroyed by bacterial action. At Rothamsted
the experiments have fully demonstrated that no part of the
ammonia or nitrates applied as manure and not utilised by the
the crop persists through the winter for the benefit of the
succeeding crop. On the lighter soil at Woburn there is a
small residue, the amount of which depends upon the winter
rainfall and temperature. Phosphatic manures are less subject
to loss ; they cannot be destroyed, and washing on ordinary
soils is negligible. For example, at Rothamsted the whole of
the unused phosphoric acid applied as superphosphate over a
period of half a century still remains in the top nine inches of

120 The Duration of the Action of Manures.

soil. The phosphates do, however, undergo change, and by
combination with the bases in the soil pass into compounds
which are more insoluble and but slightly available to the crop,
the character of the change depending upon the composition of
the soil. Some, at any rate, of the unused phosphoric acid is
thus put out of action, and the whole must be counted as of
less value, pound for pound, than in the original manure.
Potash behaves very similarly to phosphoric acid, though it is
rather more soluble and subject to loss by drainage.

As the problem could not be solved by theoretical con-
siderations, it was resolved at Rothamsted to subject it to actual
trial, and the Little Hoos Field, in 1904, was set aside for that
purpose. In view of the smallness of some of the effects the
experiment has hardly yet lasted long enough for accurate
results ; the main trend is, however, sufficiently indicated to
permit of certain general conclusions being drawn. The
experiment took the following form : for each manure five
plots were set aside — one was a check plot, which at no time
received the manure under investigation. Of the other plots,
one received the manure in 1904, but remained unmanured in
1905, 6, and 7 ; a second plot was manured in 1906, but not in
1907 ; the third in 1907. Thus in 1907, by which year the
experiment was in full swing, there was a plot that had been
manured in that vear, another that had been manured in the

V

previous year ; a third two years previously ; and a fourth
three years previously. In 1908 it was considered that the
manure applied in 1904 to the first plot had been exhausted by
the four crops grown with it, and the manuring was renewed
on that plot ; on the second plot it was renewed in 1909, and
so on ; the result being that in any year after 1907 there was a
crop grown on some plot with the manure ; on a second plot
with the residue of the manure after one crop had been taken ;
on a third with the residue after two crops ; and on a fourth
with the residue after three crops ; while there was a further
check plot that had never received the manure. The Table on
the following page will show more exactly the arrangement.

The field was farmed on a rotation of alternating corn and
roots — swedes, barley, mangolds, wheat ; clover being omitted
because it would introduce nitrogen. In the field there were
eight sets of five plots; five for nitrogenous manures — dung made
from roots and hay only, cake fed dung, shoddy (wmol waste),
Peruvian guano, rape dust, and three for phosphatic manures —
bone meal, superphosphate, and basic slag. Once during each
rotation a dressing of superphosphate and sulphate of potash
was applied equally to all the nitrogen plots ; similarly for the
corn crops a dressing of sulphate of ammonia was given alike
to all the phosphatic plots. It will be noticed that for each

The Duration of the Action of Manures. 121

Year

Plot A Plot B

|

Plot C

Plot D

Plot E

1904

Manure

—

—

—

No manure
Check

1905

No manure

1 year old resi-
due

Manure

—

—

No manure
Check

1906

No manure

2 year old resi-
due

No manure

1 year old resi-
due

Manure

—

No manure
Check

1907

No manure

3 year old resi-
due

No manure

2 year old resi-
due

No manure

1 year old resi-
due

Manure

vo manure
Check

1908

Manure

No manure

3 year old resi-
due

No manure

2 year old resi-
due

No manure

1 year old resi-
due

No manure
Check

1909

No manure

1 year old resi-
due

Manure

No manure

3 year old resi-
due

No manure

2 year old resi-
due

No manure
Check

Ac.

Ac.

&c.

Ac.

Ac.

&c.

mammal series there was one check plot nnmanured ; these
were arranged diagonally across the field and the mean of all
the five was used for comparison in the case of nitrogenous
manures, the mean of three is the standard for the phosphatic
plots. It will not be necessary here to give the details of all
the crops (tbe actual amounts of manure applied and the yields
are set out in the Guide to the Rothamsted Experiments and
in the Annual Report from year to year) ; to bring them into
comparison the mean yield (total produce, grain and straw
or roots and leaves) on the check plots was each year taken as
100, and the other yields calculated to that standard. It will
be convenient to consider separately the results obtained :
(1) from dung, (2) from other nitrogenous fertilisers, (3) from
phosphatic fertilisers.

1. Residual values of rich and poor dung.

The dung for the experiment was made afresh each year ;
a couple of bullocks were fed under cover on hay and roots
alone, another pair alongside had the same roots and hay, the
same straw litter, but in addition a good ration of 5-8 lb. of
cake per diem. The two lots of dung were either taken
straight from the stalls on to the land or made up into heaps
side by side and treated exactly alike until they were carted
out to the land and ploughed in. No attempt was made to

122 The Duration of the Action of Manures .

check the amount of food consumed in making the dung, but
equal weights of the manure were taken, the application being
at the rate of sixteen tons to the acre, and the lots were sampled
as they were carted out.

The following Table I. gives a summary of the results : —

Table I. — Yield from rich and poor dung over a period of

four years.

Yield. — Total produce (unmanured plot=100)

Year of
application

1 year old
residue

2 year old
residue

3 year old
residue

Mean of 9

Mean of 8

Mean of 7

Mean of 6

Dung from roots and hay

•

only ....

13d

123

111

106

Dung from roots and hay

with cake

165

132

113

10S

In the year of application the cake fed dung had a great
superiority, it increased the yield above that of the unmanured
plot by twice the amount of increase produced by the ordinary
dung, e.g. if the unmanured plot gave 3 qr. of wheat, the plot
receiving ordinary dung gave 4 qr., and the plot with cake fed
dung 5 qr. In the following year, however, the superiority
was much less manifest, the ordinary dung raised the yield by
one quarter, the cake fed dung by one-third. In the following
two years, there was no significant difference in the effect of
the two kinds of dung, the effect of the cake feeding persists
for two years only, then, though the dung is still producing an
effect, the poor dung is just as valuable as the rich. To under-
stand these results let us turn to the analysis of the dung,
mean values per cent., Table II. : —

Table II. — Composition of dung.

Dry
Matter
per cent.

Nitrogen, per cent.

Total.

As

Ammonia

As

Amides,

&c.

Insoluble

Dung from roots and

hay

26A

0-530

0-043

0-069

0-418

Dung from roots and

hay with cake

26-6

0-701

0-147

0-118

0-436

The cake fed dung naturally contains the most nitrogen,
0-7 per cent, as against 053 per cent., but the difference is
almost entirely in the ammonia and other soluble compounds,

The Duration of the Action of Manures. 123

for both kinds contain about the same percentage of nitrogen
combined in an insoluble form.

This is exactly what should be expected from the fact that
the nitrogen compounds in the cake, being almost wholly
digestible, are excreted as urea, which changes rapidly into
ammonia ; thus the effect of cake feeding is to enrich the
dung in ammonia and other active compounds of nitrogen,
but not particularly in those more slowly acting insoluble
compounds which come from the litter and the undigested
portions of the food. From numerous other experiments we
learn that ammonia and such compounds are only of value as
manures for the crops to which they are applied, or to a much
smaller degree to the succeeding crops ; hence the effect of
the cake feeding is pronounced in the first year, much less in
the succeeding year, and then nil. After the second year the
slowly acting nitrogen compounds that were derived from the
straw and the undigested residues of the food are still coming
into action, and continue to do so for many years before they
are exhausted, but these effects, as they arise less from the cake
feeding than from the other constituents of the manure, become
alike for both kinds of dung. The general conclusion that we
can draw is that cake feeding only adds fertility to the land for
the first two crops grown with the manure.

2. Other Nitrogenous Manures.

Table III. — Yield from various nitrogenous manures over

a period of four years.

YIELD.— Total produce (unmanured plot = 100)

Year of
application

1 year old
residue

2 year old
residue

3 year old
residue

Mean of 9

Mean of 8

Mean of 7

Mean of 6

Shoddy ....

139-7

125-2

116-1

106-7

Peruvian Guano .

150-0

101-0

96'5

98-4

Rape Dust ....

136-2

100-4

100-0

94-4

The results obtained with the wool-waste, Peruvian guano,
and rape dust are set out in. Table III. A marked contrast
exists between the first and the two latter of these manures.
The shoddy or wool-waste evidently contains compounds of
nitrogen subject to comparatively slow decay, so that its effect
in the second and succeeding years is considerable, there being
a distihct increase indicated in the fourth crop grown with the
manure. Indeed the values yielded by shoddy compare veiy
closely with those obtained with farmyard manure made from
roots and hay only. It is a persistent manure that exerts in

124

1 lie Duration of the Action of Manures.

the first year of application less than one-half of its total effect.
Doubtless we should include in the same category all manures
made from hair, fur, skin, silk, hoofs, horns, &c. ; and probably
also the nitrogen compounds of bones.

Very different are the results yielded by Peruvian guano
and rape dust. For both these manures the return in the first
season is high ; they are well-knoAvn, indeed, as active and
effective nitrogenous fertilisers ; but the experiments show
that they leave no residue possessing any value for succeeding
crops. Owing to the limited number of experiments, too much
stress cannot be laid on the actual figures obtained — there is a
possible error of 5 per cent, or so, and, moreover, some evidence
exists that the check-plot figure, = 100, is somewhat too high
for the plots in the guano and rape dust series, which are in
consequence rated too low. Plowever, we shall be justified in
concluding that the nitrogenous residue from Peruvian guano
or rape cake after a crop has been taken will give less than
10 per cent, increase in the second crop, and after that will be
completely exhausted. (It should be noted that this statement
applies to the nitrogenous part only of these manures, not to
the phosphates they contain.) Now, the nitrogen compounds
in question are, in the guano, ammonium compounds, uric
acid and its derivatives, and -some proteins; in the rape
cake, almost entirely proteins ; and it is a point of great
importance in this connection thus to find that proteins are as
active and as temporary in their action as ammonium com-
pounds. Such a result is indeed intelligible, for the true
proteins are readily and completely digestible, are equally
easily attacked by bacteria, and pass thereby into ammonia and
kindred bodies with great rapidity. Wb have other evidence
from the Rothamsted experiments that the nitrogen in rape cake
is» pound for pound, very nearly as immediately effective as the
nitrogen in ammonium salts. The proteins thus fall into line
Avith nitrates, ammonia, urea, &c., as compounds which produce
all their effect in the season of their application, and leave little
appreciable residue behind, in contrast to the collagens (the in-
soluble nitrogen compounds of wool, skin, bone, &c.) and the
indigestible residues of food. With this distinction in mind we
can roughly estimate the residual value of the nitrogen in other
fertilisers in cakes and seed residues it will be present in the
form of protein ; in fish guanos it will be mainly protein ; in
meat guanos protein and collagen; the latter predominating’ the
pooiei the manure becomes, and the more it approximates to
bone meal. Though these conclusions are based on experi-
ments on the Rothamsted soil alone, it is one that Avould usually
be considered retentive of manure, being both heavy and cool
fairly supplied with rain but not waterlogged.

The Duration of the Action of Manures.

1 25

3. The Phosphatic Fertilisers.

The following Table IV. shows on the same lines as before
the results yielded by the three phosphatic fertilisers under
trial : —

Table IY. — Yield from phosphatic fertilisers over a period

of four years.

Yield.— Total produce (unmanured plot = 100)

Year of
application

1 year old
residue

2 year old
residue

3 year old
residue

Mean of 9

Mean of 8

Mean of 7

Mean of 6

Superphosphate .

116-2

109-6

113-8 '

107-8

Bone Meal ....

114-6

112-4

109-1

105-6

Basic Slag ....

114-5

110-5

104-8

112-0

These results are significant in two directions, one that the
phosphatic manures persist in the soil and the residues exert an
effect that is roughly proportional to the amount of phosphate
unused, secondly, that superphosphate is as lasting a manure as
either bone meal or basic slag. Neither conclusion can be said
to be wholly unexpected or unjustified ; it has already been
shown that at Rothamsted the phosphoric acid contained in the
superphosphate applied from year to year still persists in the
surface layer in a state of combination soluble in dilute citric
acid, and therefore readily available for the use of the crop. If
then the soluble phosphoric acid of superphosphate is thus
definitely arrested and kept in a valuable form there is no
reason to expect any greater deterioration in the phosphates of
bone meal or basic slag, which remain effective in so far as
they have not been taken out by the crop. This conclusion is
perhaps to be limited to a soil like that of Rothamsted,
reasonably well furnished with carbonate of lime, so that the
compounds formed in the soil by the soluble phosphoric acid
will be mainly those containing lime. Returning to the
original object of these experiments it is clear that the com-
pensation to be paid for a dressing of phosphatic manure must
be spread over a longer period than that given for most kinds
of nitrogenous fertilisers.

Phosphatic manures are usually applied in considerable
quantity ; 1 cwt. of superphosphate will contain from 14 to
20 lb. of phosphoric acid, 1 cwt. of bone meal about 25 lb., and
1 cwt. of basic slag about 20 lb. of phosphoric acid, yet most
crops do not remove more than 20 to 30 lb. per acre of phosphoric
acid (mangolds up to 50 lb. per acre or more). Hence with
the ordinary dressings we may assume that at least one half of
the original value of the manure remains in the soil after the first

126 The Duration of the Action of Manures.

crop has been taken, and compensation to that extent should be
given to the outgoing tenant, always assuming that the soil is
one needing phosphatic fertilisers so that the original expen-
diture was justified. When phosphatic fertilisers are used on
suitable grass land the scale of compensation should be even
higher and should last for more than four years, because of the
cumulative change wrought in the herbage as well as the actual
phosphoric acid left behind.

Conclusions.

The facts already brought to light by the experiments upon
the Little Hoos Field at Rothamsted may be summed up as
follows. As regards farmyard manure we can distinguish
between the nitrogenous compounds introduced by the con-
sumption of cakes and other concentrated feeding stuffs, and
the compounds derived from the straw and the undigested
residues of such coarse foods as hay. The former Avill have an
immediate effect on the first crop, and to a much smaller extend
on the second crop, after which they disappear ; the latter
compounds act slowly, do not Avaste, and have a measurable
value for many years, though for practical purposes we may
neglect their action after the fourth year.

Among nitrogenous fertilisers ammonium compounds and
nitrate of soda have no perceptible action after the first year ;
Peruvian guano, rape cake, and similar fertilisers containing
proteins leaA7e very little residue after the first year, and none
after the second. On the other hand, nitrogenous fertilisers of
the avooI, hair, bone class are sloAvly acting and non-wasting,
their effect may be expected to persist for at least four years. &

Phosphatic fertilisers, even Avhen soluble like superphosphate,
do not Ayaste in the soil, and their residues continue to be effec-
tive until they have been exhausted by the crops.

To. one other point attention may be called, though it does
not arise strictly out of these experiments. It is seen that the
residues of active nitrogenous fertilisers are Avasted ; this Avastage
takes place in the winter, for soils in the autumn after the crop
has been removed become very rich in nitrates, which usually
disappear before the spring. Hence, especially in rich soils,
there will be a great economy if before the winter the land can
be occupied by a rapidly groAving catch crop Avhich Avill convert
these fugitive nitrates, &c., into insoluble plant material, after-
wards ploughed in to become available for another crop.

A. D. Hall, M.A., F.R.S.

(Late of the Rothamsted Experimental Station.')

Mostyn Load,

Merton, S,W.

127

SOME MINOR FARM CROPS. I.

I.— FLAX.

Line and Linseed.

The cultivation of flax as part of the agricultural practice of
England is of great antiquity. It was probably introduced into
this country by the Romans, who were conversant both with
the cultivation of the crop and with the preparation of the
fibre for spinning and weaving long before their occupation
of Britain. It has been stated, too, on good authority, that
home-made linen fabrics were common in England as early as
the eighth century. Little reference to flax cultivation,
however, .is to be found in any official records until A.D. 1175.
About this date we find flax included among tithable articles,
so, presumably, the cultivation of the crop had attained to
considerable dimensions towards the latter part of the twelfth
century.

Some real advance in the management of the flax crop
seems to have taken place during the reign of King Henry III.
This was due to the immigration of a number of Flemish
weavers who were induced to settle down and practice their art
of weaving in England. It is believed by some writers that
these people elected to settle in the fertile plain about Selby,
in Yorkshire, where by their methods and example they im-
proved the weaving industry and thereby increased the demand
for better quality fibre. For some considerable period after
this time the policy of the Government seems to have been to
encourage this growing industry in every possible way.

The next noteworthy advance of which we have official
record occurred in 1535, in which year an Act was passed
(24 Hen. VIII., c. 4) making the cultivation of flax or hemp
obligatory.1 All persons holding tillage land were thereby
compelled to sow at least one rood of flax or hemp for every

1 It is worthy of notice that this statute of Henry VIII. enjoined the sowing
of flax and hemp because of the great increase of idle people in the realm ; an
increase largely brought about by increasing imports, especially that of linen.

128

Some Minor Farm Crops.

sixty acres of such land occupied. Thomas Tusser , who
lived at that time, sings —

“ Good flax and good hemp to have of her own
In Maie a good housewife will see it be sowne ” ;

from which we may conclude that in the sixteenth century flax
was probably grown on most farms, the fibre separation and
subsequent spinning and weaving being carried out by the
husbandman and his family in his home.

Thirty years later this law was made more stringent, a fine
of five pounds being imposed on all farmers not growing at
least one acre of flax or hemp for every sixty acres of land
cultivated (5 Eliz., c. 5). We find that Monyson writing in
Elizabeth’s reign (see his “Itinerary,” ed. 1617, III., 179),
says that husbandmen wore garments of coarse linen cloth
made at home, as also did their Avives, and “ in generall ” their
linen was coarse.

From time to time various other methods were adopted for
increasing the area devoted to the flax crop ; for example, in
1691 the tithe levied on this commodity was reduced, in 1712
a bounty Avas given on all exported British-made sail cloth, and
laws Avere passed Avhich compelled people to bury their dead in
linen, or to pay a fine. It is not surprising, therefore, to find
that at that time flax Avas groAvn more or less in all parts of
the kingdom ; indeed in many counties several thousands of
acres of land were devoted annually to this crop.

Numerous towns and villages sprung up in these flax-
growing districts in response to the requirements of the
industry, and the names of such places as Flaxton (in York- ,
shire), Little Steeping (in Lincolnshire), Retford (in Notts.),
and Flax-Bourton (in Somerset), probably originated during
this period of activity and serve to remind us to-day of the

extent to which the flax industry Avas carried on in former
vears.

V

Although the bounty system did not remain long in opera-
tion, the area of land devoted to flax continued to increase
when it was discontinued ; so much so, indeed, that some twenty
years after that form of encouragement had ceased there were,
m some parts of the country, more than three times the number
of acres under flax than formerly.

The introduction of cotton and the successful machine-
spinning of that fibre reduced the English flax industrA' very
considerably. About the year 1820 steam-driven flax-spinning
machinery became commercially successful, but even this did
not change the depressed condition of the industry very
matei ially. ^Then, too, the high price to Avhich grain advanced
during the Napoleonic War period naturally induced the better
farmers to grow the usual grain crops rather than flax. In

Some Minor Farm Crops.

129

addition to their increased profits they were thus relieved of
the necessity of engaging in the troublesome after-processes of
retting and fibre separation, operations which, at that time,
were conducted on primitive lines by the husbandman and
his family. It appears therefore that British flax cultivation
survived only in the hands of the less experienced farmers, a
condition of things which almost of necessity meant that the
quality of the fibre prepared was low. This probably explains
how it was that British flax fell into discredit, and, while a
diminishing quantity was grown in this country, the amount
of fibre imported steadily increased. Furthermore, following
the Treaty of Paris in 1856 and peace with Russia, large
quantities of low grade fibre were imported into this country
from Russia, and occasioned a further depression in British and
Irish flax growing.

It must be observed also that improved methods were being
practised in Holland and in Belgium, and these were closely guar-
ded as secrets against the foreigner ; in consequence the fibre
from these countries coming to the British markets commanded
more than double the price of the home-grown commodity.

Two other factors that contributed to the decline of English
flax growing are worthy of notice. One was the centralization
of the linen trade in certain districts only, thereby depriving
many farmers of their local markets on which they depended
for the disposal of their crop ; the other was the increased
cost of labour due to the high prices of food materials and
the general prosperity (which, however, was largely fictitious)
during the great French War.

A marked halt in this decline, however, took place in 1864,
chiefly owing to the cotton famine, which made flax a more
valuable commodity, but due also to the establishment of public
or central retteries at which farmers could dispose of their
flax straw, thus relieving themselves of the necessity of
carrying out the troublesome after-processes of retting and fibre
separation. This latter feature seems to have figured largely in
the revival of the industry which took place during the ensuing
ten years, and marked a new stage in the history of British
flax.

A further step in the revival was the saving of the seed as
well as the utilisation of the straw. It is clear from early
writings that it was customary to make no attempt to save the
seed from flax grown in this country, although the special
merit of linseed cake as a cattle food was recognised at an
early date. But owing to the prevailing practice of largely
adulterating linseed cake British farmers were induced ulti-
mately to follow the lead given by John Warnes about 1840,
and harvest the crop, so that both the seed and fibre were

YOL 74. F

130

Some Minor Farm Crops .

secured. Considerable importance became attached to this
practice ; indeed, farmers began to grow flax as a seed crop in
this country.

The term flax being used to denote the crop grown primarily
for seed — i.e. linseed — as well as the crop grown primarily for
fibre, it became customary to speak of the latter as a line crop.
Certainly this term line is still used in Somerset and in York-
shire, where flax growing on a considerable scale has not long
ceased, and it seems desirable to retain the term to indicate the
fla x.-fibre crop as distinct from the fia n-linseed crop.

It is interesting to note that in 1870 the area devoted to
flax growing in Great Britain was no less than 23,957 acres —
the greatest area devoted to the crop in any year on record.
About the year 1875 a succession of seasons adverse to
flax was experienced, and this, together with the keen
competition of foreign flax and other fibres on the English
markets, and the high price of wheat at the time, caused
many farmers to cease growing flax. In consequence, many
of the flax factories at which the retting operations had
been conducted were compelled to close down through
want of support. Other factories, operating alone in a large
district where there was little or no competition, failed to
inspire the farmers with confidence that they were receiving
fair treatment at the hands of the factory management. The
flax mills which were established in 1876 at Long Melford
continued in operation for some twenty years, and took large
quantities of flax straw from the farmers of that part of
Suffolk. The most prosperous factories, however, seem to have
been situated in Yorkshire, at Selby and Staddlethorpe — these
two together dealing annually with the crop from some three
thousand acres.

Nevertheless, in company with the other few remaining
retteries and mills, the quantity of flax dealt with each year
decreased steadily and eventually about 1896 they too ceased
operations. From time to time small attempts have been made
to resuscitate the industry in this country, but owing to want
of capital, or to lack of proper co-operation between grower
and factory, or to other mismanagement, no success has attended
these endeavours.

Although, as the following table shows, there has never
been less than some 200 acres devoted to flax in this country,
only quite a small part of this refers to the line crop. This is
due to the fact that some farmers are now growing linseed for
consumption on their own farms and the acreage is returned as
being under flax. In Somerset and in Yorkshire, however,
small quantities of flax are still grown as a line crop, the straw
being dew-retted and disposed of locally.

Some Minor Farm Crops.

131

Area devoted to flax in England and Wales and in Scotland in

the years 1882 to 1910.

Year

England and Wales

Scotland

Acres

Acres

1882

5,128

92

1883

1,208

109

1881

2,192

55

1885

2,119

11

1886

2,899

169

1887

2,802

900

1888

1,881

327

1889

2,295

80

1890

2,117

38

1891

1,791

10

1892

1,112

9

1893

1,219

9

1891

1,751

9

1895

2,002

21

1896

1,765

31

1897

1,116

3

1898

899

3

1899

175

1

1900

166

1

1901

636

1

1902

832

3

1903

920

5

1901

551

9

1905

137

1

1906

253

10

1907

359

13

1908

272

11

1909

293

2

1910

226

3

This, briefly, is the history of flax cultivation in this country
in so far as the line crop is concerned.

Agricultural.

It has long been held that flax requires no special kind of soil
as it flourishes well on any good medium land. Provided that
the land be clean, its selection is of minor importance compared
with its proper preparation prior to sowing the seed. Although
it may be said that land which is clean and well adapted to the
cultivation of barley is suitable for line, the best results are
obtained where the subsoil is stiff — a good wheat bottom being
eminently suited for the production of high-class fibre crops.
Flax does well after wheat and wheat does well after flax ; and
the usual custom in England has been to grow line after a
straw crop, although/ not infrequently, it has found a place
after clover, a practice which at the present time finds favour
in Ireland. When the land is heavy and line follows wheat,

132

Some Minor Farm Crops.

autumn ploughing is always regarded as of the utmost impor-
tance. When the soil is light it must be consolidated so that
it will retain moisture easily and provide a firm seed-bed — a
condition which is best attained by following with line after a
root or green crop has been fed off by sheep. Great stress is
laid upon the necessity of having the land deeply worked and
firm, with but a shallow surface layer to cover the seed after
sowing. This is of importance, because the line crop grows
very rapidly — the growing period extending over some ten
weeks only — and the most desirable conditions are those that
cause this rapid growth to be both continuous and uniform ; a
check during the development of the plant causing the fibres to
become coarse and irregular.

It is no longer seriously maintained that flax is an exhausting
crop in the sense that it draws more from the land than do
other crops. However, owing to its rapid growth the plant
requires its nutritive materials to be in an easily assimilable
form. This means that flax is seemingly a crop that would
respond readily to artificial manures, but such application can
be made profitably only after a thorough knowledge of the
manurial requirements of the crop and of the particular soil has
been acquired, and it is to be lamented that little or no infor-
mation of a reliable nature concerning this is available.

The selection of the seed for sowing is an important point,
as it is very necessary to employ only the very best seed,
choosing that which is bright, plump, and clean. The best plan
is to choose one's seed merchant with care, so that one may be
reasonably confident of getting the best quality seed on the
market. From quite early times it has been the custom in
England to procure seed for sowing from Riga and Pskoff direct,
or Riga seed which has been grown for one year in Holland or
Belgium — now known as “ Riga Child.” Such imported seed
was formerly grown successively for some few years ; the custom
being to mark off a portion of the crop each year and to allow
that to mature more fully to provide seed for sowing the
following year. The necessity for frequent change of seed
seems to have come to the fore only during more recent years,
the present custom being to make use of freshly imported seed
each year.

In order to get a tall uniform crop, the quantity of seed
sown per acre and the method of its distribution are important
considerations. The quantity of seed sown varies from 2 to
2^ bushels per acre, although, when it is desired to obtain
particularly fine fibre, as much as 3 to 3^ bushels of seed are
used. After the seed-bed has been prepared, the seed is sown
broadcast by hand or by means of a “ fiddle,” or it is distribu-
ted from a hand seed-barrow. Bowing should be done. early

Some Minor Farm Crops.

133

in the spring, as early as the land will permit. Usually it is
possible to sow on light soils at the end of March or the
beginning of April, whereas on heavier land it is seldom
possible to get the seed in before the end of April. However,
many varying influences have to be taken into account and
only the farmer can say when his land is in a suitable condition
for receiving the seed.

It has always been a common practice in some districts
to sow “ seeds ” with the flax ; the conditions seem to be
specially favourable to the production of a good “seeds” crop,
and little if any harm is done to the line. In Yorkshire, at the
present day, the line crop is always regarded as the forerunner
of good clover crops.

Seeing that the object in view is to raise a crop of great
uniformity, it is of importance to have the seed bedded at a
uniform depth, otherwise an irregular crop will result. To
attain this end some farmers prefer to drill the seed so
as to avoid the uncertainty of distribution and lodgement
attending hand sowing. After sowing, the seed should be
covered by lightly harrowing cross-wise, and then lightly
rolling the seed bed.

Owing to the conditions of flax cultivation and the slender
growth of the plant, the development of weeds is greatly
favoured. It may be taken for granted, however, that line
crops are grown only on relatively clean land, and that weeds
have been reduced to a minimum by previous cultivations.
For the production of the best results it is always necessary to
go over the land to remove weeds of large growth such as
thistles, docks and charlock, but it is doubtful whether the
careful hand-weeding which is practised in Holland and
Belgium would be profitable in this country. The weeding
must be attended to quite early, when the line is only a few
inches above ground, otherwise the crop will not only suffer
by the presence of the weeds but will receive damage by
trampling during their removal.

When once above ground the plants grow rapidly, especially
if frequent showers fall during the month of June, when an
increase of about an inch may take place during twenty-four
hours.

There is no doubt that the value of the fibre is reduced
considerably if the crop is allowed to stand in the field until
the seed is ripe. Only when flax is grown as a linseed crop
is it allowed to become fully ripe, the straw thereby being
deprived of its oily sap, and the fibre losing in spinning
quality, becoming dry and somewhat harsh. But, however
this may be, there is no need entirely to disregard such a sub-
stantial'asset as the seed represents. The most advantageous

134

Some Minor Farm Crops.

course for tlie farmer to adopt is to grow the crop primarily
for fibre and secondarily for seed, that is, to harvest his crop
at a time when the seed is developed to the minimum for
it to be of commercial value, so that the fibre may suffer as
little as possible. It is everywhere agreed to be the best
practice to harvest the line crop when the lower part of the
stem begins to change colour from green to yellow, when
about one-third of the stem has so changed and when the
leaves to about half-way up the stem have changed colour and
fallen. At this stage an examination of the seeds within the
older capsules shows them to be just changing from a full
green colour to a brownish tint : a change which is observed
early in July, before the harvesting of the crops commences,
a fact which stands much in favour of the line crop.

The value of the line crop depends largely upon the manner
in which it is harvested. It is necessary that the stems be
arranged parallel with one another in neat bundles. So far, no
machine has proved capable of accomplishing this satisfactorily,
so that it is necessary to pull the flax and to tie it into
bundles by hand. Pulling is done only in dry weather and
should be accomplished with all possible haste, because in the
warm weather the ripening process proceeds rapidly. When
pulled the plants are laid down evenly on the ground and are
afterwards collected together and tied up into small sheaves by
twisting a few of the stems round them just below the seed
bolls.

In order to allow the after-ripening of the seed to take
place the sheaves are stood upon end in 'clusters in the field,
and are occasionally turned for some few days ; or they are
arranged in rows across the field, the object being to dry the
crop completely before it is put into the rick or the seed taken
off. The seed is removed from the straw by various simple
devices. In some localities the method known as rippling is
adopted. This consists of dividing the sheaves into bundles of
convenient size and then drawing the top ends of the handfuls
of straw through the teeth of a vertically placed iron comb, the
teeth of wdiich are too close together to allow the seed bolls to
pass between. The collected capsules are subsequently passed
between rollers or threshed by some form of flail. In Somerset,
instead of rippling off the seed, the custom is to pass the
top ends of the straw between the butt-ends of two revolving
wooden rollers fixed at such a distance apart that the straw is
practically untouched, and yet close enough together to crush
the seed capsules and to free the seed without damaging it.
One advantage of this method is that the capsules are separated
from the straw and the seed threshed by one and the same
operation.

Some Minor Farm Crops. 135

Fibre Separation.

The valuable part of the straw — the fibre — is situated
almost on the outside of the stem, where it forms a series of
irregular groups or bundles which are held in position by
a gummy or resinous material called pectose. Before the
harvested straw can be utilised by the spinner in the cus-
tomary way, these bundles of long fibres have to be isolated,
and up to the present time this is effected most satisfactorily
by allowing the stems to damp-rot — a process which is known
as retting.

From the earliest times to the present this process of
retting has been conducted either by submerging the stems
in water or by allowing alternate dew, sunshine and rain to
carry forward the decomposition of the pectose, which holds
the fibres in position, until they can be readily detached from
the woody part of the stem. These operations, known
respectively as water-retting or steeping, and dew-retting ,
are still the most usual and most satisfactory means to adopt,
and, as carried out to-day, present little departure from the
methods adopted in mediaeval times, except in the matter of
certain refinements.

It has been mentioned already that about the year 1860 a
number of central retteries were established in this country,
some of which continued in operation until 1896. Although
large quantities of straw were dealt with at these depots, the
custom remained in England of the farmer separating the
fibre for himself by retting in pools or in pits containing
water, or by dew-retting. At the present time water-retting
is only rarely met with in Great Britain, although the disused
retting pits which are frequently to be seen in Yorkshire and
the eastern and south-western counties seem to indicate the
prevalence of this method in former years. When the
operation is undertaken it is conducted substantially on the
lines adopted universally in Ireland and in certain other parts
of Europe.

Retting pits are usually some 4 ft. deep and measure about
15 ft. by 6 ft., but they may vary in size considerably. They are
not infrequently lined with “ puddled ” clay and filled with
rain water. Into this the bundles of dry de-seeded flax straw
are packed closely together and a light covering of straw or
green foliage is placed upon the top, and upon this a few boards
and some loose stones are arranged so as to keep the whole
mass uniformly submerged during the whole retting period.
Retting is generally carried out in August and the time
occupied by the steeping is from ten to twelve days, but this
depends upon the prevailing temperature, so that it is necessary
to examine the submerged straw frequently. When the

136

Some Minor Farm Crops.

adjudged point has been reached the bundles are carefully
removed from the water, opened out, and either spread over
grass land, or the bundles are several times divided and the
smaller bundles so obtained are stood upon end to dry. When
conducted with care, this method of getting rid of the gummy
material gives a fibre of better quality than is possible by the
method of dew-retting. The latter is a much slower process of
achieving the same end, and necessitates spreading the stems
thinly over the ground in regular rows where they are allowed
to remain some six to ten weeks. During this period they are
occasionally turned over so as to promote as far as possible a
uniform decomposition. As might be expected from this
treatment the fibre obtained is not of good quality ; nevertheless,
of the small quantity of line grown and treated in this country
nearly all of it is dew-retted by small farmers, who carry out
all the operations and finally dispose of the clean fibre at a very
reasonable profit to themselves.

The straw after retting is dried and stored until opportunity
offers of freeing it from the loosely adhering wood and preparing
it for the market, which operations are usually carried out
during the winter months. The method of cleaning the fibre
which is still adopted in Somerset is hardly different from that
practised in the Middle Ages, and consists in the first place
in drying the retted straw on a horizontal frame erected at a
safe distance above an open fire. This renders the woody part
of the stems brittle so that by passing them between a pair of
fluted rollers, called a breaker , the wood becomes broken into
very small pieces, and may be removed to a large extent from
the fibre by shaking. The final cleaning operation known as
scutching is performed by taking the fibre in small handfuls at
a time and holding it over an upright post and then beating, or
striking, the long fibres in a downward direction with a hand
blade made of thin wood. These handfuls of scutched fibre
are then finished off at the ends by throwing over a hackling
comb, and they are them loosely twisted and made up into
bales for sale.

Flax Growing for Linseed.

The seed from English grown flax finds a ready market in
this country and, for some purposes, is preferred to the imported
seed. Although it has been contended that British grown seed
is not so rich in fat as the imported linseed, yet the results of
analysis show that this is not the case, as can be seen from the
accompanying table. The quantity of fat present approximates
closely to the amount present in the seed imported directly
from such linseed-growing regions as Argentina, South Russia,
and Algeria.

Some Minor Farm Crops.

137

Imported Malagan Linseed 41 per cent. English Mazagan Child. 42-43 per cent,
n Steppe „ 39 „ „ Steppe „ —

„ Pskoff „ 38 „ „ Pskoff „ 40

„ Plate ,, 38-39 „ „ Plate 38-39 „

„ Dutch „ 37-38 „ „ Dutch „ 37

Reference has been made already to the somewhat surprising
fact that only comparatively recently has uncrushed linseed
been used as a feeding stuff, and, prior to the advocacy
of linseed feeding by John Warnes about 1843, uncrushed
linseed was not considered at all as a food-stuff.

From that time until the present flax has always been grown
to some small extent in this country as a linseed crop ; the
straw being used as a bottom layer in stock-yards and for ricks,
for thatching and for paper-making and more recently the
unretted straw from this crop has been used in the preparation
of coarser twines. The quantity of linseed straw available,
however, has always been small and, being produced from
widely scattered areas throughout the country, it has received
but little attention.

Since Stratton’s experiments on linseed growing (1880-1882)
some few acres have been grown in various parts of the country
principally in the eastern and south-western counties, but no
further serious attempt was made to grow flax for linseed as a
farm crop for some years. When, however, the great advance
in the price of linseed and linseed products took place towards
the end of 1909 farmers once more turned their attention to the
possibility of reviving linseed growing in this country. Daring
the past three years the area devoted to this crop has increased
nearly four times ; the increase occurring mainly in Essex,
Somerset, Suffolk, and Northamptonshire.

The requirements of the linseed crop seem to be almost
identical with those of the line crop in so far as the preparation
of the land is concerned, the elimination of annual weeds, and
the time for sowing. When using the small variety of linseed
it is usual to sow about bushels of seed to the acre, but in
the case of the larger seeded varieties, such as La Plata or
Mazagan linseed, 2 bushels is a suitable quantity to use. The
seed is shallow drilled, the rows being about 8 in. apart, on
a seed bed having a fine tilth as in the case of the line crop,
and, at an early stage of growth, the gross weeds are removed.
Linseed is allowed to stand longer than line so that the seed
may mature more completely. It is then either cut by scythe
or machine, tied up into sheaves and allowed to remain in the
field to dry, Farmers frequently separate the seed by passing
the crop through an ordinary threshing machine, but as it is
more difficult to remove the seed from the capsules than is the
case with the usual grain crops, it sometimes has to be passed
through the threshing machine twice.

138

Some Minor Farm Crops .

A fairly good crop may be estimated to yield \ ton of linseed
and 1^ tons of straw per acre, blit inasmuch as the return
depends upon the variety grown, the treatment given to the
land and to the crop, and also upon the weather, such estimated
yields as the above must be accepted with diffidence until more
definite information is acquired as to the best mode of raising
linseed in this country.

There have been frequent requests for information relative
to the growth of linseed in this country. Various kinds of
linseed have been tried by private individuals ; for example,
the White Flowering Dutch Flax has been tried in Cambridge-
shire, the large seeded African variety near Bury St. Edmunds,
whilst some farmers have made use of the seed usually supplied
for the purpose of raising crops of line rather than linseed.

During the past three years the University College of North
Wales has encouraged the growth of small areas of linseed on a
number of farms in their contributing counties, and con-
currently with this work flax as a linseed crop has been dealt
with at the South Eastern Agricultural College.

The Projected Revival of the Flax Industry in

England.

The possibility of successfully reviving the flax industry in
this country has been seriously considered by the Development
Commissioners ; indeed the revival of both the flax and the
hemp industries was specifically mentioned in the Act of
Parliament which brought that advisory body into existence.
The first move made in this direction took place early in 1911,
when the writer was appointed to obtain information and
draw up a report on the possibilities of reviving the flax
industry in this country. In this connection much first-hand
information has been gathered during the past two years by
studying the subject of flax cultivation and fibre separation in
the principal flax-producing countries of Europe, namely,
Russia, Holland, Belgium, France, Ireland, Austria, Hungary
and Germany, and, in addition, certain field experiments have
been conducted in Kent and in Bedfordshire where, besides
raising line as a farm crop, retting experiments have been
made in tanks specially constructed for the purpose.

The results of this enquiry leave no room for doubt that
although good crops of line could be raised in this country, the
troublesome and somewhat complicated operations of fibre
separation do not fall properly within the province of the
agriculturalist. Certainly they are much better performed else-
where, since in the former case not only is there difficulty in
obtaining the necessary labour at a time of year when it is in

Some Minor Farm Crops.

139

greatest demand, but there is necessarily a lack of uniformity
in the quality of the fibre produced. Strong reason was found
for the belief that the judicious revival of the flax industry
would be productive of benefit to British agriculture, and
would afford people an opportunity of finding regular employ-
ment in rural districts by creating a new demand for skilled
labour in those parts. There was found very reasonable founda-
tion for the belief that the revival could be accomplished most
satisfactorily by the establishment of central retting depots in
suitable districts to which the harvested crops could be sold by
farmers, and at which the after processes could be conducted
according to the most approved methods and thereby ensure
greater uniformity in the quality of the resulting fibre.

The possibility of cultivating and separating the fibre at a
fair profit to both farmer and factor cannot readily be decided,
although the general evidence obtained is undoubtedly favour-
able to such enterprise. It was suggested that practical trials
on a moderate commercial scale should be instituted as being
the only way of obtaining the definite knowledge required as
to the profitableness or otherwise of reviving the flax industry
under present conditions. It was recommended that small
retting depots be established out of public funds in Yorkshire
and in Somerset. Such establishments managed on strictly
business lines for a few years would enable the required
information to be gained. The possibilities opened up if the
scheme proved successful were held to be ample justification
for its serious trial.

The favourable manner in which these recommendations
have been received by the Development Commissioners has led
to the formation this year of a society, not trading for profit —
The British Flax and Hemp Growers’ Society — the principal
object of which is to give effect to the recommendations above
referred to by organising and carrying Out the necessary
practical trials on a commercial scale by means of a grant from
the Development Fund. In addition to this, the collecting
together of trustworthy information bearing upon flax and
hemp culture and treatment, as well as the dissemination of
such information, are among the other objects of the Society.

The programme of work entered upon this year may be
divided into three parts, viz. : the growth and treatment of the
line crop ; the cultivation of linseed ; and the isolation of
improved strains of flax both for fibre production and for seed
production. With regard to the first of these, arrangements
have been made for the equipment of two central retting
stations — one at Selby, and one near Yeovil ; and in these
localities suitable areas have been devoted to raising flax as a
line crop, so as to provide material with which to work out a

140

Some Minor Farm Crops.

suitably standardised mode of fibre separation. In this con-
nection, by reason of convenience, the Society is working in
conjunction with the Leeds University in so far as this part of
the scheme concerns Yorkshire. The work in connection with
the growth of linseed has been delegated to the South Eastern
Agricultural College, Wye ; and it includes the arranging of
trial plots in different parts of the country for the purpose of
ascertaining the best variety of flax to grow for this purpose,
the best cultivation to adopt, and the most suitable mode of
harvesting and of disposing of the crop.

Attempts to isolate improved strains of flax for the more
economic production of fibre and of seed are being made at the
School of Agriculture, Cambridge, and at the South Eastern
Agricultural College, Wye, from the various samples of seed
which were collected by the writer from particularly good
crops seen in the various countries visited. This work has not
proceeded far enough at present to warrant anything very
definite being said, although it does appear that plants selected
for tallness and for shortness breed true to those characters,
and the work generally offers no little promise.

J. Vargas Eyre, M.A., Ph.D.

S.E. Agricultural College,

Wye, Kent.

II.— HEMP.

There are many fibres known commercially as “hemps,”
most of which are native to tropical or semi-tropical countries.
Among the common ones may be mentioned Manilla hemp,
obtained from the leaf-sheaths of the non-edible banana, Musa
textilis ; Sisal hemp from Agave rigida , of which there are
two varieties, elongata and sisalana , the latter being by far the
more important commercially ; two coarse Mexican fibres
known locally as “pita” and “ istle ” or “Mexican Fibre,” also
obtained from species of Agave ; Bowstring hemp from the
leaves of several species of Sunsevieria , one of the genera of
Liliaceae ; Phormium fibre or New Zealand flax or hemp from
the leaves of Phormium ten ax, another species of Liliaceae ;
Mauritius hemp from the leaves of Furcraea gigantea , a plant
allied to the Agaves and belonging to the Amaryllidaceae (the
natural order containing the snowdrop and the daffodil); Sunn
hemp from the stems of Crotalaria juncea , a member of the
Leguntenosae. ; and true hemp which consists of the bast fibres
of Cannabis sativa , a plant native to Western Asia and belong-
ing to the stinging nettle family ( XJrticaceae ).

Some Minor Farm Crops.

141

Of all these only the last named, Cannabis saliva , has been
grown in this country on a commercial scale as a fibre-bearing
crop, and it is with this alone that the present article deals.

Historical.

The early history of hemp cultivation in England is very
obscure. The introduction of the crop into Britain, like that
of flax, was probably concomitant with the visits of Phoenician
traders or with the Roman occupation of these islands, for both
these peoples used hemp somewhat extensively for making
cordage and nets. It is reasonably certain that prior to the
tenth century coarse garments were made in this country from
the fibres obtained from hemp and from nettles, and that during
that period of English history when the manorial system
obtained and the villages were self-supporting, the women folk
occupied themselves in the spinning and weaving of these
fibres into hempen homespun , just as the custom is in the
remote parts of Russia at the present day.

Until the beginning of the fifteenth century very little
information of interest concerning hemp cultivation in this
country is to be found. In the manuscript “ On Husbandries’
written by Palladius about 1420, hemp is frequently referred
to ; thus, under the month of February we find the following :

“ Last in this moone eke hemp is to he sowne
In clounged, fatty, playne, weet, and depe lande ;

A foote of square in six sedes may growe.”

In the writings of Thomas Tusser (1557) we find the
account of September’s husbandry includes the advice : —

“Now pluck up thy hemp, and go beat out the seed,

And afterwards water it, as ye see need.”

“ Some useth to water it, some do it not,

Be skilfull in doing it, for fear it do rot.”

The cultivation of hemp, like that of flax, was made obliga-
tory by law in 1535 ; the penalty for not growing it was
increased in 1562, and it is interesting that in 1565 a fine of
10s. was imposed on Thomas Dawson for “ breaking” his hemp,
7.d., separating the fibre from the bark, in his large open
chimney on winter nights, a habit which the manor courts
severely punished owing to the risk of fire, hemp refuse being
very inflammable.

From these and other references it would appear that hemp
was somewhat extensively grown in England at this time.

During the first half of the seventeenth century the
agricultural conditions in England were at a very low level,
and, in company with other rural industries, hemp growing
declined and became restricted to certain localities only. The

142

Some Minor Farm Crops.

close of the century witnessed the energetic appeals of
Weston, Blith, Hartlib, and others for a more extended system
of husbandry, and the growing of hemp was among the
improvements warmly advocated by these writers as being not
only a remunerative crop but, in addition, one which affords
employment to numbers of the rural population in the winter
months.

These appeals finally resulted in the Government encourag-
ing the industry in various ways. Thus in 1692 the tithe on
hemp was reduced ; in 1712 a bounty of one penny per ell was
given on all British-made sailcloth ; and in 1787 a bounty of
M. per stone was allowed on all hemp raised in England, while
later on duties were levied on all that was imported.'

During the Napoleonic War period a remarkable develop-
ment of the industry took place, the area devoted to hemp
being^ extended very considerably. Thus, Marshall tells us
that in 1803 there ' was a considerable quantity of hemp
grown in Shropshire. In that county (and the custom was by
no means confined to Shropshire) there was a small plot of
ground, called the “ hemp-yard,” attached to almost every farm-
house and to many of the better sort of cottages. Whenever a
cottager had 10 or 15 perches of land to his cottage, by growing
hemp and with the aid of his wife’s industry he was enabled
to pay his rent.

During this period of revival the proper watering and
preparation of the fibre for market were given marked attention.
Retting pits were prepared and let out to hemp growers, and
considerable premiums were paid to those successful hemp
growers who were willing to instruct others in the methods of
raising the crop and separating the fibre from the stem.

Following this revival came a decline which was almost
as rapid, and which was mainly due to the unusually large
imports of fibres which came into the country from abroad
on the conclusion of peace. To take an instance recorded by
Ruegg in 1854, there were not five acres of hemp grown in
Dorsetshire in that year, whereas, at the close of the eighteenth
century, the average area annually devoted to hemp in that
county alone was close upon 250 acres.

The fen land of Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire into
Bedfordshire was, at that time, the chief centre of hemp
growing in this country, and in this district similar depressed
conditions obtained. Generally speaking the circumstances
which affected flax cultivation exerted a similar influence on
hemp growing, and at the present day, except in one small
area,, there remains little to remind us of the flourishing
condition of hemp growing in England in the past except
the disused hemp pits and the fact that on many farms certain

Some Minor Farm Crops.

143

fields are still known as “ the hemp field.” In fact in the
agricultural returns for 1907 hemp was not mentioned as being
grown in this country.

An attempt was made in 1896 by the English Fibre
Industries Co., Ltd., to revive the growth of hemp, and in
the following year a large area was devoted to the crop in the
Isle of Ely, but, although good crops were raised, no success
attended the endeavour to separate the fibre at a central factory.
This is to be attributed in large measure to want of knowledge
and experience in carrying out the delicate after-processes of
retting and fibre separation. It has, however, recently been
demonstrated by the energy and initiative of a private
individual that under present conditions of trade and labour
by no means inadequate returns may be obtained by contracting
with farmers of the fen country to grow hemp and then
separating the fibre from the stems at a suitable centre.

In concluding this brief review of the history of hemp
growing in England it must suffice to mention that this also
is one of the sides of agricultural development which has been
sympathetically considered by the Development Commissioners,
and, as stated in the foregoing article, it is a matter which
comes within the purview of the British Flax and Hemp
Growers’ Society. Although, at present, no definite scheme
has been formulated, earnest endeavours are being made to
come to some arrangement whereby the activity of the present
existing hemp factory may be extended so as to embrace a
larger area of the country.

Agricultural.

Hemp is a plant which seems capable of adapting itself to
almost any conditions of soil and climate, and probably because
of this fact there has arisen quite a number of different forms
or varieties of Cannabis sativa , the species of hemp which is
grown in Europe both for seed and for fibre. For example,
the variety grown in Bologna and in Smyrna (sometimes
known as “ seed hemp ”) grows to a greater height than the
usual form, attaining to some 12 or 15 ft., and carries more
seed. From this variety, by cultivating for two or three
generations in the fertile valley of the Loire, an improved
form of hemp is raised, which is known in Italy as La Canapa
di Angio. Tuscany hemp, or “ small hemp,” which has slightly
pink stems, grows to a height of some 4 to 6 ft., whereas Chinese
hemp — or “ giant hemp ” as it is called — under favourable
conditions attains to nearly 20 ft., resembling in this respect
Indian hemp ( Cannabis Indica), a variety from which the
resinous gum known as hashish is prepared in the East. The
Russian and Hungarian varieties which usually grow some

144

Some Minor Farm Crops.

6 or 8 ft. high seem also to be distinct types, differing from
the others in general appearance, in carrying a coarser bast
fibre and in exhibiting an irregular habit of growth.

Hemp is nearly related to the hop and also to the nettle ; it
is a dioecious species, the male and female characters appearing
on separate individual plants. The male plant comes first to
maturity, the female plant growing to a greater height and
arriving at its maximum development some four or five weeks
later than the male.

The best soil for hemp is a deep rich loam containing a
good proportion of sand, so that it will keep open and work
freely ; land such as may be found extending over a large part
of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire and Suffolk being eminently
suited to the crop. Although hemp does best in somewhat
sheltered and moist situations — such for example as occur in
the vicinity of rivers and streams — it does not thrive where
the land is wet. It is considered a good plan to sow hemp on
newly broken pasture and on warped areas. The most
important factor in hemp cultivation, however, is to have the
soil deeply worked, a fine tilth being very necessary ; indeed,
it is claimed by many to be useless to sow hemp at ail on land
which is not in a very high state of cultivation. These
conditions are obtained usually by ploughing the land in the
autumn, cross ploughing it in the spring, and then by harrowing
and lightly rolling it during the month of April as weather
permits ; in this way the land is brought into condition just
prior to sowing. A liberal dressing of old farmyard manure is
given in the autumn, and, because the land cannot be too much
enriched, phosphates and potash are frequently added in the
spring.

It was formerly the custom for the grower to reserve a
particular field of some five or six acres for hemp, an instance
being recorded by Arthur Young, in his “ Agricultural Survey
of Suffolk ” in 1797, of a field upon which hemp had been
grown for seventy years in succession. This custom has long
since been discontinued, and hemp now finds a place in the
ordinary crop rotations. Unless the land is exceptionally rich
any corn crop may be sown after hemp, although oats do best
as they make less straw than wheat, and owing to the shade
afforded by the hemp crop the land is not greatly troubled with
weeds so that the following crop is at an advantage from this
fact alone. In some districts — notably in Suffolk — the rotation
followed has been wheat after fallow followed by sown grasses,
hemp, and then oats ; or the manured fallow was followed by
w7heat, grasses, oats, and hemp. At the present time hemp is
grown in Cambridgeshire where very good crops are obtained
on the rich alluvial soil between Ely and Downham Market

Some Minor Farm Crops.

145

by adopting such a three-course rotation as potatoes, hemp,
wheat — hemp taking the place of fallow.

Very great importance is attached to the choice of seed, and
it is essential to procure fresh seed only, which should be
bright, heavy, and plump, possessing a slightly sweet nutty
taste and brownish-grey colour. When the seed is dull and
the outer shell cracks by lightly rubbing in the hand and the
taste is somewhat bitter, the seed is old and will be of poor
germinating capacity. Hemp seed is difficult to harvest and
keep in good condition owing to the large quantity of oil
which it contains and which soon becomes rancid, a fact which
makes it almost imperative to sow only seed which is but one
year old. It was formerly the practice in this country to save
seed for the following year as is customary at the present day
in Italy, Russia, Hungary, and elsewhere ; later, however,
better seed was procured from Riga than was saved from the
home-grown crops, and at the present time the hemp crops
which are raised in this country come almost entirely from
seed imported from Southern Russia. Such seed is preferred
to either Manchurian or Italian, since with the latter varieties
the seed does not come properly to maturity in this country,
and so a valuable asset is lost. With the Russian variety
some eight or ten bushels of seed per acre may be obtained the
value of which almost completely covers the cost of producing
the crop.

The proper time to sow hemp is during the latter part of
April or the beginning of May. The seed is either sown
broadcast or is drilled, and then lightly harrowed in. The
quantity of seed sown per acre depends not only upon the
germinating capacity of the seed, but also upon the manner of
sowing (drilling requiring less seed than broadcast sowing)
and upon the purpose for which the crop is raised. If it is
grown for the production of fine fibre suitable for spinning
and weaving, upwards of three bushels per acre may be sown
broadcast, the plants being subsequently thinned out by hoeing.
When, however, the crop is for use in the manufacture of
coarse articles such as cordage, one and a half to two bushels
of seed per acre are found to be sufficient. After some four
or five days have elapsed the plants make their appearance
above ground and soon afterwards they must be thinned out
by hoeing to about eight to ten inches apart, or to a greater
distance if the crop is grown for cordage purposes.

At the present time hemp is drilled in precisely the same
manner as wheat, two bushels being sown to the acre, and it
frequently happens that no other cultivation is necessary than
to remove The larger weeds, although sometimes the crop is
thinned by horse-hoeing across the drills.

146

Some Minor Farm Crops.

Hemp grows very rapidly ; the male plants are always
more forward than the female, and, early in August — some
thirteen weeks after sowing — they may be distinguished quite
readily from the female plants by their great profusion of
flowers from which much pollen is shed, their more delicate
growth, and from the fact that their leaves and stems assume
a yellow colour and become faded whereas the female plants
remain in full vigour. The early custom in this country was
to remove the male plants at this stage before they became
withered and useless, and to leave the female plants standing
until the ripening of the seed was accomplished. Under these
circumstances of double harvesting, the male, 'or summer hemp
as it used to be called, was removed carefully so as to leave the
female, or winter hemp , undamaged. After the earth and any
rubbish had been knocked from the roots, the stems were made
up into bundles, called gleans, which were then allowed to stand
upon end for a short time to dry. These bundles were then
collected together and the stems sorted into approximately equal
lengths and then, when tied up into smaller bundles, they were
ready for the next operation of separating the fibre.

It has been said already that the female plants used to be
harvested some four or five weeks after the male plant ; but
this was not always the case. When hemp was commanding a
good price and was used for spinning and weaving the finer
kinds of canvas, both the male and the female plants were
harvested together at the beginning of August. At the present
day the entire crop is left until the female plants have fully
matured, being harvested immediately after the ordinary corn
harvest, when the crop is cut with a reaper and the seed taken
off at the depot to which the crop is sent for fibre separation.

When, however, two harvests are taken the winter hemp is
cut or pulled when the capsules turn brown and the lower seeds
become firm and assume a dark grey colour. Great care is
exercised to avoid loss of seed during the handling of the
stems. After the root ends have been cleared of soil and
undergrowth, the stems are made up into loose stooks and left
to dry and the seed to ripen until the capsules can be rubbed
easily from the stalks. It is necessary to protect the seed
against attack by birds and this is very conveniently done by
raking together the undergrowth and putting it as a light
covering on the top of the stooks. When sufficiently dry the
stooks are removed to a spread sheet and the seed threshed
out by hand, and as soon as this is accomplished the stems are
ready for the next operation, namely the separation of the
fibre.

In some few cases hemp has been grown in this country
primarily for the seed it bears, and, in this case, the seed was

147

Some Minor Farm Crops.

sown in drills a yard apart. The male plants were removed
and the remaining crop allowed to stand until September when
it was cut and threshed after the manner described.

Retting and Fibre Separation.

Of the several ways of separating the fibre from the hemp
stems none yield such high class fibre as the method known
as watering or retting. This is a process of slow decom-
position which allows the bast fibres to be separated from the
stem by submerging the hemp in water for several days in
a manner almost identical with that described in the case
of flax. Although it must be said that no hemp is retted in
England at the present time, it was of such common occurrence
in the past, and the methods adopted in hemp growing
countries at the present day are so similar to those practised
formerly in this country, that it will not be out of place to
describe briefly the manner in which this operation was
carried out. Retting proceeds best if the water is soft and
when it is stagnant, although hemp may be successfully retted
in slowly moving streams. As soon as the male stems were
made up into bundles, or the female stems had been threshed,
they were removed to the retting pit — a deep hole, sometimes
six feet deep and measuring some twelve feet square.

The bundles of stems were floated on the water and arranged
parallel with one another, and across them a second layer of
bundles was arranged, and so on, until a bed of hemp had
been built up, which, when suitably weighted at the top,
almost completely filled the pond. Sometimes stout posts
were driven into the bottom of the pond and to these planks
and beams of wood were tied so as to keep the hemp completely
submerged ; or a covering of sods wTas put over the top and
upon these a substantial weight of stones arranged so as to
achieve the same result. After seven or eight days had elapsed
a bundle was withdrawn and, if the outside covering containing
the bast fibres could be detached readily from the interior of
the stem, watering had proceeded far enough. This being the
case the weights and covering were removed from the hemp
bed, the bundles rinsed in the water, and the clean stalks stood
upon end in open stooks to dry.

Hemp was not always retted in this direct manner : some-
times the decomposition process carried forward in the retting
pit was arrested at an earlier stage, and the bundles of stems
were removed to some convenient grass land where they were
opened and the stems spread in regular rows over the
ground after the manner of dew retting flax. This so-called
grassing of hemp lasted several weeks, and during this time

148

Some Minor Farm Crops.

the stems were turned frequently so as to secure a uniform
product. Sometimes the watering was entirely omitted ;
especially wras this the case when dealiug with the female
stems. These were more frequently kept in a well-thatched
rick until the following February when they were grassed in
the manner described. When a stage in this process had been
reached at which the fibre could be readily separated from the
interior of the stem, and the stems wrere dry and brittle, they
wTere gathered up and stored under cover until the fibre could
be cleaned.

The final cleaning of the fibre and its preparation for
market wTere performed in a manner very similar to that adopted
with flax except that the implements used were more suited to
the coarser nature of the material in that they were of heavier
construction. The dried retted stems were passed between
fluted rollers or drawn beneath a grooved lever wThich broke
the brittle central part of the stems into small pieces without
damaging the fibre. These pieces were then removed by a
beating process knowui as swingling or scutching ; small
handfuls of the broken hemp being held over an upright post
and then beaten in a downward direction with a wooden
blade, or by some automatic device, so as to knock out the
broken pieces of wood.

Various methods have been adopted for separating the fibre

from hemp, one being to peel off the outside bark in ribbons

while the stems are still wet from the retting pit, or the inside

rod w7as withdrawn from the stem leaving the fibre in the

remaining tube of soft bark. The fibre separated by these

means was then beaten, washed, and dried. At the present

time in England no attempt is made to decompose the resinous

materials which hold the fibres to the wrood : the retting

process is entirely omitted. As soon as the hemp is dried in

the field after being harvested it is removed to a depot w^here

it is thoroughly dried, the seed is taken off, and the stems

are then passed through breakers, the fibre being afterwards

scutched automatically. The fibre prepared in this manner is

known as “ green hemp,” and at present finds a ready market

in this countrv.

«/

J. Vargas Eyre, M.A., Ph.D.

S.E. Agricultural College,

Wye, Kent.

149

III. — SEED GROWING IN ESSEX.

Extending along the main road from London to Colchester,

from Witham to Marks Tey, and on either side from Tiptree to

Coggeshall, a curious type of agriculture may be found. The

village of Kelvedon is the centre of a flourishing seed-growing

district. From May to September the eyes of a traveller along

the splendid thoroughfare will be met with brilliant patches

of colour, and men and women may be seen standing or

kneeling whilst slowly carrying out minute operations of an

unusual character. It may be that boys or women are picking

the seed pods from a stetch of multi-coloured pansies, or a

group of men in a stackyard are engaged in unloading turnip

seed on to a rick cloth where it will be trodden from the straw

by horses. It is pre-eminently a district where manual labour

prevails, and where old-fashioned methods of culture are

assiduouslv followed. Yet with these there is also a keen
«/

appreciation of progress, and a strong determination to make
the most of the land.

The nature of the soil in the district varies from a strong
clay to light gravels and rich loams. But all of it finds its
distinct use amongst the varied crops that are grown. Some
years ago much of it was derelict, and there is proof of what
adaptability and enterprise on the part of the farmer may do
for the agricultural industry in the fact that a farm which was
taken rent free by one of the largest seed farmers twenty
years ago was recently bought by him at the rate of 34 1. 10s.
per acre. The value of the land in the neighbourhood as
indicated by recent sales is somewhere about 40 1. per acre,
though some agricultural land with a meagre road frontage has
sold for 60/.

The seed-growing industry is followed by large and small
farmers, small holders and allotment holders. The crops
grown include seeds of farm roots, vegetables and flowers.
Corn and grass are not excluded, but they occupy rather a
small percentage of the land. On a farm of 1,000 acres, 150
are this year (1913) under grass, 28 under barley, 59 under
wheat. Of the other 763 acres, 150 are under seed peas, grown
for merchants ; 200 are under mangolds, growing for seed ;
50 under swedes, for the same purpose ; and 50 under seed
turnips. The remainder is taken up by crops of broccoli,
cabbages, parsnips, celery, broad and runner beans, and some
flowers, including one and a half acres of dwarf larkspurs,
one and all of them being grown for seed. Peas for market
are also grown occasionally, and maize, roots, and catch-
crops whenever possible, are grown for the herd of milch
cows which are kept to make the best use of the waste

150

Some Minor Farm Crops.

products of the farm. When clover is grown the first crop
is taken early for hay and the second crop is harvested for
seed. On small holdings the crops are grown in much the
same proportions, though flower seeds and the smaller sorts
of vegetable seeds may assume greater relative importance than
on the large farms. Also some potatoes and peas are grown for
Covent Garden by the small holders. Two well-known firms
of seedsmen in the neighbourhood make a speciality of sweet
peas, both for seed and for cut blooms for the London market.

The small holders have practically equal advantage with
larger farmers in the seed-growing industry, if the fact of
higher rentals is excepted, and sometimes the smaller occupiers
obtain an actual advantage, for men of known honesty and
carefulness may obtain contracts for special stocks of seeds at
profitable rates. The rents of many of the large farms range
about 11. per acre, sometimes less, often a little over, according
to the distance from the woods, while few of the small
holdings are let at less than 21. per acre, and sometimes more
than this sum is required for them. Allotments of less than
half an acre are usually let at 6d. per rod. The ploughing on
both the lighter and heavier soils can be done with two
horses, the land being laid in “ stetches ” of eight furrows, or
ploughed on the level system, according to the situation and
the nature of the soil. There is no particular form of treat-
ment with regard to cultivation or manuring, except that
seed-growers always attempt to obtain a good supply of
nitrogenous fertilisers. A good deal of stable manure is
obtained from London at the rate of 5s. to 7s. per ton. Fish
manure and “ fifingers ” (be., Starfish) are also great favourites.
When these are not obtainable nitrate of soda is used, but it is
not looked on with great favour. For some crops super-
phosphate is also in demand.

There is no particular rotation, and there is no rule about
succession of crops, except that swedes or turnips must never
follow each other, either on the plant beds or in the fields.
Mangolds are sometimes grown on the same plot year after
year, especially on the plant beds, with complete success.
Mangolds are grown on the heavier land. In reality, cropping
is determined by the demand for seeds, and the necessity for
separating crops to prevent inoculation. This year there was
an unusually large acreage under mangold seed as the stocks
were low. While contract growers were supplying merchants
with seed at 25s. per cwt. during last winter it wTas selling on
Mark Lane at 50s. The one imperative necessity in laying out
land for crops is to take every precaution to prevent
inoculation. Farmers of adjoining fields often have to come
to an agreement as to what shall be grown on each side of the

Some Minor Farm Crops.

151

fence, and it sometimes happens that one man cannot grow
York cabbage seed on his land because his neighbour has taken
a contract for Drumhead seed on his. A case recently occurred
where one farmer planted a field of swedes unaware that a
crop of giant rape was growing on the other side of a large
hedge. Inoculation followed, and the swede seed was useless.
The farmer lost his reputation as a seed-grower and the costs of
a legal action with the damages awarded amounted to 400/.
The strict necessity for honesty and care in the treatment of
both plants and seeds led to the statement by a seed merchant :
“ I do not buy seeds, I buy men.” And to ensure that the
stocks of seeds are kept pure most of the merchants who have
contracts with the buyers send out their own men to take the
“ rogues ” (that is, plants not true to type) from the beds and
the fields.

The main crops in something like their order of importance
are mangold, swede, all varieties of cabbage, white and yellow
turnip, parsnip, broad and runner beans, peas, parsley, celery,
and other vegetable seeds in small quantities. Lettuce seed
used to be grown in the district, but is now largely grown in
Italy and California. Birds proved to be a great enemy to the
crop, and it is stated that the rapidly increasing number of
linnets may so reduce the profit on swede seed that the growth
of this crop will have to be transferred to other districts.
During last winter over 2,000 linnets were shot on one farm of
200 acres. Carrot and onion seeds are no longer grown in this
neighbourhood as a general crop, though one or two patches of
each were to be seen this summer. These, however, were
special stocks sent out in small quantities by particular seed
merchants. Onion seed is no A grown on the sandy soils of
Bedfordshire, where the crops are much heavier than in Essex,
and a large quantity for the English market is grown in Italy.
Carrot seed used to be grown in the Kelvedon district, but the
growing demand for clean or “ bearded ” seed favoured
Continental, especially French growers. It is difficult to
remove the beard from English grown seed, whilst it is
difficult to keep it on that of French origin. Radish seed is
grown near the marshes on the Essex coast. Crops of swede,
turnip and cabbage seed are also grown in the Fens of Lincoln-
shire where the yield is heavier than in the Kelvedon area.
But the Lincolnshire crops are “frothy,” and the seeds are
not equal in keeping qualities to those of Essex.

Flower seeds are grown by allotment holders and large
farmers alike. Amongst these are to be found in varying
quantities, sweet peas, nasturtiums, wallflowers, larkspurs,
godetias, candytuft, sweet-williams, single carnations, antirrhi-
nums, Canterbury bells, mignonette, thyme, pansies, and

152

Some Minor Farm Crops.

summer chrysanthemums. The last mentioned are a favourite
food for birds, and they are attacked while the seed is in a
green state, almost before the flowers have disappeared. -On
one farm of 1,100 acres, the farmer’s Crop Book contained 328
plots, and many of these were flowers. On a small holding
consisting of one field 17 acres in extent, there were no less
than 20 plots, of which 7 were flower seeds.

The seed beds for growing plants are usually prepared in
the spring and early summer. They generally consist of ridges,
either on the stetches, or on the level ploughing. Mangold seed is
sown in August, and the plants are transplanted into the fields
in April. They are usually planted on ridges, of wrhich there
may be either three or four to the stetch according to the variety
grown. The seed for turnip and swede plants is sown on seed
beds in June and July, according to variety. The yellow turnip
is the first to be sown. The transplanting of swTede and turnip
plants goes on from October to April, even through the month
of January, when the weather is open. Cabbage seed is sown
for plants in March and April, and the transplanting begins in
July, going on through August and September. Parsnip seed
is also sown in April, and the plants are moved to the fields in
the autumn. This is the case too, with celery. Parsley takes
too long to “ start ” when transplanted, so it is usually sown in
the spring under a crop of broad beans, and after the beans are
removed, stands through the winter till the seed harvest of the
following summer. Some flower seeds are also sown for plants
in the spring, and the plants are removed to the fields in the
summer and autumn. Wallflowers are sown on the seed beds
in April and transplanted frorn July omvards. But most of the
flower seeds are sown on the ridges in the autumn, where they
remain till the harvest. Sweet peas, godetias, nasturtiums,
candytuft, pansies and larkspurs are grown in this way. The
seeds are sometimes drilled, but are more usually sown by hand.
In the latter case a “marker” is used, which just covers the
stetch, having as many shares as there are ridges, or as the
number of rows required. It is so arranged that the horse
walks in the furrow, and thus treading is avoided.

Obviously, such an industry as this necessitates a large
amount of manual labour. Plants of mangolds, swedes, turnips,
cabbages, broccoli, celery, parsnips, wallflowers, sweet-williams,
&c., must be singly “ dibbed ” in the rows or drills. On large
farms this is all done by gangs of men working by the “ piece.”
Four or six men usually work together, and are attended by
two or three boys. The farmer is responsible for “ drawing ”
the plants and taking them, to the fields. He also provides the
boys who do the “dropping” for the men. The whole of the
harvesting is also donejby/hand. Mangold, turnip, and similar

Some Minor Farm Crops.

153

seed is cut with the hook, and tied up in bundles with string.
Many of the flower seeds are also treated in the same way, bat
where the plants are too small to be cut, as with larkspurs, they
are pulled by hand and laid in small heaps. Some plants, such
as pansies and candytuft, have to be treated with minute care.
The heads of seed do not all ripen at one period, and they have
to be pulled off separately. When female labour was plentiful
'it was customary to take the “ king heads ” or “ crowns ” from
the parsnip plants by hand. But this is rarely done now
except by small holders, the whole of the plant being left till all
the heads are ripe.

The harvest period covers the months of July, August,
September and October, yellow turnips and mangolds being
respectively among the earlier and later crops. The yields
vary immensely with the season and the seed-producing
qualities of the varieties of plants grown. With cabbage, for
instance, as the quality of the variety from the gardener’s
point of view increases, so also does the seed yield diminish.
The better the quality of the head the less the percentage of
plants which will run to seed. In this case the loss is not
complete, because the cabbages which will not “ run ” are cut
and sent to market if there is a good demand, otherwise they
are generally fed to the dairy cows. An average yield of
mangold seed would be from 10 to 12 cwt. per acre, though it
sometimes happens that the actual yield falls to 5 or rises to
25 cwt. Swedes yield about 16 bushels on an average, and
turnips run from 15 to 20 bushels per acre. Market cabbages
yield from 5 cwt. per acre upwards according to quality.
Drumheads yield from 7 cwt. to 1 ton. Parsnips yield 10
or 12 cwt. of seed per acre, and parsley yields up to 18 bushels.
One of the most uncertain crops is celery, which may yield any-
thing between 4 and 12 cwt. per acre. It is practically impossible
to estimate the yield of flower seeds, and an estimate of the yield
of peas and beans would be extremely misleading as there is a
great variation in the yield of different varieties. Great care
has to be taken with the separation of the seeds. Some varieties
are thrashed by machinery. Others are thrashed with the
flail, or trodden out on the rick-cloth or barn floor by horses.
Others, again, are picked by hand.

The seeds are said to be grown “ on contract ” for wholesale
merchants, many of whom have offices in the neighbourhood,
but in practice no particular forms are used. The stocks of
seed are issued by the merchants to the growers at wholesale
prices. Sufficient seed is issued for planting a rood or fifty
acres as the case may be, and the merchant promises to
take either the whole or the bulk of the yield at a fixed
price. Thus the merchant is assured of the supply of

154

Some Minor l Farm Crops.

his demands from his own stocks and the grower is assured
of a purchaser for his product. A few plots of seeds are
also grown by farmers and small holders for sale to merchants
or on Mark Lane. These generally consist of scarlet runner
beans, broad beans, and some varieties of peas, the type and
quality of which can be judged from the seed itself. It is
obvious that this system could not be used for mangold or
swede seed, the inherent qualities of which can only be judged
by a knowledge of the stocks from which it was grown.

The following are the general contract prices of one firm of
merchants for 1913-14 : — Mangold seed, 25s. per cwt. ; swede,
15s. 6c2. per bushel ; green turnip, 14s. per bushel ; peas from
10s. to 12., and nasturtium from 14s. to 18s. per bushel. Some
of the small holders were* growing at the following prices in
1913 : — Parsley, 12s. to 13s. per bushel ; parsnip, 18s. to 11.
per bushel ; celery, 22. 5s. per cwt. ; wallflowers, 10t2., Is. Id.,
and Is. 6c2. per lb. ; white candytuft, from 5 d. to 8d., and
coloured, from Is. to Is. 2d. per lb. ; scarlet sweet peas, Is. per
lb. ; scarlet runner beans, 12s. per bushel, and York cabbage,
21. 10s. per cwt. The prices are ruled by the stocks in the
hands of the merchants, which affect to some extent the prices
on the wholesale market, though on the whole contract prices
are fairly stable. A slight general rise has taken place during
the last four years due to the higher prices reached by cereals.
Some farmers who did not feel comfortable in the seed
industry returned to cereal farming and thus limited the field
of production. Some seed corn is also grown in the neigh-
bourhood, but the price realised only amounts to about 2s. per
quarter over the ordinary market prices for grain.

Some idea of the capital and labour employed in this
system of farming may be gleaned from the fact that the last
annual balance-sheet and valuation on a farm of 1,000 acres
revealed a working capital of 13,000Z. On this farm sixty men
are regularly employed and the average wage sheet is 562. per
week. On another farm of 1,100 acres the labour bill for 1912
amounted to nearly 5,0002. Thus the number of men employed
per 100 acres is far above the average, though the rate of wages
paid is not high. The farmers show a keen desire to make
practical use of scientific and mechanical developments of
agricultural methods, and the nature of the industry demands
that they should be alert and keen as business managers.
These qualities and capacities are reflected in the maintenance
of a large population on the land and the evident prosperity
of the neighbourhood.

Arthur W. Ashby,

13 Plantation Road,

Oxford.

155

IV.— TOBACCO.

1. — On Waste Land at Methwold, Norfolk.

In 1910 the writer’s attention was drawn to the similarity of
waste and sandy rabbit heathland soil in south-west Norfolk
to. that of Egypt where the natives grow their tobacco,
with the result that it was decided to try tobacco growing at
Methwold commercially. For many years very fine plants had
been grown for ornamental effect in the garden.

At first a licence to grow tobacco had to be obtained, as
by an Act of Charles II. no one is allowed to grow tobacco in
this country except in small quantities, not exceeding a pole
u in a physic or University garden or in any garden for physic
or chirurgery,” and incidentally there is a fine of 501 for
growing tobacco without a licence.

The soil most suitable for tobacco should be one naturally
well drained and of a light sandy nature. The analysis taken
by Mr. L. F. Newman, of the Cambridge School of Agriculture,
of the soil where the experiment was to be carried out was as
follows : —

4-0

53'0

33-4

2'0

2-3

1- 4
■6

2- 32

Mechanical separation
Fine gravel. •
Coarse sand.

Fine sand.

Coarse silt.

Fine silt.

Clay.

Moisture.

Loss on ignition.

•6

232

•088

93-47

•09

Nil

•088

Nil

Chemical analysis
Moisture.

Loss on ignition.
Nitrogen.

Insoluble residue.
Potash.

Carbonates.
Phosphorus pentoxide.
Magnesium.

It was found best to cultivate by steam ; the cultivator
when travelling at a rapid pace throwing up the light sandy
soil and aerating it to the depth of a foot.

For manuring the writer based his mixture on the formula
given by the Irish Board of Agriculture, which is : —

30 parts sulphate of ammonia equal to 5-76 per cent, nitrogen.

54 parts 35 per cent, superphosphate equal to 7’5 per cent, soluble
phosphate.

16 parts sulphate of potash equal to 7-6 per oent. potash.

156

Some Minor Farm Crops .

No farmyard manure was used nor, contrary to the general
practice, any green manuring. In the writer’s opinion a rich
soil produces too large a percentage of nicotine in the leaves
for a smoking tobacco. For seed beds Mr. Keller’s pamphlets
advise six frames 6 ft. by 4 ft. per acre, but the writer found
that six champagne cases sawn in half, thus making twelve
shallow trays, each tray having a surface of roughly two square
feet, was sufficient for one acre. This necessitates pricking
out later at the cost of Is. 3 d. per 1,000. The advantage of
growing in trays is that the plants are stronger and better
rooted, and much time is saved in watching and watering.
The trays are sown at the end of February, and the seedlings
are pricked out in April. Care should be taken to protect the
seedlings when in the trays from sun and frost. The trays are
kept under glass, but a fortnight before pricking out the
seedlings should be gradually hardened. Leaf mould makes
the best soil for the trays, as the seedlings can be most easily
lifted for pricking out. The pricking-out beds should be well
sheltered from sun and frost, a covering of canvas being often
used.

By about the third week in May the plants should be 4 in.
high, and it is now time to plant out. This is done in rows
3 ft. apart, the plants being 20 in. from each other. Most
growers “ hill ” their land, but at Methwold this is impossible
owing to the “ blow-away sand.” Any plants dying should be
replaced at once to ensure an even crop. The bottom leaves
should be pulled off when the plant reaches 18 in. in height
as this helps the plants by giving them air, and intertillage
becomes easier. A good soil mulch should be kept throughout
the growing period by hoeing, which will also keep down
weeds — a most important point. All flower-buds should be
removed as they appear, great care being taken only to remove
the bud and not to nip any of the small leaves.

“ Suckering ” is the next operation, and this consists of
removing “ suckers ” or side shoots. These grow so quickly
that they require constant attention.

“ Topping ” is also important, and consists, as usually carried
out,iin breaking the plant ten or twelve leaves from the bottom,
but the writer favours leaving fourteen leaves on each plant till
a later date when he reduces them to nine or twelve. The
reason for this is that through suckering and hoeing some of
thedeaves are bound to be injured.

Harvest comes about three and half months after planting
out. Indications of ripening are “ toughening ” of the leaf, its
corrugated appearance and change of colour. When ripe the
plants are split to within 4 in. to 6 in. from the bottom. Then
they are cut close to the ground, laid gently down, and left for

Some Minor Farm Crops.

157

a few hours to “ wilt.” Wilting makes the leaf pliable and
prevents injury from handling.

The plants are swung on sticks 4 ft. 6 in. long ; six to
seven plants to one stick. The plants on the sticks are taken
to the barn and hung up as they are to cure.

The writer’s barns are 30 ft. by 20 ft. by 20 ft. in size, this
being enough for one acre ; tier poles are arranged 4 ft. apart
horizontally, and 4 ft. vertically, so that the 4^ ft. sticks rest
firmly on these. The sticks should be placed 9 in. apart. It is
essential the barn should be well ventilated from top to bottom.

To ensure even curing it is best to fill one barn in a day.
In the barn the leaf becomes yellow, and in damp weather
a slight heat is required to prevent mildew, but no high tem-
perature should be used whilst the leaf is changing colour,
otherwise the tobacco will cure green.

The “ Old Kentucky ” method of curing was followed in
1911. This consists of lighting logs fires of oak in the barn,
thus filling the building with smoke, the temperature varying
between 40° and 70°. By this method curing took two months,
but in 1912 the crop was cured by flues at a temperature
of about 100°, and only took from two to three weeks after
colouring. As soon as the mid-rib of the leaf is quite dry
curing is complete.

The barn must now be thrown open to allow the leaves
to soften, otherwise handling would be impossible. The plants
should be then taken down and the leaves stripped off and
sorted. The qualities are known as “ middles,” “ tops,” and
“ bottoms,” middles being of the highest quality.

After tying the leaves into bundles or “ hands,” ten or
twelve leaves to each hand fastened by one leaf, heaps are made
about 4 ft. wide by 4 ft. to 5 ft. in height, extending as far as is
necessary for the crop, with the butts placed outwards and the
tips protected from the air. Each curing should of course be
kept separate. The heaps must then be covered up and
weighted, and the tobacco will soon begin to ferment. If
overheating takes place during this “ mellowing ” process the
heap must be unpacked and re-packed top to bottom, outsides
to inside, and vice versa. The writer finds that it often
improves the quality of the tobacco to open the heaps and
unpack them two or three times. Mildew may take place in
damp weather at this point. It is easily detected by the stems
feeling moist followed by a musty smell. The heap will have
to be opened and the leaves thoroughly dried before repacking.
The whole of this process is known as “re-handling.”

Nothing else remains but packing the leaves in bales, when
they are sent to Bond. The cost of growing one acre works
out as follows : —

158

Some Minor Farm Crops.

Schedule showing actual cost per acre when ready

to he manufactured.

£

s.

d.

2 Ploughing^ at 85. per acre

16

0

Contracts.

2 Harrowings ......

4

0

? J

Seed to pricking ......

5

0

Coke ........

3

0

Pricking out . . . . . 1.?. per 1,000

12

0

By contract.

Rent, rates, &c. ......

10

0

Manure and spreading per acre

4

10

0

Dibbing out in field

12

0

Contract.

2 Hoeings per acre .....

6

0

Suckering and topping, 8 weeks at 8 s. .

1

4

0

1 girl to 2 acres.

Harvesting 1 man 9 days per acre.

1

7

0

Carting 2 carts 1 day at 7s. .

14

0

Contract.

Curing per acre

2

10

0

Labour and fuel.

Re-handling per acre .....

4

0

0

17

13

0

Interest on Capital for buildings &c., per acre

4

0

0

21

13

0

per acre.

On a farm of 40 acres the outside cost including expert
should be no more than 25 1. per acre from seed sowing to finished
tobacco. On a smaller scale the cost will be proportionately
more, and on a larger, proportionately less, but without expert
or re-handling the cost would not be more than 1 6Z. to 111. per
acre. In the writers’ opinion a light sandy soil is the best soil
to grow smoking tobacco ; though he understands good results
have been obtained from heavy soil when growing for Nicotine
extraction.

“Blue Pryor” was the first variety to be grown and proved
to be very satisfactory. In 1912 other varieties were tried,
among which “Yellow Orinoco” was found to be the best,
but its yield did not come up to that of “Blue Pryor.”

This article refers entirely to Virginian tobaccos as grown
on light sandy soil. The writer has tried Turkish but owing
to the cost, the climate and the more delicate nature of the
plant, he has for the present given up growing this variety.
He found that wet seasons caused “brown spot” on the Turkish
but did not effect the Virginian. The process of re-handling
Turkish is entirely different from that described here for
Virginian.

With the Virginian some of the best plants have been
allowed to seed as stock for future seasons. The writer’s
intention is to devote his time to the varieties of Virginia,
Orinoco, and Carolina, fully believing, as he does, that tobacco-
growing under these circumstances is quite a profitable industry.

G. F. Whitmore, M.A.

The Glebe Wood,

Methwold, Norfolk.

Some Minor Farm Crops.

159

2. — At Redfields, Hants.

Tobacco growing was commenced at Redfields in 1910, and it
would perhaps be interesting to give here an extract of the soil
analysis, which was carried out by Dr. Bernard Dyer : —

The soil as received contained about 5 per cent, of stones
separable by sifting through a wire sieve having meshes \ in.
wide.

The fine soil, when dried, has the following composition : —

Fine gravel 3

Coarse sand ......... 42

Fine sand . . . . . . . . .30

Coarse “silt” ........ 9

Fine “silt” . . . ' 9

“ Clay ” 3

Carbonate of lime, organic matter, kc. .... 4

100

From the analysis it will be seen that the soil is a distinctly
“light ” soil. However, “ light ” soils are not the only ones on
which tobacco will grow, and grow well, as experiments have
been tried on neighbouring farms with soils varying from
Bagshot sand to heavy clays, and the growth has shown no
appreciable difference. In each of the four years from 1910 to
1913 the plants grew most luxuriantly in spite of the enormous
difference in the weather during these years ; 1910 was very
wet, 1911 exceptionally dry and very hot, 1912 very wet and
cold, and 1913 an almost rainless summer. It should not be
surmised from this that tobacco can be grown profitably every-
where ; on the whole it likes a mild climate, and situations not
very high above sea level.

The preparation of the land is very much the same as for
cabbages ; after the necessary cultivations, a dressing of farm-
yard manure — 20 loads to the acre — is applied, and in addition
to this artificials are required, especially potash. Operations
begin in March each year, when the tobacco seed is sown in
seed beds and covered with frames, which will accommodate
three to four thousand seedlings to each frame. This year
(1913) 250,000 seedlings were planted out in May at Redfields,
and 99,000 were sent to growers in various parts of England.

The seedlings are planted out in rows 2 ft. apart, 3 ft.
dividing each plant, an acre thus requiring 7,260 plants. Two
men and a boy should be able to plant 5,000 plants in a day of
nine hours. Between the time of planting out in May and the
harvest in August the chief operations are hoeing, “ suckering ”
(removing side shoots), and “ topping ” (removing the seed
heads). During this period the tiny plants set out at the end of
May will have developed by the middle of August into handsome

160

Some Minor Farm Crops.

plants, standing, when topped, 3 ft. high, with largest leaves
measuring 40 in. by 20 in. The harvest, which begins in the
first or second week of August, is an important stage in the
cultivation of tobacco, the plants having to be handled with
the very greatest care, as injury to their leaves lowers their
value.

The plants are cut with an axe close to the ground, and
are then speared on wooden laths — six to each lath — and
carried to the air-curing sheds on specially constructed carts.
Formerly, the plants were threaded on string, and then strung
on bamboo canes, but the laths were found to be much better,
and, further, they keep the plants from swaying. The air-
curing sheds are built in sections 40 ft. long by 16 ft. wide, and
have a total measurement of 808 ft. They are high enough to
take four tiers of hanging plants, the lowest being about 8 ft.
from the ground, and the whole is covered with waterproof
canvas curtains. After six weeks or two months of this curing
process, the plants are ready for removal to the “ re-handling”
shed, where the leaves are then stripped from the stalks, graded,
and made into “hands,” each hand consisting of about twelve
leaves tied round with a separate leaf. They are next subjected
to a temperature ranging from 100° to 120°. The leaves at this
stage are in a brittle state, and before they are in condition for
packing they have to be placed in a steaming chamber, and the
steam turned on for one to three minutes.

Before going into the cost of growing an acre of tobacco, it
may be interesting to give a list of the varieties of tobacco
grown at Redfields. The list also shows the acreage under each
variety in the year 1913 : —

Variety
Blue Pryor
Manilla
Kentucky
Yellow Mammoth
Fredrichsall
Turkish .

Red Burley
Sumatra .

Dutch
Wisconsin
Gold Leaf
Irish Gold
Hest er
Comslock .
Various .

Acreage
15 0 20

1 0 20

3 0 27

0 0 32

0 0 21
0 0 29

4 2 29

0 0 27

3 0 12

10 0
0 0 30

0 1 32

0 0 29

0 0 31

0 0 13

30 0 0

So far, Blue Pryor has proved to be the best variety at
Redfields.

Some Minor Farm Crops.

161

The cost per lb. on 15 acres yielding 22,400
1912, works out as follows : —

lb. grown in

Seed beds ........

•60 of a penny

Farmyard manure and spreading ....

•74

??

Preparation of land ......

•33

V

Shelter beds and sundry work ....

•36

??

Artificial manures .......

POO

))

Planting .........

•12

11

Cultivation ........

•57

))

Suckering and topping ......

•12

11

Harvesting ........

1-09

11

Rent, rates and taxes ......

•30

11

5-23

pence

523 pence per lb. equals 32 1. 10s. 10^/. per acre.

These charges are exceptionally high owing to the very wet
summer.

Mr. G. H. Garrad, of Wye College, in his leaflet “ The
Growing of Tobacco for Nicotine Extraction,” gives the cost as
27 l. 2s. 6d. per acre, and the cost in Germany, according to the
Journal of the Board of Agriculture for November, 1913, is
-given at 271. 2s.

There is, in addition to this, the cost of re-handling. This,
owing to inexperience and what may be termed initial
expenses, was very costly, coming out at over 3 d. per lb. for
the first year. In America, it is done at about Id. per lb., and
this, allowing a yield of 1,500 lb. to the acre, would wTork out
at Ql. 5s. per acre. Naturally, as the acreage increases the
charge for re-handling per pound should decrease in like
proportion.

The whole of the 1912 crop was sold at an average of 6d.
per lb.

In the above figures no allowance is made for depreciation,
but as tobacco growing in this country is quite a new venture
it is very difficult to rightly apportion this charge. At Red-
fields, the re-handling sheds have been built at a cost of
1,500Z., and they are sufficiently large and fully equipped to
re-handle one hundred acres of tobacco.

When fully at work, therefore, the depreciation on the
buildings and interest on the capital would work out at 150 1.
per year. This on 100,000 lb. of tobacco, which is a moderate
estimate for a hundred acre crop, would show a charge for
depreciation, &c., of about one third of a penny per lb.
Probably as time goes on the penny allowance for re-handling
would cover this item.

So far, tobacco at Redfields has not been grown in rotation.
It has been proved that it will certainly grow five or six years
in succession on the same land, though it will probably be

VOL. 74. G

162

Some Minor Farm Crops.

found more economical to grow it in rotation. And again,
though the crop at present has not been seriously attacked, it
will no doubt in course of time develop various diseases of
its own.

At the present date more than one hundred acres of tobacco
are being grown in this country under the direction of the
British Tobacco Growers’ Society, initiated in November,
1912, which is itself under the auspices of the Development
Commission. This Society is not trading for profit, but is a
branch of the co-operative movement, and is affiliated to the
Agricultural Organization Society. The scheme outlined by
the Society and the Development Commission contemplates an
experiment over a period of five years, at the end of which
period it ought to be possible to speak with confidence as to the
possibility of tobacco growing in England.

Each grower, under this scheme, receives the whole cost of
the cultivation of the crop ; this includes seeds or plants, sheds
for air-curing, &c., and all expenses incurred for manures and
labour, in fact, every reasonable item of expenditure except
supervision. Beyond this the grower receives a bonus with a
minimum of 51. and a maximum of 1(B. All the wages paid
are to be at the rate current in the district, and the manures
used are to be applied as directed by the Society. The Society
reserves the right to remove sheds after March 31 in any given
year. An application to the Society for permission to grow
tobacco in no way binds the applicant until the sheds are
erected, and it is at the Society’s discretion to approve or reject
any application as they may think fit.

If approved, the crop becomes the property of the Society
to be dealt with as they may determine. The area to be
grown for the next few years will only be very limited, and
the Society have to use the greatest discretion to avoid plots
being taken up in districts unsuitable for the culture of tobacco,
or at too great a distance from their re-handling centre.

The tobacco-growing industry in England, in the opinion
of the writer, seems to be quite a feasible and profitable
proposition. The greatest care, however, must be taken in
placing only good and undoctored tobacco on the market or
an almost irretrievable blow will be struck at this promising
industry. At first only those who have the facilities for
turning out a really good article should be allowed to grow
this crop, as an immense amount of popular prejudice has yet
to be overcome.

The Excise regulations are an exceedingly heavy handicap.
An officer has to be present at all weighings and packings, and
he is not always obtainable when required, which often means
delay and expense. The officer further has to take samples

163

Some Minor Farm Crops.

from packed and finished casks or bales, and this entails a
certain amount of damage to the tobacco leaves which are then
in a very brittle state, whilst it also does much damage to the
casks and bales.

It is to be hoped that for the benefit of tobacco-growing in
this country some drastic alteration in the present Excise laws
will be effected in the near future.

A. J. Brandon.

Redfields,

Church Crookham, Hants.

Y.— TEAZLES.

The growth of teazles for the purpose of cloth-dressing is a
little known phase of agricultural industry, although a fairly
large trade is done wherever woollen cloths are woven. The
wild teazle is a common plant of the English copses and hedges
with a tall, rigid, prickly stem, bearing large, spreading,
opposite leaves, and conspicuous oblong heads. The flowers,
which appear in July, are of a purplish colour and they are
subtended by long, stiff, upright bracts. The plant belongs to
the genus Dipsacece, of which the scabious is also a member,
and the teazle family is known as Dipsacus sylvestris. The
difference between the wild teazle and the Fuller’s teazle ( D .
Fullonum) is that in the commercial variety the bracts are
hooked , and it is this quality which gives them their utility in
raising the “ nap ” or “ pile ” of cloth. Fuller’s teazle is
probably a cultivated form of the wild species, although the
contrary opinion is held in Somerset, and the local growers
say that the wild teazle is a degenerate form of the cultivated
variety.

Prior to the development of machine and power production
in the woollen industry all cloth was dressed with teazles, but at
the present time wire brushes are used for raising the “ nap ” on
many varieties ; teazles being mainly used on very fine cloths,
and also on some cloths on which the nap is raised while the
cloth is in a wet condition. In the latter case teasles have an
immense advantage, for the damp, by causing rust, spoils the
points of the wire brushes.

For the purpose of cloth-dressing the teazles are used in
two ways. When they are sold by the growers they are graded
in two or three sizes, i.e ., kings, the crown-heads of each plant,
middlings , and buttons, i.e., the smallest heads. The buttons
are fitted into small iron frames which are fixed on large
rotating cylinders, and these pass over the face of the cloth to
be dressed. The kings and middlings are cut and fixed in
small wire devices in sets of three. In this form they make a
continuous cylindrical brush of some five or six inches in

Gr 2

164

Some Minor Farm Crops.

length, and these brushes are fixed on the cylinder in a diagonal
direction, in such a way that as the cylinder revolves each set
of three teazles revolves upon its own axis.

Part of the superiority of teazles over the wire brush for
the purposes of cloth-dressing is due to the fact that on each
side of the many separate hooks on the heads are placed many
more hooks so fine as to be almost invisible to the naked eye.
Hooks of such fineness could not possibly be manufactured,
and therefore the teazle is still grown for commercial purposes
in many agricultural countries. The bulk of the English
grown supply is produced in Somersetshire, but the crop is
also grown to a small extent in Essex, and when grown and
harvested under favourable conditions the quality of the
Somersetshire teazles is such that they have no superiors,
although large supplies are imported for the English cloth-
dressers from France and Austria, and small supplies from
the United States of America.

The soil and climatic conditions necessary for the cultivation
of the plant, are a rich heavy clay soil, a copious rainfall at
certain seasons of the year, and fine bright weather from July
to the end of August. Should there be a continuous fall of
light rain for a few days during this period a large part, or
even the whole, of a valuable crop may be spoiled. On the
other hand, sharp showers and bright sunshine are rather
welcomed by the growers. The value of the teazle depends
entirely upon the resisting power of the hooks. When the
head is in a ripe condition the grasp of the hand is not sufficient
to crush it, and if the base of a head on a standing plant is
grasped in the hand with an upward movement the impression
is generally nil. The hooks are rigid, the stems are tenacious,
and as the plant sends its roots to a great depth the only effect
is a test of the muscle of the arm of the person who attempts
to remove the head of the plant. But if rain falls incessantly
while the flowers are appearing in the heads, and water lodges
in the interstices between the bracts, the head becomes partially
or wholly rotten, and in either case it is useless. Such a
summer as that of 1912 is disastrous to the teazle grower. On
the contrary, in a fine season large numbers of heads are
procured, and even if the supply should be excessive the heads
can be stored for any length of time, provided they have been
properly dried. But it is stated that the harvesting alone does
not determine the rigidity and resisting power of the hooks,
the nature of the soil also affects these qualities. The Somerset-
shire growers say that the heavier the soil the better the quality
of the teazle, and they have an idea that some of the mineral
constituents of heavy clays enters in a special way into the
composition of the heads of the teazle.

165

Some Minor Farm Crops.

The soil on which the crop is grown is usually a three-
horse clay ; or, as it is stated in Somersetshire, “ any good
wheat land” will grow them. Other growers have an idea
that the crop need not be confined to the heaviest lands, and
certainly it has been proved that the seedlings at any rate can
be successfully raised on fairly light land.

The district in which the teazles are grown in Somersetshire
is between Taunton, Chard, and Ilminster, especially in the
neighbourhoods of Hatch, Curland, and Thurlbear. They are
also grown to some extent near Langport. In Essex they are
grown at Coggesliall. The area in which the crop is grown in
Somerset coincides to some extent with the area in which the
“ teart ” or “ tart " pastures occur. The propensity for scouring
cattle possessed by these pastures is notorious ; and the
“ teartness ” is supposed to be due to the peculiar physical
and mechanical condition of these heavy clay soils.

The teazle is said to be “ a two-year crop,” but in reality
it is matured in from sixteen to eighteen months in England
and Normandy, and in ten months in some of the irrigated
areas in the departments of Southern France. In Somerset
the seed is sown on seed-beds at the end of March or the
beginning of April. The exact period varies a little with
the locality, but the general time for sowing is exactly the
same as that for mangolds. On the heaviest land an attempt is
made to sow at the end of March ; on the lighter soils the
sowing sometimes takes place at least a month later. The seed
is usually sown by hand, either in drills or broadcast, but
sometimes it is drilled with a bean drill, fitted with different
rollers. The best growers consider that this is not a good
method. About three gallons of seed per acre is usually
sown, but the amount may vary from one to two pecks. It is
usual to sow with seed about one-third of the land intended
for the final crop, so that every acre of the seed-bed will yield
sufficient plants to plant two other acres, whilst leaving an
adequate number of plants for a crop on the seed-beds after
the other plants are drawn.

There is no special place for the crop in the rotation. It
may be grown both before and after wheat. The land for the
seed-bed is winter ploughed and dunged, much in the same
way as for mangolds. A good dressing of farmyard manure is
generally used, but artificial fertilisers are occasionally applied
both before and after the crop has been transplanted. Nitrate
of soda and superphosphate are occasionally supplied to the
seed-beds, and likewise to the plants in the second year during
the months of April, May and June. The great necessity in
the arrangement of the ploughing is to leave roads so that
the cutters may move freely amongst the plants during the

166

Some Minor Farm Crops.

harvest season. Consequently the land is usually ploughed
in ridges of from eight to ten furrows. This leaves an open
furrow on either side of each four or five rows. From May to
August of the first year of growth the plants are worked by
hand labour, being “ spuddled ” three times. The hoe is
rarely used, but a small light spade takes its place. Spuddling
through the plants three times usually costs from 21. 10s. to 31.
per acre. One of the chief factors in success is the cleanliness
of the ground, and the securing of loose soil round the plants.
The looser the soil, so long as it is kept close to the plants, the
bigger the “knot” at the bottom of the plant, and it is stated
that the size of the “ knot ” determines the number of heads
yielded by the plant.

The transplanting, at the rate of about 18,000 plants to the
acre, takes place at the end of October or the beginning of
November. If done in September or early in October fresh
dry winds may cause the plants to shrivel, and they are unable
to recover from this. After transplanting, the plants are
left till the following spring, when during April, May, and
June the ground is again subjected to three spuddlings at a
similar cost. The harvesting begins during the early days of
July and continues for six or eight weeks. Men and women
go through the crop about three times, at intervals of a fort-
night, taking the heads as they show signs of losing the flower.
A short knife is used, and each head must be cut separately.
When cut they are tied in small bandies of a dozen or less and
then gathered and placed upon long ash or hazel poles to dry.
During fine days these poles and their contents are placed in
the sun ; but should rain fall they are housed in a rough open
shed where the wind can proceed with the drying process.
The cost of cutting depends upon the yield, but the rate is
about 7s. 3d. per pack of 20,000.

When the teazles are thoroughly dry they are taken from
the poles and thrown in a heap in a dry place, and the sorting
is proceeded with. During the sorting they are separated into
two or three grades, as already stated, according to the desire
of the teazle-merchant or of the cloth-dresser. When sorted
the teazles are packed on “staffs,” each holding 500, and forty
“ staffs ” in Somersetshire constitute one “ pack ” of 20,000 ; but
the number of heads in the pack varies. The Yorkshire
“pack” only numbers 13,500, consisting of twenty-seven “staffs.”
The Normandy “pack” numbers 14,400, “or thereabouts.”
Before or after the grading, the growers are visited by merchants
from Bradford and Leeds, who buy up the whole of the supply.
It occasionally happens that a grower is unable to make a satis-
factory bargain with the merchants, when he proceeds to sell
his produce direct to the users. But this method of disposing

167

Some Minor Farm Crops.

of the teazles is rarely successful for more than one year.
Should the farmer be unable to find a purchaser amongst
the manufacturers he is boycotted by the merchants, and is
driven to sell at less than the current rates, or to keep his
teazles in stock — a course apt to lead to financial embarrassment.

The price paid for teazles varies according to the quality
and the yield. Within the last four years the prices paid by
the cloth-dressers have risen as follows : —

Normandy Teazles.

Cut teazles, 50 mm. X 40 mm., from 15/. 5s. to 18/. per pack of 14,400

Middlings from 6s. 9 d. to 8s. 0 d. per 1,000

Buttons . . . . . ,, 4s. 9 d. to 5s. 9 d. per 1,000

While the growers of

English teazles have

received advances as

follows : —

& s.

d.

1909. Best teazles

• • • • •

3 12

6

per 20,000

Buttons

• • • • •

2 0

0

1912. Best teazles

• • • • •

7 0

0

? )

Buttons

• • • • •

3 10

0

5 )

In Somersetshire

a custom known as

“ growing to half ”

J AiltO Uill

ment with a professional teazle grower to provide special
land and ploughing for the crop. The farmer may be paid for
this at the rate of from 21. to 51. per acre, but 71. is not
infrequently paid for very prolific land. The seed is supplied
by the grower, and all the subsequent expenses are shared
equally between the grower and the farmer. When the crop
has been sold and placed on rail the proceeds are shared equally
between farmer and grower. The following is a farmer's
record of such a transaction during the eighteen months
April, 1908, to September, 1909 : —

1908.

Expenditure.

Rent and ploughing for seed land 8a. Or 25p.
Working ground (spuddling) under plants 3a. Or. 25p.
Pulling and planting 117,000 plants for 6a. 2r. 8p.

1909.

Working teazles three times, 6a. 2r. 8p. at 50s. per acre
Cutting 54 packs at 7s. 6d. per pack ....

Tying 54 packs at 6s. 6d.

Cutting and tying, 1 pack 5 staffs at 14s.

Expenses loading teazles on rail .....
Rent of land for second year, 6a. 2r. 8p. at 45s. per acre
Haulage of teazles from field to shed ....

Extra expense, hauling plants from one farm to another
10 loads at 7s

£

s.

d.

9

0

0

9

3

6

9

15

0

16

17

6

20

5

0

17

11

0

16

0

13

0

14

14

9

2

17

6

101

13

3

3

10

0

105

3

3

168

Some Minor Farm Crops.

Receipts 1909.

Pales,

20 packs of best teazles at 72 s. 6d.

14^ packs of small teazles at 40s.

12 packs 36 staffs at 72s. 6d.

7 packs 29 staffs at 40s.

Total receipts .

Total expenditure .

Total profits

Half profit for farmer

Average profit per acre

3a. Or. 25p. for six months
6a. 2r. 8p. for one year

9a. 2r. 33p.

Adding the profit which should have accrued in the absence
of the expense in unnecessary haulage (per acre)

&

8.

d.

72

10

0

29

0

0

46

15

3

15

9

0

163

14

3

163

14

3

105

3

3

58

11

0

29

5

6

2

18

8

3

2

2

\

This must be regarded as clear profit, and three acres of the
land were only occupied by the crop for six months. But there
is no real reason why the farmer should not undertake all the
obligations and reap all the profit from the crop. If the farmer
who “ grew to half ” in the above instance had taken sole
control of the enterprise his total profit would have amounted
to 58 l. 11s., and the rate per acre to hi. 17s. 4 d. ; or, with the
addition of profit that was swallowed in this case by the
normally unnecessary costs of production to about 61. 5s. It
must be noted that although the farmer received only
23 1. 14s. 9 d. to cover the rent and costs of ploughing of
9a. 2r. 33p. of land, he considered his teazles the most profit-
able crop of the year even when he received only fifty per
cent, of the total profits.

There is also an occasional item of receipt which does not
appear in this account. When the teazles are taken from the
poles and thrown in a heap they lose a large amount of seed.
This is now sold for bird-seed at the rate of 30s. per quarter.

The teazle is subject to several pests. During June and
July of the first year of growth the plants are attacked by the
“ hopper fly ” whose attacks on swedes and turnips are well-
known. And at several stages of their growth the plants
are often subjected to 4he attacks of the “ leather jacket,”
the grub of the daddy-long-legs. During May and June
of the second year mildew attacks the leaves of the plants
if the weather is damp, and a green fly also attacks the
plants, clustering round the joints and eating the covering
of the stem. Then, too, if the weather should be very
dry during the period in which the heads first appear the

Some Minor Farm Crops.

169

plants are subjected to what is known as “ black-knot,” which
is a contraction of the joints and has the effect of reducing
the yield of the crop considerably. The actual yield may vary
between two and fourteen packs, but usually amounts to
between seven and ten.

One of the drawbacks to the cultivation of the crop is that
it is held to “ draw ” or impoverish the soil. This point is
always in dispute, but it is certain that good yields of wheat
can be obtained after teazles, although two crops of teazles are
rarely taken from the same plot within a short period. So
strong was the feeling that teazles impoverish the soil that many
old Somersetshire leases contained a clause forbidding their
cultivation, and a few farmers still suffer under the same
restriction. But good farmers say that the only danger
arising out of the cultivation of teazles is that the heavy
clay land should be left unploughed for a long time after
harvest, in which case it becomes difficult to break up.
Further, they state that the plant sends it roots to a greater
depth even than the roots of wheat descend, so that it feeds
largely from the subsoil which is left by other plants
untapped. The same prejudice, due to the alleged impov-
erishment of the soil, was also held against the cultivation
of woad — another plant used in the woollen industry which
used to be grown in Somersetshire. Many of the best
growers state that the charge of impoverishing the soil is due
partly to prejudice and partly to the mismanagement of the
soil after the harvest, and that it has no other foundation.

For the purpose of improving the English stocks of seed
some growers pursue the annual selection of heads from plants
of a good type and prolific nature. But stocks of foreign seed
have often been obtained from the English merchants, and
used to good effect. This is seed which has dropped from
the foreign teazles when they were in the warehouses of the
English merchants.

It is stated by growers that imported stocks of seeds,
especially American, are better than English, although the
American stocks were derived from the English, the seeds for
the establishment of the American industry being first exported
from this country about the year 1840. The centre of the
American teazle-growing industry is around the town of
Skaneateles, near the city of Syracuse in the central part of
New York State. Formerly they were grown there in large
quantities, but of late years the acreage has diminished. In
growth and quality American teazles are somewhat similar to
Somersetshire, with the exception that on accoufit of more
favourable conditions at the time of harvest in America, and
also that growers there house their products better during the

170

Some Minor Farm Crops.

harvest period, they possess and retain a bright pea green
colour, which is the natural condition of the teazle plant. On
account of the high prices fetched by American teazles, it is
not usual for them to come into competition with the English
product for use in this market. Some years ago a well-known
firm of American and English agents introduced into this
country what was considered to be the strongest and hardest
hooked teazles in existence. They were known by the name
of “ Oregon,” from the State in which they originated, but
being only suitable for special purposes, they seem to have
gone out of use.

In France teazles are grown in a great many departments
and districts in comparatively large quantities. The supplies
for the English market are largely derived from the depart-
ment of Vaucluse in the south, and the department of Seine et
Oise in the north. There is a vast difference between the two
growths : the teazles from the north, being of much better
quality, show better results in wear. Those from the south
are more soft, and more of a wild nature, but in spite of that
they are very useful for some purposes. On account of the
system of artificial irrigation in the south great quantities are
produced in the department of Bouches du Rhone and are
harvested ten months after the seed is planted. Teazles from
the north of France are very similar to those grown in Somerset-
shire, although not quite so strong. It is stated that there is
a great increase in the acreage of the “ Normandy ” teazles.

Some teazles for the English market are derived from and
around Lintz, in upper Austria. In appearance they look very
well, and when well harvested they possess a nice pea green
colour, but in quality and results they do not even reach the
standard of those derived from the south of France. The
prices for the Austrian products fluctuate a great deal, and on
an average are lower than those ruling for the irrigated
products of the south of France. Formerly, teazles were
grown in large quantities in Austria, but of late years the
acreage has greatly diminished.

There is always more or less fluctuation in the price of
English teazles, and a great deal depends upon the quarter in
which they are grown. The present rates are considered high.
English growers are making even better prices than for similar
qualities that come from the Continent.

The costs of producing teazles are higher than those for
ordinary arable crops, and great care must be taken with the
cultivation of the plant, and the harvesting and grading of the
heads, but. any good farmer who is prepared to give his
personal attendance could raise good crops on a medium clay
soil. There is no reason why the whole of the supply for the

Some Minor Farm Crops .

171

English factories should not be raised in our own country.
Over any period of years the books of any teazle grower would
show a greater profit per acre than can be obtained from most
farm crops, and the discrepancy between the prices paid by the
consumer and those received by the farmer show that if the
growers could organise their profits might be easily increased.

The following account of the teazle industry was given by
John Billingsley in his Survey of Somersetshire in 1795 : —

“ In the parishes of Wrington, Blagden, Ubly, Compton
Martin and Harptry, teasels are much cultivated. The
head of this plant, which is composed of well-turned
vegetable hooks, is used in the dressing of cloth, and the
manufacturers of Somerset and Wilts are for the most
part supplied from these parishes. Large quantities are
also sent (by water conveyance from Bristol) into York-
shire. The most favourable soil is a strong rich clay, or
what is generally denominated good wheat-land. Some-
times an old ley is broken and sometimes a wheat stubble.
The seed is sown after the rate of two pecks per acre in
April. During the summer the land is worked over three
or four times with long narrow spades to destroy the
weeds. In the month of November, if the plants are too
thick, they are drawn out to fill up vacancies, and the
plants are set at a foot distance. If, after this thinning,
too many plants remain, another field is prepared, into
which they are transplanted, but those plants which are
never removed produce the best heads. At the next spring
and ensuing summer the land is worked over three or four
times with narrow spades, by which it is kept thoroughly
clean, and the plants earthed up. This is called speddling.

“ In the month of July the uppermost heads begin to
blossom, and as soon as the blossom falls they are ripe.
The gathering is performed at three different times. A
man, with a knife made for the purpose, cuts the heads
which are ripe, and ties them up in handfuls. After a
fortnight he goes over the ground again, and at a third
cutting the business is completed. On the day of cutting
they are carried into a house, and if the air be clear, they
are taken out daily and exposed to the sun, till they are
completely dry, but great care must be taken that no rain
falls on them. The crop is very hazardous. A Avet
season rots them, particularlv when there is much rain at
the time of blossoming. When dry the teasels are
separated into three different groups, called kings,
middlings and scrubs, and are after that, made into packs,
containing of kings , nine thousand heads, and of middling
twenty thousand. The scrubs are but of little value. The

172

Some Minor. Farm Crops.

average price is forty shillings per pack, and sometimes
the produce is fifteen or sixteen packs an acre, at other
times a total blank. There is an amazing inequality in the
produce of different plants : some stocks will send forth
one hundred heads, others not more than three or four.
Should not great attention therefore be paid to the
selection of seed, namely, by taking it from those plants
which appear to be most prolific ? This, however, is not
done, but the seed is taken indiscriminately from the
whole crop.

“ As the goodness of the crop chiefly depends on the
care taken to keep the land free from weeds, leaving the
plants at proper distances, and earthing them up well, and
as most of the common workmen will pay more attention
to their own than to anothers1 interest, it frequently
happens that a partnership is formed between master and
man. The former finds ground and ploughing, the latter
seed and labour, at harvest the crop is divided and each
party takes a moiety. The expense and produce of teasels

be thus estimated per acre : —

A

s.

d.

Two year’s rent .

.

3

0

0

0

To ploughing .

•

15

0

To workmen’s labour

.

3

15

0

To making out bundles, tying together teasel
bands, 2s. per pack

0

14

0

Total cost

, ,

8

4

0

By average produce, 7 packs at 40$.,

Profit

A s. d.

14 0 0

5

16

0

14

0

0

“ The working with the spade can only be done to
advantage by the men accustomed to it, who are become,
by habit, so dexterous in the use of the implement, that
they will even thin out a crop of carrots. The common
hoe has been tried, and though in the hand of a competent
turnip-hoer, it was not found to answer.

“After the crop, wheat is sown on one ploughing, and
seldom fails of a good produce, so it may not be quite fair
to charge the teasels with two years1 rent. Few soils will
bear frequent repetitions of this crop, and the farmer
finds it his interest to devote newly broken up land to
this culture.”

Thus it may be seen that the system of growing teazles
has remained almost exactly the same for over a century, while
immense strides have been made in the development of some
types of farming.

Arthur W. Ashby.

13 Plantation Road,

Oxford.

173

CONTEMPORARY AGRICULTURAL LAW.

I. — Legislation.

AGRICULTURAL interests are not greatly affected by the
legislation of 1913, but there are some enactments which
should be noticed.

The first of these is the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1913
(2 and 3 Geo. 5 c. 21). It was passed to avoid the effect of
the decision in Re Kedwell and Flint <Jc Co. (1911, 1 K.B., 797 ;
80 L.J.K.B., 707, noted on page 189 of Yol. 72, R.A.S.E. Journal),
where it was held that the provision in Section 61 of the
Agricultural Holdings (England) Act, 1883, that a tenancy
from year to year current at the commencement of the Act
should cease to be a tenancy “ under a contract of tenancy
current at the commencement of the Act ” on the first day on
which either landlord or tenant could, the one by giving notice
to the other immediately after the commencement of the Act
cause such tenancy to determine, must be read into the Market
Gardeners’ Compensation Act, 1895. The result of the case
was that where land cultivated as a market garden was held
under a yearly tenancy at the date of the commencement of
the Market Gardeners’ Compensation Act, 1895 (January 1,
1896), and continued to be held under the same contract of
tenancy down to the present time, inasmuch as it might long
since have been determined by notice to quit, it could not be
treated as a tenancy current at the commencement of the Act
so as to give the tenant the right to compensation conferred by
the Market Gardeners’ Compensation Act, 1895, upon tenants
under such tenancies of a holding at that date in use or
cultivation as a market garden with the knowledge of
the landlord. It should be stated that the Agricultural
Holdings Act, 1908, which repealed the Acts of 1883 and
1895, by Section 42, Sub-section 2, preserved the rights
of tenants under tenancies current on January 1, 1896,
but provided that where such a tenancy was a tenancy
from year to year the compensation should be such (if any)
as could have been claimed if the Act of 1908 had not been
passed, thus making it necessary in such a case to revert to
the previous Acts of 1883 and 1895 to ascertain the tenant’s
rights. This proviso is repealed by the Act of 1913, which
declares that a tenancy from year to year under a contract of
tenancy current on January 1, 1896, shall not be deemed, to
have been determined thereafter by virtue of any provision
contained in Section 61 of the Agricultural Holdings (England)
Act, 1883. The effect of the Act is to enable any tenant who
continues to hold under a tenancy current on January 1, 1896,

174

Contemporary Agricultural Law.

and whose holding was then cultivated as a market garden
with the knowledge of the landlord to obtain compensation on
the termination of his tenancy for planting of fruit trees, fruit
bushes, and the other various market garden improvements
mentioned in the Third Schedule to the Agricultural Holdings
Act, 1908, in the absence of any previous written notice of
dissent by the landlord to the execution of such improvements,
although the tenancy may be only a yearly tenancy which
might have been determined within a year or two of the
commencement of the Market Gardeners’ Compensation Act,
1895, which first conferred special rights to compensation upon
tenants of land at that date in cultivation as a market garden.
The rights to compensation under such* tenancies are therefore
no longer governed by the decision in Re Kedwell and
Flint & Co.

The Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment
Act, 1913 (3 and 4 Geo. 5 c. 32), should be noticed, as such
monuments may be situated on land used for agriculture.
It empowers the Commissioners of Works and county
councils to purchase by agreement ancient monuments. The
expression u ancient monument ” includes the monuments
specified in the schedule to the Ancient Monuments Protection
Act, 1882, and any other monuments or things which in the
opinion of the Commissioners are of a like character, and any
monument or remains of a monument, the preservation of
which is a matter of public interest by reason of the historic,
architectural, traditional, artistic or archaeological interest
attaching thereto, and the site of any such monument or of
any remains thereof and any part of the adjoining land which
may be required for the purpose of fencing, covering or
otherwise preserving the monument from injury. Ecclesiastical
buildings for the time being used for ecclesiastical purposes
are, however, excluded. The Commissioners or county councils
may with their consent be constituted by the owner of any
ancient monument its guardians, and they then become liable
for its maintenance. Provision is also made by this Act for
orders of the Commissioners of Works placing any monument
under their protection which is reported to be in danger of
destruction or removal or damage from neglect or injudicious
treatment, and it is enacted that the public shall have access to
any monument of which the Commissioners or a local authority
are the owners or guardians under regulations to be prescribed
by the Commissioners or the local authority. There is also
power given to local authorities to make bye-laws prohibiting
or restricting the display of advertisements of such a nature or
in such a manner as to be detrimental to the amenities of any
ancient monument specified in the bye-law.

Contemporary Agricultural Law.

175

The Bankruptcy and Deeds of Arrangement Act, 1913
(3 and 4 Geo. 5 c. 34), by Section 18, restricts a landlord’s
power of distress in case of bankruptcy of a tenant so that the
distress if levied after the commencement of the bankruptcy
shall not be available for rent payable in respect of any period
subsequent to the date when the distress was levied.

II. — Decisions of the Courts.

1. Labour. Decisions under the Workmen’s Compensation
Act, 1906, have again been very numerous, but few of them
have any bearing on labour in agriculture. Knight v. Bucknill
(1913, W.C. Rep., 175) is an important case on the liability of
an employer for an injury by accident to a casual labourer. A
jobbing gardener was employed to cut down some trees at a
daily wage of 3s. 6d. Subsequently he was employed to cut
down other trees, and in the interval he was engaged in
re-laying a lawn. After being employed for about five weeks,
during which he worked every weekday except when the
weather was too bad, he met with an accident while lopping
branches from a tree. It was held that his employment was
“ of a casual nature ” and that he was not a “ workman ” within
the meaning of Section 13 of the Workmen’s Compensation
Act, 1906, which excludes from the definition of “workman”
“ a person whose employment is of a casual nature and who is
employed otherwise than for the purposes of the employer’s
trade or business.” The employer was therefore not liable to
pay compensation under the Act. It is to be noticed, however,
that the result would have been different if the employment
had been for the purpose of the employer’s trade or business
(e.g. if the employer had been a timber merchant) even though
it was of casual nature. In Edwards v. Wingham Agricul-
tural Implement Co. (82 L.J.K.B., 998 ; 1913, 3 K B. 596)
a workman was employed as engine driver to work his
employers’ threshing machines at 6<A an hour. It was also
his duty to go about a district allotted to him and look
after the interests of his employers therein and was
supplied with a bicycle for going to and from his work
as well as for going from one part of his district to another.
He ceased work each day at 6 p.m., and when on a distant
job was not expected to return to his employers’ works.
On September 25, 1912, he had been engaged in working
one of the employers’ threshing machines and ceased work
at 6 p.m. In the course of returning home on the bicycle
he met with an accident, being run over by a steam lorry,
and he sustained injuries which caused his death. His
dependants claimed compensation. It was held that they
were not entitled as the accident did not happen in the course

176

Contemporary Agricultural Law.

of the workman’s employment, the Court stating that the
protection given by the Workman’s Compensation Act, 1906,
to a workman does not extend to his going to and from his
work unless there are some special circumstances. In Bradley
v. Wallaces , Lim. (82 L.J.K.B., 998 ; 1913, 3 K.B. 629),
the dependants of George Bradley, a teamster, claimed
compensation for his death. Bradley, whilst engaged in
his work at his employer’s yard, was kicked and fatally
injured by a horse which belonged to a third party and
was standing there unattended. The employers admitted
liability but claimed indemnity against the owner of
the horse under Section 6 of the Workmen’s Compensation
Act, 1906, which gives a right to indemnity to employers
paying compensation to a workman where some person
other than the employer would be under a legal liability
to pay damages for the injury. This claim was resisted
by the owners who proved that the horse which caused
the injury was not known by them to be vicious. It was
contended that the horse had no right to be in the yard, and
was, in fact, a trespasser there, and was left unattended through
the negligence of the owner’s carter, and that they were there-
fore liable*for the results of the negligence. The Court held that
the owner of a horse is not liable for an injury caused by the
kick of the horse if it is not known to be vicious, and that the
damage claimed was too remote, as it is not the natural or
ordinary consequence of a horse, which has shown no vicious
propensity, being improperly on land which does not belong
to its owners, that it should when there kick human beings
without provocation. The claim was therefore disallowed. It
is to be observed that the defence which defeated the claim
against the owners of the horse was not available to Bradley’s
employers in respect of the claim against them by his depen-
dants because the latter claim being under the Act no question
of negligence arose, and it was sufficient to show that the
accident arose out of and in the course of the workman’s
employment.

Wolfenden v. Mason (11 L.G.R., 1243) raised a question as
to the liability of a farmer and breeder of horses for payment
of the duty imposed by the Revenue Act, 1869, Section 18, on
“ male servants,” in respect of a man employed by him. Mr.
Mason advertised for “ a groom, single, to live in, able to ride
and drive and make himself generally useful.” He engaged a
man at 8s. a week in addition to receiving board and lodging.
The justices found that the man was employed by Mason in the
capacity of a groom and general servant and that the major part
of his duty was attending to horses kept by Mason in bis
business as a farmer and horse breeder and they dismissed the

.

Contemporary Agricultural Law.

177

information for employing a male servant without a licence.
The Divisional Court affirmed this decision holding that the
man was not a “groom” within the meaning of Section 19,
Sub-section 3 of the Revenue Act, 1869, which defines “ male
servant ” as meaning and including “ any male servant employed
either wholly or partially in any of the following capacities,
that is to say . . . coachman, groom, postilion, stable-boy,

or helper in stables . . . or in any capacity involving the

duties of any of the above descriptions of servants, by whatever
style the person acting in such capacity may be called.” They
considered that the major part of his duties being that of a
farm servant, notwithstanding that in his capacity as farm
servant he was continually attending to the horses and per-
forming duties analogous to those of a groom, his employer was
not liable to pay the duty in respect of this man.

2. Stock . In White v. Steadman (82 L.J.K.B., 713 ; 1913,
2 K.B., 537) it was held that the duty of a person who lets out a
horse of known vicious propensity is the same as that which any
person is under who allows others to use or come in contact with
an animal or chattel that is dangerous in itself ; he is under
a duty to warn not only the person who hires it, but any person
who he knowrs or contemplates or ought to contemplate will use
it. This duty is not dependent on, and is not created by the
contract ; it exists independently of the contract and if neglected
will subject the owner of the horse to a liability for damages
for injury caused by its vice.

Two cases on cruelty to animals should be mentioned.
Waters v. Braithwaite (30 Times L. R., 107) was a case in
which an information was preferred against a farmer under
Section 1 of the Protection of Animals Act (1 & 2 Geo. 5,
c. 27) for causing a cow “ to be cruelly ill-treated ” in allowing
her to be sent to market, according to a common but barbarous
custom, overstocked with milk. The cow and her calf, which
was muzzled, were sent to Banbury market, a distance of
5| miles from the farm. She was a heavy milker and in
full milk, and on her arrival at the market at 11 a.m. her
udder was found to be much distended. The teats were also
distended and they were hard and hot and felt like the skin of
a drum. Her back was arched, she had great difficulty in
walking and had to be constantly struck to keep her moving.
The evidence wTas that the cow had not been milked for 19
hours. The defence was that it was a well-known custom of
farmers throughout the country to keep cows unmilked for
a like period before offering them for sale, and that it caused
no substantial pain, and that interference with the custom
would be detrimental to farmers. The justices before whom
the case came in the first instance found that the udder was

178

Contemporary Agricultural Law.

overstocked and that the cow suffered pain, but as it was an
old established custom in the district to expose cows for sale in
this condition they dismissed the summons. The Court of
King’s Bench, before whom the matter came on a case stated,
held that where unnecessary suffering is caused to an animal
by the owner an offence is committed against Section 1 of the
Protection of Animals Act, 1911, even if the act is done in
pursuance of a custom and for commercial reasons. They
therefore remitted the case to the justices with a direction to
convict. Darling, J., in the course of his judgment, said : “ The
case proved that the pain was unnecessary so far as the cow
was concerned, and the respondent did cause unnecessary
suffering by omitting to have her milked, or preventing her
from being milked by muzzling the calf. If the custom of
doing this did exist it was time it ceased, and people must find
some other means of judging whether a cow was a good milker
or not.”

North Staffordshire Railway v. Waters (30 Times L.R.,
121) was another case where cruelty to animals was charged.
On February 5, 1913, eleven cows were brought to Uttoxeter
Station on the North Staffordshire Railway for conveyance to
Wolverhampton and were put into a railway truck. They were
in a manifestly wretched and emaciated condition, and some of
them were diseased. On their arrival at Stafford two of the
cows were found to be dead and four others were dying and
had to be shot. Five of these were tuberculous and the
disease was of long standing. It was said that when received
at Uttoxeter the cows were, owing to infirmity, disease or
exhaustion, quite unfit to be carried by rail at all and could not
be so carried without unnecessary suffering during transit, but
although the attention of the railway company’s servants was
admittedly drawn to their condition, they took no steps to
satisfy themselves that the cows could be carried without
unnecessary suffering. The prosecution was under Clause 12
of the Animals (Transit and General) Order, 1912, made under
the Disease of Animals Act, 1894, which is as follows : “No
animal shall be permitted by the owner thereof, or his agent, or
any person in charge thereof, to be carried by railway if ovring
to infirmity, illness, injury, fatigue, or any other cause it
cannot be carried without unnecessary suffering during the
intended transit by railway.” The owners of the coavs were
convicted of an offence under this Order, and did not appeal.
The railway company were also prosecuted and convicted by
the justices, and an appeal to Quarter Sessions was dismissed.
When the case came before the King’s Bench Divisional Court
the appeal of the railway company was allowed on the ground
that the Order in saying “ permit to be carried ” did not mean

179

Contemporary Agricultural Laui.

the person actually carrying, nor was the company the “ person
in charge ” within the Order. No offence had therefore been
committed by the railway company.

Catchpole v. Minster (30 Times L.R., 111) was a case of a
different character. The action was brought by the plaintiff,
a farmer in Sussex, against a taxicab proprietor to recover
damages for injury done to three sheep belonging to the
plaintiff owing to the alleged negligent driving of the
defendant’s taxicab. On November 6, 1912, at 5.30 p.m. the
plaintiff’s drover was going along a high road in charge of 100
sheep. He was accompanied by a dog which was behind the
flock while he was walking in front. It was dark, and the
sheep were kept as much as possible on the near side of the
road. According to the plaintiff’s case the defendant’s motor
cab, which was travelling in the same direction at a rapid pace
and on the wrong side of the road, ran into the sheep and
injured three to such an extent that they had to be killed.
The plaintiff was non-suited by the county court judge on the
ground that the accident was solely due to the negligence of
the plaintiff’s drover in taking a flock of sheep along the high
road at night without carrying a light. The Divisional Court
ordered a new trial on the ground that the decision of the
county court judge was wrong. It was held to be an erroneous
view that a person driving sheep on a high road without a
light was guilty of negligence and had therefore committed a
breach of duty.

3. Landlord and Tenant. The relations of landlord and
tenant were the subject of several decisions in 1913. Re
Bonnett and Fowler (82 L.J.K.B., 713 ; 1913, 2 K.B., 537) is a
very important case under Section 11 of the Agricultural
Holdings Act, 1908, which gives a tenant a right to compen-
sation for disturbance if ( a ) his tenancy has been determined
or a renewal thereof is refused “ without good and sufficient
cause, and for reasons inconsistent with good estate manage-
ment,” or (5) if it is proved that an increase of rent is
demanded, and that such increase was demanded by reason
of an increase in the value of the holding due to improvements
which have been executed by or at the cost of the tenant and
the demand results in the tenant quitting the holding. The
tenant Bonnett received notice to quit for the sole reason as
found by the arbitrator that he refused to pay an increased
rent of 10s. an acre demanded of him, and the holding had
been relet by the landlord to a new tenant at the increased
rent demanded of Bonnett. It was also found by the arbitrator
that Bonnett had, during his tenancy, improved the condition of
the land by continuous high cultivation and had also made
certain small improvements at his own cost for which he

180 Contemporary Agricultural Law.

would not receive compensation from the landlord, but that
this increased rent wTas not proved to have been demanded by
the landlord by reason of an increased value of the holding
resulting from the improvements made by Bonnett. Bonnett
claimed compensation for disturbance either under clause (a)
or clause (b) of Section 11. It was held by the Court of
Appeal that a notice to quit in order that a higher rent may be
obtained is a “good and sufficient cause/’ and is not a reason
“inconsistent with good estate management’ within the
meaning of Section 11 (a) of the Act, and excluded the
operation of the section giving the tenant a right to com-
pensation for disturbance under clause (a). The Court
approved of the observations on this point of Lord Dunedin
in the Scottish case of Brown v. Mitchell (1910, S.C., 369),
which is referred to on pp. 131 and 132 of Yol. 71, Journal
R.A.S.E., where he said that the meaning of the Act was “to
give compensation for what may be characterised as capricious
disturbance on the part of the landlord in capriciously putting
an end to the lease.” It was also held that the burden of proof
prima facie lies on the tenant under Section 11 (b) of the
Act to show, where an increase of rent has been demanded, that
such increase was demanded by reason of an increase in the
value of the holding due to improvements executed by or at
the cost of the tenant, for which he has not either directly or
indirectly received an equivalent from the landlord, and that
such demand has resulted in the tenant quitting the holding.
As the arbitrator had found that this had not been proved the
tenant’s claim for compensation for disturbance also failed
under Section 11 ( b ).

The Scottish case of Taylor v. Steel Maitland (1913, S.C.,
562) is important on the question of compensation for market
garden improvements, as the wording of Section 42 of the
Agricultural Holdings Act, 1908, corresponds with Section 29
of the Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1908, which deals
with the rights of tenants of market garden holdings in
Scotland. The tenant held under a lease current on January 1,
1898 (which corresponds with the date January 1, 1896,
mentioned in Section 42, Sub-section 2, of the English Act),
a holding then cultivated in part as a market garden to the
knowledge of the landlord, and therefore under the terms of
the Act became entitled under Section 29, Sub-section 2, of the
Act to claim compensation for the market garden improve-
ments mentioned in the Third Schedule of the Act if he had
“ then executed thereon without having received previously to
the execution thereof any written notice of dissent by the
landlord any improvement comprised in the Third Schedule
to this Act . . . as if it had been agreed in writing that

181

Contemporary Agricultural Law .

the holding should be let or treated as a market garden.” He
claimed compensation for a forcing house erected by him in
1902 for the production of early rhubarb and for rhubarb
stools left' in the ground. It was held by the Court that
“then” in the above section meant thereafter,” following
the decision of the House of Lords in Smith v. Callander
(70 L.J.P.C., 53 ; 1901, A.C., 297), and that the tenant therefore
would be entitled to compensation but for a letter from the
landlord’s factor written while the forcing house was in
course of erection which the Court held to be a “ notice of
dissent ” within the section in so far as the improvements
claimed were in contravention of the lease. The tenant had
not cultivated the whole of his farm as a market garden, but
annually kept fifty acres not always the same fifty acres under
such cultivation. It was held (Lord Johnston dissenting) that
the fact that the ground cultivated as a market garden had
varied from time to time did not prevent the fifty acres under
cultivation at the expiry of the lease from being a “ market
garden ” within the meaning of Section 29 of the Act for the
purpose of a claim for compensation for improvements.

In Re Pemberton and Cooper (107 L.T., 716), the tenants of
a farm in Kent upon which they maintained a flock of sheep
proposed, after receiving notice to quit from the landlord, to
plough up certain land laid down to grass by them many years
previously and to plant corn thereon. The landlord obtained
an interim injunction until the trial of the action restraining
them from so doing, accompanied by an undertaking that he
would abide by any order which the Court might make as to
damages in case the Court should thereafter be of opinion that
the tenants had sustained any by reason of the interim injunc-
tion having been granted. At the trial of the action the Court
held that the tenants were entitled to plough up the land
and consequently an inquiry was directed as to the damages
sustained by them in consequence of the interim injunction,
which compelled them to keep the land in grass. The tenants
had kept their sheep on the land, and in consequence of the
dry season of 1911 the sheep became depreciated in value.
They claimed as damages (1) the net profit they would have
made if they had ploughed the land and planted corn, (2) the
amount by which their sheep had deteriorated in value. The
arbitrator to whom the question of damages was referred found
that the net profit under (1) would have been 533?., and the
deterioration under (2) was 101?. On a case stated for the
decision of the Court, it was contended for the landlord that
the damages under head (2) were too remote, and could not be
recovered. Bankes, J., before whom the case came, held that
the loss under the second head was in the contemplation of the

182

Contemporary A grieultural Law.

parties and a natural consequence of tlie landlord’s action and
not too remote. The tenants were, therefore, held entitled to
recover both the 533Z. and the 10H.

The right of a tenant to deduct landlord’s income tax from
his rent arose in Re Sturmey Motors , Lim. (82 L.J., Cli., 68 ;
1913, 1 Ch., 16). It was there held that a tenant is entitled to
deduct sums paid by him in respect of such income tax from
his rent, although since the payment he has made a payment of
rent without making any deduction. It is not necessary to
make the deduction from the next payment of rent which falls
due.

Tuff v. Drapers Go. (82 L.J.K.B., 174 ; 1913, 1 K.B., 40)
related to the payment of tithe rent charge. It will be remem-
bered that the Tithe Act, 1891, imposed the liability for tithe
rent charge exclusively on the landlord, and enacted in Section 1,
Sub-section 1, that “any contract made between an occupier
and owner of lands for payment of the tithe rent charge by the
occupier shall be void."’ A tenant by his lease, in addition to
the rent, agreed to pay “ such further and other sums of money
as they (the landlords) shall from time to time expend for the
insurance of the said premises from loss or damage by fire as
hereinafter mentioned, and for all tithe or tithe rent charge or
modus or other payment in lieu of tithe.” It was held by the
Court of Appeal (Buckley, L. J., dissenting) that Section 1, Sub-
section 1, of the Tithe Act, 1891, is not limited to a contract
between an occupier and owner of land for payment of the
tithe rent charge by the occupier to the tithe owner, but extends
also to a contract between an occupier and owner of lands for
payment by the former to the latter of such sums as the latter
shall expend in payment of tithe rent charge to the tithe
owner. The landlords, therefore, in the present case were
disentitled to recover from the tenant a sum of 99Z. paid by
them in respect of tithe rent charge.

In Re De la Warr's {Earl) Gooden Beach Estate (82 L.J.,
Ch., 174 ; 1913, 1 Ch., 142) it was decided that capital money
arising under the Settled Land Act, 1882, may not be expended
in paying compensation to an agricultural tenant from year to
year under the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1908, on terminating
his tenancy, even though the tenancy is terminated in order to
effect a duly authorised improvement under the Act consisting
of a golf course. A tenant for life who desires to make such
improvement must pay the compensation out of his own
moneys.

4. Produce. There have been several cases in the past year
dealing with the sale of milk. In Plowright v. Burrell (82
L.J.K.B., 571 ; 1913, 2 K.B., 362) the Dairy Supply Co., Lim.,
agreed to supply a retail dealer with the whole of the new

Contemporary Agricultural Law.

183

milk required or used in connection with his dairy, amounting
to an estimated quantity of sixteen barn gallons daily. The
agreement contained the following provision : “The Company
hereby warrant each and every consignment of milk delivered
under this contract to be pure genuine new milk wTith all its
cream according to the conditions of the Food and Drugs Act
. The Company take great precautions to obtain a supply
of pure milk with all its cream and to deliver the same in that
condition to the buyer. It is therefore agreed that no respon-
sibility is taken by the Company after delivery other than
under the Food and Drugs Act, and that for all other purposes
the buyer must satisfy himself at the time of delivery that the
milk is sweet, sound, pure and contains all its cream, and if
the milk is accepted by the buyer he shall not be entitled to
make any claim for compensation, damages or costs upon the
company afterwards in respect of milk which shall have been
accepted by him under this contract.*’ The dealer sold certain
milk in the same state as that in which he purchased it from
the Dairy Company, and as on analysis it was found to be
deficient in fat, proceedings were taken against him for selling
to the prejudice of the purchaser milk wdiich was not of the
nature, substance and quality demanded. The dealer contended
that the agreement under which he purchased the milk consti-
tuted a written warranty within Section 25 of the Sale of Food
and Drugs Act, 1875, and that he was entitled to the protection
of that section. The magistrate was of opinion that the
agreement was so qualified as not to amount to a written
warranty within Section 25 and he accordingly convicted the
dealer. On appeal it was held that the conviction was wrong
as the agreement constituted a written warranty within
Section 25.

In Marshall v. Skett (11 L.G.R., 259 ; 108 L.T., 1001)
proceedings were taken under Section 6 of the Food and
Drugs Act, 1875, in respect of a consignment of milk from
a farmer, and it was proved that the miLk sold was deficient
in fat to the extent of 26 per cent., and therefore contained
less than the minimum quantity of fat fixed by the Sale
of Milk Regulations, 1901, viz., 3 per cent, ‘of milk fat.
Evidence was also given and it was admitted that another
consignment of the same morning’s milk from the same cows
showed on analysis 3T per cent, of fat (being in excess of the
minimum), and the morning’s milk from the same cows seven
days later showed on analysis a deficiency of 3 per cent. only.
The Justices were of opinion that although the sample, the
subject of the summons, was not of the nature, substance and
quality of the article contracted to be sold, yet the defendant
had not tampered with the milk, and the milk was as it came

184 ' Contemporary Agricultural Law.

from the cows, and they dismissed the summons. On appeal
to the Divisional Court it was held that the case should go
back to the Justices with a direction to convict unless
further evidence were called before them which they ought
to hear bearing upon the question of whether or not the
difference between the quantities of fat in the two con-
signments was consistent with ordinary milking. The
evidence already offered as to the difference in the two
consignments was held insufficient to relieve the farmer from
liability for deficiency in fat of the sample in respect of which
he was summoned. In a Scottish case of Scott v. Jack (1912,
S.C. (J.) 87) on a similar prosecution for selling milk not
containing the required percentage of milk fat, the view taken
by the Court is hardly reconcilable with the last case. It was
there proved that it had not been tampered with or adulterated,
but had been sold in the same condition as yielded by the
cows, and that the deficiency of milk fat and solids was due to
the method of feeding which had been purposely adopted to
produce quantity of milk irrespective of quality. It was held
that the milk was “ genuine ” within the Sale of Milk Regula-
tions, 1901, and that the accused was not guilty of the offence
charged, and the Judges commented adversely on the decision
of Smithies v. Bridge (71 L.J.K.B., 555 ; 1902, 2 K.B., 13)
where a milk seller was convicted of an offence against the
Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, when the milk had not
been tampered with or adulterated, but was found deficient in
milk fat in consequence of the length of time which had
elapsed since the cow had last been milked. That case
however, arose before the Sale of Milk Regulations, 1901,
were in force.

5. Game. In Leivorthy v. Rees (77 J.P., 268 ; 29 Times
L.R., 408) it was held that the restriction in Section 6 of the
Ground Game Act, 1880, that “ no person having a right of
killing ground game under this Act or otherwise . . . shall

for the purpose of killing ground game employ spring traps
except in rabbit holes ” does not apply to an occupying owner
of land or to a person authorised by him in writing to kill and
take ground game. Such persons may set traps for ground game
where they please on land in their own occupation. In the
Scottish case of Nicoll v. Strachan (1913, S.C. (J.) 18) a game-
keeper shot a rabbit in the public road, and the rabbit then ran
into private ground, and there fell dead or moribund. The
shooter sent his dog into the private ground to retrieve the
rabbit. It was held that he did not commit a trespass “ in
search or pursuit of conies ” within the meaning of Section 1
of the Game (Scotland) Act, 1832, which corresponds with
Section 30 of the English Game Act, 1831.

Contemporary Agricultural Law.

185

6. Commons. Two recent cases on common rights may be
noticed. In Hope v. Osborne (82 L.J.Ch., 457 ; 1913, 2 Ch., 349)
the plaintiff was lord of a manor, and as such had a right to
the soil of two heaths, each of which was 200 acres in extent,
subject to the rights of commoners to pasture cattle and to
turf and heather therefrom for fuel and litter. Trees had
grown up on the heath, and the defendants, who were
commoners, believing that they were acting within their rights,
felled the trees as interfering with their rights. It was held
that they had no right thus to take the law into their own
hands and abate the alleged nuisance caused by the trees. It
was said that commoners in such a case, unless they were
completely excluded from the enjoyment of their rights, should
resort to the Courts for the purpose of ascertaining and
enforcing them. In King v. Brown , Durant Co., Lim.
(82 L.J.Ch., 548 ; 1913, 2 Ch., 416) certain owners of an
enfranchised copyhold entitled to common of pasture for their
cattle over the waste of the manor, damaged the herbage
thereon by conveying goods to and from their premises over
the waste. It was held that though a mere commoner cannot
maintain an action against another person having a right of
common over the same ground, or even against a stranger, for
a simple trespass such as walking over the grass of the common,
anything by which the commoner’s right of common is
disturbed, any unlawful consumption or taking away or des-
truction of the herbage is actionable, even when done by one
of the other persons having a right of common over the waste.
The plaintiff, who was also a commoner, was therefore granted
an injunction to restrain interference with his right of common.

7. Miscellaneous. Latham, v. Spillers and Baker, Lim.
(82 L.J.K.B., 833 ; 1913, 2 K.B. 355) was a case under the
Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1906. The respondents
who were poultry food and biscuit manufacturers sold a
quantity of poultry food without giving to the purchaser an
invoice stating what were the respective percentages of oil and
albuminoids contained in it. The food was composed of three
substances, namely, ( a ) biscuits made by the respondents by
baking a cereal substance ; ( b ) greaves, the refuse or sediment
left in making tallow or soap grease, purchased by the respon-
dents in blocks ; and (c) oyster shells broken to a suitable size.
The biscuits were broken by the respondents’ machinery to the
size required, and the greaves chopped to pieces ; the broken
fragments of biscuits, the pieces of greaves, and the broken
pieces of oyster shells were then mixed together by the
machinery and the resulting mixture formed the poultry food.
It was held that, inasmuch as the biscuits and the greaves, two
of the ingredients, were articles artificially prepared, the food as

186

Contemporary Agricultural Law.

a whole was an article artificially prepared “ otherwise than by
being mixed, broken, ground or chopped ” within the meaning
of Section 1, Sub-section 2 of the Fertilisers and Feeding Stutfs
Act, 1906, and that the respondents had therefore committed
an offence under the Act in failing to supply to the purchaser
an invoice stating the percentages of oil and albuminoids
contained in the food as required by that Sub-section.

In Phillimore v. Watford Rural Council (x82 L.J.Ch., 514 ;
1913, 2 Oh., 434) the question was as to the right of a rural
district council to discharge the effluent from their sewage
farm into a channel or ditch made by a landowner for the
purpose of draining his land. The channel or ditch in question
was one by which the surface water from the rising ground on
each side of it found its way and was carried off, but there was
no constant flow of water in it. The council by the conveyance
to them of part of their sewage farms had acquired a “ right of
passage and running of water ” through this ditch. The land-
owner alleged that sewage effluent had wrongfully been allowed
to flow into the ditch and caused damage. It was held that
the. grant of a “ right of passage and running water ” did not
entitle the council to discharge sewage effluent into the ditch,
and that although the ditch was a “ sewer ” within the very
wide definition of that word as including ‘‘sewers and drains
of every description ” in Section 4 of the' Public Health Act,
1875 it was not vested in the local authority by this Act being
excepted by Section 13 of the Act as being “ made by a person
for his own profit.” The landowner was therefore held to be
entitled to an injunction to restrain the council from causing

or permitting sewage or sewage effluent to be discharged into
the ditch.

Nuttcdl v. Pickering (82 L.J.K.B., 36 ; 1913, 1 K.B., 14) was
a case under the Highway Act, 183d, Section 78 of which enacts
that any person who shall not keep his waggon, cart, or carriage
on the near side of the road for the purpose of allowing a free
passage for other waggons, carts, or carriages shall be liable to
a penalty. The appellant, the driver of a heavily-laden waggon,
was on the wrong or off side of the road when a motor
approached from behind in order to pass. The driver of the
waggon signalled to the motor car to pass him on the wrong or
neai side which it did without having been delayed or incon-
venienced. No other traffic was on that part of the road at the
time. It was held that no offence had been committed under the
Act as a free passage was allowed, though Lord Alverstone, C.J.,
in his judgment said ; “ I do not encourage the idea that the
driver of a vehicle is entitled to keep in the middle of the road
and compel the drivers of other vehicles to pass him on the
wrong side.”

The Organisation of the Wool Industry. 187

Latham v. Johnson & Nephew, Lim. (82 L.J.K.B., 258 ;
1913, 1 K.B., 398) is an important case on a subject that has
been the subject of considerable legal discussion of late,
namely, the liability of a landowner for injuries happening to
persons on his land whom he has permitted to come there. A
child of two and a half years of age came unaccompanied on
to land belonging to the defendants who were aware that
children were in the habit of coming there to play. Whilst on
the land the child was injured by the fall of a stone from a
heap of stones deposited there by the defendants. It was held
that the child was not entitled to recover damages from the
defendants for negligence. The child was at most a mere
licensee while the use of the land by the defendants had been
perfectly normal and the heap of stones did not constitute a
trap. It was laid down that a landowner who allows persons,
whether adults or children to come on to his land is not liable
for an accident which happens to one of them there unless the
coming on the land was the result of allurement or invitation,
or unless the accident was due to something in the nature of a
concealed trap or to something dangerous and outside the
ordinary use of the land which the landowner brought on to it
without warning the licensee.

Aubrey J. Spencer.

15 Old Square,

Lincoln’s Inn, W.C.

THE ORGANISATION OF THE WOOL

INDUSTRY.

A COMPARISON between the prices obtained for English wool
when marketed on the usual lines and the prices obtained for
Colonial wool of a similar class on the London Wool Markets
leads to the conclusion that the more highly organised methods
adopted by the Colonials in respect of classifying and packing,
insure a better monetary return to the producers. Inquiries
have been made by the Agricultural Organization Society
amongst wool buyers in England and Wales, and the opinion
was formed that if a more highly organised system of marketing
was adopted by the home sheep farmers, they might reasonably
expect to obtain better prices for home grown wool. The
outstanding features of the Colonial system are the classification
of the wool and the placing of it when classified on the market
in large consignments so that the woollen manufacturers can,
with a minimum amount of trouble, buy just the quality and
amount which they require for a particular kind of cloth or
other woollen article.

188 The Organisation of the Wool Industry.

It is different with home grown wool ; British wool is
either not separated into classes at all or the separation is done
only in the roughest way, it is often carelessly packed in bulky
sheets and contains all sorts of dirt and impurities, and is sold
through local brokers or agents or at local auction fairs. The
difference in method is not unnaturally reflected in the prices
received for the wool in the different cases. There is ilo
reason why British farmers should not by co-operation place
themselves in as strong a position as the Colonial farmers have
done, and the Agricultural Organization Society has drawn up
a scheme which the wool producers of a district can co-operate
to carry out. The scheme provides for securing a central
depot in any given district to which the farmers of the district
can bring their wool and have it classified by an expert classer,
bulked with the other wool of the same standard of quality
similarly treated, and marketed in the most saleable form.
The shearing of the sheep under the scheme is done on the
farm and it is suggested that the most economical course to
pursue is for the first rough separation to be made at the time
of shearing, before the wool is sent to the central depot. Each
member of the wool society is asked to conform to the regu-
lations of the society relating to shearing, preliminary packing,
delivery to depot, treatment of sheets, classification of the wool,
and the marketing of the wool.

The suggested bye-laws for adoption by a co-operative wool
society are as follows : —

1. All sheep to be shorn on a boarded floor.

2. Separate sheets to be hung up in the shearing shed to receive the wool
after being separated into four lots, viz., fleeces, pieces, bellies, and locks, in
addition to the usual division of washed and unwashed, hoggs and ewes.

3. The bellies to be shorn and placed in the bellies sheet.

4. Each fleece as shorn to be immediately thrown on the wool table and
spread out, clean side uppermost ; the strong woolled britch to be broken off,
also any dirty locks adhering to the fleece.

5. The parts thus separated to be placed in the pieces sheet.

6. Fleeces to be rolled and neatly tied with the neck wool. No twine or
string to be used for this purpose. Fleeces thus rolled to be placed in the
fleeces sheet.

7. During the shearing the floor to be kept clean by constant sweeping,
all pieces of dirty wool to be picked out from the sweepings and places in the
lochs sheet.

8. Sheets as filled with the different classes of wool to be sewn up with
good string — no binder twine to be used — -and carefully labelled as to the
class of wool contained therein.

9. Sewn up sheets to be removed to a covered dry place.

10. Only sheets supplied by the Society to be used ; these sheets will be
marked according to the different classes to be placed therein.

11. When shearing is completed the full sheets to be sent into the depot
and a receipt obtained for the number of pounds of each class of wool delivered,
which will have been separated as follows : —

The Organisation of the Wool Industry.

189

Washed Wool. Unwashed Wool.

Hoggs.

Ewes.

Hoggs.

Ewes.

Fleeces.

Fleeces.

Fleeces.

Fleeces.

Pieces.

Pieces.

Pieces.

Pieces.

Bellies.

Bellies.

Bellies.

Bellies.

Locks.

Locks.

Locks.

Locks.

On the completion of the

year’s clip, an

expert classer is

employed to classify the fleeces according to the quality. Each
farmer’s fleeces are treated separately and the farmer credited
with the amount he has sent in under each class. The wool is
then bulked, but the separate classes are always kept distinct,
and it is packed in sheets for sale and distinctly labelled.

The expenses of working a society of the nature outlined
would vary according to the scheme adopted. The expenditure
would fall under two headings : —

(a) Capital expenditure to be defrayed out of share capital.

Under this heading would come (if necessary) : —

The purchase of shearing plant ;

The fitting up of the collecting depot ;

The purchase of a weighing machine ;

The purchase of sheets ;

The purchase of a press.

(&) Working expenditure to be defrayed out of income.

Under this heading would fall : —

The cost of registering the Society ;

The rent of a collecting depot ;

The wages of the man in charge of the depot ;

The wages of a classer and labourers ;

Auctioneer’s charges ;

Cost of clerical work ;

Annual membership contribution to the Agricultural
Organization Society.

It has to be borne in mind that most of the working
charges will require to be met for a short period of the year
only. The working expenses should be paid out of revenue,
and can be met by the Society charging a small commission on
sales.

The first instance of home-grown wool being dealt with on
co-operative lines occurred in 1912, when about fifty members
of the North West Flintshire Agricultural Co-operative Society
disposed of their wool co-operatively, the total value of this
wool being about 400Z. The wool was collected at the Society’s
warehouse and there classed, with the result that an increase
of about Id. per lb. was obtained over current prices obtained
by other farmers locally.

190

The Organisation of the Wool Industry.

As a result of the propagandist work of the Agricultural
Organization Society sheep farmers in two districts, namely
Carnarvonshire and the Brandsby and Malton districts in York-
shire, decided to deal with their clips for 1913 on co-operative
lines. In each of these experiments, however, there is a slight
variation from the procedure outlined above. It will be seen
in this scheme that the preliminary division of the wool should
be made at the farm of a member of the society sending in the
wool, but it was thought advisable to carry out all the classing
of the wool at the depot hired for the purpose, although the
cost is slightly more, at any rate for the first year, to ensure that
the classing should be carried out with the utmost care and in
order to give the experiment every chance of success. In the
Brandsby and Malton districts of Yorkshire the work was
undertaken by the Brandsby Agricultural Trading Society.
Several meetings were held under the auspices of this society,
aud the members decided that they would adopt the co-
operative scheme, and promised that the fleeces from about
7,000 sheep would be forthcoming for the experiment. A wool
committee was formed amongst the members to carry out the
scheme, a depot was hired at Malton (Yorkshire), estimates
were obtained as to railway rates, sea freights, insurance, cost
of bales, and cost of wool presses ; an expert classer was
employed to visit the depot, when all the wool was sent in, to
divide it into its proper lots in order that it should meet market
requirements. It is interesting to note that the committee
decided, in view of the fact that the wool was to be sold on
the London Wool Exchange, to have it baled similar to the
colonial wool which is sold on the Exchange, so that the buyers
should be able to purchase it in a form to which they were
accustomed.

By the middle of June, 1913, over 7,000 fleeces had been
received at the depot, and as each farmer’s wool came in it was
weighed, and a receipt given him by the Secretary of the
Society. Each farmer's wool was classed separately by an
expert classer, and the amount of each class which should be
credited to each member was noted. The time taken to
complete the classing was about eleven days, and at the end of
this time 197 bales of classed wool were consigned to London
for sale at the London Wool Exchange. This was the first
occasion on which English wool has been sold at the London
and Colonial wool sales, and it is satisfactory to know that the
competition for this wool was good. The Times for July 12th
says : —

“ The 200 bales of English wool from the East Riding commanded par-
ticular attention from all sections of the trade, and met with spirited
competition, very full prices being paid.’

The Organisation of the Wool Industry. 191

The cost to the members for dealing with the wool under
the scheme amounted to just |d. per lb. ; this sum covered
payment for the following : — Renting depot, wages and main-
tenance of expert classer, wages to labourers employed to assist
in the classing, interest on capital outlayed in the purchase of
weighing machines, wool presses and other installations, and
depreciation on same ; cost of wool-packs and packing of wool ;
railway freight from Malton, Yorkshire, to Hull ; sea freight
from Hull to London ; insurance from the time the wool was
received at the depot until it was sold ; port dues at London ;
warehousing charges, advertising, cataloguing, and broker’s
charges.

In Carnarvonshire a special Wool Society was formed under
the title of the Carnarvonshire Wool Society. A number of
members joined the Society and promised the sale of their
wool through it, and forty-four of these sent in 10,000 fleeces to
be sold. A depot was rented at Portmadoc, and work was
carried out on exactly the same lines as those adopted at Malton,
Yorkshire. In October, 1913, 133 bales of Welsh wool were
catalogued for sale amongst the Colonial wool at the London
Wool Exchange. The cost of dealing with this wool to the
members of the Carnarvonshire Wool Society was more per
pound than that to the members of the Brandsby Agricultural
Trading Society for the following reasons : — The fleeces sent in
by the latter were larger than the Welsh fleeces, weighing
about 6 lb. each, whereas the fleeces of the small mountain
sheep did not average 2 lb. each. The work and time
necessary to class one of the larger fleeces was not more than
that occupied in carrying out the same operations with one of
the smaller. The time occupied in classing 133 bales of Welsh
wool at Portmadoc was one month as compared with eleven
days for the classing of 197 bales at Malton. When all the
expenses were paid it was found that the experiment had cost
the society about 1 \d. per lb. for classing and marketing the
wool. Figures to show a comparison between the prices
obtained for the wool classed in these experiments and sold on
the London Wool Exchange and those obtained for similar wool
sold in the ordinary way are not readily available owing to the
great difficulty in securing reliable prices in the case of the latter
wool, and the difficulty of comparing the prices for classed
wool with unclassed. The experiments, however, are considered
to be quite a success, and the farmers concerned have decided
to adopt similar methods for next season’s clip.

The Agricultural Organization Society is endeavouring to
organise further districts for the sale of wool on co-operative
lines during 1914, and will be pleased to give any further
information possible with regard to the system advocated, and

192

The Bristol Show, 1913.

to give advice as to the methods best suited to different
districts and the probable cost of fitting up depots for carrying
through any scheme for a particular district. The Society,
however, points out that the cost of dealing with wool on
organised lines will, in view of the experience gained in the
above-mentioned experiments, probably be considerably less
per pound as it will be possible to suggest economies in several
directions. Especially, it is to be noted, a considerable saving
will be effected in the cost of transport as a modification of the
scheme is being Avorked out which will reduce this charge to
about one-tenth of that borne by the societies responsible for
the carrying out of the experiments in 1913.

J. Nugent Harris.

Agricultural Organization Society,

Queen Anne’s Chambers,

Westminster, S.W.

THE BRISTOL SHOW, 1913.

BRISTOL — k‘the western gateway of the old country” — has every
reason to be proud of the magnificent Exhibition held on its
beautiful Durdham and Clifton Downs in the first Aveek of
July. It was the third time the National Agricultural SIioav
had been held in the City, and, from every conceivable point of
vieAv, it was a marked success. That most important factor in
connection with the “ Royal ” — the weather — was on its best
behaviour from the opening to the close of the Show, and may
be said to have made some amends for the succession of Avet
days on the occasion of the visit to the neighbouring city of
Gloucester four years previously.

It is usual in this report to bring together in a table figures
as to the entries, attendances, and financial results of all the
Shows held in the locality visited, and accordingly these
particulars are given beloAv : —

Year

Place of Meeting

President

Imple-

ments

entered

Entries
of live
stock

Persons
paying for
admission

Financial
Result
(+=Prollt
— =Loss)

1842

Bristol

Mr. Henry Handley, M.P. .

455

510

Norecord

£

— 1,806

1853

Gloucester

Lord Ashburton

1.803

737

36,245

- 2,084

1878

Bristol

Col. Kingscote, C.B.. M.P.

6,837

1,354

122.042

+ 1,667

1909

Gloucester

Earl of Jersey, G.C.B.

4,682

2,980

88,396

— 327

1913

Bristol

Earl of Northbrook

5,652

2,852

179,148

+ 3,115

As to the financial results, it will be seen that the two
profitable Shows held at Bristol in 1878 and 1913 have more
than counterbalanced the losses incurred on the other west
country Shows.

The Bristol Show , 1913.

193

About 100 acres of the celebrated Downs were enclosed for
the purposes of the Showyard, which was situated amongst
charming surroundings on a plateau some 250 ft. above sea
level, overlooking the Avon Gorge. In form the site followed
the letter Y ■> the outer fencing of the upper arms being erected
alongside the road running round the top of the steep incline
known as “ The Gully.”

A certain amount of levelling was necessary, but somewhat
less than usual. The presence of trees and bushes in many
places, however, though serving to beautify the Showground,
called for a good deal of ingenuity on the part of the officials
in setting out the various buildings. Great care also had to be
exercised in erecting the shedding in order that a number of
footpaths across the Downs should only be closed for the
briefest possible period. The making of the thousands of post-
holes necessary in the preliminary stages was by no means
a simple matter at Bristol owing to the rocky character of the
ground.

The Showground was some considerable distance from the
centre of the city, but the electric tram, motor cab, and chara-
banc services provided by the Bristol Tramways and Carriage
Co. were of such an excellent character that little difficulty was
experienced by visitors in getting to the Show. The Railway
Companies, on their part, did everything that was expected of
them, both in connection with the passenger traffic and the
transport of exhibits of all kinds.

The first day, July 1, was largely taken up as usual, by the
judging in all departments.

A section of special interest at Bristol was that devoted
exclusively to the exhibits of the British Dominions oversea,
a new departure for which a special local committee were
primarily responsible. This committee, by the issue and
distribution of 250,000 copies of an “advance programme,”
also did much, in the Colonies and in the United States, to
advertise the Bristol Show, and it is doubtful if any previous
exhibition of the Society had so many visitors from the
different parts of the British Empire oversea and from foreign
countries.

On the second day, July 2, the Governors and Members
held their meeting in the large tent, when the announcement
of the awards of the Judges of Farms and of Plantations was
made, and resolutions were enthusiastically passed thanking
the Lord Mayor, the Corporation, the Local Committees, and the
Railway Companies for the assistance they had severally
rendered. An interesting ceremony at the meeting was the
presentation of the Diploma of Honorary Membership of the
Society to the Hon. James Wilson, ex-Minister of Agriculture

VOL. 74. H

194

The B?'istol Show, 1913.

at Washington. [A full report of the proceedings will be
found at pp. xxviii-xxxiii of the Appendix.]

During the day the Show was visited by a deputation from
the Royal Horticultural Society, who inspected the Horticultural
Section and awarded a number of Medals for ■ exhibits of
special excellence. The members of the deputation were the
guests of Lord Northbrook (President) at luncheon.

Both on the Wednesday and Thursday the Showyard was
kept open until 9 p.m., naval and military displays being given
in the Large Horse Ring from 5.30 p.m. by the Royal Naval
Reserves, men from the Depot of the Gloucestershire Regiment,
and the South Cavalry Depot. Similar displays were also given
on the last two days, but the Yard was closed at the usual
hour — 8 p.m.

On the evening of Wednesday a banquet was given by the
Lord Mayor at the Mansion House.

A pleasing incident took place on the morning of Thursday,
when Sir Gilbert Greenall was presented with a hunting crop
by the herdsman in charge of the Jersey cattle exhibits. The
presentation took the recipient entirely by surprise, but was
highly appreciated by him, bearing evidence as it did of the
kindly feeling which the donors entertain for the Honorary
Director of the Royal.

His Majesty the King honoured the Show with his presence
on the Friday, the first shilling day. On the way from Temple
Meads Station, which was reached about noon, the Royal
procession was stopped at the foot of the new King Edward
VII. Memorial in front of the Victoria Rooms, and his Majesty
graciously received an address from the City. The address
contained the following reference to the Society :

“The ever widening scope of the aims and objects of the Society is
strikingly emphasised in the present Show by the introduction at the
instance of the Bristol Committee of a section which illustrates the
products of your Majesty’s Overseas Dominions and the comparison
which, for the first time in the history of the Society, can now be made
between the products of the home country and the Colonies must of
necessity be fraught with advantage to the future of agriculture
throughout your Majesty’s world- wide Dominions, whilst the attendance
of great numbers ot' visitors from across the seas will, we trust, go far to
strengthen the ties of friendship which already exist between the various
peoples of your Majesty’s vast Empire.”

The King’s reply, which was handed to the Lord Mayor,
was as below :

“ 1 thank you most heartily for the loyal and affectionate welcome
with which you have greeted me. It is with great pleasure that I visit
again your ancient city and find you extending your hospitality to the
Show held by the Royal Agricultural Society. Agriculture is an industry
which has always been of the greatest importance in our national life.
Its further development has my constant interest and support ; and I

The Bristol Show , 1913.

195

trust the present Agricultural Show will do much to foster a healthy
spirit of enterprise amongst the farmers and breeders of the West of
England.

“I learn with interest of the introduction for the first time of a
section illustrating the processes of agriculture in my Overseas Dominions.
It is gratifying to find that this section originates in the City of Bristol,
which has been so long and so honourably connected with many of the
Dominions, and I have no doubt that, it will serve not a little to strengthen
those bonds of mutual help and affection which so happily exist between
the various parts of my Empire.

“I have viewed with admiration the fine statue of my father which
you have erected. His efforts in the cause of peace are appropriately
commemorated in a city whose chief triumphs are in the field of peaceful
commerce, and I appreciate deeply the affection for his memory which
this statue represents.

“ I shall always recall with pleasure my visits to Bristol, and1' pray for
your continuing success and happiness.”

The Showground was reached shortly before one o’clock.
At the Royal Pavilion the King was received by the Earl of
Northbrook, as President, with whom were Members of the
Council and of the Local Committees. Several gentlemen
were presented, and his Majesty received an address from
the Governors of the Royal Agricultural College.

A number of Crimean and Indian Mutiny veterans were
then inspected by his Majesty, who afterwards honoured the
President with his company at luncheon in the Royal Pavilion.

About 2.15 p.m. the King, accompanied by the President,
m^de a tour of the Showyard in a pair-horse landau, driving,
first of all, through the implement section, where a number of
exhibits were inspected, including the Darby-Maskell Motor
Plough. A halt was made at the stand of the National Sugar
Beet Association, where his Majesty was received by the Earl of
Denbigh (President), and other officials of the Association.
The exhibits in the Horticultural Exhibition having afterwards
been inspected, His Majesty was next taken through the
Overseas Section, where he left the carriage, and spent some
time looking at the exhibits, particular attention being paid to
those of the Australian Commonwealth, the Canadian Pacific
Railway “ready-made farm,” and the West Indian exhibits.
Proceeding then to the Stock Department another halt was
made for His Majesty to see the specimens of primitive sheep,
close by which had been “parked” the champion pen of
Southdowns from Sandringham. The Education and Forestry
Exhibitions were next visited, after which His Majesty walked
to the shed containing the Milking Machines, in which exhibits
he displayed much interest.

At this point the King entered a four-horse carriage, and
was driven through the Cattle Section to the large ring, where
he entered the Royal Box in the Grand Stand, from which he
witnessed a display of horse jumping.

196

The Bristol Show , 1913.

His Majesty left the Show at 4.20 p.m., and returned to
town by the 4.50 train from Temple Meads Station.

The attendance on the Friday was 78,702, which, as will be
seen from the tables given below, was by far the largest day s
total during the week.

From five o’clock until eight o’clock on Friday and during
the forenoon of Saturday the public were admitted to the
Royal Pavilion at the charge of sixpence each, the proceeds
going to the Royal Infirmary and General Hospital.

The aggregate number of visitors who paid for admission
during the five days was 179,148, a total which has only been
exceeded on four previous occasions, viz., at Newcastle, 1908
(213,867), at Manchester, 1897 (217,980), at Kilburn, 1879
(187,323), and at Manchester, 1869 (189,102). Tables giving
the daily figures at different hours, together with the atten-
dances at previous Shows, are appended.

(1) Admissions hy Payment at Bristol , 1913.

Day of Show

11 a.m.

1 p.m.

3 p.m.

5 p.m.

Day’s total

Tuesday (5s.) ....

606

1,167

1,522

1,735

1,769

Wednesday (2s. 6^.), after

5 p.m., Is.

3,829

8,467

12,218

13,751

21,632

Thursday (2s. 6^.), after 5 p.m.,
Is

5,311

13,988

19,269

21,124

31,155

Friday (Is.)

21,291

44,447

65,749

73,347

78,702

Saturday (Is.) .

10,239

20,367

31,076

43,225

45,890

Total Admissions

• •

179,148

(2) Total daily admissions at the 1913 Show, compared with
the previous six Shows and the Bristol Show of 1878.

Prices of
Admission

Bristol,

1913

Don-

caster,

1912

Nor-

wich,

1911

Liver-

pool,

1910

Glouces-

ter,

1909

New-

castle,

1908

Lincoln,

1907

Bristol

1878

Five Shillings (Imple-
ment Yard only) .
Five Shillings .
Half-crown
Half-crown

One Shilling

One Shilling

1,769

21,632

31,195

78.702

45,890

1,377

10,780

18,914

39,254

19,814

878

7,140

20,442

75,266

17,739

2,492

19,646

30,193

44,327

41,154

1,492

20,019

15,452

30,281

21,152

2,397

32,142

28,880

98,489

51,959

1,680

22,835

22,725

51,888

33,878

70

2,119

19,223

22,404

48,214

30,012

Totals .

179,148

90,139

121,465

137,812

88,396

213,867

133,006

122,042

The prizes offered in all departments amounted to 11,000Z.,
a figure which has only twice been exceeded.

Comparative statements of entries in the different sections
are given on page 197. Another statement in which the two
Bristol Shows, 1878 and 1913, are compared is given on page
198.

The Bristol Show , 1913. 197

Entries of Live Stock , Poultry , and Produce.

Bristol,

1913

Don-

caster,

1912

Norwich,

1911

Liver-

pool.

1910

Glou-

cester,

1909

New-

castle,

1908

Lincoln,

1907

Derby,

1906

Bristol,

1878

Horses .

x584

1773

1716

x686

*599

x664

x506

x563

350

Cattle

HJBS

21.089

1 1,065

x938

xl,146

x948

il,030

x926

443

Sheep

736

2734

746

772

x802

x695

x672

x564

397

Pigs

394

2426

416

361

433

312

368

266

164

Total .

2,852

3,022

2,943

2,757

2,980

2,619

2,576

2,319

1,354

Poultry .

1,436

1,242

1,218

1,195

754

768

826

811

—

Produce .

685

559

670

701

765

416

572

525

226

1 Exclusive of Double Entries.

2 Exhibition of Cattle, Sheep and Pigs prohibited by order of Board of Agriculture-

Shedding in Implement Yard (in feet).

Description of
Shedding

Bristol,

1913

Don-

caster,

1912

Norwich,

1911

Liver-

pool,

1910

Glou-

cester,

1909

New-

castle,

1908

Lincoln,

1907

Derby,

1906

Bristol, i
1878

Ordinary
Machinery .
Special .
(Seeds, Models,
&c.)

Feet

6,870

3,665

3,689

Feet

7,050

3,125

3,363

Feet

6,690

3,095

3,907

Feet

7.590

2.555

3,420

Feet

7,575

2,420

2,891

Feet

6,490

2,585

2,960

Feet

7,650

2,165

3,251

Feet

7,818

2,520

2,892

Feet

11,735

2,847

964

Total .
[Exclusive of
open ground
space]

14,224*

13,538

13,692

13,565

12,886

12,035

13,066

13,030

.

15,546

No. of Stands

513

442

457

454

437

389

417

424

435

1 At Bristol, in 1878, there was no limit to the amount of feet allotted to an exhibitor.

Description of Exhibits.

Appended are the usual particulars taken from the reports
rilade by the Judges of the various sections.

A complete list of the awards with full information as to
exhibitors, breeders, pedigrees, &c., of the prize-winning
animals will be found in the Appendix, together with a list of
the Stewards and Judges who officiated (see pp. xlviii-liii).

Horses.

With 584 entries this portion of the Exhibition showed a
considerable falling off as compared with Doncaster. Although
the horse section was not so strong numerically, this deficiency
was to a great extent made up by the quality of the exhibits at
Bristol, which was excellent throughout.

Shires. — These classes were all well filled with good animals.
In Class 1 (yearling colts) the first prize horse was an excep-
tionally good colt, and being by the noted sire “ Childwick
Champion ” he will no doubt develop into a valuable stock
horse. The second prize animal is a lean colt, but moves well

198

The Bristol Show , 1913

COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF ENTRIES, Etc.,

At THE LAST TWO SHOWS HELD AT BRISTOL IN 1878 AND 1913.

Horses

and

1878

1913

Cattle

Classes

Entries

Classes

Entries

HORSES

Prizes

• —

£1,060

—

£3,591

Shire ....

5

77

10

93

Clydesdale

3

20

8

40

Suffolk

3

11

8

33

Hunter

7

122

14

96

Polo Pony

Cleveland Bay or

—

—

5

43

Coach Horse

—

—

2

8

Hackney .

4

53

9

49

Hackney Pony

6

67

4

14

Shetland Pony

—

—

'2

9

Welsh Pony

—

.

6

22

Riding Classes

—

—

11

125

Harness Classes

—

—

12

156

Draught Horse

—

—

1

3

Jumping .

4

74

Total for HORSES

28

350

95

765i

CATTLE

Prizes

—

£1,770

—

£2,855

Shorthorn
Lincolnshire Red

9

145

18

335

Shorthorn .

—

—

8

44

Hereford .

9

65

8

89

Devon

8

44

7

62

South Devon .

—

—

5

32

Longhorn .

4

11

4

29

Sussex

8

39

6

21

Welsh

5

41

6

33

Red Poll .

—

5

51

Aberdeen Angus .

—

—

6

50

Galloway .

—

— -

5

24

Highland .

—

■ —

2

3

Ayrshire .

—

—

3

14

British Holstein

—

—

5

41

Jersey . . j

4

56

8

171

Guernsey .

3

29

6

72

Kerry

—

—

4

25

Dexter

—

—

4

45

Dairy Cows

.3

13

2

13

Milk Yield

—

—

12

117

Butter Test

—

2

66

Total for CATTLE .

53

443

126

l,337i

Grand Totals for )

LIVE STOCK, POULTRY, [ 560 Classes

and PRODUCE in 1913. j

Sheep,

Pigs. Poultry,
Produce

1878

1913

Classes

Entries

Classes

Entries

SHEEP

Prizes

£920

£1,836

Oxford Down .

3

35

5

51

Shropshire

3

87

6

75

Southdown

3

67

6

66

Hampshire Down .

3

29

8

94

Suffolk

—

,

6

20

Dorset Down .

—

—

3

15

Dorset Horn .

3

8

4

27

Rveland .

—

—

4

16

Kerry Hill (Wales).

—

—

2

8

Lincoln

3

36

7

67

Leicester .

3

45

4

20

Border Leicester .

/

—

3

30

Wensleydale .

—

—

4

17

Lonk ....

—

—

2

6

Derby shireGritstone

—

—

2

6

Kent or Romney
Marsh .

6

87

Cotswold .

3

40

4

24

Devon

3

16

3

10

South Devon .

—

—

5

23

Dartmoor.

3

10

3

17

Exmoor .

3

14

3

8

Cheviot .

—

—

3

12

Herdwick

—

—

2

•7

Welsh

—

—

2

18

Black-faced

Mountain

—

2

12

Total for SHEEP .

33

397

99

736

PIGS

Prizes

£300

£763

Large White .

4

24

8

135

Middle White .

—

—

6

62

Small White .

4

28

Tam worth

—

6

38

Berkshire.

. 4

61

6

60

Black

4

26

6

61

Lincolnshire Curly -
coated .

6

38

Other Breeds .

4

25

Total for PIGS

20

164

38

394

TOTAL FOR STOCK

134

1,354

358

3,232

POULTRY

Prizes

£432

—

—

140

1,436

PRODUCE

Prizes

£344

£316

8

226

62

685

5,353 Entries . £11,000 l 2 Prizes

l Animals exhibited in more than one class are here counted as separate entries,

for CompeMUonf ' Hortioilltural Exhibition, £100 for Forestry Exhibition, S160

The Bristol Show , 1913.

199

and is full of promise. The third prize colt by “ Babingley
Nulli Secundus,” has a lot of substance and will probably see
a better day a little later on. In Class 2 (two-year-old colts), the
winner was soon found in Tandridge Future Kmc. He is a
big colt with good feet and a fine mover. The second prize
colt is by “ Halstead Royal Duke ” and from a 44 Tatton
Friar ” mare. He is a very solid colt and made a good second.
The third prize colt was another hard coloured animal by
“ Norbury Menestrel ” which cannot fail to make a good
animal. Class 3 (three-year-old colts) was well-filled with
good horses. The first prize was won by Rowing ton Dray
King. He is a well-grown good coloured animal and made an
excellent show, and was afterwards awarded the Championship.
The second prize colt was somewhat less than the first but
a typical shire, and was eventually placed reserve for Champion.
The third colt had good legs and feet, but lacked size. In
Class 4 (yearling fillies) the London winner was placed first
and has grown and improved since her appearance at Islington.
The second prize filly was not quite so big, but very correct, and
made a good show. The third was by “ Friars Master ” and is
a well-grown useful filly. The Judges did not consider this
a strong class. Class 5 (two-year-old fillies) was topped by
Leek Dorothy , a very good filly. The second was another
exceptionally good filly by “ Mimms Champion.” The third also
was a well-known winner named Rickford Gem. Class 6 was
considered by the Judges the strongest that came before them.
The winner, Halstead Duchess 1th , not only won her class but
also won the medal for the best female in the Show. The
second prize animal is low-grown, wide, and quite a good sort.
Tandridge Bracelet , the third prize winner, made an excellent
show, being a big animal with a lot of quality. Class 7 was
headed by Halstead Royal Duchess a well-known winner and a
very correct mare. The second prize animal was of rather
different type, somewhat reduced in condition through nursing
her foal. Class 8 was another very strong one headed by a very
good mare, Marden Peach. The second was a well-known mare,
Mollington Movement , not showing quite the same bloom as
when younger. The third prize winner in this class, Lilleshcill
Countess , was also the dam of the first prize filly foal. A very
good mare was placed reserve in Lady Forester. She had at
foot a slashing good colt foal by 44 Slipton King,” which had an
easy win in its class.

Clydesdales.— In the class for yearling colts the first prize
went to a big handsome well-made animal with good flat bones
and a very straight close goer. The second prize winner was a
big handsome colt, a good goer, slightly open behind. The
third was a colt of nice quality, rather out of bloom. In the

200

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The Bristol Show , 1913.

•

two-year-old class a colt of great substance won, with a very good
foreleg and foot, a little open of his thighs. The second had
good quality of bone, good hind leg, beaten in his foot and
strength of foreleg by the first colt. The first prize three-year-
old colt was a big handsome horse of good quality, keeps himself
well together, and was ultimately awarded male Championship,
with the first prize yearling reserve. In the class for one-year-
old fillies the first prize winner was a big handsome filly of grand
quality, well set at the ground, and a very straight, close mover.
Second was a handsome filly, a good mover, that with a little
further improvement on her fore foot will make a first-class
mare. The third prize filly was good at ground and a straight
mover but plain through her body. The first prize winner
in the class for two-year-old fillies was a solid weighty filly,
good at the ground, a fine mover that looked like making a
good breeding mare. The second was a filly, lengthy of her
top and might flex her hocks a little better, but for strength
and substance follows the first well. The third prize filly had
beautiful quality and was a fine mover, but lacked the sub-
stance of the first two. The winning three-year-old filly
was a filly of good quality, combined with strength and
substance, and a first-class mover. This animal was ultimately
awarded the female Championship. Of the brood mares
the first, a very nice quality mare and a fine mover, was
awarded reserve for the Championship. A good useful mare
was placed second. The first prize winner in the foal class
showed great promise, being out of the first prize mare and
by the champion stallion. The second in this class was older
but also a promising foal.

Suffolks. — Considering the distance from their native soil
the Suffolk horse classes were fairly well filled. The first in
the two-year-old stallion class was a fine upstanding colt with
good feet and legs and a rare mover. In the three-year-old
class was found the champion, a true type of Suffolk, big
boned, with rare quality, and a capital mover, altogether a
credit to the breed. The mare and filly classes were very good,
especially the older mares in Class 25. On the whole the
Judges were well satisfied with the animals placed before
them.

Hunter Breeding Stock. — The winner in Class 28 has the
making of a typical weight-carrying hunter with the best of
limbs. The second also was a nice promising colt, a tiny bit
long of his back. A useful colt was placed third. Quite a
high-class colt was the first prize winner in Class 29. The
second moved well in his trot, but wants dropping in his
middle. The third, though quite a useful colt, was a little bit
light in his thighs and hocks, deep through his heart. The

The Bristol Show , 1913.

201

winner in Class 30 stood ont by himself anti is top class.
A nice colt was second, good body, little light in second
thighs and hocks. The third, a big raking colt, when he
furnishes will make a valuable horse. Class 31 was moderate,
but the winner was a nice blood filly, with a lot of depth and
quality, whose hocks might have been stronger. Second was a
big raking filly, with good front limbs and body, but her
hocks a little too far away. In Class 32 the winner was a big
roomy filly, with nice limbs, and with luck should grow into a
valuable mare. The second, a nice blood filly, might be better
in front and probably will improve. The third prize winner
was a nice thick set filly, and with better action would grow
into a useful mare. The winner in Class 33 was one of the
most promising young animals judged. Quite a good sort was
placed second, a nice mover in her paces, but wanting depth
through her. The winner in Class 34 was a high-class mare
with beautiful limbs, and moved the best. The second, quite a
nice deep mare, fair limbs, a little short in front. The third, a
great big upstanding mare, with the best of limbs, looked
coachy in front. In Class 35 there was very little to choose
between the first and second prize winners ; they wrnre both
really good mares. The third had nice quality but needs more
substance. Only one competitor came forward in Class 36, but
she was well worthy of the prize. Class 37 w7as a most
'excellent one all through. The first prize winner w7as
decidedly a high class type of weight-carrying hunter brood
mare, as was also the second, but had not the liberty of action
behind. The third prize went to a big roomy mare with good
limbs, rather loaded about the shoulders, but still moved wTell
in her trot. Placed fourth was a big upstanding mare, with
great substance, slightly straight of her shoulders, and needed
more quality compared to those placed above her. Two very
useful strong weight-carrying brood mares appeared in
Class 38. Class 39 was quite a good one. The winner, although
a late foal, showed size and had great depth of body, wfith
big knees and hocks. Second was a well-grown colt with
great scope, whose hocks were a little far away. The first and
second prize winners in Class 40 were both of nice quality, but
hardly had sufficient size.

Polo and Riding Ponies. — The exhibits in all classes were
distinctly good, truth of action, good feet and absence from
hereditary blemishes being apparent. In the class for stallions
White Wings and Spanish Hero are typical pony sires. The
former won. He has fine length of shoulder, hocks and
knees close to the ground, w7ell balanced, and goes with
arm action. Spanish Hero has beautiful quality, his hocks
and knees are a trifle off the ground. Both are very good

202

The Bristol Show , 1913.

animals. Bawdon, by “ Galashiels,” and Mr. Howard
Taylor’s Field Marshal , which were third and reserve, are
likely to make valuable pony sires. The yearling winner,
Ulster Day , is an exceedingly level well-formed colt, with fine
quality and good shoulders. Forward Girlie , the second, shows
all the true characteristics of a polo pony. The two-year-
old class was very good. The winner, Flu , is a high-class
filly with great quality — the second, The Buzzer , is a deep
well-coupled and well-balanced colt. The first three animals
in the class for three-year-olds were all well up to the type —
compact and with liberty. The brood mares were good, all the
first three being nice mares of the right sort. Spariding Crocus ,
the winner, is a mare of quite the type to produce a high-class
pony. Generally the animals shown speak much for the credit
and enterprise of the Polo Society and others interested in the
breed, especially the brood mares which, if mated with animals
to reproduce their type, must breed valuable polo ponies.

Cleveland Bays and Coach Horses. — The entries in these
two classes were only few in number, but this is in some
measure accounted for by the distance from Yorkshire which
is, of course, the home of the breed. Shortness in numbers,
however, was in some measure made up for by the excellent
quality of the exhibits, all of ‘which are of good class. The
winner in the stallion class, Rilling ton Victor , is an excep-
tionally good horse with good back, and excellent character
and action. The second prize horse, Tantalus , also shows fine
quality and moves well, and is a typical coach horse. The
third prize horse is of the Cleveland Bay type and has good
action. There were only two mares and they were of different
type. The winner, Harome Beauty , is a commanding mare and
a fine mover. Rillington Attraction is a short-legged powerful
mare with quality, and she moves well, though scarcely so well
as the winner. There was not much between them, and they
both had good foals at foot.

Hackneys. — These classes were not so finely represented,
either in numbers or quality, as at Doncaster in 1912, although
some very high-class horses were shown. The male Champion-
ship went to Mr. Walter W. Rycroft’s Hopwood King , who had
greatly improved since gaining premier honours at the London
Show. Mr. Ernest Bewley’s Woodhatch Sunflower was awarded
the female Championship, a beautiful filly with fine action and
conformation.

Hackney Ponies.— These classes were unfortunately small in
the number of ponies exhibited, but the quality was excellent.
In Class 57 for stallions, Southworth Swell was an outstanding
winner, a beautiful pony all over and with extra grand action.
In Class 59 for three-year-old mares or geldings, the winner,

The Bristol Show , 1913.

203

Rasper Maryan , although rather light in bone, won on account
of her exquisite quality and nice style. In Class 60 for mares
with foals at foot, Lyndhurst Paula was an outstanding winner,
full of quality combined with strength, a grand deep body,
carried in grand style on the best of legs ; whilst the second
and third prize winners, Seaham Norah and Sedgemere Berry
Midget , were both very good.

Shetland Ponies. — These classes were disappointingly small,
there being only three stallions and five mares exhibited. One
missed the excellent exhibits of the Ladies Hope and Mr.
R. W. R. Mackenzie, of Earlshall. However, Mr. Mungall, of
Transy, Dunfermline, showed two outstanding good ones in
the winners of both classes, viz., Sehvood of Transy and Stella
respectively, both being ponies of very high quality, with
plenty of bone and action ; and most of the others were of
considerable merit.

Welsh Ponies. — In Class 63 there were the old rivals Shooting
Star , Dyoll Starlight , Grove Ballistite and others which have
done well at a number of shows. The competition was keen,
although Shooting Star was rather an easy winner, going with
more dash than usual. Dyoll Starlight was not so good going
or standing as he was at the Welsh National last year and at
Islington in the spring. This can undoubtedly be accounted for
through his age, which is telling on him for a showyard career.
Still, he maintains that mountain pony character.' Grove
Ballistite went more gracefully and better than ever, ^et he
seems to be out of condition rather, which makes him appear
ragged in his back and loin. Still, it was a close thing for
second place. The Earl of Pembroke was looking well, but
did not make the best of himself ; also there was another very
nice pony in this class named Replica. Class 64 was rather
disappointing, not anything up to the required standard.
A nice lot of ponies were shown in Class 65, though the
number was not very encouraging, Nantyrharn Starlight ,
a known winner, again winning first and medal with nothing
to spare, as she was very closely run for the position by Little
Doris , which made a good show, but was out of condition.
The third place was taken by Muriel , a very nice balanced
pony that wants a little more dash. Next came Stanage
Aldernut , showing the pure mountain pony in her, but she
was low in condition and rather outsized by the others.
Class 66 was small but rather a nice class of youngsters. The
first was an outstanding winner, going very nicely but rather
overloaded with flesh. The second was a useful pony and went
gracefully. The third was rather on the weedy side, although
nicely balanced. Class 67, for cob mares, was very disappointing
in numbers.

204

The Bristol Show , 1913.

Hunter Riding Classes. — The Society must be congratulated
on receiving good entries in these classes, all being quite fairly
filled. In the majority of classes, too, the quality was good.
Mr. Stokes’ chestnut heavy-weight four-year-old was easily
best in his class — he afterwards winning the Championship
prize for best hunter in the Show. Nothing calls for comment
in the class for light-weight four-year-olds, beyond the fact that
the majority of them had good manners and moved well.
Mr. Jones, of Down ton, stood second in the heavy-weight four-
year-olds with a very improving chestnut. It was quite a good
class, and what was pleasing was that it contained several
animals which were successful in three-year-old classes last
year at various shows. The first and second in Class 70 were
plain animals but exceptionally good movers. It was a poor
class. The same remark applies to Class 71. The class for
light-weight Hunters was very good, in fact the best we had
before us. Mr. Dr age won with a nice bay that had been
champion the previous day at Olympia, followed by a charming
“ Ode ” but with hocks not quite straight enough. The third
was the winning light-weight four-year- old, while there were
several others of merit. Mr. Drage again led in the middle-
weights with a very hunter-like gelding that pleased in its
riding. This was won somewhat easily. The heavy-weights
gave rather more trouble. Mr. Stokes showed a brown gelding,
poor and rather weak about its neck and shoulders, but Avith
the best of limbs. Mr. Drage had a rather common looking
grey, but a most deceptive horse, as the farther it went the
better it went and was certainly a fine galloper. The other two
in the class which attracted attention were the second and
third in Class 71. Although not disagreeing, the Judges called
in Mr. Harford as umpire, and eventually Mr. Stokes won,
followed by Mr. Drage’s grey. All four Avere animals of merit.

The ring, although of course “ hard,” rode very Avell owing
to the foresight of the executive in putting down cinders at the
turnings, for which, and for many other kindnesses, the Judges
were most grateful.

Hack and Riding Ponies. — The classes as a rule were small
and the horses Avere not quite what the judge Avould call hacks.
They were certainly riding horses— but did not, as a rule, have
the manners that a hack should possess. Most of them did not
understand how to change their legs at a short canter when
asked to do so — which is essential in a hack.

Harness Horses. — Driving classes were good, and as most
animals in them are well-known winners, the Judge has little
to say about them.

Draught Horses. — The class for draught horses was a very
poor one, and the Judge was much surprised that there Avere

The Bristol Show , 1913.

205

only three entries, as the class was open to three counties.
The first prize filly was a nice type, with good feet, but rather
light of bone. The second was just a work mare, though she
may be well bred ; and the third prize animal, which was a
gelding, was very moderate, and lame when judged. The
Judge regrets the Bristol Local Committee were not better
supported, as they gave good prize-money.

Cattle.

The exhibits in the cattle classes numbered 1,138, or only
eight fewer than at the Gloucester Show of 1909 when the
largest entry of cattle was made since the Jubilee Exhibition at
Windsor in 1889. Shorthorns with 335 had the greatest
representation.

A good entry was received for the Auction Sale which took
place on the Thursday. Although several of the best animals
had changed hands privately at good prices, yet the auction was
well supported by buyers from abroad. Eighty-six head were
sold, the average price realised being 85 1. 10s. The top price
was 500 guineas, paid by an Argentine purchaser for the two-
year-old bull Pierrot , the winner in his class.

Shorthorns. — In these very large classes there was in
each case quite the usual number of animals of a very high
standard of excellence. Referring to the classes in the order
they are judged the merits of the older cows were, certainly
of a higher order than has been seen for a number of years at
the Royal Shows. Combined with wealth of flesh there was in
the great majority of cases an evidence of milk which was most
satisfactory.

The three-year-old class of cows contained five very good
animals with little to choose between the first and second for
the winner.

The class of heifers calved in 1911 on or before March 31,
was headed by two animals of outstanding merit. These were
Windsor Belle and Bapton Beauty placed in the order given.
Windsor Belle is a most symmetrically built animal with
beautiful colour and hair, which hides to some extent a slight
unevenness in her flesh along her ribs. Standing oi w alking
she is one of the most perfect specimens of the breed which has
appeared in past years. The second winner was smoother in her
flesh, had beautiful character and true shapes. There were
several other excellent heifers in the class.

The class for heifers calved in 1911 after March 31 was a
large one, the prize animals being quite up to the standaid of
those of former years.

The class for heifers calved in 1912 on or before March 31,
in which there were twenty entries, was headed by one of the

206

The Bristol Show , 1913.

best yearlings seen for a number of years. The second, third,
fourth, and fifth prize heifers were of high merit.

In the class of heifers calved in 1912 after March 31, there
A\as the large entry of thirty-one with at least twenty promising
youngsters. Five prizes were awarded to beautiful animals
showing much character and quality.

The awarding of the female Championship was one demand-
ing much careful consideration. Without a doubt the honour
rested between the two-year-okl heifer Windsor Belle and the
Bapton yearling heifer Dauntless Princess. Reference has been
made to the great points and slight defects in the first-named
when speaking of her as winner in her class. Dauntless
Pt me ess has great substance and depth of flesh, being wide,
deep, and short on legs with nice hair and handle. The more
matured heifer Windsor Belle was awarded the Championship
(see Fig. 1), with Dauntless Princess as Reserve.

. Seven groups of females were entered to compete for two
prizes, and were a collection worthy of the Royal Show. The
Bapton Manor group, consisting of a cow and two beautiful
heifers, were placed first, followed by the Bilsington Priory lot
of four, three being rather handicapped by the fourth.

i oJhi^0ne entries were made in the class for bulls for
B Ob, 1909, or 1910, and those that walked into the
ung made a most imposing show, seeing they were, in our
opinion, of greater average merit than those of former years,
five prizes were awarded, the first going to Montrave E tilling,
a tour-year-old bull of great substance and character. He was

7W°We^ ^ve well-known prize winning sires, somewhat
different in character but all animals of great merit. In the
older class of two-ycar-old bulls there was a large number of
good animals without any being of exceptional merit. The first
prize winner was a very smooth fleshed white, rather narrow
across his twists. The two-year-old bulls in the younger class
calved m 1911 after March 31, were of higher merit. The first
prize went without question to Woodend Stamp , a dark roan
with wide ribs, straight, strong back and well finished quarters,
llie second prize went to a wide, deep, short legged bull
Sanquhar Dreadnought , to be followed by four bulls of
substance and quality. In a large class of bulls calved in 1912
on or before March 31, the beautiful white bull Edqcote
Masterpiece was followed by the smaller but very nicely shaped
Marquis Pearl, the level topped Highflyer, and the strong,
well-grown Brave Marquis, all prize winners at former shows

In the large class of bulls calved in 1912, after March 31
there was quite a number of really good ones at the top, with-
out an outstanding winner, and at the bottom a considerable
number of rather indifferent specimens. The first and second

The Bristol Show, 1913.

207

prize animals were of quite different characters, Birdsall Cham-
pion, the one ultimately placed first, being well-grown for his
age, he carried himself well, had nice quality of flesh, with
great depth of body. The second bull is a tightly built, short
legged animal, with a strong back and good ribs, but has less
male character in his head and neck than would be desired.
Four very promising youngsters followed.

In the Group class for males Lord Middleton won with two
two-year-old and two yearling bulls, the Duke of Northumber-
land following with a nice lot of three. Lord FitzHardinge
won the special prize for the best yearling bull in Gloucestershire
with Brave Marquis .

In the competition for the male Championship the aged bull
Montrave Ethling and the two-year-old Woodend Stamp were
selected. There was a slight unevenness along the old bull’s
back, yet his depth of body, his character and his handle gave
him a strong claim for highest honours. The two-year-old, as
we have remarked, with his beautifully finished quarters, good
ribs and perfect back, was difficult to set aside, although his
somewhat uneven underline and hard hair were to some extent
objectionable. He was ultimately awarded Champion, (see
Fig. 2), the old bull being made the reserve number animal.

Dairy Shorthorns.— The Judges were pleased to report very
favourably on these classes generally. They were well filled
with excellent examples of the dual purpose Shorthorn, the
breeding of which it is the aim of the R.A.S.E. and the Dairy
Shorthorn Association to promote in offering these prizes,
which not only help towards the above object, but also
enable breeders to exhibit animals in natural and healthy
breeding condition, without prejudice to their chance of
winning prizes ; for one of the best features of this compara-
tively new movement is that the dairy cow is not improved in
appearance by excessive and injurious feeding as seems to be
the case in the ordinary way of exhibition. The Judges are
therefore of opinion that these classes are amply justified, and
that a great future is opened for a reform in the show system
which is likely to be of great benefit to the dairy industry of
this country, also to breeders of pedigree Shorthorns who have
hitherto held back from exhibiting their animals, well knowing
how disastrous is the high feeding associated with successful
showing.

Class 105, for the best cow, in milk, calved in or before
1908, had an entry of twenty-four. The two placed first and
second stood out clearly ahead of all other competitors and
were both exceptionally good, giving large quantities of milk,
from excellently shaped udders, and their scale, make, shape,
and style left nothing to be desired, they were of similar type

208

The Bristol Show , 1913.

and of nearly equal merit. Third prize went to a very nice
cow of true Shorthorn character, and the whole class was com-
mended. With one exception all the cows gave well over the
required minimum yield of milk ; probably most of them
would give their 1,000 gals, per annum, and are quite capable
of breeding bullocks fit to compete at the Smithfield Show.
In Class 106, cow calved in 1909, there were eight exhibits, the
majority of which showed considerable merit, their milk
production being distinctly good. Class 107 had eleven
entries, but, though the winners are promising heifers, the
standard of excellence was rather below that of the preceding
classes. In Class 108, Shorthorn bull, calved in 1911, the first
prize went to a white of distinctly high class, and from every
point of view suitable for service in any herd of Shorthorns
whether so-called “ Dairy ” or otherwise. Second and third were
also good animals, in no way deficient in Shorthorn character
or natural flesh, though bred from “record” milking cows.
Class 109, bulls calved in 1912. The above remarks apply to
this class also, the first prize winner being an animal that
would be an ornament in any herd of Shorthorns.

In the competitions for Group prizes and for the Fifty
Pounds Challenge Cup there were several entries, and the
merits very equal, the Judges having some difficulty in making
their awards.

Lincolnshire Red Shorthorns. — Considering the distance
from their native county, the show of Lincolnshire Red Short-
horns must be considered satisfactory. The class for cows in
milk was fair, though nothing particularly outstanding.
Heifers calved in 1910 had only a small but good entry, the
winner being eventually placed reserve for Champion cow or
heifer. A good class was that for heifers calved in 1911, very
even in merit ; the winner, a deep-fleshed, level, well sprung
heifer, being awarded Champion (see Fig. 4). A nice show of
heifers calved in 1912, the first and second prize winners
showing great promise. Cows in milk made a very good
show, and to those interested in dairying they must have left
a favourable impression of these dual purpose cattle. The
winner in the old bull class was a very fine specimen of the
breed, being a massive well-fleshed bull, well filled in down
the back, handles well, and good both to meet and to follow.
He was made Champion (see Fig. 5). The second prize bull
was a very massive one, not quite so good over the top as the
winner. A good class. Bulls calved in 1911 and 1912 had a
small but useful entry. The Judges consider that the show of
Lincoln Reds indicates that breeders are aiming at a type of
cattle nearer the ground, better filled in on the top, and earlier
maturing.

Fig. 1. — Shorthorn Heifer, “ Windsor Belle.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Shorthorn Cow or Heifer, Bristol , 1913.
Exhibited by His Majesty the King.

Fig. 2. — Shorthorn Bull, “ Woodend Stamp.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Shorthorn Bull, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. George Campbell.

Fig. 3. — Shorthorn Dairy Cow, “ Ringlet 9th.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Shorthorn Dairy Cow or Heifer, Bristol, 1913.

Exhibited by Captain Arnold Wills.

Fig. 4. — Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Heifer,

“ Strubby Violet 2nd.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Lincolnshire Bed Shorthorn Cow or Heifer

Bristol, 1913. ’

Exhibited by Mr. J. G. Williams.

Fig. 5. — Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Bull, “ Dunsby Red 2nd.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Bull, Bristol, 1913.

Exhibited by Mr Benjamin Rowland.

Fig. 6. — Hereford Cow, “ Shelsley Primula.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Hereford Cow or Heifer, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. J. G. Cooke-Hill.

Fig. 7. — Hereford Bull, “ Quarto.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Hereford, Bull, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. Henry W. Taylor.

Fig. 8. — Devon Heifer, “ Horridge Belle.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Devon Cow or Heifer, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. Lewis Henry Alford.

1^.

Fig. 9. — Devon Bull, “ Pound Cowboy.”

JVmner of Champion Prize for best Devon Bull, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited, by Mrs. A. C. Skinner and Son.

Fig. 10. — South Devon Bull, “ Leigham Sort.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best South Devon Animal, Bristol, 1913.

Exhibited by Mr. Ben Luscombe.

Fig. 11. — Longhorn Heifer, “ Arbury Duchess.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Longhorn Heifer or Young Bull, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. F. A. N. Newdegate, M.P.

Fig. 12. — Longhorn Bull, “ East well Eagle.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Longhorn Cow or Bull, Bristol, 1913,

Exhibited by Lord Gerard.

Fig. 13. — Sussex Heifer, “ Lock Heedless 3rd.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Sussex Cow or Heifer, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. W. A. Thornton.

Fig. 14. — Sussex Bull, “ Apsley Albert 2nd.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Sussex Bull, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. Walter George Ftadgms.

Fig. 15. — Red Poll Cow, “ Charming Davy 12th.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Red Poll Cow or Heifer, Bristol , 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. George Holt Wilson.

Fig. 16. — Red Poll Bull, “ IIoningham Alcester.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Red Poll Bull, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by The Rt. Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O.

Fig. 17. — Aberdeen-Angus Cow, “ Itala.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Aberdeen-Angus Cow or Heifer, Bristol, 1913.

Exhibited by Mr. G. D. Faber, C.B., M.P.

Fig. IS. — Aberdeen-Angus Bull, “ Elmhoee.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Aberdeen-Angus Animal, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Viscount Allendale.

Fig. 19. — Jersey Cow, “ La Franchise 3rd.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Jersey Cow or Heifer, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. Alexander Miller-Hallett.

Fig. 20. — Jersey Bull, “ Goddington Winks.”
Winner of Champion Prize for best Jersey Bull, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by Mr. Alexander Miller-Hallett.

Fig. 21. — Kerry Cow, “

Winner of Champion Prize for best
Exhibited by Mr.

Minley Mistress.”

Kerry Animal , Bristol, 1913.
L. Currie.

Fig. 22.- — Dexter Bull, 11 Jack Robin.”

Winner of Champion Prize for best Dexter Animal, Bristol, 1913.
Exhibited by His Majesty the King.

The Bristol Show , 1913.

209

Herefords. — The entry of the breed at Bristol was good, but
there were several absentees, as animals had been sold and
shipped previous to the Show. Class 121, bulls calved in 1908,
1909, or 1910, was a good class containing several Champions
of previous shows. The winner, Quarto , a massive, active bull
with quality, obtained the Champion as the best bull exhibited
(see Fig. 7). Avondale , a nice even-fleshed dark-coloured
bull, was second. The prize winners in the two-year-old bull
class were animals of great merit. Shucknall Victor , the
winner, is a heavy-fleshed good type of a sire. The prize
takers in the yearling classes were well grown and very
promising for future shows. In three of the female classes
entries were short. The winning cow and Champion as best
female (see Fig. 6), Shelsley Primula , was a nice even cow of
good colour, with a grand udder — a most important point at
present in these days of milk demand. May Morn , first prize
winner and reserve Champion in the three-year-old class, is a
big well grown heifer and very promising as a breeding cow.
The winning two-year-old, Misty , was an easy winner, with
good flesh and nice mellow touch. Yearling heifers, Class 123,
had a larger entry ; the four prize takers were all good, and it
was a matter of opinion to place them, all having been winners
at previous shows.

Devons. — Excepting the old bulls, there was strong com-
petition in all the classes, which were each of high merit ;
but some of the heifers, in the Judge’s opinion, had been rather
overdone to be of much value for breeding purposes hereafter.
The dairy class was particularly strong, and spoke well of the
breed as good milkers.

South Devons. — There was a good show of this breed of more
than average merit. In the old bull class all the exhibits were
grand animals, and the competition for premier position was
very keen. The class for two-year-old heifers was a grand one,
and the whole lot were commended. The young bull class
produced some grand youngsters, good in colour, showing
plenty of growth with excellent quality. The exhibits were
uniform in colour, and with good coats ; and the whole of the
exhibitors are to be congratulated on sending such a grand lot
of this breed, well illustrating their rent-paying capabilities
both as to their heavy milking qualities and for the production
of beef of the very best quality.

Longhorns. — The show of Longhorns, on the whole, was
indeed a very good one, and the Judge was very pleased to find
such fine, typical animals of this breed, which is very fast
improving, and is a great credit to its breeders, being in all
twenty-nine in four classes. The winner in the cow class
showed excellent milking qualities, rather low in flesh, but

210

The Bristol Show , 1913.

milk must be encouraged. The second prize cow was a very
good animal ; in fact the whole class were mentioned.

The winner in the class for heifers was a fine youngster
that will certainly be heard of again. She was awarded the
Challenge Cup (see Fig. 11) for the best heifer or bull in
the young classes. The winner in the bull class, a grand
animal, very massive and of beautiful type, was awarded the
Challenge Cup for the best bull or cow (see Fig. 12). The
second animal in this class was a fine bull, very big and wide,
and the whole class was good. There were six bulls in the
yearling class, which contained some very useful animals of
excellent merit.

Sussex. — The Judge expresses regret at the poor entry, but
no doubt the distance from the three counties— Sussex,
Surrey, and Kent — where they are mostly bred, was greatly
responsible for so few coming forward. Only three animals
put in an appearance in Class 148. Lock Heedless 3rd, the
winner, was a beautiful type of the breed, standing right away
from anything else in the class, and winning the female
Championship easily (see Fig. 13). Class 149 contained some
useful animals of the breed, but nothing special. Apsley
Albert 2nd, a really grand bull, was an easy winner in Class
150 and male Champion (see Fig. 14). There was nothing
special in Class 151. Five good animals were shown in
Class 152, the first in the class being a promising youngster,
likely to make a good bull.

Welsh. — The classes of Welsh Black Cattle were well filled.
In Class 153 there were four exhibits of very good cows, led by
a fine useful breeding animal. The second prize taker was
younger and of a very nice quality. Class 154 contained five
entries. The winner was a very fine specimen of the breed, of
heavy scale and evenness of form, and was followed by two
very typical animals. Class 155, with seven entries, made a
very good class of promising young heifers led by a good
massive, well-coated heifer. The second and third prize
takers also were very promising heifers of rare quality. The
four entries in Class 156 were led by a very massive and
evenly fleshed typical animal, one of the best exhibited in
recent years. The second and third prize takers are really
good specimens of the breed. The first prize winner in Class

157 (four entries) is a very promising animal of even flesh,
and likely to make a good bull at maturity. The second prize
winner is a very good animal of heavy scale and type. Class

158 was a remarkably good one of seven youngsters led by a
very uniform and compact bull, which was run very closely
by the second prize taker which was very even and typical. The
Welsh section taken as a whole was a decided improvement on

The Bristol Show , 1913.

211

those exhibited in former years, both as regards number of
entries and uniformity of the type.

Red Poll. — Class 159 was an excellent one of cows, all
showing well-formed udders. In this class was found the
female Champion, a very large beast of fine quality (see
Fig. 15). The first and second prize winners in Class 160
were of exceptional merit, and the class as a whole was good.
Class 161 was the best of the Red Poll classes, numbering
thirteen entries, of which four were particularly promising
animals. Two outstanding good bulls were exhibited in
Class 162, viz., a four-year-old and a two-year-old, winning
first and second respectively, and afterwards awarded the
Male Championship (see Fig. 16) and Reserve for same.
Class 163 contained nine yearling bulls, in which nothing
of particular merit could be found ; in fact, the class was not
quite up to the usual standard of quality. Taken collectively
the Red Polls were the finest representation of the breed that
the Judge has ever had the pleasure of judging at the R.A.S.E.

Aberdeen Angus. — The general quality of the exhibits was
good, and with the exception of twro-year-old heifers the classes
were well filled. A good proportion of the animals shown
were outstanding, and it is worthy of note that the leading
exhibits in three of the classes took the same position in much
stronger competition the following week at the Scottish
National Show. The breeding cows comprised a nice class of
typical animals, and the one-year-old heifers were excellent.
The aged bulls presented a fine appearance — with not a weak
one amongst them — while the leader was one of the best
specimens that has been seen for years. The two-year-old
bulls were also very uniform and good, the first prize one
being a large wealthy specimen of more than ordinary
excellence. The yearlings comprised a mixed class of useful
bulls with nothing outstanding amongst them ; still, quite a
creditable exhibition.

Taken altogether the show of Aberdeen Angus cattle at
Bristol was one with which the breeders and fanciers of that
breed had every reason to be satisfied.

Galloways.- — As a whole these were exceedingly good. Cows
in milk made a level good class. Class 172 was a very fine
one ; the first and second exceedingly good heifers. Class 173
was one of the best in the females ; first, second, and third
were very fine heifers. Class 174 was the best of the Galloway
section, every animal in it being good — the first and second
were especially so. A level good lot of young bulls were
found in Class 175.

Highland. — Only two representatives of the breed were
present — both bulls — which the Judge states were “good.”

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The Bristol Show f 1913.

Ayrshires. — In Class 178a, for cows and heifers in milk,
the first prize was won by a grand cow that had newly calved.
A very much smaller animal with the making of a good
milker was placed second, closely followed by the third
prize winner, also a good animal. All the exhibits that
received commendation were of high merit. A grand cow,
in which was combined everything that could be desired,
easily won the premier award in Class 178b (for cows and
heifers in-calf). The second, a smaller cow but very u milky ”
looking, was well worthy of her position. A handsome young
cow was placed third, but she was too far from calving to be
seen at her best. A young bull of a very high order deservedly
won first place in Class 179, the second prize being secured by
an older bull, who did not possess the same sweet quality as
the winner.

British Holsteins. — For a second appearance ab the National
Show, and considering the breed is not a local one, the exhibi-
tion of Holsteins at Bristol was distinctly creditable, and should
encourage breeders to further efforts. Forty-one entries were
recorded in this section, of which thirty-five attended the show.
The old female class brought forward eight animals, all splendid
dairy cows, but the type was not as uniform as could have been
desired. The winner, Stanfield Phcehe, was a big framed,
milky matron, carrying a large bag, which, however, was not
quite level. The second prize winner had plenty of size and
character, but the one placed third was not so fresh as the
others.

Garton Fullpail , shown by Mr. John Bromet, whose
exhibits also won first and second in the cow class, was an
outstanding winner in the in-milk heifer class, which only
produced three animals.

Two nicely grown typical heifers, in grand condition and
well brought out, scored for Mr. Adam Smith in the heifer
class, the winner having the better head, and being straighter
at the top. The exhibit placed third was also a sweet promising
specimen of the breed.

Premier honours in the old bull class went to Monkton
Man of Kent , Mr. Henry T. Willett’s big lengthy sire, which
was not quite so well marked as the second and third prize
exhibits, these, however, being handicapped by being much
younger than the winner.

The young bull class was the largest and best of the section,
a pleasing indication that breeders are going steadily ahead. A
big, strong, well-ribbed animal, shown by Sir Peter Walker,
Bart., was deservedly first, his only fault being that he might
possess greater length. The beasts placed second, third and
fourth were all very useful, while several that did not get into

The Bristol Show , 1913.

213

the awards showed much promise. The very young bulls
were at a disadvantage in having to compete with much older
ones, but as a whole there was little to find, fault with in the
class. Taken altogether the show of Holsteins was excellent,
and a great improvement over the initial showyard venture at
Norwich.

Jerseys. — The old cow class produced a large entry and
contained many excellent specimens of the breed, the winner
here taking the Female Championship (see. Fig. 19). Class 188
was not so well filled as at former shows. With the exception
of the winners the exhibits lacked quality, but the first prize
winner was placed reserve for the Female Championship.
The two-year-old class was better filled and there were a few
promising young cows. In Class 190 the animals were not
of such great merit as the Judges have seen at former shows.
In the class for English-bred Jerseys the competition was not
so keen as might be expected. Class 192 was headed by a
well-known winner, who also took the Championship in the
male classes (see Fig. 20). Class 193 was not up to the
average of former shows, although the winner was of con-
siderable merit, taking Reserve Championship. A few
promising young bulls were shown in Class 194, but the
remainder were somewhat inferior.

Guernseys. — Class 196 contained a few very good cows. The
winner was of a particularly good type, with well-formed
udder, and she was followed closely by a more aged cow not
quite so good in formation of udder. In Class 197 a good dairy
type of cow was first, the second being a very promising young
cow, a trifle thick on shoulders ; the third prize winner ivas
inclined to be a bit beefy. The winner in Class 198 was
too high on leg, but a good young cow ; a neat cow rather
thick on shoulder got second, a good all-round heifer taking
third prize. In Class 199 the first was a finer bred calf than
the others, but they were a very even lot, though most of
them thick in hide. The first prize bull in Class 200 was in
fine show form, and well handled, but was followed very
closely by the second and third prize winners. An even lot of
young bulls were shown in Class 201, with not much to choose
between the prize winners and those who got reserve and
highly commended. Taking the section as a whole, they were
a very fine lot, and did great credit to the exhibitors. The
Judge states that the Guernseys ought to be better known
amongst farmers in England, as they are the richest breed in
the world, and would, in his opinion, improve the quality of
milk and butter throughout the country.

Kerry. — Class 203 (cows) was an excellent one in numbers
and quality. The winner was easily first, almost ideal in shape

214

The Bristol Show , 1913.

for dairy cows, with perhaps the straightest top line ever seen
on a Kerry, beautiful head and neck full of quality, and a
silky udder of good shape. The animal placed second was not
so level as the first and somewhat more robust in build. A cow
with a good Kerry head and horns was third. Class 204 had
two entries only. A heifer of very good shape and quite
excellent dairy indications was first in Class 205. In the bull
Class 206 the first prize went to a useful bull, of good Kerry
type, his horns and head especially being correct.

Dexters. — Class 208 was quite high-class. A red cow which
has won many prizes during the last few years was again first,
and closely run by the second, a cow with a most capacious and
excellently shaped udder, the bag being both wide and long
with the teats well and squarely placed. Class 209 contained
nine entries, and first place was taken by a heifer which had
not yet calved, but her shape and make were so exceptional,
and the udder promising, that the Judge thought her quite
deserving of the premier award. She was followed by another
which had not yet calved, also a compact well made heifer.
Class 210 contained thirteen entries. The first prize went to a
heifer of exceptional quality and style. A heifer of good
Dexter character was second. In Class 211 (bulls) there was
no difficulty in selecting the winner, a bull of wronderful
shape, character and quality, and as near as possible a model of
the breed. A straight bull full of quality was second.

The Challenge Cup for the best Kerry bull or cow was
awarded to No. 1643 (see Fig. 21), while the bull No. 1658 was
placed Reserve, and that for the best Dexter bull or cow to
the bull No. 1699 (see Fig. 22).

Sheep.

With a total of 736, the Sheep were two more than the
number entered for the Doncaster Show last year. Hampshire
Downs were the most numerous with 94 entries, being closely
followed by the Kent or Romney Marsh with 87, and the
Shropshires with 75.

Primitive Breeds. — A special exhibit — not for competition
— consisted of some fifty specimens of Primitive Breeds of
Sheep, made by Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., and Professor J.
Cossar Ewart, F.R.S., to show the original sources, so far as
they exist at the present time, from which the modern breeds
have sprung.

The Sheep shown were collected and bred at Colesborne
Park, Gloucestershire, and at Fairslacks Farm, near Penicuik,
Midlothian, now in the hands of the University of Edinburgh,
with the object of making experiments in crossing, and in
producing fine wool, small mutton and fat lambs. They had

The Bristol Show, 1913.

215

been bred and wintered on poor grass at a high elevation, and
in a very cold and late situation, and had not been housed or,
with a few exceptions, had received any additional food. Some
of these breeds have for very long periods been kept in parks
in a semi-wild condition, and have proved their remarkable
hardiness and ability to remain healthy under conditions which
improved sheep cannot endure.

Cloth made from the wool and fleeces of most of the sheep
exhibited were shown in the Agricultural Education Exhibition
building.

The Breeds exhibited were as follows : —

1. Ram, ewe and lamb of the Old; Horned Wiltshire

Sheep, from which the modern Dorset Breed is
probably descended.

2. Ram, ewe and lamb of the Old Horned Norfolk Sheep,

from which the modern Sulfolks have been produced
by crossing.

3. Ram, ewe and lamb of the “ Piebald ,” u Spanish ,” or

“ Spotted* ” Sheep ; kept pure in English parks for
over 150 years.

4. Ram, ewe and lamb of the semi-wild Soay (St. Hilda')

Sheep ; the nearest living representative of the wild
Moufflon of Sardinia.

5. Ram, ewe and lamb of the Shetland Breed.

6. Ram, ewe and lamb of the Manx Breed.

7. Ram, ewe and lamb of the Hebridean Four-horned

Breed, which has perhaps contributed to the making
of the Scotch Black-faced Breed.

8. Fat-rumped Syrian ewe and lamb by Old Wiltshire

ram.

9. Fat-rumped Syrian ewe and lamb by Afghan Fat-tailed

ram imported by the Marquess of Bute.

10. “ Siberian ” ram, ewe and lamb of uncertain origin,
but probably nearly related to the Shetland Sheep.
[The fine wool which formed the under coat of the
dam of this ram was valued at 5s. per pound.]

Also ewes of the Cheviot ; Blackfaced x Black Welsh ;
Wiltshire x Soay Breeds ; and Southdown x Soay ;
with lambs by various sires.

An illustrated guide giving an account of the various breeds
was on sale during the Show.

Oxford Downs. — The Judges considered Class 216 (shearling
rams) the best exhibition of shearling rams that has been at the
Royal for many years, the prize winners being followed up
by some very good specimens. Class 217 (single ram lambsj
brought out some fair specimens, but backward in condition.

216

The Bristol Show , 1913.

The prize winners in Class 218 (three ram lambs) were quite
outstanding, and it was altogether a very good class. Three
yearling ewes also made a good class. The pens of three
ewe lambs (Class 220) showed good character, but the animals
were backward in condition. Taken as a whole, the Judges
thought the exhibits did great credit to the Oxford Down
breeders.

Shropshires. — Class 221 (two-shear rams) was of good
average merit. The leading sheep showed scale and quality,
particularly the first and second winners, which headed the
class somewhat easily. Shearling rams (Class 222) were some-
what uneven in character, but the leading sheep were good,
particularly the winner — full of good flesh, wool, and typical
“ Shrop ” points. In the five shearling rams Class (223) nine pens
were forward, and the class throughout was good. The winning
pen were well matched, true to type, with good flesh, skins,
and wool. The other leading pens were good, but not quite so
stylish, and some a bit wanting in “ finish.” The winning pen
of three ram lambs in Class 224 were very full of “ bloom,” with
plenty of scale and quality. Some other typical pens were
shown. The first and third pens of three shearling ewes were
rather on the small side, but very full of flesh and quality.
The second pen had somewhat larger scale, but lacked a little
in colour. This was a fair class on the whole. Class 226
(three ewe lambs) was small, but the winning pen was very
well brought out, showing plenty of size and nice quality.
The other pens were also very “ typy.” On the whole the
Shropshire classes were well shown, but the Judges venture
to advise breeders to be careful not to overlook the question
of size, and in doing so to sacrifice the important essentials of
a good mutton sheep to the ultra-faddist ideals of the showman.

Southdowns. — All the classes were well filled with the
exception of that for shearling ewes. In Class 227 (two-shear
rams) were found some very good rams. No. 1852 was awarded
first in class and Champion ram on account of its great depth
of flesh, with good wool, and having what a ram should have —
a masculine head. No. 1857 well deserved second place ; it
was a very even sheep with very good wool, but lacking a
masculine head. There were nineteen entries of shearling rams
in Class 228, the majority of which were a very good lot,
particularly No. 1868, which well deserved first place. This
ram was also reserved for the Champion. No. 1869, a very
nice even sheep, was second.

In Class 229 (three shearling rams) there were nine entries.
In this class were found some very evenly matched sheep, par-
ticularly No. 1886, which were well to the front. Nos. 1885
and 1887 well deserved second and third places respectively.

The Bristol Show , 1913.

217

In Class 230 (ram lambs) some very promising sheep were
exhibited. Only five entries were made in Class 231 (three
shearling ewes), but they were a beautiful lot. No. 1900 well
deserved the first prize and the Silver Medal for the best pen
of ewes or ewe lambs. The Judges had no difficulty with
Class 232 (three ewe lambs) in placing No. 1912 first ; they
were three very good lambs. They were also well worthy of
the position of Reserve for the best pen of ewes or ewe
lambs

Hampshire Downs. — Class 233 was only a moderate one of
two-shear rams. In Class 234 the first was a good showy ram
of great quality and good type, the wool being good, the second
prize following very close, a heavier and more massive ram.
After the first three rams the class was moderate. Class 235,
for single ram lambs, was strong in numbers. After the first,
which stood well ahead of the rest, there were several rams
running each other very close. The winner in this class took
the Championship. Class 236 also was a strong class of three
ram lambs to the pen, with nothing outstanding, which made
the decisions harder to arrive at, the merits being very even.
The first in this class was Reserve for Championship. Novice
ram lambs (Class 237) were very good, comparing favourably
with the open class. Class 238 was the strongest class of
shearling ewes the Judges remember seeing at a show, the
merit was excellent, the winners being a beautiful pen of ewes.
Class 239 was very uniform all through, the first of excellent type
and quality, the second close up but not quite so nice over the
crowns, the third and fourth following close. In Class 240
(novice ewe lambs) the five entries present showed quality and
breeding good enough to compete in the open.

Suffolks. — Two good sheep were shown in the two-shear
ram class, the winner possessing especial merit. Class 242
(shearling rams) contained three remarkably fine rams of good
scale. Ram lambs made a very good class, being well-grown
and of smart appearance. The shearling ewes shown were
very true to type, good in colour and wool. The ewe lambs
were remarkably well grown, very smart in appearance, with
good wool and of good colour. The Judge remarks : “ It is much
to be regretted that this most popular and most serviceable
breed, which thrives under any conditions, should not. have
been better represented, but it is partly accounted for owing to
the distance from Suffolk.”

Dorset Downs.— Although the entries were small, taking
them as a whole they were a very good lot, and, in particular,
mention may be made of both the shearling rams and ewes.
The ram lambs were not as matching as the Judge would have
liked to have seen them.

218

The jBristol Show , 1913.

Dorset Horns. — In Class 250 for yearling rams the first
prize went to No. 2047, a sheep with plenty of strength with
good flesh and wool and one that should make a valuable stud
ram. The second prize w^ent to No. 2045, a perfect sheep full
of quality, but he had not the size or strength of the winner. In
Class 251, for ram lambs, the first prize went to No. 2055, a
very strong good fleshed pen which might have had better
heads. The second prize was awarded to No. 2053, a nice
quality pen with correct heads, and the third prize to No. 2054,
a pen with good wool and flesh, and which would have been
placed second had they matched better. In Class 252, for
yearling ewes, after the first award was given to No. 2058, a
well-matched pen of good type, flesh and wool, there was a close
run for the other positions. In Class 253, for ewe lambs,
premier honours were won by No. 2067, a well-matched pen,
good in flesh and wool and with good heads. The Silver Medal
given for the best exhibit in the above classes was secured by
No. 2058, the winning pen of three yearling ewes, they being
perfect in type and well matched.

Ryelands. — The exhibits in these classes were quite up to
the usual standard of merit. Class 254 (two-shear rams and
upwards) only contained two entries. The first prize winner
was a sheep of very good type, with legs well set. The second
was a nice sheep with a good fleece but not quite so typy as
the former. Class 255 (shearling rams) was a better filled class
than the previous one, and contained some very good specimens
of the breed. The first prize ram was a nice masculine sheep,
with gay carriage and good in fleece. The second prize ram
possessed a very nice coat and was typy. The third prize ram
although smaller than some of his comrades, was also typy and
had nice wool. In Class 256 (ram lambs) the first prize
Avinners Avere a very nice evenly matched pen, slioAving good
character and gay carriage, with very shapely hind legs. The
second pen were also a very good lot, with nice coats and
character but did not exhibit the same smartness and
uniformity as the former ones when out of the pens. The first
prize winners in Class 257 (shearling ewes) Avere a smart typy
uniform lot with good fleeces. The second prize winners Avere
also a well-matched pen with good coats. The third prize pen,
although smaller than their rivals, Avere also of very nice type,
and fine in the fleece.

Kerry Hill (Wales). — In Class 258 (rams, shearling and
upwards) the Avinner, a level hard yearling, Avas very compact
but someAvhat wanting in his underline and bone. The
second, a three-shear ram, was built on rather better lines but
was considerably Avorse for his wear, and so had to give way
to the younger sheep. The winners in Class 259 (shearling

The Bristol Show , 1913.

219

ewes) were the most matchy pen in the class, with good fleeces
and well ribbed up. The second made a showy pen with more
scale than the winners, but one of them drew hack considerably.
The reserve trio were a nice typical pen of the breed, but with
the same drawback as the former, which was really the main
fault throughout the class, as they all showed the best of
breeding.

Lincolns. — Shearling rams were decidedly below the
average, most likely due to the unfavourable season, and the
wool was not up to the standard. Two-shears were well
grown, but were not to their usual standard with regard to
wool. The lambs were very nice, and showed a good deal of
character. The yearling ewes in their wool were very good
and quite kept their repute, the wool being excellent.

Leicesters. — The shearlings in Class 267 were very good,
particularly the two winning rams, having large frames, well
sprung ribs, good skins, and the fine character of a Leicester.
In Class 268 the first winning pen of ram lambs was very
evenly matched, with good skins, flesh, and heads, and much
the best in the pen. There were only three pens shown in
Class 269 (shearling ewes), the first and second pens being very
fine types of Leicester sheep. In Class 270 were shown three
pens of Leicester ewe lambs, the two pens, first and second,
having good skins and frames, well matched with good heads.

Border Leicesters. — The section as a whole was a very fair
representation of the breed. Only four rams over two-shear
were shown, but the prize-winners were good. The shearling
rams and gimmers were both strong classes, more especially
considering the distance from their headquarters. There were
two empty pens in the second class and three in third.

Wensleydales. — In the aged ram class there were four entries,
and it was generally remarked there had not been four such
good rams shown at the Royal for a good many years. The
executors of the late T. Willis took the lead with a fine typical
ram, with a good head, even fleece, and plenty of scale and
substance. Mr. J. W. Greensit ran the winner very close with
another fine powerful ram, having a good head, good back, and
well on his legs, but hardly quite so good in wool. Lord Henry
Bentinck came third with a big strong ram of considerable
merit, but rather deficient in legs.

In the shearling ram class there were four entries, and the
executors of Mr. Willis again took the lead with a nice quality
ram, with a good head, even fleece, and well set on his legs.
Lord Henry Bentinck came second with a good fleshy ram, of
considerable merit, and Mr. Greensit took third with a ram of
good quality, but which hardly met the eye so well as the two
former rams.

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The Bristol Show , 1913.

The class for three shearling rams brought out twelve sheep
of good quality, and the Judges were occupied a considerable
time in placing them on account of the unevenness of the
pens. The executors of Mr. Willis won first with a fine
trio of good quality rams, matching well with heads, wool, and
general character. Mr. Greensit made a good second with
three rams, good in flesh and even in wool, but not quite
so matchy with their heads. Lord Henry Bentinck came
third with three rams splendidly matched in wool, but rather
short of handling, and one of them short of colour about its
head. In the shearling ewe class there were five entries, and
here Lord Henry Bentinck’s ewes came clearly to the front.
The leading pen was undoubtedly the best matched pen of the
section, having grand heads, even fleeces, good in flesh, and
well on their legs. The second exhibit of Lord Henry’s,
possessing all the characteristics of the winners, was well
worthy of second honours, and the executors of Mr. Willis
came third, with three sheep of considerable merit, but not
quite so even in some respects as the two former lots.

Lonks. — The class for rams one year and over was represented
by a poor selection, Mr. Edward Smith taking first and second
prizes. In the shearling ewes class again the representation was
poor, Mr. Smith gaining the first and second prizes. In this
class one pen shown by Lady Thursby contained a fairly good
hogg, fully equal to the prize winners, but the remaining two
let down the pen, one of which failed in body and carriage and
the other in its wool, and both were short of wool about the
neck and head.

Derbyshire Gritstones. — Rams, one year and over, made an
excellent show, Mr. Wheelton taking first and Reserve prizes
with some splendid animals. The winner of the first prize
will be difficult to beat. The class for pens of three shearling
ewes also had a very good show, the stock shown in the
Gritstone classes, the Judge reports, is a great improvement
upon that shown two years ago.

Kent or Romney Marsh.— The Judges consider it a matter
for congratulation that the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep, with
87 entries, were the largest long- wool-led breed, and, with the
exception of the Hampshire Downs, the strongest sheep classes
in the Show. This is especially noteworthy because two largely
exhibited flocks of the breed were dispersed in 1912. The
competition in all the classes was close, but the Judges had no
hesitation in awarding the Championship prize to the first
prize two-year-old ram, one of the best specimens of the breed
yet produced, but a little on the fine side with his wool. The
symmetry of the r sheep shown in the five-ram class was

The Bristol Show , 1913.

221

particularly to be commended. Of the ram tegs, the first,
second, and third prize sheep belonged to the same owner, and
were remarkably fine specimens of the breed. The same may
also be said of his shearling ewes which gained first and third
prizes. The second prize pen were three ewes of excellent form.
The whole of the sheep were of good typical character, this
remark applying especially to the shearling rams. Without
doubt this breed has now become much more uniform, and the
sheep generally are well covered with a heavy even fleece.

Cotswolds. — Both for numbers and quality this breed’s
exhibits were much above the average, the shearling rams and
the shearling ewes making extra good classes and very well
shown. The leading animals in the shearling ram class were
big bold sheep with size as well as quality, very firm under
hand, with good wool. The shearling ewes were the strongest
lot the Judge had seen out for many years. The first was a
sweet pen, very matching with the best of wool, and firm in
their mutton. The second and third pens were very big heavy
sheep much above the average, not quite so matching as the
first, but a very good class. The ram and ewe lambs were
good quality, splendid wool, but not quite so forward.

Devon Longwools. — Rather a small entry of this breed was
made, but the sheep that were there were very good. The
rams were strong with good wool and plenty of bone, and the
first prize yearling ewes made an exceptionally good pen.

South Devons— On the whole the South Devon Sheep
were typical of their breed, and the numbers were somewhat
satisfactory. The first prize ram and ewe lambs were the
best seen by the Judge for many years, which speaks well
of the first prize two-shear ram as a stock getter, he being the
sire of both pens. The first prize yearling ram stood away
from his opponents, having a good head and neck, depth of
flesh, good wool, and big bone. The two pens of yearling
ewes were good, but there ought to have been more entries, as
the registered flocks number about 240.

Dartmoors. — Though not numerous, Dartmoors were a
prominent feature among the various breeds of long-wool
sheep. The splendid animals reared in their native wilds on
Dartmoor and the fringe of highland surrounding it were a
credit to the showyard and to the exhibitors of this valuable
breed covering one-third of the county of Devon. Ihe Judge
notices a great improvement since the breed was registered
four years ago. Their constitution and long lustres of curly
wool attracted much attention and admiration.

Exmoors. There were eight entries in the three classes, the

old rams, also the ewes, being very good specimens, but the hogg

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The Bristol Show , 1913.

r

rams were rather weak. The winner in this class was far
ahead of the other two.

Cheviots. — The first and second prize old rams belonging to
Mr. Jacob Robson were twin brothers and sired by a sheep of
his own breeding. The first prize ram was an outstanding
sheep and won easily. He has a good head and skin with
plenty of style and substance. Mr. John Robson’s third prize
ram was second at Edinburgh and Inverness as a shearling.
The shearling rams were a useful class, Mr. John Robson being
first and second with well skinned sheep. Mr. Jacob Robson
was third. Mr. John Robson was first for gimmers with an
excellent specimen showing quality and substance. She was
third at Edinburgh. Mr. Jacob Robson was second and third
with two smart twin sisters.

Herdwicks. — These sheep were few in numbers, but those
placed before the Judge were all of fine breeding quality.
Class 309 was headed by a splendid aged ram, having a fine
strong face, with well set horns, a good handler, with nice
quarters, strong bones, and good wool. The second prize ram
was very smart, though a little weak in face and drooped in
hind quarters, but was very good on his legs with strong bones.
Class 310 only produced two lots. The first prize was awarded
to a beautiful pen, with strong heads, good handlers, very good
in wool, a very smart trio. The second prize pen was rather
small.

Welsh Mountain. — Both classes of Welsh sheep were of
great merit, the ewe classes especially so. The entries were
good, but were confined to North Wales. The first prize
animals were very true to type.

Blackfaced Mountain. — These classes were very strong
indeed, seeing the Show was so far south. Class 313 was
headed by a perfect type of a Mountain ram, with strong face,
good colour, fine quality wool, well-set horns, fine hindquarters,
strong bones, a great handler, and very smart when let loose.
The second prize ram was a massive sheep, but weak in neck
and slack behind shoulders. The third prize was of good
stamp but was four-shear, and age was telling on him. The
first prize in Class 314 was awarded to a typical type of
shearling ewe. Although a trifle small, this animal was a
great handler, with a nice head and good wool. The second
was also a smart sheep, but rather weak in bones.

In Class 313 the Judge had some difficulty in coming to a
decision as shearling and aged rams were all shown together.
Shearling rams have no chance against aged rams, as they are
much more furnished. There was also one ram shown in old
wool, which made it still more difficult.

The Bristol Show, 1913.

22 3

Pigs.

The entries in this department, though less than those for
the Shows of the two preceding years, were well up to the
average, the Large Whites leading with 135 entries.

Large Whites. — The exhibits in Class 315 were a very good
lot. Worsley Turk 28th led the way — a typical boar of fine
- length and scale, afterwards awarded the Medal for Champion
boar. The second was a big, thickly-fleshed pig of good type.
The third also was a boar of nice type. Class 316 was another
good one, the winner being found in a great deep pig with not
much coat but full of quality; the remainder all good useful
types. No. 2492, which was placed first in Class 317, was a good,
straight boar of first-class quality that won well in a fair class.
There were thirty-five entries in Class 318, and the quality
varied. No. 2504 won easily, having fine size and quality.
No. 2507 made a good second, being of the same type, though
hardly the size of the winner, but should develop. No. 2498,
third, was a good type, and the fourth, No. 2528, a lengthy
boar, not so deep as the leaders.

Class 319, old sows, was a collection of talent. No. 2541,
though giving away a lot in age to the others, showed remark-
able quality, and later on was able to gain the Gold Medal
for the best sow. No. 2544, a thick, deep sow that had an
unbeaten record last year, had to put up with second in a
strong class. No. 2537 was a sow of good quality and nice
character, and it was a near thing between her and No. 2534 as
to which got the Reserve ticket. The others had to be content
with H.C. cards. In Class 320, No. 2556, a good, deep, well-
fleshed sow, though a little coarse in front, took first place, and
she afterwards got the Reserve ticket for the Medal. No. 2547,
a big deep-fleshed sow of nice type, but rather short of hair,
came next. The rest were strongly in evidence. Class 321 was
a good, useful class of juniors, headed by No. 2580, a typical
gilt, full of quality. Nos. 2583 and 2584, the first and second
in Class 322, were good typical gilts, full of quality, being of
one litter. The rest did not please the eye so well, neither
were they so matchy, which made it difficult to adjudicate.

Middle Whites. — The Judge found the classes fairly good on
the whole. The Champion sow was his idea of a Middle White,
so true in head, underlines, ribs and hams, whilst her legs and
feet were about perfection. She was covered with a beautiful
coat of fine silky hair. The Reserve Champion was a useful
young sow, but lacking the fine characteristics of her victor.
The pens of three youngsters wanted character, and were too
much forced for age. The boars were fair, nothing special.

Tamworths. — In Class 329, boars farrowed 1909-10-11, two
useful pigs won the first and second prizes. The first prize

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The Bristol Show , 1913.

winner in Class 330, boafs farrowed 1912, was a good coated
pig, well shown and of correct type, while the second and third
were out of coat, having too many black spots. It was not, on
the whole, a good class. A good entry, boars farrowed 1913,
was made in Class 331, and at least six very good young boars
were shown. A lengthy, well-grown pig of high quality was
first. The second was also a first-class pig. Several useful
breeding sows were shown in Class 332, but there was nothing
outstanding. The first prize sow was well brought out, though
somewhat fat for breeding purposes. The winner in Class 333
(sows farrowed in 1912) was a typical Tamworth of great merit.
She also takes the Champion Gold Medal as the best in the
section. Several other really good sows were found in this
class. Five pens of three sows farrowed in 1913 were forward
in Class 334, three of which were well grown, well shown, and
of the right sort.

Berkshires. — The exhibits in these classes numbered only
fifty-three in six classes, but the general quality was quite up to
average. In Class 335 (containing five old boars), No. 2695
won easily, and was followed by another good pig, No. 2696,
Class 336, in which were exhibited twelve boars of 1912, was
fair, with no outstanding winner. Class 337 (boars of 1913)
were a very even lot numbering thirteen. No. 2713 won,
closely followed by No. 2720. Four real good sows were found
in Class 338. In Class 339 (sows of 1912) there were eleven
exhibits, No. 2740 being an outstanding winner, with her great
scale, wonderful hams, and general smoothness. This was the
best class in the section. Eight pens of three 1913 sows were
forward in Class 340. No. 2747, the winners, were well-
matched and of best quality. There were many good individual
young sows in this class. No. 2740 easily won the Champion
prize and the old boar No. 2695 was Reserve.

Large Blacks.— Class 341, boars farrowed in 1909, 1910, or

1911, had eight entries, headed by Drayton King , an excellent
specimen, long, wide, deep and level with neat shoulders
and well sprung ribs. His forelegs might be straighter, the
hams more developed, but he won easily, and was finally a
worthy Champion. Drayton Disappointment was second, of
immense size and scope, failing in girth behind the shoulders,
Drayton Dandy, third prize, was a square pig of medium
size and good quality, but had not the substance of the first and
second, and was too erect in coat. Class 342, boars farrowed in

1912, contained two good but not outstanding boars. Sud-
toourne Admiral won, a long level boar of nice quality and
correct type. Drayton Peter , second, was a thick pig, which
might be deeper behind the shoulders and more developed
in hams. Class 343, boars farrowed 1913, had nineteen

The Bristol Show , 1913.

225

entries. A large but rather disappointing class, containing
three good boars and a number of useful ones. The first
prize animal stood out alone, full of quality, and very deep and
square. The second, Bixley Sutler , was a thick boar of good
length, but rather black in skin. The third prize winner was
of the same type as the first but narrower and not so deep.
Class 344, breeding sow farrowed 1909, 1910, or 1911, was fair,
headed by Lustleigh Marchioness 18th, a square deep sow of
excellent quality and type. She won easily, and was finally
Champion sow. Sudbourne Miss Kitty was second, very thick
and level but rather short and lacking in scope. Third came
Treveglos Lass 6th , long and typical, with first class
hams, but cut in over the loins. Class 345, large black breeding
sow, farrowed 1912, was the best of all with ten entries. The
winner and subsequently Reserve for sow Championship was
Treveglos Angelina 2nd , a beautiful sow of superb quality,
long, deep, level and typical. Second was Drayton Annie ,
a quality sow of good length with great back and loins and
square frame. Flower of the Valley was a very close third, a
model of symmetry and quality. In Class 346 for pen of
three sows farrowed 1913 (nine entries), Messrs. Whitley won
narrowly with a very well grown pen, well coated, and with
any amount of size and scope, but Mr. F. A. Perkins’ trio were
beautifully matched pigs of neater stamp, and there was little
to choose between them. There were no better matched nor
finer quality pigs than Mr. J. Warne’s third prize pen, but
they were a little short from pin to tail, and less developed
owing to youth.

Lincolnshire Curly-coated. — The Judge was pleased to note
the great improvement in the several classes, thus demonstrat-
ing what can be done by careful breeding in selecting the best
animals.

Poultry, including Ducks, Geese and Turkeys.

The poultry section at Bristol was the best that has ever
formed part of the Royal Show. The entries — a total of 4,436
in 440 classes — constituted a record, and the quality of the
exhibits, taken as a whole, was excellent. The work of
adjudication was divided as follows: — Mr. C. Sneddon judged
the Game and Bantam classes ; Mr. Clem Watson, the Langshan,
Leghorn, Minorca, Dorking, Yokohama, Brahma, Cochin,
Faverolle, Houdan, any other distinct variety, and Yokohama
Bantams ; Mr. H. P. Mullens, the Croad Langshan ; Mr.
Stainthorp, the Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes ; Mr. E. A.
Cass, the Buff, White and Black Orpingtons ; Mr. W. W.
Broomhead, the other Orpington classes, Sussex, British Rhode

YOL. 74. I

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The Bristol Show , 1913.

Island Red, Ancona, Maline, Campine and Japanese Bantams ;
Mr. J. E. D. Moysey, tlie White Plymouth Rocks, Ducks,
Geese and Turkeys,

The Old English Game were a grand lot, particularly Black-
Reds and Spangles in both old and young classes. The first
prize winners were birds of exceptional merit. Indians were
good also, but several birds were rough in feathers through
having been used in breeding pens. The Moderns were two
really fine classes. The first winning Black-Red cock was a real
topper and in splendid condition. Same may be said of the
hens. The first, second and third were hard to separate, all
being good of their colour. The Sumatra were strong in
numbers and quality, several birds possessing the brilliant
metallic sheen on their feathers so much desired. The Midgets
were composed of a variety of colours, and contained several
birds of a high standard for shape and colour of feathers.
Many were very near the standard for points.

The Langshans were not a big lot, but of good quality. It
would be safe to say that the Leghorns were the best lot seen
out at this time of the year for a long while, and most of them
were in very good condition. Minorcas made two splendid
classes, while the Dorkings were very much above the average
both in quality and numbers. Yokohamas were well repre-
sented in colour, and the entry warrants their inclusion.
Brahmas and Cochins did not come out very well, but the hot
weather had brought many of the old birds into moult, hence
the owners reserved their entries. French were very strong
and many well-known winners ran in competition, while the
Variety classes were the biggest seen for a long time, many of
them being good enough to hold first place. Barred Plymouth
Rocks were good classes both in numbers and quality. This
breed has improved very much during the last six years. In
the barred cock class, the three winners were all remarkable for
the fine barring and richness in colour. The winners won on
condition. The hen class was one of the best seen. First hen
was beautiful in barring and colour, and shown at her best.
The second hen was well barred, but not in same condition
as first. The third was larger and a little coarser in her barring.
Cockerels were another quality class. The first was very finely
barred and well forward, the second and third being younger
but full of quality. Pullets were not so good in quality except
the winners. These were exceptionally good. In the buff cock
or cockerel class the prizes all went to adult birds. It was a
grand class for quality, being very even in colour and plenty of
size. Hens were not so good, the entries not being in good
condition with the exception of the winners and they were of
very fine quality.

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The Bristol Show, 1913.

227

Of the Wyandottes the laced varieties did not turn up well
in numbers, although the quality in cock, hen and pullet classes
were all equal to other Shows. The cockerel class was very
moderate and only two prizes were awarded.

White Wyandottes head the classes for both quality and
numbers, and the winning cock was soon claimed at 201. He
is a wonderful bird, shown by a novice. The second, third and
others in the class were extra good. The white hen class was
headed by a Champion which has won prizes at many Shows,
including the Crystal Palace. Others of extra merit followed.
Cockerels were a good class, although several were a bit off in
colour. The winner stood out and was claimed at SI. 8s. The
second was very broad and deep, while the third was looser in
colour. Pullets were also a wonderfully good class* and winners
not easy to pick out after the first which stood clear away.
Black Wyandottes , of which there was not a large entry, are
getting into fewer bands. But the winners in all four classes
were better in colour than usual. The quality of Partridge
Wyandottes could not be beaten. They were a beautiful lot*
all the prizes going to adult birds of very great merit.
Columbians turned up well in both numbers and quality.
The three winning cocks were beauties for colour and striping.
The prizes all went to adults. Hens or pullets were a very
fine class, the winners, all pullets, being a charming lot. The
class for Blue cock or cockerel shows improvement. The first
cock stood out for colour, being free from lacing. Hens were
not so good, lacking condition. “Any other colour” Wyandotte
cock or cockerel made a good class. The Buffs are itnproving
very much. A Buff heads the list, a good one, Silver Pencilled,
second, and a Buff third, all of good merit. Hens or pullets
good ; a grand Buff pullet wins.

Mr. Cass expresses great pleasure at seeing collectively in the
twelve classes, comprising Black, Buff, and White Orpingtons ,
so many birds of high quality. Type was generally good,
and colour in many cases all that could be desired. “ The
winner in the Black cocks class excelled in type, size, and
colour. The other birds in the money were very close in quality.
In the class for Black hens the winner also stood far ahead of
her competitors. The Black cockerels, as a whole, were excel-
lent. The winning Black pullet was an exceptional bird for
quality. Buff hens were a very moderate collection. The winner
in the Buff cockerels class was, in the Judge’s opinion, the finest
specimen of a Buff cockerel he had ever seen, excelling in type,
and wonderful evenness and soundness of colour. Buff pullets
were excellent in numbers, but quality disappointing. Some
grand birds were shown in the class for White cocks. White
hens made a good collection, the first and second hens , being

228

The Bristol Show , 1913.

of exceptional merit. White cockerels as a class were dis-
appointing, the birds appearing to be very immature. White
pullets were a very good class for quality and quantity.

Spangled Orpingtons were rather weak, numerically, but
the cockerels were a nice lot, and better than the pullets. The
entries of Blue Orpingtons were most gratifying, while a nicer
collection for quality it would be difficult to find at this time
of the year. The “ any other colour ” Orpingtons were, unfor-
tunately, poor. The Sussex were remarkably good classes and
seldom, if ever, has there been a better display out of the
county from which the breed took its name. The Rhode Island
Reds formed the biggest classes in the poultry section ; and
the quality also was especially high. Both Anconas and Malines
were very good ; while seldom has there been such a fine
collection of Campines at an agricultural show. There were
not many entries of Japanese Bantams , but the birds on view
were of high quality.

The White Plymouth Rock section was somewhat dis-
appointing, only two cocks facing the Judge, whilst six females
turned up, all of which showed traces of the breeding pen.

The Waterfowl section was well filled, and many birds in
the young classes were very promising indeed, the winning
young Rouen drake and Buff Orpington drake calling for
special mention. In the adult classes nearly all the exhibits
were in poor condition, and wanted to moult before being fit to
exhibit. The Judge was especially struck with the winning
white Indian Runner in the adult A.O.V. class — a bird which
excelled in every way. The Blue Orpingtons showed improve-
ment, and in the Judge’s opinion there is a big future for
this handsome and useful variety of duck. The Geese were in
rough feather, very little separating them.

A grand lot of Turkeys were on view, the winning cock
being exceptionally good.

* Produce,

Butter. — The exhibits of butter totalled 135 entries in eight
classes. Class 493 (box of 12 two-pound rolls) contained only
one entry. The quality on the whole was even throughout, and
there were only five exhibits which may be termed as inferior
produce. During judging operations the butter was exposed for
a time to considerable heat, just long enough to test the extent
to which the various samples could withstand the effect of heat.
It was noticeable that many of the samples retained their firm-
ness to a remarkable degree, especially so in the case of Nos. 76
and 117, where 99 points were gained out of a possible 100.

Classes 494 and 495 (butters “ without any salt ”) included
too many exhibits which contained small percentages of salt,

The Bristol Show , 1913.

22 9

and if analyses of these exhibits had been taken, it could have
been proved that some exhibitors contravened the regulations
of competition in these two classes. The slight salting of cream
during ripening and the brining of the wooden utensils are
sufficient to convey to butter sufficient saltness to bring out the
flavour of the butter more prominently. This is frequently
done by exhibitors unconsciously and they are satisfied in their
own minds that salt has not been added to the butter.

Cheese. — The Cheddar section was rather disappointing as
regards quality, a good number of exhibits were faulty in flavour
and weak in texture. Owing to the extreme hot weather, a
number of the samples were running whey, a fault frequently
found in spring cheese when under abnormal heat temperatures.
The prize lots might be described as useful samples, being clean
in flavour, good texture, and in appearance attractive and well
set up.

The Cheddar truckles were similar in quality to the Cheddars.
A number of the samples were plain in flavour, and in texture,
tough and more or less of a skim character. The first and
second prize lots might be classed as creditable exhibits.

The Cheshires (Classes 503 and 504, white and coloured) were
not quite so well filled as usual. The quality of the exhibits in
these classes was hardly up to the usual standard exhibited at the
Royal. Over acidity and tightness in texture were the principal
faults, and nothing of outstanding merit was found. Cheshire
cheese very frequently show tightness in texture during the
early part of the summer, and makers should guard against
produce of this type, which frequently follows full development
of acidity in spring milk. The prize lots in the Cheshire
classes could only be described as useful samples.

Double and Single Gloucesters (Classes 505 and 506). The
entries in these classes were rather more than usual, and the
general character of the exhibits was only ordinary as regards
quality. A good number of the samples were tight made, and
deficient in flavour. Makers of double and single Gloucesters
should aim at making a cheese showing richness of texture,
as any indication of tightness or over acidity is looked upon as
a serious fault in this variety of cheese. The prize exhibits
were clean in flavour, of good texture, and well set, showing all
the features of fine cheese.

North Wiltshire truckles (Class 507). This was a small class
with only three exhibits. The quality was very common, and
in consequence the Judges could only see their way to award
one prize.

The Stiltons were excellent, and possibly more uniform in
quality than any other class in the cheese section. The prize
exhibits showed all the features of prime Stiltons, being clean in

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The Bristol Show , 1913.

flavour, of good colour, and 'creamy in texture, and in appearance
left little to be desired. The first prize lot in this class was
quite outstanding.

Wensley dales (Class 509). The cheese in this class were
very disappointing in quality, and in consequence the Judges
could not see their way to make any award.

Class 510. Caerphilly was rather a heavy class, and the
general quality of the exhibits was only average. A good
number of the cheese were poor in texture and tight made, which
is always a serious defect in a Caerphilly. The prize lots were
creditable exhibits, being clean in flavour, good texture, and
well set up.

Cider and Perry.— .Dry Cider in Cask. The ciders noticed
in Class 511 were fairly good, but some of the entries were
neither of the type nor quality that justified their being
exhibited.

Sweet Cider in Cask. In Class ol2 there were also some
entries that ought not to have been exhibited on account of
their bad colour, which was accompanied by either an after-
taste or a sickly bad flavour. Only the entries gaining awards
were worth noticing.

Class 513, Cask Cider made previous to 1912, was better than
the previous one, the first prize entry being distinctly the best.

D) y Cider in Bottle (Class 514) was fairly good, and some
of the. exhibits were excellent, particularly those to which
the prizes were awarded, each being of quite a distinct type
of vintage.

A better class than the previous one was Class 515, for
Sweet Cider in Bottle , many of the exhibits being good. The
first prize cider in this class was far and away the best cider
exhibited in any of the classes.

Class 516, Cider in Bottle made previous to 1912, made the
best class, containing as it did fewer second rate ciders than
any of' the others.

V Berry in Bottle (Class 517) there was no award.

Sweet Perry in Bottle (Class 518) was excellent. The
impression created was that although some nice ciders were
exhibited there was nothing of outstanding merit, and the
Judges were strongly impressed with the fact that it is still
within the power of cider makers to place before the public
ciders of greater variety and better quality than has yet been
done, bearing in mind the ample opportunity there is for doing
so both from the extensive ‘variety of cider apples that are
grown and the diverse character and formation of the soils in
the various cider counties.

The results of the chemical analyses of the samples for
which prizes were awarded are appended :

The Bristol Show, 1913.

231

Class 511. — Cask of Dry Cider , not less than 9 and, not
more than 18 gallons, made in 1912.

No.

Specific

gravity

Alcohol

Total

solids

Acidity

Awards

340

1-015

per cent.
4-30

per cent.
5-39

per cent.
•355

1st Prize

342

1015

4-50

5-26

•429

2nd Prize

338

1-013

3-40

3-99

•586

3rd Prize

Class 512. — Cask of Sweet Cider, not less than 9 and not
more than 18 gallons , made in 1912.

353

1-032

1-95

8-36

•422

1st Prize

365

1-031

3-25

8-92

•600

2nd Prize

369

1-025

3-40

7-50

•375

3rd Prize

LASS 513. — Cask of Cider, not less than 9 and not more than
18 gallons, made previous to 1912.

378

371

375

1-016

1-017

1017

5'30

4-25

4-25

5-71

5-67

5-74

•452

•385

•509

1st Prize

2nd Prize

3rd Prize

Class 514.-

—One Dozen Dry Cider, made in 1912.

387

1-015

4-80

5-42

•415

1st Prize

379

1-013

4-80

4-46

•653

2nd Prize

392

1-015

5-60

5-36

•620

3rd Prize

Class 515.—

-One Dozen Sweet

\ \ *

Cider, made in 1912.

399

1-029

2-70

7-99

•593

1st Prize

415

• 1-031

1-95

8-78

•515

2nd Prize

424

1-028

3-00

8-39

•415

3rd Prize

Class 516. — One Dozen Cider, made previous to 1912.

438

446

442

1-026

2-85

7-66

•475

1st Prize

1-016

5-10

6-07

•412

2nd Prize

1-024

4-60

7-65

•361

3rd Prize

Class 517. — One Dozen Dry Perry.
[No Award.]

460

459

453

Class 518. — One Dozen Sweet Perry.

1-036

1-30

9-48

•489

1-034

1-45

9-13

•489

1-041

2-20

11-46

-•388

1st Prize
2nd Prize
3rd Prize

232

The Bristol Show , 1913.

Wool. — There was nothing of a special character to report
on the wool exhibited at Bristol. There were many high-class
samples shown in most of the classes, and also some which
were barely of average merit. In Class 522 all the samples
were short wools, and those in Class 525 were of the long
wool type. These were errors of description. In Class 525
two entries were disqualified as not having been washed in the
ordinary way. Probably hot water and soap may have been
used in this process. In Class 527 three exhibits were also
disqualified for the same reason.

Hives, Honey, &c. — The Judges of the bee department con-
gratulate the Royal Agricultural Society on the display of
hives, honey and appliances staged at the Show held in Bristol.
The competition in Class 528 was very keen, all the collections
being good, and in making the awards the Judges took into
consideration the workmanship of the hives, and the general
utility of the articles shown. In Class 529 the Judges would
specially mention No. 547, a hive for general use, combining
useful devices for queen rearing and controlling swarming.
Among honey extractors, No. 558 deserves mention for its
excellent workmanship. The honey classes were well filled,
the honey generally good, and compared favourably with that
exhibited at previous shows. The display in Class 548 was
well got up and most attractive. In Class 554 there were two
exhibits of a scientific nature which deserve special mention as
being of interest from an educational point, tbe first prize
being awarded to No. 684 for a series of wonderfully fine photo-
graphs in natural colours of flowers visited by bees, of the bees
themselves as well as their combs. The second prize went to
No. 685 for a complete series showing the metamorphosis of
the bee from the egg to the perfect insect, as well as examples
of comb both old and new.

Horse-shoeing Competitions. — The work done by the com-
petitors in the hunter’s class was very varied. The prize
winners in this class stood far above the others. The
competition in the roadsters’ class was very keen and the work
done was excellent all round. In the cart horse class the work
was also very good. In this class several of the competitors
who had done good work lost marks by exceeding the time
limit.

Butter-making Competitions— These competitions were most
successful. The actual number of competitors who made butter
totalled 147 and the prize money amounted to 94?. The class
for County Competitors was dealt with in six sections and
extended over the first three days of the Show, and — except on
the first day, which was very hot and unfavourable for making
butter— the work of the competitors was excellent and well

«

233

The Bristol Show , 1913.

s

over the usual standard. There was a healthy rivalry amongst
the competitors from the nine counties comprised in the
competitions, and it was pleasing to find that the prizes were
pretty equally distributed over the whole area — which indicates
that all the counties are well served by their migratory dairy
schools. The Championship Class on Saturday was a very large
one, with forty-seven competitors for a single prize of 1(B. This
class was divided into three sections and all individuals did
extremely well. There was little to choose amongst the twelve
gaining the highest number of marks.

Horticulture. — The exhibits in this section, which were
housed in three large tents, fully maintained the standard of
merit attained at previous Shows of the Society, and, on the
whole, an excellent and attractive display was provided. It
was unfortunate that the Holland House Show was held on the
same dates, thus preventing some of the Metropolitan trade
growers from exhibiting at Bristol, but ample material wras,
nevertheless, available in the various classes. Of outstanding
merit in the non-competitive section were the collections of
orchids and hippeastrums shown by Lieut. -Col. Sir George
Holford, K.C.V.O., for which he was awarded two of the
Society’s Large Gold Medals and also a Gold and Silver Gilt
Medal given by the Royal Horticultural Society. The latter
Society sent a deputation to visit the Show consisting of the
President, Lord Grenfell, Baron Schroder, Sir Harry Yeitch,
Mr. W. P. May and the Secretary, the Rev. W. Hulks.

There were many contributory causes to t..c success of the
Bristol Show, and of these the hearty co-operation of the
county and city of Bristol took a foremost position. The Lord
Mayor (Mr. Alderman Lowe) displayed the most generous
hospitality and was indefatigable in attending the meetings of
the Local Committee and the several functions connected with
the Society’s visit. In all his work the Lord Mayor was ably
supported by Sir Frank Wills, Mr. Alderman Hayes, and the
other members of the Corporation. The Bristol Local Com-
mittee, under the Presidency of His Grace the Duke of
Beaufort, are to be congratulated on the results of their labours
in connection with the arrangements for the Show, in which
they were greatly assisted by Mr. Edmund J. Taylor (Town
Clerk), Mr. Peter Addie (City Valuer) and by the Honorary
Local Secretary, Mr. George Nichols, the latter gentleman
occupying the position filled by his father, the late Mr. George
Nichols, at the Bristol Show of 1878.

Amongst the numerous other bodies to whom the Society
are indebted for their cordial reception are the Overseas
Committee, whose labours greatly enhanced the popularity and
value of the Overseas Section in the Showyard ; the Merchant

234

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

Venturers ; the Commoners, who were most kind in connection
with the occupation of the Showyard site on the Downs, and
the Gloucestershire Agricultural Society, who, as on the occasion
of the Gloucester Show in 1909, gave up their show for the
year 1913, and joined forces with the Society in one of the
most successful shows that the Society has ever held.

Thos. McRow.

16 Bedford Square,

London, YV.C.

REPORT ON THE

TRIALS OF MILKING MACHINES, 1913.

REPORT OF THE STEWARDS.

{Ernest Mathews, Little Shardeloes, Amersham, Bucks.

The Hon. John E. Cross, High Legh. Knutsford.
Christopher Middleton, Vane Terrace, Darlington.
William BurkitT, Grange Hill, Bishop Auckland.

The Trials of Milking Machines for the gold and silver medals
and money prizes offered by the Royal Agricultural Society
were held at Grange Hill Farm, Bishop Auckland, where,
through the kind offices of Mr. Christopher Middleton, the
cows and premises, with the motive power, piping, and neces-
sary labour were most generously placed at the disposal of the
Society by Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., Ltd., the owners
of the farm.

The Regulations issued by the Society, under which the
trials were carried out, were as follows :

1. The trials will be held at Grange Hill, Bishop Auckland, Co. Durham,
commencing on April 22, 1913.

2. Notice of the place and date of the trials will be posted to every com-
petitor as soon as they are fixed. All machines entered for competition must
be delivered at the place of trial by the date fixed in the notice.

3. Every competitor must himself provide for the delivery of his imple-
ment to the place of trial, and for its removal immediately after the conclusion
of the trial.

4. Motive power and piping will be available, but competitors must
provide any special attachment they may require.

5. Only one machine of same make will be allowed to compete.

6. All machines competing must be exhibited in the Showyard at Bristol.

7. Every machine entered must be capable of milking at least two cows
at a time, and the number of cows to be milked will be left to the discretion
of the Judges.

235

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

8. Division of milk receptacles must be so arranged that records of each
cow milked can be taken.

9. As far as possible the cowman in charge of the cattle will be available
for fixing the machines, under the directions of the competitors, so that the
cattle may be as little affected as possible.

10. The following are some of the points to which the special attention of
the Judges will be called :

(a) Time taken in milking.

(&) Weight of milk exclusive of strippings.

(c) Convenience in attachment to the cows taking into account ease of
replacing where machine has become detached from any cause.

(<Z) Security of attachment to teats.

( e ) Gentleness in operation.

(/) Ease in regulating speed of machine.

(y) Condition of milk.

( h ) Ease and thoroughness of cleansing.

(i) Lightness of milk receptacles.

(J) Minimum of supervision during milking, so that man in charge can
leave cows, to carry milk to the dairy, <fcc.

Qi ) Price of machine with cheapness of renewal and durability of
working parts. (See Regulation 8.)

In response to the Society’s invitation seventeen machines
were entered, of which thirteen arrived at the place of trial.
One machine was subsequently withdrawn, and another arrived
late on the evening of Tuesday, April 22, and was debarred
from competition, but the exhibitor was allowed to give a
demonstration of the working of this machine.

List of the thirteen competitors whose machines arrived at
Grange Hill :

J. Bartram & Sou, Proprietary, Ltd., 688 Bourke Street, Melbourne.

Davies and Ransome, Caxton House, Westminster, S.W.

Davies and Ransome, Caxton House, Westminster, S.W.

Gane Milking Machine Co., Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand.

Klim Milking Machine Co., 20 High Holborn, London, W.C.

Lawrenee-Kennedy, Ltd., 22 Maxwell Road, Glasgow.

Manus Milking Machine Co., Norrkoping, Sweden.

Max Milking Machine Co., Kelmerhus 12, Copenhagen.

Jens Nielsen, 28 Mariendalsvej, Copenhagen.

Nyeboe & Nissen, 37 Raadhuspladsen, Copenhagen.

Mjolkningsmaskin Omega, Elen, Sweden.

Yaccar, Ltd., 7 Denman Street, London, S.E.

J. & R. Wallace, The Foundry, Castle Douglas.

This large number of entries necessitated the issue of the
following special rules and regulations :

1. The official trials will commence on Tuesday, April 22, but preliminary
trials of the machines on the particular group of cows allotted to each machine
may be started on Friday morning, April 18.

2. Competitors will be allowed to commence fixing the machinery, &c.
necessary for their machines on Monday, April 14. Anyone wishing to start
before that day must communicate with the Secretary of the Royal Agricultural
Society, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., not later than April 7.

536 The Trials of M Hieing Machines , 1913.

3. A group of four cows will be allotted to each machine, the lots being,
drawn by the Society.

4. The groups of cows will be chosen to give as nearly as possible the
same weight of milk. The group letter will be attached to each animal.

5. The owner of the cows will see that they are thoroughly clean before
the trials commence and during the trials. Damp cloths may be used before
each milking to clean the teats and udders.

6. Both in the preliminary and official trials, the milk will be weighed by
the Stewards after the milking machine has completed its task and before the
cows are stripped. The cows in all cases will be stripped by the cowman
employed on the farm, and not by the competitors, and the weight of the
strippings will also be taken by the Stewards.

7. The Bacteriologists will take samples at each milking.

8. Only the owner of the machine or his agent and the operator will be
allowed to be present during the trial of any machine, and no person other
than the Judges, Stewards, and other representatives of the Society will be
allowed in the sheds during the trial. Competitors will not be allowed to be
present during the trial of machines other than their own.

9. The Stewards have the power to disqualify any machine which does not
comply with the conditions governing the trials, and to order the removal of
any person who does not conform to the regulations of the Society or to the
directions of the Stewards.

10. In cleaning the machines, cold water, hot water, and steam will only
be allowed. The use of antiseptics is prohibited. The cleaning of each
machine must be done in the presence of the Stewards or Judges. After
cleaning, the machines will be stored in a locked up room.

11. Any machine using a teat syphon or any fitting necessitating the
insertion of a tube or any other contrivance into the teats of the cows will not
be allowed to be tried, and will be disqualified from the competition.

12. Bepairs and renewals to machines after the commencement of the
trials on Friday, April 18, must be carried out in the presence of the Judges
or Stewards, who will take note of any such repairs or renewals.

13. The Judges have full power to try the machines on various groups of
cows, and generally to do anything necessary to ensure the thorough testing of
any particular machine.

In accordance with Regulations 3 and 4, the cows were
most judiciously and fairly divided into groups by Mr. Burkitt,
the manager of Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan & Company’s farms.
In one or two cases only had cows to be changed owing to their
being nervous and irritable, caused no doubt by the presence
of strangers in the byres.

The cattle were excellent specimens of dairy Shorthorns,
with good udders, and were considered both by the Judges,
officials and competitors as eminently suitable for the trials —
indeed the opinion was generally expressed that it would be
hard to find a lot of animals better qualified for the purpose.

> The preliminary trials commenced on Friday, April 18, at
5.30 a.m., and were continued daily until Monday evening, the
21st instant, when, thanks to the hearty co-operation of the
exhibitors and their attendants, everything was going as
smoothly as possible.

237

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

The various milks and strippings were weighed at each
milking, samples being taken for analytical and bacteriological
purposes, while the time taken in milking each cow was also
carefully recorded. These operations were continued through-
out the trials.

The official trials commenced on Tuesday, April 22, the
times for milking being 5.30 a.m. and 1.30 p.m., and the
daily conditions exactly similar to those in force during the
preliminary trials, except that in the last two stages eight and
twelve cows respectively were milked at one test by each
machine.

The following are the reports of the Judges and the experts

from Reading University College : —

( Bayntun Hippisley, Ston Easton Park, Bath.

Judges j jAMES Sadleb, Crewe Gates, Crewe.

I John Golding, F.I.C., F.C.S., Research Chemist in
Dairying, University College, Reading.

R. Stenhouse Williams, M.B., C.M., B.Sc., D.Ph.,
Research Bacteriologist, University College, Reading.
James Mackintosh, N.D. A. (Hons.), N.D.D., Lecturer in
Dairy Farming, University College, Reading.

The vacuum pump which wras used at the trials was kindly
provided by Messrs. Lacy Hulbert & Co., Westminster.

To Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan & Company the Society is
greatly indebted for allowing the trials to be carried out on
their farm, and especially for permitting their cows to be used
for the various types of milking machine without any
restrictions, which, considering that the machines came not
only from this country but also from the colonies and abroad,
was most generous.

The Stewards also wish to put on record their thanks to
Mr. Burkitt, the manager of Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan &
Company’s farms, who undertook and carried out successfully
the difficult task of dividing the cows into groups yielding
similar quantities of milk, arranged the fitting up of the sheds
to suit the various types of machinery, and generally did
everything that was necessary for the proper carrying out
of these important trials.

They also desire to express their most cordial thanks to
Mrs. Burkitt for the very kind and hospitable way in which
she entertained them and all the other officials connected with

the trials.

Owing to the limited space in cow-byres generally, and the
disquieting effect on the cows of the presence of strangers,
it is a matter of regret that neither the public noi the Piesb
could be invited to be present to inspect or report upon such
important trials.

238

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

REPOET QF THE JUDGES.

The Trials of Milking Machines were held at Grange Hill
Farm, Bishop Auckland, in the County of Durham.

Eleven machines were present and ready for trial on the first
day on which the fudges attended. These were as follows : —

A. M j olkningsmaskin Omega, Flen, Sweden.

D. J. Bartram & Son, Melbourne, Australia.

E. Vaccar, Ltd., 7 Denman Street, London, E.O.

E. Lawrence- Kennedy, Ltd., Glasgow.

G. The Max Milking Machine Co., Copenhagen.

H. Davies & Ransome, Caxton House, Westminster. S.W.

K. J. & R. Wallace, Castle Douglas, N.B.

N. Gane Milking Machine Co., Auckland, New Zealand.

O. Nyeboe & Nissen, Copenhagen,

P. Jens Nielsen, Copenhagen.

Q. Manus Milking Machine Co., Norrkoping, Sweden.

A small machine called 44 The Klim,” worked by foot power,
which was not present when the trials commenced, was seen in
operation by the Judges* but this machine was, unfortunately,
too late to participate in the bacteriological tests, even if it had
not failed in other respects.

We may mention that appliances of the 44 Teat Syphon ” type
were not allowed to compete, as they were rightly considered
by the Society to be injurious to the cows.

At the commencement of this report it would be well to
state that the whole plant is included in the term 44 Milking
Machine, and also that the cows on which the competing
machines were tried, had been accustomed to being milked by
machines for two years.

It seems that milking machines practically work on two
fundamental principles, namely, vacuum plus mechanical
pressure, or mechanical pressure alone. The first of these
piinciples seems to be that most generally adopted, the inven-
tors having taken advantage of the vacuum controlled by a
pulsator to obtain the mechanical motion by which the cow’s
teat is pressed by the rubber teat cup at the same time that
the vacuum is present to draw the milk from the teat to the
receptacle. In this manner the machines imitate the sucking
action of a calf, which latter must be admitted to be the best
means of extracting milk from the cow.

The majority of makers using the rubber lining to the teat
cup, have adopted the very ingenious plan of cutting facets in
a thick wall rubber tube ; these facets are flat and are cut
deepei at the portion of the tube which embraces the upper
portion of the teat, so that the squeezing action commences at
the top and gradually extends to the lower portion of the teat,
thus ensuring that the milk contained in the teat shall be
exti acted by a gentle intermittent pressure as well as by the

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

239

c

\

Pi-A M

or part of

grange hill farm puilpings

Sco/e 1 / inch. - So F££ T~

240 The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

force exerted by the vacuum. This seems to be a natural
process very nearly imitating the action of the calf’s tongue
and is undoubtedly of great benefit in keeping the teat in good
condition and preventing numbness.

The second of the two fundamental principles where
external mechanical pressure alone is used, was found in three
exhibits. This principle is more nearly akin to hand milking,
and there was much ingenuity displayed in arriving at the
necessary motions. In considering this type of machine from
a bacteriological point of view it is at once apparent that
without the very greatest difficulty there can be no provision
made to prevent exposure of the milk to the air or contamin-
ation from many sources. Reference to the bacteriological
results of these trials will quite uphold this statement.

Turning to the points to which the special attention of the
Judges was called, as given on page 1, we will take a few of
them and explain the construction which the Judges put upon
them. Sub-sections (a), (6), (/), and perhaps (c), may all be
summed up into what we shall call “ byre time.” In mentioning
the term “speed of the whole proceeding” in milking a herd
of cows, one must not forget that most of the best types of
machines will strip fairly clean when left long enough to do
so ; but that it is not an economy of time to do this. In
practice it is found better and quicker to let the machine do
the heavy work and to strip by hand. Say for instance that
the machines can milk six cows at one time and that the
machines have finished milking the first batch and are now
started on the second, the one or more attendants will now
proceed to hand strip the first batch, which they will certainly
have completed by the time the machines are ready to be
moved on to the third batch of cows. Another advantage in
this method is that the massage incidental to hand milking is
highly beneficial to the udder and teats.

Sub-section ( d ). Security of attachment to teats is most
important, and some of the machines were weak on this point.
It can readily be understood that the chance of contamination-
is very great where the teat cup or cups drop into the bedding
in the byre with the vacuum still on from the main and the
receptacle ready to catch all that the cups inhale.

Sub-section (e). Gentleness in operation. Most of the
machines had no difficulty in attaining this, and it has since
been reported to us that the cows suffered no injurious effects
from the trials.

Sub-section (/). All the machines had simple means of
regulating the speed of the pulsator.

Sub-section {g). This point is dealt with fully in the
bacteriological report.

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913. , 241

Sub-section (h). Ease and thoroughness of cleaning. This
is most important as upon it largely depends the purity of the
milk. During the trials it was specially stipulated that only
cold water, hot water, and steam should be used in cleaning any
part of the machine to which the milk had access. This was
at the request of the bacteriologists. Doubtless the use of strong
antiseptics would have been most prejudicial to their work.

Arising from this sub-section, the question of rubber tubes
conveying milk should be considered. As far as possible this
practice should be condemned, for several reasons, the most
important of which is the fact that it is practically impos-
sible to prevent the presence of bacteria on a surface such as
rubber presents. In other words, it is most difficult to clean
thoroughly. Another point against the use of rubber tubes is
the fact that they are very apt to perish and crack where they
are continually being bent over as is done in the case of placing
the cups on the teats in most machines using a vacuum.

Sub-section (k). This will be dealt with in the description
of each individual machine.

In giving a short description of each machine we propose to
first take the one which the Judges selected as being the best
machine which was presented for trial.

Mjolkningsmaskin Omega. First prize of 25 1. and gold
medal. — It will be noticed on referring to the illustration of
that part of the Omega machine which is essentially “ cow
borne,” that it consists of four main parts : the teat cups, the
conduits, the pulsator, and the receptacle. It will also be seen
that these four parts are combined in one unit which is attached
to the cow by means of web straps, so that the weight of the
unit is supported entirely by the cow, but unlike the majority
of machines the milk ducts are made of celluloid, are trans-
parent, and very tough, the inner surface very nearly approaches
the smoothness of glass, and so are quite easily cleaned.

Before leaving the subject of these tubes it may be of
interest to know that having misgivings concerning their
strength under the different ordeals to which they were liable
to be put during the process of cleaning, as well as in use in
the byre, the exhibitor was asked if he would allow us to test
one of them to destruction short of burning it. This was
readily agreed to, so we first of all tried the bending test cold ;
with considerable force we were able to partially buckle the tube.
This was easily repaired by placing the tube in boiling water
when it became sufficiently soft to restore it to its original
form by a gentle pressure of the thumb and fingers. We then
subjected the tube to the heat of steam at 60 lb. per square
inch, which amounts to 292*7° F. It became soft but kept its

242 The Trials of Milking Machines , 19134

tube form well, and when allowed to cool on a flat table was quite
straight and fit for service in a few minutes.

We next tried a crushing strain on the cold tube by stepping
on it in nailed boots ; this had practically no ill effects on it.

The teat cups are entirely supported on the celluloid duct
tubes which are led into the milk receptacle through rubber
ring washers, the latter are air tight but allow of practically a
universal motion of the cups including a telescopic motion thus
allowing the cups room for adjustment to fit any cow. The
tubes being transparent the attendant can at once see that all
four quarters are milking properly, and by means of a tap,
which is fitted to each tube where it leaves the cup, he can
cease to operate any cup he may choose.

Should the cups become detached from any cause, the
resilience of the rubber washers and the slight spring of the
tubes just allow the cups to drop clear of the teats and no more.
The receptacle contains an ingenious device which, by means
of a floating ball valve so arranged that it closes the mouth of
the vacuum pipe when the receptacle is full, allows the cups to
fall to the above limit automatically. This was exemplified on
one occasion when the yield of milk from one cow exceeded
the capacity of the receptacle. It should be mentioned that the
machines exhibited were made for use in Sweden, where we
understand cows are milked three times a day.

We understand from the representative of the Omega Com-
pany that they intend to fit a tap in the metal vacuum pipe just
where it enters the lid of the receptacle, by means of which,
after closing the taps on the teat cups, the vacuum will be
preserved over the milk while the unit is being removed from
the byre, thus ensuring that the milk has never come into con-
tact with the outer air at any time.

This will be of the utmost importance where careful
scientific milk tests are being carried out.

The Omega machine was tried on the most nervous and
restive cow that could be obtained, a cow which was restive
even when hand milked by its own attendant. The cow tried
without success to dislodge the machine, and finally settled
down quietly.

The pulsator in this machine is of the duplex horizontal
type, and is carried on the after end of the receptacle. The
speed is easily regulated.

The power required to work four of these machines is about
1 H.P., with a vacuum of 14 to 15 inches of water. The price
of four machines which are sufficient to milk a herd of fifty
cows is 80£.

Included in this price are four groups of teat cupk with their
receptacles and pulsators, one vacuum pump, one air reservoir

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913. 243

The “Omega” Milking Machine,

244

I he Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

t

with vacuum gauge and relief valve, fifty branch cocks, and
complete length of piping.

The following gives a comparison between the Omega and
one of the competing machines.

Both machines were set to milk the same four cows on
different days, the Omega on April 25 and the other machine on
April 21. The morning milking only being taken in each case.

Lb. oz.

Omega

Another

Machine

Averaged

55

55

55

55

55

19 6 Milk per cow

1 4 Strippings „ „

6f minutes’ time ,, „

16 9 Milk ,, ,,

1 6 Strippings ,, ,,

10^ minutes’ time „ ,,

NOTE— The time taken includes fixing and adjusting the milking machine unit.

Vaccar, Ltd. Second prize of 10 1. and silver medal. — This
machine is so well known that it does not require the somewhat
detailed description which we have given to the Omega. The
system is the usual one adopted by this firm, and consists of
rubber-lined teat cups connected to the receptacle, which stands
on the ground, by a length of rubber tube through which the
milk is drawn. These tubes are usually cut and a piece of
glass tube is inserted to enable the attendant to note the flow
of milk. The intermittent action of the vacuum is attained by
means of a double cylinder horizontal duplex pulsator which is
fixed to the top of the receptacle, this being connected to the
vacuum main by a short length of armoured rubber hose.

On April 25 this machine was put to work on a batch of
cows which had previously been milked by another competitor.
For sake of comparison, we will take the case of one cow of the
batch which was known to be a difficult milker. The perform-
ance of the Yaccar was as follows: — On the 25th the Vaccar
extracted 18 lb. 4 oz. of milk, leaving 3 lb. of strippings, and
accomplished this in 11 minutes. The other machine extracted
18 lb. of milk, leaving 5 lb. 4 oz. of strippings in 13 minutes ;
showing a distinct advantage for the Vaccar on all three items.

The price of the Yaccar machine for milking fifty cows,
which includes two machines each with a double set of cups
capable of milking four cows at one time, is 116Z. Is. This
price includes erecting and everything necessary to the milk-
ing plant except the prime mover.

We will now proceed to mention the other machines which
were tried by the Judges, and to describe any salient feature
without comment, taking them in the same order as the
previous list.

Davies & Dansome. Two machines were originally entered
for competition, but one of them was withdrawn in the
preliminary run. The competing machine was generally

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

245

similar to other vacuum and pulsator machines. The horizon-
tal pulsator was mounted on the lid of the receptacle, the
inlet air being filtered through cotton wool. The apparatus
was arranged for the simultaneous milking of two cows. The
indiarubber air and vacuum pipes in this machine were made
of different sizes, so as to avoid the possibility of error in
coupling them up. The receptacle was divided by a partition
so as to keep the milk from each cow separate, the pouring
arrangement which consisted of a gun-metal screw and cap
did not, however, commend itself. The price of the complete
double set of apparatus as exhibited, consisting of the divided
receptacle, pulsator, air and vacuum tubes, and two sets of teat
cups, was given as 19 1.

Manus. This machine depends entirely on mechanical
pressure applied to the teat ; the milk gravitates to the recep-
tacle, and is exposed to the air twice during transit. From this
it follows that the receptacle itself is open to the air.

Power is transferred from the main shafting to the machine
by a flexible shaft ; the latter by means of cams actuates
reciprocating plungers working in guides. The plungers carry
cross-heads having rubber pads on them, and their motion is
such that the upper portion of the teat is pressed first, after
the manner of hand milking.

The average weight of milk per cow for morning and evening
worked out at 31 lb. 11 oz., strippings 3 lb., and time Ilf mins.

Jens Nielsen. Here the inventor relies on mechanical
pressure only. The cam actuating the teat squeezer being in this
case on the main shaft the flexible shaft has a reciprocating
motion, after the manner of the Boden wire. There are two
of these wires delivering power to the rubber rings which fit
on to the teats. Each wire is actuated by a separate cam so
set that the rubber ring closes on the upper portion of the
teat first and squeezes the milk from it into an open pail,
which is slung on the cow. v

Nyehoe and Nissen. In this machine the principle of
squeezing the teats is adhered to and is obtained by water
power, the latter being set in motion by a reciprocating pump
driven from the main shafting. By means of valves the
pressure is first brought to bear on the rubber ring fixed to
the upper portion of the teat, which, by this means, is filled
with milk ; the adjustable spring-loaded valve then opens and
admits the pressure to the lower rubber ring, squeezing the
milk from the teat into the receptacle, to which the outer air
has access. In the final phase of operations the pressure is
relieved from both rings.

(Jane. This machine made use of vacuum and pulsator,
the latter being independent. The teat cups were rubber lined,

246

T he Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

t

and were thinner at the top. The machine wras used in con-
junction with a releaser plant, Avhich necessitated the milk being
conveyed through long metallic pipes. These Avere cleaned
by placing a tight fitting brush, of the bottle-brush type, into
the pipe and drawing it through by means of the vacuum.

J. & R. Wallace. This machine differed somewhat from
the majority of machines depending on vacuum and pulsator in
that each teat cup carried its own pulsator. The cups and
liners were rather longer than is usual, and with the pulsators
weighed 9 lb. per set. The rubber liners were formed in the
usual manner with flats thinned towards the upper end. This
machine was a particularly clean stripper.

Max. This is a vacuum and pulsator machine varying only
in details from the usual type, the chief difference being found
in the construction of the pulsator. Rubber tubes are used to
convey the milk to the receptacle. The teat cups are lined with
rubber tube, which is slightly stretched. It is claimed that
by this means it is possible to make one cup to fit any size
of teat.

Law 7' ence- Kennedy . This machine was very similar to the
Yaccar, and worked on the same principle. One slight
difference was shown, in the method by Avhich the “ calf tongue ”
action was achieved. The teat cups Avere slotted on one side,
and a rubber pad was fitted into the slot. The vacuum actuated
this pad in such a manner that it caused an intermittent
pressure on the teat. We were informed, at time of the trials, that
this machine had not yet been put on the market.

J. Bartram & Go. We understand that this firm is under the
same agency as the Yaccar and the Lawrence-Kennedy, and
the system is similar. The pulsator is similar to that of the
LaAvrence-Kennedy, except that it contains only one differential
plunger and has a horizontal piston valve made of vulcanite.
The teat cups are precisely the same as those used in the
Yaccar.

During the trials the majority of the competing machines,
which were worked on the vacuum principle, used the vacuum
supplied from the plant existing at the farm, the average
vacuum being from 15 to 16 in, of water. This plant worked
admirably, and was a great boon to those competitors. The
Tables showing the Aveight of milk drawn from each batch of
coavs was ample evidence of the great care arid judgment that
had been bestowed by Mr. Burkitt in this department. The
result of these trials, coupled Avith the fact that machine milking
has been in successful practice for a long period at Grange Hill
Farm, leaves no doubt that the milking machine is noAv a
practical implement, which, without being injurious to the cows,
will save time and labour, in addition to ensuring greater purity

The Trials of Milking Machines, 1913.

247

of milk. We wish to record our admiration and thanks to all
the officials connected with the trials for the excellent Organi-
sation which we found on our arrival at Grange Hill, with
special thanks to the Society’s Stewards, Mr. Ernest Mathews
and the Hon. John E. Cross. Also to the Local Steward,
Mr. Burkitt, who, with Mrs. Burkitt, showed us every kindness
and hospitality.

Our thanks are also due to the Society’s Engineer, Mr. F. S.
Courtney, for his invaluable assistance with mechanical details.

In concluding this report we must refer to the excellent staff
of experts from the Reading University College who so ably
undertook the bacteriological tests, and in mentioning this
department I wish to lay great stress on the importance and
completeness of their extremely arduous work. The Judges
were very largely guided to their decisions by the results
obtained by these gentlemen, and their report must be taken
into consideration when reading this one.

Bayntun Hippisley.
Jas. Sadler.

Bacteriological and Chemical Report upon the
Samples of Milk obtained at the Milking
Machine Trials, Bishop Auckland, April, 1913.

In considering this report it is to be remembered that the
object of the trials was to discover which of the competing
machines was the best from all points of view. The perfor-
mance of the machine in the milking of the cows and the
principles of construction are of first importance.

The bacteriological counts and the keeping quality of the
samples obtained are subject to the influence of many factors ;
such as the skill and attention of the operator in the daily
cleaning of the milking vessels and their connections. The
influence of these factors is great and therefore in awarding
marks the general construction Was considered from a bacterio-
logical point of view as well as the actual figures obtained
at the examination. Taking all the varying factors into
consideration we entirely agree with the decision of the
judges.

The milking machine trials began on the morning of April
18 and were continued twice daily until the morning of the
25th, on which occasion only two machines were left in and no
samples of milk for bacteriological examination were taken.
On all other occasions samples were taken from each cow as the
milking proceeded, but those obtained on April 18 are excluded
because the cows had not at that time got used to the machines.

248 The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

This report therefore deals with the samples taken from the
19th morning till the evening of the 23rd, when all the
machines were at work except that machine N did not begin
until the evening of the 19th. In order to make a comparison
between machine drawn milk taken under the most favourable
circumstances, such as existed at the trials ; hand drawn milk,
and milk taken by a machine which was in constant use, three
further sets of samples were taken.

A. — On the afternoon of the 17th, when 48 cows were
milked by hand and samples taken. These cows were, with
few exceptions, those which were afterwards used in the trials,
they had been groomed for several days in preparation for the
trials and before they were milked their udders were washed ;
the cans into which the milk was received had been steamed.
The cows were divided into groups of four and the examination
carried out on lines exactly similar to those observed during the
trials. The conditions were clearly better than those found on
an ordinary farm.

B. & C. — Samples which were taken in the evening of the
27th and the morning of the 28th. These were taken from 12
cows in three sets of four, under the normal conditions existing
at the farm. The machines used were those which had been in
use for a considerable period. They had been steam sterilised
on the 24th, and subsequently the tubes were washed each time
after milking. The cans were steamed. This was in accor-
dance with the custom at the farm to steam sterilise the tubes
once a week. During the period of, the actual trials every
opportunity was given to the competitors to wash and steam
their tubes and cans twice daily. No other means of cleansing
was allowed. After cleansing, the machines were locked up in
a clean stone floored, white washed chamber ready for use next
time. It is true some of the competitors did not make the best
use of their opportunities but the conditions prevailing were
undoubtedly better than are likely to be found on an average
dairy farm. It may therefore be of interest to compare the
bacteriological contents of the milks obtained with those found
when the cows were milked by hand and those found when
the cows were milked by an old machine under average
ordinary conditions. In all cases the samples of milk were
taken and examined on a similar plan. That is to say, as soon
as each cow was milked a sample was obtained in a sterile glass
stoppered bottle which was kept cool in ice. Proportional parts
from each cow’s milking (there were four cows to each machine)
were mixed together in a sterile flask, dilutions with normal
saline were made and plates containing 10 whey gelatine were
inoculated and incubated. A fresh sterile pipette was used for
each stage of the procedure and the plates were completed

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

249

within three hours of the milking. The plates were counted
until no fresh colonies appeared, or until liquefaction took
place. In no case were they counted fewer than three times.

It should be remembered that the samples from the hand
milked cows were only taken on one occasion and that in the
afternoon. They should therefore be compared with after-
noon machine milkings and the figures obtained should not be
too literally accepted. The milks, however, are sufficiently
interesting to be included in the report.

Hand milked ; one

Machine Trials.

occasion, 12 groups of

Average of 5 days after-

4 cows each.

noon specimens.

No. of organisms per c.c.

No. of organisms

2,000

per c.c.

1,000

410

1,500

718

1,500

732

1,000

1,044

4,000

1,408

1,500

2,266

2,000

3,338

1,000

3,706

6,500

4,242

4,000

7,188

6,000

48,938

Total 32,000

Total 73,990

Average 2,666

Average 6,727

It is seen that six of the machines averaged less than the
hand drawn milk and five of them averaged higher than the
hand drawn milk.

There is no doubt that the average of the machine drawn
milk is greatly increased by the presence of one machine which
was bacteriologically consistently bad throughout the trials and
finally gave an average of 48,938 organisms per 1 c.c. It is
doubtful whether it is fair to exclude this machine, but even if
it be done, the general average still stands at 2,500 organisms
per 1 c.c., which is very little better than the hand drawn, or if
the worst hand drawn milk be excluded to compensate for the
exclusion of the worst machine drawn milk, the averages
work out at hand drawn 2,318, machine drawn 2,500, the
hand drawn being thus 182 organisms per 1 c.c. better than the
machine drawn.

One further point remains for consideration before the
keeping qualities of the samples and the report upon the
individual machines are considered and that is the fact that
except in the case of one machine all the machines gave a
better bacteriological content at the afternoon milkings than
they did in the mornings.

250 The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

Total

Average

Trials Old Machine

Average 5 milkings : 12 cows ; 3 sets of 4 :

4 cows each machine one milking

Morning

Evening

Morning

Evening

3,940

2,266

28/4/13.

27/4/13.

2,440

718

2,800

1,044

33,900

48,938

17,580

7,i88

f J ;

7,020

732

i r ! . .

12,360

1,408

. 8,100

3,338

940

' 410

26,800

7,500

5,500

3,706

4,800

10,400

6,080

4,242 ■

3,500

5,100

100,660

73,990

35,100

23,000

9,151

6,727

11,700

7,666

Various possible explanations of these facts may be offered.
The morning milking began at 5.30 a.m., the evening at
1.30 p.m. ; there was therefore a difference of 8 hours between
the milkings. The byres were cleaned up after milking
ceased ; they were not so clean in the morning as in the
afternoon. The teats and udders were more liable to be
contaminated in the morning, these were washed before
milking. The longer interval of time associated with the
greater tendency to contamination of the teat orifices
during the night might tend to an increase in the bacterial
content of the foremilk. Throughout the trials this was
supposed to be removed before milking •: it was not very
efficiently done. The machines themselves had had a longer
interval of time during which any bacteria still present after
cleaning could grow in them. The quantity of milk to be
obtained was greater in the morning, this involved more
prolonged exposure of the machines to the possibilities of
contamination in the byre, increased risk of infection from the
falling off of the teat cups, and in some cases necessitated the
changing of a can in the middle of the milking of a cow, the
quantity of milk being too great for the capacity of the vessel.
All types of machines showed this difference in bacteriological
content between the morning and evening milkings.

The keeping quality of the samples. — In order to determine
the keeping quality of the milks from the different machines,
composite samples of the milk of the four cows milked by each
competitor taken after every morning’s and evening’s milking
were placed in sterile flasks plugged with cotton wool. These
flasks were kept in a warm room, the temperature of which
varied from 60° to 72° F. It was not found possible to regulate
the temperature of this room exactly.; but as the samples
from each milking stood side by side and were subject to

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

251

the same variations of temperature, the results are strictly
comparable.

Small quantities of milk were taken from these flasks at
intervals, 10 c.c’s of which were titrated with as little delay as
possible.

Owing to the variations of temperature above mentioned,
it is not possible, with any degree of certainty, to attribute a
rise in the rate of development of acidity to a progressive con-
tamination of the tubes and milking vessels with milk
souring organisms.

From the morning of Saturday, April 19, to the evening of
Wednesday, 23rd, a complete series of determinations was
obtained from the time when some of the samples commenced
to develop acidity to the time when some began to curdle. The
average of figures so obtained is given in the following table,
and indicates considerable differences in the keeping quality of
milk from the different machines.

Average of figures obtained by the titration of samples kept for the same time
at the same temperature , each lot being titrated on at least two occasions.

Results expressed in gain of lactic acid over original fresh milk per 100
volumes.

Samples taken from Saturday morning to Wednesday evening.

Machine

Gain percentage
lactic acid

Machine

Gain percentage
lactic acid ■

D.

0-07

Q.

0-23

0.

0-09

A.

0-25

E.

0-13

H.

0-26

N.1

0-18

P.

0-28

F.

0-21

K.

0-29

Gr.

0-22

i Average for four days only.

The above order was in general maintained when the whole
period of the trial was taken into account.

It must be pointed out that all these results are good, more
than half of the samples developing not more than 0T per cent,
lactic acid in three days in spite of the warm room in which
they were kept.

The curdling of the milk did not coincide with the develop-
ment of any particular amount of acidity as measured by the
titration, some milks developing more than twice as much
acidity as others before they curdled. This is not to be won-
dered at, considering the varied bacterial flora, nor can any
close agreement be looked for between the bacteriological
counts and the observed development of acidity. The figures
given do, however, indicate the keeping qualities of the milks,
which are good.

252 The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

Report on the Individual Machines.

Machine A.

Bacteriological Content per 1 c.c.

Morning

Evening

19th .

5,000

1,260

20th .

7,800

600

21st .

1,800

310

22nd .

2,200

5,460

23rd .

2,900

3,700

Total

19,700 .

. 11,330

Average .

3,940

2,266

Average morning and evening combined . . 3,103

Position according to bacteriological content . . 4th

Comments. — A very good machine because (1) No rubber
tubing. (2) Short straight celluloid tubes convey the milk
from the cups to the can : a complete view of the inside of the
tubes can be obtained. (3) The teat cups cannot fall into the
litter.

Suggested. — (1) That the lid be kept on the can when the
latter is in the cow house. (2) That the internal surface of
the can be rendered smooth.

Machines D. and E.

These two may be considered together as their construction

is very similar.

Morning

B.

Evening

E.

Morning

Evening

19th

700

730

3.200

430

20th .

6,400

300

2,300

800

21st

2,500

920

5,500

770

22nd .

1,500

540

1,300

1,720

23rd .

1,100

1,100

1,700

1,500

Total

12,200

3,590

14,000

5,220

Average .

2,440

718

2,800

1,044

Average morning and evening combined . 1579 1922

Position according to bacteriological content 2nd 3rd

During the trials every possible care was taken of these
machines, so that bacteriologically the results were good. It
must be remembered, however, that when used under ordinary
conditions the machines present the following disadvantages :
(1) Length of rubber tubing, the inside of which cannot be
seen ; (2) If the teat cups fall off they suck up dust from the
floor.

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913. 253

Machine F.

Morning

Evening

19th

12,200

120,000

20th

46,200

9,400

21st

. 101,700

102,600

22nd

5,600

4,590

23rd

3,800

8,100

Total

. 169,500

244,690

Average

33,900

48,938

Average morning and evening combined . . 41,419

Position according to bacteriological content . 11th

This machine was not a success. The milk from each teat
is conveyed in a separate rubber tube to the receiver ; each
tube has its own tap, and this great length of tubing and
associated crevices render efficient cleansing very difficult.
The glass sight feeds leaked and admitted air into the milk.
If the teat cups fall off they suck up dust from the floor.

Machine G.

Morning

Evening

19th .

8,600

15,000

20th .

. 29,600

3,400

21st

. 40,400

13,000

22nd

800

1,340

23rd .

. 8,500

3,200

Total

. 87,900

35,940

' Average

. 17,580

7,188

Average morning and evening combined . . 12,884

Position according to bacteriological content . 10th

The milk passes through a similar amount of rubber tubing
to D and E, and therefore presents the same objections with
regard to cleansing ; likewise when the teat cups fall off they
may suck up dirt from the floor. The construction of the can
was such that it was difficult to clean, because of its depth,
narrowness of the mouth and roughness of the joints.

Machine H.

Morning

Evening

19th

11,300

300

20th .

4,900

800

21st

17,000

680

22nd

1,100

890

23rd .

800

1,000

Total

35,100

3,670

Average .

7,020

732

Average of morning and evening combined . . 3,876

Position according to bacteriological content . 5th

The milk passes through a similar amount of tubing to
D and E. There is also similar trouble with the teat cups.

254

The Trials of Milking Machines , 1913.

Machine K.

Morning

Evening

19 th .

. 4,900

690

20th .

. 50.800

2,100

21st

. 1,600

560

22nd .

. 1,900

990

23rd .

. 2,600

2,700

Total

. 61,800

7,040

Average

. 12,360

1,408

Average morning and evening combined

.

6,884

Position according to bacteriological content

*

9 th

Comments. — Here

the rubber tubing

is relatively short.

The air from the pulsators passes through the tubes with the

milk. The teat cups fell off on many occasions.

The can was

readily cleansed;

Machine N.

Morning

Evening

19 th .

. —

4,010

20th .

9,600

2,500

21st .

6,700

1,940

22nd

. 14,900

1,940

23rd

1,200

6.300

Total

. 32,400

16,690

Average

8,100

3,338

/

Average morning and evening combined . . 5,719

Position according to bacteriological content . . 8th

Two methods of delivery were adopted : (a) The milk
passed first through rubber tubing, then through a long
metallic tube into a can which, tipping over, delivered it into
another length of metallic tubing and thence to a pail. It was
quite clear that all this apparatus would not be kept clean.
( b ) The milk passed through rubber tubing into receptacles
which were long, narrow, easily upset and difficult to clean.
In both cases the teat cups could fall off and suck up dust
from the floor.

The following machines — 0, P, Q — are of quite a different
type to any of these previously considered. The milk being
obtained by pressure instead of suction.

Machine O.

19 th

Morning

1,400

Evening

210

20th .

1,100

200

21st .

1,000

410

22nd

700

130

23rd

500

1,100

Total

4,700

2,050

Average

940

410

Average morning and evening combined . . 675

Position according to bacteriological content . . 1st

7 he Trials of Milking Machines , 1913. 255

Comments. — Bacteriologically the milk from this machine
was notably clean, but owing to grave defects in the working
of the machine it could not be seriously considered.

Machine P.

Morning

Evening

19th .

2,500

600

20th • .

7,000

. 11,000

21st .

2,300

2,320

22nd .

4,300

1,010

23rd .

11,400 .

3,600

Total

27,500

18,530

Average

5,500

3,706

Average morning and evening combined . . 4,603

Position according to bacteriological content . . 6th

Comments. — Bacteriologically the milk obtained was of
moderate quality. The milk did not pass through any tubes,
but was collected in an open pail. Although there was no
possibility of contamination from tubes, the manipulation of
udder and teats caused the milk to be contaminated by particles
of dust, hairs, &c., from the cow.

Machine Q.

Morning

Evening

19th .

4,600

2,680

20th

2 600

2,100

21st

4,200

10,000

22nd .

10,700

4,230

23rd .

8,300

2,200

Total

30,400

21,210

Average .

6,080

4,242

Combined average morning and evening . , 5,161

Position according to bacteriological content . . 7th

Bacteriologically the milk was very similar to P. The milk
passed from the teat cup through a very shorf tube into an
open shallow tray, whence it was carried by a metal pipe
forward to the receiver ; on entering the receiver it passed
through a layer of cotton wool between two gauze strainers.
The teat cups, gauze strainers and receiver are difficult to clean
properly, while the open tray caught hairs, dust, &c., falling
from the udder which, though caught by the strainer, were
subjected to continued washing by the entering milk.

256 The Trials of Hand-Tower Powder Sprayers.

Suggestions to Milking Machine Makers.

1. The teat cups should be so supported that even though
they be kicked off or slip off the teats they will not fall to the
floor and suck up dust, &c. Throughout the trials it was
noticed that cups which depended solely upon suction for their
support tended to fall off and become foul.

2. The tubes leading from the cups to the can should be
short ; rubber and joints should be avoided.

3. The can should be made without internal angles, with an
opening sufficiently large to render a view of the interior
possible, and to make thorough cleansing easy.

John Golding.

P. Stenhouse Williams.

James Mackintosh.

THE TRIALS OF HAND-POWER MACHINES
FOR APPLYING DRY INSECTICIDES OR
FUNGICIDES IN POWDER FORM
TO BUSHES OR TREES.

The trials before the Judges of Hand-Power Powder Sprayers
took place at Long Ashton, Bristol, on May 23, 1913. An
orchard on the Cider Institute was lent for the purpose. The
Judges were Mr. C. S. Martin, of Dunnington, Alcester, and
Mr. J. M. Young, of Wisbech, with Mr. F. S. Courtney, the
Society’s Consulting Engineer, and the trials were under the
charge of the Steward, Mr. E. Y. Y. Wheeler, of Tenbury.

The Judges started their work about 9.0 a.m., and after
exhaustive trials the awards were made as follows : —

1st Prize. — Knapsack Powder Pump, exhibited by Messrs. F. W. Moellen-
kamp & Co., London.

2nd Prize. — Knapsack Powder Pump, by Messrs. Pilter & Co., London.

Reserve. — Knapsack Powder Pump, by Messrs. H. Hartjen & Co., London,

called the “ Holder.”

♦

The Knapsack Pump shown by Messrs. Moellenkamp & Co.
is of a very useful type. It is very simple in construction ;
all the parts are very easily disconnected and can be easily
replaced.

The bellows are powerful and are held in place by brass
bands which will not rust. The valve at the top of the
machine is fixed with screws, and can be easily replaced, and
the lance and spreader are well made ; the latter can be bent

The Trials of Hand-Power Powder Sprayers . 257

into different shapes to alter the form of the spray, is made
of German silver, and guaranteed not to break. The regulation
of the feed is good. .

A strong point in its favour (and this applies to all knapsack
powder pumps) is the portability for work among fruit trees
and bushes where there is very little room ; this pump will be
found of great use.

The price of the Moellenkamp Pump, 23s., is very low
and was considered good value. This machine is of the single
stroke variety. The makers make a machine exactly the same,
but with double acting bellows at a little extra cost. The
capacity of the pump shown was 22 lb. of powdered sulphur.

First Prize Knapsack Powder Spray Pump. Exhibited by F. W. Moellenkamp & Co.

The pump shown by Messrs. Pilter & Co. is a knapsack
of the double acting diaphragm bellows pattern. The bellows
are protected with a metal top which can be taken off to
renew the bellows if required. The price of this pump is
30s.

The distribution of the powder was very even ; lance was
light and handy in construction. This pump was specially
good for low work, such as powdering low bushes, strawberries,
potatoes, &c. The bellows did not appear to be powerful
enough to distribute powder against a wind upon high trees ;
it was felt that the regulation of the quantity of powder
discharged was not quite so good as should be ; this is a
difficulty with all hand-power distributors.

The “Pilter” is easily taken to pieces, and all parts are
renewable. The capacity, is 28 lb. powder.

VOL. 74.

K

258 The Trials of Hand-Power Powder Sprayers.

Messrs. Hartjen sent the “Holder” Knapsack Powder
Sprayer. This is another useful machine and ran very
close for second place. The “ Holder ” is light and easily
taken to pieces for repairs or renewal. The price of this pump
is 32s. 6d. and the capacity 26 lb. The bellows are of single
stroke action.

All the knapsack powder pumps are worked by one man.

Messrs. Gratton and Son, Boston, Lines., showed a pump on
wheels worked by two men, a chain feeding the powder to
blower. The difficulty with this style of feed is to get the
small chain used to carry an even quantity of powder to the
blower ; the latter is very good and the gear driving wheel
easily turned. The price of the pump shown was 61. 10s.

Messrs. Weeks, Maidstone, sent a very well made machine.
It is carefully thought out and strongly built. The price of
the hand-power machine is 61. 6s. Of the large machines
this is the best. The great difficulty with all these machines
is to get a regular feed to the blower the agitator used is
of a small type and proved quite inefficient. If perfected in
this direction it would make a very useful machine. Two men
are required to work it ; the capacity is 22 lb. powder.

Messrs. F. Randell, Ltd., North Walsham, sent a distributor
worked by a plunger pump ; it is not very portable, and
is open for improvement. The capacity is 20 lb., and the
price 61. It is supposed to be worked by one man, but would
require two. It is well and strongly made ; the blower very
good indeed. This pump, again, is weak in its feed.

The conclusion arrived at by the Judges was that for the
particular purpose shown, viz., “ for applying dry insecticides
in powder form to bushes or trees ” the portability and even-
ness of distribution and ease of dismantling of the knapsack
type were great points in their favour. It was felt that the fan
system of blowing, as against the bellows, was perhaps the
correct system, but until the powder can be fed more evenly to
the blowing chamber the “ Knapsack ” scores. The difficulty
with the chain feed is that it does not sufficiently agitate the
powder, which banks up in the form of a tunnel over the
chain and the feed ceases. A very similar action takes place
with a finger agitator. These defects remedied, and a light,
easily portable machine at a fairly low cost evolved, steps
would be made in the right direction.

Jas. M. Young.
Charles S. Martin.

259

MISCELLANEOUS IMPLEMENTS
EXHIBITED AT BRISTOL, 1913.

This year there were exactly the same number of entries in
the New Implement Class as last year, namely forty-seven,
but the Judges were only able to award one medal, and allow
one implement to be entered again next year under Rule 81
as “being capable of further development.”

The medal was awarded to the Perfect Dairy Machines,
Ltd., Stand 163, No. 1862, for their Cream Separator Perfect
New Model No. 12, 44 gallons per hour, with automatic
lubricator, price 11/. 10s.

This machine was exhibited in 1912 and the Judges
would have tried it then only for the unfortunate fact that
on account of the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease it was
impossible to get the milk until it was too late.

Great attention has been given to the lubrication of this
machine, there being only one lubricator to attend to.

The vertical bowl, spindle and its bearings, worm wheel
and its shaft, are all enclosed in the main casting, which is
hollow, and through the top of which the first motion shaft
turned by the handle passes. This worm wheel dips into the
oil at the bottom of the casting, and throws it up and all over
the different bearings ; in fact the lubrication is the “ Splash
Lubrication” familiar to most people in the motor car engine.
There is an ingenious clutch on the shaft which is simply a
catch worked by gravity, engaging the shaft with the worm
wheel when the former is turned, so that directly the rotation
of the handle is stopped there continue no external parts
running, the bowl and worm wheel alone revolving, and they
are enclosed.

On trial the full quantity claimed to be separated was
reached, and the analysis as reported by the Society s Analyst
was very good.

The implement recommended for entry next year was
exhibited on Stand 286, No. 3608, the Darby-Maskell Motor

Plough. .

The Judges considered that as this machine worked on an

entirely new principle it should be tried ; consequently it w as
taken to a field a couple of miles away, from which the hay
had just been carted. The ground owing to the heat was very
dry and hard, and it is doubtful whether horses could have
then done anything with it at all. The work done by the
machine was very good, it broke up the land thoroughly -
the facility of manoeuvring being fairly good— the detects
being that the work on each side of the machine was not

260 Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Bristol , 1913.

Fig. 1— Darby-Maskell Motor Plough,

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Bristol , 1913. 261

evenly done, and that the work was done better going np hill
than going down ; also that to move from one field to another
or along the road, it Avas necessary to take out a driving shaft.
These considerations and the cost (850 1.) decided the Judges
to refer it to next year’s Show under Rule 81. It is described
by the makers as follows : —

“ A Motor Ploughing machine supported on three travelling
wheels, each of which is geared direct on to the engine, and
when travelling forward the machine moves at the rate of half
to one mile per hour. The ploughs are 12 in number, attached
to a chain which revolves on sprocket wheels in the opposite
direction to the progress of the implement. When at work
there are six ploughs stirring up the soil and at the same time
helping to propel the machine forward without putting^ the
least pressure on the subsoil ; it is 16 ft. 6 in. long by 8 ft. 3 in.
wide, and turns at each end of the field in a little more than
its own length.”

Take the capital letter V and imagine that each arm is an
endless chain running over wheels situated in vertical plane,
two at the point, and one at each end of the arms. On each
chain are mounted six small ploughs ; three will be on the top
side, and three on the lower side in contact with the ground.
The lower side of the chains with the ploughs run towards the
point of the Y which is supported on a travelling wheel, the
outer side being supported by two other steering wheels. It
will be seen that as the ploughs cut into the ground the
tendency is to force the whole Y forward, so the propulsion
does not depend on the traction of the wheels but on the
working of the ploughs, and the adhesion of the wheels
prevents the machine moving too fast. It could not be called
a u general purpose” implement, which a farmer requiies.
Further developments and simplifications no doubt will be
effected by next year.

Taking the other exhibits in order of catalogue as they
seem to require mention.

The Milk Supply Plant, Stand 38, No. 211, manufactured
by John Struthers, and exhibited by J. & R. Wallace, Castle
Douglas. A vast amount of ingenuity seems to be expended
on the sealing and sterilizing of the distributing vessels shown.
It is doubtful whether all this elaborate system could be carried

out in practice. __ , T

Stand 46, No. 313, Richard Sizer, Ltd., 82, Mark Lane,

London. Cubing machine for making cattle-feeding cake into
cubes. This apparatus would seem suitable for installation in a
cake mill, and certainly the cubes made save the dust usually
present when cake is being crushed in the ordinary crusher.
The meal is fed into a hopper from whence it drops into a

raHpF*' .A
:

■ -■

262 Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Bristol , 1913.

steam jacketed worm chamber, the end of which has suitably
shaped holes through which the compressed meal is forced, and
cut off into suitable lengths by a revolving cutter, like a gigantic
sausage machine.

On Stand 51, No. 377, Messrs. Robert Boby, Ltd., was shown a
system of Pneumatic Transport for grain. The action is simply
that of a vacuum cleaner. A rotary or other pump sucks a
current of air carrying the grain with it along the pipe to its
destination, the feeding end having a flexible pipe attached so
as to be readily plunged into the mass of the grain. There is an
ingenious arrangement for switching from one pipe to another,
and for sealing the delivery end so that the air does not leak
through the wrong way. One would like to know whether
the dust and dirt that must be knocked off the grain in its
passage through the pipes is in practice returned to the bulk
of the grain so as to keep up the Aveight.

Stand 87, No. 692, F. W. Moellenkamp & Co., 85, Farring-
don Street, London, E.C. This is a potato planting machine
made in Germany. It plants two or four rows. Taking one
row the action is as follows : —

Two discs running side by side are furnished with six sets
of catches each, like a finger and thumb. Suppose the discs
which are some 2 ft. in diameter are revolving clockAvise the
hopper for the potatoes is say at 8 o’clock, the finger and
thumb opened passes upwards through a layer of potatoes,
the catch is released and a potato is almost sure to be caught
and carried round. To make the “ almost sure ” “ quite sure ”

Fig. 2.— Moellenkamp's Potato Planting Machine.

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Bristol , 1913. 263

is the function of the second disc revolving alongside, for
when starting both discs revolve until all the fingers have
seized potatoes, when the second one stops till such time as the
finger and thumb of the continually revolving disc is empty
when it comes to proper point of release about 2 o’clock, then
the finger being closed on what is the thumb, catches the
second or stand-by disc and revolves it one-sixth of a turn,
and makes it drop a potato in place of the one that missed.
Wheels following behind cover over the planted potatoes.
The mechanism is ingenious, but an extended trial would be
necessary to say if it were satisfactory in every way. It would
appear to be a step in the right direction towards labour saving.

Stand 96, H. Hartjen & Co., Noble Street, London, have a
well-made Knapsack Sprayer with a double nozzle for potatoes.

There is nothing remarkable except general good design
in any of the exhibits until we come to Stand 267, No. 3409,
a Motor Horse Box, shown by William Vincent, 76, Castle
Street, Reading. No doubt this vehicle would do the work
properly and convey two horses at 20 miles per hour, but there
can be a very limited market for such a vehicle, and one
would think that the vibration and .shaking going along an
ordinary road would be almost as bad as a jog home taken
quietly. Certainly the details are well worked out, but one
misses the provision for making tea for the rider and gruel for
the horses. Water could easily be boiled from the engine
exhaust if required.

Stand 269, No. 3414, John Fowler & Co. (Leeds), Ltd. Motor
Plough — Anything exhibited by this pioneer firm deserves
attention. It is doubtful, however, whether this exhibit shows
a step in the right direction. The implement consists of a long
frame carrying an oil engine at one end, and a single or two
furrow plough at the other, beyond them again there is a pair
of handles like an ordinary plough for the purpose of guiding
the whole implement. There are two large carrying and driv-
ing wheels situated between the engine and the plough. These
can be adjusted separately for height so that one runs in the
furrow and one on top, or to go along the road they are at equal
height. The whole control is by the man guiding the plough.
It may with justice be objected that it would require a very
skilled man indeed to walk behind the ploughs, control the
engine, adjust the height of the wheels, and guide the machine
all at once ; besides, the tendency now is, if you are to have a
machine instead of horses let it do as much work as possible
with ease to the driver, and not just somewhat more than horses
can do ; and don’t compel your driver to walk, thus limiting
the output of the machine to the physical powers of the man

in charge.

264: Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Bristol , 1913.

Stand 297, No. 3744. — Brazil, Straker & Co., Ltd., show a
lifting and hauling winch worked by an oil engine, which
should be of use to builders and contractors. The load is
easily controlled and the whole thing worked by one man ; it is
impossible for the load to “take charge.”

Stand 311, No. 3975.— Blackstone & Co. show a 75 B.H.P.
engine for crude oil with an arrangement for injecting the oil
with a plunger worked by a spring and tripped at the correct
moment. Doubtless a mechanical arrangement such as this is
preferable to the complication of very highly compressed air
such as is in use in a Diesel engine, and for agricultural work
the hot bulb as opposed to the Diesel system is preferable.

Messrs. E. J. Harrison, Bamfords, Nicholsons of Newark,
and Blackstones all showed side rakes, swath turners, and
tedders of different patterns, but the Judges did not find
anything special to notice, the excellence of the machines
being about equal ; but one particular mechanical movement
may appeal to an individual purchaser more than another.

Stand 323, No. 4364. — E. H. Bentall & Co. show an improve-
ment on their apparatus for sharpening chaff cutter knives
which was shown last year, when it will be remembered it
was only applicable to their own make of chaff cutter. This
appliance can be fitted to any make of machine. The principle
is substantially the same as last year. It is possible to grind a
badly notched blade to its proper shape and with a sharp edge
in a few minutes.

The grinding mills by this firm have the same flour dresser
as that shown last year, but this is combined with a crusher
and elevator which make it a more compact plant than if the
machines were separate.

The other implements entered for the medal do not call for
any special mention.

It cannot be said that there is any very special feature to
notice in this year s show, taken as a whole, to make it
remarkable.

Some small details noticed are as follows : — The mechani-
cally operated lubricator, as for instance those worked by a
latchet and wheel on a small pump shaft, seems to be becoming
general on steam tractors, which would appear to be an advance,
but few makers seem to put an oil catcher under the engine
and between it and the boiler. It is a very simple idea and
would add to the cleanliness of the engine and comfort of
the driver. Small petrol and oil engines are as a rule fitted
with the open tank system of cooling. One maker told the
Judges that in small colonial dairies this was found very useful,
as after i unning the engine there was the hot water ready for
washing up without further trouble.

Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Bristol , 1913. 265

Messrs. Blackstone have fitted to an oil engine a modification
of the Humphrey’s gas pump for circulating the water, which
is very simple. The circulating water is cooled by passing
over a cone of perforated metal, and then falls into a small
tank some 15 in. deep, of somewhat larger diameter than the
base of the cone. Along side of this is fixed the barrel of the
pump, a plain vertical piece of pipe about 2 in. diameter, the top
communicating by a tube with the exhaust pipe, the bottom on
one side opening with a non-return valve into the tank, and on
the other with a delivery valve to the rising main to the top of
the cooling cone. It will be seen that the water from the tank
will find its own level in the vertical pipe say to 12 in. for
example ; when the exhaust valve opens there is a temporary
rise of pressure in the vertical pipe and part of the water is
forced up the rising main past the delivery valve ; on the suction
stroke of the engine there being no pressure in the vertical
pipe water again rises to the level of that in the tank. It will
be noticed that the greater the number of explosions or the
greater their force, the more water is delivered, which is as it
should be.

There were of course many exhibits which cannot be said
to bear directly on agriculture but still are of interest to the
engineer. Such a one is the Suction Gas Plant shown by
Messrs. Crossley. The engines of this firm may be said to
embody all the latest improvements, such as ring oiling for the
bearings, and in the larger sizes very efficient governing by
variable admission of gas and air. As regards the gas producer
the grate is open to the atmosphere and in full view of the
attendant, being formed of three discs of plate one under the
other, the hole in the lower one being smaller than that in
the one above. The column of fuel thus rests on a bed of ash
and can easily be clinkered. There is no water jacket to the
producer proper, the gases from which come off hot and
surround the boiler which is made of tubes with gills cast on,
the steam being taken by a pipe and delivered close to the
ashes lying on the grate plates, so that it is drawn into the fire
on the suction stroke of the engine. The boiler thus helps to
cool the gas as well as to raise steam. After leaving the boiler
flue, so to speak, the gas meets two cascades of water coming
from the scrubber, before ever it comes in contact with the
wet coke. The fan for blowing up the fire is of course on the
engine side of the producer, and is a suction instead of a
pressure fan.

There has hitherto been a difficulty in using bituminous
coal in suction gas plants, due to the formation of tar.

Messrs. Kynoch, Stand 328, show a Bituminous Suction
Gas Plant of a somewhat novel construction. Broadly speaking

266 Miscellaneous Implements Exhibited at Bristol , 1913.

the novelty consists in taking the gas away from the bottom of
the producer instead of the top. Imagine a box shaped
producer fed from the top. As tar forms from the distillation
of the coal above the incandescent zone it will gradually

Milk and Butter ' Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913. 267

regulate the position of the incandescent zone and ensure the
gasification of the tarry matter.

Road Rollers seem to be still driven, as a rule, by steam ;
of seven makers who exhibited only one shows motor driven
rollers, and for the 10 ton size the price is a good deal more
than that for steam. Messrs. Barford & Perkins show no fewer
than 5 motor rollers of different sizes and weights, the smallest
for agricultural purposes weighing 33 cwt. and costing 190Z.

Motor Vans and Lorries are rapidly increasing in number
for medium and light weights, but steam is likely to hold
it’s own for Road Rollers and heavy Lorries for a long time
to come.

One of the best stands was that of the Associated Portland
Cement Manufacturers, where machines were shown in action
making concrete articles, from building blocks to drain pipes.
There were many examples of articles for estate use moulded
in quite simple home made moulds.

In concluding this short report the Judges wish to thank
the Stewards, Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis and the Hon. J. E.
Cress, for their assistance, and Mr. F. S. Courtney, M.Inst.C.E.,
the Consulting Engineer, for his technical advice.

Harry W. Buddicom.

Estate Office,

Penbedw,

Nannercb, Mold.

MILK AND BUTTER TESTS AT THE
BRISTOL SHOW, 1913.

I.— MILK-YIELD TRIALS.

The prizes offered in the Bristol Schedule for Milk-yields were
confined to pedigree cattle of their respective breeds, thus
reducing the classes to twelve as against thirteen at Norwich in
1911, where Dairy Cattle were allowed to compete.

The number of cows in these classes at Bristol showed a
decrease as compared with Norwich, the Shorthorns, Red Polls
and Dairy Cattle at that Show being 28, 19 and 5, as against 15,
4 and 0 at Bristol, but with these exceptions the other breeds
were well represented, the number of cows tested — 94 — being
only exceeded at Norwich, since these classes were first started

in 1906.

The scale of points and the conditions under which the
trials were carried out were the same as in 1911, the cattle
being milked out on Wednesday, July 2, at 5 p.m., the milk
for the next 24 hours being taken for these and the Butter Test

Table I.— MILK-YIELD CLASSES at BRISTOL, 1913.

268 Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913.

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Oj

4PP H*

Hi 0

rP

H-=>

Hi

* OQ * * *

CO
0

•S •

P P 1h CD

.Ph|w .

° o£d
a O cj-P 1®m

dca i! ^ ad

tjc'C ?'E?

80

d >*

• • •'gd

Si'S ^<3

d =?is F?c~d fn^

Cu -*->

^MPPPpP^PhWcoW

cid m n }h o p %

?h <d o .0 ci g d 5

2 1 O

^Hpjpjpjpjoo ^

■ OOOfet><L0g

o o u
ci ci <D
Pi Pd

ppppS

>> dPi^Pi &

d d p p p fj A

c3 O P d P d Co

H OPPPPPPOO

• co

PPr^

Ǥ8|
CO I— I
• • d
OP cS

2

CD <X)C3

be bc^
d d d
rr o

dd 0

o .

rH

Cl rH

§ • O • -H •

§ § o >»

HT 4-P t> _Q

^ ^a -jf Oco • o ■

d pjin L_I

cs fl “

^d P^g£d

cu o o 0 dfC^

NPPOOPq^S

• . ®° .

8 #

• -| • - a ■

go

rtf S CO
q O 03

■ *3 •OO'FJ

CS&f

d§ §3 a a §

Cu ?H rd ^ C

hdO OPhPhPi

o

+J

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PI

03 m

0 a 2

00 "d • •

offi® gd

COdrSd » d^ l
^■^OrQ d/5 o.2
rd ^ h o oH-pn

►►'tSw^sdsg

oo'ppp43dHH

03

a

cS co

•Ph’Ph

■-p"-p
PP
be be

fl

o

-M

Pi
. Pi
t>> o

^ • *9 • 0

«j PiPpPp^MW

t-j O W W od Pq p4

g

'gapp'd

” ” 2 2S

SdddlfSS^

2 P P | d ©

Pshh'pj W W O" O Pp

<D

.5 §,
o

dd

pi pi

• tP

& £ 2 2

• 2 So’S'S

Pi rd rd *d *d 'd ^ -P -P

200-^ rddpdo o

5o^OOQp p p

S d d/j • -PlWW

^dsWKWodg

ndooddPlJdd

.x oeddd^ p 2

(>>(>>>•
.. CD <D d

0 r— 4 r-H r—*

grdSS

03 • . .

^WWW

Ci

<-iO
co O
co <x>

LO

CO

SSScDCDc2c2t^t2^SooSci,^CM^5h553[12^^;5SrH^^^^l^'<^

'LO 00 OO CO GO CO OO CO OO GO CO GO 00 OO g Ci S S S S Ci oS S SS ^cOOOOOO

C3 QHHHHi — i rH

rC3»

o o

t>OOOiH
00 X 00 a*
OOO J§

CO CiOH
rH rH CM CM

6

Table I.— MILK- YIELD CLASSES at BRISTOL, 1913— continued.

Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913. 269

on

d

u

cfl

►

<4

ft

p

cj

ft

Pi

cj

02

. <d £

3 f-> ©
XPnPP

Ph

a> ©
N N

‘5 £
Pnfq

a>

N

cc Pi

ftft

cj

cStft

Pi

Ph

r^ftO"
p Pi hh m
cooq ft r

©

N

• rH

u

CM

43

GG

?H

d

%

m

o

-©

pq

-p?

c3

ft

in

in

ft

— p
© «§
.2 -p
pft S

§3^

'•H.Q O

ft rH

W ° ®

ft -pPh
fl °p
'o ^ d

P-I ft

ft ft
p p
cj Cj
ft ft
pi pi

Cj cj
+3 -p

c cm

££ .©
O O 0) N

<d 0-d u
WW£Ph

-+3 -+3 ^ rH

**-89

R.HHN

ddddd oo
WWWWW MW

Total

OOO
OIL- ip

Cvi LOCO

CO LO o

OO lO (M

O CM CO hT

H CO H CO
I>t-iOI^

O

<M

LO

LO

42 05

o

CO

rH

LO

oo

ip

o

LO

(MOCMiO

hcoooh
t^co t^CD

(M LO lO 00 O <M O OO
LOc-^oorr-pppp
OOOrHOCCOHHOO

t-COt-COLOLOCOLO

QD

-ft>

o

Lacta-

tion

11-90

Nil

3-30

oooo

CO CO 'HH 05

CO rH L0 rH

o

CO

CO

Nil

•20

•10

rH r-H C0>

Hr;ipo

(5 r5 (M

OOOOOOOQ

050^-^-0003^-0

oofttooioinoo]

ft

Fat
per
cent,
by 4

OO o oo
9^0

CO L"- *-H

rH rH rH

OO OO O
O-lOOtM HIH

CO (M CO

HHHH

o

HH

CM

rH

11-28

o

co

rH

00

HH

rH

rH

ooo ooo

P 00 CM (M
r-H GO CO CM

rH rH rH

o 00 o oo o o o oo

O'crl'^O00^tl<X)^tl

HYfflXCOWCOCO

Oil — 1 1— 1 1 — li — li— Ii — IrH

Milk

CM CO (M

CO •p rH

CO CO 05

CO CO

Ot>iO(M
lp OOC1

4ti OO O -HH

LO to CO LO

o

ip

co

CO

30-75

O

p

00

CO

00-68

CM CM CM L"-

HHpp

O HH (M OO

CO CD CO HH

(Mt-lflOONOO

®cot-oo®ip9

Aoaftftininoooj

-^i^H'cficococococo

Fat

per-

cent-

age

t-Ol>
HCOC-
^ 'HH (M

CM O LO lO
COCMOCO

CO CO HH -HH

oi-e

CM

CO

CM

LO

cp

CO

9°

CM

O CM O t"-
O CM CO O

CM <M CO CO

lONiOWOOON

(MCOOOinOdTHC^iTH

LncoftftftcoHi-ti

Total
milk
yield in
24 hours

Lb. oz.

OOO Ml
rH

CO 00 05

CO CO HH

CO HH HH CM

rH

HH OO O HH

LO LO CO LO

36 8

30 12

o

00

CO

39 0

CM M O HH
rH rH

O HH CM 00

CO CO CO HH

OONOOOCOO

i— 1 rH rH

ONHIt-iOlOCOCi

^IrJIrtlCOCOCOrCCO

No. of
days
in

milk :

05 00 CO

iocot>

rH

CO CO HH 05
t"- LQ 05 LO

103

CO

rH

C<1

HH

i — 1

HH

HC5 LOCO
<M CO CO H

O5Ol>l>OOO5l>0
<M 00 O O O 05 O CO

rH ih rH rH rH

43

03

—

LO CO rH

CM CM <M

rH OO rH LO
<M SO

<M

CM

O

<M

<M

(M

co

CM

(M LO 0 CO

rH (M M rH

hh hh OO 00 tH p oo oo

(MHHHH'MHOl

late of
calf

1913

Jan.

May

Apr.

Apr.

May

Mar.

May

0

d

d

1-0

KO

d

a

>>

a

3

©

P d ad

-m

3

*H

o

<3

Q

COLO HH

ooo

05 02 0

rH rH rH

hh'coo'

CM

£ft£!

HH CO O LO
OOr-H O
C5 05 05 05

CO 05 oco

r n ?H ?H

LO

o

05

CO

lO

oo

o

05

o

05

05

d d d P,

o, o. a <!

o
co
o

05

COHI> »>
O CO

SbhST
3 pi

H cj

t-5

oooohhcooocoo5c-

o o o o o o o o

05’ 05 05 05 05 05 05 05

(MOCQHcoHt^H
rH rH rH rH r“H

,®Pq<jfcft3«i<!

£

o

O

g

o3

CC r— I

o ^ ©ft
^ ■© .g ft
§-• «s ft .gP

§w p.^

ijp ftp
Odd

p® ®

£ pft
ftPnM

1» -p •

rH

S PI m
n ©.2 •

^ ft
^ C? GO'S

50 -

ft3 © ©
p PI

p p

d pi

d

Ph

. ©
S CC

P P P O
O oO P

ft^H Pi
^ ^ © -r

p p l_J ?H

^ TO

* r-H
H r-H

5 0

r5 pq

*>.®

nt;

O

4-3

Pi

0

rd

o

d

<1

d

d

(M

d

o

?H

o

4-3

d

0

rd

o

d

◄

"d

d

<M

d

•t-H

d

d

d

0

d

4-3

d

o

r/l

co

0

w

o

»- H

O

0

d

43

d

*4

3

co

-Lft

co

0

rd "d

O O

,2 • © bo
P3 ft MpS

D Cvj _2

P 25)1^

0 rd F'H

*fsiS

ft ap "p, p
-pft &o H
p g bO d
0_2fT t>.
Phcc^O

rce

Co

d

3#

PI
r d

rnr

o

CD

N .

D

P

D O

bOcj

dft

• ■ • • tn

w cc

CO <X

® _, a p ft

DO p 05 CO too CC
CO D -P d n cj
cj r^ © O -p D
i-P ^3 +3 'p £ “

A g S 5 -S §

•2 > g.2 ® ©

Sh

O

H

• 4-1

o

0

0 d

'drdtfl

P 3 °

©H§

rft -B
.

P4rM

?H M ^ nj

d d5 22

HH ^ H

OO o.o

cc

. *1—1
^rP
P © P

d

d

o

zn

w

d

be

fH

0

p p s
ftft p d c3
"© D O rP
d drH ^
^ ^ fn ^rh
0 0 Ord^

MMndEH

d
o
cc

m

d

be

CU 0 J.

O go gM
9ft9ft^

■g d p d^
©pq ©pq •

S 3 ^

U

u

0

M

-8

£

43 43
0 0

. 0

£
o
• Ph

pP3

D .

icD
Wfp” u

p p

ftftOT cj

a a

o o

p p

• • ft ft

CD CD © ©

* * * • * & CG

p g

>> >> S - - o o

®o5PP^yy

rPr-^ g Ci ©^^1
fe&HbcbfiPccco

cncccQrdrdr9 ^ h

Cj CjO f>. >>

^^^OOftPPW
d p ft^^ft

p H ©'p'p CO CO

8 fi § ca djq±S^
pqp; ®PE1HPSS

<v

co

■H

CO

O

CO

LO

CO

CO

fl to
— c

Class 1-
1151

1153

1154

rHiM^HHtH
co CO CO CO CO

So CM CM M (M

rH rH

co £5

co

(M

-o

CO

<*o

CO

K CS

o

r-H rH rH rH

o

C3 rH

O

rH

rH

rH

co

oo

H (M CO 05 H
_ t- t— r— GO
c« CO CO CO CO

gpHHHH

o

lO>

Sco^lcooqac>iqorH
0-1 co co

co "
dr

6

Table I.— MILK-YIELD CLASSES at BRISTOL, 1913— continued.

270 Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913.

Cfl

V

s

£

0)

.2

;Ph

0)

oooo"oo^^oo

BBBBbBB^£BB

0

N

*c

Ph

0

N

oSo

BASB

0)

N

B

Ph . .
ndOO

wMB

a ©

.2 N
£h *f7

b£

•d

d

Pi

d

H

02

*

o

*©

.W

©

_N

B

Ph

*d

Pi

d

*d

pi

d

H

02

. & ©*

£3.2

•p 0 P.

£«Ph .

& hri
h h <m h

0

N

*E

Pf

*d

p

CO

Total

C'lOCOOOOOt-OOlOCOCOLO

pHCOOSHfipOOrvlC-'H.LOCO^JH

r-HHOT'i^dffiCftostodo

®©©©Xt-l>l>l^lOIQH

COOiCCO0NI>CVlOiO
t^pOOOL'-HO)OOHno
H Ol CO rH Oi Hi t>- IO

t^iocoir-coio^r^LOco

COlO oot—ooo

COHppHH

o»b ib t^ib co

CO to LO IO lO CO

LO M O O O LO

H COCOHi <M
r^H t^C COCO LO

CO Hi CO COLO

1 30

1 u

1 .5

Lacta-

tion

oooooooooooo
HOpCVl^pWOONlOH
rHCOlbcOCOCSlrHOOQG^* CO
hIhhh

00^0000000

HCD^^QO^O^fXl

co* ^ lo To lo ’ cobles

OOOr-H OO
OrHLO^r^O
rH CIHOO

rl

H O 1— 1 O OO

IZ yZ fl3 T1 T*

B di r-i oq do

(A

Kat
per
cent,
by 4

00000x>000000050000

d^cONTfoONC^ClOOX

05H<I>-30C00005AHLd0.lHrlAs

HHHHNHHIMHIMHH

ooooooooooooooo

OOOqOOOOC^T^OOOlOO

H^'H^^HooL'-coibr^roib

rH rH Ol rH rH rH r—H rH Ol rH

cooooocoo

xfi CO O <M Tt< OO
H CO W H CO LO

HHHHhH

GO O OO O O O

O Ol CD O CD CO

NOCMLONt-

HHHHHH

Milk

r-NOOIMOt-OUJlOIOLO
coxoipaDpcoiocit' e-<M
CDCOdsdsC^tHOOOOO.lArr-ll'-
■Hi'HCOCOlOTt'^i-HIOCCH'CM

ioiMiOLOoi>t^i?qot^

t-rHOlCMpCOOOrHipOO

O^cocvioobcocOHCo

LOCO^lOCOCOCOtOCOH

0i00l>00

lpt-ipoooo

HHOLOOOH

H H ^ Hi (M H

IXMWOOIO

CO H CO IO O <M
Htof-HHO)

HCO H CO<M<M

Fat

per-

cent.

age

Owcqf-NOONOIMIMO

pp^ppt-xpxiniof-

'3dcoAr-A<iO'ti'triocoidcoco

WNO(MI>iOiOiOOt^

t>-LpTripHp00H00O3

cocoib'^-^-^cO'^LOco

M O Ol O M LO
CO 090 H o>
co co co 6q fo

t>- LO tH LO LO O
WLOH^HH

H 6q CO CO CO

Total
milk
yield in
24 hours

Q i — 1 rH pH rH i — 1 rH

rfleoeoaiascqHtioooooHTfirHt'.

i_^'rr-rrcocoLdHrHfi'tiiocoHicvi

^l(MH^O0H(MCOH

rH rH rH

ONCOIMOOOMCOH0

lOCOH^lOCOCOCOlOCOr^

GOC^lOOHOO

rH rH

H H O to OO H

COCVJOOO 0 H

H

HlOI>HH05

H CO H CO (M (M

No. of
days
in

milk

tOI>a>t>C0iOH00HO

H rH H rH rH rH

H CO O t>- 05 CO t"- O l>- GO
OHCviO5OiOJHl>00
rH

OHlOO t>* CO
LOH0HHCO
rH rH

OJCOHOIHH

CO CO (M LO CO <M

rH

Date of last
calf

IIMHMIOI>05H
^ rH CB| C\J Ol Ol rH rH C^l rH

H^oocooocooir^iot^co

(Mr— IrHC^C^C^rHrHC^CSJ

mcoc5H0t-
CV|(M<M -H

IpHOlOCOH

CVI

05 fl fl fl fl _J 45 pj pj fl >* fl

"H fl fl-ftftfl § © © §

fl >> 2 a fl a >> tl t* t;
d d ^ d a d ci p.n.p,

May

May

Apr.

May

Feb.

Feb.

May

May

June

May

May

Mar.

Date of birth

. May 28, 1909

. Jan. 12, 1905

. Apr. 21, 1905

. Jan. 2, 1909

. Dec. 5, 1906

• Dec. 13, 1905

. July 28. 1905

. Oct. 3, 1904

. Jan. 1, 1907

. May 11, 1908

. Feb. 20, 1906

. May 30, 1910

-

. Oct. 9,1905

. June 27, 1906

. Jan. 7,1907

• Nov. 3, 1906

. June 6, 1907

. Nov. 14, 1903

. Mar. 16, 1903

. Jan. 9, 1907

. Jan. 22, 1909

. Jan. 14, 1909

. Dec. 10, 1906

1908

1906

1905

1902

1900

1907

. Mar. 12, 1908

. March, 1909

. June 1,1907

. May 12. 1909

1910

o

o

*H

o

0

S

m

d

0

d

p

0

- • # * P

^0?
• d 0 ^ d

so rp

b£

otJ

. pr i P

n g ©-fl a

o o tu cj cvi

Bbi^H CD

©3fl © O £f.g C^+?rO

co

2.

* '*-3 *

•m _d

5 N

• _ _ • rH

0„M H
H P d ^
■M H 0 W

0 S a 0

fl^ §> a

?3gg

pj fl b R w fl m

H

CO

0

5? p^c^j p l5

s-pqcq^ S.M _ .. k

fl © © -fl © ^3
© a fl rfl +5 jn . »■> F<

2 <3 d d <J-
fl uJ>H ©
d dM^ ©

03 O'

g.S.

'fl

f-i

d ° 3 FAS

•S-H * 3 £/fl

0 0 0

0 p

© o o o id’s © £ j.y
PhOOOhAHO^BmSph

bb«£

a s e«S5 &•§■§ 1

"! o Q ti ti h
CABEh£<!mPhi-1A]H

CO

P ' W

r©B

© 5j
CO

B £

o

H

H

. >

fl >ih

3 -p ©

AS -A -fl
^ M ►?

d ©^
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_, a a
fl o ».

- 0x3 o
. ©±iO fl

£.23 d %%

d

c3

>• tuco

• "d Ah M
3 rd co
■fl » ©

• ficc o
© © A

tuo b£Q

. 'd'oTr

h'S'E ^
'SrPP O
^ M
a > > i->

X o o P

flOOW^fi

, fc*»
„ SrM

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fl a

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0

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0
m
fl

Oh

o fl S o u

ffiHW pj CO CC

© fl I fl rfl rfl

P I— (

J>i © © d o O
ja^jflBip^cq

fl p >,

p fn D Du

d tj d 0 ®
PflpqpQc»A4 .

I I I r—H

sasH«;2

COCCCO 0) ©^

co co^W'S^y'pjy | 2B
BB • .oo ^^do .

p 03

ri4 5 ~

d d d

BW «

5 >>>>©
-

■*f “fl CL
■ . . . fl OB

© ©

BB o a co-p

p, aB © ® 9

H>>|5

a!2&3§

»- V • Bh o
AnPflfLi a d B

BBBoob

• • • fl • •
o

to .

. . .BB .

©M

flfls

© O ~

.2 2B0fli£ ©

fn C

fl fl d 9tf

BaHBBEh

fl .
o

^ bt
fl fl

■ O jrO'gM

© fl fl r© QJ ©

Hfl

Eh

o o
be o fl
Add

P3 © © :.o

hww^.„l<

• © © m d .

BwbBBB

0

.a S>

. o

id

05

1—1 <0J
ao CO
cc ^

e

§ S

2§SS^{Bg2g53S?8§

li©Sidld.dldSSSS §s^coS

MHMHHHHHHHH QHHHHHHHHHH W p-H JZt

CV|

rti

CO CD CO

c* co co i>- 1>- 1>» t>*

CO CD CO CO CO CO CO

^ rH rH rH pH rH i— I

/

Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913. 271

Trials. Samples of milk for analysis were taken at each
milking on Thursday by Dr. Voelcker.

Table I. on pp. 268-70 gives the full results of the trials and
the prize winners in their respective classes.

The next table gives the averages of all the cattle tested.

Table II.

No.

Days in
milk

Fat

Points

of cows
com-
peting

Breed

Milk

per

cent.

Milk

Fat

Laota-

tion

Total

15

Shorthorn

55

Lb. oz.
46 11-H

3-40

46-73

13-60

1-50

61-83

9

Lincoln. Red do.

67

58 10

3-47

58-62

13-88

2*70

75-20

9

Devon

76

40 h

3-71

40-58

14-84

3-60

59-02

4

South Devon

64

45 12

4-02

45-75

16-08

2-40

64-23

3

Longhorn

90

40 6§-

3-74

40-41

14-96

5-00

60-37

4

Red Poll .

70

49 7

3-73

49-43

14-92

3-00

67*35

4

Ayrshire .

49

36 1 '

3-03

36-06

12-14

•90

49-85

4

Holstein

42

58 15

2-87

58-93

11-48

•20

70-61

20

J ersey

101

41 9i

4-45

41-59

17-80

6-10

65-49

10

Guernsey .

72

41 Ilf

4-38

41-71

17-52

3-20

62"43

6

Kerry

81

40 4*

3-48

40-27

13-92

4-10

58-29

6

Dexter

61

35 5

355

35-31

1

14-20

2-10

5161

In looking at the total points, the low percentage of fat in
the milk from the Holsteins must be taken into consideration.

Twelve animals were disqualified, the average percentage of
fat in the two milkings not coming up to the standard of 3 per
cent. The particulars are as follows : —

3 Shorthorns

out of 15 sampled

2 Lincolnshire Red Shorthorns

1?

9

1 Longhorn

3

2 Ayrshires

??

4 „

2 Holsteins

U

4 »

1 Kerry

6

1 Dexter

9?

6 „

12

II— BUTTER TESTS (CLASS 215, A & B).

The number of cattle competing in these trials at Bristol
was 58, three less than at Norwich, but nine more than at
Liverpool in 1910, which was the largest number of cows tested
up to that time at the Royal Agricultural Society’s Shows.

The conditions and scale of points governing the trials were
the same as in previous years, the heavy weight, class. A,
consisting of 41 animals of various breeds, the light weight
numbering 17, Jerseys only.

Table III on pp. 272-4 gives the full result of the trials,
with the prizes, commended cards and certificates of merit
awarded and the practice adopted in churning.

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CLASS 215A.-COWS IN-MILK, EXCEEDING 900 LB. LIVE WEIGHT.

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Table III.— RESULTS op BUTTER TESTS at BRISTOL, 1913 —continued.

CLASS 215 B.-COWS IN-MILK NOT EXCEEDING 900 LB. LIVE WEIGHT.

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1913
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Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913. 275

With the exception of the Shorthorns, which did not quite
come up to expectations, the figures show that the cows
competing were quite up to the average of cattle tested at the
Society’s Shows.

The next table gives these averages : —

Table IY. — Averages of Cattle Tested.

No.

of cows
com-
peting

Breed

Live

weight

Days in
milk

Milk

Butter

Ratio

Points

11

Shorthorn .

Lb.

1399

54

Lb. oz.
46 12T8r

Lb. oz.

1 6*

32-91

24*15

8

Lincoln. Red do.

1414

71

57 10*

1 14*

30*47

33 38

7

Devon

1272

64

45 104-

i 1 1 TV

27*02

29*76

3

South Devon

1680

76

50 12*

1 15*

25*66

35-26

1

Longhorn .

1456

38

38 8

1 10*

23*46

26*25

1

Holstein .

1260

65

62 10

1 12*

35*15

31-00

22

Jersey

849

105

40 llTer

1

21*01

37-47

5

Guernsey .

1017

71

38 3*

1 HI

22-15

30-70

In the report on these trials in 1911, the butter ratio figures
under their respective breeds at each of the Society’s Shows,
commencing with Derby in 1906, were given, and the average
number of cattle and butter ratios at the six Shows were
shown in the last column. Table Y. gives these last figures and
the corresponding figures at Bristol : —

Table Y.

Breed

Six Shows

Bristol

No. of Cows

Butter ratio
lb.

No. of Cows

Butter ratio
lb.

Shorthorn ....

41

32*15

11

32-91

Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn

30

29-02

8

30-47

Devon ....

10

32*60

7

27*02

South Devon

19

31*37

3

25*66

Longhorn ....

4

24 00

1

2346

Red Poll ....

10

36-84

—

—

Ayrshire ....

4

29*17

—

Holstein ....

—

—

1

3515

Jersey ....

105

20-57

22

21-01

Guernsey ....

11

21-66

6

2215

Kerry ....

2

32"3b

276 Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show, 1913.

III.— EXPERIMENTS IN BUTTER MAKING FROM WHOLE

AND MIXED MILKS.

To ascertain whether more butter could be obtained from two
milks— one showing a higher percentage of fat than the other

when mixed, than from the same quantities of milk treated
separately, the following experiment was undertaken.

Eight churns labelled with the names of the following
breeds : Shorthorn, Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn, Holstein,
Red Poll, Ayrshire, Dexter, Jersey and Guernsey, were set
aside, and as the milk was brought to the dairy from the cows
in the yard it was poured into it§ special churn. When the
milk had all been brought in, 30 lb. were taken from each lot
to arrive at the amount of butter obtainable from that quantity,
and subsequently 15 lb. were taken from the milk of each of
the first six breeds to mix with a similar quantity of Jersey
and Guernsey milk respectively.

Unfortunately, there was not sufficient Guernsey milk
available to mix with the Ayrshire and Dexter milks, so that the
experiment with these milks was confined to Jersey milk only.

The milks were taken with great care, a plunger being used
duiing that part of the process, and to ensure accuracy only one
milk was dealt with at one time, the whole of the quantities
fiom one breed being finished before commencing with the
next. The two Channel Island milks were first divided, as the
cream rises quicker in them than in the other milks selected.

The various lots were separated immediately after they had
been mixed, every precaution being taken to see that the
temperature of the milk and the speed of the separator were
similar in each case. Churning took place after twenty-four
hours.

The following table gives the weight of butter obtained
from each lot of 30 lb. of milk, the last column showing half

the quantity so as to estimate the amount obtainable from
Id lb. of milk : —

Breed

Shorthorn . . .

Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn
Holstein
Red Poll .*

Ayrshire

Dexter

Jersey ....
Guernsey

Table I.

Weight of Milk

Weight of Butter

Weight of Butter
( divided by 2)
as if from 15 lb.

Lb.

Lb.

oz.

Lb.

oz.

30

0

131

0

6-f

30

0

151

0

n

30

0

121

0

H

30

0

13f

0

6i

30

1

H

0

8*

30

0

15f

0

7*

30

1

7

0

111

30

1

4 1
’ 2

0

101

Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913. 277

The next table gives the results of the churnings of the
mixed milks.

Table II.

Breed

Shorthorn and Jersey, 15 lb. of each

Shorthorn and Guernsey, ,,

Lincoln. Red Shorthorn and Jersey, ,,

Lincoln. Red Shorthorn and Guernsey, ,,

Holstein and Jersey, ,,

Holstein and Guernsey, „

Red Poll and Jersey, „

Red Poll and Guernsey, „

Ayrshire and Jersey,

Dexter and Jersey, ,,

Weight
of Milk

Weight
of Butter

Lb.

Lb.

oz.

30

1

2

30

1

13

1 4

30

1

2

30

1

1 2

30

1

30

1

01

30

1

2!

30

1

H

30

1

30

1

4

The next table shows the differences between the weights
of butter churned from the mixed milks and the amounts
calculated from the addition of the half-weights shown against
each lot of butter in Table I.

Table III.

Breeds

Shorthorn and Jersey .
Lincoln. Red Shorthorn and
Jersey

Holstein and Jersey .

Red Poll and Jersey .
Ayrshire and Jersey .
Dexter and Jersey
Shorthorn and Guernsey
Lincoln. Red Shorthorn and
Guernsey

Holstein and Guernsey
Red Poll and Guernsey

Calculated weight of butter
from 15 lb. of milk

Weight
of butter
from

mixed milk

Diff'r'nces
in favour
of mixed
milk

Total

Oz.

Lb.

oz.

Lb.

oz.

Lb.

oz.

Lb.

oz.

0

d 5
u 8

+

0

Ill

= 1

2*

1

2

' —

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8

0

n

+

0

111

= 1

3*

1

2

- 1

1

8

0

6*

+

0

111

— 1

If

1

21

+

7

8

0

6*

+

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111

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93

1

2f

+

3

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0

8^
u 8

+

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IX
* 8

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H

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4

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5

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8

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1

0*

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x4

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T

0

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n

1

11

—

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8

0

H

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0

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— i

Of

1

0*

—

1

8

0

6*

+

0

10*

1

H

1

11

+

1

¥

From these figures it will be seen that the differences aie
small, and may easily be accounted for by the amount of
moisture left in the butter. It is difficult to get various lots of
butter all dried to the same extent, particularly when, as in this
experiment, the working and making-up had to be done by
different dairymaids, there being twenty lots of creams to be
churned and dealt with. If the experiment is repeated, the

278 Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show, 1913.

buttermilks might be analysed and the butter tested for moisture,
for although the buttermilks showed no trace of cream, and the
butters were all apparently as well made as possible, the analyst
can discover what the eye cannot.

The conclusion drawn from the experiment appears to be
that when the dairy work is done carefully there is no advan-
tage in point of weight of butter in mixing milks showing a
large percentage of fat with those of poorer quality. On the
other hand, however, the butter made from the mixed milks of
the first six breeds were better both in appearance and quality
than those made from the unmixed milks of those breeds.

IV.— EXPERIMENT IN CHURNING.

Four churns of milk from the Shorthorn, Holstein, Jersey,
and Dexter breeds were set aside, and from them four lots of
milk, two gallons each, were taken, the process being similar to
that described in the previous experiment.

No. 1 lot was scalded, the other three lots being separated,
the creams being kept distinct. No. 2 cream was churned sweet
within three hours of being separated. No. 3 was kept
twenty-four hours, and then churned. No. 4 was ripened with
a starter, and churned after twenty-four hours. The butter-
milks were not churned, as the experiment was intended to
show the differences in weight of butter from one churning
only— few taking the trouble to churn buttermilks.

The results are given in the following table

Breed

S calded cream

Sweet cream

Ripened

naturally

Ripened with
starter

Shorthorn .
Holstein .

Jersey

Dexter

Lb. oz.

0 7\

0 7f

0 12f

0 8

Lb. oz.

0 5

0 5±

0 Ilf

0 9

Lb. oz.

0 8*

0 81

0 12f

0 11

Lb. oz.

0 9f

0 9*

0 15*

0 10*

This experiment would bear repetition, in which case I
would suggest (A) that the buttermilks should be either analysed
or re-churned, and (b) that the cream ripened naturally should
be kept forty-eight hours, instead of twenty-four, to put it on
the same level as that ripened with a starter.

V.— CAERPHILLY CHEESE.

As these cheeses are produced in large quantities in the
counties of Monmouth, Gloucester, Somerset, and Wilts., it was
considered that an experiment in making them from various
qualities of milk might not be out of place.

Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913. 279

The milks selected were those of the Shorthorn, Jersey,
and Guernsey breeds, and the following cheeses were made —
One from each of the whole milks of the three breeds, one from
the equal quantities of Shorthorn and Jersey milk, one from
the equal quantities of Shorthorn and Guernsey milk, and one
from two-thirds whole and one-third separated Shorthorn milk.
The following is the report of Miss Noble, Dairy Instructress
to the Staffordshire County Council, who carried out the
experiment.

“ The process of making was the same for each cheese, but
“ owing to changes in weather from day to day and the fact
“ that the cheeses were made in the open dairy, it was difficult
“ at times to maintain the required temperature, which con-
“ sequently caused a considerable loss of fat through the curd
“ becoming chilled.

“ This accounts for the difference in weight of the
“ Shorthorn-Jersey mixed milk cheese, the temperatures in the
“ making of this cheese having fallen considerably lower than
“ in the making of the other cheeses.

“ The weight of curd for each cheese was taken, and the
“ cheeses were examined at the end of six weeks, and again
“ at the end of three months.

“ At six weeks the Shorthorn and mixture of Shorthorn
“ cheeses were the best in quality, the Jersey and Guernsey
“ not having fully matured. The separated milk cheese was
“ very poor in quality, being dry, hard, and brittle.

“ At the end of three months the Jersey and Guernsey had
“ greatly improved, excelling in quality the other cheeses.

’ “ The Shorthorn and Jersey, and the Shorthorn and
“ Guernsey mixed milk cheeses had also matured, but the Short-
“ horn whole milk cheese was not so good, and had developed
“ a bitter flavour. It also showed signs of becoming blue veined.

“ The Shorthorn whole and separated mixed milk cheese
“ showed a marked improvement in quality, though poor as
u compared with the other cheeses. This cheese also showed
“ signs of blue vein.

“ It might here be stated that the Shorthorn milk for the
“ making of the Shorthorn, and Shorthorn and Jersey mixed
“ milk cheeses was evidently tainted when received, which will
“ account for the poor flavour of these particular cheeses. I
“ consider that the cheese made from Jersey milk is the best
“ cheese, the Guernsey coming next ; this latter not being quite
“ so good in quality as the Jersey, and too deep in colour. The
“ Shorthorn and Guernsey mixed milk cheese comes third, the
“ keeping qualities of these three cheeses being very good.

“ The cheese made with separated milk is decidedly inferior
“ to the other five cheeses.”

280 Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol Show , 1913.

The following table gives full details of the experiment : —

Breed

Jersey

Guernsey

Shorthorn

Shorthorn

and

Jersey

Shorthorn

and

Guernsey

Shorthorn

and

separated

milk

Weight of milks

8 gall.

8 gall.

8 gall.

8 gall.

8 gall.

8 gall.

Weight of curd .

141b.

13 lb. 12 oz.

141b. 12 oz.

12 lb.

11 lb.4oz.

121b.

Condition of curd
when vatted

Medium

dryness,

normal

Medium

dryness.

normal

Normal,

but

very wet

Very dry,
temp’ture
too low

Very dry,
but

normal

Dry and
brittle,
normal

Weight of cheese

7 lb. 3 oz.

7 lb. 5 oz.

6 lb. 9 oz.

51b. 10 oz.

6 lb. 9 oz.

5 lb. 13 oz.

Quality

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Very good

Very poor

Flavour

Excellent

Very good

Poor

Poor,

bitter

Good

Fair

Colour.

Fair

Poor

Excellent

Good

Poor

Very good

Keeping qualities .

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Very good

Very good

Good

Remarks

Colour

not

typical of
Caer-
philly

Too

yellow in
colour

Blue

veined,

milk

tainted

Tainted,
i) milk

Too high
coloured

Blue

veined

Loss inweight during
the 3 months

61b. 13 oz.

6 lb. 7 oz.

8 lb. 3 oz.

6 lb. 6 oz.

4 lb. 11 oz.

6 lb. 3 oz.

E. Noble.

The result of the experiment seems to show that cheeses
made from milks rich in fat are superior in quality. This has
been previously demonstrated at the Royal and elsewhere.

The work in the dairy was exceptionally heavy at Bristol,
owing to the large number of cows in milk in the yard, and
the increased entries in the butter-making competitions ; and
I must express my gratitude to the willing help given by the
two Assistant Stewards (Messrs. Alan Gibson and Frederick
Byng-Stephens), Mr. Hasted (the Dairy Clerk), Miss Kirke,
the ten dairy assistants, and the whole of the staff.

Little Shardeloes,

Amersham.

Ernest Mathews.

281

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION- EXHIBITION,

BRISTOL, 1913.

The Education Exhibition of 1913, which Sir J. B. Bowen-
Jones, Bart., had under his direction, was well up to the
customary standard of excellence, and presented several
features of special interest. All the exhibits were in one
building, or its annexes, which was a distinct improvement on
the arrangement at Doncaster the previous year, when the
principal entry was housed in a special pavilion at some little
distance from the main building.

Three only of the Agricultural Colleges were represented,
but the Rothamsted Experimental Station sent an exhibit
which attracted much attention, and the Meteorological Office
made a first appearance in this section of the Society’s Show-
yard with an exceedingly interesting collection of instruments,
charts, and records. Now that some considerable amount of
attention is being devoted to the re-establishment of village
industries in various places, it was interesting to see the
exhibit of the Stonehenge Woollen Industry, though some may
doubt how far the development of such enterprises are
economically possible. The nature-study stalls once more
occupied a very considerable share of the available ^space, and
attracted a certain section of the visitors in large numbers.

The Royal Agricultural Society of England. Woburn Experi-
mental Station.— The Royal Agricultural Society was represented
in this part of the Show by the Woburn Experimental Station,
and it was noticeable that a number of the visitors to this bay
were unacquainted with the fact that Affiburn is directly under
the control and management of the Society. The farm con-
tributed some interesting specimens, taken from field plots, to
show the changes that are possible by judicious manuring of
grass land, not only in the herbage but also in the turf.
Applications of farmyard manure have given the heaviest
yields of hay, but the quality of the grass was very coarse,
and the condition of the turf not at all satisfactory. These
unfavourable conditions were removed on the lime plot, and
when followed with a dressing of superphosphate and sulphate
of potash gave a beautiful turf, the herbage consisting of the
finer grasses and white clover. Basic slag and sulphate of
potash also produced a nice turf, but not noticeably better
than superphosphate and sulphate of potash. ?

These experiments illustrate what can be done by« any
practical farmer, as the field where the work is carried out

282 Agricultural Education Exhibition , Bristol , 1913.

continues under the ordinary course of treatment, such as haying
or grazing as circumstances warrant. There was also to be
seen in this bay a most useful method of keeping crop records,
by means of which the previous cropping of any portion of the
farm can be ascertained at a moment’s notice. Portions of soil
taken from the field trials at Ware showed to interested visitors
the result of some years work on the extermination of the
wild onion. It has been known for some time that certain
chemicals would kill the bulbs growing in the top layer of
soil, but the bulb is also found growing some three or four
inches down. By better drainage of the soil, and by the
inclusion of deep-rooting grasses in the grass mixture, much
can be done to eradicate this weed, for no trace of it could be
found in the specimen shown. This is without doubt an
important piece of work, and it is to be hoped that it may be
brought to the notice of all farmers of strong land.

Another interesting exhibit dealt with the question of how
long can we go on spraying our crops with solutions of sulphate
of copper before the accumulations begin to show the toxic
effect that copper salts are known to have on vegetation.
Wheat was shown growing in pots, to the soil in which
successive and increasing quantities of copper sulphate had
been added, and it was not till amounts had been used equal to
*05 per cent, of copper that any poisonous action was noticed,
whilst judging from the appearance of the plants a matter of
•01 per cent, copper seemed to be stimulative rather than
toxic in its action. If 10 cwt. of bluestone were used to an
acre there would be -01 per cent of copper in the soil, assum-
ing that it would be affected to a depth of 9 in., and when it is
remembered that a spraying mixture for charlock for instance
is 40 gallons of 4 per cent, solution per acre, it is obvious that
there is little to fear from copper poisoning of plants.

Further work illustrating the effect of lime and magnesia
on the wheat plant was shown ; in one case lime was added to
a soil that was known to contain a considerable amount of
magnesia, and in the other magnesium oxide had been mixed
with the soil. The results were very marked, and not the
least remarkable part of the experiment was the influence
exerted on the type of grain grown. Diagrams and pictures
together with samples of corn and roots completed the exhibit
and . in a second bay the publications of the Society were
obtainable, as well as diagrams of various insect pests, whilst
there was also a fine set of prints showing the different stages
m the life of the wheat plant.

Rothamsted Experimental Station.— This station sent an
interesting collection of water cultures, showing the effect of
foods and poisons on plants. Manganese, zinc, copper and

Agricultural Education Exhibition , Bristol , 1913. 283

arsenic in amounts varying between 0 to 2,000 parts in ten
million of solution were used. Manganese sulphate in the
larger amounts appears to be poisonous, but in the lower pro-
portions beneficial. Zinc sulphate and copper sulphate do not
appear to have any beneficial result even when used in the
smallest quantities. There was also a nice collection of weed
plants in specimen glasses showing the root growth of each.
Another striking feature of this exhibit was a set of miniature
hay stacks representing the proportion of true grasses, legumin-
ous plants and weed growths that have been produced on the
well-known grass plots that form such a distinctive feature of
the Rothamsted Station. The two stacks showing the absence
of leguminous growth as well as the excessive coarseness of the
grasses from the use of ammonium salts were specially note-
worthy, and well impressed the lesson they were intended to
teach. The question of the partial sterilisation of “ sick ” soil
by heating and by the application of different chemicals was
shown by tomato plants growing under different conditions of
treatment in large pots of soil, and the effects on the foliage
were most noticeable.

There were some remarkable specimens of barley growing
in large earthenware pots, illustrating the effect of lime and
chalk on the ammonia and nitric acid in different types of soil,
and results Avere further exemplified by a series of diagrams
explaining how the amount of both ammonia and nitric acid
had varied with the amounts of the applications. T, ‘2, *3, *4,
and 1 per cent, had been added to the soil before planting the
seed, and it was apparent how detrimental had been the action
of 1 per cent, caustic lime on the barley plants’ groAvth ; half
this amount, ‘5 per cent., was quite of a beneficial character,
and Avhen 1 per cent, of ground chalk was made to take the
place of 1 per cent, caustic lime, the resulting plants were
decidedly better than the control pot where neither lime or
chalk had been used. The exhibit further showed that very
considerable differences occur with different types of soil, but
there did not appear to be any regulating factor determining
why such differences should be. This exhibit gave much
matter for thought and consideration, and we would venture to
suggest that it would be of the utmost A^alue to visitors if the
Station could arrange another year to have some one in charge
during the whole time of the Show.

South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. — This
exhibit included a very attractive display illustrative of apple-
boxing. The College has done much pioneer work in this
direction wirh very satisfactory results, and careful grading
and packing are beginning to revolutionise the English apple
trade. Some boxes Avere shown of fruit packed in paper, and

284 Agricultural Education Exhibition } Bristol , 1913.

though the appearance is less attractive the practice is on the
increase, as it necessitates less careful grading.

Some valuable information was obtainable at this stand on
diseases caused by fungi. Gooseberry mildew was shown in
both the summer and winter stages, and further evidence was
to be seen of the excellent results arising from the use of lime-
sulphur wash.

Another striking exhibit was a specimen of “ black scab ”
in apple and pear trees. Crown-gall in Lucerne ( Uropheycles
Alfalfce) has only so far been found in Kent, but is a disease
that is spreading and requires watching. Celery blight,
another subject that has been studied at Wye, is found on the
leaf in May, and a careful microscopical examination of the
seed will sometimes reveal the presence of the fungus.
Bordeaux mixture has been found to give complete protection.
The College made its usual excellent display of live insects in
jars, and there was also a series of photographs representing
fruit production in Kent.

Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. — Practically the
whole of this exhibit was devoted to a collection of wools from
pure and cross-bred sheep such as Shetland, Shetland crosses,
Manx and Manx crosses, many of which were exhibited in
another part of the Showyard by Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S. They
represent the primitive British breeds not met with at
Agricultural shows, which still persist in out-of-the-way places,
and from which some of our modern improved breeds have
been developed. The quality of the wool was undeniable, but
the ordinary man may not readily be convinced of the advan-
tages to be got by substituting any of these breeds, or their
crosses, for his own improved stock.

The Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Long
Ashton, Bristol. The interesting work now being carried on
by this Station was well illustrated by its exhibit. There
was a large display of ciders and perries, both from single
varieties and from mixed fruit, and a series of bottles con-
taining “ sick cider illustrated the production of this peculiar
disease, the life-history and treatment of which is now known.
Cultures of the pear-blossom bacillus, first isolated in this
laboratory, were shown, together with specimens of artificially
and naturally caused attacks on pear-blossom. This disease
causes the fruit to drop off at the time of setting, which
until recently has always been attributed to frost. A model
cider-press was also on view, together with specimens
illustrating the diseases of fruit trees due to insect and
fungoid pests, the propagation and pruning of fruit trees, &c.
The exhibit attracted very considerable attention from the
public.

Agricultural Education Exhibition , Bristol , 1913. 285

University College, Reading. Dairy Research Department. —

Dr. Williams had prepared for this exhibit some interesting
and instructive tables in regard to tuberculosis of animals, it
being estimated that the average annual loss to the country on
tuberculous stock is nearly 300, 0002. Another table showed
the variations that had been found where the tuberculin test
had been applied under improper conditions, and it was sought
to impress on visitors how absolutely necessary it was to have
the test, if done at all, performed under proper conditions.
Examples of milk free from organisms without any sterilising
process were shown, having been drawn direct from the cow
into a flask ; they were still quite sweet after the lapse of some
days.

Meteorological Office, South Kensington. — This was the first
time the Meteorological Office had contributed an exhibit, and
an interesting collection of apparatus and diagrams had been
got together. Various patterns of self-recording and other
instruments were on view, many of them being at work, and
the walls of the bay were covered with photographs and
diagrams, some illustrating the monthly records of the rain
distribution, and others giving the rainfall for London over a
period of 100 years. An interesting table showed how forecasts
are prepared, and an exceedingly valuable table was that
showing how the rainfall of the autumn influenced the yield
of the wheat crop the following year, whilst a separate sheet
gave the information for the eastern counties only. The usual
demonstration that has been given previously in the railed-off
enclosure adjoining the educational pavilion was not given this
year, but charts showing the observations that had been made
on the Showground each day were posted up for the use of the
public, together with the special daily forecast that was sent
from the Meteorological Office.

Agricultural Education Association.— Literature from all
Colleges and Experimental Stations throughout the country
-was collected as in previous years at this bay, showing the
work done at some twenty-two centres. Experience has shown
this to be one of the best ways of bringing before the public
the work of the different teaching and experimental stations.
The many enquiries for information from interested persons
shows the value of this stall.

Stonehenge Woollen Industry, Lake, near Salisbury. — An

interesting exhibit of different patterns of cloth made by the
women and girls of the district. The wool is spun in the
cottages and woven in the village room. Hampshire Down
wool from Salisbury Plain is largely used, and dyes are avoided
whenever possible, a great variety of patterns being obtainable
with ^combinations of natural black, grey, and white fleeces.

286 Forestry Exhibition at Bristol , 1913.

This is an attempt to revive an old cottage industry which
everyone will regard with sympathy.

Home-Grown Tobacco Competition. — Tobacco was exhibited
for the first time at the Doncaster Show last year, and this year
a much larger exhibit and competition was arranged by the
British Tobacco Growers Society. The competition filled very
well and the development in this new industry, not only in
Ireland, but also in England, Scotland, and Wales, is very
striking. Every stage in the production of the manufactured
article was illustrated by specimens on the various stands, and
cigarette and pipe tobacco made from British leaf was to be
seen in the exhibits of Lord Dunraven, Sir Nugent Everard,
and Mr. A. J. Brandon. In the competition it was noteworthy
that the tobacco from the poor sand of Norfolk excelled that
grown in Ireland. The development of this crop in the British
Isles will be watched with interest, for it may have a great
future, and it is a point very much in its favour that its culti-
vation would displace no other crop, whilst it might also be the
means of the reclamation of some of our poorest uncultivated
sands. The exhibit was crowded throughout the week.

Nature Study and Rural Education. County Councils
Association. — This exhibit grows in size and in popularity
every year, and the question of providing special accommoda-
tion for it may shortly have to be considered by the Society.
The work done by the boys and girls in the counties of Dorset,
Gloucester, Somerset and Worcester was of a very high standard,
and it was distinctly noticeable that the greater number of the
exhibits had a more direct bearing on agriculture and rural
economy than in some previous years. The work of the girls
in “Home-making” will add greatly to the health and comfort
of coming generations of farm-labourers and is capable of much
development in many areas.

FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT BRISTOL, 1913.

This Exhibition was again held in conjunction with the Royal
English Arboricultural Society, and the stewards of the section
were Mr. George Marshall and Mr. Coltman Rogers. As in
former years the more tender exhibits were staged within the
shed devoted to the section, and the more hardy sorts were
placed outside adjoining the shed.

There were two main divisions of exhibits, viz., Competitive
Classes for Medals and Classes for Exhibition. In the latter
class, however, the judges are empowered to award medals to
deserving exhibits. In both classes there were 180 entries.

Forestry Exhibition at Bristol , 1913. 287

There was rather a large competition in the classes devoted
to gates and wickets, which formed quite an interesting exhibit.

The all-important question of Fencing was embraced in
Classes 9 and 10, the former being devoted to fencing from
home-grown timber, wherein a very large latitude of design
was encouraged, and the latter to fencing, more especially
creosoted fencing, from foreign timber. In Class 9, Sir George
Cooper, Bart., was awarded silver medal, and in Class 10
Messrs. Armstrong, Addison & Co., Sunderland, silver medal,
and Messrs. English Bros., Ltd., Wisbech, bronze medal.

Class 11 is a very important section, inasmuch as it tries to
demonstrate sylvicultural principles together with economic
problems, by exhibiting “ specimens showing quality of any
timber grown on different soils and situations, and the respec-
tive ages at which it reaches marketable size and maturity,
accompanied by a short descriptive statement.” In this section
Earl Beauchamp was awarded silver medal.

This exhibit would be rendered more educational if, say,
fuller detailed statements were given as regards the full crop
of which the individual trees exhibited are examples, inasmuch
as the exhibit would then be a guide to a correct period of
rotation, or otherwise demonstrate that the period of profitable
rotation must be treated on the merits of the particular case
accruing from such factors as soil, situation, &c. In view of
the fact that we have few working plans on estates, information
of this kind would be valuable, more especially to owners
within the show area.

Class 12 solicited “ Specimens of Stems , and Boards cut
from them not exceeding 6 ft. in length, illustrating the effects
of dense and thin crops in branch suppression and quality of
timber.” Earl Beauchamp was awarded silver medal.

This is a very important exhibit, inasmuch as it demonstrates
the value of density in the younger stages of the crop. But
something should be further devised to demonstrate the value
of density according to species, having regard to the initial cost
of planting, For example, in the case of a pure crop of Scots
Pine planted at 3 ft. apart a great number soon fall behind in
the struggle for existence, and so at twenty years of age, follow-
ing good management, we get a very good numerical strength
asserting themselves as the “ survival of the fittest.” The
nature of a pure crop of Scots Pine is that the individual trees
do not grow equally in height in the younger stages, and so the
subsequent strong ones are improved in type — in fact a correct
type — as the result of the struggle. On the other hand a pure
crop of Spruce planted at 3 ft. apart (being generally considered
too close for this species) would at twenty years of age present
a crop of weakling poles, all equally weak, as the result of too

288 Forestry Exhibition at Bristol , 1913.

even a struggle, being the nature of this species, or as it were
the individual trees show a decided tendency to run too long
at a “ dead heat.” Hence the practical point to demonstrate is
that various species as crops should be planted at varying
distances apart, showing as far as possible in the first twenty or
thirty years of the rotation, the correct number of stems per
acre, together with the correct type of individual tree.

In Class 13, “ Nurserymen’s Competition, for the best exhibit
of Specimen and Ornamental Trees,” Messrs. Dicksons, Ltd.,
Chester, were awarded silver medal.

In the Classes for Exhibition, the Duke of Wellington,
Strathfieldsaye, Mortimer, was awarded a silver medal for a
general collection, comprising seedling trees, seeds and cones of
trees, examples of damage done by squirrels, &c. For a similar
general collection Earl Stanhope, Chevening, Sevenoaks, was
awarded a bronze medal. Dame Smyth, Ashton Court, and
Commissioners of Woods and Forests — Dean Forest — were
awarded a “highly commended.” In regard to the latter
exhibit, though not wishful to be invidious, it is only just to
say that the forester, Mr. Hugh Reid, showed some very good
exhibits in forest entomology, and also some interesting points
in fungi. As regards the latter, Mr. Reid has since furnished
the following note regarding Rhizina undulata: “ This fungus
has caused considerable damage after coniferous woods have
been felled and replanted. The fungus confines itself to the
coniferous trees, and as far as my observations go broad-leaved
species appear to be immune. Thus the remedy appears to be
in replanting with broad-leaved species only. The plan which
I have tried in allowing a twelve months’ rest after felling has
not been attended with much success. After two years’ rest,
however, when grass and weeds have grown, a steady dis-
appearance of the fungus follows. Hence it is probable that
the fungus exists on the raw humus layer. My experience
applies only to soils resting on carboniferous limestone.”

The Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, had a very
good exhibit for educational purposes, and special mention
might be made of the method of storing several specimens of
timbers after the manner of a library of books. A silver medal
was awarded for this exhibit.

Of the miscellaneous exhibits, mention may be made of
a special machine for winding lacing wire by Mr. Thomas
Armstrong, Eden Hall Estate, Langwathby, for which the
Judges awarded a “ commended.”

Messrs. Richardson & Son, 15, Barn Mill, Stamford, sent
some excellent photographs of large oaks — ” denizens of the
old forests ” — which did much in adding to the artistic side
of the Exhibition. Other photographs were sent by Messrs.

Forestry Exhibition at Bristol , 1913.

289

Trewhella Bros., Ltd., Birmingham, showing method of
uprooting trees.

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, and the
Selborne Society, both exhibited nesting boxes for the
encouragement of the more useful birds, and the former added
food wells and food tables. This class of exhibits is a very
commendable one, inasmuch as it suggests the association of
ornithology and forestry questions.

Messrs. Fisher, Son & Sibray, Ltd., Sheffield, presented a
most excellent stand of forestry tools, for which a silver medal
was awarded.

The gold medal offered by the Royal Agricultural Society
for the best general collection of exhibits in Classes 1-22 was
awarded to Earl Beauchamp. To the one who carries off a
gold medal congratulations may be deservedly offered, but in
this case they are doubly deserved as it is the second time
Earl Beauchamp has been awarded the gold medal. His
Lordship was awarded the same honour at Liverpool three
years ago, and much credit is due to Mr. Slater, the forester,
for his very enthusiastic labours and for the very fine manner
in which he displayed his exhibits.

Now that this most excellent Exhibition of Forestry has
been in existence for several years and has received such hearty
support from so many landowners, together with much labour
from estate agents and foresters, it becomes a question how
far the exhibition may be improved in order to present the
most salient educational features and demonstrate the more
important principles in forestry.

It is practically obvious that forestry exhibits differ from
agricultural exhibits, inasmuch as the latter can be entirely
produced in a season or two, whereas in the former it takes
a comparatively long time to produce a crop of timber. Thus
forestry exhibits must be of a varied nature, viz. : (1) examples
of the crop produced ; (2) the methods adopted to produce it ;

(3) the scientific principles associated with the production ; and

(4) the encouragement of planted plots to demonstrate the
principles of correct sylviculture. The question therefore
arises how is this to be done, and at the same time improve, if
possible, the exhibition as a whole ? A few points must be
borne in mind, viz. : (a) the full encouragement of exhibits
within the show area ; (6) the exhibition from specialists
(perhaps yearly repetition), having regard to fresh visitors ; and
(c) exhibitions from colleges of an educational character, but
not in competition with private collectors.

The above are only suggestions, but as it requires a con-
siderable time to arrange for an exhibition it is essential to
invite an early response, tabulate the “ acceptances,” and then

VOL. 74. L

290 Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition , 1913.

allocate the work in such a manner as would embrace the
enthusiasm or predilection of the individual exhibitor, and
prevent, as far as possible, overlapping or repetition, but at the
same time focus on the aggregate result.

A. T. Gillanders.

Park Cottage,

Alnwick.

REPORT OF JUDGES ON PLANTATIONS
AND HOME NURSERIES COMPETITION,

I9I3-

The counties of Monmouthshire, Somerset, Devon and
Cornwall were those included in the annual Plantation
Competition in connection with the Royal Agricultural
Show at Bristol.

Although these four counties are particularly rich in well-
timbered estates, and although the production of coniferous
and other timber is of more importance to them than possibly
any other four counties in England, the entries were somewhat
disappointing. They included : Monmouthshire eleven,
Somerset fourteen, Devon two, Cornwall' none. Any deficiency
in quantity, however, was made up in quality, and in several
of the classes it would be difficult to find more interesting
examples of forestry.

Since a full detailed report of the entries appeared in the
October issue of The Journal of Forestry, it is intended here to
speak more in general terms and to refer to several points that
apply to all competitions, and also emphasise certain errors
which are so general in this country.

We might first place on record the great good which these
competitions are doing to create interest in forestry and the
improvement of woods, and a healthy rivalry between the
different estates. They also lead to discussions on important
points and help the solution of pressing problems relating to
forestry in this country.

The same rule applies to these as to all other competitions
that the best men take the lead and enter their woods, and,
though they may have suffered from special handicaps, or even
made mistakes, they are not ashamed of risking criticism or
adverse awards. The motto applicable to these competitions is
that it is better to ha^ve competed and lost than not to have
competed at all ; and it is a pity that others, who have often
quite good things to enter, should betray so much hesitation in
doing so. As in other crops, the best crop of trees does not

Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition, 1913. 291

necessarily reflect the greatest credit on the management, and,
when special difficulties relating to soil, situation, pests, &c.,
have to be overcome, the final result is often more creditable
to those who have had to tackle these problems than in cases
where all the conditions were specially favourable.

It is to be hoped that in future more entries will be obtained
from those who are attempting to apply “systematic manage-
ment of a woodland area, including the renovation and
conversion of an unprofitable wood into a profitable condition.”

Rather than confining ourselves to unlimited praise, it is
better in a report to point to mistakes, so that these can be
prevented in future. Previous reports have dwelt on common
mistakes which are made in planting, and it is the more
important again to emphasise them since these are so general,
but it must not be thought that they apply particularly to the
entries in this competition. The most common mistake is that
of planting Scots pine without sufficient consideration for the
ultimate result and the effect on the remainder of the crop.
Scots pine has been called the “ last resort of the forester,” and
it seems to justify this reputation. We hear frequent warnings
against planting trees which are called “ exotics,” and certainly
caution is necessary with a tree that has not been sufficiently
tested. As far as England is concerned, however, it is doubtful
if in the future we shall lose as much money or obtain such
poor results from so-called/4 exotics ” as we have done in the
past by planting Scots pine in all kinds of unsuitable mixtures,
on all sorts of soils (many of which would produce far more
valuable trees), and the ultimate result being to produce
knotty and iuferior timber. The value of the timber of
Scots pine — especially that grown in England — must, in any
case, in the future be poor in comparison with such timber as
ash, Spanish chestnut, and other of our hardwoods, which
deserve far more attention than they receive.

Another common mistake — also referred to by previous
Judges — is that of attempting to produce oak by planting the
trees at 12 ft. or more apart, and filling in with so-called
nurses. Unless these mixtures receive constant attention and
supervision the “ nurse ” often consumes the “ child ” ; but,
apart from this, there are other obvious objections. In the
production of oak the survival of the fittest is most important,
and the difference in vigour and character of oak saplings can
be seen wherever there is a crop to inspect. When planted at
a large distance apart almost each individual tree has to be
relied on for the final crop, and this is most unwise with a tree
where considerable selection is so necessary.

The origin of this mistake probably lies in imagining that
all trees should be treated alike. Larch, for instance, lends

292 Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition , 1913.

itself to wider planting than Scots pine, oak or beech. All
trees require different treatment, and their respective require-
ments should be studied, whereas the want of proper attention
to this point is responsible for such incorrect mixtures as larch,
Scots, and oak. This latter is quite a common mixture and the
result is to produce inferior timber of all three, and, since
there is no shade-bearer present to preserve the fertility of the
soil, both the crop and the land must necessarily suffer.

It seems advisable to emphasise the importance of a proper
and definite policy when planting, and to give careful con-
sideration to all the necessary points. After deciding on the
trees most Suitable to the soil, aspect, and general conditions,
and how far these should be planted pure or mixed, the most
important point for careful consideration is the local or other
markets which can be cultivated, so as to ensure a proper
demand either for the thinnings or for the mature timber.
Other points for consideration are questions of an early return,
the requirements of game, shelter, &c., and taking precautions
as to damage by insects, fungi, voles, rabbits, &c. If possible,
it is an advantage to be able to realise the crop at any reasonable
age.

It might appear superfluous to refer to the individual
requirements of the trees and to the important difference
between the light-demanders and shade-bearers. When, how-
ever, one sees the mixtures advocated by nurserymen and
others, no apology is needed for emphasising this point, and it
cannot be too often impressed on planters that mixtures should
be simple and limited to as few species as possible.

A common mistake, illustrated in some of the entries, was
that of leaving a few single standards of oak, &c., after the
wood had been practically clear-felled preparatory to replanting
with conifers. Although it might appear a pity to fell promising-
looking saplings, the result, when these were isolated and
exposed to the sun and gales (from which they had received
protection in their early years), is invariably the production of
epicormic branches, with consequent stagheadedness and a
generally forlorn appearance. However promising these trees
may have appeared, it is usually far better entirely to clear-fell
and replant.

The majority of the entries were far more free from these
mistakes than is usual and several were of especial merit.
There were instances of original and creditable experiments
showing considerable forethought and consideration, and we
noticed with pleasure that, in place of relying on the few
varieties which had been planted on the estate in the past,
small groups of other trees had been inserted as an experi-
mental planting for future guidance. When we remember the

Plantations and Home Nurseries Competition , 1913. 293

specimens of such trees as Douglas fir and others, which now
serve as a guide of great value to the estate for future planting,
such experiments are to be commended for their originality
and forethought.

Another point which we were glad to note was the planting
of pure species in certain cases where they were likely to
succeed, rather than the promiscuous mixture of trees which is
often planted, on the excuse that if one does not thrive the
other may, and which usually results in the production , of

inferior timber of each variety.

We were also glad to note that in many instances special
attention had been given to the markets for which the timber
was to be produced, and alternatives had been considered should
the rotation be altered.

We were struck with the general healthiness of the majority
of the entries, and especially the absence of any serious damage
by insect pests or fungi. Even the common larch disease, with
one or two exceptions, was not at all conspicuous, and insect
pests were also refreshingly absent. Wherever insect pests
required to be dealt with, proper attention had been given to
the subject.

The worst pest in the hardwoods was the Ash Bud Moth
( Prays curtisella ) and on one estate this was doing considerable
damage. A. ryyrestTita Iceviyatella was common on the Laich,
and in one case, in the hope of checking it, the side-shoots were
being removed, but it was doubtful if this w^as justified.

It would be difficult, in any competition, to find a more
interesting estate than Dunster Castle, with the plantations
planted by the late G. F. Luttrell, Esq. It is doubtful whether
there is any estate in England which reflects more credit on the
€ person who planted the timber, and shows more careful thought,
consideration and study, than this Somerset estate. AVfith
scarcely any guide as to which trees would be most suitable to
plant in face of the special and exceptional difficulties from
poverty of soil, animals and other pests, gales, &c., several of
these plantations are now of considerable age ; and, in spite of
the increased knowledge and experience which have since been
acquired, it would be a bold man who would suggest that he
could have done better, or could even now point to many mis-
takes

Ashton Court, Lady Smyth’s estate near Bristol, and the
Trelleck Grange estate of Mr. Crompton Roberts, Monmouth-
shire, were also worthy of note.

Since there are so many good estates in South Devon, and
in Cornwall, where forestry is important and where it has been
developed to a considerable pitch of perfection, it was
disappointing that entries had not been more general from

294

Farm Prize Competition f 1913.

these i districts. The Bath and West Show at Trnro, provisional
valuations, and other pressing problems engaging landowners’
and land agents’ attention, were doubtless responsible to some
extent, but this only reflects greater credit on those who did
compete.

A full list of the awards will be found in the Appendix.

M. C. Duchesne.

H. A. Pritchard.

THE FARM PRIZE COMPETITIONS.

The farm prize competitions in connection with the Bristol
Meeting in 1913 covered a wide area, including as they did the
three shires of Gloucester, Somerset and Dorset. Within the
boundaries of these counties may be found almost every type
of soil, climate, and of farming, from the calcareous soils of
the Cotswolds and the Dorset Downs, with their large sheep
population and characteristic arable farming down into the
Cheddar valley and the rich dairying districts of Somerset.
It is thirty-five years since the Society visited Bristol, and the
year 1878 may be said almost to mark the beginning of the
great period of depression which culminated in the early
nineties, and from which we have only begun to recover
during the past few years. In 1877 the average price of wheat
was 56s. 9 d.t but in the year following it had dropped more
than 10s., and thereafter the tendency was almost always to
lower levels until bottom was touched in the year 1894 with
the price at 22s. 10d It is not necessary here to refer to the
causes of this fall, indeed they are generally known, but it*
may be of interest to examine the changes in the agricultural
population and in the crops and livestock on the land during
that period as revealed by the agricultural and the census
returns in the three counties covered by the competition.

Briefly examining the accompanying returns (supplied by the
kindness of Mr. R. H. Rew, C.B., of the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries), it appears that in Gloucestershire about
81 per cent, of the total area of land and water is farmed
at the present day, whilst in Somerset and in Dorset the
proportions are 82 per cent, and 7 6 per cent, respectively.
The area under cultivation has declined during the period
1878-1912 in Gloucester by some 32 per cent., in Somerset
38 per cent., and in Dorset by 28 per cent. As the total
farming area shows practically no variation in the three
counties it follows that the whole of the land gone out of
cultivation has been laid down to permanent grass. Coming to

29

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

Acreage under Crops and Grass in Gloucester , Somerset , and Dorset ,

in 1912 and 1878.

Gloucester

1912

1878

Changes

shown

Arable Land ....

Acres

232,053

Acres

341,769

Acres

-109,716

Permanent Grass

422,078

307,026

+115,052

All Farm Land ....

654,131

648,795

+ 5.336

Rough Grazings

8,917

O)

—

Woodlands

61,184

(a)

—

Corn Crops : —

Wheat

47.680

90,565

- 42,885

Barley

23,662

42,132

- 18,470

Oats ......

34,449

18,009

+ 16,440

Rye

481

285

+ 196

Beans

7,849

14,816

- 6,967

Peas . . . . . .

1,984

6,708

- 4,724

All Corn Crops ....

116.105

172,515

- 56,410

Root and Green Crops

Potatoes

2,942

5,674

- 2,732

Turnips and Swedes .

25,130

39.697

- 14.567

Mangolds

7,547

3,061

+ 4,486

Cabbage

814

477

+ 337

Kohl-Rabi ....

138

.25

+ 113

Rape . . .

490

570

80

Vetches or Tares .

4,953

10,551

- 5,598

Lucerne

896

277

+ 619

All Root and Green Crops

42.910

60.332

- 17,422

Clover, Sainfoin, l For Hay

42,073

57,262

- 15,189

and Grasses under V Not
Rotation . . j for Hay

24,125

37.017

- 12.892

Total

66,198

94,279

- 28,081

Permanent 1 For Hay .

178,082

131,125

+ 46,957

Grass . j Not for Hay

243,996

175,901

+ 68,095

Total

422,078

307,026

+115,052

Orchards : —

Apples . . . . *

11,1187,

(3)

Pears

2,405

(3)

—

Cherries

259 J

(3)

—

Plums

1,030$

(3)

—

Mixed .

4,154

(3)

—

All Orchards . .

18,967?

12,290

+ 6,677?

Small Fruit : —

Strawberries ....

1634

(4)

—

Raspberries . . • .

79f

(4)

—

Currants and Gooseberries

438|

(V

—

Mixed .....

966$

n

—

All Small Fruit .

1,6484

(5)

—

Other Crops: —

13

Carrots

86

99

Onions

130

(6)

— ;

Buckwheat . ...

37

(7)

—

Flax

2

1

+ 1

Sugar-beet ....

60

—

—

Celery

65

—

—

Rhubarb

80

—

—

Others

1,433

2,280

- 847

All other Crops

1,893

2,380

487

Bare Fallow ....

3,299

12.236

- 8.964

Total Area of Land and W ater

805,794

804,977

—

Somerset

Dorset

1912

1878 .

Changes

shown

1912

1878

Changes

shown

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acn s

Acres

Acres

172,416

282,735

110,319

167,082

233,865

- 66.783

678.035

566,356

+111.679

309.861

249,883

+ 59,978

850.451

849,091

+

1,360

476.943

483,748

- 6,805

58,967

C1)

—

28,115

(x)

—

46,78.8

(2)

—

38,869

(2)

—

29,807

72,775

42,968

19,742

43,607

- 23,865

18,916

32,408

—

13.492

20,742

38,652

- 17,910

30,724

22.174

+

8,550

34,130

21,320

+ 12,810

428

426

+

142

1,249

956

+ 293

7,184

11,824

—

4,640

1,148

2 514

- 1,366

723

2,705

—

1.982

529

3,392

- 2,863

87,782

142,316

—

54,534

77,540

110.441

- 32,901

3,916

8.659

4,743

1.715

2,559

844

18,760

32,408

—

13,648

31,223

41,732

- 10 509

14,381

10,170

+

4.211

7.458

4,567

+ 2 891

1,066

366

+

700

437

495

58

170

16

+

154

93

45

+ 48

2,245

3,048

—

803

1,542

2.911

- 1,369

1.755

7,403

T-

5,648

3,881

7,906

- 4,025

586

126

+

460

273

169

+ 104

42,879

62,196

—

19.317

46,622

60,384

- 13,762

20,395

37,780

-

17,385

25,181

36,060

- 10,879

16,785

28.552

—

11.767

14.061

19,230

- 5.169

37,180

66,332

—

29,152

39.242

55.290

- 16.048

269,115

203,411

+

65,704

103.975

85,808

+ 18,167

408,920

362,945

+

45,975

205.886

164.075

+ 41,811

678,035

566,356

+111.679

309.861

249,883

+ 59,978

23,540

(3)

4,021$

<3)

.

57$

(3)

1

22$

(3)

—

144$

(3)

—

18$

(3)

—

54$

+3)

—

11$

(3)

— “

177$

<3)

—

67$

(3)

—

23,974

22,492

+

1.482

4,140?

3.636

+ 504|

311

(4)

38|

(4)

_

35$

(4)

—

10$

(4)

—

187$

(4)

—

37

(4)

—

564

(4)

—

113$

(4)

—

1,098

(5)

—

199$

(5)

—

125

162

37

35

64

29

42

(6)

—

9

(6)

—

42

(7)

—

13

(7)

—

70

600

-

530

18

430

412

47

—

—

1

—

—

10

—

—

3

—

—

20

—

—

7

—

—

• 1,300

1.323

-

23

737

874

137

1,656

2,085

-

429

823

1.368

545

1,821

9,826

—

8.005

2.656

6,382

- 3.726

1,037,642

1,049,815

—

625,902

627.265

-

i The acreage of Rough Grazings (mountain and heathland used for grazing) was first collected in 1892, when the areas m
Gloucester, Somerset, and Dorset were 39,417, 12,867 and 5,059 acrasjespe^vely. ^ B1 0fi7 for somerset

a, The acreage of Woodlands was not collected in 1878, but the acreage in 1880 for Gloucester was 51,967 acres, for

Details of the acreage under Small Fruit were first collected m 1907 when Somerset had 367 aci es of! !
of Raspberries, 1294 acres of Currants and Gooseberries, and 134ft acres i of Mixed Fruits ; while ^[setre turned 494 .
of Strawberries, 4$ of Raspberries, 20 of Currants and Gooseberries, and 54$ of Mixed Fiuit; and Gloucester returned 501
acres of Strawberries. 170$ of Raspberries, 567| of Currants and Gooseberries, and 375$ Mixed rAtnrnpd 2fiS fi3 and

The total acreage under Small Fruit was first collected m 1888 when Somerset, Dorset and Gloucester returned 288, 63 ana

The ^Lfreage' 'o^Onions was first collected in 1904, when Somerset, Dorset, and* Gloucester returned 20, 6, and 80 acres,

TheTcreSunder Buckwheat was first collected in 1903 when Somerset, Dorset, and Gloucester returned 28, 31 and 20 acres,
respectively.

296

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

Number of Live Stock in Gloucester , Somerset and Dorset

in 1912 and 1878.

Gloucester

Somerset

Dorset

1912

1878

Changes

shown

1912

1878

Changes

shown

1912

1878

Changes

shown

Horses

Agricultural ....
Stallions for Service
Unbroken — 1 year and over
„ under 1 year .

Others 1

No.
20,622
138)
4,208 }

1,602 j

4,652

No.

19,758

5,967

No.

+ 864

- 19

No.
27,832
160)
5,890 (
2,482 j
5,573

No.

24,117

9,950

No.

+ 3,715

- 1,418

No.
13,240
521
1,583 [
551 j
2,518

No.

13,262

2,958

No.

— 22

- 772

—

All Horses

31,222

25,725

+ 5,497

41,937

34,067

+ 7,870

17,944

16,220

+ 1,724

Cattle : —

Cows and Heifers— in milk .

„ „ in calf, )

but not in milk . J

Others— 2 years and over .

„ 1 year and under 2

,, under 1 year .

35,529 1

9,875 1

25,670
34,115 \
26,720 j

35,927

26,776

44,533

+ 9,477

— 1,106
+ 16,302

102,369 1

19,812 J

41,426
41,574 1
35,365 j

98,202

44,657

58,685

+ 23,979

- 3,231
+ 18,254

50,857 1
9,151 j

10,327
12,513 )
11,811 j

49,148

10,726

17,601

+ 10,860

— 339

+ 6,723

All Cattle

131,909

107,236

+24,673

240,546

201,544

+ 39.002

94,659

77,475

+ 17184

Sheep

Breeding Ewes

Others— 1 year and over
„ under 1 year .

129,418 1
51,851 j
145,612

244,484

172,369

-63,215

-26,757

165,451 )
115,024 J
155,893

467,186

219,428

—186,711
— 63,535

157,983 )
41,851 J
113.842

318,528

183,729

- 118,694
— 69,887

All Sheep

326,881

416,853

-89,972

436,368

686,614

—250,246

313,676

502,257

- 188,581

Pigs :—

Breeding Sows

Others

9,586

69,334

—

—

11,357

106,146

—

—

6,451

50,243

' —

—

All Pigs .

78,920

69,331

+ 9,589 |

117,503

106,173

+ 11,330

56,694

45,658

+ 11,036

1 Other horses were not included in the returns until 1911.

the changes in. the various crops, wheat shows by far the
biggest decline in all three counties, followed in each case by
bailey, beans and peas in the order given, except in the case
of Dorset where the decline in the area under peas exceeds
that under beans. In each county the area under oats has •
mci eased very appreciably ( + 16,440 acres in Gloucester, and
+ 12,810 acres in Dorset), having probably replaced the wheat
crop to a certain extent (and it is noteworthy that this increase
has been attended with serious outbreaks of eel- worm attacks
upon the crop) ; there are trifling increases in the amount of
giown. Root and green crops show in most cases cor-
responding declines ; there are large reductions in the areas
devoted to turnips and swedes, and it is a little surprising to
note that potatoes also show a very considerable decline
amounting . to as much as 50 per cent, in Gloucester, and
even moie in Somerset. Mangolds, on the other hand, show
practically a 50 per cent, increase in the three counties, and

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

297

there are large advances in the proportion of cabbage grown in
Gloucester and in Somerset, amounting to 70 per cent, in the
former and 190 per cent, in the latter. A much larger area
also of lucerne is now grown, there being an increase of 223
per cent, in Gloucester, 365 per cent, in Somerset, and 62 per
cent, in Dorset. Probably the increase in dairying, particularly
in the direction of milk-production for the town supply, will
account for the increased area under these crops. Rotation
grasses have declined 30 per cent.

Coming to fruit and vegetables, there has been a considerable
development in orchard fruit, particularly in Gloucester, where
the increase in the planted area amounts to 54 per cent. The
increase in small fruit is even more marked. Figures are not
available for 1878, in fact, they were not collected until ten
years later, but since the year 1888 the acreage has increased
by 58 per cent, in Gloucester, 281 per cent, in Somerset, and
216 per cent, in Dorset. The increase in acreage of both
orchard and small fruit has been accompanied by a corre-
sponding improvement in the methods of management, and
with the increasing demand for high-class English fruit and
the growing consumption of cider, there is every reason to
anticipate a further development in this department of
agriculture.

The areas under minor crops hardly call for notice, but the
virtual abandonment of flax-growing in Somerset and Dorset is
noteworthy in connection with the movement recently set on
foot by the British Flax and Hemp Growers Society1 for the
re-introduction of this crop in various localities. Gloucester
does not appear to have grown more than two acres of flax in
any year for some time.

Teazles are another unimportant but interesting crop still
cultivated in Somerset, and a description of the methods
pursued will be found in another part of this volume.2

The custom of bare fallowing has declined very considerably
during the period under review, and whilst the actual pei-
centages (73 per cent, in Gloucester, 81 per cent, in Somerset,
and 58 per cent, in Dorset) are no doubt affected to some
extent by weather conditions in the years 1878 and 1912, they
suffice to show the tendency to more intensive cultivation.

Coming to the live stock, it might be expected: that the
decline in the area under the plough would be accompanied by
a reduction in the number of agricultural horses, but this is not
the fact. In Dorset there is no variation, and in Gloucester
there is a small increase amounting to 4 per cent, whilst in
Somerset there is an increase of no less than 15 per cent.

1 See page 127.

2iSee page 163.

298

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

Similar increases in the face of declines in the area of cultivated
land have been noted in other districts, and the reason is not
very obvious, unless it be that cultivation is becoming more
intensive, or that the development of horse-labour in connection
with such implements as reapers, binders, and mowing machines
in the. last thirty years has more than compensated for the
reduction in the plough-land. Or it may be that the breeding
of heavy horses by tenant farmers is less localised than it used
to be, and that the demand for horses for the towns has
increased. The increase in dairying is again brought out by
the statistics, for cows and heifers in milk or in calf have
increased by 23 per cent, in Gloucester, 24 per cent, in Somerset,
and 22 per cent, in Dorset. In the case of other cattle the
numbers of two-year-old and over show a decline in each
county, whilst there is a very large increase in the numbers
under two years. Probably the increase in the attention
devoted to dairying has led to an increase in the number of
in-calf heifers, which are included with the cows, with a
corresponding decline in the head of two-year-old bullocks.
“All Cattle” show gains of 23 per cent, in Gloucester, 18 per
cent, in Somerset, and 22 per cent, in Dorset, and having
regard to these figures it is only natural to find a very large
decrease in the sheep stock of the three counties. The declines
amount to 21 per cent, in Gloucester, and to 36 per cent, in
both Somerset and Dorset. The increase in pigs is no doubt
consequent on the increase in dairying, and amounts to 11 per
cent, in Gloucester, 10 per cent, in Somerset, and 26 per cent,
in Dorset.

Coming to the census figures, the table on p. 299 shows the
numbers and grades of persons concerned in agriculture in the
three counties in 1911 and in 1881.

In some respects the comparisons between 1881 and 1911
are not easy to follow, and it rather appears that too much
i eljance must not in all cases be placed on them. For example,
it is not easy to understand why farmers and graziers should
have increased by 23 per cent, in Gloucester and by 26 per
cent, in Dorset, whilst remaining practically at the same figure
in Somei set. Again, it must surely be that relatives were more
in the habit of assisting on farms thirty years ago than at
the present day, but from the figures in the table it would
seem that the contrary is the case, and that their number has
increased bj 39 per cent, in Gloucester, by 25 per cent, in
Somerset, and by no less than 103 per cent, in Dorset. The
tendency towaids smaller farms and the increase in the number
of small holdings would no doubt account for a larger pro-
portion of the family assisting in the work of the farm, but

Farm Prize • Competition, 1913.

299

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37,212

1911

7,031

3,405

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2,665

13,380

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300

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

probably the real explanation is that the census returns are
filled up nowadays with more attention to detail.

When we come to the labourers (all classes) it is more likely
that the tables give a true comparison and the rural exodus
is brought out very clearly. Within the last thirty years
Gloucestershire has lost 28 per cent, of its farm labourers,
Somerset 33 per cent., and Dorset 25 per cent. Female labour
shows an even greater decline, but there are, of course,
explanations for this other than agricultural depression.

It would have been of interest to compare the numbers of
those engaged in village industries in 1881 with those in 1911,
but the census returns for these two years do not seem to lend
themselves to any reliable comparison.

The age-classes of f&rm labourers are of interest as showing
the migration of the men from the country districts. Figures
are not available for 1881, but in the following table abstracted
from the 1911 census it will be noted how in every county the
number of lads going to work on farms increases each year
from ten to sixteen years of age. Afterwards it is interesting
to note how the labour requirements of other trades, and no
doubt to some extent the attraction of the towns and the oppor-
tunities offered by the Colonies, assert themselves, and from
seventeen years onwards there is a steady reduction. It is also
noteworthy that the men twenty-five years of age and over
outnumber those under twenty-five years by just two to one : —

Aggregate of
Rural Districts,
1911

Gloucestershire

Somersetshire

Labourers

(all classes ) ages

No.

No.

10

2

15]

13

244

294

14

492

597

15

491

Total

645

Total

16

525

\ under 25,

676

> under 25

17

510

4,456

625

5,841

18

426

545

19

361

539

20

1,405/

1,905'

25

2,006\

2,800\

35

1,977

Total 25

2,620

Total 25

45

1,902

> and over,

2,449

- and over

55

1,334 1

8,242

1,672

10,756

65

1,023/

1,215/

Dorsetshire

No.

7

43
308
367
369 )
398
343
325
1,294 /
1,790\
1,585
1,437 b
1,020
760/

Total
under 25,
3,454

Total 25
and over,
6,592

Coming to the Farm Competitions, prizes were offered in
five classes — two classes for farms in Gloucestershire, and
three classes for farms in Somerset and Dorset. The entries
were as follows : —

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

301

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Farm Prize Competition } 1913.

305

All the farms are Lady-day farms, and it is noteworthy that
there is not a single leasehold tenancy amongst the entries.
The contract of tenancy requiring two years’ notice from either
side to determine it is of interest in view of the suggestion
recently put forward to make this length of notice legally
necessary. Another and still more notable feature is the
number of the tenants entering from the Ashton Court Estate,
belonging to Dame Emily Smyth. On this property it has been
the custom for some years to hold competitions for the best
farm on the estate annually, and the winners are disqualified
from competing again for a certain period. The excellent
effect of this custom upon the quality of the farming upon the
estate are evidenced by the Judge’s awards in this year’s
competition, for all those of Lady Smyth’s tenants entering
received notice.

The instructions to the Judges were specially to consider : —

General management, with a view to profit.

System of cropping ; cleanliness and management of
both arable and grass land.

Quality and suitability of live stock, especially that bred
upon the farm.

State of gates, fences, roads, general neatness, and state
of cottages, as far as tenant is liable.

Management of the dairy and dairy produce where
dairying is pursued.

The duration of the tenancy.

Mode of book-keeping followed (if any).

Gloucestershire.

The first-prize farm in Class 1 is that of Mr. George H.
Jones, at Badminton. The charming old house and the home-
stead adjoin the Park, and on the occasion of a visit1 the
beautiful herd of the old Gloucestershire breed of cattle,2
belonging to the Duke of Beaufort, were to be seen grazing
near the gates. The farm is situated towards the western
extremity of the Cotswolds, on the road from Cirencester to
Bristol, being distant about twenty miles from Cirencester,
about fifteen miles from Bristol and Bath, and about ten miles
from Chippenham.

The farm is 810 acres in extent, of which less than one-
third is permanent pasture ; the soil is the “ brashy ” soil .of
the Cotswolds, and inclined to dry out, and a general d.esciip-
tion of the farming of the district appears elsewhere in this

volume.2

Most of the remarks in the Repoits following relate to visits in June and July.
For a description of this breed see R.A.S.E. Journal, Vol. 70, page 41o.

See page 22.

306 Farm Prize Competition, 1913.

The buildings, though serving their purpose, are only fairly
good when contrasted with the magnificent homesteads of the
Midlands and northern parts of England, and whilst the absence
of anything in the way of “window-dressing” is to be com-
mended, a little more tidiness about the premises would be an
advantage. Some useful Dutch barns enable the tenant to
market considerable quantities of wheat straw in good condi-
tion, and at three convenient points on the holding there are
additional premises for stock.

Mr. Jones follows a five-field system of cropping, with seeds
left down for two years, but a considerable breadth of sainfoin
left down as long as it will stand breaks into the- rotation to a
certain extent. The cropping for this year was as follows : —

96 acr^s roots ( i.e ., mangolds, swedes, turnips, rape and kale)
108 „ barley

80 ,, 1st year clover

78 ,, 2nd year clover

93 ,, wheat

44 ,, oats

48 ,, sainfoin

547

The roots receive 4 cwt. superphosphate, and up to 10 tons
of dung when it can be spared. It is the practice to sow four
rows of swedes and one row of kale, and upon this mixed keep
the sheep thrive exceedingly. Last year’s swede crop was an
excellent one, but the young plants this year were rather late,
and having regard to the dryness of the season the land was
none too clean. No doubt the sainfoin leys and the custom of
keeping clover down for two years tend to increase the
difficulty of cleaning the land. The barley was rather late
sown owing to excessive rains, but looked well, and was
promising a heavy crop. Both autumn and spring wheat is
grown, following sainfoin or clover on which most of the dung
has been spread. This year (June) the crop was beautifully
level and full of promise. The clovers, too, had done well in
this season of record hay crops, and there was an excellent
field of sainfoin, part of which was being grazed by the lambs,
whilst the remainder had given a heavy cut of hay. Like
most of those who have had experience of this crop, Mr. Jones
finds that the land requires a long rest from it, and once in
twenty years is said to be often enough for a crop of sainfoin.
With the few reservations made above, the management of the
arable land appeared to be excellent.

The horses are a useful stamp of Shire ; a few foals are bred
and a few more bought each year, Mr. Jones’ practice being to
keep selling out at six and seven years all those good enough
for road work in the towns. A good deal of the ploughing is

Farm Prize Competition, 1913.

307

done with three horses abreast in double-furrow ploughs. The
condition of the horses and their harness bore witness to that
care and attention on the part of the horsemen which is so
characteristic of these men in almost every part of the country.

The cattle are managed mainly for the production of beef,
but Mr. Jones also rears a few young bulls. There are nine
Shorthorn cows, all of good quality, which rear about four
calves each. The practice of the tenant is to buy only well-
bred Shorthorn calves from the best herds for this purpose, and
the Judges specially remarked upon the quality of the yearlings
shown to them. A few of them are kept each year for sale as
farmers’ bulls, and the steers are ready for the butcher at two
years. The calves are weaned as soon as possible and kept
going Avith cake and meal up to 21b. until about eighteen months,
when they go out to grass. Cattle In the yards are finished on
mixed meal and roots.

The flock consists of 306 Hampshire ewes, and the Judges
specially remarked upon the high standard of uniformity and
excellence they presented, proof of care and skill in selection
and mating exercised over many years. This year’s crop of
lambs represents nearly 1^ per ewe. The sheep are on the
arable land nearly all the year, turnips, swedes, and kale in the
winter, and clover and sainfoin in the summer. This close
stocking of the plough-lands with sheep is essential in the
management of the light dry soil of which the farm is mostly
composed, though whether the custom of manuring the corn
crops solely through the sheep, helped out with dung from the
yards, might not be varied and improved by the addition of
judicious quantities of artificial manures is a point well worthy
of consideration. As soon as the lambs can eat they get some
cake and meal, and the quantity is increased until they are
getting \ lb. daily. They are weaned on the sainfoin. About
100 ewe lambs are brought into the flock each year, and the
remainder of the lambs, together with upwards of 150 more
which are bought in the autumn, are fed during the winter
and early spring.

Mr. Jones feeds a good many pigs, both large blacks, and
the local black and white Gloucester breed. Most of them are
bred on the farm, a few young pigs being occasionally bought,
and upwards of 100 are sent to the bacon factories each year.

Mr. Jones keeps a careful record of receipts and payments,
and his farm may fairly be said to be representative of the best
management of the district. He is assisted in his work by
Mr. Barton, and the well-filled nag stable enables them to be
constantly amongst the men on this large holding, whilst
testifying also to their love of that sport for which the great
estate on which they live has so long been famous.

I

308

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

The second prize in Class I. was awarded to Mr. Henry
Bridgman, for Cleeve Hill Farm, Down end, Bristol. His farm
is situated about four miles north-east from Bristol ; it is about
45Q acres in extent, rather more than one-half being grass.
The soil is light, overlying the Pennant grit, which is not
generally productive of the best soils. The farm-house is
pleasantly situated, and the buildings are commodious and
well planned. In some points they require bringing up to date
a little, as for example in the floors of the cowhouses, which are
not laid to admit of the cows’ udders being kept clean. The

hedges and the stone walls were in

good repair, but the nettles

in both might be kept closer cut with advantage. Mr. Bridgman
aims at having the same quantity of land under corn as under

roots and clover every year, but he does not adhere strictly to a
rotation. His cropping for this year was : —

Boots ....

50 acres.

Barley ....

45 „

Clover ....

50 „

Peas ....

6 „

Wheat . .

35 ,,

Oats ....

. 14 „

200

Vetches and trifolium are grown as catch crops, and the
land is sown with roots when they come off. The roots receive
artificial manure, but superphosphate is avoided on account
of the tendency to finger-and-toe on this land. Probably
a dressing of lime would prevent this, and would also have a
mellowing influence on the soil. The steely nature of the clods
also suggested the need for lime, and it might be remarked that
it is a pity farmers do not more generally avail themselves of
the facilities for cheap analysis for lime in soils which are
offered nowadays in every locality. A field of swedes showed
signs of good heart, and was fairly clean, the only weeds being
annuals in the rows, which would disappear in the singling ;
but the judges commented on the dirty state of a fallow after
wheat following sainfoin. Thus, the difficulty of cleaning light
land after an old sainfoin ley again appears, and it might be
worth while to consider the advisability of taking a crop of
mustard after sainfoin, and then vetches, to smother some
of the weeds, before putting in wheat. Only a few rows of
potatoes, grown for the men, were to be seen ; formerly more
were grown and sold in the ground to Bristol dealers at prices
ranging from 1 51. to 20 1. per acre. No artificials were used,
and considering the proximity of a splendid market it seems a
question whether the crop might not once more be exceedingly
profitable if grown in accordance with more modern ideas on
manuring.

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

309

The barley showed signs of excellent tillage ; it is not Mr.
Bridgman’s custom to use any artificial with this crop, and its
appearance might have been improved by the addition of some
phosphatic manure. There was an excellent plant, evenly
germinated, but thin and inclined somewhat to a starved
appearance.

The seeds were Sutton’s No. 2 mixture, which is always
used by Mr. Bridgman, although he rarely leaves it down for
two years. There was a fair stack of rye-grass hay, made from
a mixture of trifolium and rye-grass, grown as a catch-crop,
and folded off first of all in the spring. Tim intention had
been to get in roots after the fold, but this being impossible
owing to the season, the extra hay crop was snatched an
admirable illustration of the tenant’s ability to make the best of
a situation. With regard to the grass land, Mr. Bridgman
follows the best practice, and mows the same fields year after
year. The grass is cut young, which he says gives him better
hay, and better aftermath — a very sound practice, and one too
rarely followed. The home meadow, like some of the arable
land, suggested the need of liming. The grazing land was
situated some six miles away. The tenant says it will now
carry a larger head of stock than when he first took it, and
seeing that the only change has been the more systematic
grazing which he has practised, it affords an illustration of
what can be effected by skilful management apart from
manuring.

The horses are for the most part Shires of the best stamp.
They included a filly which would be a credit to any farmer,
and showed it by winning first prize in the local class at the
Bristol Meeting. One team at work on a fallow consisted of a
three-year-old, being grown on for work ultimately on the
streets, and an aged horse bought out of a mineral-water cart,
which had finished its work on the roads and come back to the
farm for a few years. This team is an excellent example of
the means by which a competent man may turn his working
horses to profitable account, Mr. Bridgman has a milking
herd of about 50 head, besides heifers and calves. The milk
is sold in Bristol, and the retailers call for it at the farm twice
daily. This is a great convenience, and considering the near-
ness of this fine market, the Judges express the opinion that
the tenant might very profitably direct his attention to the
further development of this side of his business. No doubt the
fact that so much of the grass land is some six miles from the
homestead operates against the tenant in this respect. The
cows are somewhat uneven, but there were some grand dairy
cows amongst them. No milk records are kept, and in these
days they should be regarded as absolutely essential by every

310

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

milk seller. The cows were being run over the seeds ley for
a short time each day, which seemed a good practice, and they
were getting about 7 lb. bran. In the autumn this would be
increased by a fair allowance of cabbage, swedes, and hay. It
is Mr. Bridgman’s practice to buy heifers of the right stamp,
and at the right price, and to bull them. The best of them go
ultimately into the dairy, whilst those that do not turn out to
be good milkers are not too dear as feeding cattle. Whilst an
excellent system, and one well calculated to make the most
of the land, it no doubt accounts to some extent for the un-
evenness in the cows to which reference has been made.
The home-bred two-year-old heifers were a beautiful lot,
obviously “ general utility ” of the best type ; they were the
single crop of calves got for Mr. Bridgman by a particular
bull, and it is most unfortunate that this sire’s breeding is
unknown, for he obviously nicks in with the blood in the herd
at Cleeve Hill.

Mr. Bridgman showed the Judges an excellent two-year-old
, Shorthorn bull, and it seemed the greatest pity again that there
was no record of his breeding. There was also a nice yearling
bull, but he seemed to lack some of the depth and quality of
the older one.

Ihe steers are most of them purchased and some eighty are
got off fat during the year. Mr. Bridgman studies the markets
and during last winter he fed principally maize and bran as
being the cheapest foods at the time. The calves get very little
milk and are brought up mostly on oatmeal.

Coming to the sheep, Mr. Bridgman keeps a Hampshire
flock and buys in about 140 ewes each year. A_n Oxford tup is
used on them and some of the lambs, which fall in February,
aie ready for the butcher by July. The best of them are kept
for sale as ram-lambs, and the tenant states that there is a very
ready sale for them, particularly amongst the hill flock-masters
of Wales, &c., who put them on the old ewes and feed out lamb
and ewe together. The ram-lambs shown to the Judges were
quite a distinct type, with Hampshire heads and Oxford fleeces,
but why there should be this preference for them is certainly a
question to which breeders of pure-bred stock should devote
themselves. I he Hampshire ewes were a grand lot and some
were being got ready for exhibition. Mr. Bridgman complained
that in spite of constant attention they suffered a good deal
from foot-rot. On the occasion of the final visit, the ram-lambs
were separated from the wethers and ewes. The former were
on a field of tares and rape and the latter were on the seeds
and also cleaning up behind the rams. The fat lambs were
also on tares and rape, which seems to be a very good mixture
though not commonly met. Those ready for the butcher

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

311

(July) would weigh a good 8 stone, and make 9 d. per lb.,
though they were not getting quite 1 lb. per day of a mixture
of linseed cake, bran and locust beans.

The pigs were the East Anglian type of large blacks, and it
is claimed that they have an advantage over the local “blues”
on the score of large litters. It is Mr. Bridgman’s practice to
get out a number of fat bacon pigs at six months ; those shown
to the Judges were being fed on sharps at 5 1. per ton — an
excellent food, 3 1. per ton cheaper than barley meal, and a'good
example of economy in management.

Mr. Bridgman has planted about 7 acres of apples at his
own expense and the young trees look very promising. He
complained of some difficulty in getting labour in busy
seasons, though his own cottages were sufficient for ordinary
purposes.

In Class II. the first prize was awarded to Mr. Henry
Matthews, of Down Farm, Winterbourne, Bristol. His home-
stead lies very nicely by the roadside, about six miles north of
Bristol. The house and buildings are very conveniently
planned and the surroundings generally were neat and tidy,
though the Judges commented rather adversely upon the state
of some of the fences, which may, however, be accounted for
in some degree by the fact that the farm lies rather wide and is
much intermingled with the fields of other occupiers. The
tenant has erected a large Dutch barn and some piggeries at his
own expense. The farm is about one-third grass. Mr. Matthews
follows the ordinary “Norfolk” course of cropping, but he
takes beans instead of roots on the strong land, and the area
under each crop for 1913 was : —

Roots .

Beans .

Barley and oats
Clover .

Wheat .

24 acres.

12

22

45

5 1

36

n

Mr. Matthews is a great believer in the economy of heavy
dressings of dung on his land, and he carts large quantities of
stable manure from Bristol. The land in fallow crops was
clean, and the swedes, which were looking well for the season,
get 20 tons of dung besides 5 cwt. of artificial (bone-meal and
“ turnip manure ”) per acre. For mangolds about 40 tons of
farmyard manure are applied in the winter, with a further
20 tons, hauled from Bristol, in the spring. These seem to be
heavy dressings, but it is possible that on the sandy paits of
the farm the humus thus supplied is of such value as to
warrant what might otherwise be described as extravagance.
The beans were a very fair crop for the season, and they
improved considerably when the heavy rainfall in the eailv

312

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

part of the year began to slacken. Like most spring crops in
1913 the barley was got in rather late ; the soil was a fine red
sand “a typical barley soil,” the Judges described it — and the
crop had germinated well and was beautifully even. The
clover seeds were very good even in this year of wonderful
seed crops. The wheat, most of which followed a bean crop
on a piece of strongish land with a good clay subsoil, was the
best piece shown to the Judges by any competitor. The
variety grown was “ Square-head’s Master,” and it was a grand,
level piece standing nearly six feet high before all of it was in
ear. Mr. Matthews has since informed the writer that one
part of it yielded 60 bushels per acre, whilst the rest of it
yielded 8 sacks of wheat, and 6 sacks of beans self-sown from
the previous crop. The barley also turned out well, and won
the diploma for the best barley grown in Gloucestershire at the
Brewers Exhibition, 1913. The grass land had every appear-
ance of good management ; it is the tenant’s custom to apply
town manure to the meadow land, and to give the pastures a
coat of farmyard if it can be spared. Coming to the livestock,
Mr. Matthews is a great believer in the value of pedigree, and
all his stock is registered, or at least eligible for the various
books. The farm horses are registered shires, and all except
one of them are under six years of age. Two or three foals
are bred each year, and if a mare misses a good foal is bought,
so that Mr. Matthews always has a good young horse or two to
sell into the towns, which will help to make the working horses
profitable. The cows are dairy shorthorns, nearly all of them
bred on the farm, and the herd of twenty-five showed evidence
of careful selection and mating ; it was a matter of no surprise
to learn that several of them had won prizes at local shows.
The Judges were also impressed with the bull in service, bred
by Mi. Hauison, of Gainford, and bought for a high figure.
All the yearlings and calves were bred by Mr. Matthews. The
cows are milked for Bristol, the price realised in 1912-13 being
lid. for the winter months and 8d, for the summer. They were
getting about 3 lb. cotton cake on the grass and some vetches
or clover, and as regards the winter feeding, Mr. Matthews
gives about 40 lb. mangolds, hay, a little oat straw, and 4 lb. of
cotton cake and a few pounds of sharps or meal. The young
stock have cut roots, barley straw, and about 3 lb. cotton cake
Once again it is to be regretted that the milk records of this
beautiful herd have not been kept, but that the cows are good
milkers is proved by the fact that they have won first prize on
three occasions within the past ten years for the best herd of
cows, under forty, to be judged on the farm, in Connection
with the Bath and West Shows. The sheep are Oxford Downs,
and a flock of fifty registered ewes is maintained. Like the

313

Farm Prize Competition f 1913.

rest of the stock they reflect the skill of the breeder, and are a
beautifully level lot. The tegs go on to vetches, kale and
swedes, with cake and dried grains, and go out fat during the
winter. A considerable number of pigs are kept, and once
more the large black is the variety preferred. The sows are all
pure bred. Two boars, eight sows in farrow, and twenty-two
pigs nearly fat were shown to the Judges on the occasion of
their first visit. The boar in service was a good specimen of
the breed, and the fat pigs are sold to a local bacon factory.

Mr., Matthews is a man of many activities. In addition to
his farming he keeps two sets of machinery, and does most of
the threshing in his neighbourhood. He also finds time for
much public work, and is a member of the County Council
and other local administrative bodies. The Judges had no
difficulty in awarding him the premier position in this class.

Mr. William McEwen-Smith, of Westmoreland Farm,
Henbury, Bristol, received second prize in this class. The
farm adjoins the beautiful little village of Henbury, which
is distant some three miles north from the Showyard on
Durdham Downs, and about the same distance east of Avon-
mouth. The farm is 158 acres in extent, comprising 132 acres
pasture, 23 acres arable and 3 acres orchard. The house and
buildings are very neat, compact, and useful ; a first-rate shed
for calves, bull, &c., has been made out of the old barn. These
places when converted for the use of livestock are too often
ill-lighted and ill-drained, but neither of these defects were
noted in this case. The cow-house, however, suffers from the
same defects noted on a previous holding, in that the floor is
not so constructed that the udders of the cows are kept from
contact with the dung. The holding has recently been equipped
with a first-rate Dutch barn, and on the. occasion of a visit
(July) hay waggons were being unloaded into it with the aid
of a travelling fork in the roof, operated by a horse. This
device undoubtedly effected a saving of trouble to the men,
but the advantage to the farmer cannot be considerable.

The soil shows considerable variations, being strongish clay
in some parts, whilst in others the subsoil rock came to the
surface, suggesting the reflection that it cannot be wise always
to let the young ploughman learn to plough with wheels, seeing
that here is obviously a place for a swing plough. The course
of cropping pursued is a four-course, modified to suit the farm,
and the crops in 1913 were : —

5 acres roots (mangolds 2£, kohl rabi 1, cabbage f , potatoes f).

9 ,, wheat.

4 „ beans.

4^ ,, oats.

The oats were sown with clover seeds.

314

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

The mangolds were not good, but neither was the soil very
suitable. Mr. McEwen- Smith drills a few carrots with them
and these are always left at singling to provide a few roots for
the horses m the winter— a good idea. The potatoes were half
a failure, but the condition of the soil— harsh, intractable clods
—showed the difficulty of working the land, and indicated the
great skill necessary to secure the wonderful corn crops seen
The tenant had a fine bed of cabbage and kohl rabi for planting
out. It is his custom to fill up the mangolds with kohl rabi
a practice which should be universal instead of rare, and
one which shows the ability of the man to make the most of
his land.

The Avheat was particularly fine, with a very heavy crop of
straw foi which the tenant said he has a market up to 4 1. per
ton. Of this he takes full advantage, even to the extent of
sowing wheat in February instead of barley.

The glass land, which constitutes the more important part
of the holding, showed considerable variations. The home
pasture carried a beautiful close sward, and was exceptional in
this respect, the reason possibly being that it is always grazed
whereas the rest of the fields are grazed and mown in alternate'
years— a most undesirable practice. Another questionable
custom m the management of the meadow land is that of
spring grazing up to May 1. This pushes back the hay harvest
until the end of July or August, before there is enough bulk to
cut, with the result that fog, barley-grass, &c., ripen, and shed
their seed. The proportion of these grasses in the fields was
too high. Some of the fields, too, contained a good deal of
rattle, and of quaking grass, but these were not to be found in
any quantity in a field where surface grips had been cut many
years ago on account of a liability to flood. A quantity of
street sweepings are carted from Bristol and spread upon the
fields to be mown. Mr. McEwen-Smith illustrates a change
that is coming over the process of hay-making, in that he uses
only a swath-turner ; and the old tedder, once thought indis-
pensable, is now only brought into operation in cases where
rain has thoroughly saturated the swath. The Judges commented
on the poor quality of some of the grass land, and expressed
the opinion that too much hay was being made and sold
Owing, however, to the wonderful situation of the farm as
regards markets, there is no doubt that almost everything grown
on it must be capable of direct marketing, and so lone as
adequate provision is made to protect the holding, the tenant

would seem to have some reason for taking full advantage of
nis position. &

The horses were good, and eminently suited for the work.

- pair of very active half-bred horses were suggestive of the old

315

Farm Prize Competition, 1913.

pack-horse type, but still heavy enough to plough the land in
winter. The tenant remarked that they could cut nine acres of
grass in the day, and then cart hay in the evening without loss
of condition. There was a two-year-old got by a thoroughbred
out of one of these mares, likely to make a useful carriage
horse ; and also a yearling got by a shire horse out of the same
mare, likely to make an animal similar to the dam herself.
The cattle are kept entirely for the production of milk, and all
the cow stock on the farm speak of skilful breeding. A hei d
of pedigree Shorthorns is gradually being built up, which only
wants the addition of milk-records to make it quite hist-class.
There are also a few Jerseys to keep up the quality of the milk,
and three nice Dutch heifers, bought as a bargain from an
amateur farmer in the district. The bull was an excellent ty pe
of long-pedigree dairy Shorthorn, and a Jersey bull, kept
mainly for the use of the local residential “ villa farmers,” bore
witness to the quickness of the tenant to see and to supply a
local demand. It was surprising to learn that the tenant’s farmer
neighbours were willing to pay a full pedigree fee for the
service of the Shorthorn bull, as this is not the usual experience ;
and it is to be hoped that it indicates an increasing appreciation
of the value of good blood. The heifers were a really beautiful
lot, and the calves in the paddock were a wonderful testimony
to the advantage to be got by allowing them to have milk from
their mothers for the first month. These calves, at seven weeks,
and getting practically no milk, had all the appearance of
sucking calves. It is a question for the consideration of the
farmer whether forty or fifty gallons sucked in this way is not
worth more to the calf than a hundred gallons gulped out of a

PailNo flock of sheep is kept, but a small bunch of Hampshire
ewes are bought each year to lamb down early, and to be fed
out with their lambs. This being so, it is not surprising that
the Judges were not impressed with the sheep they saw.
Coming to the pigs, Mr. McEwen-Smith keeps a Berkshire boar,
workmanlike, but nothing more ; and once again are found
sows of the Essex large-black breed. He had also some so-
called cross-breds, which surely must be the old Gloucestershire
blue-and-white breed, examples of which were seen at Mr.
Jones’ farm at Badminton. Mr. McEwen-Smith gets all his
pigs out as small porkers, and it might be remarked that nearer
London the colour would prejudice them somewhat for this
, trade, but he did not find this to be so in the Bristol market.
Mr. McEwen-Smith is no novice in prize farm competitions, for
during the past nine years he has won two firsts and a second
in the West Gloucestershire Society’s contests.

316

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

Somersetshire and Dorsetshire.

In the class for large farms in the two counties, the first
prize was awarded to Mr. Percy Cave Tory, of Shapwick,
Blandford, Dorset. The principal homestead lies in a pleasant
valley below the downs, about six miles south-east of Blandford.
The house and garden are very attractive, though the buildings
at the home yard are on the whole only fairly convenient. The
cow-sheds are beautifully airy, but would be improved with
stall- divisions, and with better floors ; the absence of gutters
makes it impossible to keep the cows’ udders clean. The farms
are very extensive, amounting to some 1,549 acres, which in-
cludes a farm of 685 acres, some nine miles from Shapwick, and
also down land of some 90 acres. The Shapwick land is some-
what less than half grass and consists of a very light loam,
overlying the chalk, which comes very near the surface at the
top of the farm. A five-field system of cropping is practised
for the most part, with a two-year clover ley. In 1913 the
cropping was : —

137 j acres roots (Mangolds, 16 acres ; Swedes. 56 acres ; Turnips,

62 acres ; Cabbage, 3£ acres).

170 ,, oats.

34 ., barley.

87 ,, clover (for hay).

59 „ wheat.

The remainder of the arable land was in sainfoin and catch-
ci ops. The fallow crops were clean considering the amount of
catch-cropping practised, and a crop of swedes and kale was
coming lemarkably well after winter vetches considering how
little moisture there appeared to be in this thin soil. The land
had been broken up by five teams of horses, working three
abreast in double-furrow ploughs ; in two days they ploughed
acres, with a roller following behind, and on the third day,
two sets of harrows and a four-horse manure and seed drill got
in the swedes and kale, in the proportion of four rows of swedes
to one of kale. A ring-roll following up completed the work.

. k°me of the vetches still being folded were rather full of
thistles, and the mangolds were a failure owing to the drought.
The corn crops, particularly the wheat and oats, were very fine
for the year. Mr. Tory’s management of his seed land shows
much skill. On the top of the hill he sows an ordinary mixture
to which is added a bushel of common sainfoin, and this often
gets him a good sainfoin ley without the expense of cleaning
the land. There was also a beautiful aftermath (in Julv) of *
giant sainfoin and rye-grass on this part of the farm, where the
rotation is turnips followed by oats, followed by sainfoin, and
then oats again ; this land can only be cropped at all by constant
sheepmg and long leys, and the Judges comment on the tenant’s

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

317

skill in farming it. Lower down there was a fine aftermath of
clover on which to tup the ewes, and it was all the more
remarkable seeing that the tenant stole a hay crop from it aftei
harvest in 1912. In places a good deal of the parasite Broom-
Tape was noticed on the clover, which is usually due to impuie

seed

The grass land has to a large extent been laid down by the
tenant himself, using an ordinary one-year mixture with the
addition of some white clover, and a little cocksfoot. This has
proved very successful, but the custom of alternate haying and
grazing which is pursued has nothing to recommend it. borne
kainit dressings have been applied, and as might be expected
on this chalk soil, the effects have been very noticeable. The
down-land grass showed small patches of carnation-grass and
small sedges where the water lay, and the paddock neai the
house contained a good many thistles. (A well-known land-
owner in the East Midlands has been very successful m
reducing the numbers of this horrible weed by drawing them
with flat iron pincers on wooden handles ; the men are able to
cover as much ground as with spuds. Creeping thistles are

killed by dressings of salt.) n m , ,

The farm horses are of a useful class, and Mr. Tory breeds

a few light horses to sell for hunters, having a particularly good
looking mare which has bred him a foal for several years. The
cattle are kept for milk, and at three different yards Mr. Tory
milks about 150 cows for the sea-side market (Bournemouth).
There were some grand cows in the herd one a beautiful
Barrington — but whilst being in every way workmanlike, the
herd as a whole lacked type. Scotch bulls had been used to
get some of the cows, and they showed it in their splendid
spread of rib ; this suggested the reflection that the effect on
their milking qualities might be less desirable, but the tenant
had not noticed any such tendency. The milk sent away
averages about 350 gallons per day the year round. The
Judges gave high praise to Mr. Tory’s registered flock of 560
Hampshire ewes. In April these were folded on 3b acres of
clover and sainfoin together with their lambs and 1<S6 shearling
ewes — in all, 1,323 sheep in four folds. After shearing, the
lambs are weaned and go on to vetches. All the three-shear
ewes are drafted, so that an entirely young flock is maintained,
the uniform type and quality of which may be inferred from
the fact that two-thirds of the male drop are left for rams and
no fewer than sixty of them had been sold for an average price
of 10Z. by July. The Judges remarked that this nock is

u managed to perfection.’ £ . ,i

The second prize in this class was awarded to a farm with

hardly a single point of resemblance to that of Mr. Tory. T le

318

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

farm of Mr. William R. Withers, Lower Court Farm, at Long
Ashton, Bristol, is 404 a,eres in extent and entirely grass with
the exception of 10 acres. It is situated about two miles out
of Bristol, on the Weston-super-Mare road. The house is partly
constructed out of the remains of a charming old manor-house,
and the buildings for the cattle are new and good. There were
some most excellent concrete, drinking places at which cattle
and horses could drink in cleanliness and comfort ; these had
been made by the landlord at the tenant’s suggestion.

Being near Bristol the farm is managed entirely for milk
production, and the Judges remarked that Mr. Withers’ herd
of Dairy Shorthorns was the finest they had seen. They are
a collection of ideal dual purpose cattle, all of a roan colour,
but if possible even more typical in shape than in colour. All
the young stock are home-bred ; many of them have been sold
away as calves and bought back again as heifers or cows about
to calve. Mr. Withers is an exceptionally fine judge of stock,
so that he is able to get pedigree prices for non-pedigree stock.

The pastures are clean and well grazed, first by cows in
large numbers on one field while another rested, and then by
sheep and horses to clear up behind the cows. The sheep are
Hampshires, and a flock of 100 ewes is maintained. A naturally
fertile farm and excellently managed. The Judges record that
competition in this class was very strong, and that had there
been a class for Dairy Farms they would unhesitatingly have
placed Mr. Withers first.

After leaving Long Ashton and motoring in the direction
of Bridgwater a small herd of the old Somerset “sheeted”
cattle were noticed. Youatt wrote of them nearly a hundred
years ago as the “West Somerset breed,” but already in his
day they were getting scarce, and were being replaced by the

In Glass IA ., faims between 150 and 300 acres, the premier
position was awarded to Mr. J. King-Brain, of Little Weston
Farm, Sparkford. The holding is situated about four miles to
the west of the old Fosse-way, being five miles south of Castle
Cary and about eight miles north of Yeovil. The house and
buildings are fairly complete and good, with the exception of
some of the pig-styes, which appeared damp and ill-ventilated
with bad floors, and some authorities would object to the head-
to-head arrangement in the cow-shed. There is a good Dutch
barn, an implement shed, and a water supply, all provided by
the tenant himself. The farm is one-quarter arable, the
remainder being grass and orchard. It is a typical dairy farm,
managed for cheese-making in summer and milk-selling in

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

319

winter. Tlie arable land is managed on a three-year rotation,
there being about 12 acres wheat, 12 acres barley and oats, and
about 12 acres of beans, roots, and maize. The fallows thus
follow two corn crops and were very clean. The land had
been drained by the tenant himself, but even then there was
evidence of colts- foot and horsetail. The mangolds were
seventeen inches between the rows— an unusual width and
mangold, turnips and maize were all a wonderful plant for the
season, and indicated much skill in the working of the land.
Mr. King-Brain has grown maize now for several years and
finds it an invaluable crop for his cows. The wheat was paitly
autumn and partly spring-sown and all the corn crops piomised
a good yield. No artificials are used on them, and it may be
that some might profitably be applied ; the barley , for example,
rather suggested an excess of nitrogenous manuiing. The
same remark applies also to the meadows and pastuies, all of
which seemed to want some phosphate to supplement the rich
dung used on them. The meadows showed too high a propor-
tion of weed- grasses, such as fog, due possibly to late hay-
making owing to weather conditions. All the grabs fields aie
admirably watered by a gravitation supply laid on b} the
tenant. About fifty cows are milked for cheddar cheese-making
in summer, whilst in winter the milk is sent up to one of the
big London dairy companies at about 1( )d. per gallon. Mi.
King-Brain showed the Judges a good shorthorn bull • m
splendid condition, and his first-calf heifers and yearlings were
a beautifully uniform lot. The tenant never keeps his calves
until the mothers have proved themselves milkers— a good
practice. Those dropped by the first-calf heifers are sold to
eastern counties graziers, and to improve their feeding qualities
they are sired by a Hereford bull. The second-calf hei eis
were also a nice lot, though not so good looking as the youngei
ones. The calves look as well as many that get much more
milk, and this is doubtless accounted for by the fact that
Mr. King-Brain always superintends their feeding. Special
mention must be made of the dairy, where Mrs. King-Biam
manages the cheese-making. One large cheese and one truckle
is the daily output, and Mrs. King-Brain is to be congratulated
on the careful records kept and the skill and method displayed
About 100 sheep are bought in the autumn and are^ wintered
on the roots not required for the cows, going off fat m le
spring. The breeding sows are a mixed lot, but all useful.
The pigs were all going to Birmingham as “ cutters, instead ot
to the local bacon factories, and probably in times ot moie
moderate prices it would be more profitable to grow a smaller
pig with a view to supplying the factory demand. 1 he feeding
was rather unusual, but gave excellent results, except that the

320 Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

pigs handled a trifle soft ; a mixture one-third barley, one-third
wheat, and one-third maize is ground together, whilst about six
hours before feeding whey is pumped from the dairy on to the
mixture, and a good dash of “Uveco ” is added. Allusion must
be made to the apple orchards, both cider and culinary, which
were healthy and productive, and 350 of the trees planted
by the tenant himself. Mr. King-Brain, who has served more
than twenty years in the North Somerset Yeomanry and is now
squadron sergeant-major, was congratulated by the Judges on
gaining first place in a very strong class.

The second prize went to Mr. Walter George Williams, of
Elm Tree Farm, Portbury, Bristol. This is another holding on
the Ashton Court Estate, and is situated about six miles west of
Bristol on the road to Portishead and Clevedon. The homestead
is pleasant, the buildings being fairly good, but the old cow-
houses appeared defective in drainage and in ventilation,
whilst in the new one the gutter was not sufficiently deep to
admit of the cows lying clean. The farm is 248 acres in
extent, of which 18 acres only are under the plough, so that
no definite rotation is followed. The cropping however is very
cleverly managed — peas, followed by cabbage, early potatoes
followed by savoys, rye (for thatch) followed by swedes. The
land was being kept clean under considerable difficulty from
horse-tail, willow- weed, and may-weed, the first two indicating
underground water. Mangolds were an exceptional plant,
except where drilling had been delayed to conduct some trials
for a manure company. There was a wonderful piece of
Burgoyne’s Fife wheat but the tenant said he could only get
an extra 6d. per quarter for it, though it is of an equal milling
quality to Manitoba hard, worth in most years 3s. to 8s. more
on Mark Lane. The grass land • lies very wet, but the grips are
kept clean and open, and the thistles, which are very trouble-
some, had already been cut twice (July). The meadows lie
inconveniently wide, necessitating long lengths of occupation
road (kept well stoned by the tenant), but Mr. Williams makes
the best of the fields, by leaving in each a stack of hay for
winter feeding. The hay might be cut earlier with advantage.
It is his practice to treat the grass land with basic slag one
time, and superphosphate the next, which, whilst unusual, is
treatment which can be justified in theory, and in this case the
results were excellent.

Generally speaking the whole of the grass land was poor, so
that all the more credit is due to Mr. Williams for his very fine
herd of dairy Shorthorns. All of them are home-bred and
about, fifty cows are milked for the Bristol trade. The Judges
were impressed by the quality of cows and young stock alike,
and they are evidence of the highest skill and care on the part

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

321

of the tenant. There was a wonderful old long red Waterloo
bull, full of quality and substance, and extraordinarily docile.
A very fine Scotch Augusta bull is also in use, which seems
rather a doubtful experiment to attempt on such a herd of deep-
milking dairy cows. About twenty beasts are grazed in the
summer, these being for the most part the misfits from the
dairy, which no doubt accounts for the grand quality of the fat
cows shown to the Judges. On the grass the cows get about
4 lb. or 5 lb. of cotton cake, and the grass is supplemented in
autumn and spring by cabbage. In the winter roots, chaff, and
hay are fed, and a few pounds of bran and meal are added to
the cake allowed. The horses were young and good ; the
tenant follows the practice, already noted, of breeding young
horses and working them on the farm until they are old enough
to be sold into the towns.

Mr. Williams estimates that he has added some ten acres to
the available area of his holding by cutting back over-grown
hedges, &c., and the general impression created is that here
is a farm of very moderate quality, and lying awkwardly for
working, which is being farmed with the maximum of energy
and ability. Mr. Williams has won many prizes in the estate
competitions to which reference has been made.

Coming now to the last class (Class V.), that for farms
between 50 and 150 acres, the first prize was awarded to Mr.
Benjamin Robert Broughton, of Hellings Farm, at Crewkerne.

It is a compact holding of some 145 acres, of which only
18 acres are under the plough, and the house and buildings are
pleasantly situated and suitable. The arable land is half in
straw crops and half in roots each year. The turnips had
missed and thistles were rather noticeable, showing how bad
this land could be if it were not well farmed. The mangolds
were a good plant and for the most part clean. The wheat, red
king, was very fine, as also were the black tartar oats, and one
wondered why Mr. Broughton does not try a better variety.
They had been sprayed for charlock, and a piece left undone
as a control showed the value of this treatment applied at the
proper time. There was also a certain quantity of corn-cockle,
a weed that is not infrequently introduced through the use
of some of the “ dry chick feeds ” which are so popular
nowadays, and which are largely compounded of the waste from
the threshing machine. No clover is grown, which seems to
be doubtful economy having regard to the nitrogen storing
capacity of this crop. When two corn crops are taken in
succession the tenant uses some artificial.

The grass land is decidedly useful for the most part, and
this is largely due to the care and management of the tenant.
He has experimented with slag and with super to determine

VOL. 74. M

322

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

the best treatment for each field, and one field, not yet dealt
with, and very inferior, was evidence of the wonderful
improvement Mr. Broughton has effected. He follows the
excellent practice of mowing the same fields year after year,
instead of alternate mowing and grazing. These meadows
looked very well, but it is a matter for regret that they are not
watered ; as they are, they cannot be grazed by the cowTs, and
the second growth is fed off by sheep which are bought in.

No cart-horses are bred, but young ones are bought in, kept
for eighteen months and then sold. This is no doubt a profit-
able system, given ordinary luck, but of course it entails much
careful handling on the part of the men. Mr. Broughton has
a charming blood mare of exceptional substance (a winner in
India) with a beautiful yearling got by a premium horse.
Services are got on very favourable terms, and the breeding of
blood-stock is a fascinating pastime, but, all things considered,
it is doubtful if this class of stock is so profitable for a tenant
farmer as some others.

Mr. Broughton is a noted exhibitor of Cheddar cheese, and
during the year 1912 the Somerset County Council Dairy
School held its classes at his farm. The Judges desire to
congratulate Mrs. Broughton on her skill and upon the state
of her dairy, in which she herself gives instruction to
numerous pupils. The milk for the dairy is supplied by a
herd of about fifty Shorthorn cows. Most of them had been
bought, but the heifers were all bred on the farm, and were a
very fine lot. The bull which got them was an exceptionally
good one to see on a farm of this size, and he was bred from a
Dairy Show prize-winner. Some of the heifers looked rather
too much of a beef type, and pointed to the desirability, already
so often mentioned, of recording the milk yields of the dams.
Pigs are quite a feature in Mr. Broughton’s management, and
at one period of the year the farm was carrying ten young
sows and 110 store pigs for bacon. These are fed on meal and
whey from the dairy. Another feature indicating the capacity
to develop all the resources of the farm to their fullest extent
was provided by the poultry. A large head is kept in movable
pens, mostly white and silver Wyandottes, white Orpingtons,
and Aylesbury ducks, but it may be suggested that the area
over which they are distributed is too small, so thar they are
apt to foul the land unduly.

The hedgerows were full of weeds which should have been
cut, but the hedges themselves were excellently kept. Mr.
Broughton has recently informed the writer that he has now
arranged to pay his men entirely in “hard cash,” deducting
house-rent weekly, and that the majority of farmers in his
district propose to adopt the same scheme. This is a very

Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

323

interesting development, and one which will probably spread
all over the country before very long. Competition was less
keen in this class than in some others, and the Judges had
no difficulty in placing Mr. Broughton at the head.

Second prize went to Mr. James Marshall, of Ham Farm,
Wraxall. The farm is situated about seven miles west of
Bristol, midway between that city and the seaside town of
Clevedon, and may fairly be described as an ideal little place.
It comprises about 96 acres, of which 82 are grass, and the
management is mainly to produce milk for Bristol. The arable
land was clean, and there was a fine piece of wheat, but it was
not otherwise remarkable considering that practically one-half
is always under a cleaning crop. The whole of the pastures
and meadows contrasted very favourably with those adjacent
to them, and showed what good management can do in the
improvement of grass land. The thistles are well kept under,
and a small uncut corner in an adjoining field showed how bad
they could be. The meadow land is manured each year, and is
further improved by caking sheep upon it. By laying it in
early, and by mowing it early, and further, by “topping” the
pastures in years of abundant growth, the weeds and some of
the less useful grasses are stopped from seeding.

The dairy herd and all the young stock were a particularly
fine lot to meet with on a holding of this size. The cows are
good dual purpose cattle, milking and producing good steers.
A Dutch bull bought cheap had been used on some of the cows
a few years ago, and the Dutch steers thus got were very
inferior in appearance to the Shorthorns. The bull in service
was bought at Birmingham and was very handsome, but Mr.
Marshall knew nothing of his breeding, and from his beef
appearance the Judges remarked that there was considerable
danger of his spoiling the milking properties of the herd. The
cowshed and other buildings are convenient, and the fact that
the farm is on the water-main is of considerable advantage in
refrigerating the milk.

For pigs, Mr. Marshall likes a Tamworth cross.

Altogether- a nice holding, well farmed, and wonderfully
stocked. '

It is not possible to draw any general conclusions as to the
farming of so wide a district from the inspection of specially
selected farms, nor is it within the scope of such a report as
this to attempt anything of the kind, but there are two things
by which the enquirer cannot fail to be impressed and which
may very well be noted here. The first is only what would be
expected in a review of prize-winning farms, namely the very

324 ' Farm Prize Competition , 1913.

high standard of practical skill to which the competitors have
attained in the breeding and management of their stock, and in
the management of their land. The second is that the faculty
for the organisation of the farm as an industry has not been
developed to the same degree, and there is a certain lack of
appreciation of the need for further attention to this aspect of
the farmer’s vocation. For example, it was no uncommon
experience to be shown a grand bull, on the subject of whose
pedigree the farmer would be entirely ignorant. Again, the
vaguest notions frequently prevailed as to the nature and
quantity of the various feeding rations, whilst, to take another
illustration of what must surely be the wrong attitude of mind,
a winner in one of the larger classes when asked by the Judges
if he had filled up his returns for the Board of Agriculture
replied with a laugh that he always threw the form straight
into the waste-paper basket directly it arrived ! Such things as
these, together with the want of knowledge of milk yields, the
absence of any system of accountancy, and so forth, are unfor-
tunately far too general not only in the three counties to which
this report refers, but also in many other farming districts, and
surely before long much greater attention must be paid to them.
Fortunately there are already signs of an awakening interest,
and it is encouraging to note that in Somerset the milk-record-
ing scheme which is being developed in connection with the
Board of Agriculture’s livestock improvement proposals has
already become very popular, and herds representing some
2,000 cows are coming into the scheme. This is evidence of
the spirit of enquiry which is one of the greatest assets of the
farmer.

The writer desires to acknowledge the very great assistance
afforded to him in the compilation of this report by the Judges,
Mr. W. Nunnerley, of Kenwick, Ellesmere, Salop, and Mr. T.
L. Walker, of Ankerdene, Knightwick, Worcester, and also by
his friend, Mr. K. J. J. Mackenzie, of the School of Agriculture,
University of Cambridge.

C. S. ORWIN.

Institute for Research in Agricultural Economics,

University of Oxford.

325

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL TO THE
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING OF GOVERNORS
AND MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY,

Held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, N.,

On WEDNESDAY , December 10, 1913, at 12.15 p.m.

The Earl of Northbrook ( President ) in the Chair.

The Council have to report that the list of Governors and
Members has undergone the following changes during the year
which has elapsed since the Annual General Meeting on
December 11th, 1912 : 13 new Governors (including 4 transferred
from the List of Members under By-law 7), and 694 new Members
have joined the Society, 6 Members have been re-instated under
By-law 14, and 1 “ Research ” Life Member has been elected by
the Council; whilst the deaths of 3 Life Governors, 7 Governors,
2 Honorary Members, 94 Life Members, and 132 Annual Members
have been reported. A total of 39 Members have been struck
off the books under By-law 12, owing to absence of addresses,
1 Governor and 80 Members under By-law 13, for arrears of
subscription; and 225 Annual Members have resigned.

It is with regret that the Council have to record that since
the beginning of the year the losses by death sustained by the
Society have included one Vice-President (Sir Richard Cooper,
Bart.), one Member of Council (Mr. Henry Herbert Smith), and
two ex-members of the Society’s executive body (Mr. Joseph
Martin and Lord Arthur Cecil).

The message announcing the death of Sir Richard Cooper on
the 30th July was received at Bedford Square at the conclusion
of the ordinary business of the Council meeting held that morning,
and, in reporting the sad event to his colleagues, the President
said the news had come upon him with terrible suddenness, tor,
although he had heard that Sir Richard was unwell, he had no
idea that his condition was so grave. Sir Richard, who joined
the Society in 1888, was elected to the Council m 1905 as the
representative of the Division of Staffordshire, and was appointed
a Vice-President in July, 1910. Besides being a regular atten-
dant at the Council meetings, he served on several of the principal
committees, in the deliberations of which he took the keenest
interest, and was a Steward of Finance at the Annual Show.
In these, and also in many other directions, he rendered valuable
assistance to the Society. Sir Richard will also be remembered
as a large breeder of pedigree stock, animals from his herds
and flocks being exhibited regularly, and with much success,
both at home and abroad.

Mr Henry Herbert Smith, of Bowood, Caine, who died sud-
denly on the 19th October, had, been a member of the Society
since 1874, and from 1905 until his death he represented the
Division of Wiltshire on the Council. From 1900 to 1903 Mr
Smith was Gilbey Lecturer on the history and economics ol
Agriculture at Cambridge University.

326

Report to the Annual General Meeting ,

Mr. Joseph Martin, of Littleport, Ely, who died at the age of
84, became a member of the Society in 1870. Four years later
he was elected to the Council, on which he continued to serve
for more than thirty years. Although he resigned his seat in
1905, Mr. Martin still maintained his interest in the Society,
and he regularly attended the General Meetings of members,
being present at the last Annual Meeting in December, 1912.

Lord Arthur Cecil, who died in July last, joined the Society
as a Member in 1873, and in 1898 was elected to a seat on the
Council, a position which he retained until the year 1903.

Amongst other Governors and Members whose loss by death,
since the last Annual Meeting, the Society has to deplore,
are H.I.H. Prince Arisugawa of Japan (Honorary Member), the
Duke of Abercorn, K.G., the Duke of Sutherland, K.G., (Gov.),
the Marquis of Northampton, K.G., the Earl of Ashburnham,
B elm-ore, G.C.M.G., the Earl of Crawford, K.T.,
Earl Lelson, K.C.M.G., Viscount Lifford, Viscount Sidmouth,
Tredegar, Lord Gorell, Lord Macnaghten, G.C.B.,
G.C.M.G., Lord Stafford, the Bight Hon. George W. Palmer,
the Hon. H. L. Courtenay, Capt. the Hon. H. B. Hawke, His
Excellency the Hon. Whitelaw Beid (Honorary Member), Sir
Walter Chaytor, Bart., Sir Tatton Sykes, Bart., Sir George
Wombwell, Bart., Sir Edwin T. Ann (Gov.), Sir Alfred Apperly,
Lieut.-Col Sir F A. T. Clayton, K.C.V.O., Sir Clement Lloyd
51 i K.C.M.G., M.P., Col. B. J. Asoinall, Mr. Caleb

Barker, Mr. F. J. Batchelor, Mr. Nathaniel BenjaBeld, Mr. Biley
Briggs, Mr. Bobert Burra, Mr. Peter Coats, Mr. Nathaniel L.
Cohen Mr John Cooper, Col. C. J. Cotes. Mr. Frederick
Cox (Gov.) Mr Juhus A. Fricker, Mr. A. M. Gordon (Newton),
Mr Henry Grmlmg, Mr. John Lister Hall, Mr. W. H. Heywood,
Col Thomas A. Irwm (Gov.), Capt. A. Glen Kidston, Mr. B. O.
Lamb (Gov.), Mr. Joseph Lee (Congalton), Mr. J. Pierpont
Morgan Mr. T. S. Morgan, Mr. W. C. T. Mynors, Mr. Percy B
Neame (1858), Mr. George Neve (1855), Mr. C. D. Nicholson,
Mr Allen Bansome, Mr. James E. Beiss (Gov.), Mr. B. H.
B idler (1862), Mr. Matthew Bidley, Mr. Hugh C Bigg Mr T
Bigg Mr. Henri BivBre, Mr. J. P. Sheldon, Col. Frank Shuttle-
wortH, Mr. Alfred Stanford, Mr. James Woolley Summers, M P ,
Mr. William Taylor (Park Mains. Benfrew), ‘Mr. H S Tett
Mr. Frederick Verney, and Mr. Edward Webb.

The above, and other changes, bring the total number of

Governors and Members now on the Begister to 10,434 divided
as follows : —

171 Annual Governors;

89 Life Governors;

7,448 Annual Members;

2,698 Life Members;

28 Honorary Members ;

10,434 Total number of Governors and Members, as against a

total of 10,307 Members on the Begister at the time of the last
Annual Beport.

Wednesday , December 10, 1913. 327

In recognition of his services to agriculture, the Council, at
their meeting in May last, elected as an Honorary Member the
Hon. James Wilson, who, for a period of sixteen years was
Minister of Agriculture at Washington, U.S.A. Advantage was
taken by the President of the presence of Mr. Wilson at Bristol
to present his Diploma of Honorary Membership to him personally
at the General Meeting held on the Showground.

Since the last Annual Meeting, Mr. John Evens, of Burton,
I incoln, has been elected as a Member of Council for the Division
of Lincolnshire, in the room of the late Mr. Henry Dudding. A
vacancy in the list of Vice-Presidents, created by the death of Sir
Richard Cooper, has been filled by the election of Lord Rothschild.

Following the regular scheme of rotation, the Members of
Council representing the electoral districts of Group “B”
retire at the Annual Meeting in December next. The usual
steps have been taken for the election or re-election of represen-
tatives for the several divisions concerned. In the electoral
district of Hampshire — owing principally to the efforts of the
Earl of Northbrook during his year of Presidency — the number
of Governors and Members on the 1st August last had increased
to 321, so that that Division is now entitled, under By-law 83, to
elect another representative in addition to Mr. James Falconer.

In accordance with the By-laws, the balance-sheet has to be
presented for consideration at the Annual General Meeting.
The Council therefore beg to submit the balance-sheet for the
year 1912, with the Statement of Ordinary Income and Expen-
diture. These accounts were published in Volume 73 of the
Journal issued to Members early this year, having been duly
examined and certified as correct by the Auditors appointed by
the Members, and by the professional Accountants employed by
the Society.

On the motion of Sir Ailwyn Fellowes, seconded by Mr.
Mansell, the Council at their meeting in February, passed a
Resolution in the following terms : —

That the President of the Board of Agriculture be asked to
approach the various Colonial and Foreign Governments with a view
to a modification of the existing import regulations so as to allow
cattle, sheep, and pigs to be exported from Great Britain, provided
they have come from a clean zone, and not from within a radius
of thirty miles of any place where foot-and-mouth disease has
existed for two months.

Subsequently, in the following month, a deputation consisting
of representatives of the Royal Agricultural Society, the National
Cattle Breeders’ Association, and the National Sheep Breeders’
Association, waited upon the President of the Board of
Agriculture at the House of Commons, with reference to the
regulations affecting the importation of cattle, sheep, and
pigs from Great Britain to the Colonies and foreign countries.
The deputation were received in a very sympathetic manner by
Mr. Runciman, who, they realised, was fully cognisant of the
importance of the subject, and that both he and the Board of
Agriculture were doing everything they could to meet the wishes
of the stockowners of this country.

328

Report to the Annual General Meeting ,

The seventy-fourth Annual Exhibition held at Bristol in the
first week of July, as on the occasion of the Society’s previous
visit to the city, was a great success in every respect. All the
usual departments of the Show were well supported, and in
addition several new features were introduced. Chief of these
was the special section devoted to exhibits from the British
Dominions oversea, an innovation which owed its inception to
the Local Committee at Bristol. The exhibits in this portion
greatly interested His Majesty the King, when he visited the
Show on the Friday, the first One Shilling day. His Majesty,
who travelled down from London that morning, arrived at the
Showyard about 1 p.m. After inspecting a number of naval and
military veterans the King honoured the President with his
company at luncheon in the Royal Pavilion. Later, His
Majesty made a tour of the Showground, leaving his carriage
several times to inspect particular exhibits. The King appeared
much interested in all he saw, and on leaving expressed to the
President the great pleasure his visit had given him. Lord
Northbrook subsequently received the following letter: —

Buckingham Palace,

July 5th, 1913.

Dear Lord Northbrook, — The King desires me once more to
express his satisfaction with the excellent arrangements made in
connection with yesterday’s visit to the Royal Agricultural Show.
His Majesty realises the care and thought that you, Sir Gilbert
Greenall, and the stewards and members of the various committees
must have given to the organisation of all the details, and is glad
to think that the Society can congratulate itself on an eminently
successful show during the term of your Presidency. It was a happy
inspiration to include among the exhibits a display of products of
the Overseas Dominions, which gave the public an opportunity of
gaining some knowledge of the agricultural conditions of the various
parts of the Empire. The King has carried away a pleasing impres-
sion of his visit, and of the very warm and enthusiastic welcome
given to him by all present.

Believe me, yours very truly,

(Signed) Clive Wigram.

The Society are much indebted to the Lord Mayor and
Corporation of Bristol, and also to the excellent Local Com-
mittee,. who spared no effort on their part to ensure the success
©f the Show. Reference should also be made to the hospitality
of the Lord Mayor (Mr. Councillor C. J. Lowe), the Society of
Merchant Venturers and other citizens of Bristol, and to
the kindness of the Commoners and inhabitants generally for
permitting the Society to occupy a portion of the Downs, which
afforded such a beautiful site for the Show. The Council desire
to record their appreciation of the action of the Gloucestershire
Agncultural Society, who, as on the occasion of the visit to
Gloucester m 1909, voluntarily decided to give up their Show for
the year.

Fine weather attended the Show throughout, and the total
number of visitors who paid for admission during the week was
1/9,148. From the Show Accounts, which will be presented to
Members at the Annual Meeting, it will be seen that the balance
ot receipts over expenditure is £3,115 Is. 7d.

Wednesday , December 10, 1913.

329

By the courtesy of Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan & Co., the
trials of Milking Machines arranged by the Society were carried
out at Grange Hill Farm, Bishop Auckland, in the month of
April last. Ten machines were submitted for trial, as the result
of which the First Prize (Gold Medal and £25) was awarded to
Mjolkningsmaskin Omega, of Flen, Sweden, for their machine
“ The Omega,” and the Second Prize (Silver Medal and £10)
to Messrs. Vaccar, Limited, of 7, Denman Street, London, S.E.
The official report on the Trials has been published at the price
of One Shilling, and copies may be obtained on application to
the Secretary.

Prizes were also offered by the Society this year for u hand
power machines for applying dry insecticides or fungicides in
powder form to bushes and trees.” Seven of the eight machines
entered competed in the trials, which, by kind permission of the
authorities of the University of Bristol, were held, in May, at the
Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Long Ashton,
Bristol. The First Prize of £10 was awarded to Messrs. F. W.
Moellenkamp & Co., 85, Farringdon Street, London, E.C., and
the Second Prize of £5 to Messrs. Pilter & Co., 22, Bush Lane,
London, E.C.

Next year’s Show will be held at Shrewsbury from Tuesday,
June 30th to Saturday, July 4th, and, in consequence of the
Society’s visit, the Shropshire and West Midland Agricultural
Society have agreed not to hold their Show in 1914.

The Earl of Powis having signified his willingness to accept
nomination as President of the Society for next year, when the
Show will be held at Shrewsbury, the Council have unanimously
decided to recommend his Lordship’s election to that office at
the Annual Meeting in December.

In connection with the Shrewsbury Show, prizes amounting
to £470 have been offered by the Local Committee in the
following Classes, for the best managed farms in Shropshire,
Montgomeryshire and Staffordshire : —

Class I. — Grazing or Dairy Farm, 150 acres or over (exclusive of
Sheep Run), of which two-thirds must be permanent grass.
First Prize, £75 ; Second Prize, £50 ; Third Prize £20.
(13 entries.)

Class II. — Grazing or Dairy Farm, not less than 50 acres and under
150 acres (exclusive of Sheep Run), of which two-thirds
must be permanent grass. First Prize, £50 ; Second
Prize, £30; Third Prize, £10. (5 entries.)

Class III.— Farm, chiefly Arable, 150 acres or over (exclusive of
Sheep Run). First Prize, £75; Second Prize, £50;
Third Prize, £20. (13 entries.)

Class IV. — Farm, chiefly Arable, not less than 50 acres and under
150 acres (exclusive of Sheep Run). First Prize, £50;
Second Prize, £30; Third Prize, £10. (6 entries.)

Entries in the above competition closed on the 1st September,
and the Judges made their preliminary tour of inspection in
October last.

330

Report to the Annual General Meeting ,

At their meeting in November last the Council agreed to
proposals made by the Finance Committee for the offer, through
local societies, of Rewards for Skilled Agricultural Labour and
Long Service under the following conditions : —

(1) Rewards will be given for the encouragement of Skilled
Agricultural Labour and Long Service, i.e. : —

Sheep Shearing,

Hedging,

Ditching,

Draining,

Ploughing,

Thatching,

Long Service, etc., etc.

(2) Awards may be given each year in the area visited by
the Show ; provision being made for other districts which
have not been visited by the Society for a considerable
period.

(3) County and Local Societies are asked to co-operate in
the distribution of such awards as the Royal Agricul-
tural Society may annually decide upon.

(4) In the area visited by the Society, the district covered by
the Farm Prize Competition is to be taken as the basis.
Local Societies on the border of counties will be con-
sidered to be within the area of that county which
contains the largest proportion of their district.

(5) The Farm Prize Committee will deal with the matter,

and will be empowered to form a Sub-Committee for
the purpose, on which local representatives may be
co-opted.

(6) All Societies desirous of participating in this scheme
must be approved by the Royal Agricultural Society and
registered at their office.

(7) Championship Awards may be given to be competed for
by winners of the Royal Agricultural Society’s awards at
the Local Competitions.

The Schedule of Prizes for Live Stock, Poultry, Produce,
etc., at the Shrewsbury Show will be issued early in the new
year. The Shrewsbury Local Committee have promised a
handsome contribution of £2,188 towards the prizes, and as the
Show will be held in the district of Welsh Ponies, Hereford
Cattle, Welsh Cattle, Shropshire Sheep, Kerry Hill (Wales)
Sheep and Welsh Mountain Sheep, an extended Classification
wdl be provided for each of these breeds. In the Riding Pony
section a new feature will be two classes for Children (1) For
a Pony to be ridden by a child born in or after 1902; (2) for a
Pony to be ridden by a child born in or after 1900.

Offers of Champion and other prizes have been received from
the following Breed Societies Shire Horse Society, Clydesdale
Hoise Society, Hunters Improvement and National Light Horse
Breeding Society, Hackney Horse Society, National Pony
Society, Shetland Pony Stud Book Society, Welsh Pony and

Wednesday , December 10, 1913. 331

Cob Society, Shorthorn Society, Dairy Shorthorn (Coates’s Herd
Book) Association, Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Association,
Hereford Herd Book Society, Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society,
South Devon Herd Book Society, Longhorn Cattle Society,
Sussex Herd Book Society, Welsh Black Cattle Society, Bed
Poll Cattle Society, Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society, English
Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association, Galloway Cattle Society,
British Holstein Cattle Society, English Jersey Cattle Society,
English Guernsey Cattle Society, English Kerry and Dexter
Cattle Society, Shropshire Sheep Breeders’ Association, South-
down Sheep Society, Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Associa-
tion, Suffolk Sheep Society, Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’
Association, By eland Flock Book Society, Kerry Hill (Wales)
Flock Book Society, Lincoln Long Wool Sheep Breeders’
Association, Leicester Sheep Breeders’ Association, Wensleydale
Blue-faced Sheep Breeders’ Association,- Kent or Bomney Marsh
Sheep Breeders’ Association, Cotswold Sheep Society, Dart-
moor Sheep Breeders’ Association, Exmoor Horn Sheep
Breeders’ Association, Breeders of Cheviot Sheep, Breeders of
Herdwick Sheep, Welsh Mountain Flock Book Society, National
Pig Breeders’ Association, Lincolnshire Curly Coated Pig
Breeders’ Association.

The following offers have also been received from Members of
the Society: —

£180 towards the Hunter Classes.

£30 towards the Polo Pony Classes.

Two prizes of £10 each to the Breeders of the Champion Male and
F emale Shorthorn.

£40 for two classes for Shorthorn Dairy Cattle not eligible for Coates’s
Herd Book or the Lincolnshire Bed Shorthorn Herd Book.

£100 towards the Milk Yield prizes.

Fifty Guinea Gold Challenge Cup for the best Park Hack or Riding
Pony.

Fifty Guinea Gold Challenge Cup for the best Four-in-hand Team.

The following Challenge Cups are again also offered : —

£50 Silver Cup for the best Suffolk Stallion.

Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Hunter Riding Mare or Gelding.

Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Single Harness Horse in the
Novice Classes.

Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Single Harness Horse.

Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Pair of Harness Horses.

Fifty Guinea Gold Cup for the best Tandem.

Fifty Guinea Cup for the best Group of Dairy Shorthorns.

£20 Silver Cup for the best Animal in the South Devon Cattle Classes.

£15 Silver Cup for the best Longhorn Bull or Cow.

£15 Silver Cup for the best Longhorn Yearling Bull or Heifer.

Twenty-five Guinea Silver Cup for the best Animal in the Kerry Classes.

Twenty-five Guinea Silver Cup for the best Animal in the Dexter Classes.

Sixty Guinea Silver Cup for the best Border Leicester Ram or Ewe.

Twenty Guinea Silver Cup for the best Large Black Sow.

In the Poultry section Special Prizes are being contributed by
the following Clubs The White Plymouth Bock Club, the
Croad Langshan Club, the Partridge Wyandotte Club, the Buff
Orpington Club, the White Orpington Club, the Black Orpington
Club, the Spangled Orpington Club, the Sussex Poultry Club,

332

Report to the Annual General Meeting ,

the Yokohama Club, the Malines Poultry Club, the Japanese
Bantam Association, the Campine Club, and the Bull Orpington
Duck Club. The Blue Orpington Club have guaranteed four
classes for Blue Orpingtons and the White Turkey Club two
classes for White Turkeys.

In the Produce section Classes and Prizes will be provided for
Butter, Cheeses made in 1914, Cider and Perry, and two new
features will be the offers of Prizes for Bottled Fruits and for
Bacon and Hams. The Bottled Fruits Classification has been
arranged so as to include competition by both the large grower
and the smallholder. The fruit must have been grown in the
United Kingdom. In the Bacon and Hams Classes the Exhibitor
must be the curer and bond fide owner of the pigs from which the
Bacon and Hams respectively are taken. The pigs must be
bred in the United Kingdom and either be entered or eligible
for entry in their respective Herd Books, or must be the produce
of the first cross of pedigree pigs.

With regard to the Wool Classification it has been decided to
discontinue the Classes for “Any Short Wool,” “Any Long
Wool,” and “Mountain or Moorland Wool,” and to include
separate Classification for Wool of the respective Breeds whose
Breed Societies desire their inclusion in the Prize Sheet.

The British Bee Keepers’ Association will continue their Prizes
for Hives, Honey and Bee Appliances.

There will be the usual Competition of Shoeing Smiths in
three Classes, viz. : — Hunters, Roadsters and Cart Horses. The
Worshipful Company of Farriers have again kindly offered to
present a Gold Medal to the First Prize Winner in each Class,
and the National Master Farriers’ Association will give a Silver
and Bronze Medal in each Class.

Competitions in Butter-Making will be held in the Dairy in
the Showyard on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday
of the Show.

The Competitions will be open only to those resident in Shrop-
shire, Staffordshire, Cardiganshire, Radnorshire and North
Wales, who have been pupils or received instruction in Dairying
at their respective County Council Institutes or Dairy Schools
since the first day of January, 1911, and who have not, previous
to the 30th May, 1914, won a prize in an open class at the Shows
of the R.A.S.E., Bath and West and Southern Counties Society,
Royal Counties Society, or at the London Dairy Show.

The Society have decided to forego their Horticultural Exhibi-
tion, owing to the influential Horticultural Society existing at
Shrewsbury and whose Annual Exhibition will be held in 1914.

To replace the Horticultural section an Exhibition of Trees
and Shrubs named in the Hand List of Trees and Shrubs issued
by the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, will be held.

It is hoped that the Trade and those interested in Arbori-
culture will support the intended Exhibition and prepare
exhibits of pot plants within the Kew Schedule of Trees and
Shrubs.

333

Wednesday , December 10, 1913.

The Shropshire and West Midland Agricultural Society with
the National Terrier Club will hold their Dog Show in the Show-
yard on the Thursday and Friday, J uly 2nd and 3rd.

An Agricultural Education and Forestry Exhibition will be
held on the same general lines as those of previous years.

The Plantations and Nurseries Competition to be organised
in conjunction with the Royal English Arboricultural Society
will next year be restricted to the counties of Shropshire,
Staffordshire, Radnorshire and Montgomeryshire.

As already announced, the Shows of the Society after next
year will be held as follows At Nottingham m 1915; at
Manchester in 1916; and at Cardiff in 1917.

The samples analysed for Members in the Society s laboratory
have been just about the same in number as in 1912, the total
being 393 as against 426. In addition there were 191 samples
of milk and 40 samples of cider analysed m connection with the
Society’s Show at Bristol.

Taking the analytical work as a whole, it has tended to show
that there is a decrease in the practice of adulteration, and cases
of misrepresentation and overcharge are less frequent. Only
one private circular referring to a case of fraud has been issued
to Members during the year.

The work at the Woburn Experimental Station continues to
expand. This has so far been recognised that a grant of P500
was made during the year from the Development Fund in am
of the experimental and research work carried on. Ik© Station
has been visited frequently, both by individuals and by Parties
of agriculturists. Among the latter may be named, the
Glamorgan County Council, the Northampton Chamber oi
Agriculture, County Lecturers of the West of Scotland Agricu ^
tural College, and local farmers. On July 22nd the Members
annual visit took place, 64 being present, and on July 31st the
Council made their annual inspection, accompanied by repre-
sentatives of the Board of Agriculture, the Lawes Agricultural
Trust, etc. On this occasion the Rt. Hon. Walter Runciman,
President of the Board of Agriculture, together with the Secre-
tary of the Board, Sir Sydney Olivier, the late Secretary, Sir
Thos. Elliott, Mr. R. H. Rew, and others were present. I he
covering-in of the yard at the Farm buildings has been completed,
and extensive improvements have been made in the Farm
Manager’s residence.

As regards the field experiments, in addition to those on
continuous wheat and barley, the rotation and green-
manuring experiments have been further carried on, as well as
work on varieties of oats, varieties of lucerne, clover and grass
mixtures, linseed, soya bean, etc.

The early part of the season was a very trying one, but, on
the whole, wheat did better than in 1912] the harvesting oi
barley was considerably delayed, but the crop was about the
same as in 1912. Of the varieties of oats tried, Banner
(Canadian) promises to be the best, and of lucerne, the Russian
(European) variety. Excellent crops of hay and ot seeds

334

Report to the Annual General Meeting ,

were obtained, the latter comprising a trial of “ wild white J;
clover and “wild red” clover. The root crop, though suffering
greatly at first owing to drought, in the end, through keeping
the land constantly stirred and obtaining a very fine tilth, yielded
capital crops (for this light land) of both mangels and swedes.
At the Pot-culture Station, in addition to a continuation of the
work on lime and magnesia, the principal fresh research was
on the action of copper, zinc and manganese salts on the wheat
plant, and of Lithium salts on tomatoes.

The practical demonstration of the eradication of wild onion
by the growing of deep-rooting grasses and plants was clearly
shown at Chelsing, Herts, the results of the system adopted
being this year very marked.

An experiment on calf-rearing has given rise to much interest,
and is being continued. The cattle, now 19 months old, are being
fattened off. Meanwhile, a fresh experiment, on exactly the
same lines, but with autumn calves instead of spring calves, has
been begun.

During the year 196 complete analyses, that is for purity and
germinating capacity, and 74 rough analyses and comparisons
of bulks with samples, were made. Seeds of mangels and sain-
foin proved unusually bad, and the germination of English grown
clover lower than usual. Many of the clover samples consisted
of discoloured, shrivelled seed, which, however, germinated more
satisfactorily than its appearance led one to expect. The best
samples appear to have been yearling seed. White clover, alsyke,
and the various grass seeds, on testing, showed results well up
to the average. A large number of enquiries with regard to
weeds were dealt with. No fewer than ten of these referred to
the common spurrey which appears to have been excessively
prevalent on light soils this season. Arrangements have been
made to carry out experiments on methods of eradicating it
since the addition of lime to the soil has not always given
satisfactory results. Two bad outbreaks of clover dodder were
checked by spraying the infected areas with a very dilute solution
of an arsenical weed-killer. Fewer enquiries than usual as to
fungi were received, the total number being only 22. The out-
breaks do not appear to have been particularly serious with the
exception of an attack of bunt in wheat where the infection was
so severe that the total destruction of the crop had to be
recommended. Tobacco figured for the first time on our list, but
the cause of the disease could not be ascertained with any
certainty. Eight prescriptions for mixtures for the formation
°f. permanent pasture were drawn up, and three analyses of
mixtures made. One of these mixtures, said to be a cheap one,
was found to contain about one per cent, of seeds useful for the
purpose, the remaining being weeds and the screenings of a
wheat crop. General enquiries have been more interesting and
numerous than m former years. Some of the more important
referred to the following subjects: Damage caused to crops by
fumes from a colliery; method of preventing the growth of alga*
in ornamental waters ; the seeding capacity of thistles ; impurities

^•fe?ding„ ?tu?sl the extermination of moor-grass and
blindness in barley.

335

Wednesday , December 10, 1913.

On the 6th May last, a deputation waited upon the President
of the Board of Agriculture on the subject of the pro-
posed establishment in England of a National Seed Testing
Station. In addition to the Royal Agricultural Society there
were also represented the London Chamber of Commerce, the
Central Chamber of Agriculture, the Agricultural Seed Trade
Association, and the British Sugar Beet Council. Lord
Desborough introduced the deputation, and the position ot the
Royal Agricultural Society with regard to the question was
explained by Mr. C. Coltman Rogers (Chairman of the Society s
Botanical and Zoological Committee). The views of the other
bodies were also stated by their representatives, and Mr.
Runciman kindly undertook to give the matter his consideration.

Advice has been given to Members during the past year in
a large number of cases of insect attack; obscure points m the
life-history of certain pests have been investigated; and
numerous zoological specimens have been received for identifi-
cation. The mild winter of 1912-13 led to the early appearance
of many pests, and, with the cold dry early summer, gave weather
conditions very favourable to certain kinds of injurious insects, _ so
that the Zoological Department was kept particularly busy during
the first six months of the year. Various Aphis attacks were
especially severe, and one, that of the Spruce Aphis, occurred
to an extent not previously recorded in this country, and much
attention was devoted to it. The study of the life-history of the
Raspberry Beetle has been brought to a conclusion, and im-
portant observations have been made on the habits of other
pests.

The outbreaks of anthrax confirmed by the Board of
Agriculture during the year show a marked decline as compared
with the previous year. The reported outbreaks of glanders
have been slightly fewer than during the previous year, but
there has been a slight increase in the number of animals
attacked. The decline in the prevalence of sheep scab which
began to show itself m 1911 has been continued throughout the
current year. Unfortunately, the position with regard to swme
fever remains unsatisfactory, although the reported outbreaks
during the current year are somewhat fewer than in 1912.
Parasitic mange in horses still appears to be widely prevalent.
The country has been quite free from foot-and-mouth disease
throughout the year.

The experiments which were begun at Woburn early in 1911
for the purpose of demonstrating that by means of isolation
it is possible to rear healthy stock from tuberculous parents
have been brought to a close. One of the experimental animals
was killed in December last and the others in the course of the
present year. After slaughter a searching post-mortem
examination was made, but no evidence of tuberculosis was
found in any case. A full account of the experiments will be
published later.

On the recommendation of the Veterinary Committee, the
Council last year appointed a Sub-Committee, under the Chair-
manship of the Earl of Northbrook, “to consider questions

336

Report to the Annual General Meeting.

arising out of reports on the diseases of animals in the United
Kingdom and other questions connected therewith.” The Sub-
Committee decided, in the first place, to deal with Swine Fever,
and they have met several times and had interviews with gentle-
men interested in pig breeding or connected with the bacon-
curing industry. A Report on the subject of their inquiry has
been prepared, and this will be presented to the Veterinary
Committee at their meeting in December.

At the Tenth International Congress of Agriculture held
this year at Ghent the Society was represented by Mr. Alfred
Mansell.

As the result of the examination at the Royal Veterinary
College for the Society’s Medals for proficiency in Cattle
Pathology, including the diseases of Cattle, Sheep and Pigs, the
Silver Medal has been awarded to Mr. H. W. Dawes, Camden
House, West Bromwich, and the Bronze Medal to Mr. A. A.
Pryer, North House, Bishop’s Stortford.

For the Gold Medal for Original Research in Agriculture
offered this year only two entries have been received, and the
Referees’ award will be announced at the General Meeting in
December.

The trustees of the “ Queen Victoria Gifts” Fund have
made a grant of £440 for the year 1913 to the Royal Agricultural
Benevolent Institution, to be distributed as fourteen grants of
£10 each to the five male candidates, five married couples, and
four female candidates who polled the largest number of votes
in their class, and who would not this year receive grants from
any other fund in connection with the Royal Agricultural
Benevolent Institution.

The. Fourteenth Annual Examination for the National Diploma
m Agriculture was held at the Leeds University from the 19th to
• 6 ^-Pril last, when thirty-four candidates were successful
m obtaining the Diploma, the first three gaining Honours For
list see pp. 338 and 339.

The Examination for the National Diploma in Dairying was

ini? ^ i ^or students from September 13th to

19tn, at the British Dairy Institute and University College, Read-
mg ; and for Scottish students from September 19th to 26th, at
the Dairy School for Scotland, Kilmarnock. Thirty-three can-
didates were examined at the English Centre, of whom twentv-
two were successful, and at the Scottish Centre thirty-six candi-
riates were examined, of whom twenty-four passed. ‘The names
ot the Diploma winners will be found on pp. 342 and 343.

By Order of the Council,

THOMAS McROW,

16, Bedford Square, London, W.C., Secretary.

November 5th, 1913

337

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL EXAMINATION

BOARD.

I.— REPORT ON THE RESULTS
OF THE FOURTEENTH EXAMINATION FOR THE
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN AGRICULTURE,

Held at Leeds, April 19 to 25, 1913.

1. The Fourteenth Examination for the National Diploma
IN Agriculture was held by the courtesy of the authorities,
at the University of Leeds from the 19th to the 25th April
last.

2. The Regulations and Syllabus were similar in all respects
to those introduced for the first time last year. Each candidate
was required to present a certificate from a recognised agri-
cultural college that his attainments in the subjects of General
Botany, Geology, General Chemistry, Physics and Mechanics,
as attested by class and other examinations were, in the opinion
of the authorities of his college, such as to justify his admission
to the Examination ; or to produce other evidence of equivalent
attainment. The subjects of Examination were Practical Agri-
culture (two papers), Farm and Estate Engineering (including
(a) Surveying, (b) Farm Buildings, (c) Machinery and Imple-
ments), Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Botany, Agri-
cultural Book-keeping, Agricultural Zoology, and Veterinary
Science. Under the Regulations, the whole eight papers may
be taken at one time, or a group of any four in one year and
the remaining group of four in the year following. Candidates
taking the whole Examination in one year who fail in two
subjects only are allowed to take those subjects alone in the
succeeding year. Candidates failing in a single subject of a
group are permitted to take this again in conjunction with the
second group.

3. The total number of candidates examined this year was
112, and was greater than on any former occasion. Twenty-
three of these presented themselves under the old Regulations,
and 89 under the Regulations which came into force last year.

4. Of the 23 candidates who were this year, by special per-
mission, completing the Examination under the conditions in
force up to 1912, 14 were taking the five subjects of the old
Part II. (consisting of Practical Agriculture, Agricultural
Book-keeping or Mensuration and Land Surveying, Agricul-
tural Chemistry, Agricultural Engineering, and Veterinary
Science), and nine who had previously failed in only one
subject of Part II. came up for that subject alone. As the

338

National Agricultural Examination Board.

result of the Examination, 17 of these 23 candidates (including
eight of the nine who were taking a single subject) were
awarded the Diploma, one candidate gaining Honours.

5. Of the 89 examined under the new Regulations, 27, who
had passed certain of the subjects in 1912, were taking the
remaining portion of the Examination, and six candidates sat
for the whole eight papers ; the other 56 came up for a group
of four subjects.

6. Seventeen candidates — including two of the six taking
the whole Examination at a sitting — were successful under the
new Regulations in obtaining the Diploma — two with Honours.

7. In the following list the candidates gaining Honours are
placed in order of merit according to the percentage of the
aggregate marks obtained, and the names of the ordinary
Diploma- winners are given in alphabetical order. In all cases
the candidates who took the Examination under the old Regu-
lations are marked with an asterisk.

Diploma with Honours.

1. Thomas Beaton Manson, Glasgow University and West of Scotland
Agricultural College.

*2. Charles William Goode, University of Leeds.

3. John Dare Powell, Harper- Adams Agricultural College, Newport,
Salop.

Diploma.

^Thomas Wills Arnett, Burlawn, Wadebridge, Cornwall.

^Leonard Ashworth, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston,
Derby.

William James Borlase, Gweal-an-vellan, Hayle, Cornwall.

John William Browne, Royal College of Science, Dublin.

Alfred Chesher Campbell, West of Scotland Agricultural College,
Glasgow.

James Cochrane, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow

Richard Basil Comely, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. ’

*Georg-e Theodore Findlay, Aberdeen University.

Harold Henry Gardner, Harper-Adams Agricultural College, New-
port, Salop.

Thomas Gilliland, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

""Robert Hart, University College, Reading.

Thomas Robinson Hewitt, Royal College of Science, Dublin.

Harold Edwin Hippisley, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

Thomas Alfred Hole, University College, Reading.

Albert Bentley Hyde, Harris Institute, Preston.

Richard Ibison, Harris Institute, Preston.

Richard Henry Bishop Jesse, B.Sc., Birmingham University.

William Kirkpatrick, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow

*Roland Whitelaw Littlewood, University of Leeds.

Thomas Lambert Masheter, Harris Institute, Preston.

""Edward Miller Melville, Glasgow University and West of Scotland
Agricultural College.

""Thomas Gerrard Parkes, Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Newport,

National Agricultural Examination Board. 339

*Feank Rayns, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston, Derby.

* William Gerald Sandercock, Kea Villa, Kea, Truro.

*Geoffrey Talbot, Harris Institute, Preston.

*Harry Randolph Taylor, Harris Institute, Preston.

Joseph Shepherd Towers, Harris Institute, Preston.

^Robert Henry Francis Walling, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-
Tyne.

* Albert Watson, University of Leeds.

*George Whittaker, Harper- Adams Agricultural College, Newport,
Salop.

*Hugh Alexander Wyllie, Glasgow University and West of Scotland
Agricultural College.

8. Of the 56 candidates who were examined in four
subjects, the following 26 were successful in passing, and are
therefore entitled toHake the second group in the year 1914 :

Archibald Allan, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Lionel Raymond Allen, Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop.
Robert Wallace Brown, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow-
Reginald George Burn, University of Leeds.

Leonard E. S. Eastham, Harris Institute, Preston.

Eric William Fields, University of Leeds.

Harry Harries, Brynllefrith, Cwmllynfell, Swansea Valley.

Flowers Leonard Kirk, Midland Agricultural & Dairy College, Kingston, Derby.
John Garden Lamb, Aberdeen University.

Harold Leete, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

George Lyall, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Harry Muir McCREATH, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

JOHN Miller, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Hamo Newton PERCIVAL, Harris Institute, Preston.

George Frederick Pilling, Harris Institute, Preston.

Clifford William Rowell, Agricultural College, Uckfield, Sussex.

Glen Russell, Glasgow University and West of Scotland Agricultural College.
ROGER SAYCE, Harris Institute, Preston.

William Shore, Harris Institute, Preston.

Charles Lionel Silvester, Harper-Adams Agricultural College, Newport, Salop.
JAMES Strachan, Aberdeen University.

Wilfrid Herbert Tyne, University of Leeds.

Robert Watson. Aberdeen University.

Frank ^WHITTAKER, Harris Institute, Preston.

Robert WlSHART. West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

Hugh Mair Young, West of Scotland Agricultural College, Glasgow.

9. Of the remaining 30 candidates, 16 failed in only one
subject of the four for which they sat, and they will therefore
be permitted to take that subject in conjunction with the
second group next year.

10. The Reports of the Examiners in the different subjects
are appended : —

Practical Agriculture. Mr. T. A. Dickson, Mr. John Gilchrist, F.S.I.,
and Professor W. Somerville, M.A., D.Sc.

Old Regulations (Part II.), 500 Marks.

340 National Aaricultural Examination Board.

holder of a National Diploma should have some acquaintance with the outlines of the
more important types of farming in other parts of the country, and in this respect
several candidates were manifestly deficient.

The Examiners regret to find that many candidates were practically ignorant of
the main results obtained in the long-continued manurial treatment of the meadow at
Itothamsted, and they cannot help thinking that the teaching at Agricultural
Colleges should take account ot' the more important work carried out at the leading
experimental stations.

Too often candidates were disposed to attribute most, if not all, of the benefits of
basic slag to the free lime that it contains ; while lack of knowledge of the value of the
manurial constituents of leading foods was also not infrequently manifested. These
are subjects that might with advantage receive more attention in the teaching.

Mensuration and Land Surveying. Mr. R. E. C. Burder, P.A.S.I.

Old Regulations, 200 Marks.

Only three papers were submitted in this subject. They were all well done, and do
not call for any special comment.

Farm and Estate Engineering. Mr. R. E. C. Burder, P.A.S.I.

(Surveying and Farm Buildings) ; Professor R. Stanfield, M.Inst.C.E.

(Machinery and Implements).

New Regulations, 300 Marks.

Agricultural Engineering. Professor Stanfield.

Old Regulations, 200 Marks.

Purveying and Firm Buildings : — There was this year, I consider, a general improve-
ment in the papers. In the Surveying section, the plans were, in nearly all cases,
correctly drawn. More time might well have been devoted, however, to the study of
the Ordnance Maps, as in several cases the candidates were unable to say correctly to
what scale a map had been drawn, and, in others, appeared very uncertain about it.
In the Buildings section, a good knowledge was displayed of the proper dimensions
to be adopted in the construction of a Cow Byre, and the candidates also seemed to
appreciate the chief points which should be attended to in the formation of the floors
and gutters. The answers given to the question on fencing showed a very fair
acquaintance with the subject.

Machinery and Implements, and Agricultural Engineering. — The questions set in
these two papers were sufficiently varied to enable me to obtain an idea as to the
character of the candidates’ training and experience.

Fifteen candidates presented themselves for examination in Agricultural Engineer-
ing (Old Regulations), and fifty-two attempted the paper in Machinery and Implements
(New Regulations.)

The questions were answered very satisfactorily on the whole, but it is evident that
very little practical instruction is given to the candidates in the actual working and
care of such engines and machinery as are usually found on a modern farm. The
answers obtained in the written papers and the viva voce examinations indicated that
the candidates knowledge was mainly theoretical, or derived from books — many of
them had never seen an engine working except at Shows, and their knowledge of
implements was generally confined to one type only.

In my opinion an actual experience of the working of oil engines, also steam engines
and boilers, is most important for an agriculturist, and opportunities should be given
to the students for acquiring this knowledge.

Agricultural Chemistry. E. J. Russell, D. Sc. and Herbert Ingle, B. Sc.

Old Regulations (Part II.), 200 Marks. New Regulations, 300 Marks.

Some of the candidates were distinctly good and had evidently been well grounded
m their subject, but a certain number possessed only a fragmentary and disconnected
w-hich could ^hardly be of any real service to them in their subsequent work.

they formed two classes— those who had a fairly wide knowledge of practical
agru ulture but a slender acquaintance with chemistry, and those who possessed a fair
P3 ^agricultur ^ure cbemistry but knew little of the applications of chemistry

It cannot be too strongly emphasised that agricultural chemistry is useful to the
student only when he combines a good working knowledge of chemistry with a sound
appreciation of the conditions obtaining in actual farm practice.

Agricultural Botany. R. Stewart MacDougall, M.A., D.Sc.

New Regulations, 300 Marks.

Tfll!3uenf; ^ndidates in Agricultural Botany acquitted themselves creditably, and the
result of the examination affords good proof of the excellence of the teaching in the

cef tr| f • Thirteen per cent, of the candidates failed, while 17 per cent, gained
75 per cent, of the marks or over. s

National Agricultural Examination Board. 341

If I were to offer a criticism of the candidates it would be that there waa a distinct
tendency to keep the principles of the subject m a close compartment distinct ana
non-related to the practical. Questions in the oralexammation^
ciples were answered often with difficulty, as if the theoretical and scientihc haa
come at an earlier stage and might be neglected. On the other hand the ^ogmtmn
of specimens of grasses and agricultural plants and their seeds was done capitally, ana
proved an encouraging part of the viva voce examination.

Agricultural Book-keeping. Mr. Charles S. Orwin, i .S.I.

Old Regulations, 200 Marks. New Regulations, 200 Marks.

I am glad to he able to report that the general standard 0^. ^Qe ^ork in this subject
was very satisfactory indeed. There were seventy-one candidates, ot whom sixteen
came under the old Regulations, and fifty- five under the ^e^^Sulations. Many of
the candidates found the paper too long, and there was a C0°/^^ePXv Book-
faults in the arithmetic of the answers, hut the principles of double e
keeping were clearly understood m the great majority of cases. The p as

sion created by the papers and by conversations with many of candidate^ v ^

that more might he done, with advantage, to teach the objects of acc°V ■ ,
show how they can assist in the management of the farm, and to pomt out i that ma
mechanical accuracy in any particular form of book-keeping is not the onl} object
be aimed at.

Agricultural Zoology. R. A. Harper Cray, M.A., M.Sc.

New Regulations, 200 Marks.

The written papers in this subject were, on the whole well done t Jke ^^erste
the questions set giving evidence of much careful study on the part of the m j y

0t Maly f too, Showed an intelligent appreciation of the Practical one

snecimens down to them in the viva voce part of the examination, whilst about ■ one
quarter of the number of candidates were unable to identify some of the more com

SP ^ he "average standard of the work shown was distinctly good.

Veterinary Science. Professor Sir John McFadyean, M.B.

Old Regulations (Part II.), 100 Marks. New Regulations, 200 Marks.

The -proportion of candidates who failed to obtain pass marks i in this -subject .was
m+her Wher than usual but upon the whole, the knowledge displayed, both m the
written^ nd in the pSrt of the examination, was satisfactory As m previous

a number of the papers afforded evidence of defective general education, both

spelling and composition being bad.

11. The thanks of the Board are again due to the authorities
of the University of Leeds, for their liberality and courtesy m
placing the Large Hall and other rooms of the University
at the Board’s disposal for the Examination; and to the
Examiners, for the care and attention they bestowed upon
the written answers to the papers set, and upon the viva voce
examination.

Alexander Cross, Chairman.
Thomas McRow, Secretary.

16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.
July, 1913.

342

II.— REPORT ON THE RESULTS OF THE
EIGHTEENTH EXAMINATION FOR THE NATIONAL
DIPLOMA IN DAIRYING, 1913.

1. The Eighteenth Annual Examination for the National
Diploma in the Science and Practice of Dairying took place in
September, 1913. The Examination was held for English
candidates at the University College and British Dairy Institute,
Reading, from September 13 to 19 ; and for Scottish Candi-
dates at the Dairy School for Scotland, Kilmarnock, from
September 19 to 26.

2. The number of candidates at both centres was smaller
than in 1912, and this was doubtless attributable, in a great
measure, to the fact that as a preliminary to the acceptance of
an application for permission to enter for this year’s Examina-
tion, each candidate was required to produce certificates
(1) testifying that he or she had received at least six session
months instruction in practical dairy work at an approved
Dairy training institution ; (2) showing that he or she had
attended approved courses in Chemistry, Bacteriology and
Botany, and had satisfied the authorities of the institution of
his or her fitness for admission to the Examination.

3. Thirty-three candidates presented themselves at the
English centre. Of these, the following twenty-two satisfied
the Examiners, and have therefore been awarded the National
Diploma in the Science and Practice of Dairying : —

Percy Walter Bailey, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,
Kingston, Derby. ; J

Miss Nora Chew, Lancashire County Council Farm, Hutton, Preston.
Miss Ruby Kathleen Coventry, Midland Agricultural and Dairy
College, Kingston, Derby.

MlSSD^id)yY 'DlX°X’ Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingston,

Miss Essie Evans, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.
HARSalopHENRY GARDNER’ HarPer- Adams Agricultural College, Newport,

John Stuart Beatley Gathergood, University College and British
Dairy Institute, Reading.

Arthur Gerrans Hill, East Anglian Institute of Agriculture,
Chelmsford. ’

Thomas Henry Howard, University College and British Dairy Institute,

XtGciCiinQb

National Agricultural Examination Board. 343

Flowers Leonard Kirk, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby. .

Miss Edith Mary Lewis, University College and British Dairy Institute,

Reading. ,,

Miss Muriel Hope Monks, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby.

Miss Winifred Alicia More, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby. .

Herbert Wilfrid Page, East Anglian Institute of Agriculture,

Chelmsford

Miss Gladys Pimlott, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, King-
ston, Derby. • n

Miss L. Eleanor Pritchard, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby. ... . „ .

Malcolm Ion Bell Shaw, University College and British Dairy

Institute, Reading. '. n ,,

Miss Winifred Spilsbury, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby.

Miss Sarah Tamar Slinger, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College,

Kingston, Derby. , ^ .

Miss Laura Meriol Trevor, University College and British Dairy

Institute, Reading. . . ..

Edward Webster, Midland Agricultural and Dairy College, Kingsu ,

Derby.

Miss Gertrude Wilcock, Lancashire County Council Farm, Hutton,
Preston.

4. At the Scottish Centre thirty-six candidates were exam-
ined,' and of these the twenty-four whose names are given
below were successful in gaining the Diploma .

Archibald Allan, 5, Huntly Terrace, ShetUeston Lanarkshire.

Miss Nellie Bennion, Daisy Bank Farm, Bar thomley, Crewe.

William Henry Bignall, Eden Orphanage, Astley Bridge, Bolton.
Robert Wallace Brown, Garliffan, Cumnock, Ayrshire.

William Caldwell, Burnhouses, Kilmarnock.

Miss Catharine Dougall, Pretoria, South Africa.

John Harvey Faulder, 21, Lazonby Terrace, Harraby, Carlisle.

Miss Mary Fraser, Torgormack, Kilmorack, Beauly.

Miss Maggie Gibson, Woodpark, Dalbeattie.

Charles William Goode, Holmfield, London Road, St, Albans.

Miss Edie Hamilton, Pretoria, South Africa.

Alexander Hay, The Manse, The Mall, Montrose.

Andrew Heal, Otterburn. S.O., Northumberland.

Robert James Kerr, 1, High Street, Kirkcudbright. _

William Kirkpatrick, Longbridgemuir, Ruthwell, Dumfries.

James Kirkwood, West Michelton, Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire.

JAMES Russell M’Callum, 9, Pitt Street, Edinburgh. .

Harry Muir M’Creath, Challoch, Newton Stewart, Wigtownshire.

John Miller. Stairhill, Mauchline, Ayrshire. -

Miss Dorothy Graham Ness, 58, Albert Drive, Pollokshields, Glasgow.

Jose Peden, Ikrenv, Queen Mary Avenue, Crosshill, Glasgow.

Robert James Smith, East Mains, Knockando, Morayshire.

Miss Daisy Tocher, Blairmore Farm, Nairn.

Miss Mary Tocher, Blairmore Farm, Nairn.

5. Professor Douglas A. Gilchrist, who acted at both centres
as Examiner in General Dairying and in practical Batter-making,

344

National Agricultural Examination Board.

leports that at Reading the work on the whole was excellent,
although a few of the candidates were not as conversant with
practical dairying on a farm as they should be. A want of
knowledge of farm and of dairy book-keeping, which was
commented on by the examiner last year, is still noticeable.
I he candidates showed a good knowledge of feeding rations for
dairy stock, of the healthy rearing of dairy stock, and of recent
legislation in connection with dairying.

At Kilmarnock the work was also of a similarly high character.
The good work done by Milk Record Associations in the .West
of Scotland was well known, and at this centre the practical
experience of the candidates on dairy farms was undoubtedly
better than at Reading, but in some cases a sufficient knowledge
of the scientific side of general dairying had not been obtained.

The work generally at both centres indicated that careful
instruction is being given in general dairying and in practical
butter-making at the different teaching centres, and that this
insti uction has reached a much higher standard in recent years.
Some of the candidates both at Reading and at Kilmarnock
gave quite good indications of being able to impart instruction
m a satisfactory manner.

6. Mr. John Benson, who again acted as Examiner in
Cheese-making at both centres, reports that the work of candi-
dates in both the theory and practice of cheese-making was very
satisfactory and much in advance of the standard of previous
years. It was very evident that more care had been taken by
both teacher and candidate in preparing for this Examination,
and the new Regulations which came into force this year
eliminated almost entirely that class of candidate who came
up m other years wholly unprepared, but who took a chance
ot getting through the Examination.

This year— under the new rules — the selection of the hard
pressed variety of cheese required to be made by each candi-
date was m the hands of the Examiner, and the arrangement
worked very well indeed. With the exception of the Cheshire
all the varieties were equally well made. They were true to
type and satisfactory in all respects. Respecting a certain
number of the candidates who were required to make Cheshire
cheese, the Examiner was not quite satisfied that they under-
stood the process thoroughly. The tendency was to handle the
curd too roughly and to break it too fine during the earlier
stages of manufacture. In some cases also too much acidity
was developed before drawing off the whey. These cheeses
when ripe will not, however, be bad, but they will not possess

re qualities one expects to find in really well made Cheshire
cheese.

National Agricultural Examination Board .

345

The milk supplied this year was very suitable for cheese-
making purposes, and the arrangements made for oonducting
the Examination were excellent.

7. Dr. T. W. Drinkwater, the Examiner in Chemistry and
Bacteriology, reports that at the Reading Centre he examined
thirty-one candidates. He found that their knowledge of
Bacteriology was sound, and the questions were well answered
both on the paper and viva voce examination. Dairying
Chemistry was on the whole satisfactory. Some of the
candidates were badly prepared in General Chemistry, their
knowledge of this branch of the subject being of a most
elementary character. One candidate was totally unprepared
for an examination of the Diploma standard.

At the Scottish Centre thirty-six candidates were examined
by Dr. Drinkwater. The majority of them, were well prepared
for the examination, and the written answers were more satis-
factory than on any previous occasion on which he has acted as
Examiner. In the oral examinations one or two candidates
showed that they had learned a good deal by heart and were
altogether unable to apply their knowledge to the practical
side of dairy practice. The majority, however, showed a
good practical knowledge of both general chemistry and
bacteriology.

Alexander Cross,

Chairman.

16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.
October, 1913.

»

346

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1913 OF
THE PRINCIPAL OF
THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Anthrax.

The following Table shows the number of outbreaks of

the last six years : —

Year

Outbreaks

1908

1,105

1909

1,317

1910

1,496

1911

907

1912

743

1913

594

Animals attacked
1,429
1,698
1,776
1,120
840
652

At a first glance these figures appear to show that in the year
1911 theie was a sudden marked reduction in the number of
outbreaks of anthrax occurring in Great Britain. The reduction
shown in 1911, however, was probably only an apparent one,
due to the fact that an important new procedure in dealing
with the disease was introduced at the beginning of that year.
Previously, when a suspected case was reported the decision as
to whether it was, or was not a case of anthrax was deft to the
veterinary inspector to the local authority, but since the end
of 1910 the diagnosis in all suspected cases has been based on a
microscopic examination, by expert officers of the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries, of blood or other material forwarded
from the carcass by the local veterinary inspector. Hence,
since that date only such “confirmed” outbreaks are included5
m the returns, whereas previously the corresponding figures
included all “ reported ” outbreaks.

Assuming that the diagnosis made by the officers of the
Board is the more accurate, the drop in the outbreaks in 1911
was simply the measure of the errors in diagnosis that were
made under the old system.

On the other hand, there appears to be no reason why the
fall in the number of confirmed outbreaks since 1911 should
not be accepted as evidence that the disease is becoming less
prevalent, and the marked reduction during the past year is
particularly gratifying.

It will be observed that the number of animals attacked is
not gieatly in excess of the number of outbreaks, which, of
couise, means that in the great majority of cases what is called
an outbreak comes to an end with the death of the first animal

Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College. 347

attacked. This has always been a feature of the returns
regarding anthrax in this country, and it contradicts the
common public opinion that the disease is a highly contagious
one. Evidence presented in previous reports suggests that a
great deal of the anthrax which occurs in this country is caused
by the consumption of imported food-stuffs which contain or
are contaminated with the germs of anthrax. In so far as
such contamination occurs in the raw material before ship-
ment, this is a danger against which it is difficult to devise
effective measures ; but it is not improbable that the con-
tamination frequently occurs through food-stuffs and hides
from anthrax animals being carried on the same ship, either
on the same or successive voyages, and that is a source of the
disease which might be checked without great expense or
interference with trade.

But it cannot be too strongly emphasised that although most
cases in this country are started by seeds of the disease brought
from foreign countries in which anthrax is much more preva-
lent, any case originating in that way may be the starting point
of a serious outbreak, and even of recurrent outbreaks at con-
siderable intervals of time, if proper precautions are not taken
in connection with the diseased animal and its carcass. It,
therefore, appears to be desirable to repeat the warning that the
sudden unexpected death of a farm animal, and especially of
one of the bovine species, should raise suspicion of anthrax,
and lead the owner to report the case to the local authority.

Glanders.

The following

Table

shows the incidence of glanders in

Great Britain during the last eight years

Year

Outbreaks

Animals attacked

1906

1,066

2,012

1907

854

1,921

1908

789

2,433

1909

533

1,753

1910

351

1,014

1911

1 208

501

1912

173

314

1913

162

447

It is satisfactory to observe that during the past year a further
reduction in the prevalence of the disease has been effected,
at least as regards the number of outbreaks, although it ib
a little disappointing to find that there was no reduction in the
number of animals attacked. The glanders order now in force
came into operation on January 1, 1908, and it is impossible to
doubt that the progress which has been made towards the
complete eradication of the disease is mainly due to one of its

348 Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College.

provisions, viz., that which indirectly compels owners to allow
all their “ in contact ” horses to be tested with mallein when-
ever a case of glanders has been detected on their premises. A
certain measure of credit for the result must, however, be given
to the practical suppression of cab and omnibus stables, which
were always the establishments that furnished the largest
proportion of cases of glanders among their horses.

Foot-and-mouth Disease.

During the year 1912 there were 83 outbreaks of this
disease, in which 645 animals were attacked. The last of
these outbreaks occurred in December, and, like the others,
it was promptly suppressed by the energetic measures taken
by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. During the past
year the country continued to be free from the disease till
November, on the 12th of which month an outbreak was
detected on a farm in the county of Sussex, near Eastbourne.
The number of animals attacked in this outbreak was 23
(all cattle), and the disease disappeared with the slaughter of
these and of 13 cattle and 2 swine which had been exposed to
infection.

A second and more extensive outbreak in which 50 cattle
were attacked was detected on December 15 on a farm in the
county of Hertford, near Welwyn. This outbreak wras also
successfully dealt with by the prompt slaughter of the diseased
cattle and of the other animals (1 cow and 60 swine) which
had been exposed to infection. The two outbreaks appear to
have been been unconnected, and no circumstance explaining
the origin of either was discovered.

Sheep Scab.

The number of reported outbreaks of this disease during
the last six years was as follows : —

Year

Outbreaks

1908

849

1909

685

1910

556

1911

434

1912

302

1913

236

These figures speak for themselves. Very satisfactory
progress has been made during the past year, and if the rate of
reduction could be continued the last of the disease in Great
Britain would soon be seen. That, however, is hardly to be
expected, for special difficulty is likely to be encountered in
rooting it out from the mountain and hill farms to which it is
now mainly confined.

Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College. 349

Parasitic Mange.

The Order under which mange in horses is now dealt with
only came into force on January 1, 1912. During that year
2,873 outbreaks, with 6,068 animals attacked, were reported.
During the past .year there were 500 fewer outbreaks and
1,444 fewer animals attacked, which may be considered a
fairly satisfactory result.

Swine Feyer.

The following Table shows the number of reported out-
breaks of this disease during each of the last seven years :

Year

Outbreaks

1907

■ • •

• • •

2.336

1908

• • •

2,067

1909

• • ■

1,650

1910

• • •

1.598

1911

• • •

2,466

1912

• • •

2,920

1913

• • •

• • •

• • •

2,573

The result of last year’s operations against the. disease must
be considered very unsatisfactory and disappointing. The
only crumb of satisfaction that can be extracted fiom the
figures is that the year was not so bad as its predecessor. It is
not possible to infer from them that the measures now in force

will ever stamp the disease out.

Swine fever is a disease which is absolutely peculiar to the
pig species. Not only does it not spread to other animals
under natural circumstances, but it also cannot be communi-
cated to these by inoculation or other experimental methods
of infection. The cause has not been identified with the
microscope, presumably because of its very minute size, for
such a liquid as blood serum may be proved by inoculation to
be rich in the so-called “virus” of the disease although no
bacteria or other micro-organisms can be detected in it by the
highest magnification of which the best modern microscopes
are capable. As it is easy to prove that the cause multiplies m
the bodies of infected swine no one doubts that it is a living
organism. Hitherto it has not been found possible to induce
the cause to grow or multiply outside the body, that is to say,

it has not yet been cultivated artificially.

In a pig suffering from acute swine fever the cause or

virus is abundantly present in the blood, and it also frequent y
occurs in certain of the excretions, notably the urine and the
discharge from the eyes, and probably also the faeces. Inocu-
lation is the most certain experimental method o± infection,
but the disease may also be set up by causing health} pigs o
inhale or swallow the virus. The disease spreads readi } }

350 Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College.

contact, and it is generally assumed that ingestion or swallow-
ing of the virus is the common natural method of infection,
although it is not improbable that tbe disease may be contracted
through inhalation.

As is the case in some other contagious diseases, the viru-
lence of swine fever varies considerably, the virulence being
measured by the severity of the illness and the mortality among
the pigs attacked or exposed to infection. When first intro-
duced into a country the mortality may reach 90 per cent, or
even more, but after a time the disease often becomes less
virulent, with the result that the majority of the pigs attacked
recover, and many never become visibly ill although exposed
to infection. In the outbreaks of ordinary severity the period
which elapses between infection and the commencement of the
actual illness is usually about ten days, but* it may be consider-
ably less than that or it may be as long as three weeks. And
here it is important to note that in mild cases there is no
definite period of incubation, since although infected and
actually diseased the animal may never become obviously ill.
The disease is spread to fresh premises mainly by the traffic in
pigs in the incubation stage of the disease, or in pigs which,
although actually diseased, do not present definite symptoms.

In the majority of cases a pig which contracts swine fever
either dies within a few weeks or it recovers rapidly and com-
pletely and is afterwards immune against a further attack.
Unfortunately there are cases in which diseased pigs make a
recovery which is incomplete, since they remain capable of
spreading the disease.

The method of dealing with swine fever which was
adopted in 1892, when the disease was taken over by the
Board of Agriculture, may be said to be based on the follow-
ing contentions : —

1. The disease is a purely contagious one, like cattle-plague
and bovine pleuro-pneumonia, and it is therefore capable of
being stamped out.

2. To stamp the disease out will be economically sound
because the cost of eradication will be less than the sum of

which the interest would equal the annual loss inflicted by the
disease.

dhe hist of these contentions appears to be perfectly sound,
and at any rate it has not been disproved by the fact that an
effort which has now been sustained for twenty-one years has
not stamped the disease out. The severe measures which
eradicated cattle-plague and pleuro-pneumonia of cattle have
not been consistently employed against swine fever, and
the late Sir George Brown prophesied that no milder
plan would succeed iin stamping out the disease. The two

%

Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College. 351

diseases mentioned were successfully dealt with because
drastic restrictions were placed on the movement of cattle in
infected districts, and every animal known or reasonably
suspected to have been exposed to risk of infection was
promptly slaughtered, and there does not appear to be any
reason to doubt that the consistent application of the same
procedure would yield the same result in the case of swine

fever. .

The soundness of the second contention is much moie

open to doubt, especially as in estimating the annual loss
inflicted by the disease one has to take into account the
possibility of diminishing the loss by comparatively inexpen-
sive means, that is, inexpensive as compared with the cost of
enforcing stamping-out measures. It may be added that the
calculation is also made difficult because it is not easy to
estimate the indirect losses which a contagious disease or
the measures enforced against it entail by interference with
breeding and trade in animals. It is obvious, however, that
if a simple inexpensive cure for swine fever, or a quick and
not too costly method of immunising pigs against the disease
could be discovered the stamping-out plan would immediately
become economically unsound. If either of these things could
be discovered it might no longer be worth while to retain
swine fever among the scheduled contagious diseases, and at
any rate it would be intolerable to maintain the measures
which are now enforced against it. During the past year it
has been freely asserted that this is the actual state of affairs
with' regard to swine fever, since the discovery of what . is
termed the “ serum treatment ” is held to be at once a cuiative
and an immunising procedure. The Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries has accordingly been reproached for not introducing
this method of treatment, and it has even been suggested t a
the existing “ regulations might be swept away, root and branch,
with advantage.” It therefore appears to be of interest to
explain what is meant by “serum treatment” of swine fever,
and to examine the evidence put forward to show that it
might with advantage be used to replace the present methoc
of dealing with the disease.

Anti-swine fever serum is prepared on the same plan as ie
well-known anti-diphtheria serum, anti-tetanus serum, &c. 1 he

general principle which underlies the manufacture of ese
substances is as follows When an animal is found to be
immune after recovery from a particular bacterial disease, that
is because it has present in its body, and particular y m mts
blood, a substance which is injurious to the bacteria of that
disease. The animal body has been provoked during the
illness to manufacture this substance, and it continues to

352 Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College.

manufacture it for a considerable and often long period after
recovery. When the bacteria of the same disease' are introduced
into the body of such a recovered animal they are acted upon
directly or indirectly by this substance, in consequence of
which their multiplication is prevented or checked and the
animal escapes a second attack.

When a recovered animal has such an immunising substance
in its blood it would be natural to expect that its blood if trans-
ferred in sufficient quantity to another animal ought to
immunise the latter, and in some cases that is found to be the
actual fact. In general, however, one cannot usefully employ
the blood of a recovered animal for this purpose because the
quantity necessary to immunise another animal would be
too great. The recovered animal’s blood is, so to speak, too
weak in the immunising substance ; but fortunately it can be
greatly strengthened by a process which is termed hyper-
immunising. This consists in inoculating the animal at intervals
with gradually increasing doses of the bacteria which are the
cause of the disease, and under this stimulus increasing
quantities of the immunising substance are manufactured and
accumulate in the blood. Hence, the blood of such a hyper-
immunised animal may even in a small dose suffice to protect
another animal into which it is injected.

The preparation of an anti-swine fever serum is attended
with special difficulties, (1) because, as the pig is the only
animal susceptible to swine fever, other animals, such as horses
or cattle, cannot be used as serum producers ; and (2) because,
since the swine fever organism will not grow outside the body,
one cannot employ artificial cultures for hyper-immunising, but
must rely for this purpose on the blood of pigs suffering from
swine fever.

The manufacture of the serum is carried on in the following
way. Large numbers of healthy pigs are infected with swine
fever, and at the height of the disease they are bled to death,
the blood being collected in a sterile condition. This highly
virulent blood is used for hyper-immunising selected healthy
pigs which are to serve afterwards as the serum-producers.
The animals of this set must already have some immunity in
consequence of their having recovered from an attack of swine
fever, or thej must be given a dose of anti-swine fever serum.
This is necessary because it is evident that otherwise the first
dose of virulent blood given to them would probably set up a
fatal attack of swine fever.

After repeated injections of virulent blood at fortnightly
intervals, the serum-producing pigs are themselves bled, and it
is the serum obtained from their blood which is used in practice
to treat the animals where swine fever has broken out.

Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College. 353

Facts which stand beyond dispute with regard to well-
prepared anti-swine fever serum are : —

1. A moderate dose of the serum when injected under the
skin of a healthy pig will confer on it a high degree of immunity
against swine fever.

2. The immunity thus conferred declines steadily, and
unless a further dose of serum be given it disappears in three
or four weeks.

3. When injected during the period of incubation, or at the
very outset of the visible illness, the serum exerts curative
effects, but it cannot be relied upon to check the course of the
disease during its advanced stages.

Two different methods of employing the serum have been
recommended and practised, and these must be considered
separately.

1. The simple serum method. — Under this system when an
outbreak occurs all the visibly diseased pigs are slaughtered,
and each of the apparently healthy animals is given a dose of
serum. Remembering an important fact already stated, viz.,
that the immunity conferred by serum only lasts for three or
four weeks, one might have reasoned that this could not be an
effective method of dealing with an outbreak, for one would
have supposed that at the end of a month events would simply
resume their normal course, the disease attacking the pigs
which had now lost all their immunity. But experience shows
that this is not what usually happens. According to the
Hungarian experience in about half the cases the outbreak may
be definitely cut short by the serum, while in the remaining
outbreaks cases continue to occur afterwards. In those out-
breaks in which the disease appears to be definitely stamped
out by serum treatment it is probable that many of the pigs
have actually become infected before the serum immunity has
been lost,, and have thus passed through a mild unnoticed attack
of the disease, in consequence of which they are immune for
a long period afterwards.

It is important, however, to notice that in many cases the
disease and the deaths continue after the whole of the surviving
pigs have been treated with serum. Thus, in Hungary, in
1909 — 1911 (in which period more than a million swine were
thus treated), statistics collected with regard to 695 outbreaks
showed that in 597 the deaths after treatment averaged 4*2
per cent., and that in the remaining 98 outbreaks they averaged
407 per cent, of the pigs.

Serum and virulent Wood method. — Under this plan each
apparently healthy pig at the scene of an outbreak is given a
dose of serum and at the same time a dose of virulent blood, in
the expectation that this will cause each animal to pass through

YOb. 74. N

354 Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College.

a mild non-fatal attack of swine fever, in consequence of
which it will afterwards be immune. There are no statistics
to prove that this is a better method than the one previously
described, although it is the one which appears to be most
favoured in the United States of America.

The three countries in which the serum treatment has been
most extensively practised are the two already mentioned —
Hungary and the United States — and Holland. No information
that is of any real value for enabling one to compare serum
treatment with other methods of dealing with outbreaks is
obtainable from Holland for the simple reason that swine fever
in that country has never been made notifiable, and there are
therefore no statistics to show either the past or the present
prevalence of the disease. Since the disease is not notifiable it
follows that there are no restrictions on the sale or movement
of diseased or suspected pigs.

The statistics that are of most value are those obtained from
Hungary, and the figures already quoted make it plain that the
serum treatment could never be expected to eradicate swine
fever. A fair retort to this statement would be that there
appears to be no likelihood that the measures now enforced in
this country will ever stamp out the disease either, and that,
as a means of holding it in check, serum treatment would be
equally efficacious and less expensive both to the unfortunate
owner and to the country at large. But the last is a claim
which cannot be conceded, for no one can show that there is
even a reasonable probability that the most extensive use of
serum for diseased and suspected pigs could hold the disease in
check if the existing restrictions on movement were swept away.
No country has yet considered it safe to abandon such restric-
tions while making use of serum as a means of dealing with
actual outbreaks. This fact requires to be emphasised because
serum treatment is erroneously being put forward as a method
that will make it safe to sweep away all restrictions on
movement. It is impossible to conceive that any owner of
healthy pigs who is acquainted with the evidence could be in
favour of such a proposal.

But while thus maintaining that severe restrictions on
movement will continue to be necessary to prevent swine fever
from becoming still more prevalent, it may without any
inconsistency be admitted that serum treatment might probably
be employed with advantage in dealing with a proportion of
the outbreaks in this country, viz,, those occurring in large
stocks. Hitherto in such cases the practice has been either
promptly to slaughter out the entire stock or to kill only the
visibly diseased and impose a long period of quarantine on the
premises. The first method is expensive for the State, and

Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College. 35.5

the second for the owner. Serum treatment might well be
tried in such cases, but even then quarantine would have to be
kept up for a considerable period.

Again, there are cases in which the Board of Agriculture
and Fisheries at present considers it necessary to declare certain
premises as infected because of proximity to a place where the
disease has been proved to exist, although it may be probable
that the pigs on the premises in question have not yet been
infected. In such a case it might be safe to abstain from
quarantining the suspected premises on condition that every
pig in them received a dose of serum, or several doses at
intervals of some weeks.

Tuberculosis.

The Tuberculosis Order came into force on May 1, 1913,
and the past year will therefore remain a memorable one in the
history of contagious diseases of animals in this country. The
Order may be said to constitute the first official recognition of
the fact that tuberculosis of cattle is a contagious disease,
although the Dairies, Cow-sheds, and Milk-shops Order of 1899
took cognizance of tuberculous disease of the cow’s udder as a
source of danger to the health of human beings.

Under the Order every person having in his possession or
under his charge any cow which is or appears to be suffering
from tuberculosis of the udder, indurated udder, or other chronic
disease of the udder, or any bovine animal which is or appears
to be suffering from tuberculosis with emaciation, is required to
give immediate information of the fact to a constable of the
Police Force of the district, or to an Inspector of the Local
Authority. The owner of an animal regarding which such
notice has been given is also required to keep it isolated as far
as practicable from other bovine animals, and also to keep it in
his possession, or under his charge, until it has been examined
by a veterinary inspector, or until the owner or person in
charge of the animal has been notified that it need not be
further detained or isolated. This obligation to isolate the
animal and, keep it in the owner’s possession is subject to the
condition that the animal may at any time be slaughtered by
the owner or person in charge.

It is evident that in a sense the Order requires owners of
cattle to make a diagnosis, or at least to be able to recognise
certain symptoms as suggesting the existence of tuberculosis in
.their animals, and it therefore appears to be desirable here to
point out (1) what are the usual indications of tuberculosis of
the udder, and (2) what are the other outward evidences that
an emaciated animal is tuberculous.

356 Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College.

Tuberculosis of the udder. — In the first place it may be
pointed out that there is no occasion to suspect as being tuber-
culous, and, under the Order, no obligation to report, any case
of acute udder disease. Thus, this common form of inflammation
of the udder which within the course of a day or two leads to
considerable swelling of the quarter, accompanied by heat,
tenderness, and marked alteration in the appearance of the milk,
can by these characters be immediately recognised as not
tuberculous.

Tuberculosis of the udder is a chronic inflammation of the
gland which progresses slowly but steadily. In the majority of
cases the disease commences in the upper part of one of the hind
quarters, and when it first attains such a size that it is likely to
attract attention, the diseased quarter will be found to be larger
than it ought to be, and also very distinctly firmer than normal.
Although the disease usually begins in a hind quarter, it must
be remembered that it may begin in a fore quarter. It is a rule
that has few or no exceptions that when once the disease has
started in any one of the quarters it continues to extend until,
if the animal survives long enough, the whole of the tissue of
the quarter has been attacked. If the animal is left alive, the
disease may spread to one or more of the remaining quarters,
and in the end the entire udder, or at least the diseased quarters,
may have a size far in excess of what is normal.

The character of the milk yielded by the diseased quarter or
quarters is of some value for recognising tuberculosis of the
udder. At the outset, and even after the enlargement and
induration of the quarter have become distinctly recognisable,
the milk is often not diminished in amount and not sensibly
altered in appearance, or at least its appearance in the milking
pail may be quite normal. At this stage, however, if some of
the milk from the diseased quarter is poured into a test tube
and allowed to stand one may be able to detect an abnormal
amount of sediment at the bottom of the tube. At a somewhat
later stage the milk becomes visibly thinner than it ought to be,
and on standing in a test tube it throws up only a small amount
of cream, while an increased amount of deposit is found at the
bottom of the tube. When the disease has become very
extensive in a quarter the milk is always much reduced in
quantity and markedly altered in quality, and eventually all
that can be obtained from the quarter is a thin, somewhat
whey-like liquid, which on standing throAVS down a large
amount of deposit. As a negative character of some value for
diagnosis, it may be mentioned that the enlarged quarter
practically never bursts at any place or discharges matter and
that the skin over the indurated part generally remains quite
normal and freely movable with the hand.

Annual Report for 1913 of Royal Veterinary College. 357

What precedes may be summed up by saying that tuberculous
disease of the udder should be suspected when it is discovered
that in any one of the quarters there is enlargement with
induration but without pain or tenderness, and when it is.
observed that the enlargement and induration are increasing
although the milk is but little altered in quantity or quality.

It has already been pointed out above that acute inflamma-
tions of the udder are never tuberculous, but, unfortunately for
diagnosis, tuberculous inflammation is not the only one that
runs a chronic course. Many of the acute inflammations of
the udder when they subside leave a certain amount of chronic
induration of the diseased quarter, but in the immense majority
of such cases the diseased quarter is smaller than normal, as is
easily recognised on comparing it with the opposite quarter.
An abnormally small quarter, therefore, need not be suspected
of tuberculosis although it is somewhat indurated. There are,
however, cases of chronic inflammation of the udder caused
by other organisms than the tubercle bacillus which are
characterised by enlargement and a certain degree of induration,
and these are the cases which are most difficult to distinguish
from tuberculosis of the udder by simple examination of the
diseased part with the eye and hand. In such cases an accurate
diagnosis can only be made by microscopic examination of
the milk or by testing it by experimental inoculation into
guinea-pigs or other animals. However, the fact that tuberculous
inflammation of the udder is not the only form of udder disease
accompanied by enlargement and induration of the diseased
quarter or quarters does not relieve the owner from the
obligation of suspecting and reporting every case in which
these symptoms are present.

Tuberculosis ivith emaciation. — This is an expression which
admits of more than one interpretation. In the first place, the
word “ emaciation ” can scarcely be defined with precision, but
probably it was intended to cover cases in which the animal is
in such a thin condition as to suggest the existence of actual
disease. Putting aside cases of tuberculosis of the udder, there
are cases in which a simple clinical examination may leave
little or no doubt that a cow or other bovine animal is tuber-
culous although it is not thin or emaciated. Such are cases in
which certain of the superficial lymphatic glands of the body
are markedly enlarged, but it is to be noted that under the
Order there is no obligation to report these. Provided the
animal does not present any indications of tuberculosis of the
udder it does not come under the Order unless it is emaciated.

There is no doubt that a great many of the emaciated cows,
or so-called “ wasters,” are tuberculous, and their poor condition
is then due to the destructive effects of the tuberculous disease

358 Annual JReport for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist.

existing in their internal organs. It is therefore well that when
an owner observes that any one of his cows is becoming
decidedly thin the possibility that the animal is tuberculous
should be considered, and if the animal has a cough the case
should undoubtedly be notified.

By no means all the so-called “wasters” and “piners”
which used to be seen in some of the markets are cases of
tuberculosis with emaciation. In a considerable proportion of
such cases the disease affecting the animal is Johne’s disease.
It is not always easy even for an expert to distinguish between
Johne’s disease and tuberculosis, but there are many cases in
which the former can be distinguished with tolerable certainty
simply by having regard to the symptoms. When a cow’s loss
of condition has been manifestly the result of continued severe
diarrhoea and the animal has presented no other symptom of
illness, and in particular has never had any cough, there is no
occasion to suspect tuberculosis. It is true that animals affected
with tuberculosis sometimes suffer from diarrhoea, but that is
nearly always a late symptom setting in after the animal has
already seriously fallen off in condition, and the diarrhoea is
then usually accompanied by quite unmistakable evidence that
there is some disease of the animal’s lungs.

However, it would not be wise to endeavour to instruct
owners with regard to what may be termed the refinements of
diagnosis in cases in which the symptoms raise a suspicion of
tuberculous disease. The proper course for the owner when
he entertains the least doubt is to notify the case and leave
the responsibility for accurate diagnosis to the local authority.

Boyal Veterinary College,
London, N.W.

John McFadyean.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1913 OF THE
CONSULTING CHEMIST.

In 1913 there were about the same number of samples analysed
on behalf of Members, in the Society’s Laboratory, as in the
previous year. The number of ordinary samples was 410 as
compared with 437 in 1912. In addition there were 191
samples of milk and 40 samples of cider analysed in connection
with the Society’s Country Show at Bristol.

The list of samples given at the close of this Report shows a
notable increase in the number of soil analyses, there having
been 31 of these, and most of them complete analyses.

Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist. 359

At a time such as the present, when a good deal is written
as to the chemical analysis of a soil being of comparatively
little value, it is satisfactory to note that there are those who
find the Reports issued from the Society’s Laboratory of
decided use to them. I do not maintain that chemical analysis
of a soil will tell everything about it ; considerations as to the
physical and mechanical nature of a soil have to be taken into
account ; also — a point to which importance has been lately
attached — the conditions of the organic life in soil. If a soil
be not well drained, it may be ever so rich in constituents of
fertility, as shown by chemical analysis, but it may not be
productive. All such points as these have to be taken into
consideration in conjunction Avith the chemical analysis. But
long experience tells me that, in capable hands, the results of
chemical analysis, when properly interpreted, may afford very
useful guidance, and may also save a great deal of expense in
the matter of manuring. It is quite true that, in a soil analysis,
much turns upon very small differences in the analytical
figures; a rise ' of *1 per cent, on the dry soil means, for
example, the application of a great deal of a particular con-
stituent in order to effect this rise. This, however, only
emphasises the need of extreme accuracy, such as is not
found except in skilled hands. If this provision be secured,
then it is clear to me that certain definite conclusions can be
drawn from a chemical analysis of soil by one who is well
experienced in such matters. To give a single instance : it
has long been knoAvn that lime is a necessary constituent of
the soil, but it is only within recent years, and as an outcome
of work done at the Woburn Experimental Station, that it has
been ascertained that it is not sufficient to consider the amount
of lime by itself, but that it is necessary also to take the
contents of the soil in magnesia into account. Numerous
instances might be adduced in which, judging from the figures
for lime alone, one would be induced to say that there was a
sufficiency of this constituent, but crops have remained poor,
and it has ultimately been found that magnesia has been
present in excess of the lime. Such instances have occurred,
not only in soils of Great Britain, but also in those from the
Colonies, where such crops as sugar, coffee, tobacco, &c., are
concerned. *

I have myself found, when going over farms to advise upon
them, that a knowledge of the composition of the soil is
frequently absolutely essential to my being able to give
recommendations with regard to the proper treatment of the
land.

While there has been a tendency for the number of staple
analyses, such as those of linseed cake, superphosphate and the

360 Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist.

like, to fall off, owing largely to the facilities provided by
County Councils, Agricultural Colleges, &c., and also, no
doubt, to the security provided by the Fertilisers and Feeding
Stuffs Act, it is yet found that the Society’s Laboratory is
resorted to in matters of real importance, or when more
difficult problems, such as those relating to the treatment of
soils or the purity of water supplies, are concerned.

As regards the supply of both feeding-stuffs and fertilisers,
it must be said that this is really very good at the present time,
and that a continued marked improvement has been shown of
late years. There will always be, here and there, some new
material brought out, or something which, though it conforms
to the guarantee given, is sold at a price much above its real
value ; but, still, it must be allowed that if a purchaser goes to
a respectable vendor, he may reckon on being well supplied
and fairly dealt with.

It has only been necessary, during the year, to issue one
private circular to Members regarding a case of misrepresen-
tation, and the material in question had already been referred
to in an earlier Report.

Linseed cake has been uniformly pure, and the same may
be said of undecorticated cotton cake. Of decorticated cotton
cake, now and again a good sample is met with, but, generally
speaking, this cake is found to be hard, and neither well-made
nor well-decorticated.

No notable new feeding material or fertiliser has been
brought into general use during the year.

Soya bean does not appear to have made much advance in
popular favour. Feeding stuffs, in which “prepared sawdust”
figures, continue to be sold, but the public is, I think, coming
to be aware of the nature of these substances.

Compound meals still require constant watching, for though,
as a rule, coming up to the guarantee which has been given
with them, it is not unfrequently the case that they contain
constituents which are not what they should be. Something
more than mere analytical figures is needed in order to guard
against this, and a purchaser should know, not merely what
the analysis of such compound food is, but whether it is made
of constituents to which no objection can be taken.

As regards fertilisers, there is not much to remark, except,
possibly, in respect of basic slag. Considerable interest in the
question of the solubility of basic slag was aroused by a law
case which took place during the year, and in which this
matter was brought to the fore. It is important, however,
to insist that the point at issue was not whether a basic slag
of low qualiiy, and sold at a relatively high price, possessed
virtues that other basic slags, which, on the face of it, were of

Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist . 361

l

better quality and more reasonably sold, did not possess, but
that tliis was really a case of “ rival traders,” and that the issue
tried was whether those who had attacked the low quality of
slag had not overstepped the limits of fair comment in the
circulars which they had issued. The trial in question did no
more than show that, so far at least, the prominence attached
by some traders to the high solubility of their slags had not
been established in practice as against the “total phosphates”
content. At the same time, the award in this case does
not warrant the verdict being claimed as affording a vindication
of a low quality basic slag being sold at what must, on the face
of it, be considered a relatively high price.

Kainit is a material which has long, and deservedly, been
in use by the agriculturist. It, in common with other salts of
potash, some of them natural, some prepared by crystallisation
and refining, was obtained originally from the mines in
Stassfurt, North Germany, where the different natural salts
occur in beds overlying one another, and each known by a
particular name according to its nature and chemical composi-
tion. Kainit is one of these, and is a natural, and not a
prepared, salt.

About its exact chemical composition there has always been
considerable uncertainty. At first, the pure salt was regarded
as composed of sulphate of potash with sulphate of magnesia
and chloride of magnesium, and the formula K2 S04, Mg S04,
Mg Ci„, 6 H20 was assigned to it, as indicating that the potash
occurred in the salt as sulphate of potash. This view was,
however, controverted, and later researches tend to the belief
that the potash is really present, not as sulphate but as chloride
(muriate), and the formula KOI, Mg S04 + 3 H20 was given
to it as more nearly representing its composition. This, with
more or less chloride of sodium (rock salt), constitutes the
kainit of commerce.

Among agriculturists in this country kainit has generally
been regarded as a crude form of sulphate of potash, containing
about 12 per cent, of potash, equivalent to about 23 per cent,
of sulphate of potash. It would seem, however, that this is
hardly correct, and that in the kainit supplied for agricultural
use the potash has really always existed as chloride and not as
sulphate.

As the potash-mining industry has extended, and wider
reaches of country have been explored in which the beds of
potash salts are still existent, certain variations in the quality
and composition of the different gaits found has necessarily
been met with, and these have had their effect in somewhat
modifying the nature, and, to some extent, the appearance, of
the salts put on the market under the name of kainit. These

362 Annual Report for 191 3 .of the Consulting Chemist.

all consist, however, essentially of potash in the form of
chloride, together with varying amounts of sulphate of
magnesia and common salt.

The presence of magnesium chloride in any considerable
amount constitutes an objection as tending to cause the salts to
take up water and become deliquescent. Consequently it has
been usual to classify the salts according to the amounts of
potash and magnesia severally contained, and to designate
them by special names. Sylvinit , for example, is chloride of
potassium with rock salt (chloride of sodium) but with very
little magnesia salts ; carnallit , on the other hand, is a low
quality of chloride of potassium with considerable amounts of
chloride of magnesium, and also sulphate of magnesia together
with chloride of sodium ; kieserit is practically sulphate of
magnesia alone, and hartsalz (hard salt) is chloride of
potassium with chloride of sodium and about 9 per cent, of
magnesia, this being present mainly as sulphate of magnesia.

It is the sylvinit (chloride of potassium with chloride of
sodium, and with very little magnesia) and the last named salt,
hartsalz , which are now principally produced and sold in
commerce under the name kainit. The export of the different
salts takes place from different sea ports, and so there may,
from time to time, be variations, sometimes more of one kind
and sometimes more of another coming forward.

In these ways come about the variations which purchasers
sometimes note, and which render them doubtful as to what is
being supplied, thereby making them think that perhaps an
inferior article is being palmed off.

It is well, therefore, to point out that there is really nothing
essential in the particular colour or appearance of the salts, and
that if the amount of potash, be guaranteed (as is the rule in
the trade), and provided that the salt is in fair dry condition
and does not deliquesce, the colour may be disregarded.

What, however, s essential is that the supply, under the
name of kainit, of salts which, like carnallit , contain large
amount of magnesia salts (chiefly as chlorides) should be
avoided, though these may contain 9 to 10 per cent, of potash.
Not long ago an attempt was made to introduce the use of
these, they being sold on their potash contents alone. These
salts, by reason of the chloride of magnesium present, soon
became very moist and deliquescent, and great difficulties were
experienced in storing and in using them.

Carnallit should never be offered as kainit, for the two salts
are essentially different, and the purchaser should stipulate for
kainit and should buy on the base of its containing 12 to 12\
per cent, of potash. Yet other forms of potash salts require to
be guarded against. One of these is a salt artificially prepared

Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist . 363

from seaweed, and another is one obtained from beet-sugar
manufacture. In both of these, as I have observed in earlier
reports, potash is partly present as carbonate of potash, and if
it be mixed with ammoniacal manures, e.g. sulphate of
ammonia, there is likely to be some loss of ammonia.

I proceed to comment briefly upon special points which
have arisen in the course of the year.

A. Feeding Stuffs.

1. Linseed Cake.

Linseed cakes have, with few exceptions, been satisfactory
in quality, and almost invariably pure. The following are,

however, two instances of low quality cakes : —

A.

B.

Moisture .

9-68

Oil ...

6*25

6-21

1 Albuminoids

35*69

30 81

Mucilage, fibre, &c. .

41*20

2 Ash ....

7*18

100*00

] Containing nitrogen .

5*71

2 Including sand.

1*39

“A” cost 11. 15s. per ton delivered, and was distinctly dear
for such quality. 44 B ” had been guaranteed to contain 9 per
cent, of oil, and was, accordingly, much below the guarantee.

2. Cotton Cake.

Egyptian cotton cakes have been, almost without exception,
good. Bombay cotton cakes, however, were not so satis-
factory, and in many cases have been very “ woolly,” and have
contained a comparatively high percentage of sand.

I received a sample called 44 Egyptian screw-pressed cotton
cake ” ; this was guaranteed to contain 8 per cent, of oil and
23 per cent, of albuminoids.

My analysis was : —

Oil ....... 7*21 percent.

Albuminoids ..... 19*69 ,,

This cake was not only below the guarantee, but it
contained a large amount of husk and wool, being very much
more like 44 Bombay ” cotton cake than 44 Egyptian.” The
amount of husk and wool that could be separated out
mechanically was as much as 61 per cent.

364 Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist .

3. Decorticated Cotton Cake.

In the course of this year I have received a few samples of
this class of cake which have been much more like the
decorticated cotton cake of earlier years.

The following are instances : —

A

B

C

D

E

Moisture

7*88

8*47

7*87

Oil .

15*89

20*63

22*98

16*64

17*29

Albuminoids .

37*75

39*37

36*31

39*75

39*68

Carbohydrates,

fibre, &c.

26*35

28*16

27*84

.? Ash

6*48

6*98

7*32

100*00

100*00

100*00

Containing nitrogen

5*81

6*36

6*35

2 Including sand

•

.

*05

*05

*10

“A ” and “ B ” were of the brand known as “ J.A.B. Peru-
vian,” and cost 81. 5s. per ton in Liverpool, for a 40 to 45 ton
lot. They were both nice and soft cakes. “0” was of the
same brand, but even richer in quality, and I advised the
purchaser to get all he could of this cake. “ D ” and “ E ”
were of the brand known as “ F.C. Peruvian,” the price being
9 1. 2s. per ton delivered in Ireland. The guarantee was 15 per
cent, of oil and 39 per cent, of albuminoids. These last two
cakes were neither as soft nor as well decorticated as the
preceding ones, but they were still much superior in quality
to what is generally met with at the present time.

4. Rice Meal.

I commented in my last report upon the high price to
which this material had gone. Early in the year I had a
sample sent me which gave the following results : —

Oh ....... 1089 per cent.

Albuminoids ..... 13*06 ,,

As showing the great fluctuations to which the prices of
feeding-stuffs are subject it may be pointed out that while in
November, 1912, rice meal cost 81. 15s. per ton, in November,
1913, it could be got for 4Z. 10s. per ton ! The price of the
above sample was 11. per ton.

In this connection it may be well to mention that a
material, sold under the name “ China rice meal,” has been put
upon the market, but which I find to be largely adulterated
with mineral matter, principally carbonate of lime. This, of
course, constitutes a gross adulteration, and the material should
not be sold under the name “rice meal.”

Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist. 365

China Rice Meal (cooked).

Moisture

Oil

1 Albuminoids ..••••
Starch and digestible carbohydrates .
Woody Fibre .•••••

2 Mineral matter .

7-00

13-33

13-62

33-93

5-25

26-87

100-00

1 Containing nitrogen .

2 Including sand and silica .
Including carbonate of lime

2-18

2-53

23-20

5. Bastol Cake.

Samples of this class of cake, which, as I have previously
remarked, is composed largely of treated wood-pulp or sawdust
with the addition of some food-stuffs, continue to be sent to
me. The following is the analysis of a sample received from
a Member who complained that his cattle and sheep did not

care to eat it : —

Moisture .

Oil .

1 Albuminoids
Soluble carbohydrates
Woody fibre

2 Ash . •

10-87

8-88

27-38

31-77

14-57

6-53

100-00

1 Containing nitrogen .

2 Including sand .

This was a sample of u Bastol special
it was sold at SI. a ton.

4-38

1-94

fattening cake,” and

6, Sugar-beet Pulp.

Under the name of “ Protos,” a new material, which consists
of the dried pulp of sugar beet after extraction of the sugar,
has been put upon the market. The following is the analysis

of a sample sent me : —

Moisture .

Oil .

Albuminoids
Digestible carbohydrates, &c.
Woody fibre
2 Ash .

1 Containing nitrogen .

2 Including sand .

8-66

•93

6-38

66-58

12-87

4-58

100-00

1-02

1-29

366 Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist.

This was made by the Anglo-Netherlands Sugar Corporation,
Ltd., at their factory at Cantley, Norfolk, and the price was
6?. 10s. per ton. I should regard this as a distinctly dear
material at the price. The invoice, moreover, contained no
guarantee of oil and albuminoids, such as is required by the
Fertilisers & Feeding Stuffs Act.

7. Fish Meal. /

The use of this material as a food for stock has recently
been considerably advocated. The following are analyses of
four such samples : —

Percentage of : —

A

B

C

D >

Oil ...

4*53

246

4-63

4*85

1 Albuminoids

63-00

47-56

60-81

61-25

2 Mineral matter .

20-63

35-61

26-25

24-22

1 Containing nitrogen

10-08

7-61

9-73

9-80

2 Including sand .

•44

•30

•39

•19

The price of “A” and

‘‘B” was

13/. 10s.

per ton

delivered,

and of “ C ” and “ D ” 11/. Is. 3 d. per ton delivered. Considering
that this is practically a waste material, I should consider the
prices, more especially of the first two, decidedly high.

8. Compound Cake.

Ihe following is the analysis of a compound cake which was
sent to me and which had been improperly described as “ Palm

nut cake ” : —

Moisture ........ 11*43

0il * . 9*51

albuminoids ....... 18*88

Starch and digestible carbohydrates . . . 36*26

Woody fibre 16*68

2Ash ......... 7-24

100*00

Containing nitrogen ...... 3*02

2 Including sand ....... 1-99

d his cake consisted mainly of cotton seed, earth-nut and
lice, but together with these was rape seed and also mustard
seed, both of them undesirable constituents of a compound cake.

9. Feeding Meal.

A Member of the Society sent me a sample of calf meal,
stating that, since the use of it, two calves had died on succes-
sive nights. I examined the meal and found that it consisted
practically of Linseed meal. The seed, however, was not clean,
as it contained 3 per cent, of sand. Moreover I found that, on

Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist. 367

digesting it with water, it gave otl hydrocyanic acid gas very
markedly, and it is quite possible that the loss of the calves
was due to this.

10. Mangolds.

A Member of the Society sent me samples of two varieties
of mangold to compare. “A” was from English seed, and the
bulbs were large round-shaped ones ; those from French seed
were long red mangolds, and were stated to be a cross between
beetroot and ordinary mangold.

A

B

English.

French.

Water ......

89-20

86-20

Albuminous compounds .

1-35

1-67

Crude woody fibre ....
Sugar and other soluble carbo-

2-38

2-93

hydrates .....

6-09

7-92

Mineral matter ....

•98

1-28

100-00

100-00

Containing nitrogen . .

•216

•267

Average weight of single roots

7 lb. 6 oz.

4 lb. 1

-While the analyses, as given above, showed that the long red
roots contained less water and were in all respects the richer of
the two kinds, it must be noted that the weight of roots is
considerably less, and this is a factor which must be borne in
mind when the relative produce per acre is concerned.

11. Miscellaneous Feeding Stuffs.

(a) Brewery waste,
iff) “ Nutrimol .”

(c) Linseed chaff.

id) Chocolate sweepings.

The following analyses may be of interest : —

A

B

C

D

Brewery

“Nutri-

Linseed

Chocolate

waste

mol ”

chaff

sweepings.

Moisture

9-48

14-46

12-08

4-17

Oil

5-09

5-77

4-55

12-38

1 Albuminoids .

35-25

19-37

10-31

7-06

Sugar, starch, and
and other carbo-

hydrates, &c. ,

40-45

51-38

61-06

69-33

2 Mineral matter

9-73

9-02

12-00

7-06

100-00

100-00

100-00

100-00

Containing nitro-

gen ,

5-64

3-10

1-65

113

including sand and

silica

2-29

1-54

5-66

3-63

368 Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist.

A consisted, as might well be supposed, of cereal grains,
among which were barley, oats, wheat, maize and millet,
together with the residue of hops.

B consisted mainly of rice and earth-nut, with molasses,
but it had also weed seeds such as chenopodium, polygonum and
spurrey , together with rape. It was sold on a guarantee of
containing 7 per cent, of oil and 21 per cent, of albuminoids,
the cost being 15s. per cwt. ; besides being below the guarantee,
it was a material that I should consider distinctly dear.

C was a material for which 4/. a ton on rail in London was
charged. It will be noted that it contained a great deal of sand
and earthy matters, and it also had weed seeds in quantity. I
should consider the material of, at best, small feeding value,
and not at all a desirable one to use.

D came from a chocolate factory, and cost 71. per ton. It
was not a clean sample, the amount of sand being distinctly high,
and the price, in my opinion, is far more than a waste material
of this kind should cost. In last year’s report I referred to a
similar, but better, material, which cost only 3 1. per ton.

B. Fertilisers.

In regard to fertilisers generally it may be said that the
supply has been very satisfactory, and that purchasers have
had very little to complain about. I am not aware of a single
case where I have found superphosphate to come below the
guarantee given, and the quality of basic slag, speaking
generally, has been good and up to guarantee. The number of
new materials and of inferior manures sold at a high price has
been comparatively small.

1. Basic Slag.

The following is an instance of a high quality slag : —

Percentage of : —

Phosphoric acid 19-93

equal to tribasic phosphate of lime . . . 43-55

Phosphoric acid soluble in 2 per cent, solution

of citric acid 16-06

equal to tribasic phosphate of lime . . 35*09

Fineness 94-80

This was guaranteed to contain 42 per cent, of total
phosphates with -85 per cent, of “fineness,” the price being
51s. 6d. per ton delivered. Not only was the material well
above the guarantee, but it was decidedly cheap.

2. Compound Manure.

It still - occurs occasionally that an inferior material sold
under some name such as the above is put forward and charged
at an extravagant rate. Such, for instance, is the following : —

Annual Report for 1913 of the

Consulting Chemist.

Moisture .....

15-46

Organic matter ....

14-92

Phosphate of lime

4-11

Carbonate of lime, &c.

36-64

Sand . . . . .

28-87

100-00

Containing nitrogen .

•75

equal to ammonia .

•91

This was sold, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, at the price
of 50s. per ton, the real value of it being under 11. a ton.

3. Quail Manure.

Moisture .....

■ ■ ■ r

11-23

1 Organic matter ....

70-19

2 Phosphoric acid

1-75

Lime .....

1-83

Alkalies, &c. ....

5-07

Sand and earthy matter

9-93

100-00

Containing nitrogen

, ,

3-66

equal to ammonia .

• •

4-44

2 Equal to phosphate of lime

•

3-82

This, it will be noted, contained comparatively little
moisture. An objection to it and similar manures is that there
is generally a great deal of seed mixed with the droppings, and
that this seed is likely to grow up again.

4. Sludge Manure.

A sample was sent to me consisting of dried sewage sludge.
This was sold at 2s. 6d. per ton, additional carriage bringing the
price up to 5s. a ton. The analysis was as follows : —

Moisture .

1 Organic matter .

Lime

Phosphoric acid

Carbonic acid, &c.

Silica

1 Containing nitrogen
equal to ammonia .

Of its kind, this is quite a fair material, it containing a good
deal of lime, together with 1 per cent, of ammonia and
11 per cent, of phosphoric acid. It is quite worth getting at

18*13

27-66

1-53

21-03

8-31

100-00

•90

1-09

370 Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist.

the price, and, on heavy land in particular, it should be distinctly
of value. It was in nice dry condition, and was broken into
small lumps so that it could readily be applied.

5. Furnace Dust.

This is a material of very variable nature. The following
is an analysis of a sample sent me, which, I was told, could be
got free of charge, and which could be delivered direct on to

an adjoining farm : —

Moisture ........ 3-99

1 Organic matter ...... 18’95

Lime .• . . 8-58

2Phospboric acid ...... P72

Oxide of iron, alumina, &c. . . . 41*53

Sand 25-23

100-00

1 Containing nitrogen ..... *55

equal to ammonia . . . . . . .37

2Equal to phosphate of lime .... 3*76

Such a material as this might be beneficial to land from a
purely mechanical point of view. It would also be worth a few
shillings more per ton for mixing with artificial manure. The
sample was, however, distinctly alkaline, and it would not do
to mix with it sulphate of ammonia or other manures con-
taining ammoniacal salts.

6. Lime.

This material is still found to be of very variable quality.
The following is the analysis of a distinctly inferior sample :

Moisture . . . . . .. >20

Oxide of iron and alumina .... 6*60

Lime . . . . . # 51*94

Magnesia . . . . ... . 20-71

Carbonic acid, ~&c. . . ... 15-46

Silica ...... fv9Q

100-00

This, cost \l. 5s. per ton, and was finely ground. It
contained, however, a great deal of magnesia, and was not a
well-burnt lime. I consider the price much too high for such
a quality.

7. Mowra Bean Meal.

A sample was sent me under the above name. It had been
recommended for use as a fertiliser, and cost 55s. per ton at
Yarmouth.

Annual Report for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist. 371

The analysis was as follows : —

Moisture . . . .

Organic matter
Phosphate of Lime .

Alkalies, &c. ....

Sand .

3 Containing nitrogen .
equal to ammmonia

13-03

74-68

2-53

4-59

5*17

100-00

2'57

3-12

This I take to be the same as Mahua or Mowa bean meal
obtained from the bassialati folia tree. The analysis showed
it to be not nearly the equal of castor bean meal or other cake-
residues used for fertilising purposes, and I should consider it
fully high in price.

8. Miscellaneous Materials.

A member sent me a sample of crushed quartz which he
wished to give to poultry and other birds in order to supply
grit for them.

The material, I was informed, was the refuse from lead
mines, and on coming to examine it, I found that it was not
merely quartz, but that it contained a good deal of carbonate of
lime, and lead and pyrites occurred in it in quatitity also, So
that it would be very undesirable to use.

The following is a list of the samples submitted to me by
members of the Society for the twelve months, December 1st,
1912, to November 30th, 1913

Linseed cakes ....
Undecorticated cotton cakes
Decorticated cotton cakes
Compound feeding cakes and meals
Cereals . . . .

Bean and pea meals .

Dried grains ....
Superphosphates
Dissolved bones . . :

Compound manures .

Raw and steamed bones .

Peruvian guano

Fish, meat, and bone guanos .
Basic slag . . ,

Nitrate of soda
Sulphate of ammonia
Potash salts ....
Shoddy . . . -

Refuse manure

16

20

12

48

9

2

2

17

6

21

5
1

8

25

3

8

6
42

2 .

J

372 Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist.

Lime

Soot

Waters

Soils

Roots

Milk, cream, and butter
Hoofs and Horns
Rape cake manure .
Sewage sludge .
Miscellaneous .

Stuart House,

1 Tudor Street,

London, E.C.

5

5

67

31

2

23

3

2

1

18

Total .... 410

J. Augustus Yoelcker.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1913 OF THE

BOTANIST.

Seed-testing.

The examination and testing of agricultural seeds has, as
usual, formed a considerable portion of the work undertaken
in the Botanical Department. Complete analyses involving
details of the nature apd amount of impurities present as well
as the germinating capacity were made on 196 samples, whilst
partial analyses involving a germinating te$t only, or tests for
the presence of dodder or comparisons of bulk with samples,
were made on 74 samples.

The seeds, as a whole, hardly reached the high standard of
the past two years, the falling off being due in the main to the
bad harvest conditions of the previous season. If allowance is
made for this there was little to complain of in the majority of
the samples tested since the germinating capacity was only
slightly impaired. The red clovers, sainfoin, and mangold seem
to have suffered most. Some exceptionally bad samples,
presumably of very old seed, were sent in for analysis.

Four lots of seed sold as English red clover were found to
contain seeds of Chilian dodder, which may be taken as an
indication that a part, if not the whole, of the seed was not
grown in this country. One of the worst samples I have yet
seen was sent from Datchet. It contained 10 per cent, by
weight of lumps of soil, grains of wheat, barley and rye-grass,
the excreta of mice and various weed seeds. The seed itself
was shrivelled, and of that dull foxy-brown colour usually
associated with clover seed several years old. Two sets of

373

Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist .

about a thousand seeds each when set to germinate failed to
show the presence of a single seed capable of growth.

Another unsatisfactory series of clover samples was received
from the north of England. The guaranteed percentages of
germination were as follows : —

Red clover . . . • • • • ^6 per cent.

Perennial cow-grass . . - • • ^6 ,,

White clover ^0 ,,

The results of the analyses were : —

Red clover . 74 per cent, germinated 5 per cent, “hard” seeds

Perennial cow-grass 71 ,, ,, 5 ,, »

White clover . 75 ,, ,, 6 ,, ,,

As the purchaser was informed, on complaining of the quality
of the seeds, that a gross mistake had been made in the analyses
I thought it advisable to have a series of independent tests
made at the Swiss Seed Control Station at Zurich. These
confirmed our own analyses, but we were promptly countered
with the argument that the vitality of the seeds had fallen off
during the three or four weeks these analyses took. The
statement had to be disposed of by yet another series of
analyses a month later. It is worth noting that this argument
is commonly used by some seed-dealers, and although very
few fresh agricultural seeds show any appreciable loss of
vitality during the course of a month it is as well to do away
with the “ excuse ” by sending seeds for testing as soon as they

are received. . , .

The bulk of the red clover samples consisted ot poor-looking

discoloured seed which was often shrivelled. It had, however,
a higher germinating capacity than its appearance led one to
expect. The best looking samples were probably “ yearling '

seed.

The few samples of sainfoin examined were unusually bad.
Each of them was milled and contained large percentages of
“hard” seed. One, after repeated tests, gave a maximum

germination percentage of only 29 per cent.

White clover, trefoil, and lucerne were well up to the

average of former years.

A small number of samples of mangold seed were sent or
analysis. Each of them was probably several years old. I he
best showed a 90 per cent, germination, the worst 53 per cent.,
whereas good, fresh samples should produce about 150 plants
per 100 seeds. “Seeds” of the grasses were well up to the
average of former years, probably because the bulk ot them
had been harvested under more satisfactory conditions than
obtained in this country in the autumn of 1912. two
extraordinary grass-seed mixtures were, however, received
with inquiries as to their suitability for the formation ot

374

Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist.

permanent pastures. One appeared to be the “blowings”
of a wheat crop grown on land infested with black-grass
( Alopecurus agrestis) and couch grass since these were the
only grass seeds it contained. The other consisted of the
screenings of various crops. It contained about 5 per cent,
of the seeds of various weed plants occurring in pastures,
whilst the useful seeds amounted to about 1 per cent. The
remainder was a mixture of wheat, barley, charlock, corn
buttercup, goosegrass and wild onion.

Plant Diseases.

Enquiries with regard to fungoid diseases of plants were
less numerous than in the preceding year — their total aggregat-
ing 47. They would have been still less had it not been for a
number of outbreaks of wet rot in potatoes during November.
Foi the sake of convenience the more important enquiries are
described in short sections devoted to each crop.

Potatoes.— Towards the end of July several members
sent specimens of potato foliage in order to ascertain whether
the discolouration of the leaflets was due to the attacks of
Rhytophthora infestans. A microscopic examination showed
this to be the case and the application of the usual preventive
measure, namely spraying with Bordeaux mixture, was
recommended. Later reports showed that this effectively
checked the further spread of the disease. After the crop had
been lifted tubers showing advanced stages of decay were sent
in from various parts of the country. In two cases the tubers
were from fields which had been sprayed on which it was
definitely stated that no disease had appeared. In other cases
a late attack had been experienced but as the haulm was dying
off, no ill consequences were anticipated. Nevertheless the
potatoes began to rot rapidly in the clamps. The disease was
apparently the well-known, but little investigated “ wet-rot.”
Cultures were made from the tubers and amongst others a
bacterium was isolated having the general characteristics of
Bacillus amylohacter which is generally considered to be
the cause of the decay. In all probability this had attacked
tubers already infected by PhytojAithora.

One undoubted case of the Black Stalk-rot due to Bacillus
melanogenes was sent from the Lincoln Fens. When plants
are attacked the leaves become first a paler green, then yellow,
and curl over so as to expose the lower surface. At the same
time the base of the stem turns black and watery. An early
attack results in the death of the plant. No curative measures
are known at present but in view of the fact that the bacterium
may find its own way to the tubers and consequently be planted

Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist.

375

with the u seed ” further propagation from a diseased crop is
evidently an unwise proceeding.

In one parcel of tubers sent from the West of England the
skins were so covered with rough corky masses that at first
sight one suspected the presence of the corky scab fungus
Spongospora scabies. A detailed examination failed to support
this view. The abnormally roughened coats pointed either to
the presence of gritty matter, such as coal ash, in the soil or
the use of large quantities of kainit in a mixture of artificial
manures. Enquiries showed that the soil of the field was
largely composed of rubbish from a brickyard which in all
probability was responsible for the symptoms.

Mangolds. — The only diseases reported on were the common
rust, Uromyces betae and the mould Peronospora schachtii.
The latter is not often met with in quantity in this country and
it is problematical whether it causes any serious loss.

Swedes. — Mildew and finger and toe were each received for
examination once.

Glovers. — Several enquiries were made with regard to
“ clover-sickness ” not only in red clover but also in lucerne
and sainfoin. The disease is undoubtedly very prevalent at
present. The advice given was to alter the rotation in such a
manner that clovers would not follow clovers more often than
once in six years. Under such circumstances the resting bodieg
of the fungus responsible for the disease should lose their
vitality, with the result that no further infection should occur
from the soil. Where this course offered special difficulties
experimental dressings of lime applied immediately after the
harvesting of the covering cereal crop were recommended. It
is hoped that the results of these trials will be reported next
season.

Wheat. — The one really serious disease brought to my
notice was an attack of bunt ( Tilletia tritici ), which was so
severe that the complete destruction of the standing crop had
to be recommended. There is no excuse for any serious loss
from the attacks of this parasite nowadays, for either the
well-known blue-vitriol steep or Jensen’s hot water treatment
of the seed can be relied upon as particularly effective
preventive measures.

One of these methods should always be employed before
wheat is sown even if one is certain that the standing crop
from which seed was saved was free from infected plants.
The precaution is necessary, for travelling threshing machines
are often contaminated with the spores of the bunt fungus.

Barley. — A single case of u blindness ” was dealt with, and
measures suggested for controlling it in subsequent seasons.

376 Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist.

Fruit. — Each year the same diseases are received for
report, namely, peach curl, apple canker, leaf scorch, silver
leaf, and strawberry spot. One interesting example of apple
mildew ( Podosphaera Imcotricha ) was examined. The abun-
dant growth of the mildew on the young shoots appeared to
to be of an abnormal colour, and further observation showed
that the parasite itself was attacked by a second parasite, a
species of Cicinnobolus. The experiments made to determine
the cause of leaf-scorch (Journal R.A.S.E., 1912, p. 289) hive
not resulted in the isolation of any fungus or bacterium to
which the disease can be attributed. Spraying with the usual
fungicides has had no effect on checking the progress of the
scorch — in fact the disease was more prevalent on sprayed
trees during the past season than on those left untreated.

Other Crops. — Two outbreaks of white rust ( Cystopus
candidus) were reported on crops of white mustard, but the
disease was too slight and the crop at too advanced a stage of
ripeness to warrant the application of fungicides. One severe
outbreak of celery spot ( Septoria petroselini apii) was
enquired into, but again the request for help came too late for
measures to be taken to control the outbreak.

Amongst other diseases larch canker, mildew on vegetable
marrows, garden peas and asters, and a spot disease on tobacco
were dealt with.

Weeds.

No weed seems to have given more trouble in the past
season than the common spurrey (Spergula arvensis). As the
following quotations show, it has been particularly prevalent in
newly broken land : — ( a ) “ When I break up any new land,
either from heather or grass, for the first year or two I am free
from spurrey. After this it increases each year and the better
I do my crops the worse the spurrey becomes.” (b) “ The
land was left to run wild forty years ago and broken up nine
years since. It is now completely smothered. Acres of oats
and barley are destroyed.” In this case 200 acres of arable
land were infested with “ this horrible weed.”

Spurrey is a weed characteristic of light soil and a vigorous
growth of it generally denotes a deficiency of lime in the soil.
Given these conditions it forms a dense mass of herbage from
six inches to a foot in thickness, which can completely smother
crops of clover, wheat or barley and render the cleaning of root
crops a matter of great difficulty.

The most important point to remember, when attempts are
made to suppress it, is that the weed is a surface rooting, rapidly
growing annual, which forms an abundance of seeds. Every
effort should be made to prevent seeding and reinfestation of
the land, even should this mean abandoning the crop, sheeping

377

Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist .

off the weed and fallowing. Once seeding is permitted, the
difficulties of cleaning are enormously increased.

Heavy dressings of lime often effectually rid the land of this
weed. Apparently, though, this is not an invariable specific.
Where it fails, spraying with a 5 per cent, solution of copper
sulphate has been recommended. The trials which we have
made show that this kills off the younger plants and prevents
many of the older ones from seeding. The spray is not as
efficient, though, as it is with charlock, and there is little doubt
that it will have to be employed for several seasons to clean the

land at all thoroughly. _ ,.

The red shank (Polygonum per sicarta), another tree seeding
annual, has been reported on on several occasions. This occurs
most frequently on moist soils which otherwise are m good
condition. Continuous surface cultivation in the early summer
is usually sufficient to suppress it, but where this is impractic-
able, a spraying with a copper sulphate solution ot the same
concentration as above gives satisfactory results. _

The question whether the common thistle is spread by
means of seeds has led to some correspondence which is worth
quoting in view of the fact that the belief still exists that
the plant does not produce fertile seeds A member had had
occasion to complain to a neighbour with regard to the thistle-
ridden condition of his fields. He was told that this woul
not affect adjacent fields because no seed was produced.
Evidence usually quoted in support of this beliet is that
drifts of thistledown consist solely of floats. This is true n
the main, but the fact is overlooked that the slightest jar, as
for instance when the floating seed settles on the ground,
leads to the separation of the seed from the float. An e»m>-
tion of ripe thistle-heads should be sufficient to convince
anv sceptic that it is as well to prevent seeding.

Broom-rape ( Orobanche minor), a parasite on clover, was
reported as causing damage in the south of Eng'and
ptant is not uncommon on light soils and is usually to be found
pushing its thick brownish shoots above the soil soon after the
removal of the first cut of clover. The tuberous base of the
stem is attached by suckers to the clover root and obtains its
nourishment direct from it. The seeds are dust-like and
produced in enormous numbers. There is some evidenc
show that they can remain in a dormant condition in the soil
for several years. The eradication of the parasite, once it s
established, is difficult. Probably the best procedure is to
prevent the formation of seed by hand-pulling the
shoots and to miss clover once from the rotation. The intro
duction of the seeds of the pest with the clover seed need no
be feared, since the bulk of it ripens and is distributed befoie

378 Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist.

the second crop of clover is cut. Any late-formed seeds, on
account of their minute size, are completely removed by
cleaning screens.

Methods of checking the spread of clover-dodder have been
asked for on several occasions. This dangerous parasite is still
often introduced with clover seed, and consequently no sowing
should be made without first ascertaining that the seed is free
from it. Once it is established it seeds freely, and can,
unfortunately, persist for years owing to its habit of attacking
plants other than the clovers, such as thistles, knapweed, &c.
Thoroughly burning infested patches with straw or chaff is as
effective a method of dealing with the parasite as any. Failing
this, good results can be obtained by spraying them with an
ounce of an arsenical weed-killer dissolved in four gallons
of water.

Among other weeds reported on on one or more occasions,
were hemlock, chervil, wavy hair-grass, rest harrow, dyers
weed, scabious, knawel, creeping buttercup, and gout weed.

General inquiries have been more numerous, and in some
cases more interesting, than in former years. One of these was
the case of a twenty-acre “ cherry orchard planted about thirty
years ago. Although each season it presents a splendid blossom
there has never been a good crop of fruit, and last year it was
very poor.” Accompanying the enquiry was a box of flower
buds, which the sender thought showed signs of some mildew.
However, no mildew could be detected, and as the buds
appeared to be normal, arrangements were made lor a frequent
supply of material during the flowering and early fruiting
stages. This was examined microscopically, with the result
that both the stamens and the ovaries of the flowers were found
to be perfectly normal. Other evidence obtained by bagging
young inflorescences indicated that the flowers were sterile with
their own pollen. The remedy in such cases is the simple one
of intioducing a supply of the pollen of another cherry variety
at the time when the flowers of the variety of which the orchard
consists are fully open, fl his can be effected either by planting
fresh trees of a suitable variety amongst the existing ones, or
by grafting some of them with its scions.

A similar case where an orchard of five acres of “ River’s ”

plums generally failed to produce much fruit was traced to the
same cause.

There is a steadily accumulating volume of evidence to
show that the system of planting one variety of fruit only in an
orchard is not always desirable. Where its flowers will
pollinate and fertilize themselves, if other circumstances are
favourable, good crops should result. Where self-pollination
results in few or no fruits setting the chances of crop failure

Annual Report ' for 1913 of the Zoologist. 379

are very considerable. Many experiments are now in progress
to determine what varieties are self-sterile and what other
varieties are most suitable for inter-planting.

Another case of some general interest could not be
investigated as thoroughly as could be wished for. This was
concerned with the damage supposed to have been caused to a,
wheat crop by fumes from a neighbouring factory. The ears,
soon after clearing the sheaths, began to wither at the tips and
finally died down to empty chaff. Too little material was sent
for examination, and this unfortunately was received at too
late a stage of growth to be of much value. What information
could be obtained pointed rather to an attack of the “ take-all ”
fungus.

Reports were also sent on, amongst others, the following
subjects — a botanical analysis of the contents of a wood-pigeon’s
crop, weed impurities in Chilian oats, the botanical constitution
of a food mixture, the effects of waterlogging on crops,
varieties of wheat suitable for “ dry land farming,” fungicides
for wheat-steeping, varieties of sainfoin, and on the malting
value of several kinds of barley.

R. H. Biffen.

School of Agriculture,

Cambridge.

ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1913 OF THE

ZOOLOGIST.

The mild winter of 1912-13 caused the very early appearance
of many of the ordinary spring pests, and appeared to be
especially favourable to aphis attacks, which were much
complained of during the early part of the year. The general
character of the more prevalent insect attacks, and of the
investigations carried on by the department may be gathered
from the following report : —

Forest Tree Pests.

Many complaints were received of some of the commoner
forest pests during the season, especially of the Pine-shoot
tortrix and of the two Larch moths, Goleophora laricella and
Argyresthia laevigatella. Some cases occurred of injury to the
roots of young trees by Cockchafer grubs, and as usual the
Wood wasp, Sirex gigas , was often the subject of enquiry.

It is seldom that box suffers from insect pests, but one case
was brought to my notice in which the leaves were greatly
disfigured by the work of a fly grub which proved to be of the

380 Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist.

genus Monarthropalpus. An attack on lime trees by a species
of Thrips was reported from Windermere.

Among the insects injurious to timber, complaints were
received of the common Anobium and Xestobium beetles, but
in some of the worst cases the beetles belonged to the genus
Lyctus.

By far the most important case of injury to forest trees
brought to my notice during the year was due to the unusual
prevalence of the spruce aphis.

The Spruce Aphis {Aphis abietana).

Complaints of plant-lice on forest trees are exceedingly
common, but the pests generally belong to the genus Ghermes.
The spruce aphis, Aphis abietana , has long been established in
England, but is ordinarily negligible as a pest, having no
appreciable effect on the common spruce, and I can find no
record of its occurrence in sufficient numbers to be seriously
injurious. This year, in April, reports were received from the
Royal Gardens at Keiv that many spruce trees were in a very
bad condition and some apparently dying, and their failure
seemed to be attributable to no other cause than an unpre-
cedented aphis attack. Further reports of similar attacks on
Picea sitchensis in different parts of the country, and especially
in Ireland, came to hand. As this species has been very
extensively planted in Great Britain and Ireland during recent
years the matter appeared to be very important. Two explana-
tions were possible. A new pest might have been introduced
with the Sitka spruce and become greatly more injurious in its
new surroundings, or the already known spruce aphis, of which
the common spruce is very tolerant, might be finding other
species of spruce much more vulnerable.

A visit was paid to the Botanical Gardens at Kew where
the attack was severe, and where the presence of all the species
and varieties of spruce would make it possible to determine
the exact condition of affairs, and Mr. Dummer kindly showed
me the trees. A large number of spruces were entirely brown
and apparently dead, and many others presented a very pitiable
appearance. At the first sight it seemed hardly possible that
the aphis was accountable for such serious results, but close
examination left no doubt that this was the case. The sickly
trees were smothered in aphis, and every needle which had
turned brown was marked with numerous perforations by the
beaks of the insects. The species was Aphis abietana , — no
new pest, but the species already known, though not regarded
seriously as a pest in this country.

An inquiry into the varieties of spruce affected gave the
following results : —

Annual Report for 1913 oj the Zoologist. 381

The common spruce (P. excelsa , type variety) showed no
sign of having suffered at all, and it was only after some search
that specimens of the aphis were found upon it. Some of the
ornamental varieties of P. excelsa were, however, badly injured,
especially the varieties gigantea , aurea , hudsonica , repens ,
virgata , and monstrosa. It was very noticeable that one
variety — P. excelsa var orientcilis — showed no signs of injury

whatever. ' „ ,

But the worst cases were those of the more recently

introduced American species of spruce, P. pungens and
P. sitchensis ; many of these trees seemed as though the^
could hardly recover from the attack. The facts, then, are
these : No new pest is in question, but our old spruce aphis
is under exceptional conditions, capable of greatly damaging
p. sitchensis and P. pungens , and also many ornamental
varieties of the common spruce, though the type variety and
also the variety orientalis escaped injury even when the aphis
was unusually abundant. Of course the conditions were
highly exceptional. For an aphis attack to occur in sue
severity and so early in the year as to kill forest trees before
the end of April is, I believe, unprecedented, and it may be
long before it occurs again. No doubt the mild winter was
partly responsible for it. There is one practical lesson to be
learnt from the attack. We may disregard the presence of
aphis on the common spruce, but on the Sitka spruce it is
another matter. In view of the great harm it is capable of
doing it will be advisable to watch plantations of young bitka
spruce for its appearance, and, where possible, to wash the

trees as soon as the pest does occur. ,

Mr Diimmer made an interesting suggestion as to the
reason why certain species and varieties of spruce are more
vulnerable than others. He points out that the affected trees
are generally characterised by the possession of particularly
sharp needles, which, he thinks, may deter tits and other birds
from clearing off the winter forms of aphis which give rise to
the spring attack. The blunter needles of the common spruce
do not repel them, and these trees are probably, therefore, more
effectually cleared of the hibernating aphides.

Farm and Garden Pests.

There is little of special interest to record in this section.
Some of the spring pests appeared at a remarkably early date,
and there was even a case of frit-fly in winter oats. Many
enquiries have had reference to clover crops, which in different
cases have suffered from eel-worm, clover seed-midge, and
weevil grubs, as well as from the fungus Sclerotima. In the
autumn there was an unusually severe attack of celery-fly.

382

Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist.

Recent investigations have settled some of the points which
remained doubtful in the life-history of the pea-thrips, and
indicated the proper treatment for it.

The Pea-Thrips.

This' troublesome garden pest, from which hardly any
garden is entirely free, and which in certain years does very
extensive injury, failed for a long time to attract the attention
it deserved, and was annually passed over in silence in reports
on economic entomology. In 1908 I began a serious attempt
to elucidate its life^history, and the results were published in
my annual report for that year. Some further observations
were made by my pupil, Mr. Maulik, and quite recently
another old Cambridge student, Mr. C. B. Williams, now at
John Innes Horticultural, Institute, has been able to furnish
evidence upon the only point which still remained obscure.
There is little doubt, therefore, that we now have an accurate

Fig. 1 — A young diseased pod, enlarged.

knowledge of the whole life-history of the insect, and as
previous accounts have been fragmentary, it is clearly desirable
to sum up the various observations in one brief statement.

The disease is first noticeable by the unhealthy appearance
of the young pods. Ipstead of being uniformly green, they
present white or straw-coloured blotches, chiefly near the ends,
and. they usually become distorted and curled. In bad attacks
their appearance is entirely spoiled and their yield greatly
diminished.

On close examination the young pods are seen to be infested
by numbers of small yellow insects of the shape shown in Fig. 2,
tipped with black at the posterior end. These are the young
or larpce of the pea-thrips, which is itself black and furnished
with four very narrow wings fringed with hairs.

The initial stages of the attack were fully investigated in
1908 and described in the report of the Zoologist for that year.
The female thrips visits the newly-opened pea flowers and lays
its eggs in the tissues of the flower, generally choosing the
stamen sheath, but sometimes utilising the petals as Maulik has

Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist . $83

since shewn. The eggs develop inside the substance of the
stamen sheath and the larvae presently emerge and attack the
underlying ovary, which is now developing to form the pod.
This they injure, not by devouring its tissue, but by inserting
their mouth-parts and sucking the sap, and the infested pod
soon assumes the appearance characteristic of the disease.

So far the life-history was clear, but a very important point
remained undetermined. Where did the change from the larva
to the adult take place and whence came the flies which began
the annual attack ? Other species of thrips were known to pass
the winter in the mature form and it was thought probable that
the pea-thrips did the same. The loose bark of old pea-Sticks,
heaps of leaf-mould and similar shelters were suspected of
sheltering them, and the impracticability of dealing satisfac-
torily with their possible winter quarters made it very difficult
to suggest any means of preventing the attack.

Fig. 2. — Pea-thrips’ larva enlarged.

But from the investigations of Mr. Williams it appears almost
certain that this particular thrips does not pass the winter as a
mature insect, but remains as a larva in the soil till the spring,
delaying its final changes until the following May, when the flies
emerge and find material at hand in the shape of the developing
pea blossoms.

It follows, therefore, that the soil in which the peas we^e
grown must be treated in some way to prevent an attack next
year, and that instead of searching for possible shelters for the
hibernating fly we ought to dress the ground, immediately after
the crop is gathered, with some preparation likely to kill the
larva which have dropped from the pods fully fed and purpose
remaining in the soil till the following spring. The forking in
of lime and soot or vaporite, or the injection of carbon
bisulphide, or the application of any of the numerous prepara-
tions suitable for the destruction of underground insects ought

384

Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist.

to. have a beneficial effect. Theoretically any time in the
winter might be selected for such treatment, but probably the
larvae are more vulnerable immediately after descending to the
ground and before they have thoroughly established themselves
in their winter quarters.

Animal Parasites.

In May a remarkable plague of “ sand-flies ” occurred in the
Lake District. These insects, though often a nuisance on a
small scale, very rarely occur in such prodigious numbers in
this country as to be a serious pest as they often do abroad,
especially on the banks of the Danube and in North America.

In the present case the flies seem to have been more or less
troublesome for two years past and this year they were so
numerous that, in the words of my correspondent, i( dogs
suffered much ; the bellies and udders of cattle were black with
them ; children came in with their faces covered with blood,
and they got up sleeves and trousers and down the neck so
that no part of the body was safe from them.”

The flies are small, black insects, belonging to the genns
Simulium , and called in America u buffalo gnats ” from the
humped appearance of their backs. They are not to be con-
founded with the true gnats or mosquitoes, nor with the
“ midges ” ( Ceraiopogon ), so troublesome, especially under
trees, in the summer. The trouble is that instead of breeding
in stagnantwater ponds, puddles, water-tanks, &c., like the gnats,
they live as larvae in the clear water of lakes and rivers. The
measures which have proved so successful against mosquitoes
are, therefore, of no avail against these flies, and there seems to
be little to be done except to dress the cattle with some prepara-
tion calculated to warn them off and to hope that their natural
enemies will soon come to our assistance.

Mr. Austen, of the British Museum, identified two species
as concerned in the present plague.

As usual, . several applications having reference to the
diseases of animals had to be referred to the Meterinary depart-
ment. Among the most frequent were complaints of stomach
worms in sheep, which cause great annual loss and are most
difficult to treat effectually because of the uncertainty that any
di ug administered will reach the fourth stomach, where the
worms live, in an unaltered condition. The whole subject is
being investigated by Mr. Pethybridge at Cambridge, and it is
hoped that some light will be thrown on the sources of infesta-
tion and possible methods of prevention.

Observations on the warble-fly last summer confirmed the
view that the eggs are not laid on the back of the cattle but on
the hairs on the legs, and this supports the conclusion, arrived

385

Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist.

k

at by Professor Carpenter in Ireland from direct experiments,
that preventive smearing of the back in the fly season is a
useless expenditure of money and labour. Squeezing out the
grubs in the spring remains the treatment for this pest, though
some prefer to apply an ointment to the warbles and thus to
kill the grub inside. If, however, the latter plan be chosen, it
has recently been found that equal parts of Archangel tar and
paraffin oil are as effective, and less injurious to the hide, as
the old composition of train-oil, sulphur and spirit of tar.

In a case of great mortality among some young pheasants
the birds were found to have in their crops large numbers of
caterpillars which were sent for identification. They were
recognised as those of the “Five-spot Burnet” moth. I find
no record of these caterpillars being poisonous, but it is quite
possible that they may be, for caterpillars of their type of
colouration are usually unpalatable, and it is surprising that
the pheasants did not instinctively reject them. Possibly the
increasing domestication of pheasants is causing them to lose
some of their native instincts.

Fruit Pests.

Advice has been given, at one time or another, with regard
to almost all the usual fruit pests, but only a few points have
arisen which are worthy of mention.

Further cases have arisen in which banding against winter-
moth has been ineffectual, either because the preparation used
has been unsatisfactory, or because it has not been renewed
when necessary. It is important to emphasise the fact that
the considerable expense of banding the trees is largely wasted
unless the preparation really forms an impassable barrier for
the moth, is put on early enough, and is renewed if it becomes
at all dry.

There were an unusual number of complaints of the leopard
moth in orchards. One correspondent attributed the attack to
the props used in the orchard, which showed perforations.
They were larch props, however, and the borings in them were
probably the work of Sirex and not of the leopard moth, which
does not attack coniferous trees.

Some cases of attack on currant bushes by the rather local
currant bud-moth ( Incurvaria capitella) were reported. An
account of this insect will be found in the Report of the
Zoologist for 1906. In one instance black currants were stated
to be injured by an insect which, on examination, proved to
be a capsid bug ( Plesiocoris ruficollis ), which I am not aware
has been previously recorded as injurious. The leaves were
badly blistered where the insect had been sucking. A
case in which some cherry trees, though full of blossom, bore

VOL. 74. 0

386

Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist.

no fruit, received a good deal of attention, but the cause
remains obscure. The buds seemed absolutely healthy and
showed no trace of injury by any insect or fungus. Apparently
there was simply a lack of fertilisation, due either to the
absence of suitable insects or to some other cause. [It is
possible that the bee disease may have a wide-spreading
influence in this direction.]

The Raspberry Beetle {By turns tomentosus).

In last year’s Report it was stated that an experiment was
in progress by which it was hoped to elucidate the points
which remained obscure in the life-history of the raspberry
beetle. Six raspberry plants were grown in large flowerpots,
and when about to blossom fifty beetles were admitted to each,
and the plant and flowerpot were enclosed in a muslin bag and
kept out of doors, under the same conditions as to temperature
and moisture as the other plants in the fruit garden. After
the fruiting season it was intended to remove the plants, one
at a time at intervals of about a month, to the laboratory, and
by thoroughly searching all the contents of the muslin bag, to
determine the whereabouts and the condition of the insect at
the time of examination.

The first examination was on August 21, by which time the
beetles admitted to the plant ought to have laid eggs in the
blossoms, and the larvae from these eggs should have become
fully fed on the fruit and dropped to earth. This was found
to be the case, numerous larvaa being found in the soil at an
average depth of 1^ inches. A few of them had already turned
to pupae.

A month later no larvae were found, but many pupae and
two beetles. In October almost all the pupae had changed to
mature beetles.

The early appearance of the mature insect suggested the
possibility of some activity on its part during the winter.
There might be a second brood, either at the root of the
raspberry or on some other food plant, but indications of any
such habit were sought for in vain in the remaining experi-
mental pots. The beetles were never found on the roots
themselves, nor did any of them show any signs of wishing
to escape from the muslin enclosure in search of other plants.
Indeed they all remained below the soil. Search in the open
was equally without result. It had been thought possible that
the beetles might visit the blackberry plants in the hedges
surrounding the raspberry plantations, but no specimens were
found there or elsewhere in the late autumn.

In the light of these experiments, the life-history of the
raspberry beetle requires re-stating.

387

Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist.

Byturus tomentosus appears about the end of May on the
unopened raspberry buds. It is about £ in. in length and
of a yellow and brown colour, being in fact brown with a *
down of greyish-yellow hairs which are often more or less
rubbed off.

They pierce the buds and prevent many of them from
developing at all. Later they attack open blossoms and feed
upon the stamens and petals. Much harm is done in these
early stages, but they are also the parents of the maggots so

4

F-IO. 3. — The Easpberry Beetle, Byturus tomentosus.

1, the beetle ; 2, the larva ; 3, the newly-formecl pupa ; 4, the pupa in its cavity
in the soil, all enlarged, the natural size indicated by perpendicular lines.

often occurring in the raspberry fruit. They utilise those
blossoms which have escaped destruction to lay their eggs in,
and these eggs give rise to maggots which feed on the ripening
fruit, attaining finally a length of rather more than a quarter
of an inch. They are yellowish-white with fairly distinct
brownish plates on the back of the segments, and with two
brown curved horns at the tail.

When the crop is gathered it is “ maggoty,” and greatly
depreciated in value, but by this time many of the grubs have

388 Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist.

become fully fed and have dropped to the ground, in which
they burrow to a depth of about two inches. Towards the end
of August they change to pupae — the resting, chrysalis-like
stage of the insect. These pupae are uniformly formed in the
soil ; never under the bark or in similar shelters as generally
stated. They are quite naked, forming no cocoon, though each
occupies a little smooth-walled chamber in the soil. They are
at first white, and the legs, antennae and wings of the future
beetles are easily recognisable. Later they shrink and become
yellowish, gradually assuming the form of the mature beetle.
By the end of September many of the pupae have changed to
beetles, and practically all have done so by the end of October,
and the winter is passed in the mature form, which, however,
appears to remain inactive until the following May.

Treatment.

The two most important measures to be undertaken are :

(■ a ) The collecting of the beetles, early in the morning, or
on a dull day, by shaking the blossoming plants over tarred
boards or sacks soaked in paraffin. This has been long
practised, and remains the only measure by which the attack,
when it has once declared itself, can be mitigated, for any
kind of spraying during the blossoming period seems to be
impracticable.

(&) Treating the soil, as soon as the crop has been gathered,
with some preparation calculated to destroy the grubs which
have newly gone to earth before they change to pupae, and
are somewhat less vulnerable. Experiments have been made
with various insecticides such as lime, vaporite, carbon
bisulphide, &c., and though the precise results in each case are
not yet to hand, there was a noticeable decrease this summer in
the beetle in plots which had been treated in 1912, though some
neighbouring loganberry plants which had been left untreated
were badly infested.

Miscellaneous Notes.

Two of the applications received furnished rather striking
evidence of the fact, seldom recognised by agriculturists, that
wasps, though a terrible nuisance at times, are, throughout most
of their lives, highly beneficial insects. In the first case a
correspondent sent me the sweepings of the floor beneath a
wasps’ nest which had been built in an outhouse in Surrey and
they contained hundreds of wings of moths — chiefly of noctua
moths and especially of the “ Yellow Underwing.” These
moths are the parents of the “ surface caterpillars ” so injurious
to root and other crops. In the second case a number of wasps

/

Annual Report for 1913 of the Zoologist. 389

were sent from a nest which had been taken and almost every
worker was fonnd to have in its jaws the mangled remains of a
“Crane-fly,” Or “ Daddy-long-legs,” whose grub is the very
destructive “ leather- jacket.” The harm done by wasps is very
obvious, but many people overlook the vast amount of useful
work done by them. Every wasp grub is reared on insect food,
and as the workers naturally take insects which are for the
moment plentiful, their effect in reducing pests must be quite
considerable.

A new garden pest occurred in the form of a caterpillar
which was reported as destroying hollyhocks and Michaelmas
daisies by burrowing in their stems. On examination it proved
to be the caterpillar of the “ Frosted Orange ” moth, Ochria
( Gortyna ) ochracea. This caterpillar feeds in the stems of
various succulent weeds, and its origin in this case was traced
to a badly infested patch of thistles near at hand.

Advice has often been given Avith regard to pests infesting
houses and household goods and some more or less interesting
cases of this nature were dealt with.

In one case a house was invaded by grain weevils ( Galandra
granaria). They were traced to a neighbouring granary which
had lately been cleared out and the surviving weevils, deprived
of their food, were wandering in search of more.

Some maggot-infested bacon which was sent for examination
was found to be attacked by the cheese-fly, Piophila casei , and
not bv the more usual bacon beetle, Dermestes lardarius.

Cecil Warburton.

School of Agriculture, Cambridge.

390

THE WOBURN EXPERIMENTAL
STATION OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

FIELD EXPERIMENTS, 1913. page

CONTINUOUS WHEAT 391

CONTINUOUS BARLEY . 393

ROTATION EXPERIMENTS — THE UNEXHAUSTED MANURIAL

VALUE OE CAKE AND CORN 396

GREEN-MANURING EXPERIMENTS 398

VARIETIES OP OATS ........ 399

BARLEY EXPERIMENT DIFFERENT RATES OF SEEDING . 400

NITROGENOUS TOP-DRESSINGS ON WHEAT .... 401

MAGNESIA EXPERIMENTS ON WHEAT ..... 402

CLOVER AND GRASS MIXTURES ...... 404

VARIETIES OF LUCERNE ....... 405

VARIETIES OF RYE-GRASS 406

INOCULATION OF LEGUMINOUS CROPS ..... 407

SOYA BEAN 4Q7

LINSEED .......... 407

GRASS EXPERIMENTS 408

DUNG-MAKING EXPERIMENT 410

RAINFALL AT WOBURN, 1913 411

POT-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS, 1913 411

I. Hu As’ Experiments : —

(a) The influence of Zinc Salts on Wheat . . .411

( b ) The influence of Copper Salts on Wheat . . . 414

(c) The influence of Manganese and Cerium Salts on Wheat 417

II. The Relation of Lime to Magnesia in Soils :

The addition of Lime to a soil rich in Magnesia . .417

III. The use of Sulphur as a Fertiliser . . .419

IY. Experiments on Tomatoes : —

(a) On yiatural and heated soil with addition of Lithium

Phosphate . . . . . e _ .419

(5) On natural and heated soil with addition of Magnesia 419

FIELD EXPERIMENTS, 1913.

The season of 1913 was an improvement on those of 1911 and
1912. At the same time it was one not unattended with
difficulties, for, after a favourable time for the sowing1 of
wheat, the sowing of barley was much delayed owing to the
land not being sufficiently dry. A late period for the
germination of spring corn was followed by drought throughout
June and the early part of July. This caused the corn^to be

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

391

late in ripening ; uncertain weather following after the corn
was cut made the in-gathering of the crop difficult. This was
especially the case with barley, for, whereas the wheat was got
in fairly, the barley was longer in the field, and was prevented,
through rain, from being got in good condition.

In the end, the wheat crop turned out to be a heavier crop
than in 1912, and the barley was still better.

The same causes as above described made the obtaining of
root crops a matter of much uncertainty, and it was only by
great care and by keeping the soil constantly stirred throughout
the dry weather of June and July that a fair plant could be
obtained. Potatoes, however, did excellently, and splendid
crops of hay and of “ seeds ” were obtained.

In view of the desirability of getting the threshing results
out early, the plan, adopted for the first time in 1912, of
threshing the corn crops direct out of the field instead of
stacking them was again carried out. The results, however,
were not nearly as satisfactory as in 1912, for the corn had
to be got up quickly, and ultimately the quality suffered
considerably.

It is quite open to question whether the plan of threshing
direct from the field can be always done to advantage. Much
must depend upon the particular season and on the particular
conditions which prevail at the time of threshing. There is,
further, the difficulty of obtaining a threshing machine just at
the time it is wanted.

Continuous Growing of Wheat (, Stackyard Field)

1913 (37th Season).

No further addition of lime was made to any of the plots,
nor other alteration made in the plan.

The plots were cleaned throughout September, 1912,
particular attention being given to the presence of coltsfoot
which had been so prominent on plot 4. Farmyard manure
was ploughed in on plot lib on October 19, 1912 ; the actual
quantity put on was at the rate of 4 tons 6 cwt. per acre,
supplying 100 lb. of ammonia. Mineral manures were broad-
casted on October 25 over the plots which were to receive
them, and “ Red Standard ” wheat was drilled on the same day
at the rate of 10 pecks per acre, the seed having been previously
dressed with sulphate of copper.

The seed went in well, and the wheat began to show on
November 18. Coltsfoot then made its appearance on plots 6,
9, and 11, and was promptly dug up.

Rape dust was applied to plot 10b on March 26, 1913, the
quantity being slightly over 4 cwt. per acre, giving 25 lb. of
ammonia.

392

The Woburn Field Experiments y 1913.

The nitrogenous top-dressings were next applied ; the first
portions on April 19, and the second on May 20.

The nitrate of soda plots did not this year present the bad
appearances which were so marked in 1 912. The farmyard
manure plot, as usual, looked the best in the earlier stages, but,
later on, rape cake (plot 10b) showed a distinct advance, and
this plot seemed better than lib.

Drought throughout June much retarded the growing of
the crop, and prevented it from ripening well. This was
especially the case with the plots on which sulphate of ammonia
had been used.

The wheat crop was cut August 10 — 15, and was threshed
direct out of the field on August 30, the corn being dressed
and weighed on September 1. It was subsequently valued in
October by Mr. J. Smith, junr., of Bedford.

The results generally are rather better than those of 1912.
Of the two unmanured plots 1 and 7, 7 affords the better guide,
as the corn of plot 1 was damaged considerably by pigeons and
mice when the shocks were standing in the field. The
unmanured plot No. 7 gave 14*7 bushels per acre of corn, as
against 8*2 bushels only in 1912. The straw amounted to
10J cwt. per acre.

Mineral manures (plot 4) gave, as usual, a rather lower
return than the unmanured plot. Nitrate of soda, when used
alone, produced a better crop than sulphate of ammonia,
even where lime had been used with the latter. Doubling the
dressing of' nitrate of soda produced 2 to 3 bushels of corn more
than the single dressing, while the addition of mineral manures
to nitrate of soda gave an increase of 4 to 5 bushels per acre.
Sulphate of ammonia, used by itself, gave, as usual, no crop
wfhere lime had not been applied ; and plots 2aa (1 ton of lime
per acre, in four separate dressings of 5 cwt. each, with sulphate
of ammonia) and 2bb (4 tons lime per acre, in two dressings of
2 tons each, also with sulphate of ammonia) gave, both of them, less
produce than the unmanured ones, but the sulphate of ammonia
plot 2b (on which lime had last been given in 1897) was the
best of these limed plots, and showed a distinct gain. The crops
of plots 8aa and 8bb showed that the effect of 10 cwt. of lime
per acre applied once, in 1905, was dying out, but on plot 5b,
where 1 ton of lime per acre had been put on in 1905, 8*6 bushels
more of corn were obtained than on the unmanured plot.

There was nothing to show the superiority of potash over
phosphoric acid, or vice versa, as a mineral dressing.

The farmyard manure plot, though it did not look so well
in the field as the rape cake plot, gave, ultimately, 3| bushels
of corn per acre more. This plot also gave the highest yield of
straw in the series, this being 26 cwt. per acre.

/

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913. 393

Nitrate of soda, generally, produced the most straw, but
gave the lowest weight per bushel in the corn.

The corn was valued, as usual, but was found not to be up
to the average. It contained a lot of “tail ” corn, and was not
well matured. The produce of several of the plots, indeed,
was not fit for milling.

The complete harvest results, together with the valuation of
the corn, are given in Table I., page 394.

Continuous Growing of Barley {Stackyard Field )

1913 (37th Season).

The land was ploughed in November, 1912, and again in
February (12-17), 1913. On February 13, 1913, farmyard
manure, giving 100 lb. ammonia per acre, was ploughed in.
“ Chevalier ” barley, at the rate of 9 pecks per acre, was drilled
on March 31 over the different plots, the seed having been
previously dressed with sulphate of copper. Mineral manures
and rape dust were applied immediately afterwards, and the
nitrogenous top-dressings on May 9 and May 27.

As with the wheat, so here the nitrate of soda plots ripened
much better than those dressed with sulphate of ammonia,
though, as stated, the ripening of the corn was much delayed.

The crop was cut on September 1-5, but, owing to rain, it
took long to dry, and could not be threshed out until Septem-
ber 17. Even then it was not in good condition, and the
quality of the corn suffered greatly thereby.

The harvest results are given in Table II., page 395.

The general results of harvest were distinctly superior to
those obtained in 1912. The average of the two unmanured
plots (1 and 7) was 6-7 bushels per acre of corn, which was less
than in 1912.

Mineral manures alone produced 12*2 bushels of corn per
acre, and it is worthy of note that Equisetum arvense , which
had been such a prominent weed on this plot in 1912, did not
now exist to anything like the same extent.

Nitrate of soda used alone gave 15T bushels of barley, the
doubling of the amount, however, only producing 1*3 bushels
per acre more ; but the addition of minerals raised the crop
to 22’6 bushels when the single dressing of nitrate of soda was
used, and to 30*6 bushels per acre with the double dressing.
The omission, for a single year, of the nitrate made a difference
of nearly 11 bushels.

Sulphate of ammonia by itself (plot 2a) provided, as usual,
a blank, as also was the case when minerals only were used
with it (plots 5a, 8a, 8b), but no lime. Sulphate of ammonia
along with one ton of lime (in four separate applications)
on plot 2aa gave 11*9 bushels; of corn, and the same with

8' A • . • ; | • * i * j ' ‘ 1 4

/'

394

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

Table I. — Continuous Growing of Wheat , 1913.

(37 th Season).

(Wheat grown year after year on the same land, the manures being applied

every year.)

Stackyard Field— Produce per acre.

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,

Value

per

quarter
on basis
of

32s.

Plot

Manures per acre

No. of
bush.

Weight

per

bushel

-+3

bj>

*5

£

chaff,

&c.

1

Unmanured ....

12-3

Lb.

6U2

Lb.

20

C.q. lb.
10 2 8

s. d.

30 0

2a

Sulphate of ammonia (=25 lb.
ammonia) ....

12

1 0 1

30 0

2aa

As 2a, with 5 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905, repeated 1909, 1910 and
1911

12-8

62'5

52

8 3 0

29 0

2b

As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897

15-5

62-6

64

9 2 0

30 0

2bb

As 2b, with 2 tons lime (re-
peated), Jan., 1905

133

64-0

112

11 1 21

31 0

3a

Nitrate of soda(=50 Ib.ammonia)

20-8

57-4

80

19 1 7

28 0

3b

Nitrate of soda(=25 Ib.ammonia)

17-4

57-4

54

14 0 11

28 0

4

Mineral manures (superphos-
phate, 3 cwt. ; sulphate of
potash, ^ cwt.)

12-0

60'5

19

11 2 16

31 0

5a

Mineral manures and sulphate
of ammonia (=25 lb. ammonia)

12-7

58-7

44

11 1 8

29 0

5b

As 5a, with 1 ton lime, Jan.,
1905 .....

23-3

621

36

15 3 10

31 6

6

Mineral manures and nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

22-6

60-5

60

19 3 14

30 0

7

Unmanured ....

14-7

61-3

21

10 1 7

31 6

8a

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) sulphate of
ammonia (=50 lb. ammonia)

5-6

62-0

32

6 1 21

29 0

8aa

As 8a, with 10 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905

14-4

60-0

56

12 2 2

28 0

8b

Mineral manures, sulphate of
ammonia (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years).

28

1 1 5

31 6

8bb

As 8b, with 10 cwt. lime, Jan.,
1905

11*0

60-0

60

9 3 4

29 0

9a

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) nitrate of soda
(=50 lb. ammonia)

24-2

60-1

46

22 0 4

30 0

9b

Mineral manures, nitrate of
soda (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years) .

15-2

60-7

36

13 2 6

31 0

10a

Superphosphate 3 cwt., nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

18-8

59-2

66

15 3 10

29 0

10b

Rape dust (=25 Ib.ammonia).

19*3

6U5

50

18 1 20

31 0

11a

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., ni-
trate of soda (=25 lb. am-
monia) .....

18-3

58-9

56

16 1 13

29 0

lib

Farmyard manure (=100 lb.
ammonia) ....

22*8

60-6

42

26 0 0

30 0

The Wohui 'n Field Experiments , 1913.

395

Table II. — Continuous Crowing of Barley , 1913

(37 th Season).

(Barley grown year after year on the same land, the manures being applied

every year.)

Stackyard Field— Produce per acre.

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,

chaff,

&c.

Value

per

Plot

Manures per acre

No. of
bush.

Weight

per

bush.

rd

4bD

‘53

£

quarter
on basis
of

32s.

1

Unmanured ....

7-2

Lb.

49-0

Lb.

18

O. q. lb.

4 2 20

s. d.

23 0

2a

Sulphate of ammonia (=25 lb.
ammonia) ....

12

0 2 4

24 0

2aa

As 2a, with 5 cwt. lime, Mar.,
1905, repeated 1909, 1910 and
1912

11-9

525

24

8 2 4

23 0

2b

As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897, repeated 1912

34-3

51-4

48

18 0 12

26 0

2bb

As 2a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897, repeated Mar., 1905 .

Nitrate of soda(= 50 lb.ammonia)

163

52-5

52

9 2 16

26 0

3a

16-4

49-5

30

9 3 4

24 0

3b

Nitrate of soda(=25 lb.ammonia)

15-1

49-2

42

9 2 16

23 0

4

Mineral manures (superphos-
phate 3 cwt., sulphate of
potash i cwt.)

122

50-5

34

7 2 20

24 0

5a

Mineral manures and sulphate
of ammonia (=25 lb.ammonia)

12

0 2 20

23 0

5aa

As 5a, with 1 ton lime, Mar., 1905

13-1

54-0

32

8 3 4

26 0

5b

As 5a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897, repeated 1912

31-5

51-9

50

16 2 4

27 0

6

Mineral manures and nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

22-6

51-2

30

13 0 7

27 0

7

Unmanured ....

6-2

492

13

4 0 3

23 0

8a

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) sulphate of am-
monia (=50 lb. ammonia) .

20

0 3 9

24 0

8aa

As 8a, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897, repeated 1912

34-1

52-5

72

19 0 24

27 6

8b

Mineral manures, sulphate of
ammonia (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years) .

8

0 2 8

24 0

8bb

As 8b, with 2 tons lime, Dec.,
1897, repeated 1912

29-1

52-5

32

15 2 24

28 6

9a

Mineral manures and (in alter-
nate years) nitrate of soda
(—50 lb. ammonia)

30-6

51-5

40

15 2 24

27 0

9b

Mineral manures, nitrate of
soda (=50 lb. ammonia)
omitted (in alternate years).

19-8

51-3

22

11 0 10

27 0

10a

Superphosphate 3 cwt., nitrate
of soda (=25 lb. ammonia) .

26-1

48-0

56

14 2 4

24 0

10b

Rape dust (=25 lb. ammonia) .

24-5

493

32

13 1 0

23 0

11a

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., ni-
trate of soda (=25 lb. am-
monia) .....

32-3

47-6

58

17 0 14

24 0

lib

Farmyard manure ( = 100 lb.
ammonia) ....

40-2

52-5

68

23 2 26

29 0

396

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

1 tons of lime (in two separate applications, 1897 and 1905)
16*3 bushels (plot 2bb), while with 4 tons altogether of lime
applied in two dressings in 1897 and 1912 respectively, (plot
2b) as much as 34*3 bushels per acre were obtained, this being
rather more than followed the use of the same amount of
sulphate of ammonia along with minerals and 1 ton of lime
per acre in 1905 (plot 5b, 31*5 bushels per acre). The same
amount (4 tons per acre) of lime with the double dressing of
sulphate of ammonia (plot 8aa) gave no higher produce, viz.,
34T bushels per acre. On plot 5aa the 1 ton per acre of lime
applied in 1905 would seem to be worked out. It is noticeable
that this year more straw was obtained from the use of sulphate
of ammonia in conjunction with lime than 'from nitrate of
soda.

Comparing plots 10a and 11a, an advantage would appear
to accrue from the use of potash in preference to phosphate ;
the experience of 1912 was in the same direction.

The farmyard manure plot' (lib) gave decidedly the highest
yield of all, this being 40’2 bushels of corn and 23| cwt. of
straw per acre, and much in excess of the return from rape dust
(24-5 bushels of corn with 13 cwt. of straw per acre).

The valuation of the corn was adversely affected by the
inferior condition in which the barley crop was harvested, and
it will be observed that in no case was the average for the district
reached. This was due entirely to the fact that the crop was
threshed direct out of the field.

Rotation Experiments.— The Unexhausted Manurial

Value of Cake and Corn ( Stackyard Field).

(a) Series C. 1910, Swedes, fed on by Sheep with Cake and
Corn respectively ; 1911, Barley ; 1912, Green Crops ;
1913, Wheat.

? i ■ . ,

The crop of 1912 was trifolium cut for hay, but, as stated
in last year’s report, the second green crop— rape— which it
was intended to grow, did not come np well and was ploughed
in.

On October 26, 1912, “ Red Standard ” wheat was drilled at
the rate of 10 pecks per acre, This grew well, and the crop
was cut on August 15, 1913. The wheat was threshed, the
corn-fed plot on August 30, the cake-fed plot on September 17.
The results are given in Table III.

It will be seen that the corn-fed plot gave 4 bushels more
corn and 2 qrs. more straw per acre than did the cake-fed plot.
It may be remembered that a similar result — one quite contrary
to expectation — was obtained with the two previous crops,
trifolium and barley, of this series.

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

397

Table III. — Series C. Rotation Experiment — the Unex-
hausted Manurial Value of Cake and Corn (, Stackyard
Field), 1913. Wheat — after Green-crops.

Produce per acre.

Plot

. ^ •

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,
chaff, &c.

Value of
corn per
quarter
on

basis of
32s.

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

Lb.

Lh.

Lb.

C.

q. lh.

s. d.

1

Corn-fed plot

1,632

26-7.

61-0

51

20

1 24

32 0

2

Cake-fed plot

1,403

22-7

61-6

22

19

3 15

31 6

(b) Series D. 1912, Swedes ; 1913, Barley.

The swedes grown in 1912 were partly removed, leaving
12 tons to the acre to be fed on the land. This was done by
sheep which consumed first the roots on the corn-fed portion
and then passed on to the cake-fed portion. The sheep were
on the first-named plot from February 3 to March 9, during
which time they consumed, per acre, 4 cwt. of barley, 4 cwt.
of oats, and 2 cwt. of mixed oat-straw and clover-hay chaff.
After passing on to the second portion, they were fed from
March 9 to April 1, consuming, per acre, 4 cwt. of linseed cake,
4 cwt. of cotton cake, and 2 cwt. of oat straw and clover-hay
chaff. The land was then ploughed, and on April 3, 1913,
Chevalier” barley was drilled at the rate of 9 pecks per acre.
The crop was cut August 29 to September 5, and was threshed
out on September 17. The results are given in Table IY.

Table IY. — Series D. Rotation Experiment — the Unex-
hausted Manurial Value of Cake and Corn (/ Stackyard
Field), 1913. Barley— after Swedes fed on.

Produce per acre.

Plot

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,
chaff, &c.

Value of
corn per
quarter
on

basis of
32s.

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bushel

Weight

Lb.

Lh.

Lh.

C. q. lb.

s. d.

1

Swedes fed on with

corn .

2,216

42-0

52-7

11-3

24 2 2

27 6

2

Swedes fed on with

cake .

2,054

39-8

52-5

11-0

22 1 11

25 0

It will be seen that the corn-fed plot produced 2*2 bushels
more corn and 2 cwt. 1 qr. more straw per acre than did the

398

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

cake-fed plot, a result like that above recorded for Series C,
and also quite contrary to what would have been expected.

It will be desirable to carry on this experiment to the end
of the rotation before attempting to explain the exceptional
results obtained in 1913.

Green-manuring Experiments.

(a) Stackyard Field. Series A.

Green crops were again grown in 1913. On March 26,
spring tares were drilled at the rate of 4 bushels per acre ; on
May 17 rape seed at the rate of 5 lb. per acre was sown, and
on the same day mustard seed at the rate of 1 peck per acre.

All three crops came up well, and were in due course fed
on by sheep. The tares were fed from June 28 to July 9, the
mustard from July 9 to 15, and the rape from July 16 to 21.
In each case 2 cwt. per acre of cotton cake was given to the
sheep as well. Second crops of the tares and the rape were
sown on July 15 and July 26 respectively, but these did not
come to anything, and so were turned in, a second crop of
mustard not being sown. Wheat follows on this rotation.

(5) Lansome Field.

In 1912 a wheat crop following the green-manuring had
been taken, and it had been decided that, instead of growing
green crops again in 1913, a second corn crop following the
wheat should be taken in order to see whether it would remove
the residue from the land and show any difference in crop as
between the ploughing-in of the tares and of the mustard
respectively.

Oats were chosen for the purpose, and on February 28, 1913,
u Banner ” oats, at the rate of 4 bushels per acre, were sown.

The oats came up well, and, as usual, looked — at first —
best on the tares plot. Towards the end of April the plots
turned very yellow in appearance, more particularly the tares
plot. The crops recovered, however, and the oats were ready
to cut on August 12, being subsequently threshed on August
30. The results are given in Table Y.

From this Table it will be noticed that the differences
shown were not large. Taking the half of the area manured
with mineral manures, the oat crop on the tares plot was the
heaviest, and that after mustard the lowest, whereas on the
portion where lime had been applied the mustard plot gave
the best return, and then the tares, the rape being the poorest.

Taking the average of the two sets of plots, the tares gave,
on the whole, the highest return, and the mustard about 1^
bushels per acre less corn, the rape giving a further bushel per
acre less.

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

399

Table V. — Green-manuring Experiment (. Lansome Field).

Produce of Oats per acre, 1913 — after Wheat.

Manuring in 1911

Head corn

1

Tail

corn

Straw,

Value of
corn per
quarter
on basis
of 20s.

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bush.

Weight

chaff,

&c.

Tares ploughed in, with
mineral manures.

Lb.

1,102

301

Lb.

36-6

Lb.

49

C. q. lb.

11 0 7

s. d.

19 0

Tares ploughed in, with
lime ....

1,078

28-8

37-4

42

11 2 9

19 6

Rape ploughed in, with
mineral manures .

1,005

' 27-8

36T

48

12 0 4

20 0

Rape ploughed in, with
lime ....

934

25-9

36T

39

10 3 2

20 0

Mustard ploughed in,
with mineral manures .

900

26-3

34-2

43

11 3 11

20 0

Mustard ploughed in,
with lime

1,057

29-6

35-8

37

14 0 19

20 0

i

The difference between these sets is by no means so marked
as was the case with the wheat crop grown immediately after
the green-crops had been ploughed in, and it is clear that the
second corn crop has not materially altered the conclusions
previously come to as to mustard being, on this particular land,
a better green-crop to plough in than tares or rape.

Varieties of Oats.

It was thought desirable to compare in 1913 certain varieties
of oats. Among these was “ Banner,” a Canadian oat which
had been grown considerably in the North of England, and
which had been extensively tried at the Cockle Park Farm of
the Northumberland County Council.

Another variety tried was the New Zealand oat, “ Sparrow-
bill.” A nice piece of land for the purpose being available on
Road Piece Field, 4 areas of 1 acre each were marked out and
sown respectively as follows : —

Plot 1. — “ Banner ” (Canadian).

„ 2. — “ Abundance ” (Garton’s).

„ 3. — “ Sensation ” (Canadian).

„ 4. — “ Sparrowbill ” (New Zealand).

The oats were drilled on March 25 and 26, 1913, at the rate
of 4 bushels per acre, with the exception of “ Sparrowbill,” the
seed of which appeared to be inferior, and, accordingly, 5
bushels per acre of it were sown. By April 16 the oats were
well up with the exception of “ Sparrowbill,” this latter variety

400

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

being fully a fortnight behind the others. By August 1, the
44 Sparrowbill ” was still quite green, but the other varieties had
changed their colour.

Plots 1, 2 and 3 were cut on August 22, but it was
September 8 before plot 4 (“ Sparrowbill ”) could be har-
vested.

The results are given in Table VI.

Table VI. — Varieties of Oats , 1913.

Road Piece Field — Produce per acre.

Plot

Variety

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,
chaff, &c.

Value of
corn per

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bush.

Bush.

quarter

on

basis of
20s.

1

“Banner” (Canadian) .

Lb.

1,673

47-5

Lb.

35-2

77

C. q. lb.
15 1 20

8. d.
18 0

2

“Abundance” (Carton’s)

1,338

37-2

36-0

61

13 0 12

18

6

3

“Sensation” (Canadian)

1,174

329

35-6

54

12 0 6

18

0

4

“Sparrowbill” (New

Zealand) .

790

24-8

3P8

55

9 0 26

18

0

The respective costs of the seed per quarter were : —
“ Banner ” 26s., “ Abundance ” 36s., “ Sensation ” 48s.,

“ Sparrowbill ” 35s.

Of the four varieties “ Banner ” was markedly the best,
producing 10 bushels more corn and 2 cwt. more straw per
acre than the next best kind, the “ Abundance.” u Sparrow-
bill ” was much inferior to the others. It has been stated that
the “ Sparrowbill ” seed was noticed to be inferior at the time
of sowing, and the results of a particular season may not be
conclusive as regards this variety. It is clear, however, that in
Banner oats one has a kind the use of which might with
advantage be extended.

The valuation of the corn showed the samples to have been
very badly weathered, and to have contained a quantity of corn
not properly matured. The highest value (18s. 6d.) was given
to “ Abundance ” on the basis of 20s. per quarter. The other
three varieties were all placed at 18s.

Barley Experiment.

Different rates of seeding.

As a portion of Great Hill came in for barley in 1913, it
was thought that it might be interesting to try sowing the
same kind of barley at different rates per acre. Accordingly,
4 plots were marked out and sown with barley at the following
rates : — 6, 8, 10 and 12 pecks per acre.

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913. 401

The barley was “ Chevalier ” and was sown on March
14, 1913.

The crop was cut on September 8, and the harvest results
are given in Table VII.

Table VII. — Barley Experiment — different rates of Seeding

( Great Hill).

Produce of Barley per acre, 1913.

Plot

Rate of Seeding.

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,
chaff, &c.

Value of
corn per
quarter
on basis
of 32s.

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bushel

W eight

Lb.

Lh.

Lb.

c.

q.

lb.

s. d.

1

12 pecks per acre

1,728

33-3

5P9

13

13

l

11

29 0

2

1,607

30-7

52-4

26

11

2

26

28 0

3

1,460

27-7

52-8

22

12

3

12

28 0

4

'6 „ „ „

1,641

30-8

532

16

14

1

22

28 0

The highest result was obtained from the thickest seeding,
though the difference between the highest and lowest rate of
seeding was only bushels of corn per acre. Also the greatest
amount of straw was obtained with the thinnest seeding.

The valuer’s remarks were that the barley was only just
useful for the year and a great deal below the average of fine
barleys. On a basis of 32s. per quarter, the highest value, 29s.,
was given to plot 1 (the thickest seeding), the others being
classed alike at Is. per quarter less.

Nitrogenous Top-Dressings on Wheat.

Wheat being grown over a considerable portion of Warren
Field, it was determined to try in 1913 further experiments
upon the influence of different nitrogenous top-dressings.

Nitrate of ammonia, a newly introduced fertiliser, was tried
in comparison with sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda.

The wheat (“Red Standard”) was drilled November 4-6,
1912, at the rate of 10 pecks per acre. On May 28, 1913, the
nitrogenous top-dressings were applied, these being given in
quantity such as to supply 30 lb. of ammonia per acre. The
actual weights per acre so applied were as follows : —

Sulphate of ammonia . . .119 1b.

Nitrate of soda . . . . 153 ,,

Nitrate of ammonia . . . 70f6 lb.

The crop was cut on August 11, and the harvest results are
given in Table VIII.

/

402 The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

Table VIII. — Experiment with Nitrogenous Top-dressings

on Wheat , 1913.

Warren Field — Produce per acre.

Plot

Manures per acre

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw

Value of
corn per
quarter
on basis
of 32s.

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bush.

Weight

Lb.

Lh.

Lh.

C. q. lb.

s. d.

1

Sulphate of ammonia

1,796

28-7

62-5

239

26 3 22

31 0

2

No top-dressing

1,654

26-6

62*2

205

24 1 25

31 0

3

Nitrate of ammonia

1,934

31-2

62-0

232

29 2 20

31 0

4

Nitrate of soda

1,870

30-3

61-7

230

30 3 8

31 0

The nitrate of soda cost 1 21. 5s., the sulphate of ammonia
14 1. 5s., on rail in London. For nitrate of ammonia no regular
price could be affixed, as it has not come into regular use as a
fertiliser.

It will be seen that nitrate of ammonia produced the highest
result, and about one bushel per acre in excess of nitrate of soda,
the latter, however, producing more straw. Sulphate of
ammonia was this year hardly so effective, the produce being
1^ bushels less than from nitrate of soda, and the straw 4 cwt.
less per acre. The four lots were valued and were all put at
the same figure, namely, 31s. per quarter, upon a basis of 32s.
per quarter. They were all much alike, and would just pass for
milling purposes.

Influence of Magnesia on Wheat.

Experiments on this subject having for a considerable time
been conducted on a small scale in the Pot-culture Station, it
was thought well to try it on a larger scale in the field. For
this purpose an area T’o of an acre in extent, in Lansome Field,
and bordering on the green-manuring experiments, was marked
out in the autumn of 1912. This was halved ; one half was left
without treatment, and on the lower half, of an acre, 2 cwt.
of Magnesia (Mgo.) were spread on November 28, and worked
into the top 6 inches of the soil, wheat being subsequently
drilled on the two halves.

Previous analyses of the soil had shown this to contain
lime, ‘40 per cent. ; magnesia, ‘20 per cent. ; and the addition of
magnesia had the effect of raising the magnesia, if reckoned on
the first six inches depth of soil, to ‘40 per cent., or the same
amount of magnesia as of lime.

On the untreated portion the wheat came up quite well, but
on the treated portion, for some inexplicable reason, great
trouble was experienced in obtaining anything like a “ plant ”

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

403

of wheat. Where the wheat came, it appeared to be strong,
green, and vigorous, but birds made such depredations upon
this particular plot that, although repeated dibbling with fresh
seed was resorted to right up to springtime, it was never
possible to get more than half a “plant.” Why the birds
should have selected this particular plot for their operations
is unknown, but the fact remains that they confined their
ravages entirely to this plot, never touching the wheat on
the untreated plot, nor the ordinary wheat crop on the
remainder of the field.

Though this circumstance spoilt the experiment as a record
of comparative weights, it was clear to anyone examining the
plots, that where the magnesia had been, there the wheat grew
decidedly more strongly, and also tillered out very much better.

The wheat was cut on August 9, was threshed on August 30,
and the results, for what they may be worth, are given in
Table IX.

Table IX. — Magnesia on Wheat , 1913 ( Lansome Field).

Produce per acre.

Plot

Manuring

Head corn

Tail

corn

Straw,

chaff,

&c.

Weight

Bush.

Weight

per

bush.

Weight

Lb

Lb.

Lb.

C. q. lb.

1

Without magnesia
*

1,325

23-9

55-5

65

21 1 0

2

With magnesia ....

1,250

22-1

56-5

70

26 1 0

From these figures it will be seen that the magnesia plot,
though there was not much more than half a plant, gave under
2 bushels per acre less corn, and 5 cwt. more straw than did the
untreated plot.

Analyses made of the grain gave the following figures : —

Percentage of —

Moisture

Nitrogen

Without magnesia With magnesia
17-50 1749

1-62 1-73

The corn was harvested in such bad condition, owing
especially to the uneven ripening of the replanted magnesia
plot, that the corn valuation, as a comparative test, was of no
value. The better tillering and stronger straw of the magnesia
treated plot, however, were most marked, and had conditions
been more favourable, this plot would undoubtedly have been
decidedly the better of the two. The experiment will be re-
peated in 1913.

404

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

Simultaneously with the foregoing, the two small plots
outside the pot-culture enclosure, and on which wheat had
been grown in 1911 and 1912, were again sown with wheat.
It may be here repeated that one plot was that of the natural
soil containing lime *77 per cent., magnesia ’20 per cent., and
the other had magnesia applied to it in November, 1910, to
make up the percentage of magnesia in the soil to -40 per cent,
the lime remaining the same, viz., -77 per oent.

In 1912 the plot with added magnesia produced half as
much again corn and straw as did that without magnesia. No
further addition of magnesia was now made, so that the wheat
crop of 1913 was the third successive one since the magnesia
was applied.

There was no marked difference between the crops on the
two plots, and, at harvesting, the results were as follows : —

Corn

Lb.

No treatment . . 3
Magnesia added . 3

Nitrogen Moisture

in in

Straw grain grain

Lb. Per cent. Per cent.

41 1-83 13-36

51 2-06 13-25

It will thus be seen that there was no difference of corn,
but some increase of straw in the third year, resulting from
the use of the magnesia.

The corn was collected, and, being under control, was
obtained in excellent condition. The value of it was put at
32s. 6d per quarter on a basis of 32s., this being the same for
each of the two lots. The valuer further reported that it was
very fine wheat, well grown and in splendid condition, showing
both strength and bloom.

The marked difference in quality, and in consequent valua-
tion, between the wheat in this case and that of the
corresponding plots in Lansome Field was due entirely to the
conditions under which the respective crops were grown and
harvested. It emphasises clearly the disadvantage which may
result from threshing corn direct out of the field under
unfavourable weather conditions.

The high percentage of moisture in the grain from Lansome
Field indicates the uneven character of the ripening of the
crop, whereas the moisture figure for the grain grown at the
pot-culture enclosure was considerably lower. It will be
noticed, however, that in each case the grain grown with
magnesia contained more nitrogen than that grown without
magnesia.

Clover and Grass Mixtures.

Series B. Stackyard Field.

On that portion of the field where, in 1912, varieties of
barley had been grown, the barley was under-sown with two

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

405

different mixtures of clovers and grasses, and in a third instance
with wild red clover alone.

The two mixtures differed only in the fact that in one of
these ordinary white clover was included and that in the other
mixture this was replaced by “ wild ” white clover.

The actual composition of the seed mixtures used was as

follows : —

Perennial rye-grass .

Cocksfoot .

Timothy .

English red clover
Wild white clover
Ordinary white clover

The ordinary white clover cost Is. bd. per lb., tne wild
white clover 3s. 9 d. per lb., and the costs of the two mixtuies
per acre were i — 1 (with wild white clover), 34s. bd. ; 2 (with

ordinary white clover), 25s. bd.

After removal of the barley crop, both plots with the
mixtures looked very well. The third plot (wild red clover)
was not so satisfactory. This latter plot, however, improved
very much as the season went on. The differences between
the habit of the “ wild ” varieties and of the ordinary clover
were clearly shown in the smaller leaf and more creeping
growth of the wild varieties. The plots were cut on June 16
and made into hay, the weights as weighed into the stack being

1 2
Lb. per acre Lb. per acre
12 12

10 10

4 4

4 4

4 —

— 4

as follows : —

Plot Seeding

1. Mixture with wild white clover

2. Mixture with ordinary white clover

3. Wild red clover (alone) .

Weight of hay per acre
T. c. q. lb.
3 0 2 4

3 0 2 5

2 6 0 24

It will be seen that these were excellent crops. The
season, however, as is well known, was a very favourable one
for “ seeds.” Between the ordinary white clover and the wild
white no difference was shown, but the plots will be left for a

second year, .

A second crop of hay was obtained in each case, but, owing

to the plots having been much trampled over by visitois diuing
the season, a comparison of the second crops was not to be

relied upon.

Varieties of Lucerne.

♦

Series B. Stackyard Field.

The lucerne plots which had been laid down in the spring
of 1911 and the results of which for 1912 are recorded in last
year’s report, were kept on. It will be remembered that one-
half of each plot had been sown bare and the other halt under
a corn crop (barley), and that in 1912 the plots sown without a

406

1 he Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

crop gave decidedly the larger produce ; also, as between the
different varieties, Russian (Europe) gave much the largest
crop, the Canadian lucerne being second best, and then the
Provence lucerne.

In 1912 the plots were cut over and tidied up. In April
they were horse-hoed, harrowed, and rolled. Though at one
time looking very unpromising, the plots all improved greatly
during the spring and early summer, and ultimately yielded
three cuttings, which were made into hay. The first of these
was obtained on June 27, the second on August 20, and the
third on November 17. The combined results are given in
Table X.

Table X. — Varieties of Lucerne ( Stackyard Field).

Produce of Hay per acre, 1913 (total of three cuttings).

Variety

J Sown under a corn
crop

Sown bare

American (Arizona) ....

Canadian ......

Turkestan .....

Provence ......

Russian (Europe) ....

Russian (Asia) .....

North American ....

T. c. q. lb

1 13 1 10

3 0 3 12

13 11

3 19 1 3

4 11 2 4

2 5 15

2 18 1 20

T. c. q. lb.

1 16 0 18

3 4 2 24

1 4 2 14

4 5 0 1

4 14 3 23

2 9 12

2 19 0 10

It will be seen that once more the portion sown without a
crop gave the higher return, though the differences were not
nearly so marked as in 1912.

The best crop was again yielded by the Russian (Europe)
variety, the second place being taken by the Provence lucerne,
these two standing out above any of the others.

The respective prices of the seed per lb. were Turkestan,
11c?. , Russian, Is. ; American and Canadian, Is. 1 d. ; Provence,
Is. 2d. 24 lb. per acre of each were sown.

Varieties op Rye-grass {Stackyard Field , 1913).

The three small plots sown in 1911 with different varieties
of rye-grass were again hayed in 1913, being cut on June 27.
The results are given in Table XI. : —

Table XI.— Varieties of Rye-grass {Stackyard Field).

Produce of Hay per acre, 1913.

V ariety

Pacey rye- grass ...

T. c. q. lb

16 17

Dutch ,, ....

0 16 3 19

Italian ,,

77 • • • • . . .

0 19 2 26

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

407

The highest yield was that obtained from the Pacey rye-
grass, whereas in 1912 Italian rye-grass had given the best
result. The Dutch variety again came out earlier, but produced
the smallest crop. Owing to drought no second crop was
obtained.

Inoculation of Leguminous Crops.

The small plots sown in the enclosure in Stackyard Field in
1912 were left for 1913, and again cut green, the first crops
being taken on June 27 (clover), and July 18 (lucerne), and
the second crops on August 20. The summarised results are
given in Table XII. : —

Table XII. — Inoculation of Leguminous Crops.

Stackyard Field — Green Produce per acre, 1913 (two cuttings).

Seed not inoculated

Seed inoculated

T. c. q. lb.

T. c. q. lb.

Lucerne .

2 11 2 10

3 0 2 2

Red clover .

6 10 3 23

7 18 2 26

White clover ....

5 11 0 12

5 1 O 21

From the above figures it will be seen that in the case of
white clover there was no advantage from the inoculation, but
with the red clover and lucerne there was in each case a slight

benefit.

Soya Bean.

Once more an attempt was made to grow Soya bean as a
crop. In 1912 the seed, which cost 2 \d. per lb., was sown as
late as May, and the plant never came to maturity. It was
decided therefore to try earlier sowing, and seed at the rate of
3 bushels per acre was sown as early as March 26. The seed,
however, was entirely picked out by birds, and it had to be
re-sown on April 21. A satisfactory plant was obtained, but,
as in 1912, it never reached proper maturity, though a few
pods were here and there produced early in Novembei.

i

Linseed.

A quarter acre plot was sown on Stackyard Field with
linseed. Six pecks per acre of linseed were put in on March
27 but this failing, the plot was re-sown on May 17. Once
more it failed, and ultimately on June 6 the plot was re-sown
with Riga linseed, costing 16s. per bushel, and this time the
crop came satisfactorily. It was in flower by August 20, and
was harvested on November 15.

408

/ he Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

GRASS EXPERIMENTS. — Broadmead , 1913.

(a) Improvement of Old Pasture.

(fi) Varieties of Lime.

(c) Different Forms of Lime.

(a) Improvement of Old Pasture.

The manurial applications were again given on February 22,
1913, on all the plots with the exception of plot 5, on which
the lime was not repeated.

During the whole of the spring and early summer, owing
to the shortage of grass land, the plots, though ultimately cut
for hay, were for a considerable part of the period grazed by
stock, and the results as regards hay produced would conse-
quently be altogether misleading, and so are not given. It
may, however, be observed that plots 2 (superphosphate and
sulphate of potash, 3 (basic slag and sulphate of potash) and
5 (superphosphate and sulphate of potash following lime) were
the best grazed, while plot 6 (farmyard manure) was largely
neglected by the stock.

Prof. Biffen received samples of the hay and has supplied
the botanical analyses given in Table XIII. :

Table 'Kill.— Improvement of Old Pasture ( Broad Mead).

Botanical Examination of Hay, 1913.

Percentage of

. . ; . :

Plot

Manuring per acre in 1913

Grasses

Leguminosae

Weeds

1

Basic slag 10 cwt. . . . |

Nitrate of potash 1 cwt. .

88

4

8

2

Mineral superphosphate 5 cwt. ]

i

87

6

\

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt. • . j

7

3

Basic slag 10 cwt. '. . . )

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt. . [

83

10

7

4

No manure

88

K

7

5 I

Superphosphate 3 cwt. . \

Sulphate of potash 1 cwt., after -
lime . . . . 1

l

83

9

8

6

1

Dung 12 tons ....

89

4

rr

i

The most striking points brought out by these analyses are
the rise m the leguminosse produced by the use of sulphate of
potash, and the diminution of these, with consequent increase
of gramineous herbage, following the application of dung. The
use of nitrate of potash on plot 1 has had a somewhat similar
effect to that of dung.

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.

409

(6) Varieties of Lime.

The different applications were given in 1910. The plots
were cut for hay June 21-26, and the weights of hay, together
with the results of Prof. Biffen’s botanical examination, are
given in Table XIV.

Table XIV. — Varieties of Lime on Grass Land ( Broad

Mead).

Produce of Hay per acre, with Botanical Results, 1913.

'

Weight of Hay

Percentage of

Plot

Lime applied, 19101

per acre

Grasses

Legumi-

nosaa

Weeds

1

Buxton lime

T. c. q. lh.

1 12 1 0

95

3

2

2

Chalk lime .

1 13 2 0

93

4

3

3

Magnesia lime

1 14 2 0

95

2

3

4

No lime

1 10 1 0

94

2

4

5

Lias lime

1 14 1 0

92

4

4

6

Oolite lime .

1 10 2 0

94

4

2

1 Two tons per acre in each case.

The differences, whether in crop-weight or in botanical
composition, are not strongly marked. In general appearance
plots ! and 2 (Buxton lime and chalk lime) seem the best in
the field. It will be noticed that the leguminosse are lowest in
amount on plots 3 and 4 (magnesian lime and no lime).

(c) Different forms of Lime.

This experiment was only commenced in 1913, the different

applications being made on February 12.

The plots were cut and made into hay June ^1-,-b. ilie

weights of hay are given in Table XV.

Table XV. — Different Forms of Lime on Grass Land

( Broad Mead).

Weights of Hay per acre in 1913.

Plot

1

2

3

4

5

Lime applied, 19131

Lump lime
Ground lime .
Nothing .

Ground limestone
Ground chalk .

T. c. q. lb.
1 16 2 0

17 3 0

14 0 0

15 3 0

19 2 0

~ 20s. per acreTinVqVkdektlyVfVarrtage, cartage, &c.) was spent on each plot for the

It is too early as yet to draw any conclusions, but, so far as
the work has gone, ground chalk appears to have done well.

410

The Woburn Field Experiments , 1913.
Dung-making Experiment, 1912 — 1913.

It is customary in some parts of the country, more
especially in the North of England, to penalise, at the rate
of 5s. per ton, the selling of hay off the farm, this representing
the loss to the farm. On the other hand, if hay be consumed
on the holding, the farmer is allowed 5s. per ton for cartage,
and is supposed to get the consuming value of the hay from
the increased bulk of the dung produced. It was accordingly
considered desirable to ascertain by exact experiment how far
the consumption of a certain amount of hay would increase the
bulk of the manure produced when the latter was measured in
accordance with the usual practice.

For this purpose the special feeding boxes or “pits ” at the
Woburn Farm were utilised, and were found most suitable.
Four bullocks were purchased and placed in these boxes, being
fed on a mixed diet of bean meal and crushed oats, together
with roots, oat-straw and chaff. To the diet of two of the
bullocks an addition of hay was made, and the four bullocks
were fed continuously from December 19, 1912, to April 30,
1913, by which time the two bullocks receiving hay additionally
had consumed one ton of hay. The different foods given, as
also the litter and water supplied, were all weighed, the total
quantities fed to each lot of two bullocks during the nineteen
weeks being as follows : —

Lb.

183

133

5,275

885

2,240

947

Bean meal
Crushed oats .

Roots .

Oat-straw chaff ■ .

Hay (to hay lot only) .
Litter .

The bullocks receiving no hay took 1,960 lb. of water, those
with hay 3,773 lb., or nearly twice as much.

When the bullocks had finished feeding they were removed,
the surface of the manure produced was carefully levelled, and
measurements of the depth of the manure, taken at different
spots over the whole area, were made. Subsequently the
manure was removed and weighed. The results obtained were
as follows : —

Volume of manure

Box I. (without hay)

produced
Cubic feet

204-69

T. c. q. lb.

5 5 3 21

Weight of manure

,, II. (1 ton of hay consumed
additionally) .

259-87

6 15 2 14

Increase due to consumption of 1 ton
of hay additional

55-18

1 9 2 21

Jhe Woburn Pot-Culture Experiments , 1913. 411

Analyses of the two lots of manure were made and gave
the following results as regards moisture and nitrogen : —

Moisture Nitrogen
Per cent. 'Per cent.

Box I. (without hay) .... 75-82 ‘489

„ II. (with hay) .... 74-21 '615

It was noticeable that, in the case of the manure made
with the additional hay, the straw was broken down very
much more and the dung was distinctly better made.

Rainfall at Woburn Experimental Station, 1913.

(292 ft. above sea level.)

* 1

January

Total
Inches
. 2-84

No. of days
with 01 in.
or more
recorded
21

July .

Total

Inches

1-29

No. of days
with ’01 in.
or more
recorded

15

February

. 1-06

10

August

0-69

9

March

2-50

20

September .

1-65

11

April .

. 2-36

19

October

2-65

16

May .

June .

. 1-78

12

November .

2-32

19

1-17

8

December .

0-89

14

Total .

21-20

174

POT-CULTURE EXPERIMENTS, 1913.

I. Hills’ Experiments : —

(a) The influence of Zinc Salts on Wheat.

( b ) The influence of Copper Salts on Wheat.

(c) The influence of Manganese and Cerium Salts on

Wheat.

II. The relation of Lime to Magnesia in Soils.

The addition of Lime to a Soil rich in Magnesia.

III. The use of Sulphur as a Fertiliser.

IY. Experiments on Tomatoes.

(a) On natural and heated Soil with addition of

Lithium Phosphate.

(b) On natural and heated Soil with addition of

Magnesia.

I. The Hills ’ Experiments — (a) The influence of Zinc

Salts on Wheat.

Experiments with zinc salts have been in progress since
1909. The account of these up to 1912, inclusive, was published
in the R.A.S.E. Journal for 1912. Up to then the indications

412 The Woburn Pot- Culture Experiments , 1913.

given were to the effect that thp presence of anything above
*02 per cent, of the metal in a soil would exercise a toxic
influence, but that in less quantity zinc might prove stimulating.

In 1912 the salts experimented with were the phosphate,
the nitrate and the carbonate, and in amounts containing
respectively ’03 per cent., ’02 per cent, and ’01 per cent, of the
metal zinc. In that year, however, the whole set of plants
were attacked by a species of mildew, and this affected the
results so much that it was felt desirable to repeat the work
in 1913 on the same lines, and this was accordingly done.

The soil used was that of Butt Furlong, one very fairly
supplied with plant food; it contained lime 1*04 per cent., and
phosphoric acid *24 per cent.

The experiments were carried out in large earthenware
pots, each holding 40 lb. of soil. The salts were mixed
with the whole of the soil contained in each pot, and each
experiment was in duplicate.

Wheat was sown on November 27, 1912, twelve seeds in
each pot, the number of plants being subsequently reduced
to six.

On the untreated sets the wheat all came up by Decem-
ber 16 ; with zinc phosphate and zinc carbonate, even in the
larger amounts, the prolongation of the incubation period was
hardly marked, but where zinc nitrate had been applied there
was a decided prolongation, more especially with the stronger
applications. Thus, where '03 per cent, zinc had been used
as nitrate, no plants appeared until December 30, and it was
forty-three days before the whole twelve showed. With ’02
per cent, zinc (also as nitrate) December 19 was the first date
of appearance of the plant, and it took thirty-four days for
all the twelve shoots to show. With ’01 per cent, only twenty-
five days were required.

During the earlier stages of growth the zinc phosphate and
zinc carbonate plants were much alike in size, and did not differ
greatly from the untreated ones, except as regards a marked
increase in the tillering. With zinc nitrate much ranker
growth and deeper colour of foliage were evident. Where
03 per cent, of zinc had been used the plants were distinctly
stunted.. In May, the phosphate and carbonate plants were
much alike, but the nitrate ones began to show signs of mildew.
The foliage also became very limp.

In June it was only in the case of the heaviest application
( 03 pei cent, zinc) that anything like a toxic effect was
shown with carbonate or phosphate. With the nitrate, how-
ever, more especially the heavier dressing, this toxic influence
was very pronounced, and the tops of the ears were in all
cases found to be practically 44 blind.”

The Woburn Pot- Culture Experiments , 1913. 413

The wheats ripened off in August, the nitrate sets being
then very ragged in appearance. Photographs were taken of
the different sets, and also measurements of the straw and ear.
As regards these latter, it will be sufficient to say that, in the
case of the phosphate and carbonate, while the application of
*01 per cent, of zinc gave about the same length of straw and
ear as did the untreated sets, a higher amount of the metal in
all instances reduced these measurements. With zinc nitrate
there was a still further reduction.

The crops were cut and threshed out, the roots being also

at once removed and photographed.

The comparative results of the weighing of corn and straw
are given in Table I. In Plate 1 are shown the growing crops
where an application of *03 per cent, of zinc had been given in
the different forms, and in Plate 2 are figured the roots corres-
ponding to the several plants of Plate 1.

Table I. — Zinc Salts on Wheat , 1913.

Corn

No treatment ....
Zinc phosphate '03 per cent, zinc

11

11

•02

11

11

11

•01

11

Zinc

nitrate

•03

11

11

11

•02

11

1 1

11

•01

11

Zine

carbonate

•03

11

11

11

•02

11

11

11

•01

M

1 1
11
n

” ‘ ‘ ‘ I

ii

ii

ii

ii

1_

Grain affected by smut.

100

82

751

99

34

68

127

79

83

99

Straw

100

144

141

131
96

132
195
129
135
129

The duplicates agreed very closely, and the figures given m
Table I. are calculated on the average of the duplicates.

It will be seen that in no case did the carbonate or
phosphate of zinc give an increase of corn above the “ no
treatment.” There was, however, a general increase m the
weight of straw. This was the result of the improved tillering
shown throughout the treated sets. From the phosphate and
the carbonate there appeared to be no stimulating effect except
as regards the increased tillering produced. On the other
hand, a new feature was introduced in the production of
“ blind ” ears, as if the presence of zinc had affected the plant

at the time of flowering. x , ,, . ,

With nitrate of zinc, while -03 per cent, of the metal

produced a marked toxic effect, which was also present to a
less extent when -02 per cent, was used, with *01 per cent only
there was a decided stimulation, both corn and straw being

increased.

414 The Woburn Pot- Culture Experiments, 1913.

As regards the roots, it will be observed from Plate 2 that
there was a marked difference in the plants to which zinc
phosphate had been given and those which had received zinc
nitrate. With zinc phosphate the heaviest dressing produced
a large root with much feathery development, such as has been
previously noticed in these experiments where magnesia has
been used. The smaller applications gave less root development,
but still more than the untreated. Zinc nitrate, on the other
hand, produced a quite different kind of root, and one of a
very stunted nature ; in the case of the application of *03 per
cent, of zinc the root was found to have gone down onlv four
inches into the soil.

From these results it may be concluded that the addition of
zinc up to 01 per cent, will have, on the whole, a stimulating
result, and produce better tillering, but that above this amount
the influence will be one of a toxic nature.

In the form of nitrate the metal will be more active than in
that of carbonate or of phosphate.

(b) The Influence of Copper Salts on Wheat.

Copper is one of the metals which had not been previously
experimented with at Woburn. Its extensive use, however in
agricultural practice, more especially in the form of Bordeaux
mixture for spraying potatoes, fruit trees, &c., made it desirable
that an inquiry as to its action on plants should be set on foot.
This was more especially the case in view of statements which
have been put forward, as the result of water-culture experi-
ments, as to the toxic effect of minute quantities of copper
Co-existing with these was the fact that there is no recorded
instance of actual damage resulting from the use of Bordeaux
mixture, although the amount of copper salts transferred in
this way to the soil in the course of a season must be con-
siderable.

The salts selected for trial were the sulphate and the
carbonate. The pots used were the large earthenware ones
holding 40 lb. of soil each. The applications given in the
form of the two salts contained respectively -0025 ner cent
•005 per cent 01 per cent., -025 per cent., 05 per cent, and
10 per cent, of copper. Each experiment was in duplicate

Wheat was sown on November 27, 1912, twelve seeds' per

pot, and the plants were subsequently reduced to six in each
pot.

In the untreated pots the seed germinated by December 16.
It was only in the case of the heaviest application (TO per cent*
copper) that the incubation was affected, and here the sulphate
had a greater effect than the carbonate. In the case of the
carbonate the first shoots appeared on December 21, but with

The Wohurn Pot- Culture Experiments , 1913. 415

the sulphate not until December 27. This, however, applied
to the heavier dressing only ; the others did not seem to have
any influence on the early growth.

As the plants grew, it was noticed that, while the lighter
applications seemed to have no influence (the plants being
much the same as the untreated ones), the heavier applications
were distinctly behindhand. Not only were the stems of the
plants thin, but the plant did not tiller out as well as the others.
This was especially the case with the application of TO per cent,
of copper as sulphate, the crop being very poor indeed. The
same application in the form of carbonate, while also doing
harm, did not appear to be so toxic as when the sulphate was

used.

The application of *05 per cent, of copper as sulphate gave a
better plant than that of TO per cent., while that of
*02 per cent, was still better, both it and the next lowei amount
(*01 per cent.) showing advance upon the untreated sets.
Smaller quantities did not appear to have had any effect.

Somewhat similar appearances were observed with the
carbonate, though, with this, larger amounts of the metal could
be advantageously used than was the case with the sulphate.

By July it was clear that anything markedly over '02 per
cent, of copper as sulphate would do injury, there being
absolutely no crop where TO per cent, was used, and very

little where '05 per cent, had been given. .

With the carbonate TO per cent, alone showed a distinctly

toxic influence.

Previously to harvesting, measurements were taken ot tne
straw and of the ears, and also photographs of the growing crops.

With amounts of '02 per cent, and '01 per cent, copper
there was an increase in length of both straw and ear, whethei
the sulphate or the carbonate had been used.

The comparative results of the weighing of corn and straw
are set out in Table II. In Plate 3 are given the appearances
of the growing crops where sulphate of copper had been used,
the roots of the corresponding plants being represented m

4:

Plate 5 shows the crops treated with carbonate of copper,
and Plate 6 the roots of the different plants.

The untreated crop with which comparison must be made

is (a) of Plate 1.

Table II. gives the results on the average of the two
duplicates, which again were very consistent.

It will be noted that when sulphate of copper was used TU
per cent, of the metal was absolutely destructive of the plant,
and '05 per cent, nearly so ; '02 per cent, and *01 per cent., how-
ever, showed stimulating action, more corn and more straw

416 The Woburn Pot- Culture Experiments , 1913.
Table II. — Copper Salts on Wheat , 1913.

/

No treatment

Corn

Straw

100

100

Sulphate of copper

*1

1*

*1

11

11

11

Carbonate of copper

11

li

11

11

11
1 1
11
11

10 per
05
02
01
005-
0025
10
05
02
01
005
0025

cent.

♦

copper

11

n

11

ii

11

n

11

ii

11

}'

ii

11

V

11

11

1*

11

r

11

ii

11

18

42

150

140

120

154

lot

116

99

108

50

63

109

99

162

179

123

156

108

126

108

105

being alike produced. In smaller amounts copper appeared
to have no action.

With the carbonate the results were much the same, though
not quite so strongly marked ; *02 per cent, and ’01 per cent,
produced increases in both corn and straw, but lower quantities
were without distinct effect.

The examination of the roots proved very interesting. With
the heavier dressings there was practically no root at all,, and
the poisoning effect on the plant Avas clearly shown.

With the heavy dressing of copper, as sulphate, the roots
went down only 1^ in. into the soil. With ‘05 per cent, they
were but little better, but with '02 per cent, there was a great
change visible, and an extensive and very fibrous root-growth
was produced. With '01 and lower quantities the root was
much like that of the untreated plants. Carbonate of copper
gave similar results, though not so marked.

The general conclusion to be drawn from these results is
that copper in quantities not exceeding *02 per cent, will have
a stimulating effect, but that above this amount the influence
will be a toxic one.

Further, that in amounts less than *01 per cent, of the metal
the results will be negative. This latter conclusion is of
importance in vieAv of work Avhich has been done in regard to
copper salts when water-culture methods have been employed.
According to the latter, much smaller amounts than those here
employed were found to exert a poisoning effect, and this
would seem to indicate that what is found to be the case in
water-culture is not necessarily reproduced in the case of plants
growing naturally in the soil.

PLATE 1. — Zinc Phosphate, Zinc Nitrate, and Zinc Cai’bonate on Wheat. Season 1,31b.

(a) No treatment ; (5) '03 per cent. Zinc as phosphate ; (c) '03 per cent. Zinc as nitrate ;

(d) '03 per cent. Zinc as carbonate.

d

PLATE 2 -Zinc Phosphate, Zinc Nitrate, and Zinc Carbonate on Wheat. Season 1913.

Roots of plants in Plate 1.

(a) No treatment ; (6) '03 per cent. Zinc as phosphate ; (c) '03 per cent. Zinc as mtrate :
’ (d) -Q3 per cent. Zinc as carbonate.

Plate 3.— Sulphate of Copper on Wheat. Season 1913.

(5) -10 per cent. ; (c) ‘05 per cent. ; (d) *02 per cent. : (g) ‘01 per cent. ; (/) '005 per cent. ;
(g) 0025 per cent, of Copper respectively in soil.

a c d e

Plate 4.— Sulphate of Copper on Wheat. Season 1913
Roots of plants in Plate 3.

(a) No treatment ; (6) ’10 per cent. ; (c) ‘05 per cent. ; (d) '02 per cent. ; (e) *01 per cent

of Copper respectively in soil.

Plate 5. — Carbonate of Copper on Wheat. Season 1913.

( b ) -10 per cent. ; (c) ’05 per cent. : (d) '02 per cent. (e) '01 per cent. ; (/) '00o per cent.

of Copper respectively in soil.

a

ten

d

PLATE 6.— Carbonate of Copper on Wheat. Season 1913.
Ptoots of plants in Plate 5.

(a) No treatment; (b)

'10 per cent. ; (c) '05 per cent. ; (d) 02 per cent. ,
Copper respectively in soil.

O) '01 per cent, of

\

The Woburn Pot- Culture Experiments , 1913. 417.

(c) The Influence of Manganese and Cerium Salts on Wheat.

As long ago as 1904, experiments were conducted at Woburn
which seemed to indicate that the soaking of wheat seed in a
2 per cent, solution of the sulphate or the chloride of manganese
produced some beneficial effect. The phosphate and carbonate
of this metal had, however, not been tried as applications to
the soil, and it was resolved to carry out an experiment with
these salts, giving them in quantity to supply respectively
•01 per cent., -005 per cent., *0025 per cent., *001 per cent, of
manganese.

Cerium was another metal not hitherto tried, and of this
the oxide and sulphate were taken, the quantities given
supplying respectively *01 per cent., -005 per cent., -0025 per
cent., and *001 per cent, of the metal.

These two sets were carried on side by side with the zinc
and copper experiments just recorded, but the results were, in
both cases, entirely negative, none of the applications showing
any indication of stimulation or of toxic effect. Any further
account of this work is, therefore, unnecessary.

II. The Relation of Lime to Magnesia in Soils.

1913. The addition of Lime to a Soil rich in Magnesia.

The soil experimented on was the Herefordshire one which
had been used for the work of the years 1909-12, recorded in
the R.A.S.E. Journal 1912.

This soil at the commencement (1909) contained magnesia
2*29 per cent., lime -83 per cent. In that year lime was added,
making the amounts up to 1*25 per cent., 1*50 per cent., 1*75
per cent., 2*0 per cent., 2*25 per cent, respectively in five
separate pots, a sixth remaining as the untreated one. In 1910
and 1911 no further additions of lime were made, but in 1912
more lime was added, bringing the respective percentages up
to 2*5 per cent., 3*0 per cent., 3*5 per cent., 4*0 per cent., and
4*5 per cent. Wheat (this being the fifth crop in succession)
was sown on November 26, superphosphate and sulphate of
potash were added to the soil, and, later on, a top-dressing of
nitrate of soda was given. The germination in all cases was
excellent, and by March 13 the lime sets looked distinctly
better than the untreated, the latter not having tillered out in
the same way as where lime had been applied.

The crop with the heaviest lime dressing (4*5 per cent.) for
a time held back behind the others, but, later on, it improved
greatly. This was the same application which in 1912 had
given a low result as compared with the others.

The whole experiment was of such an instructive nature
that it was decided to send it en bloc to the Bristol Show, where

VOL. 74. p

)

418 The Woburn Pot-Culture Experiments , 1913.

it attracted much attention. At the same time, this, as is
always the case, affected the plants very much and prevented
their subsequent satisfactory development, so that too much
weight must not be attached to the quantitative results obtained.
These, however, with this reserve, are set out in Table III.
Plate 7 shows the growing crops, and Plate 8 the roots of the
corresponding plants.

1 able III. The addition of Lime to soil rich in Maqnesid

1913.

No. of

ears

No. of
grains

Weight of

Corn

Straw

No treatment ......

Lime added, to 2 -5 per cent.

n ii i > 3 0 ,, ...

ii ii n 3*5 ,, . ...

n 'i a 4'0 ,, ...

a a n t‘5 ., ...

7

7

7

12

23

23

158

244

242

371

703

463*

Grammes

4-07

9-95

10-12

14 55
27-27
25*15

Grammes

1342

18-52

20-12

29*85

53*45

53*47

into the wired Inclosur^ °Ut °f 6 68X8 °f tMs SGt by a sparrow which found its way

It will be noticed that the applications of lime in each case
gave a marked increase both in corn and in straw ns compared
with the untreated set, the increase being the greater as more
lime was applied.

The heaviest application (4*5 per cent.) of lime which
as stated, gave a comparatively low result in 1912, would, but
loi biid depredation, have probably given the highest return.
It is reasonable, therefore, to suppose that the lesser produce
in 1912 was the result of the application of a considerable
quantity of lime in the caustic state. By 1913 the lime,
however, would have become carbonated, and accordingly no
longer produced any harmful effect.

The lime-treated sets were marked by their darker foliage,
the better tillering, and greater length of straw and ear.

In the case of the application of 4 per cent, of lime there
were as many as twenty-three shoots from the six plants
originally left, as against seven shoots only in the untreated
set from the same number of plants.

It is quite clear from this experiment that the addition of
lime to a soil in which magnesia originally is in excess of the
lime, will be attended with much benefit, and that no harm,
but rather benefit, will result from the presence of lime in
excess ; whereas from previous experiments it has been shown

The Woburn Pot- Culture Experiments , 1913. 419

that the addition of magnesia in excess would, on the contrary,
have had a deleterious effect.

The experiment strengthens the belief that where, on soils
of this character, crops are found not to do well, the most
probable cause is the high proportion of magnesia contained
in them to the lime present, and that the remedy is to be
found in the liberal application of lime until the magnesia
is no longer predominant.

III. The use of Sulphur as a Fertiliser.

About a year ago the Agricultural Papers contained accounts
of experiments conducted in France and in Germany which
seemed to show that small dressings of flowers of sulphur
increased the yield of certain crops.

It was considered desirable, therefore, to make a trial of
this at Woburn. The crops selected were mustard, rape, and
clover. Shortly before sowing, flowers of sulphur equivalent
to dressings of 3, 6, and 12 cwt. per acre respectively were
added to the soil in which the crops were to be grown, the
sulphur being mixed with the last 4 lb. of soil used to fill
each pot. The experiment was conducted in duplicate.

All three crops came up quite well, but from beginning to
end there was no influence indicated, either in a beneficial
or a detrimental direction, nor did the weights of the crops
ultimately obtained show any practical difference, so that it is
sufficient to state that, so far as these crops were concerned, the
use of flowers of sulphur in amounts between 3 and 12 cwt.
per acre was without any influence.

IY. Experiments with Tomatoes , 1913.

(i a ) Natural and heated' soil with addition of Lithium
Phosphate.

(b) Natural and heated soil with addition of Magnesia.

The influence of lithium salts and magnesia has been
already tried at Woburn on wheat with striking results, but not
with other classes of crops. It was thought well now to study
their influence on other plants such as the tomato.

In addition, it was thought well, in view of recent work
done on the heating of soils, to see if the effects of these
additions differed according as whether a normal soil or one
that had been heated was employed. The soil used in 1913
was a made-up one composed of old rotted turf, sharp sand,

and finely ground limestone.

An analysis of it showed i

t to

contain : —

Per cent.

Organic matter .

7813

Lime .

1-652

Magnesia

•396

Nitrogen

•259

420 The Woburn Pot-Culture Experiments , 1913.

One-half the number of pots were filled with the soil in its
natural state, the other half with soil which had been previously
heated to a temperature of 80° C. — 100° C., the arrangement for
heating the soil being such as to obtain a moist heat and not a
dry one.

The additions of lithium phosphate determined upon were
*0025 per cent., and ’005 per cent, of the metal. Those of
magnesia were based upon the magnesia contained in the soil
(•396 per cent.), and the total magnesia was increased to *792
per cent., 1T88 per cent., and 1*584 per cent, respectively. The
materials to be added were thoroughly mixed with the whole
of the soil contained in each pot. It will be noted, in regard to
the additions of magnesia, that with the highest amount an
equality between the lime and magnesia was practically reached.

The main object in using the natural and the heated soil
side by side, was to ascertain whether the heating of the soil
would remove any of the toxic properties possessed by the
subsequently applied lithium phosphate and magnesia, it having
been suggested that the harm done by these to plant life is
due to the influence which they exert on the bacterial con-
stituents of the soil. One might therefore suppose that the
heating of the soil would obviate such injury.

The tomato plants were raised in a seed-bed of ordinary
soil, and when they had obtained a growth of about six inches
they were planted in the respective pots. This was on
May 12, 1913.

Within two days of their planting, differences began to
appear. In the natural soil without any addition there was
more rapid growth than in the heated soil. The leaves of the
plant were, however, much lighter in colour than were those
of the heated soil, the latter being stronger and more robust
plants, and of distinctly dark green colour. Where lithium
phosphate had been added in small amount the growth was
retarded in both the natural and the heated soils, and the leaves
soon began to turn yellow and to curl up. With the heavier
application of lithium phosphate on the natural soil the growth
was also much retarded, this being even more the case with the
heated soil, the plant on the latter being decidedly small, and
presenting a scorched appearance. The addition of magnesia
produced somewhat similar effects, these being more marked
on the heated soil than on the natural, and also more
pronounced with the heavier than with the lighter application.

The plant grew on, and, as the season advanced, some of
the earlier effects passed away ; but, speaking generally, the
plants in the natural soil were taller, but weaker and lighter in
colour than those in the heated soil. The applications of
lithium phosphate to the natural soil seemed to show hardly

The Woburn Pot-Culture Experiments , 1913. 421

any effect in the case of the lighter dressing, but with the
heavier a distinctly toxic effect was produced. The heating of
the soil, moreover, did not in any way get rid of the poisonous
influence of the lithium salt. The appearances presented in
these latter cases were most striking. It seemed as if on the
heated soil a tremendous growth was first obtained, the plants
throwing out fresh leaves, only to be destroyed, or partly so, by
the toxic influence of the lithium ; a new growth was then
sent out, and this, in turn, arrested, the general result being
that the plants were never really able to produce fruit properly.

With magnesia the results were somewhat similar, especially
with the heavier application, but not so marked. It would
seem that there was no great change so long as the lime
remained in good excess, but when the addition of magnesia
increased the amount to about that of the lime present, much
the same results were found as have been noted previously in
the case of wheat.

Ultimately the fruit was gathered from each pot, and the
comparative results are set out in Table IV. Plate 9 gives the
appearance of the pots to which lithium phosphate had been
added, and Plate 10 those where magnesia was the addition.

Table IY. — Lithium Phosphate and Magnesia on

Tomatoes , 1913.

Comparative weights of fruit produced.

59 99

55 99

95 55

99 55

95

Normal Soil ..•••••

with '0025 per cent. Lithium .
„ '005

containing '792 „ Magnesia

„ 1-188

„ „ „ 1-684

Heated Soil ..*'••••

with -0025 per cent. Lithium .
,, ‘005 ,, ,,

containing -792 „ Magnesia

1-188
1-584

5 5
99
55
55

5 *■

5 9 5 9

59 *9

55 9 5

5 5 5 ->

59

95

100

29

87

89

113

12

173

71

14

131

96

22

From these results it would appear that the toxic effects
of both lithium phosphate and magnesia are more decided
with tomatoes than with wheat. In no case has there been
anything like the increase in crop which mere heating of the
soil has effected.

A remarkable feature in the addition of magnesia is that
there was so little advantage from using heated soil as com-
pared with the normal soil. A small side experiment was
simultaneously conducted with magnesium carbonate in place
of magnesia in order to see whether causticity might not be
the reason of this, but it was found that the carbonate acted
practically in like way:as the oxide.

122

Agricultural Statistics .

Whether the results from the use of lithium phosphate and
magnesia are to be explained as the outcome of direct chemical
action on the plant, or as that of influence on the bacterial
nature of the soil, remains a matter for further inquiry, but
that these bodies do exert a striking influence upon the plant
and produce marked changes in the soil to which they have
been applied, is abundantly exemplified by these experiments.

J. Augustus Voelcker.

1 Tudor Street, E.C.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS.

By the kindness of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries in
supplying early copies of certain of the Agricultural Returns
compiled in the form required for comparative purposes, it is
once more possible to include the most recent statistics affect-
ing British Agricultural interests in the Society’s Journal.

Acreage of Crops.

The first Table, 44 Acreage under Crops and Grass, and Number
of Live Stock” gives the numbers for England, Wales, Great
Britain and the United Kingdom, for the beginning of June,
1912 and 1913. The area under crops and grass last year
showed a decrease of 39,698 acres in England, 68,723 in Great
Britain, and 52,133 in the United Kingdom.

Arable Land showed a decrease of 231,991 acres in England,
or 2J per cent., and 300,116 acres in Great Britain, or 2 per
cent. Permanent Pasture showed an increase of 195,296 acres,
or just under 1*5 per cent, in England, and 231,393 acres, or
1*25 per cent, in Great Britain.

The total area last year under corn crops in Great Britain
was 6,921,792 acres us compared with 7,151,676 acres of the
year before, showing a decrease of 29,881 acres. In England
the area last year was 5,386,958 as compared with 5,581,665,
showing a decrease of 191,707 acres.

In the case of individual crops Wheat decreased by 158,199
acres, or 8.5 per cent, in England, and by 169,365 acres, or 8*7
per cent, in Great Britain. Barley on the other hand showed an
increase in England of 101,737 acres, 7*6 per cent., and in Great
Britain an increase of 108,903, or 6*6 per cent. Oats showed a
decrease of 93,322 acres, or 5 per cent, in England, and 116,438
acres, or 3*9 in Great Britain ; Rye a decrease of 4,217 acres in
Great Britain ; Beans a decrease of 11,175 or 3*9 per cent, in
Great Britain ; and Peas the considerable decrease of 37,562
acres, or 18 per cent, in Great Britain.

Agricultural Statistics.

423

Taking crops other than corn, we find Potatoes decreased by
20,251 acres in England, and 21,556 acres in Great Britain ;
Turnips and Sv/edes, 19,026 in England, and 27,001 in Great
Britain ; Mangolds, 64,100, or 13’3 per cent, in England, and
67,191 or 13-7 per cent, in Great Britain ; whilst “ Clover,
Sainfoin and Grasses under rotation ” increased by 2,434 in
England, and decreased by 21,145 in Great Britain. There
was a big decrease of acreage under this crop in Wales. Bare
Fallow in England increased by 11,916 acres, or 41^ per cent.,
and in Great Britain by 41 per cent.

Live Stock.

In England, Horses used for agricultural purposes decreased
by 89,939, or just under 11 per cent. For the United Kingdom
there was a decrease of 7 per cent, in this class of horse.

The total number of horses for the United Kingdom shows
a decrease of 6 per cent., and there was a decrease of 3,402
horses in England.

Cattle during last year dropped in numbers T8 per cent, in
England ; the chief decrease was in cows or heifers in milk,
for here there was 6*7 per cent, less than the previous year.
For the United Kingdom cattle increased by 21,965, the
increase being due to Ireland.

Sheep again decreased by 4*6 per cent, for the United King-
dom, and in England they have dropped by 5 per cent, to the
total of 13,736,438. Breeding Ewes in England showed a
decrease of 6 per cent. Pigs once again show a considerable
decrease, amounting to 17 per cent, for the United Kingdom,
and just under 15*7 per cent, for England. There was a large
drop in the number of Sows kept for breeding, in England, the
decrease being 15 per cent.

Produce Returns.

The Wheat crop last year produced in Great Britain 5,675
quarters, or about *75 per cent, less than the previous year.
The decrease in England was -5 per cent., but the yield per
acre for Great Britain was very near to the average of the last
ten years. Scotland and Whies also showed a deciease, though
the yield per acre in both these countries was above the average.

Barley considerably increased in yield in England and Gieat
Britain, the amount of increase being 15 per cent, and 13 per
cent, respectively. The acreage under Barley was considerably
increased last year and this accounts for the greater returns as
the yield per acre was below the average, except in the case of

Scotland.

Oats, after showing a decrease for the two previous years,
last year showed an increase of 138,561 quarters, or 1 per cent.

[Continued on page 429].

424

Agricultural Statistics

Table I. — Acreage under Crops and Grass; and Number of Live

Scotland , Great Britain, Ireland, and the United Kingdom

1

England

Wales

Scotland 4

1913

1912

1913

1912

1913

1912

Total Area (excluding water)

Acres

32,389,114

Acres

4,749,651

Acres

19,070,194

Total Acreage under Crops 1
and Grass i j

24,374,795

24,414,493

2,754,587

2,760,197

4,797,919

4,821,334

Arable Land . .

Permanent Grass 1 ...

10,361,849

14,012,946

10,596,843

13,817,650

696,384

2,058,203

738,433

2,021,764

3,301,954

1,195,965

3,325,027

1,496,307

Wheat . . . . .

Barley or Bere ....

Oats

Rye

Beans

Peas

Potatoes

Turnips and Swedes .

Mangold

Cabbage

Kohl-Rabi

Rape

Vetches or Tares ....
Lucerne ......

Hops

Small Fruit

Clover, Sainfoin, and Grasses
under Rotation

Other Crops

Bare Fallow

1,663,453

1,469,781

1,772,247

51,037

267,003

163,437

416,697

996,932

409,150

54,626

14,272

62,422

100,414

57,013

35,676

75,784

2,239,510

131,280

381,115

1,821,952
1,365,044
1,865,569
53,009
275,729
200.362
436,948
1,015,958
473, 25U
60,545
20,241
74,294
129,159
56,073
34,829
76,887

2,237,071

130,724

269,199

38.135

89,075

202,453

469

1,276

607

25,338

56,463

10,306

796

129

4,973

531

265

1,073

256.322

1,384

6,789

41,412

91,484

206,910

1,124

1,272

773

25,955

56,985

12,414

877

111

5,081

646

302

1,110

285,942

1,509

4,526

54,784
198,248
937,916
5,190
s 5,968
713
149.080
432,139
1.839
5,222

1 o —

7,758
s 11,187

9

7,135

1,474,052

2,478

8,236

62,373
191,673
956,575
' 6,810
s 8,421
1,184
149,-i 68
439,592
2,822
5,369
48
6,972

9 8,182
33

7,144

1,468,016

3,024

7,021

Horses used for Agricultural
purposes2 . . . .

Stallions3

Unbroken ) One year and above
Horses j Under one year .

No.

726,795

6,533

184,8u9

84,312

No.

816,734

6,765

190,688

85,380

No.

80,521

1.463

35,128

21,542

No.

89,489

1,689

35,756

21,502

No.

138,018

1,224

30.504

13,555

No.

147,917

1,202

30,823

13,078

Total

Other Horses .

1,002,449

239,400

1.099,567

145,684

138.654

21,643

148,436

12,323

183.301

21,140

193,020

12,247

Total of Horses .

1,241,849

1,245,251

160,297

160,759

204,441

205,267

Cows and ( , • • . *

Heifers jInmc.^ but not m

Other Cattle : — Two years and
above .

„ „ One year and

under two .
„ „ Under one year

1,501,790

497,291

1,050,535

989,333

952,259

1,610,742

451,465

1,017,004

1,053,021

955,223

205,688

59,634

100,090

171,302

189,022

238,194

47,518

95,191

186,496

186,866

363,448

67,540

273,161

301,451

241,310

361,851

74,619

232,375

279,063

236,468

Total of Cattle .

4,991,208

5,087,455

725,736

754,265

1,246,910

1,184,376

Ewes kept for Breeding

Other Sheep One year and
above

„ „ Under one year

5,275,345

2,652,044

5,809,049

5,652,966

2,881,980

5,969,543

1,423,946

768,561

1.201,341

1,495,143

762,731

1,291,002

2,913,998

1,214,457

2,672,871

2,971,489

1,271,067

2,761,811

Total of Sheep

13,736,438

14,504,489

3,393,848

3,548,876

6,801,126

7,004,367

Sows kept for Breeding

Other Pigs . . . .

246,967

1,664,553

291,184

1,978.970

33,888

156,694

42,897

183,619

14,713

117,040

19,668

139,459

Total of Pigs .

1,911,520

2,270,154

190,582

226,516

131,753

“T59,127

2 Including Mares kept for Breeding.

s Above two years old used, or intended to be used, for service.

Furnished by the Board of Agriculture for Scotland,
e Figures for Jersey include Water.

Agricultural Statistics

425

Stock, as returned on June 4, 1913 and 1912, in England , Wales ,
( including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands).

Great Britain

Ireland7

United Kingdom.

1913

1912

1913

1912

1913

1912

Total Area (excluding water)

Acres

56,208,959

Acres

20,247,197

Acres
76,641,609 *

Total Acreage under Crops)
and Gras si )

81,927,301

31,996,024

14,691,557

14,673,778

46,741,314

46,793,747

Arable Land

Permanent Grass 1

14,360,187

17,567,114

14,660,303

17.335,721

4,978,580

9,712,977

4,988.551

9,685,227

19.431,716

27,309,598

19.746,876

27,046,871

Wheat

Barley or Bere ....

Oats

Rye

Beans 8

Peas

Potatoes

Turnips and Swedes .

Mangold

Cabbage, Kohl-Babi and Rape .
Vetches or Tares 9

Hops

Small Fruit

Clover, Sainfoin, and Grasses
under Rotation

Other Crops .

Bare Fallow .

1,756,372

1,757,104

2,912,616

56,696

274,247

164,757

591,115

1,485,534

421,295

150.198

112,132

35,676

83,992

3,969,884

192,429

396,140

1,925,737

1,648,201

3,029,054

60,943

285,422

202,319

612,671

1,512,535

488,486

173,538

137,987

34,829

85,141

3,991,029

191,665

280,746

34,004

172,948

1,048,813

6,723

1,264

211

582.303

276.596

78,914

38.212

2,267

e 15,734

2,630,097

90.494

44,855

165,367

1,046,000

7,765

1,421

279

595,184

271,771

81,700

41,060

2,008

e 15,218

2,630,495

85,428

1,791,569
1,932,321
3,983.448
63,556
275.626
165,121
1,184.857
1,770.079
501,033
189,045
114,710
35,676
s 100,094

6,643,146

284,963

396,472

1,971,801

1.816.426

4,096,111

68 779
286,944
202,742
1,219,583
1,792,523
571.451

215.346
140,315

34.829
e 100,747

6,668,701

279.347
281,231

Horses used for Agricultural
purposes2 .

Unbroken ( One year and above
Horses (in- 1 Under one year
eluding stallions).

No.

945,334

259,661

119,409

No.

1,054,140

266,923

119,960

No.

387.821

98,843

54,677

No.

382,163

101,502

60,667

No.

1,339,564
359 898
174,802

No.

1,443,269

369.938

181,400

Total .

1,324,404

1,441,023

541,341

544,332

1,874,264

1.994,607

Cows and Heifers in milk or in

calf

Other Cattle: —

Two years and above

One year and under two.
Under one year .

2,695,391

1,423,786

1,462,086

1,382,591

2,784,389

1.344,570

1,518.580

1,378,557

1,605,220

1,055,967

1,109,681

1,161,757

1,598,986

1,027,373

1.071.485

1,150,654

4,317,957

2 484 264
'2.581,241
2,553,138

4,400,816

2,376 328
2.599,017
2.538,474

Total of cattle

6,963,854

7,026.096

4,932,625

4,848,498

11,936,600

11.914,635

Ewes kept for Breeding .
Other Sheep

One year and above .

Under one year.

9,613,289

4,635.062

9,683,061

10,119,598

4,915 778
10,022,356

1,411,770

714,368

1,494,586

1,515,024

759.158

1,554,647

11 057,425

5.355.264

11,216,517

11,670,055

5,680,546

11,616,894

Total of Sheep

23,931,412

25,057,732

3,620,724

3,828,829

27,629.206

28,967,495

Sows kept for Breeding .
Other Pigs .

295,568

1,938,287

353,749

2,302,048

105,410

954,950

130.842

1,193,115

402,571

2,903,20C

486 296
3,506,253

TOTAL OF PIGS .

2,233,855

2,655,797

1,060,360

1,323,957

3.305,771

3,992,549

; and Technical Instruction for Ireland.

s Figures for Scotland relate only to Beans harvested as corn.

9 Figures for Scotland include Beans, Mashlum, &c., for Fodder.
i o Kohl-Rabi was not separately distinguished m Scotland m 1913.

426

Agricultural Statistics

Table II. — Total Produce, Acreage, and Yield per Acre of each
of the Principal Crops in Great Britain, in 1913 and 1912, with
the Average of the Ten Years 1903-1912.

Crop, &c.

Total Produce

Acreage

Yield
per Acre

Average
of the
Ten Years

1903-1912

1913

1912

1913

1912

1913

1912

Qrs.

Qrs.

Acres

Acres

Bush-

Bush

Bush.

/England

6,511,859

6,544,234

1,663,453

1,821,931

31'32

28-74

31-42

Wales .

130.319

136,113

38,135

41,383

2734

26-31

27-00

Wheat

■< Scotland

282,939

299,448

54,779

62,373

41'32

38'41

39-68

\Great Britain

6,925,117

6,979,795

1,756,367

1,935.687

31-54

29-00

3P55

/England^

5.984,454

5,198,356

1,469,776

1,365,038

32-57

30-47

32-99

Wales .

338,386

344,049

89,075

91,484

30-39

30-09

30'89

Barley1

-< Scotland

920,716

862,436

198,243

191,670

3746

36-00

35-69

V Great Britain

7,243.556

6.404,841

1,757,094

1,648,192

32-98

3P09

33-19

/England

8,531,574

8,292,549

1,772,247

1,865,569

38-51

35-56

41-23

Wales .

847,263

853.141

202,453

206,910

33-48

32-99

34'91

Oats

-( Scotland

4,501,607

4,596,193

937,914

956,575

38-40

38-44

37-42

^ Great Britain

13.880,444

13,741,883

2.912,614

3,029,054

38-13

36-29

39-62

/England

910,935

925,062

257,491

269,988

28-30

27-41

29-80

Wales .

3,787

3,479

1,091

1,121

27-77

24-83

27-05

Beans'2

-j Scotland

27.875

37,039

5,967

8,421

37-37

35-19

35-73

VGreat Britain

942,597

965,580

264,549

279,530

28-50

27-63

29-99

/England

420,512

485,608

127.367

172,441

26-41

22-53

26'70

Wales

1,224

1,772

418

623

23-42

22-75

22-46

Peas3 4

•< Scotland

644

2,205

208

613

24-77

28-78

2?82

V Great Britain

422,380

489,585

127,993

173,677

26-40

22-55

26-69

Tons

Tons

Tons

Tons

Tons

/England

2,754.487

2,115,033

416,697

436.948

6'61

4-84

6-03

Wales .

140,168

126,006

25,338

25,955

5-53

4-85

5‘14

Potatoes

< Scotland

970,805

938,593

149,080

149,768

6-51

6-27

6-41

V Great Britain

3,865,460

3,179,632

591,115

612,671

6-54

519

6-08

/England

11,936,443

12,084,970

992,380

1,015,958

1203

1T90

13'03

Turnips

Wales

857,880

802,791

56,463

56,985

1549

14-09

15-26

and

< Scotland

7,335,857

7,390,878

432.136

439,592

16-98

16-81

16’38

I

O w cUoo

/

v Great Britain

20,130,180

20,278,639

1,480,979

1,512,535

13-59

13-41

14-07

/England

7,434,471

8,572,407

409,150

473,250

18-17

18-11

19'49

Wales

176,652

214,938

10,306

12,414

17-14

17-31

17"77

Mangold

< Scotland

36,421

49,373

1,840

2,822

19-79

17-50

17-89

V Great Britain

7,647,544

8,836,718

421,296

488,486

1815

18-09

19-44

Bay

/England

2.472,158

1,804,895

1,533,005

1,378,985

32-25

26-18

29'45

from

Wales

236,910

226,157

167,476

175,924

28-29

25-71

2f94

Clover,

< Scotland

688,310

644,156

415,114

423,592

33-16

30-41

3176

&c.

V Great Britain

3,397,378

2,675,208

2,115,595

1,978,501

32-12

27-04

29-54

Hay

/England

5,704,936

5,530,564

4,504,078

4,394,906

25-33

25'17

24"06

from

Wales

638,318

563,868

565,614

546,628

22-57

20'63

1981

Perma-

nent,

< Scotland

258,736

248,991

157,112

166,735

32-94

29-87

29-08

Grass

V Great Britain

6,601,990

6,343,423

5,226,804

5,108,269

25-26

24-84

23-76

1 Including Bere.

in EnWandUand2Wa]es^A°913aretUrne<^ aS picked or cut green amounting to 9,697 acres

3 Excluding a certain area returned as picked or cut green amounting to 36,259 acres
m England and Wales in 1913.

4 Excluding 5 acres returned as cut green in 1913.

N-B. Figures for Scotland are liable to revision.

Agricultural Statistics

427

Table III. — Preliminary Statement showing the Estimated
Total Production of Hops in the Years 1913 and 1912, with
the Acreage and Estimated Average Yield per Statute Acre ,
in each County of England in which Hops were grown.

Counties.

Estimated total
produce

Acreage returned on
4th June

Estimated average
yield per acre

1913

1912

1913

1912

1913

1912

Cwt.

Cwt.

Acres

Acres

Cwt.

Cwt.

✓East .

47,395

74,415

6,103

5,993

7-77

12-42

| Mid. .

73,899

85,718

7,481

7,330

9-88

1169

KentJ Weald

65,480

100,277

8,360

8,077

.

7'83

12-42

' Total, Kent

186,774

260,410

21,944

21,400

851

1217

Hants ....

7,274

18,473

1,556

1,516

4’67

12-19

Hereford

22,138

29,450

5.439

5,236

4-07

5-62

Surrey ....

2,959

5,264

557

513

5'31

10-26

Sussex ....

22,536

34,098

2,889

2.845

7-80

1T99

Worcester .

13,500

24,880

3,157

3,186

4-28

7'81

Other Counties1.

460

863

134

133

3-43

6'49

Total

255,641

373,438

35,676

34,829

7T7

10-72

i Gloucester, Salop and Stafford.

NoTE._The total production in 1913 is estimated at 255,641 cwts., which is smaller
than in any vear since 1909, and 118,000 cwts. less than last year. The average yield pei
acre is 7T7 cwts. or 21 per cent, helow the average of the past ten years and about 33
per cent, less than last year.

Table IV. — Quantities and Values of Corn Imported into the
United Kingdom in the undernoted Years.

[ From the December Accounts relating to Trade and Navigation of

the United Kingdom.]

Description

Quantities

Values

1911

1912

1913

1911

1912

1913

Cwt.

Cwt.

Cwt.

£

£

£

Wheat ....

98,067,787

109,572,539

105,918,002

38,909,816

46,445,232

43,860,900

Wheat meal and flour

10,065,132

10,189,476

11,978,153

5,277,043

5.518,504

6,347,771

Barley ....

24,545,420

20,126,294

22,439,548

8,266,145

7,871,581

8,077,214

Oats ....

18,273,037

18,300,400

18,231,163

5,390,970

6,338,451

5,692,869

Peas ....

2,196,094

2,574,707

1,978,313

1,012,862

1,291,602

1,006,743

Beans ....

1.029,101

1,256,741

1,540,405

375,333

470,847

568,189

Maize ....

38,602,330

43,877,338

49,156,953

10,713,183

13,593,216

13,770,342

Oatmeal, groats, and )

835,985

832,218

868,877

598,405

602,574

607,761

rolled oats . J

Maize meal .

643,810

610,310

491,827

224,415

240,827

182,413

Other kinds of corn 1
and meal1 . 1

1,829,263

1,684,284

1,785,178

748.723

802.039

761.582

i Excluding Rice Meal.

428

Agricultural Statistics.

Table Y. — Average Prices of British Corn per Imperial
Quarter in England and Wales, as ascertained under the
Corn Returns Act, 1882, in each Week of the Year 1913.

Week ended

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Week ended

Wheat

Barley

Oats

8.

d.

s.

d.

s.

d.

8.

d.

8.

d.

s. d.

January 4 .

30

5

28

6

19 10

July 5 .

33

1

25

2

21 0

January 11 .

30

3

28

4

19

0

July 12 .

33

4

25

10

19 4

January 18 .

30

5

28

6

19

4

July 19 .

33

6

24

9

20 5

January 25 .

30

11

28

10

19

4

July 26 .

33

10

24

1

20 8

February 1 .

31

1

28

11

20

2

August 2

34

1

24

5

20 3

February 8 .

31

0

28

10

20

1

August 9

34

1

24

9

19 0

February 15 .

30

9

29

1

20

2

August 16

34

3

24

7

18 7

February 22 .

30

11

28

8

20

7

August 23

33

7

26

5

18 8

March 1

31

0

28

6

20

4

August 30 .

32

7

29

0

17 10

March 8

31

3

28

6

20

0

September 6

31

11

30

11

17 8

March,15

31

1

27

11

20

2

September 13

31

9

31

5

18 0

March 22

31

1

28

6

19

11

September 20

31

7

30

9

17 11

March 29

31

3

27

6

19

7

September 27

31

6

30

1

17 9

April 5 .

31

4

27

0

19

2

October 4 .

31

3

29

9

17 10

April 12 .

31

3

27

8

19

2

October 11 .

31

0

29

1

17 10

April 19 .

31

6

26

11

18 10

October 18 .

30

11

28

8

17 9

April 26 .

31

8

26

7

19

3

October 25 .

30

7

28

7

18 0

May 3 .

32

2

25

11

19

6

November 1

30

1

28

2

17 9

May 10 .

32

6

25

9

19

6

November 8

30

0

28

1

17 9

May 17 .

32

10

25

4

19

9

November 15

30

1

27

8

17 11

May 24 .

32

10

25

3

19 11

November 22

30

4

27

5

18 1

May 31 .

32

7

26

1

20

1

November 29

30

9

27

0

18 4

June 7 .

32

10

26

2

19

8

December 6

31

2

26

8

18 4

June 14 .

32

8

24

7

20

2

December 13

31

2

26

5

18 6

June 21 .

32

8

23

10

19

8

December 20

31

2

25 11

18 5

June 28 .

32

8

24

3

19

1

December 27

31

0

25 10

18 4

Average of year.

31

8

27

3

19 1

Table YI. — Annual Average Prices per Quarter and Total
Quantities of British Corn sold in the Towns in England
and Wales making Returns under the Corn Returns
Act, 1882, in the Year 1913.

Year

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Wheat

Barley

Oats

s. d.

s. d.

s. d.

Qrs.

Qrs.

Qrs.

1913

31 8

27 3

19 1

2,511,297

2,948,930

639,298

Table YII. — Annual and Septennial Average Prices per
Bushel of British Corn in the Year 1913, with the Value
of 100 1. of Tithe Rent-charge.

Annual
average price

Septennial
average price

Value of

tithe rent-charge of 100Z.

Year

Calculated on

Calculated on

Wheat

Barley

Oats

Wheat

Barley

Oats

annual

average

septennial

average

s. d.

s. d.

8.

d.

s.

d.

s. d.

8.

d.

£ s. d.

£ s. d.

1913

3 lli

3 4f

2

4^

*2

4

1

3 3f

2

76 3 6i

75 16 4

(

Agricultural Statistics.

429

Table IX. — Average Prices of Wool in each Year from

1893 to 1913 inclusive.

Year

British

Leicester1

Half-bred1

Southdown1

Lincoln2

Per lb.

Per lb.

Per lb.

Per lb.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

1893

8i

to

9i

91 to

104

104

11

12

104

1894

9

10

94

11

lOf

94

11

12

104

1895

9*

) 1

101

94

11

11

94

11

114

12

1896

9f

11

94

11

104

94

11

Ilf

Hf

1897

8f

11

10

84

H

94

84

11

104

9f

1898

8

8f

74

11

84

84

11

94

8|

1899

7

)1

8

7

11

84

73

' 4

11

11

8f

1900

61

1 1

n

64

11

84

8

11

12

7f

1901

H

11

6

64

11

94

71

1 4

11

94

6f

1902

5

11

5f

° 8

11

64

74

11

94

64

1903

6J

6|

71

1 8

ii

8

84

11

Hi

7 4

1904

8|

11

94

94

ii

104

94

11

Ilf

104

1905

Ilf

12

Ilf

ii

124

Ilf

11

134

124

1906

12f

13

134

ii

Ilf

Ilf

11

151

Ilf

1907

12f

124

124

ii

134

134

11

15

124

1908

81

i i

84

83

°4

ii

10

114

11

124

84

1909

8f

? i

84

10

ii

Ilf

124

11

134

84

1910

9f

9f

114

ii

124

14

11

15

94

1911

91

104

nf

ii

124

134

11

Hf

9 8

1912

9f

104

H4

n

12

134

11

144

lOf

1913

Hf

1 1

124

134

V

134

Ilf

11

154

124

1 Computed, from the prices given in The Economist newspaper.

2 Extracted from “ The Yorkshire Daily Observer Wool tables.

[Continued from page 423.] ^ < •

in Great Britain, and 239,025 quarters, or 2*8 per cent, m
England. The yield per acre in every case except Scotland

fell below the average.

The Bean crop of England last year was T4 per cent, below
that of the previous year ; Wales and Scotland showed a yield
per acre above, but England was 5 per cent, belcny the average.

Peas also showed a decrease amounting to 13 per cent, in
England. Only 623 acres are under this crop in Scotland and
Wales out of a total of 127,993 acres in Great Britain.

Potatoes last year gave the very considerable increase of 3C
per cent, in England and 21 per cent, in Great Britain. The
yield per acre was also considerably above the average.

Turnips, however, showed a decrease of 1 per cent, in
England and the yield per acre, except in Scotland, was some
way below the average of the last ten years.

Mangolds also showed a decrease amounting to 2 per cent,
in Great Britain. This decrease being due to the less acreage,
as the yield per acre was above that of 1912.

Hay from Glover showed the substantial increase of 3b per
cent, in England and 23 per cent, in Great Britain. The yield
per acre in Great Britain being 9 per cent, above the average.

430 The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year.

Hay from Permanent Grasses also showed an increase of
3 per cent, in England and 4 per cent, in Great Britain. The
yield per acre being above the average for England, Scotland
and Wales.

Hops showed a decrease of 31 per cent., and every district
was considerably below the average yield per acre.

Exports and Imports.

Last year the Imports of Wheat into the United Kingdom
were less by 3 per cent, in quantity than those of the previous
year. In value the decrease was 5 per cent. There was a drop
in the imports of wheat from Russia, Argentina, India, and
Australia, whilst those from the United States showed the very
large increase of 70 per cent. There was a 17 per cent, increase
in. imported Flour.

With Barley there was an increase of 11 per cent, in quantity
and a little over 2 per cent, in value.

In Oats we find a slight decrease in quantity but one of
10 per cent, in value.

Peas imported last year show a decrease of 2 per cent, in
quantity whilst in value they decreased by 2.2 per cent.

Beans on the other hand advanced 22 per cent, in quantity,
and 20 per cent, in value.

The imports of Maize again show a large increase amounting
to 12 per cent, in quantity and in value 1 per cent. The supply
of maize did not, however, reach the amount imported in 1907
(53,379,950 cwt.).

Other kinds of Corn and Meal ” were imported in greater
quantities than in the previous year, the increase being 6 per
cent., whilst in value there was a decrease of 5 per cent.

THE WEATHER OF THE PAST
AGRICULTURAL YEAR.

The wet summer of 1912 was succeeded by a fair dry autumn
which proved of inestimable value to the farmer, and rendered
the outlook for the coming year more than ordinarily favour-
able. The following winter months were, however, characterised
by an unusual prevalence of wet stormy weather, which con-
tinued, with unimportant breaks, throughout the greater part
of the spring. The land became in time thoroughly soddened,
and, in addition to the damage which resulted to the autumn
sown crops, the work of spring sowing was delayed to quite
a serious extent. Nothing, in fact, appeared to be thriving
well but the pastures, which made luxuriant growth, and as the

The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year. 431

late spring and early summer were fairly fine, an abundant
hay harvest was secured in nearly all districts. The succeeding
months were exceptionally dry, and favourable for all but the
root crops which, towards the end of the season, presented a
stunted and sickly appearance. At the time of the cereal
harvest the weather was, upon the whole, very favourable, and
in spite of the untoward influences of the winter and spring
seasons the crops proved, upon the whole, about equal to the
average, the only material deficiency being in the yield of oats.
Good falls of rain in September helped to save the roots and
proved also of great value to the grass lands, the promise of
keep for the winter months being in the end exceptionally
good. The weather contrasts presented by the various seasons
of 1913 were indeed striking, and a long search through the
meteorological annals would scarcely reveal another year in
which the winter and spring months were at once so stormy
and wet, the summer so exceptionally dry, and the autumn so
unusually mild.

The Winter of 1912-13.

The winter of 1912-13, which was, upon the whole, an
unusually open one, was marked at the outset by a frost which
attained considerable severity in all the more northern districts.
Cold weather set in towards the close of November, and
between the 30th of that month and the 2nd of December the
sheltered thermometer fell below 10° in many parts of North
Britain, the lowest readings reported being 1° at West Linton
(Peeblesshire), 2° at Balmoral, and 3° at Scaleby, near Carlisle,
and Allan’s Green, in Northumberland. On the surface of the
ground the thermometer touched zero in several places, and at
Worksop it fell 4° below that point. Over our southern counties
the cold was far less severe, few places reporting a shade
temperature much below 25°. Snow fell at about the same time
in many parts of the country, heavily in the north, where the
depth amounted in some places to between six and seven inches.
A more severe snowstorm was experienced over the northern
and central districts on January 9 and 10, and was accompanied
by a heavy gale from the South-Eastward. At Rauceby, in
Lincolnshire, the snow lay on this occasion in level places to
a depth of fourteen inches, at Morpeth to eighteen inches, and
in some parts of Scotland to a depth of more than twenty
inches. In addition to that already mentioned the only winter
frosts worthy of , note were those of January 13 — 14,
February 14 and February 23. In the first instance the
sheltered thermometer fell to 8° at Mayfield, in Staffordshire,
and to 10° at Newton Rigg, in Cumberland ; on February 14 it
reached 19° at Llangammarch Wells ; and on February 23 it

432

The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year.

sank to 14° at Mayfield, Staffs. At nearly all other times the
winter was mild and stormy, and in December and January it
was also very wet. The rainfall was as a rule distinguished
rather by undue frequency than by excessive weight, but
between December 11 and 14 a very heavy fall was experienced
in Cumberland and North Wales, the aggregate amount for the
four days being as large as 9*7 in. at Pen-y-Gwryd, at the foot
of Snowdon, 8*8 in. at Seathwaite, in Cumberland, and 5*5 in.
at Bettws-y-Coed. Some of the worst weather of the winter
occurred at about Christmas time. On Christmas Eve the
western and northern parts of the United Kingdom were
visited by a heavy gale from the South-Westward, and on
Boxing Day a storm of still greater severity occurred in the
southern and south-western districts, heavy rains being expe-
rienced at the same time in nearly all parts of the country.
During the gale of December 26 the wind blew, in gusts, with
a velocity of 88 miles per hour in the Scilly Islands, and 98
miles per hour at Pendennis Castle, on the shores of Falmouth
harbour. Towards the middle of February the weather became
quieter and much drier, and over England and Wales as a
whole the total rainfall of the month amounted to little more
than half the average. Between the 10th and the 25th there
were in fact many places in which no rain fell for a fortnight,
and at Llandudno and Beaconsfield the drought lasted for
sixteen days. For the winter as a whole the mean temperature
was well above the average, the excess of warmth being greatest
in the east and south-east of England. Rainfall exceeded the
normal by as much as 27 per cent, in the midland counties,
and 32 per cent, in the south-western districts ; in the north-
east of England the excess was not more than 7 per cent.
Bright sunshine was generally deficient, but in the south-
eastern counties the total duration agreed very closely with
the average.

The Spbing of 1913.

The fair, quiet weather experienced during the latter half
of February proved of comparatively short duration, the
succeeding spring months being mostly changeable and very
wet. March winds were as boisterous as usual, but in place
of the cold, dry Easterly breezes which bring with them the
proverbial “peck of dust” the gales were more often from the
Southward or South- Westward, the principal storms occurring
between the 4th and 6th, the 15th to 18th and the 22nd to 23rd.
About the middle of the month the gales were accompanied by
hail and snow showers (in some parts of Lincolnshire as much
as four inches of snow fell on the 17th), and on the 15th
thunderstorms were experienced in many scattered places.
The South-Westerly gale which occurred on the night of the

433

The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year.

22nd was especially severe in the south of England, and resulted
in the destruction of Worthing pier. The mean temperature
of March was above the average, but there was an almost entire
absence of genial spring days, very few places experiencing at
any time a shade reading as high as 60°. The only frost of any
consequence occurred early on the 18th, when the sheltered
thermometer fell to 20° at Fulbeck, to 19° at Bellingham, and
to about 15° in some parts of central Scotland. In April the
weather was almost as rough as in March, stormy periods
occurring about the 11th, between the loth and 20th, and
between the 26th and 29th. The gales of the lltli were from
the Southward, but the wind was unusually cold, and was
accompanied in many districts by considerable falls of snow.
On the 11th and 12th the thermometer over the northern and
central parts of Great Britain rose very little above the freezing
point, and on the night of the 12th it fell many degrees below
it, a shade minimum of 19° being recorded as far south as
Wokingham. In the closing week there was, for the first time
in the season, a welcome touch of spring warmth, the thei-
mometer at inland stations in the south-east of England
touching 70°. The weather was, however, still very unsettled,
and on the evening of the 29th thunderstorms of considerable
severity were experienced over a large portion of the country.
In May the weather was of a proverbially changeable chaiactei,
but in the south and east of England it was much drier than
in March or April. Throughout the greater part of the month
the thermometer was low, and at the close of the fiist week
sharp ground frosts were experienced in most places. Thunder-
storms occurred in the southern counties on the 2nd, and heavy
falls of rain in many northern districts on the 9th and 10th,
but after the latter date the weather improved, and in many
places in the south and east of England no rain was experienced
for more than a fortnight. In the closing week the weather
became thundery and very warm, shade temperatures of 80
and upwards being experienced on several occasions and m
many parts of England. In the London district where the
thermometer on the 26th and 27th touched 84°, a shade
reading exceeding 80° was recorded on each of the six days,
May 25 to 30, a spell of warmth without precedent m the

Mays of the previous half century.

For the spring as a whole the mean temperature was, it

anything, slightly above the average. Rainfall was greatly m
excess of the normal, both as regards frequency and intensity.
At most places situated in the western and southern districts
there were at least twelve to fifteen more rainy days than usual,
with a total fall amounting to more than half as much again as
the average, the wettest region being in the south-west, where

434

The Weather of the Past Agricultural 1 <

ear.

the excess was no less than 69 per cent. In the east of
England the excess was small, only 17 per cent. Bright sun-
shine was everywhere deficient, especially in the south-western
district, where the loss throughout the season amounted on
a mean to more than an hour per day.

The Summer of 1913.

The summer of 1913 was, for the most part, not only cool
and cloudy but remarkably dry — a most unusual combination
of meteorological events at such a season of the year. The
absence of rain was perhaps all the more noticeable seeing that
the very dry season was immediately preceded by one of the
wettest summers on record. Over England and Wales as a
whole the total summer rainfall in the one year amounted to
nearly four times as much as in the other.

June^ opened with a period of cool unsettled weather, and
on the 5th or 6th heavy rains were experienced in the hilly
portions of the western and northern districts. An unusually
severe summer gale occurred on the 9th and 10th, with
exceedingly heavy falls of rain in Cumberland and North
Wales, but after this the weather improved, and for nearly
three weeks a large portion of the country experienced a
drought of considerable severity. Temperature was at first
rather low, but subsequently rose to a high summer level, the
warmest weather occurring on the 16th or 17th, when the
thermometer exceeded 80° in many districts, and reached 87°
at Greenwich and Wimbledon, and 88° at Wantage. On the
latter day severe thunderstorms were experienced in Cambridge-
shire and Huntingdonshire, the accompanying rainfall amount-
ing to more than an inch and a half in many places. At Great
Paxton, near St. Neots, nearly three inches fell in the space of
an hour and a quarter. After a short spell of cooler weather
the thermometer again rose, and on the 29th it exceeded 80° in
several parts of our southern counties. July was mostly cool,
cloudy and dry? but severe thunderstorms which occurred on
the 6th, the 10th, and between the 14th and 15th deposited
heavy falls of rain locally, many places recording in a few
hours as much as an inch to an inch and a half. On the night
of the 14th to 15th, during a very severe thunderstorm, nearly
three inches was collected at Mayfield, in Sussex. The absence
of summer warmth was rather remarkable, very few places
experiencing during the month a shade temperature appre-
ciably above 7o°. Between the 27th and 29th, however, the
thermometer in some central and southern districts managed
to reach 80°, and at Killerton, near Exeter, it touched 83°. &At
a large number of places situated in the western half of the
United Kingdom, the drought which had commenced about

The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year. 435

July 10 continued unbroken until August 8 or 9, and in some
scattered places for very much longer. At Exmouth there was
no rain for twenty -nine days, and at Teignmouth for thirty
days, while at South Hanningfield, Essex (a district in which
the drought appears to have been very local), there, was none
between July 20 and August 22, a period of thirty-four days.
Towards the end of August the weather gradually broke up,
and between the 29th and 31st sharp thunderstorms and heavy
rains occurred in many parts of the country. The most general
fall was reported on the coasts of Kent and Sussex, where the
rains of the 30th and 31st amounted to between 1*5 in. and
2*5 in., and sufficed (in spite of the previous dry weather) to
swell the monthly total to an amount considerably in excess of
the average. August produced very few warm days, but
temperatures slightly above 80° were observed locally between
the 2nd and 4th and the 28th and 30th, a reading as high as
84° being recorded at Worksop on the 4th, and at Matfield,
near Tonbridge, on the 28th.

The mean temperature of the summer was below the
average, the deficiency being greatest in the eastern and south-
eastern counties. The rainfall of the season was exceptionally
small. In the wettest district (the north-western) the total
amount was little more than two-thirds, and over the country
generally it was considerably less than half the average, and
was much smaller than in any summer of the previous twenty
years. The driest weather of all occurred in the south-west,
where the total rainfall amounted to only 39 per cent, of
the average. At Exmouth very little more than an inch fell
in the period of 103 days, running from May 15 to August 25.
The total duration of bright sunshine during the summer was
everywhere small ; in the midland and north-eastern counties
the mean daily allowance for the entire season was more than
three-quarters of an hour below the average.

The Autumn op 1913.

An unusually cool summer was followed by one of the
mildest autumns the country had experienced for many years,
and at the close of November the appearance of vegetation in
many parts of England showed no indication whatever of
the early approach of winter. The mildness was due not so
much to the presence of any very high temperatures as to
the absence of low ones, and more especially to the warmth of
the nights. Over a large portion in fact of central and southern
England the season passed without any frost worthy of note,
even upon the surface of the ground, an occurrence without
precedent in autumnal records extending back for more than
thirty years.

[Continued on page 438.]

436

Rainfall, Temperature, and Bright Sunshine experienced over
England and Wales during the whole of 1913, with Average
and Extreme Values for Previous Years.

Rainfall

Total Fall

No. of Days with Rain

Districts

For 47 years, 1866-1912

For 32 years, 1881-1912

In

1918

Aver-

Extremes

In

1913

Aver-

Extremes

age

Driest

W ettest

age

Driest

Wettest

North-eastern .

In.

In.

In.

In.

22-0

25'5

19'9 (1884
and 1905)

37-2 (1872)

180

186

162 (1884)

208 (1894)

Eastern

21 'I

24-9

191 (1874
and 1887)

331 (1872)

176

181

156 (1898)

205 (1894)

Midland

26’4

27-5

19‘2 (1887)

39'8 (1872)

178

179

148 (1887)

210 (1882)

South-eastern .

271

28'9

21-5 (1887)

417 (1872)

169

174

137 (1899)

197 (1882

North-western, 1

and 1903)

with North >
W ales . J

34-5

377

24-9 (1887)

59’2 (1872)

203

200

163 (1887)

226 (1903)

South-western A

with South >
Wales . J

39'6

417

28-3 (1887)

68 6 (1872)

204

200

159 (1887)

235 (1882)

Channellslands1

321

321

26'2 (1887)

4T8 (1910)

203

210

169 (1899)

251 (1886)

Mean Temperature

Hours of Bright Sunshine

For 47 years, 1866-1912

For 32 years, 1881-1912

Districts

In

1913

Aver-

Extremes

In

1913

Aver-

Extremes

age

Coldest

Warmest

age

Cloudiest

Sunniest

0

o

0

0

North-eastern .

48'3

47’6

44'8 (1879)

49-0 (1898)

1276

1335

1006(1885)

1601 (1906)

Eastern

49-8

487

45-6 (1879)

51’0 (1868)

1430

1585

1267(i888)

1864 (1899)

Midland

49-0

48'5

45'6 (1879)

511 (1868)

1193

1404

1156(1912)

1715 (1893)

South-eastern
North-western, f

507

49'8

467 (1879)

457 (1879)

511 (1898)

1470

1619

1245(i888)

1983 (1899)

with North >•
Wales . j

49-2

• /

48'6

50-3 (1868)

1317

1402

1198(i888)

1683 (1901)

South-western, )

with South i-
Wales j

501

501)

481 (1888)

52'8 (18681

1417

1639

1294(1912)

1964(1893)

Channellslands 1

52-6

52-2

507 (1885)

54'3 (1899)

1636

1890

1647 (1912)

2300(i893)

NOTE— The above Table is compiled from information given in the Weeklv Weather
Report of the Meteorological Office.

1 For the Channel Islands the “Averages” and “Extremes” of Rainfall and Mean
temperature are for the thirty-two years, 1881-1912.

437

The Rainfall of 1913 and of the previous Ten Years , with the
Average Annual Fall for a long period , as observed at thirty -
eight stations situated in various parts of the United Kingdom.

1

Stations

1913

Rainfall of Previous Years

i Av e
rage
rain-
fall

Total

rain-

fall

Dif-

fer-

ence

from

ave-

rage

1912

1911

1910

1909

1908

1907

1906

In.
23*8
22*8
28*5
28*0
22*4
26*8
21*8
34*3
23*6
26*2
24*0
236
28*7
33*1
49*7
37*0
28* L
31*6
42*5
30*1
33*9
33*4
29*8
29*2

1905

In.

19*2

20*7

23*0

22*6

19*0

24*8

18*6

26*7

24*0

25*1

21*0

22*6

26*9

26*2

38*8

29*8

24*0

26*1

28*2

25*0

28*1

30*5

27*5

30*3

1904

In.

19*0

20*8

21*5

21*0

17*6

23*2

20*0

26*3

25*0

28*8

22*7

21*2

24*6

31*0

39*6

26*5

25*1

26*0

31*8

30*9

34*9

41*4

34*4

37*3

1903

In.

30*8

30*3

29*4

25*1

30*5

36*3

32*2

39*2

37*8

41*1

35*9

38*2

32*3

43*2

58*9

38*7

34*4

38*5

45*8

42*8

42*7

45*8

39*9

38*2

England and Wales:
Durham

York ....
Norwich

Yarmouth .
Cambridge .
Rothamsted.
Nottingham .

Cheadle.

Hereford

Cirencester .

Oxford .....
London (Kew)

Hastings

Southampton

Stonyhurst

Manchester (City)
Liverpool

Llandudno .
Pembroke . .

Clifton ....
Cullompton .
Plymouth

Scilly (St. Mary’s)
Jersey (St. Aubin’s) .

In.

23'4

20-5

24-4

22-6

187

22-0

22-3

31*2

29'8

30-5

25*2

2 *9
307
32-0
421
29’8
25'9
31*8
4P5
310
37*4
36-5
34*8
26'5

Per

cent.

-14

-19

—11

—11

-18

—21

-10

— 5
+ 10

— 1
+ 1
— 9
+ 5
+ 4
—10
—14

10
+ 3
+ 18
-10
+ 5
+ 2
+ 4
—23

In.

29*2

33*0

35*0

33*6

27'3

33*6

301

38*9

32'9

39*2

32*5

28*0

32- 0
37*3
541
406
30-2

33- 0
41'0
447
47*8
47*0
36*5
43*3

In.

23*0

25*1

267

20'4

19*0

27'6

19’4

23'8

25*4

24*3

20*9

23*1

29'6

304

44*2

311

25*3

30*5

38'6

29'0

35*0

37'H

34-2

31'7

In.

24*9

24*6

3P8

28*5

22*8

29'7

24'7

36*5

36’4

33’2

28‘9

25'5

28'9

33*6

53*3

37'5

28'6

36*7

38*9

42*4

46*8

44*3

36*6

44*4

In.

24*8

24*8

27*8

24*2

23*1

26*8

25*2

37*7

24*0

32*1

27*5

23*7

31*4

36*1

48*8

37*0

28*4

32*0

331

36*8

34*4

35*2

27*0

31*7

In.

19*4

21*8

25*2

22*5

17*6

23*4

21*3

33*3

23*9

24*5

23*9

*>2*2

22*0

27*8

48*3

32*5

28*9

30*8

38*5

26*6

27*5

31*0

24*7

25*2

In.

24*8

25*6

26*3

21*9

21*2

25*3

23*5

31*9

29*7

28*9

26*9

23*8

23*3

30*8

50*0

33*9

26*6

26*3

37*2

34*3

33*4

36*3

29*3

28*6

In.

27*2

25*3

27*3

25*3

22*7

27*9

24*8

32*8

27*0

30*7

25*0

24*0

29*1

30*9

46*8

34*7

28*8

308

35*1

34*6

35*7

35*9

336

34*2

2 Mean for the whole of \
England and Wales J

29’0

— 6

36'8

28*8

34*5

31*3

26*6

29*9

29*9

25*6

28*0

37*5

31*0

Scotland :

Stornoway .

Wick ....
Aberdeen

Balmoral 3 .

Leith ....
Marchmont .

Fort Augustus .
Glasgow

47-0

24'6

23-8

31*2

17-9

261

45*5

36‘2

- 3
—16
-22
—13
-25
-24
+ 2

— 6

547

32*5

29-3

38*3

25*3

31*9

50*3

41'0

48-3

27*4

27*5

29*9

19'9

317

44'8

36'3

53*0

32*5

27*7

37*5

25*8

28*9

42*2

39*2

46*2

33*6

30*4

30*8

27*1

34*2

37*4

39*3

52*6

32*0

28*0

26*2

22*1

30*7

43*9

35*8

43*8

29*6

28*7

31*8

30*7

33*3

42*0

42*6

42*2

33*2

31*5

39*1

30*2

38*9

51*6

40*1

50*7

32*3

28*5

35*6

19*2

27*4

43*6

30*7

55*7

25*3

23*7

24*9

23*4

26*1

44*4

33*7

62*1

35*9

36*3

44*1

30*9

38*6

66*0

53*3

48*6

29*3

30*7

36*0

23*8

34*4

44*6

38*7

2 Mean for the whole )
of Scotland . j

401

— 3

45*4

417

43*2

41*8

43*1

44*5

46*3

41*4

42*1

57*1

41*8

Ireland :

Belfast ....
Markree Castle .
Armagh.

Dublin . . • •

Birr Castle (Parsons-
town) ....
Kilkenny

37*7

457

351

28*8

35*4

351

41*9

+ 12
+ 9
+ 10
+ 3

+ 7
+ 5

447

49*1

35*8

277

34'5

36*4

36*3

42'3

27*6

23'5

31-0

36*3

40*6

53*5

32*5

35*4

34*2

37*4

35*7

40*7

28*9

26*9

29*6

30*1

38*7

47*3

33*1

23*8

33*4

33*5

38*1

45*2

31*6

27*0

33*9

32*4

36*2

44*6

30*1

22*8

32*6

28*7

31*8

39*0

29*9

25*3

25*7

25*0

31*8

44*9

30*9

22*2

32*9

31*5

42*3

54*1

36*3

31*6

40*8

42*0

33*6

42*0

31*9

28*0

33*0

33*3

2 Mean for the whole j
of Ireland. . J

+ 6

41*0

36*5

41*0

35*3

39*2

j 39*7

36*7

34*6

38*9

47*9

39*5

i The Average Fall is in nearly all cases deduced from observations extending over the
Mean^afnf alf f or each country is based upon observations made at a large number
°' t SSStoyXRw M6 for Braemar, which ceased reporting after 1905.

438 The Weather of the Past Agricultural Year.

[Continued from page 435.]

Over the southern half of England the opening week of
September was marked by exceedingly heavy falls of rain, and
on the 4th and 5th severe thunderstorms occurred in Cornwall
and Devonshire, especially around Dartmoor. At Princetown,
during a thunderstorm on the early morning of the 4th, eight
bullocks were killed by lightning in one spot, and nearly an
inch and three-quarters of rain fell in the space of an hour.
The occurrence of heavy local downpours was, in fact, a
prominent feature in the weather of the early autumn. On
September 12 and 13 exceedingly heavy rain occurred in Wales
(as much as 4 in. at Haverfordwest in the two days), and on
the 16th and 17th the north of England and the north midlands
were similarly affected. At Newcastle- on-Tyne nearly two-
and-three-quarter inches of rain fell on the 16th in an hour
and a half, and on the following day a phenomenally heavy
downpour occurred in and around Doncaster. At four rainfall
stations in the neighbourhood the amount ranged between five
and six inches, mid was, in common with that which visited
the Norwich district on August 25 — 26, 1912, one of the
largest ever recorded in the less hilly portions of the United
Kingdom. The warmest September weather occurred in the
closing week, mostly about the 27th, when the thermometer
in the shade rose above 75° in many places and touched 82° at
Whitby. The nights were at the same time unusually mild ;
at Manchester on the night of the 26th the thermometer did
not fall below 65°. In October there was practically no cold
weather at all and scarcely any night frosts, the few recorded
being too slight to exercise any serious effect upon vegetation.
Thunderstorms and heavy local falls of rain were again
frequent, the principal downpours occurring between the 5th
and 7th, when most parts of England were in turn affected;
on the 14th, in the mountainous districts of Cumberland and
North Wales, and on the 26th in the south-eastern quarter of
England. On the evening of the 27th a violent tornado swept
along the Taff Valley, Glamorganshire, wrecking many build-
ings and causing some loss of life. Connected, in all probability,
with the same disturbance, a furious whirlwind occurred a
little later in the Church Stretton district, where a considerable
amount of damage to trees and farm buildings was reported.
November was marked by a continuance of unusual warmth,
and was in most places the mildest experienced since the year
1881. The only frosts of any consequence were restricted to
small areas and occurred between the 6th and 9th and on the
23id ; on the latter occasion the sheltered thermometer fell to
~1 at W okingham, and to 22° at Raunds, near Northampton.
Heavy rains were, not nearly as frequent as in September or
October, but considerable falls occurred around Snowdon on

Notes , Communications and Reviews. 439

the 12th, 17th, and 19th, and in Wales and the south-west of
England on the 20th.

For the autumn as a whole the mean temperature Avas
considerably above the average. In the Avestern and northern
parts of the country the season Avas less mild than in 1908 or
1898, but in the east and south-east of England it Avas the
mildest for at least forty years past. The autumn rainfall was
below the average in the northern parts of the country, but
above it in all the central and southern districts, the greatest
excess, 19 per cent., being in the south-eastern counties. The
duration of bright sunshine differed but little from the normal ;
in most districts it Avas slightly in excess.

Fredk. J. Brodie.

12 Patten Road,

Wandsworth Common, S.W.

NOTES, COMMUNICATIONS, AND REVIEWS.

The Government Scheme for the Improvement of Livestock. —

At the Farmers’ Club Dinner in December, 1912, Mr. Runcimau,
President of the Board of Agriculture, announced that the
Development Commissioners had strongly recommended to
the Treasury the release of moneys from the Development
Fund for the purpose of the improvement of livestock and
for the financial assistance to milk-recording societies. A
Parliamentary White Paper, containing a scheme with this
object, was issued in August, 1913 : —

“The main object of the scheme is to afford a means of
demonstrating to groups of farmers, especially the smaller
farmers, that it is sound economy and of pecuniary advantage
to use only sound and high-class sires, and to keep records of
the milk yield of their dairy cows with a view to getting rid
of poor milkers and improving by judicious selection and
breeding the productiveness of their herds. Preference in
the assistance contemplated is to be given, as far as possible,
to occupiers of agricultural holdings which either do not
exceed 100 acres in extent, or if exceeding 100 acres are of
an annual value for purposes of income-tax not exceeding

100 IN

Financial help is to be given under this scheme for the
provision of high-class bulls, boars, and stallions, to milk-
recording societies, and to selected agricultural institutions
for the employment of livestock officers. The total amount
of financial assistance that the Board is allowed to give is as

follows : —

440

Notes , Communications and Reviews.

£

(1) G-rants to societies or individuals for the provision of bulls . 13,800

(2) Grants to societies for the provision of boars . . , 1,000

(3) Grants to heavy horse societies 8.800

(4) Grants to milk-recording societies. ..... 5,000

(5) Grants to the selected agricultural institutions for the

employment of livestock officers 8,401)

£37.000

The Board has divided England into ten provinces. They
have allocated to these provinces and also to Wales and
Monmouth grants in accordance with the estimated proportion
of holdings above 20 acres and under 100 acres. The ten
provinces are estimated to contain 81 per cent, of such
holdings, and Wales and Monmouth 19 per cent. The amount
of the grant for England has been apportioned between the
districts in accordance with the distribution of animals.

For the provision of bulls, annual grants of not more than
15/. per animal are to be given to clubs and societies, or 12/. to
an individual owner. The latter will only receive grants when
the livestock officer is satisfied that it is not possible to form a
bull club, and further, no individual will receive a grant unless
the livestock officer is satisfied that in return for the grant the
bull will be available for a greater number of cows belonging
to the smaller farmers than it was previously. Not more than
four annual grants are to be made to any one individual, and
not more than five to any society, for each approved bull
provided by it. Not more than one-third of the sum available
for grants in any one year is to be spent in grants to individuals.
After the year 1918-19 assistance by way of loans repayable
without interest will be available if the financial position of
the Development Fund warrants it.

Grants in aid of the provision of boars will be made to
societies only ; 4/. for each approved animal for the first year
and 21. for the second.

Grants are to be made to heavy horse stallion societies
provided the societies do not hire stallions to travel at a fee
exceeding 31. 3s. No grant will exceed 80/. per approved
stallion, of which not more than 40/. will be a direct grant,
the remainder being utilised, if necessary, for “ assisted
nominations. No reduction is to be made in service fee
except in “ assisted nominations.” The stallions for which
grants are to be given will be approved by competent experts
and registered under the Board’s scheme. As to the grants
to be given to milk-recording societies, preference is to be
shown to societies already in existence and formed on a
co-operative basis. Each society shall employ a “ tester ” to
check and take records, the appointment of such tester to be

Notes , Communications and Reviews.

441

approved by the Livestock Committee of the Advisory Council.
(See below.) The ten selected agricultural institutions of
England and the two of Wales and Monmouth are to receive
grants for the salaries and expenses of a livestock officer,
whose duties will be to promote and carry out the scheme in
the area to which he is appointed.

To administer this scheme each province will have an
Advisory Council to be comprised of nominees (1) of the
selected Agricultural Institution, (2) of the Education Com-
mittee, (3) of the Board. The Advisory Committee will
appoint a Livestock Committee, whose duties will be to make
recommendations to the Board in respect of the allocation of
the various grants amongst the counties comprised in the
province, to advise the Board on the conditions to be attached
to the grants to be given towards the cost of hiring and pur-
chasing animals, and generally to advise the Board when
required in connection with the improvement of livestock.
They may appoint such sub-committees as they think fit.

The administrative body will be a County Livestock Com-
mittee constituted of two members of either the County
Agricultural Education Committee or sub-committee of the
County Council, nominated by the County Council, not less
than two practical stock breeders appointed by the above
members, and at least one member of any recognised county
breed society. The County Livestock Committee may appoint
such sub-committees as they may think fit.

The Livestock Committee will decide, after being acquainted
by the Board of the amount of grant at their disposal in the
province, the amount to be allocated to each county . The
County Livestock Committee will prepare a scheme foi dealing
with the grant and will submit it to the Board through the
Livestock Committee. The animals will be selected by a
selection committee appointed by the County Livestock Com-
mittee. Applications for grants are to be made through the
livestock officer who will be a member of each selection

COTHTTLl tt68

Attached to the White Paper is a schedule showing the
allocation of grants for the improvement of livestock. The
Paper can be obtained from Messrs. Wyman & Sons, price Id.

W. R. P.

The Sugar Industry in France. — In view of the interest
which has been aroused in the cultivation of sugar-beet in this
country, it may be timely to draw attention to the very marked
reduction in the area devoted to this crop in France. In the
Bulletin de la Societe des Agriculteurs de France, for July 1
last, M. Emile Pluchet discusses the causes in an article entitled

t-

442 Notes , Communications and Reviews.

“ 4" he Crisis in the Sugar industry and the Cultivation of Sugar-
beet. He states that since the Brussels Convention in 1902,
35 per cent, of the factories have disappeared, the area under
beet has been reduced by 26 per cent., and the amount of sugar
produced (even in an exceptionally rich year) has declined by
16 per cent. The figures are the more surprising seeing that
there is a further reduction of 9 per cent, in the area sown in
1913. The contributory causes are stated as follows :

(4)^ 1 he abolition of bounties, which has caused a loss of
about t francs per ton of roots to the manufacturer.

(2) The increase in the cost of manufacture, coal, coke,
lime, &c., all having gone up in price to an extent which adds
3*50 francs per ton to the cost.

(3) The new methods of raising and handling the crop,
machines and implements replacing hand labour, and causing
the roots to be delivered with a much larger quantity of
adherent earth. No account of this is taken in the weighing
with the result that the loss to the manufacturer is put at
2 francs per ton.

Altogether, then, it appears that the manufacturer has
suffered an additional burden of 12*50 francs per ton. Against
this there is a certain set-off in the reduction of the price paid
to the grower for density exceeding seven degrees, which makes
the roots cheaper by 4 francs per ton than they were ten years
ago, and leaves the manufacturer to face a net additional
burden of 8*50 francs per ton. So far it appears to be the
manufacturer who has suffered most, which must be an unusual
state of affairs and one which cannot long continue, and the
wiiter of the article points out that the burden will most
certainly be transferred to the grower. In view of the magni-
tude of the industry in so many departments of Northern
1 ranee, he urges the necessity for joint action between grower
and manufacturer to secure the aid of Parliament in the
prevention of a serious disaster. The measures proposed are
not stated in the article, but the writer remarks that no return
to the bounty system is desired, for sooner or later it would be
bound to operate against the industry.

C. S. 0.

“A Pilgrimage of British Farming.” — By A. H. Hall.

Those wlm had the privilege of reading the story of this
pilgrimage in the columns of the Times will feel grateful for
the opportunity of possessing it in permanent form. It does
not always happen that a work which primarily appears at
intervals, gams m interest and value when thrown together.
But this as a case where it does in an exceptional degree. What
were articles in the Times become in this book chapters, bound

Notes , Communications and Reviews.

443

by a far closer connection than exists between the parts of
most books that are written as such, and this merit of Mr.
Hall’s book is associated with its other merits. The author
had a very definite object in view when he set out on his
pilgrimage, and although it took a considerable part of three
years to carry out that object, it was not changed in the
slightest, nor was the enthusiasm with which it was pursued
diminished. “ Men mostly learn by example,” says Mr. Hall,
“by looking over the hedge.” Well, this book contains an
account of what was seen during one of the longest and most
thoughtful looks over the hedge that has ever been taken in
the history of British agriculture. The eyes which looked
were all the time those of the practical farmer. Other objects
would undoubtedly invite their inspection, but they are not
introduced here, and there is not a sentence that has not a
bearing on practical problems in farming. Within this
wisely restricted range of what is immediately interesting
to farmers there is a remarkable clearness and accuracy of
observation and what is seen clearly and fully is reproduced as
clearly and fully in simple and appropriate language that
brings the picture within the reach of the plainest man who
knows and cares anything about agriculture.

For everyone, no matter how wide his knowledge of the
country may be, this book will change a vague and general
impression about farming methods pursued in many parts into
knowledge clear and definite enough to be of interest and
assistance. During the three years 1910, 1911, 1912, almost
every important district in the kingdom was surveyed, from
Cornwall in the south to the fertile and well farmed portion of
East Rosshire in the north. Not even Ireland is missed.
There is no attempt to give exhaustive local information. No
single man could acquire and impart such information, and no
single book could contain it, but the principles, according to
which appreciation of good farming is here expressed and
criticism of inferior farming offered, are everywhere applicable.
Criticism ranges from the sympathetic chiding of men whose
“farming is unprogressive and unenlightened” to the frank
and repeated condemnation of the “ bad farming which pays
by cutting down expenditure to a minimum and making a
profit of all that can be skimmed off the land.” With the
discriminating appreciation and criticism which it contains the
further this book goes the more it will stimulate landlords,
farmers and even labourers to higher achievement.

With reference to the relations of these three classes
interested in agriculture Mr. Hall has some remarks to offer.
From what he saw of the Land Court in Ireland he is not pre-
possessed in its favour. Taking the test of the part they

444

Notes, Communications and Reviews.

played in bringing British agriculture through the depression,
and of the work done by such men as Townshend and Coke,
he believes landowners might yet prove capable of meeting the
new demands of the time. In particular he would have them
exercise some authority in bringing up the standard of farming
from the low level to which it has fallen under many tenants.
He sees no necessary evil in the emigration of labourers from
the villages, one highly paid man with machinery being better
than several low paid and inefficient. But in economics as in
other sciences there have been rapid developments, and men
seem afraid to express their views, lest, in Mr. Hall’s own words
on another subject, “ they may at any time require remodelling
until they are hardly recognisable.” The remarks twice repeated
on the necessity and advantage of a good general education for
farmers are very fine. The common-sense and enthusiasm
which mark the treatment of every practical problem have
once more a fitting expression in this final appeal for an open
and susceptible mental attitude on the part of farmers.

J. 0.

“ Farm Management.”— By G. F. Warren.— Mr. Warren is
Professor of Farm Management in the New York State College
of Agriculture, Cornell University. The subjects of which he
treats would be classed under agricultural economics in this
country. “ Farm management,” he says, “ is the study of the
business principles in farming. It may be defined as the science
of the organisation and management of a farm enterprise for
the purpose of securing the greatest continuous profit.

The best way to find out what methods of farm organisation
and management are most successful is to study the methods
now used and the profits secured on large numbers of farms,
and determine how the more successful ones differ from the
less successful, and find to which of the differences the success
is due.”

In the United States, investigations into these matters have
been carried on for a number of years, and there is now a large
body of evidence from which to draw conclusions, evidence
collected from inquiry among farmers, from cost accounts,
census data, travel and study in different parts of the United
States and experience in farming. Some results of this activity
are set forth here. It has been found that “ most farmers have
a hobby that is overdone while other things are neglected.
It requires good judgment to keep the farm development
properly balanced. ... A careful farmer may hope for
crop yields a fifth better than the average, and production per
animal a half better than the average.” Some people are
inclined to argue that success altogether depends on the man,

Notes, Communications and Reviews.

445

but the reply is that by studying many farms it is possible to
learn by what methods success is attained. “ Merely being an
unusual man does not amount to anything, unless one does
something definite. Successful farms differ from unsuccessful
ones by perfectly tangible things.”

The chapter on “ Farm Records and Accounts ” is valuable
and interesting. A clear, though rather arbitrary, distinction
is drawn between mere book-keeping and cost accounting, the
system of accounts which the author recommends. This
system he regards as an investigation into the internal organisa-
tion and management of the farm, the object of which is to
enable the farmer to organise his business more efficiently.
Records or accounts kept on this principle makes it possible to
see what style of farming pays best, and by what changes the
farmer can tighten up his management in order to get the
greatest profits. So great is the value of this system that it is
now regarded as much more important than the mere book-
keeping which involves only a record of sales and purchases.
British agriculturists have hitherto paid little or no attention
to this system, but the Institute for Research in Agricultural
Economics, at Oxford University, has now taken it up, and
with the co-operation of many farmers in England and Scotland
has succeeded in establishing it pretty widely. By this means
much useful information is being obtained which will prove of
immense advantage to the farming community.

“ An Agricultural Faggot.” — By R. H. Rew. One of the
rarest gifts which nature bestows is that faculty of clear-
sightedness which enables its possessor to view passing events
in their proper perspective, to assign to them their tiue causes,
and to understand and appreciate their meaning. It is a
faculty much to be desired, though not always found, in the
student of agricultural economics, and it is this faculty which
has made the occasional articles and papers by Mr. Rew of so
much value and interest to those for whom they have been
intended. Those reprinted under the modest title . of An
Agricultural Faggot have appeared at intervals during the
past twenty-five years, and although their author suggests that
some of them may have a flavour of antiquity, the fact is that
the historical subjects are of perennial interest, whilst the
chapters dealing with social and economic questions relate
to matters which are still being debated and which aie
still unsettled. The chapters are ten in number, the first
of them being a reprint of the paper dealing with agri-
cultural history which aroused so much interest at the
Farmers’ Club so recently as May last. Others relate to

446

Sir Richard Powell Cooper, Bart.

co-operation amongst farmers to secure political, social, and
commercial advantages ; the middle-man in agriculture (Mr.
Rew grants that he is often indispensable, and not always the
parasite that over-enthusiastic co-operators assume him to-be) ;
the migration of the agricultural labourer a (dispassionate
analysis of the position of the rural worker in the year .1892,
which is of particular interest in that many changes which
were being advocated at that date, such as Parish Councils, Old
Age Pensions, &c., have since been effected) ; whilst to many
people the paper read last year to the members of the British
Association on the nation’s food-supply will be of chief interest
as being the most authoritative attempt to set out the relative
values of imported and home-produced food.

These and other papers read at various times before limited
audiences are now available to “ all those who love the land,”
and their collection and publication at the moment when so
much amateur effort is being brought to bear upon land
questions of every kind is particularly opportune.

C. S. 0.

SIR RICHARD POWELL COOPER, Bart.

Sir Richard Cooper, who died after a short illness on 30th
July last, was born on 21st September, 1847. He was the only
cbiM of Mr. Henry Cooper, of Clunbury, Aston-on-Clun.
He fiist intended to follow the veterinary profession, and
he passed out of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons
with honours. Ultimately, however, he entered the family
firm of William Cooper and Nephews, the well-known agri-
cultural chemists of Berkhamsted.

From this time his agricultural interests were rapidly
extended, and Sir Richard Cooper soon became very prominent
in the development of* the foreign market for English pedigree
stock. A farmer himself on an enormous scale in England
Australia, South Africa, South America, and Russia, he showed
faimeis abroad in our colonies and in foreign countries the
value of our pure-bred stock of all classes, and it would not be
too much to say that no one individual has done so much to
create the present world-wide demand. Shorthorns, Red Polls
Shropshire sheep, and several breeds of pigs, all were kept by
him either, at Shenstone, or at Ashlyns, and the showyard
record of his hocks and herds was a remarkable one.

Sir Richard became a Member of the Royal Agricultural
Society in the year 1888, and was elected to represent Stafford-
shire on the Council in 1905. At the time of his death he was
a member of the Finance, the Showyayd Works, Farm Prizes,

Mr. H. Herbert Smith.

447

and the Special Committees. A business man of exceptional
shrewdness, he had unbounded faith in the policy of a
migratory show-yard, and probably most members of the
Society are aware that when the question of abandoning the
permanent ground at Park Royal was under discussion, he
guaranteed to bear any loss which might attend a return to the
migratory principle during the first few years. The present
strength of the Society’s position is sufficient evidence of the
soundness of his judgment.

The resumption of the Farm Prize Competitions, which
now form so popular a feature in connection with the annual
country meeting, was likewise due to his generosity, for he
undertook to provide for the whole of the expenses in connec-
tion with them until the Society should be in a position to take
over the liability.

Sir Richard married, in 1872, Elizabeth Anne, daughter of
Mr. Elias Ashmole Ashmall, of Hammerwich, Lichfield, who
survives him. He was created a baronet in the year 1905 in
recognition of his services to agriculture, and he is succeeded
by his son, Richard Ashmole Cooper, M.P. for Walsall. He
also leaves another son and three daughters.

C. S. 0.

MR. H. HERBERT SMITH.

Mr. Henry Herbert Smith, who died on October 19, 1913,
was the son of Sir William Smith, LL.D., H.C.L., F.R.S.,
Editor of the Quarterly Review , and was born in the year
1851. He joined as partner the late Mr. William Bryan
Wood, surveyor and valuer, of Chippenham, in 1879, and
in 1881 became personal agent for the Marquess of Lans-
downe’s Wiltshire estates, a position he held until the time
of his death. Mr. Smith possessed a practical knowledge
of agriculture and was a Vice-President of the Surveyor’s
Institution, a Commissioner of the Lea Valley Drainage, and
Gilbey Lecturer on the History and Economics of Agriculture
at the Cambridge University, 1900 — 1903. He was also
associated with many other institutions, including the Wilt-
shire Bacon Curing Factory, of which he was the Chairman
and Managing Director. In addition to contributing many
articles on agricultural questions to the Quarterly Review and
Nineteenth Century , Mr. Smith published a book entitled,
The Principles of Landed Estate Management. He became a
Member of the Society in the year 1874, and was elected the
Member of Council for the division of Wiltshire in 1905. At
the time of his death he was a member of the Veterinary Sub-
Committee and had taken a very active part in the enquiry

448

Mr. Martin J. Sutton.

undertaken by the Sub-Committee on the question of the
disease of Swine Fever. Mr. Smith, who married Emily,
daughter of Mr. Arthur Hall, of the East Indian Civil Service,
leaves a son (who was a partner with his father) and two
daughters.

T. M.

MR. MARTIN J. SUTTON.

Mr. Martin John Sutton, although not a Member of the
Council at the time of his decease, was a representative of the
Society on the National Agricultural Examination Board, a
body composed of representatives of the Highland and Agri-
cultural Society of Scotland, and the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, and it is a melancholy fact that only on the
Monday previous to his death he was elected Chairman of the
Board. He had been a Member of the Society since the year
1878, and subsequently in 1882 became a Governor. He was
elected a Member of Council in 1883, and continued to
hold that office until the year 1904.

While taking an interest in the livestock section of agricul-
ture, Mr. Sutton will be better remembered by the very valuable
services he rendered in connection with the Journal, and the
Educational work of the Society. In June, 1900, Mr. Sutton
attended, as the Society's delegate, the International Congress
in Agricultural Education which was held in Paris, and at
which he read a paper dealing with the Society’s efforts to
promote agricultural education in this country.

In many other directions Mr. Sutton took an active interest
in agriculture, and was a Vice-President of the Smithfield Club.
He was a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and other foreign
Orders had been conferred upon him. On the occasion of the
General Meeting of Members of the Society held at the Royal
Agricultural Hall on Wednesday, December 10, 1913, Mr. Sutton
moved a vote of thanks to the Earl of Northbrook, the President,
for his services during the year of his Presidency.

As the head of the firm of Sutton and Sons, of Reading, Mr.
Sutton possessed great business capacity, which was apparent
when matters of importance were under discussion at meetings
at which he was present.

Mr. Sutton was born in 1850, and died on December 14,
1913. He was twice married, and leaves two sons and a
daughter by the first marriage.

T. M.

lional Agricultural Solicit) of (kiuilnuti.

(Established May 9th , 1838, as the English Agricultural Society, and
incorporated by Royal Charter on March 26/7*, 1840).

• Patron.

HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING.

Year when
first elected
on Council.

1889

1895

1871

1893

1885

1898
1881
1883

1899
1880
1899
1881

1905

1887

1908

1891

1903
1876
1900

1904
1908
1881
1913
1907

1910

1905

1911
1911

1906

1909

1910
1906
1905

1905

VOL.

President for 1914.

THE EARL OF POWIS.

Trustees.

H.R.H. Prince Christian, K.G., Cumberland Lodge , Windsor.
Bedford, Duke of, K.G., Woburn Abbey , Bedfordshire.
Bowen-Jones, Sir J. B., Bart., Council House Court , Shrewsbury.
Cornwallis, F. S. W., Linton Park, Maidstone , Kent.

Coventry, Earl of, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Worcestershire.
Devonshire, Duke of, G.C.Y.O., Chatsworth , Chesterfield.

Gilbey, Sir Walter, Bart., Elsenham Hall, Elsenham, Essex.
Jersey, Earl of, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., Middleton Park, Bicester, Oxon.
Middleton, Lord, Birdsall House, Malt on, Yorks.

Moreton, Lord, Sarsden House , Chipping Norton, Oxon.
Northbrook, Earl of, Stratton, Micheldever, Hampshire.

Thorold, Sir John H., Bart., Old Hall, Syston, Grantham.

Vice= Presidents.

Adeane, C. R. W., Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

Crutchley, Percy, Sunningliill Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire.

Derby, Earl of, G.C.V.O., C.B., Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire.
Dugdale, J. Marshall, Llwyn , Llanfyllin S.O., Mont.

Fellowes, Rt. Hon. Sir Ailwyn E., K.C.V.O., Honing ham , Norwich.
Feversham, Earl of, Buncombe Park, Helmsley, Yorkshire.

Greaves, R. M., Wern, Portmadoc, North Wales.

Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart., C.V.O., Walton Hall, Warrington.
Northumberland, Duke of, K.G., Alnwick Castle , Northumberland .
Parker, Hon. Cecil T., The Grove, Cor sham, Wiltshire.
Rothschild, Lcrd, G.C.V.O., Tring Park, Hertfordshire.
Yarborough, Earl of, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

Ordinary Members of the Council.

Alexander, D. T., Bryneithen, Dinas Powis ( Glamorganshire ).
Aveling, Thomas L., Boley Hill Llouse, Rochester (Kent).

Behrens, Capt. Clive, Swinton Grange, Malton [Yorks., N. Riding).
Betts, E. W., Babingley, King's Lynn [Norfolk).

Brocklehurst, Henry Dent, Sudeley Castle , Winclicombe (Glos.).
Brocklehurst, Maj.-Gen. J. F., C.Y.O., C.B., Ranksborough , Oak-
ham (Rutland).

Brown, Davis, Marlidm Hall, Downham Market (Norfolk).

Buttar, Thomas A., Corston, Coupar Angus (Scotland).

Carden, Richard George, Fishmoyne , Templemore , Co. Tipperary
(Ireland).

Carr, Richardson, Estate Office, Tring Park (Hertfordshire).

74. Q

1909

1905

1911

1918

1905

1907

1909

1906

1910

1905

1903

1911

1909

1910

1905

1905

1903

1908

1900

1905

1913

1905

1912

1909

1909

1904

1905

1904

1910

1884

1911

1907

1910

1909

1912

1905

1906

1913

1905

1897

1905

1908

1897

1905

1913

1907

1891

1912

1907

1904

1889

1889

List of Council of the Society.

Ordinary Members of the Council ( continued ).

Chapman, W. W., Mowbray House , Norfolk Street , W.C. ( London ).
Cross, Hon. John E., High Legh , Knutsford (Cheshire).

Eadie, John T. C., The Rock , Newton Solney , Burton-on- Trent
(Derbyshire).

Evans, Arthur E., Bronwylfa , Wrexham (North Wales).

Evens, John, Burton , near Lincoln (Lincolnshire).

Falconer, James, Northbrook Farm , J licheldever Statio n (Hampshire) .
Frank, Sir Howard, 20 Hanover Square, W. (Loudon).

GIarne, W. T., Aids worth, Northleach (Gloucestershire) .

Glover, James W., Beechwood , Warwick (Warwickshire) .

Harlech, Lord, Brogyntyn, Oswestry ( Shropshire ).

Harris, Joseph, Brackenbrough Tower. Carlisle (Cumberland).
Harrison, William, Hall House, Leigh (Lancashire).

Hastings, Lord, Melton Constable Park (Norfolk).

Hazlerigg, Sir Arthur G., Bart., Noseley Hall (Leicestershire).
Henderson, Major H. G., M.P., Kitemore, Faringdon (Berkshire).
Hine, John Henry, Pomphlett Farm , Plymstock, Plymouth (Devon).
Hiscock, Arthur, Manor Farm , Motcombe, Shaftesbury (Dorset).
Hobbs, Robert W., Kelmscott, Lechlade (Oxfordshire).

Hosken, W. J., Pulsack, Hayle (Cor?iwall).

Howard, John Howard, Clapham Park, near Bedford (Bedfordshire).
Ingram, Walter F., 2 St. Andrew's Place , Lewes (Sussex).

Kelly, Dunbar, Coombe Farm, Kingston-an- Thames (Surrey).
Knightley, Sir Charles V., Bart., ' Fawsley , Daventry (Northants).
Lane-F ox, George R., M.P., Bramham Park, Boston Spa ( Yorks , TF.i?.).
Luddington. J. L., Littleport , Ely ( Cambridgeshire ).

Mansell, Alfred, College Hill , Shrewsbury (Shropshire).

Mathews, Ernest, Little Shardeloes , Amersham (Buckinghamshire).
May, William A., 3 Wellington Street , Strand , W.C. (London).
Middleton, Christopher, Vane Terrace , Darlington (Durham).
Midwood, G. Norris, The Grange, North Rode , Congleton (Cheshire) .
Miller, T. Horrocks, Singleton Park, Poulton-le-Fylde (Lancashire).
Myatt, John, Lynn House, Lichfield (Staffordshire).

Nocton, William, Langham Hall, Colchester (Essex).

Overman, Henry, Weasenham, Swajfham (Norfolk).

Patterson, R. G., Acton Hill, Stafford (Staffordshire).

Perkin, A. W., Greenj ord Green, Harrow (Middlesex).
Pilkington, Claude M. S., Wollaton, Nottingham (Nottinghamshire).
Plumptre, H. Fitzwalter, Goodnestone , near Canterbury (Kent).
Rawlence, J. E., The Chantry, Wilton, Salisbury ( Wiltshire).

Rea, George Grey, Middleton, Wooler (Northumberland).

Reynard, Frederick, Sunderlandwick, Driffield (Yorks., E. Riding).
Richmond and Gordon, Duke of, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester (Sussex).
Ridley, Yiscount, Blagdon, Cramlington (Northumberland).

Rogers, C. Coltman, Stanage Park, Brampton Bryan (South Wales).
Rowell, John, Bury, Huntingdon (Huntingdonshire).

Seward, Capt. Percy W.. Weston, Petersfield (Hampshire).

Smith, Fred, Deben Haugh, Woodbridge (Suffolk).

Stanyforth, E. Wilfrid', Kirk Hammerton Hall , York (Yorks., W.R.).
Strachie, Lord, Sutton Court, Pensford (Somerset).

Tindall, C. W., Wainfleet , S.O. ( Lincolnshire ).

Turner, Arthur P., Fay re Oakes, Hereford (Herefordshire).
Wheeler, E. Vincent V., Newnham Court , Tenbury (Worcestershire).
Wilson, Christopher W., Rigmaden Park, Kirkby Lonsdale (TIAsf-
morland).

Wrigley, Louis C., Trelleck Grange , Chepstow (Monmouthshire).

Ill

STANDING COMMITTEES.

*** Under By-law 39, the President is a Member ex officio of all Com-
mittees, and the Trustees and Vice-Presidents are Members ex officii s of
all Standing Committees except the Committee of Selection.

The Honorary Director is a Member ex officio of all Committees.

Finance Committee.

Adeane, C. R. W. ( Chairman ). Carr, Richardson.

Devonshire, Duke of. Cornwallis, P. S. W

Northbrook, Earl of. Crutchley, Percy.

Fellowes, Rt. Hon. Sir A. E. Harrison, W.

Greenall, Sir G., Bart. Mansell, Alfred.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Mathews, Ernest.

Aveling, T. L. Wheeler, E. V. V.

Journal and Education Committee.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Brocklehurst, H. D. Mathews, Ernest.

( Chairman ). Cornwallis, F. S. W. May, W. A.

Hastings, Lord. Dugdale, J. Marshall. Plumptre, H. F.

Moreton, Lord. Luddington, J. L. Seward, Capt.

Bowen-Jones, Sir J. B., Bart. Mansell, Alfred. Wheeler E. V. V
Adeane, C. R. W.

Chemical and Woburn Committee.

Bowen-Jones, Sir J.B., Bart. Greaves, R. M. Midwood, G. Norris

( Chairman ). Hosken, W. J. Patterson, R. G.

Harlech, Lord. Howard, John Howard. Perkin, a. W.

Ingram, W. F. Pilkington, C. M. S.

Luddington, J. L. Reynard, F.

May, W. A. Tindall, C. W.

Turner, A. P.

Hastings, Lord
Knightley, SirC. V., Bart.

Brocklehurst, H. D.

Brocklehurst, Maj.-Gen. Middleton, C.

Falconer, J.

Botanical and Zoological Committee.

Rogers, C. C. {Chairman). Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Middleton, C
Moreton, Lord. Brown, Davis

Strachie, Lord. Cornwallis, F. S. W.

Bowen-Jones, Sir J. B.,Bart. Lane-Fox, G. R.

Hazlerigg, Sir A. G., Bart. Luddington, J. L.

Veterinary Committee.

Northbrook, Earl of Carr, Richardson.

{Chairman). Crutchley, Percy.

Strachie, Lord. Eadie, J. T. C.

Fellowes, Rt.Hon. Sir A. E. Garne, W. T.

Parker, Hon. C. T. Harris, Joseph.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Mansell, Alfred

^Master of Farriers’

Company.

Mathews, Ernest.

Miller, T. H.

Professional Members of Veterinary Committee not Members of Council

Stock Prizes Committee.

Reynard, F. {Chairman). Crutchley, Percy.

Eadie, J. T. C.

Garne, W. T.

Greaves, R. M.

Hine, J. H.

*McFadyean, Prof. Sir J.
Adeane, C. R. W.
Behrens, Capt. Clive.
Brown, Davis.

*

Plumptre, H. F.
Seward, Capt.
Wheeler, E. V. V.

^President of Royal
College of Vety.
Surgeons.
Rawlence, J. E.
Rowell, John.
Smith, Fred.
Seward, Capt.
Stanyforth, E. W.
SWITHINBANK, H.
Wilson, C. W.

Coventry, Earl of
Northbrook, Earl of.

Harlech, Lord.

Middleton, Lord.

Bowen Jones, Sir J.B., Bart. Hobbs, Robert W.
Greenall, Sir G., Bart. Mansell, Alfred.

Behrens, Capt. Clive.
Brown, Davis.
Buttar, T. A.

Carr, Richardson.

Mathews, Ernest.
Midwood, G. Norris.
Miller, T. H.

Myatt, John.
Overman, Henry.
Rea, G. G.

Rogers, C. C.
Rowell, John.
Smith, Fred.
Tindall, C. W.
Turner, A. P.
Wilson, C. W.

The Stewards of
Live Stock.

Q 2

IV

Standing Committees.

Implement Committee.

Greaves, R. M. (Chairman'). Glover, J. W. Patterson, R. G.

Cross, Hon. J. E. Harrison, W. Pilkington, C. M. S.

Bowen-Jones, Sir J.B., Bart. Howard, John Howard. Stanyforth, E. W.
Alexander, D. T. Luddington, J. L. Wheeler, E. V. V.

Aveling, T. L. Middleton, C. The Stewards of

Myatt, John.

Implements.

Crutchley, Percy.

Falconer, J.

Showyard Works Committee.

Greenall, Sir G., Bart. Carr, Bichardson. Pilkington, C. M. S.

Crutchley, Percy.

Harrison, W.

Howard, J. H.

Overman, Henry.

Committee of Selection.

Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart. Devonshire, Duke of
( Chairman ). Harlech, Lord

The President. Aveling, T. L.

And the Chairman of each of the Standing Committees.

Dairy and Produce Committee.

( Chairman').
Cross, Hon. J. E.
Alexander, D. T.
Aveling, T. L.

Rea, G. G.
Reynard, F.
Stanyforth, E. W.

Harris, J.
Overman, H.
Wheeler, E. Y. V.

Mathews, Ernest

( Chairman).
Hastings, Lord
Parker, Hon. C. T.
Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart.
Behrens, Capt. Clive.

Carr, Richardson.
Crutchley, Percy.

Hine, J. H.

Kelly, Dunbar

Dugdale, J. Marshall. Overman, Henry.

Evens, John
Greaves, R. M.

Plumptre, H. F.
Smith. Fred.

Henderson, Major H. G. Wheeler, E. V. Y.

Special Committee.

Devonshire, Duke of

(■ Chairman .)
Northbrook, Earl of.
Fellowes, Rt. Hon. Sir A. E.
Bowen-Jones, Sir J. B., Bart.
Greenall, Sir G., Bart.
Thorold, Sir J. H., Bart.
*McFadyean, Prof. Sir J.
Adeane, C. R. W.

Aveling, T. L.
*Biffen, Prof. R. H.
Carr, Richardson.
*Cooper, W. F.
Cornwallis, F. S. W.
Crutchley, Percy.
Greaves, R. M.
Harrison, W.

*Nuttall, Prof.
Reynard, F.
Rogers, C. C.
Tindall, C. W.
*Voelcker, Dr. J. A.
*Warburton, C.
Wheeler, E. Y. V.
*Wood, Prof. T. B.

Mathews, Ernest.

Scientific Members of Special Committee not Members of Council.

General Shrewsbury Committee.

The Council, with the following representatives of the Local Committee: —
The Mayor of Shrewsbury. Lloyd, Col. A. H. 0.

Blower, B. Prideaux, R. F., Town Clerk.

Clarke, H. C. Stanier, Beville, M.P.

Cureton, Dr. Clothier, Edward, Local Secretary .

Honorary Director. — Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.Y.O.
Secretary. — Thomas McRow, 16 Bedford Square, W.C.

Editor of Journal. — C. S. Orwin, Hon. M.A., Agricultural Economics Institute ,
Oxford.

Consulting Chemist. — Dr. J. Augustus Foelcker, M.A., F.I.C., 1 Tudor
Street , London , E.C.

Consulting Veterinary Surgeon. — Prof. Sir John Me Fad yean, Royal
Veterinary College , Camden Town , N.W.

Botanist. — Professor R. H. Biffen, M.A., School of Agriculture, Cambridge.
Zoologist. — Cecil Warburton, M.A., School of Agriculture, Cambridge.
Consulting Engineer. — F. S. Courtney, 25 Victoria Street, Westminster , S. W.
Surveyor — J. R. Naylor, F.R.I.B.A., Smith's Bank Chambers, Derby.
Consulting Surveyor. — George Hunt, Evesham, , Worcestershire.

Publisher. — John Murray, 50a Albemarle Street, W.

Solicitors. — Garrard, Wolfe, Gaze & Clarke, 13 Suffolk Street, &JP.
Bankers. — The London County and Westminster Bank, St. James's Square

Distribution of Governors and Members of the Society.

v

DISTRIBUTION OF GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS OF THE
SOCIETY, AND OF ORDINARY MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.

Number of
Governors
and

Members

Number

of

Ordinary
Members
if Council

Ordinary Members of Council

93

1

J. H. Howard.

343

2

Hon. J. E. Cross ; G. Norris Mid-

92

1

wood.

W. J. Hosken.

143

1

J. T. C. Eadie.

91

1

A. Hiscock.

} 325

2

J. Falconer ; Capt. Percy Seward.

218

1

Richardson Carr.

}- 394

2

W. Harrison ; T. H. Miller.

106

1

A W Perkin.

69

1

L. C. Wrigley.

612

4

f E. W. Betts; Davis Brown; Lord
t Hastings ; Henry Overman.

196

1

Sir C. V. Knightley.

265

2

G. G. Rea ; Viscount Ridley.

276

V

John Myatt ; R. G. Patterson.

198

1

E. V. V. Wheeler.

193

1

Capt. Clive Behrens.

224

1

T. A. Buttar.

3,838

—25

145

1

E. Mathews.

176

1

J. H. Hine.

127

1

C. Middleton.

205

1

W. Nocton.

142

1

A. P. Turner.

189

1

Sir A G. Hazlerigg.

562

j W. W. Chapman ; Sir Howard

0

t Frank ; W. A. May.

159

1

C. M. S. Pilkington.

27

1

Maj.-Gen. J. F. Brocklehurst.

362

2

Lord Harlech ; Alfred Manseli.

241

1

Fred Smith.

230

1

Dunbar Kelly.

174

1

James E. Rawlence.

349

2

G. R. Lane-Fox, M.P. ; E. W

\

Stanyforth.

107

1

C. C. Rogers.

3,195

—19

180

1

Major H. G. Henderson, M.P.

176

1

J. L. Luddington.

107

1

Joseph Harris.

88

1

D. T. Alexander.

396

2

H. D. Brocklehurst; W.T. Game

46

1

John Rowell.

355

2

T. L. Aveling ; H. F. Plumptre.

353

2

John Evens; C. VV. Tindall

164

1

R. W. Hobbs.

169

1

Lord Strachie.

2

( W. F. Ingram ; Duke of

290

t Richmond and Gordon.

232

1

J. W. Glover.

56

1

C. W. Wilson.

163

1

F. Reynard.

118

1

R. G. Carden.

186

1

A. E. Evans

3,079

—20

323

13

10,448

64

Electoral

District

A.

B.

C.

Division

BEDFORDSHIRE

Cheshire .

Cornwall
Derbyshire .

Dorset

HAMPSHIRE AND
Channel Islands

HERTFORDSHIRE .

Lancashire and Isle
of man .

Middlesex
Monmouthshire .

Norfolk .

Northamptonshire
Northumberland
Staffordshire .
Worcestershire
Yorkshire, N R .
Scotland .

Buckinghamshire
Devon
Durham- .

Essex .

HEREFORDSHIRE

Leicestershire

London .

Nottinghamshire
Rutland .
Shropshire .
Suffolk .

Surrey
Wiltshire
Yorkshire, W.R. .

SOUTH WALES.

Berkshire
Cambridgeshire .
Cumberland .
Glamorgan .
Gloucestershire

HUNTINGDONSHIRE

Kent .

Lincolnshire
Oxfordshire .
Somerset .

Sussex

Warwickshire
Westmorland
Yorkshire, E.R.
Ireland .

North Wales

Foreign Countries .
Members with no addresses

Grand Totals

Vi

Table showing the Number of GOVERNORS and MEMBERS

IN EACH YEAR FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SOCIETY.

Year
ending
with
Show of

1839

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846
■ 1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860
1861

1862

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880
1881
1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903
]904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

President of the Year

3rd Earl Spencer ....
5th Duke of Richmond
Mr. Philip Pusey ....
Mr. Henry Handley . . j

4th Earl of Hardwicke
3rd Earl Spencer ....
5th Duke of Richmond
1st Viscount Portman .

6th Earl of Egmont
2nd Earl of Yarborough
3rd Earl of Chichester .

4th Marquis of Downshire ’

5th Duke of Richmond
2nd Earl of Ducie .

2nd Lord Ashburton
Mr. Philip Pusey .

Mr. William Miles, M.P.

1st Viscount Portman . ' ’

Viscount Ossington
6th Lord Berners .

7th Duke of Marlborough ‘

5th Lord Walsingham .

3rd Earl of Powis .
f H.R.H. The Prince Consort
1 1st Viscount Portman
Viscount Eversley.

2nd Lord Feversham .

Sir E. C. Kerrison, Bart., M.P.

1st Lord Tredegar .

Mr. H. S. Thompson
6th Duke of Richmond.

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G.
7th Duke of Devonshire
6th Lord Vernon .

Sir W. W. Wynn, Bart., M.P. !
Earl Cath cart.

Mr. Edward Holland .

Viscount Bridport.

2nd Lord Chesham
Lord Skelmersdale
Col. Kingscote, C.B., M.P. ! ’

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K G
9th Duke of Bedford .

Mr. William Wells.

Mr. John Dent Dent .* ! ‘

6th Duke of Richmond and Gordon
Sir Brandreth Gibbs .

Sir M. Lopes, Bart., M.P.

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K.G
Lord Egerton of Tatton
Sir M. W. Ridley, Bart., M P.

Her Majesty Queen Victoria
Lord Moreton ....

2nd Earl of Ravensworth .

Earl of Feversham
1st Duke of Westminster, K G
8th Duke of Devonshire, K.G
Sir J. H. Thorold, Bart.

Sir Walter Gilbey, Bart.

H.R.H, The Duke of York, K.G
5th Earl Spencer, K.G. .

Earl of Coventry . . ]

H.R.H. The Prince of Wales' K.G.
3rd Earl Cawdor .

H.R.H. Prince Christian, K.G. !
H.R.H. The Prince of Wales, K G
16th Earl of Derby, K.G. .

Lord Middleton
Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis
Earl of Yarborough
Duke of Devonshire .

Earl of Jersey, G.C.B. .

Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart.

His Majesty King George v
Lord Middleton .

Earl of Northbrook

Governors

Members

Honor

ary

Total.

Life

Annua

Life

Annua

—

—

—

1,100

86

| 189

146

2,434

5

2,860

91

219

231

4,047

7

4,595

101

211

328

5,194

15

5,849

94

209

429

6,155

15

6,902

95

214

442

6.161

15

6.927

94

198

527

5,899

15

6,733

92

201

554

6,105

19

6.971

91

195

607

5,478

20

6,391

93

I 186

648

5,387

21

6,335

89

178

582

4,643

20

5,512

90

169

627

4,356

19

5,261

91

162

674

4,175

19

5,121

93

156

711

4,002

19

1981

90

147

739

3,928

19

4,923

88

146

771

4,152

20

5,177

89

141

795

3.838

19

4,882

85

139

839

3,896

20

4,979

83

137

896

3,933

19

5,068

81

133

904

4,010

18

5,146

78

130

927

4,008

18

5,161

72

119

927

4,047

18

5.183

84

90

1,113

3,328

18

4,633

83

97

1,151

3,475

17

4,823

80

88

1,263

3,735

17

5,183

78

45

1,343

4,013

17

5.496

79

81

1,386

4,190

16

5,752

79

84

1.395

4,049

15

5,622

77

82

1,388

3,903

15

5,465

75

74

1,409

3,888

15

5,461

75

73

1,417

3.864

17

5,446

74

74

1,511

3,764

15

5,436

72

74

1,589

3,896

17

5.648

71

73

1,655

3,953

14

5,768

74

62

1,832

3,936

12

5,916

76

58

1,944

3,756

12

5,846

79

79

2,058

3,918

11

6,145

83

78

2,164

4,013

11

6,349

81

76

2,239

4,073

17

6.486

81

72

2.328

4.130

26

6,637

81

72

2,453

4,700

26

7,332

83

70

2,673

5,083

20

7,929

85

69

2,765

5,041

19

7,979

82

71

2,849

5.059

19

8 080

78

71

2,979

4,952

19

8.099

72

72

3,203

5.408

21 |

8.776

71 !

69

3,356

5,619

20

9,135

70

61

3,414

5,569

. 20

9.134

71

64

3,440

5,387

20

8,982

66

56

3,521

5,225

16

8,884

73

58

3,567

7,153

15

10,866

122 1

58

3,846

6,941

17

10.984

117

60

3,811

6,921

19

10,928

111

69

3,784

7,066

20

11,050

107 |

74

3,786

7,138

21

11,126

113

73

3,798

7,212

22

11,218

120

80

3,747

7,179

23

11,149

126

83

3,695

7,253

23

11,180

126 |

83

3,705

7,285

24

11,223

121

79

3,687

7,182

25

11,094

116 |

75

3,656

7,009

23

10;879

HI 1

71

3,628

6,832

24

10,666

102 |

70

3,564

6,338

27

10,033

100

69

3.500

5,955

26

9.650

99

62

3,439

5,771

27

9,398

96

68

3,375

5,906

32

9.477

89

78

3,212

5,758

33

9,170

94

155

3,132

6,189

30

9,600

91 |

174

3,076

6,299

29

9,669

89

178

3,019

6,442

30

9,758

91

177

2,951

6,696

31

9,946

86

166

2,878

6,934

31

10T95

85 |

168

2,805

7,191

30

10,279

85

170

2,741

7,283

30

10,309

89

168

2,691

7,474

26

10,448

Yll

STATEMENT made to the Council by the Chairman
of the Finance Committee, on presenting the
Accounts for the year 1913.

Mr. Adeane, in presenting, on behalf of the Finance Committee, the
accounts of the Society for the year 1913, said that the income for that
year was 10,443?., and that he would like to draw the attention of the
Council to the fact that the subscriptions from Governors and Members
amounting to 8,372 ?. was a record for the Society. Their income for the year
was somewhat swollen by the sum of 235 ?., which, it would be noticed, the
Society had received in connection with the sale of the carcasses of the animals
in the Tuberculosis experiment. The Council would be pleased to hear that,
although they allotted 800?. as the limit of expenditure for these experiments,
the net cost of them was only 605?. He would like to make acknowledgment
of the great generosity of Lord Rothschild in supplying them with calves for
the experiment, and thus saving the Society a great deal of expense. The
expenditure for the year had been 9,891?., and as extra items there were the
two following large sums — repainting the house, 272?., and the trials of
milking machines, 343?. The credit balance for the year was 552?. With
regard to the balance-sheet, he thought it was most satisfactory, and that he
need only remark that the Reserve Fund, which stood at 43,428?. at the end
of 1912, was, on December 31, 1913, 52,228 ?. It would be noticed that the
value of Consols on December 31 had been 71-f, while at present he was glad
to say they stood at 76f. The Metropolitan Three per Cent. Consolidated
Stock which they had bought at 87f now stood at 90, and the Canadian Four
per Cent. Stock which they purchased at 96^ stood at 103J, so that their
financial position was not so bad as it appeared. He then presented the
forecast of receipts and expenditure for the year 1914, as follows : —

Forecast of Ordinary Receipts and Expenditure for 1914.

(Other than in respect of the Show.)

Prepared by direction of the Finance Committee on the basis of the recommenda-
tions of September 21, 1905, made by the Special Committee.

Actual

Figures

for 1913. Receipts.

2) ^

8,373 From Subscriptions for 1914 of Governors and Members 8,350

249 From Interest on Daily Balances .... 150

1,292 From Interest on Investments 1,550

293 From Sales of Text Book, Pamphlets, &c. (This does not include the sales

of Journals which are deducted from the cost of production) . . . 270

236 Sale of Carcasses (Tuberculosis Experiment) . ' —

\

10.443

10,320

o . • • •

VI 11

I

£

Expenditure.

£

1,577

Salaries of Secretary and Official Staff . ....

. 1,586

140

Pensions to Officials

. 140

733

Rent, Lighting, Cleaning, Wages, &c. (say)

. 720

546

Printing and Stationery . . . . ,

. 550

176

Postage and Telegrams

. 200

456

Miscellaneous

. 400

880

Journal .....

. 880

763

Chemical Department . . ...

. 760

250

Botanical Department

. 250

200

Zoological Department

. 200

402

Veterinary Department

. 400

221

Examinations for National Diplomas (R.A.S.E. Share)

, 220

2,500

Contribution from Subscriptions to Show Fund ....

. 2,500

8,844

8,806

£

Exceptional Expenditure.

Contribution to Veterinary Congress ....

£

26

—

Rewards for Skilled Agricultural Labour and Long Service

. 150

— •

Elements of Agriculture

. 400

—

Printing Index to Journal .

—

Preparing Catalogue for Library and Binding

50

—

Woburn Experimental Station .

172

Calf Experiments

344

Trials of Milking Machines

41

Trials of Spraying Machines .

272

Painting of Society’s Premises

27

Overhauling and Repairs to Electric Light Fitting s .

100

Contribution to Bristol Overseas Committee

28

Printing Tuberculosis Report .

29

Printing Swine Fever Report .

32

Hills’ Bequest— Excess Expenditure for 1913 .

35

9,889

Total Estimated Expenditure

. 9,700

£

10,320

9,700

Estimated Receipts
Estimated Expenditure

620

IX

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Dr

ROYAL AGRICULTURE

BALANCE-SHEErj

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1912.

£

2,838

I5i

2,015

5,004

49,484

1,268

687

68

353

51,860

382

51,478

£56,482

£ s. d. £ s. d.

To SUNDRY CREDITORS—

Sundry Creditors

Subscriptions received in 1913 in advance .
Show Receipts received in 1913 and belonging to
1914 .

To CAPITAL—

As at December 31, 1912

BALANCE FROM SHOW FUND—

Profit on Show at Bristol

Contribution from Ordinary Account .

Life Compositions received in 1913 ....

Donations towards the Society’s Funds

Credit Balance on Ordinary Income and Expen-
diture Account

2,666 17
90 0

1,537 15 8

51,478 2 10

4,294

3,115 1 7
2,500 0 0

5,615 1
709 0
52 0

552 1 5
58,406 5 10

DEPRECIATIONS written off, viz.

Fixtures 28 11 8

Furniture 115 16 1

Machinery 6 11 0

Show Plant 149 0 1

Buildings at Woburn 50 0 0

349 18 10

58,056

£62,351

THOMAS McROW, Secretary.
WELTON, JONES & CO., Accountants.

XI

SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.
December 31, 1913.

« —

rrespond-
g figures
lor 1912.

£

43,428

2,400

381

1,158

By RESERVE FUND—

52.333Z. 5s. 6 d. Consols, at cost (average cost 83|) .
(Value on December 31, 1913 @ 71f=37,483Z. 14s. 2d.)

2. 8407. 13s. 6d Metropolitan 3 per cent. Consoli-
dated Stock at 87f

6,528Z. Is. Qd. Canadian 4 per cent. Stock at 96J .

By LEASE OF 16 BEDFORD SQUARE .

Less Amount written off

By FIXTURES—

Value at December 31, 1912

Less Depreciation at 7i per cent

By FURNITURE—

Value at December 31, 1912

Less Depreciation at 10 per cent

£ s. d. £ s. d.

43,428 15 0

2,500 0 0
6,300 0 0

2,400 0 0
100 0 0

2,300 0 0

«

381 2 11
28 11 8

352 11 3

1,158 0 9
115 16 1

1,042 4 8

1,500

By PICTURES (500Z.) and BOOKS (1,000Z.) .

1,500 0 0

By MACHINERY—

Value at December 31, 1912
Less Depreciation at 10 per cent.

65 10 6
6 11 0

58 19 6

1,490

35o

By SHOW PLANT—

Value at December 31, 1912
Less Depreciation at 10 per cent.

1,490 1 3
149 0 1

1 — 1,341 1 2

By BUILDINGS FOR POT EXPERIMENTS AT
Woburn—

As per Account at December 31, 1912 ... 350 0 0

Less Depreciation 50 0 0

300 0 0

1,403

By SUNDRY DEBTORS

1,297 11 0

2,130

2,143

33

4,306

By CASH AT BANKERS AND IN HAND—

Ordinary Account

Reserve Fund Account ....
In Hand

£56,482

1,787 0 11
72 3 6
70 13 0

1,929 17 5

£62,351 0 0

Examined, audited, and found correct, this 27th day of January, 1914.

JONAS M. WEBB.

HUBERT J. GREENWOOD,

Auditors on behalf of the Society.

Xll

STATEMENT OF ORDINARY INCOME

The Expenditure in this account includes not only cash payments,

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1912.

£

922

92

6.802

' 158
76

108

8,158

105

1,214

27

226

25

1.597

£9,755

gncome.

Annual Subscriptions:—

Governors : Subscriptions for 1913 ....

Members : Received in 1912, but belonging to 1913
Subscriptions for 1913 ....

Subscriptions for 1913 (additional) .
Subscriptions for previous years .

Life Governors and Members:—

Annual Contributions

Miscellaneous :—

Interest on Daily Balances

Income from Investments

Sales of Pamphlets, Diagrams, &c

Sales of Text Book

Sales of Carcasses in connection with Tuberculosis Experi-
ment

Miscellaneous

\

Rent of 12 Hanover Square . . ....

Less Rent paid

£

s.

d.

949

0

0

151

6

6

. 6,974

12

6

141

2

0

63

0

0

93

4

17

0

249

7

9

. 1,292

3

9

38

7

4

231

19

10

i-

235

15

6

22

12

6

310

15

0

310

15

0

£ s. d.

8,372 18 0

2,070 6 8

£10, M3 4 8

THOMAS McROW, Secretary.

WELTON, JONES & CO., Accountants.

— —

AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE TEAR 1913.

but all liabilities in connection with the year’s transactions.

Xlll

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1912.

£>

1,566

140

59

725

20

582

216

88

125

3,52i

625

205

270

70

1,170

70

270

gaepeiibiture.

General Administration : -

Salaries of Official Staff

Pensions to Officials

Professional Charges —Auditors’ and Solicitors Fees
Rent. Rates, Taxes, Insurance, and House Expenses

Purchase of Books

Printing and Stationery

Postage and Telegrams

Carriage of Parcels and Travelling Expenses
(including annual visit to Woburn) .
Advertising and Miscellaneous Office Expenses .

Journal of the Society, Vol. 74:—

Printing, and Binding

Postage, Packing, and Delivery

Editing and Literary Contributions ....
Illustrations

766

255

200

400

2

"857

174

43

44
4i
15
49

366

107

54

487

Less Sales (Vol. 73 and earlier)
Advertisements (Vol. 74)

Add —Debit Balance from Vol. 73 .

Elements of Agriculture:—

Binding New Edition

Pamphlets:—

Printing, &c •

Laboratory :—

Salaries, Wages, &c

Other Scientific Departments

Botanist’s Salary

Zoologist’s Salary . •••

Grant to Royal Veterinary College . .

Medals for Proficiency in Cattle Pathology

£ s.
79 19
280 0

£ 8.

d.

1,576 14

0

140 0

0

153 18

0

732 19

1

15 12

1

545 12 :

11

175 16

2

86 8

11

92 9

7

693 14

4

205 0

0

258 10

0

64 0

0

1,221 4

4

'

1

359 19

3

861 5

1

18 14

11

£ s. d.

3,519 10 9

National Diploma in Agriculture:—

Honoraria and Expenses of Examiners .
Travelling Expenses of Officials . . .

Hotel Expenses of Examiners and Officials
Printing. Stationery, and Postage

Writing Diplomas

Salaries for Assistants

Less Entry Fees and Sales of Examination Papers

Less Highland and Agricultural Society’s Moiety

National Diploma in Dairying:

Hire of Premises, &c.

Fees to Examiners

Hotel and Travelling Expenses

Printing and Postage

Less Entry Fees and Sales of Examination Papers

- see contra )

2,500

353

£9.755

Extra Expenditure:—

Calf Experiments at Woburn (Sales-
Trials of Milking Machines ....

Trials of Spraying Machines ■

Painting of Society’s Premises . . • • •

Overhauling and Repairs to Electric Light Fitting*
Contribution to Bristol Overseas Committee .
Printing Tuberculosis Experiment Report
Printing Swine Fever Report . • • •

Hills’ Bequest —Excess expenditure for 1912 .
Contribution to Show Fund

CREDIT BALANCE CARRIED TO BALANCE-SHEET .

250 0

0

200 0

0

400 0

0

2 6

6

167 17

0

60 14

7

41 10

2

54 9

5

15 12

6

49 10

0

389 13

8

122 8

6

267 5

2

133 12

7

32 4

1

54 5

9

27 0

4

10 17

0

124 7

2

36 17

7

172 4

1

343 19

9

41 4

0

272 10

7

26 18

6

100 0

0

28 10

0

28 10

6

880 0 0
55 6 8

53 14 6
763 0 8

852 6 6

133 12 7

87 9 7

32 4 7

1,046 2 0

2,500 0__0

5L891 3 3
552 1 5

£10,443 4 8

^amjnedTauditedTand found correct, this 27th day of January, 1914.

JONAS M. WEBB 1 Auditors on behalf of the Society.

HUBERT J. GREENWOOD, j

xiv

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1912.

£

2,000

502

1,891

290

6,366

179

52

6,597

1,675

32

173

205

63

53

4

57

n4

17

308

22

6

406

20

438

17

909

33

876

97

13

75

i°4

60

30

30

409

;£i4,753

STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND EXPEN-

JULY 1 TO

Receipt#.

£

s.

d.

£

s.

d.

Subscription from Bristol Local Committee

2,000

0

0

Prizes given by Agricultural and Breed Societies

2,278

5

6

Do. do. Bristol Local Committee

1,940

0

0

OO

T— *

**

5

6

Contribution from Gloucestershire Agricultural Society

100

0

0

Fees for Entry of Implements:—

Implement Exhibitors’ Payments for Shedding .

7,245 14

9

Non-Members’ Fees for Entry of Implements ....

214

0

0

Fees for Entry of “New Implements”

49

0

0

7,508 14

9

Fees for Entry of Live Stock:—

By 2,676 Members’ Entries @11

2,676

0

0

1

32 Substituted Entries @ 5s

8

0

0

By 210 Non-Members’ Entries @21

420

0

0

Horse Boxes (466 @ ll. ; 66 @ 21.) .

598

0

0

46 Entries @ 10s. . . .

23

0

0

224 Entries @ 5s

56

0

0

3,781

0

0

Fees for Entry of Poultry:—

By Members 246 Entries @ 2s. 6d. .

30 15

0

By Non-Members 1,189 Entries @ 3s. 6 d

208

1

6-

Other Entry Fees:—

Produce

Horse-shoeing Competitions

Butter-making Competitions .
Horse-jumping Competitions
Farm Prize Competitions ....

Plantations Competitions ....

Catalogue :—

Extra Lines for Particulars of Implement
Exhibits

Woodcuts of “New Implements”

Advertising in Catalogue ......

Sales of Implement Section of Catalogue
Sales of Combined Catalogue ....

Sales of Jumping Programme ....

238 16 6

86 14 6
72 0 0
26 12 6

71 1

72 0 0
21 18 0

0

£ s. d.

17 18 0
4 6 11

437 5 0
19 8 11
652 2 10

18 0 0

350 6 0

Less Commission on Sales ....

Miscellaneous Receipts:—

Admission to Horticultural Exhibition .
Admission to Garage .

Admission to Dog Show (25 % of net takings)
Premium for Supply of Refreshments
Rent for Railway Offices ....
Premium for Cloak Rooms ....
Rent for Board of Agriculture Pavilion

Nurse Cows

Advertisements in Stock Schedule
Advertisements in Showyard
Miscellaneous ....

Carried forward .

1149 1 8
33 16 0

1,115 5 8 '

620 17 0
141 5 6

18 18 7 '
75 0 0
94 1 0
60 0 0
30 0 0
12 0 0
128 17 7
11 17 0
6 5 11

1,199 2 7

£20,511 11 0

DITURE OF THE SHOW AT BRISTOL,

5, 1913.

xv

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1912.

10,389

328

616

144

28

846

61

26

46

10

i,777

171

263

632

323

1261

i,5i5

Il6

36
IS

167

4,687

722

380 •

46

41

20,032

gtepenbtfnre.

£

Cost of Erection of Showyard :—

£ s.

d.

f

Transferring Society’s Permanent Buildings from Don-)

1,232 j

caster to Bristol (including taking down and re- >
erecting) j

1,457 18

6

537

Fencing round Showyard

781 2

3

1,396

Implement Shedding

1,397 2

8

2,988

Stock Shedding

3,151 10

3

365

Poultry and Produce Sheds ....

361 16

4

300

Dairy

309 11 10

64

Fodder Shed and Office

53 10

0

35i

Grand Stand and Large Ring ....

358 2

8

132

Horse-shoeing Shed and Stabling

129 18

0

580

Various Offices and Stands

670 6

8

346

Printing Signs and fixing do., Fencing and Judging Rings .

493 5

6

175

Education and Forestry Exhibition

226 17

1

13

Insurance . . .

38 17

9

9

Ironmongery

16 7 10

1,158

Hire of Canvas and Felt

1,157 19

3

783

General Labour and Horse Hire (including Society’s 1

I

Clerk of Works) j

10,429

11,492 11

8

40

Less 80 Flag Poles at 10s

40 0

0

Surveyor :—

Salary, 3007. ; Assistant Surveyor’s Salary (half year), 50 7. ; 1
Travelling Expenses to London, 29 7. 8s. ; PettyCash, 3 7. 15s j

Printing :—

Printing of Prize Sheets, Entry Forms, Admission
Orders, Circulars to Exhibitors, Prize Cards, &c., Tickets,
and Miscellaneous
Programmes for Members
Plans of Showy ard .

Printing of Catalogues

Binding of Catalogues
Carriage of Catalogues
Printing Awards
Programmes of Jumping Competitions

Advertising

Advertising Closing of Entries in Newspapers
Advertising Show in Newspapers

Bill Posting

Printing of Posters

Press Visit before Show

J

Postage, Carriage, &c. :—

General Postage
Postage of Badges to Members

Carriage of Luggage

658

6

0

55

16

0

37

3

6

899

19

7

78

8

6

19

4 :

10

72

1

3

18

19

0

167

14

8

333

10

1

620

0

5

348

6

2

114

6

7

120

1

0

42

17

3

9

17

0

Amount of Money Prizes Awarded, including 4.218*.

5s. 6d. given by various Societies and Bristol Local Com-
mittee (see receipt per contra )

Gold Cup

Cost of Forage for Live Stock:—

Hay, 309 1. 13s. lOd. ; Straw, 620Z. 16s. id. ; Green Food, 487 1. 4s. 7d.;\
Labour, 90 1. 11s. 4 d. ; Commission on Sales, 11. 11s. 0 d. ; >■ 1,
Insurance. 57. 12s. Qd. ; Miscellaneous, 47. 4s. 2d. . . .)

Less Sales of Litter .

Judges’ Fees and Expenses:—

Judges of Miscellaneous Implements, 207. Os. Id. \ Horses,^
1137. 6s. Sd. ; Cattle, 1387. 14s. : Sheep, 1517. 14s. 6<2. ; Pigs,
397. 3s. 8 d. ; Poultry, 297. 14s. 10fZ. ; Butter, 47. Is. ; Butter-
making, 87.; Cheese, 87. 17s. 10d.; Cider and Perry, 117. 9s. Qd.\
Wool, 57. Os. id. ; Horse-shoeing, 297. 1 3s. 2d. ; Luncheons, 387.
Badges for Judges and other Officials ....
Rosettes

Carried forward

£ s. d.

■11,432 11 8
383 3 0

1,839 18 8

1,583 17 11

172 15 3

9,740 15
52 10

525 13 9
5 0 0

1,320 13 9

597 16 1

32

19

11

10

£27,395 11 7

XVI

Statement of Receipts and Expenditure

Correspond-
ing figures
for 1912.

£

14,753

342

1 282
2,178

1,714

929

28

389

6,862

108

172

131

53

275

739

63

1,233

£23,650

Receipt# ( contd .),

£ s. d. £ s. d.

Brought forward 20,511 11 0

Admissions to Showyard

Tuesday, July 1, @ 5s 438 0 6

Wednesday, July 2, @ 2s. 6d. (after 5 p.m., @ Is.) . . . 2,072 10- 3
Thursday, July 3, @ 2s. 6 d. (after 5 p.m., @ Is.) . . . 3,095 15 1

Friday, July 4, @ Is 3,585 12 0

Saturday, July 5, @ Is 2,083 7 3

Season Tickets 554 14 6

Day Tickets 420 7 10

Entrances to Horse Ring:-

Wednesday, July 2 190 7 0

Thursday, July 3 209 3 0

Friday, July 4 254 6 0

Saturday, July 5 136 2 0

Tickets sold for Reserved Enclosure 576 19 6

12,250 7 5

1,366 17 6

Sales

Sales of Produce at Dairy

Auction Sales in Showyard and Share of Commission

208 10 10
374 17 3

£34,712 4 0

Examined, audited, and found correct, this 27th day of November, 1913.

THOMAS McROW, Secretary. JONAS M. WEBB, ) Auditors on

WELTON, JONES & Co., Accountants.

H. J. GREENWOOD, behalf of
NEWELL P. SQUAREY, ) the Society.

of the Show at Bristol ( continued ).

XVII

Correspond-
ing flgures
for 1912.

£

20,052

251 '

88-

117 ■

36-

387-

4
10
12

8

16

7

5

12

86

701

£z3,6&o

gtepettbifure ( contd .).

Brought forward .

General Administration

Stewards Personal and Railway Expenses
Assistant Stewards: — Personal and Railway Expenses
Official Staffi : — Extra Clerks, 85 1. 10s. 6d ; Lodgings, 40 1. 1
13s. 6d. ; Maintenance of Clerks, 40Z. Os. 3d. ; Travelling (
Expenses, 13Z. 17s. 8d. ; Secretary’s Hotel and Travelling f
Expenses, 66Z. 10s. 9d.

Finance Office : — Superintendent of Turnstiles, 11Z. 10s.;
Grand Stand Men, 37Z. 16s. Id. ; Turnstile Men, 35Z. 10s. ;

Bank Clerks, 24Z. 16s. 9d

Axvards Office : — Clerks, 211. Is. 2d. ; Awards Boys, 9Z. 7s. 6d.; 1
Refreshments, 2Z. 18s.

General Management : —

Foreman and Assistant Foremen

Yardmen and Foddermen

Door and Gate Keepers

Veterinary Department : — Veterinary Inspectors . . .

Engineering Department: — Consulting Engineer and Assis- 1
tants, 108Z. 9s. lid. ; House and Maintenance, 14Z. 12s. 8d. J
Police , &c. -.—Metropolitan Police, 590Z. 2s. Id.-, Comrnis- )
sionaires, 33 Z. 5s. 8d >

Garage : — Superintendent, Foreman and Assistants . .

Dairy Staff, 127Z. Os. 7d.; Milk, 98Z. 17s. 6d. ; Ice, 15 Z. 5s. 6d. ;x
Cream, 48Z. 8s. 6d. ; Utensils, 79Z. 5s. lid. ; Salt, 11. 12s. Id. ;
Carriage, 4Z. 15s. lid.; Butter Tests, 16Z. 17s. 6d. ; Engine,
6Z. 17s. lid. ; Fuel, 1Z. 3s. 6d. ; Cheese and Butter Boxes, >
5 /, 4s. 3d. ; Milk Analysis, 12Z. 12s. 5d. ; Lodgings, 6 Z. Is. bd. ;
Refreshments, 6 Z. Os. 2d. ; Purchase of Cheese 10Z. 7s. ; I
Miscellaneous Payments, 8Z. 4s. lOd. ; Labour, 12Z. l_s.8d.
Poultry ; — Superintendent and Assistant, 16 Z. 17s. 3d.: Pen-X
ning and Feeding, &c., 25Z. 16s. 9d.; Labour, 18Z. 13s.;

Carriage, 10Z. 7s • * _ * /-1 * , V ’

Horse-shoeing: — Hire of Forges, 2 >Z. 2s. 6d.; Gratuities,
10Z. 17s. 6d. ; Wages, 11. Is. 4d. ; Hire of Hacks, 1Z. 15s. ;

Refreshments, 14s. 4d.

Produce Analyses of Cider

Farm Prize Competition : — Expenses of Judging Farms .

Horticulture: — Hire of Tents, 240Z. 19s. 4d.; Judges, l3Z. 19s.
lOd. ; Wages, 81Z. 6s. 2d. : Carriage, 43Z. 16s. 8d. ; Medals,

19 Z. 12s. lid. ; Printing, 12Z. ; Miscellaneous, 14Z. 6s. 6d. .

(For Admissions see Miscellaneous Receipts.)

Plantations Competition

General Showyard Expenses:—

Bands

Official Luncheons

Ambulance

Telephone Extension .

Telegraph Extension .

Hire of Chairs

Plans of Showyard
Hire of Furniture ....

Education and Forestry .

Billposting in Showyard

Fuel •

Medals

Fencing

Carriage

Sleepers

Hire of Weighbridge
Tan ....
Judges’ Shelter

Miscellaneous . . • •

Outstanding Accounts from Doncaster Show
Credit Balance

£ s. d. £ s. d.

27,395 11 7

146 5 7
159 3 3

246 12 8

109 12 10

39 6 8

132 15 1
75 16 7
84 9 10
100 2 4

123 2 7
623 8 3

37 12 6

467 8 3

71 14 0

40 10 8
22 7 8

701 1 0

1,139 14 8

639 13 1
305 9 5

436 1 5

100 0 0

176 0 0
64 1 4
42 0 0
94 15 0
115 0 0
51 17 3
14 0 0
83 6 0
72 6 7
10 12 0
8 4 0
1 10 0

48 11 8
10 0 0

5 19 6

9 1 8

3 8 9

4 4 6

35 16 11

850

15

2

28

16

1

31,597

2

5

3,115

1

7

£34,712

4

0

Actual profit to the Society on the Bristol Show . • • •

Contribution from Ordinary Funds of the Society to the Show )
Fund

£3,115 1
2,500 0

Balance carried to Reserve Fund .

£5,615

XV111

BRISTOL SHOW, 1913.

Statement showing the distribution of the

Prizes

awarded in the several

sections

of

the Bristol Show, with comparative
Doncaster Show, 1912.

figures

Of

the

Corresponding
figures for

1912.

STATEMENT OF PRIZES AWARDED:—

£

3,240

Horses

£

2,954

s.

0

d.

0

—

Cattle .......

2,709

0

0

—

Sheep

1,765

10

0

— t

Pigs

717

15

0

386

Poultry ......

416

0

6

115

Cheese and Butter ....

125

0

0

39

Cider and Perry .....

49

0

0

30

Wool .......

64

0

0

24

Bread

—

46

Horse-shoeing ....

57

0

0

35

Butter-making ....

93

10

0

485

Farms ......

500

0

0

247

Horticulture ....

250

0

0

40

Contribution to Bee Department

40

0

0

4,687

9,740

15

6

502

Less: — Prizes given by various) OQ7Q
Societies, &c. .

5 6

1,891

2,393

Prizes given by Bristol), q
Local Committee . 1

0 0

A Ol Q

6

^5^10

0

2,294

£5,522

10

0

/

xix

[Copies of the full Report of any of the Council Meetings held during the year
1913 may be obtained on application to the Secretary, at 16 Bedford Square,
London, W.C.]

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

flIMnutes of tbe Council.

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 1913.

At a Moqthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., the Earl of
Northbrook (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., the Duke of Devonshire?
Lord Middleton, Lord Moreton.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr.
Percy Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale, the Right Hon. Sir A. E. Fellowes,
K.C.Y.O., Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart,, C.V.O.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Mr. Henry Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Davis Brown, Mr. Richardson Carr, the
Hon. J. E. Cross, Mr. John Evens, Mr. Janies Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank,
Mr. W. T. Game, Lord Harlech, Mr. Joseph Harris, Lord Hastings, Sir A. G.
Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. F. Ingram,
Mr. G. R. Lane-Fox, M.P., Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A.
May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. G. Norris Mid wood, Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. John
Myatt, Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr. A. W. Perkin, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr.
H. F. Plumptre, Mr. W. A. Prout, Mr. G. G. Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, the Duke
of Richmond and Gordon, K.G., Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. H. H. Smith, Lord
Strachie, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner, and Mr. E. Y. Y. Wheeler.

Governor. — Mr. Harold Swithinbank.

The following Members of the Bristol Local Committee attended the
meeting of the General Bristol Committee The Lord Mayor of Bristol,
Mr. Peter Addie, Alderman C. A. Hayes, Mr. Sidney Humphries, Mr. H. L.
Riseley, Mr. Eldred G. F. Walker, and Mr. George Nichols (Hon. Local
Secretary). Mr. Samuel Kidner attended the Council.

In occupying the Chair for the first time, the Earl of Northbrook assured
the Council that he was very sensible of the honour the Members had done him
in electing him President for the year. He would do his best to prove himself
worthy of the confidence that had been expressed in him, and he hoped that
with the kind indulgence and support of the Council, he might succeed in
carrying out his duties during his year of office in an efficient and satisfactory
manner.

His Lordship then reported to the Council that he had received a letter
from Lord Stamfordham stating that His Majesty the King would visit the
Bristol Show on Friday, July 4. (Applause.) This further proof of the
interest which His Majesty had so constantly shown in the welfare of the
Society would, he knew, be most highly appreciated by the Council and also by
every Member of the Society. He might say that, in acknowledging the
* receipt of the letter to Lord Stamfordham, he asked him to be so good as to
convey to the King their respectful and humble thanks for the honour which
His Majesty proposed to confer on the Society by visiting the Show at Bristol
in July.

The President said he was sure Members of the Council would be sorry
to learn that since the last meeting the Society had lost a very good friend in

XX

Monthly Council , February 5, 1913.

Mr. Charles D. Nicholson, of Stainton Manor, Rotherham. As the Council
were aware, Mr. Nicholson undertook the office of Steward of Forage at the
Doncaster Show, and in the discharge of his duties he was most active and did
everything possible in the interest of the Society and also of the livestock
exhibitors. The unfortunate withholding of the exhibition of cattle, sheep, and
pigs, entailed considerable trouble on the Steward, but, in spite of it all, Mr.
Nicholson carried through the work in the most satisfactory manner. He would
also be remembered for his kindness in lending the Society the necessary land
for the trials of drills last spring, and for his generous hospitality and assistance
to all the officials who attended the trials. The Council would, his Lordship
was sure, desire to convey to Mrs. Nicholson the sense of their sympathy with
her in the bereavement that she and her family had sustained.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council held on December 11, 1912,
were taken as read and approved.

Mr. W. M. Cazalet, Fairlawne, Tonbridge, Mr. Walter Wm. Chapman,
Norfolk Street, Strand, W.C., Sir William L. Parker, Bart., Blackbrook House,
Fareham, and Mr. Bertram Abel Smith, The Bank, Nottingham, were elected
Governors, and seventy-six duly nominated candidates were elected Members
of the Society.

The Report of the Finance Committee was received and adopted ; and
Mr. Adeane (Chairman) presented the Accounts and Balance Sheet for 1912,
together with the Estimate of Receipts and Expenditure for 1913, which were
approved.

Mr. Wheeler, in presenting the Botanical Committee’s Report, said that,
although it was rather late in the year to offer prizes for tobacco, in view of
the fact that a promise was made last year by the Journal Committee, and
confirmed by the Council, to offer prizes, it had been thought well to make a
start. The wording would have to be amplified later, the idea of the Committee
being that there should be an exhibit of tobacco in the state in which it left
the grower’s hands, and for this purpose they recommended the offer of a
Silver Medal and a Bronze Medal at the Bristol Show for the best Exhibits of
Tobacco grown in Great Britain and Ireland.

The Report of the Veterinary Committee was received and adopted ; and on
the motion of Sir Ailwyn Fellowes, seconded by Mr. Alfred Mansell, it
was resolved : — -

“That, the President of the Board of Agriculture be asked to approach the
various Colonial and Foreign Governments with a view to a modification of the
existing import regulations so as to allow cattle, sheep, and pigs, to he exported
from Great Britain, provided they have come from a clean zone, and not from
within a radius of thirty miles of any place where foot-and-mouth disease has
existed for two months.”

Mr. Greaves, in presenting the Report of the Implement Committee, said
that although the large increase in the number of entries for the Trials of
Milking Machines (of which there were seventeen) over what they estimated
would entail considerable extra cost, it showed the amount of interest taken in
these machines, and that the Society had taken a wise step in instituting the
trials.

The Report of the Committee ,of Selection was received and adopted ; and
at this point the President welcomed Mr. A. W. Perkin and Mr. John Evens,
the two new Members of the Council who were present there that day for the
first time,

Mr. Mathews read a letter received that morning from the Kent or
Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’ Association. The Council regret, however, that
it is not possible to comply with a request contained in that letter, that
exhibitors in the special class for Kent Wool should be allowed to make more
than one entry in that class. In the event of any exhibitor desiring to make
two entries of Kent Wool, it would be possible for him to make one entry in
the open class for Any Long Wool and one in the special class for Kent Wool.
The Council then adjourned until Wednesday, March 5, 1913.

Monthly Council, March 5, 1913.

xxi

WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 1913.

A Special Meeting of the Council, convened by the President, was held at
16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., for the purpose of appointing representatives
to attend a Deputation to the President of the Board of Agriculture in suppoit
of the resolution passed by the Council at their meeting on February 5. The
Earl of Northbrook (President) occupied the Chair.

The notice of the meeting having been read, it was formally resolved, on
the motion of Lord Moreton, seconded by Mr. Ernest Mathews :

“That the Royal Agricultural Society of England appoint delegates to attend,
with representatives of the National Cattle, Sheep, and Pig Breeders Associations,
a Deputation to the President of the Board of Agriculture m support of the
resolution passed by the Council on the 5th February. ’

Lord Northbrook (President), Lord Moreton, Mr. Mathews, Mr.
May and Mr. Perkin kindly undertook to attend the deputation as the
Society’s delegates.

The arrangements for the deputation were left in the hands of the Secietary
and Mr. W. W. Chapman (Secretary of the National Cattle and Sheep Breeders’
Associations).

WEDNESDAY, MARCH 5, 1913.

At a Monthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.O., the Earl of
Northbrook (President) in the Chair : —

Present: — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Sir John H. Thorold, Bait.
Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Mr. Percy Crutchley, the Right
Hon. Sir A. E. Fellowes, K.C.Y.O., Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall,

BaI Other Members of the Council.— Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. E. W. Betts, Mr.
Henry Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Richardson Carr, the Hon. J. E. Cross, Mr. A.
Evans, Mr. John Evens, Mr. James Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank, Lord Harlech,
Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W. Harrison, Lord Hastings, Sir A. G. Hazlerigg, Bart.,
Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. John Howard Howard, Mr. J. L.
Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C.
Middleton, Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. Henry Overman, Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr. A.
W. Perkin Mr. W. A. Prout, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. Coltman Rogers, Mr. John
Rowell, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth, Mr. A. P. Turner, Mr. E. V. Y. Wheeler, and Mr.

Louis C. Wrigley. _ ,

The following Members of the Bristol Local Committee attended the meeting
of the General Bristol Committee: — The Lord Mayor of Bristol, Sir drank
Wills, Alderman C. A. Hayes, Mr. H. L. Riseley, Mr. Eldred G. F. Walker, and

Mr. George Nichols (Hon. Local Secretary).

The minutes of the last ordinary meeting of the Council held on J ebruary
5, and of the Special Council held on February 12, 1913, were taken as read

and approved. . , T „ . . „

The President explained that he had called the Special Council on

February 12 for the purpose of appointing representatives of the Society to
attend a deputation to the President of the Board of Agriculture in support o
the resolution passed at the meeting on February 5. At that time they
expected that the President of the Board would have been able to receive the
deputation at an early date, but owing to the unexpected adjournment ot the
House of Commons last month arrangements could not be made. Mr.
Runciman was, however, going to receive them on March 11.

Seventy-four duly nominated candidates were elected Members ot the

The seal of the Society was ordered to be affixed to an agreement with
Messrs. John Unite, Ltd., extending their contract for the supply of canvas m

Other "business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until Wednes-
day, April 2, 1913.

XXII

Monthly Council , April 2, 1913.

WEDNESDAY, APRIL 2, 1913

At a Monthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., the Right Hon
Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O. (Vice-President) in the Chair
Present Trustees — Sir J. B. Bo wen- Jones, Bart., Sir John H. Thorold, Bart
Vice-Pre^ents.-m. Percy Cnztchley, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V 0
, Members °f. the Council.- Mr. T. L. Aveling, Mr. Henry Dent

locklehurst, Mr Davis Brown, Mr. Richardson Carr, the Hon. J. E Cross

M ’ u1'- H°rard Frank’ Mai°r H- G- Henderson, M.P., Mr. R. w!
J°?? Howard Howard, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A May Mr
C. Middleton, Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. John Myatt, Mr. W Nocton Mr R G
Patterson, Mr C M. g. Pilkington, Mr. G. G. Bea, Mr. F. Bey nard the Duke of
lchmond and Gordon, K.G., Mr. C. Coltman Rogers Mr. John Rowell Mr

Wd“d Mr. LTs' L°rd Mr- W- 6. W

Governor . — Mr. W. W. Chapman.

TheTT OH UMWing Mfe“ber" of the Bristol Local Committee were also present
The Loid Mayor of Bristol, Sir Frank Wills, Mr. Samuel Kidner, Mr H L

Riseley and Mr. George Nichols (Hon. Local Secretary).

a the unavoidable absence of the President (the Earl of Northbrook) Sir
Ailwytst E. Fellowes was called to the Chair. ’

The Chairman said that before commencing the proceedings that morninn
he was sure Members of Council would desire him to refer to the sad bereave ’

?emU oafVhad befaT? ^ R°y,al Fami1^ the deatb His M Ljesty K^ng

g Gieece The King of Greece was uncle to His Majesty the Kino-

sure the Sndl™S bl'°Vr °f Her Maiesty Queea Alexandra, and he was

for the death o7T T plaCAon reCOrd the sense of their deeP sorrow
. King Geoige of Greece, and to express their respectful

(Cm A3! a The'r Z3®34'68 the King and Queen, and with Her Majesty

univeZZiTOw™’ “ meIancholy circumstances which had caused such

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on March 5 1913
weie taken as read and approved. ’ ’

Sixty-one duly nominated candidates were elected Members
In presenting the Report of the Chemical and Woburn Committee Sir J B
Bowen- Jones referred to a matter in the Keport that had gCn a gieat deai of
satisfaction to the Committee. This was that the work of the Woburn Experi-
mental 1 arm had been so far recognised by the Board of Agriculture that they
had given a grant of 300Z. for the financial year just concluded in respect of the

Zt oTSol Z £ the farm- C^dLn, the BoaZhZmadet

interim grant of 2001. for the past year m respect of the general experimental
rL° the Woburn farm. He trusted that this was but an indication of
yc h assistance coming in the future, and that the work of the Woburn

to aZ that fZrZ “0t be matatatoed “ i«» P^ent efZTcy!

. o Id be possible to extend its activity in much-needed

directions. Another matter he would allude to was the calf rearing experiment

conducted at the Woburn farm in 1912. It had been decided toZue tapaZh-

SocieZ aThere hiS1 heen eipenmenAfor di8tribntion to the MembersCf the
bodety. > Iheie had been very great interest taken in this experiment and it

dwte.the mtentl0n °f the Committee to institute further experiments at’a later

Sir. fILWYN Fellowes, in presenting the Report of the Veterinary
Committee, made reference to the deputation sent by their Society the

mfd 'The ‘NatZZpTZ S’ ^SSO,dAation- the National Sheep Breeders’ Association,
and the .National Pig Breeders Association, to interview Mr Runciman as to thp

regulations regarding the importation of cattle, sheep , aZ pigT by forfto
ountiies. Oil behalf of the Society’s representatives he desired to report that
a most sympathetic reply from Mr. Runciman, and they fully
lealised that he was quite cognisant of the importance of the subject, aid that

I

Monthly Council , May 7, 1913. xxiii

he and the Board were doing everything they could to meet the wishes of the
livestock owners of the country.

Mr. Ernest Mathews, Chairman of the Milking Machine Trials Sub-
committee, reported the arrangements which had been made for carrying out
the trials at Grange Hill, Bishop Auckland, commencing on Friday, April 18.

The Seal of the Society was affixed to a document authorising the payment
direct to the Society’s bankers of interest on investments.

The Council adjourned until Wednesday, May 7, 1913.

WEDNESDAY, MAY 7, 1913.

At a Monthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., the Earl of
Northbrook (President) in the Chair : —

Present: — Trustees. — -Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Lord Moreton, Sir John
H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. Adeane, Sir Kichard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy
Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall,
Bart., C.Y.O.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. T. L. Aveling, Capt. Clive Behrens,
Mr. Henry Dent Brocklehurst, Maj.-Gen. J. F. Brocklehurst, C.V.O., C.B., Mr.
Davis Brown, Mr. Richardson Carr, the Hon. J. E. Cross, Mr. John Evens, Mr.
James Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. W. T. Game, Mr. James W. Glover,
Mr. Joseph Harris, Lord Hastings, Sir Arthur G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. Arthur
Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. J. Hosken, Mr. W. F. Ingram, Sir Charles
V. Knightley, Bart., Mr. G. R. Lane-Fox, M.P., Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest
Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. John Myatt, Mr. H. Overman,
Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr. C. M. S Pilkington, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. W. A.
Prout, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. Coltman Rogers, Mr. H. H. Smith, Mr. E. W.
Stanyforth, Lord Strachie, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner, and Mr. Louis
C. Wrigley.

Governors. — Mr. W. W. Chapman and Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P.

The following Members of the Bristol Local Committee were also present : —
The Lord Mayor of Bristol, Sir Frank Wills, Alderman C. A. Hayes, Mr. Sidney
Humphries, Mr. Samuel Kidner, Mr. H. L. Riseley, and Mr. Eldred G. F.

The President, in opening the meeting, read two letters which had been
received in answer to the votes of condolence passed by the Council at their
last meeting on the death of His Majesty the King of the Hellenes .

Home Office, Whitehall,

April 16th, 1913.

SIR, -I am directed by the Secretary of State to inform you that the message of
condolence from the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England on the
death of his late Majesty the King of the Hellenes has been laid before His Majesty,
who was pleased to receive the same very graciously.

I am, Sir,

Your obedient Servant,

(Signed) A. J. EAGLESTON.

THOMAS McRow, Esq.,

Secretary, Royal Agricultural
Society of England.

Marlborough House,

April 4th, 1913.

Sir —Your letter of the 3rd instant, recording as it does the sorrow of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England for the death of the King of Greece, and their
deep symoathy with Queen Alexandra in the melancholy circumstances of Her
Majesty’s beloved brother’s death, has been submitted to Her Majesty.

M I write now by the Queen’s Command to ask you to convey to the President of
the Society and request him to let it be known to all its Members, how very much

I

XXIV

Monthly Council , May 7, 1913.

Her Majesty values such kind words of condolence with her in her great grief
Society of England. fr°m S° large and influential a body a§ the Royal Alricultural

I have the honour to be, Sir,

Your obedient Servant,

(Signed) D. M. PROBYN, General,

The SECRETARY, Comptroller to 1 Efer Majesty

Royal Agricultural Society ^ een A,exandra-

of England.

Before pr°ceedmg with the ordinary business, the President reported
officially the death at the age of eighty-four, of Mr. Joseph Martin, of Little-
poi , Ely, who had been a Member of that Council for upwards of thirty years,
laving been elected to it so far back as 1874. Many of those present would
remember him as a colleague and fellow-worker in the interests of agriculture
with which industry he had been connected all his life. Since his resignation
Him the Council 111 1905’ Martin had maintained his interests in the
Society and had been a regular attendant at the General Meetings of Members
on which occasions he had been frequently a speaker.

Those Members of the Council who knew Mr. Martin would feel great regret
at hearing of his death, and it would be the general wish of the Council that he,
as President, should convey an expression of this to the members of the family.

lne minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on April 2, 1913
were taken as read and approved.

p Mr‘ CapTel Banbury, of Pontypool Park, Monmouthshire, and Mr. E

Page, of Warren Hall, Broughton, Chester, were elected Governors, and seventy
duly nominated candidates were elected Members.

Mr Rogers, in presenting the Report of the Botanical and Zoological
Committee, referred to the deputation who went to the Board of Agriculture
on the previous day upon the question of the establishment of a Seed Control
Station, and stated that Mr. Runciman had said he would consider the matter.

In presenting the Report of the Veterinary Committee, which was received
anc adopted Lord Northbrook called .the attention of the Council to the
offer of the Royal Veterinary College to assist the Members in cases of out-

D1fwn°f ab°!'.tl0n' ^hlch he b°Ped might prove an important step in dealing
with the question. Sir John McFadyean had informed the Committee that, as
the result of experiments which had been carried out during the past few years
ie presence of contagious abortion in cattle can be discovered by testing the

un Uf °/i thS amma1' and tbat, in his opinion, this test was completely reliable.
What the Royal Veterinary College were offering to Members of the Society
was this, that when a case of abortion occurs in cattle, the Member may give
notace to the College, who will carry out -a test of the blood. If that test
shows that the animal is not suffering from contagious abortion, well and good,
and the mind of the owner is relieved of any anxiety. If, on the other hand,
t be shown that the animal is infected with contagious abortion, the College
M ill test the blood of the other animals on the farm to discover how many of
hose are infected and they will then advise the owner as to the method in
which they should be dealt with, how they should be treated, and the best
steps that should be taken for freeing the herd from disease. This they are

wffpaieQ- mdi? fSe^f/°St’ and. to treat as many cases as they are able to deal
. mi John Mcladyean thinks they will be able to undertake cases that
are sent to approximately the number of 100. The only expense which the
<mnei will incur will be the cost of taking a sample of blood and sending that
sample to the Royal Veterinary College. Sir John McFadyean wishes to make
two conditions, one that the sample of blood shall be taken and shall be trans-
mitted to the College by a qualified veterinary surgeon, and the other is that

V 1 0Wner n1 n1, 80 fmi as^he 1S ible’ cariT out the advice given him by the

fri tinarp C°! The C°uncif would to thank Sir John McFadyean

and the Royal Veterinary College for the offer, which, he thought, they would

toMeXs ofenteh”soc°iet;alld to be of great advantage

Monthly Council , May 7, 1913.

XXV

Mr. Kidner, referring to the report on outbreaks of animal diseases, sug-
gested for the consideration of the Veterinary Committee that the time had
now arrived when some representations should be made to the Board of
Agriculture with a view to the complete eradication of sheep scab from this
country.

Mr. Patterson thought that, in view of the very great importance of
calf rearing at the present moment, it might be a very considerable advantage
if the Veterinary Committee would also endeavour to discover some remedy for
white scour. He knew many calf rearers in his own neighbourhood who had
suffered very serious losses from this disease, and who had now practically
given up the attempt to rear calves.

The President undertook, on , behalf of the Veterinary Committee, that
both these suggestions should receive consideration.

Sir John Thorold, in moving the adoption of the Report of the Committee
of Selection, said that the Hon. James Wilson, who the Committee suggested
should be made an Honorary Member of the Society, was for sixteen years
Minister of Agriculture at Washington, and had brought that department up
to great perfection. Mr. Wilson was to be made an Honorary Member of the
Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, and the Committee of Selection
thought it would be a graceful act if the Royal Agricultural Society conferred
its Honorary Membership on Mr. Wilson at the time of the Bristol Show.

On behalf of the Milking Machine Trials Sub-Committee, Mr. Ernest
Mathews reported that the First Prize (Gold Medal and 251.') had been
awarded to Mjolkningsmaskin Omega, Flen, Sweden, and the Second Prize
(Silver Medal and 10Z.) to Messrs. Vaccar, Ltd., 7 Denman Street, London, E.C.
In moving the adoption of this report, Mr. Mathews explained the procedure
adopted at the trials and then formally moved the following resolutions,
which were seconded by the Hon. J. E. Cross and carried unanimously.

1. That the best thanks of the Society are due and are hereby tendered to

Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan and'Company for allowing the trials to be
carried out on their farms, and especially for permitting their cows
to be used, without any restrictions, for the various types of milking
machines, which was a most generous action, considering that the
machines came, not only from this country ; hut also from the
Colonies and abroad.

2. That the Society desire to place on record their gratitude to Mr. W.

Burkitt. the manager of Messrs. Bolckow, Vaughan and Company’s
farms, who undertook and carried out successfully the difficult task
of dividing the cows into groups yielding similar quantities of milk,
arranged the fitting up of the sheds to suit the various types of
machinery, and generally did everything that was necessary for the
proper carrying out of these important trials. They also desire to
express their most cordial thanks to Mrs. Burkitt for the very kind
and hospitable way in which she entertained all the officials connected
with the trials.

3. That the best thanks of the Society be accorded to the University

College, Reading, for the arrangements they were so good as to make
for carrying out the bacteriological examinations in connection with
the trials.

4. That the best thanks of the Society are due and are hereby tendered to

Mr. John Golding, F.I.C., F.C.S. ; Dr. R. Stenhouse Williams, M. B., CM..
B.Sc., D.Ph, : and Mr. James Mackintosh, N.D.A. (Hons.), N.D.D. of the
University College, Reading, for their invaluable work in connection
with the bacteriological examinations of the milks in the trials.

5. That the best thanks of the Society are due and are hereby tendered to

the judges, Mr. Bayntun Hippisley and Mr. James Sadler, for their
services as judges in the Milking Machine trials held at Grange Hill,
Bishop Auckland, in April last.

On the motion of Mr. CROSS, seconded by Mr. Greaves, the Council
expressed their hearty thanks to Mr. Mathews for the great assistance he had
rendered in connection with the Milking Machine trials.

The Secretary announced that the Trustees of the “ Queen Victoria
Gifts” Fund had decided to make a grant to the Royal Agricultural Benevolent
Institution of 140 1. for the year 1913, to be distributed as fourteen grants of
10Z. each to the five male candidates, five married couples, and four female

XXVI

Monthly Council , June 4, 1913.

candidates who polled the largest number of votes in their class, and who
would not this year receive grants from any other fund in connection with the
Koyal Agricultural Benevolent Institution.

. The Secretary read a letter from the Meteorological Office stating that
it was proposed to issue during the forthcoming harvest daily telegraphic fore-
casts of the weather to anjnme desirous of receiving them upon payment of the
cost of the telegrams.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, June 4, 1913.

WEDNESDAY, JUNE 4, 1913.

At a Monthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., the Earl
of Northbrook (President) in the chair : —

Present:— Trustees— Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis
the Earl of Coventry, the Duke of Devonshire, G.C.V.O., Sir John H Thorold’
Bart. ’

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. Adeane, Sir Bichard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr. Percy
Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale, the Right Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes,
K.C.Y.O., Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.Y.O., the Hon. Cecil T. Parker the
Earl of Yarborough.

Other Members of the Council. — Capt. Clive Behrens, Mr. E. W. Betts Mr.
Henry Dent Brocklehurst, Maj.-Gen. J. F. Brocklehurst, C.Y.O C B Mr
Davis Brown, Mr.. J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. Arthur E. Evans, Mr. James Falconer'
Lord Harlech, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W. Harrison, Lord Hastings, Sir Arthur
G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr. W. F. Ingram
Mr. J. L. Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W A?
May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. W. Nocton, Mr. R. G.
Patterson, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. F. Reynard, the Duke of Richmond and
Gordon, K.G., Mr. C. Coltman Rogers, Mr. John Rowell, Mr. H. H. Smith Mr
C. W. Tindall, Mr. E. Y. Y. Wheeler, and Mr. Louis C. Wrigley.

Governor. — Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P.

The following Members of the Bristol Local Committee were also present •—
The Lord Mayor of Bristol, Sir Frank Wills, Mr. Peter Addie, Alderman C. A
Hayes, Mr. Sidney Humphries, Mr. Samuel Kidner, Mr. H. L. Riseley Mr'
E. J. Taylor (Town Clerk), Mr. Eldred G. F. Walker. Mr. H. W. Seccombe
Wills, and Mr. George Nichols (Hon. Local Secretary).

At the commencement of the proceedings, the President read a letter
which had been received from Mr. Heber Martin, expressing, on behalf of him-
self and his brothers and sisters, their thanks for the expression of the
Council’s regret at the death of Mr. Joseph Martin.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on May 7, 1913 were
taken as read and approved.

Major P. G. Shewell, The Mount, Cleeve Hill, Glos., was elected a
Governor, and ninety-five duly nominated candidates were elected Members.

Sir John Thorold, in presenting the Report of the Committee of
Selection, formally moved “That the name of the Earl of Powis be suggested
to the Annual General Meeting of Governors and Members in December for
election as President for 1914.” The Earl of Powis, he said, had been a
Member of the Society since 1887, had become a Governor in 1891, and one
of his predecessors had been President in the years 1860-1. The Committee
felt sure that his Lordship’s great interest in the district in which next year’s
Show would be held would make him a most excellent President.

Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones had great pleasure in seconding the nomination
and stated that Lord Powis’ family had been very closely connected with the
Society from the time of its formation, bis great-uncle, the Hon. Robert Clive
having been one of the signatories to the petition to the Crown for the Charter
of Incorporation. Mr. Clive had acted on the Council for some years but died

Monthly Council , July 2, 1913.

XXVll

before passing the chair. One of his Lordship’s predecessors had been a
Member of the Council for many years, and he had also occupied the position
of Chairman of the Education Committee. The present Earl was Lord-
Lieutenant of Salop ; he took the very deepest interest in the work of the
Society, and had also been a very successful exhibitor at the Shows. His
Lordship was a large landowner in Montgomeryshire and in Shropshire, and
he farmed an estate within half-a-dozen miles of Shrewsbury. He had taken
a very active part in connection with the Society’s forthcoming visit to
Shrewsbury, being chairman of the Executive Committee, and he (Sir Bowen)
felt sure that under his Lordship’s Presidency they would hold a show next
year that would be worthy of that great Society and a credit to the ancient
borough of Shrewsbury and the county of Salop.

The motion was then put to the meeting and carried unanimously.

Authority was given for the Seal of the Society to be affixed to the
Diploma of Honorary Membership of the Hon. James Wilson, ex-Minister of
Agriculture at Washington, U.S.A.

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until the
week of the Bristol Show.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 2, 1913.

At a Monthly Council held in the Showyardat Bristol, the Earl of Northbrook

(President) in the Chair : — -

Present: — Trustee s. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis,
the Duke of Devonshire. Gf.C.V.O.. Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., Mr.
Percy Crutchley Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale, the Right Hon. Sir Ailwyn E.
Fellowes, K.C.Y.O., Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.V.O., the
Hon. Cecil T. Parker.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling.
Captain Clive Behrens, Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. R. G. Carden, Mr. Richardson
Carr, the Hon. J. E. Cross, Mr. J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. John Evens, Mr. J. Falconer,
Mr. W. T. Game, Mr. J. W. Glover, Lord Harlech, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W.
Harrison, Lord Hastings, Sir Arthur G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr.
Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs Mr. W. J. Hosken, Mr. J. Howard Howard,
Mr. W. F. Ingram, Mr. J. L. Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell. Mr. Ernest
Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton, Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. John
Myatt, Mr. William Nocton, Mr. Henry Overman, Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr.
C. M. S. Pilkington. Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. C. Rogers,
Mr. John Rowell, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth, Lord Strachie,
Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner, Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler,' Mr. C. W. Wilson,
and Mr. Louis C. Wrigley.

The minutes of the last monthly meeting of the Council, held on June 4,
were taken as read and approved.

It was resolved, on the motion of Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.Y.O.,
“ That the best thanks of the Society are due and are hereby tendered to : —

1. The Officials of the General Post Office for the efficient postal and

telegraphic arrangements.

2. The Chief Commissioner of Police for the efficient service rendered by

the detachment of Metropolitan Police on duty in the Showyard.

3. The Chief Constable of Bristol for the efficient police arrangements in

connection with the Show.

4. The Bristol St. John Ambulance Brigade for the efficient Ambulance

arrangements.

5. Messrs. Parrs Bank, Ltd., Bristol, for the efficient services rendered by

their officials.

6. Messrs. Merry weather & Sons. Ltd., for the provision of Fire Engines and

for the efficient arrangements in connection with the Fire Station in
the Showyard.

7. Messrs. P. E. Gane, Ltd., for decorating and furnishing the Royal

Pavilion.

XXV111

General Meeting , July 2, 1913.

8. Messrs. Parker & Son (Bristol), Ltd., for providing the Floral Decorations

near the Pavilions, Ac.

9. Messrs. Ruston, Proctor & Co., Ltd., for the loan of a Steam Engine for

supplying Motive Power to the Dairy.”

Other business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, July 30, 1913, at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.

proceebrngs at

(general flDeeting of (governors ant> flbembers,

HELD IN THE

LARGE TENT IN THE SHOWYARD AT BRISTOL,

WEDNESDAY, JULY 2, 1913.

THE EARL OF NORTHBROOK (PRESIDENT) IN THE CHAIR.

The meeting was largely attended, amongst those present being the Duke of
Devonshire, G.C.V.O., Lord Harlech, Lord Hastings, Lord Strachie, the Right
Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O.,the Hon. J. E. Cross, the Hon. Cecil T.
Parker, the Hon. James Wilson, Sir J. B. Bowen- Jones, Bart., Sir Richard
P. Cooper, Bart., Sir Gilbert Gfreenall, Bart., C.Y.O., Sir Arrhur Hazlerigg, Bart.,
Sir John H. Thorold, Bart., Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr.
W. E. G. Atkinson, Capt. Clive Behrens, Mr. T. K. Brain, Mr. H. Butler, Mr.
T. A. Buttar, Mr. G. Butters, Mr. R. G. Carden, Mr. W. W. Chapman, Mr.
E. S. W. Cornwallis, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J. H. Dean, Mr. J. Marshall
Dugdale, Mr. J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., Mr. John Evens, Mr. J.
Falconer, Mr. C. Fieldsend, Mr. T. F. Filgate, Mr. W. T. Game, Mr. G. Gibbons,
Mr. J. W. Glover, Mr. E. 0. Greening, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W. Harrison,
Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr. Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. J. Hosken, Mr.
J. Howard Howard, Mr. W. F. Ingram, Mr. G. R. Kendle, Mr. K. J. ‘ J.
Mackenzie, Mr. A. Mansell, Mr. Henry Matthews, Mr. W. A May, Mr. C.
Middleton, Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. J. M. Moubray, Mr. John Myatt, Mr. W.
Nocton, Mr. W. Nnnnerley, Mr. C. S. Orwin, Mr. H. Overman, Mr. R. G.
Patterson, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. D. Price- Powell,
Mr. F. H. Price, Mr F. Reynard, Mr. T. Rich, Mr. C. C. Rogers, Mr. John
Rowell, Mr. F. Smith, Mr. H. Smith, jun., Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P., Mr. E. W.
Stanyforth, Mr. George Symons, Mr. J. Herbert Taylor, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr.
R. Topham, Mr. H. J. Tory, Mr. P. C. Tory, Mr. R. Tory, Mr. W. Tudge, Mr. A.
P. Turner, Mr. C. Turner, Mr. H. H. Vivian, Mr. T. B. Ward, Professor Robert
Wallace, Mr. E. V. V. Wheeler, Mr. C. W. Wilson, Mr. Louis C. Wrigley,
&c., &c.

The following representatives of the Bristol Local Committee were also pre-
sent:— The Lord Mayor of Bristol, Sir Frank Wills, Mr. Henry Bridgman, Mr.
H. L. Riseley, Mr. Eldred G. F. Walker, and Mr. George Nichols (Hon. Local
Secretary).

President’s Introductory Remarks.

The President in the first place said he must express his pleasure at
presiding that day over such a representative gathering of the Governors and
Members of the Royal Agricultural Society. They congratulated themselves on
meeting this year under pleasanter and more favourable conditions than pre-
vailed at their meeting in the Showyard last year. The misfortune that befell
them at Doncaster would not easily be forgotten, but they would always
remember the courage and the spirit displayed by his predecesssor in office,
Lord Middleton — (hear, hear) — in facing what was a most trying and depressing

General Meeting , July 2, 1913.

XXIX

situation. Well, although, thanks to the loyal support they received from the
inhabitants of Yorkshire, they got through their difficulties better than might
have been expected, their experience showed the necessity of having a sub-
stantial reserve fund. He was glad to say they had been able to mamtam th at
at a fmure which was sufficient to meet any contingency that might arise in
connection with their Show. With regard to the Show this year, the outlook
was most encouraging. They had a very satisfactory attendance of those who
passed through the check gate on the previous day, and what was more satis-
factory they had an exceptionally large sale of season tickets. Moreover they
had been, fortunate up to now in the weather, an given a con mua
favourable conditions during the ensuing days they might look forward
thought to a show memorable in the history of the Society All would agree
that they had a most beautiful site-(hear, hear -and they were greatly
indebted to the Lord Mayor and Corporation and to the Local Committee.
(Hear hear ) They were also much indebted to the inhabitants of Bristol or
foregoing their access to the Downs, and it had been the care of the Society that
the Ground should be enclosed for as short a time as possible. He was sure they

woffid all agree that the arrangements of the Show ^ bee£ ^ilbeD Greenall
carried out by their able and energetic Honorary Director Sir Gilbert Greenan
_ (hear hear)— and that it would be the general wish of them all to express
t/him ’their hearty thanks for the invaluable services he ^d^endered^ the

would^ desire ^to ^thank t^ GloueTstershire1’ Agricultural Society for having
voluntardy^bandoned their show this year owing to the Eoyal being m Bristol.

^^r^d one of

both" thoscT departments ; they had the usual large working dairy, a compre-

feature in the STteen weStp^dhy

country ; they had a ^ , th Royal Horticultural Society was hold-

influential gentlemen, although me aoja had gucceeded in

ing its annual show at o Horticultural Exhibition. He was certain

bringing to Sir George Holford-

that it would be the P * secti0n — their hearty thanks, and

S^^^at illness prevented him being present at the Show that

WeeThere were many w the Dominions beyond

would like to ca ei ti owed its initiation to Bristol— (hear, hear)—

the seas. (Heal, hear.) Lh , be of great interest to those who would

Sh°W “ imPedal - WeU “ a
^“er ^ il " “S tS

stock exhibi . hi,, Maiestv their congratulation on his success

laIge numbe1' °£ °therprizes-

(He£v?ng s^ so much about the ft

that their Show next year wl’s not yet decided, but he

-- looking far enough ahead £or tbe

present.

XXX

General Meeting, July 2, 1913.

thertwt one thit^t/T fth?5°UnC?« to be Presented on this occasion, but

likTt^call^tcnhV.n^^Th^0^ a® fale o£ the Sooiety t0 wbich ^ would
e to call attention. Their membership had increased during the last few

years and was now oyer 10,000 ; that was satisfactory as ferTit went He

eyenWer number of* M Nahtl0nal ^00iftj like theirs mi8ht h°Pe to haye an

sldety to do tW w d f8' ?e therefore appealed to all Members of the

hours to ioin thp Rnto ? d- t(J endeavour to persuade their friends and neigh-
oours to join the .Royal Agricultural Society of England.

tie did not wish to touch upon any matters" that would be dealt with

piesently by resolutions, but as President he felt he could not sit down with

out expressing his sincere thanks to the Local Committee L Wit'

Committee, oyer which the Lord Mayor had so ably prtfded ^ an^to the™

Honorary Local Secretary, Mr. George Nichols, for the hearty co-’operation and

yahraWe assistance, so readily and constantly giyen, in all arrangements for the

New Honorary Member.

to "■ 7*

of his seryices to Agriculture to the H™ V w-? 7 m recognition

Agriculture at Washington,

PresictentMcKtoierdpWh!r had serTed under tbree administrations-under
-rresiaent McKinley, President Roosevelt and Prpsidpnf Tafe ru £ v

He might add, his Lordship said, that Mr. Wilson had for a^onge/ period than

Tnbehau oSfeCtheTRly ^ °®C1 “ Minister * th e American Catoet.
fi v j L, n 6 Hoyal Agricultural Society of England the Pufstotot

tdnfa^thelr meethig^that ^ WilS°"- “* « ^fplfa^eTs^

aar.5* = “• ts

appropriations or publications They had ‘if ' n ■ o£ thelr s001eties,

They published and sent oyer the wmld^Th^^en^ laSt ^

were inteS,’ Jbe ^ ^ ‘h^

d rg m

country to learn the conditions and progresfo* cXin tod“ (Heir, tar)

Prizes for Farms.

awards" made bythi judgetlnTe Farm aUDOUnced «» 1** of

and cxxxiii.). ] g the Farm Pnze Competition (see pp. cxxxii.

Prizes for Plantations and Home Nurseries.

Home ^urseries^C^p^^ Plantations and

Thanks to Lord Mayor and Corporation.

which he had the honouf^pronos^^Td SU.re that the res°lntion

possible enthusiasm. It was “ That the h ° f b6| rec„eiyed witb tbe greatest
are hereby tendered to

General Meeting , July 2, 1913.

xxxi

cordial reception of the Society.” He felt sure that the Lord Mayor would
understand that this was no mere perfunctory vote, but a very sincere and
genuine one. Not only had they in Bristol extended a most kind and cordial
welcome to the Society, but they had done everything in their power to make
the Show a most successful one. As the President had said, as far as they had
gone everything had been most successful, and if only they were favoured with
a continuance of good weather during the remainder of the week, he was quite
confident that this Show would stand as one of the best the Society had ever
held.

Sir J. B. Bowen-JoNES, Bart., said it afforded him great satisfaction to
second the resolution proposed by the Duke of Devonshire. That meeting,
those present would remember, was the third held by the Royal Agricultural
Society in Bristol. Though he was considerably advanced in years, he was not
old enough to attend the Show held in 1842, but he well recollected the
last Meeting of the Society in that city in 1878, and the success they met with
on that occasion. The Mayor of that year received them in a very cordial way,
and on the present occasion they had every reason to feel that the Lord Mayor
and Corporation had been equally enthusiastic in every way to promote the
success of the Show. In 1878, looking at the matter simply from a financial
point of view, there was a credit balance on the Show of over 1,600Z., and he
thought that, judging from what they now saw as far as they proceeded, they
would in all probability far exceed that sum when they finished their exhibition
at Bristol. He begged most cordially to second the resolution.

The motion having been put to the meeting and unanimously carried,

The Lord Mayor of Bristol, who was enthusiastically received on rising,
said he had to acknowledge with gratitude the cordial vote of thanks which
had been passed to the Corporation and himself for the assistance they had
given to the Show. He was only carrying on the succession of good work
initiated by his predecessors. They were all delighted that the Show had
come to Bristol, and that the weather was so favourable ; they hoped the
exhibitors would be satisfied with the awards. With regard to the attendance,
there could be no question that at the end of the week this would be quite
satisfactory, and if that was so the financial result would also be satisfactory.
They realised that the Royal Agricultural Society was no ordinary concern. It
was not like a company organised for the purpose of earning profits for share-
holders ; it had no such intention. It existed in order to carry on good educational
work which was of the utmost value. They realised that the old-fashioned way
of carrying on agriculture by rule of thumb did not do in these modern times ,
that it was necessary that science should be added to the traditions han ec
down from time immemorial, and that unless they could keep abreast of t e
best knowledge that science gave them they were likely to be out-distanced.
The more they progressed in science the more need there seemed to be to app }
it. New pests were continually making their appearance, and when the} ac
discovered a way of dealing with some old enemy a new one cropped up.
seemed to him that the work was infinite. Without such institutions as t le
Royal Agricultural Society he was afraid the country would be overrun with
pests, and agriculture could not be carried on at all. They m Bristol realised
the great importance of the Society, and were proud to know that they were
to have a small share in assisting its work by enabling it to have that beauti-
ful spot for the Show, which he trusted would be successful m every way.
(Applause.)

Thanks to Local Committee.

Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., said it was with very great pleasure
indeed that he proposed the next resolution : “ That the best thanks of the
Society are due and are hereby tendered to the Bristol Local C ommittee or
their exertions to promote the success of the Show.” All those connected m
any way with the Society knew how the work of the Local Committee grew
year by year on account of the number of “side shows,’ which were mostly

Monthly Council , July 2, 1913.

XXXll

run by the Local Committee, and he could assure them that their work was
much appreciated by the Society. The Bristol Committee had done everything
in their power to make the Show a success. He was much indebted to them
for the assistance they had at all times given him personally, and in moving
the resolution he would like to add the names of Mr. George Nichols, the Local
Honorary Secretary, and Mr. Edmund J. Taylor, the Town Clerk.

Mr. John Evens had the greatest possible pleasure in seconding this vote
of thanks. Bristol had given them a hearty welcome, a good railway centre, a
splendid showyard, and beautiful weather. One thing more was necessary,
and that had been supplied. These conditions had been backed up by the
very practical, common-sense, business-like transactions of the Local Committee.
The resolution having been agreed to,

Sir Frank W ills, in response, said if he was brief in his reply he begged
them not to think that he was not in earnest. He was sure that all the
Bristol Executive recognised that they could not have accomplished anything
like what they had done had it not been for the kindly way in which the
Council of the Society in London met them on every point, and more especially
he might refer to Sir Gilbert Greenall, who had made things go so smoothly.
(Hear, hear.) He was one of those men who always believed in the “oiled
feather ’ which made the hinges of life work a great deal easier. He was sure
they in Bristol recognised that, and he was speaking not only for the Executive,
but for Bristol itself, in saying how heartily they welcomed the Society in
their midst.

Railway Companies Thanked.

Sir Richard P. Cooper, Bart., proposed that a hearty vote of thanks be
given to the various railway companies for the services they had rendered to
the Society in dealing with the traffic arising out of the holding of the Show.
He reminded the meeting of the enormous amount of extra work imposed on
the railway officials, many of whom had worked night and dav during the
past week.

Mr. J. Marshall Dugdale seconded the proposition with the greatest
pleasure, because he knew the enormous amount of work thrown on the
railway officials.

Suggestions by Members.

The President inquired if any Governor or Member had any remark to
make or suggestion to offer for the consideration of the Council.

Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S. (Colesborne Park, Cheltenham), said he wished to
bring to the notice of the Council the request that they should appoint an
expert in wool upon the same lines as in connection with the Chemical,
Zoological, and Botanical Departments. He had found in the course of his
experience that there were no men to go to for information and advice except
men who were interested as manufacturers. He then read to the meeting the
following letter on the subject which he had received from Mr. A. F. Barker,
Professor of Textile Industries at the Bradford Technical College

June 30th, 1913.

Dear SIR,— I have this morning been discussing with Mr. J. E. Fawcett, the
President of the Bradford Chamber of Commerce, and Chairman of the Wool
Section of that institution, the question of the appointment of a wool expert to
link up the wool grower with the wool consumer. Mr. Fawcett is of the opinion
that this is such an important matter that it should receive the careful con-
sideration both of the Boyal Agricultural Society and of the Bradford Chamber of
Commerce and he is prepared to recommend the proposal for the consideration of
the Chamber upon receiving a distinct, expression of opinion from the Roval
Agricultural Society.

Bradford wool consumers have long felt that wool-growers have not made
th emselves as fully acquainted with the requirements of the trade as might be, and.
although many isolated attemp's have been made to form some sort of a connection
comparatively little has been accomplished, and it is evident that much good
might accrue from some such action as we understand the Royal Agricultural
Society may be prepared to take.— Yours truly,

aldred F. Barker,

Professor of Textile Industries.

Monthly Council , July 30, 1913.

xxxm

Professor Wallace (Edinburgh) supported the suggestion. He felt sure
the Development Commissioners would support such a scheme if the Royal
Agricultural Society would give the lead. He did not think there would be
any difficulty in getting the money.

Mr. Georg-e Butters (Leominster) asked the Council to consider the
question of the railway charges for the transit of cattle. These used to be
carried by the companies at goods rate, but now they had to pay passenger
rate. It was a serious matter for the tenant-farmer to have to pay high rates
when shows were at long distances.

The President undertook that the suggestions made should receive the
careful consideration of the Council.

Thanks to the President.

Mr. Edward Owen Greening proposed a hearty vote of thanks to their
distinguished President, not only for what he had done that day, but for what
he did at all times in the service of the Society. They might congratulate him
on presiding over a highly successful Show. Nowadays their annual gatherings
were like milestones on a triumphal road of progress, but he could remember
a period in the Society’s history when things were very different.

Mr. W. S. Ferguson (Pictstonhill), in seconding the resolution, said he
was sure they all recognised the good work Lord Northbrook had done for the
Society. The Royal Show was the greatest meeting of the kind in the world.

The motion on being put by the Secretary, was passed by acclamation.

The President expressed his thanks for the kind reception of the resolution
proposed by Mr. Greening and seconded by Mr. Ferguson. He could assure
them that it was a great pleasure to him to preside over a meeting like that.
The work of the President of the Society, his Lordship said, was not very
arduous, because they had such an excellent Council, composed of experienced
and businesslike men ; they had Committees who did their work most
thoroughly, and the President had always the expert assistance of their
Honorary Director, a capable Secretary, and an excellent staff. He begged to
thank them very much for the kind vote which they had passed.

The proceedings then terminated.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 30, 1913.

At a Monthly Council held at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., the Earl of

Northbrook (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Lord Middleton, Lord
Moreton, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. Adeane, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J. Marshall
Dugdale, Mr. R. M. Greaves, Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.Y.O.

Other Members of i he Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Capt. Clive Behrens,
Mr. Henry Dent Brocklehurst, Maj.-Gen. J. F. Brocklehurst, C.Y.O., C.B., the
Hon. John E. Cross, Mr. J. T. C. Eadie, Mr. James Falconer, Mr. Joseph Harris,
Mr. W. Harrison, Sir Arthur G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. J.
Hosken, Sir Charles Y. Knightley, Bart., Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest
Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. W. Nocton, Mr. C. M. S.
Pilkington, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. E. W. Stanyforth, Lord
Strachie, and Mr. E. Y. Y. Wheeler.

Governors. — Mr. W. W. Chapman and Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P.

The President, at the commencement of the proceedings, read the
following letter which he had received from Major Wigram : —

Buckingham Palace,

July 5th, 1913.

Dear Lord Northbrook.— The King desires me once more to express his
satisfaction with the excellent arrangements made in connection with yesterday’s
visit to the Royal Agricultural Show. His Majesty realises the care and thought
that you, Sir Gilbert Greenall, and the stewards and members of the various

YOL. 74. R

XXXIV

Monthly Council , July 30, 1913.

committees must have given to the organisation of all the details, and is glad to
think that the Society can congratulate itself on an eminently successful show
during the term of your Presidency. It was a happy inspiration to include among
the exhibits a display of products of the Overseas Dominions, which gave the
public an opportunity of gaining some knowledge of the agricultural conditions of
the various parts of the Empire. The King has carried away a pleasing impression
of his visit, and of the very warm and enthusiastic welcome given to him by all
present— Believe me, yours very truly,

(Signed) OLIVE WlGRAM.

Proceeding, the President said he knew the Council would hear with very
great regret of the grave illness of the Lord Mayor of Bristol. He had been
very unwell for some time, but had determined to remain at his post and carry
through his duties in connection with the visit of the Society. Although
suffering much pain during the week of the Bristol Show, he continued with
great courage to perform those duties, and they would remember how success-
fully he did so, and the hospitality he extended during their visit. The Lord
Mayor had recently to undergo a serious operation, and, although he stood
it well at the time, the Council would be sorry to hear that he was still very
seriously ill. He (the President) would like to be allowed to write to the
Lady Mayoress to express their deep regret at the Lord Mayor’s illness, their
hope that he was making satisfactory, progress towards recovery, and their
sympathy with her and the members of the family in their anxiety.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council held on July 2, 1913, were
taken as read and approved.

The Marquess of Bute, Mr. Tankerville Chamberlayne, Cranbury Park,
Winchester, Mr. W. E. Firth, Hurstly, Lymington, and Mr. J. W. Macfie,
Bowton Hall, Chester, were elected Covernors, and 203 duly nominated
candidates were elected Members, and one Member was re-elected under
By-Law 14.

Sir John Thorold said he thought the Council would like to know that
Lord Northbrook during his presidency had succeeded in obtaining no less than
215 new members. (Applause). The President added that he was glad to
be able to say that over seventy new members had been elected from the
county of Hampshire, bringing the total number over 300, and thus entitling
that county to an additional representative on the Council.

The Be port of the Finance Committee was received and adopted. In
presenting this report, Mr. Adeane called attention to a matter which came
up informally at the Finance Committee meeting on the previous day — the
desirability of the Society doing something to encourage skilled labour on the
farm. They did something for all classes connected with agriculture in its
different branches, but, so far as he was aware, they did nothing at present to
encourage the skilled labourer. He was not going to move any resolution, but
he merely wished to air the question before the Council, in the hope that they
would have some expression of opinion from Members.

In this connection, suggestions were made by Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P.,
Mr. Falconer and Mr. Pilkington.

On the presentation of the Keport of the Veterinary Committee, Mr.
Mansell said he would like to raise the question of the Society urging on the
Board of Agriculture the importance of trying the serum treatment with
reference to Swine Fever. Experiments had been made in Holland, Norway,
and other countries, and he believed with considerable success. Seeing that
they were making no headway, and were spending enormous sums of money in
this country, he thought the Board of Agriculture should be urged to take steps
to try the serum treatment. Mr. Stanier inquired whether Sir John
McFadyean had gone into the question, or whether he might be asked to do so
on behalf of the Society. Sir John McFadyean said he was very well
acquainted with the use of serum in the treatment of Swine Fever, as he had
endeavoured to keep himself posted regarding that method of treatment since
it was first introduced into the United States a few years ago. He was also
pretty fully acquainted with the use of the method in Holland, and with that

Monthly Council , November 5, 1913.

xxxv

knowledge he would be very sorry to press upon the Board of Agriculture that
they should test the use of serum. The expression was, of course, very vague,
but, as he understood it, the recommendation would be that the Board of
Agriculture should imitate Holland, where he believed there were no restric-
tions whatever with regard to Swine Fever. The person who had Swine Fever
on his premises in Holland could disperse the pigs and spread the disease to
twenty other owners. It was all very well to say that each of those owners
could considerably reduce his losses by employing serum, but he thought it was
well the Council should know that, as an alternative to the method of
endeavouring to control and eradicate Swine Fever, the use of serum could not,
in his opinion, be recommended.

Captain Behrens drew attention to the position and size of the judging
ring for Shorthorns in the Bristol Showyard and suggested that better
accommodation might be provided in future. The President said this matter
would receive attention.

Sir John Thorold, as Chairman of the Committee of Selection, proposed,
and it was unanimously agreed, that votes of thanks be given to Mr. Cyril E.
Greenall, Steward of Horses and of the Veterinary Examination ; Mr. H W.
Seccombe Wills, Steward of Forage ; the Hon. John Boscawen and Mr. A. A.
Paton, Stewards of the Horticultural Exhibition ; and Mr. G-eorge Marshall,
Steward of the Forestry Exhibition. These gentlemen, who were not Members
of the Council, did a great deal of very useful work for the Society in an
honorary capacity, and the Society was very greatly indebted to them. The
President said they would all agree with what had fallen trom Sir John
Thorold, and that their thanks are very greatly due to the gentlemen named.

At the conclusion of the ordinary business, the President said it was with
most profound sorrow that he had to announce that a telegram had just been
received to say that their colleague, Sir Richard Cooper, had passed away that
morning. The sad news, his Lordship said, had come upon him with terrible
suddenness, because although he had heard that Sir Richard was unwell, he
had no idea that his condition was at all a grave one, and he fancied many
Members of the Council thought the same. It was unnecessary for him to
refer to the very great services that Sir Richard Cooper had for so long a time
rendered the Society, and he would like to move that a letter be written to the
relatives expressing the Council’s very sincere and deep regret at the loss they
had sustained by the death of their colleague and their sympathy with the
family in their bereavement.

The Council then adjourned over the autumn recess until Wednesday,
November 5, 1918.

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 1913.

At a Monthly Council, held at 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C., the Earl
of Northbrook (President) in the Chair : —

Present : — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Mr. F. S. W. Cornwallis,
the Earl of Coventry, Lord Moreton, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Mr. Percy Crutchley, Mr. J.
Marshall Hugdale, the Right Hon. Sir A. E. Fellowes, K. C.V.O., Sir Gilbert
Greenall, Bart., C.V.O.

Other Members of the Council. — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Capt. Clive Behrens, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Major-General J. F. Brockle-
hurst, C.V.O. , C.B., Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. R. G. Carden, Mr. Richardson Carr,
Mr. John Evens, Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. Howard Frank, Mr. W. T. Game, Lord
Harlech, Mr. W. Harrison, Sir A. G. Hazlerigg, Bart., Mr. J. H. Hine, Mr.
Arthur Hiscock, Mr. R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. F. Ingram, Sir C. V. Knightley, Bart.,
Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. C. Middleton
Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. John Myatt, Mr. W. Nocton, Mr. Henry Overman,
Mr. R. G. Patterson, Mr. C. M. 8. Pilkington, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. G. G.

R 2

XXXVI

Monthly Council , November 5, 1913.

Rea, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr. C. C. Rogers, Mr. John Rowell, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr.
E. W. Stanyforth, Lord Strachie, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner, Mr. E.
V. Y. Wheeler, and Mr. C. W. Wilson.

Governors. — Mr. W. W. Chapman and Mr. Harold Swithinbanlc.

The following Members of the Shrewsbury Local Committee were also
present : — The Earl of Powis, Mr. B. Blower, Mr. H. C. Clarke, Mr. Beville
Stanier, M.P., Major C. R. B. Wingfield, and Mr. E. Clothier (Local Secretary).

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday, July
30, 1913, were taken as read and approved.

The President said he knew the Council would learn with very great regret
of the loss, since their last meeting, of one of their colleagues by the death of
Mr, Henry Herbert Smith, of *Bowood, Caine, who died on October 19. Mr.
Smith had been a Member of the Society since 1874, and from 1905 till his
death had represented the Division of Wiltshire on the Council.

Mr. Adeane said the Council would remember that at their meeting in July
the question of giving rewards for skilled agricultural labour and long service
had been referred to the Finance Committee for their consideration, and they
had been asked to report at the meeting that day. It was obvious that it was
impossible to deal with the whole country at one time, and therefore the
Finance Committee recommended that the Society should confine its efforts to
the area visited by the Show, with the exception that some provision should be
made for those parts of England which had not been visited by the Society for
a great number of years. They very much hoped that the local societies, of
which there was a great number scattered about England, would co-operate
with the Royal Agricultural Society for the purpose, and, if they would do so,
they would be exceedingly useful as a means of distributing the awards. The
Finance Committee recommended that bronze medals and certificates should be
given to the winners in the local competitions, and they further recommended
that the holders of these medals and certificates should be qualified to compete
for a championship which would be given by the Royal, such a championship
to consist, he hoped, of a substantial money prize and a silver medal. With
regard to management they recommended that the matter should be handed
over to the Farm Prizes Committee, who already operated in the area with
which they proposed to deal, and that that Committee should be given power
by the Council to form a sub-committee and co-opt local Members to that body.
He thought they would secure two things in that manner ; so far as the' Society
was concerned they would secure continuity of management, and so far as the
locality was concerned they would secure full representation. He hoped the
Council would adopt the scheme in general and leave the details to be threshed
out by the Committee.

Mr. Adeane then read the detailed recommendations of the Finance
Committee, which were unanimously approved after observations by Mr.
Mansell, Mr. Pilkington, Mr. Patterson, Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P.,
Mr. Falconer, Mr. Brocklehurst, and Mr. Hugdale. The President
stated that the initiation of this proposal was due to Mr. Adeane, and he was
sure the Council would like to express their thanks to him for the attention
he had given to it, and the great amount of trouble he had taken in the
matter. (Hear, hear.)

On the motion of Sir John Thorold, seconded by Mr. Adeane, Lord
Rothschild was unanimously elected a Vice-President of the Society in the room
of the late Sir Richard Cooper. Mr. Adeane said he did not think the
Council could possibly find any man who had done more for and earned better
the honour now bestowed upon him. When he (Mr. Adeane) had occupied the
unenviable position of Chairman of the Park Royal Company, in liquidation, and
when he had to find some one who would feed that white elephant, Harewood
House, the times were critical, and he remembered one particular moment, not
known to the Council, when they were in great straits, and, if it had not been for
Lord Rothschild’s assistance on that occasion, the Society would have been in a
very difficult position. He was very glad to be able to make acknowledgment of

XXXV11

Monthly Council , November 5, 1913.

those services ; and not only that, hut for some years his lordship had supplied
them, with prizes for the Milk Yield classes at the Show. Further, in the case
of the late Tuberculosis Experiment, the cost of which was estimated at 800/.,
but which only cost* 600k, the difference was made up by Lord Rothschild s
generosity. Last, but by no means least, their thanks were due to Lord
Rothschild for allowing Mr. Richardson Carr, one of the right hands of the
Society, to be present at their debates, and give them such invaluable help in
their work.

Mr. May, as the Society’s representative on a committee formed for the
purpose of raising a fund in connection with the Lawes and Gilbert Centenary
Celebrations, gave notice of a resolution to the effect that an appeal be sent
out on behalf of this fund by the Royal Agricultural Society to the Members
for individual donations, and, if Mr. Adeane, as Chairman of the Finance
Committee would allow him, he would like to make a further suggestion, that
a contribution should be made from the funds of the Society to supplement
any amount which might be contributed by personal efforts.

In presenting the Report of the Tuberculosis Experiment Committee, Lord
Northbrook said he thought the Council would like to know that the
demonstration which, on May I, 1910, the Chemical and Woburn and Veterinary
Committees were requested to carry out, had been brought to a conclusion.
The Committee appointed to carry out the demonstration were considering
their report, which they hoped to present at the next meeting of the Council,
and with that report they hoped to give in the appendix full details and
particulars of the procedure with the information as to the results of the
tuberculin tests the animals had been subjected to. On the present occasion he
only wished to say that they had succeeded in showing, in the words of the
reference to them, that by means of isolation it was possible to rear healthy
stock from tuberculous parents. He might add that the cost to the Society,
mainly owing to the generosity of Lord Rothschild, had been below the sum
the Council were prepared to spend on it, and considerably within the
amounts of the annual estimates that had been submitted to and approved by

the Council. . 1 . , , .

A Report from the Special Committee having been received and adopted,

Sir John Thorold called attention to No. 7 of the regulations, governing the
offer of the Gold Medal for Agricultural Research, stating that the monograph
or essay of the successful candidate was to be published in the Journal, if in
the opinion of the Council it was suitable for the purpose. Both of the essays
submitted on this occasion had been published before they were sent in, and as
it was the custom not to include in the Journal anything that had been
previously published elsewhere, he would like the instruction of the Council
that in the circumstances the Journal Committee need not be called upon to
publish either of the essays in question. It was very essential that they should
have all their articles in as soon as possible, and the publication of one of the
essays might cause delay. Apart from that, their having been pieviousy
published was a reason against their appearing in the Journal.

On being put to the meeting, the suggestion of Sir John Thorold that it be
an instruction to the Journal Committee that these essays be not published,

was approved. . ...

Lord Strachie, pursuant to notice, moved the following resolution .

“That the Board of Agriculture be asked to raise the preference limit imposed
whereby to a large extent only occupiers of acres and under can benefit under
their scheme for the improvement of live stock.

His object in moving that resolution was to bring before the Council the
scheme for the improvement of live stock issued by the Board of Agricu ture.
The county he represented felt very strongly as regards the limitation o
preference In the first place, the amount— 37,000/.— was so small, and it- was
felt that if there was a hard and fast line that preference was to be given to
occupiers of not over 100 acres, or of an annual value for purposes of income

I

xxxviii Monthly Council , November 5, 1913.

tax not exceeding 1 00?., then there would be a very small sum indeed for those
occupiers of over 100 acres. He did not wish to labour this question, but he
would like the Council to consider the suggestion that they might ask the
.Board of Agriculture to reconsider this preference limit, and not give it in this
particular way. He quite recognised that it was necessary to safeguard the
small- holder, and to ensure that the small man was not pushed to the wall,
but on the other hand, if they were going to keep out the large occupiers, men
with 400 or 500 acres of land, the leaders of the agricultural interests, the only
result would be that these men would stand aside, and there would be nobody
to take the initiative, so that the whole scheme would be in danger in conse-
quence. It would, in his opinion, be very difficult to work this scheme if
the large occupiers were told that they would only come in at the end. He
had heard that the Board of Agriculture were reconsidering this matter, and
were going to issue rules and regulations for carrying out the details of the
scheme If, therefore, representations could be made to the Board by agri-

be done S°CietleS’ and esPeciallF hJ the Council of the Royal, something might

Mr. Patterson was sorry to be in disagreement with the resolution. It
was not the amount he disagreed with, but the principle. It did not go far
enough. If he was in order, he would like to move an amendment that the
word remove should take the place of the word “raise.” It was not advis-
able that it should go out from the Society that it approved in any way the
suggestion that any agriculturist, no matter how large the area he occupied,
should be excluded from the benefits of the live stock scheme. It was rather a
hard thing that those farmers, to whose efforts it was almost entirely due that
British live stock held its present position, should, on the first occasion the
Government recognised the necessity for doing something for live stock, be
excluded, or even to suggest that it was desired to exclude them He had
pointed out to Mr. Cheney that, as Lord Strachie had mentioned, the large
farmers had to provide their share of the money, and had also to provide the
machinery to work the scheme. In reply, he had been told that the farmers
would have to provide the money, but that it was optional whether they gave
their services. It was obvious that if the occupiers of 100 acres or less were to
be depended on for carrying out the work of the live stock scheme, the whole
thmg woidd faH to the ground. If the larger farmer of the country believed
that the Society approved of the suggestion that he should be excluded from
these schemes, it would have a detrimental effect on the Society It could
quite well be left to the fairmindedness of the larger farmers that they would
see that the small-holder was treated as generously as possible, and he did feel

?h Jth thatlf /i S be a scheme t0 aid the small-holder it was only fair
that they should be told so plainly, and that it should not be set forth as a
scheme to benefit live stock, if it was only for the small- holder.

Mr. Falconer seconded the amendment.

Mr. Brocklehurst and Mr. Dug-dale having spoken in favour of the
amendment, the resolution was then carried in the following terms

“That the Board of Agriculture be asked to REMOVE the nrefprpncp iim;+

and under can

On the motion of the President, the Seal of the Society was ordered to be
affixed to the agreements between the Society and the Corporations of Shrews-
bury and Manchester in connection with the holding of the Shows of 1914 and
1916 respectively. dUU

Tv/r TJ!6 Re?0^ °f the Council to the Annual General Meeting of Governors and

w P n bepld h the Eoyal Agricultural Hall, Islington, at 12 15 p m
on Wednesday, December 10, was prepared and ordered to be issued.

w, , business having been transacted, the Council adjourned until
Wednesday, December 10, at II a.m„ at the Royal Agricultural Hall.

Monthly Council , December 10, 1913.

XXXIX

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1913.

At a Monthly Council held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, N., the
Earl of Northbrook (President) in the Chair : — ■

Present : — Trustees. — Lord Moreton, Sir John H. Thorold, Bart.
Vice-Presidents — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Mr. Percy Crutch ley, the Right
Hon. Sir A. E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O., Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.Y.O., the Hon.
C. T. Parker, the Earl of Yarborough.

Other Members of the Council — Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Capt. Clive Behrens, Mr. E. W. Betts, Mr. H. Dent Brocklehurst, Mr. Davis
Brown, Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. Richardson Carr, Mr. W. W. Chapman, the Hon.
J. E. Cross, Mr. Arthur E. Evans, Mr. John Evens, Mr. J. Falconer, Mr. W. T.
Game, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. W. Harrison, Lord Hastings, Mr. R. W. Hobbs,
Mr. W. J. Hosken, Mr. W. F. Ingram, Mr. Dunbar Kelly, Mr. J. L. Luddington,
Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. Ernest Mathews, Mr. W. A. May, Mr. G. Norris
Midwood, Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. W. Nocton, Mr. Henry Overman, Mr. C. M. S.
Pilkington, Mr. H. F. Plumptre, Mr. J. E. Rawlence, Mr. F. Reynard, Mr.
Fred Smith, Mr. C. W. Tindall, Mr. A. P. Turner, Mr. E. Y. Y. Wheeler, Mr.
C. W. Wilson, and Mr. L. C. Wrigley.

The following members of the Shrewsbury Local Committee were also
present : — The Mayor of Shrewsbury, Mr. B. Blower, Mr. H. C. Clarke, Col.
A. H. 0. LLoyd, M.Y.O., Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P., and Mr. E. Clothier (Local
Secretary).

The Bristol Local Committee were also represented by Sir Frank Wills, Mr.
Sidney Humphries and Mr. Eldred G. F. Walker.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday,
November 5, 1913, were taken as read and approved.

Fifty-one duly nominated candidates were admitted into the Society as
Members. .

The President said it would be remembered that last year it was
suggested that it would be a considerable convenience to Members of Council if
they could hold their meeting at the Royal Agricultural Hall on the day of the
annual general meeting ; and he was sure they would desire to thank the
Royal Agricultural Hall Company and the Smithfield Club for their courtesy in
allowing the meeting to be held in that room. He had received a letter in the
following terms from Lord Rothschild : —

“I very much regret having been unavoidably prevented by stress of work from
writing to you before to express my best thanks for the honour conferred on me
by the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society in naming me a Vice-President.
I hope that you will believe that I greatly appreciate the privilege which
associates me with a Society which promotes the welfare and extends the work of
agriculture in which I take so warm an interest.”

The Report of the Finance Committee was received and adopted, together
with the Accounts of the Bristol Show, as to which an explanation was made
to the Council by Mr. Adeane, Chairman of the Committee, Mr. May moved
that a sum of one hundred guineas be voted by the Society to the Lawes and
Gilbert Centenary Celebrations Fund. Mr. G. Norris Midwood having
seconded the motion, Mr. Turner moved as an amendment that the matter be
deferred. He did not see Sir Bowen Bowen-Jones present, but at the meeting
of the Woburn Committee on the previous day they found themselves in a
great deal of difficulty, and probably the Society would have to find a
considerable sum of money to help them out of these difficulties. He thought,
therefore, that it would be better to defer the matter until next February when
a report would be received from the Woburn Committee, who had arranged a
meeting in January to consider the whole question. Until that report was
presented he thought the Council should defer the matter of a contribution to
the Lawes and Gilbert Centenary Fund. Lord Hastings seconded the
amendment, which, with the consent of Mr. May, was put to the meeting and
carried.

xl

Monthly Council , December 10, 1913.

In moving the Report of the Chemical and Woburn Committee, Lord
Hastings said the Council would have heard from the Report that the position
t° 7 °°urn 1was hJ no means satisfactory. Mr. Turner had foreshadowed
+nG t> ^ ^le ^ommittee would have to hold a special meeting, and that
the Report would be presented to the Council in February next, when the
whole subject would come up for discussion.

Lend Northbrook, Chairman of the Tuberculosis Experiment Committee,
stated that the Demonstration commenced by the Society in 1911 had been
rough t to a conclusion. The Report of the Committee had been settled,
printed, and was now in the hands of Members of Council. He would mention
that supplementary to the Report an appendix would be issued which would
giv e t ie temperature charts of the cows tested, the cows obtained for the
purpose of procuring the calves, and also the temperature charts of the
periodical testing of the calves, and the reports of those gentlemen who
examined the carcasses when the animals were slaughtered. It was very-
desirable that when Members studied the Report they should have the
appendix, the charts, and other information before them, and he would
therefore, suggest to the Council that it would be desirable that any discussion
ot the Report be postponed until the next meeting of the Council, by which
tune Members would have had ample time for considering the Report and

nth Pi’ infAvmotiAn ° ^

, ®irc,j0HN1 Thorold, m the absence of the Duke of Devonshire (Chairman
of the Special Committee), presented a Report from the Referee (Dr. William
Somerville), expressing regret that he did not see his way to recommend the
award of the Society’s Gold Medal for Agricultural Research to either of the
authors of the two essays that had been submitted.

On the motion of Mr. Mansell, seconded by Mr. Beville Stanier it

WQC mianiTYlAnol-tr .

was unanimously resolved : —

That the Council of the R.A.S.E1. annrntxm fhA a vrro-n+iv.^ r> n..

The following Standing1 Committees were annnirfor] fro* 1 Ql 1 .

Sir Ailwyn Fellowes gave notice that at the next Council meeting he

1 In mrwp t HP Aurirtn- °

would move the following resolution :

Annual General Meeting , December 10, 1913.

xli

proceebtriQS at tbe annual
General flDeetlng of Governors ant> Members,

HELD AT THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL HALL, ISLINGTON,

WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1913.

THE EARL OF NORTHBROOK (PRESIDENT) IN THE CHAIR.

Present : — Trustees. — Sir J. B. Bowen-Jones, Bart., Lord Moreton, Sir John
H. Thorold, Bart.

Vice-Presidents. — Mr. C. R. W. Adeane, Mr. Percy Crutchley, the Right
Hon. Sir Ailwyn Fellowes, K.C.V.O., Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.Y.O., the
Hon. Cecil T. Parker, the Earl of Yarborough.

Ordinary Members of the Council. — -Mr. D. T. Alexander, Mr. T. L. Aveling,
Captain Clive Behrens, Mr. E. W. Betts. Mr. H. D. Brocklehurst, Mr. Davis
Brown, Mr. T. A. Buttar, Mr. Richardson Carr, Mr. W. W. Chapman, the Hon.
John Cross, Mr. Arthur E. Evans, Mr. John Evens, Mr. James Falconer, Mr.
W. T. Game, Mr. Joseph Harris, Mr. William Harrison, Lord Hastings, Mr.
R. W. Hobbs, Mr. W. J. Hosken, Mr. J. Howard Howard, Mr. W. F. Ingram,
Mr. Dunbar Kelly, Mr. J. L. Luddington, Mr. Alfred Mansell, Mr. W. A. May,
Mr. G. Norris Midwood, Mr. T. H. Miller, Mr. John Myatt, Mr. William Nocton,
Mr. Henry Overman, Mr. C. M. S. Pilkington, Mr. H. Fitzwalter Plumptre,
Mr. J. E. Rawlence, Mr. Frederick Reynard, Mr. Fred Smith, Mr. C. W.
Tindall, Mr. Arthur P. Turner, Mr. E. Y. V. Wheeler, Mr. C. W. Wilson, Mr.
Louis C. Wrigley.

Governors. — Mr. H. L. C. Brassey, M.P., Mr. Beville Stanier, M.P., Mr.
Martin J. Sutton, Mr. H. H. Yivian.

Honorary Member. — Professor Sir John McFadyean.

Members. — Sir William Yincent, Bart., Messrs. E. J. Appleby, E. W. Beck,
Arthur Britten, G. G. Capon, F. J. Casserley, M C. Clarke, Thomas Corbett,
Percy W. Cox, Major P. G. Craigie, C.B., Messrs. Bennett Fitch, Alan R.
Gibson, Henry Walter Gilbey, N. Simons Harrison, W. Higgott, H. G. Hirons,
T. A. Huband, W. T. Jordan, J. Pittman King, Col. A. H. 0. LLoyd, M.Y.O.,
Messrs. K. J. J. Mackenzie, John McLaren, 0. W. Moorsom-Roberts, Thomas M.
Oldham, C. S. Orwin, J. Egerton Quested, J. R. Rawlence, R. Henry Rew,
Frank Riggall, John P. Roberts, St. John B. Roscoe, the Rev. H. M. Rowdon,
Messrs. F. G. Samson, Richard Stratton, C. Howard Taylor, J. Herbert Taylor,
George D. Thody. Howard Thomas, F. H. Thornton, E. Trimen, Eldred G. F.
Walker, Major C. R. B. Wingfield, Professor John Wrightson, &c., &c.

The President, in his opening remarks, said, in the first place, he would
like to express on behalf of the Society their thanks to the Agricultural Hall
Company and the Smithfield Club for their courtesy in again allowing the
Society to hold the meeting in that room, thus affording a great convenience
to large numbers of Members of the Society. He had received a letter from
Lord Middleton expressing regret at his inability to be present that day.

Accounts.

The first item on the agenda was the presentation of the balance-sheet, and
the Council formally submitted the balance-sheet for the year 1912, which,
with the statement of ordinary receipts and expenditure, was published in the
last volume of the Journal. The Society was in a somewhat stronger financial
position than it was a year ago, and from the accounts which all those present
had in their hands it would be seen that the net profit to the Society on the
Bristol Show was 3,115k, which had recouped them for the loss which, owing
to unfortunate circumstances, was incurred at Doncaster last year.

Report.

It would be noticed from the Report of the Council that during the past
year the Society had lost by death a good many of its supporters, and that
among those were several Members and ex-Mem bers of the Council.

xlii Annual General Meeting , December 10, 1913.

The late Sir Richard Cooper was well known, at home and abroad, as a
large and successful breeder and exhibitor of pedigree stock. Sir Richard had
been a Vice-President of the Society, a regular attendant at their Council and
committee meetings, and a Steward of Finance at their Annual Shows. Few
men had given the Society more valuable assistance, and his loss was deeply
regretted by his colleagues.

Mr. Henry Herbert Smith had been a Member of the Society for nearly
forty years, and had been a Member of Council since 1905.

Lord Arthur Cecil, who took a keen interest in horse and pony breeding,
was also an old Member of the Society, and served for five years on the Council.

The late Mr. Joseph Martin, who was present at the annual meeting last
year, was well known to almost all of them. He was a valued Member of
the Council for over thirty years, and although he retired from the Council
in 1905, he continued regularly to attend the general meetings of the Society.

He had with regret also to announce the death of Monsieur Louis Passy,
who had the Honorary Membership of the Society conferred upon him in the
year 1891 for his services to European agriculture. Monsieur Passy was a
distinguished personage in French agricultural circles, and from 1885 until
the present year occupied the position of Secretary of the National Agricultural
Society of France.

They had, he was sorry to say, recently lost another of their honorary
Members by the death of Mr. James Macdonald, who was known to many of
those present as the popular Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural
Society of Scotland, and, amongst other things, the editor of that excellent
and exhaustive work, “Stephens’ Book of the Farm.” Mr. Macdonald was a
great worker in the cause of agricultural education, and was in a great
measure responsible for the establishment of the National Agricultural
Examination Board.

And on Friday last the death occurred of Mr. Headly, of Leicester, who
as an exhibitor in the implement section had attended upwards of fifty of
their annual Shows.

Perhaps the paragraphs in the Report of principal interest were those
which referred to the annual Show held at Bristol in the first week of July.
The Council were glad to report that the Show was a great success in every
respect — in the number and quality of exhibits of live stock, in the implement
and machinery departments, in the attendance, and in the financial result.

His Majesty the King honoured the Society by visiting the Show on
July 4, and made a comprehensive tour of the Showyard, including a visit
to the exhibition from British Dominions overseas, which owed its inception
to the Local Committee at Bristol. His Majesty was graciously pleased to
express his congratulations to the Society on the success of the Show, and his
satisfaction with the arrangements made for his reception and the enthusiastic
welcome given him by all present.

Their hearty thanks were due to the ex-Lord Mayor of Bristol (Mr.
Councillor Lowe) for the great assistance he rendered the Society, and the
hospitality he extended to them. It was with very great pleasure that they
heard that Mr. Lowe was making good progress on the road to recovery from
the severe illness which overtook him at the time of the Show. They were
also indebted to the Members of the Corporation, to the Duke of Beaufort,
Chairman, to Sir Frank Wills, and to the other Members of the Local
Committee, to the Honorary Local Secretaries, the Town Clerk, Mr. Taylor,
and Mr. George Nichols, to the Society of Merchant Venturers and to the
Commoners and inhabitants of Bristol for providing a beautiful site for the
Show.

They also desired to express thanks to the Gloucestershire Agricultural
Society for their co-operation, and for giving up their annual show for the
year.

Any reference to their annual Show would be incomplete without a cordial
expression of their indebtedness to the Honorary Director, Sir Gilbert Greenall,

Annual General Meeting , December 10, 1913. xliii

for his great services. (Applause.) Until he had the honour of being
President of the Society, he hardly realised the enormous amount of work
entailed in the preparation and arrangements for the annual Show, nor did
he adequately appreciate Sir Gilbert’s power of organisation, his power of
work, his resourcefulness, and the amount of time and trouble he so willingly
gave to his duties as Honorary Director. Might he remind them that this was
the eighth occasion on which their hearty thanks had been due to Sir Gilbert
for his valuable services in connection with the Show.

To refer very briefly to the other work of the Council during the past
year, it would be observed that besides the usual scientific, experimental,
educational, and advisory work carried out by the Council through its
Standing Committees, they had undertaken and brought to a conclusion an
interesting demonstration as to the possibility of rearing healthy stock from
tuberculous parents. That Report had been presented to the Council that
morning. It would be printed and circulated, and he believed it would be
read with great interest by stock-breeders throughout the country.

The Committee had also appointed a Sub- Committee who had inquired
into that difficult and perplexing problem — how to deal with swine fever.
Their report also had been presented to the Council that day, and would
shortly be printed and circulated.

The Society had been represented on deputations to the Board of Agricul-
ture on two important matters — the establishment of a national seed-testing
station, and the regulations affecting the importation of cattle, sheep and pigs
from Great Britain to the Colonies and foreign countries, both of which
questions were receiving the consideration of the Board.

The Council had also decided to offer through Local Societies rewards for
skilled agricultural labour and long service, and he was sure the announcement
would meet with the general approval of Members of the Society.

With regard to Membership, they had now 10,434 Governors and Members
on the register, or 127 more than at this time last year. That was so far
satisfactory. But he thought a National Society like theirs might look to a
very considerably larger Membership than they now had. He thought they
should bear in mind that, although something like 700 new Members had been
elected during the year, the net increase, as he had said, was only 127. The
losses to the Society every year in Membership from deaths, resignations, and
other causes were about 500, and that number of new Members was required
each year to keep up their present figures. He would therefore like to make
an earnest appeal to Members of the Society to use their individual efforts and
to endeavour to get their friends and neighbours to join. He believed much
might be done in this way, and that there were many persons who would be
willing to become Members of the Society if personally asked to do so. .

Shrewsbury Show.

The Show next year would be at Shrewsbury.

The schedule of prizes for live stock, which would shortly be issued, would
include a larger number of classes than on any previous occasion, and the
amount offered in prizes was the largest since the Society held their Show at
Windsor in 1889.

The Shrewsbury Local Committee were giving a handsome contribution
towards the prizes, and they had to thank the Breed Societies for again
generously assisting them by offering a large number of prizes in various
classes.

Under the presidency of Lord Powis, and with their good friend Sir Bowen
Bowen-Jones as Chairman of the Executive Committee — (hear, hear)— they
might confidently look forward to a most successful Show at Shrewsbury next
year.

Research Medal.

With regard to paragraph 31 of the report, only two essays had been
submitted this year for the gold medal offered by the Society for original

xliv Annual General Meeting , December 10, 1913.

research in agriculture, and the referee to whom these essays were submitted
regretted that he did not find himself in a position to recommend the award of
the medal to either of the authors of the two papers. He might say that the
regulations governing the award of the Research Medal next year were being
reconsidered, and would, he hoped, be settled by the Council in February.

Adoption of Report.

The President said the Report had been circulated through the post to
each Member of the Society, and the meeting would doubtless be willing that
it should be taken as read. He would therefore call on Mr. Quested to move
its adoption.

Mr. J. Egerton Quested (Cheriton, Kent) regretted that the presentation
of the Report had not been put into better hands than his, but said he would
do his best in asking the meeting to adopt it. He fully endorsed the remarks
that had fallen from the President with regard to the membership, and he was
sure that everyone in the room would appreciate those remarks and try -his
utmost so that at the next Annual General Meeting they would be in a much
better position with regard to the number of Members. With regard to the
paragraph in the Report dealing with foot-and-mouth disease, he was sure that
the Members would appreciate what had been done, and he was obliged to the
Council for moving in that direction. At the same time they all felt much
aggrieved that no good results had emanated from the Deputation to the
President of the Board of Agriculture. Since then there had been an outbreak
of foot-and-mouth disease, and they knew that they were still debarred from
sending their cattle, sheep, and pigs to the Argentine for six months. He
hoped the Council would take notice of this, and would not allow the matter
to lie dormant, but would use every endeavour to get the resolution, which he
understood had been moved and carried by the Council, put into operation.

He would also like to say a word relating to animal diseases, referring
more particularly to sheep scab. He believed that up to the present there had
been something like 141 cases of sheep scab outbreaks during 1913, and he
thought the time had come when the Royal Council should put their finger on
the weak spot of the adminstration of that Order, and try their utmost to
stamp sheep scab out entirely from this country. He thought they would
agree with him that if a large continent like Australia, and New Zealand,
could boast of having an entirely clean bill of health with regard to that
complaint, it was a matter of reflection on the English Board of Agriculture
that our small island had to admit that there had been 141 cases this year.
He had much pleasure in moving the adoption of the report.

Mr. John McLaren (Leeds) had much pleasure in seconding the adoption
of the Report, which had been so ably moved by Mr. Quested. He thought
they would agree that it was a very satisfactory Report. They had a very
good membership, over ten thousand. The profits from the Bristol Show were
altogether satisfactory, and the financial position was, he believed, better than
it had been since the foundation of the Society. All the departments of work
seemed to be “going strong,” and he only regretted, with other Members, that
the offer of awards for research work had not produced a better result. At
the same time, he trusted that the Council would not lose sight of that most
important subject. At the present time he thought that research was probably
one of the most important matters the Council had to consider, and no
doubt the elimination of disease would be largely promoted by considerable
research. He thought that the greatest encouragement would be well
bestowed by the Society upon research work. It had also been a great satis-
faction to him in reading the Report to see how generously the invitations
were coming forward from large centres of population to hold the Show in
their districts. In the history of the Society, he did not think the invitations
had been settled so far ahead as was the case at the present time. He thought
that showed that the work of the Society was being recognised, and that the
public were willing and anxious to do all they could to help forward the work

Annual General Meeting , December 10, 1913. xlv

of that great Society. Then there was another very important matter dealt
with which he trusted would come to fruition in a very short time— the
establishment of a seed-testing station. He saw that there had been a depu-
tation appointed to press forward the claims of agriculturists for a national
station for testiDg seeds. He did not think they all recognised the extreme
importance of the subject. He was quite certain that there was a great deal
of adulteration of seeds at the present day, and he felt sure that if a testing
station were established it would be to the benefit and advantage of agricul-
turists of the country. ,

Mr. 0. W. Moorsom-Roberts (Norbury, Surrey) said that as the Report

showed that the Society was taking a very wide interest in everything that
concerned agriculture he would like to draw attention to the work ot the
Agenda League, a more or less charitable organisation that had been started m
London, one of the objects of which was the supply of milk of the purest kind
to the people of the poorer districts, and as far as possible at a price they could
afford to pay for it. Most of the large County Council schools had a great
demand for pure milk for children, and as a member of the Care Committee
his experience was that there was some difficulty in getting really pure milk.
He suggested that the Council might widen their influence and endeavour to
secure the co-operation of agriculturists in this mattei.

The Report of the Council was then unanimously adopted.

Election of President.

Mr Beville Stanier, M.P. (Market Drayton) said he rose with great
pleasure to propose that the Earl of Powis be elected President of the Society,
to hold office until the next ensuing annual general meeting. He was perfectly
aware that that important position should be held by a great agriculturist, and
in Lord Powis they had a very keen agriculturist, a noted breeder of stock, the
Lord-Lieutenant of the county to which the Show was so soon going, and a
man who was intimately connected with Shropshire, Staffordshire, and the
Welsh counties. He was descended from the great Robert Clive, who had been
one of those who signed the petition to the Crown for the incorporation ot
their Society in 1840. They could be perfectly certain that Lord Powis would
do his utmost to uphold the fair name of the Society, and to carry out the
duties imposed upon him with every credit to themselves.

Major Wing-field (Shrewsbury) did not think it necessary to add much
to what Mr. Stanier had said in proposing Lord Powis as President for next
year, except that, as they were all aware, the Show was to be held at Shrews-
bury next year, and it was a great pleasure to the local Members of the Society
that the Council had selected a local gentleman to hold office as I resident for
the ensuing vear. He could only tell them that the election would be a
popular one in the neighbourhood of the Show, and he hoped the meeting

would support the resolution. . , .

After the motion had been put to the meeting and unanimously earned,

The Chairman said that he had received a letter from Lord Powis expiess-
ing his great regret that an important engagement prevented him from being
present at the meeting that day, and saying that if he were elected President,
he would do his best to promote the interests of the Society, and that he con-
sidered that a very great honour had been conferred upon him.

Election of Trustees.

The President stated that the following twelve Trustees had been
nominated by the Council in accordance with the by-laws, and on a show ot

hands they were duly elected .

HRH Prince Christian, K.G., Cumberland Lodge, Windsor.

Bedford Duke of K.G., Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire.

BowS Jones, SirJ. B.,’ Bart., Council House Court Shrewsbury.

Pnrnwallis F. S. W., Linton Park, Maidstone, Kent.

Coventry Earl of, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Worcestershire.

Devonshire, Duke of, G.C.V.O Chatsworth Chesterfield

Gilbey, Sir Walter, Bart., Elsenham Hall, Elsenham, Essex.

xlvi Annual General Meeting y December 10, 1913.

°h C.C.B., G.C.M.G., Middleton Park, Bicester.

Middleton, Lord, Birdsall House, Malton, Yorks.

Moreton, Lord, Sarsden House, Chipping Norton, Oxon.

Northbrook, Earl of, Stratton, Micheldever, Hampshire.

Thorold, Sir John H., Bart., Old Hall, Syston, Grantham.

Election of Vice-Presidents.

„ Presidents were elected in a similar manner, their names being as

follows : — -

Adeane, O. R. W., Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

Crutchley, Percy, Sunninghill Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire.

tlwi7 i EaTrlT\frf’ G.O-V.O C.B., Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire.

Dugdale, J. Marshall, Llwyn, Llanfyllin, S.O., Mont.

uWo3ieS’ -Hon. ®ir Ailwyn E., K.C.V.O., Honingham, Norwich,

eversham, Earl of, Duncombe Park, Helmsley, Yorkshire.

Greaves R. M., Wern, Portmadoc, North Wales.

■ Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart., C.Y.O., Walton Hall, Warrington.

Pa°rW^er an H-H., Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.

Parker, Hon. Cecil T., The Grove, Corsham, Wiltshire.

Rothschild, Lord, Tring Park, Hertfordshire.

Yarborough, Earl of, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire.

Election of Auditors.

Major P G. Craig-ie, C.B. (Lympstone), said he had much pleasure, as an
ordinary Member of the Society, in moving the re-appointment of the Auditors.

eims o the motion were “ that the best thanks of the Society be tendered
to Messrs. Jonas M. Webb, Hubert J. Greenwood, and Newell P. Squarey for
their services as Auditors, and that they be re-elected for the ensuing year.”
He was quite sure that his fellow Members did not regard that as altogether a
01 ma motion, for their best thanks were certainly due to those gentlemen for
e care and trouble they took for dealing with the accounts of that great
Society. Re-echoing the President’s feeling, he was sure that if individual
Members of the Society would do their utmost to strengthen the membership,

1 ier^er the task of the Auditors still more pleasant.

ihe motion was seconded by Mr. J. Herbert Taylor and carried nem. con.

Elections to the Council.

The President then announced, in accordance with By-law 87, the names
ot the following Ordinary Members of Council who had been elected to represent
the several Divisions of the Society included in Group “B,” in order that the
meeting might “ take cognizance of their election”

Middleton, Christopher, Vane Terrace, Darlington.

Yorks (West Riding), (two representatives) : Lane-Fox, George R MP Bram-

.. t Dytm Park, Boston Spa, and Stany forth, E. W Kirk Hammerton Hall York

Suttom wiSoawaS?3’ Eank8borough' °akllam-

P?ymta!f : Mw^ewS’ Little Shardeloes, Amersham.

T nnM.h m*,Cton Wlllia™' ^Hll House, Boxted, near Colchester.

London (three representatives) : Frank, Howard, 20 Hanover Sauare W • Mav

HouJ'Norfol^ltrTefwc' Strand’ W-°' : and Ck~

Lori’ Brogyntyn' 0swestey' aad

Hereford : Turner, Arthur P.. Fayre Oakes, Hereford.

South Wales : Rogers, C. Coltman, Stanage Park, Brampton Brvan

wlb-sv,- Hlne’ J°ihn He?ry’ Homphlett Farm, Plymstock, Plymouth

S pv ^?Wienile’ Ja“es b TA6 Chantry, Wilton, Salisbury. '

^Surrey . Kelly, Dunbar, Coombe Farm, Kingston-on-Thames. *

Hampshire : Seward, Capt. Percy W., Weston, Petersfleid.

■"Additional representative elected under By-law 83.

Suggestions of Members.

renn A to haVi,ng i?qnLred “ any GoremOT or Member bad any

remark to make or suggestion to offer for the consideration of the Council,

to oA J jE,AK!i Sald that at the general meeting last year he ventured
, *te“tlon to the very unsatisfactory condition with regard to swine

Veterinary' P was;Plea“d hear that they might expect a report from the
termary Committee. He did not desire to anticipate that report, but he

Annual General Meeting , December 10, 1913. xlvii

wished very seriously again to direct attention to the terrible condition of the
disease in the country. A year ago they anticipated that some really effective
measures would be taken to deal with it. He was a farmer a,nd also a
veterinary surgeon, and he would like to protest against the injustice that he
considered rested upon the profession in regard to the methods taken to deal
with it. It was now twenty years since the Board of Agriculture took it over,
and if anyone would take the trouble to read the reports of the Veterinary
Advisors from the outset, he would see that strenuous measures had been
advocated, and if these had been carried out, he ventured to say there would
not be more cases of swine fever than Mr. Quested had told them there weie of
sheep scab. He seriously hoped that every Member would do his utmost to
induce the powers that be to stamp out this great scourge from amongst them.
He was sure that if they could only induce the Chancellor of the Exchequer to
extend some of his civilities to protecting the poor man’s pig and leave the
pheasants to look after the mangold wurzels, he would be doing an immense
service to the country. (Laughter.)

Mr. Bennett Fitch (Ealing) drew attention to the disadvantage of the
British farmer who had to spend large sums on manure, while corn could be
grown on virgin land abroad without any manure.

The President said the questions raised would receive the attention of

the Council.

Thanks to President.

Mr. Martin J. Sutton (Wargrave) said he had the very great honour and
privilege of proposing a vote of thanks to the President for his services during
the year. No word was needed from him or from anyone else to induce the
meeting to pass such a motion. They could not help remembering what a
wonderful help he had always been. Referring to the question of new
Members of the Society, if all future Presidents did as well as Lord Northbrook
had done during the past year, in. nominating so many new Members from
Hampshire, the membership would soon be increased by several thousands.
All who had been privileged to sit under his lordship’s chairmanship, either at
the Royal, the Royal Counties, or elsewhere, realised that he was sitting under
a chairman or president with a marked ability for the post, and that ability
had never been more exemplified than that day. They wished to thank Lord
Northbrook sincerely for what he had done for the Royal. They were pleased
to know that at the meeting of the Smithfield Club on the previous day he had
been good enough to become president of that institution for the next year.

Sir William Vincent was glad to have the honour of seconding the vote
of thanks to the President, and to endorse every word Mr. Sutton had said. It
was a matter of great thankfulness that, in spite of the adverse circumstances
which seemed to beset the world in these times, the Royal Agricultural Society
had been able to show such a good record of work in the past year, due, in a
great measure, to the efforts of the President. He heartily seconded the vote
of thanks to him for his great services during the past year.

The motion was then put to the meeting by Mr. Sutton, and carried by

acclamation. Ll . .

The President, in reply, begged to thank Mr. Sutton for the very kind

way in which he had proposed the vote of thanks, Sir William Vincent for
seconding it, and all present for the cordial reception given to it. He felt it a
great honour to have occupied the position of President of that great Society
for the past year, and he would always look back with pleasure to his term of
office. He had found the work very easy, thanks to the able assistance he had
received from the Secretary, Mr. McRow, and his staff, and Sir Gilbert Greenall
had relieved him of all anxiety with regard to the Show. He had received the
greatest kindness from every Member of the Council during the year, and he
wished to thank them for the loyal support they had given him in carrying out,
his duties. If, in the future, he could ever do anything to promote and forward
the welfare and interests of the Society, he would have the very greatest
pleasure in doing it.

xlviii

BRISTOL SHOW,

JULY 1 to 5, 1913.

©(finals cf tl )t Sljolu-

PRESIDENT :

THE EARL OF NORTHBROOK.

Honorary Director.

Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bart., C.Y.O., Walton Hall, Warrington.

Stewards of Live Stock.

Horses.

Cyril E. Greenall, The Manor, Carlton Scroop, Grantham.
John Rowell, Bury, Huntingdon.

Cattle.

Joseph Harris, Brackenburgh Tower, Carlisle.

Sheep and Pigs.

C. W. Tindall, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire.

Steward of Dairying and Poultry.

Ernest Mathews, Little Shardeloes, Amersham, Bucks.

Steward of Forage.

H. W. Seccombe Wills, 15 Orchard Street, Bristol.

Steward of Veterinary Examination.

Cyril E. Greenall, The Manor, Carlton Scroop, Grantham.

Stewards of Implements.

F. S. W. Cornwallis, Linton Park, Maidstone.

The Hon. J. E. Cross, High Legh, Knutsford.

Stewards of Refreshments.

Percy Crutchley, Sunninghill Lodge, Ascot.

William Harrison, Hall House, Leigh, Lancashire.

Steward of Education Exhibition.

Sir J. B. Bowen- Jones, Bart., Council House Court, Shrewsbury.
Stewards of Horticultural Exhibition.

The Hon. John R. de C. Boscawen, Tregye, Perranwell, Cornwall.
A. A. Baton, Oneida, Sefton Park, Liverpool.

Stewards of Forestry.

George Marshall, Broadwater, Godaiming.

C. Coltman Rogers, Stanage Park, Brampton Brian.

Stewards of Finance.

Charles R. W. Adeane, Babraham Hall, Cambridge
Thomas L. Aveling, Boley Hill House, Rochester
Richardson Carr, Estate Office, Tring Park, Herts.

Sir Richard Cooper, Bart., Shenstone Court, Lichfield.

Surveyor.

J. R. Naylor, F.R.I.B.A., Smith’s Bank Chambers, Derby.

Secretary.

Thomas McRow, 16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.

xlix

List of Judges at Bristol , 1913.

JUDGES OF IMPLEMENTS.

Trials of Milking Machines.

(Trials held in April, 1913.)

Bayntun Hippisley, Ston Easton Park, near Bath.

James Sadler, Crewe Gates, Crewe.

Trials of Hand Power Machines for Applying Fungicides or Insecticides in Powder Form.

(Trials held in May, 1913.)

Charles S. Martin, Dunnington Heath, Alcester.

James M. Young, Beechwood, Clarkson Avenue, Wisbech.

Miscellaneous Implements entered for Silver Medals.

c W. C. Brown, Appleby, Doncaster.

Harry W. Buddicom, Penbedw, Nannerch, Mold.

JUDGES OF LIVE STOCK, &c.

HORSES.

Shires. — Classes 1-10.

A. H. Clark, Moulton Eaugate,
Spalding.

James Whinnerah, Warton Hall,
Carnforth.

Clydesdales. — Classes 11-18.

George Bean, West Ballochy, Mon-
trose.

David Kerr, Marshalland, Beith,
Ayrshire.

Suffolks. — Classes 19-26.

Thomas Cook, Hobland House,
Bradwell, Great Yarmouth.

W. R. Hustler. Earls Hall, Cock-
field, R.S.O., Suffolk.

Hunters. — Classes 27-40.

R. M. Harries, The Croft, St. Clears,
South Wales.

J. W. A. Harris, Ballykisteen Stud,
Limerick Junction, Co. Tipperary.

Polo Ponies. — Classes 41-45.

Eustace H. Barlow, Sigsworth,
Pateley Bridge, Yorkshire.

Rev. A. E. Green Price, Tarrington
Rectory, near Hereford.

Cleveland Bays and Coach Horses. —

Classes 46 and 47.

W. Scarth Dixon, Fairlight, Luton,
Beds,

Hackneys. — Classes 48-56.

Alfred Rowell, West Rudham
Hall, King's Lynn.

John Wreghitt, East Thorpe,
Market Weighton.

Hackney Ponies. — Classes 57-60.

W. Forrester Addie, Estate Office,
Powis Castle, Welshpool.

Gavin Hadden, St. Audreys, Priory
Road, Malvern.

Shetland Ponies. — Classes 61 and 62.

Gavin Hadden, St. Audreys, Priory
Road, Malvern.

Welsh Ponies. — Classes 63-67.

JohnR. Bache, Stud Farm, Knighton,
Radnorshire.

Riding Hunters. — Classes 68-74.

J. S. H. Fullerton, Rodwell Hall,
Trowbridge.

Rev. E. A. Milne, Chilfrome, Dor-
chester.

Park Hack and Riding Ponies. —

Classes 75-78.

M. A. Martinez de Hoz, 12, Hobart
Place, London, S.W.

Harness Horses. — -Classes 79-90.

M. A. Martinez de Hoz, 12, Hobart
Place, London S.W.

Alfred Rowell, West Rudham
Hall, King’s Lynn.

Draught Horses. — - Class 91.

John T. C. Eadie, The Rock, New-
ton Solney, Burton-on-Trent.

1

List of Judges at Bristol , 1913.

CATTLE.

Shorthorns — Classes 92-104.

Robert Bruce, Leinster House,
Dublin.

William Duthie, Collynie, Tarves,
Aberdeenshire.

John Handley, Green Head, Miln-
thorpe.

Dairy Shorthorns. — Classes 105-109.
Allan Skelton, Rosewarne Farm,
Woodham Ferris, Essex.

Richard Stratton, The Duffryn,
Newport, Mon.

Lincolnshire Red Shorthorns. —
Classes 111-118.

Joseph Brocklebank, Carlton-le-
Moorland, Newark.

George Marris, Kirmington, Brock-
lesbury, Lines.

Herefords. — Classes 120-127.

T. S. Minton, Montford, Shrewsbury.
James Stuckey, Whare Koa, Beaford,
N. Devon.

Devons. — Classes 128-134.

F. S. Merson, Doniford, Watchet,
Somerset.

♦

South Devons. — Classes 136-140.

John Hoare, Mount Barton, Staver-
ton, Totnes.

Longhorns. — Classes 142-145.

William Shaw, Fradley Old Hall,
near Lichfield.

Sussex. — Classes 147-152.

William Massie, Mulgrave Estate
Office, Lythe, Whitby.

Welsh. — Classes 153-158.

William Jones, Plas-y-Bryn, Llan-
bedr, Merionethshire.

Red Polls. — Classes 159-163.
Herbert P. Blofield, Morley Manor,
Wymondham, Norfolk.

Aberdeen-Angus. — Classes 165-170.

George Cran, Morlich, Glenkindie,
Aberdeenshire.

W. S. Ferguson, Pictstonhill, Perth.

Galloways. — Classes 171-175 ,\ and
Highland. — Classes 176 and 177.
David Brown, Stepford, Dumfries.

Ayrshires. — Classes 178 and 179.

James Neill, Barleith, Hurlford,
Kilmarnock.

British Holsteins. — Classes 181-185.

Samuel Wallace, Swangleys’, Kneb-
worth Station, Herts.

Jerseys. — Classes 187-194.

John A. Falle, Faldouet Farm,
Gorey, Jersey.

Herbert Padwick, The Manor
House, West Thorney, Emsworth.

Guernseys. — Classes 196-201.

T. R. Gallienne, The Ponchez,
Castel, Guernsey.

Kerrys.— Classes 203-206 : and
Dexters. — Classes 208-211.

G. Titus Barham, Sudbury Park,
Wembley, Middlesex.

Dairy Cattle.— Classes 213 and 214.

Allan Skelton, Rosewarne Farm,
Woodham Ferris, Essex.

Richard Stratton, The Duffryn,
Newport, Mon.

Milk Yield Prizes and Butter Tests.

Awards made on Certificate of the
Steward of Dairying. '

SHEEP.

Oxford Downs.— Classes 216-220.

John Bryan, Woodside, Southleigh,
Oxon.

James P. Case, Binham, Wighton,
Norfolk.

Shropshires. — Classes 221-226.

Charles Coxon, Elford Park, Tam-
worth.

Robert F. H. White, Aghavoe,
Ballacolla, Queen’s Co., Ireland. ’

Southdowns. — Classes 227-232.

John Langmead, Bailiffs Court,
Climping, Littlehampton.

John Tompkins, Old Place Farm,
Angmering, Worthing.

Hampshire Downs. — Classes 233-240.

G. B. Allen, Upper Clatford,
Andover.

Joseph Dean, Westwood, Wilton
Road, Salisbury.

List of Judges at Bristol , 1913.

li

Suffolks. — Classes 241-246.

J. R. Grimsey, St. Helena, Dunwich,
Suffolk.

Dorset Downs. — Classes 247-249.

Alfred 0. Symes, Kingston Russell,
Dorchester.

Dorset Horns. — Classes 250-253.

W. J. Chick, Stratton, Dorchester.

Rylands. — Classes 254-257.

D. J. Thomas, Talachddu, Brecon.

Kerry Hill (Wales) —

Classes 258 and 259.

T. E. Kinsey, Winsbury, Chirbury,
Salop.

Lincolns. — Classes 260-266.

B. Casswell, Pointon House, Folking-
ham.

John Jackson, Etton Westwood,
Beverley.

Leicesters. — Classes 267-270.

David Linton, Low Street Brewery,
Bedale, Yorkshire.

Border Leicesters.— Classes 271-273.

James Jeffrey, Deuchrie, Preston-
kirk.

James Whyte, Hayston, Glamis,
N.B.

\ ‘

Wensleydales. — Classes 274-277.

Edward Horseman, Broken Brae
Farm, Richmond, Yorks.

R. H. Milner, Mowbrick, Hest Bank,
Lancaster.

Lonks.— Classes 278 and 279 ; and
Derbyshire Gritstones.— Classes 280
and 281.

Samuel Lund, Laycock, Keighley,
Yorkshire.

Kent or Romney Marsh.—

Classes 282-287.

H. M. Cobb, Higham, Rochester.
Arthur Finn, Westbrook House,
Lydd, Kent.

Cotswolds.— Classes 288-291.

T. S. Tayler, Idstone, Shrivenham,
Berkshire.

Devon Long Wools. — Classes 292-294.

Charles L. Hancock, The Manor
House, Cothelestone, Bishop’s
Lydeard.

South Devons. — Classes 295-299.

John H. Cornish, Lower Torr, East
Allington, S.O.

Dartmoors.— Classes 300-302.

John Mead, Corringdon Farm, South
Brent, Devon.

Exmoors. — Classes 303-305.

John Gammin, Bray Town, High
Bray, South Molton.

Cheviots. — Classes 306-308.

William Moffat, Garwald, Lang-
holm, N.B.

Herdwicks. — Classes 309 and 310.
Tom Irving, Forest Hall, Kendal.

Welsh Mountain. — Classes 311 and 312.

R. E. Jones, Hafod, Corwen, North
Wales.

Black-faced Mountain. —

Classes 313 and 314.

Tom Irving, Forest Hall, Kendal.

PIGS.

Large Whites. — Classes 315-322.

Col. F. A. Walker- Jones, The
Manor House, Burton, Westmor-
land.

Middle Whites.— Classes 323-328.

John Angus, Whitefield, Morpeth,
N orthumberland.

Tamworths. — Classes 329-334.

Robert Ibbotson, The Hawthorns,
Knowle, Warwickshire.

Berkshires. — Classes 335-340.

Hon. Claud B. Portman, Goldicote,
Stratford-on-Avon.

Large Blacks. — Classes 341-346.

J. Oscar Muntz, Heathcot, Yelver-
ton, South Devon.

Lincolnshire Curly-coated. —

Classes 347-352.

T. M. Cartwright, The Villa, Rise-
holme, Lincoln.

lii

List of Judges at Bristol , 1913.

POULTRY.

Classes 353-492.

W. W. Broomhead, Chalfont St.
Peter, Bucks.

Edward A. Cass, Candlesby House,
Burgh R.S.O., Lincolnshire.

J. E. D. Moysey, Venton, Totnes,
Devon.

Herbert P. Mullens, Oaken,
Wol verhampton.

C. Sneddon, Baldersby, Yorkshire.
R. Stainthorp, Darlington.

Clem Watson, Oxhey, Watford.

PRODUCE.

Butter. — Classes 493-500.

Miles Benson, Theale, Reading.

Cheese. — Classes 501-510.
Professor R. J. Drummond, Dairy
School, Kilmarnock.

John Pakeman, Chellaston, Derby.

Cider and Perry. — Classes 511-518.

W. J. Grant, Pentonville, Newport,
Mon.

James Slatter, Paxford, Campden,
Glos.

Wool. — Classes 519-527.

J. T. Haddon, 19, Dale Street, Brad-
ford.

Hives and Honey. — Classes 528-554.

T. W. Cowan, Upcott House, Taunton.
C. L. M. Eales, The Elms, Tiverton,
Devon.

W. F. Reid, Field Side, Addlestone,
Surrey.

Rev. H. G. Stanley, Marshfield
Vicarage, Cardiff.

COMPETITIONS.

Jumping.

Michael G. Lloyd Baker, The
Cottage, Hardwicke, Gloucester.

F. L. Gooch, F.R.C.V.S., St. Martin’s,
Stamford.

F. H. Schwind, Badminton Club,
Piccadilly, W.

Horse-shoeing.

Brennan de Vine, F.R.C.V.S., Holli-
day Street Wharf, Birmingham.
Robert Vigar, A.F.C.L., Towns End,
Caterham, Surrey.

Butter-making.

John Benso^, The Kettering Dairy,
Dalkeith Place, Kettering.

Professor R. J. Drummond, Dairy
School, Kilmarnock.

FARMS.

Classes 1-5.

William Nunnerley, Kenwick,
Ellesmere, Shropshire.

T. L. Walker, Knightwick Manor,
Worcester.

FORESTRY.

Robert Anderson, Cirencester.

A. T. Gillanders, Park Cottage,
Alnwick,

PLANTATIONS AND HOME
NURSERIES.

M. C. Duchesne, F.S.I., Farnham
Common, Slough.

Professor H. A. Pritchard, F.S.I.,
Royal Agricultural College, Ciren-
cester.

HORTICULTURE.

Rev. A. T. Boscawen, Ludgvan
Rectory, Long Rock, R.S.O., Corn-
wall.

J. H. Goodacre, V.M.H., Elvaston
Castle Gardens, Derby.

A. MacKellar, V.M.H., Royal Gar-
dens, Windsor.

Thomas Stevenson, Woburn Place
Gardens, Addlestone, Surrey.

CHIEF VETERINARY OFFICER.

John Malcolm, F.R.C.V.S., Holliday
Street Wharf, Birmingham.

VETERINARY INSPECTORS.

W. J. Cade, M.R.C.V.S., Boar’s Head
Yard, College Place, Bristol.
Professor J. Macqueen, F.R.C.V.S.,
Royal Veterinary College, Camden
Town, London, N.W.

W. Stanley Carless, M.R.C.V.S.,
The Butts, Worcester.

Brennan de Vine, F.R.C.V.S., Holli-
day Street Wharf, Birmingham.

F. L. Gooch, F.R.C.V.S., St. Martin’s,
Stamford.

W. E. Litt, M.R.C.V.S., St. John’s
House, Shrewsbury.

R. Porch, F.R.C.V.S., 1 Richmond
Hill, Clifton, Bristol.

W. A. Welch, M.R.C.V.S., Walcot
Street, Bath.

ASSISTANT VETERINARY OFFICER.

William Trigger, F.R.C.V.S.,
Newcastle, Staffs.

liii

AWARDS OF PRIZES AT BRISTOL,

1913-

ABBREVIATIONS.

I„ First Prize. IX., Second Prize. III., Third Prize. IV., Fourth Prize.

V., Fifth Prize. R. N., Reserve Number. H. C., Highly Commended.

N.B. — The responsibility for the accuracy of the description or pedigree, and for
the eligibility to compete of the animals entered in the following classes, rests
solely with the Exhibitors.

Unless otherwise stated, each Prize Animal in the Classes for Horses, Cattle, Sheep,

and Pigs, was “bred by Exhibitor.

No.in

Cata-

logue

1

HORSES.

Shires.

Class 1. — Shire Stallions , foaled in 1912. 1
[11 entries, 3 absent.]

I (£20.)-John C. Jackson, The Grange, Askern, Doncaster, for Champion s
Comrade bay bred by D. C. & E. H. Jones. The Bank, Pool Quay, Welshpool , .
Child wick Champion 22215, d. Bonnie Princess 53154 ^Nomoor ^tags^n 189&^

7 TT <".£10 1— Sir Arthur Nicholson, Highfield Hall, Leek, foi Leek uaunuess, uc y,

bred by A & C Brake, Dodford Lodgl, Weedon : s. Minims Champion 26462, d.
Dodford Queenie 50874 by Lockmge Forest King h brown bred

8 III (i:5.)— Lord Rothschild. Trmg Park, Herts, for Moulton Nonsuch, b own, o

by A H Clark, Moulton Eaugate, Spalding ; s. Babmgley N ulh Secundi
Tatton Duchess 62082 by Tatton Dray King 23777- fnr

5 R. N. & H. C.— Dan MASSEY, Crumleigh Heath, Little Leigh, North wic ,

Crumleigli Sensation.

Class 2 .—Shire Stallions , foaled in 1911. [11 entries, 4 absent.]

18 I. (£20.) — Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Tandridge Futur® ’

black, bred by Max Michaelis, Tandridge Court Oxted, Surrey ; s. King of Tan
ririrlo-e 24351 d Cippenham Merle 53442 by Hendre Champion 180/. . f

13 II (/l0 )-A GRANDAOE, Bramhope Stud, Monks Heath Alderley, Cheshire for

13 Duke’S Double 30385, hay.’ bred by W. T. Hayr, feester ’ *

Halstead Royal Duke 25255, d. Lang Dray Queen ^ ^.^^/ fnr Nnrhurv Coronation
IQ ttt ( ft) 1 LEOPOLD SALOMONS, Norbury Park, Dorking, tor JNloroury eorouduuu

30753 bay ; a Norbury Menestrel 23543, i. Ludboro' Royal Lassie 54548 by Lockmge

20 RF°n!& H.a-SIR Berkeley G. D. SHEFFIELD, BY.. Normanby Park, Doncaster,

for Flixboro’ King.

Class 3. — Shire Stallions, foaled in 1910. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

28 I. (£20 & Champion.2)— F . W. Griffin, Boro’ Fen. Peterhorough for

Dray King 29795, brown, bred by T. Horn, Rowmgton, M arwick , s. Friar John -Kbb,

d Darwen Dray Queen 53586 by Drayman 23rd 19551. Tnwford

93 TT t£l0 & R N for Champion. 2 )-Edgar Appleby, Avon Lodge, Long Lawtora,
Rugby, for" Royston Forest King 30863, brown, bred by the ; Exors oi the late C.
Etchel, Royston Grange, Winster, Matlock Bath ; s. Bedlynch Forest King -36.6. ii.

Royston Speedwell 58209 by Markeaton Special Brand. , Menestrel

or ttt ( £5 i Tames Gould Crouchley, Lymm. Cheshire, for Snowdon ivienesirei

26 'lom bay, b?ed bytSe University College of North Wales, Bangor ; j. BirdsaR
Menestrel 19337, d. Madryn Rosy Morn 57646 by Boro ^Jgueror 2nd 18546.

30 IV (£4)— SIR ARTHUR NICHOLSON, Highfield Hall, Leek, for iandriage rorebter

29928 bay, bred by Max Michaelis, Tandridge Court, Oxted ; s Shamrock
Tandridge 25620, d. Yatesbury Fan 52715 by Lockinge Forest King 1886 7.

31 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Minion. .

1 Prizes given by the Shire Horse Society. . . , Q4.Qnir.ri

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the Shire Horse Society for the best Stallion m
Classes 1-3.

liv

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was 11 bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 4. — Shire Fillies , foaled in 1912. [14 entries, 5 absent.]

44 I. (.£20.) The Duke of Westminster, Eaton Hall, Chester, for Eaton Encore, bay,

bred by John Broad, Wallington, Worthenbury, Wrexham ; s. Eaton Nunsuch 27301,
d. Bounce 35108. by Hatherton 4443,

46 II. (£10.)— J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Pendley Champion’s Queen,

Toorw-j s" Childwick Champion 22215, d. Pendley Queen 57974 by Lockinge Forest King
18867.

34 III. (£5.)— The Esors. of the late George Cowing. Yatesbury Manor, Caine.
Wilts., for Yatesbury Sunshine, bay, bred by George Cowing ; s. Friars Master 27348,
d. Creslow Sunlight 56623 by Beachendon Royal Harold 19325.

45 IV. (£4.) W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton, for Belchford Queen, bay,

bred by A. Chatterton, Belchford, Horncastle ; s. Heale Adonis 25273, d. Belchford
Duchess 69575 by Ragged Boy 2nd 22700.

43 R. N. & H. 0— Leopold Salomons, Norbury Park, Dorking, for Norbury Sea Gull.

Class 5. — Shire Fillies, foaled in 1911. [7 entries, 2 absent.]

50 I. (£20, & R. N. for Champion, i )— Sir Arthur Nicholson, Highfield Hall, Leek,
for Leek Dorothy 71405, bay ; s. Redlynch Forest King 23626, d. Leek Dainty 51487 by
Girton Meteor 19649,

53 II. (£10.)- J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Garston Surprise 70884, black,
bred by G. A. Cobb. Woodside, Garston, Watford ; s. Mimms Champion 26462 d.
Belgrave Blag don 50203 by Exton Duke 21411.

52 H- Whitley, Primlev Farm, Paignton, for Rickford Gem 72188, bay,

bred by the Exors. of the late Lord Winterstoke. Coombe Lodge, Blagdon : s. King
Cole 7th 23651. d. Rickford Dazzle 61641 by Childwick Champion 22215.

49 R. N. & H. C. F. E. Muntz, Umberslade, Hockley Heath, for Writtle Dray Queen.
Class 6. — Shire Fillies, foaled in 1910. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

61 I. (£20, & Champion. i)—J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Halstead

5u^ess 67223, bay, bred by John Bradley, Halstead, Tilton, Leicester: s.
tt forest King 23626, d. Halstead Duchess 6th 54035 by Menestrel 14180.

^ SjJ® Berkeley G. L). Sheffield, Bt., Normanby Park, Doncaster, for

Normanby Dewy Morn 68036, bay ; s. Childwick Champion 22215, d. Crossmoor 41519
by Crossmoor Carbon 19525.

57 III. (£5.) Sir Walpole Greenwell, Bt., Marden Park, Woldingham, Surrey for
Tandridge Bracelet 68878, brown, bred by Max Michaelis, Tandridge Court, Oxted ;
s. Shamrock of Tandridge 25620, d. Fuchsia of Tandridge 53941 by Lockinge Forest
King 18867.

60 R. N. & H. C.— W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton for Sussex Pride 68861.
Class 7. — Shire Mares, foaled in or after 1909, with Foals at foot.

[5 entries, 1 absent.]

62 ^OO-'John Halstead, Tilton, Leicester, for Halstead Royal Duchess

63853 bay, foaled in 1909 ; s. Lockinge Forest King 18867, d. Halstead Duchess 3rd
42121 by Menestrel 14180. [Foal by Rickford Coming King 27709 ]

63 X|in(pif10>;o~Rf0^B^T H^oHVBi^d^pLG^nge’ Biddulph, Staffs, for Johnson Belle

64059, bay, foaled in 1909, bred by W. Moat, Johnson Hall, Eccleshall. Staffs.; s.
Dunsmore Raider 21367, d, Danesfleld Juliet 28206 by Traitor 15401. [Foal by Rickford
coming King J/7uy.J

64 HI. (£5.)— Thomas Jones, Quarry Farm, Godstone, Surrey, for Chatley Rose 63196
bay, foaled in 1909, bred by Mrs. S. F. Bourne, Norton St. Philip Bristol • s Amberlev
Fore?teKing928035 Rickford Daisy 37032 by Calwich Prince 15531. [Foal by Ansty

66 R. N. & H. C. Charles Morris, Highfield Hall, St. Albans, for Tandridge Gem.

Class 8 —Shire Mares, foaled in or before 1908, with Foals at foot.

[11 entries, 2 absent.]

03 t. ^20-)— Sir AValpole Greenwell, Bt., Marden Park, Woldingham, Surrey,
for Marden Peach 54607, bay, foaled in 1906; s. Lockinge Forest King 18867 d.
Marden Pride 48686 by* Oodnor Harold 17266. [Foal by Norbury Menestrel 23543.]

76 H. (£10.)— W & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton, for Mollington
3, bay, foaled m 1904. bred by C. E. Bruce Frv, Moliington, Banbury ;

Cwim^ FrueSti ^rm-m867, f ^atthorpe Mai maison 16389 hV Cronton Magna
nn TVdarta 9165- [P°al by Childwick Champion 22215].

72 Park’ Herts-' for lilleshall Countess 57540,

bay foated an 1907, bred by the i Duke of Sutherland, K.G., Lilleshall, Newport
Salop; s. Dunsmore Jameson 1,972, d. Lilleshall Moss Rose 42512 by Markeaton
Ro>al Harold 1522o. [Foal by Babmgley Nulli Secundus 26993].

74 KCkster. forHi,aVlo?esteErSEELEY & D’ SHEggIELD' BT- Normanby Part. Don-
Filly^^Classes 4-8^ Me<^aX ^iVen tXlQ ^Rlre H°rSe ^°Ciety ^or tke kes^ ■^'are or

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. iv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was bred by exhibitor. ]

Class 9. — Shire Colt Foals , the produce of Mares entered in Classes 7 or 8.

[6 entries, none absent.]

80 I. (£10.) — Sir Berkeley G. D. Sheffield, Bt., Normanby Park Doncaster, for
bay, foaled March 14 ; s. Slipton King 26692, d. Lady Forester 54384 by Lockmge

83 II. (jG5.) — J. G. Williams. Pendley Manor, Trmg, for Pendley Menestrel, bay, foaled
March 10 ; .s. Norbury Menestrel 23543, d. Pendley Lady Mayoress 61470 by Lockmge

Forest King 18867. TT ^ , „ , .

79 III (£3 )— J. E. & A. W. POTTER, Tarnacre House, Garstang, for bay, foaled
Feb. 18 ; s. Lunesdale Kingmaker 23469, d. Champion s Choice 59769 by Childwick
Champion 22215.

82 R. N. & H. C.— W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton.

Class 10. — Shire Filly Foals , the produce of Mares entered in Classes 7 or 8.

[10 entries, 4 absent.]

91 I (.£10.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for bay, foaled March 28 ; s.
Babingley Nulli Secundus 26993, d. Lilleshall Countess 57540 by Dunsmore Jameson
17972.

86 II (£5 )— Robert Heath, Biddulph Grange, Biddulph, Staffs., for black, foaled
Feb. 22 ; s. Rickford Coming King 27709, d. Johnson Belle 64059 by Dunsmore Raider
21367. 1

84 III (£3 )— JOHN BRADLEY, Halstead, Tilton, Leicester, foaled April 20 ; s: Rickford
Coming King 27709, d. Halstead Royal Duchess 63853 by Lockinge Forest King 18867.

88 R. N. & H. c.— Thomas Jones, Quarry Farm, Godstone, Surrey.

Clydesdales.1

Class 11. — Clydesdale Stallions , foaled in 1912. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

94 I. (£20 & R. N. for Champion. 2 )-Robert BRYDON, The Dene, Seaham Harbour,
for Phillinine (vol 35 p. 642), bay, bred by J. G. Phillips, The Baggrah, Low Row,
Carlisle ; 1 Bonnie Buchlyvie 14032, d. Denton Lady 33569 by Royal Bounty 10873.

98 II (£10.)— A. & W. MONTGOMERY, Netherhall and Banks, Kirkcudbright for
black bred by George W. Cowie, Easterbo, Turriff; s. Everlasting 11331, d. Cress

95 IIL7(£5J— W^DUNLOP, Dunure Mains, Ayr, for Dunure Footmark (vol. 35, p. Ill),
brown, bred by John Leckie, Inchwood, Campsie ; s. Dunure Footprint 15203, d. Keir
Bellona 23908 by Hiawatha 10067.

97 R. N. & H. C.— MESSRS. Little, Moss Side, Crosby-on-Eden, Carlisle, for Burgles
Favourite.

Class 12. — Clydesdale Stallions, foaled in 1911. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

109 T f£20 ) —A & W. MONTGOMERY, Netherhall and Banks. Kirkcudbright, for Baron
" Signet 17099, bay, bred by J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar; s. Barons

Pride 9122, d. Nellie of Harviestoun 16782 by Royal Favourite 10630.

101 II (£10 )— W DUNLOP, Dunure Mains, Ayr, for Dunure Stephen (vol. 34, p. 163),
bay bred by Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station; s. Baron of Buchlyvie

11263, d. Minniewawa 21620 by Hiawatha 10067. . . . ,

103 III (£5.)— A. & W. MONTGOMERY, for Glencaple (vol. 34, P-,69), bay, bred by
D. P. Elliot, Nisbet Hill, Duns ; s. Sam Black 14348, d. Baron s Beauty 23649 by

Baron’s Pride 9122.

Class 13.— Clydesdale Stallions , foaled in 1910. [7 entries, 4 absent.]

105 I. (£20, & Champion.2)— W. Dunlop, Dunure Mains, Ayr, for The Dunure 16839,
brown bred by J. & T. Robertson, Clendrie, Kirkcolm ; s. Baron of Buchlyvie 11263,

110 ^5^ ‘MSfrMan. Little Wratting, HaverML Suffolk tor
Invicta 16644, brown, bred by T. Nesbitt, Abington Grange, Cambs., s. Harviestoun
Baron 14159, d. Snowdrop 26997 by Cairndale 13394.

Class 14.— Clydesdale Fillies, foaled in 1912. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

111 I (£20.)— ANDREW Brooks, North Elphinstone, Tranent, for Lady Betty (vol. 05,
11 r> 951 light bav • s. Apukwa 14567, d. Bet of Boquhan 23998 by Baron s Pride 9122.

117 ii ""(£10 )— Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station, for Boquhan Lady

Margaret (vol. 35, p. 615), black ; s. Dunure Footprint 15203, d. Boquhan Lady Peggy

115 lif5(£5 ?-JW E^KERR7' Harviestoun Castle Dollar, for brown bred by J. Scott,
Newtyle ; s . Royal Guest 15363, d. Kinpurney 27141 by Baron s Best 11597.

113 R N. & H. C. — W. Dunlop, Dunure Mains, Ayr, for Dunure Glad Lye.

Allien

in Classes 11-13.

lvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

119

120

132
130

133

Class 15. — Clydesdale Fillies , foaled in 1911. [4 entries.]

I. (£20.)— W. Dunlop, Dunure Mains, Ayr, for Dunure Chosen (vol. 34, p.65), brown:
s. Baron of Buchlyvie 11263, d. Dunure Ideal 21283 by Auchenfiower 12007.

II. (.£10.) ■ VV. Dunlop, for Dunure Toby (vol. 34, p. 651), bay, bred by Mrs. Hunter
Weston, Hunterston. West Kilbride ; s. Baron of Buchlyvie 11263. d Topsv of
Hunterston 29774 by Sir Hugo 10924.

118 III. (£5.)— Robert Brydon, The Dene, Seaham Harbour, for Silver Bangle (vol.

34, p. 31), brown ; s. Bonnie Buchlyvie 14032, d. Syringa 26129 by Silver Cup 11184.

121 R. N. & H. C.— J. E. Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, for Harviestoun Aline.
Class 16. — Clydesdale Fillies , foaled in 1910. [3 entries, 1 absent.]

124 I (£20, & Champion^)— Stephen Mitchell, Boquhan, Kippen Station for
Nannie (vol. 33, p. 81), bay, bred by James Gray, Birkenwood. Gargunnock ; s.
Apukwa 14567, d. Lady Jane 19569 by Balmedie Queen’s Guard 10966.

Class 17. — Clydesdale Mares with Foals at foot. [5 entries, 2 absent.]

127 I. (£20, & R.N. for Champion.1)-!. & W. Meiklem, Begg, Kirkcaldy, for Myrene
bay, foaled in 1909, bred by Messrs. Walder, Muircleugb, Lauder ; s. Baron of Bucb-
tooon I1263, d • Muircleugh Belle 18447 by Montrave Mac 9958. [Foal by The Dunure

lboou.]

125 V10 Bene> Seabam Harbour, for Silver Queen (vol. 31,
p. 193), bay, foaled m 1908, bred by the Seaham Harbour Stud Company, Seaham
Harbour ; .*. Silver Cup 11184, d. Seaham Queen by Lord Stewart 10084.' [Foal bv
Bonnie Buchlyvie 14032.]

Class 18. — Clydesdale Foals , the produce of Mares entered in Class 17.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]

L (£10.)— J. & W. Meiklem, Begg, Kirkcaldy, for bay filly, foaled May 16 ; s. The
Dunure 16839, d. Myrene by Baron of Buchlyvie 11263.

(£5.)— Robert Brydon. The Dene, Seaham Harbour, for bay filly, foaled April
13: s Bonnie Buchlyvie 14032, d. Silver Queen (vol. 36) by Silver Cup 11184.
a ’ Stephen Mitc hell, Boquhan, Kippen Station, for brown colt, foaled

April 26 ; s. Apukwa 14567, d. Boquhan Lucy (vol. 31, p. 74) by Baden Powell 10963.

Suffolks.2

Class 19. — Suffolk Stallions , foaled in 1912. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

135 I. (£20.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, Suffolk for Sudhmirno
Aristocratic ; s. Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudbourne Mermaid 6012 by Sudboural

^33 ? (^10.)~ Arthur T. Pratt, Morston Hall, Trimley, Ipswich for Morston Hnwp

^ib/6t82%lut?onSman' M P" 0™eI1 ^ Vwich;', iS”*'

134 r’IIib(^5i')~^AY^I9NR J- CfTOHPOLE, Darsbam Hall, Darsham. Suffolk, for Darsham
?°Straafek6Farmer MW. Laxfleld : s' Goldsmith 3095, cl. Moggie 7189

138 tor B'awd“ey0SwfetheStHEERT QCILTEE' BT" M P" Methersgate Hall, Woodbridge,

Class 20. Suffolk Stallions , foaled in 1911. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

140 .L (^20’& for Champion. a )-Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall* Orford

J?r Cup 4012 ; s. Dennington Cupbearer 3086, d. Sudbourne Red

Queen 5554 by Sudbourne Count 3257. eu

444 ^ BRATT, Morston Hall, Trimley. Ipswich for Morston Fori

bfin 20254134’ bred by Mr’ Hart' Ipswich ’ *• Neptune 3005, d. Gipsy by Windsor Chief?

143 S1- ^5-)-?IR CUTHBERT Quilter, Bt„ M.P., Metbersgate Hall Woodbridge for
Bawdsey Sickleman 4023, bred by the late Sir Cuthbert Quilter Bt Bawdsev

130 pTVt Bawdsey Harvester 3076, d. Bawdsey Sunshine 6281 by Oonqurat 2292.
Minstrel Boy ™°™ CATCHP0LE' Dari*a>n Hall, Darsham, for Darsham

Class 21. Suffolk Stallions, foaled, in 1910. [4 entries, none absent.]

148 J” (jC2f’ * Champion. 3)— sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., Methersgate Hall
Woodbridge, for Bawdsey Harvest King :i879, bred by the late Sir Cutbbeft Quilter’
Eclipsel6287ey Man°r 5 * Bawdsey Harvester 3076, d. Bawdsey Marguerite 3733 by

3 “nor0nnn%^>bpleQuriZeS g-iven hJ the Suffolk Horse Society.

Stallion S Classes 19 2f ^ P ^ by tbe Suff°lk HorSe Society for the best

Award of Pine Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lvn

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was ‘‘bred by exhibitor. ]

146 II (£10.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Aerolite
3902 ; s, Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudbourne Daylight 5924 by Dennmgton Cup

145 IILr(£5.0)— RAYMOND j. Catchpole. Darsbam Hall, Harsh am, for Darsbam Onyx
4128, bred by A. Rope, Leiston ; s. Worcester 2279, d. Opal 3911 by Eclipse -627.

Class 22. — Suffolk Fillies, foaled in 1912. [4 entries.]

149 I (£20.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Laurel 7o68 ;
s. Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudbourne Laura 6027 Sunshine-/ . , for

151 II. (£10.)— SIR CUTHBERT QUILTER, Bt., M.P., Methersgate Hall, Wo°^™*[e£
Bawdsey Chieftainess 7453 ; s. Bawdsey Laddie 3637, d. Bawdsey Jewel 6485 by Sud-

152 ^Lpr^£5^)— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., for Bawdsey Goddess 7454 ; s.
Bawdsey Marshal Ney 3385, d. Bawdsey Minerva 6449 by Bawdsey Harvester 3076.

150 R. N. & H. C. — ARTHUR T. PRATT, Morston Hall, Trimley, Ipswich, for Morston
Harvest Beauty.

Class 23. — Suffolk Fillies, foaled in 1911. [4 entries.]

153 I (£20.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Memlass
7218 ; s. Denning i on Cup Bearer 3086, d. Sudbourne Mermaid 6012 by Sunshine -734.

155 II (£10 )— Kenneth M. Clark, for Sudbourne Twilight 7219 ;s. Sudbourne Aiab

3287 d Sudbourne Daylight 5924 bo Dennington Cup Bearer 308b. •

156 III (£5.) — Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., Methersgate Hall, AVoodbndge, for
Bawdsey China Doll 2nd 7252, bred bv the late Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., Bawdsey
Manor6;7*. Bentley War Cry 3028, d. Bawdsey Wax Doll 6493 by Bawdsey Harvester

3076. „ .

154 R. N. & H. C— KENNETH M. Clark, for Sudbourne Peach.

Class 24 .—Suffolk Fillies, foaled in 1910. [4 entries.]

159 I (£20) — Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., Methersgate Hall, Woodbridge, for
Bawdsey Bloom 7034, bred by the late Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt Bawdsey Manor ;
s Bawdsey Harvester 3076, d. Ramsholt Blossom 3716 fev Prince Aithui — • ...

157 II (£10 )— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Oriord, for Sudbourne Abbess
6766 ; s. Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudoourne Bessie 5501 bij Dimple > Dick 24.7

158 III. (£5.) — Kenneth M. Clark, for Sudbourne Connie 6922 , s. Worcester — A
d. Sudbourne Council 5438 by Carthusian 2275.

160 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., for Bawdsey Statuette.

Class 25 —Suffolk Mares, with Foals atjoot. [3 entries, none absent,]

i T ( .£20 )— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Diamond
6604 foaled in 1907 bred by the Rev. A. Maude, Badwell Ash, Bury St. Edmunds;
s. War Cry 3028, d. Badwell Depper 5724 by Tattler 2311. [Foal by Sudbourne Arabi

168 ) Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P., Methersgate Hall, Woodbridge, for

Bawdsey Minerva 6449, foaled in 1908, bred by the late Sir Cuthbert Quilter Bt,
Bawdsey Manor ; s. Bawdsey Harvester 3076, d. Sutton Venus 5693 by Mars 2434.
[Foal by Bawdsey Marshal Ney 3385.]

Class 26.— Suffolk Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Class 25. [3 entries.]

165 1 (£10 )— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for colt foal f°al|d
January 16 • s Sudbourne Arabi 3287, d. Sudbourne Diamond 6604 by warCry 3028.

164 II (£M-KENNETH M. CLARK, for colt foal, foaled February 6 ; s. Sudbourne
Arabi 3287 d. Sudbourne Cowslip 6401 by Sudbourne Sunshine 3374.
ttt ( ) ' stt? Cuthbert Quilter, Bt., M.P, Methersgate Hall, W oodbndge, for

166 filly ©foiled February 27 :* Bawdsey’ Marshal Ney 3385, d. Bawdsey Minerva
6449 by Bawdsey Harvester 3076.

Hunters.1

Class 27 .—Thoroughbred Colts, foaled in 1912, entered or eligible for entry in
the General Stud Book, likely to make Hunter Stallions. [1 entry.]

[No award.]

Ciass 28. — Hunter Colts or Geldings, foaled in 1912. [8 entries, none absent.]

171 I (£20.) — Henry John Davis, North Wootton. Shepton Mallet, for Arable, brown

172 IL^^i^)— L^J.^E1 K^ot’^^RSON, '^Sutton Bingham, Yeovil, for Algiers, bay colt,

bred by W. Corry, ( >ver Compton, Sherborne ; s. Ruadh-geir (vol. 21, p. 600 G.S.B.),
d. Alice R. 4498 bv Glory Smitten. ;

i £100 and £80 towards these Prizes were given by two Members of the R.A.S.E.
interested in the breeding of Hunters.

lviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

183

182

176

192

188

191

199

201

203

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

488 mK* iff ^ Barton, Manor Farm, Coin St. Aldwyn, Fairford, for
thistle, chestnut colt ; s. Thistledown (Supp. 140), d. Santoy.

47^* Bay^'Ea^le* ^ ^ILK-INS0N’ Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for

<?“■ ^9. Hunter Geldings, foaled hi 1911. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

J78 hrji n?' wJnJ‘ E' FARQUHARSON, Sutton Bingham, Yeovil, for Robin R, chestnut,

d Aryn?VeraCoiIlpton’ Sherborne ; s. Battlement (vol. 19, p. 294 G.S.B.),
a. Alice It 4498 by Glory Smitten.

I. (£10.)— F. B. Wilkinson, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for Sports-
man, bay, bred by J. C. Toppin. Skelton Hall, Penrith : s. Hale (vol. 17, p. 649 G.S.B.)

t«Ui?ANCIST, SAMURLSON, Breckenbrough Hall, Thirsk, for Rathdrum,
ibupp. 162), bay ; s. Drummer Kelly, d. Mulligan Junior 3954 by Trundle Hill.

R. N. & H. C. C. Leslie Blew, Hillfields, Redmarley, Gloucester, for Ortelan.

Hunter Geldings, foaled in 1910. [10 entries, 3 absent.]

t' v S°.yL,vRi ‘Be Warren’ Finmere, Buckingham, for The Colonel,

Picksharp House, Birdsall, Malton, Yorks; s. Wales (vol.
I». p. oo4 G.S.B.), d. by Hackwood.

Ilf p- J^fcock, West Common, Harpenden, for Hawthorne,
Snowdrop 3rd U34" Bowser’ Wl£toft> Boston ; s. Splendour (vol. 21, p. 229 G.S.B.), d.

190 fnr m^l]7/uANE J4> Merson & SON, Farringdon, North Petherton, Bridgwater
for Mischief, bay : s. Remus (vol. 18, p. 896 G.S.B.), d. Irish Molly.

Pancake B' Phillips, Tyn-y-Brwyn, Coedkernew, Newport, Mon., for

t ^b~IrAnter Fillies, foaled in 1912. [12 entries, 3 absent.]

3rd 4A?(i L^;^‘§°LDSW9RTHY’/Ta;1nAani Manor- Kemsing, Sevenoaks, for Beryl
TJ S’ S' s- Man< °Qvf : r Square (vol. 20, p. 748 G.S.B.), d. Diamond 3365 by Eglamore.

FrAKCIS Samuelson, Breckenbrough Hall Thirsk, for Patience, chest-
TT? 5% cVoL 20’ PA89 G.S.B.), d- Mulligan Junior 3594 by Trundle Hill.

3rd iini M |[. SEWERS, The Red House. Hartford, Cheshire, for The Bride

194 IV (voL 21’ % 269 G.S.B.), d. Nuptial 3611 by Nunthorpe.

94 in 0+ ' 4 + C4PTA. N Olive Behrens, Swinton Grange, Malton, for Sylvia 4th 4472
i qq *■ BemU (voL 18’ P- 736 G.S.B.), d. Selby 3714 by Selby (voL15?p. 357 G.S.B.)!

Willow H' C-~George E- Gibson, M.R.C.V.S., Highfleld House, Oakham, for Miss

t PionS\^’ Hunter Fillies, foaled in 1911. [6 entries, none absent.]

"Ub 4 ino u Gaptain , Clive Behrens. Swinton Grange, Malton, for Sunflower 3rd

210 iwiunw t V (YA- 2l’ p’ 859 G.S.B.), d. Whinflower 3801 by The Hero.

- sRed sdih VvAiNfq ^S7?^nHa1^^nAa;n+or' Swindon for Red Squaw 4313, chestnut ;
GSB)b ^VOl‘ 19, P' 779 G-S-B.), d. Sister Anne 3723 by Pantomime (vol. 17, p. 699

211 ML (.£5.)— Mrs. A. R. Poole, King’s Hill, Durslev for Psvrhp 4919 hrnwn • *
Battlement (vol. 19, p. 294 G.S.B.), d. Pamela 3616 by pSitomime^vol. 17 p 699 GS B j

nation 2nd*. C,~SlR Merrik r- Burrell, Bt., Knepp Castle, Horsham, for Coro-

t fnhS\33zrHunter Fillies, foaled in 1910. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

Hpafw3rd°^nfr0n,1)~CtPT+AlNaOLIVE Behrens, Swinton Grange, Malton, for
The Hero d 41°6’ br°Wn ; ** Scotcl1 Slgn (vo1’ 21’ p’ 497 G-S.B.), d ■ Whinflower 3801 by

216 II. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.1)— F. B. Wilkinson, Cavendish Lodge, Edwin-
stowe, Newark for Better Still 495, brown, bred by E. C. Morgan, North Grimston
913 ?TTr^ S?tS1 Sgn %21’ p' 497 G-S.B.), d. Betty 1306 by Gordon. ’

“Vfl? a&Bj; I Marion” mSSo™””’ BriSt°'' f0r bl'°Wn fl“y ! *' Akbar <™>-
214 R. N. & H. C.-George A. Gibbs, M.P., Tyntesfleld, Bristol, for Diana,
dass 3 1.-— Thoroughbred Mares, entered or eligible for entry in the General
btud Booh, with Foals at foot, up to weight. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

219 I. (£20, R.N. for Champion* & S.P.3)-JOHN A. Mullens. Barrow Hills Longcross
Surrey, for Bective 4402, bay, foaled in 1901, bred by Mr. Cameron • s Bushev Park
(vol. 17, p. 602 G.S.B,), d. Magnet by Florian! [Filly foal 6y Dundmiry ] Y

1 Champion Gold Medal given by the Hunters’ Improvement and National Lieht

Hoise Bieedmg Society for the best Filly not exceeding three years old in Classes 31-33

month of the Award!0 th* HunUi,r Stud *«*• «r whfse ent/y teidered wtthL I

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the Hunters’ Improvement and National Lieht
Horse Breeding Society for the best Mare, four years and upwards in Classes 34-38

month ofth^Award.11 tbe Hunter Stud Bo°k’ or whose entr^^£t^3h^S|

» Two Special Prizes of £5 were given for the best Colt and the best Filly Foals. '

208

212

221

218

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor. ]

II. (£10)— WILLIAM H. SHIERS, The Red House, Hartford, Cheshire, for Nuptial
3611 (vol. 20, p- 403 G.S.B.), bay, foaled in 1902, bred by S. Nevins Bankart, Hallaton
Hall. Uppingham ; s. Nunthorpe (vol. 15, p. 315 G-S.B), d. Katberg (vol. 19, p.
581 G.S.B.) by Donovan. [Colt foal by Just Cause ]

III. (£5, & S. P.1)— Lord Middleton, Birdsall, Malton, for Modwena 3175, bay,
foaled in 1905 ; s. Wales (vol. 18, p. 854 G.S.B.), d. Madame Modjeska by Gordon.
[Colt foal by Proudridge.]

217 R. N. & H. c.— SIR WALTER GlLBEY, Bart., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for White Robe.

Class 35. — Hunter Mares [Novice], foaled in or after 1905, with Foals at foot ,

up to from 12 to 14 stone. [4 entries.]

222 I. (£20.)— Arthur S. Bowlby. Gilston Park, Harlow, for First Choice 2nd 3842,
brown, foaled in 1905, bred by Mr. Stuckey, North. Weald, Essex ; s. Choson (vol. lo,
p.559 G.S.B ). [Foal by Fighting Priest (vol. 21, p. 792 G.S.B. ]

225 II. (£10.)— w. H. PARTRIDGE, Vernons, Chappel, Essex, for Miss Gibbs, foaled m
1905, bred by Sir R. Hermon Hodge, Bart. ; s. Kowloon (vol. 18, p. lOOo G.S.B.) by
Science. [Foal by Masterman Ready.] . . „

223 III. (£5.)— E. W‘. Goldsworthy, Yaldham Manor, Kemsmg, Seven oaks, for
Turquoise 2nd 3788, chestnut, foaled in 1909 bred by the late Maj.-Gen. Goldsworthy,
C.B., Yaldham Manor; s. Rightful, d. Diamond 3365 by Eglamore. [Foal by
Hanover Square (vol. 20. p. 748 G.S.B.)].

224 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. LEATHAM, The Manor, Bagendon, Cirencester, for Nona.

Class 36. — Hunter Mares [Novice), foaled in or after 1905, with Foals at foot,
up to more than 14 stone. [3 entries, 2 absent.]

227 I (£20)— Major H. G. Henderson, M.P., Kitemore, Faringdon, for Hall Mark
4600. brown, foaled in 1907 ; a. St. Ambulo, d. by Peppermint. [Foal by Erisgeir
(vol. 21, p. 600 G.S.B.)].

Class 37.— Hunter Mares with Foals at foot, up to from 12 to 14 stone.

[14 entries, 4 absent.]

239 I. (£20 & Champion2.)— WILLIAM H. SHIERS, The Red House, Hartford, Cheshire,
for Beechnut 2nd 3284, dark bay, foaled in 1901. [Foal by Red Sahib (vol. 19, p. 779
q S B ) ]

240 II (£10 )— J. Harold Watson, Green Hill, Kidderminster, for Pamela 361(4 dark
brown foaled in 1903, bred by E. Ransom. Cattestock Farm, Dorchester ; s. Panto-
mime (vol. 17, p. 699 G.S.B.). [Foal by Thistledown (Supp, 140)]-

238 III. (£5.)— Ernest W. Robinson, Liscombe. Leighton Buzzard, for Partridge 2nd
3618, chestnut, aged, bred by Edward Dempsey, Bally tarsney, Mullinavat, Co.
Kilkenny ; s. Young Marden (vol. 17, p. 941 G.S.B.), d . Poll by Lord Raglan. [Foal by
Red Sahib (vol. 19, p. 779 G.S.B.)]. . „ .

229 IV. (£4.)— Sir Merrik R. Burrell, Bt., Knepp Castle, Horsham, for Surprise
3014 bay brown, foaled in 1902, bred by Lt.-Col. Z. Walker, Acocks Gieen ; .s'.
Silver King 34, d My Treasure by Hidden Treasure [Foal by Denis Richard (vol.
19, p. 821 G.S.B.)].

237 R. N. & H. C.— Edmund P. Northey, Higher Bowden, Okehampton, for Dispute.

Class 38. — Hunter Mares with Foals at foot, up to more than 14 stone.

[2 entries.]

243 I. (£20.)— SIR Merrik R. Burrell, Bt., Knepp Castle Horsham, for Casual 4080,
bay, foaled in 1901, bred by the Earl of Lonsdale, Barley thorpe Oakham ; s Castle-
nock. d. Sister Mary 3005 by Brown Prince. [Foal by Hanover Square (vol. 20, p. /48
Gr S B ) ]

244 II. (£10.) - Mrs. H. D. Greene, Grove, Craven Arms, Salop, for Stormy Petrel 2nd
4186. dark brown, foaled in 1905, bred by R. G. Carden, Carraig-na-Greina, Dalkey,
Co. Dublin; s. Faute de Mieux (vol. 18. p.537 G.S.B,), d. Wild Duck 3031 by King
Otto (vol. 16, p. 760 G.S.B.) [Foal by Red Sahib (vol. 19, p. 779 G.S.B.).]

Class 39. — Hunter Colt Foals, the produce of Mares entered in Classes 35 to 38.

[12 entries, 3 absent.]

256 I. (£10.)— John Williams, Eithinduonissa, Mydrim, St. Clears, for Gold Seeker,
chestnut, foaled May 3 ; s. Lousby (vol. 21, p. 385 G.S.B.), d. Miss Buckley 3570 by

Walmsgate (vol. 17, p. 215 G.S.B.). _ ^

246 II (£5.)— SIR MERRIK R. BURRELL, Bt., Knepp Castle, Horsham for bay,
foaled Jan. 28 ; s. Denis Richard (vol. 19, p. 821 G.S.B.), d. Surprise 3014 by Silver
King 34.

1 Two Special Prizes of £5 were given for the best Colt and the best Filly Foals.

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the Hunters Improvement and National Light
Horse Breeding Society for the best Mare, four years and upwards, m Classes 34-38,
which is registered in the Hunter Stud Book, or whose entry was tendered within
a month of the Award.

lx

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

254 III. (£3.) — J. Harold Watson. Green Hill. Kidderminster, for Wisdom, brown,
foaled April 16 ; s. Thistledown (Supp. 140), d. Pamela 3616 by Pantomime (vol. 17,
p. 699 G.S.B.).

249 R. N. & H. C.— J. J. E. Farquharson, Sutton Bingham, Yeovil, for Ralone.

Class 40. — Hunter Filly Foals , the produce of Mares entered in Classes 85 to 38.

[6 entries, 1 absent.]

261 I. (£10.)— WILLIAM H. Shiers, The Red House, Hartford, Cheshire, for bay, foaled
April 7 ; s. Red Sahib (vol. 19, p. 779 G.S.B.), d. Beechnut 2nd 3284.

260 II. (£5.) — Edmund P. Northey, Higher Bowden, Okehampton, for Dab Chick, hay,
foaled April 25 ; s. Golden Petrel (vol. 21, p. 302 G.S.B.), d. Dispute 3883.

259 III. (£3.) — Lieut. -Col. Frank Henry, Elmestree. Tetbury, for brown, foaled
May 16 ; s. Thistledown (Supp. 140), d. Dinah by Deeside.

257 R. N. & H. C.— The Marchioness of Downshire, Easthampstead Park,
Wokingham.

Polo and Riding Ponies.1

Class 41. — Polo and Riding Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1910, not
exceeding 15 hands. [6 entries, none absent.]

266 I. (£15, & Champion.2)— The Keynsham Stud Company, Ltd., Keynsham,
Bristol, for White Wings 464, dark chestnut, foaled in 1906, bred by the Radnorshire
Polo and Riding Pony Co., Ltd., Bleddfa, Llangunllo ; s. White Mask 190, d. First
Flight 615 by Balquihider.

267 II. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2)— Stephen Mumford, Stud Farm, Moreton
Morrell, Warwick, for Spanish Hero 372, dark brown, foaled 1898, bred by J. W.
Mosenthal, Stony Stratford ; s. Kilwarlin, d. Spanish Maiden by Merry Hampton.

263 III. (£5.)— Sir John Barker, Bt., The Grange. Bishop’s Stortford, for Bawdon,
chestnut, foaled in 1909, bred by W. C. Elsey, Baumber House, Baumber, Horn-
castle ; s. Galashiels, d. Othery by King Monmouth.

268 R. N. & H. C. — C. HOWARD TAYLOR, Hampole Priory, near Doncaster for Field
Marshal 512.

Class 42. — Polo and Riding Pony Colts , Fillies , or Geldings , foaled in 1912.

[8 entries, 2 absent.]

273 I. (£15.)— H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, for Ulster Day (Supp.

1912) , chestnut colt ; s. New Year’s Gown (Supp. 1908-10), d. Shamrock.

275 II. (£10.)— Tresham Gilbey, Whitehall, Bishop’s Stortford. for Forward Girlie,
bay filly ; s. Right For’ard, d. Good Girl.

269 III. (£5.)— John S. Bakewell, Cromhall, Charfleld, Glos., for Liyerwing (Supp.

1913) , chestnut colt ; s. White Wings 464, d. Gwen 2350 by Athol Duke.

271 R. N. & H. C.— Sir John Barker, Bt., The Grange, Bishop’s Stortford, for Sun-
shine 2nd.

Class 43. — Polo and Riding Pony Colts , Fillies , or Geldings , foaled in 1911.

[9 entries, none absent.]

277 I. (£15, & R. N. for Champion.3)— John S. Bakewell, Cromhall, Charfleld, Glos.

for Flu (Supp. 1912), chestnut filly : s. White Wings 464, d. Snuffles 2167.

284 II. (£10.) — J. Oscar Muntz. Heathcot, Yelverton, Devon, for The Buzzer, bay
geldmg, bred by Tresham Gilbey, Whitehall. Bishop’s Stortford ; s. Right For'ard
368, d. My Honey by Sen anus.

282 III. (£5.) Tresham Gilbey, Whitehall, Bishop’s Stortford, for Merry Morn
(Supp. 1913), bay filly; s. Merry Matchmaker, d. Coming Dawn (Supp. 1906) by
Mark For’ard.

280 R. N. & H. C.-J. E. Willis Fleming, Chilworth Manor Stud, Romsey, Hants,
for Coronation.

Class 44. — Polo and Riding Pony Fillies or Geldings , foaled in 1910.

[8 entries, none absent.]

286 I. (£15.)— SIR John Barker, Bt., The Grange, Bishop’s Stortford, for Sandipix
(Supp. 1911), bay gelding ; s. Sandiway 121, d. Pixie 1615 by Marmiton.

293 II. (£10.)— HARRY WASPE, West Wickham Stud Farm, Cambs., for Wemsire bay
gelding, bred by Sir John Barker, Bt., The Grange, Bishop’s Stortford: s. Belsize
(Supp. 1908-9), d. Wembley 1469.

291 III. (£5.)— Tresham Gilbey, Whitehall, Bishop’s Stortford, for Forward Trixie
(Supp. 1911), bay filly ; s. Right For’ard 368, d. Patricia 1774.

289 R. N. & H. C.— H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, for
Buckingham.

Lady

1 £30 towards these Prizes were given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society.

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society for the best
Stallion or Colt in Classes 41-43.

3 Champion Gold Medal given by the Polo and Riding Pony Society for the best
Mare or Filly in Classes 42-45.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxi

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was bred by exhibitor. ]

Class 45. — Polo and Riding Pony Mares , with Foals at foot, not exceeding

14‘ 2 hands. [12 entries, 1 absent.]

302 I. (£15, & Champion.1)— Sir Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex for
Sparkling Crocus (Supp. 1911). chestnut, foaled m 1909 ; s. Merry Matchmakei d.

Crocus 1471 by Ascetic. [Foal by Arthur D 593.] „

295 II (£10.)— Sir John Barker, Bt., The Grange, Bishop s Stortford, foi Redstone
1786, chestnut, aged, breeder unknown. [Foal by Right For ard 368 J , ,

294 III. (£5.)— Sir John Barker, Bt., for Killarney 2nd 2068, chestnut, aged, breeder

unknown. [Foal by Arthur D 593.]

303 R. N. & H. c.— Lord Henniker, Rifle Brigade, Tipperary, for Sappho 2nd.

300 (B. M.2)-H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, Kent.

Cleveland Bays or Coacli Horses.

Class 46.— Cleveland Bay or Coaching Stallions, foaled in 1910 or 1911.

[5 entries, none absent.]

307 I. (£15.)— John Lett, Cleveland Stud Farm, Rillington, York, for Rillington
Victor 2536 (Coaching), foaled in 1910 bred by W. Wood, Bilsdale West, Helmsley ;

. Breaston Prince 2451, d. Queen’s Rocket 948 by Prince of the Dales.

310 IT (£10 )— FRANK H STERIOKER, Westgate House, Pickering, for Tantalus 2544
3 0 (Coaching) ?o Jed ?n 1911, bred by D Coates Eastgate, Pickering; .. Breaston

W George 1ELDEE^°rToft "House^Farmi Aislaby, Sleights. Yorks for

foaled in 19li ; «. Morton King 1699, d. Lady

Stainthorpe 718 by Hillingdon 786. _ u-

308 R. N. & H. C— J. W. Lett, Scragglethorpe Manor, Malton, for Rillington Lofty.

Class 47. — Cleveland Bay or Coaching Mares , with Foals at foot.

[3 entries, 1 absent.]

si a t f'.r'ini T omsr Webster Cross House, Harome, Nawton, Yorks., for Harome
313 ». Breaston Prince 2451, d. Belle of Harome

o-r»ri 1 1 ak hi i T nTrl IVTi ^Atii pf 2288. rFoal by Boadlam Saxon .^ooo.J . ,

311 II (jCIO ) — JOHN Lett, Cleveland Stud Farm, Rillington, York, for Rillington
Attraction (Coaching), foaled in 1906 ; ». Special Delight 2390, A Heroine 917 ty
Lucky Hero 2474. [Foal by Cholderton Luck 1712.J

Hackneys.3

Class 48 Hackney Stallions , foaled in 1912. [8 entries, 3 absent.]

3iR t r/,Ti l Walter Briggs Linden Hall, Borwick, Carnforth, for Albin Briggella,
316 l’ (i C?~+ + f A lWu Wndflre 10651 d Angram Rosette 14900 by Rosador 4664. .

313 Tw/ine)8tHENRYAB Brand? Capenor,' Nuffield, Surrey, for Capenor Popularity,

319 R N & h. C.— John Hignett, Kenton Stud Farm, Harrow, for Master Matt.

Class 49 .—Hackney Stallions , foaled in 1911. [7 entries, none absent,.]

oiciao tle;. r . wttttwdbth. Londesborough S

328

327

UOCCV Lit Idil. 1_ * _i

r is sr p w for Champion 4) — Robert Whitworth, Londesborough Stud,

ES!thJr°e!NhyHB=^: SS' ^

3,5 B?, Elsenham Hall. Essex, for Romping Bonny

12148 chestnut ; Antonins 10559. d. Bonny Clara 6419 W Connaught 1453.

326 R n’ & H C -SIR WALTER Gilbey, Bt., for Romping Tony.

Class 50 .-Hackney Stallions, foaled in 1910. [4 entries 1 'absent U

331 I. <*15, & OhampionVwALTEH . W • HYOROJT •D^gH'^H^kney^tud

ry, SSSSSStSfi iT4“ione95VyA Ryhurn Lucinda 1,696
by Ganymede 2076.

the best
Joal in

0!lSn SMliYn^ySe best Stallion in

Classes 48-50.

lxii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was •‘bred by exhibitor.”]

330 Noveftv )i78R9H]ih LETT’ 01®velf;nd Stud Farm- Millington, York, for Killing-ton
Polonius 4R3L ’ br0wn : Brigham GaUant 10130, d. Rfflington Melody 2085 by

329 4LEX- Bowie. 4 Hertford Street, Mayfair, London W for A l’s
Indelible 116o6, chestnut ; s. Mathias A 1 10751, d. Memento 12930 by Polonius 4931 .

°laSS ^1~Hack'my Fillies , foaled in 1912. [4 entries, 2 absent.]

336 I. ^15-)— Robert Whitworth, Londesborough Stud Market Weiyhtnn f nr
CallltshWoldA1483tte, CbeStnUt ; S> Polonius 4931 d- Black Pearl 10704 by Fifeaway^f

330 II U10)-W. R Lysaght, Castleford, Chepstow, for Chepstow Rosemary chest-
8534! *’ Hopwood Vlceroy 9280, d. Kirkburn Sweetbriar 20014 by Kirkbum Toreador

Class 52 .—Hackney Fillies, foaled in 1911. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

661 U, f°r Champion.!)— Ernest Bewley Danum Ratho-nr On nnWin

r Beckmgham Lady Gracious 22388, chestnut, bred by Robert Surfleet The T imps'

§inebfryaS2?ainSb°r0Ugh : * Be^ingham Squirt

342 SummeVRo^e 228US wITHRS1SIei Stu*’ Hal1 Green’ Birmingham, for Shirley
b“d Derby &if ; Beckmgham Squire 8070, d. Last Rose of Summer 2990

339 WALTER Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Romninff Pollv

p w ’ Sh^StSUt 1 s' Antomus 10559’ d- B°lly Olga 18499 by Rosador 4964 P S *

R. N. & H. C. John Hignett, Kenton Stud Farm, Harrow, for Lonely Lass.

, ^\5S-—I{ackm,y Mllies’ f°M « 1910. [6 entries, 1 absent.] '

3009g ' ' 1 olomus 4931- d- Woodhatch Iris 17859 by Garton Duke of Connaught

M7 “S 15093 ^S^ST GW 21883

4%4.g ‘°n : ‘ K,rkbura To^ador 8534. i. tondesboronfh Patti? ICTeTrfiSl
348 R. N. & H. C.-R. H. Sampson, Bryngwili, Pontardulais, for Bryngwili Flashlight.

Class 54. Hachney Mares, with Foals at foot, over 14, and not exceeding

15-2 hands. [4 entries, 2 absent.]

352 MiLf "lilVswflf S^%S?lS?&^SsSwfe?ir

. Admiral OUquotflOO??’ 4 Harsweli D“bess M*7 »V His Majesty 2513. [Foal ft
MaiftlMM. Mack ohejntftftoSed'in ^ wo/bred by ™™diS’ for Honourable

Class 55 .—Hachney Mares, with Foals at foot , over 15 '2 hands.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]

Z HSSESSSl?«

Wa7whSkSattell?5 7764 1 MiSS

Class 56. Hachney Foals, the produce of Mares in Classes 54 or 55.

[6 entries, 2 absent.]

Filly^irfciasses 5L55. ^Iedal glven by the Hackney Horse Society for the best Mare or

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxiii

370

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was bred by exhibitor. ]

358 III. (£3.)— WILLIAM BROMWICH, High Street, Sutton Coldfield, for chestnut filly,
foaled March 16 ; s. Warwick Matchless 11251, d. Shirley Belle 19526 by Copper King
7764.

357 R. N. & H. C— HENRY B. BRANDT, Capenor, Nutfield, Surrey.

Hackney Ponies.

Class 57. — Hachney Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1910,
not exceeding 14 hands. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

363 I (,£10 )— Joshua Ball, Southworth Hall, Warrington, for South worth Swell
11219, bay, foaled in 1907, bred by E. W. Sankey, Croft Warrington ; s. Pmder-
fields Horace 7952, d. Tilston Maid 16278 Berkeley Model 3663.

367 II. (£5.)— C. H. RAVENHILL Stook, The Firs, Ottery St. Mary, for 'Son o Horace
8653 bay, foaled in 1902 ; s. Sir Horace 5402, d. Witch o Denmark 16356 by Sir Gibbie

368 III? (£3.)— D. R. THOMAS, Tanyrallt Stud, Talybont, for Tanyrallt Fir eboy 11229,
bay, foaled in 1908, bred by O. T. Price, Lyndhurst, Hants ; s. Fire Boy 7440,
d. Lyndhurst Paula 16780 by Tissington Horace 7653.

364 R. N. & H. C.— Miss Eurgain Lort, Castlemai Pony Stud, Carnarvon, for Hopper
Derry Dan do.

Class 58— j Hackney Pony Colts , Fillies, or Geldings, foaled in 1911,
not exceeding 13'2 hands. [2 entries.]

I (£10 )— ROBERT WT HITW ORTH, Londesborough Stud, Market Weighton, for
Rusner Caivnso (vol. 31), bay filly, bred by W. W. Hargrave, Normans, Rusper,
Horsham ; /Tissington Gideon 9042, d. Tissington Calypso 17788 Sir Horace 5402.

369 II (£5 )— Joshua Ball, Southworth Hall, Warrington, for Earl Southworth K03 ,
bay colt; s. Southworth Swell 11219, d. Southworth Merriment 21674 by Southworth
Tissington 9898.

Class 59. — Hackney Pony Fillies or Geldings, foaled in 1910,
not exceeding 133 hands. [3 entries, 1 absent.]

371 I (£10.)— James E. Agate, The Links, Chapel-en-le-Frith, for Rusper Maryan 22769,
bav filly bred by W. W. Hargrave, Normans, Rusper, Horsham; s. Tissington
GMeon 9042 d. Parbold Lady Mary 13005 51/ Cassius 2397.

373 II (£5 )— Miss Langworthy, Hendens Manor, Holyport, Berks, for Holyport
Furry Dance, chestnut filly, bred by W. S. Miller, Glendermott, Bute ; s. Fire Boy
7440, d. Lady Thora 20818 by Goldlink 6381.

Class 60— Hackney Pony Mares, with Foals at foot, not
exceeding 14 hands. [3 entries.]

376 I (£10 )— D R. Thomas, Tanyrallt Stud, Talybont, for Lyndhurst Paula 16780,
i. t Greenaii Bt., C.Y.O., Walton Hall, Warrington ;

SisSSton HiS 76y53Sl iQMer?T PoUy 8260 iy Merr'y Sunshine 1523. [Foal »
375 na?£5a/-Mlll3°STANLE]Y HOWARD, The Hall, Mount Charles, Co. Donegal, for

374 m°' JI W&ES lUXES^Bougham Pony Stud, Bury St. Edmunds, for Sedgemere
Berry Midget 16181, bay, foaled in 1902 bred by W.

6516, d- Grovehill Midget 13530 by Matchless of Langton 5722. [Foal by lissmgton
Vandyke 11239.]

Shetland Ponies.

C1ass 61.— Shetland Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1910, not exceeding

10J hands. [3 entries.]

o7o t Xr Chamnion 1)— William Mungall, Transy, Dumfermline, for Selwood of

Trinsy 6W bl ”k foaled in 1908 ; a Seaweed 333, i. Stella 1692 by Thor 83

o 77 tt ( nc Mrs Hob^RT West Cliff Hall, Hythe, Southampton, for Dazz »

37 skewbald, Coaled in 190s! bred by G. Hadden, Earls Croome, Worcester ; s. Rattler

379 Hambrook House, Charlton Kings Glos.,

3 9 for Sajfdy Macpherson 304, chestnut, foaled in 1900, bred by Adam Johnson, Leven

wick, Shetland ; s. Vane Tempest 47, d. Maggie. —

. Champion Silver Medal given by the Shetland Pony Stud Book Society for the best
Animal in Classes 61 and 62.

lxiv Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Glass 62.— Shetland Pony Mares , with Foals at foot , not exceeding 10£ hands.

[6 entries, 1 absent.]

385 a/if10’ * N- f°r Champion.*)— William Mungall, Transy, Dunfermline, for
flfl . J6 th blaQCQk’i0u-fd in 1899» bred by the Marquis of Londonderry, Seaham
OOA ™ 11 >' ^i^3T^?,ra8n^^llver Gupen 1197 by 0man 33. [Foal by Nota Bene 562.]

389 tLe^’ Kmgsdown House, Swindon, for Banshee 2434, black

toaled m 1905, bred by Ladies E. and D. Hope, Grays, Haslemere ; s. Haldor 270 d
qqo ?TrTet^ll1 [Foal by Wynyard Flash 632.]

38t Le3.)— Mrs. Hobart, West Cliff Hall, Hythe, Southampton, for Shipley Belle

'izSer^SQ0^]11’ foaled in 1906 ’ 8 • CaPtive 219, d. Osmunda 2014 by Odin 32. [Foal

Welsh. Ponies. ;

Class 63.-

■T Velsh Pony Stallions, foaled in or before 1909, not exceeding
12 hands. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

386 xJiffiP’ §, Champion, s b-sni Walter Gilbey, Bt., Elsenham Hall Essex for
Bleddfa Shooting Star 73, grey, foaled in 1901, bred by S. M. Wilmot The Chalet

391 n % Dy^ St^bght 4, d. Alveston Belle 572 by Cymra ’ ’

i for Champion. 3 )— H. Meuric Lloyd, Delfryn, Llanwrda for

387 ?7t01 1®tQ4’Tfr®y’ ^oaled in 1894 5 8- Dy°u Glasallt 438, d. DyMl MoonS 75
98/ 111. (£3.) MRS. H D. Greene, Grove, Craven Arms, for Grove Ballistic ?00 srev

d°DeydolinBi0lac£ie65by H‘ Meuric L1°yd, Deifryn, Llanwrda; s. Dyoll Starlight 4*
389 R. N. & H. C.— John D. Lewis, Green way, Narherth, for The Earl of Pembroke.

Class 64.

-Welsh Pony Stallions, folded in 1910, not exceeding Tl'3 hands,
or 1911, not exceeding 11*2 hands. [3 entries.]

397

396

394 I. «10.)-B. H. Sampson, Bryngwili, Pontardulais, for Bryngwili Bright Light
393 !?f Cl1)

Nal'l.S'r"0 , .L™AN Eogees' Stanage Park, Badnorahire, for Stanage

Halley s Comet 494, chestnut, foaled in 1910 ; s. Dyoll Starlight 4, d. Stanage Mite

Class 65. Welsh Pony Mares , foaled in or before 1909, with Foals at foot not
exceeding 12 hands. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

l^?^^Sampi0n;4)r,MRS' H‘ D- Greene’ Grove, Craven Arms, for Nantyrharn
399 U-wrda; *•

|rLi629»| Med°»

Dolaucot^ Llanwrda ; Dyoll Starlight 4, d. Pretoria 218 [FoaI?y Dewi' Sio'nc^

oqfe f fril f7atI7ES]iI(^,dLvI)DG1DALE- Llwyn Stud Farm, Llanfvllin, Mont for Muriel
jhi c o7’ f led in 19 4’ breeder unknown- [Foal by Sirius 412] Piel

Stai?agfAfd'ernutCHAELES °0LTMAN Eogees. Stanage Park, Eadnorshire, for

Class 66.— Welsh Pony Fillies , foaled in 1910, not exceeding I Mi hands, or
1911, not exceeding 11 -2 hands. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

402 Eri °- V- Hughes, Bryn Hawddgar, Llanarthney, for Hawddgar

4oi Eegem strfet'

404 3867' «"*

Mimble 3197’ blact-

AnimafS&^esZand ® giVen by ““ Shetland Pony Stud Book s°^‘y ‘he best

2 i?4,^ Awards these Prizes were given bv the Welsh Pnnv nnri PrVh «no;0*

in’dSSS ffiSS a™ by the Wdsh Stallion

Clas!esV66rand 66.‘ giVM1 by ““ Wel8h Pony and 0oi Sooiety for *be best Mare in

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913,

1XY

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor. ’]

Class 67 .—Brood Mares or Mares likely to make brood mares, of the Old Welsh
Cob type , foaled in or before 1910, with or without foals at foot , not
exceeding 14 2 hands. [3 entries.]

405 I. (£10, & Champion. 1 )-J Marshall Dug dale, Liwyn Stud Farm Llanfymn
Mont,, for Llwyn Flashlight 2nd 36o5, chestnut, foaled m 1906 bred by K. Jones,
Croesllyn, Llanidloes ; s. Idloes Flyer 537, d. Croesllyn Poll 3622. [Foal by Llwyn

407 nfc£5, R. N. for Champion.1)— MISS EURGAIN LORT, Castlemai Pony Stud, Car-
narvon, for Derryn Cochddu 3564, dark brown, foaledin 1S09 bred by John Edwards,

Brynderwen, Abermule, Mont. ; s. George Horace 18 ; a. Polly. , , , , .

406 III. (£3.)— J. Marshall DUGDALE, for Llwyn Nancy 2nd 4281, chestnut, foaled m
1909, bred by W. Ellis, Blaenycwm, Llanfyllin ; s. Cymro Ddu, d. by Eiddwen Flyer.

Hunter Riding Classes.2

Class 68. — Hunter Mares of Geldings , foaled in 1909, up to from
12 to 14 stone. [13 entries.]

410 I. (.£15.) — J. ERIC CLEGG, The Starkies, Bury, for Kilts, grey gelding, bred by Alfred
Craggy North Newbald, York ; s. Scotch Sign, d Silver Tail by Knight Templar.

409 II (£i0 )-Robert Alner Bowring, Rockhill, Keynsham, tor Fireway (S.ipp.
No. 170), bay gelding, bred by T. Kehoe, Ballyfarmogue, Screen, Co. Wexford: s.

418 niYJs) — John H Stokes, Great Bowden. Market Harborough, for Royal Acomb ,
bay gelding, bred by Mr. Goodwill. Stittenham, Yorks : s Selby Royal. -

416 IV' (£5 ' W ADAMS LEACH Brandish Street Farm, Allerford. Somerset, for The

Doctor, 'hay gelding, bred by Mr. Jones, Tipperary; s. Maltravers, d. by Old

442 V7 (£5.)— JERSEY DE KNOOP, Calveley Hall, Tarporley, for Call Boy, chestnut
gelding, breeder unknown.

415 R. N. & H. C.— J. Arthur Jones, Ombersley, Droitwieh, for Durbar.

Class 69 Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in 1909, up to more than 14 stone.

[10 entries.]

430 I. (£15, & Champion. s)— John H. Stokes, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, for

495 IT1 1 0 j— T mf RU J O NEA Downton, Salisbury, for Golden Slipper, chestnut gelding,

bred by P. Ashe, Chapel Street, Newcastle West ; s. Greenhackle. d. by Perisgonus.
494 TTT (£$ )_j. ARTHUR JONES, Omhersley, Droitwieh, for Full Cry (Supp. No. 1/4),
brown gelding, bred by G. Cook, Hawford Grange, Worcester ; s. Fair Start, d. by

494 ivCtu-5 ) — THE HON. Mrs. DRURY-Lowe, Locko Park, Derby, for Irish Duke, chest-
nut gelding, bred by R. Hosford, Maglin Farm, Ballmcollig, Co. Cork; s. Sterling

423 V U ( £5 f)' — ALFRED James, St. John’s Mews, Totterdown, Bristol, for Golden Wave,
chestnut gelding, bred by Miss Ann Doyle, Killkeel, Bally Machon, Co. Longford ; s.
Clarendon, d. by Dimond Sterling.

422 R. N. & H. C.— Sir WALTER GlLBEY, Bt., Elsenham Hall, Essex, for Sparkling
John.

Class 70. Hunter Mares or Geldings, Novice, foaled in or before 1908,

up to from 12 to 14 stone. [18 entries.]

436 I. (£15.)— JERSEY DE KNOOP, Calveley Hall, Tarporley, for Groban, bay mare, foaled

443 II.^£ io!)— U^^NELR Lilliput Court, Chipping Sodbury, for Carbine, bay gelding,

TTTlef£5n)— MRS E R COTTRILL, Sandal Lodge, Droitwieh, for Cric Crac, chestnut
-elding, foaled in 1908, bred by Mr. O’Connor Ballyhooley ; s. Crackenthorpe

437 IV. (£5).— JOHN DRAGE, Chapel Brampton, Northampton, for Energy, bay gelding,

448 val(e£51?-HEPALtN1A.UTlARKs!' Webbington House, Axbridge^ for Drury Lane,
brown gelding foaled in 1906, bred by F. Tilley, Alstone Court, Huntspill ; .. Panto-
mime, d. Bezique by Faro. _ , , ^ ,

432 R & h. C— Robert Alner Bowring, Rockhill, Keynsham, for Cetewayo.

1 Silver Medal given by the Welsh Pony and Cob Society for the best Mare in Class

67, entered or acilpted ter entry in the Welsh Pony Stud Booh.

3 GoMOhallenge Cup' gSven'by gentlemen interested in Hunters ter the best Mare or
Gelding in Classes 68-74.

VOL. 74. S

lxvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 71. — Hunter Mares or Geldings , Novice, foaled in or before 1908, up to

more than 14 stone. [11 entries.]

453 I. (jC 15.) — John Drage, Chapel Brampton, Northampton, for Cornet, bay gelding
foaled in 1906, breeder unknown.

452 II. (£10.) — G. P- DEWHURST, Delamere, North wicb, for Delamere, bay gelding,
foaled in 1908.

456 III, (£5.) — ARTHUR Sowler, The Warren. Finmere. Buckingham, for J.P., bay
gelding, foaled in 1908, bred by R. W. Wildsmith, Burnham Manor, Barton-on-
Humber ; s. Magistrate.

450 IV. (.£5.) — Robert Alner Bowring, Rockhill. Keynsham, for The Chief, chestnut
gelding, foaled in 1908, bred by J. Kingston, Minane Bridge, Carrigaline, Co. Cork ; s.
Zulu Chief, d. by Rockham.

455 V. C^5.) — J. N. A. Hobbs, Chipping Sodbury, for Prince, bay gelding, foaled in 1908,
bred by J. Bennett, Down House, Dursley ; s. Nicholas 2nd, d. by Beatley Great Gun.

Class 72. — Hunter Mares or Geldings , foaled in or before 1909, up to
from 12 to 13*7 stone. [23 entries.]

458 I. (£*20, & R. N. for Champion.1) — John Drage, Chapel Brampton, Northamp-
_ ton, for Bridge, bay gelding, foaled in 1908, breeder unknown.

465 II. (£*15.) — J. Harold Watson, Green Hill, Kidderminster, for Curly Greens 4124,
dark browm mare, foaled in 1909, bred by J. Dorrell, Bredicott, near Worcester ;
s. Savoy.

410 III. (£10.)— J. Eric Clegg, for Kilts. (See Class 68.)

436 IV. (£*5.)— Jersey DE Knoop, for Groban. (See Class 70.)

464 V. (£5.)— Percy C. Thomas, Castle Green. Taunton, for M.P. (Supp. 90), chestnut
gelding, foaled in 1908, bred by Hugh Murray, Giltown, New'bridge, Co. Kildare ;
s. The Gull, d. Fancy Princess 4154 by Red Prince 2nd.

411 R. N. & H. C. — John Day, Huxham, Shepton Mallet, for Cragella.

Class 73. —Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in or before 1909, up to more than
13*7 and not more than 15 stone. [13 entries.]

453 I. (£20.)— John Drage, for Cornet. (See Class 71.)

468a II. (£15.)— W. L. Lindsay Hogg, Haywards Grange, Jarvis Brook, Sussex, for
Free and Easy, bay gelding, foaled in 1908, breeder unknown.

409 III. (£10.)— Robert Alner Bowring, for Fireway. (See Class 68.)

466 IV. (£5.)— Mrs. Hugh Corbet, Downton, Shrewsbury, for Rubric 4533, bay mare
foaled in 1907.

416 V. (£5J— W. Adams Leach, for The Doctor. (See Class 68.)

421 R. N. & H. C.— The Hon. Mrs. Drury-Lowe, for Irish Duke. (See Class 69.)

Class 74. — Hunter Mares or Geldings, foaled in or before 1909, up to
more than 15 stone. [12 entries.]

476 I. (£20.)— John H. Stokes, Great Bowden, Market Harborough, for Muntz
brown gelding, foaled in 1908.

473 II. (£15.)— John Drage, Chapel Brampton, Northampton, for Nimrod, grey geld-
ing, foaled in 1908, breeder unknown.

452 III. (£10.)— G. P. DEWHURST, for Delamere. (See Class 71.)

456 IV. (£5.)— Arthur Sowler, for J.P. (See Class 71.)

450 V. (£5.)— Robert Alner Bowring, for The Chief. (See Class 71.)

471 R. N. & H. C.— C. G. Beard, Edmondscote Manor, Leamington Spa, for Carlow.

Hacks or Riding* Ponies.2

Class 75. — Mares or Geldings, Hunter or Polo Type ( light weight), foaled in
or before 1909, not exceeding 15 hands. [5 entries.]

481 I. (£15.)— H. FAUDEL-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, for Tarantella 1904
chestnut mare, foaled in 1905, bred by T. G. Hey wood, White Hart, Okehampton ;
s. Turgot (vol. 18, p. 602 G.S.B.), d. Dolly by Freshwater.

477 II. (£10.) — Miss Violet Allen, Woodlands, Taunton, for Lady Kitty, brown mare

foaled in 1908. ;

178 III. (£5.) — Mrs. W. N. Chapman, Heppington, Canterbury, for Suakim, bay mare
foaled in 1908. '

Class 76. — Mares or Geldings , Hunter or Polo Type {heavy weight), foaled in
or before 1909, not exceeding 15 hands. [3 entries.]

482 I. (£15.)— Mrs. W. N. Chapman, Heppington, Canterbury, for Cafe Noir, chestnut
mare, foaled in 1907.

483 II. (£10J— H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, for The Bishop bay
gelding.

1 Gold Challenge Cup given by gentlemen interested in Hunters for the best Mare or
Gelding in Classes 68-74.

2 Prizes given by the Bristol Local Committee.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxvii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor. ]

Class 77 .—Mares or Geldings , Park Hacks ( light weight), foaled in or kef ore
1909, exceeding 15 hands. [11 entries.]

488 I. (£15, & Champion. i)— H. Faudel-Phillips, Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, for
Chocolate Soldier, chestnut gelding, foaled in 1907, bred by Sir John Barker, Bt., The
Grange, Bishop’s Stortford : s. Jew Boy. d. Lightning.

410 II. (£10.)— J. Eric Clegg, for Kilts. (See Class 68). -

486 III. (£5.)— H. DEWHURST, Daleford, Sandiway, Cheshire, for Silver King, grey
gelding, foaled in 1906, breeder unknown.

448 R. N. & H. C.— Herman A. Tiarks, for Drury Lane. (See Claes 70).

Class 78 —Mares or Geldings , Park Hacks {heavy weight}, foaled in or before

1909, exceeding 15 hands. [4 entries.]

492 I. (£15, & R.N. for Champion, i)— Mrs. W. N. Chapman, Heppington, Canterbury,
for Vivandiere, brown mare, foaled in 1908.

Driving1 Classes.2

Class 79 —Harness Mares or Geldings , Novices , not exceeding 14 hands.

[10 entries.]

496 I. (£15.)— William Foster, Mel-Yalley, Moseley, Worcs., for Mel-Valley’s Bauble,
bay mare, foaled in 1907, bred by Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.V.O., Walton Hall,
Warrington ; s. Berkeley Claudius 8872, d. by Warrener 8025.

502 II (£10 ) — T. W SIMPSON, Greenfield House, Laleham-on-Thames. for Firecracker
11754 brown gelding, foaled in 1909, bred by W. Duncan, Langcraigs Farm, Paisley;
s. Fire Boy 7440, d. Langcraigs Trilby 22108 by Commerce 7406.

499 III (£5.)— F. W. JONES, Llanmaes Stud Farm, St. Fagans, Cardiff, for Trehanog
Horace, brown gelding, foaled in 1909, bred by the Exors. of the late James Howell,
Llanmaes Stud ; s. Woodlands Eaglet 8389. d. Dewdrop by General Oordon 2084.

501 IV (£5 )— Bertram W. Mills. Redhill Farm, Edgware, for Red Hill Star, brown
gelding, ’foaled in 1908. bred by Evan Jones, Manoravon, Llandilo ; s. Lord Towyvale
10308, d.Dora by Little Jim 8929.

373 r. x. & H. C— Miss Langworthy, for Holyport Furry Dance. (See Class 59.)

Class 80. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices, over 14 and not exceeding

15 hands. [18 entries.]

520 I. (£15 & R. N. for Champion.3)— J. D. Robinson, Sledmere. Malton, for Radiant
Star 22765, chestnut mare, foaled in 1907, bred by Sir Prince Smith, Bart., Hillbrook,
Keighley s. Kirkburn Toreador 8534. d. Electra 7815 by Ganymede 2076.

504 II (£10)— Mrs. Frederick E. Colman, North Park Epsom Downs, for Lady
' Viola 22106, bay mare, foaled in 1909, bred by John Baird.35 Castle Street, Dumfries ;
s. Master Mathias 10319, d. Bold Startle 19789 by Garten l Duke of Connaught 3009.
rnq t'tt (£k \ — the Exors. OF the late Frank Riley-Smith, Tadcaster, for Barton
Mystery, dark chestnut mare, foaled in 1908, bred by Frank Riley-Smith ; s.
Polonius 4931, d. Inholmes Mystery 8996 by Lord Hamlet 3750. ,

510 IV (£5 )— William Foster, Mel-Valley, Moseley, Worcs., for Mel-Valley s Dimple,
bay mare, foaled in 1907, bred by Sir Gilbert Greenall. Bart., C.V.O., Walton Hall,
Warrington ; s. Sir Horace 5402, d. by Goldfinder 6th 1791.

Class 81. — Harness Mares or Geldings, Novices , over 15 hands.

[27 entries.]

540

546

534

525

526

I (£15 & Champion.3)— T. W. SIMPSON. Greenfield House, Laleham-on-Thames,
for Fra’ilty 21350, chestnut mare, foaled in 1909, bred by W. Burdett-Coutts, M.P.,
Brookfield Stud, London, N.W. ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Fragility 10940 [Agility 2799
TT (£10 )— Henry Watson. Newton Kyme, Tadcaster, foi Miss Loity 20870,
chestnut mare, foaled in 1907, bred by Thomas Watson, Ellerton, York; s. Lord
Lofty 9794, d. Veleta 18718 by Sensationalist 5399. , „ .

III. (£5.)— A. w. HICKLING, Adbolton, Nottingham, for Adholton Black Prince
113i4, black gelding, foaled in 1909 ; s. Mathias 6473, d. Princess Clare K — !7 by Garton

Duke of Connaught 3009. _ „ ^

IV. £5.)— Edward Colston, Roundway Park, Devizes, for Constable, bay gelding,

foaled in 1908. - . „ .

R. N. & H. C.— Nigel C. Colman, Nork Park, Epsom Downs, for Royal Simon^

1 Gold Challenge Cup given by gentlemen interested in Hacks and Riding Ponies for
the best Animal in Classes 75-78.

2 Prizes given by the Bristol Local Committee,

3 Gold Challenge Cup, given by gentlemen interested in Harness Horses, for the best
Animal in the Novice Classes 79-81.

S 2

lxviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 82. — Harness Mares or Geldings , not exceeding 14 hands.

[10 entries.]

548 I. (,£15.)— William Foster, Mel-Valley, Moseley, Worcs., for Mel-Valley’s Fame,
bay gelding, foaled in 1909, bred by Walter Cliff, Melbourne Hall, York ; s. Royal
Success 8995, d. Wortley Bell 14873 by Sir Horace 5402.

496 II. (£10.) — William Foster, for Mel-Valley’s Bauble. (See Class 79.) *

499 III. (£5.) — F. W. Jones, for Trehanog Horace. (See Class 79.)

371 IV. (£5.)— James E. Agate, for Rusper Maryan. (See Class 59.)

498 R. N. & H. C. — Mrs. A. W. Hendy, Soundwell Road, Staple Hill, Bristol, for
Never Mind.

Class 83 .—Harness Mares or Geldings , over 14 and not exceeding

15 hands. [19 entries.]

562 I. (£15.) — Philip Smith, Haddon House, Ashton-on-Mersey, for Queen of Ayr 20178,
bay mare, foaled in 1903, bred by Mrs. Walker, Limefield, West Calder ; s. Mathias
6473, d. Dearest 2nd 10827 by Lord Rickell 5288.

561 II. (£10.)— Philip Smith, for Melbourne Princess 19347, bay mare, foaled in 1906,
bred by Walter Cliff, Melbourne Hall, York ; ft. Merry Wildfire 9342, d. Melbourne
Duchess 14571 by Garton Duke of Connaught 3009.

520 III. (£5.) — J. D. Robinson, for Radiant Star. (See Class 80.)

559 IV. (£5.)— CHARLES Radcliffe, 19, Newport Road, Cardiff, for Peterston Pearl
19421. chestnut mare, foaled in 1906 ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Princess Royal 10442 by His
Majesty 2513.

560 R. N. & H. C. — Charles Radcliffe, for Peterston Princess.

Class 84. — Harness Mares or Geldings , over 15 and not exceeding

15*2 hands. [13 entries.]

568 I. (£15, & R. N. for Champion.1 ) — Philip Smith, Haddon House, Ashton-on-Mersev,
for King of the Air, dark brown, foaled in 1907, bred by G. McGill. Hollinbrook
House. Littleborough. Lancs ; s. Mathias 6473, d. Hollin Flashlight 16700 by Norbury
Lightning 7563.

567 II. (£10.) — MISS Ella S. ROSS, Beechfield, Sale, Cheshire, for Grand Vulcan, black
gelding, foaled in 1902, bred by R. C. Marshall, Burntshields, Kilbarchan : s. Mathias
6473, d. Rosetta 8426 by Lord Derby 2nd 417.

564 III. (£5.)— Nigel C. Colman, Nork Park, Epsom Downs, for Authority 7690, bay
gelding, foaled in 1900, bred by S. R. Tennant. Great Kendall, Driffield ; s. Ganymede
2076, d. Family Pride 2726 by Lord Derby 2nd 417.

Class 85. — Harness Mares or Geldings , over 15 '2 hands.

[14 entries.]

574 I. (£15, & Champion.1)— T. W. Simpson, Greenfield House, Laleham-on-Thames,
for Argo 10564, chestnut gelding, foaled in 1907, bred by W. Burdett-Coutts, M.P.’
Brookfield Stud, London, N.W.; s. Polonius 4931, d. Fragility 10940 by Agility 2799.

571 II. (£109— H. Le MARCHANT, Elmwood, East Croydon, for Gaythorn, chestnut
gelding, foaled in 1905, bred by James Prentice, Uddingstone, N.B. ; s Mathias
6473, d. Sweetlips by Star of the East,

573 III. (£5.) — Miss Ella S. Ross. Beechfiekl, Sale, Cheshire, for Grand Viscount black
gelding, foaled in 1906, bred by Gavin Ross, Dykehead, Chapeltown ; s. Mathias
6473, d. Maid of Honour 1245 by Confidence 163.

546 IV. (£5.)— Henry Watson, for Miss Lofty. (See Class 81).

525 R. N. & H, C— Edward Colston, for Constable. (See Class 81.)'

Class 86 —Pairs of Harness Mares or Geldings , not exceeding 15 hands, to le

driven in Doulle Harness. [7 entries.]

562 L C£“15, & Champion. 2)— Philip Smith, for Queen of Ayr (see Class 83) ; and
Melbourne Princess (see Class 83).

559 k 560 II. (£10.)— CHARLES Ratcliffe for Peterston Pearl (see Class 83) • and
Peterston Princess 20938, chestnut mare, foaled in 1908 ; s. Polonius 4931 d Princess
Royal 10442 by His Majesty 2513. '

548 & 577 III (£5.)-William FOSTER, for Mel-Valley’s Fame (see Class 82); and
Mel-Valley s Famous, foaled in 1907.

Class 87 —Pairs of Harness Mares or Geldings , over 15 hands, to le driven

in Doulle Harness. [10 entries.]

579 & 573 I. (£15, & R. N. for Champion. 2 )— Miss Ella S. Ross, for Grand Vizier black
gelding, foaled in 1902, bred by Henry Whittick, Newland, Hull; s. Gentleman John
3624, d. Fairy Queen 6643 by Curfew 1755 ; and Grand Viscount (see Class 85.)

1 Gold Challenge Cup, given by gentlemen interested in Harness Horses, for the best

Animal in Classes 82-85.

a. Th(L n‘Vikino?” Gold Challenge Cup, given by a Member of the R.A.S.E. for the best

pair in Classes 86 and 87.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

lxix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

581 & 538 II. (.£10.)— MISS DORA SCHINTZ, Childwall Hall. Liverpool, for Catalina 17320,
chestnut mare, foaled -in 1901, bred by W Burdett-Coutts, M.P., Brookfield Stud,
London, N.W. : s. Polonius 4931. d. Cuckoo Bright 10803 by Last Fashion 4343; and
Aerial Queen 20472, chestnut mare, foaled in 1908, bred by R. P. Evans, Woodhatch
House. Eeigate ; s. Polonius 4931, d. Julia 11929 by Dagenham 4214.

574 & 540 III. (£5.)— T. W. Simpson, for Argo (see Class 85) : and Frailty (see Class 81.)

580 & 567 IY. (£5.) — MISS Ella S. Eoss for Grand Vulture 11454, black gelding, foaled in
1908, bred by Edwin Norman. Manor Farm, Haddenham : s. Witcham Friar Tuck
8036, d. Carette 18985 by Prickwillow King 7957 ; and Grand Vulcan (see Class 84.)

Class 88. — Pairs of Harness Mares or Geldings , not exceeding 15 hands ,

to be driven TandenX. [8 entries.]

562 & 561 I. (£15, & Champion.1)— Philip Smith, for Queen of Ayr (see Class 83) ; and
Melbourne Princess (see Class 83).

548 & 577 II. (£10.)— William Foster, for Mel-Valley’s Fame (see Class 82) ; and Mel-
Valley’s Famous (see Class 86).

559 & 560 III. (£5.)— Charles Radcliffe, for Peterston Pearl (see Class 83) ; and

Peterston Princess (see Class 86.)

551 & 352 IV. (£5.) — MRS. FREDERICK E. COLMAN, Nork Park, Epsom Downs, for
Alice Garton 18862, brown mare, foaled in 1902, bred by Eicbard Ford, Garton.
Driffield ; s. President Eoosevelt 8256, d. Arfon Mustard 16409 by Mathias 6473 ; and
Crystaline 13393, brown mare, foaled in 1899, bred by the late F. E. Colman ; s. Eoyal
Danegelt 5785, d. Moonlight 4435 by Old Times 1863.

Class 89. — Pairs of Harness Mares or Geldings , over 15 hands , to be driven

Tandem. [10 entries.]

574 & 540 I. (£15, & R. N. for Champion. l)— T. W. Simpson, for Argo (see Class 85) ; and
Frailty (see Class 81.)

573 & 567 II. (£10.)— Miss Ella S. Eoss, for Grand Viscount (see Class 85) ; and Grand
Vulcan (see Class 84).

564 & 526 III. (£5.)— Nigel C. Colman, for Royal Simon, bay gelding, foaled in 1907,
bred by T. Davies, Llechwedcl, Llanybyther ; s. St. Simon 7594, d. Sunflower by
Middleton Eelish 7931 ; and Authority (see Class 8b)

580 & 579 IV. (£5.)— Miss Ella S. Eoss, for Grand Vulture (see Class 87) ; and Grand
Vizier (see Class 87.)

Four-in-hand Teams.

Class 90. — Mares or Geldings. [3 entries.]

C I. (£20, & Champion.2)— MISS Ella S. EOSS, Beechfield, Sale, Cheshire.— Four
bla ks.

A II. (£15, & R. N. for Champion.2)— William Arthur Barron, 91 Westbourne
Terrace, London, W.— Four chestnuts.

Draught Horses.3

Class 91. — Draught Mares or Geldings , foaled in or after 1907.

[3 entries.]

582 I. (£10.)— Henry Bridgman, Cleve Hill Farm, Downend, Bristol, for Dinah
(Shire), brown mare, fouled in 1910.

583 II. (£6.)— W. Richmond James, Rookery Farm, Binegar, Bath, for Binegar
Pattern 59313 (Shire), bay mare, foaled in 1908; s. Blaze of Worsley 2nd 21155, d.
Eckington Girl 44817 by Lockinge Emperor 18157.

584 III. (£4.)— Henry Matthews, Down Farm, Winterbourne, Bristol, for Foresterer
(Shire), roan gelding, foaled in 1907 ; s. Stanton Forest King, d. Winterbourne Lively
by Gownsboy.

JUMPING COMPETITIONS.3

Class A. — Mares or Geldings. [19 entries.]

13 ) Eaual Prize f F- w- Foster, Marsh Farm, Etwall, Derby, for Paddy.

5 i r 1 Thomas & Henry Ward, Almsford Bank Farm, Leeds Road,

j 01 *T< l"5, l Harrogate for Fisherman.

18 III. (£5.)— Miss Mona Dunn, Kingston Hill, Surrey, for Comet.

19 IV. (£5.)— Thomas Glencross. Loose Box, Weston-super-Mare, for Tradesman.

15 V. ’(£5.)— Thomas Glencross, for Nomination.

1 The “ Venture ” Gold Challenge Cup, given by a Member of the R. A.S.E. for the best

Tandem in Classes 88 and 89. . . , .

2 Gold Challenge Cup, given by a Member of the R.A.S.E. interested m Coaching, for
the best Team in Class 90.

s Prizes given by the Bristol Local]Committee.

lxx Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class B. — Mares or Geldings. [20 entries.]

12 I. G£20.)— Miss Mona Dunn, Kingston Hill, Surrey, for Comet.

18

14

9 II. (,£l6.) T. & W. Singer, High House, Corsley. Warminster, for Springbok.
9 III* (^5.)— James P. Glencross, Garth House, Weston-super-Mare, for Lady.

IV. (£ 5 .) A. E. Merrett, Southgate Street, Gloucester, for Why Not.

V. Ge5.)-W. Lewes, Plasgeler, Llandyssil, for Two Step.

7

4

Class C .—Mares or Geldings. [20 entries.]

I. (^15 ) -Thomas & henry ward, Almsford Bank Farm, Leeds Road, Harrogate,
for Fisherman. s

ttt mH9rMj^S'[SLENCROSS’ Boose Box, Weston-super-Mare, for Tradesman.

HI* (£5-') -F. & Walter DAVIES, Sharcombe Park, Wells, for Stepney Queen

W IV. (f 50— JAMES P. glencross, Garth House, Weston-super-Mare, for Lady
19 V. (£5.)~ F. W. Foster, Marsh Farm, Etwall, Derby, for Mustard. J

Class D. — Champion Class. Mares or Geldings. [17 entries.]

4 1 Equal Prize f T. & W. Singer. High House. Corsley, Warminster, for Springbok
17 J of ^£20. t F. W. Foster, Marsh Farm, Etwell, Derby, for Paddy ^ S
12 III. (^IO.)-Miss Mona Dunn, Kingston Hill, Surrey, for Comet.

10 IV (-£5.)— Thomas & Henry ward, Almsford Bank Farm, Leeds Road, Harro-
gate, for Fisherman.

8 V. 0£5.)— A. E. Merrett, Southgate Street, Gloucester, for Why Not.

CATTLE.

Shorthorns.

Class 92.-

- Shorthorn Cows ( in-milh ), calved in or before 1909.

[10 entries, 2 absent.]

590 I. (£ 10. )— Walter Montagu Scott, Nether Swell Manor, Stow-on-the-Wold for
Gay Maid (vol. 57, p. 1150), roan, born April 17, 1905, calved Feb. 10, 1913, bred by
George Walker, Tillygreig, Udny ; s. Defender 88363, d. Gay Lady by Pride of Day

588 II. (f6.)— John Henry Maden, Rockcliffe House, Bacup, for Bertha 9th (vol.
57, p. 733), white, born March 3, 1907, calved Jan. 15, 1913, bred by J. & A Milne
Count^unslbne1?!^! ^ challs, Stonehaven ; s. Administrator 90610, d. Bertha* 6th by

585 III. (£4.)— Richard JAMES Balston, Bilsington Priory, Ashford, Kent, for Dewlap

P>461i ro\n' Bom JulV 27, 1909, calved March 23, 1913 ; s. Tehidy Robin HooS
97420, d. Maydew by Rufus of Huntingtower 93306. y

591 IV. (.£3.)— Lord Sherborne, Sherborne Park, Northleach, for Sherborne Fairy

Si FaiblTrortS^MW.1908, CalTed May K' 1913 ; * Scotti8h Mo”arch

586 R. N. & H. C.— W. M. Cazalet, Fairlawne. Tonbridge, for Jilt 46th.

Class 93. Shorthorn Heifers (in-milh), calved in 1910. 1 [6 entries, none absent.]
598 L Jfl°-)-C. E. Gunther, Tongswood, Hawkhurst, for Tongswood Edith (vol 57
_ fa7m7e\;°SintBeSic{'8™rd «• Hope 104022, d Strawberry

595 ?qq?T‘ Cli^e Behrens, Swinton Grange, Malton, for Swinton Ursula
,F?"’ P' ®83). roan, born Jan. 12, calved Dec. 1, 1912 : s. Chiddincstone Seal 101787

Swinton Baroness 3rd by Hartgrange Marquis 91948. 1 I01787’

597 H ] Cornelius Bankfields, Eastham, Cheshire, for Bankfields

Belle (vol. 57, p. 549), roan born May 19, calved March 3, 1913 ; s. Village Beau 87631
d. Eastmgton Phantom 3rd by Aldsworth Jasper 85147. ’

596 R. N. & H. C— W. M. Cazalet, Fairlawne, Tonbridge, for Clipper Keepsake.

Class 94 .—Shorthorn Heifers, calved on or between January 1, 1911 and

March 31, 1911. [17 entries, 2 absent.]

601 w-(^10, &Tp«am,pi0Aro)-HlS Majesty THE King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for
Royal °Sanquha(r 79839 P* 342)’ r°an’ b°rn JaD' 10 ; S' Evander C5106, d. Zoe 9th by

616 ?^/'R8,lr'inQ?iEANE T^ILLi,sv Bapton Manor, Codford, Wilts, for Bapton Beauty
Hope 86765°3^’ r°an’ b°rn Feb' 5 ’ S' Alnwick Favourite 90653. d. Beauty 3rd by My

] Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society. —

inblasSK andYoilf giVen by the Shorthorn Sooie‘y for tte best Oow or Heifer

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol, 1913. lxxi

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor. ]

602 III. (£4.)— Richard James Balston, Bilsington Priory, Ashford, Kent, for Bess
of Bilsington (vol. 58, p. 381), roan, born Feb. 4 ; s. Golden Cloud 108750, d , Bess 9th by
Royal Prince 93268. . ,

607 IV. (£3.) — 0. E. Gunther, Tongswood, Hawkhurst, for Tongswood Missie 2nd
(vol. 58, p. 607), red and little white, born Feb. 19 ; s. Orphan Stamp 103261, d. Latton
Missie 3rd by Royal Pippin 96936.

614 R. N. & H. 0— F. B. WILKINSON, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for

Golden Pearl.

Class 95. — Shorthorn Heifers , calved on or between April 1, 1911, and
December 31, 1911. [18 entries, 6 absent.]

618 I. (£10. Q— Richard James Balston, Bilsington Priory, Ashford, Kent, for
Bilsington Pink 2nd (vol. 58, p. 381), roan, born June 20 ; s. Golden Cloud 108750, d.
Pluto’s Pink 2nd by Chiddingstone Wanderer 91224. >

630 II (£6.1)- JOHN Henry MADEN, Rockcliflfe House. Bacup, for Hawthorn Queen
(vol 58, p. 585), roan, born July 20, bred by John Gill, Thorn Farm, Stainton, Penrith;
s. Regent 106754, d. Hawthorn Berry 2nd by Proud Monarch 92961.

626 III (£4 i)— Lady Grantley, Oakley Hall, Cirencester, for Curfew Bell (vol. 58,
p. 709), roan, born May 8, bred by C. W. Kellock, Highfields, Audlem, Cheshire ;
s. Gerome of Cluny 91810, d. Winning Bell by Winning Hope 80283.

631 IV (£3.)— John Henry Maden, for Rockcliffe Graceful (vol. 58, p. 764), white, born
May 18 ; s. Rockcliffe Scotchman 106812 d. Hoole Graceful by Man O’War 92436.

635 R. N. & H. C.— Colonel Fairfax Rhodes, Brockhampton Park, Andoversford,
Glos., for Cotehay Beauty 2nd.

Class 96. — Shorthorn Heifers , calved on or between January 1, 1912, and

March 31, 1912. [20 entries, 5 absent.]

654 I (£10, & R. N. for Champion.1 2 *)—!. Deane Willis, Bapton Manor, Codford, Wilts,
for Dauntless Princess, roan, born Jan. 18 ; s. Alnwick Favourite 90653, d. Dauntless
Queen (vol. 56, p. 1229) by Winning Hope 80283.

639 II. (£6.)— w. M. Cazalet, Fairlawne, Tonbridge, for Gipsy Countess 3rd, white,
born Jan. 2, bred by A. Morrison, Phingask, Fraserburgh ; s. Phingask Comet 109627,
d. Gipsy Countess 2nd (vol. 57, p. 568) by Golden Mascot 95330.

643 III. (£4.)— George Harrison, Gainford Hall, Darlington, for Gainford Rosemary,
roan, born Jan. 2 ; s. Proud Broadhooks 109762, d. Rosemary 120th (vol. 56, p. 1254) by
Sterling Character 97289. ^ , „ _ , , _ , _

636 IV (£3 )— His Majesty the King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Golden Bud, red,
born Jan. 15 ; s. First Attempt 105488, d. Golden Fairy (vol. 57, p. 418) by Winsome

652 va<(£36^— Walter MONTAGU SCOTT, Nether Swell Manor, Stow-on-the-Wold, for
Buttercup, roan, born March 27 ; s. Proud Baron 96572, d. Butterfly 39th (vol. 57,
p. 1150), by Ruthven 84681.

653 R. N. & H. C.— F. B. Wilkinson, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for
Scotch Mist.

Class 97 .—Shorthorn Heifers ,' calved on or between April 1, 1912, and
December 31, 1912. [31 entries, 4 absent.]

670 I. (£10.)— John gill. Thorn Farm, Stainton, Penrith, for Fragrance, roan, born
Nov. 2 ; s. Regent 106754, d. Thorn Farm Fragrance (vol. 55, p. 719) by Royal Ruby
96951

664 II (£6 ) Richard Cornelius, Bankfields, Eastham, Cheshire, for Bankfields
Jewel, roan, born June 25 ; s. Village Beau 87631, d. Aids worth Phantom (vol. 57, p.
594) by Aids worth Jasper 85147.

661 III (£4 )— W M. Cazalet, Fairlawne, Tonbridge, for Silver Star 2nd, red and little
white born April 15, bred by William Rhodes, Lundholme, Westhouse, Kirkby
Lonsdale ; s. Leonard of Cluny 109167, d. Silver Star (vol. 55, p. 902) by Full of

Promise 86014. ,

668 IV. (£3.)— The Edgcote Shorthorn Co., Ltd., Edgcote, Banbury, for Edgcote

Storm Fairy, dark roan, born June 12 ; s. Snow Storm 110225, d. Mabel 7th

(vol. 55, p. 903) by Bletchley King 98112. , „ _ . ' A

676 V. (£3.)— Lord Middleton, Birdsall, Malton, for Birdsall Lady Waterloo 16th,
roan, born May 29 ; s. Illustrious Count 95537, d. Birdsall Lady Waterloo 9th (vol.
57, p.’ 957) by Aaron 75978.

672 R. N. & H. C.— C. E. Gunther, Tongswood, Hawkhurst, for Tongswood Missie 3rd.

1 Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society.

2 Champion Prize of £20 given by the Shorthorn Society for the best Cow or Heifer

in Classes 92-97 and 105-7.

lxxii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Glass 98. — Group Class , for the l>est collection of either three or four Shorthorn
Cows or Ileifers , bred by Exhibitor. Open to animals entered in Classes
92 to 97 and 105 to 107 only. [7 entries, none absent.]

594, 616, 654 I. (.£15. x) — J. Deane Willis, for Jacqueline, Bapton Beauty, and Dauntless
Princess.

585, 602, 618, 638 II. (£10.) — Richard James Balston, for Dewlap, Bess of Bilsington,
Bilsington Pink 2nd, and Bilsington Rosemary 233rd.

601, 636. 637, 656 R. N. & H. C. — His Majesty the King, for Windsor Belle, Golden
Bud, Muriel 2nd, and Silver Queen.

Class 99 .—Shorthorn Bulls , calved in 1908, 1909, or'l 910.

[31 entries, 10 absent.]

696 I (£10, & R. N. for Champion. 2)- John Gill, Thorn Farm, Stainton, Penrith, for
Montrave Ethlmg 109444, light roan, born March 13, 1909, bred by Sir John Gilmour,
Bart., Lunden and Montrave, Leven, Fifeshire ; s. Royal Victory 100486, d. Montrave
Ethel by Broadhooks Conqueror 85451.

697 II. (£6.)— Sir Walpole Greenwell, Bt., Marden Park, Woldingham, Surrey,
for Marden Feldon 106130, white, born April 6, 1909 ; s. Ascott Constellation 85184,
d. Ruddington Butterfly Sweetheart by Butterfly Victor 80598.

713 III. (£4.)— Richard Stratton, The Duffryn, Newport, Mon, for Mischief 112570,
roan, born March 30. 1910, bred by W. T. Garne & Son, Aldsworth, Northleach ;
s. Pride of Ablington 103345, d. Misfortune by Bapton Crown 78288.

700 IV. (£3.) George Harrison, Gainford Hall, Darlington, for Prince Olaf 2nd
103410, roan, born March 5, 1908, bred by R. W. Bell, Windmill Farm, Coagh : s.
Prince Olaf 96535, d. Broadhooks F. 3rd by Lord Roberts 83958.

V. (£3.) F. B. WILKINSON, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for Birdsall
Brigand 107906, roan, born Jan. 26, 1910, bred by Lord Middleton, Birdsall, Malton ;
s. Birdsall Brewer 90914, d. Birdsall Hazeltop 3rd by Illustrious Count 95537.

699 R. N. & H. C— C. E. Gunther, Tongswood, Hawkhurst, for Windmill Marquis.

Class 100. — Shorthorn Bulls , calved on or between January 1, 1911, and
March 31, 1911. [23 entries, 6 absent.]

719 I. (£10.)— Edgar William Bishop, Fifield, Oxford, for Pierrot 112793, white born
nnn Eeb. 23 ; s. Emperor of Huntingtower 88520, d. Fanny 114th by Near Go 79473.

/2J II. (£6.)— George Harrison, Gainford Hall, Darlington, for Golden Fortune
111SL_, roan, born Jan. 28, bred by C. H. Jolliffe. Newbus Grange, Darlington • s
Golden Morning 102375, d. Tarrel Marigold by Challenger 74199.

/25 III. (£4.)— Lord Fitzhardinge, Berkeley Castle. Glos.,for Aldsworth Pride 110732
roan, born Jan. 12, bred by W. T. Garne & Son, Aldsworth, Northleach: s. Pride
of Ablington 103345, d. Crown Princess by Village Coronet 97548
722 *v-J^3j-SlR Richard P. Cooper, Bt„ Shenstone Court, Lichfield, for Hoar Frost
112077, white, born Feb. 26, bred by W. Parkin-Moore, Whitehall, Mealsgate, Cum-
herland ; s. Keep Smiling 105853, d. Winter Blossom by Lord Ramsden 2nd 99461.

/40 V. (£3.)— A Romer WYNN Rug, Corwen. for Highfields Baron 112062, roan, born
7 by Kellock, Highfields, Audlem, Cheshire ; s. Violet Prince 101003

d. Marden of Highfields 2nd by Scotch Earl 87284.

730 R. N. & H. C. W. J. Hosken, Pulsack, Hayle, Cornwall, for Hayle Marksman.

Class 101. — Shorthorn Bulls , calved on or between April 1, 1911, and
December 31, 1911. [36 entries, 7 absent.]

743 I. (£10, 1 2 & Champion^)— George Campbell, Harthill, Bieldside, Aberdeen, for
Woodend Stamp 113755, roan, born May 27. bred by Alex. Crombie, Woodend New
Machar, N.B.; s. Golden Banner 105613, d. Lovely by Coldstream 60510.

759 II. (£6.0— A. M. & O. J. LAW, Mains of Sanquhar, Forres, N.B., for Sanquhar
Dreadnought 113244, dark roan, born May 4; s. Hawthorn Champion 99098, d. Zoe
11th by Scotch Thistle 73584.

761 III. (£4.0— Earl Manvers, Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham, for Royal Sovereign

113193^ red, born April 6 ; s. Duke of Kingston 2nd 102088, d. Empress Millicent by
Red Emperor 87026. y

744 IV. (£3.)— W. M. Cazalet, Fairlawne, Tonbridge, for Fairlawne Clipper 111726
light roan born Sept. 27 ; s. Broadhooks Victor 2nd 101658, d. Elvetham Clipper 3rd
by Lavender Royal 86380.

741 V (£3. ) His Majesty The King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Proud Warrior
112932, roan born April 1st ; s. Cowslip King 105146, d. Proud Missie 3rd by Royal
Windsor 93289. J

766 & H- C~THE Duke of Northumberland, K.G.. Alnwick Castle, for

White Favour.

1 Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society.

2 Skn?Pkn-.™ize of £20 given by the Shorthorn Society for the best Bull in Classes

99-103, 108 and 109.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxxiii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

Class 102. — Shorthorn Bulls , calved on or between January 1, 1912, and,
March 31, 1912. [38 entries, 11 absent.]

785 I. (£10.)—' The Edgcote Shorthorn Co., Ltd., Edgcote, Banbury, for Edgcote
Masterpiece, white, born Feb. 11 ; s. Bletchley King 98112, d. Lady Mabel (vol. 57, p.
600) by Pride of Avon 86878.

782 II. (£6.) — J. H. DEAN & SONS, Heath House, Nocton, Lincoln, for Marquis Pearl,
red, born Jan. 14 ; s. Sanquhar Pearl 100588, d. Mere Marchioness 2nd (vol. 57, p. 636)
by Mere Caliph 89296.

803 III. (£4.) — Richard Stratton, The Duffryn, Newport, Mon., for Highflyer, roan,
born March 20 ; s. Pegasus 106477, d. Maiden’s Biush (vol. 56, p. 1151) by Renown
93084.

789 IV. (£3 & S. P. £10. 1 ) — Lord Fitzhardinge, Berkeley Castle, Glos., for Brave
Marquis, roan, born Jan. 8 ; s. Stranraer Marquis 104102, d. Blanche Rose 36th (vol.

56, p. 678) by Royal Waterloo 83983.

814 V. (£3.) — JOSHUA a. Williams, Moor Park, Harrogate, for Prince Paul, dark roan,
born Jan. 18 ; s. Proctor 109745, d. Peony (vol. 57, p. 1287) by Nabob 103162.

783 R. N. & H. C.— The Edgcote Shorthorn Co., Ltd., for Edgcote Conqueror.

777 S. P. (£5. !)— Charles Bathurst, M.P., Lydney Park, Glos., for Lydney
Majestic 2nd.

Class 103. — Shorthorn Bulls , calved on or between April 1, 1912, and
December 31, 1912. [42 entries, 14 absent.]

836 I. (£10.1 2)— Lord Middleton, Birdsall, Malton, for Birdsall Champion, red, born
May 30 ; s. Illustrious Count 95537, d. Dowsby Wild Eyes 10th (vol. 57, p. 634) by
Dowsby Kirklevington Duke 4th 80891.

834 II. (£6.2)— A. M. & O. J. LAW, Mains of Sanquhar, Forres, N.B., for Sanquhar
Eclipse, roan, born April 10 ; s. Hawthorn Champion 99098, d. Zoe 11th (vol. 56 p.
847) by Scotch Thistle 73584.

835 III. (£4.2)— Earl MANVERS, Holme Pierrepont, Nottingham, for Kingston’s Glory,
red roan, born April 6 ; s. Duke of Kingston 2nd 102088, d. Blanche Beauty 11th (vol.

57, p. 944) by Hazledown 76845.

837 IV. (£3.)— Lord Middleton, for Birdsall Columbus, red. born April 3 ; s. Illustri-
ous Count 95537, d. Cambridge Waterloo L3th (vol. 57, p. 957) by Solid Gold 87418.

829 V. (£3.)— JOHN Gill, Thorn Farm Stainton. Penrith, for Royal Secret, dark roan,
born May 9 ; s. Regent 106754, d. Sycamore 7th (vol. 56, p. 964) by Prince of Fashion
64587.

815 R. N. & H. C.— His Majesty The King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Monarch.

Class 104. — Group Class, for the best collection of either three or four Shorthorn
Bulls, bred by Exhibitor. Open to animals entered in Classes 99 to 103
108 and 109 only* [6 entries, none absent.]

762, 763, 836 837 I. (£15.)— Lord Middleton, for Birdsall Bacchus, Birdsall Croesus
’ 2nd, Birdsall Champion and Birdsall Columbus.

765, 766, 800 II. (£10.)— THE DUKE OF Northumberland, K.G.. for Leading
Favourite, White Favour and Alnwick Piper.

744, 822, 823 R. N. & H. C.— W. M. Cazalet, for Fairlawne Clipper, Fairlawne Diadem
and Fairlawne Keepsake.

Dairy Shorthorns.

Class 105. — Shorthorn Dairy Cows (in-milk), calved in or before 1908.

[24 entries, 7 absent.]

878 I. (£10,2 & Champion.3)— Captain Arnold Wills, Thornby Hall, Northampton,
for Ringlet 9th (vol. 52, p. 711), red and little white, born June 12, 1904, calved May
23, 1913, bred by W. Forster, Bull’s Hill, Allendale ; s. Silver Coin 79963, d. Ringlet 8th
by Lord Somerset 4th 72928.

860 II (£6,2 & R. N. for Champion.3)— C. R. W. Adeane, Babraham Hall, Cambridge,
for Heather Queen 3rd (vol. 56, p. 426), red, born Aug. 28, 1901, calved June 10, 1913,
bred by Mrs. Nicholson, Gilts, Shap, Westmorland ; s. Golden Cherry’s Prince 70521,
d. Heather Queen by Bolton Beau 65160.

868 III (£4 a) — Samuel SANDAY, Puddington Hdll, Chester, for Janetta (vol. 57, p.
1144), red, born Dec 19, 1907, calved May 26, 1913 ; s. Barrington Prince 90834, d.
Janetta 53rd by Florentia’s Prince 16th 74560.

1 Special District Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society (£10), and the Gloucester-

shire Agricultural Society (£5), for the two best Bulls in Classes 102, 103, and 109, the
property of Exhibitors residing in Gloucestershire.

2 Prizes given by the Shorthorn Society. i \

s Champion Prize of £10 given by the Dairy Shorthorn (Coates s Herd Book)

Association for the best Cow or Heifer in Classes 105, 106 and 107.

lxxiv Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

862 IV. (£3.)— E. S. GODSELL, Salmon’s Brewery, Stroud, l'or Elsie Foggathorpe (vol. 56,
p. 807), light roan, born Sept. 18, 1907, calved June 8, 1918, bred by T. Hunter,
Dolphinlee Farm, Lancaster ; s. Duke of Lancaster 91558, d. Primrose 3rd by Silver
King 77867.

864 R. N. & H. C.— R- W. HOBBS & SONS, Kelmscott, Lechlade, for Solo 60th.

868, 887, 908 (Cup.1)— Samuel Sanday, for Janetta, Barrington Belle, and Barrington
Snowstorm.

915, 899, 864 (R. N. for Cup.1)— R. W. Hobbs & Sons, for Kelmscott Juggler, Spotless 31st,
and Solo 60th.

Class 106. — Shorthorn Dairy Cows (in-milk), calved in 1909.

[11 entries, 3 absent.]

887 I. (£10.) — Samuel Sanday, Puddington Hall, Chester, for Barrington Belle (vol,

56, p. 1103), roan, born June 20, calved May 28, 1913 : s. Salmon’s Freemason 100526.
d. Barrington Princess 4th by Sir Barrington 5th 75642.

891 II. (£6.) — Frank H. Thornton, Kingsthorpe Hall, Northampton, for Jewel 3rd,
dark roan, born Feb. 14, calved May 6, 1913, bred by the Cumberland County Coun-
cil. Newton Rigg, Penrith ; s. Eden Minister 11660, d. Jewel 2nd by Traveller 80113.

889 III. (£4.) — R- SILCOCK & SONS, Thornton Hall Farm. Poulton-le-Fylde, for Fylde
Morwenna 2nd (vol. 56, p. 117), red roan, born Jan. 10, calved May 13, 1913 ; s. Blood
Royal 3rd 94356, d. Eagletborpe Morwenna by Eagletborpe Referee 85841.

886 R. N. & H. C.— R- W. HOBBS & Sons, Kelmscott, Lechlade, for Melody 13th.

Class 107. — Shorthorn Dairy Heifers (in-milk'), calved in or after 1910.

[14 entries, 3 absent.]

895 I. (£10.) — J. A. ATTWATER, Dry Leaze, Cirencester, for Leazow Musical (vol. 57, p.
455), red, born May 31, 1910 ; s. Puddington Minstrel 100110, d. Pianola by Volunteer
21st 82569.

899 II. (£6.)— R. W. HOBBS & Sons, Kelmscott, Lechlade, for Spotless 31st (vol. 57,
p. 823), red and little white, born Sept. 3, 1910, calved May 21, 1913 ; s. Village
Swell 8th 97560, d. Spotless 30th by Kelmscotonian 18th 92094.

893 III. (£4.)— C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall, Cambridge, for Babraham Fog (vol.

57, p. 425), roan, born Jan. 13, 1910, calved May 16, 1913 ; s. Knight of Ivanhoe 92167, d.
Mist by Archer 80352.

898 IV. (£3.)— R. W. Hobbs & SONS, for Laura 21st, roan, born Oct. 14, 1910, calved
June 3, 1913 ; s. M. C. 12th 106182, d. Laura 14th by Village Lad 93746.

Class 108. — Shorthorn Dulls, calved in 1911. 2 [3 entries.]

908 I. (.£10.)— Samuel Sanday, Puddington Hall, Chester, for Barrington Snowstorm
110940. white, horn Sept. 4 ; s. Oxford Record 106450, d. Barrington Cranford 14th by
Beau Sabreur 74049.

906 II. (£6.)— C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall, Cambridge, for Babraham Diplomat
110831, roan, born July 18 ; s. Babraham Heather Prince 101320, d. Babraham Doreen
by Babraham Pearl 94100.

907 III. (£4.)— The Earl of Derby, Knowsley, Prescot, for Knowsley J. J., roan,
born June 1 : s. Babraham Judge 104603, d. Babraham Jessamine (vol. 55, p. 438) by
Babraham Earl Bates 94095.

Class 109. — Shorthorn Dulls, calved in 1912. [11 entries, 2 absent.]

915 I. (£10.) — R. W. Hobbs & Sons, Kelmscott, Lechlade, for Kelmscott Juggler, dark
roan born April 2 ; s. Trickster 4th, d. Hawthorn 7th (vol. 58, p. 656) by Village Lad
93746.

913 II. (£6.)— E. S. Godsell, Salmon’s Brewery, Stroud, for Salmon’s Victor, dark roan
born Feb. 5 ; s. Salmon’s Heir 110079, d. Waterloo 5th (vol. 57, p. 737) by Vain
Victor 93716.

911 III. (£4.)— J. A. ATTWATER, Dry Leaze, Cirencester, for Fairyland, roan, born
March 21 ; s. Lord Pailful 109243, d. Fairy Queen (vol. 57, p. 454) by Plaudit 75234.

914 R. N. & H. C.— Robert Heath, Biddulph Grange, Biddulph, Staffs., for Puddington
Rosador.

Class 110. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to Shorthorn Cows and Heifers entered in
Classes 92, 93, 105, 106, and 107 only. [20 entries, 5 absent.]

858 I. (£10.)— C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall, Cambridge, for Babraham Eva Bates
(vol. 57, p. 423), red and white, born Sept. 9, 1905, calved June 11, 1913 ; s. Prince
Pericles 24th 86953, d. Lady Evelyn Bates by Red Lord 15th 77593.

887 II. (£6.)-Samuel Sanday. for Barrington Belle. (See Class 106.)

1 Challenge Cup given through the Dairy Shorthorn (Coates’s Herd Book) Association
for the best Group of two Cows or Heifers and one Bull in Classes 105-109. Two at
least of the Animals must have been bred by exhibitor.

2 Prizes given by the Dairy Shorthorn (Coates’s Herd Book) Association.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxxv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

873 III, (£4.) J . M. Strickland, Warren House, Brandsby, Easingwold, for Brandsby’s
Princess (vol. 57, p. 1208), red, born Feb. 18, 1905, calved April 19, 1913 ; s. Bapton
Judge 82/68, d. Princess May by Coming Star 57082.

877 R, N. & H. C. Joshua A. Williams, Moor Park, Harrogate, for Roseleaf 2nd.

Lincolnshire Red Shorthorns.1

N-B. In the Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Classes, the number inserted within brackets after
the name of an animal indicates that the animal is entered in Coates's Herd Book. A
number without brackets indicates that the animal is registered in the Lincolnshire
Red Shorthorn Herd Book.

Class 111. Lincolnshire Heel Shorthorn Cows (in-milk), calved in or before 1909,

[8 entries, 1 absent.]

920 I. (£10.) — Augustus Ph. Brandt, Bletchingley Castle, Surrey for Bletchingley
Boadicea (vol. 16, p. 268), born June 9, 1909, calved March 3, 1913 ; s. King Louis 5457,
d. Stenigot Bloom 10th by Red Chief 2611.

927 II. (£6.) — J. G. Williams, Pendley, Manor, Tring, for Pendley Princess (vol. 17,
p. 357), born Aug. 20, 1909, calved March 28, 1913, bred by T. H. B. Freshney, South
Somercotes. Louth ; s. Grange Prince 4843, d. Saltfleet Bona by Saltfleet Bonus 3582.

923 III. (£4.) — Percy HENSMAN, Fulletby Grange, Horncastle, for Fulletby Peony Bat
(vol. 13, p. 208), born March 8, 1906, calved Jan. 27, 1913, bred by Charles Hensman ;
s. Scampton Formula 4562, d. Fulletby Peony B by Poolham Butterman 9th 1978.

924 R. N. & H. C. — HENRY Neesham, Lodge Farm, Canwick, Lincoln, for Canwick
Queen.

Class 112. — Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Heifers (in-milk), calved in 1910.

[2 entries.]

929 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2) — J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Blue
Eye 4th (vol. 18, p. 343), born Jan. 17, calved Oct. 2. 1912, bred by J. W. Farrow &
Sons, Strubby, Alford ; s. Red Chief 3rd 4939, d. Blue Eye 3rd by Under Porter 3126.

928 II. (£6.)— AUGUSTUS PH. BRANDT, Bletchingley Castle, Surrey, for Bletchingley
Circe (vol. 18, p. 257), born May 10, calved Jan. 22, 1913, bred by Joseph Bowser,
Frithville, Boston ; s. Buscot Rupert 104946, d. Deeping Jessie by Croft Sunrise 3831.

Class 113. — Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Heifers, calved in 1911.

[5 entries, none absent.]

934 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Strubby Violet
2nd, born July 20, brbd by J. W. Farrow and Sons, Strubby, Alford; s. Scampton
Juba 6324, d. Strubby Violet by Strubby Hebrew.

932 II. (£6.)— Percy Hensman, Fulletby Grange, Horncastle, for Fulletby Hilda 3rd
(vol. 18, p. 285). born Jan. 24 ; s. Billing Masterpiece 101538, d. Keal Hilda by Scampton
Excavator 4084.'

930 III. (£4.)— Augustus Ph. Brandt, Bletchingley Castle, Surrey, for Bletchingley
Doris (vol. 18, p. 258), born May 26 ; s. Bletchingley Brennus 6595, d. Deeping Daisy
3rd by Bigby Cynical 5155.

931 R. N. & H. C.— Augustus Ph. Brandt, for Sherwood Lady.

Class 114. — Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Heifers , calved in 1912.

[6 entries, none absent.]

939 I. (£10.) — J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring, for Pendley Duchess (vol. 19,
p. 380), born Feb. 9, bred by W. G. Smyth, Elkington Hall, Louth ; s. Grimblethorpe
Scamp 2nd 6825, d. Grimblethorpe Duchess 2nd by Scampton Angler 2327.

940 II. (£6.)— J. G. Williams, for Pendley Rose (vol. 19, p. 381), born Feb. 24, bred by
W. B. Swallow. Wootton Lawn, Ulceby ; s. Scampton Luxury 7884, d. Horkstow Lilac
by Bumper 2nd 1793.

938 III. (£4.) — Percy Hensman, Fulletby Grange, Horncastle, for Fulletby Hilda 4th
(vol. 19, p. 335), born Jan. 23 ; s. Scampton Exile 4092, d. Keal Hilda by Scampton
Excavator 4084.

935 R. N. & H. C— Augustus Ph. Brandt, Bletchingley Castle, Surrey, for

Bletchingley Electra.

Class 115. — Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Coics or Heifers (in-milk'), calved in
or before 1910, showing the best milking properties. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

941 I. (£10).— JOHN evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Burton Beauty 3rd (vol. 17, p. 304), born
May 13, 1908, calved June 9, 1913 ; s. Persian Ruby 5570.

942 II. (£6).— John Evens, for Burton Pride 7th (vol. 17, p. 303), born March 1. 1905,
calved May 19, 1913, bred by R. B. Bygott, Wootton Lawn, Ulceby ; s. Burton Pride
2441, d. by Ranby Red 2nd 2609.

1 £80 towards these Prizes were given by the Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Association.

2 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Association for

the best Cow or Heifer in Classes 111-115.

(

lxxvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

J 7 \

m

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

946 III. (.£4. 1— Charles E. Scorer, Whitehall. Bracebridge Heath, Lincoln, for Brace-
bridge No. 3 B (vol. 12, p. 208), born Sept. 28, 1903. calved April 6. 1913, bred by Fred
Scorer. Sudbrook, Lincoln ; s. Weston IXL. 2nd 2388, d. Sudbrook No. 63 by Withern
Marshman 574.

945 R. N. & H. C. — Henry Neesham, Lodge Farm, Canwick. Lincoln, for Canwick
Milker 2nd.

Class 116— Lincolnshire Bed Shorthorn Bulls , calved .1907, 1908, 1909,

or 1910. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

954 I. C£10, & Champion, i)— Benjamin Rowland, Ivy House, Wainfleet, for Dunsby
Bed 2nd 6016, born March 28. 1907, bred bAT J. W. Measures, Dunsbv, Bourne : s-
Sansthorpe Red 12th 4552. d. by Weston Nonpareil King 2068.

9o6 II. (A6.) F. B. A ILKINSON, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for Scampton
King of the Valley, born in March, 1909. bred by G. E. Sandars, Scampton House,
Lincoln : s. Brandon Grenadier 4274, d. by Keddington Ruby 1243.

952 III. (.£4.) Henry Neesham, Lodge Farm, Canwick, Lincoln, for Burton Benedict
7381. born June 16, 1910, bred by J. G. Barlow, Burton. Lincoln ; s. Burton Baronet
6653, d. Canwick Queen by Hallington Yeoman 2223.

951 R. N. & H. C— Earl Fitzwilliam, Wentworth, Rotherham, for Wentworth
Champion.

Class 117 —Lincolnshire Bed Shorthorn Bulls , calved in 1911.

[3 entries.]

958 I. GC10, & B. N. for Champion.1)— Lt.-Col. Harold Tagart, D.S.O., Old Sneed
Park, Bristol, for Sherwood King of Hearts 8527, born March 25, bred by L. W.
Stephenson, South Tlioresby, Alford ; s. Scamper King of Hearts 7121, d. by General
Buller 2206.

957 II. (A6.)— John Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Normanby Felix 8434, born Jan. 25,
bred by John Byron. Normanby-le-Wold : s. Redchalk 6275. d, by Croft Marvel 3829.

959 III. (A’4.)— J. G. Williams. Pendley Manor, Tring, for Croston Ruby 33rd 8939. born
Sept. 22, bred by Frank Bourne, Croston House, Brocklesby : s. Scampton King of
the Rubies 7122, d. by Neptune 2nd 4927.

Class 118 .—Lincolnshire Bed Shorthorn Bulls , calved in 1912.

[4 entries, none absent.]

960 I. (,£10. ) Augustus Ph. Brandt. Bletchingley Castle, Surrey, for Bletchingley
Eros 8782, born F eb. 7 ; 6*. Bletchingley Brennus 6595, d. Bletchingley Aurora (vol. 15,
p. 268) by Moreton Premier 55.-2.

962 II. (£6.) Chandos DE Paravicini, St. Vincent’s, Grantham, for Elkington Scamp
8988, born March 26, bred by V . G. Smyth. Elkington Hall, Louth ; s. Grimblethorpe
Scamp 2nu 6825, d. by Withern Boy 4th 5081.

961 III. (£4.)— Augustus Ph. Brandt, for Bletchingley Euclides 8783, born in March,
bred by William Dennis & Son. Kirton, Boston ; s. Ruby’s Benjamin 7843, d. Kirton
Venus by Paitney Monarch 2nd 5093.

Class 119. Milk Yield Prizes , open to Lincolnshire Bed Shorthorn Cows
and Heifers entered in Classes 111, 112 and 115 only.

[10 entries, none absent.]

944 I. (£10.)— Henry NEESHAM, Lodge Farm, Canwick, Lincoln, for Canwick Cherry
2nd (.vol. 16, p. 307), born April 3. 1906. calved Jan. 26, 1913 : s. Snapshot 4100 d.
Canwick Cherry 1st by Kirkby Monarch 2558.

945 II. {£&.)— HENRY JNeesham, for Canwick Milker 2nd (vol. 17, p. 325), born Jan 27

1907, calved May 2, 1913 ; s. Snapshot 4100, d. Canwick Milker 1st by Kirkbv
Monar h 2558, J

949 III. (£4.)— F. B. Wilkinson, Cavendish Lodge, Edwinstowe, Newark, for Sher-
wood Broadhooks, born Jan. 20, 1906, calved June 1, 1913 ; s. Kirkbv Abbott 2942 d by
Golden Shield 2nd (7053o).

921 R. N. & H. C. John Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Coddington Rosemary.

Herefords.2

Class 120. — Hereford Cows ( in-hiilk ), calved in or before 1909.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]'

965 I. (£10, & Champion. s Wohn George Cooee-IIill, Shelsley Bank. Stanford
Bridge, W orcester, for Shelsley Primula (vol. 41, p. 308), born Jan. 27, 1909, calved
Jan. 15, 1913 ; s. Shelsley 26480, d. Primrose by Kinnersley King 20116.

► Champion Prize of £10 given by the Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Association for

the best Bull m Classes 116-118.

2 £50 towards these Prizes were given by the Hereford Herd Book Society

s Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Hereford Herd Book Society for the best

Cow or Heifer m Classes 120-123.

Award of Live Stock Frizes at Bristol , 1913. lxxvii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was ‘‘bred by exhibitor. ]

964 II. (£6.)— FRANK Bibby. Hardwicke Grange. Shrewsbury, for Ivy Green 2nd
(vol. 43, p. 199) born Jan. 18, 1907, calved June 2, 1913 ;• s. Nelson 21625, d. ivy Berry
bo Happy Hampton 16097. „ _ . .

966 III. (£1.)—' The Eabl of Coventry, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, Worcester, for
Merriment (vol. 43, p. 284). born March 29, 1903, calved May 1. 1913 ; s. Fortumo 2lo9b,
d. Misbelief by Miscreant 19595.

Class 121. — Hereford Heifers (in-milk'), calved in 1910.

[5 entries, none absent.]

972 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion. Q— Kenneth AV. Milnes, Stanway Manor. Church
Stretton. for May Morn (vol. 42, p. 906), born May 1, calved March 26. 1913 : bred by
W. Thomas. The Hayes, Sully ; s. King Character 3rd 26946, d. Fusee 2nd by Star

968 II. (£6.)— JOHN GEORGE CookE-Hill, Shelsley Bank, Stanford Bridge, Worcester,
for Shelsley Florence (vol. 42, p. 369), bom Jan. 11, calved Jan. 6, 1913; s. Eaton
Sovereign 26832, d. Florence by Gambler 20639. . . ,

971 III. (£4.) -Mrs. Ellen MEDLICOTT. Bodenham, Herefordshire^, for Virginia 3rd
(vol. 42, p. 666), born Feb. 26, calved May 4, 1913; s. Locarno 20797, d. A irgmia by
Lancer 21515.

970 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. Ellen Medlicott, for Sunlight 2nd.

Class 122. — Hereford Heifers, calved in 1911. [6 entries, none absent.]

973 I. (.£10.)— Allen E. Hughes, Wintercott, Leominster, for Misty (vol. 43, p. 464),
born Jan. 22 ; s. Ronald 26450, d. Margery by Pearl King 24192.

976 II. (£6.)— 1). A. THOMAS, Llanwern, Newport, Mon., for Fantastical (vol. 43 p. 49 /),
born Jan. 11. bred by Rees Keene, Llanvihangel Court, Rogiet, Mon. ; s. Reviev
27821, d. Fandango by Whittem Marksman 23839.

974 III. (£4.)— Kenneth W. Milnes, Stanway Manor. Church Stretton. tor Gem s
Ruby (vol. 43, p. 548), born Jan. 4 ; s. Bloodstame 27351, d. Gemima by Goscben 1/284.

978 R. N. & H. C.-D. A. Thomas, for Pansy 18th.

Class 123.— Hereford Heifers, calved in 1912. [15 entries, 6 absent.]

981 I. (£10.)— JOHN George COOKE-HILL, Shelsley Bank, Stanford Bridge, AYorcester,
for Shelsley Queen 2nd born Jan. 14 ; s. Shelsley 26480, d. Gipsy Queen (vol. 42, p. 3i 0),

by Eveltbon 20616. T k

993 II. (£6.)— D. A. THOMAS, Llanwern, Newport, Mon., for Plume, born Jan. o;
s. Ousland 27741, d. Plumstone (vol. 42, p. 899) by Whitt ern Marksman 23838.

990 III. (£4.)— Kenneth W. Milnes, Stanway Manor. Church Stretton, for btanway
Belle, born Jan. 24, bred by D. A. Thomas, Llanwern, Newport. Mon. ; s. North
Star 27725, d. Best Love (vol. 43, p. 741), by Best Man 24398.

989 IV. (£3.)— Kenneth W. Milnes, for Gem’s Radiance, born Feb. 6; s. Sir James
26489. d. Gemima (vol. 43, p. 548) by Goscben 17284.

988 R. N.&H. C— Mrs. Ellen Medlicott, Bodenham, Herefordshire, for Blossom
4th.

Class 124. — Hereford Bulls, calved in 1908, 1909, or 1910.

[10 entries, 3 absent.]

1003 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— Henry W. Taylor, Showle Court, Ledbury, for Quarto
27143, born April 6. 1908 ; s. Confidence 21298, d. Maidenhair by Samson 20312.

994 II. (£6.)— His Majesty the King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Avondale 2mi»,
born Jan. 2, 1910, bred by King Edward VII.; s. Admiral 23256, d. Elsie by Lord

Lieutenant 22323. „ , „ „ , nmr, ,

998 III. (£4.)— Sir J. R. G. Cotterell, Bt., Garnons. Hereford, for Comet 281,o, born
April 12, 1910 ; s. All Right 24348, d. Stella by Marcellus 22353.

999 R. N. & H. C.— The Earl of Coa^entry, Croome Court, Severn Stoke, for Dolly-

. mount.

Class 125.— Hereford Bulls , calved in 1911. [14 entries, 3 absent.]

1015 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2)— Henry Moore, Shucknall Court, Hereford, for
Shucknall_ Victor 29383, born Feb. 1 ; s. Moorend King 26321, d. Blanche 8.th by Perry

Prince 24856. _ „ T „

1006 II (£6 )— Sir Frederick Cawley, Bt., M.P., Berrington Hall Leominster, tor
Berrington Ringer 28892, born Jan. 20 ; s. Albatross 19193, d. Happy Ringer by Happy

Hampton 16097. _. . _ ,

1008 HI. (£4.)— Sir J. R. G. Cotterell, Bt.. Garnons, Hereford, for First Lord 20i0o,
born April 14 ; s. Administrator 27298, d. Ladylove by Old Sort 24826. oriooc ,

1004 IV. (£3.)— His Majesty The King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Ronald 29335, born
Feb. 6 ; s'. Happy King 26204, d. Rosa by Soudan 22592.

1016 R. N. & H- 0.— DE F. PENNEFATHER, Kinnersley Castle, Hereford, for Ringer.

1 Champion Prize of £10 10*. given by the Hereford Herd Book Society for the best

Cow or Heifer in Classes 120-123. +

2 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Hereford Herd Book Society for the best

Bull in Classes 124-127.

Ixxviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 126. — Hereford Bulls , calved in January or February , 1912.

[23 entries, 8 absent.]

1040 I. (,£10.) 'T. P. Smith. The Vern, Bodenham, Herefordshire, for Kinsham Surprise,
born Jan. 3, bred by J.H. Edwards, Kinsham, Presteign ; s. Eaton Sensation 24566,
d. Lively 3rd (vol. 40, p. 368) by Fine Lad 19414.

1024 II. (£6.) — John George Cooke-Hill, Shelsley Bank. Stanford Bridge, Wor-
cester, for Shelsley Primus, born Jan. 17 ; s. Shelsley 26480, d. Primrose (vol. 42,
p. 371) by Kinnersley King 20116.

1038 III. (£4.)— Henry Moore, Shucknall Court, Hereford, for Shucknall Earl, born

1A 14 ; s. Moorend King 26321, d. Violet (vol. 41, p. 579 by Barnbrooke 24375.

1027 IV. (£3.) — The Earl of Coventry, Croome Court, Severn Stoke. Worcester, for
Falet, born Jan. 25 ; s. Dollymounr 27500, d. Valise (vol. 43, p. 255) by Maxwell 24155.

1037 V. (£3.)— Henry Moore for Shucknall Don, born Jan. 21 : s. Moorend King 26321,
d. Shucknall Queenie 2nd (vol. 41, p, 582) by Barnbrooke 24375.

1018 R. N. & H. C. — Frank Bibby, Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury, for Clive Count 4th.

Class 127. — Hereford Bulls , calved in 1912, on or after March 1.

[12 entries, 4 absent.]

1046 I. (£10.)— James Farmer Griffiths, Brick House, Preston Wynne, Hereford, for
Sea King, born March 1 ; s. Seafog 25757, d. Freda 2nd by Alderman 21913.

1041 II. £6.)— His Majesty the King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Bellman, born April
ttt Froadward Gambler 26694, d. Bellatrix (vol. 42, p. 257) by Forest Lad 24035.

IU49 III. (£4.) Allen E. Hughes, Wintercott, Leominster, for Lemberg, born April 6 ;

inroSV^u,cuns 27673, d. Lady Emily (vol. 43, p. 464) by Portrane 25659.

IU5.J IV. (£3.)— Charles T. Pulley, Lower Eaton, Hereford, for Eaton Prospect, born
March, 13 ; s. Eaton Masterpiece 25315, d. Loyalty 2nd (vol. 43, p. 656) by Eaton
Defender 2nd 20602.

1042 R. N. & H. C. — Sir Frederick Cawley, Bt., M.p., Berrington Hall, Leominster,
for Constitution 2nd.

Devons.1

Class 128.

-Devon Cows or Heifers ( in-milk ), calved in or before 1910.

[11 entries, 1 absent.]

1061 I. (£10.) — Mrs. A. C. Skinner & Son, Pound, Bishop’s Lydeard, for Pound Fillpan
2nd 23040, born Sept. 23, 1908, calved Jan. 14, 1913 ; s. Capton Ploughboy 4923, d.
Fillpan 17196, by Johnny-come-quick 3458.

1053 II. (£6.)— His Majesty the King, Royal Farms, Windsor, for Beauty 2nd 23183,
born Jan. 4. 1909, calved April 17, 1913, bred by William Burden, Kerscott, Barnstaple;
1A s.Bickiey Tutor 5961, d. Beauty, by Buller 4722.

1054 HL (^4.)— His Majesty the King, for Capton Sally 21180, born March 30,
1906, calved Jan. 19, 1913, bred by Alfred Bowerman, Capton, Williton ; s. Capton
Bellringer 4911, d. Sally 15571 by Starlight 3514.

1057 R. N. & H. C.— W. E. Mallett, Rainbow Wood, Bath, for Cutsey Brassy 3rd.

Class 129. — Devon Heifers , calved in 1911. [10 entries, none absent.]

1064 (f 10, & R. N. for Champion.2)— His Majesty the King, Royal Farms,
Windsor, for Fancy 24825, born Feb. 10; s. Capton Ploughboy 4923, d. Fairy 17538
by Councillor 3407.

1073 II. (£6.)-Sir Gilbert A. H. Wills, Bt.,M.P., Northmoor, Dulverton, for North-
moor Trilby 26322, born Jan. 3; s. Northmoor Royal 5873, d, Tot.tie 21136 by Chair-
man 4362.

1065 III. (£4.) Eland Clatworthy, Cutsey, Trull, Taunton, for Cherry 25642. born
Feb. 15, bred by Charles L. Hancock, Cothelstone, Taunton ; s. Crusader 4954, d. .
Cothelstone Chaff 22712 by Bickley Opal 4533.

1068 R. N. & H. C.— Charles Morris, Highfield Hall, St. Albans, for Capton Daisy.

Class 130. — Devon Heifers ,• calved in 1912. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

1074 I. (£10, & Champion. 2)-Lewis Henry Alford, Horridge, Ashford, Barnstaple,
for Horridge Belle 25520, born Feb. 25 ; s. Hall Curly Boy 6732, d. Suffragette 22480
by Capton Sunny Jim 5192.

1075.IL (£6.)— Robert Bruford, Nerrols, Taunton, for Nerrols Ruby 25572, born Feb.

irW T^T*VS^kl??gh Goldflnder 7268, d. Little Goldencup 21124 by Chestnut 3705

1076 III. (£4.)— Eland Clatworthy. Cutsey, Trull. Taunton, for Cutsey Bella 25644

438? Jan' 11 ; S' Roadwater Prince 6534, d. Brassy 5th 18720 by Duke of Thorverton

1077 R. N. & H, C. W. E. Mallett. Rainbow Wood, Bath, for Rainbow Blossom.

1 £50 towards these Prizes were given by the Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society

2 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society for the best
Cow or Heifer m Classes 128-131.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

lxxix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 131. — Devon Dairy Cows ( in-milk ) calved in or "before 1910.

[9 entries, 1 absent.]

1086 I. (,£10.) — John H. Chick, Wynford Eagle, Dorchester, for Wynford Toby A 110, born
in 1005 calved April 27. 1913.

1084 II. (£6.)— John H. Chick, for Curly A 256, born in Jan., 1903, calved May 12, 1913,
breeder unknown.

1089 III. (£4.)— Loram Brothers, Aylesbeare, Exeter, for Orange A 319, age and
breeder unknown, calved April 18, 1913.

Class 132. — Devon Bulls, calved in 1908, 1909, or 1910. [3 entries.]

1093 I. (£10)— Viscount Portman, Bryanston, Blandford, for Bryanston Amber 6271,
born August 6, 1908 ; s. Bryanston Ajax 5974, d. Goldcup 19644 by Major 4250.

1092 II. (£6.)— Charles Morris. Highfield Hall, St. Albans, for Highfield Victor 7146,
born Jan 4, 1910 ; s. Pound Lord Brassy 5th 5622, d. Highfield Countess 21522 by
Pound Monarch 5089.

1091 III. (£4.)— Samuel Kidner, Bickley, Milverton, Somerset, for Stockleigh Gold-
finder 7268, born May 23, 1909, bred by William Tuckett, Stockleigh Pomeroy,
Crediton ; s. Cronje 5470, d. Daisy 23147 by Capton Harold 4728.

Class 133. — Devon Bulls, calved in 1911. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

1094 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.* 1)— His Majesty the King, Royal Farms, Windsor,
for Star of Windsor 7539, born April 12, 1911 ; s. Pound Monk 6506, d. Capton Sally
21180 by Capton Bellringer 4911.

1095 II. (£6.)— Eland Clatworthy, Cutsey, Trull, Taunton, for Commander 7646,
born Jan. 20, bred by Charles L. Hancock, Cothelstone, Taunton ; s. Favourite 5774,
d. Curlv 20740 by Duke of Park 4021.

1101 III. (£4.)— Sir Gilbert A. H. Wills, Bart., M.P., Northmoor, Dulverton, for
Northmoor Royal Standard 7477, born Jan. 1; s. Northmoor Royal 5873, d. Cothel-
stone Trump 20021 by Lord Culverhay 3469.

1100 R.N. &H. C.— Viscount Portman, Bryanston, Blandford, for Marmion.

Class 134. — Devon Bulls , calved in 1912. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

1113 I. (£10, & Champion.1)— Mrs. A. C. Skinner & Son, Pound, Bishop’s Lydeard, for
Pound Cowboy 7827, born Jan. 11 ; s. Lord Bobs 7179, d. Pound Cowslip 6th 23865 by
Pound Giadiator 6169.

1103 II. (£6.)— Eland Clatworthy, Cutsey, Trull, Taunton, for Kernel, born Jan. 3,
bred by Alfred Bowerman, Capton, Williton ; s. Capton Showman 6640, d. Capton
Plum 23245 by Capton Bellringer 4911.

1107 III. (£4.)— W. E. Mallett, Rainbow Wood, Bath, for Rainbow Hero 7841, born Jan.
2 ; s. Ruby King 7264, d. Heroine 22218 by Fancy Free 5240.

1114 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Gilbert A. H. Wills, Bt„ M.P., Northmoor, Dulverton, for

Northmoor Vanguard.

Class 135. — Milk-yield Prizes, open to Devon Cows and Heifers entered in
Classes 128 and 131 only. [9 entries, none absent.]

1085 I. (£10.)— JOHN H. Chick, Wynford Eagle, Dorchester, for Favourite, born Jan. 15,
1907, calved April 3, 1913, bred by James Broughton, Down Close Farm, North
Perrott, Crewkerne.

1086 II. (£6 )— John H. Chick, for Wynford Toby. (See Class 131.)

1083 III. (£4.)— Viscount Chetwynd, Wyndthorpe, Doncaster, Compton Lovely
21878, born Feb. 5, 1904, calved June 10, 1913, bred by John Chick, Compton Valence,
Dorchester ; s. Compton Jupiter 4949, d. Compton Lofty 19333 by Compton Masher
4366.

1089 R. N. & H. C.— Loram Brothers for Orange. (See Class 131).

South Devons.2

Class 136. — South Devon Cows or Heifers ( in-milk ), calved in or before 1910.

[7 entries, 1 absent.]

1115 I. (£10.)— David Camp & Sons, Widland, Modbury, South Devon, for Orange Girl
9775, born March 1, 1910, calved Jan. 15, 1913 ; s. Henry 8th 3179, d. Widland Sunbeam
3rd 7606 by Happy Harry 2632.

1118 II. (£6.)— Andrew Rogers, Brownstone, Yealmpton, Plymouth, for Molly 8052,
born Dec. 10, 1907, calved Nov. 12, 1912, bred by W. F. Sobey, Trenant, Liskeard ; s.
Sally’s Champion 2491, d. Cheerful 4th 6162 by Renown 1536.

1116 R. N. & H. C.— Ben LuscombE, Langston, Kingston, Kingsbridge, for Cherry 3rd.

1 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society for the best
Bull in Classes 132-134.

i £20 towards these Prizes were given by the South Devon Herd Book Society.

lxxx Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 137. — South Devon Heifers , calved in 1911. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

1126 I. (,£10, & R. N. for Champion.1)— F. B. Mildmay, M.P., Flet.e, Ivybridge, for
Camelia 2nd 10961, born Feb. 26 ; s. Bulleigh Prince 3109, a. Camelia 8591 by Golden
King 2621.

1123 II. (£6.)— B. Butland, Leigham, Plympton, Devon, for Handsome 10th 10570, born
May 12 ; s. Henry 7th 3178, d. Handsome 6th 8301 by Lo Ben 2167.

1125 III. (,£4.) — H. HAFKEK & SON, Okenbury, Kingston, Kingsbridge, for Dairymaid
3rd 10815, born Feb. 10 : s. Sunny Jim 3316, d. Dairymaid 8481 by Elector 2354.

1127 R. N. & H. C . — B. Harold Pearse, Stokenham Barton. Kingsbridge, for Jessie 1st.

Class 138. — South Devon Heifers , calved in 1912. [6 entries, 3 absent.]

1130 I. (£10.) — B. Butland, Leigham, Plympton, for Handsome 12th, born Jan. 4; s.

Henry 7th 3178, d. Handsome 3rd 6392 by Leigham Champion 1667.

1134 II. (£6.) — Ben Luscombe. Langston, Kingston, Kingsbridge, for Countess Maid,
born March 31 ; s. Leigham Sort 3198, d. Countess 6010 by Masher 769.

1133 III. (£4.) -H. Hawken & SON, Okenbury, Kingston, Kingsbridge, for Dairymaid
4th, born March 15 ; s. Doncaster 3720, d. Dairymaid 8481 by Elector 2354.

Class 139. — South Devon Dulls, calved in or before 1911.

[5 entries, 2 absent.]

1138 I. (£10, & Champion.1 )— Ben Luscombe, Langston, Kingston, Kingsbridge, for
Leigham Sort 3198, born March 12, 1908, bred by Butland Bros., Leigham, Plympton;
s. Lo Ben 2167, d. by Handsome 4040.

1136 II. (£6.) — David Camp & Sons, Widland, Modbury, for Ley Marquis 2941, born
Feb. 7, 1907. bred by J, Wakeham, Diptford ; s. Burrator 1819, d. Dewdrop 7471 by
Jack Tar 1321.

1140 R. N. & H. C. — W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm Paignton, for Bismarck.

Class 140. — South Devon Dulls, calved in 1912. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

1145 I. (£10.)— Ben LUSCOMBE. Langston, Kingston, Kingsbridge, for Widland Masher,
born Jan. 2, bred by David Camp & Sons. Widland, Modbury ; s. Ley Marquis 2941,
d. Sunbeam’s Dairymaid 2nd 6966 by Widland Duke 2049.

1141 II. (£6.) — William Coaker, Charleton Court, Kingsbridge, for Star of the West,
born May 10 ; s. Falconer 3434, d. Duchess 5845 by Best Man 556.

1144 R. N. & H. C. — Ben Luscombe, for Langston King.

Class 141. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to South Devon Cows or Heifers entered
in Class 136 only. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

1119 I. (£10.)— W. & H. Whitley, Primley Farm, Paignton, for Primley Bloom 8846
born Mav 29, 1908, calved April 12, 1913 ; s. Manager 2173, d. Honesty 2nd 5825 by
Forager 1447.

1120 II. (£6.)— W. & H. Whitley, for Primley Blossom 8847, born Sept. 1, 1908, calved
April 2, 1913 ; s. Manager 2173, d. Golden Cup 3rd 7500 by Saltram 1220.

1116 III. (£4.) — Ben Luscombe, Langston, Kingston, Kingsbridge, for Cherry 3rd 6009,
born March 18, 1904, calved May 10, 1913 ; s Masher 769, d. Cherry 2nd 3180 by New
Year's Gift 507.

Longhorns.2

Class 142. — Longhorn Cows or Heifers (in-milk), calved in or before 1910.

[8 entries, none absent.]

1154 I. (£10.) — W. Hanson Sale, Arden Hill, Atherstone, for Bilstone Sunlight (vol. 5,
p. 18), brindle and white, born May 20, 1904, calved April 21, 1913, bred by G H Tanser’
Bilstone, Twycross, Atherstone ; s. Bilstone Monarch 374, d. Bilstone Moonshine by
Winsome Lad 397.

1153 II. (£6.)— J. L. & A. Riley, Putley, Ledbury, for Putley Sapphire (vol. 6. p. 23),
red brindle and white, born Feb. 3, 1905, calved May 26, 1913, bred by John Riley
Putley Court, Ledbury ; s. His Honour 386, d. Pearl by Pretender 2nd 334.

1152 III. (£4.) — Lord Gerard, Eastwell Park, Ashford, Kent, for Envy of Eastwell
(vol. 7, p. 16), brindle and white, born May 12, 1908, calved Jan. 21, 1913 ; s Melcombe
Emperor 416, d. Bentley Dido by Bentley Wonder 373.

1150 R. N. & H. C— Lord Gerard, for Edelweiss of Eastwell.

1 Challenge Cup, given by a member of the R.A.S.E. interested in the breeding
of South Devons, for the best Animal in Classes 136-140.

2 £20 towards these Prizes were given by the Longhorn Cattle Society

4

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxxxi

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 143. — Longhorn Heifers , calved in 1911 or 1912.

[10 entries, none absent.]

1161 I. (£10, & Champion.1)— F. A. N. Newdegate, M.P., Arbury Hall, Nuneaton, for
Arbury Duchess (vol- 8, p. 38), red and white, born Oct. 30, 1911; s. Dersingham
Prince 528, d. Arden Nora 2nd by Arden Conqueror 442.

1156 II. (£6. & R.N. for Champion.1)— Lord Gerard. Eastwell Park, Ashford, Kent,
for Eileen 2nd of Eastwell (vol. 8, n. 26), plum brindle and white, born Sept, 21, 1911 ;
s. Eastwell Elegant 531, d. Eileen of Eastwell by Arden Field Marshall 489.

1155 III (£4)-CAPT. C. W. CoTTRELL-DORMIR, Rousham, Steeple Aston, Oxon, for
Rachel of Rousham (vol. 8, p. 21), brindle and white, born April 8, 1911 ; s. Hope
Count 588, d. Melcombe Brindle 2nd by Pretender 2nd 334.

1158 R. N. & H. C— F. J. MAYO, Friar Waddon, Dorchester, for Lorna.

Class 144 .—Longhorn Bulls, calved in 1908, 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[5 entries, none absent.]

1166 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— LORD Gerard, Eastwell Park, Ashford, Kent, for

Eastwell Eagle 500, dark brindle and white, born Jan. 20, 1908; s. Imperial 506
d. Melcombe Lovely bv Melcombe Conqueror 324. T ,

1167 II. (£6, & R. N. for Champion.2)— F. J. Mayo, Friar Waddon, Dorchester, for Lord
Hewish 595, red and white, born March 22, 1911 ; s. Narley’s Courtier 508, d. Lottie

bv Waddon Edward 428. , , TT „ , . . . „ ,

1169 III (£4 )— H D SPENCELY, Moor Court, Kington, Herefordshire, for Rousham
Rocket 616, dark brindle and white, born July 3, 1910. bred by Capt. C. W. Cottreli-
Dormer. Rousham. Steeple Aston ; s. Putley Gay Lad 546, d. Arden Pansy 4th by
Young Bow Horn 438.

1168 R. N. & H. C— F. A. N. NEWDEGATE, M.P., Arbury Hall, Nuneaton, for Arden
Harry.

Class 145. — Longhorn Bulls , calved in 1912. [6 entries, none absent,]

1175 I. (£10.)— Lord Southampton. Idlicote, Shipston-on-Stour, for Bridegroom,
brindle and white, born Jan. 15 ; s. Stowe Brindled Duke 623, d. Pride 2nd (vol. 5, p. 29)

by President 390. . .

1174 II (£6)— w Hanson sale, Arden Hill, Atherstone. for Arden Rajah, red and
white, born May 4 ; s. Arden Rover 574, d. Arden Gipsy Queen (vol. 6, p. 10) by

Narley’s Pretender 420. , . ,, . , .,

1172 III (£4 )— J. L. & A. Riley, Putley, Ledbury, for Poles Czar, brindle and white,
""born March 18 bred by E. S. Hanburv, Poles, Ware, Herts ; s. Eastwell Emblem
2nd 501, d. Poles Queen (vol. 7, p. 17), by Poles Monarch 470.

1171 R. N. & H. C.— F. J. MAYO, Friar Waddon, Dorchester, for Waddon King.

Class 146. Milli Yield Prizes , open to Longhorn Coins and Heifers entered

in Class 142 only. [5 entries, none absent.]

1151 I (£10) — LORD Gerard, Eastwell Park, Ashford. Kent, for Eleanor of Eastwell
(vol 6 p 16) dark brindle and white, born May 4, 1906, calved Jan. 25, 1913 ; s. West-
meath Sauire 435, d. Woodcote Empress 2nd by Kenilworth 317.

1153 II. (£6.)-J. L. & A. Riley, for Putley Sapphire. (See Class 142.)

Sussex.

Class 147. — Sussex Cows or Heifers ( in-milit ), calved in or before 1910.

[No entry.]

Class 148.— Sussex Heifers , calved in 1911. [5 entries, 2 absent.]

1180 I (£10, & Champion.3)— W. A. THORNTON, Lock, Partridge Green, Sussex, for
Lock Heedless 3rd 13959, born Jan. 18; s. Ben of Lock 2279, d. Penshurst Heedless

8549 by Young Benares 1702. , „

1179 II (£6 )— The Hon. Ralph Pelham Nevill, Birling Manor, Maidstone, for
Birling Careful 3rd 13868, born Jan. 21 ; s. Mayfield Guy 2484, d. Birling Careful 11504

bv Paley Major 2059. _ , . .. Q ,

1177 III (£4.)— Ernest E. BRABY, Drungewick Manor House, Rudgwick, Sussex, for
Lady Eileen 14089, born Jan. 26, bred by C. Garrard, Hawkhurst Court, Billingshurst ;
s. K.C. 2523, d. Blunder 4th 10423 by President 1944.

1 Silver Challenge Cup given through the Longhorn Cattle Society for the best

Heifer or Bull in Classes 143 and 145. , „ ,, __ , „

2 Perpetual Challenge Cup given by the Longhorn Cattle Society for the best Cow or

Bull in Classes 142 and 144. , ,

s Champion Silver Medal given by the Sussex Herd Book Society for the best

Cow or Heifer in Classes 147-149.

lxxxii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 149 —Sussex Heifers, calved in 1912. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

1187 I. U?10,&R N. for Champion. i)-W. A. Thornton, Lock, Partridge Green, Sussex

Northchapel Premier 2645, d. Darkey 8th

U85 II. (^6.)— Walter George Fladgate, Apsley, Tbakebam Pulboroucb for

Shil] inglee Bewbush 6th 2400, 4 Theale

1183 III. (£40— Ernest E. Braby, Drungewick Manor House, Rudgwick Sussex for

S??eWCJVCk11Spe,CUlantl0Ex2n1 14°88’ born Jan- 1 ? * *• K-G- 2523- * boxwood Speculation
12246 by Shilbnglee Bewbusb 6tb 2400.

1184 R. N. & H. C.— Walter George Fladgate, for Apsley Cranberry 2nd.

Class 150. Sussex Bulls, calved in 1908, 1909, or 1910. [2 entries.]

1189 I. (£10, & Champion. 2 )— Walter George Fladgate, Apsley Thakeham Pul-

Dai™' 1634 X ifocSstS' Twta 192™6' b0m JUne 21 1910 : *' AIbert 2052' A Apsley

1188Marcb 1 trUN,GIER’ Lynwick Rudgwick, for Lynwick Autocrat 2630, born
March w8, 1910 ; s. Masterpiece 2330, d. Paley Beauty 9267 by Autocrat 2020.

Class 151. — Sussex Bulls, calved in 1911. 3 [2 entries.]

1190m‘/f10’ Champion. 2 )— w. T. Fremlin, Milgate Park Maidstone for

Tutsham Nero 2911, born Jan. 3, bred by Gerald Ward, Tutsham ’West Far lei eh

Tornado? 26l6. Shllhnglee Bewbush 5th 2394, d. Lady Norab 5th H592 by Tutsham

Toreador 2016, d. Miilmaid of Lock 10510 * Prtat, 5 ] Dmngewfck &d 1M0 *

Class 152. Sussex Bulls, calved in 1912. [5 entries, none absent.]

BTewbusb™tb llOM^Fafry 8818

mtststsssi & '

1196 rT^H ?°iwt: a t32, d' °akOVer Bonnie 12047 bV ^dley BuMnch 2nd 208?' ’ *

- R. N. & H. C. W. A. Thornton, Lock, Partridge Green, Sussex, for Lock Toreador.

Welsh.4

-JVelsh Cows or Heifers ( in-milk ), calved before December 1 1910
[5 entries, 1 absent.]

1201 Js mi17‘iTTHS G- Wynn> Grlynllivon Park, Carnarvon, for Lady Newvdd

Ifi BhaMr DSsra ”! 4 M- * MB'*- The Shah 204, W Newydd

“•SKI*

120°Sarih.& H' °* L°RD Sr‘ DAVIDS’ Lydstep Haven, Lydstep, Penally, for Lydstep

Class 154. Welsh Heifers, calved on or after December l, 1910 and before
December 1, 1911. [5 entries, none absent ]

;»Silsiil2‘^S5sas

1-03 III (£4.) Lord Harlech, Glyn, Talsarnau, for Glyn Cynfil 2nd 1313 born

12Q9 D NJ’fn ; p Mplr-^n 286’ d- Glyn Cynfll 1015 hy Penally Tip Top 107.

R1 _ & H. C. R. M. Greaves, Wern, Portmadoc, for Penllyn Bechan.

by the Sussex Herd Book Society for the best

in'oSsa“l5M52UV6rMedalgiTen by tte Sussex Herd Book Society for the best Bull

* Prizes given by the Sussex Herd Book Society.

£30 towards these Prizes were given by the Welsh Black Cattle Society.

Class 153.

Award” of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxxxiii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 155. — Welsh Heifers , calved on or after December 1, 1911, and before
December 1, 1912. [7 entries, none absent.]

1211 I. (£10.) — David. Jenkins, Cerrigtranan, Talybont, for Betsy, born Dec. 24, 1911 ;
s. Billy Bach 2nd 468, d. Jini Jones 2nd 1342 by Billy Bach 246.

1209 II. (£6.) — R. M. Greaves, Wern, Portmadoc, for Wern Lucy, born Jan. 5, 1912;
s. Wern Inky 338, d ■ Modder 401 by Maf eking 460.

1208 III. (£4.)— R. M. Greaves, for Wern Locket, born Feb. 25, 1912 ; s. Wern Joker 444,
d. Wern Gossip 996 by Wern Emperor 50.

1210 R. N. & H. G.— Edward Griffith, Cerrig Barcud, Brynsiencyn, Anglesea, for

Megan o’r Bryn.

Class 156. — Welsh Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1907, and before

December 1, 1910. [4 entries.]

1215 I. (£10.) — R. M. GREAVES. Wern, Portmadoc, for Wern Inky 338, born Mar. 20,

1909 ; s. Duke of Wellington 294, d. Molteno 395 by Maf eking 460.

1217 II. (£6.) — C. H. Lloyd-Edwards, Nanhoron, Pwllheli, for Robin Ddu 518, born
Oct. 28, 1909. bred by W. Thomas, Hirdrefaig, Llangefni ; s. Tango 272, d. Ruth 1179
by Padrig 133.

1216 ill. (£4.)— Lord Harlech. Glyn, Talsarnau, for Glyn Infidel 458, born Sept. 29,

1910 ; s. Meirion 286, d. Isabella 4th 1020 by Tybor 211.

1214 R. N. & H. C.— The Marquis of Bute, Cardiff Castle, for Hendre Champion.

Class 157. — Welsh Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1910, and before

December 1, 1911. [4 entries.]

1219 I. (£10.)— R. M. Greaves, Wern, Portmadoc, for Wern Knight, born March 5,
1911 ; s. Wern Inky 338, d. Wern Bacbsbeecb 182 by Wern Cawr 42.

1220 II. (.£6.)— Edward Griffith, Cerrig Barcud, Brynsiencyn, Anglesea, for Billy
Bach 4th, born Jan. 4, 1911, bred by David Jenkins, Cerrigtranau, Talybont ; s.
BillyT Bach 2nd 468, d. Jini Jones 296.

1221 III (£4.) — David Jenkins, Cerrigtranau, Talybont, for Twm Nancy, born Aug. 9,
1911 ; s. Billy Bach 2nd 468, d. Sbany Abermade 295.

1218 R. N. & H. C.— The Marquis of Bute, Cardiff Castle, Cardiff, for Stanley.

Class 158. — -Welsh Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1911, and before

December 1, 1912. [8 entries, 1 absent.]

1223 I. (" £10.4 — H. O. Ellis, Tynhendre, Bangor, for bull, born December 17, 1911; s.
Duke of Bodwyr 375, d. Hendre 717 by Cemmaes Hendre 18.

1227 II. (£6.)— C. H. Lloyd-Edwards, Nanhoron, Pwllheli, for Nanhoron President,
born Jan. 4, 1912 ; s. Robin Ddu 518, d. Nanhoron Necklace 1374 by Nanhoron Nimble
260.

1224 III. (£4.4 — R. M. GREAVES, Wern, Portmadoc, for Penllyn Cawr, born Dec. 13, 1911,
bred by William Roberts, Penystumllyn, Criccietb ; s. Penllyn Catlow 388, d. Penllyn
Nell 1463 by Tip Top 156.

1225 R N. & H. C.-J. W. HARRIES, Pib’botb, Llanstephan Road, Carmarthen, for

Prince George.

Red Polls.1

Class 159. — Bed Poll Cows or Heifers ( in-milk ), calved in or before 1910.

[18 entries, 3 absent.]

1242 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— George Holt Wilson, Redgrave, Diss, Norfolk, for
Charming Davy 12th 22036, born Jan. 16, 1909, calved May 4, 1913 ; s. Starston Emperor
9335, d. Charming Davy 3rd 14646 by Jabez Balfour 4448.

1236 II. (£6.)— The Marchioness of Graham, Easton Park, Wickham Market, for
Ashlyns Fawn 21969, born May 15, 1909, calved Jan. 10, 1913, bred by the late Sir
Richard Cooper, Bt., Ashlyns, Berkbamsted ; s. Ashlyns Major 9192, d. Ashlyns
Flirt 19612 by Asblvns Frinton 7804.

1238 III. (£4.)— Sir Eustace Gurney, Sprowston Hall, Norwich, for Briseis 22470,
born Feb. 6, 1910, calved May 20, 1913 ; s. Sardanapalus 9962, d. Bridge 20230 by Recruit
8994.

1234 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Cranworth, Letton, Shipdham, for Meadow Ruby.

Class 160. — Red Poll Heifers , calved in 1911. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

1243 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2)— Thomas Brown & Son, Marham Hall, Down-
barn Market, for Acton Waxwing 22891, born April 21, bred by the Trustees of the
late Sir Walter Corbet, Bt., Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury ; s. Acton Saracen 9883,
d. Waxligbt 2nd 18965 by Royal Standard 8707.

1 £20 towards these Prizes were given by the Red Poll Cattle Society.

2 Champion Prize of £5 given by the Red Poll Cattle Society for the best Cow or
Heifer in Classes 159-161.

lxxxiv Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

1248 II. (£6.)— Gerald Dudley Smith, Strensham Court, Worcester, for Acton Poppy-
head 22890, born July 23, bred by the Trustees of the late Sir Walter Corbet, Bt.,
Acton Reynold, Shrewsbury ; s. Acton Comus 9879, d. Acton Poppy 21964 by Acton
Merlin 9657.

1244 III. (jC4.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, Suffolk, for Sudbourne
Marjorie 23320, born April 27 ; s. Antrim 9769, d. Sudborne Mahalah 3rd 20974 by Sud-
bourne Rowdy 9506.

1249 R. N. & H. C. — George Holt Wilson, Redgrave, Diss, for Redgrave Sunshade 8th.

Class 161. — Red Pull Heifers, calved in 1912. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

1257 I. C£10.)tThe Marchioness of Graham, Easton Park, Wickham Market, for
Vanity Fair 23812, born Jan. 5 ; s. Letton Vanity Davyson 4th 10051, d. Asblyns Fawn
21909 by Asblyns Major 9192.

1251 II. (.£6.) — Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, Suffolk, for Sudbourne
Berry 1st 23790, born Feb. 17 ; s. Acton Crowfoot 9987, d. Sudbourne Bertha 21451 by
Rendlesbam Lad 9629.

1256 III. (£4.)— The Rt. Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O., Honingham Hall,
Norwich, for Honingham Amberley 2nd 23565, born Jan. 9 ; s. Honingham Alcester
10424, d. Honingham Amberley 22142 by Acton Rocket 9764.

1255 R. N. & H. C.— The Rt. Hon. Sir ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O., for Honing-
ham Alba 7th.

Class 162. — Red Pull Bulls , calved in 1908, 1909, 1910 or 1911.

[9 entries, 1 absent.]

1268 I. (£10, & Champion.1)— The Rt. Hon. Sir ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O.,
Honingham Hall, Norwich, for Honingham Alcester 10424, born May 5, 1909 ; s-
Jacobite 9706, d. Silk 17667 by Red Rover 5149.

1264 II. (£6, & R. N. for Champion.1)— Thomas Brown & Son, Marham Hall, Down-
ham Market, for Marham Alert 1033;, born Feb. 1, 1911 ; s. Patriot 9609, d. Honingham
Alba 18665 by Arthur 7802.

1267 III. (£4.)— Lord Cranworth, Letton, Shipdham, Norfolk, for Letton Vanity
Davyson 5th 10052, born April 16, 1909 ; s. Letton Vanity Davyson 9819, d. Omega 2nd
19957 by Marquis Blush 9128.

1263 R. N. & H. C. Captain D. G. Astley, Plumstead Hall, Norwich, for Battleaxe-

Class 163. — Red Poll Bulls , calved in 1912. [9 entries, none absent.]

1274 I. (^10.) —Thomas Brown & Son, Marham Hall, Downham Market, for Marham
Ayoy 10452. born Feb. 21 ; s. Patriot 9609, d. Honingham Alba, 18665 by Arthur 7802.

127ott1^' the Rt. Hon. Sir Ailwyn E. Fellowes, K.C.V.O., Honingham

Hall, Norwich, for Honingham Ammerdown 2nd 10426, born March 6: s. Honing-
ham Andover 10036, d. Ardent 14469 by The Pope 4581.

1272 III. (-£4.)— Capt. D. G. Astley, Plumstead Hall, Norwich, for Plumstead Pride,
horn March 5; s. Letton Vanity Davyson 4th 10051, d, Ashlyns Folly 16131 by
Matabele 4522.

1280 R. N. & H. C. George Holt Wilson, Redgrave, Diss, for Redgrave Rufus.

Class 164. Milk Yield Prizes , open to Red Poll Cows and Heifers entered in

Class 159 only. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

1237 L (£10.)-The Marchioness of Graham, Easton Park, Wickham Market, for
Primrose 20488, born April 3, 1905, calved May 5, 1913, bred by R. C. Forester, The

n 099 ’ A^Marquis 9127, d. Meadow Sweet 13885 by Redmond 5147.

1_33 II ( V 6.)— ^Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, Suffolk, for Sudbourne
Sadie 1st 20984, born April 19, 1906, calved May 8, 1913, bred by H. G. Walne,
Kettleburgh Suffolk; s. Standard Bearer 9331, d. Kettleburgh Ruby 6th 13691 by
Newbourn 5084. J y

1232 III. (£4.)— Kenneth M. Clark, for Sudbourne Queen 1st 20122, born Sept. 3, 1904,

^1Ied^-Fl] 21) 1913 ; s. Sudbourne Russett 9500, d. Sudbourne Queen 18351 by
Motor 6455.

1234 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Cranworth, for Meadow Ruby.

Aberdeen Angus.2

Class 165 —Aberdeen Angus Cows or Heifers ( in-milk ), calved
December 1, 1910. [7 entries, none absent.]

1283 I (£10, & Champion. s)-G. D. Faber, C.B., M.P., Rush Court, Wallingford, for

da?'oihon^ cTa!ved dan- 22) 1913, bred by James Kennedy, Doonholm,
Ayr ; 8. Mythologist 26030, d. Idiom 29952 by Mailbag 13637.

ClasSaih2 ^nd^ef °f ^ giVGn ^ the Red P°n Cattl? SocietF for the best Bull in

s ni0J°yyaJdy these £riz®s were given by the Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society.

a h J! Ve? b5r the English Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association for the best

S^n1uX^<S*ie8^iS>OuS^ &7o!mal. aWarded the Q°‘d Medal °f tlie Abei"

before

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxxxv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor. ]

1287 II. (£6.)— WALTER A. SANDEMAN, Morden House, Eoyston, for Isoline 36272, born
Jan. 7, 1903, calved Dec. 18, 1912, bred by G. W. Scbroeter, Tedfold, Billingshurst ; s.
Mailbag 13637, d. Ipbigenia of Tedfold 29109 by Epigram of Cortachy 8292.

1282 III. (£4.)— JOHN JOSEPH Cridlan, Maisemore Park, Gloucester, for Esterel or
West Wycombe 41915, born May 15, 1907, calved May 29, 1913, bred by Sir Robert J.
Dasbwoocl, Bt., West Wycombe, Bucks.; s. Prince Foremost 23724. d. Esterel of
Langshott 2nd 36903 by Breckan 15235.

Class 166. — Aberdeen Angus Heifers , calved on or after December 1, 1910, and
before December 1, 1911. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

1290 I. (£10.)— JOHN McG. PETRIE, Glenlogie, Forbes, Alford, Aberdeenshire, for Pride
of Don 2nd 49514, born Jan. 11, 1911 ; s. Metaphor 27161, d. Pride of Peebles 38765 by
Elshender 16o!23

1291 II. (£6. >—The Duke of Richmond and Gordon, K.G., Goodwood, Chichester,
for Matilda 3rd of Goodwood 49568, born Dec. 5, 1910 ; s. Ventnor of Hursley 28811, d.
Mabel 8th of Craighead 34762 by Juba of Ballindallocb 16719.

1288 III. (£4.) — H. L. C. Brassey, M.P., Apethorpe Hall, Wansford, for Eager ol Careston
48249. born March 22, 1911, bred by W. Shaw Adamson, Careston Castle, Brechin ; s.
Petronius 29754, d. Egeria of Careston 36706 by Price List 17069.

Class 167. — Aberdeen Angus Heifers , calved on or after December 1, 1911,
and before December 1, 1912. [17 entries, 8 absent.]

1302 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion. *)— , John Joseph Cridlan, Maisemore Park,
Gloucester, for Estelle of Maisemore 50414, born April 6, 1912; s. Everwise 24436, d.
Esterel of West Wv combe 41915 by Prince Foremost 23724.

1308 II. (£6.) — Walter A. SANDEMAN, Morden House, Eoyston, for Queen ot Morden

51404, bom Dec. 31. 1911 ; s. Edragil 27898, d. Queen Mother 2nd of West Wycombe
37124 by Jansen of Hillhead 19253. , _ , ,r „ ■

1292 III. (£4.)— Viscount Allendale, By well Hall, Stocksfield-on-Tyne, for Vellozia
of Bywell, born April 20, 1912 ; s. Juan Eric 30733, d. Vellozia of Glamis 36440 by Fairy

King of Kirkbridge 11662. _ „ _ . riAOO ,

1306 IV. (£3.)— CHARLES L. Prior. Dagnam Priory, Romford, for Persepha 51083, born
Jan. 13, 1912, bred by D. M. MacRae, Stenbouse, Thornhill ; s. Everlasting of Balhn-
dalloch 24435, d. Persephone of Ballindallocb 31947 by Bion 11454.

Class 168— Aberdeen Angus Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1907, and
before December 1, 1910. [6 entries, 2 absent.]

1309 I (£10, & Champion.2)— Viscount Allendale, By well Hall, Stocksfield-on-Tyne,
for Elmhore 29122, born March 31, 1909, bred by His Majesty King Edward VII.,
Abergeldie Mains, Ballater ; s. Elcanar of Ballindallocb 24330, d. Eline of Abergeldie

23729 by Eulenberg 10825. omo. ,

1314 II (£6 )— lord PENRHYN, Wicken Park, Stony Stratford, for Elmston -9124, born
April 21, 1909, bred by Patrick Chalmers, Aldbar Castle, Brechin ; s. Beaver 2nd of
Ardross 26565, d. Fashion of Pitpointie 26337 by Enthusiast of Ballindallocb 8289

1312 III (£4 )— G. D. FABER, C.B., M.p., Rush Court, Wallingford, for Eligible of Ballin-
dalloch 29108, born March 24, -1909, bred by Sir John Macpherson Grant, Bt.,
Ballindallocb Castle, Ballindallocb ; s. Jesburun 19257, d. Eliquia 35602 by Delamere
13305.

Class 169.— Aberdeen Angus Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1910, and
before December 1, 1911. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

1319 I. (£10 & R. N. for Champion.2)— John Joseph Cridlan, Maisemore Park,
Gloucester, for Everard 2nd of Maisemore 31888, born April 3, 1911 ; s. Rubelate of
Maisemore 28706, d. Ev< rgreen 13th 38736 by Wizard of Maisemore 2146o.

1317 II (£6 )— SIR George A. cooper, Bt., Hursley Park, Winchester for Revolsurus
of Hursley 32507, born Feb. 25, 1911 ; s. Evolsurus 21908, d. Rose of Western 40230 by
H]y tTflifii or 17823.

1320 III (£4.)— JOHN McG. Petrie, Glenlogie, Forbes, Alford, Aberdeenshire, for
Bewitcher 31474, born March 13, 1911 ; s. Metaphor 27161, d. Westeiia of Standen
31543 by Rosy King of Tedfold 14937.

Class 170. — Aberdeen Angus Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1911, and
before December 1, 1912. [10 entries, 2 absent.]

1323 I. (£10.)— John Stewart Clark, Dundas Castle, South Queenst'erry, for Expert
""2nd of Dundas 33196, born April 25, 1912 ; s : Elmarello 29121, d. Ebra of Dundas 45084,
by Eblamere 21781.

1 Gold Medal given by the English Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association for the best

animal of the opposite sex to that of the animal awarded the Gold Medal of the Aber-
deen Angus Cattle Society m Classes 165-170. , , . . ...

2 Gold Medal given by the Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society for the best Animal m

Classes 165-170.

Class 171.-

Ixxxvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol, 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

1 °24 Mais em or7^ hn ™ Ee \ S11,™0, Maisemore Park, Gloucester, for Idart of
Ele^t^o^eB^nton21814^e^' ’ ’ *' Everwise 24436> d- Tulip of Standen 45122 by

1326LeIffionCofCurrr?b ?REE?i C^r^1h1 GranSe> The Curragh, co. Kildare, for
by P?Scefporestlll06437’ b D6C' U’ 1911 ! *' Ermel° 29214’ d- Legend E. 2nd 39043

Galloways.1

Galloway Cows or Heifers ( in-milk), calved before December 1,
i oDi T „ 1910- [4 entries, 1 absent.]

Monf 22188 bora1!? ^e Croft, Kirksanton, Cumberland, for

A^kband^g5, L°rd °f ^ <LLady Grace^tb Wig??? MaXugall SrTof

01 Morrington

zmbo born May 28, 1909, calved Feb. 16, 1913. bred by C. E Dudgeon Oars'en Holm
Dumfries ; s. Chancellor 9010, d. Dora of Durhambill 13550 by Camp Followe?5?42. ’

Class 172.— Galloway Heifers , calved on or after December 1, 1910, and before
i ooc T r^'iA', rp December 1,1911. [5 entries, none absent.]

Chntielt™ 9^S?^AS &inSoNS' Chapelton, Dalbeattie, for Maggie 10th of

_ of cSapeUon WTwS ExpeMof mf Ma°d0Uga11 3rd o£ Arkl“d M29. *■*»**<> «h

- Lady Anne a* »n,

of Arklflnd Q99Q ^ T^bJ dAby H^§,h Fraser, Arkland, Dalbeattie : s. Macdougall 3rd
i9Q7 o tt 9Hd' 5 Lady Anne of Arkland 19537 by Wooler 6th 8958.

337 R. N. & H. C.— Robert Graham, for Nector of Auchengassel.

Class 173. Galloway Heifers , calved on or after December 1 1911 and

mo r r^inA J°{°re {)fceml,er 4> 1912- [6 entries, 1 absent.]

Sweepstakes %0™tuJz?e 2nd 5® CbJpeb

^^^Mary^of B^kwmbe^l'o888SbnJif Cr°». Kirksanton, Cumberland, for

w t UUiTPf“^KCOMDe .A/boo, born Dec. 17, 1911 ; s. Macdougall 3rd of Arklnnrl 0990

1341^f^a^Ffi:Im^®^o4 G5?G®]^Lk 16350 by The Pathfinder 3rd 5991. 9229’

Feb w l ? for Lizzie 8th of Chapelton 22781. born

Tarbreocli 7097. Sweepstakes 10001> d • Lizzie of Chapelton 17418 by Professor of

1342 R. N. & H. C.-Arthur H. Fox-Brookbank, for Clara of Blackcombe.

Class 174.— Galloway Dulls , calved on or after December 1, 1907, and before
iq4q t r_p-in\ -c December 1, 1911. [4 entries.]

..HSS55SSSWS

1349 R. N. & H. C. Robert Graham, for Wanderer.

Class 175. Galloway Bulls , calved on or after December 1, 1911 and
1331 t a ^e^°re -December 1, 1912. [5 entries, 2 absent.]

; -

13O°AI"iic<44ay]i?87IbmnBFobA0E lm9°n S,°tap?lton- Dall«attie, for Bannerman of

1 £2° towards these Prizes were given by the Galloway Cattle Society.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxxxvii

[Unless otherwise stated each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Highland.

Class 176. — Highland Cows or Heifers (in-milk').

[No entry.]

Class 177. — Highland Bulls , calved in or before 1912.

[3 entries, 1 absent.]

1356 I. (£10.) — Robert Graham, Auchengassel, Twynholm, for Donald, brindle, born
Jan. 20, 1912, bred by Kenneth McDouall, Logan, Stranraer ; s. Sirius 2342, d. Proiseag
10th of Breadalbane 6651 by Adholach 2nd 1167.

Ayrshires.1

Class 178a. — Ayrshire Cows or Heifers [in-milk).

[11 entries, none absent.]

1359 I. (£10.)— Alexander Cross, Knockdon Farm, Maybole, for Knockdon Lady
Constance 26424, white and brown, born Jan. 14, 1910, calved June 24, 1913 ; s. Muir
Royal Review 7387, d. Caroline 3rd of Knockdon 11153 by Prince of Knockdon 2683.

1364 II. (£6.) — W. & J. Kerr, Old Graitney, Gretna, Carlisle, for Old Graitney Juanita
2nd 26825. red and white, born in March, 1908, calved May 22, 1913, bred by A. & W.
Kerr ; s. Knockdon Admiral 5737, d. Old Graitney Juanita 16879 by Sir John of Old
Graitney 4035.

1368 III. (£4.)— Robert Wilson, Manswrae, Bridge of Weir, for Manswrae Primrose
4th 22871, brown and white, born May 20, 1907, calved May 16, 1913 ; s. Manswrae
Drennan 7068, d. Manswrae Primrose 16689 by Kruger of Manswrae 4373.

1365 R. N. & H. C.— W. & J. Kerr, for Old Graitney Yellow Bess.

Class 178b. — Ayrshire Cows or Heifers (in-calf).

1367 I. (£10.)— Robert Wilson, Manswrae, Bridge of Weir, for Manswrae Miss Moffat
27900, white and brown, born May 10, 1904, bred by James Moffat, Gateside,
Sanquhar ; s. St. Malcolm of Manswrae 4641, d. Kate 5th of Gateside 12251 by Lord
Linnburn of Kirkchrist 2701.

1366 II. (£6.) — W. & J. Kerr, Old Graitney, Gretna, Carlisle, for Old Graitney Soncie
16th 29897, red and white, born in June, 1909 ; s. Old Graitney Lord John 7486, d. Old
Graitney Soncie 8th 19545 bv Sir John of Old Graitney 4035.

1360 III. (£4.)— Lieut.-Col. G. j. Fergusson-Buchanan, Auchentorlie, Bowling, for
Ardyne Brown Bess 3rd 26152, brown, born in April, 1907, bred by John M’Alister,
Ardyne, Toward : s. West Newton General 6104, d. Rucheasy A. of Mid Ascog 12298
by Prince of Avondale 3247.

1358 R. N. & H. C.— Alexander Cross, Knockdon Farm, Maybole, for Knockdon
Bloomer 2nd.

Class 179. — Ayrshire Bulls , calved in or before 1912. [3 entries, 1 absent.]

1371 I. (£10.)— JAMES HOWIE. Hillhouse, Kilmarnock, for white, born March 31, 1912,
bred by Robert Woodburn, Whitehill, Hurlford : s. Whitehill Envy Me 7027, d.
Whitehill Whitie 2nd 18435 by Traveller Again of Holehouse 4561.

1369 II. (£6.)— JAMES Howie, for Howie’s Climax 9024, white, born April 20, 1910, bred
by Robert Osborne, Morton Mains, Thornhill ; s. Auchenbrain Pluto 7541, d. Morton
Mains Polly 18304 by Gigantic Stunner of Wynholm 3872.

Class 180. — - Milk Yield Prizes , open to Ayrshire Cows and Heifers entered in
Class 178a only. [4 entries, none absent.]

1361 I. (£10.)— Lieut.-Col. G. J. Fergusson-Buchanan, Auchentorlie, Bowling, for
Auchentorlie Bella 18671, brown and white, born April 17, 1905, calved March 22,
1913 ; s. Auchentorlie Rum Ration 4806, d. Auchentorlie Speckie 17820 by Sir John of
Old Graitney 4035.

British Holsteins.2

Class 181. — British Holstein Cows (in-milk), calved in or before 1909.

[11 entries, 3 absent.]

1373 I. (£10.)— JOHN BROMET, Golf Links Farm, Tadcaster, for Stanfield Phoebe 3822,
black and white, born in August, 1903, calved May 25, 1913, bred by Mrs. Case, Manor
House, Stanfield, East Dereham ; s. Elmham, d. Mother Phoebe.

1 £20 towards these Prizes were given by the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society.

2 £30 towards these Prizes and Silver Medals for the First Prize winners in each
Class were given by the British Holstein Cattle Society.

lxxxviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.’’]

1372 II. (£6.)— John Bromet, for Routh Queen 3326, black and white, born in 1906, bred
by Percy Ford. Molescroft Grange, Beverley.

1380 III. (£4.) — Adam Smith Lochlands, Larbert, Stirlingshire, for Lochlands Madge
2442, black ana white, born Oct. 17, 1909, calved May 7, 1913 ; s. Lochlands Hugo

1375 R. N. & H. C. — A. & J. Brown, Hedges Farm, St. Albans, for Hedges Miss Hook-

Class 182. — British Holstein Heifers (in-milk'), calved in 1910 or 1911.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]

1383 I. (£10.) John Bromet, Golf Links Farm, Tadcaster, for Garton Fullpail 8154.
black and white, born in May, 1910, calved June 18, 1913, bred by Richard Ford,
Garton, Driffield ; s. Garton Baxendale 163, d. Garton Lady Fillpail 1208 by Park
General Botha 549.

1384 II. (£6.) Major George R. Powell, Tynewydd, Hirwain, Glam., for Cymric
Crystal 7142, black and white, born Jan. 13, 1910, calved May 18, 1913; s. Hector
Macdonald 2nd, d. Charlotte of Marden by Royal Duke.

4,4 ,-UL (,^4.) E. Sehmer, Wigginton Lodge, Tamworth, for Wigginton Dutch Queen
13538, black and white, born in 1911, calved May 15, 1913.

Class 183. — British Holstein Heifers, calved in 1912.

[7 entries, none absent.]

SMITH, Lochlands, Larbert, Stirlingshire, for Lochlands Mousme
1U0U, black and white, born May 16 ; s. Lochlands President 413, d. Lochlands
Madge 2442 by Lochlands Hugo 407.

1390 II. (£6.) Adam Smith, for Lochlands Hetty 10006, black and white, born Jan. 2 ;
- «• Eochiands President 413, d. Lochlands Hilda 2434.

1388 III, (£4.) A. & J. Brown, Hedges Farm, St. Albans, for Hedges Mina 8852, black
and white, born Jan. 12 ; s. Hedges Puresplit 305, d. Hedges Charm 1722.

1392 R. N. & H. C.— Jim Smith, Greenhill Farm, Wealdstone, for Greenhill May.

Class 184. — British Holstein Bulls, calved in or before 1910.

[7 entries, 1 absent.]

1400 J* (^IO^t-Henry t. Willett, Monkton Parsonage, Ramsgate for Monkton Man
of Kent 529 black and white, born Dec. 12, 1908 ; s. Monkton John Bull 525 d
Monkton Molly 2994. ’ '

l^II. 0£6.) A. & J Brown, Hedges Farm, St. Albans, for Hedges Markeaton Brand
7,97, P^ck and white, born Nov. 7, 1910; s. Hedges Hawkrigg Duke 293, d. Hedges
.Bessie 1688.

1399 in. (^4.) -Mrs. H. Mulliner, Clifton Court, Rugby, for Bendrose Duke 3rd 937,
black and white, born Nov. 14, 1910, bred by Ernest H. Forwood, Bendrose Grange
Amersham, Bucks. ; s. Bendrose Duke 35, d. Bendrose Betsy 258.

1395Squire& H’ ° ~W‘ P' CowELL- The Lee> Elmdon. Saffron Walden, for Melford

Class 185.— British Holstein Bulls, calved in 1911 or 1912.

[12 entries, 1 absent.]

14H !• f ^10.J— — Sir, Peter C. Walker, Bt., Osmaston Manor, Derby, for Osmaston
Premier 1879 black and white, born July 24, 1911 s. Terling Mercury’s Boy 729
_ ,ft/-Terl,nS Eilly 3rd 3"8 by Terling Grand Parade 703.

1401 II. (£6.) Arthur S. Bowlby, Gilston Park. Harlow, for Hedges Prince of
Doncaster 146o, Rack and white, born Dec. 22, 1911, bred by A. & J. Brown, Hedges
, St Albans : s. Park General Botha 549, d. Park Buttercup 3086.

1412 J11* A- WARD, North Crawley, Newport Pagnell, for Crawley

Mascot 1147, black and white, born Dec. 19, 1911, bred by Trevor Williams, Clock
i a no^TTT^/5’/^ y heet, Surrey ; s. Upton Solomon 807, d. Bendrose Beauty 244.

444E IV- A. & J. Brown, Hedges Farm, St. Albans, for Hedges Bonnie Laddie

LLo, black and white, born Aug. 2, 1912 ; s. Hedges Puresplit 305, d. Hedges Bonnie
Annie 1698 by Hedges Hawkrigg Duke 293. -ouume

^^G^rsta-ge" Du"ke^(loud^,S' ^0WNSHEND' Gorstage Hall, Sandiway, Cheshire, for

Class 186. Milk Yield Brizes, open to British Holstein Cows and Heifers
entered in Classes 181 and 182 only. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

l.)79 I. (,£10.) E. Sehmer, Wigginton Lodge, Tamworth, for Wigginton Maggie 13556
black and white, born in 1907, calved April 29, 1913, bred by Alfred Hutley’
Der wards, Booking, Braintree. .

1384 II. (£6.)-Major George R. Powell, for Cymric Crystal. (See Class 182.)

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. lxxxix

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Jerseys.1

N.B. — In the Jersey Classes, the number inserted within brackets after the name of an animal
indicates the number of such animal in the Island Herd Book. A number without
brackets indicates that the animal is registered in the English Jersey Herd Book.

Class 187. — Jersey Cows ( in-milk ), calved in or before 1909.

[45 entries, 10 absent.]

1439 I. (£10, & Champion.2) —Alexander Miller -Hallett, Goddington, Chelsfield,
Kent, for La Franchise 3rd (vol. 22, p. 344), whole colour, born March 14, 1907, calved
April 28, 1913, bred by E. G-. D. Renouf, St. Martin’s, Jersey ; s. Mabel’s Raleigh 9330,
d. Mr. Renouf’s La Franchise (9514) F.S.H.C.

1416 II. (£6.) — Joseph Brutton, 7 Princes Street. Yeovil, for Irish Lass (vol. 18,
p. 324), light brown, born Aug. 12, 1904, calved March 18, 1913, bred by Mrs. Mait-
land Spencer, Hillylands, Oakhill, Bath ; s. Emerald 7797, d. Arcadia 2nd by Duke of
Orleans 5868.

1427 III. (£1.) — Jersey de Knoop, Calveley Hall, Tarporley, for Seamless (vol. 21,
p. 416), broken fawn, born Aug. 25, 1906, calved April 22,0913, bred by E. Cabot, St.
Clpments, Jersey ; s. Velveteen’s Lad 9102, d. Heartless (11952) P.S.C. by Hearty Fox
8226.

1429 IV. (£3.)— Mrs. Evelyn. Wotton House, Dorking, for Wissy Maiden (vol. 22, p. 451),
broken colour, born April 25, 1907, calved June 8, 1913, bred by C. P. Messervy, Trinity,
Jersey : s Combination 8845. d. Wissy (8637) F.S.H.C.

1438 V. (,£3.) — Alexander Miller-Hallett, for Goddington Foxglove (vol. 19,
p. 310), whole colour, born April 21, 1905, calved April 4, 1913 ; s. Flying Foam 7204, d.
Meadow Girl by Prism 6995.

1445 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Laxton Lady.

Class 188.— Jersey Heifers ( in-milk ), calved in 1910.

[15 entries, 4 absent.]

1469 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2 )— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Nuriel’s
Oxford Daisy (16883) P.S.H.C., whole colour, born April 22, calved May 7, 1913, bred
by G. J. Queree, St. Peter’s, Jersey ; s . Mon Plaisir’s Wonder 10368, d. Oxford Nuriel
(14643) P.S.H.C. by Oxford Knight 9719-

1468 II. (£6.)— Lord Rothschild, for Evelyne (10745) F.S.H.C., broken colour born
July 24, calved June 12, 1913, bred by F. Touzel, Grouville, Jersey.

1470 III. (£4.)— J. H. Smith-Barry, Stowell Park, Pewsey, Wilts., for Mauviette, dark

fawn, born Aug. 2, calved May 10, 1913 ; s. Silver Fox 10097, d. Marigold (vol. 15, p. 338)
by Sportive 7037. »

1458 IV. (£3.)— JOSEPH Carson, Crystalbrook, Theydon Bois, Essex, for Glorious
Crystal 2nd, whole colour, born Aug. 28, calved May 9, 1913 ; s. Eversley Lad 10233,
d. Glorious Crystal (vol. 23, p. 312) by Campanile’s Sultan 9524.

1459 R. N. & H. C.— JOSEPH CARSON, for Xmas Rose.

Class 189.— Jersey Heifers (in-milk), calved in 1911.

[31 entries, 12 absent.]

1495 I. (.£10.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Royal Lass, whole colour,
born April 8, calved June 7, 1913 ; bred by H. Le M. Binet, St. Mary’s, Jersey ; s. Royal
Guide 10077, d. Jeanette 5th (12876) P.S.H.C. by Vernonis 8749.

1486 II. (£6.)— MRS. C. M. MCINTOSH, Havering Park, Romford, for Gloxalia, whole
c dour, born March 25, calved April 17, 1913, bred by James Joicey, Poulton Priory,
Fairford, Glos. ; s. Fairy’s Due 10597, d. Gloxinia (vol. 21, p. 310) by ( hief Justice 7138.

1479 III. (£4.)— Mrs. Evelyn, Wotton House, Dorking, for Wotton Omelette, whole
colour, born May 15, calved May 22, 1913 ; s. Pavilion’s Noble 10035, d. Wotton Easter
Egg (vol. 23, p. 444) by Mourier’s Sultan 10014.

1478 IV. (£3.)— Mrs. EVELYN, for Wotton Daisy Noble, whole colour, born Feb. 9, calved
May 12, 1913 ; s. Pavilion’s Noble 10035, d. Sweet Daisy (vol. 22, p. 430) by Handyman
10271.

1497 V. (£3.)— J. H. Smith-Barry, Sfcwell Park, Pewsey, Wilts., for Last of the Lilies,
fawn, born March 2, calved May 8, 1913 ; s. Fleur de Lys 9583, d. Lydia Languish
(vol. 23, p. 122) by Gay Boy 7610.

1473 R. N. & H. C.— Earl Cadogan, K.G., Culford Hall, Bury St. Edmund’s, for Grania,
whole colour, born Feb. 13, calved June 5, 1913 ; s. Elderberry’s Lord 9897, d. Belle
Mahone (vol. 22, p. 251) by Topper 8393.

Class 190. — Jersey Heifers , calved in 1912. [23 entries, 5 absent.]

1520 I. (£10.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Myrtle Blossom, broken
colour, born May 10 : s. Golden Fern’s Noble 10626, d. Bloomfield Belle 2nd by
Halburton’s Sultan 10634.

1 £30 towards these Prizes were given by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

2 Champion Prize of £5 given by the English Jersey Cattle Society for the best Cow

or Heifer in Classes 187-190.

xc

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

1512bornCAniT«lES,-m ' V3?LTN’ House> Dorking, for Wotton Flip, whole colour,

Sultan 10014.’ *’ Illustrious 10289> d • Wotton Easter Egg (vol. 23, p. 444) by Mourier’s

for Plymouth Girl, whole colour, born Aug. 14;

1505 TV 4° S Ply??outh }f,J Plymouth Lad 9388.

rftY; 1^3 )-J0 EPS CARSON, Crystalbrook, They don Bois, Essex, for Bright SnoW-

1524dV n May 10A S‘ Snowdr°P’s Champion, d. Crystal Yofan.

Marcf B°ach’ Bitton’ Glos” for Hairy Queen Fern, horn

Snioun’ Jeraey;s- Gowen Fem's

1518Wesfwoo:d^lo(ra7CAPT‘ M' HlLL’ Westwood House- West Bergholt, Essex, for

Glass 1.91.— Jersey Cows or Heifers (in-milk), bred by Exhibitor, and sired
in ^ Great Britain or Ireland. Open to Animals entered in Classes 187
188, and 189 only. [15 entries, 4 absent.]

1438187.)U10’)~ALEXANDER ^ler-Hallett, for Goddington Foxglove. (See Class

1414H- (^6.)-Ernest Bewlet, Danum, Rathgar, co. Dublin, for Lilac (vol 21 u 3491

14Jml April * i913

s. Monk 9353, d. Fleetwing 2nd by Hamley’s Golden Lad 7534
1470 R. N. & H. C.— J. H. Smith-Barry, Stowell Park, Pewsey, for Mauviette.

Class 192— Jersey Bulls, calved in 1908, 1909, or 1910.

[9 entries, none absent.]

1530 I. (=£10, & Champion. i )— Alexander Miller-Hallett, Goddington Chelsfleld

„9 bor“ ™ ”■ *»' *

7 born(Dec 321009 ^e^bv’F ' 3if?dge’ for Highness 10641, whole colour,

,ersey ; s- Bosebay's Prmce

15/8 III. (”£4.)—Oapt. M. Hill, Westwood House, West Bergholt Essex for frown
Prince 10o72, whole colour, born March 13, 1909, bred by Mrs C M. MclmoYh

1939 p1^1 T k’ ®omfo£d ; s> Jolly Jim 8564> d • Coronation by Grey Scot 6581. " ’

U32 R. N. & H. C.-Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Fontaine’s Star.

Class 193 .—Jersey Bulls, calved in 1911. [15 entries, 2 absent.]

f°r Champion. i)-Horace Walker, Beach, Bitton, Glos., for

lo34 II. C£6.)— JOSEPH Brutton, 7 Princes Street, Yeovil, for Prince Guider erev horn

r JerS6y ; Sl E°yal °Uide (4104>’ * PGncess
1545 III (£4.)-Dame Emily Frances Smyth, Ashton Court, Bristol for Lubv

1537%“ MS V- mx “/nsToX *"> BeR,OTd 1 1 B°Chetto'“

; s- Lwd stockweu ** *

1542 R. N. & H. C.-O. F. Mosley, Leasingham, Sleaford, for Noble Sultan’s Boy.

Class 194.— Jersey Bulls, calved in 1912. [18 entries, 5 absent ]

1558Pff T^I-I^ndIe MimSV2?,^546’6^ ^-0- 'bv 0olde“ OaSoSm *

_ Coddington Bagatelle (vol. 20, p. 317) by Rover of Oaklands 8348
i552 III. (^4.)— Mtss Enderby, Beckington House, Beckington, Bath, for Beckington
1 born March 20 ; s. Century’s Champion, d. Mourier Belle 14th.

156o IV. 0£3.) -J. H. Smith-Barry, Stowell Park, Pewsey, Wilts., for Revnard the Fox

famis^ador 9714MarCh^6 5 S' May F°X 10705, d-Maturine 2nd (vol. 23, p. 351) by Oak-
1551 R. N. & H. C— Jersey de Knoop, Calveley Hall, Tarporley, for Calveley Peer.

in ClasSs 192H9^1Ze °f &5 given by the English JerseY Cattle Society for the best Bull

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol, 1913.

xci

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 195. — Millt Yield Prizes , open to Jersey Cows and Heifers entered in
Classes 187, 188, and 189 only. [24 entries, 4 absent.]

1445 I. (£ 10.) Loud Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts., for Laxton Lady (vol. 23, p. 335)
whole colour, born Dec. 5, 1906, calved March 21, 1913, bred by C. Benest, Trinity,
Jersey : s. Laxton 9307, d. Lady Warwick (10738) P.S.C. by Picton 3rd 6986.

1450 II. (£6.) — J. H. Smith-Barry, Stowell Park, Pewsey. Wilts, for Marionette (vol.
18, p. 359), dark fawn, born Oct. 3, 1904, calved Feb. 13, 1913 ; s. Gay Boy 7510, d.
Marigold by Sportive 7037.

1451 III. (£4.)— J. H. Smith-Barry, for New Year’s Gift (vol. 21, p. 383), cream, born
Jan, 1, 1907, calved Jan. 15, 1913 ; s. Oxford Sunbeam 8650, d. Leylands Gift by Lord
Charles Beresford 5961.

1448 R. N. & H. C.— J. H. Smith-Barry, for Caprice.

Guernseys.1

N.B. — Unless otherwise stated , the numbers refer to the English Guernsey Herd Book.

Class 196. — Guernsey Coivs ( in-milk ), calved in or before 1908.

[14 entries, 3 absent.]

1581 I. (£ 10.)— Canon S. R. Raffles-Flint, Nansawsan,Ladock, Cornwall, for Ladock
Princess 7333, fawn and white, born Jan. 9, 1907, calved April 15, 1913 ; s. Trewince
True Boy 1728, d. Ladock Lily 6940 by Harley of Chitral 1182 P.S., R.G.A.S.

1570 II. (£6.) — SIR Everard A. Hambro, K.C.Y.O., Hayes Place, Hayes, Kent, for Wena
5700. red and white, born March 2, 1900, calved May 4, 1913, bred by R. Herivel,
Alderney ; s. Liberty, d. Daisy 1st.

1577 III. (£4.)— H. F. PLUMPTRE, Goodnestone Park, Canterbury, for Ashburnham
Amabel 7l53, red and white, born June 6, 1907, calved March 26, 1913, bred by the
late Earl of Ashburnham, Battle, Sussex ; s. Cbarmant of the Gron 1809, d.
Darling Mabel 5083 by Compact 1065 P.S., R.G.A.S.

1569 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Everard A. Hambro, K.C.Y.O., for Itchen Lady May.

Class 197. — Guernsey Cows or Heifers ( in-milk ), calved in 1909 or 1910.

[7 entries, 1 absent.]

1588 I. (.£10.) — J' F. Remnant, M.P., The Grange, Twyford, Berks, for Treacle 3rd 8280,
dark fawn and white, born Jan. 14, 1909, calved April 26, 1913, bred by J. H. Borrer,
Angeston, Dursley ; s. King Cup 1850, d. Sweetsome 2nd 6014 by Milford Easter Gift
1228.

1586 II. (£6.) — Sir Everard A. Hambro, K.C.Y.O., Hayes Place, Hayes, Kent, for Hayes
Express 6th 8550, fawn and white, born May 14, 1910, calved May 16, 1913 ; s. Hayes
Branch 2034, d. Hayes Express 3rd 7296 by Coronation King 1556.

1587 III. (£4.)— Canon S. R. Raffles-Flint, Nansawsan, Ladock, Cornwall, for
Ladock Beauty 8136, fawn and white, born Jan. 22, 1909, calved April 27, 19l3 ; s.
Brave Boy 3rd 1906, d. Ladock Lass 6939 by Squire of the Sages 1318 P.S., R.G.A.S.

1582 R. N. & H. C. — Mrs. R. C. Bainbridge, Elfordleigh, Plympton, Devon, for
Elfordleigh Judy 2nd.

Class 198. — Guernsey Heifers , calved in 1911. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

1592 I. (£10.)— Sir Everard A. Hambro, K.C.V.O., Hayes Place, Hayes, Kent, for
Hayes Polly 9006, fawn and white, born May 6 ; s. Guiding Star of Les Belles
2293, d. Polly of La Croix 9th 7414 by Antonio 1733.

1601 II. (£6.)— FRANK PRATT-BARLOW, Lynchmere House, Haslemere, for Violet of
the Vrangue 9246, fawn, born March 16, bred by John Sherwill, Vrangue, St. Peter
Port, Guernsey'; s. Masher of King’s Mills Lodge 2296 P.S., R.G.A.S.. d. Jenemies
Violet 8204 P.S., R.G.A.S,, by Squire de la Vielle Rue 1687 R.G.A S.

1593 III. (£4.)— Sir Everard A. Hambro, K.C.V.O., Milton Abbey, Blandford. for
Milton Blue Bell 3rd 9101, fawn and white, born Sept. 1 ; s. Hayes Briar 2nd 2144
d. Milton Blue Bell of the Spurs 1st 7779 by Lord Mar 1737 P.S., R G.A.S.

1590 R. N. & H. C.— G. F. Ferrand, Morland Hall, Alton, Hants, for Emley Belle 2nd.

Class 199. — Guernsey Heifers , calved in 1912. [18 entries, 2 absent.]

1617 I. (£10.)— FRANK PRATT-BARLOW, Lynchmere House, Haslemere, for Lynchmere
Meadow Sweet 2nd 9572, red. born July 21 ; s. Raymond of the Vrangue 2361,
d. Clatford Meadow Sweet 8015 by Chieftain 63 F.S., R.G.A.S.

1606 II. (£6.)— SIR Everard A. Hambro, K.C.Y.O., Hayes Place, Hayes, Kent, for Hayes
Rose 2nd 9495, fawn and white, born July 31 ; s. Cbarmant 4th of the Gron 2124,
d. Rose des Houards 52nd 8701 by Loyal of rhe Gron 2056.

1605 III. (£4.)— Sir Everard A. Hambro, K.C.V.O., for Hayes Bob 3rd 9485, fawn and
white, born May 11 ; s. Cbarmant 4th of the Gron 2124, d. Bob 31st 8363 by Loyal of
the Gron 2056.

i £40 towards Ithese Prizes were given, by the English Guernsey Cattle Society,

xcii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

1607 IV. (.£3.)— Sib. Everard A. Hambro, K.C.V.O., Milton Abbey, Blandford, for Milton
Duchess of the Chene 7th 9590. fawn and white, born March 5 ; s. Hayes Briar 2nd
2144, d. Milton Duchess of the Chene 2nd 7780 by Milton Prince 1870.

1604 E .. N. & H. C— W. H. N. Gosohen, Durrington House, Harlow, for Juno of La
Ville.

Class 200. — Guernsey Bulls , calved in 1908, 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[9 entries, none absent.]

1622 I. (£10.)— Sir Everard A. Hambro. K.C.V.O., Hayes Place, Hayes, Kent, for
Flora s Raymond 2585, fawn and white, born April 7, 1911, bred by F. Le Parmentier
Effards, Castel, Guernsey ; s. Raymond of the Preel 4th 1911 P.S., R.G.A.S., d. Flora
3rd of the Effards 3453 F.S., R.G.A.S.

1620 II. (£6.)— Mrs. R. C. Bain bridge. Elfordleigh, Plympton, for Raymond’s Joe
2362. orange fawn and white, born April 30, 1910, bred by J. Le Page, Neuve Maison
Castel. Guernsey ; s. Raymond of the Preel 4th 1911 P.S., R.G.A.S., d. Bon Espoir 9th
4545 P.S.. R.G.A.S.

1621 III. (£40— G. F. Ferrand, Morland Hall, Alton, for Chieftain of Hawkley 2238,
fawn and white, born Dec. 14, 1909. bred by Peter Mahy. Pulias, St. Sampsons
Guernsey ; s. Galaxy’s Sequel 1539 P.S., R.G.A.S., d. Dolly of Pulias 3480 F.S.
R.G.A.S., by Loyal of the Capelles 1267 P.S., R.G.A.S.

1626 R. N. & H. C.— G. OAKEY, Row Gardens Wood, Charlwood, Surrey, for Brittle-
ware Rohm 2nd.

Class 201 —Guernsey Bulls , calved in 1912. [11 entries, 1 absent.]

1637 I. (£10.)— H. F. Plumptre, Goodnestone Park, Canterbury, for Royal Sequel 2nd
2639, fawn and white, born Aug. 22 ; s. Royal Sequel 2511, d. Ranunculus 9th 8215 bv
Golden Noble 1930. y

1636 II. (£6.)— H. F. Plumptre, for Golden Casket 3rd 2586, fawn, born May 25 • s
Golden Casket 2138, d. Muriel 22nd 7025 by Roland of Seaview 10th 1621 ’

1631 III. (£4.)— Sir Everard A. Hambro, K.C.V.O, Hayes Place, Hayes, Kent for
Hayes Cherub 3rd 2595, fawn and white, born May 29 ; s. Hayes Cherub 2nd 2^95
d. Snowdrop 7887 by Jumbo 59 F.S., R.G.A.S. w ’

1630 R. N. & H. C.— W. H. N. GOSCHEN, Durrington House, Harlow, for May’s
Governor. J

Class 202. — Milk Yield Prizes , open to Guernsey Cows and Heifers entered in
Classes 196 and 197 only. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

1574 I. (£10.) — Sir Henry F. Lennard, Bt., Wickham Court, West Wickham Kent
for Wickham Fancy 2nd 7133. fawn and white, born Nov 3, 1906 calved March A
1913 bred by H Rm sell Wood Lodge, West Wickham ; «. Hanbury 1669, £ Doulta
Galla s Fancy 3641 P.S., R.G.A.S.

1581 II. (£6.)— Canon S. R. Raffles-Flint, for Ladock Princess. (See Class I9fit

1568 III. (£4.) — W. T. CURTIS, Fitznells, Ewell, Surrey, for Polly 3rd of tlie Mill 6536
P.S., R.G.A.S., light fawn, born Oct. 9, 1905. calved March 24, 1913, bred by J Martin
Kings Mill. Castel, Guernsey ; s. Golden Hero 1507 P.S., R.G.A.S., d. Pollv 2nd of the
Mill 2749 P.S., R.G.A.S. ’ y 01 tne

1588 R, N. & H. C— J. F. Remnant, M.P., for Treacle 3rd. (See Class 197.)

Kerries.* 1

N.B.—In the Kerry Classes , the number inserted within brackets after the name of an animal
indicates the number of such animal in the Irish Kerry Herd Book. A number
without brackets indicates that the animal is rcyistered in the English Kerry Herd
Book.

Class 203. — Kerry Cows (in-milk'), calved in or before 1909.

[11 entries, 2 absent.]

1643 I. (£10, & Champion. 2 )— L. Currie, Minley Manor, Farnborougb, Hants for
Minley Mistress 1253 F.S., born in 1908, calved May 23, 1913, breeder unknown ’

1646 II. (£6.)-R. Tait Robertson, The Hutch, Malabide, Co Dublin for Walt™ Par,
Can 935, born in 1905. calved May 24, 1913. breeder unknown waiton Can

1642 III. (£4.)— L Currie, for Duv Rosebud (1370), born Dec. 10, 1906 calved Mav 5
1913, bred by J. Neill, The Park, Killarney ; s. Duv Daniel (590), d. Duv Divine (.3231)
F.S.

1649 R. N. & H. C.— T. Waite, Highlands, Redhill, for Kilmorna Waterville 1st.

^ 1 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle

2 Challenge Cup given by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society for the best
Animal m Classes 203-206.

I

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol, 1913. xciii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named helow was “hred by exhibitor.”]

Class 204. — Kerry Heifers (in-nnilk), calved in 1910.

[2 entries, none absent.]

1652 I. (<£10.) — R. Tait Robertson, The Hutch. Malahide, Co. Dublin, for La Mancha
Rag Time, born in 1910, calved May 15, 1913, breeder unknown.

Class 205. — Kerry Heifers , calved in 1911 or 1912.

[5 entries, 1 absent.]

1657 I. (£10.)— R. Tait Robertson, The Hutch, Malahide, Co. Dublin, for La Mancha
Patricia, horn in 1911. breeder unknown.

1654 II. (£6.)— A. ARTHUR Lyle, Beel House, Amersham Common, Bucks, for Doreen,
horn May 15, 1911 ; s Sham us, d. Norah.

1656 III. (£4.)— THE Duchess OF NEWCASTLE, Hardwick Grange. Clumber Park,
Worksop, for Hardwick Jeanie 3rd 1401, born April 18, 1911 ; s. Kilmorna Duke 18th
252, d. Hardwick Jeanie 579 F.S.

Class 206. — Kerry Bulls , calved in 1908, 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[7 entries, 1 absent.]

1658 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion, i)— John L. Ames, Thistleyhaugh, Longhorsley,

for La Mancha Lifeguard 284. horn April 27, 1911, hred by R. Tait Robertson, The
Hutch, Malahide ; s. La Mancha Mr. Dooley 257, d. Castlelough Duv (3585) by
Killeagy (550). , .

1664 II. (£6.)— T. WAITE, Highlands, Redhill, for Mangerton Chief 28o, born March 4

1911 ; s. Kilmorna Duke 17th 251, d. Duv Darling 2nd 1365 by Duv Daniel (590).

1661 III. (£4.)— R. Tait Robertson, The Hutch, Malahide, Co. Dublin, for Castlelough
Duke (745), born April 15, 1911, bred by John Hilliard, Lake Hotel, Killarney ; s. La
Mancha Mr. Dooley (700), d. Castlelough Hawthorn (3583) by Duv Daniel (590).

1663 R. N. & H. C.— T. Waite, for La Mancha Mr. Dooley.

Class 207. — Milk Yield Prizes, open to Kerry Cows and Heifers entered in
Classes 203 and 204 only. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

1649 I. (£10.)— T. WAITE, Highlands, Redhiil, for Kilmorna Waterville 1st (3104), horn in
1900, calved Feb. 17, 1913, breeder unknown.

1642 II. (£6.)— L. Currie, for Duv Rosebud. (See Class 203.)

1643 III. (£4.)— L. Currie, for Minley Mistress. (See Class 203.)

1647 R. N. & H. C.— Edmund Royds, M.P., for Caythorpe Kitty.

Dexters.i 2

N.B.—In the Dexter Classes, the number inserted within brackets after the name of an animal
indicates the number of such animal in the Irish Dexter Herd Book. A number with-
out brackets indicates that the animal is registered in the English Dexter Herd Book.

Class 208. — Dexter Cows (in-milk'), calved in or kef ore 1909.

[12 entries, 3 absent.]

1674 I (£10 )— THE HON. Mrs. CLAUD PORTMAN, Goldicote, Stratford-on-Avon, for
La Mancha Hard to Find 1238, red, born April 9, 1904, calved March 13 1913, bred
by R. Tait Robertson, The Hutch, Malahide ; s. La Mancha What Next 279, d. La
Mancha Dolly Day Dream 1185 F.S. , , , .

1666 II. (£6.)— HIS MAJESTY THE KING Sandringham, for Dinah 2017, black, horn m
1907, calved May 25, 1913, breeder unknown.

1672 III. (£4.)— H. MARTIN Gibbs, Barrow Court, Bristol, for Barrow Buttercup 2nd
1728, black, horn June 4, 1909, calved May 4, 19 A ; s. Barrow Count 383, d. Barrow
Buttercup 1676 F.S.

1670 R. N. & H. C.— BALDOMERO DE BERTODANO, Cowbridge House, Malmesbury, for

Cowbridge Enid.

Class 209. — Dexter Heifers (in-milk), calved in 1910. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

1678 I. (£10.)— Lieut.-Col. The Hon. Ben Bathurst, M.P., The Cranhams. Cirences-
ter, for Alpha, black, born July 14, calved May 18, 1913 ; s. Dick 2nd 429, d. Hope by

1682 ^I°^£6U)— The Hon. Mrs. Claud Portman, Goldicote. Stratford-on-Avon, for
Black Child 2003, black, born in Aug., calved March 24, 1913, breeder unknown.

1680 III (£4.)— H. Martin Gibbs, Barrow Court, Bristol, for La Mancha Dodo 1J52
F.S.,’ black, born in 1910, calved May 25, 1913, breeder unknown.

1679 R. N. & H. C.— H. Martin Gibbs, for Barrow Fair Maid 2nd.

i Challenge Cup given by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society Aor the best

Animal in Classes 203-206. . „ , n

p 2 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle

Society.

xciv Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 210. Dexter Heifers , calved in 1911 or 1912. [13 entries, none absent.]

1688 I. OHO, & R. N.for Champion.^)— Baldomero de Bertodano, Cowbridge House
Malmesbury, for Cowbridge Flirt 2nd 1S69, black, born May 6th, 1911 ; s. Cowbridge
ifiQ7STTr>/a^d7 478’ d\ £owbridge Flirt 1752 by Cowbridge General 385.

1687breedfr uMmown AJESTY THE KlNG; Sandringham, for black heifer, born in 1911,

1.697 III. (^4.)— T Hogg Robertson, La Mancha, Malahide, Co. Dublin, for Castlelough

f Pb n )0tin iMa7,' ru 9H’ f'ed bY Jobn Hilliard, Lake Hotel, Ki llarney ;
5. Plantol (564), d. Castlelough Blackberry (243S) by Gort Sam 2nd (558).

1691b?ack'bom'Ma7i3 §IBBS' Barrm7 Court, Bristol, for Barrow Emerald 3rd,

BarrowCaptafn 13’ 19U Barrow Bacchus 419, d. Barrow Emerald 2nd 1S31 by

Class 211. — Dexter Bulls , calved in 1908, 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[11 entries, 1 absent.]

1699K^(f110’1& Champion. i)-His Majesty the King, Sandringham, for Jack Robin
507, black, born in 1910, breeder unknown.

BERTODANO, Cowbridge House, Malmesbury, for
^aattt r dge Hero 465, black> born m March, 1909, breeder unknown

breedef unk?ownMAJESTY THE KlN°’ f°r Eobin H°°d 489’ black> born in 1909

1705 R. N. & H. C.— H. Martin Gibbs, Barrow Court, Bristol, for Barrow Orphan.

Class 212 .—Milli Yield Prizes , open to Dexter Cows and Heifers entered
in Classes 208 and 209 only. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

m?? ?47JESTY THE Bing. for Dinah, (See Class 208.)

167 Pnwlin& °,7-7R1? QDE Bertodano Cowbridge House, Malmesbury, for

Cowbridge Shelah 18/5 F.S., black, born m March, 1909, calved June 9, 1913, breeder
unknown. 7 '

for Dusiy 2018' blaok bOT" tal910' cal-d
1673 R. N. & H. C.—H. Martin Gibbs, Barrow Court, Bristol, for Barrow Duchess 3rd.

Dairy Cattle.* 2

Class 213. — Dairy Cows (in-milk), calved in or before 1909.

[8 entries, 1 absent.]

1712 III. (£i.) John Evens, Burton, Lincoln, for Clifton Beauty (Lines Red SWiWtD
born in 1907, calved March 30, 1913, bred by W. E. Scorer fZstintalncer 2906 X

Perfection”' °-_HENEY MM™EWS, Down Farm, Winterbourne, Bristol, for

Class 214.

Dahy Cows (in-milk), calved in or after 1910.
[5 entries, none absent.]

172°i Hobbs & Sons, Kelmscott, Lecblade, for Souvenir (vol 57 r>

1133) (Shorthorn), white, born May 20 1910 calved Tunp n iciifLJi: t ^

a'rilid^Ommt^lsis^’fh^y Burteva^ll^I’ W13’ bred by Mr' ailIiatt- p°“Mhanworth

SlKSaigv^S&B??

Woolmer's Victor 5th, d. Model Maid bp Cadet 83016!' ’ 7 ’ 3 ’ S

1718 R. N. & H. C— John Evens, for Burton Amy 2nd.

AnimSSg8?eUSP2S!!flby th6 Engl'Sb Kerry aad »«*« CWU. Society for the bee

2 Prizes given by the Bristol Local Committee.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

xcv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Butter Tests.1 [66 entries, 8 absent.]

Class 215a. — Cows ( in-milk ), exceeding 900 lb. live weight.

944 I. (£15.)— Henry Neesham, for Canwick Cherry 2nd. (See Class 119.)

1448 II. (£10, & B. M.2)— J. H. SMITH- BARRY, Stowell Park, Pewsey, Wilts., for Caprice
(vol. 20, p. 273), fawn, born July 28, 1905, calved Feb. 1, 1913 ; s. Oxford Sunbeam 8650,
d. Captious by Geonnais Lad 6o62.

1574 III. (£5.)— Sir Henry F. Lennard, Bt., for Wickham Fancy 2nd. (See Class 202.)

Class 215b. — Cows ( in-milk ) not exceeding 900 lb. live iceight.

1445 I. (£15, & G. M.2)— Lord Rothschild, for Laxton Lady. (See Class 195.)

1450 II. (£10, & S. M.2)— J. H. Smith-BARRY, for Marionette. (See Class 195.)

1451 III. (£5.)— J. H. Smith-Barry, for New Year’s Gift. (See Class 195.)

SHEEP.

Oxford Downs.

Class 216. — Oxford Down Shearling Rams. [16 entries, none absent.]

1734 I. (£10), & 1735 II. (£5.) — JAMES HORLICK, Cowley Manor, Cheltenham.

1731 III. (£3), & 1733 R. N. & H. C.— James T. Hobbs, Maisey Hampton, Fairford, Glos.

Class 217. — Oxford Down Ram Lambs.3 [10 entries, 1 absent.]

1748 I. (£10.) — H. W. STILGOE, The Grounds, Adderbury, Banbury.

1746 II. (£5.)— Thomas Rich, Aldsworth, Northleach, Glos.

1741 III. (£3.) — JAMES T. Hobbs, Maisey Hampton, Fairford, Glos.

1739 R. N. & H. C. — George Adams & Sons, Royal Prize Farm, Faringdon.

Class 218. — Three Oxford Down Ram Lambs. [8 entries, none absent.]

1751 I. (£10.)— James T. Hobbs, Maisey Hampton, Fairford, Glos.

1754 II. (£5.) — W. J. P. READING & SONS, Rectory Farm, Langford, Lechlade.

1749 III. (£3.) — George Adams & Sons, Royal Prize Farm, Faringdon.

1755 R. N. & H. C.— Thomas Rich, Aldsworth, Northleach, Glos.

Class 219. — Three Oxford Down Shearling Ewes. [8 entries, none absent.]

1760 I. (£10.)— James T. Hobbs, Maisey Hampton, Fairford, Glos.

1762 II. (£5), & 1763 R. N. & H. C. — James Horlick, Cowley Manor, Cheltenham.

1759 III. (£3.)— Miss Alice de Rothschild, Waddes don Manor, Aylesbury.

Class 220. — Three Oxford Down Ewe Lambs. [9 entries, none absent.]

1767 I. (£10.)— JAMES T. Hobbs, Maisey Hampton, Fairford, Glos.

1773 II. (£5.) — H. W. STILGOE, The Grounds, Adderbury, Banbury.

1765 III. (£3.) — George Adams & Sons, Royal Prize Farm, Faringdon.

1769 R. N. & H. C.— James Horlick, Cowley Manor, Cheltenham.

Shropshires.4

Class 221. — Shropshire Two-Shear Rams. [14 entries, none absent.]

1787 I. (£10), & 1786 R. N. & H.C.— ALFRED Tanner, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury.
1775 II. (£5.) —FRANK Bibby, Hardwicke Grange, Shrewsbury.

1782 III. (£3.) — MRS. W. F. Inge, Thorpe Hall, Tamworth, for Thorpe Templar.
1784 IV. (£2.)— Thomas S. Minton, Montford, Shrewsbury.

Class 222. — Shropshire Shearling Rams. [21 entries, 8 absent.]

1788 I. (£10.) & 1789 II. (£5.)— A. S. BERRY, Shenstone Hall. Lichfield.

1797 III. (£3.)— Lord Richard Cavendish, Holker Hall, Cark-in-Cartmel.

1806 IV. (£2.)^— Alfred Tanner, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury.

1793 R. N. & H. C.— Richard E. Birch, Bryn Euryn, Colwyn Bay.

1 Prizes given by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

2 Gold Medal, Silver Medal, and Bronze Medal given by the English Jersey Cattle
Society for the three Jersey animals obtaining the greatest number of points in the
Butter Tests.

a Prizes given by the Oxford Down Sheep Breeders’ Association.

4 £45 towards these Prizes were given by the Shropshire Sheep Breeders’ Associa-
tion.

xcvi Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 223. — Five Shropshire Shearling Rams. [11 entries, 1 absent.]

1814 I. (£15.) — Mrs. W. F. Inge, Thorpe Hall, Tamworth.

1818 II. (£10.) — ALFRED TANNER, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury.

1816 III. (£5.) — Thomas S. Minton, Montford, Shrewsbury.

1813 IV. (£2.) — Lord Richard Cavendish, Holker Hall, Cark-in-Cartmel.

1811 R. N. & H. C. -Richard E. Birch, Bryn Euryn, Colwyn Bay.

Class 224. — Three Shropshire Ram Lambs. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

1828 I. (£10.) — ALFRED TANNER, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury.

1820 II. (£5.) — RICHARD E. BIRCH, Bryn Euryn, Colwyn Bay.

1826 III. (£3.) — EDWARD Nock, Harrington Hall, Shifnal.

1825 IV. (£2.)— Thomas S. Minton, Montford, Shrewsbury.

1824 R. N. & H. C. — Kenneth W. Milnes, Stan way Manor, Church Stretton.

Class 225. — Three Shropshire Shearling Ewes. [11 entries, 2 absent.]

1836 I. (£10), & 1837 III. (£3.) — Kenneth W. Milnes, Stanway Manor, Church Stretton.
1839 II. (£5.) — ALFRED TANNER, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury.

1838 R. N. & H. C. — Thomas S. Minton, Montford, Shrewsbury.

Class 226. — Three Shropshire Ewe Lambs. [8 entries, 2 absent.]

1841 I. (£10.) — Richard E. Birch, Bryn Euryn, Colwyn Bay.

1845 II. (£5.)— EDWARD Nock, Harrington Hall, Shifnal.

1847 III. (£3.) — ALFRED TANNER, Shrawardine, Shrewsbury.

1844 R. N. & H. C. — Thomas S. Minton, Montford, Shrewsbury.

South, downs.

Class 227. — Southdown Two Shear Rams.1 [12 entries, 1 absent.]

1852 I. (£10, & Champion.2) — C. R. W. ADEANE, Babraham Hall, Cambridge.

1857 II. (£5.) — Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., Gatton Park, Surrey.

1860 III. (£3.) — DERMOT McCalmont, Newmarket.

1858 R. N. & H. C.— F. H. JENNINGS, Cockfield Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

Class 228. — Southdown Shearling Rams. [19 entries, 1 absent.]

1868 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2) — W. M. Cazalet, Fairlawne, Tonbridge.

1869 II. (£5).— Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt, Gatton Park, Surrey.

1879 III. (£3.)-JAMES R. West, Alscot Park, Stratford-on-Avon.

1861 IV. (£2.)— His Majesty the King, Sandringham.

1875 R. N. & H. C.— Dermot McCalmont, Crockfords, Newmarket.

Class 229. — Three Southdown Shearling Rams T [9 entries, none absent.]

1886 I. (£10), & 1885 II. (£5).— SIR JEREMIAH COLMAN, Bt., Gatton Park, Surrey.

1887 III. (£3).— Frederick H. Jennings, Cockfield Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

1884 R. N. & H. C. — W. M. Cazalet, Fairlawne, Tonbridge.

Class 230. — Three Southdown Ram Lambs. [10 entries, 1 absent.]

1896 I. (£10). — Dermot McCalmont, Crockfords, Newmarket.

1893 II. (£5.)— Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt, Gatton Park, Surrey.

1895 III. (£3.)— Frederick H. Jennings, Cockfield Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.
1898 R. N. & H. C. - James R. West, Alscot Park, Stratford-on-Avon.

Class 231. — Three Southdown Shearling Ewes. [7 entries, 1 absent.]

1900 I. (£10, & Champion.3 *)— His Majesty the King, Sandringham.

1904 II. (£5.)— Frederick H. Jennings, Cockfield Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.
1902 III. (£3.)— Sir Jeremiah Colman. Bt, Gatton Park, Surrey.

1901 R. N. & H. C.— Earl Cadogan, K.G, Culford Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.

Class 232. Three Southdown Ewe Lambs. [9 entries, 3 absent.]
1912 1. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.3)— Dermot McCalmont, Newmarket.
1911 II. (£ 5.)— Frederick H. Jennings, Cockfield Hall, Bury St. Edmunds.
1909 III. («£3.) Sir Jeremiah Colman, Bt., Gatton Park, Surrey.

1906 R. N. & H. C— His Majesty the King, Sandringham.

i Prizes given by the Southdown Sheep Society.

in Classes^J^nd0*^^6^^ ^V6n ^ ®ouH1<!own Sheep Society for the best Ram

3 Silver Medal given by the Southdown Sheep Society for the best Pen of Ewes or

Ewe Lambs m Classes 231 and 232.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

XCYll

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

Hampshire Downs.

Class 233. — Hampshire Down Two- Shear Rams. 1 [6 entries, 1 absent.]

1919 I. (£ 10.)— Henry C. Stephens, Cholderton Lodge, Salisbury.

1916 II. (£5), & 1917 E. N. & H. C. — Capt. J. A. Morrison, Berwick House, Hindon,
Salisbury.

Class 234. — Hampshire Down Shearling Rams. [16 entries, 2 absent.]

1922 I. (£10.)— Alfred E. Blackwell, The Home Farm, Chipperfleld, King’s Langley,
for ^Gst jVX&u

1933 II. (£5.)— The Hon. Mrs. Pleydell-Bouyerie, Coleshill House, Highworth
Wilts.

1929 III. (£3.) — CAPT. J. A. Morrison, Berwick House, Hindon, Salisbury,

1921 E. N. & H. C. — J- Edward Baigent, Westend, Froyle, Alton, Hants.

Class 235. — Hampshire Down Ram Lambs. [20 entries, 1 absent.]

1953 I. (£10, 1 & Champion.2)— Henry C. Stephens, Cholderton Lodge, Salisbury.

1947 II. (£5. l) — CAPT. J. A. MORRISON, Berwick House, Hindon, Salisbury.

1938 III. (£3. 1 ) — Alfred E. Blackwell, The Home Farm, Chipperfield, King’s
Langley.

1952 IV. (£2.1)—' The Hon. MRS. PLEYDELL-BOUVERIE, Coleshill House, Highworth,
Wilts.

1949 V. (£2.) — DONALD NICOLL, Burntwood, Winchester.

1955 E. N. & H. C. — B. J. WATERS, Flamstone, Bishopstone, Salisbury.

Class 236. — Three Hampshire Down Ram Lambs.

[15 entries, 4 absent.]

1966 I. (£10, & E. N. for Champion.2)— Donald Nicoll. Burntwood, Winchester.
1965 II. (£5.) — CAPT. J. A. MORRISON, Berwick House, Hindon, Salisbury.

1969 III. (£3.)— Henry 0. Stephens, Cholderton Lodge, Salisbury.

1971 IV. (£2.) — B. J. WATERS, Flamstone, Bishopstone, Salisbury.

1960 E. N. & H. C— Sir George A. Cooper, Bt., Hursley Park, Winchester.

Class 237.— Three Hampshire Down Ram Lambs [Novice). 1
[7 entries, 1 absent.]

1973 I. (£10.) -Ernest Albert Edney, Five Heads Farm, Horndean, Hants.

1976 II. (£5.)— A. G. TROUP, Dogdean, Salisbury.

1978 III. (£3.)— J. G. WILLIAMS, Pendley Manor, Tring.

1972 IV. (£2.) — J. EDWARD BAIGENT, Westend, Froyle, Alton, Hants.

1977 E. N. & H. C. — G. CAINES WATERS, Burcombe Manor, Salisbury.

Class 238.— Three Hampshire Down Shearling Ewes. [8 entries, none absent..]

1979 I. (£10), & 1981 E. N. & H. C— J. Edward Baigent, Westend, Froyle, Alton.
1985 II. (£5), & 1986 III. (£3.)— Captain J. A. MORRISON, Berwick House, Hindon,

Salisbury.

Class 239. — Three Hampshire Down Ewe Lambs. [15 entries, 3 absent.]

2001 I. (£10.)— B. J. WATERS, Flamstone, Bishopstone, Salisbury.

1998 II. (£5.)— JOHN PAIN, Borough, Micheldever, Hants.

2000 III. (£3.)— Henry C. Stephens, Cholderton Lodge, Salisbury.

1997 IV. (£2.)— DONALD Nicoll, Burntwood, Winchester.

1996 E. N. & H. C.— Captain J. A. Morrison, Berwick House, Hindon, Salisbury.

Class 240. — Three Hampshire Down Ewe Lambs (Novice').1

(7 entries, 2 absent.)

2007 I. (£10.) — G. Caines Waters, Burcombe Manor, Salisbury.

2006 II. (£5.)— A. G. TROUP, Dogdean, Salisbury.

2008 III. (£3.)— J. G. Williams, Pendley Manor, Tring.

2003 IV. (£2.)— Ernest albert Edney, Five Heads Farm, Horndean, Hants.

2002 E. N. & H. C.— J. Edward Baigent, Westend, Froyle, Alton, Hants.

Suffolks.

Class 241. — Suffolk Two-Shear Rams.3 [2 entries.]

2009 I. (£10), & 2010 II. (£5.)— Herbert E. Smith, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk.

1 Prizes given by the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association.

2 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association
for the best Ram Lamb, Pen of Ram Lambs or Ewe Lambs in Classes 235, 236, 237, 239,
and 240.

a Prizes given by the Suffolk Sheep Society.

VOL. 74.

T

xcviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 242. — Suffolk Shearling Rams. [3 entries.]

2012 I. (£10), & 2013 II. (£5.)— Herbert E. Smith, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk,

2011 III. (£3-)— S. R. Sherwood, Playford, Ipswich.

Class 243. — Suffolk Ram Lambs . 1 [4 entries, none absent.]

2016 I. (£10), & 2017 II. (£5.)— Herbert E. Smith, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk.

2015 III. (£3.)— S. R. Sherwood, Playford, Ipswich.

Class 244 .—Three Suffolk Ram Lambs. [4 entries, none absent.]

2021 I. (£10.)— Herbert E. Smith, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk.

2019 II. (£5.)— W. F. PAUL, Kirton Lodge, Ipswich.

2020 III. (£3.)-S. R. Sherwood, Playford, Ipswich.

Class 245. — Three Suffolk Shearling Ewes. [3 entries, 1 absent.]

2024 I. (£10), & 2023 II. (£5.)— W. F. Paul, Kirton Lodge, Ipswich.

Class 246. — Three Suffolk Ewe Lambs. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

2028 I. (£10.)— Herbert E. Smith, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk.

2027 II. (£5.)— S. R. SHERWOOD, Playford, Ipswich.

2026 III. (£3.) — W. F. PAUL, Kirton Lodge, Ipswich.

Dorset Downs.1 2

Class 247. — Dorset Down Shearling Rams. [5 entries, none absent.]

2030 I. (£10), & 2029 II. (£5.) — Eden & WATSON, Milborne Wick, Sherborne, Dorset.
2032 R. N. & H. C.— RANDOLPH Tory, Charisworth Manor, Whitechurch, Blandford,

for Turnworth.

Class 248. — Three Dorset Down Ram Lambs. [5 entries, none absent.]

2034 I. (£10.) — Eden & WATSON, Milborne Wick, Sherborne, Dorset.

2038 II. (£5.) — RANDOLPH Tory, Charisworth Manor, Whitechurch, Blandford.

2036 R. N. & H. C.— G. C. Wood Homer, Bardolf Manor, Dorchester.

Class 249. — Three Dorset Down Shearling Ewes. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

2041 I. (£10.)— G. C. Wood Homer, Bardolf Manor, Dorchester.

2039 II. (£5.) — Eden & WATSON, Milborne Wick, Sherborne, Dorset.

2043 R. N. & H. C.— Randolph Tory, Charisworth Manor, Whitechurch, Blandford,

Dorset Horn.3

Class 250. — Dorset Horn Shearling Rams , dropped after November 1, 1911.

[8 entries, 2 absent.]

2047 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.4) — Frank J. Merson & Son, Farringdon, North
Petherton, Bridgwater.

2045 II. (£5.] — Sir Everard Hambro, K.C.Y.O., Milton Abbey, Blandford, for
Delcombe No. 155.

2046 III. (£3.) —ALFRED Johnson, Symondsbury, Bridport, Dorset, for Symondsbury
No. 1.

2049 R. N. & H. C.— R. H. PALMER, West Stafford, Dorchester, for Flowers No. 310.
Class 251. — Three Dorset Horn Ram Lambs , dropped after November 1, 1912.

[5 entries, none absent.]

2055 I. (£10.) Frank J. Merson & Son, Farringdon, North Petherton, Bridgwater.

2053 II. (£5.)— Sir Everard Hambro, K.C.Y.O., Milton Abbey, Blandford.

2054 III. (£3.) — ALFRED JOHNSON, Symondsbury, Bridport, Dorset.

2056 R. N. & H. C. — R. H. PALMER, West Stafford, Dorchester.

Class 252. — Three Dorset Horn Shearling Ewes , dropped after November 1,

1911. [8 entries, none absent.]

2058 I. (£10, & Champion4), & 2057 III. (£3.)— Sir Everard Hambro, K.C.Y.O.,
Milton Abbey, Blandford.

2060 II. (£5.)— FRANK J. MERSON & SON, Farringdon, North Petherton, Bridgwater.
2063 R. N. & H. C.— R. H. PALMER, West Stafford, Dorchester.

1 Prizes given by the Suffolk Sheep Society.

2 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the Dorset Down Sheep Breeders’
Association.

3 £18 towards these Priz s were given by the Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Associa-
tion.

4 Champion Silver Medal given by the Canadian Industrial Exhibition for the best
exhibit of Dorset Horn Sheep in Classes 250-253.

XC1X

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 253. — Three Dorset Horn Ewe Lambs , dropped after November 1, 1912.

[6 entries, none absent.]

2067 I (£10.)— Sir EveRARD HAMBRO, K.C.V.O., Milton Abbey, Blandford.

2065 II (£5 )— C. H. CRAWFORD, Mappercombe Farm, Powerstock, Melplash, Dorset.

2070 III. (£3.)— R. H. PALMER, West Stafford, Dorchester, for ewe lambs, bred by
William Reginald Flower, West Stafford.

2068 R. N. & H. c.— ALFRED JOHNSON, Symondsbury. Bridport, Dorset.

Ryelands.1

Class 254. — By eland Bams , Two- Shear and upwards. [2 entries.]

2071 I. (£10.)— Hugh A. Christy, Llangoed Castle, Llyswen, Brecon, for ram, born in
1911.

2072 II. (£5.)— F. E. GOUOH, The Moor, Bodenbam, Leominster, for Bodenham First
Lord, born in 1910.

Class 255 . — Bpeland Shearling Bams. [5 entries, none absent.]

2076 I (£10 )— F. E. GOUGH, The Moor, Bodenbam, Leominster.

2073 II. (£5.)— Hugh A. Christy, Llangoed Castle, Llyswen, Brecon.

2077 III. (£3.)— Mrs. Reginald Herbert, Clytha Park, Abergavenny, for Clytha
Model.

2075 R. N. & H. C.— W. H. Davies, Olaston. Dormington, Hereford, for Weston Engineer.

Class 256. — Three Byeland Bam Lambs. [4 entries.]

2079 I (£10.)— w. H. DAVIES, Claston, Dormington, Hereford.

2081 II. (£5.)— Mrs. Reginald Herbert, Clytha Park, Abergavenny.

2080 III. (£3.)— F. E. GOUGH, The Moor, Bodenbam, Leominster.

2078 R. N. & H. C.— Hugh A. Christy, Llangoed Castle, Llyswen, Brecon.

Class 257.— Three By eland Shearling Ewes. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

2083 I. (£10), & 2082 R. N. & H. C.— Hugh A. CHRISTY, Llangoed Castle, Llyswen.

2085 II (£5 ) -F. E. GOUGH, The Moor, Bodenham, Leominster.

2086 III (£3.)— Mrs. REGINALD HERBERT, Clytha Park, Abergavenny.

Kerry Hill (Wales).

Class 258. — Kerry Hill {Wales) Bams, Shearling and upwards.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]

2087 I (£10.)— WILLIAM ALDERSON, Glanmeheli, Kerry, Mont.

9088 II (£5 )— John Murray Naylor, Leighton Hall, Welshpool, for Maesmawr
Alderman 2898, born in 1910, bred by Tom Kinsey, Winsbury, Chirbury, Salop.

2090 R. N. & H. C.— The Duke of Westminster, Eaton Hall, Chester.

Class 259. — Three Kerry Hill { Wales) Shearling Ewes.

[4 entries, none absent]

2093 I (£10)— The Duke of Westminster, Eaton Hall, Chester.

2091 II. (£5’.)— Lord Harlech, Brogyntyn, Oswestry.

2092 R N. & H, C.— John Murray Naylor, Leighton Hall, Welshpool.

Lincolns.2

Class 260. — Lincoln Two-Shear Bams. [8 entries, none absent.]

2099 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.3)— Herbert PEARS Potterhanworth, Lincoln, for

ram, bred by John Pears. Mere, Lincoln. , , , nr *n -p t a -i a

2097 II. (£5.)— Robert DIXON. Barff House, Brandesburton, Hull, for Riby Leconfield
General 2nd 13063, bred by the late Henry Dudding, Riby Grove, Great Grimsby.
9098 III (£3 )— The Exors. of the late Henry Dudding, Riby Grove, Great
Grimsby.* for Kirmington Riby Gordon, bred by George Marris, Kirmington House,
Brocklesby.

2102 R. N. & H. C.— R. & W. WRIGHT, Nocton Heath, Lincoln.

Class 261. — Lincoln Shearling Bams. [15 entries, 1 absent.]

2110 I. (£10, & Champion, 3 & with 2142 Champion*), 2111 II (£5.), & 2112 R. N. & H. C.-
THE EXORS OF THE LATE HENRY DUDDING, Riby Grove, Great Grimsby.

2114 III. (£3.)— HERBERT PEARS, Potterhanworth, Lincoln, for ram, bred by John
Pears, jun., Ellington, Horncastle.

1 £24 towards these Prizes were given by the Ryeland Flock Book Society.

2 £66 towards these Prizes were given by the Lincoln Long-Wool Sheep Breeders’

AT°Ghampi'on Prize of £5 given by the Lincoln Long-wool Sheep Breeders’ Association
for the best Ram in Classes 260 and 261. _ . „ . , .

* Challenge Bowl given through the Lincoln Long-Wool Sheep Breeders Asso-
ciation for the best group of one Ram and three Ewes, bred by Exhibitor, in Classes
260, 261. 264, and 266.

c

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 262. — Five Lincoln Shearling Rams. [12 entries, 4 absent.]

2127 I. (£15.) — Henry Smith, Jun., The Cottage. Cropwell Butler. Nottingham.

2123 II. (£10.)— The Exors. of the late Henry Dudding, Riby Grove, Great
Grimsbv, for ram bred by the late Henry Dudding.

2118 III. (£5.) — Joseph Brocklebank, Carlton le Moorland, Newark.

2121 IV. (£2.) — ROBERT Dixon, Barff House. Brandesburton, Hull.

2120 R. N. & H. 0. — J. H. Dean & Sons, Heath House, Nocton, Lincoln.

Class 263. — Three Lincoln Ram Lambs. [10 entries, none absent.]

2139 I. (£10.)— R- & W. Wright, Nocton Heath, Lincoln.

2134 II. (£5.)— The Exors. of the late Henry Dudding, Riby Grove, Great
Grimsby, for ram lambs bred by the late Henry Dudding.

2131 III. (£3), & 2130 R. N. & H. C. — J. H. DEAN & SONS, Heath House, Nocton, Lincoln.

Class 264. — Three Lincoln Shearling Fives. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

2142 I. (£10), & 2143 III. (£3.)— The Exors. of the late Henry Dudding, Riby
Grove, Great Grimsby, for ewes bred by the late Henry Dudding.

2141 II. (£5.)— Robert Dixon, Barff House, Brandesburton, Hull.

2140 R. N. & H.C.— J. H. Dean & Sons, Heath House, Nocton, Lincoln.

Class 265. — Three Lincoln Ewe Lambs. [11 entries, 3 absent.]

2150 I. (£10.) — R. & W. Wright. Nocton Heath, Lincoln.

2148 II. (£5.)— Robert Dixon, Barff House. Brandesburton, Hull.

2147 III. (£3.)— J. H. DEAN & Sons, Heath House, Nocton, Lincoln.

215 ) R. N. & H. C.— The Exors. of the late Henry Dudding, Riby Grove, Great
Grimsby, for ewe lambs bred by the late Henry Dudding.

Class 266. — Three Lincoln Yearling Ewes , in wool. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

2160 I. (£10.)— William B. Swallow, Wootton Lawn, Ulceby.

2157 II. (£5.) — J. H. Dean & Sons, Heath House, Nocton, Lincoln.

2161 III. (£3.) — W. H. WATSON, Temple Bruer, Lincoln.

2159 R. N. & H. C.— The Exors. of the late Henry Dudding, Riby Grove, Great
Grimsby.

Leicesters.1

Class 267. — Leicester Shearling Rams. [10 entries, none absent.]

2163 I. (£10), & 2164 II. (£5.)— GEORGE Harrison, Gainford Hall, Darlington.

2165 R. N. & H. C.— E. F. JORDAN, Eastburn. Driffield.

Class 268. — Three Leicester Ram Lambs. [3 entries.]

2172 I. (£10.) — George Harrison. Gainford Hall, Darlington.

2174 II. (£5.) — J. E. & C. H. SIMPSON, Pilmoor House, Hunmanby, Yorks.

2173 R. N. & H. C.— MRS. S. Perry-Herrick, Beau Manor Park, Loughborough.

Class 269. — Three Leicester Shearling Ewes. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

2175 I. (£10.)— E. F. JORDAN. Eastburn, Driffield.

2178 II. (£5.) — J- E. & C. H. SIMPSON, Pilmoor House. Hunmanby, Yorks.

2177 R. N. & H. C— Mrs. S. Perry-Herrick, Beau Manor Park, Loughborough.

Class 270. — Three Leicester Ewe Lambs. [3 entries.]

2179 I. (£10.)— George Harrison, Gainford Hall. Darlington.

2181 II. (£5.)— J. E. & C. H. SIMPSON, Pilmoor House, Hunmanby, Yorks.

2180 R. N. & H. C— Mrs. S. Perry-Herrick, Beau Manor Park, Loughborough.

Border Leicesters.2

Class 271. — Border Leicester Rams, Two- Shear and upwards.

[5 entries, 1 absent.]

2185 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.3)— R. G. Murray & Son, Spittal, Biggar, for
Smailholm Model 2664, born in 1908. bred bv Robert Forsyth, New Smailholm, Kelso,

2186 II. (£5.)— The Scremerston Coal Co., Ltd., Heathery Tops, Scremerston,
Berwick-on-Tweed, for Wild Sir Matthew 3453, born in 1911, bred by T. A M. Temple-
ton, Sandy Knowe, Kelso.

1 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the Leicester Sheep Breeders’ Association.

2 £18 towards these Prizes were given by the Society of Border Leicester Sheep
Breeders.

a Perpetual Challenge Cup given by the Society of Border Leicester Sheep Breeders
for the best Ram or Ewe in Classes 271-273.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

ci

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

2182 III. (£3.)— THE Rt. Hon. a. J. Balfour, M.P., Whittingehame, Prestonkirk,
for Mowhaugh 3104, born in 1911, bred by J. R. C. Smith, Galalaw.

2184 R. N. & H. C.— G. W. GlLBANKS, Kempley, Morland, Penrith, for Barr el well Hawk-
rigg Stanley.

Class 272. — Border Leicester Shearling Bams. [12 entries, 2 absent.]

2196 I. (£10, & Champion.1)— R. G. Murray & Son, Spittal, Biggar, N.B.

2191 II. (£5). & 2192 R. N. & H.C.— David P. ELLIOT, Nisbet Hill, Duns.

2197 III. (£3.)-The Scremerston Coal Co., Ltd., Heathery Tops, Scremerston,
Berwick-on-Tweed.

Class 273. — Border Leicester Shearling Ewes. [13 entries, 3 absent.]

2209 I. (£10.)—' The Scremerston Coal Co., Ltd., Heathery Tops, Scremerston,
Berwick-on-Tweed.

2208 II. (£5.)— R. G. Murray & Son, Spittal, Biggar, N.B.

2204 III. (£3). & 2203 R. N. & H. C.— David P. Elliot, Nisbet Hill, Duns.

Wensleydales.2

Class 274. — Wensleydale Rams , Two- Shear and upwards , entered or eligible for
entry in the Wensleydale Blue-faced Floch Booh. [4 entries.]

2215 I. (Ato.)— ' The Exors. of the late Thomas Willis. Carperbv, Yorks., for
Royal Conqueror, born in 1911, bred by Richard Procter, Barkerfield, Clitberoe.

2214 II. (£5.) — John W. Greensit, Holme-on-Swale, Tbirsk, for Carperby Masterpiece,
born in 1911. bred bv the Exors. of the late Thomas Willis, Carperby, Yorks.

2212 III. (£3 ) — LORD HENRY BENTINCK, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale, for
Royal Bertie 1728, born in 1911, bred by W. Rhodes, Lundholme, Westhouse, Kirkby
Lonsdale.

2213 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Henry Bentinck, M.P., for Underley Bertie 2nd.

Class 275. — Wensleydale Shearling Ranis. [4 entries.]

2218 I. (£10.)—' The Exors. of the late Thomas Willis, Carperby, Yorks., for ram

bred by Metcalfe Spensley. Castle Bank, Redmire, Yorks. i

2216 II. (£5.)— LORD HENRY Bentinck, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale, for

Wild Prince. „ , „ , .

2217 III. {£3.) — JOHN W. GREENSIT, Holme-on-Swale, Tbirsk, Yorks.

2219 R. N. & H. C.— The Exors. of the late Thomas Willis.

Class 276.— Three Wensleydale Shearling Rams, entered or eligible for entry
in the Wensleydale Blue-Faced Floch Booh. [4 entries, none absent.]

2223 I UG0 )— 1 The Exors. of the late Thomas Willis, Carperby, Yorks.

2222 II. (£5.)— JOHN W. GREENSIT, Holme-on-Swale, Tbirsk. .

2220 III. (£3.) — LORD henry BENTINCK, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale,

Class 277.— Three Wensleydale Shearling Ewes. [5 entries, none absent.]

2224 I. (£10), & 2225 II. (£5.)— LORD HENRY BENTINCK, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby

2228Lin^U'K)— The Exors. of the late Thomas Willis, Carperby, Yorks.

2226 R. N. & H. C.— EDMUND WYATT Gibson, Hestholm, Leyburn.

Lonks.3

Class 278. — Lonh Rams , Shearling and upwards. [3 entries, none absent.]

9930 I (,£10 ) — EDWARD smith, Summerhouse Farm, Cowling, Crossbills, near
Keighley, for Summerhouse Stamp 246, born in 1911, bred by David Hague. Copy
Nook Hotel, Clitberoe. , _ „ . 1fno

2229 II. (£5.)— Edward Smith, for Summerhouse Goalkeeper, born m 1912.

Class 279 .—Three Lonh Shearling Ewes. [3 entries, none absent.]

2232 I. (£10) & 2233 II. (£5.)— EDWARD Smith, Summerhouse Farm, Cowling, Cross-
hi'lls, near Keighley.

1 Perpetual Challenge Cup given by the Society of Border Leicester Sheep Breeders
for the best Ram or Ewe in Classes 271-273.

2 £18 towards these Prizes were given by the Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep

Breeders’ Association and Flock Book Society. ,

3 £5 towards these Prizes were given by the Lonk Sheep Breeders Association.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.1']

Derbyshire Gritstones.

Class 280. — Derbyshire Gritstone Rams , Shearling and upwards.

[3 entries, none absent.]

2237 I. (.£10.)— Daniel C. Wheelton, Lower Nabs, Wincle, Macclesfield, for Nabs
Major, born in 1910.

2235 R. N. & H. C.— The Earl OF Derby, Clough House, Wildboarclough, Macclesfield,

for Hill House Harold.

Class 281. — Three Derbyshire Gritstone Shearling Ewes.

[3 entries, none absent.]

2239 I. (£10,) & 2240 R. N. & H. C — Daniel C. Wheelton, Lower Nabs, Wincle,
Macclesfield

Kent or Romney Marsh..1

Class 282 .—Kent or Romney Marsh Two-Shear Rams.

[14 entries, none absent.]

2250 I. (£10, & Champion.2) — Robert Kenward, Udimore. Rye, Sussex, for Udimore
No. 12 of 1911.

2254 II. (£5), & 2253 III. (£3.)— J. EGERTON Quested, The Firs, Cheriton, Kent.

2249 IV. (£2.) — A. J. Hickman, Court Lodge, Egerton, Kent.

2242 R. N. & H. C. — G. FOSTER CLARK, Bougbton Mount, near Maidstone.

Class 283. — Kent or Romney Marsh Shearling Rams.

[29 entries, 2 absent.]

2280 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion2), 2277 II. (£5),. & 2279 III. (£3.)— J. Egerton
Quested, The Firs, Cheriton, Kent.

2201 IV. .,(£2.) — L. H. & G. W. Finn, Westwood Court, Faversham, Kent.

2281 R. N. & H. C. — William Rend all, Monks Horton, Hythe, Kent.

Class 284. — Five Kent or Romney Marsh Shearling Rams.

[11 entries, 2 absent.]

2292 I. (£15.) — J. Egerton Quested, The Firs, Cheriton, Kent.

2287 II. (£10.)— L. H. & G. W. FINN, Westwood Court, Faversham, Kent.

2286 III. (£5.) — George Farmer, Leeds Abbey, Maidstone.

2288 IV. (£2.) — C. E. Gunther, Tongswood, Hawkhurst. Kent.

2289 R. N. & H. C.— A. J. Hickman, Court Lodge, Egerton, Kent.

Class 285. — Three Kent or Romney Marsh Ram Lambs.

[12 entries, 1 absent.]

2303 I. (£10.)— Sydney William Millen, Syndale Valley, Faversham, Kent.

2298 II. (£5.)— L. H. & G. W. FINN, Westwood Court, Faversham, Kent.

2304 III. (£3.)-Frederick Neame, Macknade, Faversham, Kent.

2295 IV. (£2.)— W. M. CAZALET, Fairlawne, Tonbridge.

2297 R. N. & H. C.— SIR HENRY E. DERING, Bt., Surrenden-Dering, Pluckley, Kent.

Class 286. — Three Kent or Romney Marsh Shearling Ewes.

[12 entries, 2 absent.]

2317 I. (£10), & 2316 III. (£3.)— J. EGERTON QUESTED, The Firs, Cheriton, Kent.

2310 II. (£5.)— George Farmer, Leeds Abbey, Maidstone.

2315 R. N. & H. C.— Frederick Neame, Macknade, Faversham, Kent.

Class 287. — Three Kent or Romney Marsh Ewe Lambs.

[9 entries, none absent.]

2320 I. (£10.)— G. Foster Clark, Bougbton Mount, Maidstone.

2325 II. (£5.)— Frederick Neame, Macknade, Faversham, Kent.

2323 III. (£3.)— A. J. HICKMAN, Court Lodge, Egerton, Kent.

2319 R. N. & H. C. — W. M. Cazalet, Fairlawne, Tonbridge.

1 £48 towards these Prizes were given by the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep
Breeders’ Association.

2 Champion Prize of £10 10s. given by the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’
Association for the best Ram in Classes 282 and 283.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913. ciii

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Cotswolds.1

Class 288. — Cotswold Shearling Rams. [7 entries, none absent.]

2328 I. (£10), 2330 III. (£3), & 2329 R. N. & H. C.-W. T. GARNE & SON, Aldsworth,
Northleach, Glos.

2332 II. (£5).— William Houlton, Broadfield Farm, Northleach, Glos.

Class 289. — Three Cotswold Ram, Lambs. [4 entries.]

2335 I. (£10), & 2336 II. (£5.)— W. T. GARNE & SON, Aldsworth, Northleach, Glos.

2337 III. (£3), & 2338 R. N. & H. C.— RUSSELL SWANWICK, Royal Agricultural College
Farm, Cirencester.

Class 290. — Three Cotswold Shearling Ewes. [9 entries, none absent.]

2342 I. (£10), & 2343 R. N. & H. C.— WILLIAM HOULTON, Broadfield Farm, Northleach.
2339 II. (£5), & 2340 III. (£3.)— W. T. GARNE & SON, Aldsworth, Northleach, Glos.

Class 291. — Three Cotswold Ewe Lambs. [4 entries.]

2349 I. (£10), & 2348 II. (£5.)—' W. T. GARNE & SON, Aldsworth, Northleach, Glos.

2350 III. (£3), & 2351 R. N. & H. C.— RUSSELL SWANWICK, Royal Agricultural College
Farm, Cirencester.

Devon Long-Wools.2

Class 292. — Devon Long- Wool Rams , Two-Shear and upwards.

[8 entries.]

2352 I. (£10), & 2353 R. N. & H. 0.— ROBERT COOK, Crazelowman, Tiverton, for rams
born in 1911.

2354 II. (£5.)— FREDERICK WHITE, Torweston, Williton, Somerset, for Torweston
Majestic, born in 1911.

Class 293. — Devon Long-Wool Shearling Rams. [5 entries, none absent.]

2357 I. (£10.)— Frederick White, Torweston, Williton, Somerset.

2356 II. (£5), & 2355 R. N. & H. C.— ROBERT COOK, Crazelowman, Tiverton.

Class 294. — Three Devon Long-Wool Shearling Eioes. [2 entries.]

2361 I. (£10.)— Frederick White, Torweston, Williton, Somerset.

2360 II. (£5).— Robert Cook, Crazelowman, Tiverton.

South Devons.

Class 295. — South Devon Two- Shear Rams. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

2362 I. (£10.)— EDWARD H. HOSKIN, Cartuther Barton, Liskeard, Cornwall.

2364 II. (£5.)— JOHN STOOKE, Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth, for ram bred by W. S.
Edwards, Uphemston, Totnes.

2365 R. N. & H. C— R. B. Trant, Tregrill, Menheniot, Cornwall.

Class 296. — South Devon Shearling Rams. [6 entries, 1 absent.]

2366 I. (£10.)— PHILIP GEORGE BROWN, Tremadart Barton, Duloe, Cornwall, for
Tr6m3id.Hirt

2367 II. (£5.)— JOHN S. HALLETT, Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth.

2370 R. N. & H. C.— John Stooke, Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth.

Class 297. — Three South Devon Ram Lambs. [5 entries, 1 absent.]

2373 I. (£10.)— JOHN S. HALLETT, Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth.

2376 II. (£5.)— R. B. TRANT, Tregrill, Menheniot, Liskeard.

2372 R. N. & H. C.— Philip George Brown, Tremadart Barton, Duloe, Cornwall.

Class 298. — Three South Devon Shearling Ewes. [4 entries, 2 absent.]

2380 I. (£10.)— JOHN STOOKE, Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth.

2378 II. (£5.)— Philip George BROWN, Tremadart Barton, Duloe, Cornwall.

Class 299. — Three South Devon Ewe Lambs. [4 entries, none absent.]

2381 I. (£10.)— JOHN S. HALLETT, Sherford, Brixton, Plymouth.

2384 II. (£5.)— R. B. TRANT, Tregrill, Menheniot, Liskeard.

1 £18 towards these Prizes were given by the Cotswold Sheep Society.

2 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the Devon Long-Woolled Sheep Breeders'

S°35ie£36 towards these Prizes were given by the South Devon Flock Book
Association.

civ Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor.”]

Dartmoors.1

Class 300. — Dartmoor Rams , Two- Shear and upwards. [4 entries, 1 absent.]

2388 I. (,£10.)— Robert Eyall, Beera, Sydenham Damarel, Tavistock, for Lake
General, born in 1910, bred by J. Spry, Lamerton, Tavistock.

2387 II. (£5.)— Henry Northey, Lake, Lifton, Devon, for Markstone General, born in
1911, bred by G. L. Hanns, Markstone, Lifton.

Class 301. — Dartmoor Shearling Rams. [10 entries, 5 absent.]

2392 I. (£10.)— W. A. JOHNS AND SONS, Cleave. Kelly, Lifton, Devon, for Cleave No. 121.

2393 II. (£5.)— W. A. Johns and Sons, for Cleave No. 122.

2394 HI. (£3.) — HENRY j. Kingwell, Great Aish, South Brent, Devon, for ram, bred
by Messrs. Kingwell, Great Aish.

Class 302. — Three Dartmoor Shearling Ewes. [3 entries, none absent.]
2400 I. (£10.) — William Eowse, Okehampton, Devon.

2399 II. (£5.) — Frederick Jeffery, Park Hill Stud Farm, Ipplepen. Newton Abbot.

/

Exmoors.2

Class 303. — Exmoor Rams , Two- Shear and upwards. [3 entries.]

2402 I. (£10.) — Percy Smyth, Broford, Dulverton, Somerset, for Broford Model 401,
born in 1910.

2403 II. (£5.)— Percy Smyth, for Nadrid No. 11 459, born in 1911, bred by Fred S.
Yendall, Nadrid, South Molton.

2404 III. (£3.)— D. J. TAPP, Highercombe, Dulverton, for ram, born in 1911, bred by
Percy Smyth, Broford, Dulverton.

Class 304. — Exmoor Shearling Rams. [3 entries.]

2407 I. (£10.) — H. K. LETHBRIDGE, Wood, South Tawton, Okehampton, for ram, bred
by the late William Lethbridge.

2406 II. (£5.) — D. J. TAPP, Highercombe, Dulverton, Somerset.

2405 III. (£3.)— PERCY Smyth, Broford, Dulverton, Somerset.

Class 305. — Three Exmoor Shearling Ewes. [2 entries.]

2409 I. (£10.) — D. J. Tapp, Highercombe, Dulverton, Somerset.

2408 II. (£5). — H. K. Lethbridge, Wood, South Tawton, Okehampton, for ewes, bred
by the late William Lethbridge.

Cheviots.3

Class 306. — Cheviot Rams , Two-Shear and upioards. [4 entries.]

2410 I. (£10), & 2411 II. (£5.)— JACOB EOBSON, Bvrness, Otterburn, for rams, born in
1911.

2412 III. (£3), & 2413 E. N. & H. C.— JOHN EOBSON, Newton, Bellingham, for rams,
born in 1911.

Class 307. — Cheviot Shearling Rams. [4 entries.]

2416 I. (£10), & 2417 II. (£5.)— JOHN EOBSON, Newton. Bellingham.

2414 III. (£3;, & 2415 R. N. & H. C.— JACOB EOBSON, Byrness, Otterburn.

Class 308. — Cheviot Shearling Ewes. [4 entries.]

2420 I. (£10), & 2421 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN EOBSON, Newton, Bellingham.

2418 II. (£5), & 2419 III. (£3).— JACOB EOBSON, Byrness, Otterburn.

Herdwicks.

Class 309. — Rerdwick Rams , Shearling and vipwards.

[4 entries, 1 absent.]

2425 I. (£10.)— S. D. STANLEY Dodgson, Tarnbank, Cockermouth, for ram, born in 1908,
bred by John Bothery, Wadsdale Head Hall, Gosforth, Cumberland.

2424 II. (£5.)— The Earl of Lonsdale, Whitehaven Castle, Cumberland, for ram,
born in 1912.

2423 R. N. & H. C.— The Earl of Lonsdale, for ram, born in 1909.

Class 310. — Three Rerdwich Shearling Ewes. [3 entries, 1 absent.]

2428 I. (£10), & 2427 R. N. & H. C— The Earl of Lonsdale, Whitehaven Castle,
Cumberland.

1 £15 towards these Prizes were given by the Dartmoor SheeD Breeders’ Association.

2 £18 towards these Prizes were given by the Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders’ Society.

3 £18 towards these Prizes were given by Breeders of Cheviot Sheep.

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cv

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was ‘‘bred by exhibitor. ]

Welsh Mountain.

Class 311. — Welsh Mountain Rams , Shearling and upwards.

[9 entries, 3 absent.]

2429 I. (.£10.)— Robert Ellis, Llantysilio Farm, Llangollen, for Tysilio Cl, bom in 1910,
bred by Thomas Jones, Hafodwen, Llanflbangel.

2434 II. (£5.)— W. G. ROBERTS, Dyserth Hall, Flintshire, for ram, born in 1911.

2436 III. (£3.)— John C. Wynne-Finch, Voelas, Bettws-y-coed, for Voelas Gwilym,
born in 1910, bred by Mrs. M. E. Wynne-Finch.

2430 R. N. & H. C.— John Griffiths Gratton, Foryd Farm, Abergele.

Class 312. — Three Welsh Mountain Shearling Ewes. [9 entries, 1 absent.]

2438 I. (£10.)— H. O. ELLIS, Tynbendre, Bangor.

2445 II. (£5.)— A. ROMER WYNN, Rbg, Corwen.

2441 III. (£3.)— Joseph Llewelyn Gratton, Fron Haul Farm, Dyserth Road, Rhyl.

2439 R. N. & H. C.— Robert Ellis, Llantysilio Farm, Llangollen.

Black-faced Mountain.

Class 'SY&.—Blacli-faced Mountain Rams , Shearling and upwards.

[7 entries, none absent.]

2453 I. (£10.)— Philip Sowerby, Bank Hall, Newbiggin, Carlisle, for Tighnahlair,
born in 1911, bred by Peter McIntyre. Tigbnablair, Comrie.

2550 II. (£5.)— John Dargue, Burneside Hall, Kendal, for Bonnie Scotland, born in
1911.

2447 R. N. & H. C.— WALTER N. COCHRANE, St. John’s Chapel, Weardale, for Patrick.
Class 314. — Blach-faeed Mountain Shearling Ewes. [5 entries, none absent.]

2455 I. (£10.)— Walter N. Cochrane, St. John’s Chapel. Weardale.

2457 II. (£5.)— Philip Sowerby, Bank Hall, Newbiggin, Carlisle, for Lady Ardale.

2458 R. N. & H. C.— Philip Sowerby, for The Countess.

« /

PIGS.

Large Whites.

Class 315. — Large White Boars , farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[14 entries, none absent.]

2463 (£10, & Champion. i)— SIR GILBERT Greenall, Bt., C.Y.O., Walton Hall, War-
rington, for Worsley Turk 28th 15531, born July 17, 1910, bred by the Earl of
Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester; s. Turk of Worsley 12833, d. Worsley
Marchington ‘Queen 2nd 26650 by Worsley Turk 4th 11217.

2462 II. (£5.)— j. Marshall Dugdale, Llwyn, Llanfyllin. Montgomeryshire, for
Llwyn Turk 15099, born Jan. 4, 1911 ; s. Worsley Turk 25th 15529, d. Llwyn Sunlight
32482 by Hero of Llwyn 12565.

2472 III (£3.)— Alfred W. White, Hillegom, Spalding, for Wonder 2nd lo459, born
Nov'. 2, 1910, bred by R. E. W. Stephenson. Tue Brook, Liverpool; s. Spalding
Wonder 12795, d. Czarina 2nd of West Derby 28184 by Holywell Czech 8607.

2464 IV. (£2.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt.. C.Y.O., for Worsley Turk 30th 15535,
born July 17, 1910. bred bv the Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester ; s.
Turk of Worsley 12833, d. Worsley Marchington Queen 2nd 26650 by Worsley Turk
4th 11217.

2459 R. N. & H. C.— J. Bickley, Welshampton, Salop, for Fenton Ringmaster.

Class 316. — Large White Boars, farrowed in 1912, before July 1.

[8 entries, 1 absent.]

2475 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion. Q-SiR Gilbert Greenall, Bt. C V. a, Walton
Hall, Warrington, for Jay of Worsley 12th 16143, born Jan. 7, bred by Daniel R.
Day bell, Bottesford, Nottingham ; s. Mollington Jay of Bottesford 10965,. d. Butter-
cup of Bottesford 24808 by Radium 11017. , •

2477 II. (£5.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.V.O., for Worsley Turk 51st 16621, born
Jan 2 bred by the Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester ; s. Worsley Turk
30th 15535, d. Worsley Miss 18th 30336 by Worsley Turk 4th 11217.

i Champion Gold Medal given by the National Pig Breeders’: Association for the best
Boar in Classes 315-318.

CV1

Award of Lire Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each, prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor."]

2476 III. (£3.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.Y.O., for Jay of Worsley 14th 16147, born
Jan. 6, bred by Daniel R. Daybell, Bottesford, Nottingham ; s. Mollington Jay of
Bottesford 10965, d. Bottesford Empress 6th 20496 by Ruddington Roger of Bottesford
10083.

2474 R. N. & H. C. — Joseph Darlington, Stanwardine Farm, Burlton, Shrewsbury,
for Stanwardine Jay.

Class 317. — Large White Boars, farrowed in 1912, on or after July 1 . 1

[13 entries, 3 absent.]

2492 I. (£10.)— Edmund Wherry, Bourne, Lints., for Bourne Banner 20th, born July 11.
bred by W. H. & E. Wherry, Bourne ; s. Bourne Banner 5th 15947, d. Bourne
Brambles 27700 by Giant Goliath 9865.

2482 II. (£5.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.Y.O.. Walton Hall, Warrington, for
Worsley Jay 16th, born July 11, bred by the Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall.
Manchester ; s. Worsley Jay 3rd 16551, d. Worsley Empress 40th 30286 by Worsley
Monarch 25th 11193.

2484 III. (£3.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.Y.O., for Worsley Monarch 53rd, born
July 11, bred by the Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester; s. Worsley
Monarch 46th 15499, d. Worsley Empress 16th 23804 by Roger 7203.

2483 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., O.Y.O., for Worsley Monarch 52nd.

Class 318. — Large White Boars, farrowed in 1913. [35 entries, 2 absent.]

2504 I. (£10.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.Y.O., Walton Hall, Warrington, for
boar, born Jan. 1, bred by the Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester ; s. Banner
of Worsley 1st 15893, d. Worsley Duchess 32nd 33616 by Emperor of Worsley 10791.

2507 II. (£5). — Rowland P. Haynes, Red House Farm, Caldmore, Walsall, for boar,
born Jan. 4, bred by Stephen Willson, Peterborough ; s. West Derby Herdsman 15th
16443, d. Forest Silverleaf 28412 by Holywell Forest Ranger 13681.

2498 HI. (£3), & 2499 R. N. & H. C.— DANIEL R. DAYBELL, Bottesford, Nottingham, for
boars, born Jan. 6 ; s. Mollington Jay of Bottesford 10965, d. Buttercup of Bottes-
ford 24808 by Radium 11017.

2528 IV. (£2.) — Alfred W. White, Hillegom, Spalding, Lines., for boar, born Jan. 1 ;
s. Wonder 2nd 15459, d. Miss Shenstone of Spalding 29114 by Emperor of Shenstone
13585.

Class 319. — Large White Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[17 entries, 5 absent.]

2541 I. (£10, & Champion.2)— John & Robert Purvis, The Rookery, Wyboston.
St. Neots, for Wyboston Amy 33752, born Jan. 2, 1911, farrowed Jan. 2 ; s. Swynford
of Wyboston 14067, d. Wyboston Ada 26692 by Peterboro’ City 10987.

2544 II. (£5.) — R. E. W. Stephenson, Tue Brook, Liverpool, for Tallington Companion
29914, born Jan. 10, 1909, farrowed Feb. 9, bred by W. E. Measures, Tallington. Stam-
ford ; s. Ruddington Right Stamp 8717, d. Tallington Carnation 1st 21716 by Worsley
Monarch 19th 9371.

2537 III. (£3.) — J. I. MAJOR, Whyte House, Ramsey, Hunts., for Perfectus 29476, born
July 24. 1909, farrowed Jan. 24, bred by Nottingham Corporation Farm Committee.
Stoke Bardolph, Nottingham ; s. Lafayette 11777, d. Bottesford Perfection 9th 18132
by Bottesford Combination 6943.

2534 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.V.O.. Walton Hall, Warrington,
for Worsley Empress 37th.

Class 320.— Large White Sows, farrowed in 1912, before July 1.

[12 entries, 1 absent.]

2556 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2) — R. E. W. Stephenson, Tue Brook, Liverpool,
for West Derby Choice Lass 8th 36288, born Jan.l; s. West Derby Herdsman 6th
14203, d. Nottingham Choice Lass 4th 25810 by Fulwood Longfellow 9121.

2547 II. (£5.)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.Y.O., Walton Hall. Warrington, for
Worsley Lady 7th, 36550, born January 10, bred by the Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley
Hall, Manchester ; s. Worsley Turk 18th 14323, d. Ladylike of Worsley 3rd 28816 by
Bouncing Boy of Nottingham 10627.

2552 III. (£3.)— JOHN & Robert Purvis, The Rookery, Wyboston. St. Neots, for
Wyboston Anona 36624, born Jan. 1; s. Wyboston Bonnie Boy 12025, d. Molly of
Wyboston 25652 by Manshall Baron Fulwood 9971.

2553 R. N. & H. C.— John & Robert Purvis, for Wyboston Bramble.

Class 321. — Large White Sows, farrowed in 1912, on or after July l.1

[24 entries, 10 absent.]

2580 I. (£10.)— Edmund Wherry, Bourne, Lines., for Bourne Bramble 20th, born July
11, bred by W. H. & E. Wherry ; s. Bourne Banner 5th 15947, d. Bourne Brambles
27700 by Giant Goliath 9865.

1 Prizes offered by the National Pig Breeders’ Association.

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association for the best

Sow in Classes 319 to 321.

CY11

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

2581 II. (£5.)— Edmund Wherry, for Bourne Bramble 23rd, bornJuly 11 ; s. Bourne
Banner 5th 15947, d. Bourne Brambles 27700 by Giant Goliath 9865.

2562 III. C£3/)— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.V.O., Walton Hall, Warrington for
Worsley Empress 78th, bred by the Earl of Ellesmere, Worsley Hall, Manchester ;
s. Worsley Jay 3rd 16551, d. Empress of Worsley 2277 4 by Worsley Roger 16th 10231.

2560 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN Fillingham, George Hotel, Grantham.

Class 322. — Three Large White Sows , farrowed in 1913.

[12 entries, none absent.]

2583 I. (£10), & 2584 II. (£5.)— DANIEL R. DAYBELL, Bottesford, Nottingham, for sows
horn Jan. 6 : s. Mollington Jay of Bottesford 10965, d. Buttercup of Bottesford M808
by Radium 11017.

2593 III. (.£3.)— Alfred W. White, Hillegom, Spaldine, for sows horn Jan. 1 and 7 :
s. Wonder 2nd 15459, ds. Miss Shenstone of Spalding 29114 by Emperor of Shenstone
13585 and Nottingham Choice Lass 4th 25810 by Fulwood Longfellow 9121.

2586 R. N. & H. C.— Sir Gilbert Greenall, Bt., C.V.O., Walton Hall, Warrington.

Middle Whites.

Class 323. — Middle White Boars , farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[8 entries, 2 absent.]

2598 I. (£10, & Champion.1)— Leopold C. Paget, Middlethorpe Hall, York, for
Banker of Castlecroft 12995, born Jan. 6, 1909, bred by R. S. Sadler, The Leasowe-,
Sutton Coldfield ; s. Wharfedale Bard 12111, d. Castlecroft Brilliant 21936 by Castle-
croft Sir Gilbert 9403.

2600 II. (£5, & R. N. for Champion i)— Charles Spencer, Holywell Manor St. Ives,
for Seftoli of Holywell 14465, born Jan. 14, 1910, bred by the Earl of Sefton, Croxteth
Hall, Liverpool ; s. Tarbock Clumber 12101, d. Tarbock Pattie 20th 22098 by Walton
Turret 1 2tTi 9453

2596 III. (^3.)— w. B. Hill, Underhill Farm, Wolverhampton, for Prestwood David
15663, born Jan. 7, 1911 ; s. Prestwood John, jhnior 14439, d. Prestwood Rose 3rd 3419b
by Wharfedale Bard 12111.

2601 R. N. & H. C— Thomas WillcoCK, Dunham Mount, Bowdon. Cheshire, for

Manchester of Walton.

Class 324. — Middle White Boars , farrowed in 19 12. 2 3
[7 entries, none absent.]

2603 I. (.£10.)— W. B. Hill, Underhill Farm, Wolverhampton, for Prestwood David 2nd,
born Jan. 5 ; s. Prestwood David 15663, d. Prestwood Pearl 34194 by Holywell Vicar

3rd 12073. „r .

2607 II. (£5.)—' THE EXORS. OF THE late A. C. Twentyman, Castlecroft, Wolver-
hampton, for Castlecroft Scorcher 16705, horn Jan. 29; s. Lynn Motorist 12079, d.
Castlecroft Flash 26894 by Albert of Castlecroft 11219. ^ , ,,

2602 III. (£3.) — W. H. CARTER, Moss Hall, Carrington, Manchester, for Croxteth
Reveller 6th, born July 31, bred by Earl of Sefton, Croxteth Hall, Liverpool ; s.
Reveller of Croxteth 15673, d. Croxteth Rose 15th 34030 by Dunford Dulse 7th 15617.

2605 R. N. & H. C.— Leopold C. Paget. Middlethorpe Hall, York, for Epicure of
Wharfedale.

Class 325. — Middle White Boars, farrowed in 1913.

[18 entries, 1 absent.]

2619 I. (£10.)— The EARL OF SEFTON, Croxteth Hall, Liverpool, for boar, born Jan 9;

s. Reveller of Croxteth 15673, d. Rose of Tarbock 10th 30922 by Tarbock Prince R103.
2611 II. (£5.)— w. B. Hill, Underhill Farm, Wolverhampton, for boar, born Jan. 3 ; s.

Prestwood Coronation 15659, d. Prestwood Madge 34192 by Holywell Vicar 3rd H073.
2617 III. G£3.) — LEOPOLD C. Paget, Middlethorpe Hall, York, for boar, born Jan. 10;
s Wharfedale Valentine 15717, d. Wharfedale Debit 34336 by Banker of Castlecroft
12995.

2614 R. N. & H. C.— Leopold C. Paget, Middlethorpe Hall, York.

Class 326. — Middle White Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[8 entries, none absent.]

2632 I (£10. & Champion. 3)— Charles Spencer, Holywell Manor, St. Ives, for Holywell
Perfection 36944, born Jan. 22, 1911, farrowed Feb. 9 ; s. Sefton of Holywell 14465,
d. Holywell Rosella 2nd 24094 by Holywell Rosario 8857.

1 Champion Gold Medal given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association for the
best Boar in Classes 323-325.

2 Prizes given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association. . ,

3 Champion Gold Medal given by the National Pig Breeders Association tor the
est Sow in Classes 326 and 327.

cviii Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

2630 II. (^5.)— Leopold C. Paget, Middlethorpe Hall, York, for Wliarfedale Joyful
31056, born Feb. 21, 1910. farrowed Mar. 14 ; s. Wliarfedale Reveller 11329. d. Pendley
Queen 1st 24138 by First Choice of Pendley 10277.

2629 III. (£3.)— Leopold C. Paget, for Wharfedale Boom 34312, born Mar. 1, 1911,
farrowed Jan. 12 ; s. Tarbock Turret 2nd 11313, d. Vulcanite of Wliarfedale 27170 by
Wliarfedale Vulcan 11333.

2631 R. N. & H. C.— The Earl of Sefton, Croxtetk Hall, Liverpool, for Tarbock
Pattie 65th.

Class 327.— Middle White Sows, farrowed in 1912. [12 entries, none absent.]

2639 I. Q£T0, &; R. N. for Champion.1) — W. B. Hill, Underhill Farm, Wolverhampton,
tor Prestwood Mary 36972, born Jan. 8; s. Prestwood Bugler 14451, d. Holywell
Gloucester 30818 by Oastlecroft Rufus 12045.

2638 II. (£5.) W. B. Hill, for Alberta of Prestwood 36722, born Jan. 13, bred by J.
Eastman, Heath Town. Wolverhampton ; s. Abbot of Prestwood 16691, d. Prestwood
Alberta 2nd 36968 by Albert of Oastlecroft 11219.

2644 III. (^3.) The Earl of Sefton, Croxteth Hall, Liverpool, for Croxteth Pattie
24th 36804, born Jan. 4 : g. Reveller of Croxteth 15673, d, Tarbock Pattie 47th 30970 by
Tarbock Clumber 12101.

2643 R. N. & H. C— George Pimlott, Queen's Buildings, Altrincham.

Class 328. — Three Middle White Sows, farrowed in 1913.

[9 entries, none absent.]

2650 I. G£T0J Leopold C. Paget, Middlethorpe Hall, York, for sows, born Jan. 9,
bred by the Earl of Sefton. Croxteth Hall, Liverpool ; s. Reveller of Croxteth 15673,

o<3- ^-Tarbock Rose 10th 30922 by Tarbock Prince 12103.

2654 II. (£5.) The Exors. of the late a. C. Twentyman, Oastlecroft, Wolver-
o ain^0,?’/oL?ows' k°rn Jan. 13 ; s Wliarfedale Hal 16817, d. Oa*tleei;oft Baroness
_ 2nd 30628 by Wharfedale Bard 12111.

2651 III. 0^3. ) The EARL OF Sefton, Croxteth Hall, Liverpool, for sows, born Jan.

itr^yeller of Croxteth 15673, d. Croxteth Pattie 7th 33974 by Banker of Castle-
croft 1299a.

2647 R. N. & H. C.— H. R. BEETON, Hammonds, Checkendon, Reading.

Tamworths.

Class 329. — Tamworth Boars, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[4 entries.]

2656 I. QeiO. & Champion 2 .)— Charles L. Coxon, Webton Court, Madley, Hereford,
for Bishop of Webton 15741, born Jan. 16. 1911 bred by Sir Peter Walker, Bart.,
Osmaston Manor, Derby; s. Elford Bishop 13175, d. Arabis of Osmaston 27222 by
Rufus of Osmaston 11435.

2659 Sir Peter Walker,, Bt„ Osmaston Manor, Derbv. for Elford Bishop

mTO. born Jan. 27, 1909. bred by Charles L. Coxon, Webton Court, Madlev ; s. Bishop

opc_°tkn°wle !1337, d. Middleton Manfreda 24350 by Middleton Matoppo 9537.

“Cr Hi. (jp3.)-— Egbert de Hamel, Middleton Hall, Tamworth, for Middleton Milan
15809 born July 21, 1910 ; s. Mason of Middleton 13217, d. Middleton Merker 31228 by
Gay Lad of Middleton 12181.

2658 R. N. & H. C.— Egbert de Hamel, for Middleton Milo.

Class 330. — Tamworth Boars , farrowed in 1912. 3 [4 entries.]

2663 I. UT0, & R. N. for Champion.2)— D. W. Philip, The Redlands, Whitacre, Bir-
mingham, for Whitacre Enterprise, born Jan. 5; s. Duke of Whitacre 15773 d-

o*™C&olderton Golden Beauty 2nd 34480 by Duke of Gloucester 12177.

-660 II. (•£!>.)— W. H. Mitchell, Elmdene, Kenilworth, for Elmdene Aaron 16893, born
*■ Bedbury of Elmdene 15799, d. Elmdene Matron 7th 31140 by Knowle
Nestor 10429.

2661 III (£-3.)— W. H. Mitchell, for Elmdene Abel 16895. born Julv 12 ; s. Ledburv of
Elmdene 15799, d. Elmdene Matron 7th 31140 by Knowle Nestor 10429.

2662 R. N. & H. C.— D. W. Philip, for Sir Robert.

Class 331 .—Tamworth Boars, farrowed in 1913. [11 entries, none absent.]

2667 I. U10.)7w. H. Mitchell, Elmdene, Kenilworth, for boar, born Jan. 16 ; s. Elm-

„„ dTeTne Bandy 16903, d. Elmdene Matron 7th 31140 by Knowle Nestor 10429.

_66o IL 1^5.)— Charles L. Coxon, Webton Court, Madley, Hereford for Webton
Bishop 2nd, born Jan. 10 ; s. Bishop of Webton 15741, d. Cherry of Webton 34478 by
Knowle Burleigh 13187.

1 Champion Gold Medal given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association for the
best Sow in Classes 326 and 327.

2 Champion Gold Medal given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association for the best
Boar m Classes 329-331.

s Prizes given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association.

C1X

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor. ]

2674 III. (£3.)— SIR Peter C. Walker. Bt., Osmaston Manor, Derby, for boar, born
Feb. 7, bred by Mrs. F. Cooper, Culland Hal), Brailsford, Derby ; s. Elford Bishop
13175, d. Osmaston Rose 2nd 37354 by Osmaston Tom 13233.

2672 R. N. & H. C— D. W. Philip, The Redlands, Whitacre, Birmingham.

Class 332. — Tamworth Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[8 entries, 1 absent.]

2681 I. (.£10.)— W. J. PITT, The Albynes. Bridgnorth, for Belle of Albynes 30184 born
Jan. 7, 1910, farrowed Jan. 10 ; s. Elford Lion 13177, d. Knowle Sylvia 201 <6 by Cicero
9476. 1

2680 II (£5 )— D. W. Philip, The Redlands. Whitacre, Birmingham, for Whitacre
Cherry Blossom 31300, born June 13, 1909, farrowed Jan. 1 ; s. Redskin of Whitacre
12219, d. Whitacre Cherry Ripe 22320 by Director of Whitacre 10381.

2679 III. (£3.)— Mrs. Edward Morant, Brokenhurst Park, Hants, for Brokenhurst
Megallie 34446, born Jan. 1, 1911, farrowed Jan. 8; s. Forester of Dilton 131/9, d.
Dilton Megallie 31128 by Dilton Puritan 11355.

2675 R. N. & H. C.— EGBERT DE Hamel, Middleton Hall, Tamworth, for Middleton
Masika.

Class 333. — Tamworth Sows, farrowed in 1912. [6 entries, none absent.]

2688 I. (£10, & Champion. 1 )— Henry C. Stephens, Cholderton Lodge, Salisbury for
Queen of Fairies 37356, horn Jan. 11 ; s. Peers Choice 16953, d. Anawana2nd 37108 by

Duke of Gloucester 12777. , , , x. .

2687 II. (£5, & R. N. for Champion. * )-Mrs. Edward Morant, Brokenhurst lark,

Hants, for Brokenhurst Tiger Lily 37120, born Jan. 2 ; s. Dick of Osmaston 13143, c .

Dilton Tiger Lily 31126 by Forester of Dilton 13479. , sl,

2683 III. (£3.)— CHARLES L. Coxon. Webton Court, Madley, Heretord, for Webton Alder
37376, born March 20 ; s. Rufus of Webton 15861, d. Osmaston Alder 312o2 by Rutu* oi
Osmaston 11435.

2686 R. N. & H. C.—W. H. Mitchell, Elmdene, Kenilworth, for Elmdene Amelia.

m

1913.

Class 334.— Three Tamworth Sows, farrowed
[5 entries, none absent.]

2692 I. (£10.)— MRS. EDWARD MORANT, Brokenhurst Park, Hants, for sows, born Jan.

9 : s. Dick of Osmaston 13143, d. Dilton Tiger Lily 31126 by Forester of Dilton 13179.
2689 II (£5 )— CHARLES L. COXON, Webton Court. Madley, Hereford, for sows, born
Jan. 10 ; s. Bishop of Webton 15741, d. Cherry of Webton 34478 by Knowle Burleigh

2691 III. (£3.)— Mrs. Edward Morant, for sows, born Jan. 7 ; s. Dick of Osmaston
13143, d. Dilton Megallie 31128 by Dilton Puritan 11355.

2693 R. N. & H. C— JOHN MYATT, Lynn House. Lichfield.

or

1911.

Berkshires.

Class 335.— Berkshire Boars , farrowed in 1909, 1910,

[6 entries, 1 absent.]

9695 I Ac in & R N for Champion.2)— L. CURRIE, Minley Manor, Farnborough. Hants.

" for Minley Warrior 15982, born Jan. 7, 1911 ; s. Highmoor Viscount 12721. d. Motcombe

Kitty, 14628 by Dorset Edward 14007. A c,,

2696 II (£5 )— ARTHUR HlSCOCK, Manor Farm, Motcombe, Shaftesbury, Dorset, for
Compton Viscount 15516, born May 21, 1910, bred by R. B. Vincent, Waterson, Dor-
chester ; s. Peaceable 14658, d. Compton Dora 14975 by Stratton King 1st 12496
2699 III (£3.)— Samuel Sanday, Puddmgton Hall, Chester, for Motcombe Cognac
16605, born June 12, 1911, bred by N. Benjafleld Shorts Green Farm Motcombe,
Dorset; s. Cognac 14206, d. Motcombe Greba 2nd 15521 by Motcombe 5 ictoi 13-0(.
2694 R. N. & H. C.— WILFRED BUCKLEY, Moundsmere Manor, Basingstoke, for Goldi-
cote John.

Class 336. — Berhshire Boars, farrowed in 1912. 3 [13 entries, 1 absent.]

2708 I (£10 )— J w. Kimber, Fy field Wick, Abingdon, for boar, born Jan. 2o ; s. Farn-
borough 15892, d. Rubicel A 15897 by Earlsfield Prince 13710.

9703 II (£5 ) — L. CURRIE, Minley Manor, Farnborough, for boar, born Jan. 2 , s. Comp-
ton Supreme 13989, d. Playful 2nd 14630 by Hamlet 2nd 11687. ¥ ,

2702 III (£3 )— Wilfred Buckley, Moundsmere Manor, Basingstoke, for Mounas-
mere General 16535, born June 15 ; s. Goldicote John 15003, d. Hail Columbia lo063 by
Sir Peter H. 13251. . .

2710 R. N. & H. C.— The Duke of Westminster, Eaton Hall, Chester, for Majestic

8tli. 1

Tchanuhon Gold Medal given by the National Pig Breeders’ Association for the best

Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the British Berkshire Society for the best Boar

or Sow in Classes 335-339. .

3 Prizes given by the British Berkshire Society.

cx Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was bred by exhibitor."’]

Class 337. — Berkshire Boars, farrowed in 1913. [14 entries, 1 absent.]

2713 I. (.£10.) His Majesty the King, Sandringham, for boar, born Jan. 3 : s. Mot-
combe Man, d. Motcombe Queen 16790 by Cognac 14206.

2720 II. (£5.) ARTHUR Hiscock, Manor Farm, Motcombe, Shaftesbury, for boar, born
Jan. 4 ; s. Compton Viscount 15516, d. Favourite Lady 16876 by Wyndthorpe Canton
14224.

2721 III. (£3.) William Vernon Judd, Eastanton, Andover, for boar, born Jan. 4 ;
O„n_sv£ostman 16159- d- Elvetham Homely 2nd 15689 by Stoke Mikado 12047.

-jU‘) if - (^2.) Samuel SAND AY, Puddington Hall, Chester, for boar, born Jan. 2;

s. Puddington Caruso 2nd 15908, d. Polegate Dorothy 13948 by Harold H. 10238.

2715 E. N. &; H. C. — Wilfred Buckley, Moundsmere Manor, Basingstoke.

Class 338. — Berkshire Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[6 entries, 2 absent.]

2/30 I. (£10.) L. Currie, Minley Manor, Farnborough, for Minley Primrose 15099, born
Jam i8, 1910, farrowed Jan. 3 ; s. Compton Supreme 13989, d. Minley Rosamond 13907
by Highmoor Viscount 12721.

2728 II. (£5.)— Wilfred Buckley, Moundsmere Manor, Basingstoke, for Moundsmere
Brilliance 16021, born Dec. 2, 1910, farrowed Feb. 23 : s. Postgrove 15609, d. Crews
0_0 brilliance 1460/ by Stallpitts Dandy 13053.

-ALY III. (£3.) His Majesty the King, Sandringham, for Motcombe Queen 16790, born
June 12, 1911, farrowed Jan. 3, bred by N. Benjafleld, Shorts Green Farm, Motcombe ;
s ■ Cognac 14206, d. Motcombe Greba 2nd 15521 by Motcombe Victor 13527.

2732Model & H’ C~The Ddke 0F Westminster, Eaton Hall, Chester, for Crewe

Class 339. -Berkshire Sows, farrowed in 1912. [13 entries, 2 absent.]

(^10’ ^ Champion.1) — William Vernon Judd, Eastanton, Andover, for
Moundsmere Betka 16676, born Jan. 2, bred by Wilfred Buckley, Moundsmere
14656°r’ Basmgstoke ; s- Asford Viscount 15008, d. Harebell 1st 15041 by Sir Frank

2735 II. (£5.) L. Currie, Minley Manor, Farnborough, for sow, born Jan. 12 ; s. High-
97Q<nr??rZ.1ot<ouT1it 12721’ d ■ Wyndthorpe Candidate 14248 by Don Camphor 12387.

-Wo in. (±3.) V ilfred Buckley, Moundsmere Manor, Basingstoke, for Mounds-
mere Primrose 10th 16531, born March 8 ; s. Moundsmere Prince 16042, d. Moundsmere
_ Primrose 3rd 15218 by Danesfield Gardner 14525.

^^Dulrimer^nd Digham, Coombelands, Addlestone, Surrey, for Ongar

Class 340. — Three Berkshire Sows, farrowed in 1913.

[8 entries, none absent.]

2/47 I. (£10.)— Wilfred Buckley, Moundsmere Manor, Basingstoke, for sows, born
King lstSi‘?496UndSmere ^urioso 15223, d. Compton Dowager 2nd 14979 by Stratton

2749 *1; A. Fricker, Suddon Grange, Wincanton, for sows, born Jan. 5;

-Robert 14635, d. Suddon Belinda 12994 by Hightide 9373.
w/oi in. (£3.)— Arthur Hiscock, Manor Farm. Motcombe, Shaftesbury, for sows
Canton 14°M S' Compton discount 15516, d. Favourite Lady 16876 by Wyndthorpe

2753 E. N. & H. C. Samuel Sand ay, Puddington Hall, Chester.

Large Blacks.

Class 341.— Large Black Boars, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[8 entries, none absent.]

27:77 p Champion.2)— Terah F. Hooley, Dry Drayton, Cambridge, for Drayton

King 3/67, born June 30, 1911 ; s. Henley Achilles 1999, d. Marchioness 7th 7580 by The
__ Prior 1427.

2756,JJ- (^5.)— 1 Terah F. Hooley, for Drayton Disappointment 3337, born July 26,
1909 ; s. Drayton Demon 4th 2353, d. Drayton Dainty 8th 7148 by Henley Achilles

2/61 III. (£3.)— William wills, Marlwood, Thornbury, Glos., for Drayton Dandy 3331

b-^ed l)y T?rah E. Hooley, Dry Drayton, Cambridge; s. Drayton
_ Demon 4th 2353, d. Drayton Dainty Ilth 7690 by Henley Achilles 1999. *

2 °4Sudh^urneSamsonE:ENNETH M‘ CLARK’ Sudbourne Hah, Orford, Suffolk, for

or^owl^Classes^-Ssf5 5S' glven by tbe British Berkshire Society for the best Boar
ClLses »S-343 PriZe °f ^ giVen by tbe Large Black pig Society for the best Boar in

CXI

Award of Live Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 342. — Large Blach Boars, farrowed in 1912. 1

[7 entries, 3 absent.]

2762 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.2 )— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford,
Suffolk, for Sudbourne Admiral 3941, born Jan. 3 ; s. Brent Aviator 3663, d. Sudbourne
Missie 9656 by Black Boy 3001.

2765 II. (£5.)— Terah F. Hooley, Dry Drayton, Cambridge, for Drayton Peter 4017,
born April 16 ; s. Henry Achilles 1999, d. Drayton Violet 9010 by Drayton Demon 4th
2353.

2768 III. (£3.)— Stanley A.' Stimpson, Arminghall, Norwich, for Bixley Non Such 5th
3991, born March 1 ; s. Bixley Non Such 3rd 3561, d. Drayton Missie 1st 8892 by
Drayton Demon 4th 2353.

2766 R. N. & H. C.— F. A. JOHNS, Cleave. Kelly, Lifton, Devon, for Cleave Hero.

Class 343. — Large Blach Boars, farrowed in 1913. [19 entries, none absent.]

2781 I. (£10.) — W. S. Ward, Menna, Grampound Road, Cornwall, for boar, born Jan. 7 ;
ft. Brent General 3687, d. Menna Queen 8th 10106 by Wonder of the West 3017-

2780 II. (£5.) — Stanley A. Stimpson, Arminghall, Norwich, for Bixley Sutler 4077,
born Jan. 5 ; s. Sudbourne Bixley 1st 3899, d. Bixley Eva 8906 by Drayton Demon 2nd
2351. - T

2778 III. (£3.)— JOHN C. OLVER, Woodland Valley. Ladock, for boar, born Jan. 2 ; s. Old
Fashion 3411, d. Menna Choice 10058 by Wonder of the West 3017.

2777 IV. (£2.)— JOHN C. OLVER, for boar, born Jan. 2; s. Old Fashion 3411, d. Menna
Choice 10058 by Wonder of the West 3017.

2783 R. N. & H. C.— John Warne, Treveglos, St. Mabyn, for Treveglos Royal Boy.

Class 344. — Large Blach Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[8 entries, 2 absent.]

2795 I. (£10, & Champion.3)— William WILLS, Marlwood, Thornbury, Glos., for Lust-

leigh Marchioness 18th 10288, born July 6, 1910, farrowed Feb. 2 ; s. Talisman 2995, d.
Marchioness 10th 8248 by The Prior 1427. _ ,,

2788 II. (£5.)— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford. Suffolk, for Sudbourne
Miss Kitty 10440, born Jan. 14, 1911, farrowed Feb. 18 ; s. Sudbourne Saint 2751. d.
Drayton Mistress 2nd 8196 by Drayton Demon 4th 2353.

2792 III.' (£3.)— John Warne, Treveglos, St. Mabyn. Cornwall, for Treveglos Lass 6th
10526, born Jan. 23, 1911, farrowed Feb. 12 ; s. Sudbourne Jock 3005, d. Treveglos Lass
2nd 6220 by Trevisquite Confidence 1203.

2794 R. N. & H. C.— W. J. WARREN. Farthing Farm, Corneytrowe, Taunton, for Kibbear
Black Lady 2nd.

Class 345 .—Large Blach Sows, farrowed in 1912. [10 entries, none absent.]

2804 I. (£10, & R. N. for Champion.3)— John Warne, Treveglos, St. Mabyn, Cornwall,
for Treveglos Angelina 2nd, born Jan. 20; s. Prior of the Valley 2737, d. Treveglos
Angelina 8676 by Treveglos Pride 2221. .

2797 II. (£5.) — Terah F. Hooley, Dry Drayton, Cambridge, for Drayton Annie 11450.
born M i,v 2 ; s. Oaklands Victor 3579, d. Drayton Daisy 2nd 9708 by Henley Victor 2947.

2799 III. (£3.)— JOHN C. OLVER, Woodland Valley. Ladock, Cornwall, for Flower of
the Valley, born July 5 ; s. Bosoba Masterpiece 3395, d. Queen of the Valley 4th 10538
by Tinten Lucky Boy 3513.

2796 R. N. & H. C.— Kenneth M. Clark, Sudbourne Hall, Orford, for Sudbourne Jewel.

Class 346. — Three Large Blach Sows, farrowed in 1913.

[9 entries, 2 absent.]

2813 I. (£10.) — w. & H. WHITLEY, Primley Farm, Paignton, Devon, for sows, born
Jan. 9 : s. Tiptree 1st 2933, d. Primley Damson 10170 by Tiptree 1st 2933.

2808 II. (£5.)— F. A. PERKINS, Little Offley Farm. Hitchin, for sows, born Jan. 10 ; s.
Sudbourne Nigrito 3555, d. Sudbourne Salad 7318 by Sudbourne Surprise 1723.

2811 III. (£3.)— John WARNE, Treveglos, St. Mabyn, Cornwall, for Treveglos Lass 7th,
Treveglos Lass 8th, and Treveglos Lass 9th, born Feb. 12 ; s. Bixley Non Such 2nd
3467, d. Treveglos Lass 6th 10526 by Sudbourne Jock 3005.

2807 R. N. & H. C.— Terah F. Hooley, Dry Drayton, Cambridge.

1 Prizes given by the Large Black Pig Society.

2 Champion Prize of £10 given by the Large Black Pig Society for the best Boar in
ClcissGs 341_B4:3.

3 Silver Challenge Cup given by the Large Black Pig Society for the best Sow in
Classes 344 and 345.

cxii Award of hive Stock Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was “ bred by exhibitor. ]

Lincolnshire Curly-coated.

Class 347. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Boars, farrowed in 1909, 1910, or 1911.

[5 entries, none absent.]

2819oJoif10’ & Champion.1)— Leopold C. Harvey, Spalding, for Ruston’s Scorcher
9°rn April' 19H, bred by H. G. Thorpe, Hemswell Grange. Lincoln ; s.Marsh-
land Magnus 1649, d. Ruston’s Favourite 3022 by Hemswell Sam 477.
w818 II. (£5.)— George Freir, Tolethorpe House, Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding, for
Vamona Deeping- 2141, born Jan. 21, 1911, bred by C. W. Tindall, Wainfleet Hall,

Lines.; s. St. Mary’s Wait and See 1863, d. Midville Doris 2nd 5528 by Firsbv
Oheyalier 733.

2816 III. (•£3.)— Fred Casswell, Jun., Manor House, Graby, Folkingham, for Osborne
Energy 2291, born Jan. 28, 1911, bred by F. G. & R. Mowbray, Gosberton ; s. Cay-
thorpe Prince 1393, d. Osborne Dot 5626 by Whaplode Curly 3rd 627.

2815 R. N. & H. C. Frederick E. Bowser, Wigtoft, Boston, for Westfield March.

Class 348. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Boars, farrowed in 1912. 2

| 7 entries, 1 absent.]

2820 I. CIO, & R. N. for Champion.1 *)— William Bray, East Keal, Spilsby, for Hems-
well Farrier George 4th, born Jan. 9, bred by Coggan Brumby, Hemswell, Lincoln ;

it*84, keeping Pride 16th 3634 by Carrington Grange Cedric 797.

A*- C£5.)— F. J. Caudwell, Manor House. Sibsey, Boston, for Havenhouse Fighter,
born Feb. 1 bred by W. M. Epton, Bank House, Croft, Wainfleet; s. Caythorpe
oqo9 TTT^e/or 1301, d. Havenhouse Grace by Firsby Defender 1061.

^8^3 III. (^3.)— GEORGE Freir, Tolethorpe House, Deeping St. Nicholas, Spalding, for
Beeping Count, born Jan. 4, bred by P. Neal, Deeping St. Nicholas ; s. Wigtoft
r _Deeping 2407, d. Deeping Countess 2nd 6524 by Carrington Grange Cedric 797.

2825 R. N. & H. C.— O. Feilden Mosley, Leasingham, Sleaford, for Westfield Duke.

Class 349. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Boars, farrowed in 1913.

[10 entries, 1 absent.]

2835 I. (^10.)— Edmund Royds, M.P., Holy Cross, Caythorpe, Grantham, for boar, born
nng, 2 an, 9 ; s. Caythorpe Choice 2585, d. Caythorpe Pride by Caythorpe Samson 679.

8 iIIb(f5‘)_LEOPOLD °- HAEVEY' Spalding, for Ruston’s Marshland, born Jan. 9,
bred by IL G. Thorpe, Hemswell Grange, Lincoln ; s. Wigtoft Dreadnought 2409, d.
m on s Queen 9394 by Marshland Magnus 1649.

“ 1 l-ll* (^3.) John Cock, Weston Hills, Spalding, for boar, born Jan. 7 ; s. Carrington
Grange Dasdalus 991, d. Weston Favourite 1st 7082 by Weston Postland 1897.

2827 R. N. & H. C. Frederick E. Bowser, Wigtoft, Boston, for Wigtoft Aaron.

Class 350. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1909, 1910,

or 1911. [6 entries, none absent.]

2841 cf qq’ Champion. 3)— Leopold c. Harvey, Spalding, for Marshland Marion

i i ™ ’ 90rn in Jan., 1911, farrowed Jan. 8 ; s. Londesborough Prince 1125, d. Marsh-
qmo r?d/Marion 2ncl 6180 bV Marshland Primus 1133.

Caudwell, Old Leake, Boston, for Midville Mistress, born July
w Jan' 14, bred by William Bray, East Keal, Spilsby; s. Keal

O0. Wainfleet 2107, d, Keal Suspense 6th 3960 by Firsby Chevalier 733.
w°' Hoii (^3.)— Leopold C. Harvey, for Marshland Martha 4th 6188, born in Jan.,
1911. farrowed Jan. 3 ; s. Londesborough’s Prince 1125, d. Marshland Martha 5388 by
Postland Charley 1183.

2837 R. N. & H. C- William Bray, East Keal, Spilsby, for Keal Ada.

Class 351. — Lincolnshire Curly-coated Sows , farrowed in 1912.

[5 entries, none absent.]

2845 I. CIO, & R. N. for Champion. »)— Leopold C. Harvey, Spalding, for Marshland

Marion 4th, born in Jan. ; s. Marshland Duke 2073, d. Marshland Marion 2nd 6180 by
Marshland Primus 1133. J

2847,11- (^5.)-Gershom Simpson, Charnwood House, Caythorpe, Lowdham, Notts
for Charnwood Duchess 2nd 8012, born Jan. 13 ; s. Keal Topper 2111, d. Midville
Green GiH 3rd 6040 by Midviile Abbott 1145.

-846 III. (f 3.)— Leopold C Harvey, for Marshland Minnie 8th, born in April ; s.

Marshland Duke 2073, d. Marshland Minnie 2nd 5398 by Holbeach Hero 1st 1101.
2844JR. N. & H. C.— George Godson, Asgarby, Heckington.

1 Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the Lincolnshire Curly-coated Pig Breeders’
Association for the best Boar in Classes 347-349.

2 Prizes given by the Lincolnshire Curly-coated Pig Breeders’ Association.

3 Champion Prize of £5 5s. given by the Lincolnshire Curly-coated Pig Breeders’

Association for the best Sow in Classes 350 and 351.

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxm

[Unless otherwise stated, each prize animal named below was ‘"bred by exhibitor.”]

Class 352. — Three Lincolnshire Curly-coated Sows, farrowed in 1913.

[5 entries, 1 absent.]

2850 I. (£10.)— JOHN COCK, Weston Hills, Spalding, for sows, born Jan. 7 ; s. Carrington
Grange Da>dalus 991, d. Weston Favourite 1st 7082 by Weston Postland 1897.

2851 II. (£5.) — GEORG-E Godson, Asgarby, Heckington, for sows, born Feb. 15 ; s.
Gibraltar Friar 2199, d. Heckington Goose 6708 or Heckington Humbug by Hecking-
ton Holmes 1097 or Fulletby Spalding 1455.

2848 III. (£3.)— Frederick E. Bowser, Wigtoft. Boston, for sows, born Jan. 5 ; s. Firsby
Dreadnought 1059, d. Wigtoft Princess 10th 7154 by Wigtoft Banker 1905.

2849 R. N. & H. C.— Fred Casswell, Jun., Manor House, Graby, Folkingbam, for

Graby Sunshine, Graby Sunshade, and Graby Sunbeam.

POULTRY.

By “Cock,” “Hen,” “Drake,” “Duck,” “Gander,” and “Goose,” are meant birds batched
previous to January 1, 1913; and by “Cockerel,” “Pullet,” “Young Drake,” and
“Duckling,” are meant birds batched in 1913, previous to June 1.

Class 353. — Old English Game Spangled Cocks. [5 entries.]

5 I. (30 s.)— R. S. MARSDEN, Kempstone, Clitheroe.

4 II. (20s.) — Walter Firth. Read. Blackburn.

1 III. (10s.)— Miss R. B. Babcock, Grange Hill Prize Poultry Yards, Chigwell Row.
3 R. N. & H. C.— The Countess of Craven, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

Class 354. — Old English Game Spangled Hens. [6 entries.]

11 I. (30s.)— R. S. MARSDEN, Kempstone, Clitheroe.

10 II. (20s.)— Walter Firth, Read, Blackburn.

9 III. (10s.)— John PRIOR, 22 Adam Street, Abertillery.

8 R J. & H. C— The Countess of Craven, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

Class 355. — Old English Game Black-Red Cocks. [11 entries.]

20 I. (30s.).— T. C. Heath. Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

15 II. (20s.)— The Countess of Craven, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

12 III. (10s).— Miss R. B. Babcock. Grange Hill Prize Poultry Yards, Chigwell Row.

14 R. N. & H. C.— R. w. L. FERNANDES, The Red House, Redbourn, Herts.

Class 35 Q.— Old English Game Clay or Wheaten Hens. [8 entries.]

25 I. (30s.)— R. w. L. FERNANDES, The Red House, Redbourn, Herts.

30 II. (20s.)— JOHN Oliver, Threepwmod Farm. Haydon Bridge.

24 III. (10s.)— The Countess of Craven, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

26 R. N. & H. C.— T. C. HEATH, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

Class 357. — Old English Game Cocks , any other colour.

[9 entries.]

32 I. (30s.)— The Countess of Craven, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

36 II. (20s.)— T. C. Heath, Keele, Newcastle, Stall's.

33 III. (10 s.)— James R. Crompton, Frolbury Manor, Abmger, Dor km g.

34 R. N. & H. C.— R. w. L. FERNANDES, The Red House, Redbourn, Herts.

Class 358. — Old English Game Hens, any other colour.

[4 entries.]

42 I. (30s.)— R. S. MARSDEN, Kempstone, Clitheroe

41 II. (20s.), & 43 III. (10s.)— T. C. Heath. Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

40 R. N. &H. C.— THE COUNTESS OF CRAVEN, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

Class 359. — Old English Game Cockerels , any colour. [5 entries.]

45 I (30s )— T. C. Heath. Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

47 l’l. (20s.)— R. S. MARSDEN. Kempstone, Clitheroe.

46 III. (10s.) — 1 THE Oountess of Craven, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

48 R. N. & H. C — John Watson, Eden Mount, Kendal.

Class 360. — Old English Game Pullets, any colour. [10 entries.]

49 I (30-s )— MISS R. B. Babcock, Grange Hill Prize Poultry Yards, Chigwell Row.

56 II. (20s.)— R. S. MARSDEN, Kempstone, Clitheroe.

53 III. (10s.)— THE COUNTESS OF CRAVEN, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

57 R. N. & H. C.— Robert Slading, Barkerhouse Road, Nelson.

CX1V

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 361. — Indian Game Cocks or Cockerels. [12 entries.]

63 I. (30s.), & 59 R. N. & H. C. — J. H. BAKER & SON. The Forge, Barnstaple.

64 II. (20s.)— The Countess of Craven, Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

68 III. (10s.) — G. Templeman, 43 High Street, Taunton.

Class 362. — Indian Game Hens or Pullets. [12 entries.]

76 I. (30s.)— The Countess of Craven. Coombe Abbey, Coventry.

77 II. (20s.)— Walter Firth, Read, Blackburn.

78 III. (10s.)— E. J. JARRETT, 16 Glanynant Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff.

71 R. N. & H. C. — J. H. Baker & Son, The Forge, Barnstaple.

Class 363. — Modern Game Cocks or Cockerels, any colour.

[6 entries.]

87 I. (30s.), & 85 R.N. & H. C. — W. GARNE, Abiington, Fairford, Glos.

83 II. (20s.), & 86 III. (10s.)— Walter Firth, Read, Blackburn.

Class 364. — Modern Game Hens or Pullets , any colour.

[6 entries.]

93 I. (30s.), & 90 III. (10s.)— Walter Firth, Read, Blackburn.

91 II. (20s.) — W. B. Fowler, Great Gransden, Sandy, Beds.

94 R. N. & H. C.— Henry Tanner, 11 Westgate Buildings, Bath.

Class 365. — Black Sumatra Game Cocks or Cockerels.

[10 entries.]

101 I. (30s.), & 97 R. N. & H. C. — F. R. EATON, Cleveland House. Eaton, Norwich.

103 II. (20s.)— The Rev. W. Serjeantson, Acton Burnell Rectory, Shrewsbury.

104 III. (10s.)— AIRS. Winsloe, Dunsdale, Frodsham, Cheshire.

Class 366. — -Black Sumatra Game Hens or Pullets.

[11 entries.]

Ill I. (30s.), & 114 R. N. & H. C.— F. R. Stephens, 11 West Park Terrace, Crown Hill
Devon.

115 II. (20s.) -Mrs. Winsloe, Dunsdale, Frodsham, Cheshire.

105 III. (10s.)— David B. Chesterfield, Rock House, Glynneath, Glam.

Class 367 ,—Langshan Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries.]

116 I. (30s.)— R. ANTHONY. Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

121 II. (20s.)— J. W. Walker, Normanstead, Henley-on-Thames.

117 III. (10s.) — Major H. M. Barnes, Stonecroft, Ipswich.

119 R. N. & H. C— E. E. THOMAS, Spar Cottage, Newton, Porthcawl, Glam.

Class 368 —Langshan Hens or Pullets. [7 entries.]

124 I. (30s.)— J. W. WALKER, Normanstead, Henley-on-Thames.

125 II. (20s.)— R, S. Marsden. Kempstone, Clitheroe.

122 III. (10s.)— R. Anthony, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

123 R. N. & H. C.— George Fielder, 19 Worple Road, Wimbledon.

Class 369. Croad Bangshan Cocks or Cockerels. [22 entries.]

130 I. (30s., & Champion.1) — Edward Cocker, 101 Towngate, Leyland, Lancs.

146 II. (20s.), & 143 R. N. & H. C— Norman N. JOHNSTON, The Croft, Five Ashes
Sussex.

142 III. (10s.)— R. O. RIDLEY, Docking Hall, King's Lynn.

164

Class 370. Croad lanyslian Hens or Pullets. [16 entries.]

L S?'sW,&;i?NN.)/or Champion1), & 153 R. N. & H. C.— H. Pike Pease, M.P., Merrow

Croft, Guildford.

II. (20s.)— Thomas Richards, 17 Church Street. Loanhead, Midlothian
166 III. (10s.)— R. Q. Ridley, Docking Hall, King’s Lynn.

Class 371. — White Plymouth Rock Cocks or Cockerels. [3 entries.]

167 I. (30s--) — Mrs. E. Callard, Buckfastleigh, Devon.

168 II. (20s.)— J. Marsden Chandler, Fairfield, Brampton, Chesterfield.

Class 372. 11 kite Plymouth Rock Hens or Pullets. [6 entries.]

172 I. (30s., & Champion. 2 )-J. Marsden Chandler, Fairfield, Brampton, Chesterfield.
171 II. (20s.) — Mrs. E. Callard, Buckfastleigh, Devon.

173 III. (10s.)— J. H. Pimbley, 61 Llandaff Road, Canton, Cardiff.

170 R. N. fc H. C.— J. M. BLACKWOOD, Cranhill Poultry Farms, Street, Somerset.

*’T LangShM1 f0r tho be8t 0raa5
nZiisaag white piymouth Kock oiub £or the best wMte

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxv

Class 373. — Barred Plymouth Book Cocks. [15 entries.]

178 I. (30s., & Champion1), & 184 III. (10s.)— J. Marsden Chandler, Fairfield.
Brampton. Chesterfield.

185 II. (20s.)— George E. Gush, Thackham, Winchfield.

179 R. N. & H. C.— William Charles, Gammons, Rothie Norman, Aberdeen.

Class 374.— Barred Plymouth Rock Hens. [17 entries.]

205 I. (30s., & R. N. for Champion. 1 )— Arthur I. Rowell, Bury Manor, Ramsey,
Hunts.

199 II. (20s.)— L. H NUTTER, Burton. Camforth.

193 III. (10s.)— W. H. Brewer, Uzella Poultry Park, Lostwithiel.

197 R. N. & H. C.— E. MARSHALL, Hollyhyrst, Lenton, Nottingham.

Class 375. — Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerels. [17 entries.]

214 I. (30s.)— G. A. JACKSON, Buckstone House, Carnforth.

221 II. (20s.)— John Taylor, Heath Farm, Tiptree, Essex.

220 III. (10s.)— Frank NEAVE, Lingwood, Norwich.

216 R. N. & H. C.— Fawcett BROS., Treby Hall, Cowan Bridge, Kirkby Lonsdale.

Class 376.— Barred Plymouth Rock Pullets. [21 entries.]

234 I (30s )— J. MARSDEN CHANDLER, Fairfield, Brampton, Chesterfield.

229 II. (20s.) —FRANK NEAYE. Lingwood, Norwich.

240 III. (10s.)— R. H. Milner, Mowbrick, Hest Bank, Lancaster.

227 R. N. & H. C.— James Bateman, Milnthorpe.

Class 377. — Buff Plymouth Rock Cocks or Cockerels. [12 entries.]

249 I. (30s., & Champion.2)— R. S. Marsden, Kempstone, Clitheroe.

252 II. (20s.)— J. Marsden Chandler, Fairfield, Brampton, Chesterfield.

248 III. (10s.)— MISS LUCY Clabburn, Linden House, Beccles.

246 R. N. & H. C.— James Bateman. Milnthorpe.

Class 378. — Buff Plymouth Rock Hens or Pullets. [12 entries.]

260 I. (30s., & R. N. for Champion.2)— J. Marsden Chandler, Fairfield. Brampton,
C3 h 0 s 1 6 r fi © 1 d

263 II. (20s.)— R H. MILNER, Mowbrick, Hest Bank, Lancaster.

269 III.' (10s.)— Mrs. Wilkinson, Burrow, Scotforth, Lancs.

258 R. N. & H. C.— James Bateman, Milnthorpe.

Class 379. — Blue Plymouth Rock Cocks , Cockerels , Hens or Pullets.

[12 entries.]

275 I. (30s.), 272 II. (20s.), & 278 R. N. & H. C.-ARTHUR L ROWELL, Bury Manor,
Ramsey, Hunts.

281 III. (10s.)— Mrs. Wilkinson, Burrow, Scotforth, Lancs.

Class 380 —Plymouth Rock Cocks , any other colour. [3 entries.]

283 I. (30s.)— Fawcett BROS., Treby Hall, Cowan Bridge, Kirkby Lonsdale.

282 II. (20s.)— JOHN Baines, Town End, Kirkby Lonsdale.

284 III. (10s.)— HERBERT Garlick, 26 Main Street, Kirkby Lonsdale.

Class 381 —Plymouth Rock Hens , any other colour. [5 entries.]

286 I. (30s.)— James Bateman, Milnthorpe.

287 II. (20s.)— J- MARSDEN CHANDLER, Fairfield, Brampton, Chesterfield.

285 III. (10s.)— MRS. W. R. ABBEY, Croft Farm, Hessay, York.

288 R. N. & H. C.— Herbert Garlick, 26 Main Street, Kirkby Lonsdale.

Class 382. — Plymouth Rock Cockerels , any other colour. [2 entries.]

291 I. (30s.)— Art C. Gilbert, Swanley, Kent.

Class 383.— Plymouth Rock Pullets , any other colour. [4 entries.]

295 I. (30s.)— ART C. Gilbert, Swanley. Kent.

294 II. (20s.)— Harry Nelson, Barbon, Kirkby Lonsdale.

293 III. (10s.)— Fawcett Bros., Treby Hall, Cowan Bridge, Kirkby Lonsdale.

Class 384.— Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Cocks. [4 entries.]

296 I. (30s.)— TOM H. FURNESS, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

297 II (20s.)— J. Hodge, 9 Graham Road, Easton, Bristol.

299 III. (10s.)— ROCH & EVANS, 9 Vine Street, Abercarn, Mon,

1 Silver Serviette Ring, given by the Barred Plymouth Rock Club for the best
Barred Plymouth Rock in Classes 373-376. , . , „

■2 silver Serviette Ring, given by the Buff Plymouth Rock Club for the best Butt
Plymouth Rock in Classes 377 and 378.

CXY1

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 385. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Hens. [5 entries.]

303 I. (30s.) — Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

300 II. (20s.)— Thomas Abbot. Wymondham.

302 III. (10s.) — Albert H. Capper, 23 Treharne Street, Pentre, Rhondda. Glam.

301 R. N. & H. C. — R. P. CRUMP, Dutchcombe Poultry Farm. Painswick, Glos.

Class 386. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Cockerels. [4 entries.]

306 I. (30s.) — Tom H. FURNESS, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

307 II. (20s.)— art C. Gilbert, Swanley, Kent.

Class 387. — Gold or Silver Laced Wyandotte Pullets. [7 entries.]

312 I. (30s.). & 315 II. (20 s.) — J. M. PHILIPSON, Wyandotte Farm. Hay don Bridge.

310 III, (10s.) — Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

309 R. N. & H. C.— W, E. H. Hancock, Sidney Ville, Churchill, Somerset.

Class 388. — White Wyandotte Cocks. [13 entries.]

328 I. (30s., & R. N. for Champion. 1 )— Robert Stephenson, Manor House. Burwell,
Cambs.

320 II. (20s.), & 327 R. N. & H. C. — Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

316 III. (10s.)— R. Anthony, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

Class 389. — White Wyandotte Hens. [8 entries.]

334 I. (30s., & Champion, i) — Mrs. B. Nancarrow. Bosvigo White Wyandotte Farm,
Truro.

331 II. (20s.) — Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

336 III. (10s.) — Samuel Turner, Packington Road, Ashby-de-la-Zouch.

330 R. N. & H. C. — Norman A. Axe, Manor Farm, Bonsall, Matlock.

Class 390. — White Wyandotte Cockerels. [22 entries.]

355 I. (30s.) — Mrs. B. Nancarrow, Bosvigo White Wyandotte Farm, Truro.

354 II. (20s.)— JOHN Wharton, Honey cott Farm, Hawes, Yorks.

346 III. (10s.) — Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

337 R. N. & H. C. — Miss E. Barker, Burton House, Burton, Westmorland.

Class 391.— White Wyandotte Pullets. [25 entries.]

380 I. (30s.) — John Wharton, Honeycott Farm, Hawes, Yorks.

374 II. (20s.) — Hugh Gunn. Castle Villa Poultry Farm, Gloucester.

367 III. (10s.) — Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

361 R. N. & H. C. — Mrs. E. Callard, Buckfastleigh, Devon.

Class 392. — Black Wyandotte Cocks. [6 entries.]

385 I. (30s.), & 388 II. (20s.) — T. C. Heath, Keele. Newcastle, Staffs.

387 III. (10s.) — Ernest J. Le Ruez, Westfield, St. Mary’s, Jersey.

384 R. N. & H. C. — Thomas Abbot, Wymondham.

Class 393. — Black Wyandotte Hens. [10 entries.]

392 I. (30s.) — T. C. Heath, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

395 II. (20s.) — W. W. THOMAS, 30 Sydney Street, Brynhyfryd, Swansea.

393 III. (10s.) — Dr. Robert W. Gibson, Orton, Tebay.

391 R. N. & H. C. — Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

Class 394. — Black Wyandotte Cockerels. [4 entries.]

400 I. (30s.) — Miss R. B. Babcock, Grange Hill Prize Poultry Yards, Chigwell Row.

401 II. (20s.) — Alfred Birch, Edge Farm, Sefton, Liverpool.

402 III. (10s.) — Hodge & Pearce, 91 Graham Road, Easton, Bristol.

Class 395. — Black Wyandotte Pullets. [8 entries.]

407 I. (30s.) — T. C. Heath, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs.

410 II. (20 s.)-- Herbert Garlick, 26 Main Street, Kirkby Lonsdale.

409 III. (10s.) — George Wood, Westfield, Greetland, Halifax.

405 R. N. & H. C.— Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

Class 396. — Partridge Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels. [7 entries.]

412 I. (30s.), & 418 II. (20s.) -Richard Watson, Thorngarth, Thackley, Bradford.

413 III. (10s.) — C. Fear, Stapiegrove, Taunton.

417 R. N. & H. C — Samuel Roberts, The Highlands, Greetland, Halifax.

Class 397. — Partridge Wyandotte Hens or Pullets. [6 entries.]

424 I. (30s.) — John Wharton, Honeycott Farm. Hawes, Yorks.

423 II. (20s.)— RICHARD WATSON, Thorngarth, Thackley, Bradford.

420 III. (10s.)— Hugh Gunn, Castle Villa Poultry Farm, Gloucester.

421 R. N. & H. C. — F. W. Myhill, The Red House, Hethel, Norwich.

i Special Prize of 10s. given by the White Wyandotte Club for the best White
Wyandotte in Classes 388-391.

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

CXYll

Class 398. — Columbian Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels. [15 entries.]

432 I. (30s.), & 438 II. (20?.)— HUBERT Weight, Laurel Grove, Keighley.

433 III. (10s.) - J. THORP HINCKS. Sileby, Loughborough.

435 R. N. & H. C. — E. S. THORP, Daisymere, Buxton.

Class 399. — Columbian Wyandotte Hens or Pullets. [13 entries.]

441 I. (30s.). & 445 III. (10s.)— William Hodges, Oatlands Farm, Weybridge.

450 II. (20s.)— J. THORP Hincks, Sileby, Loughborough.

440 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. Gill, Fleet Farm, Weymouth.

Class 400. — Blue Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels. [5 entries.]

456 I. (30s.)— MRS. W. HOLDSWORTH. St. Jude’s Eoad West, Wolverhampton.

455 II. (20s.)— Tom H. Furness. Carlton House, Chesterfield.

457 III. (10s.)— The Rev. J. N. Wynne Williams, The Yiearage, Chapel-le-Dale,
Kirkby Lonsdale.

454 R. N. & H. C.— James Bateman. Milnthorpe.

Class 401. — Blue Wyandotte Hens or Pullets. [4 entries.]

460 I. (30s.) — Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

461 II. (20s.)— MRS. W. HOLDSWORTH, St. Jude’s Road West. Wolverhampton.

459 III. (10s.)— J. M. Blackwood, Cranhill Poultry Farm, Street, Somerset.

458 R. N. & H. C.— James Bateman, Milnthorpe.

Class 402. — Wyandotte Cocks or Cockerels , any other variety. [11 entries.]

464 I. (30?.)— THOMAS CHARLTON, Kepier Poultry Farm, Crawcrook, Ryton-on-Tyne.
468 II. (20s.)— JAMES MELLOR, Wyandotte Yards, Wormhill Meadows, Buxton.

462 III. (10s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley. Lancs.

470 R. N. & H. C.— Richard Watson, Thom Garth, Thackley, Bradford.

Class 403. — Wyandotte Hems or Pullets , any other variety. [6 entries.]

477 I. (30?.)— Richard Watson Thorn Garth. Thackley, Bradford.

478 II. (20?.)— JOHN Wharton, Honeycott Farm, Hawes, Y'orks.

473 III. (10s.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

474 R. N. & H. C.— W. H. BREWER, Uzella Poultry Park, Lostwithiel.

Class 404. — Buff Orpington Cocks. [15 entries.]

487 I (30s., & R. N. for Champion.1)— Wynd ham W. Thomas, Langdon St. 'Ihomas,
Exeter.

489 II. (20s.) — T. SNELGROVE, Newham Poultry Farm, Addlestone.

483 III. (10s.)— Frank Bloomer, Foxcote, Stourbridge.

493 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. Wilkinson, Burrow, Scotforth, Lancs.

Class 405 —Buff Orpington Hens. [12 entries.]

495 I. (30?.)— R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

504 II. (20s.) -S. J. STACEY, 1 Pontcanna Road, Canton, Cardiff.

499 III. GO?.)— J. MARSDEN Chandler, Fairfield, Brampton, Chesterfield.

503 R. N. & H. C.— HENRY STACEY, Cora Stores, Penrhiwceiber, South Wales.

Class 406. — Buff OrpingtoJi Cockerels. [21 entries.]

509 I. (30?., & Champion.1) & 516 II. (20?.)— Miss Le PATOUREL, Edenstead. Crosby-on-
Eden,

508 III. (10s.)— W. J. Golding, Westwood Farm, Weald, Kent.

515 R. N. & H. C.— the Rev. J. B. NODDER, Ashover Rectory, Chesterfield.

Class 407.— Buff Orpington Pullets. [26 entries.]

532 I. (30s.), 541 II (20s.), & 548 III. (10s.)— Miss Le PATOUREL, Edenstead, Crosby-on-
Eden.

539 R. N. & H. C— MISS N. EDWARDS, Coaley Poultry Farm, Coaley, Glos.

Class 408. — White Orpington Cocks. [15 entries.]

558 I. (30s., & Champion.2 *)— W. H. EDWARDS, Brookfield, Pinhoe, Exeter.

560 II (20s.)— G. H. PROCTER, Flass House, Durham.

563 III. (10s.)— MURRAY LINDNER, Ham Court Poultry Farm, Charlton Kings,
Cheltenham.

557 R. N. & H. c.— JOHN HARRINGTON, Sunnyside, Farington Gurney, Bristol.

i A Piece of Plate given by the Buff Orpington Club for the best Buff Orpington in

C1^SSilvtr4 Serviette Ring given by the White Orpington Club for the best Cock or

Cockerel in Classes 408 and 410.

cxviii Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 409. — White Orpington Hens. [17 entries.]

580 I. (30s., & Champion.1) — Alan T. Storey, Brock House Farm. Freshfield,
Liverpool.

581 II. (20s.) CHARLES Thellusson, Brodswortli Poultry Farm, Doncaster.

o/9 III. (10s.) Murray Lindner, Ham Court Poultry Farm, Charlton Kings,
Cheltenham.

573 R. N. & H. C.— W. H. EDWARDS, Brookfield, Pinhoe, Exeter.

Class 410. — White Orpington Cockerels. [24 entries.]

588 I. (30s., & R. N. for Champion.2) — I. T. Brown. Woodlands Poultry Farm, Har-
lington.

594 II. (20s.)— W. H. Edwards, Brookfield, Pinhoe. Exeter.

586 III. (10s.)— Miss R B. Babcock, Grange Hill Prize Poultry Yards, Chigwell Row.
596 R. N. & H. C. Robert L. Mond, Combe Bank, Sundridge, Sevenoaks.

Class 411. — White Orpington Pullets. [26 entries.]

625 I. (30s„ & R. N. for Champion 1 ) & 631 III. (10s.)— MURRAY Lindner, Ham Court
Poultry Farm, Charlton Kings, Cheltenham.

613 II. (20s.)— W. & J. Currah, Parson Byers Farm, Stanhope.

630 R. N. & H. C. Alan T. Storey, Brock House Farm, Freshfield, Liverpool.

Class 412. — Black Orpington Cocks. [16 entries]

635 I. (30s., & Champion3 *), & 646 III. (10s.) — W. M. Bell, St. Leonard’s Poultry Farm,
Rmgwood.

636 II. (20s.)— Frank Bloomer, Foxcote, Stourbridge.

637 R. N. & H. C. — W. B. BONAS, Measham, Atherstone.

Class 413. — Black Orpington Hens. [9 entries.]

651 I. (30s.) R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

657 II. (20s.)— George E. Gush, Thackham, Winchfield.

652 III. (10s.) — Major H. M. Barnes, Stonecroft, Ipswich.

656 R. N. & H. C.— P. B. GOYETT, Tideford, St. Germans.

Class 414. — Black Orpington Cockerels. [10 entries.]

666 I. (30s.) — William H. Cook, Ltd., Orpington, Kent.

661 (20s-)' & 665 HI* (10s.)— Walter Buxton, Trinity Poultry Farm, Medstead

Alton.

660 R. N. & H. C. — W. M. Bell, St. Leonard’s Poultry Farm, Ringwood.

Class 415. — Black Orpington Pullets. [6 entries.]

671 I. (30s., & R. N. for Champion.3)— E. & F. Bursill, Poultry Farm, Quainton, Bucks.
675 II. (20s.), & 673 III. (10s.)— C. SHEPHERD, Opposite Station, Arnside, Carnforth,

672 R. N. & H. C.— A. H. Drysdale, Wood Knoll, Lindfield, Haywards Heath.

Class 416.- -Spangled Orpington Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries.]

£80 I. (30s.)— T. Snelgrove, Newham Poultry Farm, Addlestone.

67/ II. (20s.)— LAWRENCE BOOTH, Dingle Bank, Chester.

678 III. (10s.) — William H. Cook, Ltd., Orpington, Kent.

679 R. N. & H. C.— Art. C. Gilbert, Swanley, Kent.

Class 417. — Spangled Orpington Hens or Pullets. [4 entries.]

£83 JJ V (20s.)— Walter Buxton, Trinity Poultry Farm, Medstead. Alton.

£°1 iw; (1QS9— Leslie H. Bacchus, Brooklyn Poultry Farm, Ifield, Crawley.

682 R. N. & H. C.— Lawrence Booth, Dingle Bank, Chester.

Class 418. — Blue Orpington Cocks , Cockerels , Hens , or Pullets. [19 entries.]
690 I. (30s.)— William H. Cook, Ltd., Orpington, Kent.

698 II. (20s.), 701 III. (10s.), & 687 R. N. & H. C. — Art. C. Gilbert, Swanley, Kent.

Class 419 .— Orpington Cocks or Cockerels , any other colour. [5 entries.]

708 I (30s.)— STAPLEHURST POULTRY FARM, Staplehurst, Kent.

704 II. (20s.) — William H. Cook, Ltd., Orpington, Kent.

707 III. (10s.)— W. HOLMES Hunt, Brook House Poultry Farm, Hellingly, Sussex.

706 R. N. & H. C— Art. C. Gilbert, Swanley, Kent.

-n 1 Silver Serviette Ring given by the White Orpington Club for the best Hen or
Pullet m Classes 409 and 411.

2 Silver Serviette Ring given by the White Orpington Club for the best Cock or
Cockerel m Classes 408 and 410.

3 Special Prize of 10s. given by the Black Orpington Club for the best Black

Orpington in Classes 412-415.

CX1X

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 420. — Orpington Hens or Pullets, any other colour. [3 entries.]

711 I. (300— Charles Thellussox, Brodsworth Poultry Farm, Doncaster.

709 II. (20s ) — William H. Cook, Ltd., Orpington, Kent.

Class 421. — White Leghorn Cochs or Cocherels. [4 entries.]

715 I. (30s.) — Mrs. Trevor Williams, Clock House Poultry Farm. Byfleet.

712 II. (20s.) — R. ANTHONY, Home Farm. Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

714 III. (10s.) — W. E. Gelling, Canal Farm, Bradford-on-Avon.

713 R. N. & H. C.— C. H. BRITTON, Great Longstone, Derbyshire.

Class 422. — White Leghorn Hens or Pullets. [10 entries.]

722 I. (30s.)— Alan T. STOREY. Brock House Farm, Freshfleld, Liverpool.

723 II. (20s.) — Mrs. Trevor Williams, Clock House Poultry Farm, Byfleet.

717 III. (10s.)— Joseph Hardwick, 170 Oversetts Road, Xewhall, Burton-on-Trent.

716 R. N. & H. C.-R. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley.

Class 423. — Brown Leghorn Cochs or Cocherels. [10 entries.]

731 I. (30s.)— Ernest Ll. Simon, Pembroke.

726 II. (20s.)— R. ANTHONY. Home Farm, Euxton. Chorley, Lancs.

733 III. (10s.)— L. C. VERREY, The Warren. Oxshott.

729 R. N. & H. C.— R. Cowman, Siddows, Clitheroe.

Class 424. — Brown Leghorn Hens or Pullets. [12 entries.]

745 I. (30s.)— JOHN W. MORTON, Upper Park House. Low Moor, Bradford.

747 II. (20s.)— L. C- VERREY. The Warren. Oxshott.

739 III. (10s.)— F. G. EDWARDS, 2 West Street, Pembroke.

742 R.N. & H. C.— Denyer & IVE. Walton Road, East Molesey.

Class 425. — Blach Leghorn Cochs or Cocherels. [10 entries.]

751 I. (30s.)— JOSEPH EADSON, Park Villa. Ightenhill, Burnley.

754 II. (20s.)— Clifford Willison, Whitchurch, Salop.

750 III. (10s.)— MISS Doris Cawley. Ravenscrag, White Knowle Road. Buxton.

748 R. N. & H. C.— F. S. BENT, Beeehwood, Yeovil.

Class 426. — Blach Leghorn Hens or Pullets. [9 entries.]

762 I. (30.S.)— Bert KirkmAX. Ashfleld. Broughton. Preston.

761 II (20s.) & 766 R. N. & H. C. -CLIFFORD WILLISON, Whitchurch, Salop.

763 III. (10s.)— Harry HURTLEY, The Poplars, Cottontree Lane, Colne.

Class 427. — Leghorn Cochs or Cocherels , any other colour.

[8 entries.]

773 I. (30s.)— Ernest Ll. Simon, Pembroke.

767 II. (20s.)— A. R. Fish, Holme Mead. Hutton, Preston.

769 III. (10s.) — G. & R. HENLEY, Grandborough, Winslow.

772 R. N. & H. C — w. ROTHWELL, JUN., Holloway Hill Poultry Farm, Godaiming.

Class 428. — Leghorn Hens or Pullets, any other colour.

[9 entries.]

778 I. (30s.)— R. S. MARSDEN, Kempstone. Clitheroe.

782 II (20s.)— R. & J. W. QUIBELL, 9 Church Street, Hooley Hill, Manchester.

783 III. (10s.)— MRS. VERREY, The Warren, Oxshott.

775 R. N. & H. C.— Robert Chippindale, Saltoke, Ellel. Lancaster.

Class 429. — Minorca Cochs or Cocherels. [10 entries.]

790 I. (30s.) — E. LOOKER. Gilwern, Abergavenny.

785 II. (20s.)— William H. Cook, Ltd., Orpington, Kent,

789 III. (10s.)— H. LISTER, Glenholme. Crook.

788 R. N. & H. C.— Fursland Brothers, Bridgwater.

Class 430. — Mirwrca Hens or Pullets. [16 entries.]

803 I. (30s.).— William Holton, Pantypuddyn, Abertillery.

806 II. (20s.)— H. Lister, Glenholme, Crook.

799 III. (10s.)— Fursland Brothers, Bridgwater.

805 R. N. & H. C.— A. G. Pitts. Burnham, Somerset.

Class 431. — Borking Cochs or Cocherels. [14 entries.]

811 I (30s )— CHARLES AITKENHEAD, Stud Farm, Seaham Harbour.

822 ii (20s.)— Arthur C. Major, Ditton. Langley, Bucks.

817 III < 10s )— RALPH ALTY. Bucksbaw Hall, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

823 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. Whittle, Springfield, Stokesley, Yorks.

Class 432 —Dorhing Hens or Pullets [14 entries.]

824 I (30s)— RALPH ALTY, Buckshaw Hall, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

836 II (20s )— ALAN T. STOREY, Brock House Farm, Freshfleld, Liverpool.

831 III (10s ) & 828 R N. & H. C.— JOHN HARRIS, Greenfield Poultry Yard, Carmarthen.

cxx

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 433. — Red Sussex Cecils. [14 entries.]

844 I. (30s-., & Champion.1)— Sanderson Brothers, Lower Lodge Poultry Farm,
Billingskurst.

847 II. (20s.) — Saunderton Poultry Farm, Bledlow Ridge, Wallingford.

850 III. (10s.), & 841 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

Class 434. — - Red Sussex Hens. [8 entries.]

855 L (30s. & R. N. for Champion1), & 858 R. N. & H. C.— Lord Rothschild, Tring
Park. Herts.

857 II. (20s.) — Frank H. Wheeler, Bridge House, Harden, Kent.

8o6 III. (10s.)— Dr. J. E. Shaw, 23 Caledonia Place, Clifton, Bristol.

Class 435. — -Red Sussex Cockerels. [6 entries.]

865 I. (30s.), & 862 II. (20s.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

863 III. (10s.)— A. J. Falkenstein, Stockland, Hadlow Down, Sussex.

861 R. N. & H. C. — E. W. & J. B. Bunney, Barcombe Poultry Farm, Barcombe, Sussex.
Class 436. — Red Sussex Pullets. [7 entries.]

871 I. (30s.), & 868 III. (10s.)— LORD ROTHSCHILD, Tring Park, Herts.

86 1 II. (20.9.) A. J. Falkenstein, Stockland, Hadlow Down, Sussex.

872 R. N. & H. C— Mrs. George Whiteley. Hamilton House, Downton, Salisbury.

Class 437. — Light Sussex Cocks. [5 entries.]

876 I. (30s. & R. N. for Champion.2)— The Rev. G. A. Crawshay, Melchbourne Vicar-
age, Skarnbrook.

877 II. (20s.) & 875 III. (10s.)— LORD ROTHSCHILD, Tring Park, Herts.

873 R. N. & H. 0— John Baily & Son, Heathfield, Sussex.

Class 438. — Light Sussex Hens. [10 entries.]

881 I- (30s. & Champion2), & 885 II. (20s.) -William Hodges, Oatlands Farm,
Weybndge.

882 III. (10s.)— Frank H. Wheeler, Bridge House, Marden, Kent.

884 R. N. & H. C. The Rev. G. a. Crawshay, Melchbourne Vicarage, Sharnbrook.

Class 439. — Light Sussex Cockerels. [15 entries.]

902 I. (30s.)— Lord Rothschild. Tring Park, Herts.

893 II. (20s.)— A. J. Falkenstein, Stockland, Hadlow Down, Sussex.

892 III. (10s.) The Rev. G. A. Crawshay, Melchbourne Vicarage, Sharnbrook.

888 R. N. & H. C— John Baily & Son, Heathfield, Sussex.

Class 440. — Light Sussex Pullets. [15 entries.]

917 I. (30s.), & 908 R. N. & H. C.— William Hodges, Oatlands Farm, Weybridge.

916 II. (20s.)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

909 III. (10s.)— The Rev. G. A. Crawshay, Melchbourne Vicarage, Sharnbrook.

Class 441. — Speckled Sussex Cocks. [11 entries.]

921 I. (30s & Champion. 3)— A. J. Falkenstein, Stockland, Hadlow Down, Sussex.
926 II. (20s.)— John Baily & Son, Heathfield, Sussex.

928 III. (10s.)— Mrs. George Whiteley, Hamilton House, Downton, Salisbury.
925 R. N. & H. C.— Saunderton Poultry Farm, Bledlow Ridge, Wallingford.

Class 442. — Speckled Sussex Hens. [8 entries.]

932 I (30s.)— A J. Falkenstein, Stockland, Hadlow Down, Sussex.

930 II. (20s.) — S. R. Cree, Hellingly Sussex.

931 III. (10s.)— W. H. Edwards, Brookfield, Pinhoe, Exeter.

934 R. N. & H. C.— Saunderton Poultry Farm, Bledlow Ridge, Wallingford.

Class 443. — Speckled Sussex Cockerels. [15 entries.]

942 I. (30s., & R. N. for Champion.3)— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts
946 II. (20s.)— John Baily & Son, Heathfield, Sussex.

938 III. (10s.), & 944 R. N. & H. C.— E. W. & J. B. Bunney, Barcombe, Sussex.

Class 444. — Speckled Sussex Pullets. [16 entries.]

954 I. (30s.)— A. J. Falkenstein, Stockland. Hadlow Down, Sussex

953 II (20s.)— E. W. & J. B. BUNNEY, Barcombe Poultry Farm, Barcombe, Sussex.

966 III. (10s.)— Capt. & Mrs. Spencer, Dean Lodge, Iron Acton, Bristol.

956 R. N. & H. C. — W. J. Green, Poultry Farm, Hailsham.

1 Silver Serviette Ring given by the Sussex Poultry Club for the best Red Sussex in
Classes 433-436.

2 Silver Serviette Ring given by the Sussex Poultry Club for the best Light Sussex in
Classes 437-440.

3 Silver Serviette Ring given by the Sussex Poultry Club for the best Speckled
Sussex in Classes 441-444.

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxxi

Class 445. — British Rhode Island Red Cocks or Cockerels.

[88 entries.]

1003 I. (30s.)— F. E. MASON. Timbersbrook House, Congleton.

972 II. (20s.)— J. RUSSEL, Halstead Place, Sevenoaks.

991 III. (10s.)— Mrs. Wetherby Williams, The Wilderness, Canterbury.
977 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. Cooper. Culland Hall, Brailsford, Derby.

Class 446. — British Pvhode Island Red Hens or Pullets.

[28 entries.]

1007 I. (30s.)— MRS. W. B. Goode, Aldborough Lodge, Borougbbridge.

1031 II (20s.)— Mrs. A. I. JONES. Broadway House. Little Hereford, Tenbury.

1014 III. (10s.)— DR. James Russell, The Cedars, Sandhurst.

1011 R. N. & H. C.— A. F. M. STEVENSON, Perryfield, Sobers Hope, Ross.

Class 447. — Ancona Cocks or Cockerels. [8 entries.]

1037 I. (30s.), 1040 II. (20s.), & 1035 III. (10s.)— JOSEPH EADSON, Park Viba, Igbtenbib,
Burnley.

1041 R. N. & H. C.— Thomas Whittaker, The Laund, Accrington.

Class 448. — Ancona Hens or Pullets.

[8 entries.]

1043 I. (30s.), 1049 II. (20s.), & 1046 III. (10s.)— JOSEPH EADSON, Park Viba. Igbtenbib,
Burnley.

1044 R. N. & H. C.— William Nelson, Jumble Holes Bar, Baxenden, Accrington.

Class 449. — Yokohama Cocks or Cockerels. [14 entries.]

1061 I. (30s., & Champion1), & 1050 II. (20s., & R. N. for Champion.1)— Mrs. L. H.

BARNARD, The Red House, Wellington College, Berks.

1063 III. (10s.)— E. H. TURRELL, Ide Cottage, Ide Hill, Sevenoaks.

1058 R. N. & H. C.— Robert L. MONO, Combe Bank, Sundridge, Sevenoaks.

Class 450. — Yokohama Hens or Pullets. [9 entries.]

1071 I. (30s.), & 1066 II. (20s.)— THE REV. W. Serjeantson, Acton Buraeb Rectory,

1065SnLTloS!'& 1069 R. N. & H. C— Mrs. L. C. Prideaux. Spring Cottage, Lindfield,
Haywards Heath.

Class 451. — Brahma Cocks or Cockerels. [8 entries.]

1073 I (30s.)— R. Anthony, Home Farm, Euxton, Cborley, Lancs.

1080 II. (20s.), & 1075 III. (10s.)— J. C. TOZER, Stoke House, Devonport.

1074 R. N. & H. C.— H. L. POPHAM, Hunstrete House, Pensford, Bristol.

Class 452.— Brahma Hem or Pullets. [4 entries.]

1081 I. (30s.)— R- ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Cborley, Lancs.

1083 II (20s.)— S. W. THOMAS, Glasfryn, Forest Facb, Swansea.

1084 III. (10s.), & 1082 R. N. & H. C.— H. L. POPHAM, Hunstrete House, Pensford, Bristol.

Class 453. — Cochin Cocks or Cockerels.

1086 I (30s ) & 1088 III. (10s.)— GEORGE H. PROCTER, Flass House, Durham.

1089 II. (20s.)— Charles THELLUSSON, Brodswortb Poultry Farm. Doncaster.

1085 R. N. & H. C— MRS. E. CALLARD, Buckfastleigh, Devon.

Class 454. — Cochin Hem or Pullets.

1090 I. (30s.), & 1091 II. (20s.)— G. H. PROCTER, Flass House, Durham.

Class 455. — Maline Cocks or Cockerels. [12 entries.]

1097 I. (30s., & R. N. for Champion1), & 1094 III. (10s.)— Mrs. Terrot, Wishington

House. Cookbam. , _ , , „ -u i -d •

1092 II. (20s.)— F. W. BARTRUM, Waverley Cottage, Hambrook, Bristol.

1093 R. N. & H. C.— MRS. F. Herbert, Ty-Gwyn, Raglan, Mon.

Class 456. — Maline Hem or Pullets. [8 entries.]

1111 I. (30s., & Champion.2)— Charles Thellusson, Brodswortb Poultry Farm,

1106IIin^20s.e)r& H08 R. N. & H. C.-Mrs. Terrot, Wishington House, Cookbam.

1107 III. (10s. & Champion.3)— Mrs. F. Herbert, Ty-Gwyn, Raglan. Mon.

1 Silver MedaTgiven by the Yokohama Club for the best Yokohama in Classes 449

^ Silver Medal given by the Malines Poultry Club for the best Coucou de Maline

C ( sC \ il V e r CM e d at gi w en^ by the Malines Poultry Club for the best Maline Cock or Hen
other than Coucou in Classes 455 and 456.

cxxii Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 457. — Ctampine Cocks or Cockerels. [17 entries.]

1121 I. (30s., & R. N. for Champion.1)— Miss N. Edwards, Coaley Poultry Farm,

Coaley, Glos.

1127 II. (20s.)— MRS. Winsloe, Dunsdale, Frodsham, Cheshire.

1113 III. (10s.)— Mrs. W. E. P. Bastard, Lyneham, Yealmpton, Plymouth.

1126 R. N. & H. C— The Key. E. Lewis Jones, Heyope Rectory, Knighton, Radnor-
shire.

Class 458. — Campine Hens or Pullets. [13 entries.]

1137 I. (30s., & Champion.1)— Mrs. W. B. Goode, Aldborough Lodge, Boroughbridge.
1139 II, (20s.) Leonard Lucas, Lane End House, Shinfield, Reading.

1131 III. (10s.) — JOSEPH EADSON, Park Villa, Ightenhill, Burnley.

1129 R. N. & H. C. Mrs. W. E. P. Bastard, Lynsham, Yealmpton, Plymouth.

Class 459. — Faverolle Cocks or Cockerels. [19 entries.]

1160 I. (30s.)— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Poultry Farm Doncaster
1158 II. (20s.) — W. H. Edwards, Brookfield. Pinhoe, Exeter.

1145 III. (10s.). & 1153 R. N. & H. C.— George Betts, Goostrey, Cheshire.

Class 460. — Faverolle Hens or Pullets. [15 entries.]

1174 I. (30s.), & 1176 II. (20s.)— Charles Thellusson, Brodsworth Poultry Farm
Doncaster. J ’

1168 III. (10s.)— Mrs. Winsloe, Dunsdale, Frodsham, Cheshire.

1164 R. N. & H. C.»— George Betts, Goostrey, Cheshire.

Class 461 ,—Houdan Cocks or Cockerels. [11 entries.]

S-rW- Thomas> Glasfryn, Forest Fach, Swansea.

1184 II. (20s.)— Mrs. C. Squire, Glenwood, Morthoe, Devon

1178 III. (10s.)— F. Lawford Stone, Woodcote, Crockham Hill. Edenbridge.

1188 R. N. & H. C.— HENRY Edye, South Binns, Heathfield, Sussex.

Class 462. — Houdan Hens or Pullets. [9 entries.]

H92 W. THOMAS, Glasfryn, Forest Fach, Swansea.

1194 II. (20s.)— J. W. MOORE, Oakerland Farm, Hexham

1191 III. (10s.), & 1195 R. N. & H. C.-Henry Edye, South Binns, Heathfield, Sussex.
Class 463.— Cocks or Cockerels , any other distinct variety except Bantams.

[21 entries.]

tJoo Jt (30s.)— George C. Dennis, Bradiford, Barnstaple. (Malay.)

}onn Hr %}7A,?B0T Br°THERS, Thuxton, Norfolk. (Andalusian.)
1209HImInbur^)rCHARLES E‘ PlCKLES’ Afield House, Earby, Colne. (Spangled

12°Vondda&vSey,'GSmNIasee<l.rS’ “ S<*001 Street' WiIliamstown. p™y8™ig.

Class 464. Hens or Pullets , any other variety , except Bantams.

[21 entries.]

1224 I. (30s.)— R. S. Marsden, Kempstone, Clitheroe. (Aseel )

1233HIambu?^)rCHARLES E' PlCKLES’ KaVfleld House, Earby, Colne. (Spangled

1230 III. (10s.)— John Smith, Keythorpe Hall, Leicester. (Black Spanish.)

1227 R. N. & H. C. Frederick Porter, 17 High Street, Bridgwater. (Andalusian.)

Class 465. Old English Game Bantam Cocks. [9 entries.]

1245 I. (30s.)— R. S. Marsden, Kempstone, Clitheroe

II. (20s.)— J F. ENTWISLE, The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield.

1240 III. (10s.)— Miss R. B. Babcock, Grange Hill Prize Poultry Yards, Chigwell Row.

1248^>rthumbe?iand~JOSEPH SEWELL’ 3 Mount Pleasant, Throckley, Newburn,

Class 466. Old English Game Bantam Hens. [13 entries.]

1254 I. (30s.)— R. S. Marsden, Kempstone. Clitheroe

Jgg (2^}TJh,F- ENTWISLE, The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield.

1250 III. (10s.)— The Countess of Craven, Coombe Abbey, Coventry

1253 R. N. & H. C.-JOHN Morgan, Metts Cottage, Ystradgjmlais, Glam.

Class 467. kSIodei n Game Bantam Cocks , any colour. [9 entries ]

1264 I. (30s.)— WALTER Firth, Read, Blackburn.

1263 II. (20s.)-J F. ENTWISLE, The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield.

126b III. (10s.) John Hosking, 15 Spencer Terrace, Lipson Road, Plymouth
1269 R. N. & H, O.-Moon BROTHERS, Regent Street, Kingswood, Bristol.

457 aSnd T58Me^al^^hr°Ugh the CanWine_Club for Unrbest Grampine in Classed

Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxxm

Class 468. — Modern Game Bantam Hens, any colour. [6 entries.]

1273 I. (30s. )— Walter Firth, Read. Blackburn.

1272 II. (20s.)— J. F. Entwisle. The Firs, Calder Grove. Wakefield.

1276 III. (10s.)— MISS FREDA MOND. Coombe Bank, Sundridge, Sevenoaks.

1271 R. N. & H. C.— W. J. BRINSON, Morning Star Hotel, Pontypridd.

Class 469. — Sebright Bantam Cocks. [7 entries.]

1281 I. (30s.)— MISS K. D. Preston, Bay House, Ellel, Lancaster.

1278 II. (20s.)— A. R. FISH, Holme Mead, Hutton, Preston.

1282 III. (10s.)— REV. W. SERJEANTSON, Acton Burnell Rectory, Shrewsbury.

Class 470.— Sebright Bantam Hens. [8 entries.]

1284 I. (30s.)— J. R. Bennett, The Butts, Frome.

1288 II. (20s.)— MISS K. D. Preston, Bay House, Ellel, Lancaster.

1289 III. (10?.), & 1291 R. N. & H. C.— Rev. W. SERJEANTSON, Acton Burnell Rectory,
Shrewsbury.

Class 471. — Wyandotte Bantam Cocks. [4 entries.]

1293 I. (30s.)— J. F. ENTWISLE, The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield.

1294 II. (20s.)— R. S. MARSDEN, Kempstone, Clitberoe.

1292 III. (10s.)— R. COWMAN. Siddows. Clitberoe.

1295 R. N. & H. C.— MRS. I. J. Minnitt, St. Luke’s Vicarage, Formby, Liverpool.

Class 472. — Wyandotte Bantam Hens. [6 entries.]

1297 I. (30s.), & 1300 III. (10s.)— J. F. Entwisle. The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield.

1298 II. (20s.)— A. HAYNES, 5, Stamford Street, Thompson Cross, Stalybridge.

1299 R. N. & H. C.— R. S. MARSDEN, Kempstone, Clitberoe.

Class 473. — Yokohama Bantam Cocks or Cockerels. [7 entries.]

1303 I. (30s., & Champion1), & 1306 II. (20s., & R. N. for Champion.1)— F. J. S. Chatter-
ton, 34 Elm Park Road. Finchley.

1302 III. (10s.), & 1307 R. N. & H. C. -ERNEST BROWN, Langborough, Wokingham.

Class 474. — Yokohama Bantam Hens or Pullets. [5 entries.]

1311 I. (30s.)— R. Scott Miller, Greenoak Hill Broomhouse, Glasgow.

1309 II. (20s.)— Ernest Brown, Langborough, Wokingham.

1310 III. (10s.), & 1313 R. N. & H. C.— F. J. S. Chatterton, 34 Elm Park Road. Finchley.

Class 475. — Japanese Bantam Cocks or Cockerels. [6 entries.]

1315 I. (30s.)— ALFRED E. W. DARBY, Adcote, Shrewsbury.

1314 II (20s.)— The Hon. Mrs. Clive Behrens. Swin on Grange, Malton.

1316 III. (10s.), & 1319 R. N. & H. C.— Major G. T. Williams, Burton Joyce, Nottingham.

Class 476. — Japanese Bantam Hens or Pullets [7 entries.]

1322 I. (30s.), & 1324 III. (10s.)— ALFRED E. W. DARBY. Adcote, Shrewsbury.

1321 II. (20s.), & 1323 R. N. & H. C.— MAJOR G. T. Williams, Burton Joyce, Nottingham.

Class 477 — Bantam Cocks , any other variety. [10 entries.]

1333 I. (30s.)— CHARLES Thellus.SON. Brodsworth Poultry Farm. Doncaster.

1328 II. (20s.)— J. F. Entwisle. The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield.

1330 III. (10s.)— JOHN D. Johnston, Norwood, Albert Avenue, Sedgeley Park, Prest-
wich, Lancs.

1335 R. N. & H. C.— P. w. Symons, Whitsun Farm, Lew Down, Devon.

Class 478. — Bantam Hens, any other variety. [10 entries.]

1338 I. (30s.)— J. F. ENTWISLE, The Firs, Calder Grove, Wakefield.

1340 II. (20s.)— JOHN D. Johnston, Norwood, Albert Avenue, Sedgeley Park, Prest-
wich, Lancs.

1345 III. (10s.)— CHARLES Thellusson, Brodsworth Poultry Farm. Doncaster.

1342 R. N. & H. C — HENRY J. SEALY, 68 Bath Road, Bridgwater.

Class 479 — Aylesbury Brakes or Bucks , bred prior to 1918.

[4 entries.]

1347 I. (30s.)— WILLIAM BYGOTT. Wing. Oakham.

1348 II. (20s.)— JAMES HUNTLY & SON. Hirsel Poultry Farm. Coldstream.

1350 III. (10s.)— A. F. ROWE. 49 Fore Street, Bovey Tracey.

Class 480. — Aylesbury Brakes or Bucks , bred in 1913. [7 entries.]

1352 I. (30s.) — THE REV. J. HEWETSON, Beelbv Vicarage, Rowsley, Derby.

1353 II. (20s.)— James Huntly & Son, Hirsel Poultry Farm, Coldstream.

1351 III. (10s.)— William Bygott, Wing, Oakham.

1357 R. N. & H. C.— ARTHUR C. Smith, Lower Burytown, Blunsdon. Highworth, Wilts.

i Silver Medal given by the Yokohama Club for the best Yokohama Bantam in
Classes 473 and 474.

cxxiv Award of Poultry Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 481. — Rouen Brakes or Backs, bred prior to 1913. [5 entries.]

I. (30s.)— RALPH Alty, Buckshaw Hall, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

1359 II. (,20s.) It. ANTHONY, Home Farm, Euxton, Chorley, Lancs.

1360 III. (10s.)— William Bygott, Wing, Oakham.

1361 R. R. & H. C.— William Brent, Clampit Farm, Callington, Cornwall.

Class 482. — Rouen Brakes or Bucks, bred in 1913. [6 entries.]

1365 I. (30s.)— F. W. Myhill, The Red House, Hethel, Norwich.

® II. (20s.), & 1364 R. R. & H. C.— William Bygott, Wing, Oakham.

1363 III. (10s.)— WILLIAM Brent, Clampit Farm, Callington, CornwaR.

Class 483. — Blue Orpington Brakes or Bucks, bred prior to 1913.

[3 entries.]

1370 I. (30s.)— Tom H. Furness,. Carlton House, Chesterfield.

1369 II. (20s.)— Miss Allin, Woolaston, Loddiswell, Devon.

1371 III. (10s.) —Art. C. Gilbert, Swanley, Kent.

Class 484. — Blue Orpington Brakes or Bucks , bred in 1913. [5 entries.]

13/3 I. (30s.) — Miss Allin, Woolaston, Loddiswell, Devon.

1374 II. (20$.)-Mrs. W. E. P. Bastard, Lyneham, Yealmpton, Plymouth.

1375 III. (10s.)— William Bygott, Wing, Oakham.

1376 R. N. & H. C.— Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

Class 485 —Buff Orpington Brakes or Bucks, bred firior to 1913. [6 entries.]

1377 I. (30s., & Champion. 1 )— Tom H. Furness, Carlton House, Chesterfield.

1378 II (20s.)— JAMES HUNTLY & SON, Hirsel Poultry Farm, Coldstream.

1382 III. (10s.)— Stanley Street, The Manor, Coveney, Cambs.

1379 R.R. & H.C.— William G. Kingwell, Dartmoor Poultry Farm, South Brent.

Class 486. — Buff Orpington Brakes or Bucks , bred in 1913. [10 entries.]

1391 I. (30s., & R. R. for Champion. 1 )— A. F. M. Stevenson, Perryfield, Sollers Hope
Ross, Herefordshire. ’

1384 II. (20s.)— MRS. E. Callard, Buckfastleigh, Devon.

1385 III. (10s.) James Huntly & Son, Hirsel Poultry Farm, Coldstream.

1390 R. R. & H. C.— Lord Rothschild, Tring Park, Herts.

Class 487. — Brakes or Bucks, any other breed, bred prior to 1913*.

[10 entries.]

1491 I. (30s.), & 1397 R. N. &; H. C. — William G. Kingwell, Dartmoor Poultry Farm
South Brent, Devon. (Indian Runner.)

1394 p- Bradshaw, Tinwell, Stamford. (Pekin Drake.)

1 o Jo III. (10s.) Miss allin, Woolaston, Loddiswell, Devon. (Indian Runner.)

Class 488.— Brakes or Bucks , any other breed , bred in 1913. [3 entries.]

1405 I. (30s.), & 1403 III. (10s.)— William G. Kingwell, Dartmoor Poultry Farm, South
Brent, Devon. (Indian Runners.)

1404 II. (20s.)— James Longson & Son, Buxton Road, Chapel-en-le-Frith. (Pekin.)

Class 489. — Ganders, any variety. [7 entries.]

1459 ~Willlam Bygott, Wing, Oakham. (Toulouse.)

407 II. (20s.), & 1410 R. R. &; H. C. -WILLIAM F. Snell, Marsh Farm, Yeovil.
(Toulouse.) ’

1406 III. (10s.)— Abbot Brothers, Thuxton, Norfolk.

Class 490. — Geese , any variety. [3 entries.]

1414 I. (30s )-William Bygott, Wing, Oakham. (Embden.)

1413 II. (20s.)— Abbot Brothers, Thuxton. Norfolk.

1415 III. (10s.) William F. Snell, Marsh Farm, Yeovil. (Embden.)

Class 491. — -Turkey Cocks. [11 entries.]

1416 I. (30s.)— Abbot Brothers, Thuxton. Norfolk

1420 II. (20s.)-Edward Kendrick, Weeford House, Lichfield.

1417 III. (10s.)— Thomas ABBOT, Wymondham, Norfolk.

1419 R. R. & H. C. Gage Harper, Mason’s Bridge Farm, Raydon, Ipswich.

Class 492. — Turkey Hens. [10 entries.]

1427 I. (30s.)— Abbot Brothers, Thuxton, Norfolk.

1433 II. (20s.)— MRS. G. Milnes. Stanway Manor, Church Stretton.

1436 III. (10s.)— THOMAS ABBOT, Wymondham, Norfolk.

1434 R. R. & H. C. Herbert E. Wenden, Lower Farm, Lawford, Manningtree,

1 A Special Prize of 10s. Gd. given hy the Orpington Duck Club for the hest "Rnfr

Orpington Drake or Duck in Classes 485 and 486. g e best Buff

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913. cxxv

FARM AND DAIRY PRODUCE OF THE

UNITED KINGDOM.

Butter.

Class 493. — Boxes of Twelve 2 -lb. Rolls or Squares of Butter , made with
not more than 1 per cent, of salt. [1 entry.]

1 I. U*4.)— Charles Prideaux, The Grange, Motcombe, Dorset.

Class 494. — Two Pounds of Fresh Butter , without any salt, made up in
plain pounds from the milh of Channel Island, Devon , or South Devon
Cattle and their crosses. [24 entries.]

13 I. (.£4.)— MRS. L. R. MILDON, Higher Mead Down, Rackenford, Devon.

24 II. (£2.)— Mrs. John way. West Bridge, Bishopsnympton. South Molton.

10 III. (£1.)— Mrs. John H. Hearn, Sydenham Damarel. Tavistock.

21 R. N. & H. C.— HRS. R. UNDERWOOD, Wards Coombe, Little Gaddesden, Berk-
hamsted.

Class 495.— Two Pounds of Fresh Butter , icithout any salt, made up in plain
pounds from the milk of Cattle of any breed or cross other than those
mentioned in Class 494. [21 entries.]

42 I. G£4.)— MRS. M. STOKES, Heddon House Dairy, Wylam-on-Tyne.

26 II. (£2.)— Mrs. George ADLAM, Bubwith Farm. Wookey Hole, Wells.

38 III. Gel.)— MRS. Oxenham. Burntown, Tavistock.

46 R. N. & H. C.— JOHN H. WALKER, Whittocks End. Much Marcle, Dymock.

Class 496.— Two Pounds of Fresh Butter, slightly salted, made up in plain
pounds from the milk of Channel Island, Devon, or South Devon Cattle and
their crosses. [32 entries.]

76 I. (£i.)— MRS. JQHN WAY, West Bridge. Bishopsnympton. South Molton.

63 II (£2.) — MRS. L. R. Mildon, Higher Mead Down. Rackenford, Devon.

73 III. (A'l.)— Mrs. R. UNDERWOOD, Wards Coombe. Little Gaddesden, Berkhamsted.

61 R. N. & H. C.— MORTON Hides, Henford, Warminster.

Class 497 —Two Pounds of Fresh Butter, slightly salted , made up in plain
pounds from the milk of Cattle of any breed or cross other than those
mentioned in Class 496. [24 entries.]

92 I. G£4.)— Mrs. Oxenham, Burntown. Tavistock.

79 II. (£2.)— MRS. George ADLAM. Bubwith Farm, Wookey Hole, \\ ells.

98 in. (£1.)— Mrs. M. Stokes, Heddon House Dairy, Wylam-on-Tyne.

83 R. N. & H. C.— PETER FRAYNE, Coxley. near Wells.

Class 498.— Two Pounds of Butter, made from scalded cream. [16 entries.]

117 I G£4.) — Mrs. John way. West Bridge. Bishopsnympton, South Molton.

112 ii. i£2.)~ MRS. Oxenham, Burntown. Tavistock.

Ill III. GC1.)— MRS. L. R. Mildon, Higher Mead Down, Rackenford. Devon.

108 R. N. & H. c.— MRS. JOHN H. HEARN, Sydenham Damarel, Tavistock.

Class 499 . — Three Pounds of Fresh Butter, slightly salted, made up in
pounds in the most attractive marketable designs. [7 entries.]

122 I (£4.) — MRS. L. R. MILDON, Higher Mead Down. Rackenford, Devon.

124 II. {£2. ) — GEORGE Yenning, Langunnet Barton, Lerryn, Lostwithiel.

120 III. (£!.)—' Col. R. C. Hare, Reymerston Hall, Attleborough.

119 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. A. A. BERE, Stoodleigh Barton, Tiverton.

Class 500.— Three Pounds of Fresh Butter, slightly salted, made up in pounds,
and packed in non-returnable boxes for transmission by rail or parcel
post. [10 entries.]

130 I (^4.)— Viscount Portman, Bryanston, Blandford.

129 II (£2 )— MRS. L. R. MILDON. Higher Mead Down, Rackenford, Devon.

135 III. (H.)— MRS. JOHN Way, West Bridge, Bishopsnympton, South Molton.

132 R. *N. & H. C.— MRS. R. Underwood, Wards Coombe, Little Gaddesden, Berk-
hamsted.

I

cxxvi Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Cheese.

Made in 1913.

Class 501. — Three Cheddar Cheeses , of not less than 50 lb. each.

[45 entries.]

147 I. (£5.) — Alexander Cross, Knockdon Farm, Maybole.

169 II. (£3.)— Robert Stevenson, Boghead, Galston, Ayrshire.

140 III. (£2.) — W. Barron, Caigton, Castle Douglas.

144 R. N. & H. C. — C. CHANT, Well Farm, Alford, Castle Cary.

Class 502. — Three Cheddar Truckles. [37 entries.]

209 I. (£4.)— Robert Stevenson, Boghead, Galston, Ayrshire.

200 II. (£2.) — E. E. HODGES, Crowfield Farm. Easton, Wells.

195 III. (£1.) -P. H. Francis, Folly Farm, Upton Noble, Bruton.

202 R. N. & H. C.— T. LYONS, Harptree Farm, East Harptree, Bristol.

Class 503 —Three Coloured Cheshire Cheeses , not less than 40 lb. each.

[21 entries.]

228 I. (.£5.) — W. H. HOBSON, Gonsley Farm, Blakenhall, Nantwich.

230 II. (£3.)— F. A. Moore, The Grange Farm, Cheekley, Nantwich.

224 III. (£2.)— Samuel Dutton, Oak Farm, Haughton, Tarporley.

237 R. N. & H. C. — R. P. Walley, Cotton Abbotts, Waverton, Chester.

Class 504. — Three Uncoloured Cheshire Cheeses , not less than 40 lb. each.

[15 entries.]

248 I. (£5.)— THOMAS Mottershead, Wain House, Wem, Salop.

251 II. (£3.) — H. S. Walley, Bickerton Hall, Malpas.

249 III, (£2.)— Charles Price, Onston, Ellesmere.

243 R. N. & H. C.— Mrs. C. A. Goodwin, Aston Hill Farm, Stone, Staffs.

Class 505. — Three Double Gloucester Cheeses , not less than 22 lb. each.

[25 entries.]

273 I. (£5.)— A. Stone & Son, Hurlingpot, Doulting, Shepton Mallet.

256 II. (£3.) — The Cheddar Valley Dairy CO., Ltd., Rooksbridge, Axbridge.
258 III. (£2.) — T. ELTON, Baddon, Shepton Mallet.

275 R. N. & H. C. — ARTHUR Warren, Symes Dairy, North Perrott, Crewkerne.

Class 506. — Three Single Gloucester Cheeses , not less than 13 lb. each.

[15 entries.]

289 I. f£4.)-~ ARTHUR Warren, Symes Dairy, North Perrott, Crewkerne

290 II. (£2.)— H. J. WEEDEN, Walpeton Dairy. Dorchester.

287 III. (£1.)— Mrs. L. H. Shield, Alkington Farm. Berkeley, Glos.

292 R. N. & H. C-— Miss E. L. Wherrett, Hope House Farm, Cambridge, Stonehouse.

Class 507. — Three North Wiltshire Truckles. [3 entries.]

294 I. (£4.)— P. H. Francis, Folly Farm, Upton Noble, Bruton.

Class 50%.—Th7’ee Stilton Cheeses. [10 entries.]

303 I. (£4.) — Henry Morris, Manor Farm, Saxelbve, Melton Mowbray

304 II. (£2.)— SCALFORD DAIRY. Ltd., Scalford, Melton Mowbray.

297 III. (£1.)— BELVOIR Vale Dairies, Harby, Melton Mowbray.

300 R. N. & H. C.— Joseph Hall, Stathern, Melton Mowbray.

Class 509. — Three Wensleydale Cheeses , Stilton Shape. [7 entries.]

[No award,]

Class 510. — Three Caerphilly Cheeses. [22 entries.]

323 I. (£4.) — H. M. Hicks, Southfield Farm, Brean, Burnham.

324 II. (£2.)— E. E. Hodges, Crowfield Farm, Easton, Wells.

334 III. (£1.)— George Tucker, The Farm, Mudgley, Wedmore, Weston-super-Mare.
318 R; N. & H. C.— Edward Dibble, Brean, Burnham, Somerset.

Cider and Perry.

N.B.—The names of the Fruits from which the Cider or Perry is stated by the Exhibitor to
have been made are added after the address of the Exhibitor. In Classes 513 516 and
518 the date of making is also given.

Class 511. — Casks of Dry Cider , of not less than 9, and not more than 18

gallons , made in 1912. [16 entries.]

340 I. (£4.)— Herbert J. Davis, Goldsborough House, Sutton Montis, Sparkford.
Somerset. (Royal and White Jersey, Dove, Davis’s Favourite, and Cap of
Liberty.) ^

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

CXXVll

342 II. (,£2.)— PULLIN Bros., Compton Greenfield, Bristol. (Kingston Black and
Mixed Fruit.)

338 III. (£1.)— JOHN Bearns & CO., Bridgetown Stores, Totnes. (Mixed Fruit.)

350 R. N. & H. C.— Vickery Bros., West Somerset Cyder Works, Taunton. (Mixed
Fruit.)

Class 512. — Cashs of Sweet Cider , of not less than 9, and not more than 18

gallons, made in 1912. [19 entries.]

353 I. (£4.)— W. Henry Batting, St. Cyres, Exeter. (Sweet Alfred, Slack Me Girdle,
Hang Down, and Jersey Bitter Sweet.)

365 II. (£2), & 366 R. N. & H. C.— THOMAS Stone, Axe Vale Cider Works. Axminster.
(Mixed Fruit'.)

369 III. (£1.)— Vickery Bros., West Somerset Cyder Works, Taunton. (Kingston
Black and Mixed Fruit.)

Class 513. — Cashs of Cider , of not less than 9, and not more than 18 gallons,

made before 1912. [8 entries.]

378 I. (£4.)— Henry Whiteway & Co., Ltd., The Orchards, Whimple, Devon.
(Mixed Fruit, 1911.)

371 il. (£2.)— The Co. Armagh Cider Company, Portadown. (Mixed Fruit, 1910.)
375 III. (£1.) — PiIDLER & SON, Clehonger Manor Farm, Hereford. (Mixed Fruit, 1911.)

Class 514. — One Dozen Bottles of Dry Cider, made in 1912.

[20 entries.]

387 I. (£4.)— PULLIN BROS., Compton Greenfield, Bristol. (Kingston Black and Mixed
Fruit.)

379 II. (£2), & 381 R. N. & H. C.— SIR JOHN AMORY, Bt., Knightshayes Court, Tiverton.
( Mixed. Fruit.)

392 III. (£1.)— Thomas Stone, Axe Vale Cider Works, Axminster. (Mixed Fruit.)

Class 515. — One Dozen Bottles of Sweet Cider, made in 1912.

[31 entries.]

399 I. (£4, & Champion.1))— SIR JOHN AMORY, Bt., Knightshayes Court, Tiverton.
(Mixed Fruit.)

415 II. (£2.)— PULLIN BROS., Compton Greenfield, Bristol. (Kingston Black and Mixed
Fruit.)

424 III. (£1.)— Tilley BROS., Shepton Mallet. (Horner, White Jersey, and Kingston
Black.)

408 R. N. & H. C.— Herbert J. DAVIS, Goldsborough House, Sutton Montis, Spark-
ford, Somerset. (Harry Master, White Jersey, Homer, and Kingston Black.)

Class 516. — One Dozen Bottles of Cider, made before 1912.

[17 entries.]

438 I. (£4, & R. N. for Champion.1)— Bidler & Son, Clehonger Manor Farm, Hereford.
(Kingston Black, 1911.)

446 II. (£2.)— Philip WILLCOX, Nupdown Farm, Thombury, Glos. (Kingston Black,

442 III1 (£1.) — 1 Tilley BROS., Shepton Mallet. (Horner, White Jersey and Kingston
Black, 1911.)

445 R. N. & H. C.— Henry Whiteway & Co., Ltd., The Orchards, Whimple, Devon.
(Mixed Fruit, 1911).

Class 517— One Dozen Bottles of Dry Perry. [5 entries.]

[No Award.]

Class 518. — One Dozen Bottles of Sweet Perry. [9 entries.]

460 I. (£4.)— Tilley Bros., Shepton Mallet. (Oldfield and Butt, 1912.)

459 II. (£2.)— Tilley Bros. (Oldfield, 1912.)

453 III. (£1.)— Daniel Phelps & Son, Tibberton, Gloucester. (Huff Cap and Old-

454 R^N. & H. C.— The Quantock Vale Cider Co., Ltd., North Petherton, Bridg-
water. (Butt, 1912.)

Wool.

Of 1913 Clip.

Class 519. — Three Fleeces of Oxford Down Wool.2

[2 entries.]

461 I. (£3.)— John Bryan, Southleigh, Witney, Oxon. (Ewes.)

462 II. (£2.)— Hugh W. Stilgoe, The Grounds, Adderbury, Banbury. (Yearling Ewe

Hoggs.)

1 Challenge Cup given by the Cider Growers of the West of England for the best
exhibit in Classes 511-516.

•2 Prizes given by the Oxford Down Sheep Breeders' Association.

CXXV111

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 520.— Three Fleeces of Southdown Wool.1 [10 entries.]

464 I. (£3.) — SIR Jeremiah COLMAN, Bt.. Gatton Park, Surrey. (Yearling Sheep.)

472 II. {£2.) — The Earl of Suffolk and Berkshire, Charlton Park, Malmesbury.
(Ewes).

470 III. (£1.)— W. F. RUDWICK, Cackham Tower, West Wittering, Chichester.
(Yearling Hoggs).

• Class 521. — -Three Fleeces of Suffolh Wool.2 3 4 [6 entries.]

474 I. (£3.)— A. H. Cobbald, Eldo House, Bury St. Edmunds. (Yearling Sheep.)

473 II. (£2.)— Robert Burrell, Westley Hall, Bury St. Edmunds. (Yearling Ewes.)
478 III. (£3.)— Herbert E. Smith, The Grange, Walton, Suffolk. (Yearling Ewes.)

Class 522. — Three Fleeces of any Long Wool. [17 entries.]

483 I. (£5). — Sir EVERARD A. Hambro, K.C.Y.O., Milton Abbey, Blandford. (Dorset
Horn Hoggs.)

494 II. (£3.) — David J. Thomas, Talachddu, Brecon. (Ryeland Ewes.)

495 III. (£2.)— Col. Thomas Wood, Gwernyfed, Three Cocks, Breconshire. (Kerry
Hill (Wales) Shearling Sheep.)

Class 523. — Three Fleeces of Wensley dale Blue- Faced Wools [7 entries.]

496 I. (£3.) — Lord Henry Bentinok, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. (Ewe
Hoggs.)

502 II. (.£2.) THE Exors. of the late Thomas WILLIS, Manor House, Carperby,
Yorks. (Yearling Hoggs.)

499 III. (£1.)— R. H. Milner, Mo wbrick, Hest Bank, Lancaster. (Yearling Hoggs.)

Class 524. — Three Fleeces of Kent or Romney Marsh Wools [15 entries.]

512 I. (,£3.) — ROBERT KENWARD, Udimore, Rye. (2-year Hoggs.)

514 II. (£2.) — Frederick Neame, Macknade, Faversham. (Yearling Ewes.)

517 III. (£1.) Walter F. Wood, Chekes Court, Sittingbourne. (Yearling Hoggs.)

510 R. N. & H. C.— C. E. Gunther, Tongswood, Hawkhurst, Kent.

Class 525. — Three Fleeces of any Long Wool. [13 entries.]

528 I. (£5.)— J. Egerton Quested, The Firs, Cheriton, Kent, (Kent or Romney Marsh
Two Shear Wethers).

527 II. (£3.)-— The Exors. of the late Captain Moore, Sittingbourne. (Kent or
Romney Marsh Two Shear Wethers.)

526 III. (£2). Robert Kenward, Udimore, Rye. (Kent or Romney Marsh Two
Shear Wethers.)

Class 526. — Three Fleeces of Exmoor Wool S [2 entries.]

531 I. (£3.)— Percy Smyth, Broford, Dulverton. (Yearling Sheep.)

532 II. (£2.) — D. J. Tapp, Highercombe, Dulverton. (2-year Wethers.)

Class 527. Three Fleeces of Mountain or Moorland Wool , comprising Dartmoor ,
Exmoor , Derdwich, Welsh and Blaclt-faced Mountain. [7 entries.]

539 I. (£5.)— D. J. TAPP. Highercombe, Dulverton. (Exmoor Yearling Ewes.)

£34 II. (£3.)— H. O. Ellis, Tyhendre. Bangor. (Welsh Mountain Yearling Wethers.)
537 III. £2.)— W. G. Roberts, Dyserth Hall, Dyserth, Flints. (Welsh Mountain Ewes.)

536 R. N. & H. C. Joseph L. Gratton, Fron Haul Farm, Dyserth Road, Rhyl (Welsh
Mountain Yearling Sheep.)

HIVES, HONEY, AND BEE APPLIANCES.

Class 528. Collections of Dives and Appliances. [5 entries.]

542 I. (£4.)— J. Lee & Son, George Street, Uxbridge.

543 II. (£2.)— W. P. MEADOWS, Syston, Leicester.

544 III. (£1.) — E. H. TAYLOR, Welwyn, Herts.

540 R. N. & H. C.— R. BROWN & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class 529. — Frame ITives, for general use, unpainted. [8 entries.]

549 I. (20a)— J. Lee & SON, George Street, Uxbridge
552 II. (15s.)— E. PI. TAYLOR, Welwyn, Herts.

547 III. (10a)— J. P. Curtis, High Street, Weston-super-Mare.

545 R. N. & H. C. R. Brown & Son, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

1 Prizes given by the Southdown Sheep Society.

2 Prizes given by the Suffolk Sheep Society.

3 £r!zes given by the Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep Breeders’ Association

4 Prizes given by the Kent or Romnev Marsh Sheep Breeders’ Association,
s Prizes given by the Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders’ Society.

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxxix

Glass 530. — Frame Hires, for Cottager's use , unpainted. [4 entries.]

556 I. (20s.) — E. H. Taylor, Welwyn, Herts.

554 II. (15s. )—J. Lee & SON, George Street, Uxbridge.

555 III, (10s.)—' W. P. Meadows, Syston, Leicester.

553 R. N. & H. G. — R. Brown & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class 531. — Honey Extractors. [5 entries.]
558 I. (15s.)— W. P. Meadows, Syston, Leicester.

2°7 U* (10s.)— R. Brown & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.
o61 Certificate of Merit.— E. H. Taylor, Welwyn, Herts.

Class 532. — Observatory Hives , with not less than three Brood Combs , with Bees

and Queen. [2 entries.]

562 II. (15s.)— R. Brown & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class 533. — Any appliances connected with Bee-keeping, to which no prize has
been awarded at a Show of the R.A.S.F. [7 entries.]

[No Award.]

Class 534. — Comb Honey. 1 [4 entries.]

573 I. (10s.)— G. W. Kirby, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

574 II. (7s. 6d.) — J. Splller, 7, St. George’s Terrace, Taunton.

572 Certificate of Merit.— H. Kingston, Whitechurch, Bristol.

Class 535. — Extracted Bight-coloured Honey. [3 entries.]

575 I. (10s.)— F. G. HALES, Post Office, Welton, Bath.

577 II. (7s. 6 d.)—Q. W. KIRBY, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

576 Certificate of Merit.— H. Kingston, Whitechurch, Bristol.

Class 536. — Collective Exhibits of Four Sections of Comb Honey : Four Jars of
Extracted Light Coloured Honey , Four Jars of Extracted Medium or
Bark Coloured Honey, Four Jars of Granulated Honey, and lib. BeesWax.

[2 entries.]

579 I. (20s.)— G. W. Kirby, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

578 II. (10s.)— H. Kingston, Whitechurch, Bristol.

Class 537. — Comb HoneyJ [7 entries.]

585 I. (20s.) — J. PEARAIAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

584 II. (15s.) J. G. NICHOLSON, The Apiary, Langwathby.

586 III, (10s.) — H. W. Taylor, Earls Croome, Worcester.

581 R. N. & H. C. T. A. Dennison, The Laurels, Stockton, Rugby.

Class 538. — Extracted Light- coloured Honey. [10 entries.]

594 I. (20s.) — J. PEARAIAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

589 II. (15s.)— D. H. BURGESS, Elworth, Sandback.

596 III. (10s.)— The Studley Horticultural College, Studley Castle, Warwick-
shire.

595 R. N. & H. C. — W. SHUKER, Middleton, Scriven, Bridgenorth.

Class 539. — Extracted Medium or Barh-coloured Honey. [6 entries.]

601 I. (20s.) — J. PEARAIAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

598 II. (15s.) — W. B. ALLISTER, Throckenholt, Wisbech.

599 III. (10s.) — J. BERRY, The Apiary, Llanrwst.

597 R. N. & H. C. — W. H. Allard, Poors Plot Farm, Stockton, Rugby.

Class 540 .— Granulated Hoziey. [5 entries.]

607 I. (20s.)— J. WOODS, ll) Church Warsop, Mansfield.

606 II. (15s.)— J. Pearaian, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

605 HI. (10s.)— T. Marshall, Ivy Cottage, Sutton-on-Trent, Newark.

603 R. N. & H. C. — D. H. BURGESS, Elworth, Sandbach.

Class 541. — Comb Honey J [9 entries.]

610 I. (20s.)— R. Brown & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

616 II. (15s.) — A. YOUNG, East Street, Chatham.

608 III. (10s.) — MISS M BARNARDISTON, The Ryes, Sudbury. Suffolk.

609 R. N. & H. C. — A. D. Boulden, Boughton Monchelsea, Maidstone.

1 Entries in Classes 534-536 can only be made by Members of the Somersetshire
Beekeepers’ Association.

2 Entries in Classes 537-540 can only be made by residents in Cheshire, Cumberland,
Derbyshire, Durham, Herefordshire, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Mon-
mouthshire, Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire,
Warwickshire, Westmorland, Worcestershire, Yorkshire, the Isle of Man, Ireland,
Scotland, or Wales.

3 Entries in Classes 541-544 can only be made by residents in Bedfordshire, Berkshire,
Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Essex, Gloucestershire,
Hampshire, Hertfordshire, Huntingdonshire, Isle of Wight, Kent, Middlesex, Norfolk
Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, or Wiltshire.

VOL. 74. U

OXXX

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 542. — Extracted Light-coloured Honey. [9 entries.]

024 I. C20.s.) — S. G. S. LEIGH, The Nurseries, Broughton, Hants.

617 II. (,15s.)— A. H. Bowen, Coronation Road, Cheltenham.

623 III. (10s.)— G. W. KIRBY, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

618 R. N. & H. C.— R. BROWN & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class 543. — Extracted Medium or Dark- coloured Honey . [6 entries.]

626 I. (20s.)— 0. E. BlLLSON, Cranford, Kettering.

631 II. (15s.) — A. McOULLAGH, Webberton, Dunchideock, Exeter.

620 III. (10s.) — A. L. O. Fell, Longwall, Walton-on-Thames.

630 R. N. & H. C.— G. W. Kirby, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

Class 544. — Granulated Honey. [4 entries.]

635 I. (20s.) — W, TUCKER, Jump, High Bickington, Umberleigh, Devon.

633 II. (15s.)— R. llOLBOROW, Long Street, Tetbury, Glos.

632 III. (10s.)— R. Brown & Son, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class 545. — Shallow Frames of Comb Honey, for extracting. [10 entries.]

641 I. (20s.)— F. G. Hales, Post Office, Wellow, Bath.

645 II. (15s.)— H. W. Taylor, Earls Croome, Worcester.

637 III. (10s.) — A. D. BOULDEN, Boughton Monchelsea, Maidstone.

638 R. N. & H. C.— R. Brown & Son, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class 546. — Heather Honey. [5 entries.]

647 I. (20s.)— W. Dixon, 27 Central Road, Leeds.

646 II. (15s.)— J. BERRY, The Apiary, Llanrwst.

648 III. (10s.)— M. LAMBOLL, Chiddingfold, Surrey.

649 R. N. & H. C.— J, PEARHAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

Class 547 —Heather Mixture Extracted Honey. [7 entries.]

654 I. (20s.)— M. LAMBOLL, Chiddingfold, Surrey.

657 II. (15s.)— C. E. SMITH, 5 Grayfleld Place, Sutton-in-Aslifield.

651 III. (10s.)— J. BERRl", The Apiary, Llanrwst.

652 R. N. & H. C. — W. DIXON, 27 Central Road, Leeds.

Class 548, — Best and Most Attractive Displays of Honey.

[3 entries.]

660 I. (30s.)— J. PEARMAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

658 II. (20s.), & 659 III. (10s.)— R. BROWN & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

Class 549. — Exhibits of not less than 2 lb. of Beeswax , the Produce of the

Exhibitor's Apiary. [8 entries.]

667 I. (10s.)— J. PEARMAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

664 II. (7s. 6d.)— G. W. KIRBY, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

662 III. (5s.)— R. BROWN & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

668 R. N. & H. C.— W. TUCKER, Jump, High Bickington, Umberleigh, Devon.

Class 550. — Exhibits of not less than 3 lb. of Beeswax, the Produce of the

Exhibitor' s Apiary. [6 entries.]

673 I. (10s.)— J. PEARMAN, Penny Long Lane, Derby.

669 II. (7s. 6ti.)— J. BERRY, The Apiary, Llanrwst.

670 III. (5s.)— T. A. DENNISON, The Laurels, Stockton, Rugby.

672 R. N. & H. C— G. W. Kirby, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

Class 551. — Honey Vinegar. [3 entries.]

677 I. (7s. 6d.)— G. W. KIRBY, 17 Priory Road, Knowle, Bristol.

675 II. (5s.)— R. BROWN & SON, Flora Apiary, Somersham, Hunts.

676 Certificate of Merit.— Mrs. W. Herrod, Old Bedford Road, Luton.

Class 552. — Mead. [6 entries.]

680 I. (7s. 6<?.)— MRS. W. HERROD, Old Bedford Road, Luton.

681 II. (5s.)— A. McCULLAH, Webberton, Dunchideock, Exeter.

678 Certificate of Merit.— G. H. Barnes, 1 Shepherd's Lane, Dartford.

Class 553. — Exhibits of a practical or interesting nature connected with
Bee-culture , not mentioned in the foregoing Classes. [No entry.]

Class 554. — Exhibit of a scientific nature, not mentioned in the foregoing
Classes, to which no prize has been awarded at a Show of the R.A.S.E.

[2 entries.]

684 I. (10s.)— J. S. Baldry, Clasketgate, Lincoln.

685 II. Certificate of Merit.— G. Steventon, Shaftesbury Lodge, Bisley, Surrey.

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxxxi

BUTTER-MAKING COMPETITIONS.

Tuesday, July \st. [36 entries.]

23 I. (£5.)— Miss Elsie Addis, Chilston, Madley, Hereford.

18 II. (£3.) — MISS Georgina J. SLATTER, Frampton Farm, Alderton, Tewkesbury

24 III. (£2.) — Miss L. O. P. Gordon-Allen, Belmont, Crichley Hill, Gloucester.

31 IV. (£l.) — MISS Bose Hull. Croome Farm, Severn Stoke, Worcs.

19 V. (10s.) — Miss Jane Williams, Hendre Farm, Pontypridd.

26 Certificate of Merit.— Miss Gladys M. Marfell, Great House, Llangeview, Usk.

Wednesday , July 2nd. [36 entries.]

39 I. (.£5.) — Miss L. M. BOMFORD, Stoulton Farm, Worcester.

58 II. (£3.)— Miss Martha Beatrice Davies, Cefn Carnau Farm, Caerphilly.
68 III. (£2.) — MISS Mary E. Read, Church Farm, Cam, Dursley.

44 IV. (£1.)— Miss Jessie Fletcher, Haydon Grange, Compton Martin, Bristol.
65 V. (10s.)— Miss ruby Harding, The Farm, Whitminster, Stonehouse.

50 Certificate of Merit.— Miss Emily Parry, Mitchell, Ledbury.

Thursday , July 3rd. [35 entries.]

93 I. (£5.)— Miss Clara Spencer, Ty Gwyn, Llandaie, Kilgeddin, Abergavenny.

103 II. (£3.)— Miss E. M. Mortimer, The Gables, Box, Minchinhampton, Stroud.

73 III. (£2.) — A. J. MlLDON, Higher Mead Down, Rackenford, Devon.

77 IV. (£1.)— Miss Dolly Smith, Trehernes Farm, Pedmore, Stourbridge.

81 V. (10s.)— Miss Alice Spencer, Ty Gwyn, Llandaie, Kilgeddin, Abergavenny.

99 R. N. & H. 0— MISS Emily G. PROUT, Standish Court, Stonehouse.

Open Champion Class. — Saturday , July 5th. [52 entries.]

139 I. (£10, & Champion.)— Miss Jennie L. Prichard, Village Farm, Upton Warren,
Bromsgrove.

130 R. N. & H. C. — Miss Oissie PANTALL, Keep Hill, Bromyard.

Special Prizes given by the Devon County Agricultural Education Committee
for candidates resident in Devonshire who obtain the highest number of
marks in the competitions.

73 (£4.) — A. J. MlLDON, Higher Mead Down, Rackenford.

42 (£3.)— MISS L. PAGE, Whitsley Barton, St. Giles, Torrington.

10 (£2.)— Mrs. C. A. Simmons, Heathfield, Clyst St. Mary. Exeter.

Special Prizes given by the Gloucestershire Agricultural Sub- Committee for
candidates resident in Gloucestershire who obtain the highest number of
marks in the competitions.

103 (£4.)— Miss E. M. Mortimer, The Gables, Box, Minchinhampton.

68 (£3.) — MISS MARY E. READ, Church Farm, Cam, Dursley.

18 (£2.)— Miss GEORGINA J. SLATTER, Frampton Farm, Alderton, Tewkesbury.

65 (£1.)— Miss Ruby Harding, The Farm, Whitminster, Stonehouse.

Special Prizes given by the Monmouthshire County Agricultural Education
Committee for candidates resident in Monmouthshire who obtain the highest
number of marks in the competitions.

93 (£4.)— Miss Clara Spencer 1™ aa-

81 (£3.)— Miss Alice Spencer j ^wyn’ Llandaie, Kilgeddin, Abergavenny.

26 (£2.)— Miss Gladys M. Marfell, Great House, Llangeview, Usk.

53 (£1.)— MISS ANNIE MORGAN, The Meads, Trelleck Grange, Chepstow.

Special Prizes given by the Somerset County Agricultural Instruction Com-
mittee tor candidates resident in Somersetshire who obtain the highest
number of marks in the competitions.

44 (£4.)— MISS Jessie Fletcher, Haydon Grange, Compton Martin, Bristol.

17 (£3.) — Miss Edith Ford, Cross Tree Farm, Walton-in-Gordano, Clevedon.

97 (£2.) — MRS. IDA WINTER, Rookery Farm, Norton Malreward, Pensford, Bristol.

14 (£1.)— Miss Kitty Rawlings, Claysend Farm, Newton St. Loe, Bristol.

Special Prizes given by the Worcestershire Agricultural Education Committee
for candidates resident in Worcestershire who obtain the highest number of
marks in the competitions.

39 (£4.)— MISS L. N. BOMFORD, Stoulton Farm, Worcester.

77 (£3.) — Miss Dolly Smith, Trehernes Farm, Pedmore, Stourbridge.

31 (£2.) — MISS ROSE Hull, Croome Farm, Severn Stoke.

70 (£l.) — MISS Mary Nixon, Sermons Farm, Wadborough, Worcester.

CXXX11

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

HORSE-SHOEING COMPETITIONS.

21

Class 1. — Hunters. [40 competitors.]

MORGAN, A.F.C.L., R.S.S., Cwmper, Llanarthney,

A.F.C.L., R.S.S., 2 Finchley Avenue, Finch Road,

R.S.S., 3 St. Ann

Upham,

I. (£5, & G. M.1)— Herbert

Carmarthenshire.

24 II. (£3 10s.) — E. G. NORTON,

Handsworth, Staffs. . ^ T

12 III. (£2 10s., & s. M. 3 )— Thomas George Feltham, A.F.C.L.,

Street, Salisbury. _ _ _ __

31 IV. (£2.)— Frederick William Sheppard, R.S.S., The Forge,

3 VS°?»°&n-B. M. 3 )— Samuel Chapman, R.S.S., Stanwick, Wellingborough.

18 VI. (£1.) -Harry Jones, R.S.S., The Hendre Forge, Monmouth.

9 R. N. & H. C.— Charles S. Double, A.F.C.L., R.S.S., Holmleigh, Spencers Wood,

Reading. „ ,, _ ...

Class 2. — j Roadsters. [56 competitors.]

T (£5 &G M *)— Harry Jones, R.S.S., The Hendre Forge, Monmouth.

IT (£3 10s ’& S. M.3)— F. R. WHITEHORN, R.S.S., Central Shoeing Forge, Ebbw Vale.

III (£2 10s— William Morgan, Cwmper, Llanarthney, Carmarthen.

IV ’ (£2 )— EDWIN Bromfield, R.S.S., Shoeing Forge, Circus Mews, Bath.

V ’(£1 10s.)— A. E. Feltham, R.S.S., Odstock, Salisbury.

VI '(£1.)— Eli DEAVILLE, R.S.S., Hanbury, Burton- on-Trent.

R. N. & H. C., & B. M.3)— Ernest J. Whitehorn, A.F.C.L., R.S.S., Globe Shoeing

Forge, Tredegar, Mon.

Class 3. — Cart Horses. [49 competitors.]

I. (£5, & G. M.1)— 1 Charles S. Double, A.F.C.L., R.S.S., Holmleigh, Spencers

nO?&?0sa&SgM.3)— DAYID Davies, R.S.S., Duffryn Street, Mountain Ash.
ttt (£2 10s., & B. M. 2 ) -HARRY Jones, R.S.S., The Hendre Forge, Monmouth.

145 IV * (£2 )— Gwilym Wilkins, R.S.S., Danygraig, Talog, Carmarthen.

101 V ’(£1 iOs.)— Eli DEAVILLE, R.S.S., Hanbury, Burton-on-Trent.

131 vi. (^l.)-E- G. NORTON, A.F.C.L., R.S.S., 2 Finchley Avenue, Finch Road, Hands-
worth, Staffs.

120 R. N. & H. 0.— Evan JONES, 281 Park Road, Cwmparc, Treorchy, Glam.

Special Prizes given by the Gloucestershire Agricultural Sub-Committee in
each Class to Students who have attended Classes in Farriery conducted
by their Instructor in the County.

Class 1.

17 (£2 )— OLIVER Higgins, R.S.S., St. John Street, Thornbury.

33 (£1)— ' Tom Robbinson Stevens, R.S.S., The Bridge, Fairford.

16 (10s.) — Joseph Hemmings, R.S.S., Three Horse Shoes, Lechlade.

1 R. N. & H. C.— Samuel Bayliss, R S.S., North Street, Winchcomhe.

Class II.

74 (£2 )— George Oakey, R.S.S., 9 Park Street, Fairford.

61 (£1*)— JOSEPH HEMMINGS, R.S S., Three Horse Shoes, Lechlade.

85 (10s*.)— Tom Robbinson STEVENS, R.S.S., The Bridge, Fairford.

62 R. N. & H. C.— Oliver Higgins, R.S.S., St. John Street, Thornbury.

Class III.

116 (£2 )— OLIVER HIGGINS, R.S.S., St. John Street, Thornbury.

115 (£1 ) — Joseph Hemmings, R.S.S., Three Horse Shoes, Lechlade.

112 (10s.) — John James Hall, R.S.S.. 5L Lewis Lane, Cirencester.

136 R. N- & H C.— Thomas Robinson, R.S.S., Buscot, Lechlade.

65

94

71

42

55

46

93

103

99

121

FARM PRIZE COMPETITIONS.3

(Open to bona fide Tenant Farmers.)

Classes 1 and 2— For the best managed Farms in Gloucestershire.

Class 1. — Farms of 250 acres or over , exclusive of Down. [5 entries.]

3 I. (£80.)— George H. Jones, Badminton, S.O.

2 II. (£40.)— Henry Bridgman, Cleve Hill Farm, Downend, Bristol.

4 R. N.— THOMAS rich, Aids worth, Northleach.

i Gold Medal given by the Worshipful Company of Farriers to the First Prize

Winner in each Class. _ . . . .

a Silver and Bronze Medals given by the National Master Farriers Association, in
each Class, for Members of that Association only.

8 Prizes given by the Bristol Local Committee.

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxxxm

Class 2. — Farms of not less than 50 and under 250 acres , exclusive of Down.

[3 entries.]

7 I. (£50.)— Henry Matthews, Down Farm, Winterbourne, Bristol.

6 II. (£30.)— William MCEWEN SMITH, Westmoreland Farm, Henbury, Bristol.

Classes 3, 4, and 5.— For the best managed Farms in Somersetshire and Dorsetshire.

Class 3. — Farms of 300 acres or over , exclusive of Down. [7 entries.]

14 I. (£80.)— Percy C. Tory, Shapwick, Blandford. .

15 II. (£40.)— William R, Withers. Lower Court Farm, Long Ashton, Bristol.

11 R.N. & H. c.— frank J. Merson & SON, Farringdon, North Petherton, Bridgwater-

Class 4. — Farms of not less than 150 and under 300 acres , exclusive of Down.

[11 entries.]

16 I (£80.)— J. KING BRAIN. Little Weston Farm, Spar kford, Somerset.

26 II. (£40.)— Walter George Williams, Elm Tree Farm, Portbury, Bristol.

23 R. N. & H. C— ALBERT J. ROWLES, Houndstone Farm, Yeovil.

Class 5. Farms of not less than 50 and under 150 acres , exclusive of Down.

[6 entries.]

27 I (£40 )-Benjamin Robert Broughton. HeUings Farm, Crewkerne.

30 II. (£20.)— JOHN MARSHALL, Ham Farm, Wraxalfl Bristol.

32 R * N & H. C.— SAMUEL A. ROSSITER, Lymburghs Farm, Marnhull, Blandford.

FORESTRY SECTION.

Class 1. — Specimens of Oak. Elm , Ash . and Beech Timber. [4 entries.]

1 I (Silver Medal.)— Earl Beauchamp, K.C.M.G., Madresfleld Court Malvern.

3 II. (Bronze Medal.) — Dame Emily Frances Smyth, Ashton Court, Bristol.

2 R.N. & H. C— the Earl OF Morley, Whiteway House, Chudleigh, Devon.

Class 2 .—Specimens of Larch , Spruce , and Scotch Pine Timber. [7 entries.]

7 T (Silvpr Medal )— THE EARL OF MORLEY, Whiteway House, Chudleigh, Devon.

5 IL (Bronze Medal.)— Earl Beauchamp, K.C.M.G., Madresfleld Court, Malvern.

9 R. N. & H. C.— Lady Wantage. Lockinge Park, Wantage.

j Class 3 —Specimens of any other sort of Hard Wood or Broad-leaved Timber.
“■ [1 entry.]

12 I. (Silver Medal.)-EARL Beauchamp, K.C.M.G., Madresfleld Court. Malvern.

Class 4.— Specimens of any other sort of Coniferous Timbei'. [2 1 entries.]
to T (CiiVer Medal )— Earl Beauchamp, K.C.M.G., Madresfleld Court, Malvern.

14 (Bronze Medal )-The Earl of CARNARVON, Highclere Castle, Newbury.

15 (BwSz l Medal.)— Lady Wantage, Lockinge Park, Wantage.

Class 5— Oak Field Gates for Farm use. [6 entries.]

JJ h M^dresflekl'CourL' Malvern.

18 £ A & E d- SIR GEORGE A. COOPER, BT., Hursley Park, Winchester.

Class 6 .-Field Gates for Farm use , of any other Home-grown Wood. [7 entries.]

s fe

25 R. N. & H. C.-SIR George A. Cooper, Bt., Hursley Park, Winchester.

Class 7.— Wicket or Hunting Gates. [6 entries.]
t sei tut /ini ^ p apt ■Ri7ATTrH4MP a.rlresfleld Court, I^^lvGrn.

31 II (Bronze1 Medal j-SiR George A. Cooper, Bt., Hursley Park, Winchester.

II R .N & HC COLONEL marling, VC., C.B., Sedbury Park, Chepstow.

Class 8 —Tree Guards. [3 entries.]

35 I. (Silver Medal.)-EARL BEAUCHAMP, K.C.M.G, Madresfleld Court, Malvern.

Class 9— Fencing, of home-grown wood, and made in Great Britain.

[1 entry.]

38 I (Silver Medal.)-SiR George A. Cooper, Bt, Hursley Park, Winchester.

Class 10 .—Fencing, of Foreign' Timber. [2 entries.]

qq-47 T (Silver Medal.)— ARMSTRONG, ADDISON & Co,

48-1e II. (Bronfe Medau-ENGLISH Brothers, Ltd., Wisbech.

CXXX1V

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 11. — Specimens showing comparative quality of any Timber grown on
different soils and situations , and the respective ages at which it reaches
marketable size and maturity.

[2 entries.]

57 (Silver Medal.)— Earl Beauchamp, K.CM.G., Madresfleld Court, Malvern.

51 R. N. & H. C. — M. P. Price, Tibberton Court, Gloucester.

Class 12. — Specimens of Stems , and Boards cut from them , illustrating the effects
of dense and thin crops in branch suppression and quality of timber.

[1 entry.]

59 (Silver Medal.)— Earl Beauchamp, K.C.M.G., Madresfleld Court, Malvern.

Class 13. — Nurserymen! s Competition for the best exhibit of Specimen and

Ornamental Trees. [1 entry.]

60 (Silver Medal.)— Dicksons, Ltd., Chester.

Classes 14 to 22. — Articles not for competition.

Silver Medal.— Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

Silver Medal.— The Duke of Wellington, K.G., Strathfieldsaye, Mortimer, Berks.
Silver Medal.— Dicksons, Ltd., Chester.

Silver Medal.— Fisher, Son & Sibray, Ltd., Royal Nurseries, Handsworth, Sheffield.
Bronze Medal. — Earl Stanhope, Chevening, Sevenoaks.

Gold Medal for the best general collection of exhibits in Classes 1-22 to Earl
Beauchamp, K.C.M.G., Madresfleld Court, Malvern.

Home Grown Tobacco.

I. (Silver Medal.)— Major G. F. Whitmore, Methwold, Norfolk.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— Col. Sir Nugent T. Eyerard, Bt., Randlestown, Navan, Co.
Meath.

R. N. & H. C.— Major G. F. Whitmore, Methwold, Norfolk.

PLANTATIONS COMPETITION.

Restricted to Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, and Monmouthshire.

Plantations must not be of less than five years’ growth.

STAGE A.— Plantations which have been weeded or lightly thinned, including the
removal of dead or dying trees.

Stage B. — From the end of STAGE A up to the completion of the second
thinnings.

SECTION I.

Hardwoods as final crop. To be not less than 4 acres in extent. Restricted
to estates of which more than 300 acres are woodlands.

Class 1, Stage A.

I. (Silver Medal.)— Dame Emily Frances Smyth, Ashton Court, Bristol.

Class 2, Stage B.

No Entry.

Conifers. To be not less than 4 acres in extent. Restricted to estates of

which more than 300 acres are woodlands.

Class 3, Stage A.

I. (Silver Medal.)— C. M. Crompton Roberts, Drybridge, Monmouth.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— Earl Poulett, Hinton House, Hinton St. George, Somerset.

Class 4, Stage B.

I. (Silver Medal.)— A. F. Luttrell, Dunster Castle, Dunster, Somerset.

SECTION II.

Hardwoods as final crop. To be not less than 2 acres in extent. Restricted
to estates of which less than 300 acres are woodlands.

Class 5, Stage A.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— The DUKE OF Devonshire, G.O.V.O., Devonshire House,
Piccadilly, London, W.

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxxxv

Class 6, Stage B.

[No entry.]

Conifers. To be not less than 2 acres in extent. Eestricted to estates of

which less than 300 acres are woodlands.

Class 7, Stage A., and Class 8, Stage B.

[No entries.]

Class 9. — Best examples showing systematic management of existing rcoodland
area , including the renovation and conversion of an unprofitable wood into a
profitable condition.

I. (Silver Medal.) — A. F. Luttrell, Dunster Castle, Dunster, Somerset.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— Major-General Sir Ivor J. C. Herbert, Bt., C.B., C.M.G.,
M.P., Llanarth Court, Raglan, Mon.

Class 10. — Plantations of not less than 2 acres , consisting of Douglas Fir ,
Sitka Spruce , Japanese Larch , Corsican Pine , or any other rarer Conifer ,
pure or mixed , of not less than five or more than thirty years' growth.

I. (Silver Medal.) — A. F. Lcjttrell, Dunster Castle, Dunster, Somerset.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— Earl Fortesoue, Castle Hill, South Molton.

Class 11. — Best managed woodland estates , not less than 1,000 acres in area.

I. (Gold Medal.)— Dame Emily Frances Smyth, Ashton Court, Bristol.

Gold Medal given by the Royal English Arboricultural Society for the best Plantation
to C. M. CROMPTON Roberts, Drybridge, M6nmouth.

HOME NURSERIES COMPETITION.

Restricted to Somerset, Devon, Cornwall, and Monmouthshire.

Class 1. — Best Managed General Home Nurseries , not less than 1 acre

in extent.

I. (Silver Medal.)— Dame Emily Frances Smyth, Ashton Court, Bristol.

II. (Bronze Medal.)— Earl Fortescue, Castle Hill, South Molton.

Class 2. — Best Managed General Home Nurseries, less than 1 acre

in extent.

[No entry.]

Class 3. — Best Managed Temporary Forest Nurseries.

[No entry.]

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION.

Class 1. — Groups of Miscellaneous Plants , in and out of bloom. [3 entries.]

1 I. (£30.) — James Cypher & Sons, Queen’s Road Nurseries. Cheltenham.

2 II. (£25.)— W. A. Holmes, West End Nurseries, Chesterfield.

3 III. (£20.) — C. J. Ellis, Weston Nursery, Knightstone Road, Weston-super-Mare.

Class 2. — Collections of Orchids. [2 entries.]

5 I. (Gold Medal & £10.)— Armstrong & Brown, Tunbridge Wells.

4 II. (£5.) — JAMES Cypher, Exotic Nurseries, Cheltenham.

Class 3. — Groups of Carnations , Flowers, and Plants combined. [1 entry.]

6 I. (Gold Medal & £5.)— Charles Wall, Melrose Nursery, South Down, Bath.

Class 4. — Groups of Tuberous Begonias in pots. [1 entry.]

7 I. (Gold Medal Sc £10.) — Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton Hill Nursery, Bath.

Class 5. — Grouvs of Hardy Plants, Bamboos, Water Lilies, and Aquatics, <kc.

[1 entry.]

7A I. (£20.) — WM. ARTINGDALE & SON, Nether Green Nurseries, Sheffield.

Class 6. — Groups of Hardy Herbaceous Plants and Cut Flowers. [3 entries.]

8 I. (£15.)— HARKNESS & SONS, Bedale, Yorks.

9 II. (£10.)— GIBSON & CO., Leeming Bar, Bedale.

9A III, (£8.)— WM. ARTINGDALE & Son, Nether Green Nurseries, Sheffield.

CXXXV1

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Class 7 . — Collections of Cut Sprays of Carnations. [4 entries.]

M tt 5’„ & Sold Medal.)— Charles Wall, Melrose Nursery, South Down, Bath.
10 II (£ 3.)-The Duchess of Somerset, Maiden Bradley, Bath.

13 III. (£2.)-C. ENGELMANN, Saffron Walden.

Class 8. - Collections of 72 Show Roses. [8 entries.]

on tt & Sons, Ltd.. Hawlmark, Newtownards, co. Down.

20 II. (£2.)— Kings acre Nurseries, Ltd., Hereford.

18 III. (£1.) — English Ltd., Gloucester.

Class 9.— Collections of Cut Roses. [4 entries.]

S (fh P 9;old Medal.)-ROLAND Adams, White Wells Nurseries, Larkhall, Bath.
23 II. (£3.) -George Cooling & Sons, The Nurseries, Bath.

Class 10.— Collections of Sweet Peas. [4 entries.]

29 I. (£5.) — E. W. King & Co., Coggeshall, Essex.

27 II. (£3.) — Miss Hemus, Holdfast, Upton-on-Severn.

29a III. (£2.)— G. Stephenson, Wimborne.

26 IV. (£1.) — S. Bide & SONS, Farnham, Surrey.

Class 11.— Collections of Eight Kinds of Vegetables. [No entry.]

Class 12.— Decorative Displays of Ripe Fruit. [1 entry.]

31 I. (£15.) The Duke of Portland, K.G-, Welbeck Abbey, Worksop.

Class 13. — Four bunches of Grapes , of distinct varieties. [1 entry.]

32 I. (£3.)— The Duke of Portland, K.G., Welbeck Abbey, Worksop.

Class 14.— Two bunches of Muscat Grapes. [1 entry.]

[No Award.]

Class 15. — Two bunches of Black Hambro Grapes. [1 entry.]

34 I. (30s.)— The Duke of Portland, K.G., Welbeck Abbey, Worksop,

Class 16. Two bunches of M^adresfield Court Grapes. [1 entry.]

35 I. (30s.)— The Duke of Portland, K.G., Welbeck Abbey, Worksop.

Class 11. —Two dishes of Peaches, of distinct varieties. [1 entry.]

36 I. (30s.) -The Duke of Portland, K.G., Welbeck Abbey, Worksop.

Class 18. — Two dishes of Nectarines, of distinct varieties. [1 entry.]

37 I. (30s.)— The Duke of Portland, K.G., Welbeck Abbey, Worksop.

Class 19. — Four dishes of Strawberries , of distinct varieties. [3 entries.]

39 I. (30s.)— John Ricketts, Batheaston, Bath.

38 II. (20s.)— Edward Fisher, Batheaston, Bath.

Horticultural Exhibits not for Competition.

Large Gold Medals to

Lt.-Col. Sir Geo. Holford, K.C.V.O., Westonbirt, Tetbury Glos., for Orchids.
Lt.-Col. Sir Geo. Holford, K.C.V.O., for Hippeastrums v

GE°Sh^uibsLET & C0’’ Cheddar’ Som-’ for Rock and Border Plants and Flowering
SUTTON & SONS, Reading, for Vegetables, Fruit, and Flowers.

Gold Medals to : —

Vernon Hill, Mendip Nurseries, Langford, Bristol, for Herbaceous and Alpine
Plants, and Sweet Peas. p c

James Carter & Co., Raynes Park, London, S.W., for Vegetables
Dobbie & Co., Edinburgh, for Pansies and Violas.

ALEHytoiclTea^o?esSONS’ LTD’’ Hawlmark’ Newtownards, Ireland, for New and

ISA Alpine Plants S°^’ Westbury‘on-Trynb Bristol, for Sweet Peas, Herbaceous and

JARMAN & Co., Chard, Somerset, for Sweet Peas, Centaureas, and Roses.

John Jefferies & Son, Ltd., Cirencester, for Conifers &c "uses.

KlNHeSrbacCeo?s FloweSIES’ LTD” Hereford> for Fru?it Trees Bearing fruit and

H' Ra?eAChSce0FernsTD‘’ ^ Nurseries’ Upper Edmonton, London N, for New and

STU0?chid°W & CO" ®USh HU1 Park’ Enfleld’ Middlesex, for Roses, Carnations, and

MOUNG & CO Nurserymen Hatherley Cheltenham, for Carnations.

E W. KING & Co., Coggeshall, Essex, for Sweet Peas
W. J. Unwin, Histon, Cambridgeshire, for Sweet Peas.

Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

cxxxvii

Silver Gilt Medals to : —

Geo. COOLING & SONS, The Vineries. Bath, for Roses, Clematis, Hardy Trees, &c.

H. N. ELLISON, 5/7 Ball Street, West Bromwich for Palms and Ferns.

JAMES GARAWAY & Co., Clifton, Bristol, for Schizanthus and Petunias.

Godfrey & Son, Nurseries, Exmouth, Devon, for Pelargoniums and Solanums.

A. J. Keeling & SONS, Westgate Hill. Bradford, for Orchids.

KELWAY & Son, Langport, Som., for Delphiniums and Cut Flowers.

Parker & Sons (Bristol), Ltd., 40 Queen’s Road, Bristol, for Cut Roses.

A. Walters & Son. Kensington Nurseries, Bath, for Roses and Herbaceous Flowers
Robert Veitch & SONS, New North Road, Exeter, for Miscellaneous Plants.

A. F. Dutton, The Nurseries, Iver, Bucks., for Carnations.

JAS. Macdonald. Harpenden, Herts , for Grass Seeds.

John Waterer & Sons, American Nurseries, Bagshot, Surrey, for Flowering Shrubs
and Rhododendrons.

Wm. ARTINGDALE & Son, Nether Green Nurseries, Sheffield, for Violas, Sweet Peas,
and Roses.

Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton Hill Nursery, Bath, for Begonias and Delphiniums.
James Cypher, Exotic Nurseries, Cheltenham, for Group of Plants.

Silver Medals to

E. C. Bowett, Alpine Gardens, Cemetery Road, Cheltenham, for Choice Alpines.

Wm. Cutbush & SON, Highgate Nurseries, London, N., for Carnations, Roses, and
Hydrangeas.

C. J. Ellis, Weston Nursery, Knightstone Road, Weston-super-Mare, for Collection of
Alpine and Stove and Greenhouse Plants.

Miss Hemus, Holdfast, Upton-on-Severn, for Sweet Peas.

John Milburn, Victoria Nurseries, Weston Road, Bath, for Alpine and Hardy Plants.
RICH & CO., 2 Walcot Street, Bath, for Hardy Cut Flowers.

W. Treseder, Ltd., The Nurseries, Cardiff, for Roses and Pelargoniums.

George Massey & Sons, Spalding, for Hardy Cut Flowers.

COL. CARY Batten, Abbots Leigh, Bristol, for Collection of Orchids.

TOOGOOD & SONS, Southampton, for Vegetables.

Award of Merit to: —

A. Dickson & Sons, Ltd., Hawlmark, Newtownards, co. Down, for Rose, Mrs. A.

Glyn Kidson. H.T. (new) ; Rose, Denis. H.T. (new).

YOUNG & Co , Cheltenham, for Carnations (Perpetuals) Hon. John Boscawen and
Lady Nunburnholme.

Royal Horticultural Society Deputation Awards.

Gold Medal to : —

SIR Geo. HOLFORD, Westonbirt, Tetbury, Glos., for Collection of Orchids.

Silver Gilt Cups to : —

SIR Geo. HOLFORD, Westonbirt, Tetbury, Glos., for Hippeastrums.

Blackmore & Langdon, Twerton Hill Nursery, Bath, for Begonias.

The Duke of Portland, K.G., Welbeck Abbey, Worksop, for Fruits.

H. B. MAY & Sons, Ltd., Fern Nurseries, Upper Edmonton, London, N., for Collection
of Rare and Choice Ferns.

Large Silver Cups to : —

JAS. CYPHER & SONS, Queen’s Road Nurseries, Cheltenham, for Group of Miscellaneous
Plants.

King’s acre Nurseries, Ltd., Hereford, for Fruit Trees in Pots.

ISAAC House & SON, Westbury-on-Trym, for Alpines in Pans.

Sutton & Sons, Reading, for Vegetables, Fruit, and Flowers.

Silver Cups to : —

WILLIAM A. Holmes, West End Nurseries, Chesterfield, for Group of Miscellaneous
Plants,

Harkness & SONS, Grange Nurseries, Bedale, Yorks., for Group of Herbaceous Plants.
STUART Low & Co., Bush Hill Park, Enfield, Middlesex, for Mixed Group (Roses,
Carnations, and Orchids).

Standard Cups to : —

GEO. Mallet & Co., Cheddar, for Rock Plants.

JAMES CARTER & Co , Raynes Park, London, S.W., for Vegetables.

G- GIBSON & Co., Leeming Bar, Bedale, Yorks., for Hardy Herbaceous Plants.

John Jefferies & Son, Ltd., Cirencester, for Conifers.

Alex. Dickson & Sons, Ltd., Hawlmark, Newtownards, Ireland, for Roses.

GODFREY & SONS. Nurseries, Exmouth, for Pelargoniums, &c.

CHARLES Wall, Melrose Nursery, South Down, Bath, for Carnations.

ARMSTRONG & BROWN, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, for Orchids.

Vernon Hill, Mendip Nurseries, Langford, Bristol, for Sweet Peas.

cxxxviii Award of Prizes at Bristol , 1913.

Silver Gilt Flora to : —

DOBBIE & Co., Edinburgh, for Sweet Peas.

POLAND Adams, White Wells Nurseries, Larkhall, Bath, for Roses.

YOUNG & Co., Hatherley, Cheltenham, for Carnations.

Silver Gilt Banksains to : —

E. W. King & Co., Coggeshall, for Sweet Peas.

Jarman & Co., Chard, Somerset, for Roses and Sweet Peas.

W. J. UNWIN, Histon, Cambridgeshire, for Sweet Peas.

Geo. Cooling & SONS, The Vineries, Bath, for Roses.

Silver Knightian Medal to : —

TOOGOOD & SONS, Southampton, for Vegetables.

Silver Flora Medals to : —

Wm. ARTINGDALE & Son, Nether Green Nurseries, Sheffield, for Water Garden.
A. WALTERS & SON, Kensington Nurseries, Bath, for Roses.

Kelway & Son, Langport, Somerset, for Delphiniums.

ROBERT Veitch & Sons, New North Road, Exeter, for Miscellaneous Plants.
H. N. Ellison, 5/7 Ball Street, West Bromwich, for Palms and Ferns.

A. F. DUTTON, The Nurseries, Iver, Bucks., for Carnations.

JAMES GARAWAY & Co., Clifton, Bristol, for Eucharis, &c.

Silver Banksain Medals to : —

Col. Cary Batten, Abbots Leigh, Bristol, for Orchids.

A. J. Keeling & Sons, Westgate Hill, Bradford, for Orchids.

Vincent Slade, Staplegrove Nurseries, Taunton, for Pelargoniums.

Parker & Sons, Ltd., 40 Queen’s Road, Bristol, for Roses.

Miss Hemus, Holdfast, Upton-on-Severn, for Sweet Peas.

IMPLEMENTS.

Trials of Milking Machines. [13 entries.]

5429 I. (£25, & Gold Medal.)— MjolkningsmaSKIN Omega, Flen, Sweden.
1449 II. (£10, & Silver Medal.)— VACOAR, Ltd., 7 Denman Street, London, S.E.

Trials of Hand-.power Machines for applying dry insecticides or fungicides in
powder form to bushes or trees. [8 entries.]

691 I. (£10.) -F. W. Moellenkamp & CO., 85 Farringdon Street, London, E.C.

3820 II. (£5.) — Filter & Co., 22 Bush Lane, London, E.C.

Miscellaneous Implements.

Silver Medal for articles entered as “ New Implements for Agricultural or

Estate Purposes."

1862 PERFECT dairy MACHINES, Ltd., 105 Middle Abbey Street, Dublin, for Cream
Separator.

CXXX1X

PRIZE LIST

For SHREWSBURY SHOW, JUNE 30 to JULY 4, 1914.

Total value of Prizes offered (inclusive of Champion Prizes, Special Prizes, Cups,
Medals, and Class Prizes), 11,700?., of which amount 2,188?. are contributions from
the Shrewsbury Local Committee, 2,606?. 12s. 6d. from various Breed Societies, and
793?. 10s. from other sources.

The following Champion Prizes are offered by Breed Societies and others : —

HORSES.

Shibe Horse SOCIETY:— Two Gold Medals, value 10?. each (or 10?. in money),
for the best Shire Stallion, and for the best Mare or Filly, and 5?. each to the Breeders
of the Champion Shire Stallion, and Mare or Filly.

Clydesdale Horse Society : — Two Prizes of 10?. each for the best Clydesdale
Stallion, and for the best Mare or Filly.

Suffolk Horse Society Challenge Cup, value 50?., for the best Suffolk
Stallion.

Hunters’ Improvement and National Light Horse Breeding Society :—
Two Gold Medals for the best Hunter Mare 4 years and upwards, and for the best
Filly not exceeding 3 years old.

National pony Society Two Gold Medals for the best Polo and Riding Pony
Stallion or Colt, and for the best Mare or Filly ; also a Bronze Medal for the best Foal.

Hackney Horse Society Two Gold Medals, value 10?. each (or 10?. in money),
for the best Hackney Stallion, and for the best Mare or Filly.

Shetland Pony Stud Book Society:— Silver Medal for the best Shetland Pony.

WELSH Pony AND Cob Society :— Four Silver Medals and Certificates for the
best Welsh Pony Stallion, and for the best Mare or Filly.

HUNTER riding Classes :— a Gold Challenge Cup, value 52?. 10s., for the best
Hunter Mare or Gelding in the Riding Classes.

Hack and Riding Ponies :— A Gold Challenge Cup, value 52?. 10s., for the best
Hack or Riding Pony.

Harness Classes :— A Gold Challenge Cup, value 52?. 10s., for the best Single
Harness Mare or Gelding in novice classes.

A Gold Challenge Cup, value 52?. 10s., for the best Single Harness Mare or Gelding.

Two Gold Challenge Cups, value 52?. 10s. each, (i.) for the best Pair, (ii.) for the
best Tandem.

FOUR-IN-HANDS :— A Gold Challenge Cup, value 52?. 10s., for the best Team.

CATTLE.

SHORTHORN Society :— Two Prizes of 20?. each for the best Shorthorn Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer, and a Silver Medal to the breeders of the Champion Short-
horn Bull and Cow or Heifer,

DAIRY SHORTHORN (COATES’S HERD BOOK) ASSOCIATION :— Prize of 10?. for the
best Pedigree Shorthorn Dairy Cow or Heifer ; and a Challenge Cup, value 52?. 10s., for
the best Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn Group of one Bull and two Cows or Heifers.

Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn association :— Two Prizes of 10?. each for the
best Shorthorn Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

cxl Prize List for Shrewsbury Show, 1914.

Hereford Herd Book Society : — Two Prizes of 10 Z. 10s. each for the best Here-
ford Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society Two Prizes of 10 Z. 10s. each for the best
Devon Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

SOUTH Devons : — A Challenge Cup, value 20 Z., for the best South Devon animal.

Longhorn Cattle SOCIETY:— Two Challenge Cups, value 15Z. each, for the
best Longhorn animals.

Sussex Herd Book SOCIETY Two Silver Medals for the best Sussex Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer.

RED Poll society Two Prizes of 51. each for the best Red Poll Bull, and
for the best Cow or Heifer.

ABERDEEN ANGUS CATTLE SOCIETY A Gold Medal, value 10Z., for the best
animal of the Aberdeen Angus breed.

English Aberdeen Angus Cattle Association A Gold Medal for the best
animal of the opposite sex to that of the animal awarded the Gold Medal of the Aber-
deen Angus Cattle Society.

Galloway Cattle Society Prize of £5 for the best Galloway animal.

British Holstein Cattle Society Silver Medals to the First Prize
winners in the Classes for British Holstein Cattle.

English Jersey Cattle Society Two Prizes of 51. each for the best Jersey
Bull, and for the best Cow or Heifer.

Royal Jersey Agricultural Society Ten Guinea Prize for the best Jersey
Cow and two of her progeny.

English Guernsey Cattle Society:— Two prizes of £5 each for the best
Guernsey Bull and for the best Cow or Heifer.

English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society :— Two Challenge Cups, value
26Z. 5s. each, for the best Kerry Bull, Cow, or Heifer, and for the best Dexter Bull,
Cow, or Heifer.

English Jersey Cattle Society :— Gold Medal (or 10Z. in money), Silver Medal
and Bronze Medal for the three best Jersey Animals in the Butter-test Classes.

SHEEP.

Shropshire Sheep Breeders’ Association :— Prize of £10 for the best Shrop-
shire Ram.

Southdown Sheep Society :— A Gold Medal (or 10Z. 10s. in money) for the best
Southdown Ram ; and Silver Medal (or 1Z. in money) for the best Pen of Ewes or
Ewe Lambs.

Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association :— Prize of 10Z. for the best
Hampshire Down Ram Lamb, Pen of Ram Lambs, or Ewe Lambs.

Canadian Industrial Exhibition Silver Medal for the best exhibit of
Dorset Horn Sheep.

KERRY HILL (WALES) Flock Book SOCIETY Two prizes of £5 each for the
best Kerry Hill (Wales) Ram and the best Pen of Ewes or Ewe Lambs.

Lincoln Long-wool Sheep Breeders’ Association :— Prize of 51, for the best
Lincoln Ram.

Society of Border Leicester Sheep Breeders :— A Challenge Cup, value
50Z., for the best Border Leicester Sheep, and a Gold Medal to the winner.

Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’ Association :— Prize of 10Z. 10s.
for the best Kent or Romney Marsh Ram.

PIGS.

National Pig Breeders Association : — Six Gold Medals (or 51. 5s. in
money) for the best Large White Boar and Sow, Middle White Boar and Sow, and
Tamworth Boar and Sow.

British Berkshire Society : — Prize of 51. 5s. for the best Berkshire Boar or Sow.

Large black Pig Society :— Prize of 10Z. for the best Large Black Boar ; and a
Challenge Cup, value twenty guineas, for the best Large Black Sow.

Lincolnshire Curly-coated Pig Breeders’ Association:— Two Prizes of
51. 5s. each, for the best Lincolnshire Curly-coated Boar and the best Sow.

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914.

cxli

HORSES (£3,735).

SHIRE.

Stallion, foaled in 19131 .

Stallion, foaled in 1912 .

St allton, foaled in 1911 .

Filly, foaied in 1913 1 .

Filly, foaled in 1912 .

Filly, foaled in 1911 .

Mare, foaled in or after 1910
(with foal at foot)

Mare, foaled in or before 1909
(with foal at foot)

Colt Foal, produce of mare
in above classes.

Filly Foal, produce of mare
in above classes.

Gelding, foaled in or before
19111

55).

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd

£

£

£

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

10

5

3

10

5

3

15

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

10

5

3

' 15

10

5

. 20

10

5

. 20

10

5

. 20

10

5

. 20

10

5

. 20

10

5

20

10

5

. 20

10

5

CLYDESDALE.2

Stallion, foaled in 1913 .

Stallion, foaled in 1912 .

Stallion, foaled in 1911 .

Filly, foaled in 1913 .

Filly, foaled in 1912 .

Filly, foaled in 1911 .

Mare (with foal at foot) .

Foal, produce of mare in above

class

Gelding, foaled in or before
19112

SUFFOLK.3

Stallion, foaled in 1913 .

Stallion, foaled in 1912 .

Stallion, foaled in 1911 .

Filly, foaled in 1913 .

Filly, foaled in 1912 .

Filly, foaled in 1911 .

Mare (with foal at foot) .

Foal, produce of Mare in above
class . ‘ . • • . 10 5 3

HUNTERS.4

Thoroughbred Colt, foaled
in 1913, entered or eligible for
entry in the G.S.B. (likely to
make a Hunter Stallion) . . 20 10 5

Colt or Gelding, foaled in

1913 20 10

Gelding, foaled in 1912 . . 20 10

Gelding, foaled in 1911 . . 20 10

Filly, foaled in 1913 . . . 20 10

Filly, foaled in 1912 . . 20 10

Filly, foaled in 1911 . . . 20 10

THOROUGHBRED MARE, en-
tered or eligible for entry in
the G.S.B. (with foal at foot),
up to weight . . . . 20 10 5

Two Prizes of £5 each are also
offered in this class: {I.) for
the lest Colt Foal , and (II.)
for the best Filly Foal •

Prizes

HUNTERS continued. i^nT^d

£ £ £

Mare (Novice), foaled in or
after 1906 (with foal at foot),
up to from 12 to 14 st.

Mare (Novice), foaled in or
after 1906 (with ioal at foot),
up to more than 14 st. •

MARE (with foal at foot), up to
from 12 to 14 st. . • • •

MARE (with foal at foot), up to
more than 14 st. • •

Colt Foal, produce of Mare m
above classes . . • •

Filly Foal, produce of Mare
in above classes .

20 10 5

20 10 5

20 10 5

20 10 5

10 5 3

10 5 3

POLO AND RIDING
PONIES.5

Colt or Gelding, foaled in
1913 . • • • • . • 10

Colt or Gelding, foaled m
1912 . • . • • • 10

Stallion, foaled in or before
1911, not exceeding 15 b. . . 15

Filly, foaled in 1913 . . -10

Filly, foaled in 1912 . • • 10

Filly or Gelding, foaled m
1911 . . • • • -10

MARE, foaled in or after 1908
(with foal at foot), not ex-
ceeding 14.2 b. . • • • 15

MARE, foaled in or before 1907
(with foal at foot), not ex-
ceeding 14.2 b 10

CLEVELAND BAY OR
COACH HORSE.

Stallion, any age
Mare (with foal at foot)

HACKNEYS.6

Stallion, foaled in 1913 .
Stallion, foaled in 1912 .

Stallion, foaled in or before

1911

Filly, foaled in 1913 .

Filly, foaled in 1912 .

Filly, foaled in 1911 .

Mare (with foal at foot), over
14, and not over 15.2 h.

Mare (with foal at foot), over
15.2 b. .....
Foal, produce of Mare in above
classes

HACKNEY PONY

Stallion, foaled in or before

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

15

10

10

1911, not over 14 b.

Colt, Fill?, or Gelding,
foaled in 1912, not over 13.2 b. . 10
Filly or Gelding, foaled in
1911, not over 13.3 h. . . . 10

MARE (with foal at foot), not
over 14 b

5

5

10

5

5

5

10

3

3

5

3

3

3

5

10 5

10 5
10 5

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

3

5 3
5 3
5 3
5 3

Offered by the Shire Horse Society.

£50 provided by the Ciydesdale Horse Society.

£50 provided by the Suffolk Horse Society.

vino o n rl £80 urovided bv two members of the R.A.d.-cj. ,

£30 provided by the National Pony Society, and £30 provided by three members

of the R.A.S.E. a • + *

£30 provided through the Hackney Horse Society.

cxlii

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914.

SHETLAND PONY.

Stallion, foaled in or before
1911, not over lOi b. .

Mare (with foal 'at foot), not
over 10£ h

Prizes
1st 2nd 3rd

10 5 3
10 5 3

WELSH COB.1

Stallion, foaled in or before
1911, not exceeding 14 b. . .10 5 3

Brood Mare, foaled in or
before 1911 (with foal at foot),
not exceeding 14.2 hands .10 5 3

WELSH MOUNTAIN PONY.1

Stallion, foaled in 1911 (not
exceeding 11.3 h.), or 1912 (not
exceeding 11.2 h.) . . .10 5 3

Stallion (Novice), foaled in
or before 1910, not having won
a Class Prize of the value of
£4 previous to May 20th, 1914,
not exceeding 12 hands . .5 3 2

Stallion, foaled in or before
1910, not exceeding 12 hands .10 5 3

Colt, Filly, or Gelding,
foaled in 19l3, not exceeding
11 hands . . . .5 3 2

Filly, foaled in 1911 (not ex-
ceeding 11.3 h.), or 1912 (not
exceeding 11.2 h.) . . .10 5 3

Mare (Novice), foaled in or
before 1910 (with foal at foot)
not having won a Class Prize
of the value of £4 as a Brood
Mare previous to May 20th,

1914, not exceeding 12 hands 5 3 2

MARE, foaled in or before 1910
(with foal at foot), not ex-
ceeding 12 h. 10 5 3

Mare, foaled in ' ' b d

(with foal at
ceeding 12.2 h.

or before 1910
foot), not ex-

hunter riding
CLASSES.2

Mare or Gelding,
foaled in 1910, up to
from 12 to 14 st. .

Mare or Gelding,
foaled in 1910, up to
more than 14 st. .

Mare or Gelding
(Novice), foaled in or
before 1909, up to from
12 to 14 st.

Mare or Gelding
(Novice), foaled in or
before 1909, up to more
than 14 st.

Mare or Gelding’
foaled in or before
1910, up to from 12 to
13.7 st

Mare or Gelding*
foaled in or before
1910, up to more than
13.7 and not over 15 st.

Mare or Gelding.
foaled in or before
1910, up to more than
15 st.

. 10

Prizes

5 3

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
£ £ £ £ £

15 10 5 5 5

15 10 5 5 5

15 10 5 5 5

15 10 5 5 5

20 15 10 5 5

20 15 10 5 5

20 15 10 5 5

HACK AND RIDING
PONY CLASSES.2

Prizes

✓ * s

1st 2nd 3rd
£ £ £

Mare or Gelding, foaled in
or before 1910, not exceeding
12.2 h. To be ridden by a child,
born in or after 1902 . . . 10 5 3

Mare or Gelding, foaled in
or before 1910, over 12.2 and
not exceeding 13.2 h. To be
ridden by a child born in or

after 1900 10 5 3

Mare or Gelding, foaled in
or before 1910 over 13.2 and
not exceeding 14.2 h. . . 15 10 5

Mare or Gelding, foaled in
or before 1910, over 14.2 and
not exceeding 15.2 h. . . 15 10 5

Mare or Gelding, foaled in
or before 1910, over 15.2 h. . 15 10 5

DRIVING CLASSES . 2 Prizes
To be driven in Single Harness. l8t 2n(1 3rd 4th

Mare or Gelding

(Novice), not over 14 h.
Mare or Gelding

(Novice), over 14 and not

over 15 h

Mare or Gelding

(Novice), over 15 h. .
Mare or gelding, not

over 14 h

Mare or Gelding, over

14 and not over 15 h. .
Mare or Gelding, over

15 and not over 15.2 h.

Mare or Gelding

over 15.2 h

£ £ £ £
15 10 5 5

15 10 5 5

15 10 5 5

15 10 5 5

15 10 5 5

15 10 5 5

15 10 5 5

To be driven in Double Harness.
Geldings, not

Mares or
over 15 h. . . . . 15 10 5 5

Mares or Geldings, over
15 h 15 10 5 5

To be driven Tandem.
Geldings, not

Mares or

over 15 h

Mares or Geldings, over
15 h 15 10 5 5

15 10 5 5

Four-in-hand Teams.

Mares or Geldings, to be
shown before a Coach

20 15 10 5

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

£

25

£

10

£

5

1 £45 provided by the Welsh Pony and
Local Committee.

Piovided by the Shrewsbury Local Committee.

JUMPING

COMPETITIONS.2

A Mare or Gelding
B Mare or Gelding
(First Prize Winners in
Class A not eligible) . 20 10 5 5 5

C Mare or Gelding,

(First Prize Winners in
Classes A and B not
eligible) ....

D Champion Class,

Mare or Gelding .

15 10 5 5 5

25 15 10 5 5

Cob Society, and £21 by the Shrewsbury

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914.

cxliii

CATTLE (£3,H3).

SHORTHORN.

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd
£ £ £

BULL, calved, in 1909, 1910.or 1911 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1912, and March 31, 1912 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or between
April 1, 1912, andDec. 31,1912 4 10 6 4

BULL, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1913, and March 31, 1913 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or between
April 1, 1913, and Dec. 31, 1913i 10 6 4

Two Special Prizes of 10Z. and
5Z. for the two best Bulls
calved in 1913, the property
of an Exhibitor residing in
Shropshire1 2 ....

GROUP Class, for the best col-
lection of either three or four
Bulls, bred by Exhibitor i . 15 10
Cow, in-milk, calved in or be-
fore 1910 10 6 4

HEIFER, in-milk, calved in 1911i 10 6 4

HEIFER, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1912, and March 31, 1912 10 6 4

HEIFER, calved on or between
April 1, 1912, and Dec. 31, 1912i 10 6 4

HEIFER, calved on or between
Jan. 1, 1913, and March 31, 1913 10 6 4

HEIFER, calved on or between
April 1, 1913, and Dec. 31, 1913 . 10 6 4

GROUP CLASS, for the best col-
lection of either three or four
Cows or Heifers, bred by
Exhibitor 15 10 -

DAIRY SHORTHORN.

LINCOLNSHIRE RED
SHORTHORN.6

Prizes

^ — V

1st 2nd 3rd
£ £ £

BULL, calved in 1908, 1909, 1910

or 1911 -10

Bull, calved in 1912 . . .10

BULL, calved in 1913 . . .10

COW, in-milk, calved in or

before 1910 10

Cow OR HEIFER, in-milk,
calved in or before 1911, show-
ing the best milking properties 10

Heifer, in-milk, calved in

1911 10

HEIFER, calved in 1912 . . 10

Heifer, calved in 1913 . . 10

Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

6 4
6 4
6 4

6 4

6 4

6 4
6 4
6 4
6 4

HEREFORD.?

BULL, calved in 1909, 1910 or 1911
BULL, calved in 1912 .

BULL, calved in Jan or Feb., 1913
BULL, calved in 1913, on or after
Mar. 1st. .

BULL, (Novice) calved in 1913 .
GROUP CLASS consisting of
three Bulls, bred by Exhibitor
Group Class consisting of Bull
and Cow, and their Offspring
calved in 1914 . .

Cow, in-milk, calved in or
before 1910 . . • • •

Cow OR Heifer, in-milk, calved
in or before 1911, showing the
best milking qualities . •

HEIFER, in-milk, calved in 1911
Heifer, calved in 1912 .

HEIFER (Novice) calved in 1912
HEIFER, calved in 1913 .

HEIFER (Novice) calved in 1913
Group Class consisting of
three Heifers, bred by Exhi-
bitor

10 6
10 6
10 6

10 6
10 0

10 6

15 10
10 6

10 6
10 6
10 6
10 6
10 6
10 6

10 6

4

4

4

4

4

4

5

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

BULL, calved in 1912 3 . . . 10 6 4

BULL, calved in 1913 3 . . . 10 6 4

DAIRY Cow, in-milk, calved

in or before 1909 4 . . . 10 6 4

DAIRY COW, in-milk, calved in

1910 10 6 4

Dairy Heifer, in-milk, calved
in or after 1911 . . . • 10 6 4

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6 4

SHORTHORN DAIRY
CATTLE.5

DAIRY COW, in-milk, calved in
or before 1910 . . • . 10 6 4

Dairy Heifer, in-milk, calved
in or after 1911 . • . . 10 6 4 )

DEVON.8

BULL, calved in 1909, 1910 or 1911 10 6 4

BULL, calved in 1912 . . . 10 6 4

BULL, calved in 1913 . . . 10 6 4

COW OR HEIFER, in-milk,
calved in or before 1911 . . 10 6 4

DAIRY COW, in-milk, calved in
or before 1911 . . . • 10 6 4

Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10 6 4

HEIFER, calved in 1913 . . 10 6 4

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6 4

SOUTH DEVON.9

BULL, calved in or before 1912 . 10 6

BULL, calved in 1913 . . . 10 6 -

cow OR HEIFER, in-milk,
calved in or before 1911 . . 10 6 -

Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10 6 -

Heifer, calved in 1913 . . 10 6 -

Milk Yield Prizes . . . 10 6 4

1 Offered by the Shorthorn Society. . .

2 £5 offered through the Shropshire and West Midland Agricultural Society,

3 Offered by the Dairy Shorthorn (Coates’s Herd Book) Association.

Offered by the Shorthorn Society.

Offered bv two Members of the R.A.S.E. .

PSD nrovided bv the Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn Association.

£110 provided by the Hereford Herd Book Society, and £o0 by the S irews ury

Local Committee. ^ „ . ,

£50 provided by the Devon Cattle Breeders Society.

£20 provided by the South Devon Herd Book Society.

cxliv

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914.

LONGHORN. i

Bull, calved in 1909, 1910, 1911,

or 1912

Bull, calved in 1913 .

Cow or Heifer, in-milk’
calved in or before 1911 .
Heifer, calved in 1912 or 1913 .
Milk Yield Prizes .

SUSSEX.9

Bull, calved in 1909, 1910, or 1911
Bull, calved in 1812
Bull calved in 1913 . .

Cow or Heifer, in-milk,
calved in or before 1911 .
Heifer, calved in 1912
Heifer, calved in 1913

WELSH.3

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,
1908, and before Dec. 1, 191 1 .
Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1

1911, and before Dec. 1, 1912 .

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1912, and before Dec. 1st, 1913
Cow or Heifer, in-milk,

calved before Dec. 1, 1910 .
HEIFER, in-milk, calved on or
after Dec. 1st, 1910, and before
Dec. 1st, 1911 ....

Heifer, calved on or after
Dec. 1, 1911, and before Dec. 1,
l^L • . . . , .

Heifer, calved on or after Dec.
1st, 1912, and before Dec. 1, 1913

Prizes
1st 2nd 3rd

Prizes

£ £

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

RED POLL.4

Bull, calved in 1909, 1910, or 1911 10

Bull, calved in 1912 . . 10

Bull, calved in 1913 . . .10

Cow or Heifer, in-milk,
calved in or before 1911 . . 10

Heifer, calved in 1912 . . 10

Heifer, calved in 1913 . . 10

Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

ABERDEEN ANGUS.6

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,
1908, and before Dec. 1, 1911 . 10

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1911, and before Dec. 1, 1912 . 10
Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1.

1912, and before Dec. 1, 1913 . 10
Cow or Heifer, in-milk,

calved before Dec. 1, 1911 . . 10

Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1. 1911, and before Dec. 1, 1912. 10
Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1. 1912, and before Dec. 1, 1913 . 10

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6 4
6 4
6 4
6 4

10 6 4

6 4
6 4

6

0

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4.

4

4

/- \

1st 2nd 3rd

£ £ £

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

GALLOWAY.6

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1908, and before Dec. 1, 1912 . 10 6 4

Bull, calved on or after Dec. 1,

1912, and before Dec. 1. 1913 . 10 6 4

Cow or Heifer, in-milk,
calved before Dec. 1, 1911 . 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1, 1911, and before Dec. 1, 1912 . 10 6 4

Heifer, calved on or after Dec.

1, 1912, and before Dec. 1, 1913. 10 6 4

HIGHLAND.

Bull, calved in or before 1913 . 10 - -

Cow or Heifer, in-milk . 10 - -

AYRSHIRE. 7

Bull, calved in or before 1913 . 10
Cow or Heifer, in-milk . 10

Cow or Heifer, in-calf . . io

Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

6 4
6 4
6 4
6 4

BRITISH HOLSTEIN. 6

BULL, calved in or before 1911 .10 6 4

Bull, calved in 1912 or 1913 .10 6 4

Cow, in-milk, calved in or
before 1910 . . . . 10 6 4

Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1911

or 1912 io

Heifer, calved in 1913 1 . io

Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

10

10

10

10

8

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

1

2
S

4

5

6
7
s

9
X O
1 1

£20 provided
£20 provided
£40 provided
£30 provided
£20 provided
£20 provided
£20 provided
£30 provided
£30 provided
£40 provided
£30 provided

w , , KERRY.1 1

Bull, calved m 1909, 1910, 1911, or

1912 io

Cow, in-milk, calved in or be-
fore 1910 io

Heifer, in-milk, calved in 19li 10
Heifer, calved in 1912 or 1913 . 10
Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

by the Longhorn Cattle Society,
by the Sussex Herd Book Society,
by the Welsh Black Cattle Society,
by the Red Poll Cattle Society,
by the Aberdeen Angus Cattle Society,
by the Galloway Cattle Society,
by the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society,
by the British Holstein Cattle Society,
by the English Jersey Cattle Society,
by the English Guernsey Cattle Society,
by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society.

6

6

6

6

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

JERSEY.9

Bull, calved 1909, 1910, or 1911 10
Bull, calved in 1912 .

Bull, calved in 1913 .

Cow, in -milk, calved in ox-
before 1910 . . ' . . .

Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1911 10
Heifer, in-milk, calved in 1912 10
Heifer, calved in 1913.

Cow or Heifer, in-milk, bred
by Exhibitor, sired in Great
Britain or Ireland . . .10

Milk Yield Prizes . . .10

GUERNSEY, io

Bull, calved in 1909, 1910 or
1911 • • • • . .10 6

Bull, calved in 1912 . . . 10 6

Bull, calved in 1913 . . .10 6

Cow, in-milk, calved in ox-

before 1909 .... 10 6 4

Cow or Heifer, in-milk,’
calved in 1910 or 1911. . . 10

Heifer, calved in 1912 . .’ 10

Heifer, calved in 1913 . . 10

Milk Yield Prizes . . ’10

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914

cxlv

DEXTER.1

Same as for Kerries.

Prizes

BUTTER TESTS.2 * 4 5 *

0V efc*

COW, exceeding 900 lb. live

weight 15 10 5

COW, not exceeding 900 lb. live
weight 15 10 5

SHEEP (£2,171).

OXFORD DOWN.

Shearling Ram .

. 10

5

3

Ram Lamb® ....

. 10

5

3

Three Ram Lambs .

. 10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes

. 10

5

3

Three Ewe Lambs .

. 10

5

3

Prizes

SHROPSHIRE.4 1lt2n|3r|4t£

Two-Shear ram . . . 10 5 3 -

Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 3 -

Three Shearling Rams

(Novice) 10 5 3 -

Five Shearling Rams . 15 10 5 2

Three Ram lambs . . 10 5 3 -

Three Ram Lambs, Novice 10 5 3 -

SHEARLING EWE . . 15 10 5 2

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 3 -

Ten Shearling Ewes . 15 10 5 2

Ten Breeding Ewes,
which have reared Lambs

in 1914 15 10 5 2

Three Ewe Lambs . . 10 5 3 -

Three Yearling Ewes,
shown in their Wool . . 15 10 5 2

Group Class, of not less
than four Shropshire Sheep 15 10 - -

SOUTHDOWN.

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd
£ £ £

Two-Shear Rams

. 10

5

3

Shearling Ram .

. 10

5

3

Three Shearling rams s

. 10

5

3

Three Ram lambs .

. 10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes

. 10

5

3

Three Ewe lambs .

. 10

5

3

HAMPSHIRE DOWN. '

Prizes

1st 2nd 3rd 4th
£ £ £ £

Two-Shear Ram e

10 5

-

-

Shearling Ram .

10 5

3

-

Ram Lamb e .

10 5

3

2

Three Ram Lambs

10 5

3

-

Three Shearling Ewes .

10 5

3

-

Three Ewe Lambs .

10 5

3

-

Prizes

SUFFOLK.

1st

£

2nd

£

3rd

£

Two-Shear Rami

. 10

5

3

Shearling Ram .

. 10

5

3

Ram Lamb7 ....

. 10

5

3

Three Ram Lambs .

. 10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes

. 10

5

3

Three Ewe Lambs .

. 10

5

3

DORSET DOWN.8

Shearling Ram

10

5

-

Three Ram Lambs .

10

5

-

Three Shearling Ewes

10

5

-

DORSET HORN.9

Shearling Ram, dropped after

Nov. 1, 1911

10

5

3

Three Ram Lambs, dropped

after Nov. 1, 1913

10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes,

dropped after Nov. 1, 1912

10

5

3

Three Ewe Lambs, dropped

after Nov. 1, 1913

10

5

3

RYELAND.10 11

Ram, Two-Shear and up-

wards

10

5

3

Shearling Ram . . . .

10

5

3

Three Ram Lambs .

10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes

10

5

3

Three Ewe Lambs .

10

5

3

KERRY HILL (WALES).

i i

Ram, Two-Shear and upwards 10

5

B

Shearling ram . . . .

10

5

3

Shearling Ram (Novice) .

10

5

3

Three Ram lambs .

10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes.

10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes

(Novice)

10

5

3

Three Ewe Lambs .

10

5

3

LINCOLN.12

Two-Shear Ram

10

5

3

Shearling Ram ....

10

5

3

Five Shearling Rams .

15

10

5

Three Ram Lambs .

10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes

10

5

3

Three Ewe lambs .

10

5

3

three Yearling Ewes,

shown in their wool

10

5

3

LEICESTER.13

Shearling Ram .

10

5

3

Three Ram Lambs .

10

5

3

Three shearling Ewes

10

5

3

Three Ewe Lambs .

10

5

3

1 £30 provided by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society.

2 Offered by the English Jersey Cattle Society.

s Offered by the Oxford Down Sheep Breeders’ Association.

4 £22 provided by the Shropshire Sheep Breeders’ Association, and £189 by the

Shrewsbury Local Committee.

5 Offered by the Southdown Sheep Society.

e Offered by the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association.

" Offered bv the Suffolk Sheep Society.

8 £15 provided by the Dorset Down Sheep Breeders’ Association.

9 £18 provided by the Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Association.

i o £27 provided by the Ryeland Flock Book Society.

1 1 £10 provided by the Kerry Hill (Wales) Flock Book Society, and £23 by the
Shrewsbury Local Committee.

i 2 £66 provided by the Lincoln Long-Wool Sheep Breeders’ Association,

i s £18 provided by the Leicester Sheep Breeders’ Association.

cxlvi

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914.

Prizes

BORDER LEICESTER.1 2 {ZTmTml

£ £ £

Ram, Two Shear and upwards 10 5 3

Shearling Ram . . . . 10 5 3

Shearling Ewe . . . 10 5 3

WENSLEYDALE.9

Ram, Two-Shear and up-
wards, entered or eligible for
entryin the Wensleydale Blue-
faced Flock Book . . . 10 5 3

Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 3

Three Shearling Rams, en-
tered or eligible for entry in
the Wensleydale Blue-faced

Flock Book 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 3

LON K.3

Ram, Shearling and upwards 10 5 -

Three Shearling Ewes . 10 5 -

DERBYSHIRE GRITSTONE.

Ram. Shearling and upwards 10 - -

Three Shearling Ewes - 10 - -

KENT OR ROMNEY MARSH.4

Two Shear Ram .

. 10

5

3

Shearling Ram .

. 10

5

3

Five Shearling Rams .

. 15

10

5

Three Ram Lambs .

. 10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes

. 10

5

3

Three Ewe lambs .

. 10

5

3

COTSWOLD.5 6

Same as for Leicesters.

DEVON LONG-WOOL.

Same as for Derbyshire Gritstone.

SOUTH DEVON. e

Two-Shear ram .
Shearling Ram .

Three Ram Lambs .
Three Shearling Ewes
Three Ewe Lambs .

.10 5 -

. 10 5 -

. 10 5 -

.10 5 -

.10 5 -

DARTMOOR.7 8

Ram, Two-Shear and up-
wards 10 5 -

Shearling Ram . . . 10 5 -

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 -

Prizes

EXMOOR . 8 1st 2nd 3rd

£ £ £

Ram, Two Shear and upwards 10 5 3

Shearling Ram . . . . 10 5 3

Three Shearling Ewes .10 5 3

CHEVIOT.9

Same as for Border Leicesters.

HERDWICK.10

Same as for Dartmoor.

WELSH MOUNTAIN.11

Ram, Two Shear and up-

wards

. 10

5

3

SHEARLING RAM .

. 10

5

3

Ram Lamb ....

. 10

5

3

Three Shearling Ewes .

. 10

5

3

Three Ewe Lambs .

. 10

5

3

BLACK-FACED MOUNTAIN.

Ram, Shearling and upwards 10 - -

Shearling Ewe . . . 10 - -

PIGS (£762 6s.).

Large White1 2
Middle White1 2 .

Tam worth 12

Berkshire13 ....

Large Black i 4

Lincolnshire Curly-Coated1 5

In each of the above Breeds the follow-

ing prizes will be given : —

1st

2nd 3rd

Boar, farrowed in 1910, 1911,

£

or

£

£

1912

. 10

5

*3

Boar, farrowed in 1913

. 10

5

3

Boar, farrowed in 1914

. 10

5

3

Breeding Sow, farrowed

in

1910, 1911, or 1912

. 10

5

3

SOW, farrowed in 1913 .

. 10

5

3

Three Sow Pigs, farrowed in

1914

. 10

5

3

1 £18 provided by the Society of Border Leicester Sheep Breeders.

2 £18 provided by the Wensleydale Blue-faced Sheep Breeders’ Association.

3 £5 provided by the Lonk Sheep Breeders’ Association.

4 £48 provided by the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’ Association.

5 £18 provided by the Cotswold Sheep Society.

6 £30 provided by the South Devon Flock Book Association.

7 £15 provided by the Dartmoor Sheep Breeders’ Association.

8 £18 provided by the Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders’ Society.

9 £18 provided by Breeders of Cheviot Sheep.

I o £15 provided by Breeders of Herd wick Sheep.

I I £17 provided by the Welsh Mountain Sheep Flock Book Society, and £10 by

the Shrewsbury Local Committee.

1 2 £72 provided by the National Pig Breeders’ Association.

1 8 £18 provided by the British Berkshire Society.

1 4 £18 provided by the Large Black Pig Society.

1 8 £18 provided by the Lincolnshire Curly-Coated Pig Breeders’ Association.

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914.

cxlvii

POULTRY
(£493 15s. 6d.)

Prizes of 30s., 20s., and 10s. are offered
in each class for the best COOK, HEN,
Cockerel, and Pullet of the follow-
ing Breeds

Game, Old English.

Game, Indian.

Game, Modern.

Game, Black Sumatra.

Langshan.

Croad Langshan.

A Special Prize of 11. for the
best Croad Langshan 1

Plymouth Rock, White.

A Silver Serviette Ring for
the best White Plymouth Rock.2

Plymouth Rook, Barred.

A Special Prize for the Best
Barred Plymotith Rock.3

Plymouth Rock, Buff.

A Special Prize for the best
Buff Plymouth Rock.4

Plymouth Rock, Blue.

Plymouth Rock, any other colour.
Wyandotte, Gold or Silver Laced.
Wyandotte, White.

A Special Prize of 10s. and the
“Visiting Cup,” for the best White
Wyandotte, s

Wyandotte, Black.

A Special Prize of 10s. for the
best Black Wyandotte. 6

Wyandotte, Partridge.

A Special Prize for the best
Partridge Wyandotte.7

Wyandotte, Columbian.

Wyandotte, Blue.

Wyandotte, any other variety.
Orpington, Buff.

A Piece of Plate, value 3 1. 3s.
for the best Buff Orpington, s

Orpington, White.

POULTRY —continued.

Orpington, Black.

A Special Prize for the best
Black Orpington. i°

Orpington, Blue.

Orpington, Spangled.

A Special Prize for the best
Spangled Orpington.11

Orpington, any other colour.

Leghorn, White.

Leghorn, Brown.

Leghorn, Black.

Leghorn, any other colour.

Minorca.

Scots Dumpy.

Dorking, Silver Grey
Dorking, Dark Coloured.

Two Prizes 11. Is. each, for the
best Silver Grey and Dark Coloured
Dorking. 1 2

Sussex, Red.

Sussex, Light.

Sussex, Speckled.

Three Serviette Rings : (1) for
best Red, (2) for best Light, (3) for
best Speckled Sussex.1 3

British Rhode Island Red.

A Special Prize for the best
British Rhode Island Red.14

Ancona.

Yokohama.

A SILVER MEDAL for the best
Yokohama.1 5

Brahma.

Cochin.

Maline.

Silver Medal for the best
Maline. 1 6

Campine.

Silver Medal for best Campine 1 7

Faverolle.

Houdan.

Any other Breed.

Bantams, Old English Game.
Bantams, Modern Game.

Bantams, Sebright.

Scotch Grey.

Bantams, Wyandotte.

Bantams, Yokohama.

Bantams, Japanese.

Bantams, any other variety.

Two Serviette Rings for the
best White Orpingtons.9

1 Offered by the Croad Langshan Club.

2 Offered by the White Plymouth Rock Club,

3 Offered by the Barred Plymouth Rock Club.

4 Offered by the Buff Plymouth Rock Club,
s Offered by the White Wyandotte Club.

e Offered by the Black Wyandotte Club.

7 Offered by the Partridge Wyandotte Club,
a Offered by the Buff Orpington Club.

9 Offered by the White Orpington Club.

I o Offered by the Black Orpington Club.

I I Offered by the Spangled Orpington Club.

1 2 Offered by the Dorking Club.

1 3 Offered by the Sussex Poultry Club.
i 4 Offered by the British Rhode Island Red Club.
1 s Offered by the Yokohama Club.

1 e Offered by the Malines Poultry Club.

1 7 Offered by the Campine Club.

cxlviii

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914.

POULTRY — continued.

DUCKS.

Drake or Young Drake,

Duck or Duckling.

Aylesbury.

Rouen.

Blue Orpington.

Buff Orpington.

A Special Prize of 11. Is. for the
best Buff Orpington.1

Any other breed.

GEESE.

Gander and Goose.

Embden.

Toulouse.

TURKEYS.

Cock and Hen.

White.

Any other variety.

PRODUCE (£399 2s.).

Prizes

BUTTER. ^ — 1 s

1st 2nd 3rd

Two Pounds of Fresh ^ £ £

Butter, without any salt,
made up in plain pounds,
from the milk of Channel
Island, Devon, or South Devon
Cattle and their crosses . .421

Two Pounds of Fresh
Butter, without any salt,
made up in plain pounds,
from the milk of Cattle of any
breed or cross other than
those mentioned . . .421

Two Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted, made
up in plain pounds, from the
milk of Channel Island, Devon,
or South Devon Cattle and
their crosses . . . .421

Two Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted, made
up in plain pounds, from the
milk of Cattle of any breed or
cross other than those men-
tioned 4 2 1

Three Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted,
made up in pounds in the
most attractive marketable
designs. The designs as well
as the quality will be taken
into account by the Judge .421
Three Pounds of Fresh
Butter, slightly salted, made
up in pounds and packed in
non-returnable boxes for
transmission by rail or parcel
post. The packing, the box,
and the quality will be taken
into account by the Judge who
will open the exhibits . .421

Prizes

CH EESE (mode in 1914.) igt 2nd 3rd
Three Cheddar, not less than £ £ £

50 lb. each 5 3 2

Three Cheddar Truckles .421
Three Cheshire (coloured), of
not less than 40 lb. each . .532

Three Cheshire (uncoloured),
of not less than 40 lb. each .532
Three Double Gloucester,
not less than 22 lb. each . .532

Three Staffordshire or
Derbyshire . , . .421

Three Stilton . . . .421

Three Wensleyd ale (Stilton

shape) 3 2 1

Three Caerphilly . . .421

BACON & HAMS.

Two Sides of Bacon, pale
dried, Wiltshire shape, with
Ham attached . . . .321

Two SIDES OF Bacon, smoke
dried, Wiltshire shape, with
Ham attached . . . .321

Two Sides of Bacon, pale
dried, Wiltshire shape, ham-
less . . 3 2 T

Two SIDES BACON.smoke dried',

Wiltshire shape, hamless. .321
Two HAMS, pale dried, not ex-
ceeding 14 lb. weight . . 3 2. 1

Two Hams, smoke dried, not
exceeding 14 lb. weight . .321

Two HAMS, pale dried, exceed-
ing 14 lb. weight . . .321

Two Hams, smoke dried, ex-
ceeding 14 lb. weight . .321

CIDER AND PERRY.

Cask of Dry Cider, made in

1913 3 2 1

Cask of Sweet Cider, made

in 1913 3 2 1

Cask of Cider, made previous

to 1913 3 2 1

One Doz. Dry Cider, made

in 1913 3 2 1

One Doz. Sweet Cider, made

in 1913 3 2 1

One Doz. Cider, made pre-
vious to 1913 . . . .321

One Doz. Dry Perry . .321

One Doz, Sweet Perry. 3 2 1

A Challenge Cup for the best exhibit
of Cider.2

WOOL (o/1914 Clip).
Three Fleeces in each entry.
Pure Breed Classes, 3

Oxford Down .
Shropshire
Southdown
Hampshire Down .
Ryeland ....
Leicester ....
Border Leicester .
Wensleydale Blue-faced
Kent or Romney Marsh
Cotswold ....
Dartmoor ....
Exmoor Horn .

Welsh

2 l
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1

1 Offered by the Buff Orpington Duck Club.

2 Offered by the Cider Growers of the West of England.

3 The Second and Third Prizes are provided by the respective Flock Book

Societies.

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914. cxlix

Frizes

WOO L — continued.
Cross Breed Classes.

First Cross bet ween two distinct
breeds of Short Wool
First Cross between two disti
breeds of Long Wool
First Cross of any Long and
Short Wool
First Cross of pure bred sheep
of which one must be Mo
tain or Moorland
Primitive British bred sheep or
First Cross from them .

BEE APPLIANCES

Collection of HIVES
Frame Hive ....

Do. for Cottagers’ use
Honey Extractor .
Observatory Hive (not less
than 3 frames) .

Useful appliances.

HON EY— (Local Classes).

Open to members of Shropshire Bee
Keepers’ Association only.

4 Sections of COMB
Honey, about 41b. .
Extracted, Light-
coloured Honey
about 4 lb.

Collective Exhibit of
Comb Honey ;
Extracted, Light-
coloured, Medium

OR DARK-COLOURED
Honey ; and 1 lb. of
WAX .

1st

2nd 3rd

£

£

£

! 3

2

1

J

3

2

1

' 3

t

2

1

. 3

2

1

. 3

2

1

ID

■ s.

s.

S.

. 80

40

20

. 20

15

10

. 20

15

10

. 15

3

10

—

. 20

15

10

. 10

-

-

s.

s.

s.

10/-

7/6

3/6

10/-

7/6

3/6

20/- 10/- 51-

H O N E Y— (Open Competition).

For the purposes of Classes for Honey
the United Kingdom has been divided into
Two Districts:—

1. Counties of Cheshire, Cumberland,
Derby, Durham, Hereford, Lancashire,
Leicester, Lincoln. Monmouth, North-
umberland,Nottingham, Rutland, Salop,
Stafford, Warwick, Westmorland, Wor-
cester, Yorkshire, the Isle of Man,
Ireland, Scotland, or Wales.

2. Counties of Bedford. Berks., Bucks.,
Cambridge, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset,
Essex, Gloucester, Hampshire, Herts.,
Hunts., Isle of Wight, Kent, Middlesex,
Norfolk, Northampton, Oxford, Somer-
set, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, or Wiltshire.
For each of the above Districts the

following four Classes and Prizes, for
Honey of any year, have been provided : —

Prizes

1st

12 Sections of Comb Honey, s.

about 121b 20

Extracted, Light-coloured
Honey, about 12 lb. . . . 20

Extracted, Medium orDark-
colouredHoney, about 12 lb. 20
Granulated Honey, about
12 lb 20

MISCELLANEOUS.

Shallow frames of Comb
Honey, for extracting . . 20

Jars of Heather Honey,

about 6 lb 20

Jars of HEATHER MIXTURE EX-
TRACTED Honey, about 6 lb. 20
Display of Honey . . .30

21b. of Wax 10

3 lb. of WAX, in marketable form,
suitable for retail trade . . 10

Honey Vinegar, 1 quart. .7/6
MEAD, 1 quart . . . .7/6

Other Practical Exhibits. 10
Other Scientific Exhibits . 10

15 10
15 10
15 10

15 10
15 10

15

20

7/6

7/6

5

5

5

5

10

10

5

5

HORSE-SHOEING COMPETITIONS (£81).

( Open to the United Kingdom.')

Class I. Hunters. CLASS II. Roadsters. Class IH. Cart Horses.

Prizes in each Class as- follows : — 1st, 51. ; 2nd, 3/. 10s. ; 3rd, 21. 10s. ; 4th, 21. ; 5th, 11. 10s.;

6th, 1Z. __ . . ,

A Gold Medal will be presented to the First Prize Winner m each Class, i
A Silver Medal and a Bronze Medal in each Class to be competed for by Members ot
the National Master Farriers’ Association. 2

BUTTER-MAKING COMPETITIONS (£56).

The Competitions on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday will be open only to those
resident in Shropshire, Staffordshire, North Wales, Cardiganshire, Radnorshire,
who have been pupils or received instruction in Dairying at their respective
County Council Institutes or Dairy Schools since the 1st day of January, 1911, and
who have not, previous to the 30th of May, 1914, won a Prize in an open class at
the Shows of the R.A.S.E., Bath and West and Southern Counties Society, Royal
Counties Society, or at the London Dairy Show.

The Competition on Saturday will be open only to the Prize Winners m the

previous competitions.

The following Prizes are offered on each day : — 1st Prize, 5Z. ; 2nd Prize, 3Z. ; 3rd
Prize, 21. ; 4th Prize, 1Z. ; 5th Prize, 10s. Certificates of Merit will he given to those

candidates obtaining 86 points out of a possible 100.. . , x . x, n „

Special Prizes of 4 if 3 Z., 21., and 1Z. for candidates resident in the County of

Montgomery.1 2 3

1 Offered by the Worshipful Company of Farriers.

2 Offered by the National Master Farriers’ Association.

3 Offered by the Montgomery County Agricultural Committee.

cl Prize List for Shrewsbury Show , 1914.

FARM PRIZES (£470). 1

The following: Prizes are offered by the Shrewsbury Local Committee for the best-
managed Farms in Shropshire, Montgomeryshire, and Staffordshire.

CLASS 1. — Grazing OR dairy Farm, 150 acres or over (.exclusive of Sheep Run), of
which two-thirds must be permanent grass. 1st Prize, 75 Z. ; 2nd Prize,
50 Z. ; 3rd Prize. 20 Z. (Thirteen entries).

CLASS II. — Grazing or dairy Farm, not less than 50 acres and under 150 acres
(exclusive of Sheep Run) of which two-thirds must be permanent grass.
1st Prize, 50 Z. ; 2nd Prize, 30 Z. ; 3rd Prize, 10Z. (Five entries).

CLASS III.— -FARM, chiefly Arable, 150 acres or over (exclusive of Sheep Run), 1st
Prize, 75 Z. ; 2nd Prize, 50Z. ; 3rd Prize, 20Z. (Thirteen entries).

CLASS IV. — Farm, chiefly Arable, not less than 50 acres and under 150 acres (exclusive
of Sheep Run). 1st Prize, 50Z. ; 2nd Prize, 30Z. ; 3rd Prize, 10Z. (Six entries)

arboricultural exhibition.1

Prizes amounting to 250Z.

DOG SHOW.

The Shropshire and West Midland Agricultural Society and the National
Terrier Club will hold a Championship Dog Show within the Showyard, on Thurs-
day and Friday, July 2nd and 3rd.

1 Offered by the Shrewsbury Local Committee.

cli

INDEX TO VOLUME 74.

1913.

The titles of Articles are printed in Italics. The Honan numerals refer to

the Appendix.

ABO

ABORTION in Cattle, Offer of Royal
Yeterinary College to Members,
xxiv

— in Cows, 89

Acreage under Crops and Grass in
Gloucestershire, Somerset, and
Dorset in 1878 and 1912, 295
— in United Kingdom, 424, 425
Admissions by Payment at Bristol
Show, 196

Agricultural Education Association s
Exhibit at Bristol Show, 285
Agricultural Education Exhibition ,
1913, 281-286

“ Agricultural Faggot , An," by R. H.
Rew, 445

Agricultural and Horticultural Re-
search Station’s Exhibit at Bristol
Show, 284

Agricultural Holdings Act, 1913, 173
Agricultural Research, Medal for,
xxxvii, xliii

Agricultural Statistics, 422-430
Agriculture of the Cotswolds, The, 22-36
Ancient Monuments Consolidation
and Amendment Act, 1913, 174
Anderson (Robert), The Agriculture
of the Cotswolds, 22-36
Animal Parasites, 384
Annual Report for 1913 of the Botanist ,
372-379

—for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist ,
359-372

— for 1913 of the Principal of the
Royal Veterinary College , 346-358
— for 1913 of the Zoologist, 379-389
Anthrax, 346

Ashby (Arthur W.), Seed Growing in
Essex, 149-154
— Teazles, 163-172
Auditors, Election of, xlvi
Autumn of 1913, The, 435
Awards of Prizes at Bristol Show, lm

BACILLUS, Abortion, 90

Bacteriological and Chemical
Report on Milk obtained at Milking
Machine Trials, 247

BUT

Balance Sheet, 1913, Ordinary, x

— Bristol Show, xiv
Bankruptcy and Deeds of Arrange-
ment Act, 1913, 175

Barley, Continuous Growing of, 393

— Experiment, 400

Bartram, J., & Co., Milking Machine,
246

Basic Slag, 368
Bastol Cake, 365

Biffen (Prof. R. H.), Annual Report
for 1913 of the Botanist, 372-379
Bituminous Suction Gas Plant, 265
Black Stalk-rot, 374
Blindness in Barley, 375
Brain, First Prize Farm of Mr. J.
King, 318

Brandon (A. J.), Tobacco growing at
Red-field, Hants., 159-163
Breast-plough, 26
Brewery Waste, 367
Bridgman, Second Prize Farm of Mr.
Henry, 308

Bristol Show, 1913, The , 192-234

— Attendance at, 196

— Awards of Prizes at, liii

— Entries for, 197

— Officials and Judges at, xlviii

— Receipts and Expenditure at, xiv
British Flax and Hemp Growers’

Society, 139 , „ _

Britten (W. G. C.), Hereford Cattle,
54-62 , 7

Brodie (F. J.), The Weather of the.

Past Agricultural Year , 430-439
Broom-rape, 377

Broughton, First Prize Farm of Mr.

B. R., 321 . 7

Buddicom (Harry W.), Miscellaneous
Imvlements exhibited at Bristol,
1913, 259-267

Bunt, attack of on wheat, 375
Butter at Bristol Show, 228
Butter Making Competitions at
Bristol Show, 232

— Making from whole and mixed
milks, 276

— Tests at Bristol Show, 271

clii

Index to Volume 74.

CAE

pAERPHILLY Cheese, Experiment
V/ in making-, 278
Cart Horse, Light, in Wales, 41
Cattle at Bristol Show, 205
Cecil, Death of Lord Arthur, 326
Celery spot, 376

Cerium Salts on Wheat. Influence of,
417

Certificates for Soundness, 46
Chaff-cutter Knife Sharpener. 264
Cheese at Bristol Show, 229
Chemist, Annual Report of Consult-
ing-, 359

Chocolate Sweeping-s, 367
Churning-, Experiment in, 278
Cider at Bristol Show, 230
Climate, Effect of, on Soil, 1
Clover Dodder, 378
—Mixtures, Experiments with, 404
—Sickness, 375
Cgb Premiums, 46

Committees, List and Members of
Standing-, iii
Commons Act, 50

' Comparative Statement of Entries at
last two Bristol Shows, 198
Compensation for the Unexhausted
Manurial Values of Feeding Stuffs
and Fertilisers , 104-119
Compound Cake, 366

— Manure, 368

Contagious and Epizootic Abortion in
Cows , 89-103

Contemporary Agricultural Law ,

Cooper, Sir Richard Powell , 446

— Death of, 325. xxxv

Copper Salts on Wheat, Influence of,
414

Corn Crops, Imports, Quantities, and
Values of, 427

— Prices of British, 428
Cotswolds, Ag-riculture of the, 22-36
Cotton Cake, 363

Council, Elections to, xlvi

— List of, i.

— Meeting-s in 1913, Minutes of, xix
County Councils’ Association’s Ex-
hibit at Bristol Show, 286

Cream Separator, 259
Crops, Acreag-e of, 422

— Inoculation of Leg'uminous, 407
Crops and Grass, Acreag-e under, 424,

425

— in Gloucester, Somerset, and Dorset
in 1878 and 1912, 295

— Produce, Acreag-e, and Yield per
Acre, 426

Crude Oil Engine, 264
Cubing- Machine for cattle-feeding-
cake, 261

Currant Bud Moth, 385

DARBY-MASKELL Ploug-h, 259
Davies and Ransome Milking-
Machine, 244

GIL

Deaths of Governors and Members
during- year, 325, 326
Decorticated Cotton Cake, 364
Dung-, Residual values of rich and
poor, 121

Dung-making Experiment, 410.
Duration of the Action of Manures ,
The, 119, 126

EFFECT of Climate and Weather on
the Soil, 1-21

Entries for Bristol Show, 197
Essay, Prize, Research Medal for,
xxxvii, xliii

Essex, Seed Growing- in, 149
Examinations for N.D.A. and N.D.D.,
Results of, 337, 342

Expenditure and Receipts at Bristol
Show, xiv

Experiments at Woburn Farm, 390
- — in Butter-making- from whole and
mixed milks, 276

— in Dairy at Bristol Show, 276
Exports and Imports, 430

Eyre (Dr. J. Varg-as), Flax , 127-140

— ITemp, 140-148

FARM and Garden Pests, 381

“ Farm Management ,” by G. E.
Warren, 444

Farm Prize Competition , 1913, 291-324
Feeding- Meal, 366
Feeding- Stuffs, 363
— Manurial Values of, 104
Fencing- at Bristol Show, 287
Fertilisers, 112, 368
— Manurial Values of, 104
Field Experiments at Woburn, 390
Financial Statement by Chairman of
Finance Committee, vii
Fish Meal, 366
Five-spot Burnet Moth. 385
Flax , 127-140

Flax Industry, Revival of, in England,
138

Eood-Stuffs fed to Milking- Cows, 111
— to Pigs, 112
— to Young Stock, 112
Eoot-and-Mouth Disease, 348
Forest Tree Pests, 379
Forestry Exhibition at Bristol , 1913,
286-290

Frosted Orange Moth, 389
Fruit, Diseases of, 376
— Pests, 385

Funds in Trust held by Society, ix
Furnace Dust, 370

PANE MILKING MACHINE, 245
VJ Garden Pests, 381
General Meeting, Report of Council
to, December 10, 1913, 325-336 ; Pro-
ceedings at, xli

— in Showyard, 193 ; Proceedings at,
xxviii

Gillanders (A. T.), Forestry Exhibition
at Bristol , 1913, 286-290

Index to Volume 74.

cliii

G-LA

G-landers, 3-17

Gold Medal for Agricultural Re-
search, xxxvii, xliii
Government Premiums to Mountain
Ponies, 51

Government Soli erne for the Improve-
ment of Live Stock , 439

Governors of the Society, Distribution
of, v

— Deaths during year, 325, 326

— Number of, since Establishment of
Society, vi

Grain Weevil, 389

Grass, Acreage under in Gloucester,
Somerset and Dorset in 1878 and
1912, 294

— Experiments at Woburn, 408

— in United Kingdom, 424, 425

— Mixtures, Experiments with, 404
Greece, late King of, Votes of Con-
dolence at death of, xxii, xxiii.

HALL (A. do, The Duration of the
Action of Manures , 119-126
— UA Pilgrimage of British Farming”
442

Hall (A. D.) and Voelcker (Dr. J. A.),
Compensation for the Unexhausted
Manurial Values of Feeding Stuffs
and Fertilisers , 104-119
Harris (J. Nugent), The Organisation
of the Wool Industry , 187-192
Hemp, 140-148
Hereford Cattle , 54-62
Hill’s Experiments at Woburn Farm,
411

Hives, Honey, &c., at Bristol Show,
232

Home-grown Tobacco at Bristol
Show, 286

Home Nurseries Competition, 1913,
290-294

Hops, Estimated Total Production of,
427

Horse-shoeing Competitions at Bristol
Show, 232

Horses at Bristol Show, 197
Horticultural Exhibition at Bristol
Show, 233

IMPLEMENTS exhibited at Bristol
I Show, 259
Imports and Exports, 430
Improvement of Old Pasture, 408
Inoculation of Leguminous Crops, 407

T ONES, First Prize Farm of Mr. G. H.,
J 305

Judges at Bristol Show,xlix

KAINIT, 361

King, H. M. the, Visit to Bristol
Show, 194

— Letter from, xxxiii

MET

LAWES and Gilbert Centenary Fund
xxxvii, xxxix

Law Cases. Agricultural, 175
Lawrence-Kennedy Milking Machine,
246

Leguminous Crops, Inoculation of,
407

Leopard Moth, 385
Lime, 370

— Experiment with varieties of, 409
Lime to Magnesia, Relation of, 417
Line and Linseed, 127
Linseed, 127
— Cake, 363
— Chaff, 367
— - Experiment with, 407
List of Council, i

Livestock in Great Britain, &c.,
Number of, 424, 425
— in Gloucester, Somerset, and Dorset,
1878 and 1912, 296
— Returns, 423

Local Committee, Thanks to, xxxi
Long Service, Awards for, 336
Lord Mayor and Corporation of Bris-
tol, Thanks to, xxx
Lucerne, Varieties of, 405

McFADYEAN (Sir John), Annual
Report for 1913 of the Principal
of the Royal Veterinary Colleqe ,
346-358

— Contagious or Fpizootic Abortion in
Cows, 89-103

McRow (Thomas), The Bristol Show ,
1913, 192-234

Magnesia, Influence of, on Wheat, 402

— Relation of Lime to, 417
Manganese on Wheat, Influence of,

417

Mange, Parasitic, 349

Mangolds, 367

Mansell (Alfred), Shropshire Sheep ,
62-75

Manures, The Duration of the Action
of, 119

Manurial Values of Feeding Stuffs,
&c., Unexhausted, 104, 396

Manus Milking Machine, 245

Marshall, Second Prize Farm of Mr.
James, 323

Martin, Death of Mr. Joseph, 326, xxiv

Mathews (Ernest), Milk and Butter
Tests at the Bristol Show , 267-280

Matthews, First Prize Farm of Mr.
Henry, 311

Max Milking Machine, 246

Members of Society, Distribution of,
v

— Deaths of, during Year, 325, 326

— Numbers of, since Establishment of
Society, vi

Meteorological Office’s Exhibit at
Bristol Show, 285

Methwold, Tobacco Growing at, 155

cliv

Index to Volume 74.

MIL

Milk and Butter Tests at the Bristol
Show , 267-280

Milking- Cows, Food-stuff s fed to, 111
Milking’ Machines, Trials of, 231
Milk Supply Plant, 261
Milk-yield Trials, 267
Minutes of Council Meeting’s in 1913,
xix-xlvii

Miscellaneous Implements exhibited at
Bristol , 1913, 259-267
Mole-Draining and the Renovation of
old Pipe Drains , 76-89
Morfe Common Sheep, 62
Motor Horse Box, 263
— Plough, 263

Mountain and Moorland Pony, 16
Mowra Bean Meal, 370

NATIONAL Diploma, Results of
Examinations for, in Agricul-
ture, 337 ; in Dairying, 312
New Implements, 359-367
Nicholson, Death of Mr. C. D.. xix, xx
Nielsen’s Milking Machine, 215
Nitrogenous Top Dressings on Wheat,
101

Nitrogenous Manures,- 123
Notes , Communications and Reviews,
139-116

Nutrimol, 367

Nyeboe & Nissen’s Milking Machine,
215

ATS, Experiment with Varieties
of, 399

Officials and Judges at Bristol Show,
xlviii, xlix

Officials of the Society, iv
Omega Milking Machine, 211
Organisation of the Wool Industry,
The, 187-192

Orwin (C.S.), Farm Prize Competition,
1913, 291-321

Oxford Down Sheep, Origin of, 31

PACK HORSE in Wales, 11
1 Parasitic Mange, 319
Pasture, Improvement of old, 108
Pea-thrips, 382
Perry at Bristol Show, 230
Phosphatic Fertiliser, 125
Pigs at Bristol Show, 223
“ Pilqrimaqe of British Farminq, A
by A. D. Hall, 112

Pitt, William, on Cannock Heath
Sheep, 61

Plant Diseases, 371

Plantations and Home Nurseries Com-
petition, 1913, 290-291
Plough, Darby -Maskell, 259
— Motor, 263

Plymley on Morfe Sheep, 63
Pneumatic Transport for grain, 262
Potash, Compensation for loss of, 106
Potato Disease, 371
— Planting Machine, 262

ROY

Pot Culture Experiments at Woburn
Farm, 111

Poultry at Bristol Show, 225
Pre-Norman Horse in Wales, 39
President for 1911, 327, xxvi, xlv
— Thanks to, at General Meetings,
xxxiii, xlvii

Primitive Breeds of Sheep at Bristol
Show. 211

Prize List for Shrewsbury Show, 1911,
cxxxix

Proceedings at General Meetings in
1913 : July 2, xxviii ; December 10,
xli

Produce at Bristol Show, 228
Produce Returns for 1913, 123

QUAIL Manure. 369

Quartz, crushed, as Fertiliser, 371
Queen Victoria Gifts Fund, Grant
made by, 336, xxv

AIL WAY Companies, Thanks to,

XXXI 1

Rainfall of 1913, The, 136, 137
Rainfall at Woburn, 1913, 111
Raspberry Beetle, 386
Reading University College’s Exhibit
at Bristol Show, 285
Receipts and Expenditure at Bristol
Show, xiv

Redfield, Tobacco growing at, 159
Red-shank, 377

Report of Council to General Meeting,
December 10, 1913, 325-336
Report of Judges on Plantations and
home Nurseries Competition, 1913,
290-291

Report on the Results of the Examin-
ations in 1913, National Diploma
in Agriculture, 337 ; National
Diploma in Dairying, 312

Revort on the Trials of Hand Power
Machines for applying Dry Insecti-
cides or Fungicides in Powder Form
to Bushes and Trees, 256
Report on the Trials of Milhinq
Machines, 1913, 231-256
Research, Medal for Agricultural,
xxxvii, xliii
Retting. 135

Rew (R. H.), “An Agricultural
Faggot ,” 115
Rice Meal, 361

Rogers (C. Coltman), Welsh Ponies
and Cobs , 37-51

Rotation Experiments at Woburn, 396
Rothamsted’s Exhibit at Bristol Show,
282

Rothschild, Lord, Election of as Vice-
President, xxx vi

Royal Agricultural College’s Exhibit
at Bristol Show, 281
Royal Agricultural Society’s Exhibit
at Bristol Show, 281

Index to Volume 74.

civ

ROY

Royal Veterinary College, Annual
Report for 1913 of the Principal of
the, 346

Russell (E. J.), The Effect of Climate
and Weather on the Soil , 1-21
Rye-grass, Varieties of, 406

SAMPLES analysed by Consulting
Chemist, List of, 371
Sand-flies, 384

Seed Growing in Essex , 149-154

Seeds, Analyses of, 372

Serum Treatment for Swine Fever,

XXX1Y

Sheep at Bristol Show, 214 .

Sheep Scab, 348

Shrewsbury Show, Prizes for, 330, 331,
332, cxxxix

— Prizes for Farms, 329

Shropshire Sheep, 62-75

Silver Medals for Implements awarded

at Bristol Show, 259
Skilled Agricultural Labour, Awards
for, 330, xxxiv, xxxvi
Sludge Manure, 369
Smith, Henry Herbert , 447
— Death of, 325

Smith, Second Prize Farm of Mr. W.
McEwen, 313

Some Minor Farm Crops, I., 127-172
South Eastern Agricultural College’s
Exhibit at Bristol Show, 283
Soya Bean, Experiment with, 407
Spencer (Aubrey J.),. Contemporary
Aqricultural Law, 173-187
Spring of 1913, The, 432
Spruce Aphis, 380
Spurrey, 376

Standing Committees, List and Mem-
bers of, iii

Statistics, Agricultural, 422
Stonehenge Woollen Industry Exhibit
at Bristol Show, 285
Straw used as Manure, Value of, 111

Suction Gas Plant, 265
Sugar Beet Pulp, 365
Suqar Industry in France, 441
Summer of 1913, The, 434
Sunshine of 1913, The, 436
Sulphur as a Fertiliser, 419
Sutton , Martin J., 448
Swine Fever, 349
— Serum Treatment for, xxxiv

TABLE showing Compensation to
be awarded for the use of
Fertilisers, 117 . , -

Tables showing Manunal Values ot
Feeding Stuffs, 114, 115
Teazles , 163-172

Temperature of 1913, The, 436
Thistle, Common, 377 . .

Thring (Douglas T.), Mole Draining
and the Renovation of old Pipe
Drains , 76-89

W ME

Tobacco, 155-163

— qrowinq on Waste Land at Meth-
wold, Norfolk, 155-158

— growing at Redfield , Hants, 159-163
.Prizes for xx

Tobacco exhibited at Bristol Show, 286
Tomatoes, Experiments with, 419
Tory, First Prize Farm of Mr. P. C.,
316

Trials of Hand-Power Machines for
apply ing Dry Insecticides or Fungi-
cides in powder form to Bjishes and
Trees , 256-258

— Milking Machines, 234-256
Trust Funds held by the Society, ix
Trustees, Election of, xlv

— List of, i
Tuberculosis, 355

— Experiment, Conclusion of, xxxvn,
xl

— of the Udder, 356

— with emaciation, 357

UNEXHAUSTED Manurial Value
of Cake and Corn, 396
— of Feeding Stuffs. &c., 104, 396
University College, Reading, Exhibit
at Bristol Show, 285

VACCAR Milking Machine, 244

Values, Manurial, of Feeding
Stuffs, &c., 104 .

Veterinary Inspectors at Bristol
Show, lii

Veterinary Report^ Annual, 346-358
Vice-Presidents, Election of, xlvi

— List of, i

Victorian Welsh Cob, 42
Voelcker (Dr. J. A.), Annual Report
for 1913 of the Consulting Chemist,

359-372 7 ^

— The Woburn Experimental Station
of the Royal Agricultural Society
of England, 390-422
Voelcker (Dr. J. A.), and Hall (A. D.),
Compensation for Unexhausted
Manurial Values of Feeding Stuffs

/7 TPnriHd 7/1 1 04- -1 1 0

WALLACE, J. & R., Milking
Machine, 246

Warburton (Cecil), Annual Report
for 1913 of the Zoologist, 379-389
Warren (G. F.), " Farm Management ,
444

Wasps, 388 . 7

Weather of the Past Agricultural

Year , The, 430-439
Weather, Effect of on Soil, 9
Weeds, 376

Welsh Ponies and Cobs, 37-54
Wheat, Continuous Growing of, 391
— Influence of Magnesia on, 402
— Influence of Zinc Salts on, 411
— Nitrogenous Top Dressings on, 401
— Influence of Copper Salts on, 414,

clvi

Index to Volume 74.

WHE

Wheat, Influence of Mang-anese and
Cerium Salts on, 417
White Rust on Mustard, 376
Whitmore (Major G. F.), Tobacco
Growing on Waste Land at Meth-
wold , 155-158

Williams, Second Prize Farm of Mr.
W. G., 320

Wilson, Hon. James, Honorary Mem-
bership conferred on, 193, 327, xxv,
xxx

Winch, Lifting- and Hauling-, 264
Winter Moth, 385
Winter of 1912-13, The, 431
Withers, Second Prize Farm of Mr.
W. R., 318

Woburn Experimental Station of the
Royal Agricultural Society of
England , The , 390-422

zoo

Woburn Farm, Grant from Board of
Agriculture for, xxii

— Rainfall at, 411

Wool at Bristol Show, 232

— Averag-e Prices of, 429

— Expert, Sug-g-ested Appointment
of, xxxii

— Industry, Org-anization of, 187
Workmen’s Compensation Act, Law

Cases under, 175

YOU ATT on Morfe Sheep, 63

Ypung-, Arthur, on Cotswolds, 27

ZINC Salts on Wheat, Influence of,
411

Zoologist, Annual Report of, 379-389

* J A.S. TRIJSCOTT & SON, LTD„ LONDON.

iiogal Jgnmltml Sorictn of (giigknb.

STATEMENT

OF

PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP.

CHEMICAL.— Advice to Buyers of Fertilisers and
Feeding* Stuffs ; Analyses ; Sample of Order Form,

&C. (page ii.).

BOTANICAL— Information on purchase and value
of Seeds and other matters ; Suggestions and
Samples of Order Form (page vii.).

ZOOLOGICAL.— Information on Pests of Farm Crops,
Fruit and Forest Trees, and Domesticated Animals,

&C. (page xi.). .. .

VETERINARY— Privileges and Information (page xn.)

GENERAL PRIVILEGES.

FREE ADMISSION to Show, Grand Stand, &c., and use of Members’
Pavilion in Show Yard.

SOCIETY’S JOURNAL and other Publications.

LIBRARY AND READING ROOM, 16 Bedford Square.

(Open to Members from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ; Saturdays, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.)

REDUCED RATES for entry of Live Stock, Implements, Produce.
&c., at Show.

terms of membership.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION — Governor - - Minimum £5.

Member - - Minimum £1.

LIFE COMPOSITIONS— Governor ^0.

Member ----- ^It).

THOMAS McROW,

16 Bedford Square, W.C. Secretary.

January , 1914.

Telegraphic Address : “ PRACTICE, LONDON.” Telephone Number : “ GERRARD 3675.”

t

MEMBERS’ PRIVILEGES OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

(Applicable only to the case of persons who are not commercially
engaged in the manufacture or sale of any substance sent for Analysis.)

THE COUNCIL HAVE FIXED THE FOLLOWING

RATES OF CHARGES FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

TO MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY.

These privileges are applicable only when the Analyses are for bond fide
agricultural purposes, and are required by Members of the Society for their
own use and guidance in respect of farms or land in their own occupation and
within the United Kingdom.

The Analyses are given on the understanding that they are required for the
individual and sole benefit of the Member applying for them, and must not be
used for other persons, or for commercial purposes.

The Analyses and reports may not be communicated to either vendor or
manufacturer, except in cases of dispute.

Land or estate agents, bailiffs, and others, when forwarding samples, are
required to state the names of those Members on whose behalf they apply.

1. — An opinion on the purity of any Fertiliser or Feeding Stuff

(so far as this can be given without detailed analysis) .

2. — Determination of any one ordinary constituent in a Fertiliser

or Feeding Stuff

3. — Determination of Potash

A. — Commercial Analysis of any ordinary Fertiliser or Feeding Stuff

5. — Full Analysis of any compound Fertiliser or Feeding Stuff

6. — Analysis of any other material in ordinary use for agricultural

purposes

7. — Analysis of Milk, Cream, Butter, or other Dairy produce from

Members’ own farms

(N.B.— Samples in any way connected with the Sale of Food and
Drugs Acts are not undertaken for analysis.)

8. — Analysis of Water

9. — Analysis of Soil— determination of Lime only ....

10. — Analysis of Soil— partial

11. — Analysis of Soil— complete

12. — Consultation by letter or personal appointment

& s. d.

1 0

2 6
5 0

5 0

10 0

10 0

2 6

1 10 0
10 0
1 0 0
3 0 0

5 0

OPINION OF VALUE.

With the analysis will be given , as far as possible, an opinion as to
whether an article analysed is worth the price ashed for it, or not ,
provided the cost of the same, together with guarantee (if any ) and
other particulars relating to the purchase, be given at the time '.

ALL SAMPLES AND COMMUNICATIONS, TOGETHER WITH FEES
FOR ANALYSIS, TO BE ADDRESSED TO—

DR. VOELCKER, Analytical Laboratory,

1, Tudor Street, London, E.C.

ii

Instructions for Selecting and Sending Samples for Analysis.

GENERAL RULES.— (1.) A sample taken for analysis should be fairly representative
of the hulk from which it has been drawn. — (2.) The sample should reach the Analyst
in the same condition that it was in at the time when drawn.

When Fertilisers are delivered in bags, select four or five of these from the bulk,
and either turn them out on a floor and rapidly mix their contents, or else drive a
shovel into each bag and draw out from as near the centre as possible a couple of
shovelfuls of the manure, and mix these quickly on a floor.

Halve the heap obtained in either of these ways, take one half (rejecting the other)
and mix again rapidly, flattening down with the shovel any lumps that appear.
Repeat this operation until at last only some three or four pounds are left.

From this fill three tins, holding from ^lb. to lib. each, mark, fasten up and seal
each of these. Send one for analysis, and retain the others for reference.

Or, — the manure may be put into glass bottles provided with well-fitting corks ;
the bottles should be labelled and the corks sealed down. The sample sent for
analysis can be packed in a wooden box and sent by post or rail.

When manures are delivered in bulk, portions should be successively drawn from
different parts of the bulk, the heap being turned over now and again. The portions
drawn should be thoroughly mixed, subdivided, and, finally, samples should be taken
as before, except that when the manure is coarse and bulky it is advisable to send
larger samples than when it is in a finely divided condition.

Linseed, Cotton, and other Feeding Cakes.— If a single cake betaken, three strips
should be broken off right across the cake, and from the middle portion of it, one piece
to be sent for analysis, and the other two retained for reference. Each of the three
pieces should be marked, wrapped in paper, fastened up, and sealed. The piece
forwarded for analysis can be sent by post or rail.

A more satisfactory plan is to select four to six cakes from different parts of the
delivery, then break off a piece about four inches wide from the middle of each cake,
and pass these pieces through a cake-breaker. The broken cake should then be well
mixed and three samples of about 1 lb. each should be taken and kept in tins or bags,
duly marked, fastened, and sealed as before. One of these lots should be sent for
analysis, the remaining two being kept for reference. It is advisable also with the
broken pieces to send a small strip from an unbroken cake.

Feeding Meals, Grain, &c.— Handfuls should be drawn from the centre of half a
dozen different bags of the delivery ; these lots should then be well mixed, and three
i-lb.tins or bags filled from the heap, each being marked, fastened up, and sealed. One
sample is to be forwarded for analysis and the others retained for reference.

Soils.— Have a wooden box made 6 inches in length and width, and from 9 to 12
inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the field
a space of about 12 inches square ; dig round in a slanting direction a trench, so as to
leave undisturbed a block of soil and its subsoil 9 to 12 inches deep ; trim this block to
make it to fit into the wooden box, invert the open box over it, press down firmly, then
pass a spade under the box and lift it up, gently turn over the box, nail on the lid,
and send by rail. The soil will then be received in the position in which it is found in
the field.

In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at once
inverted over the soil, forced down by pressure, and then dug out.

Waters.— Samples of water are best sent in glass-stoppered Winchester bottles,
holding half a gallon. One such bottle is sufficient for a single sample. Care should
be taken to have these scrupulously clean. In taking a sample of water for analysis
it is advisable to reject the first portion drawn or pumped, so as to obtain a sample of
the water when in ordinary flow. The bottle should be rinsed out with the water that
is to be analysed, and it should be filled nearly to the top. The stopper should be
secured with string, or be tied over with linen or soft leather. The sample can then be
sent carefully packed either in a wooden box with sawdust, &c., or in a hamper with
straw. v

Milk.— A pint bottle should be sent in a wooden box.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Time for Taking Samples.— All samples, both of
fertilisers and feeding stuffs, should be taken as soon after their delivery as possible,
and should reach the Analyst within ten days after delivery of the article. In every
case it is advisable that the Analyst’s certificate be received before a fertiliser is sown
or a feeding stuff is given to stock.

Procedure in the Event of the Vendor wishing Fresh Samples to be Drawn.—

Should a purchaser find that the Analyst’s certificate shows a fertiliser or feeding stuff
not to come up to the guarantee given him, he may inform the vendor of the result
and complain accordingly. He should then send to the vendor one of the two samples
which he has kept for reference. If, however, the vendor should demand that a fresh
sample be drawn, the purchaser must allow this, and also give the vendor an oppor-
tunity of being present, either in person or through a representative whom he may
appoint. In that case three samples should be taken in the presence of both parties
with the same precautions as before described, each of which, should be duly packed
up labelled and sealed by both parties. One of these is to be given to the vendor, one
is to be sent to the Analyst, and the third is to be kept by the purchaser for reference
or future analysis if necessary.

Ill

Suggestions to Purchasers of Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs.

Purchasers are recommended in all cases to insist on having an INVOICE, and to see that
such invoice contains the following particulars : —

In the case of Fertilisers : —

(1) The name of the Fertiliser.

(2) Whether the Fertiliser is artificially compounded or not.

(3) The minimum analysis of the Fertiliser in respect of its principal fertilising
ingredients.

In the case of artificially prepared Feeding Stuffs for Cattle : —

(1) The name of the article.

(2) The description of the article — whether it has been prepared (a) from one substance
or seed, or (b) from more than one substance or seed.

(3) The percentages of oil and albuminoids guaranteed.

For example :

(а) An invoice describing an article as “Linseed Cake ” implies a warranty that the

article is pure, i.e., is prepared from linseed only; “Cotton Cake” (whether
decorticated or undecorticated), and “Rape Cake” (for feeding purposes),
would come under a similar category.

Purchasers are reminded that the use of such terms as “95 per cent.,” “ Oil Cake," &c.,
affords no security against adulteration. The adoption of the Order Form issued
by the Society is therefore strongly recommended.

(б) In the case of a Compound Cake or Feeding Stuff, a Vendor is compelled by the

Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act of 1906 to state the percentages of oil
and albuminoids guaranteed, and that it is prepared from more than one
substance, but he is not required to specify the particular materials used
in its preparation. Purchasers are recommended, therefore, to buy Mixed
F eeding Cakes, Meals, &c., with a guaranteed analysis. Any statements in
the invoice as to the component parts of such Mixed Cake or Meal will
take effect as a warranty, as also will any statements in an invoice, circular,
or advertisement as to the percentages of nutritive and other ingredients in
any article sold for use as food for cattle.

Members of the Society are strongly recommended not only to see that the invoices
given to them accurately describe the goods they have ordered, but to make all their orders
subject to the Analysis and Report of the Consulting Chemist of the Royal Agricultural Society of
England. Copies of a Form of Order (see page v,) for this purpose may be obtained on
application to the Secretary.

Attention is particularly directed to the recommendations below as to the qualities of
I ertilisers and Feeding Stuffs which purchasers should demand.

Conditions of Purchase and Sale.

FERTILISERS.

Raw Bones, Bone-meal, or Bone-dust to be guaranteed “pure,” and to contain not less
than 45 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not less than 4 per cent, of Ammonia.

Steamed or “ Degelatinized ” Bones to be guaranteed “ pure,” and to contain not less than
55 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not less than 1 per cent, of Ammonia.

u 1Min0ral Superphosphate of Lime to he guaranteed to contain a certain percentage of
Soluble Phosphate.” [From 25 to 28 per cent, of Soluble Phosphate is an ordinarilv good
quality.]

Dissolved Bones to be guaranteed to be “made from raw hone and acid only,” and to he
sold as containing stated minimum percentages of Soluble Phosphate, Insoluble Phosphates
and Ammonia. ’

Compound Artificial Manures, Bone Manures, Bone Compounds, &c., to he sold by analysis
stating the minimum percentages of Soluble Phosphate, Insoluble Phosphates, and
Ammonia contained.

Basse Slag to be guaranteed to be sufficiently finely ground that 80 to 90 per cent,
passes through a sieve having 10,000 meshes to the square inch, and to contain a certain
percentage of Phosphoric Acid or its equivalent in Phosphate of Lime. [The highest grades
range from 17 to 20 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid ; medium grades 14 to 16 per cent. ; and
low grades from 10 to 12 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid.]

Peruvian Guano to be described by that name, and to be sold by analysis stating the
minimum percentages of Phosphates and Ammonia.

Sulphate of Ammonia to be guaranteed “ PURE,” and to contain not less than 24 per cent
of Ammonia.

Nitrate of Soda to be guaranteed “pure,” and to contain 95 per cent, of Nitrate of Soda.
Kainit to he guaranteed to contain 23 per cent, of Sulphate of Potash.

All Fertilisers to be delivered in good and suitable condition for sowing.

FEEDING STUFFS.

Linseed Cake, Cotton Cake (Decorticated and Undecorticated), and Rape Cake (for feeding
purposes) to be pure, i.e., prepared only from the one kind of seed from which their name
is derived; and to be in sound condition. The percentages of oil and albuminoids
guaranteed must also be stated. The Report of the Consulting Chemist of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England to be conclusive as to the “ purity ” or otherwise of anv
feeding stuffs. y

Mixed Feeding Cakes, Meals, &c., to he sold on a guaranteed analysis, giving the per-
centages of oil and albuminoids, to be sound in condition, and to contain nothing of an
injurious nature, or ingredients that are worthless for feeding purposes.

IV

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(i Signature of Member )

Note. — Copies of this Form will be forwarded to Members on application to the Secretary.

t

CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE AND SALE.

FERTILISERS.

Raw Bones, Bone-meal, or Bone-dust to be guaranteed “pure,” and
to contain not less than 45 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not
less than 4 per cent, of Ammonia.

Steamed or “ Degelatinized ” Bones to be guaranteed “ pure,” and
to contain not less than 55 per cent, of Phosphate of Lime, and not
less than 1 per cent, of Ammonia.

Mineral Superphosphate of Lime to be guaranteed to contain a
certain percentage of “ Soluble Phosphate.” [From 25 to 28 per cent,
of Soluble Phosphate is an ordinarily good quality.]

Dissolved Bones to be guaranteed to be “made from raw bone
and acid only,” and to be sold as containing stated minimum per-
centages of Soluble Phosphate, Insoluble Phosphates, and Ammonia.

Compound Artificial Manures, Bone Manures, Bone Compounds, &c.,

to be sold by analysis stating the minimum percentages of Soluble
Phosphate, Insoluble Phosphates, and Ammonia contained.

Basic Slag to be guaranteed to be sufficiently finely ground that 80
to 90 per cent, passes through a sieve having 10,000 meshes to the
square inch, and to contain a certain percentage of Phosphoric Acid
or its equivalent in Phosphate of Lime. [The highest grades range
from 17 to 20 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid ; medium grades 14 to 16
per cent. ; and low grades from 10 to 12 per cent, of Phosphoric Acid.]

Peruvian Guano to be described by that name, and to be sold by
analysis stating the minimum percentages of Phosphates and Ammonia.

Sulphate of Ammonia to be guaranteed “ PURE,” and to contain not
less than 24 per cent, of Ammonia.

Nitrate of Soda to be guaranteed “ PURE,” and to contain 95 per
cent. Nitrate of Soda.

Kainit to be guaranteed to contain 23 per cent, of Sulphate of Potash.

All Fertilisers to be delivered in good and suitable condition for
sowing.

FEEDING STUFFS.

Linseed cake, Cotton cake (Decorticated and Undecorticated), and
Rape cake (for feeding purposes) to be pure, i.e.9 prepared only from
the one kind of seed from which their name is derived ; and to be
in sound condition. The percentages of oil and albuminoids guaran-
teed must also be stated. The Report of the Consulting Chemist of
the Royal Agricultural Society of England to be conclusive as to
the “purity” or otherwise of any feeding stuffs.

Mixed Feeding-cakes, Meals, &c., to be sold on a guaranteed
analysis, giving the percentages of oil and albuminoids, to be in
sound condition, and to contain nothing of an injurious nature,
or ingredients that are worthless for feeding purposes.

VI

MEMBERS’ BOTANICAL PRIVILEGES.

THE COUNCIL HAVE FIXED THE FOLLOWING

RATES OF CHARGES FOR THE EXAM IN A TION

OF PLANTS AND SEEDS

BY THE SOCIETY’S BOTANIST.

The charge for examination must be paid at the time of application, and the
carriage of all parcels must be prepaid. When, however, bond fide inquiries
require no special investigation the fees will be returned with the reply.

1. — Report on the purity and germinating capacity of samples

of agricultural seeds, with a statement as to the nature
and amount of the impurities or adulterants present . Is.

2. — Report on the constitution of mixtures of grass seeds and

an opinion as to their suitability for temporary leys,
permanent pastures, &c. . . . . • ' . Is.

3. — Identification of weeds and poisonous plants with sug=

gestions for their eradication . . . . .Is.

4. — Report on the fungoid diseases affecting farm crops, with

an account of the methods suitable for their treatment,
where known ........ Is.

5. — Report on the natural herbage of a district as a guide to

the formation of permanent pastures . . . .Is.

6. — Report on the suitability or otherwise of the different

varieties of the chief farm crops for local conditions
(where the information is available), stating their average
cropping capacity as compared with other varieties, their
quality, power of resistance to various diseases, and
general purity to type . . . . • .Is.

7 — Reports on any other matters of a botanical nature of

interest to agriculturists ... . . Is.

PURCHASE OF SEEDS.

The purchaser should obtain from the vendor, by invoice or other writing,
the proper designation of the seeds he buys, with a guarantee of the percentage
of purity and germination, and of its freedom from ergot, and, in the case of
clover, from the seeds of dodder and broom-rape.

Copies of the “Order Form and Conditions of Purchase and Sale of Seeds”
(see page ix) may be obtained by Members on application to the Secretary, at
16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.

x 2

VII

t

MEMBERS’ BOTANICAL PRIVILEGES ( continued ).

THE SAMPLING OF SEEDS.

The utmost care should be taken to secure a fair and honest sample. This
should be drawn from the bulk delivered to the purchaser, and not from the
sample sent by the vendor.

When legal evidence is required, the sample should be taken from the bulk,
and placed in a sealed bag1 in the presence of a witness. Care should be taken
that the sample and bulk be not tampered with after delivery, or mixed or
brought in contact with any other sample or bulk.

At least one ounce of grass and other small seeds should be sent, and two
ounces of cereals and the larger seeds. When the bulk is obviously impure,
the sample should be at least double the amount specified. Grass seeds should
be sent at least four weeks, and seeds of clover and cereals two weeks before
they are to be used.

The exact name under which the sample has been sold and analysed
should accompany it.

REPORTING THE RESULTS.

The Report will be made on a schedule in which the nature and amount of
impurities will be stated, and the number of days each sample has been under
test, with the percentage of the seeds which have germinated.

“ Hard ” clover seeds, thoug’h not germinating- within the time stated, will
be considered geod seeds, and their percentage separately stated.

The impurities in the sample, including- the chaff of the species tested, will
be specified in the schedule, and only the percentage of the pure seed of that
species will be reported upon ; but the real value of the sample will be
stated. The Real Value is the combined percentages of purity and germina-
tion, and is obtained by multiplying- these percentages and dividing by 100 ;
thus in a sample of Meadow Fescue having 88 per cent, purity and 95 per cent,
germination, 88 multiplied by 95 gives 8,860, and this divided by 100 gives 83*6,
the Real Value.

SELECTING SPECIMENS OF PLANTS.

When a specimen is sent for determination, the whole plant should be
taken up and the earth shaken from the roots. If possible, the plants must be
in flower or fruit. They should be packed in a light box, or in a firm
paper parcel.

Specimens of diseased plants or of parasites should be forwarded as fresh as
possible. They should be placed in a bottle, or packed in tinfoil or oil-silk.

All specimens should be accompanied with a letter specifying the nature of
the information required, and stating any local circumstances (soil, situation,
&c.) which, in the opinion of the sender, would be likely to throw light on the

inquiry.

PARCELS OR LETTERS CONTAINING SEEDS OR PLANTS FOR
EXAMINATION MUST BE ADDRESSED (CARRIAGE OR POSTAGE

PREPAID) TO—

PROFESSOR R. H. BIFFEN, M.A.,

School of Agriculture, Cambridge.

VIII

ORDER FORM (Sample)

AND

CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE AND SALE OF SEEDS.

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IX

Date

Note. — Copies of this Form will be forwarded to Members on application to the Secretary. [f.t.o.

Quantity.

.Cocksfoot germinating 90 per cent.

.Meadow Fescue „ 95 per cent.

•Tall Fescue „ 90 per cent.

.Meadow Foxtail „ 70 per cent.

•Timothy „ 95 per cent.

.Rough Stalked Meadow Grass „ 80 per cent.

.Smooth Stalked Meadow Grass ,, 70 per cent.

.Perennial Ryegrass „ 95 per cent.

•Italian Ryegrass „ 95 per cent.

.Red Clover \ r|r§2 » 98 per cent.

.Alsike I Us *3 „ 98 per cent.

.White Clover / ^ ^ ,, 98 per cent.

.Trefoil / s $■ § „ 98 per cent.

.Yarrow „ §0 per cen^

Variety.

Wheat „ 98 per cent.

Barley „ 98 per cent.

OaIs „ 98 per cent.

Turnips „ 98 per cent.

■ Swede Turnips „ 98 per cent.

Cabbage „ 98 per cent.

Mangel Wurzel, 75 per cent, of fruits, each

containing at least one germinating seed.

Signature

MEMBERS’ ZOOLOGICAL PRIVILEGES.

The Council have fixed the charge of Is. for information to be
supplied, by the Society’s Zoologist, respecting any injurious (animal,
quadruped, bird, insect, worm, &c.) pests.

(1) FARM CROPS.

All the ordinary farm crops are subject to numerous pests, some attacking1
the roots, some the leaves, others the stem or the blossom. The first necessity
is the accurate identification of the pest in any case, for a knowledge of its
life-history often suggests a method of dealing1 with it.

(2) FRUIT TREES.

There are a great number of orchard and bush-fruit pests. Some (codlin
moth, pear-midg’e, &c.) attack the fruit ; others (red-spider, aphis, caterpillars,
&c.) the leaves ; others (woolly aphis, boring1 beetles, &c.) the stem. Informa-
tion will be given as to the identity of any pest and the best way of combating1
it.

(3) FOREST TREES.

Advice will be given with regurd to the treatment of forest-tree pests, in
plantations, nursery g’ardens, or ornamental grounds. Such pests may attack
the trunks (beech-scale, boring1 insects, &c.), the leaves (caterpillars aphis, &c.),
or the roots (cockchafer, grubs, &c., in young1 plantations).

(4) DOMESTICATED ANIMALS.

Animal parasites, whether external or internal, may be sent for identification
and advice. They include worms, fly-mag’g'ots, ticks, lice, &c., and many well-
known diseases (warbles, gapes, &e.) are due to them.

Diseases of animals due to other causes should be referred to the Veterinary
Department.

N.B. — It is very important that specimens should reach the Zoologist
fresh and in good condition. It is often impossible to determine the
cause of injury in the case of crushed and shrivelled material. Tin boxes
should be used, and some damp blotting-paper inserted to prevent undue
drying. In the case of root-pests, the root should be sent with its
surrounding soil.

PARCELS OR LETTERS CONTAINING SPECIMENS (CARRIAGE OR
POSTAGE PAID) MUST BE ADDRESSED TO—

Mr. CECIL WARBURTON, M.A.,

School of Agriculture, Cambridge.

XI

I

MEMBERS' VETERINARY PRIVILEGES.

In order to enable Members to obtain the highest possible Veterinary advice
when the necessity arises, the Society has entered into an agreement with the
Royal Veterinary College, under which diseased animals may be admitted to the
College Infirmary for treatment, and the Professors of the College may be con-
sulted or called upon to investigate outbreaks of disease at greatly reduced fees.

I.— ADMISSION OF SICK OR DISEASED ANIMALS TO THE ROYAL

VETERINARY COLLEGE.

Members of the Society have all the privileges of subscribers to the Royal
Veterinary College, Camden Town, N.W., so far as the admission for treatment
of Cattle, Sheep, and Swine is concerned, without being called upon to pay the
annual subscription to the College of two guineas. The charges made by the
College for keep and treatment are as follows : — Cattle, 10s. 6d., and Sheep and
Pigs, 3s. 6d. per week for each animal.

The full privileges of subscribers, including the examination of horses,
and the admission of horses and dogs into the College Infirmary for surgical or
medical treatment, on payment of the cost of keep, will be accorded to
Members of the Society on payment of a subscription to the College of one
guinea instead of two guineas per annum.

II.— FEES FOR CONSULTATIONS, ANALYSES, AND EXAMINATIONS
AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE.

The following fees are payable by Members of the Society for services
performed at the Royal Veterinary College on their behalf in cases where a
visit to the locality is not involved : —

Personal consultation with a Veterinary Professor .

Consultation by letter

Postmortem examination of an animal and report thereon

Chemical Examination of viscera for any specified metallic
poison

Chemical Examination of viscera for metallic poisons
Chemical Examination of viscera for vegetable poisons

Chemical Examination of viscera complete, for metals and
alkaloids

£ s.

10

10

1 1

d.

6

6

0

10

1 0
1 0

6

0

0

2 0 0

(The above fees do not apply to cases which involve a visit to the locality.)

III.

INVESTIGATION OF OUTBREAKS OF DISEASE AMONG

FARM STOCK.

In the event of any obscure outbreak of disease among Cattle, Sheep,
Swine occurring on the farm of any Member of the Society, application
should at once be made to the Principal of the Royal Veterinary
College, Camden Town, London, N.W.

' v

The Principal will then instruct an officer of the College to inquire into
the outbreak and report to him. He will also fix the amount of remuneration
to be paid to the Inspector, whose professional fee will in no case exceed two
guineas per day, exclusive of the actual cost of travelling and maintenance.

When it appears, on the report of the Inspector selected, that the outbreak
was of an important character or of general interest, the cost of the investiga-
tion will be defrayed by the Royal Veterinary College.

xti

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY.

Now published as an Annual Volume of about 500 pages, bound in green cloth,
to Members ; Price to Non-Members, Ten Shillings.

Free

TEXT-BOOK ON AGRICULTURE.

ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURE : a Text-book prepared under the authority of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England by the late W. FREAM, LL.D. Ninth (Revised and
Enlarged) Edition (49th Thousand), edited by J. R. AINSW ORTH-DAVIS, M.A. 692 pp.
with 333 Illustrations. 1914. Price 5s. nett, bound in cloth.

FARM ACCOUNT BOOKS.

No. 1, A DIARY, combining Cash Account with daily record of Farm Transactions. Price 4s.
No. 2, A FARM ACCOUNT BOOK, showing payments and receipts, and supplying a form of
Annual Balance Sheet. Price 5s. 6 d. Published for the Society and sold by Messrs.
FORSTER, Groom & Co., Ltd., 15 Charing Cross, London, S.W.

PAMPHLETS.

Veterinary Pamphlets by Professor Sir George Brown, C.B. :

DENTITION AS INDICATIVE OF THE AGE OP FARM ANIMALS. Sixth Edition (1913). 64 pp.
With 60 Illustrations. Price Is.

ANIMALS OF THE FARM IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 72 pp. With 52 Illustrations. Fourth
Edition (1909). Price Is.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE HORSE’S FOOT AND THE PRINCIPLES OF SHOEING. 23 pp.

Fourth and Enlarged Edition (1902). With 12 Illustrations. Price 6 d.

CONTAGIOUS FOOT ROT OF SHEEP. Second and Enlarged Edition (1905). 24 pp. With
8 Illustrations. Price Is.

other Veterinary Pamphlets :

THE MARE AND FOAL. By Professor J. WORTLEY AXE, M.R.C.V.S. 58 pp. With 20
Illustrations. Second Edition (1909). Price Is.

THE LAMBING PEN. By HAROLD LEENEY. 2nd Ed. (1907). 37pp. With 9 Illustrations. Price6d.
TUBERCULOSIS AS REGARDS HEREDITY IN CAUSATION AND ELIMINATION FROM INFECTED
HERDS. By Professor Sir John McFadyean, M.B., B.Sc., C.M. (1911 ). 19pp. Price Is.
PAMPHLETS BY MR. CHARLES WHITEHEAD, F.L.S., F.G.S. :

PRACTICAL HINTS ON FRUIT FARMING. (1904). With 10 Illustrations. 43 pp. Price Is.

HOP CULTIVATION. With 13 Illustrations (1893). 46 pp. Price Is.

Dairy Pamphlets :

( Issued under the authority of the Dairy Committee of the Society .)

THE PRACTICE OF (a) CHEDDAR, (b) CHESHIRE, AND (c) STILTON CHEESE-MAKING.

Price 2(i 6cLoli»

SIMPLE RULES FOR BUTTER-MAKING. Revised, 1907. (Sheet.) Price Id. each, or 5s. per 100.
Mounted on card and varnished, to hang up in the Dairy, 6d. each.

RECIPES FOR MAKING CREAM AND SOFT CHEESES. Price Id.

Other Pamphlets *

COMPENSATION FOR THE UNEXHAUSTED MANURIAL VALUES OF FEEDING STUFFS AND
FERTILISERS. By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D., and A. D. HALL,
M A. (1914). 16 pp. Price Is.

PRACTICAL HINTS ON VEGETABLE FARMING. By JAMES UDALE (1904). With 15 Illustra-

TABLE^FOR^ElftMATING^DEAD WEIGHT AND VALUE OF CATTLE FROM LIVE WEIGHT.

Bv Sir JOHN B. LA WES, Bart., F.R.S. Price Is.

THE WOBURN EXPERIMENTAL STATION OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

By J AUGUSTUS VOELCKER. M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. Annual Reports on Field, Feeding,
and Pot-culture Experiments (1899-1912). Price Is. each.

REPORT ON THE WOBURN POT-CULTURE STATION. By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A.,
B.Sc., Ph.D. With 17 Illustrations (1900). 52 pp. Price 2s. 6d. ^ „ ,

THE MAKING OF THE LAND IN ENGLAND. By ALBERT PELL. (1899). 27 pp. Price 6d.

THE MANAGEMENT AND PLANTING OF BRITISH WOODLANDS. By Professor CHARLES E.

CURTIS, F.S.I. (1904). With 6 Illustrations. 36 pp. Price Is. TnciT/inrt.N

THE CONVERSION OF HOME-GROWN TIMBER. By ROBERT ANDERSON, F.S.I. (1904). With
4 Illustrations. 28 pp. Price Is. A

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST TREES. By CECIL WARBURTON, M.A., F.Z.S. (1904).

With 7 Illustrations. 16 pp. Price Is. „

ORCHARD AND BUSH-FRUIT PESTS AND HOW TO COMBAT THEM. By CECIL WARBURTON,
M A F.Z.S. With 12 Illustrations. Second Edition (1910). 20 pp. Price 6d.

THE DRYING OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLES. By J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.

With 4 Illustrations (1897). 23 pp. Price 3d. _ _ _

COTTAGE SANITATION IN RURAL DISTRICTS. By H. MACLEAN WILSON M.D., B.Sc. With
a Preface by T. PRIDGIN Teale, F.R.S. Second and Enlarged Edition. 32 pp. 12
Illustrations' (1896). Price 3d. per copy ; 2s. per doz. ; 12s. 6d. per 100.

The above can be obtained at the Society’s House, 16 Bedford Square , London , W.C., through any
bookseller , or of Mr. JOHN MURRAY, 50a Albemarle Street, W.

Copies of pamphlets sold at not less than One Shilling each are obtainable by Members of the
Society at half-price on direct application to the Secretary.

COLOURED DIAGRAMS. ^ , ..

(Obtainable from Messrs.W. & A. K. Johnston , Ltd., 6 Paternoster Buildings, E.C. , and Edinburgh.)
TWENTY-SIX DIAGRAMS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS. Drawn from Nature by the late Miss
GEORGIANA E. ORMEROD, in conjunction with the late Miss ELEANOR A. ORMEROD,
F.R.Met.Soc. Arranged in Five Sets, comprising (1) Common Insect Attacks ; (2)
Insects affecting Corn Crops and Grass ; (3) Insects affecting Fruit Crops ; (4) Insects
affecting Roots and Gardens ; (5) Insects affecting Trees. Price 6*. per set for Nos 1,
2 and 4 and 7s. per set for Nos. 3 and 5. Varnished and mounted on canvas, with
rollers price 10s and 12s. per set. Single diagrams, price Is. 6d. each, or 2s. bd. mounted.
EIGHT DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE WHEAT PLANT (after FRANCIS
BAUER). With Explanatory Pamphlet by W. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S. Price (in-
cluding Pamphlet) 10s. per Set of Eight Diagrams.

THE POTATO DISEASE. By W. CARRUTHERS, F.R.S. Price Is.

XIII

t

EIGHTH EDITION

(FORTY=FOURTH THOUSAND)

OF

Elements of Agriculture

A TEXT-BOOK

PREPARED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OP THE

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

By W. FREAM, LL.D.

REVISED AND ENLARGED EDITION,

EDITED BY

J. R. AINSWORTH-DAVIS, M.A. (Trin. Coll., Camb.),

Principal of the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, and Professor of Natural

History in the University of Bristol.

CONTENTS.

PART I.— THE SOIL.

1. Formation of Soil.

2.

Composition and Classification of

Soils.

3.

Physical Properties of Soils.

4.

Sources of Loss and Gain to Soils.

5.

Improvement of Soils.

6.

Agricultural Implements.

7.

Tillage.

8.

Manures and Manuring.

PART II.— THE PLANT.

9.

Seeds and their Germination.

10 & 11.

Structure and Functions of Plants.

12.

Cultivated Plants.

13.

Weeds.

14.

Selection of Seeds.

15.

Grass Land and its Management.

16.

Farm Crops.

17.

Hardy Fruit Culture.

18.

Fungus Pests.

PART III. — THE ANIMAL.

19.

Structure and Functions of Farm

Animals.

20.

Composition of the Animal Body.

21.

Foods and Feeding.

22.

Principles of Breeding.

23.

Horses: their Breeds, Feeding, and Management.
Cattle: their Breeds, Feeding, and Management.

24.

25.

Sheep: their Breeds, Feeding, and

Management.

26.

Pigs: their Breeds, Feeding, and Management.

27.

The Fattening of Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs.

28.

Dairying.

29.

Poultry and Poultry Keeping.

30.

Harmful and Beneficial Animals.

Index.

Of all Booksellers.

692 PAGES, WITH 833 ILLUSTRATIONS.

Price FIVE SHILLINGS NETT, bound in doth.

LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, 50a ALBEMARLE STREET, W.

XIV

*or

Governor

h

/

[This Form, when filled up, should be forwarded to the Secretary of the Society at

16 Bedford Square, London, W.C.]

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

FORM OF APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP.

§

of

County in which
Residence is Situated

am desirous of becoming a Member* of the ^togCtC JVgTtCUCfltTaf

&ocxet£ of gfttgCcm6, and engage , when elected, to pay the Annual
Subscription of £f

and to conform to the Rules and Regulations of the Society until the
termination of the year in which I shall withdraw from it by notice , in
writing , to the Secretary.

(< Signature ) ;

• / %

Date

Nominated by

Elected at the Council Meeting held on

Secretary.

t The Council trust that all Members who are disposed to give a larger annual
Subscription than the minimum of £1 prescribed by the By-laws will be kind enough
to do so, in order that the Society’s operations may be maintained.

XV

I

<£>ene rctC ^xxvx Cegez of t£>ox>exviox& cm& ~g$lexn2>ex&.

FREE ADMISSION TO SHOWS.

The Society holds every year an Exhibition of Live Stock, Farm Produce,
and Implements, to which, and to the unreserved portions of the (Grand Stands
at the Horse Ping', Dairy, and elsewhere, Members are entitled to free admission.

REDUCED RATES FOR ENTRIES AT THE ANNUAL SHOW.

Entries of Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Pig's, Poultry, Produce, &c., can be made
by Members at reduced rates. F or Implement exhibits the entry-fee of £ 1
payable in addition to the charg'es for space is not charged when a partner of
the firm is a Member of the Society. Firms and Companies may secure these
privileges by the Membership of one or more of their partners.

SOCIETY’S JOURNAL AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS.

Every Member is entitled to receive, without charge, a copy of the J ournal
of the Society, each Volume of which contains articles and communications
by leading^ authorities on the most important agricultural questions of the day ,
together with official reports by the Society’s Scientific Advisers and on the
various departments of the Annual Shows, and other interesting features.

Copies of the Journal may be obtained by Non-Members of the Publisher,
Mr. John Murray, 50a Albemarle Street, W., at the price of ten shillings

per QQpy

Copies of the Society’s pamphlets, sold at not less than One Shilling each,
are obtainable by Members at half price on direct application to the Secretary.

LIBRARY AND READING ROOM.

The Society has a large and well-stocked library of standard books on agri-
cultural subjects. A Reading Room is provided, at which the principal
agricultural newspapers and other periodicals can be consulted by Members
during office hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m. ; Saturdays, 10 a.m. to 2 p.m.).

CHEMICAL PRIVILEGES.

The Society makes annually a considerable grant from its general funds in
order that Members may obtain at low rates analyses of feeding stuffs, fertilisers,
soils. &c., by the Society’s Consulting Chemist (Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker,
Analytical Laboratory, 1 Tudor Street, London, E.C.). Members may also
consult Dr. Voelcker either personally or by letter at a small fee.

VETERINARY PRIVILEGES.

Members can consult the Professors of the Royal Veterinary College,
Camden Town, N.W., at fixed rates of charge, and they have the privilege of
sending Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs to the College Infirmary on the same terms as
subscribers to ithe College.

BOTANICAL PRIVILEGES.

Reports can be obtained by Members from the Society’s Botanist (Professor
R. H. Biffen, M.A., School of Agriculture, Cambridge), on the purity and
germinating power of seeds, and on diseases or weeds affecting farm crops,
at a fee of one shilling in each case.

ZOOLOGICAL PRIVILEGES.

Information respecting any animal (quadruped, bird, insect, worm, &c.)
which, in any stage of its life, affects the farm or rural economy generally,
with suggestions as to methods of prevention and remedy in respect to any
such animal that may be injurious, can be obtained by Members from the
Society’s Zoologist (Mr. Cecil Warburton, M.A., School of Agriculture,
Cambridge) at a fee of one shilling in each case.

GENERAL MEETINGS OF GOVERNORS AND MEMBERS.

The Annual (General Meeting of (Governors and Members is held in London
during the week of the Smithfield Club Show. A (General Meeting is usually
also held in the Showyard during the week of the Show.

SPECIAL PRIVILEGES OF GOVERNORS.

In addition to the privileges of Members, as described above, Governors are
entitled to an extra copy of each Volume of the Journal, to attend and speak
at all meetings of the Council, and are alone eligible for election as President,
Trustee, and Vice-President. The minimum Annual Subscription of a Governor is £5,
with a Life Composition of £50.

XVI

ADVERTISEMENTS.

1

COOPER’S DIP

FOR 70 YEARS

THE WORLD'S STANDABP DIP

Throughout this period its quality has never varied.

It is JUST AS GOOD TO-DAY as it was 70 years ago,
and will be 70 years hence.

:: THE TEST OF TIME ::

o*o

“We have used your Dip for over 50 YEARS,
and shall continue to do so until we find something

better.” T. & S. J. SIMON, Tern Hill, Market Drayton.

Sales sufficient to dip over 260,000,000 Sheep Annually

- O

ELOQUENT FIGURES

1188 °ut °f a Total °f 1326

or 90% of the Sheep Exhibited, at the ROYAL SHOW
OF ENGLAND in 1913, were

COOPER DIPPED

These figures are compiled from the written testimony of the users.

Of Agents Everywhere

VvL

Sole Manufacturers,

WILLm. COOPER & NEPHEWS, Berkhamsted.

J

2

ADVERTISEMENTS.

The quickest, most humane, and satis=
factory way of slaughtering your
farm stock, large or small, is by
using the —

R.S.P.C.A.

ANE KILLER

OR THE

CAPTIVE BOLT PISTOL.

Over 2,000 now in daily use in public and private
slaughter houses and knacker’s yards.

©

Write for illustrated Booklet, containing description,
directions and testimonials, which will be sent gratis

on application to —

The Secretary, R.S.P.C.A.,

105, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.

i

ADVERTISEMENTS. 3

ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

CIRENCESTER.

Founded 1845. - - Reorganised 1908.

Associated with the University of Bristol, 1910.

patron : — H.M. KING GEORGE V.

mfjattman : — lord moreton.

Floors airman:— earl bathurst, c.m.g.
principal:— prof. J. R. ainsworth-davis, m.a.

FOR LAND OWNERS, LAND AGENTS, SURVEYORS,

AGRICULTURISTS, INTENDING COLONISTS, &o.

%

CHIEF SUBJECTS — Agriculture (College Holding 50 acres, College
Farm 500 acres, Dairy, Poultry); Forestry (Earl Bathurst’s Woods of
3 000 acres, Forest Garden of 10 acres) ; Estate Management. Degree and
Diploma Courses ; Special Colonial Course of one year ; Special Year’s
Course for older students (Retired Army and Navy Officers and members
of Civil Service, &c.)

The College is the officially recognised Advisory Centre in
Forestry for the Counties of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset , Glos . ,

Wilts., Glamorgan , Monmouth, Hereford and Worcestershire.

CIRENCESTER IS 2 TO 2\ HOURS FROM PADDINGTON.

The COLLEGE YEAR begins in October.

For details apply to the PRINCIPAL.

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ADVERTISEMENTS.

5

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(LEEDS), LTD.,

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Telegraphic Address : —
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ADVERTISEMENTS.

The BEST BOOK for every Agriculturist.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA
OF THE FARM

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AND CONTAINING OVER 500 ILLUSTRATIONS.

2 Large Volumes, Handsomely Bound.

Price 15 \- each. Carriage Paid.

The most complete and reliable work in existence on the
subject of Agriculture, prefaced by a valuable Calendar of
Operations from January to December,

PRESS NOTICES.

ll There is not a farmer in the country who might not gather valuable hints
which ought to be convertible into actual monetary gain. The volumes are a
welcome addition to any library in the land.”- — Farm Life.

“ Everything will appear to the practical man in search of knowledge.”

The North British Agriculturist.

“ two massive volumes there is brought together a great amount of in-
formation. These articles are by recognised authorities on the subjects, and
all of them may be consulted with assurance.” — Banffshire Journal.

“ These volumes are a mine of information ; the contributors include pro-
fessors and men of practice, whose knowledge is honoured and profound.
An excellent investment.” — The Rural World.

“ Containing, in a readily accessible form, all the information likely to be of
service to all interested in land.”— The Publishers' Circular.

“A vast amount of highly authoritative information ; factor, farmers, land-
lords, and others would be well advised to get possession of these volumes.”

The Aberdeen Daily Journal.

“Is one of the most complete works of its kind now on the market. The
two volumes are fountains of knowledge.” — Irish Farming World.

A valuable addition to the faim book shelves, and of great service to
students and to young men who are embarking in farming.”— The Dundee
Advertiser.

“Herein we have the ripened experience of the best experimenters, scien-
tists, chemists, agriculturists, professors, demonstrators, principals, lawyers
horticulturists, each dealing lucidly and definitely with the subjects for
which they are pre-eminent in the schools of farming.” — The Dairy.

“Packed with useful and up-to-date information— a guide that cannot fail
to serve.” — The Estates Gazette.

W. GREEN & SON, Limited,

PUBLISHERS.

EDINBURGH : 2 and 4, St. Giles Street.

LONDON : Temple Bar House, 23, Fleet Street, E.C.

And all Booksellers.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

7

ARNOLD & SONS

ENEMA SYRINGES, fop Horses, Cattle, &c.

} pint. i pint. 1 pint. 1 quart.

5/6 7/6 9/- and 10/6 13/6 and 15/-

Best quality, with pipe to fit into piston rod.

a pint.

9/6

1 pint.

11/6

1 quart.

19/6

COPPER BULL RINGS.

Thin ... each 9 d. Stout ... each 1 /-
„ per doz. 8/6 „ perdoz.il/-

COPPER BULL RINGS.

Self Piercing each 1/9

per doz. 20/-

11 ^

Stout, Self Piercing

ALUMINIUM BULL RINGS.

... ... ... ... ... ... each 1/6

per doz. 17/-

1 1 1 im ii i 1 1 n 1*1*0 H i U

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ARNOLD a SONS PATENT. LONDON

The Animals Thermometer (Patented), suggested by Professor Hobday, in Nickel-plated Case 2/6
The Animals Thermometer (Patented), suggested by Professor Hobday, m Nickle-plated Case

with Magnifying Index ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 3 6

MILKING TUBE, with Rings for Cow’s Teats

each 1 /- ; per doz. 1 0/6

MILKING TUBE, with Shield, 1/-; per doz. 10/6

MILKING TUBE, Self Retaining, each 1/3; per doz. 1 3/6

iRO lD at 5uN5 LONDON--

MILKING TUBE, with Side Branch, each 1/6 ; per doz. 1 6/6

ARNOLD <& SONS, VETERINARY^
Giltspur Street, LONDON, E.C.

Telegraphic Address: “INSTRUMENTS,” London.

ESTABLISHED 1819.

8

ADVERTISEMENTS.

PERUVIAN GUANO

OHLENDORFF’S

Dissolved (Soluble) Guano

most effective and economical.

OHLENDORFF’S

Equalised (Guaranteed) Guano

reliable and convenient.

OHLENDORFF’S
SPECIAL (COMPLETE) MANURES

supply Ammonia, Phosphate, Potash in proper proportions,
reliable, cheap, good condition, sealed bags.

CORN & OAT MANURE
BARLEY MANURE
MANGOLD MANURE
TURNIP & SWEDE MANURE
POTATO MANURE
GRASS MANURE

Pure Vitnolized Bones, Bone Compounds, Superphosphates
(various grades), Potassic-Superphosphate, Nitrate of Soda,
Potash Salts, Meal, Nitrohm, &c.

“ALKALINE SPECIAL” (a complete High Quality Manure).
BASIC SLAG (Anchor Brand) our own grinding.

Apply to Agents or to

The Anglo-Continental Guano Works

(Late OHLENDORFF’S),

London Agency— Dock House, Billiter Street, LONDON

ADVERTISEMENTS.

‘T'H C rff/o

=&

COUNTRY RESIDENCES
AND ESTATE COTTAGES

ARTISTIC IN DESIGN. :: IDEAL IN EACH
APPOINTMENT. PERFECT IN EVERY DETAIL.

ANY who may be desiring comfortable and welhbuilt Country Houses should
consult BOULTON &■ PAUL, Ltd. They are prepared to design and erect
Residences in any part of the country completely equipped with Lighting,
Heating, Plumbing, Drainage and Water Supply, Careful attention, combined wit
up'tO'date and businessTike methods, are ensured. Please state requirements on

the coupon provided.

Residences, Shooting Boxes, Bungalows, Villas,
Cottages, Lodges, Motor-car Houses, Stables,
Pavilions, Halls, Farm Buildings, &c., and Per-
manent or Portable Buildings of Every Description.

ARCHITECTS' DESIGNS CAREFULLY CARRIED OUT.

Speciality :-Renovations, Alterations or Extensions to existing Comitry Houses, or
P Mansions. Inspections arranged and advice given.

Please send me — as per advertisement in the B.A.S.E. Journal ,

Catalogue of designs for -

Name -

Date h.,„ Address

BOULTON & PAUL, L,d Norwich.

t

10

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ADVERTISEMENTS

11

BLACKSTONE’S HAY HARVESTING IMPLEMENTS

The “.Taunton" Haymaker. New Reversible Swath Turner. The “Stamford” Rake.

Patent Side=delivery Rakes. Turnover Rakes. Hand Drag Rakes.

At the R.A.S.E. TRIALS , LINCOLN, 1907,

Blackstone & Co. won FIRST and SECOND PRIZES

with their New Reversible

SWATH TURNER AND COLLECTOR,
and FIRST PRIZE with their
New Patent SIDE DELIVERY RAKE.

THE BLACKSTONE OIL ENGINES.

For Refined Petroleum. :: Also specially designed Engines for use with Crude and Fuel Oils.

THE BEST AND
MOST ECONOMICAL

Stationary Type 14 to 120 H.P.
Portable Type 14 to 35 H.P.

Catalogue, with full particulars, post free.

BLACKSTONE & CO., LTD., STAMFORD.

Telegrams : “ Blackstones. Stamford." Telephone : 307 and 308 National.

12

ADVERTISEMENTS.

AGRICULTURAL
TO HIS MAJESTY

ENGINEERS
KING GEORGE V.

BY APPOINTMENT.

THE PREMIER FIRM FOR

HARVESTING &
FOOD-PREPARING
MACHINERY.

“ROYAL” MOWERS
AND REAPERS.
SWATH-TURNERS.
HORSE-RAKES.
HAYMAKERS.

And our New Patent
Variable Action

SIDE RAKE, SWATH
TURNER & TEDDER.

“RAPID” CORN GRINDING
AND CRUSHING MILLS,
CHAFF-CUTTERS, SIFTERS
AND DUST EXTRACTORS,
PULPERS, CAKE MILLS, &c.

Catalogues post free from

BAMFORDS,

UTTOXETER, STAFFS.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

13

THE ENGLISH GRAINS COMPANY,

Limited.

“PALE ALE” DRIED GRAINS,

Made from BREWERS’ ALE GRAINS only.

Strongly Recommended and largely used WITH BEST RESULTS for CATTLE,

SHEEP and HORSES.

Invaluable for Ewes in Lamb and Young Stock and Lambs on Grass in the Autumn
to prevent Scouring, and for milking Cows at all times ; very good for Horses.

ANALYSIS.

Analytical Laboratory , 22, Tudor Street, New Bridge Street, London, E.C.. June 5th, 1905.

Composition of a sample of Dried Grains sent by the English Grains Co., Ltd.

Moisture 10'25

Oil 7-25

•Albuminous Compounds (flesh-forming matters) ... 19'25

Digestible Carbohydrates, &c ••• 4272

Woody Fibre (Cellulose) 16'30

fMineral Matter (Ash) 4'23

* Containing Nitrogen — 3 08. t Including Silica — 1'69. lOO'OO

AUGUSTUS VOELCKER & SONS.

Current prices and further particulars, with samples, from THE ENGLISH GRAINS
COMPANY, Ltd., 30, Union Street, Burton-on-Trent, or Agents.

Directors—

C. W. Tindall, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire.

George Lathbury, Hunter’s Lodge, Burton-on-Trent.
Thomas Morton, Holbrook, Chislehurst, Kent.
Robert A. Murray, 175 West, George Street, Glasgow.
William Hollins, Berry Hill, Mansfield, Notts.

H. G. FEW, Berry Croft, Cambridge.

Secretary — ALFRED COXON.

Chestnut Pale Fencing,

MANUFACTURED BY

CARDON & CRESNO.

CHEAPEST & MOST EFFECTIVE WOOD FENCING KNOWN.

Prices according to Style and Height, from 6d. per yard.

For Catalogues and further particulars, apply to—

61 & 62, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON, W.C.

Telephone: 1278 Holborn. ^ Telegrams: “Chespale,” London.

Works: PENSHURST STATION, KENT.

14

ADVERTISEMENTS.

SUCCESSFUL STOCKFEEDING
is the result of SUCCESSFUL CROPFEEDING

The richer
the land : —

The BETTER the Crop Yield.
The HIGHER the Milk Yield.
The FINER the Live Stock.

NITRATE OF SODA

used in conjunction with phosphates and potash, effects
an immediate and lasting improvement in the land.

Send for special pamphlets entitled :-“How to Use Nitrate of Soda,” “The Improvement
of Pastures and Meadows, Catch Crops— The Parmer’s Standby.” Supplied gratis

and post free, by—

THE CHILEAN NITRATE COMMITTEE,

FRIARS HOUSE,

NEW BROAD STREET, LONDON, E.C.

KILLS ALL RATS, MICE, BEETLES, Etc,, quickly
and consumes them without smell. Never Fails

IF YOU TRY

* LONDOVUS >

YOU WILL SUCCEED

in clearing your premises
— of destructive vermin —

AND SAVE MONEY.

INSIST ON HAVING ‘LONDOVUS,’ the easiest
preparation to apply and the one that gives THE
best results.

j^A 5/-TIN WILL CLEAR ANY
MODERATE SIZED PREMISES.

SAFE

SPEEDY

RAT &.VERM I N
EXTERMINATOR SURE

TRY IT. If you cannot obtain from your local Chemist, send to.dav

enclosing P.O.O. to the Makers— y*

LONDON HYGIENIC CHEMICAL CO., 35, Walbrook, LONDON, E.C.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

15

ESTABLISHED

1885.

GENERAL

Accident Fire and Life
ASSURANCE CORPORATION, LTD.,

with which is incorporated the

Scottish Live Stock insurance Company, Limited,

now insures on best terms

IN-FOAL MARES, FOALS AND STALLIONS.

Other classes of business transacted including : —

Accident, Fire, Workmen’s Compensation, Motor Car, Burglary, Fidelity
Guarantee, Driving Accidents, Live Stock, Plate Glass, and Farmers’ Insurances.

Assets Exceed £2,250,000. Claims Paid £5,000,000.

Chief Offices : —

General Buildings, PERTH, SCOTLAND.

General Buildings, Aldwych, LONDON.

General Manager = F. NORIE= MILLER, J.P.

GV

Canadian Resources

Are almost unlimited and
Naturally

Agriculture receives

Dand

emands most

191

Grain
Crops
Yielded
Over
600,000,000
Bushels.

Attention.

THE CANADIAN GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES WORK
TO FARM HANDS AND DOMESTIC SERVANTS.

For free pamphlets, maps, etc., apply to J. OBED SMITH, Assistant Superintendent
of Emigration, 11-12, Charing Cross, London, S.W.. or the Canadian Government Emigration
Agent at 48, Lord Street, Liverpool; 159, Corporation Street, Birmingham ; 16, Parliament Street,
York; 54, Castle Street, Carlisle ; Market Place, Peterborough; 81, Queen Street, Exeter; Adrian
Court, Usk, Mon.; 17-19, Victoria (Street, Belfast; 44, Dawson Street, Dublin; 107, Hope Street,

Glasgow; 116, Union Street, Aberdeen.

t

16

ADVERTISEMENTS.

NATIONAL PROVIDENT

INSTITUTION

FOR MUTUAL LIFE ASSURANCE .

FOUNDED 1835.

INCORPORATED 1910.

FUNDS OVER £7,000,000.

DIRECTORS.

Chairman— The Hon. Vicary Gibbs.

C. E. W. ADEANE, Esq.

Sir Jonathan E. Backhouse. Bart.

Cosmo bevan. Esq.

J. c. Lewis Coward, Esq., K.O.

Robert E. Dickinson, Esq.

Hugh E. Hoare, Esq.

A. B. LESLIE-MELYILLE, Esq.

L. F. HoviL, Actuary and Secretary.

The Et. Hon. Sir AlLWYN E. FELLOWES,
P.C. K.C.V.O.

Arthur Smither, Esq.

George Crispe Whiteley, Esq.
Alderman Sir Walter H. Wilkin, K.C.M.G.
Vincent W. Yorke, Esq.

RESULTS AT THE 1912 DIVISION OF PROFITS.

Whole-Life Bonus - - - £2 % per annum.

Endowment Insurance

J at 60, £2 3s. % per annum.
I at

65, £2 7s. % per annum.

WRITE FOR A QUOTATION TO

48 GRACECHURCH ST., LONDON, E.C.

Celebrated

MANURES

Super XXX 35 Soluble and
Potassic Superphosphate for Grass Lands,
Bone Manures and Speoial Manures for all Crops.

Importers of Guano.

Also Agents in the Home Counties for the New Ferti I izei —

NITRATE OF LIME.

Lawes’ Chemical Manure Co., Ltd.

Head Office : 59, Mark Lane, LONDON.

Branch Offices .—DUBLIN, 22, Eden Quay ; GLASGOW, 118, Queen Street ;

SHREWSBURY, Market Street.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

17

WATER SUPPLIES.

LE GRAND
& SUTCLIFF

ARTESIAN WELL AND
WATERWORKS ENGINEERS.

Contractors to the Admiralty, War Department, India Office, Crown Agents for the
Colonies, Trinity House, &c. ADVISERS ON WATER SUPPLIES.

ARTESIAN
TUBE WELLS
AND PUMPS.

Norton’s Patent
‘ABYSSINIAN’ TUBE WELLS.

125 , Bunhill Row, LONDON, E.C.

Telegrams : “Abyssinian, London.” Telephone: Central 1649.

“The IDEAL Summer Drinks.”

SYMONS’

PRIZE MEDAL

DEVONSHIRE CYDER

“SYMONIA” Brand for Export specially prepared,

ALSO

“SYDR1NA” for Temperance Hotels, &c.

To be obtained of all leading Wine Merchants, Bottlers, &c.,

or direct from—

ENGLAND’S
FINEST VINTAGE.

JNO. SYMONS & CO., LTD.,

Fruit Mills, Totnes, Devon; 89, Aston Street,
Birmingham ; and Ratcliff, London, E,

Agents wanted in unrepresented Districts. 'Phone 3545 East.

18

ADVERTISEMENTS.

MPDOUGALL’S SHEEP DIP

AND CATTLE DRESSING.

The FIRST

Non-Poisonous

Dip

ever offered
to the World.

TRADE MARK.

60 YEARS
SUCCESSFUL
USE

THROUGHOUT
THE WORLD.

McDOUGALL’S DIP is Unrivalled as a Sheep Dip for the cure of Scab, to destroy

Keds, Lice, &c., and to improve the Wool.

It is Invaluable as a Dressing or Wash for Cattle and Horses to destroy Itch, Mange,
Lice, Fleas, and to promote a Healthy Growth of Hair.
McDOUGALL’S DIP should be in the hands of every Stock-Owner.

PASTE AND CAKE DIP

FOR AUTUMN, WINTER AND SPRING.
Kills all parasites cures scab, &c. Waterproofs
the fleece and increases wool.

" BLOOM 99 DIP

Gives a beautiful finish for show. Sheep fetch
top prices at sales.

LIQUID DIP

The most economical liquid dip obtainable.
The “old original” and best.

POWDER DIP

Free from the dangers of arsenic.

For Scab, Lice, Keds and Fly.

McDOUGALL’S "HEALTH LICKS” keep all stock in good health.

McDOUGALL’S “ KUR-MANGE”— a cure for parasitic mange in Horses, Dogs, &c.

McDOUGALL BROS., Ltd., 68, Port Street, MANCHESTER.

The Original Inventors & Makers of Non-Poisonous Sheep Dip.

PARIS, 1900.

ROOT PULPERS.

OIL CAKE MILLS.

RICHMOND & CHANDLER, Ltd., MANCHESIER.

CORN CRUSHERS.

OREAT COMPETITION at the Royal
Agricultural Society of England’s
Birmingham Show, 1898.

Sixteen different Appliances
were Tested at the Trials. The
Judges awarded the PRIZE of
£10 to RICHMOND & CHANDLER.
Limited, for their “ Multiplex ”
Patent Safety Feeder.

Since improved , and numerous other
Prizes have been awarded.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

19

Yearling Bulls & Bull Calves

Descended from 1,000 GALLON COWS on both sides.
For Sale at Moderate Prices .

Sire, KELMSCOTON I AN 39th 95608 (out of Lovely 37 th,
av. 2 years 1,026 gals.) by Red Waterloo VI. (dam, Lady
Somerset Waterloo, av. 6 years 1,009 gals.).

Dams, deep-milking, non-pedigree cows, by DARN LEY 80847
(out of Darlington Cranford 5th), av. 4 years 1,018 gals. ; by
Magna Charta, whose dam gave 995 gals. 3 years) ;

And RATTLER 89755 (sire, Magna Charta ; dam, Lady Rose-
dale, av. 6 years, 924 gals.).

GOODWIN PREECE, SK'

FERTILISERS and

FEEDING MATERIALS.

ARTIFICIAL FERTILISERS.— H. R. & Co. will be glad to forward to intending
purchasers their Catalogue of Artificial Fertilisers— of various kinds— Feeding Materials
and Agricultural Seeds, with price lists, etc., on application.

Contents. — Superphosphates, various qualities, and Pure Vitriolized Bones ; Bones
and Bone Meals, raw and steamed ; Basic Slag Phosphates ; Peruvian Guanos ; Rape
Dust and Rape Meals ; Fish Manures ; Sulphate of Ammonia ; Nitrate of Soda ; Nitrate
of Lime ; Potash Salts :— Kainit, Muriate, Sulphate, etc. ; Specially prepared manures for
Grass, Corn, Potatoes, Turnips, Mangolds, also for Topdressing, etc., with guaranteed
analyses ; also Manures specially prepared for Gardens, Fruit Trees, Lawns, Tennis
Courts, Cricket Pitches, etc.

BASIC SLAG.— For Autumn and Winter application, specially recommended for
Poor Grass Land, Autumn Wheat, Seeds, Beans, Peas, Turnips, etc. Highest qualities
supplied on favourable terms. Quotations on application.

LINSEED CAKES.— Finest quality, own brand, 95 per cent, purity, with guaranteed
analysis. Also foreign Linseed Cakes of selected brands — Russian, American, etc.
COTTON CAKE, own brand (HRCo., PURE), entirely from finest Egyptian seed,
with guaranteed analysis; also other approved brands. Decorticated Colton Cakes
and Meals, the Bibby Cakes. Cakettes and Meals, Soya Cake and Meals, Rice
Meal, Maize, Locust Beans, and Meal.

ECONOMY IN CARRIAGE— H. R. & Co. make a specialty of forwarding articles of
English make, both Feeds and Fertilisers, to their clients’ stations, direct from the nearest
point of manufacture ; and goods of foreign import direct from the nearest port of arrival,
thus minimising carriage.

HY. RICHARDSON & COMPY.,

Agricultural Merchants and Manufacturers of Fertilisers,

SKELDERGATE BRIDGE, YORK.

20

ADVERTISEMENTS.

]

BAM LETT’S

Thirsk, YORKSHIRE

Telegrams :

“iBAMLETT, THIRSK.”

MOWERS, REAPER

AND

KES.

go Ye
reputation i
unequalled i
regards Ma
ial and W
manship. —

No. 5; ENCLOSED GEAR MOWER.

ALL MOWERS NOW FITTED WITH FOOT LEVER.

SEED

POT A TOES.

SCOTCH SEED A SPECIALITY.

All the Leading Varieties Supplied.

PRICE LIST ON APPLICATION.

ISAAC POAD & SONS,

Merchants and Growers,

YORK.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

21

Young’s Hygienic Cow Stalls.

Ensuring

Cleanliness,

Comfort

and

Economy.

Write for Illustrated Priced Catalogue showing these Stalls, and
a full range of Modern Cowshed Fittings, in all sanitary materials.

Please mention the B.A-S.E. Journal when writing.

YOUNG & Co ■ 9 COWSHED EQUIPMI
161, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W.

VOL. 74

Y

22

ADVERTISEMENTS.

LASTS A LIFETIME and is the most durable and
economical material for Farm Buildings, Fencing and Gates, &c.

The cheapest and best Fencing for all kinds of Stock is our Creosoted
Wood Fencing. It is far safer than wire or iron fencing.

Write for Gate and Fence List with Designs and Prices—

ENGLISH BROS., Ltd., WISBECH.

English and Foreign Timber Merchants. ALSO AT PETERBORO’.

-*■ ■■■

To Land=Owners, Farmers & Others !

. WE HOLD A LARGE STOCK OF .

SEWER BOOTS ;

MARSH BOOTS;
CANVAS SHOES;
LOIN CLOTHS.

SILK-FINISHED OIL COATS.

PATENT OIL COATS. (Heavy Make.)

Illustrated Catalogue Post Free.

THE YARMOUTH STORES, LIMITED,

tel. No. 55. 29=30, Baker Street, GORLESTON.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

23

BAYLI5S.JONE5

| doo kennel:

jg> RAILING.

VICTORIA WORKS ,

WOLVERHAMPTON

LOAIDO/I OFFICES & SHOWROOMS.
139 & 141 CANNON ST E.C.

CATALOGUE FREE

Please mention this Journal.

LAXTONS

BEDFORD

FRUIT TREES

CATALOGUE & CULTURAL
HINTS GRATIS

Sheets and
Galvanized Goods.

Tanks, Stock Feeding and Drinking
Appliances. Fencing, Wire, Bar- Iron
and Sections, Tubes, Roofing Felts.

J. SUMMERH1LL & CO.,

A. DEPT.,

Beaver Works, WOLVERHAMPTON.

BRYAN CORCORAN/ Ltd.,

Engineers and Contractors, Millwrights
and Water Power Specialists.

Makers of Coleman’s Patent

ADJUSTABLE

Rotary
Screens
for all
kinds of
Grain
and
Seed.

Works, Warehouses:— WHITECHAPEL.

Stores : — BASEMENT OF 30, MARK LANE.

OFFICE 31, MARK LANE, E.C.
JOHN K.

KING & SONS’

“ PEDIGREE”

FARM SEEDS

Highest In Quality— Lowest
in Price.

Particulars post free.

JOHN K. KING & SONS, COGGESHALL.

24

ADVERTISEMENTS.

ESTABLISHED 1804.

EARLES & KINO, Ltd.,

TRADE
E K
MARK.

LIVERPOOL.

MANUFACTURERS OF PURE

LINSEED CAKE,
COTTONSEED CAKES,
COMPOUND FEEDING CAKE,
“E K ” CUBELETS,

“E K ” CAKE CUBES,

AND ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF MEALS.

TENTS! TENTS!

Suitable for Gardens, Cricket, or Camping-out purposes. 40 ft. in circumference, Pegs,
Poles. Mallet, and Lines complete (with Tent Bag included), complete for 3 7/6.

List of Marquees sent post free. Garden Tents a speciality.

11/ A T C D TAW I/O for storinS water, will hold 400 gallons : wrought-iron, with man-
W A I Lli I All l\U llole at toP ; weight 476 lbs., size 4 ft. 3 in. square ; carriage paid

for £4 each. All sizes in stock.

DHOC TDAIMIMP Special rope for training roses, quite new, rot proof, though it
llUuL I RAINIUUi h°1(ts the moisture and is warmer than iron chain. IJd. and
\ 2sd. per yard, 3 in. round.

1ICTTII1IP FOR TENNIS COURT BORDERING. So useful for the Lawn or Garden, specially
I i t I I I Nu prepared with a line attached to the net top and bottom throughout, easy
to erect or take away ; 25 yds. long, 2 yds. wide, 6s. 6d.; by 3 yds., 7s. 6d.;
by 4 yds.. 8s. 6d., carriage paid. Standards for same, 10 ft. high, 1 s. each ; i2 ft., 1 s. 6d.
Any length or width supplied. Price in proportion.

GOOD STRONG GARDEN NETTING. Oiled and Dressed.

100 yards long, 1 yard wide 4s. Od. 100 yards long, 3 yards wide 12s. Od.

100 „ „ 2 yards ., 8s. Od. 100 „ „ 4 „ „ 1 6s. Od.

And so on to any length or width.

I do not require payment till you have received and approved of the Netting. Cheaper kinds kept.

Price Lists on application. Carriage Paid on Orders over 5s.

H. J. GASSON, Government Contractor, RYE.

C. JENNINGS & CO.,

Timber Merchants,

General Woodworkers,

864, PENNYWELL ROAD, BRISTOL.

RURA L HOUSING

SCHEME.

BUNGALOWS for the Seaside
or week-ends in the Country.
Cottages supplied in Wood, Iron
and Wood, or Fire-proof Slabs to
suit requirements.

Electric Cable Casings and Underground
Creosoted Wood Conduits and Creosoled
Wood Fencing.

Send I s.6d. (export 3d. extra) lor 270 page
Illustrated List and 4-fold Brass Jointed
Advertisement Rule.

Deal, Teak and Austrian Oak
Joinery to any dimensions.

Navvy Wheelbarrows 11/9 each.
General purpose Farm Barrows
14/9. Carriage Paid, some
stations, on a dozen.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

25

VERMOREL’S Knapsack Sprayers.

The BEST and MOST RELIABLE in the Market.

nhave won over 500 first prizes and medals. ~m

Have never been beaten in competition.
Recommended . by . all • Authorities.

The “ ECLAIR.”

( For Liquids.)

(lives a very- fine, a medium
or a coarse spray. Has a
powerful agitat or and great
force behind the spray.

Price 3 7/6.

The ” TORPILLE.”

( For Poivders )

For dusting powders of
every description.

Prices 18/6 & 25/-.
Double Action 34/-.

Nd. i.

Agents • “ VERMORITE,” a Spraying Mixture for instantaneous use.

COOPER, PEGLER & CO., 24/26, Christopher St., Finsbury Square, London, E.C.

JAMES CYPHER & SONS, Cheltenham.

ORCHIDS j, Wedding, Ball, & Presentation

A SPECIALITY. ^ Bouquets made to order.

Hardy Plants and Roses in great variety. Experienced Gardeners recommended.
Large Palms and other Plants for Conservatories.

CHOICE CUT FLOWERS supplied on the shortest notice,
sedhrely packed and sent to any part of the Kingdom.
FLORAL WREATHS & CROSSES of the Choicest description, and

other Floral Designs.

Greenhouses filled with Choice Plants in endless variety. The Orchids alone occupy
I U 20 large houses, and are always worth a visit. Many Medals awarded London, Manchester, etc.
3 Lar^e Cups and 3 Gold Medals at Great International Exhibition, London, 1912 ; and

3 Gold Medals Royal Agricultural, 1912.

Peat Moss Litter

(Home or Foreign.)

Granulated Peat

Specially prepared for Poultry,
rough or fine ground. Also
for Nurserymen and Florists.

MOSS UTTER TAILINGS
Bedding for Cows ,
Calves, etc.

QUOTATIONS— Free on Rail, or Carriage
Paid on application.

Prompt on forward delivery.

EXCELLENT QUALITY— LOW PRICES.

1 —

SALVATION ARMY
LAND COLONY

PEDIGREE HERD OF

MIDDLE WHITE PIGS

including PRINCE OF HADLEIGH
(first prize young Boar at
Royal Show, Bristol, 1913).

Boars and Gilts for sale
at reasonable prices.

WORKS:

Pilling (England) ; Bathgate (Scotland).

GAVIN BROS. & GALLOWAY,

112, Wellington Street, GLASGOW.

Inspaction tnvitad.

Apply the Governor,

Land Colony, Kadieigh, Essex.

26

ADVEKTISEMENTS.

REDWOOD

CREOSOTED
RljPING
PROCESS

CLEAN& Af 4$^,,
DRY /OV/™LDS’

to L itfMLTERS.

USE/^SVDUTCH

'£$/ barns.

WRITE for

V«5v L,ST& PRICES

\j^7 RICH? WADE,

SONS & CO, LTD.

HULL.

H. & E. M’GRATH

Cattle Sheds.

OFFICES:

Milford Street LIVERPOOL.

Great Howard Street, LIVERPOOL.

HAY & PROVENDER
DEALERS.

Live Stock Shipping Agents

Every attention given to
enquiries from breeders wishing
to export animals.

Shipments made. Insurance effected.

Stock well cared for in our own Sheds.

Telegraphic Address: “ANIMALS, LIVERPOOL.”
Telephone 1963 and 1944.

Umberslade Stud

of

SHIRE HORSES.

c.

The Property of

F. E. Muntz, Esq., D.L., J.P.,
Umberslade, Hockley Heath,
Warwickshire.

SEVERAL STALLIONS TO
LET FOR SEASON 1914,

Apply : —

Mr. J. T. B. HARTLEY,

Estate Office, UMBERSLADE,

• HOCKLEY HEATH, WARWICKSHIRE.

COLLEGE OF
AGRICULTURE

HOLMES CHAPEL,

CHESHIRE.

(AND UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER.)

A residential College, recently en=
larged, standing on its own Farm,
and in the centre of one of the finest
districts for Dairying, Stock-raising,
Potato Growing, and General Mixed
Farming ; Staff of Seven Lecturers
and Demonstrators. Fully equipped
for thorough Training in Practical
and Scientific Agriculture combined ;
Estate Management and Forestry ;
Degree Course for B.Sc. (Agr.) of Man-
chester University ; College Diploma
and other Examinations.

Prospectus and Particulars on application to

T. J. YOUNG, F.S.I., Principal.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

27

THE HEATHCOT HERD

OF

PEDIGREE

LARGE BLACK PIGS,

THE PROPERTY OF

J. OSCAR MUNTZ, Heathcot, Yelverton,

S. Devon.

Heathcot Exquisite 11140.

Robust Constitutions, Free Grazers, Early
Maturers, Prolific Breeders, Good Mothers.

Prize Winners at Leading Shows.
Boars, Gilts, and Suckers of choicest
quality for Sale.

Inspection by appointment.

Apply OWNER,

Station, Post Office, and Telegrams,

YELVERTON.

Hartforth Grange

HERD OF .

DAIRY

SHORTHORNS

I

THE PROPERTY OF

HERBERT STRAKER.

This herd is composed
of many of the best
milking families in the
Herd Book.

No Short Pedigree Cows kept.
Young Bulls always on Sale.

APPLY TO FARM BAILIFF:

Hartforth Grange
Farm,

RICHMOND, YORKS.

I

I

I

I

POTASH

MANURES.

KA1NIT, SULPHATE of POTASH,
MURIATE of POTASH, &c.

These Manures afford the cheapest means
of supplying Potash, which is

ESSENTIAL FOR ALL CROPS.

The heavier and better the crop required,
the more Potash must be supplied. May
be obtained of

ALL MANURE DEALERS.

The Chief Commercial Agents are : —

S ENGLAND & IRELAND— Messrs. BERK &
Co., 1, Fenchurch Avenue, London, E.C.
N. ENGLAND-Messrs. CAMERON, SWAN &
Co., 4, St. Nicholas Buildings, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.

Particulars may be obtained from the above,
and Pamphlets and advice on Manuring
from the

AGRICULTURAL OFFICES OF THE
POTASH SYNDICATE,

117, VICTORIA STREET, WESTMINSTER, S.W.

Registered Telegraphic Address :
“MAUGHANS, NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.”

National Telephone, No. 1875.

T. & I. MAUGHAN & Co, i*.

Auctioneers and

Live Stock Agents.

Offices :

1, Marlborough Crescent, Cattle Market,

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.

Proprietors of

GATESHEAD AUCTION MART

(Within five minutes’ walk of
Newcastle Cattle M?.rket).

FAT STOCK SALES ■ Mondays at 1 p.m.
STORE STOCK SALES ■ Tuesdays at 11.30 a.m.
DAIRY COWS SALES - Fridays at 11.30 a.m.
ICELANDIC PONIES SALES July to September.
SPECIAL SALES ■ As advertised in New-
castle Daily Journal.

ACKLINGTON AUCTION MART

(Situated midway between Newcastle
and Berwick on North Line.)

FAT STOCK SALES ■ Mondays at 9.45 a.m.
STORE STOCK SALES ■ Thursdays (fortnight-
ly) at 11 o’clock.

*

28

ADYEKTISEMENTS.

BATTLE’S SHEEP DIPS

(FLUID, POWDER, PASTE and CAKE).

Approved by the Board of Agriculture.

To Messrs. Battle, Maltby, & Bower,

Lincoln.

Cropwell Butler, Nottingham.

7th July. 1913.

Gentlemen,— My First Prize Pen of Five Rams at the Royal Show, Bristol, 1913, were
clipped with Battle’s Dip, and your hooks will show me as a regular and satisfied,
customer for many years. Yours faithfully, HENRY SMITH, JUNR.

BATTLE, MALTBY & BOWER, LINCOLN.

DRIFFIELD’S “PIONEER” DISEASE-RESISTING SWEDE
AND “VICTOR” HYBRID TURNIP.

Most Reliable Kinds for withstanding “Finger and Toe,”

Hardy, Nutritious, Heavy Croppers.

EVIDENCE.— “ Pioneer Swede certainly resists disease. Sown in
alternate drills, on ground where I have always had disease. They are
good. There are none of the other kind, all having vanished.” — Mr.
G. PETRIE. Elgin.

“ Of the Pioneer Swede, I cannot find one diseased. The turnivs soivn
by the side of them are a complete failure”— Mac. J. Hawkins, Middle Rasen.

“ Yours alone are free from disease.”— Mr. J. Smith, Corballis, Dublin.
‘The Victor Turnips resist disease in a remarkable degree ” — Mr.
“-n -m . J- ROSS, Carnoustie, Turriff.

s Pioneer, atao Victor, were good crops, and stood out like an oasis in a

desert of diseased roots. —From N.B. AGRICULTURIST, Nov. 1909.

SUPPLIED ONLY IN SEALED BAGS UNDER THE ABOVE TRADE MARK.
Convincing Crop Reports and Particulars on Application.

THOS. N. DRIFFIELD & SONS, Brafferton Seed Farms, YORK.

JOHN UNITE, LIMITED,

291 & 293, EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON, W.

(By Appointment to H.M. King- George the Fifth).

Canvas, Tent, and Flag Contractors to R.A.S.E., Highland and Yorkshire Agricultural
Societies, &c. Horse Clothing and everything for the Stable. 500 Tarpaulins in
Stock for Machines, Wagons, Engines, &c.

TENTS. STALLION OUTFITS. MACKINTOSH COATS, CAPES AND APRONS.

RICK CLOTHS. BUNDS. CORDAGE. MOTOR CLOTHING & GARAGE REQUISITES.

Pavilions, Tents, and Flags for Royal Ceremonies, Public Rejoicings.Balls, Weddings,

Bazaars. Flower Shows, Fetes, and Garden Parties.

JOHN UNITE, LIMITED, 291 & 293, EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON.

AGRICULTURAL GYPSUM.

GYPSUM is useful to Artificial Manure Manufacturers, Farmers,
Butchers, Horse Slaughterers, Poultry Keepers or any one having Offal
of Manunal value. It will lick up and retain any offensive matter.

DERBY PLASTER Co., Ltd,, CHELLASTON, nr. DERBY.

Wattled Hurdles.

.Shelter and Fence in the cheapest form. —
RAYNBIRD & Co., Ltd., Basingstoke.

Sainfoin Seed

^Cleaned and Tested. Supplied by RAYNBIRD & Co., Ltd.,
The Seed Mills, Basingstoke.

The best Forage Plant. Illustrated Leaflets free.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

29

✓

yn” KILLS RATS * MICE

without smell or danger to Human
Beings. Dogs and Cats won’t take it.
Recommended by M.O.’s H. Government and local authori-
ties to have greater efficiency and reliabilty than any other
agent. See testimonials. A sk your Chemist or write direct.

Sole Makers : —

THE EXTERMINO CHEMICAL CO., LTD., DUNDEE, SCOTLAND.

TINS 1/2, 2/2, 3/8, 5/4 Each.

H. M. KING GEORGE V.

BY APPOINTMENT TO

OLDEST, CHEAPEST, BEST

II ^ Dover Street, London, s.e.

TANKS

We have hundreds of good second-
hand Storage Tanks for sale, taken
from ships we dismantle. All
capacities from 10 gallons. Write
for list.

Steam. Gas and Oil Engines. Port-
ables, Electrical Plant, Boilers,
Machine Tools, Cranes, Rails and
Girders. Catalogue sent post free.

Thos. W. WARD, Ltd.,
Albion Works, SHEFFIELD

Recommended by the Council of the Royal
Agricultural Society of England.

FARMERS’ ACCOUNT BOOKS.

Third Edition . Now Beady.

No. 1. A DIARY, combining Cash Account
with daily record of Farm Transactions.

Price 4/- Post Free 4/4.

No. 2. A FARM ACCOUNT BOOK, show-
ing payments and receipts, and supply-
ing a form of Annual Balance Sheet.

Price 5/6. Post Free 5/TO.

Nos. 1 and 2 Post Free for 1012.
Published for the Society and sold by

Messrs. FORSTER GROOM & Co., Ltd.,

15, CHARING CROSS, LONDON, S.W.

W. J. CAMPBELL,

SIBSTER, DALKEITH, MIDLOTHIAN

Offers carefully selected

Seed WHEAT, BARLEY, OATS, and
POTATOES.

Shrewsbury, Wellington, Wem, and Oswestry.
Messrs. HALL, WATERIDGE & OWEN,
Auctioneers, Valuers, Surveyors & Estate Agents.
Offices — High St., Shrewsbury ; M arket St., Welling -
ton; 19 High St., Wem; Bank Chambers, Oswestry.
Sales of Landed Estates, Residential and Business
Properties, Standing Timber. Machinery, Agricul-
tural and Pedigree Stock, and Furniture. Agricul-
tural Valuers and Arbitrators. Monthly Horse Sales
ac the Raven Horse Repository and Trial Grounds,
Shrewsbury.

Royal (Dick) Veterinary College,

EDINBURGH.

Principal :

O. CHARNOCK BRADLEY,

M.D., B.SC., M.R.C.V.S.

After attendance on complete courses
of instruction in this College, Students
may proceed to the Examinations for the
Diploma of Membership of the Royal
College of Veterinary Surgeons (M.R.C.V.S.)

Students of the College may also pre-
sent themselves for the Degree of Bachelor
of Science (B.Sc.) in Veterinary Science
conferred by the University of Edinburgh,

A copy of the College Calendar may he
obtained on application to the Secretary.

30

ADVERTISEMENTS.

PIGS FOR BACON.

CHAS. & THOS. HARRIS & CO., Ltd., Bacon Curers, Caine, Wilts,
Are always open to buy prime quality pigs from 6 sc. 10 lbs. to 10 sc. 10 lbs.

Prices and Terms on Application. Killings every Day. Cheques posted on Day of Killing,

Kindly mention this Journal.

The Wilts United Dairies, Ltd.,

93, Albert Embankment, London, S.E.,

are always open to purchase Reliable Dairies of WelUCooled Milk.

Sole Agents for AMO MILKING MACHINES,

LIME for LAND.

QIIU niAl Q form very interesting features
SUII'UImLS for Gardens, Lawns. Buildings,

PURE WHITE AS DRAWN FROM KILNS.

IN LUMP OR GROUND.

Certificate of Analysis by JOHN WHITE, F.I.C..
County Offices, Derby.

LIME - - 98-2O°/0

Also Powdered Carbonate of Lime (less
than half the cost of Ground Caustic Lime).

Write for particulars to the —

BUXTON LIME FIRMS CO., LTD.,
BUXTON,

Or enquire of LOCAL AGENT.

Interesting Booklet with Mottoes

and Price Lists Post Free

■# Francis BARKER,

HI Dialist

Jpl Sun-Dial House,

12, Clerkenwell Road,
London, B. C.

MftHy MAKER AND RESTORER OF

SUN-DIALS.

.. JK5ESS*©?iA-- l ("Established 1848.)

A few old Pedestals «.?id Dial

All Dials made Mathematically Correct.

BAROMETERS, THERMOMETERS, RAIN

GAUGES, Etc., for Agricultural Purposes.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF WALES,

ABERYSTWYTH.

(One of the Constituent Colleges of the
University of Wales.)

President —

Sir JOHN WILLIAMS, Bart., M.D., G.C.V.O.

Principal T. F. ROBERTS, M.A., LL.D.

AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Professor— C. BRYNER JONES, M.Sc.

Students are prepared for the degree of B.Sc. in
Agriculture at the University of Wales, the National
Diploma in Agriculture and National Diploma in
Dairying, and the Examination of the Surveyors’
Institution. The College also grants Diplomas and
Certificates in Agriculture, Dairying, and Horti-
culture.

The College has a well- equipped Dairy, and
Agricultural Laboratory.

A large mixed Farm is also managed by the College
in conjunction with the neighbouring County
Councils.

J. H. DAVIES, M.A., Registrar.

HARPER ADAMS

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

NEWPORT (SALOP).

This Endowed Residential College (con-
siderably enlarged) provides Courses of
Instruction in Theoretical and Practical
Agriculture suitable for Farmers, Land
Agents and Colonists.

The Farm surrounds the College, and
together with the Dairy, Carpenters’ and
Blacksmiths’ Shops, offers every facility for
gaining a knowledge of the practical work
on a Farm or Estate.

Poultry Department. Twelve months Poul-
try Laying Competition now being held.

Terms commence January, May and October

For Prospectus and full particulars
apply to the Principal ,

P. HEDWORTH FOULKES, B.Sc., F.E.S.

Edinburgh & East of Scotland
College of Agriculture.

The Classes arranged in conjunction with
the University of Edinburgh qualify for the
College Diploma, the College Certificate in
Horticulture, for the degrees of B.Sc. in
Agriculture and in Forestry, and for all the
Higher Agricultural Examinations. Calen-
dar sent on application to the Secretary,

ALEXANDER McCALLUM, M.A., LL.B.,

13, George Square, Edinburgh.

THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Complete Courses la Agriculture, suitable for
Farmers, Land Owners, Land Agents, Valuers,
or Teachers of Agricultural Science.

The Winter Courses prepare for the
NATIONAL DIPLOMA.

INCLUSIVE FEES: Complete Winter Course, £10
Special Summer Course, £5.

FACILITIES FOR RESEARCH.

Special Branches of Agriculture dealt with in Summer
Session. The FARM WORK and EXPERI-
MENTS at' QARFORTR form an integral part of
the instruction.

Students may take Agriculture in the Final
Examination for the Degree of B.Sc.

Prospectus from the SECRETARY, the University ,
Leeds.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

31

mm— m— — m— n— — — w— — >Mn— >‘uiina— ii* a mt a»nrr-iTTnrjn- i-fi •— ■- - -

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

HOBSES.

Hackneys, Roadsters, Hunters, &c.

Brandt, Henry B., Capenor, Nut-
field, Surrey. Breeder and ex-
hibitor of high - class Pedigree
Hackneys. Brood mares : Fragility,
Medelia, Beckingham Lady Helmsley,
Leopardess, Shelbourne Portia,
Madame Pompadour, Shirley Violet,
and Ryburn Lucinda, &c. Stallions :
Capenor Matador, by Mathias Al,
out of Madame Pompadour ; Forth-
right 11433, by Polonius, out of
Fortuna. Mares, young- stock and
show horses, by Polonius, Mathias,
and Royal Danegelt, &c., for sale.
Apply to E. L. Ambrose, at above
address.

Conchar, John, Wylde-Green, Bir-
mingham. Breeder of high-class
Shires and Hackneys. Several have
been successful in the show-ring.
Colts and Fillies by the leading
stallions of the day.

George Dickinson, CarkMills,Cark-
in-Cartmel. Thoroughbreds, Hun-
ters, Harness Horses, Shires, and
Clydesdales, all ages, thoroug’hly
trained and unbroken. Best York-
shire, Cumberland, Westmorland, and
Lancashire blood. Nearly all prize-
winning stock, 600 prizes won, includ-
ing London, Royal Lancashire cham-
pionships, North Lonsdale, Cartmel,
Warrington, Ramsbottom, Southport,
Windermere, Ormskirk, and West-
morland County. Prices reasonable.
Communications invited.

McAllister, Wm, The Inverness
Hackney Stud, Inverness. Breeder
and Exhibitor of high-class Hack-
neys. Winners principal shows, Eng-
land and Scotland. Young stock
for sale, by leading’ Sires.

Robinson, Ernest W., Brookleigh
Stud, Liscombe, Leighton Buz-
zard. Hackenschmidt, Family 6,
G-.S.B. Vol. 20, p. 892. The Tower,
Family 8, G.S.B., Vol. 21, p. 626. Irish-
bred one, two, three, and four-year-
olds. Brood Mares, Made and Un-
made Hunters for sale. For par-
ticulars apply to Stud Groom, as
above.

Rycroft. W. W., Drake Hill Stud,
Bingley, Yorks. Breeder of Pedi-
gree Hackneys and Ponies. Stallions
and young stock suitable for export
at Stud. London Junior Champions,
Hopwood King 11804, Admiral Cliquot
11667, Heaton Performer 11063. _ Tele-
grams: Rycroft, Drakehill, Bingley.
Telephone : 132, Bingley.

Smith, Thomas, Shirley Stud, Hall
Green, Birmingham. Breeder of
high-class pedigree Hackneys and
Hackney Ponies. At Stud, Hackney
Stallions “Admiral Crichton” and

HORSES— continued.

Hackneys, Roadsters, Hunters, &c.

“Shirley Viceroy,” Pony Stallion
“Shirley Sir George.” Full particu-
lars on application. Brood Mares,
Harness Horses, and young stock of
finest prize-winning strains for Sale.

Shires.

Kenworthy. John W., Castle Hill,
Kelsall, Chester. Shire Stallions
for hire or service. Particulars, apply,
James Cliff, Stud Farm, Kelsall, near
Chester.

Muntz, Frederick Ernest, Umber-
slade, Hockley Heath, Warwick-
shire. Shire Horse Stud Stallions,
Mares, Fillies ; prize winners. Par-
ticulars from Mr. John T. B. Hartley,
Estate Office, Umberslade, Hockley
Heath, Warwickshire.

Pearson. E. E., Esq., Brickendon
Shire Stud. A number of Stallions
kept for service, or to let on reason-
able terms, and Stallions, Mares, and
Fillies of the best blood, and in grow-
ing condition, always on sale. Prize-
winners. The Stud Farm can be seen
by appointment. For terms, nomina-
tions, and full particulars, apply,
Estate Office, Brickendonbury, Hert-
ford, Herts. Telegrams: Stud, Avenue,
Hertford.

Stern, Sir E. D., Fan Court, Chert-
SEY. Shire Stud. Stud Horse Mara-
thon II. 27558. Stallions, Mares,
Fillies usually for sale. Many prize-
winners. Apply to the Bailiff, Fan
Court, Chertsey, Surrey.

Polo, Riding and Harness Ponies.

Dugdale, Marshall, Llwyn Stud,
Llanfyllin, Montgomeryshire.
Extensive breeder and exporter of
Welsh Ponies and the old type of
Welsh Cobs. Patronised by Royalty.

Fleming, J. Willis, Esq., Stoneham
Park Stud, Eastleigh, Hants.
Polo Stallions : Vectis (G.S.B., vol. 22,
and P. & R.P.S.B., vol. 12), by Vern-
ham out of Fruit Girl by Meddler ;
and Rajah (P. & R.P.S.B., vol. 12); by
Rupert by Rosewater. These Stallions
have won prizds at the leading shows ;
they both hold Board of Agriculture
certificates of soundness and are
good stock getters. Their young stock
have won many prizes. Young Ponies
occasionally for sale. Apply, F. E.
Seymour, at above address.

Kelly, Dunbar, Coombe, Kingston-
on-Thames. The Coombe Polo Pony
Stud, young stock ; also high-class
Made and Unmade Polo and Riding
Ponies always for sale. Many prizes
won by playing ponies trained at this
stud.

32

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

HORSES — continued.

Polo, Riding1 and Harness Ponies.

Miller, W.S., Forest Lodge, Brecon.
S. Wales. Most extensive breeder of
best class of Welsh Mountain Ponies,
Cobs, and Entires in Wales.

Taylor, C. Howard, Hampole
Priory, near Doncaster. Good
young1 Polo Ponies always for sale,
bred from mares which have been
good Polo Ponies and prize-winners.
Also a few undersized Ponies suitable
for racing1 in India. Stallion : Field
Marshal (512), a prize winner and
g'ood stock getter. Registered by
Board of Agriculture as sound.

Clydesdales.

Brydon, Robert, Seaham Harbour,
County Durham. Breeder of Pedi-
gree Clydesdale Horses. Chief Stud
Horses : Silver Cup 11181, and Bonnie
Buchlyvie 14032, both of which have
been first-prize winners at the Royal
and Highland Shows. Bonnie Buch-
lyvie was also Cawdor Cup winner
in 1909. Colts and Fillies on sale.
Foreig’n orders carefully attended to.
Inspection invited. Telegrams and
Station : Seaham Harbour.

Graham, Robert, Kaimflat Farm,
Kelso. Breeder and owner of high-
class Clydesdale Stallions, Colts, and
Fillies ; most fashionable blood.
Large selection. Inspection invited.
Station : Kelso, N.E. and N.B. Rail-
ways.

Various.

Lort, Miss Eurgain, Castlemai,
Carnarvon, N. Wales. Hackney,
Thoroughbred, and Welsh Ponies
from late Mr. W. Lort’s old Welsh
trotting1 stock, who bred Old Steel
Grey, Leybourne, Trotting’ Topsy, &c.

CATTLE.

Aberdeen Angus.

Balliol College Herd, founded in
1880. The herd from wnich so many
champions have been sent. Great
attention given to purity of blood
and milking1 properties. For cata-
logue apply to Clement Stephenson,
Sandyford Villa, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Cooper, Sir George, Hursley Park,
W INCHESTER. All fashionable strains;
Prides, Ericas, Miss Burg-ess. Stock
Bulls : Evolsurus, sire of many
winners ; Black for Ever of Ballin-
dalloch. For catalogue, apply Estate
Office, Hursley, Winchester.

Curragh Grange, The Curragh.
Herd of Aberdeen- Ang-us Cattle, the
property of Captain J. H. Greer.
Select families : Leg-ends, Ericas,
Prides, Jipseys, Nighting-ales, Miss
Burg-ess, Rubys, and Marys. Bulls
and Cows for sale at all times. Apply

CATTLE — continued.

Aberdeen Angus.

R. Weller, Curragh Grange Farm,
The Currag’h. Co. Kildare.

Doonholm Herd of Aberdeen
Angus Cattle, the property of
James Kennedy, of Doonholm, Ayr,
consists of carefully bred high-class
animals of the most fashionable
families. Representatives of this
herd, all bred at Doonholm, won 9
firsts, 2 championships, and 1 reserve
championship at the Royal and
Highland Shows of 1908. Catalogues
on application.

Stenhouse Herd of Aberdeen-
Angus Cattle. Bulls, Cows, Heifers
for sale, of the Trojan Erica, Prides-
of-Mulben and Jilt families. Stock
Bull : The Royal Breed Champion
and H. and A. Society 1st prize Bull
of 1906 — 1908. Everlasting of Ballin-
dalloch 24435. Inspection invited.
Apply D. M. MacRae, of Stenhouse,
Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.

Red Polled.

Cranworth, Right Hon. Lord, offers
grand dual-purpose Red Polls ; milk
average of 12 of the cows 8,293i lb.
per cow per annum ; 240 distinctions
won, including- 57 champions, specials,
and reserves at the Royal and other
Shows. Apply C. F. Stebbing,Letton,
Thetford, England.

Newton, Charles Feakes, Saham,
Watton, Norfolk. Red Polls, com-
prising Champion Strains. First-class
yields— milk and butter fat. Heifer
from this herd First, Norfolk, Suffolk,
Reserve, R. A.S.E. Milking Class. Bull
from 1,400 gallon cow on sale, and
others.

Polled Angus.

Hoyles, George, Skidby Manor,
Hull. Polled Angus Cattle : Queen
Mother, Erica, and Prides. Bulls and
Heifers for sale. Inspection invited.
Several prize-winners.

Jerseys and Guernseys.

Cadogan, Right Hon. Earl, K.G.
Pedigree Herd of Jersey Cattle. This
herd has won many prizes and
Blythwood Bowls. Particulars from
M. Mortimer, Estate Office, Culford,
Bury St. Edmunds.

Fowler and de la Perrelle, Por-
ter's Lane, Southampton, the
largest importers of Jerseys and
Guernseys. Cows and heifers calving
all the year round. Bulls of the best
strains. No objection tuberculin
test. Moderate prices. Shipping
attended to. Horn Trainers and
Self-piercing Bull Rings. Telegrams :
“ Importers, Southampton.”

ADVERTISEMENTS.

33

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

CATTLE — continued.

Jerseys and Guernseys.

Guernsey Cattle. The Clytha Herd
of Pedigree and prize-winning- Guern-
seys. Cows, Heifers, and young1 stock
on sale. Inspection invited. Apply,
C. L. Herbert, Clytha Park, Aberga-
venny.

Pedigree Herd Prize-winning
Guernseys, bred from Island strains.
Bulls and Heifers for sale. Mrs. R. C.
Bainbridg'e, Elfordleig’h, Plympton,
S. Devon.

Pedigree Jerseys from best prize-
winning- strains. Young- Calves and
Heifers usually for sale. Inspection
and correspondence invited. Full
particulars, Miss Enderby, Becking-
ton House, Becking-ton, Bath.

Stern, Sir E. D., Fan Court, Chert-
sey, Surrey. Herd of Pedigree
Jersey Cattle which have passed the
tuberculin test. Many prize-winners.
Bulls, Cows, and Heifers for sale.

Shorthorns.

Attwater, J. A., Dry Leaze, Ciren-
cester. Herd of 130 Dairy Short-
horns. Milk records kept, heavy
milkers with strong: constitutions.
Many of Bates’ pedigree Bulls and
Bull Calves (g-ood milk records, both
sides), always on sale. Herd estab-
lished 1898. Prizes won Royal and
County Shows.

Beauchamp, F. B., Woodborough
House, near Bath. Shorthorn
Cattle. Missie, Eliza, Princess Royal,
Cinderella, and other well-known
strains. Stock Bulls include Adbolton
Ruddy King- (by the famous King
Christian of Denmark). Inspection
. invited.

College of Agriculture, Holmes
Chapel, Cheshire. Pure-bred Dairy
Shorthorns. Milking1 records kept.
Bull Calves and Heifers for sale.
Station, Holmes Chapel, L. & N.W.,
i mile. For particulars apply to the
Principal.

Hobbs, Robert W.,& Sons, Kelmscott,
Lechlade, Glos. Herd of 500
Dairy Shorthorns. Milk records kept.
Upwards of forty champion, first and
other prizes, won for Inspection and
Milking- Trials, at the leading- shows
since May, 1913, including1 three firsts,
one second and one fourth prize at the
Royal Show ; two firsts, one second
and one third prize at Tring1 : and
four seconds, two thirds and one
fourth prize at the London Dairy
Show. Pedig-ree Bulls and Bull
Calves always on sale, and g-enerally
a few good three and four cross Non-
pedigree Bull Calves at moderate
prices, suitable for use in non-
pedigree dairy herds. All Cows in

CATTLE — continued.

Shorthorns.

milk and the Stock Bulls have passed
the Tuberculin Test. Telegrams :
Hobbs, Lechlade.

Lewis, The Hon. Herbert C., Hean
Castle, Saundersfoot, Pembroke-
shire. Pedigree Shorthorns of the
Augusta, Beauty, Brawith Bud, Broad-
hooks Clipper, Lavender, Lady Clara,
Missie, and Blanche families. Stock
Bull : Morning Star 109463, roan.

Lydney Park Herd of Pedigree
Shorthorns, the property of Charles
Bathurst, Esq., M.P. Young Bulls
and Heifers from good milking
strains (all dark Reds). Apply, J.
Lauder, Estate Office, Lydney Park,
Glos.

Marden Park Shorthorn Herd, the
property of Sir Walpole Greenwell,
Bart, Station : Woldingham (with-
in 17 miles of London on the London,
Brig'hton, and South Coast Railway).
This splendid Herd of Shorthorns,
with great adaptability for pro-
ducing flesh, can be viewed any time
by appointment. The Stock Bulls
are Marden Dane 106128 and Pride
of Sittyton 100005. The Herd has
been very successful in the showyard .
For further particulars apply, L. G.
Wrigley, Estate Office, Marden Park,
Surrey .

Robinson, J. & H., Iford, Lewes,
Sussex, and Lowfield Heath.
Horley, Surrey. Select Herd of
Pedigree Dairy Shorthorns. Milk
records kept. Best Bates blood,
including Acombs, Barringtons,
Blanches, Darling-tons, Foggathorpes,
Cambridge Roses, Oxfords, Waterloos
and Wild Eyes Families. Young Bulls
for sale, whose dams and also sire’s
dams are heavy-milking cows with
well-shaped udders and sound consti-
tutions. Inspection invited. Tele-
grams: Robinson, Iford, Lewes. Tele-
phone : 114 Lewes.

Sanders, J. W., Gilmorton, Lutter-
worth. Dairy Shorthorns, com-
bining milk with flesh. Winners at
London Dairy Show, 1908, and Short-
horn Society’s Prizes, Royal Dublin,
1909 and 1910, Oxford, Royal Counties,
and Royal, 1910. Oxford, Leicester,
Northampton and Warwick, 1912 and
1913. Average milk yield of herd
for the last six years 7,230 lbs. Young
Bulls for sale.

Thornton, Frank H., Kingsthorpe
Hall, Northampton. Pedigree
Dairy Shorthorns, Blanches, Butter-
flies, Darlingtons, Rubies, &c. Winner
of many prizes, including 1st prize
Milking Trials, Royal Show, 1911.
Daily milk records kept.

34

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS’

CATTLE — continued.

Kerries and Dexters.

Hilliard, John, Lake Hotel, Kil-
larney. F amous Castle Long1!! Herd.
The Champion at the Royal Show,
Norwich, 1911, was from this herd
and many other prize-winners. Pedi-
gree Heifers and Bulls generally on
sale. Useful choice non-pedigree
Heifers always on sale at moderate
prices.

Rattray, David M., Gortnaskehy,
Ballybunion, Co. Kerry. Largest
exporter of Dexters and Kerries in
the Kingdom. Over 800 prizes won by
Cattle from this herd, including
Phoenix Cup and Blythwood Bowl.
Bulls, Cows, and Heifers for sale.

Waite, T., Highlands, Redhill,
Surrey. Breeder of Kerry Cattle.
Prizes won at all the principal shows.
Cows, Heifers, and Young Bulls
generally for sale.

Ayrshires.

Wallace, James, Auchenbainzie,
Thornhill, N.B. Breeder of Pedi-
gree prize-winning Ayrshire Cattle.
This herd of old standing is bred for
dairy purposes ; beauty and style.
Young Stock by Milk-record Sires.

Sussex.

I

Groves, James, Brownings Manor,
Blackboys, Sussex. Pedigree Herd
of Sussex Cattle, comprising the best
blood of this celebrated Beef Cattle.
Numerous prizes won at the Royal
and other Shows. Young Bulls and
Heifers for sale. Special attention
given to export orders. Can ship by
own steamers to Argentine. Address
as above, or to Farrar, Groves & Co.,
Ltd., 147, Leadenhall Street, London.
Cable Address : Fargrove, London.

Lord, J. Winser, Northiam, Sussex.
Pure Sussex herd ; established 1844.
Young Bulls for sale. Gondolier,
Geoffrey, Prince Confidence, Lord
of Drungewick 5th strains blood
used. Purchasers invited.

Lincolnshire Red Shorthorn.

Robinson & Son, Anderby, Alford,
Lincs. Lincoln Red Shorthorn Bulls
for sale, descended from the best herds.
Beef and Milking qualities combined.
Inspection invited. Station : Mumby
Road, G.N. Railway.

Herefords.

Hill, John Richard, Orleton,
R.S.O., Herefordshire. Pedigree
Hereford Cattle. One of the oldest
Herds extant. Young Bulls and
Heifers of purest lineage and quality.

DIRECTORY.

4

CATTLE — continued.

Galloways.

Fox-Brockbank, Arthur H., Kirk-
santon, Cumberland. Herd of
Pedigree Galloway Cattle, most
fashionable blood, including winners
of 1st and champion prizes at the
Highland, Dumfries, Castle Douglas,
the Royal, &c. Cattle always on sale.

Longhorns.

Riley, Launcelot, The Twerne,
near Ledbury. Pedigree Bulls and
Heifers from prize-winning and best
milking strains. Station : Ashperton,
G.W. R. Telegrams : “ Twerne

Trumpet.”

Various.

Bridges, J. H. This old-established
herd of the best families can be seen
at Langshott Home Farm, Horley,
Surrey, and catalogues obtained on
application to Albert Pulling, Lang-
shott, Horley.

Brown, Thomas, and Son, Marham
Hall, Downham Market. Herd
established 57 years. P 3 strain pre-
dominates. Many prizes won, inclu-
ding twelve lsts, four 2nds, one 3rd,
two Male Championships, and two
Reserve Male Championships at the
four principal breeding shows 1913,
two lsts and Breed Cup, Smithfield,
1912. Daily milk record kept. Stock
of all ages for sale.— Telegrams :
Brown, Hall, Marham.

Cridlan, J. J., Maisemore Park,
Gloucester. Stock Bull “Everwise,”
Champion R.A.S.E., the Highlands,
&c., &c. Awarded Championships
1907, Smithfield, and Birmingham
1910 and 1911, Norwich, 1912. 17 gold
medals, 33 silver medals, 144 first
prizes.

Lord Rayleigh’s Dairy Farms.
Cows, Heifers, and young Bulls from
heavy milking Cows, always for sale.
Records kept for 28 years. Inspection
invited. Apply G. M. Strutt, White-
lands, Witham, Essex.

Smith-Barry, J. H., Esq., Stowell
Park, Pewsey, Wiltshire, often
has young Bulls and Heifers for sale.

Stratton, Richard, The Duffryn,
Newport. Large Herd. Milk and
flesh combined. Champion Dairy
Cow“ Model Maid,” sired by a Duffryn
Bull.

Thomas, D. A., Llanwern, New-
port, Mon. Prize -winning herd
from Stocktonbury, Hampton Court,
Court House, Leen, and other leading
strains. Young Bulls and Heifers by
Perfection 22450 and Pandorus 23658
for sale. All eligible for the A.H.R.
Also pedigree Shropshire Sheep.
Inspection invited. One hour from
Hereford, two and a half from
London.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

35

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

SHEEP.

Southdowns.

Cadogan, Right Hon. Earl, K.G.
Southdown Sheep. Pedigree stock.
This flock has won very many prizes
and silver medals. For particulars
apply M. Mortimer, Estate Office,
Culford, Bury St. Edmunds.

Marden Park Sotjthdowns, the
property of Sir Walpole G-reenwell,
Bart. Station : Woldingham (within
17 miles of London, on the London,
Brighton, and South Coast Railway).
Registered Flock Book No. 77. A
number of pure-bred Rams and Ewe
Teg's by pedigree sires of the best
blood always for sale. Numerous
prizes taken in the showyard. For
further particulars apply, L. 0.
Wrigley, Estate Office^ Marden Park,
Surrey.

Oxford Downs.

Hicks-Beach, Honble. Michael,
M.P., Coln St. Aldwyn, Fairford,
Gloucestershire. Pedigree Flock
Oxford Down Sheep. Prize-winners.
Rams and Ewes for sale. Particulars
on application to bailiff.

Hobbs, Robert W., & Sons, Kelms-
cott,Lechlade,Glos. Flock of over
1,000 registered Oxford Downs.
Numerous prizes won at the prin-
cipal shows. Rams, Ram Lambs, and
Ewes always on sale. Rams sold
annually at Oxford, Cirencester,
Kelso, Edinburgh, N orthampton, and
other fairs. Telegrams : Hobbs,
Lechlade.

The Royal Prize Farm Flock.
Pure Oxford Down Sheep, Shearling
Rams, Ram Lambs, Ewes, and Ewe
Lambs for sale. Special arrangements
with foreign buyers. Many prizes at
R.A.S.E. and other Shows during
past 40 years, including 2 firsts, 2
seconds, and 4 other prizes, World’s
Fair, Chicago ; and 25 firsts, and 3
champions at Royal, Bath and West,
and Royal Counties, &c., the last four
years. Apply, George Adams & Sons,
Faringdon, Berks.

Lincoln Long-wools.

Brocklebank, Joseph, Carlton-le-
Moorland, Newark. Pure-bred
Lincoln Long-wool Sheep, Flock 10.
Large numbers are sold for export
every year. Given satisfaction both
at home and abroad. Inspection
invited. Telegrams : Bassingham.
Station : Navenby.

Hoyles, George, Skidby Manor,
near Hull. Pure Lincoln Long-
wool Sheep. True type, sound
constitutions, _ lustrous, long wool.
Give satisfaction at home and abroad.

SHEEP — continued.

Lincoln Long-wools.

Sires used this year : Riby Pointon
Prince 10926, Riby Gordon 9743, Barff
Mere Skidby 12175, Laughton Robin
Skidby 12380, Skidby Laughton 4th
12630. Foreign and home buyers
invited to inspect flock. Rams and
Ewes exported to Buenos Ayres,
Mexico, Russia.

Hampshire Downs.

Judd. Edward Thomas, Cocum,
Sutton Scotney, Hants. Pedigree
Hampshire Downs. Noted for great
size, quality, and hardiness of con-
stitution. Selections always for sale.

Kent or Romney Marsh.

Dunster, E. B., Monypenny House,
East Guldeford, Rye. Established
over sixty years. Breeder of pure
Romney Marsh Sheep, Flock No. 161.
Noted for good flesh and wool, com-
bined with sound constitution.
Annual sale of Ram Tegs at Rye
since 1873. Choice Ewes for sale.

Finn, Arthur, Westbroke, Lydd,
Kent. Flock established 1770. In-
spection invited of 2,000 registered
Ewes and Rams grazed only on
Romney Marsh. Highest references
to purchasers in South America,
New Zealand, and at home. Selec-
tions always for sale.

Neame, Frederick Macknade,
Fayersham, Kent, England. Regis-
tered Flock No. 5. Successful exhibitor
since 1870, winning 8 specials, 53 first,
64 second, 34 third prizes at the
leading shows during the last twelve
years, including championship in
First Flock Competition Kent or
Romney Marsh Sheepbreeders’ As-
sociation, 1912. Quality and evenness
of fleece a speciality.

Ryeland.

Ryeland Sheep. Pedigree and prize-
winners at various shows, Royal
Worcester, Abergavenny, and others.
Rams and young stock always on
sale. Inspection invited. Apply,
C. L. Herbert, Clytha Park, Aber-
gavenny.

Black-faced.

Stenhouse Blackfaced Sheep.
Flock bred from prize rams, and no
expense spared to secure the best rams
sold in Scotland. Ewes reared on
sound, high land, 1,000 feet, and stock
guaranteed suitable for any climate.
Inspection invited. D. M. MacRae of
Stenhouse, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire.

36

ADVERTISEMENTS.

BREEDERS'

PIGS.

Berkshires.

Behrens, Captain, Swinton Grange,
Malton, Yorkshire. Pure-bred
Berkshire Boars and Gilts usually for
sale, bred from prize-winners and
most noted blood. Apply, Bailiff,
Home Farm.

Corporation of Reading, Whitley.
Select Herd Pedigree Berkshires.
350 head. Best prize-winning1 strains
only. Size, type, quality, and hardy
constitutions unsurpassed. Not forced
for sale or show. Young- Boars and
Sows, suitable for export or home
breeders. Reasonable prices. T.
Chettle, Whitley, Reading-, Berk-
shire.

Stimpson, George, “ Moorcroft,”
Farleigh Common, Whyteleafe,
Surrey. Telegraphic Address :
“ Stimpson, Warlingham.” Railway
Station : Upper Warling-ham, L. B. &
S. C. R. Breeder Berkshire Boars and
Sows. Best blood only kept. Several
unrelated strains.

Large Blacks.

Bainbridge, Mrs., Flfordleigh,
Plympton. Foundation from Corn-
wood Herd. Boars and Gilts from
choice winning- blood on sale. Apply,
Bailiff, Home Farm.

Heathcot Herd (Late Gooda-
meavy) Pedigree Large Black
Pig-s. Prizes won at leading- shows ;
also second, third, fourth, fifth prizes
young- Boar class, Devon County
Show, 1912 ; second, pairs of Gilts.
Boars and Gilts for sale. Oscar
Muntz, Heathcot, Yelverton, South
Devon.

Robinson, J. & H., Iford, Lewes.
Oldest reg-istered Herd of Larg-e
Black Pig-s in South-Eastern Counties.
Pig's sent on approval to members of
R.A.S.E. li hours from London.

Tamworths.

De Hamel, Egbert, Middleton
Hall, Tamworth. Pedigree Red
Tamworth Pigs, Boars, Gilts, and
In-pig Sows, bred from prize winners
at Royal and County Shows. Prices
moderate. Full particulars on appli-
cation.

Ibbotson, Robert, Knowle, War-
wickshire, England. Breeder and
exporter. Pedigree Tamworth Red
Pigs with size, quality and constitu-
tion. This herd has won cups, medals
and special prizes at all the leading-
shows for the past twenty-five years.
Pigs of all ages for sale at moderate
prices.

Mitchell, W. H., Elmdene, Kenil-
worth. Tamworth pigs. Herd estab-
lished thirty years. Present breeding-
stock, Royal winners. Prices on appli-
cation.

DIRECTORY.

PIGS — continued.

Tamworths.

Osmaston Manor Herd of Tam-
worth (Pedigree Red) Pigs.
Young Boars and Gilts from this
herd for sale ; out of prize winners.
Apply, Estate Office, .Osmaston
Manor, Derby.

Yorkshires.

Greenall, Sir Gilbert, Bart.,
Walton Hall, Warrington. Pure-
bred Pedigree Large White York-
shires, all bred true to type and
entered or eligible for entry in the
Herd Book. A choice selection of
young Boars and Sows on sale. For
particulars, apply to W. Bainbridge,
Walton Estate Office, near Warring-
ton ; or to Richmond Daybell,
Manager, The Piggeries, Higher
Walton, near Warrington.
Hollingworth, John Frost, Wes-
ton-on-Trent, Derby. — Breeder of
Large White Pigs. Young Boars and
Gilts on Sale. Large winners traced
to this herd. Station : Weston-on-
Trent, Midland Railway.

Hughes, Alfred, Packwood
Grange, Knowle, near Birming-
ham. Select herd of Pedigree Large
White Yorkshires, bred from prize-
winners. Pigs of various ages for
sale at moderate prices.

Jerome, Mrs., Bilton Hall, York.
Pedigree Middle White Pigs, prize-
winners. Boars and Gilts for sale.
Mitcheson, Harry, Bentley, Nr.
Atherstone, Pedigree Large White
Yorkshire Pigs, Boars and Gilts
always on sale at farmers’ prices.
Station: Atherstone, L. and N.W.R.
Telegrams : Mitcheson, Baxterley.
Pedigree Large White Yorkshire
Pigs. Boars and Sows for sale, de-
scended from best herds. W. Mitchell,
The Vale, Kirby-Bedon, Trowse,
Norwich.

White, Alfred W., “ Hillegom,”
Spalding. Breeder of Pedigree
Large White Pigs. Young stock
from great prize-winners always for
sale. Inspection invited.

Lincolnshire Curly-coated.
Charnwood Herd of Lincolnshire
Curly-coated Pedigree Pigs, all
related to my 1913 1st prize winners.
Grand lot of Boars and Sows. All
ages. Moderate prices, Splendid tes-
timonials. G. Simpson, Lowdham,
Notts., England.

Middle Whites.

Salvation Army Land Colony.
Pedigree Herd of Middle White Pigs,
including 1st Prize Young Boar at
Royal Show, 1913. Boars and Gilts
for sale at reasonable prices. Inspec-
tion invited. The most careful

ADVERTISEMENTS.

37

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

PIGS — continued.

Middle Whites.

selection will be made for customers
at a distance who are unable to make
a personal inspection. Apply : The
Governor, Land and Industrial Colony,

I Hadleigh, Essex.

Stapleford Park Herd of Middle
White Pigs. A few Gilts and
Boars for sale. Apply C. S. Harvey,
Wymondham, Oakham.

Various.

Riley, Launcelot, The Twerne
Ledbury, Herefordshire. Pedi-
gree Boars and Gilts from prize-
winners. Boar in use, first prize
Royal Show. Export commissions
■ executed. Station : Ashperton, G.W.R.
Telegrams : u Twerne Trumpet.”

POULTRY.

Various.

Entwistle, J. F., The Firs, Calder
Grove, near Wakefield. Twenty
years judge at all principal shows,
and exporter to all parts of the world,
has always highest quality Bantams
in all varieties for sale. All other
classes of Poultry or Pigeons pur-
chased and exported on commission.
Breeding’ stock reasonable. Egg’s in
season. Bantams for children’s pets
from 5/- each.

Major, Arthur C., Ditton, Langley,
Bucks. Breeder and Exhibitor of
Dark, Silver-Grey, and Cuckoo Dork-
ing's 30 years. Winner 30Z. Poultry
Club Trophy, also eight 30Z. Champion
Cups at Crystal Palace, Birming-
ham, Dairy, Liverpool, and over 1,000
other cups, trophies, and prizes.
N.B. — Birds supplied to His Majesty
; King- Edward VII., and exported to all
parts of the world. Prices moderate.
Eg-g’s, Is. each.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Brad well & Sons, John H., Auc-
tioneers, Estate Agents, Land
Surveyors, and Tenant Right
Valuers, Thurland Street, Not-
tingham, Southwell, and Mans-
field. Weekly cattle markets at
Nottingham and Mansfield. Fort-
nightly Horse Sales at the Midland
Counties Horse Repository, Notting-
ham. Commissions executed. Tele-
graphic address : Agricola, Notting-
ham.

Buckley, Wilfred, Moundsmere
Manor, Basingstoke. Breeder of
Royal Champion, 1913, &c., &c.

Debenham, Miss, School of Rural
and Domestic Economy, Ipswich.
450 acres. Pedigree British Holsteins.
Southdown flock, well-bred Goats,
Many pure varieties, Poultry, Turkeys,
Ducks, Geese. Particulars on appli-
cation.

MISCELLANEOUS — continued.

Essex and Eastern Counties.—
Agricultural Estates, Residences, and
Farms for Sale and to Let. Printed
Register forwarded gratis on applica-
tion. Particulars inserted free of
charge. A good medium for acquir-
ing or disposing of Properties in
Essex and surrounding counties.
Balls & Balls, Established 1846,
Land Agents, Surveyors, Auctioneers,
Tenant Right and Property Valuers,
Fire, and Hail Assessors, Tithe Agents.
Special attention given to the Manage-
ment of Estates and Reports made.
Castle Hedingham. ’Phone No 2 :
Braintree, ’Phone No. 40, Essex and
Haverhill, and Sudbury, Suffolk.

George, Isaac, J.P., Manor House,
Llanvihangel, Gobion, Aber-
gavenny. Shire bred Stallions,
Mares, Fillies ; Hereford Bulls, and
Cows ; all entered in Stud and Herd
Book ; several prize-winners from
best strains. Penpergwm Station.

Huxtable, John L., Overton.
Bishop’s Tawton, Barnstaple,
Devon Cattle and Devon Long-
woolled Sheep. Winner of Champion
Prize for Bulls at the Association
Show and sale at Exeter, 1912. Twice
Champion for Devon Long-woolled
Sheep at Devon County Shows for all
Breeds, and numerous other prizes.

James Craig, Ltd., Auctioneers and
Live Stock Salement, Ayr. All
Class of Scotch Breeds of Feeding’ and
Dairy Cattle. Fat and Store Sheep
and Lambs supplied on Commission.
Orders carefully executed. Numbers
sold in 1912 : — 35,822 Cattle, 293,644
Sheep and Lambs, 1,877 Horses. List
of Special Spring’ and Autumn Sales
can be had on application. Special
Railway Rates for lots of 200 and
upwards.

Lincolnshire Stock Auctioneers
and Agents. Dickinson, Riggall
and Davy, Agricultural Auctioneers,
V aluers, and EstateAgents. Speciality,
Lincoln Red Shorthorns, and Long-
Wool Sheep. Markets, and sales.
Offices : Louth, Grimsby, and Brigg.

Lloyd & Sons, Frank, Auctioneers
and Valuers, North Wales Horse
Repository, Wrexham and Cheshire
Horse Repository, Crewe. Cattle
Markets : Wrexham, Crewe, Whit-
church, Ellesmere, Malpas, St. Asaph,
Congleton, Abergele, and Caerwys.
Property, furniture, and other sales.
Valuations of all descriptions. Head
Offices : Wrexham and Crewe.
Branches : Whitchurch (Salop),

Ellesmere (Salop), and Abergele.

Morey & Sons, William, Auction-
eers, Valuers and Estate Agents,
West Street, Bridport, and at

ADVERTISEMENTS.

38

BREEDERS’ DIRECTORY.

MISCELLANEOUS — continued.

Beaminster, Dorset. Sales. Hotel,
Tenant Rig-lit, Probate, and other
Valuations conducted in any part of
the country. Market Sales held every
Wednesday at Bridport ; Beaminster
periodically.

Philips, John William, Heybridge,
Tean, Stoke-on-Trent. North
Stafford Railway. Shire Horses and
Shorthorn Cattle. Telegrams : Tean.

Rosehaugh, Ross-shire. Famous
herds of Shorthorn and Aberdeen-
Ang-us Cattle ; select studs of Clydes-
dale Horses, and Hig-hland and
Shetland Ponies. All of first-class
breeding-. Particulars from Gilbert
R. McGarva, Rosehaug-h, Avoch,
Ross-shire.

Wallet, William, Live Stock
Agent, CastlE-Douglas, N.B., sup-
plies on moderate commission all

MISCELLANEOUS — continued.
classes of Scotch Cattle and Sheep.
Larg-e consignments of pure-bred
Galloway Cattle sent to England every
year for establishing- herds, and also
for crossing- with white bulls.

Waters & Rawlence, Auctioneers
and Valuers, Salisbury. Office
of Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’
Association. Secretary and Treasurer:
James E. Rawlence. Assistant Sec-
retary : John Mountford.

Worcestershire, Staffordshire,
and Shropshire.— Chas. Joseland,
F.S.I., & H. Nock, Auctioneers, Land
Ag’ents, .and Valuers. Fortnig-htly
Stock Sales: Kidderminster. Weekly
Stock Sales : Wolverhampton. Great
Annual Sheep Sale : Kidderminster.
September. Spring- and Autumn Sales
of store cattle and sheep. Offices :
Kidderminster and WTolverhampton.

wr FOR PARTICULARS IN
REGARD TO ADVERTISING

IN THE

Royal • Agricultural Society of England

HREWSBURY

HOW CATALOGUE

AND THE NEXT
EDITION OF THE

ANNUAL JOURNAL

APPLY TO THE SOLE AGENT:

WALTER HILL. 6 7, 69, 71, SOUTHAMPTON ROW,

ADVERTISEMENTS.

39

Reared under natural conditions. Boars and Gilts of the best breeding and quality at most
moderate prices. Trains met at Reading or Goring. The herd has won prizes at ROYAL,
ROYAL COUNTIES, and principal Shows whenever represented.

S. H. HART, Hammond’s, Checkendon, Reading.

THE WESTBROKE FLOCK (Registered No. 1 8)

of Pure Bred Romney Marsh Sheep.

The property of ARTHUR FINN, Breeder and Exporter,

WESTBROKE, LYDD, KENT.

THE WESTBROKE FLOCK established for more than 140 years, maintains the highest reputation
Honours gained in 1912 : First of this breed for Wool at the R.A.S.E. Show. In the recent
Ewe Flock Competition of the Association the 1,375 Westbroke Ewes obtained the First Prize in the
large Flock Class, and Reserve for the Champion Cup for the Best Flock. A larger number of stud
sheep exported than from any existing flock of this breed.

Inspection invited of 2,000 registered sheep grazing on the Marsh.

EWES and RAMS are at all times for Sale.

Telegrams—1 “Author Finn, Lydd.” Telephone— No. 2 Lydd. Lydd is 72 miles from London (S.K. Railway).

HAMMOND’S HERD of
BERKSHIRE LARGE & MIDDLE WHITE PIGS

(The property of H. R.- BEETON.)

40

ADVERTISEMENTS

PEDIGREE DAIRY SHORTHORNS

The Property of J. ELLIS POTTER, Esq,,

MOOR HALL, AUGHTON, ORMSKIRK.

SALMON’S HEIR 110079.

Sire, Salmon’s Champion 103800. 1st Royal Dublin, 1909. Dam, Darlington Cranford

2 1 st. 1 st and Champion Royal Society, Liverpool, 1910.

LADY CLARA.

Winner of First Prize in Inspection Class London Dairy Show, 1913.

THIS Select Herd consists principally of the Best Bates Tribes, and includes represen-
tatives of the Darlington, Duchess, Waterloo, Oxford, Barrington, and Wild
Eyes families. Daily milk records kept. Young Bulls from heavy milkers on Sale.

PEDIGREE LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE PIGS

of the Best strains. Boars and Gilts on Sale at Reasonable Prices.

ADVERTISEMENTS. *

41

The Llanwern Herd of Hereford Cattle

THE PROPERTY OF

D. A. THOMAS, Esq., Llanwern, Newport, Mon.

PIZARRO 29280

First Prize in Two-Year-Old Class in Hereford Herd Book Society’s April Show, 1913.

COLUMBUS (Vol. No. 44).

Champion in Hereford Herd Book Society’s March Show, 1913.

Largest Pedigree Hereford Herd of Cattle in the United Kingdom.
WINNER OF LARGE NUMBER OF PRIZES IN 1913 AT THE LEADING SHOWS.

One Hundred Breeding Cows.

Anyone visiting the Llanwern Herd is enabled to inspect at the same time the number
of animals comprised in three average-sized Herds.

One hour from Hereford ; two-and-a-half hours from London.

Llanwern can be visited by any buyer on his way from London or Southampton to

Hereford.

42

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE KELMSCOTT DAIRY SHORTHORN HERD, OXFORD DOWN
FLOCK, AND STUD OF SHIRE HORSES. K3TULJE IfJZi:

i ?-erA?J 500 Dairy Shorthorns. Milk records kept. Upwards of 40 Champion and other Prizes won during 1913 at the
leading Shows for Inspection and in Milking Trials, including three Firsts, one Second, and one Fourth Prize at the Royal
Show, Bristol.. Two F irsrs, one Second, and one Third at Tring, and Four Seconds and Two Third Prizes at the London Dairy
Show. Lows in Milk and the Stock Bulls have passed the Tuberculin test. Bulls and Bull Calves always on Sale.

Kelmscott Juggler

Granford Wild Eyes 111516.

Dairy Prince.

Won First Prize Royal Show, Bristol, 1913.
Sire. Trickster 4th bred from 1,000 gallon
Dams on both sides. Dam, Hawthorn 7th,
a 1,000 gallon Cow, Champion in Dairy
Classes at the Royal Show, Norwich, 1911.

Sire. Tamini 104144. Dam, Melody, who
gave 1,232 gallons of Milk in 1906. and won
First Milking Trials at both the Royal
and the London Dairy Show, also Second
Inspection at London Dairy show in 1905.
Dam, Wild Bye bright 9th, by Sir Barring-
ton 5th 75644. Wild Byebright 9th, gave
11.693 lbs. of Milk from April 20th, 1910, to
January 31st, 1911.

Sire, Ursula’s Priceless Prince 107353,
;t.Dam, Dairy Maid’s Belle, gave 6,018 lbs.
£ n. of Milk with her first Calf. Sire, Ursulina’s
3 i Priceless Prince, from Amport Ursulina,
£■ a great Prize Winner, who gave 9,836 lbs.
fc- of Milk in a year, by a son of Mr. Adean’s
cu Roy aL fChampion Dairy Cow Priceless
Princess.

SIX HOME-BREDd PRIZE-WINNERS AT LEADING » SHOWS Q IN 1913.

Rose 55th.

Bertha 13th.

Dulce 7th.

Sire, Trojan 20th 90355. Dam, Rose 26th.
She gave 9,198^ lbs. of Milk in 318 days
with her first Calf. Won Second Prize
in Milking Trials at the London Dairy
Show, 1913.

Sire, Western Duke 80238. Dam, Bertha
7th by Trojan 73777. Gave 11.087J lbs. of
Milk with her last Calf, from May llth,
1912, to April 5th, 1913. Won Second Prize
Inspection at the London Dairy Show,
1913.

Sire, Village Lad 93746. Dam, Dulce 6th.
W on 1st prize in Pedigree DairyShorthorn
Cow Class, Tring Show, 1913. Gave 13.385
lbs. of Milk with her last Calf, from May
21st, 1912, to May 17th, 1913.

Spotless 31st (2 yrs., 9 mths.)

Helpmate llth.

Solo 60th.

Sire, Village Swell 8th 97560. Dam, Spot-
less 30th. Won Second in Milking Trials,
and Third Inspection at the London
Dairy Show, and First Prize at Tring
Show, 1913.

Sire, Baron Waterloo 94220. Dam, Help-
mate 4th. i Won prizes 1913: 1st Royal
Show, Bristol (dairy cow any breed), 1st
Shropshire and West Midland Show, 1st
Warwickshire Show. She gave 6,764* lbs.
of Milk with her first Calf, from Decem-
ber 16th, 1911, to December 14th, 1912.

Sire, Red Waterloo 6th 82034. Dam, Solo
39th. She gave 10,411£ lbs. Milk with her
last Calf, from May 27th, 1912, to April
19th, 1913. Won First Prize Hereford-
shire and Worcestershire Show, 1913.

OXFORD DOWN FLOCK.— Allarge flock of Ewes is kept. Shearling Rams, Ram Lambs and Ewes have been success-
fully shown at leading shows for many years. Rams, Ram Lambs, and Ewes always on Sale.

KE,LMSCOTT STUD OF SHIRE HORSES.— Sound active Colts and Fillies of all ages on sale. Chief Stud Stallion,
KING OF THE ROSES, purchased at Lord Rothschild’s sale at Tring in 1908 for £672. Sire, Birdsall Menestrel (twice
champion at the London Shire Horse Show). Dam, Blythwood Guelder Rose (champion mare at the Royal Show).

Inspection Invited. Station : KELMSCOTT, 2 miles. Telegrams : Hobbs, Lechlade.

ADVERTISEMENTS

43

THE HAWDDGAR WELSH MOUNTAIN PONY STUD.

The Property of MISS E. C. V. HUGHES, Bryn Hawddgar, Llanarthney, Carmarthenshire.

(To be seen by appointment only).

■ ■ >•

i

A

.... . • ■ •■.■••••

W V v :::

Hawddgar Mountain Echo.

(Foaled 1913.)

Hawddgar Mountain Chief.

(As a Foal.)

Hawddgar Mountain Echo.

(Foaled 1913.)

Hawddgar Piccadilly 3396. (Foaiedmi.y First at the Royal, 1913.

Hawddgar Mountain Marvel 2550.

First at London and the Royal, 1910.

(Dam of Hawddgar Mountain Chief an<J Hawddgar Mountain Echo.)

Hawddgar Kitty Grey 2188.

(Dam of Hawddgar Piccadilly 3396.)

44

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE ELFORDLEIGH GUERNSEY HERD,

The property of Mrs. R. C. BAINBRIDGE,

ELFORDLEIGH, PLYMPTON, S. DEVON.

Guernsey Bull Raymond’s Joe.

First Prize at the Dev°n County Show at Plymouth, Second at the Bath and West and
H.C. at the Royal Counties this year, and first at the Norwich Royal Show 1911 Calved
m 1910, sire Raymond of the Preel IV., dam Bon Espoir IX. ; bred by Mr. J. L Page Castel
Guernsey ; the property of Mrs. R. C. Bainbridge, Elfordleigh, Plympton

The Stowell Park Jersey Herd

The Property of J. H. SMITH BARRY, Esq., Stowell Park, Pewsey, Wilts.

MALMSEY.

Bred at Stowell. By Gay Boy 7510, d. Madeira 7th
by Reminder’s Invention 7643.

MALMSEY WON IN 1913—

1st and Gold Medal, and 1st Milking at Tunbridge
Wells: 2nd and Gold Medal at Tring ; 2nd and
Silver Medal, and 1st Milking at the London Dairy

Show.

The herd has won in 1913:— Four Gold, Five Silver,
First and Four Second Milking Prizes ; besides

MARIONETTE.

Bred at Stowell. By Gay Boy 7510, d. Marigold by
Sportive 7037.

MARIONETTE WON IN 1913 —

1st Prize in Home-bred Class, Blythwood Bowl, 1st
and Gold Medal in Butter Tests and 3rd Milking
at R.C.S., Windsor ; 2nd and Silver Medal, B.W.S.,
Truro : 2nd and Silver Medal, and 2nd Milking
R.A.S.E., Bristol ; 1st and Silver Medal, 1st Milking

at Tring.

and Two Bronze Medals in the Butter Tests; Four
Honors and Prizes in the Inspection Classes.

OFTEN YOUNG BULLS AND HEIFERS FOR SALE.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

45

1 hoto by F. Babbage. POLO BROOD MARE SUREFOOT.

Winner of Female Championship, London Polo Pony Show, 1913 ; Fir6t, Hurlingham, &c.

This Stud has won many Prizes and Medals for Playing Ponies at the leading Shows. Made and Unmade
Ponies always for Sale. For Particulars , and to view the Stud, apply to The Owner.

the coombe polo pony stud.

The Property of DUNBAR KELLY, Esq., Coombe, Kingston-on-Tliames.

LAM BUN DRENCH. LAMTAB TABLETS.

The most important and effectual cures ever introduced.

FOR TAPEWORM, HUSK AND SCOUR IN LAMBS,
SHEEP AND CALVES. IT ACTS LIKE MAGIC.

Ready for use. No trouble. Efficiency and popularity guaranteed by the
important Breeders who recommend it far and near. Try a sample order.
It will give you the utmost satisfaction. Hundreds of gallons sold annually.

Lamblln, 8/6 per gallon ; 3 for 22/6. Lamtabs, 1/6 per 200 : by post, 1/8.

Sole Manufacturer—

JOHN FROST, AGRICULTURAL CHEMIST, MONMOUTH.

SALES BY AUCTION FOR 1914.

MESSRS. DEBENHAM, TEWSON, & CHINNOCKS

(Debenham, Tewson, Richardson, and Co., and Chinnock, Clark, and Chinnock) beg to
announce that their SALES for 1914 of ESTATES, Investments, Town, Suburban and
Country Houses, Business Premises, Building Land, Ground Rents, Advowsons. Reversions,
Stocks. Shares and other Properties will he held at the Auction Mart, Tokenhouse Yard,
near the Bank of England, in the City of London, as follows :

Tuesday, March 10
Tuesday, March 24
Tuesday, April 7
Tuesday, April 21
Tuesday, April 28
Tuesday, May 5
Tuesday, May 19
Tuesday. May 26

Tuesday, June 9
Tuesday, June 16
Tuesday, June 23
Tuesday. June 30
Tuesday, July 7
Tuesday. July 14
Tuesday, July 21

Tuesday, July 28
Tuesday, October 13
Tuesday, October 2u
Tuesday, October 27
Tuesday, November 10
Tuesday, INovember 24
Tuesday, December 1

By arrangement, Auctions in Town or Country can also be held on other days.
Messrs. Debenham, Tewson, and Chinnocks undertake Sales and Valuations for Probate
and other Purposes of Furniture, Pictures, Farming Stock, Timber, etc.

A list is published monthly of Business Premises. Offices, and Building Sites. A Register
is also kept of Estates, Town and Country Residences, Hunting and Shooting Quarters,
and Investments. Full Particulars on application to Messrs. DEBENHAM, TEWSON, &
CHINNOCKS, No. 80. Cheapside, E.C., and 11, Waterloo-place, S.W.

Telephone, 503 and 504 Bank, and 8765 Gerrard.

46

ADVERTISEMENTS.

Beware of inferior imitations
which, though possibly cheaper,
are worthless and costly in the
end.

The 11 FOUR OAKS ” machines
are reliable.

Now awarded

30 GOLD & SILVER MEDALS.

Every Genuine “ FOUR OAKS ”
Machine bears our Registered
Trade Mark.

The “FOUR OAKS”

RELIABLE GOLD MEDAL

Spraying & Limewashing Machines,

Awarded PREMIER Honours at all the
leading Shows.

Latest Successes ! Two Gold and Two Silver
Medals, Hexham Great Fruit Congress, Oct. 1910.

Between two and three hundred
square feet of surface can be
— limewashed in five minutes. —

These Machines are suitable for

Spraying and Limewashing

of every description.

Invaluable not
only for
Limewashing
Buildings, but
for Spraying
Cattle and Sheep
for Fly, Fruit
Trees for Insect
Pests,

&c.

Save
their
cost in
one
week,
and do
the
work
better.

The “ROYAL” Pattern. £3186

No Farmer, Cowkeeper, Dairy-
man, &c., can afford to be without
one of these machines.

The “ FOUR OAKS ” machines
have powerful pumps giving plenty
of force behind the Spray, which
ensures penetration of the fluid
into all the minute cracks and
crevices where disease and pests -

breed, and which cannot be
reached by a brush. The “ DAIRYMAN ” Pattern. £2 17 6.

The "FARMER,” a cheaper Pattern. £1 19 6.

W A customer writes: — “With one of your machines I have completed my whitewashing
which usually takes 3 davs. in hours, and the work is done better.”

Sole Patentees and Manufacturers :

The “FOUR OAKS” Spraying Machine Co.,

Spraying Specialists, No. 44, SUTTON COLDFIELD, BIRMINGHAM.

Complete Catalogues free on application.

Report on the Trials of Suction Gas Plants

CARRIED OUT BY THE

Royal Agricultural Society of England at the
Derby Show of 1906,

By Capt. H. RIALL SANKEY, R.E. (Ret.), M.Inst.C.E.

With Twenty-jive Illustrations . Price One Shilling.

PLANS OF FARM BUILDINGS.

Report by the Judges of the Competition

CARRIED OUT BY THE

Royal Agricultural Society of England in connection
with the Newcastle Show of 1908,

WITH REPRODUCTIONS OF THE PRIZE DESIGNS, SPECIFICATIONS, Sec.

Price 5s. ; To Members, 2s. 6d.

Report by the Judges on the Trials of

Agricultural Motors

carried out by the

Royal Agricultural Society of England at Baldock, '
Hertfordshire, in August, 1910.

With Nine Illustrations. Price 2s. 6d. ; To Members, is.

Report by the Judges on the Competition

of Plans of House
and Buildings for Small Holdings

carried out by the

Royal Agricultural Society of England in connection with

the Norwich Show, 1911,

WITH REPRODUCTIONS OF THE PRIZE DESIGNS, SPECIFICATIONS, See.

Price One Shilling.

Report on the Trials of Milking

Machines, 1913.

With Two Illustrations. Price One Shilling,

PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS

OF THE-

Royal Agricultural Society of England.

Members of the Society are entitled :

To Free Admission to the Shows of the Society.

To reduced Railway Fare on travelling to the Show.

To Free Admission to the Grand Stand at Horse Ring (if
room).

To Free Admission to the Arboricultural Exhibition.

Use of Members’ Pavilion in Showyard, comprising Writing
Room, Cloak Room, &c.

To exhibit Live Stock, &c., and Implements at reduced rates.

To receive a free copy of the Society’s Journal.

To have use of Library, Reading, and Writing Room at 16
Bedford Square, London, W.C.

To have Manures and Feeding Stuffs analysed at reduced
fees.

To have Seeds tested at reduced fees.

To have Insect Pests and Diseases affecting Farm Crops
inquired into.

To consult the Professors at the Royal Veterinary College at
low rates and to have animals admitted to the College
Infirmary on the same terms as subscribers to the
College.

To attend and vote at General Meetings of the Society.

To vote for Election of Members of Council.

16 Bedford Square,

London, W.C.

THOMAS McROW,

Secretary.

\ v ■

ADVERTISEMENTS.

GENERAL « Veterinary Instruments

ANIMAL REMEDIES For General USE.

rRMfe

SANTOVIN,

Awarded World’s Fair Gold Medal and Diploma.

1 he world-famed Remedy for Sheep and Lambs. A Sure Cure and Preventive for Parasitic Diseases
Tapeworms, Husk ?P Ho°se» and Round Worms, Fevers. Scour, and Debility in Sheep
and Lambs. Should always be given at weaning time or in summer as a preventive of disease in
autumn and winter. Exhibitors and Breeders find it an invaluable help for “bringing on” their
sale and show sheep and rams. For autumn and winter use SANTOVIN, strong. (Green label.)
Guaranteed to contain purely vegetable ingredients, and free from arsenic and all mineral

poisons.

5/- per Can (30 to 40 Doses); \ Gallon Cans (90-120 Doses), 13/6 and
1 Gallon (180-240 Boses for Lambs), 25 /■ each, carriage or postage free.

SHEEP BOOK “ Health for Sheep.” 3 2 pages. Illustrated, with useful information,

■ free on application.

SANTOFORM,

Unequalled as a general antiseptic powder for wounds, sores and injuries in all animals. As a navel
dressing for newly-born foals, calves, and lambs.it prevents navel ill, joint evil, and infantile scour
Cea‘ I? cheaper than anything else on the market ; is non-poisonous and odourless in use and
a little goes a long way.

In sprinkler tins, 1 /. and 1/9 each.

SAMPLE TUBE free on application. Of all Chemists or Direct.
Adopted by Colonial Government Farms and in use all oyer the world.

‘CLINCHER’ STUD EAR
MARKING TABLETS.

For ALL Animals. Samples Free.

CLINCHED.

The best on the market. Made of pure aluminium, featherweight. Do not catch, sag, disfigure, or pull
°«.°? ta® far- are easily put on, and look neat and pleasant to the eye. Price 10/6 per 100, marked
with initials numbers and date of year on washer (ordinary size for cattle, sheep, and pigs). Larger
size for cattle 1 5/- per 100, for abroad add 1/- extra for each £i worth for postage. Put up in convenient
numbered and partitioned box. Samples free. Punches for ear, 3/6 each. (Orders of £i and upwards
postage paid). Ribbon Ear Tags, for sheep, &c., 10/- per 100, for cattle, 12/- per 100.

BY ROYAL WARRANT

OF APPOINTMENT.

Factors and Patentees of Veterinary Instruments of
all kinds for general use.

Illustrated, and General Price Lists Free.

Sole Proprietors (always remember “STEPHEN”)—

Stephen Pettifer & Sons,

MALMESBURY, WILTS.

Veterinary Chemists to H.M. the King.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

&F. HOWARD

BEDFORD.

l! I

CHAMPION PLOUGHS.

£ s. d,

S B. a very light pair-horse

plough, weight 229 lbs. 4 17 6
J A, the famous Champion,

weight 266 lbs. . .550

B, a pair-horse general pur-
pose plough, weight
283 lbs. . . .626

Skim Coulter. 5s. 6d. extra.

Steel instead of iron breast, 3&“. extra.

DIGGING PLOUGHS.

D D X,with two wheels, and
skim coulter, weight

206 lbs

L B X, with two wheels, and
skim coulter, weight

236 lbs

LBFN, with two wheels.and
skim coulter, weight

236 lbs

LET, with steel chisel bar
share, weight 236 lbs.

4 10 0

5 5 0

ORIGINAL HARROWS.

No. 14, for one or twohorses,

8£ ft. wide, weight
145 lbs.

No. 12, for two horses, ft.
wide, weight 190 lbs.

No. 11, for two or three
horses 10 ft. wide,
weight 245 lbs. . .450

FAMOUS

CULTIVATORS.

No. 5, with seven tines,
working width 4£
ft., weight 336 lbs. 8 0 0

Seed-box attached for
broadcast sowing,

Four Guineas.

No. 7, with nine tines, work-
ing width 5£ ft.,
weight 366 lbs.

9 5 0

Seed-box attached for
broadcast sowing,
Five Guineas.

FIFTY SEVEN FIRST PRIZES
AS WELL AS GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS
HAVE BEEN AWARDED TO J. & F. HOWARD
BY THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND.

ADVERTISEMENTS

APPOINTED BY ROYAL WARRANT.

Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies

(LIMITED)

MANUFACTURE THE BEST

ROAD LOCOMOTIVES,
TRACTION ENGINES,
PORTABLE ENGINES,
STATIONARY ENGINES,
and BOILERS.

STEAM

THRASHING MACHINES,

STRAW ELEVATORS,

AND

STACKERS.

PLOUGHS

FOR ALL PUR
AND

STEEL